族: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- ながら族
- people who study or work while listening to the radio (or watching television, etc.)
- those who study or work while listening to the radio or watching TV
- 士族反乱
- Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors)
- 軍事貴族
- Military Aristocracy
- 浅野家親族
- Relatives of the Asano family
- 士族の解体
- Disorganization of the warrior class
- 主な朝臣姓氏族
- Major clans with the title Asomi
- 赤穂浪士の親族
- Families of Ako roshi
- 平氏一族の私闘
- The TAIRA clan conflict.
- 軍事貴族の態様
- Status of Military Aristocrats
- 軍事貴族の成立
- Establishment of a Military Aristocracy
- 軍事貴族の官職
- Posts of Military Aristocrats in the Government
- 王公族・朝鮮貴族
- Royals and Korean Nobles
- 一族・庶流の分立
- Separation of the clan and the illegitimate lineage
- これを貴族という。
- This is called the nobility.
- 士族反乱と士族授産
- Shizoku no hanran (revolts by former samurai warriors) and Shizoku jusan (a policy which helped former warriors get a job)
- 進藤源四郎の一族。
- A member of Genshiro SHINDO's family
- (民族も参照の事)
- (Also refer to Race.)
- 家族性睡眠相前進症候群
- familial advanced sleep phase syndrome
- FASPS
- 徳川氏の一族である親藩
- Shinpan, from Tokugawa clan families.
- 近因(私学校と士族反乱)
- Immediate Cause (Shigakko and rebellion of Warrior Class)
- なお猪俣党も一族である。
- Inomata Party was also in this family.
- 日本民族や和人とも言う。
- It is also called the Japanese race or Wajin (a Japanese: a person whose origin is the Japanese mainland).
- 家族の入籍を拒否する権利
- Right to refuse someone's registration on household register
- 武士の商法(士族の商法)
- Bushi way of business (this expression is usually used to mean a poorly-run business as it gives the impression of someone engaging in something that is not their specialty, meaning that they will most likely fail because of inexperience)
- これは華族も同様である。
- This also applied to the peerage.
- 清和源氏源満政流浦野氏族。
- It's a branch of the Urano clan, descended from MINAMOTO no Mitsumasa, the origin of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 浅野氏一族浅野長道に嫁ぐ。
- She married Nagamichi ASANO from the Asano clan.
- 豪族らの私有地を廃止すること
- Abolish powerful clans' private ownership of land.
- 貴族と対比されることが多い。
- They are often compared with kizoku (nobles).
- 新羅王族をルーツとする氏族。
- A clan having roots in the royal family of Silla.
- 戦前は天孫民族とも称された。
- It was also called Tenson minzoku before the war.
- これが軍事貴族の成立である。
- This was the beginning of the military aristocracy.
- 本姓は伊予橘氏(越智氏一族)。
- The real family name is the Iyotachibana clan (family of the Ochi clan).
- 大日本帝国憲法第34条 貴族院
- Article 34. The House of Peers
- 秦氏一族の墓と推定されている。
- The kofun is assumed to be the tomb for the Hata family.
- 鮫島武之助(貴族院 (日本))
- Takenosuke SAMEJIMA (the House of Peers [Japan])
- 新羅初期の豪族をルーツとする。
- It has roots in a local ruling family in the early period of Silla.
- 山名氏は新田氏の一族であった。
- The Yamana clan was a member of the Nitta clan.
- 比企一族は一幡の小御所に入った。
- The Hiki family went to Ichiman's Kogosho palace.
- 親族入籍の拒否(旧民法737条)
- Right to refuse registration on household register of relatives (the Old Civil Codes, Article 737)
- 家は、戸主と家族から構成される。
- Members of a Ie are classified as a family head and other family members.
- 諸皇子、諸豪族はみなこれに従った。
- Other princes and powerful families followed his action.
- 脇坂氏(わきさかし)は日本の氏族。
- The Wakisaka clan is a Japanese clan.
- 塩谷氏(しおのやし)は日本の氏族。
- The SHIONOYA clan is a Japanese clan.
- 能員の謀殺を知った比企一族は驚愕。
- The members of the Hiki family were astonished to know that Yoshikazu was murdered.
- 戦前は華族として男爵に列している。
- Before the war, the family held the peerage of Danshaku (baron).
- 家族の居所指定権(旧民法749条)
- Right to determine residence of family member (the Old Civil Codes, Article 749)
- 禁裏御料、皇族・公家領(約10万石)
- Imperial properties, Imperial family's territories, and court nobles' territories (about 100,000 goku)
- そして美濃部は貴族院議員を辞職した。
- And Minobe finally resigned from his posts in the House of Peers.
- 例として、大和民族、大和魂などなど。
- For example, Yamato race, yamato-damashii (Japanese spirit) and so on.
- 及川氏(おいかわし)は、日本の氏族。
- The OIKAWA clan was a Japanese clan.
- 皇族身位令(明治43年皇室令第2号)
- Imperial Family Status Ordinance (Imperial family's Act No. 2 in 1910)
- 貴族住宅が寝殿造の様式で建てられた。
- The houses for nobles were constructed in the Shinden-zukuri style (architecture representative of a nobleman's residence in the Heian period).
- 木田氏(きだし)は、日本の氏族の一つ。
- The Kida clan was one of the Japanese shizoku families (clan, samurai family).
- 大院君を軟禁し政権は閔妃の一族に戻る。
- The Qing put Daewongun under house arrest, and power and administration reverted to Queen Min and her clan members.
- 本貫の管理は、族譜を作成して行われる。
- Hongan is managed by creating zokufu (record of family lines).
- 足助氏(あすけし)は、日本の氏族の一つ。
- The Asuke clan is one of the Japanese clans.
- 新宮氏(しんぐう)は、日本の氏族の一つ。
- The Shingu clan is one of the clans in Japan.
- 伊奈氏(いなし)は、日本の氏族(武士)。
- The Ina clan was one of the Japanese shizoku (clans, or samurai families).
- 手島氏(てしまし)は、日本の氏族の一つ。
- The Teshima clan is one of the clans in Japan.
- 志田氏(しだし、しだうじ)は日本の氏族。
- The SHIDA clan (Shidashi, Shidauji) is a Japanese clan.
- ただし、この族譜は序文しか残っていない。
- However, only its preface is handed down.
- 小国氏(おぐに-し)は、日本の氏族の一つ。
- The Oguni clan is a Japanese clan.
- 残った商品を地方豪族や有力寺社が購入した。
- Local clans and influential temples bought the remaining goods.
- 清和源氏源義光流武田氏(甲斐源氏)の一族。
- They were part of the Takeda clan (Kai genji), which belonged to the Yoshimitsu MINAMOTO's branch, a Seiwa Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 新羅景明王の長男朴彦沈をルーツとする氏族。
- A clan having roots in Eonchim BAG, the first son of King Gyeongmyeong of Silla.
- 男子は結婚しても兄弟全ての家族が記された。
- Even after men got married, all the families of brothers were recorded in the same family register.
- また、楠木正成の一族にも杉本氏が確認される。
- Moreover, the Sugimoto clan is found in the family of Masashige KUSUNOKI.
- 後継には親族の台与が女王に即位したとされる。
- It is said that Toyo, a relative of Himiko, succeeded her to the throne.
- 金官伽耶(駕洛国)の王族をルーツとする氏族。
- A clan having roots in the royal family of Gimgwan Gaya (in Gaya).
- 白鳳文化は、天皇や貴族中心の文化でもあった。
- Hakuho culture was the one that centered on emperors and nobles.
- 島津氏の戦国時代は一族内部の争いで始まった。
- The Sengoku Period of the Shimazu clan began with an internal conflict in the family.
- 士族身分の解体により大量の失業者が発生した。
- The disorganization of the warrior class generated a large number of unemployed people.
- 多田氏(ただし)は、清和源氏の流れを汲む一族。
- The Tada clan were the descendants of 'Seiwa-Genji' (Minamoto clan).
- 江戸時代には、甲斐多田氏の一族が旗本に列した。
- In the Edo period, the Kai-Tada clan was ranked 'hatamoto' (direct retainers of the 'bakuhu').
- 柳沢氏(やなぎさわし)は、日本の氏族(武士)。
- The Yanagisawa was a Japanese feudal clan (samurai warriors).
- 清代には満州族の扶養のための旗地が設けられた。
- In the Qing period, hereditary lands were established to support the Manchurians.
- さらに、血統的にも頼朝に対抗しうる一族である。
- Additionally, regarding this lineage, the Kai-Genji clan family could have been a direct rival to Yoritomo.
- 討ち入り後、親族に不参加を責められて切腹した。
- After the raid, he was criticized by his family for not getting involved, and committed suicide by disembowelment.
- この指摘が大和民族多重構造説の元となっている。
- This generated the multiple structure theory of the Yamato race.
- 初期の屯田兵募集は原則として士族が対象であった。
- The initial tondenhei recruitment was, as a rule, limited to shizoku.
- 貴族達においては2つの特徴的な目録が作成される。
- Two types of notable mokuroku were made by court nobles.
- 伴造氏族の成立は、雄略天皇朝において認められる。
- The establishment of the Tomonomiyatsuko clan can be confirmed during the era of Emperor Yuryaku.
- 列伝から異民族の記述を独立させたもの(『晋書』)
- It is a special edition of other ethnic groups' descriptions separated from retsuden ('Jin shu').
- 儀礼称号を持つだけの者は貴族ではなく平民である。
- Any one with only a courtesy designation is not a peer but a commoner.
- おもな氏族には、義仲の子孫を称する木曽氏がいる。
- Renowned clans of this line include the Kiso clan who claimed to be descendants of Yoshinaka.
- 源義仲(木曾次郎義仲)を祖とする河内源氏の一族。
- This is a family of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) founded by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Kiso-Jiro Yoshinaka).
- 明治政府に反対する士族は「不平士族」と呼ばれる。
- Those who were dissatisfied with the principles of Meiji government were called 'fuhei shizoku' (former samurai with gripes).
- 嬪(ひん/みめ)…4名以内、5位以上(貴族)の娘
- Hin (also pronounced, Mime; a mistress): No more than four ladies; and a lady in this position should be the daughter of noble who was a Gomi (a fifth court rank) or higher court ranking.
- 居所の指定に従わない家族の離籍(旧民法749条)
- Right to remove family member who dissent from determination of residence from household register (the Old Civil Codes, Article 749)
- 家族の私生児・庶子の入籍の拒否(旧民法735条)
- Right to refuse registration on household register of family member's illegitimate child (the Old Civil Codes, Article 735)
- しばしば、大和民族のことのみを指しても使われる。
- The term is also used to refer to the Yamato race alone.
- 当時の貴族社会の歌語りを中心とした歌物語である。
- Yamato Monogatari is an uta-monogatari (poem-tale) based on the poems composed by the members of the aristocratic society.
- 墓石に「○○県士族 何某之墓」と彫った例も多い。
- There were also many cases where gravestones read, 'Here lies samurai of XX Prefecture.'
- それは家臣団や有力一族の抵抗が大きいからである。
- This was because resistance among their chief retainers or the most powerful local families was strongly against any land surveys of their own (long-held) land holdings.
- 宗教的宇宙観に基づく諸民族の世界連邦を提唱した。
- He advocated the world confederation of various ethnic groups based on the religious view of the universe.
- この政変が士族反乱や自由民権運動の発端ともなった。
- Also, this political changes caused the Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
- 家系は河野氏の一族である橘遠保の流れを汲むという。
- It is said that their family lineage followed the line of TACHIBANA no Toyasu, the family of the Kono clan.
- 1947年(昭和22年)、貴族制度廃止により廃止。
- This designation was annulled in 1947 when the aristocracy system in Japan was abolished.
- 関東では平将門が親族間の抗争に勝利して勢力を拡大。
- TAIRA no Masakado expanded his influence in Kanto after succeeding in a family conflict.
- 時政は先手を打って比企一族を滅ぼすことを決意する。
- Tokimasa decided to make the first move and to destroy the Hiki family.
- 李氏朝鮮の初代、李成桂はこの氏族の出とされている。
- Seong-gye YI, the founder of Yi Dynasty Korea, is said to have originated from this clan.
- 皇族が臣籍に降下されたとき(明治43年皇室令2号)
- In case that a member of Imperial family will become subjects of the state (In 1910, Koshitsu-rei [the Imperial Families' Act], no 2).
- ヲワケ一族の伝統とこの鉄剣を作った理由を記している。
- A tradition of Owake family and the reason of making this iron sword are stated.
- 民族浄化政策として自覚的に行われたと疑う論調もある。
- There is a tone that doubt the policy to be undertaken subjectively as an ethnic cleansing policy.
- この一族は行家の子孫とも熊野別当の一族ともいわれる。
- This family is said to have descended from Yukiie or the family of Kumano betto (the title of an official who administered the shrines at Kumano).
- 三刀屋氏(みとやし、みとやうじ)は、日本の氏族の一。
- The Mitoya clan was one of Japanese clans.
- 遵って、児玉党系塩谷氏は、庄氏・富田氏と同族である。
- The KODAMA Party Line SHIONOYA clan was the same family group as the SHO and TOMIDA clans.
- 直(あたえ)姓の国造や、渡来人系の氏族に与えられた。
- Imiki was given to the Kuninomiyatsuko (the heads of local governments) who already had the title of Atae or clans whose ancestors are toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese).
- これより古く、かつ小範囲の族長をさすものと思われる。
- The title of Agata-nushi existed before the Yamato regime employed the ritsuryo system; it seems Agata-nushi means the head of a region which is small in size.
- 向背ノ族ハ或ハコレヲ返シ、或ハコレヲ追ヒ出スベキ事。
- If his behavior is dubious, then bring him back to his ex-master or expel him.
- 転じて、姓氏や氏族集団の発祥の地を指すようになった。
- This was extended to indicate the birthplace of the family name or the clan.
- 興隆してゆく民族や軍隊の反映が「軍人勅諭」にはある。
- 'The Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors' reflects the rise of a nation and the army.
- 家族の婚姻・養子縁組に対する同意権(旧民法750条)
- Consent right regarding marriage of family members and adoption (the Old Civil Codes, Article 750)
- 郡領にはかつての国造一族などの在地首長が任ぜられた。
- Local heads such as family members of kuni no miyatsuko were appointed as gunryo.
- ヤマト政権の豪族層は、氏と呼ばれる組織を形成していた。
- The powerful family class of the Yamato regime formed an organization called uji (clan).
- 682年(天武11)8月、官人の考選に族姓を重んじる。
- August, 682: The hereditary titles were valued to select the government official.
- 貴族院議員には通算10人の朝鮮人議員が任命されている。
- Ten Korean members in total were appointed the House of Peers.
- 原始共同体においては、氏族や部族が社会の単位となった。
- In the primitive community, a clan and a tribe became a social unit.
- かつ東国豪族の忠誠の証を示す貢納品としても評価された。
- Furthermore, they were also appreciated as tribute articles for showing proof of loyalty by local ruling families in the eastern part of Japan.
- 士族に生まれた者であっても分籍した場合は平民とされた。
- Even if one was born to warrior-class parents, he or she was demoted to Heimin (a commoner) after being segregated from their family register.
- 1869年の版籍奉還で士族は政府に属することとなった。
- The warrior class started to belong to the government due to the return of lands and people to the emperor in 1869.
- いずれも三好氏の一族・重臣であったためこの名で呼ばれた。
- The name originates from the fact that all three are members and important officers of the Miyoshi clan.
- 初期の移民には東北地方からの士族移民の比重が大きかった。
- Most of the early immigrants were of a warrior class from Tohoku region.
- 室町時代になると新宮氏は同族の蘆名氏と争うようになった。
- In the Muromachi period, the Shingu clan began to fight with the Ashina clan, which was of the same clan.
- 門葉(もんよう)とは、一般的に血縁関係がある一族を指す。
- The term 'monyo' generally referred to families that were related by blood.
- 仲麻呂の一族は滅び、淳仁天皇は廃位され淡路国に流された。
- Nakamaro's family was extinguished, and Emperor Junnin was stripped of position and sent to Awaji Province.
- 藩主家は明治17年(1884年)子爵となり華族に列した。
- In 1884 the family of lord of Sanda Domain was raised to the peerage as viscount.
- 渡来系豪族が自らの出自を改変するのは8世紀以降であること
- Influential migrant clans in ancient Japan only began voluntarily changing their places of origin from the eighth century.
- また、蘇我氏他有力7氏族は武内宿禰を共通の祖としている。
- Furthermore, the Soga clan and seven influential others could be descended from TAKENOUCHI no Sukune.
- 連の姓を名乗っていた有力な氏族には大伴氏や物部氏が居る。
- The influential clans who called themselves Muraji included the Otomo clan and the Mononobe clan.
- 明治17年(1884年)井伊家は伯爵となり華族に列した。
- In 1884, the Ii Family became hakushaku (a count), and was raised to the peerage.
- 6世紀以前は、各々の豪族が土地と民衆を直接支配していた。
- Before the sixth century, each gozoku (local ruling family) directly governed the land and the people.
- 当時の全国集計による士族人口は全国民の3.9%であった。
- According to a tally compiled at that time, the warrior class accounts for 3.9% of the total population.
- 清盛一族はさらに権力を強化し、ついに平氏政権を樹立した。
- The Kiyomori family gained further power and finally established the Taira clan administration.
- 清盛は、もはや軍事貴族としての枠を遥かに超えてしまった。
- He was at that point far beyond what military aristocrats could normally achieve.
- 朝廷は、頼朝を軍事貴族の最高位者として処遇しようとした。
- The Imperial Court then planned to treat Yoritomo as the highest ranking military aristocrat.
- また、天皇陵の修復や、藩祖を皇族に結びつける風潮も起こる。
- In addition, the restoration of emperors' tombs and a tendency to connect the ancestors of feudal clans to the imperial line arose.
- 交換の際、日本は樺太のアイヌ民族を北海道に強制移住させた。
- When the land exchange took place based on the treaty, Japanese government forcibly transferred the Ainu in Sakhalin to Hokkaido.
- 治部省 - 諸氏の族姓や葬事・仏寺・雅楽・外交事務を掌る。
- Jibusho (Ministry of Civil Administration): in charge of hereditary titles of a clan, funeral rites, Buddhist temple, Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music), and diplomatic affairs.
- 先住民族からなる高砂義勇隊は南方戦線で大きな活躍を見せた。
- The Takasago Volunteer Army consisting of aborigines were very brave in the Southern battle line.
- 赤松一族は城山城へ籠城するが、山名一族の大軍に包囲された。
- The Akamatsu family took refuge in Shiroyama-jo Castle but was besieged by a big army of the Yamana family.
- 孝元天皇の皇子である大彦命を始祖とする阿倍臣一族とされる。
- It is considered as the Abe clan, which was founded by a prince of the Emperor Kogen, Obiko no Mikoto.
- 伝承によると三刀屋氏は清和源氏満快流伊那氏の一族とされる。
- Tradition has it that Mitoya clan was descended from a branch of Seiwa-Genji, a line of MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi, Ina clan.
- 忠真は各外城の防御を厚くし一族や家臣を配置し守りを固めた。
- Tadazane strengthened each outer castle, in which he positioned his family and vassals to increase the defenses.
- 政嗣が及川氏を称したのは同族として成綱に従ったことを示す。
- Masatsugu identified himself as being of the OIKAWA clan, meaning that he followed Naritsuna as part of the same family.
- 現在、能勢氏の菩提寺である清普寺の境内に一族の墓所がある。
- There is a graveyard for the Nose family in the precincts of Seifu-ji Temple, which is their family temple.
- 川勝氏(かわかつし、かわかつうじ)は、日本の氏族のひとつ。
- The Kawakatsu clan (Kawakatsu-shi or Kawakatsu-uji) was a Japanese clan.
- 小御所に火がかけられ、比企一族は一幡を囲んで尽く自刃した。
- The Kogosho palace was set on fire and all members of the Hiki family killed themselves together with Ichiman.
- これは地方豪族の配下の百姓について以下のことを示している。
- This shows the following about peasants under powerful local clans.
- 家族が離籍されたとき(旧民法742条・749条・750条)
- In case that a family member is removed from household register (the Old Civil Codes, Article 742, 749 and 750).
- 蝦夷の「夷」の字は東方の異民族(東夷)に対する蔑称である。
- The Chinese character '夷' in '蝦夷' is a derogatory term for a different ethnic group (Toi) in the eastern area.
- かわりに華族や士族も含めて全国一律に、戸長と副戸長をおいた。
- Instead, a kocho and a deputy-kocho who took charge of the family register were appointed uniformly throughout the nation.
- 台南において地元民(高山族)を中心とする頑強な抵抗が続いた。
- Obstinate resistance mainly by local people (mainly by Kao-shan Tribe) continued in Tainan,
- 1873年12月大院君は失脚し王妃の一族閔氏が政権を握った。
- After Daewongun fell from power in December 1873, the empress's family, the Min clan, took over political power.
- 謙信死後の御館の乱では一族間で上杉景勝派と上杉景虎派と分裂。
- In the Odate War, after the death of Kenshin, the Uesugi clan split into the two groups of Kagekatsu UESUGI and Kagetora UESUGI.
- また、王族や有力豪族の間で紛争が多数発生するようにもなった。
- Conflicts between the royals and the elite families also occurred frequently.
- 著名なものに美濃源氏の流れを汲む一族がある(以下にて詳述)。
- This clan included a prominent family inheriting the lineage of Mino Genji (the Minamoto clan), detailed as follows.
- 一部の士族はこれらの四民平等政策に反発し、士族反乱が起こる。
- Some shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors) opposed these policies to enact equality of all people, and the Shizoku Hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) occurred.
- また役職や制度の統一が行われ、旧武士階級は士族と改められた。
- Job titles and laws of all domains were unified, and the title of the warrior class was changed to 'Shizoku'.
- なお、その家族一族郎党も斬首刑となった(1882年10月)。
- Furthermore, their families and their whole clans were beheaded in October 1882.
- 正成は弟の楠木正季ら一族とともに自害し、義貞は京へ退却した。
- Masashige committed suicide with his younger brother Masasue KUSUNOKI and Yoshisada withdrew to the capital.
- 中央の有力貴族や有力寺社が荘園寄進を受けて領家となっていた。
- Powerful central nobility, temples, and shrines that were donated shoen became ryoke.
- この過程で軍事貴族と呼ぶべき実態は発展的に解消されていった。
- During the course of these events, the status called military aristocrat rapidly disappeared.
- 時行の挙兵に応じて北陸地方では北条一族の名越時兼が挙兵する。
- In the Hokuriku region, Tokikane NAGOSHI, a member of the Hojo clan, raised an army in response to Tokiyuki.
- また、年齢別人口構成や家族形態などを具体的に知ることが出来る。
- This system provides concrete information on the age structure of populations and family forms.
- 平安時代に入ると、暦日と密接な方角禁忌が貴族の間で尊重された。
- During the Heian period, nobles seriously believed that there were taboo directions that varied from day to day.
- 逆に言えば全体の2/3が没落士族に相当すると言えるのであった。
- In other words, two third of all the former warriors were ruined.
- 氏姓を有しない者は、天皇をはじめとする皇族と奴婢のみとなった。
- People who did not have the clan (family) names and hereditary titles became only members of the Imperial family including Emperor and slaves.
- また、稀に中国国内を本貫とする氏族が存在する(曲阜孔氏など)。
- Also, there rarely are clans that have hongan in China (such as the Gogbu Gong clan).
- 大和民族のほぼ全てが日本語、もしくは日本手話を母語としている。
- Almost all people of the Yamato race speak Japanese or Japanese sign language as their mother tongue.
- 館・集落や祭礼施設など堀に囲まれた豪族居館跡が発掘されている。
- The sites of Gozoku residences surrounded by moats, including residences, communities, facilities for rites and festivals and so on were excavated.
- 祁答院氏、菱刈氏、肝付氏などの数多いた豪族と戦いに明け暮れた。
- Battles with a large number of gozoku, such as the Kedoin clan, the Hishikari clan and the Kimotsuki clan, repeated day and night.
- ただし、彼らの子孫すべてが軍事貴族・武士へ成長した訳ではない。
- Note, however, not all their descendants became military aristocrats or samurais.
- 桓武平氏、清和源氏、秀郷流藤原氏などが代表的な軍事貴族である。
- Major examples of military aristocrats are Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan), Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), and the Fujiwara clan of the Hidesato line.
- 軍事貴族は、当然ながら軍事面で朝廷に貢献することが求められた。
- Needless to say, military aristocrats were required to contribute to the Imperial Court in military affairs.
- 西郷隆盛が唱えた征韓論には失業士族の救済、という側面もあった。
- Seikanron (a debate on the subjugation of Korea) advocated by Takamori SAIGO also intended to provide relief for unemployed former samurai.
- 前期は大伴氏・物部氏・蘇我氏の各豪族が先後して実権を握っていた。
- In the first half of the Yamato Period, the Otomo clan, the Mononobe clan and the Soga clan held real power at different times.
- 沙沙貴山君(ささきやまぎみ,ささきやまのきみ)は古代豪族の一つ。
- Sasakiyama gimi, or Sasakiyama no kimi (沙沙貴山君), was one of the powerful families in ancient times.
- 豊臣氏 - 安土桃山時代に関白・羽柴秀吉とその一族に下賜された。
- The Toyotomi clan: In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, this clan name was granted to kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) Hideyoshi HASHIBA and his family.
- 実際に綱憲を止めに来たのは家臣ではなく上杉家親族の高家畠山義寧。
- The person who stopped Tsunayori was not his retainer but a member of the Uesugi family, koke Yoshiyasu HATAKEYAMA.
- 閔妃一族が開化派の筆頭となり日本と同じく近代的な軍隊を目指した。
- Queen Min and her clan members took leading roles in the Progressive Party, and aimed to make their army as modern as Japan's.
- また飛鳥時代には百済の滅亡により亡命貴族が日本を頼って渡来した。
- Exiling nobles came over to Japan because of the fall of Baekje during the Asuka period.
- カバネは臣(おみ)で、代々大臣(おおおみ)を出していた有力豪族。
- The Soga clan's kabane (hereditary title) was Omi, and it was an influential local family whose members successively served as ministers over several generations.
- 一般に、政治的統一は民族的等質性の結果ではなくむしろ原因である。
- In general, political integration is not a result of racial homogeneity but a cause.
- この過程で、台湾や朝鮮から日本列島への他の民族の流入もおこった。
- During this time, other races came into the Japanese archipelago from Taiwan and Korea.
- 江戸時代に発達した武士階級の家父長制的な家族制度を基にしている。
- This was based on paternalistic family system which was developed in Edo Period among samurai society.
- また、蝦夷がツングース系の北方民族と考える説がないわけではない。
- Incidentally, a few theories insist that the Emishi were Tungus, the northern people.
- 豊臣政権により徳川氏が関東に転封されると信濃諸豪族も関東へ移る。
- When the Tokugawa clan was shifted to Kanto by the Toyotomi government, gozoku in Shinano also moved to Kanto.
- 北条仲時、北条時益ら六波羅探題の一族郎党は東国へ逃れようとした。
- The families and followers of Rokuhara Tandai, including Nakatoki HOJO and Tokimasu HOJO, attempted to escape to Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region).
- 政府による救済措置として、士族を職につかせる士族授産が行われた。
- As government relief measures, Shizoku jusan was implemented to get them into the workforce.
- 三好長慶の時代は、それぞれが軍を率い一族の重鎮として活動していた。
- In the days when Nagayoshi MIYOSHI headed the clan, all three were important clan figures heading their own troops.
- この時参加した唐の水軍も、その主力は女真族で構成されていたという。
- The Joshin tribe comprised the main force of Tang's sea warriors in the Battle of Hakusukinoe.
- また、妾も二等親族として戸籍の登載を認められた(明治15年廃止)。
- In addition, mistresses were also allowed to be registered in the family register as family members of the relation in the second degree (it was abolished in 1882).
- 現在の高梨家の末裔として認知されている一族は尾張高梨家出身である。
- The authorized descendant of the Takanashi clan today is from the Owari Takanashi family.
- 諸陵寮・諸陵司の職掌は陵墓の管理・喪葬・皇族葬儀の儀礼などである。
- Official duties of the Shoryoryo/Shoryo-shi included management of imperial mausoleums, mourning and funeral rites for the imperial family.
- 大日本帝国憲法34条は、華族の貴族院 (日本)列席特権を規定した。
- Article 34 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan provided Kazoku with the right to be members of the House of Peers (Japan).
- 翌7日、衆議院は貴族院の修正に同意し、帝国議会での審議は結了した。
- On October 7, the House of Representatives approved the modifications added by the House of Peers, all the debates at the Imperial Diet were completed.
- 満州の女真族が建てた後金が国号を清と改め1644年北京に遷都した。
- Kokin established by the Joshin tribe in Manchuria change its name of the country into Qing and transferred the capital to Beijing in 1644.
- 手島氏は摂津源氏の一族である能瀬高頼(多田行綱の弟)の後裔である。
- The Teshima clan descended from Takayori NOSE (younger brother of Yukitsuna TADA), who was a member of the Settsu Genji family.
- 望月城は、戦国時代、近江国の甲賀郡の忍者一族・望月氏の山城だった。
- Mochizuki-jo Castle was a mountain castle once owned by the Mochizuki clan, a ninja tribe in Koga County, Omi Province during the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- そののち、臣のように、元々は王とならぶ地位にあった豪族にも及んだ。
- Later this giving the hereditary title was extended to the powerful clans that were originally in the same rank with the king.
- 義盟に加わるが、家族から再仕官を勧められ、板ばさみになり自害した。
- Although he joined the group, his family insisted he return to his position as officer, so he was caught in a dilemma which drove him to suicide.
- 親族の大名家からは連日のように穏便に開城をという使者が派遣された。
- The messengers from the related feudal lord families were sent almost every day to convince them to surrender the castle without fighting.
- また貴族 (中国)制社会において同一氏族集団に属することを示した。
- It also indicated within the aristocratic society that one belonged to the same family clan.
- 受領(国司)から地方に土着し、武士団化した氏族も各地に残っている。
- Some clans still remain in the various locations they settled down after they were appointed to Zuryo (provincial governor) and changed to these groups of warriors.
- 政治的意義を失った真人姓の氏族は、次第に政界から姿を消していった。
- Mahito clans who lost political value gradually disappeared from the political world.
- 大伴氏、佐伯氏など主に連(むらじ)姓を持った神別氏族に与えられた。
- Sukune was given to the clans branched from a family of god such as Otomo clan, Saeki clan who mainly had the title of Muraji.
- これらの事情が、親族の権利関係が戸主の意思に左右される原因となる。
- Those conditions above result in relation of rights of relatives controlled by a head of a family.
- 源義家(八幡太郎義家)の孫源頼隆を祖とする信濃国を本拠とした一族。
- This family line was founded by MINAMOTO no Yoritaka, a grandson of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie (HACHIMANTARO Yoshiie), and was based in Shinano Province.
- 大和民族だけでなく、アイヌやウィルタ・ニブフなどの少数民族も含む。
- In addition to the the Yamato race, the ethnic minorities such as Aynu, Uilta, and Nivkh are included.
- 土岐康行が後を継いだが、義満は土岐氏一族が分裂するように仕向けた。
- Yasuyuki TOKI succeeded, but Yoshimitsu manipulated it so that the Toki clan members would split.
- よって、前期を士族屯田、後期を平民屯田として時代区分することがある。
- Therefore, the history is sometimes divided into the first half period, Shizoku-tondenhei Settlements, and the latter half, Commoner- tondenhei Settlements.
- 募集方法が変えられ、もはや士族出身者を積極採用することはなくなった。
- With the changed recruitment method, former shizoku were no longer preferentially employed.
- 日本では、1869年(明治2年)に新設された族称の一つが平民である。
- The term heimin designated a class of family and was created in 1869 in Japan.
- 天狗党員の家族らが処刑された水戸赤沼牢跡には慰霊碑が建てられている。
- At the remained site of the Mito Akanuma-ro prison where the family members of Tenguto were executed, a memorial monument is built.
- 以後、頼綱一族ら御内人の勢力は一時後退して、貞時の専制政治が始まる。
- After that, the momentum of miuchibito (private vassals of the Tokuso) including the family of Yoritsuna was diminished at one point, and Sadatoki started his tyranny.
- こうして歴史的用語としての豪族の語は歴史記述の表舞台からは姿を消す。
- This is how the word 'Gozoku' as a historical term disappeared from the front stage of historical description.
- 比企一族は一幡と若狭局を守って戦うが、多勢に無勢で勝ち目はなかった。
- Though the Hiki family fought to protect Ichiman and Wakasa no Tsubone, they had no chance to win as they were outnumbered by the Hojo.
- 敬神党は、旧肥後藩士族の三大派閥の一つであった、勤皇党の一派である。
- The Keishin-to party was a sect of the Kinno-to party (pro-Imperial party), which was one of the three major factions of the former Higo Domain warrior class.
- また、地方でも有力な豪族に対しては臣の姓を名乗ることが許されている。
- Also, influential local ruling clans in other areas were allowed to call themselves Omi.
- しかし、武力を用いる士族反乱の動きは西南戦争(1877年)で終わる。
- However, the period of shizoku's military struggle against the government ended with the Seinan War in 1877.
- また氷川神社の祀官は鍛冶氏族である物部氏の流れを組むとのことである。
- The monks at Hikawa-jinja Shrine are said to be a branch of the Mononobe clan, who were a clan of blacksmiths.
- 士族階級に属する者には、『壬申戸籍』に‘士族’と身分表示が記された。
- The status of those belonging to this class was described as 'the warrior class' in 'Jinshin-koseki' (family registries in Jinshin).
- おおよそ四位、五位どまりの下級貴族である諸大夫がこの任に当てられた。
- The lower-ranking aristocrats called Shodaibu, who belonged to no more than the shii (fourth rank)or goi (fifth rank), were usually appointed to this position.
- 履歴書や『紳士録』の類には士族という記載が残った(「○○県士族」)。
- The description of the warrior class (warrior class of XX Prefecture) remained in resumes and social registers.
- また、これらのどこにも属さない氏族として、117氏が挙げられている。
- Additionally, there are 117 clans that do not belong to any category.
- 江戸時代の宗門人別改帳に代わり、皇族から平民までを戸を単位に集計した。
- Instead of Shumon-Ninbetsu-Aratame-Cho (The Village People Register of Religious Faith and Relationship) at the Edo period, it was calculated in units of doors from the imperial family to commoners.
- 中大兄皇子は「入鹿は皇族を滅ぼして、皇位を奪おうとしました」と答えた。
- Prince Naka no Oe answered by saying 'Iruka tried to usurp the Imperial Throne by killing members of the Imperial Family.'
- その後生き残った約300人は川中島に移され、霧社タイヤル族は消滅した。
- About 300 survivors were forced to relocate to Chingliu (Kawanakajima) Village, which event marked the end of the Wushe Atayal.
- なお、奴隷は市民ではなく、したがって平民でも(もちろん貴族でも)ない。
- For reference, slaves were not considered citizens so that they were neither plebs nor, of course, patricians.
- このため大河内一族は松平氏を称することが許され大河内松平家と呼ばれる。
- This is why the Okochi family is allowed to use the Matsudaira name and is therefore called Okochi Matsudaira.
- 賎民のなかには李氏朝鮮に敗北した地方豪族(将軍)の子孫も含まれている。
- The descendants of powerful local clans (generals) defeated by the Yi dynasty were also included in Senmin.
- 同氏には魯の白竜王を祖とする渡来系氏族や、火明命を祖とする別系もある。
- The clan has branch lines such as immigrant clans that derived from King Bailong of Lu, and other lines that derived from Hoakari.
- 明治時代に華族に列し、明治17年(1884年)柳沢保申が伯爵になった。
- They attained peerage during the Meiji period, and in 1884 Yasunobu YANAGISAWA became a count.
- 清和源氏の一族で、源為義の子、志田義広が「志田三郎」を称し、祖となる。
- They are one family of Seiwa-Genji (the MINAMOTO clan), in which MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi's son Yoshihiro SHIDA identified himself as 'Saburo SHIDA' and became the originator.
- 大化以前は、天皇や豪族らは各自で私的に土地・人民を所有・支配していた。
- Before the Taika era, the emperors and Gozoku (local ruling family) privately owned and ruled lands and people respectively.
- そして明治維新後、徳島藩の禄制改革により徳島本藩の家臣は士族とされた。
- After the Meiji Restoration, under the Tokushima domain's Rokusei reformation (the reform in salary system), the vassals of the Tokushima Honpan came to be regarded as warrior class.
- 頼家の外戚として権勢を誇った比企一族は、たった一日で滅亡してしまった。
- The Hiki family who exerted power as Yoriie's maternal relative was destroyed only in one day.
- 殆んどの御内人は鎌倉幕府滅亡時に、北条一族とともに滅亡するか没落した。
- When the Kamakura bakufu collapsed, most of Miuchibito also were destroyed or fell with the Hojo family.
- したがって、貴族の姓(カバネ)としては、朝臣、宿禰、忌寸の三つである。
- Therefore, the hereditary titles for nobles were Ason, Sukune, and Imiki.
- 4男の血統は更に細かく別れ、安東金氏、金寧金氏などの大族を抱えている。
- The blood line of the fourth son is separated further into smaller groups, and has big families including the Andong Kim clan and the Gimnyeong Kim clan.
- 元々、ヤマト王権に対して服属した畿内周辺の豪族に与えられた姓であった。
- Originally, Omi was granted to the local ruling clans who were subjected to the Yamato sovereignty around Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto).
- 民族としての同一性が、ヤマト王権による政治的統合に由来するからである。
- This is because the uniformity as a race came via political integration by Yamato sovereignty.
- 主に日本列島に居住しており、日本国を形成し、日本国の大多数民族である。
- The Yamato race is the major race in Japan, living mainly in the Japanese archipelago which forms the country.
- 戸主は家の統率者であり、家族は家を構成する者のうち戸主でない者をいう。
- Therefore, a family head is a leader of Ie (household), and family members are those who consist of Ie and are not a family head.
- 開発領主の中には、地方へ国司として下向して土着した下級貴族も多くいた。
- Among kaihatsu-ryoshus, many took their post as kokushi in the local regions and became indigenized lower-ranking nobles.
- 軍事貴族の概念は戸田芳実による軍制史研究によって広まったとされている。
- It is believed that Yoshimi TODA's study of the military system made the concept of the military aristocracy become widely known.
- つまり、氏や姓を持つ首長や豪族の民までも把握できたのかと言うことである。
- In other words, it is doubtful that tabs were also kept on people controlled by chiefs and Gozoku (local ruling families) who had a family or clan name.
- 異民族王朝の場合、独自の民族語が頻出するのでその解説(『遼史』『金史』)
- The exposition of each languages in the case of the dynasties with different races ('Ryoshi,''Kinshi')
- 清和源氏の一族である新宮氏は、源為義の子の源行家(新宮十郎)を祖とする。
- The Shingu clan, a family of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), was descended from MINAMOTO no Yukiie (Juro SHINGU), son of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi.
- また、議院法、貴族院令、衆議院議員選挙法、会計法なども同時に定められた。
- The Parliamentary Law, Law of House of Peers, and the House of Representatives Election Law were also enacted the same time.
- 経が島の工事責任者は、平氏水軍の中核をなす阿波国の豪族田口成良であった。
- The head of the construction work for Kyogashima Island was Shigeyoshi TAGUCHI, who was a member of Gozoku (local ruling family) in Awa Province, a hard core of the Haira Navy.
- 百済の名門氏族出身でありながら、孫の名前が高句麗を意味する高麗であること
- Machi MOKU was from a prestigious clan in Baekje; however, his grandchild's name was Goryeo which referred to the kingdom of Goguryeo.
- 『新撰姓氏録』は蘇我氏を皇別(歴代天皇から分かれた氏族)に分類している。
- The 'Shinsen Shojiroku' (Newly Compiled Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility) classifies Soga clan as Kobetsu (clan descended from successive emperors).
- 私奴婢は地方の豪族が所有した奴婢であり、代々相続することが可能であった。
- Shinuhi refers to Nuhi owned by powerful local clans, and such clans could inherit Shinuhi from generations to generations.
- 治天の君に仕えた乳母の血縁者や、中流貴族の国司(受領)出身者が多かった。
- Many of them were blood relatives of menoto (wet nurses) who served Chiten no kimi, or middle-class nobles who formerly served as Kokushi (also called Zuryo; provincial governors.)
- 義賢の子の源義仲(木曽義仲)は信濃国木曾谷の豪族の中原兼遠の元で育った。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Yoshinaka KISO), a son of Yoshikata, was fostered by NAKAHARA no Kaneto, a local ruling family based in Kisodani, Shinano Province.
- 新田軍は一族や周辺御家人を集めて兵を増やしつつ、利根川を越えて南進した。
- The Nitta army pushed southward across the Tonegawa River while increasing the number of soldiers by rallying the clan and neighboring gokenin.
- 一族相克の物語は戦国時代 (日本)に多いが、この時代に既に始まっている。
- Stories about conflict within clans are common in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), but it had already started in this period.
- また官位の任命を天皇が行うことにより、豪族に対する天皇の権威向上を図った。
- It also sought to increase the Emperor's authority over powerful clans by having the Emperor directly appoint ranks.
- これにより、天皇を頂点とした、貴族・官僚による中央集権支配体制が完成した。
- As a result of the completion of the Taiho Code the centralization of the government system by aristocrats and bureaucrats with the Japanese emperor as the top was accomplished.
- 高梨氏(たかなしし)は、信濃国北部(高井郡・水内郡)に割拠した武家の氏族。
- The Takanashi clan was a samurai family that dominated the north of Shinano Province (Takai and Minochi counties).
- 近世以前に分かれた一族の別系に、代々「大河内善兵衛」を称した旗本があった。
- Among the members of the family branch that split prior to the modern times, there was a family of hatamoto that passed the name 'Zenbei OKOCHI' down through the generations.
- 第1条は、天皇・王族や豪族たちによる土地・人民の所有を廃止するものである。
- Article 1 was to abolish ownership of lands and people by the Emperor, royal families and gozoku (local ruling families).
- 一連の事件で日本の無力を目にした閔妃一族は開化政策から親清政策へ移転する。
- Seeing Japan's powerlessness during the incident, Queen Min and her clan members changed their policy from open-door to pro-Qing.
- 皇族がこの官職に就任することもあり、その場合その皇族は兵部卿宮と呼ばれた。
- This post was occasionally occupied by a member of Imperial family, in which case he was called Hyobukyo no Miya.
- 国造、県主の共同体に属することを示すことによって族姓を仮称させた者がいた。
- There were people who were made to tentatively identify thenselves using their group names by showing that they belonged to the community of Kuni no Miyatsuko or the community of Agatanushi.
- (宮廷から他氏族を排除する目的で行われた藤原氏による陰謀説が有力である。)
- (The theory that the Fujiwara clan plotted this conspiracy to expel other clans from the imperial court is widely accepted.)
- 地租改正を掲げることで、運動は不平士族のみならず、農村にも浸透していった。
- The movement became widespread not only among dissatisfied Shizoku people, but also peasants in rural villages by calling for the land-tax reform.
- 百済の名門氏族である木満致が、自らの姓を捨て蘇我氏を名乗ったことの不自然さ
- It is unlikely that Machi MOKU, a member of a well regarded clan in Baekje, would forsake his family name and introduce himself as Soga clan.
- 家族が残っている状態で絶家し、入るべき家が無くなったとき(旧民法764条)
- In the event that, because the family line has died out despite the fact that family members are still living, a person has no household to which he or she can belong (the former Civil Code, Article 764).
- 1872年(明治5年)に編製された戸籍『壬申戸籍』に‘士族’と記載された。
- The warrior class was indicated in Jinshin-koseki (family registries in Jinshin) complied in 1872.
- 慣れない商売に手を出して失敗すると「士族の商法」と揶揄されることもあった。
- Those who started an unfamiliar business and failed in the business were ridiculed because of Shizoku no shoho (the former-samurai way of business).
- 7世紀~8世紀に政争の末、謀反・謀叛の罪によって殺害された貴族は少なくない。
- As a result of political strife, many noblemen were killed for the charge of muhon between the seventh and eighth centuries,
- 処分は本人のみならず親族に及び、江戸定府の家臣を国許が抑制することとなった。
- As for the consequences, not only the individuals, but even their relatives and Edo Jofu (a daimyo lord's retainer who remained permanently with their lord in Edo) were suppressed.
- 個々の人物(特に国に仕えた官僚)の一生や周辺の異民族の民俗を書き並べたもの。
- It is a biography of individual figures (most of them were bureaucrats who served the countries) or a record of folks of other ethnic groups living in surrounding areas.
- 中級層以下の藩士は、自ら家族と共にこれに当たり、半ば農民化していたのである。
- Consequently, the middle or lower class feudal domain retainers were engaged in farming together with their family members, making them virtually farmers.
- 地頭である豪族が桑原城、貴志城、大原城などの小さな山城を築いて統治していた。
- The gozoku (a local ruling family) who worked as jito (manager and lord of manor) governed Sanda by constructing small Yamashiros (castles built on the top of mountains or halfway up the mountains for defensive reasons) such as Kuwabara-jo Castle, Kishi-jo Castle and Ohara-jo Castle.
- 穂積氏、采女氏をはじめ、同族枝族のすこぶる多いことがその特徴として知られる。
- It is well known that there are many clans that have same lineage, such as the Hozumi clan and the Uneme clan.
- そこで、より権威のある皇族や摂関家へ領家から荘園寄進が行われることがあった。
- To cope with this situation, some ryoke would donate their shoen to more authoritative bodies like the Imperial family or Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents).
- For that reason, the ryoke sometimes donated the shoen to the Imperial family or Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), which had more authority than the ryoke.
- 後に士族原則が取り払われると、新兵の身分比はほぼ人口中の身分比に等しくなった。
- In later years with the repeal of the shizoku-only principle, the social status ratio of new soldiers became almost equal to that of the population.
- 一つは何らかの仕事にかかわる一団で、もう一つは王宮や豪族に所属する一団である。
- One is a group which was involved in some kind of duties, and the other is a group which belonged to the royal palace or a powerful family.
- 言語統制、日本語標準語の公用語化、教育現場における方言や、各民族語などの禁止。
- Language control, making standard Japanese as the official language, prohibition against the use of dialects and ethnic languages.
- 士族の救済政策として士族授産が行われ、屯田兵制度による北海道開発も実施された。
- As a remedy for former warriors, the government implemented a policy of Shizoku jusan, and launched development of Hokkaido by ex-legionary.
- また石上氏も宅嗣の死とともに藤原氏などの他の有力貴族に押されて没落していった。
- Yakatsugu's death also marked the decline of the Isonokami clan in power, due to the rise of other powerful noble clans including the Fujiwara.
- 大伴は、おそらく「大きな伴造」という意味で、多くの氏族を束ねていたと思われる。
- As the word 'Otomo' is said to mean 'Grand Tomonomiyatsuko' (the chief of various departments at the Imperial Court), the Otomo clan presumably controlled various other clans.
- 越前の朝倉氏は一向一揆を退けて本拠の一乗谷に京の貴族を迎えるなど栄華を極めた。
- The Asakura clan in Echizen was at the height of its prosperity as it defeated ikko ikki and received nobles from Kyo in Ichijotani, which was the base of the clan.
- また、初期の自由民権運動は不平士族が中心になっていた(士族民権ともいわれる)。
- In addition, the Freedom and People's Rights Movement (also called Shizokuminken) was initiated mostly by fuhei shizoku (dissatisfied former samurai).
- 軍事貴族の「武家」としての職能はこの国衙軍制の中で十二分に発揮されたのである。
- In this military system, military aristocrats as 'samurai families' demonstrated more than enough capabilities.
- 陰謀は程なく発覚し、荷担した貴族や武士(多くは後白河法皇の近臣)が追放された。
- The conspiracy was discovered beforehand and associated aristocrats and warriors (many of them were close aides of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa) were exiled.
- 西南戦争は日本最後の内戦となり、士族という軍事専門職の存在を消滅させて終焉した。
- The Seinan War, which is the last civil war in Japan, put an end to the military professional jobs of the warrior class at the conclusion.
- 神祇を職とする一族の中臣鎌子は蘇我氏の専横を憎み蘇我氏打倒の計画を密にすすめた。
- Since NAKATOMI no Kamako whose clan was in charge of important national rites detested the tyranny of the Soga clan, he secretly worked out a plan to overthrow the clan.
- 「自宅」と宣言するために一夜を明かすのに貴族が使ったのは、一般に寺院が多かった。
- The places which nobles at that time usually used to declare as 'their home' were temples.
- 華族は公法上は国家から特別待遇が与えられたが、私法上は士族、平民と同様であった。
- Kazoku could receive special treatments from the state under public laws, but they were treated in the same manner as shizoku and heimin under private laws.
- 原義は古墳時代に近畿地方の有力氏族が中心となって成立したヤマト王権から来ている。
- The original meaning came from the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty), which was formed mainly by powerful clans in the Kinki region in the Kofun period (tumulus period).
- これによって、現在の東北地方北部から南九州までを大和民族が支配することとなった。
- Therefore, the Yamato race came to rule over an area from what is currently the Tohoku region to southern Kyushu.
- 家族を家から排除する(離籍)権利(ただし未成年者と推定家督相続人は離籍できない)
- Right to remove family member from household register (except minor and presumed successor)
- 「諸蕃」の姓氏とは、渡来人系の氏族で、秦氏、大蔵氏など326氏が挙げられている。
- The clans of 'Shoban' were clans of toraijin (people from overseas, particularly from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Asian continental culture to the Japanese) and include 326 clans, among which are the Hata and Ookura clans.
- 豪族を序列化し、また氏や姓にとらわれることなく優秀な人材を登用することを目指した。
- The system aimed to impose ranks on powerful clans and to appoint talented people, regardless of their clan or title, to government posts.
- この戦いは、地方豪族の力も得て、最終的には大海人が勝利、即位し、天武天皇となった。
- Prince Oama won the war with the help of powerful regional clans and acceded to the throne as Emperor Tenmu.
- 満祐ら赤松一族はすぐに幕府軍の追手が来ると予想して屋敷で潔く自害するつもりでいた。
- Mitsusuke and people in the Akamatsu clan expected that pursuers of the shogun would come to attack them immediately and they were determined to commit suicide in the residence.
- 三沢氏(みさわし、みさわうじ)は、信濃源氏の後裔で、信濃国飯島郷地頭の一族である。
- Misawa clan (which is read Misawa-shi or Misawa-uji) was a clan acting as estate steward in Iijima District, Shinano Province, which were the descendants of Shinano-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- しかし織田信長の決意に変更は無く、まず荒木一族と重臣の36名が妙顕寺に移送された。
- However, Nobunaga ODA did not change his decision and 36 persons from Araki family and senior vassals were sent to Myoken-ji Temple.
- 承久の乱では惣領・木田重国とその子木田重知をはじめ一族の者が京方に属して討死した。
- In the Jokyu War, some members of the clan including Shigekuni KIDA, the heir of the clan, and his son Shigetomo KIDA were killed as they belonged to kyogata (the Kyoto side or supporters of the Imperial court in Kyoto).
- 1871年4月には廃藩置県が実行されて幕藩体制は解消、全国の士族は政府が掌握する。
- After the government implemented Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in April, 1871, the traditional feudal domain system was abolished and feudal lords were controlled by the government.
- 一方連(むらじ)の姓を名乗る氏族の中で最も有力なものを大連(おおむらじ)と呼んだ。
- On the other hand, those among the clans with the kabane of Muraji were called Omuraji.
- 大和民族は農耕民族、あるいは島国に居住することから海洋民族と分類される場合もある。
- The Yamato race is classified as an agricultural people or a maritime people, as they live in an island country.
- また、日常会話では大和民族ではなく、基本的に日本人(日本人の定義が曖昧)と称する。
- In daily conversation, the term 'Japanese' (which has an ambiguous meaning) is used, rather than 'Yamato race.'
- 大和民族の連合政権とされるヤマト王権の成立過程は、現段階でも明らかになっていない。
- The process which established the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty), which is likely to be a coalition government of the Yamato race, has yet to be revealed.
- 当時、ヤマト政権内において特定の職務を担当する同族集団、すなわち氏が存在していた。
- At that time, there were uji, or clan-based groups that were in charge of specific tasks under the Yamato administration.
- これは、東夷と同じく北方の異民族(狄)に対する蔑称に由来していると考えられている。
- This name is probably derived, like Toi, from a derogatory term used for a different ethnic group (狄) in the northern area.
- 古代の戸籍制度・計帳に基づいて、政府から受田資格を得た貴族や人民へ田が班給された。
- Based on the family registration system and Keicho (the yearly tax registers) in the ancient times, rice land was allotted to nobles and people who had obtained the qualifications for receiving rice land from the government.
- 入鹿が山背大兄王一族を滅ぼした暴挙を聞いた蝦夷は「自分の身を危うくするぞ」と嘆いた。
- When Emishi heard about Iruka's outrage against Prince Yamashiro no Oe and his family, he responded by saying 'you put yourself in danger.'
- 開墾をおこなう資力にめぐまれた貴族や豪族、寺社の土地所有は以後増加の一途をたどった。
- Ownership of land by nobles, powerful clans and temples and shrines - all of whom had capital to carry out reclamation - increased continuously.
- 政嗣は、父・頼政が奥州に下向した時に残した胤で、一族中では奥州土着の先駆けとなった。
- Masatsugu was a descendant whom his father Yorimasa left when he went to Oshu, leaving the capital, and among the families he became a pioneer of localization in Oshu.
- その高貴な家筋によって周囲の豪族を従え、和をもって土佐西部に大きな勢力を誇っていた。
- With their distinguished family lineage, the clan subjugated the local clans and had a strong influence over the western part of Tosa where they ruled peacefully.
- 1873年朝鮮政府の実権は閔妃(1851年 - 1895年、高宗の妃)一族に移った。
- In 1873 reign of the Korean government transferred to the family of Empress Myeongseong (1851 – 1895), the empress of Gao Zong.
- 大宝律令(701年)で、貴族の三位以上と四、五位の官位にともなう特権が明確にされた。
- In 701, with the Taiho Code a special privilege for nobles above the third and for bureaucrats above the fourth and fifth office ranks was made clear.
- 同一の氏族のルーツを表すモノである、同姓の場合でも本貫が違えば別の氏族と見なされる。
- Although the family name, which describes the origin of the same clan, is the same, it was considered a different clan when the hongan was different.
- 『日本書紀』などの中では、臣姓の多くは継体天皇以前の天皇から別れ出た氏族としている。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), many clans with the kabane of Omi were descended from the emperors before the period of the Emperor Keitai.
- この臣の姓を名乗る氏族の中で最も有力な者を大臣(おおおみ)と呼び、国政を預けられた。
- The most influential people among the clans with the kabane of Omi were called Oomi, who was put in charge of the affairs of state.
- このように同族内でも頼綱方と泰盛方に分かれるなど、幕府を大きく二分した争乱であった。
- This conflict split the bakufu into two large groups, even a family was broken down into two; Yoritsuna party and Yasumori party,
- しかし豪族層の抵抗も根強く、権力集中化はその後も企図されたが、その動きは伸び悩んだ。
- However, powerful families were still strongly resistant, and the move to concentrate powers was stagnant, though attempted later as well.
- これで士族解体の方向が決定付けられてしまったため、士族の反乱が頻発し、西南戦争に至る。
- That set the trend towards dissolving the warrior class, causing the rebellion of persons in the warrior class to occur frequently and leading to the occurrence of the Seinan War.
- また、国内では国学 (学問)の普及にともなって民族意識がとみに高まった時代でもあった。
- Within Japan, it was a time that ethnic consciousness was rising rapidly together with the spread of Kokugaku (study of Japanese literature and culture).
- 貴族院_(日本)では曾我祐準(日本鉄道社長)や仙石貢(九州鉄道社長)が反対論を唱えた。
- In the House of Peers, Sukenori SOGA (the president of Nippon Railway) and Mitsugi SENGOKU (the president of Kyushu Railway) opposed to the bill.
- 「詔して曰はく、更諸氏の族姓を改めて、八色の姓を作りて、天下の万姓を混(まろか)す。」
- The Emperor made a decree, saying 'The hereditary titles of all the families are reformed and Yakusa no Kabane instituted.'
- 公家・大名家及び上級武士を除く家が、平民という族称を享け、華族、士族の下位に置かれた。
- Families other than kuge (court nobles), daimyo-ke (families of feudal lords) and upper-class warrior families were designated as heimin which were ranked below kazoku (nobility class) and shizoku (warrior classes).
- 連(むらじ)とも重なり合うが、おもにそのもとでヤマト王権の各部司を分掌した豪族である。
- The clans who were given the position of Tomo no miyatsuko overlaps with those of clans who were given the position of Muraji; mainly these clans were powerful families who shared the duties of the divisions of the Yamato sovereignty.
- 数日後、皮肉にも頼家が病から回復、舅の比企一族の滅亡と一幡、若狭局の死を知り激怒した。
- Ironically Yoriie recovered from illness a few days later and became furious to know the fall of his father-in-law's clan as well as the death of Ichiman and Wakasa no Tsubone.
- 海外では、現在でも朝鮮半島で行われている、氏族の始祖の発祥地を表す用法が知られている。
- Outside of Japan, hongan is known to be used as an expression for the birthplace of the clan's originator, which is still being put in use in the Korean Peninsula.
- 日本で最初の本格的な私寺であるが、蘇我系王族の強い支援のもと、官寺としての性格が強い。
- Although it was the first full-scale private temple in Japan, it strongly resembled a state-owned temple due to the support it received from the Soga clan-controlled royal family.
- ダーヒンニェニ・ゲンダーヌ(ダーヒンニェニ・ゲンダーヌ...ウィルタ(オロッコ)民族)
- Dahinien Gendanu (Daxinnieni Geldanu, Uilta [Orok] man)
- 陶氏を滅ぼした毛利氏友族が両国に存在したため毛利氏と大友氏は北筑前にて戦いを展開する。
- As affiliated families of the Mori clan that ruined the Sue clan exited in both countries, the Mori clan and the Otomo clan started battles in North Chikuzen.
- 浄土信仰は京の貴族に深く浸透し、国風文化の仏教建築、仏像、絵画などにその影響を残した。
- Jodo sect became widespread in the nobles living in Kyoto and influenced Buddhist architecture, statues and painting inspired by Kokufu-bunka.
- 朝廷や貴族・寺社などに金銭などを払う代わりに営業や販売の独占権などの特権を認められた。
- These guilds were granted the privilege of exclusive rights to market and sell in exchange for payment to the Imperial Court, nobles, temples, and/or shrines.
- しかし建武政権は武家の支持を得られず、北条一族の残党などは各地で蜂起を繰り返していた。
- However, the Kenmu government failed to gain the support of samurai and the remnants of the Hojo clan repeatedly revolted against the government at various places.
- 西南戦争に決着が付いた時点で、士族階級の特権は明白に否定され、その没落が決定付けられた。
- When the Seinan War came to an end, the privileges of the warrior class were denied clearly, and the downfall of the warrior class was determined.
- 西郷は新政府に必要なのは士族を中心とした軍備強化と農本主義的な国家経営であると主張した。
- Saigo argued that what was necessary for the new government was a strong military power based on samurai and an agriculture-oriented nation management.
- 華族令施行に伴い井伊家は伯爵に叙されるが、この爵位は減封後の石高を基準としたものである。
- They were demoted to the rank of hakushaku (count) according to the Peerage Law, which developed from the Kokudaka System, where punishment incurred a deprivation of land and a decline in social status.
- この征韓論には1871年廃藩置県によって武士としての職を失った士族の不満が背景にあった。
- Behind this Seikanron there was dissatisfaction amongst the Shizoku (family or persons with samurai ancestors) who had lost their jobs as a result of Haihan-chiken in 1871.
- これは、家族経営を主体としていた商店が、近代的企業へと変わっていくのと軌を一にしていた。
- This took the same line as shops which used to be family businesses turning into modern companies.
- 西南戦争以後に、不平士族の反対運動は国会開設や憲法制定を要求する自由民権運動に移行する。
- After Seinan War, opposition movements by fuhei shizoku shifted to Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) demanding the establishment of the National Diet and formulation of a constitution.
- 秩禄とは、華族や士族に与えられた家禄と維新功労者に対して付与された賞典禄を合わせた呼称。
- Chitsuroku was a collective name for two stipends, Karoku which was paid to nobles and feudal lords in hereditary and Shotenroku which was paid to people who rendered distinguished services for the Meiji Restoration.
- 天平宝字8年(764年)、仲麻呂は乱を起こして敗れ、その一族は滅んだ(藤原仲麻呂の乱)。
- In 764, Nakamaro lost a coup (the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro) that he started and his clan perished.
- 近江宮遷都の際には火災が多発しており、遷都に対する豪族・民衆の不満の現れだとされている。
- Fire disaster occurred frequently when Omi no miya was relocated and it is said that the fires reflected the dissatisfaction of the local ruling families and citizens.
- 大和民族は、自ら遣隋使や遣唐使を派遣し、中国大陸の進んだ技術や文化を貪欲に学んでいった。
- The Yamato race learned the advanced arts and culture of the Chinese continent by dispatching Japanese envoys to Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty China.
- ある家に属する家族が、その意思に基づき、その家から分離して新たに家を設立することをいう。
- This means a family member belong to an Ie will go independent and create a new Ie based on his/her intention.
- 律令国家が建設される以前の古墳時代・飛鳥時代においても、軍事を主務とする豪族が存在した。
- There were gozoku (local ruling families) that were specialized in military affairs in the Kofun (tumulus) and Asuka periods, which were before the establishment of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes.
- 細川氏内臣の三好氏にいたっては阿波撫養の豪族というだけで本来なら政権を執れるはずはない。
- However, as the Miyoshi clan, which was an indirect vassal of the Hosokawa clan, was a mere gozoku in Awa-Muya, it could not normally obtain authority to control the administration.
- 黒田が考えたのも士族の活用であったが、彼の場合旧松前藩と東北諸藩の貧窮士族を想定していた。
- KURODA's idea was also based on utilization of shizoku, but he considered shizoku in poverty in former Matsumae Domain and Tohoku Domains.
- 神に民族・国の根拠を依拠する思想は、その国・民族が危機に面するほど過激になるのも世界共通。
- It is also the same all over the world that the idea that the ethnic groups and nations originate in God becomes radical as a nation and its people are in crisis.
- だが、研究会_(貴族院)の指導者三島弥太郎の工作によって3月25日に修正付きで可決された。
- But by the maneuvering of Yataro MISHIMA, the leader of a study group (in the House of Peers), the bill was approved with amendments on March 25.
- 特に、江戸中期頃に書かれた「真田三代記」は信繁のみならず真田一族の名を高めるのに貢献した。
- Particularly, 'Sanada Sandaiki (three generations of the Sanada family)' written in the middle Edo period contributed to making not only Shigenobu but also the Sanada family famous.
- 土橋氏は根来寺に泉識坊を建立して一族を送り込んでいた縁もあり、根来寺との協力関係を強めた。
- The Dobashi clan strengthened its relationship with the Negoro-ji Temple, partly because it had Senshiki-bo Temple built in the Negoro-ji Temple and sent a member of the family.
- 主唱者であり、貴族院議員でもあった美濃部達吉は、反論の演説をするも攻撃の声は止まなかった。
- An advocator of the emperor organ theory, Tatsukichi MINOBE made a speech to refute Kikuchi's claim, but it could not stop the blame on him.
- これらの資本活動には、職を失った代わりに秩禄を得た華族の資産による投資活動も背景にあった。
- The nobles, who received money called 'Chitsuroku' when losing their job, invested their money in these economic activities.
- また、一族から僧となった者には鎌倉の安養院 (鎌倉市)を創建した願行(憲禅)などがあった。
- Also, some members of the clan became priests, including Gangyo (Kenzen) who founded Annyo-in Temple in Kamakura (Kamakura City).
- 評の設置により、地方豪族らは半独立的な首長から、評を所管する官吏へと変質することとなった。
- By the establishment of koori, the status of each local gozoku was changed from a semi-independent local chief to a government official who administered koori.
- 家禄税は、家禄のランクに応じて課税し、軍事資金として利用する事で士族の理解を得ようとした。
- The government tried to win understanding of the worrier class by determining the amount of the tax on Karoku depending on ranks of Karoku, and assuring that collected money would be used as military funds.
- 朝鮮に於ける本貫や族譜の役割は、両班が自らの家系の正統性や優秀性を証明する為の側面もある。
- One of the roles of hongan or zokufu in Korea is for Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) to prove the legitimacy and quality of their family lines.
- この時代は、首都たる奈良(794年以降は京都)で失脚した貴族の左遷先となる事例が多かった。
- During this period, there were many cases where nobles that fell from power in the capital Nara (Kyoto since 794) were demoted.
- 周防の大名・大内義隆が京の貴族を多数招いて山口を京都化することに尽力したのはその例である。
- It is an example that Yoshitaka OUCHI, who was a daimyo in Suo, tried to make Yamaguchi similar to Kyoto by inviting many nobles from Kyo.
- それに伴い豪族の土地・民衆支配は否定され、中央政府による統一的な土地・民衆支配が実現した。
- By this, the gozokus' government over the land and people were denied and the unitary government over the land and people by the central government was established.
- なお、海保嶺夫(1943年 -)は中世津軽地方の豪族安東氏を俘囚長と同様の存在としている。
- Incidentally, Mineo KAIHO (1943 -) insists that the Ando clan, the Gozoku (local ruling family) in the Tsugaru region in the Medieval period, were ranked at a position equal to a chief of the Fushu.
- 「えみし」は朝廷側からの他称であり、蝦夷側の民族集団としての自覚の有無に触れた史料はない。
- 'Emishi' is an appellation that was used by the Imperial Court, but there are no recorded documents mentioning their awareness of the presence or absence of an ethnic group as 'Emishi.'
- 初期の武士身分は諸大夫身分の軍事貴族と、侍身分の一般武士のふたつの階層から構成されていた。
- The position of bushi originally had two classes, the militaristic aristocracy with the position of shodaibu, and the ordinary bushi with the position of samurai.
- 軍事貴族の中でも、高位の四位に任じられたのは、秀郷流藤原氏、清和源氏、桓武平氏に限られる。
- Among military aristocrats, only Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan), Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), and the Fujiwara clan of the Hidesato line were appointed to a high rank, which was the fourth rank.
- 大学寮という公的機関を巡る氏族対立の副産物のような存在で、貴族政治の台頭を背景としていた。
- It seems they emerged from conflicts among clans about Daigakuryo, a public institution in the background of the rise of aristocracy.
- 皇別氏族は、さらに、皇親(「真人」のカバネをもつ氏族)とそれ以外の姓をもつ氏族に分かれる。
- The clans branched out from the Imperial Family are further divided into Koshin (Emperor's families that had the official status title (called kabane) of 'Mahito'), as well as other clans.
- 薩摩士族兵達の苛烈な白刃突撃や白兵戦を見て、日本軍は白兵戦を重視するに至ったとの意見もある。
- There is an opinion that, seeing the sight that soldiers from warrior class in Satsuma furiously rushed in with swords and waged hand-to-hand fights with swords, the Japanese army became to place importance on hand-to-hand fights.
- 一方で、兵力と火力に勝っていながら、鎮台兵は戦術的戦闘ではしばしば西郷軍の士族兵に敗北した。
- On the other hand, although having been superior in troop strength and firepower, soldiers in Kumamoto Garrison were often defeated by soldiers from warrior class in Saigo's army in strategic fights.
- 衆議院は通過したものの、貴族院 (日本)で修正され、原原案の17私鉄買収に戻った経緯がある。
- The bill was passed in the House of Representatives but was amended and changed in the House of Peers to the original plan to acquire 17 private railways.
- 1923年9月1日に起きた関東大震災の2日後、戒厳令下に朝鮮民族が民衆によって私刑を受けた。
- Two days after the Great Kanto Earthquake of September 1, 1923, a series of lynching of Korean people by Japanese nationals occurred under martial law.
- 戦いは、上杉氏側が北信濃の与力豪族領の奪回を、武田氏側が北信濃の攻略と越後進出を目的とした。
- The Uesugi side fought the battles to retake the territories of local land owners in the northern Shinano area, and the Takeda side to conquer the northern Shinano area and to advance into Echigo.
- その直系・傍系の血縁者や非血縁者の家族を氏人(うじびと)といい、これに隷属し統率されていた。
- The family of the blood relatives or unrelated members who were in a direct or a collateral line to the head uji were called ujibito and were under the rule of the head uji.
- その次に位置する主に連(むらじ)の姓(かばね)を持つ氏族には宿禰(すくね)の姓を与えていた。
- The clans with the kabane of Muraji which was the next rank under Omi were given the kabane of Sukune.
- また、兵士も占領した高麗人や漢民族を徴用した多民族軍であったため、士気が低かったと思われる。
- The army also seems to have had a low morale because it consisted of various ethnic groups, including people of Goryeo and Han who had been conquered.
- 特権的身分制度が設けられ、韓国の旧皇族は王公族に、韓国併合に功績あるものは朝鮮貴族となった。
- A privileged class system was established, which made former imperial families of Korea become royals and those who made an achievement on the annexation of Korea become Korean nobles.
- 皇民化教育は特に外地や占領地域においてそれぞれの民族の伝統や文化を無視し、ときには破壊した。
- Japanization education neglected and sometimes destroyed the tradition and culture in foreign parts and occupied areas in particular.
- とくに大貴族や大寺院は、広大な土地を囲い込み、一般の農民や浮浪人を使役して私有地をひろげた。
- In particular, powerful nobles and temples fenced off vast lands and increased privately owned land by using ordinary farmers and furonin (people escaped from their registered domiciles).
- 他流に摂津国豊島郡発祥の神武天皇後裔多臣族手島連、桓武平氏、藤原氏秀郷流久賀氏族などがある。
- There is another lineage for the clan as a descendant-of-Emperor-Jinmu Onomi family Teshima no muraji, originating from Toshima County in Settsu Province, Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and the Koga clan from FUJIWARA no Hidesato house.
- 氏姓制度の基盤は、血縁集団としての同族にあったが、それが国家の政治制度として編成し直された。
- The basis of the system of clans and hereditary titles was an extended family as a kin group, but it was reorganized as a political system of the state.
- 中大兄皇子は氏族内の内部対立を利用して、勢力をそぎ、天皇家の力を伸ばしていった可能性が高い。
- It is highly possible that Naka no Oe no Oji cut the power of the clans by utilizing inner confrontation among them and extended power of the Imperial Family.
- 当時の貴族は遣唐使などによってもたらされた唐の進んだ文化を持つことに大きな熱意を持っていた。
- The nobility of the time had a great appetite for the advanced culture of Tang Dynasty China, brought back by Japanese envoys.
- 現在、彼らは日系ブラジル人や日系アメリカ人として、それぞれの国の少数民族として暮らしている。
- They currently live in their respective countries as minority races such as Japanese Brazilians and Japanese Americans.
- 泰盛の一族500名余りが自害し、騒動は全国に波及して各地で泰盛派が追撃を受け、自害に及んだ。
- About 500 members of Yasumori's family committed suicide and the incident extended across country and Yasumori's party in various places were pursued and forced to commit suicide,
- 加賀でも大和でも豪族同士の争乱が起こり、将軍お膝元の京都でも徳政一揆が頻発する有様であった。
- Quarrels between gozoku (local ruling families) occurred in Kaga and Yamato, and even in Kyoto which was the shogun's home city, tokusei ikki (an uprising demanding debt cancellations) occurred frequently.
- 士族(しぞく)とは、明治維新以降、江戸時代の旗本と上級武士に与えられた身分階級の族称である。
- The warrior class was a status given to hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun) and high-ranking warriors of the Edo period after the Meiji Restoration.
- 士族や富裕商人、富裕農民だけではなく、身分を問わず苗字を付けることが認められた(国民皆姓)。
- All people, not only those in the warrior class and affluent merchants and farmers, were allowed to have their surnames regardless of their titles (Kokumin kaisei).
- 朝臣は、主に壬申の乱で功績の有った主に臣(おみ)の姓(かばね)を持つ氏族に優先的に与えられた。
- Asomi was mainly preferentially granted to the clans whose achievement was acknowledged in the Jinshin War and who had the kabane of Omi.
- 縁座(親族の連座)は、実行時にのみ発生し、率いた人数と武力行使の程度によって3段階に分かれた。
- Only in the case of completed disobedience, enza (to be guilty for the relative's crime) was stipulated, and there were three levels of enza according to the number of people led and the extent of exercise of force.
- これは博士の中で筆頭とされた明経博士よりも上位であり、かつ博士中唯一の貴族相当の位階であった。
- It was a higher rank than myogyo hakase, who was considered to be the head among hakase, and was the only rank which was equivalent to the nobles among hakase.
- つまり、本人が爵位を持たなければ、単に爵位を持つ者の家族というだけでは貴族ではなく平民である。
- Any one without peerage, even if he is a member of a peer's family, is not a peer but a commoner.
- 凶事が起こった際には死者のたたりと考えて寮の役人を不遇であった皇族の陵墓に送ってこれを慰めた。
- When misfortunes took place, they were regarded as a curse of the dead, and officers of Ryo were sent to the mausoleum of the unfortunate imperial family and consoled the spirit.
- また、この頃には、各地で不平士族による反乱が頻発するようになり、日本の治安はきわめて悪化した。
- Around the same time, in various places, rebellions were frequently held by the warrior class who had complaints about the government, and it deteriorated public security in Japan.
- 安倍氏(阿倍氏)は阿倍比羅夫や阿倍仲麻呂で知られるように大化前代以来の豪族・貴族の家系である。
- The Abe clan (安倍, also written as 阿倍), famed for its members ABE no Hirafu and ABE no Nakamaro, had been a line of local ruling families and nobility since the time preceding the Taika Reforms.
- 庶流としては、戦国時代 (日本)に今川氏に仕えた三河山本氏が木田氏の一族吉野氏の後裔を称した。
- Among its branch families was the Mikawa-Yamamoto clan that had served the Imagawa clan during the Sengoku Period (period of warring states), calling themselves the descendants of the Yoshino clan, a member family of the Kida clan.
- 例外は若狭武田氏末裔を名乗る(実際は商人出身か?)蠣崎氏で、津軽海峡沿いの中小豪族を統一した。
- An exception was the Kakizaki clan, which announced themselves as the descendants of the Wakasa Takeda clan (in reality, from a merchant?), and it unified small and middle-sized gozoku in the area along the Tsugaru Straits.
- そのため1975年(昭和50年)頃までは旧戸籍謄本を取得した場合には「士族」と明記されていた。
- Because of this, when obtaining an official copy of the family register until around 1975, one was able to see the description of the warrior class.
- これを契機として、軍事貴族の最高位者である平清盛とその一族は、朝廷内部で急速に台頭していった。
- These wars served as opportunities for TAIRA no Kiyomori and his family members, who were the highest rank military aristocrats, to rapidly gain power inside the Imperial Court.
- 確かに、甲斐源氏の武田信義や木曾の源義仲など、反平氏の掛け声のもとに挙兵をした源氏一族は多い。
- It is a fact that many Minamoto clan members, such as Nobuyoshi TAKEDA of the Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) and MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka of the Kiso clan, raised forces in response to the anti-Taira clan call.
- 太平洋戦争による敗戦を経ても現代でも続く、長州藩閥の影響による内務省族主導の政治体制が始まった。
- Politics led by the lawmakers representing the interests of the Ministry of Interior, which has been dominated by the faction from the Choshu domain even after the defeat in the Pacific War, started.
- 蝦夷は推古の遺言を元に舒明を擁立するが、同族境部摩理勢は山背大兄を推したため、蝦夷に滅ぼされる。
- Emishi supported Jomei on the basis of Empress Suiko's last will, but as Marise SAKAIBE, a member of his family, supported Yamashirooenoo, Marise was killed by Emishi.
- 議会を構成する私設鉄道の株主でもある華族や資本家、地主たちによって完全に骨抜きにされてしまった。
- The act was watered down completely because the Diet was composed of the peerages, capitalists, and land owners who were also the shareholders of private railways.
- そのため、善光寺平の南半分が武田氏の勢力下の置かれ、善光寺以北の長尾方諸豪族への圧力が高まった。
- Therefore, the southern half of Zenkoji-daira became under the control of the Takeda side and pressure against powerful local clans on the Nagao side in the north of Zenko-ji Temple increased.
- 彼らは摂津国住吉郡平野郷(大阪市平野区)の豪商で、同族の平野藤次郎、平野九右衛門も頭役となった。
- They were a powerful merchant clan of Hirano-go, Sumiyoshi-gun, Settsu Province (present-day Hirano-ku, Osaka City), along with the Tojiro HIRANO and Kuemon HIRANO of the same clan.
- 浅井氏の本拠である小谷城へ迫る織田軍に対して朝倉義景は一族の朝倉景健を総大将とする兵を派遣した。
- Yoshikage ASAKURA dispatched troops led by one of his clans Kagetake ASAKURA as supreme commander to Oda troops that were coming up to Odani-jo Castle which was the base of the Azai clan.
- 高梨氏は、同じ北信濃の名族清和源氏井上氏を名乗り、源家季の息子高梨盛光の末裔であると称している。
- The Takanashi clan announces its name as Inoue of the prominent Seiwa Genji (Minamoto clan) in northern Shinano, and claims descendency from Morimitsu TAKANASHI, a son of MINAMOTO no Iesue.
- ここで言う貴族とは、爵位 (peerage) を持つ者の意味であり、以下のような者は平民である。
- In this context, the term 'peers' refers to the holders of peerage, and the followings are commoners:
- さらに、帝国議会の一院に、公選されない貴族院 (日本)を置き、衆議院とほぼ同等の権限を持たせた。
- Furthermore, the House of Peers, which consisted of non-elected-members, was established as a house of the Imperial Diet, and it had almost the same powers as the House of Representatives.
- なお、帝国議会開設に先立ち、1884年(明治17年)に華族令を定めて、華族に身分的特権を与えた。
- Prior to the opening of the Imperial Diet, the government established the Peerage Law to give Kazoku hierarchical privileges.
- この時、一族の中には昭光に従い角田に移ったものと、刀を捨て農民・商人として残るものとに分かれた。
- On this occasion, some members of the clan followed Akimitsu and moved to Kakuda, the others abandoned the samurai status and remained in Ishikawa as farmers and merchants.
- 但し、北米の日系人は韓国系や中国系などと比べると、民族街に集結したり、相互扶助を行う事が少ない。
- However, Japanese in North America do not often gather in their ethnic towns or support each other, compared to Korean and Chinese immigrants.
- この時点で同盟に残った上方の同志たちは、残される家族の処置をしてから続々と江戸へ向かっていった。
- At this point, those who decided to stay in the group moved to Edo after dealing with their families.
- 外戚の閔氏一族や清に実権を握られ、何一つ思い通りにいかない高宗もこの近代化政策の実行を快諾した。
- As things did not go his way with the Min family who were his maternal relatives and Qing at the helm, Gojong readily accepted this measures for modernization.
- Gao Zong, whose power was taken by his maternal relatives of Min family and China and could not do as he wanted, approved the implementation of the modernization policy.
- 757年(天平宝字1)、戸籍に無姓の者と族姓の者とをそのまま記(しる)すことをやめることとした。
- In 757, the Imperial government decided not to write down people with no hereditary title and people with group title as it is into the family register
- 軍事貴族(ぐんじきぞく)とは、日本の古代後期から中世最初期にかけて出現した軍事専門の貴族をいう。
- The military aristocracy consisted of aristocrats specialized in military affairs who emerged in history in the late ancient period through the early medieval period.
- 当時の唐は至るところで諸民族を征服しており、丁度このころの唐の勢力圏は中華史上最大のものであった。
- At that time, the Tang Dynasty was conquering many territories in various places, and at this point the sphere of Tang's reach of power was the largest in the history of China.
- 鎌子は更に蘇我一族の有力者である蘇我倉山田石川麻呂を同志に引き入れ、その娘を中大兄皇子の妃とした。
- Kamako also convinced SOGANOKURA-YAMADA no Ishikawamaro who was a dominant figure in the Soga clan to be their comrade, and his daughter married to Prince Naka no Oe.
- 国司の所在する国府から間接支配程度の統制が行われ、郡司は旧国造などの在地有力豪族であることが多い。
- Since the Kokufu where kokushi (provincial governors) resided controled Gunga indirectly, most of Gunji were members of powerful local families such as the old kuninomiyatsuko (provincial governor).
- しかし、三浦氏の一族佐原義連が「三浦では常日頃、ここよりも険しい所を駆け落ちているわ。」と言った。
- However, Yoshitsura SAHARA who was a family member of the Miura clan said 'In the Miura region, we are always running down a hill which is steeper than this.'
- 例えば井上哲次郎に代表される国家主義者たちは武士道を日本民族の道徳、国民道徳と同一視しようとした。
- For example, nationalists as typified by Tetsujido INOUE tried to identify Bushido as the national morality of Japanese.
- 日本側は当初、朝鮮政府による謝罪と遺族への扶助料、犯人の処罰、巨済島または鬱陵島の割譲を要求した。
- The Japanese government at first requested that the Korean government make an apology, give grants to the families of the dead, punish the culprits, and cede either Geoje Island or Ulleungdo Island.
- 北条氏によって、2代征夷大将軍源頼家の外戚として権勢をふるった比企能員とその一族が滅ぼされた事件。
- It was an incident that Yoshikazu HIKI and his family, who exerted power as a maternal relative of the second Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') MINAMOTO no Yoriie, were destroyed by the Hojo clan.
- 残った開化派人士、及び亡命者も含めた彼らの家族らも概ね三親等までの近親者が残忍な方法で処刑された。
- The rest of the sophisticated people of the Progressive Party and the third-degree relatives of them and the exiles in general were executed in a cruel way.
- 中には諏訪氏一族などのように、御家人でありながら、陪臣である筈の御内人へと転身を図るものまでいた。
- In the end, in spite of being direct vassals of the shogunete, Gokenin, some of them changed their position into indirect vassals, Miuchibito, such as the Suwa clan.
- 政府首脳(閔氏一族)が事大政策を採る中、金玉均らは国王高宗 (朝鮮王)のいわば「一本釣り」を計画。
- While the government leaders (the Min family) were serving the Great, Ok-gyun KIM planned to take aim at Gojong-King of Korea only.
- 元々は兵器の製造・管理を主に管掌していたが、しだいに大伴氏とならぶ有力軍事氏族へと成長していった。
- Originally, the clan administered the manufacturing and maintenance of weapons and gradually became a powerful military clan alongside the Otomo clan.
- しかし大和民族の連合政権とされるヤマト王権の成立過程は、現段階でも明らかになっておらず、謎も多い。
- However, the process of the establishment of Yamato sovereignty, which is thought to be a coalition government of Yamato tribes, is not clear and there are many mysteries remaining.
- 大和民族は、独自の文化を土台にして、他民族の文化を上手く取り入れ、融合・発展させてきた民族である。
- The Yamato race assimilated the cultures of other races and developed them based on their original culture.
- この時期に群盗追討で名を馳せたのが、平高望、源経基、藤原利仁、藤原秀郷ら、没落した下級貴族である。
- During this period of time, downfallen low-ranked aristocrats such as TAIRA no Takamochi, MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto, FUJIWARA no Toshihito, and FUJIWARA no Hidesato became famous for searching for and killing thieves.
- 信玄は信濃守護を兼ね、北信豪族を庇護した越後の長尾・上杉氏との甲越対決(川中島合戦)を繰り広げた。
- Shingen occupied the position of Shinano shugo and repeated confrontation between Kai and Echigo (battles of Kawanakajima) with the Nagao/Uesugi clan in Echigo, that supported gozoku of the northern Shinano.
- 新撰姓氏録(しんせんしょうじろく)は、平安時代初期のに、嵯峨天皇の命により編纂された古代氏族名鑑。
- Shinsen Shojiroku is an ancient clan-name register or directory that was compiled by an order from Emperor Saga in the early Heian period.
- こうした状況に危機感をつのらせた清朝は直隷・山東からの漢民族の移民を奨励して人口密度の向上に努めた。
- The Qing Dynasty felt increasingly uneasy with this situation and sought to increase the population density in Manchuria by promoting an immigration of ethnic Han from Zhili and Shandong to Manchuria.
- 蘇我氏の勢いはますます盛んになり、豪族たちは朝廷に出仕せず、もっぱら蘇我家に出仕する有り様となった。
- Since the Soga clan gained even more power, members of powerful clans stopped attending to the Imperial Court, but instead regularly visited the residence of the Soga family to serve them.
- さらに時代が下ると、大半の貴族や武士は藤原氏朝臣、源氏朝臣、平氏朝臣などの子孫で占められてしまった。
- As time further passed, most nobles and samurai were descendants of Fujiwara no Asomi, Minamoto no Asomi and Taira no Asomi.
- 共和制ローマでは、貴族(パトリキ、patrici)以外の市民を平民(プレブス、plebs)と呼んだ。
- In the Republic of Rome, citizens other than patrici (patricians) were called plebs (plebeians).
- また皇族や公家は賎民扱いしないが、僧侶・神職のなかには巫・巫覡として賎民の範疇に入れられた者もいた。
- Moreover, the Imperial Family and court nobles weren't treated as Senmin, but some of the monks and priests were added to the Senmin category as kannagi or fugeki (female spiritual mediums).
- 清和源氏源満快信濃源氏一族を称した三刀屋氏が有名で、この一族は出雲国に住した後に三刀屋を名字とする。
- Among several branches of the Mitoya clan, the most famous one is the Mitoya clan, which claimed descent from a branch of Seiwa-Genji (the Minamoto line descended from Emperor Seiwa), a MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi line, Shinano Genji, and which bore the name of Mitoya after they settled in Izumo Province.
- それまで、地方豪族は朝廷から国造などの地位を認められることにより、独自の土地・人民支配を行ってきた。
- Until then, gozoku had been ruling their own lands and people by given the title of Kuninomiyatsuko from the Imperial Court.
- そして嘉永5年(1852年)12月27日には信長以来の名族ということもあって、城主大名に任じられた。
- On February 5, 1853, the Oda family was designated Joshu daimyo (daimyo who is allowed to live in a castle), due to its historic renown since Nobunaga.
- (公地公民制)それまでの豪族の私地(田荘)や私民(部民)を公収して田地や民はすべて天皇のものとする。
- (System of Complete State Ownership of Land and People): The land (manor) and people (Bemin) which belonged to Gozoku (local ruling families) until then were expropriated and all were decided to belong to Emperor.
- つまり、中国の辺境の異民族の侵略を重く見た軍事的色彩の濃い城壁でなく、きわめて政治的な都市であった。
- In other words, it was a political city, rather than a military city concerned with invasion by different ethnic groups from remote regions of China.
- 日本史においては、歴史的用語として、古墳時代・大和時代ごろまでの地方の首長層、在地勢力を豪族と呼ぶ。
- In the Japanese history, as a historical term, a local chief class and local power clan until the Kofun period (tumulus period) and the Yamato period were called Gozoku.
- 家族は戸主の同意を得て廃絶した本家、分家、同家その他親族の家を再興することができる(旧民法743条)
- A member of a family can revive an abolished head family, branch family, family which has the same origin as its branch family, or other family of relatives (the Old Civil Codes, Article 743).
- 帝国内への居住が認められた異民族foederatiが移住してきたため、コロヌスの数は増加していった。
- As the other ethnic groups (foederati), who were allowed to live in the empire, moved in and the number of colonus increased.
- しかし三好政権の正当性が弱かったために周辺豪族の反発を招き、結局4年で足利義輝に屈服することとなる。
- Because the legitimacy of the government by the Miyoshi clan was low, reactions by gozoku in the vicinity were prompted and it yielded to Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA after four years.
- 「神別」の姓氏とは、神武天皇以前の神代に別れ、あるいは生じた氏族のことで、404氏が挙げられている。
- The 404 clans of 'Shinbetsu' were clans that had branched out from the age of the gods or appeared before the time of Emperor Jimmu.
- 京都の新政府は、慶応4年(1868年)4月12日に、皇族の仁和寺宮嘉彰親王を箱館裁判所総督に任命した。
- The new government in Kyoto appointed Prince Yoshiakira of Ninnajinomiya the governor of the Hakodate Court on April 12, 1868.
- しかし、殉死者の家族が加増を受けたり栄達したケースは皆無であり、「商腹」は歴史的事実ではないとされる。
- However, it is thought that 'shobara' is not a historic fact because there is no case in which the family of the person who performed junshi got an increase in stipend.
- 一番上の真人(まひと)は、主に皇族に与えられたため、皇族以外の臣下の中では事実上一番上の地位にあたる。
- Asomi was effectively the highest title amid vassals other than the Imperial Family because Mahito, which was the highest rank, was reserved exclusively for certain imperial clans.
- 小国氏は、質の高い資料において断続的に見られており、戦国期に至っても信用できる系図を持った氏族である。
- The Oguni clan appears intermittently in reputable historical materials and has a reliable genealogy even until to the Sengoku (Warring States) period.
- (この間の経緯は一般に沖縄県の歴史琉球処分と称される。旧琉球国王の尚氏も旧藩主と同様、華族となった。)
- (For what happened in Okinawa during the period, refer to 'Historical Ryukyu Annexation of Okinawa Prefecture'. The Sho clan, who dominated the old Ryukyu Kingdom, became the nobility as did other former domain governors.)
- そのため、地方豪族の支配下にあった一般の民にまで6世紀の段階で氏姓が及んでいたかどうかは定かではない。
- Therefore, it is not certain that the giving of clan names (family names) and hereditary titles was extended to the common people under the control of powerful local clans in the sixth century.
- しかしながら、李氏朝鮮後期から末期かけて売官や族譜の売買が行われ、血統としての本貫は混乱してしまった。
- However, government posts and zokufu were sold from the late to the end of Yi Dynasty Korea period, which confused the hongan as blood line.
- そこには多くの官衙(役所)が立てられ、貴族や庶民の家が瓦で葺き、柱には丹(に)を塗ることが奨励された。
- A lot of government offices were built, and nobles and common people were encouraged to build houses with tiled roofs and vermilion-colored pillars.
- また、安東金氏にも新羅王族の末裔を称する金氏(旧安東金氏)と高麗建国の功臣を祖とする新安東金氏がある。
- In addition, the Andong Kim clan also includes the Kim clan (the old Andong Kim clan) claiming themselves as the descendants of the royal family of Silla, and the new Andong Kim clan having a meritorious retainer for establishment of Goryeo as its founder.
- しかしこれらの動きは豪族や民衆に新たな負担を与えることとなり、少なくない不満を生んだと考えられている。
- However, it is thought that this movement became a burden for the local ruling families and citizens and produced a sense of dissatisfaction.
- また、「源平合戦」の呼称は、氏族を強調するあまり、源氏と平氏の氏族内のねじれ関係をうまく説明できない。
- Also, the term 'Genpei Kassen' emphasizes the clans too much and does not explain the complicated relationships within the Minamoto and Taira clans.
- 屯田兵は家族を連れて入地し、入地前に建てられ用意された「兵屋」なる家と、未開拓の土地とを割り当てられた。
- Tondenhei immigrated with their families and were given a heioku (soldier's house), which had been built and prepared before their immigration, and undeveloped land.
- しかし、その後、天皇と貴族が相互に依存しながら運営して行く政治体制とする見解が出され、有力となっている。
- However, the most popular view now is that it was a political system operated by the emperor and the nobles based on mutual dependence.
- そのため、春分とそこから15日単位の日(すなわち二十四節気)には京都のあちこちで貴族の大移動が見られた。
- Therefore, many nobles were seen to travel from one direction to another here and there in Kyoto on the Vernal Equinox Day and then every fifteen days (that is, 24 divisions of the old calendar).
- 慶長6年(1601年)、室町時代以来の丹波の旧族、細川忠興の推挙により召し出され、秀氏は旗本家を興した。
- In 1601 Hideuji was allowed to serve the Tokugawa family by the recommendation of Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, a member of a time-honored clan in Tanba (since the Muromachi period), and given the house status of Hatamoto (a direct retainer of the shogun).
- 荒木村重は波多野氏の支族と言われており、37万石 (単位)の所領で織田信長より摂津国守護を拝命している。
- It is said that Murashige ARAKI was from the branch family of the Hatano clan and his territory was 370,000 koku and he was appointed by Nobunaga ODA to Settsu no Kuni Shugo (Provincial Constable of Settsu Province).
- 伴造(とものみやつこ)とは、連(むらじ)とも重なり、また連の下でヤマト王権の各部司を分掌した豪族である。
- Tomonomiyatsuko is the Gozoku (local powerful clans) who administered each group of tsukasa (offices) in the Yamato Dynasty under or sometimes together with the clans of muraji (one of ancient Japanese hereditary titles denoting rank and political standing).
- 萩の乱(はぎのらん)は、1876年(明治9)に山口県萩市で起こった明治政府に対する士族反乱の一つである。
- Hagi-no-ran War (turmoil of dissatisfied warriors at Hagi) was one of Shizoku no hanrans (rebellion by family or person with samurai ancestors) against Meiji government broke out in Hagi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture in 1876.
- たとえば、新羅王族の慶州金氏の系列では、56代敬順王(新羅最後の王)の3男と4男の子孫が慶州金氏である。
- For example, in the line of the Gyeongju Kim clan of the royal family of Silla, the descendants of the third and fourth sons of the 56th King Gyeongsun (the last king of Silla) is the Gyeongju Kim clan.
- これは結果的に政争に幾度か関わりながらも、由緒ある貴族として命脈を保ってきた伴氏に打撃を与える事となる。
- This incident dealt a strong blow to the Tomo clan, which had, until then, survived so many political conflicts and kept the reputation as a venerable noble family.
- 石上氏等中央の物部氏族とは別に、古代東北地方などに物部氏を名乗る人物が地方官に任ぜられている記録がある。
- Aside from those Mononobe clan living in the capital like the Isonokami clan, a historical record is left that a person calling himself Mononobe was appointed to the regional officer in Tohoku region of ancient times.
- このうち、不平士族を中心にした段階の運動を士族民権、農村指導者層を中心にした段階の運動を豪農民権という。
- The movement dominated by dissatisfied shizoku was termed the 'Shizoku Minken' (Popular rights movement among shizoku), whereas one dominated by leading members in rural villages was called the 'Gono Minken' (Popular rights movement among wealthy farmers).
- 5世紀に入ると、ゲルマンがローマ帝国の権威を継承したことにより、ローマ人領主は異民族に取って代わられた。
- In the fifth century, as the Germanic peoples succeeded to the authority of the Roman Empire, the lords of Romans were replaced by other ethnic groups.
- 東北地方の戦国大名は鎌倉時代から代々土地を所有してきた由緒ある一族が、そのまま戦国大名化したものが多い。
- Many of sengoku daimyo in the Tohoku Region were transformed from clans with a long and distinguished history that owned land for generations since the Kamakura period.
- ここに上級貴族や大寺社が派遣した荘官が、行政や徴税を国家から依託される、統治領域としての荘園が成立した。
- Thus, shoen as a governing domain was established, where a shokan (an officer governing shoen dispatched by the senior aristocracy and main temples and shrines) was delegated authority for local administration and tax collection for the nation.
- これは、武家の棟梁の地位、ひいては軍事貴族の地位が中央政界の動向に制約されていたことの証左とされている。
- This shows that the position of the leader of samurai families, meaning the position of military aristocrats, was tightly linked with the changes in central politics.
- この書簡には士族の反乱を愉快に思う西郷の心情の外に「起つと決した時には天下を驚かす」との意も書かれていた。
- In the letter, SAIGO expressed his delighted feelings about the rebellions of warrior class together with his own will as 'once I will decide to raise the army, I will surprise the whole world.'
- 律令の枠内でも様々な名目で大土地所有が可能となっており、貴族層を中心に荘園が存在していたという事実もある。
- Even within the framework of the Ritsuryo system, it was possible under various pretexts to privately own large tracts of land, so that there existed private estates, owned mainly by families of noble rank.
- 後に戦国大名や武将として活躍した一族はほとんどがこの時代に地方へと下向している(例 毛利氏、吉川氏など)。
- Most of the clans, who later accomplished territorial lords during the period of Warring States and warlords, went down to the provinces during this period (for example, the Mori clan and the Yoshikawa clan).
- 幕末期には病弱であった明治天皇も、士族による養育のためか健康も回復し、西洋的立憲君主としての心得も学んだ。
- Although Emperor Meiji was in poor health when he was a child, he recovered thanks to the education by warrior class palace staff, and then he learned how to be a western-style constitutional monarch.
- 氏姓は元来はヤマト王権を構成する臣・連・伴造・国造などの支配階級が称したものである(王とその一族を除く)。
- Clan name and hereditary title were originally held by people of the governing classes and these titles were such as Omi, Muraji, Tomo no Miyatsuko, Kuni no Miyatsuko composing Yamato Sovereignty (the king and his family were excluded).
- 以後、明治政府は殖産興業・士族授産の観点も含めた立場から生糸の増産・輸出政策への関与を強めていく事になる。
- After that, the Meiji government became more and more involved in increased production, and export policy of raw silk thread in terms of encouragement of new industry and Shizoku jusan (providing former samurai with employment).
- しかしながら、従来の氏族制度を一度に変える事は不可能な為、日本流にかなり変更されている部分が見受けられる。
- However, because it was impossible to change the traditional shizoku (clan) system at once, there are seen portions which were significantly modified in a Japanese way.
- また、奇兵隊士の一部は農民一揆にも参加しており、明治時代初期に多発した士族反乱にも影響を与えたと言われる。
- It is also said that a part of the members of Kiheitai Army had participated in peasants-uprisings which would have influence on Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) that often occurred in the early Meiji era.
- 早くからヤマト王権に直属していた有力氏族の中に与えられた姓と言われ、特殊な官職や職業を束ねる立場に有った。
- Muraji is said to be the kabane granted to some of the influential clans who were under the direct control of the Yamato sovereignty from early times, and they held special official posts or were in charge of managing the occupations.
- その他の姓(カバネ)としては、百済滅亡後に亡命してきた百済王族に与えられた百済王氏(こにきし)などがある。
- Other kabane included konikishi which was given to the Royal Families of Baekje after fleeing to Japan due to the fall of their country.
- 蘇我氏(そがのうじ、宗賀、宗我)は、古墳時代から飛鳥時代(6世紀 - 7世紀前半)に勢力を持っていた氏族。
- Soga clan (Soga no uji) was a shizoku (clan) which ruled between the Kofun (tumulus) and Asuka periods (6th - 7th centuries).
- 軍事貴族ないし武士の母体となったのは、こうした兵の家の者たちであったというのが、現在最も有力な学説である。
- These tsuwamono-no-ie members becoming the origin of the military aristocrats or samurais has been the most compelling theory.
- 先に述べた足利氏や細川氏の内紛は六角氏や赤松氏・浦上氏・畠山氏・筒井氏など周辺の豪族を巻き込んで行われた。
- The above-mentioned internal conflicts of the Ashikaga clan and Hosokawa clan were conducted involving gozoku in the surrounding areas such as the Rokkaku clan, the Akamatsu clan, the Uragami clan, the Hatakeyama clan and the Tsutsui clan.
- 平安時代中期の貴族社会において、官職や職能が特定の家系に固定化していく「家業の継承」が急速に進展していた。
- In the society of the nobility of the middle Heian period, the trend of the 'succession of family business' rapidly became popular, and only specific families began to occupy certain government official posts or occupations.
- この2つは帯刀・禄の支給という旧武士最後の特権を奪うものであり、士族に精神的かつ経済的なダメージを負わせた。
- These two edicts damaged the warrior class both mentally and economically, since the edicts deprived them of their last privileges as former samurai such as wearing a sword and receiving a stipend.
- ついで西郷隆盛が明治4年(1871年)から明治6年(1873年)にかけて士族による北方警備と開拓を主唱した。
- Then, Takamori SAIGO advocated from 1871 to 1873 that the northern territory should be guarded and reclaimed by shizoku (family or persons with samurai ancestors).
- その他、職業も記載様式に含まれており、華族、士族では主に禄高を、平民では農工商雑と記され、業種も記載された。
- Besides, trades were also included in the registration form, Rokudaka (stipends) were mainly described for the peerage and the warrior class and commoners were described as farmers, craftsmen, merchants or others, including their job types.
- その後中世から近世にかけても、中国から大和民族を指す場合には「倭」と呼ぶことがあった(→例えば倭寇を参照)。
- Afterward from the middle ages to the early-modern times, '倭' was sometimes used to refer to the Yamato race by Chinese (please refer to 'wako' (Japanese pirates) as an example).
- この時代には朝鮮人による合法的民族運動が盛り上がり、朝鮮文学の発展や大都市における大衆文化の発達が見られた。
- In this period, legal racial movement by the Koreans became active, and development of Korean literature and that of popular culture in big cities were seen.
- やはり日本の戦国時代における騎馬隊は全員騎乗で戦う遊牧民族や近代兵科の騎兵とは異なるものと考える必要がある。
- It is therefore necessary to distinguish the Japanese cavalry in the Sengoku period from the nomadic or the modern military cavalry in which all fight on horseback.
- 北信濃の南朝方香坂心覚(根津氏一族と思われる香坂氏6代目)との抗争にも高梨五郎・高梨時綱らの名前が出てくる。
- It is recorded that Goro TAKANASHI and Tokitsuna TAKANASHI fought Shinkaku KOSAKA (the sixth head of the Kosaka clan, which seems to have been the Nezu clan) in northern Shinano on the Southern Court side.
- 紀伊国の新宮地方には新宮姓を名乗る一族が存在し、南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代 (日本)まで支配を続けた。
- Families that had the Shingu family name in the Shingu district of Ki Province ruled the area from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Sengoku (Warring States) period.
- 松平正綱の代に、徳川氏一族の河内源氏で新田氏流とされる長沢松平家の養子となり、それ以後は大河内松平家と言う。
- Masatsuna MATSUDAIRA became an adopted son of the Nagasawa Matsudaira family, which was said to be the Nitta clan branch of the Kawachi Genji (Minamoto clan), which in turn belonged to the House of Tokugawa; since then, the clan has been known as the Okochi Matsudaira family.
- 明治5年(1872年)には徴兵制度を採用し、国民皆兵主義となったため、士族による軍事的職業の独占は破られた。
- Since the government introduced a conscription system in 1872 and Japan became a nation with universal conscription, the military forces were no longer monopolized by the warrior class.
- 乱が鎮圧されると水戸藩では諸生党が中心となって、武田耕雲斎の妻子を始め、乱に加担した者の家族を尽く処刑した。
- When the rebellion was suppressed, the Mito Domain with shoseito playing the central role executed the family member of the people who joined the Tenguto no Ran, including the wife and children of Kounsai TAKEDA.
- 、明治4年8月9日 (旧暦)(1871年9月23日)には士族の帯刀・脱刀を自由とする散髪脱刀令を発していた。
- On September 23, 1871, the government issued Sanpatsu-datto-rei which allowed shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors) to choose whether to carry a sword or not.
- 田荘(たどころ)とは古墳時代に設けられた土地や人民の支配制度の一つで、豪族たちが支配した私有地のことを指す。
- Tadokoro was one of the systems that were established during the Kofun period (tumulus period) to control people and land, which also referred to the private property controlled by Gozoku (local ruling family).
- 伊賀を藤堂家が統治して以後は、無足という士族階級を保障され、扶持米を支給され、支配階級に組み込まれていった。
- After the Todo family governed Iga, they were secured their warrior class called musoku, supplied Fuchimai (salary rice), and incorporated into the governing class.
- さらに、天智の改革においては地方豪族(特に東国)を軽視したために地方豪族の間で不平が高まったと見られている。
- Furthermore, in the reform by Emperor Tenchi, it is thought that complaints were growing between the local ruling families (especially Togoku) because they were disregarded.
- 農民が怠けたというのは単なる言い訳であり、大寺院や豪族が私有地を拡大するための利益誘導であるとも考えられる。
- It is also possible to think that it was a mere excuse that farmers were idle and it was influence peddling for large temples and local ruling families to enlarge their private properties.
- なお、1884年の華族令で華族に爵位が導入された際、岩倉具視らを中心に士族の爵位を創設することも検討された。
- In 1884 when a title was introduced to the peerage, Tomomi IWAKURA and others considered establishing a title for the warrior class.
- それまでの荘園は上級貴族や大寺社が独占的に租税収納権をもつ農地が公領の農地の中に散在しているに過ぎなかった。
- Before that, shoen were simply agricultural lands scattered in koryo, of which the tax collection rights were exclusively possessed by the high-ranked aristocracy, main temples and shrines.
- 筆頭にあげられた「皇別」の姓氏とは、神武天皇以降、天皇家から分かれた氏族のことで、335氏が挙げられている。
- The 335 clan names of 'Kobetsu', which were listed at the top of the register, comprised clans that had branched out from the Imperial Family after the time of Emperor Jimmu.
- 従来から有った、臣、連の姓の上の地位になる姓を作ることで、旧来の氏族との差をつけようとしたという見方もできる。
- It can be presumed that the Emperor made a distinction from old clans by establishing new titles which were ranked higher than the existing titles, Omi and Muraji.
- 漂着した乗員66名(3名は溺死)は先住民(現在の台湾原住民パイワン族)に救助を求めたが、逆に集落へ拉致された。
- Sixty-six people (the other three drowned) who drifted ashore asked aborigines (an aboriginal tribe of Taiwan now called Paiwan) for help, but they were abducted to their village after all.
- 続けて、8月26日から貴族院において審議が開始され、ここでも若干の修正が加えられた後、10月6日に可決された。
- Subsequently, the House of Peers began debating on August 26, and adopted it on October 6 after adding further modifications.
- 天狗党に加わっている者の一族の屋敷に放火、家人を投獄するなど(銃殺したという話も残っている)の報復を行なった。
- Then they avenged Tenguto by setting fire to the residence of the family members of Tenguto, imprisoning the family member (a theory says they even shot them dead).
- 位田(いでん)は、日本の律令制において、五位以上の有位者と有品の皇族へ位階・品位に応じて支給された田地である。
- Iden refers to the rice fields which were given to the ones higher than goi (Fifth Rank) in the rank and the imperial family, depending on the rank or honi (court rank) in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.
- このため、士族反乱と農民一揆の結合を恐れた大久保利通の意見で、前述のとおり、に税率が2.5%に引き下げられた。
- For this reason, the government lowered the tax rate from 3% to 2.5% as mentioned earlier and it was Toshimichi OKUBO who advanced his opinion on lowering the rate to the government because he was afraid of the collusion of the revolts of samurai or ancestors of samurai and peasants' revolts.
- この問題は、皇帝直轄地である王領(fisc)のうち、未耕作で不毛な地帯を西ゴート族へ割り当てることで解決した。
- This problem was solved by allotting the uncultivated and barren areas in the land of the direct rule of the emperor (fisc) to the west Goths.
- 女房は受領階級などの中級貴族の子女が多く、中級貴族たちは藤原氏に取り入るべく子女の教育に努力を惜しまなかった。
- Female personal assistants were often the girls of middle-classed nobles such as local officers and these middle-classed nobles spared no effort in educating their girls to win the FUJIWARA clan's favor.
- 廃刀令以降、1877年の薩摩士族の反乱である西南戦争まで、各地で新政府の政策に不平を唱える士族反乱が起こった。
- Shizoku no hanran (a revolt by families or persons with samurai ancestors) was instigated by families or persons who were the ancestors of samurai and complained about the new government's policies in various parts of the country after the issue of a decree banning the wearing of swords, until 1877 when Seinan War, a revolt by families or persons with samurai ancestors in Satsuma, occurred.
- 中でも臨時徴募巡査で編成された新撰旅団は士族が中心の旅団で、その名称から新撰組が再編成されたと誤認されたりした。
- Among others, the Shinsen-ryodan brigade, which was organized by extraordinarily recruited police officers and mainly consisted of the warrior class, was mistook for a reorganized Shinsengumi due to its name.
- この時代の教育の影響で、民族語を持てず、民族的文化的アイデンティティーが危うくなるなどの後遺症に苦しむ人もいる。
- Influenced by the education of this period, some people have suffered from the aftermath, such as not being able to have their ethnic language and their ethnic and cultural identities being jeopardized.
- イギリスでは、法律上、イギリス国王と貴族(ピアー、peer)以外の者を平民(コモナー、commoner)と呼ぶ。
- In the United Kingdom, people other than the King of England and peers are called commoners.
- 男爵より下の、準男爵、ナイトなどの称号は爵位とはみなされないため、これらの称号を持つ者は貴族ではなく平民である。
- Any one who holds a designation of either baronet, knight or other designation lower than baron is not a peer but a commoner, because neither of these designations are regarded as a peerage.
- 柳沢氏が甲斐源氏の一族である甲斐一条氏の子孫が甲斐国北西部の武川筋に土着した武川衆と呼ばれる辺境武士団であった。
- The Yanagisawa clan descended from the Kai Ichijo clan belonging to the Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) and became part of the Mukawa-shu group, one of the warrior groups in the remote Kai area based in Mukawa, in the northwestern part of Kai Province.
- 1931年には婦人参政権を条件付で認める法案が衆議院を通過するが、貴族院 (日本)の猛反対で廃案に追い込まれた。
- The House of Representatives provisionally passed a bill to enfranchise women in 1931, but it was defeated due to fierce opposition in the House of Peers (of Japan).
- これらの一般の民は、朝廷すなわち、天皇、后妃(こうひ)、皇子らの宮、さらに臣、連らの豪族に領有・支配されていた。
- These common people were ruled and controlled by the Imperial Court namely Emperor, Empress, Imperial princes, and powerful families such as Omi and Muraji, and so forth.
- 神風連の乱(しんぷうれんのらん)は、1876年(明治9)に熊本市で起こった明治政府に対する士族反乱の一つである。
- The Shimpuren-no-ran War is a revolt by the warrior class against the Meiji Government which took place in Kumamoto City in 1876.
- なお益田は挙兵前の10月26日に旧佐賀藩士族の同時決起を求めるため佐賀市へ向かったが、その帰りに逮捕されている。
- Masuda left for Saga City on October 26 before raising the army in order to ask the former Saga Domain warrior class for a simultaneous rally, but he was arrested on his way back.
- 奈良時代後期に有力貴族であった石上宅嗣(いそのかみのやかつぐ)によって平城京(現在の奈良県奈良市)に設置された。
- It was founded in Heijo-kyo (present-day Nara City, Nara Prefecture) by ISONOKAMI no Yakatsugu, who was a dominant noble in the latter Nara period.
- 中でも最後の百済王義慈王の王子の百済王善光は、持統天皇より百済王氏の氏姓を賜り、百済系氏族の長的な存在となった。
- Above all, Zenko KUDARANOKONIKISHI, who was the prince of Gijio (Uija of Baekje), the last King of Paekche, was given the surname of Kudaranokonikishi by Emperor Jito and became the clan of Baekje ancestry.
- その後、皇位継承争いやそれに伴う貴族間の権力抗争に関して、この軍事組織が自分に有利に働くように幾度も改変された。
- Afterward, through struggles for succession to the Imperial Throne and accompanying power struggles among nobles, the military organization was reformed many times so as to work in their favor.
- ただし、牧野英一ら保守的な法学者の巻き返しもあり、「家族の扶養義務」などの形でその一部は存置されることとなった。
- However, taking in opinions from conservative jurists including Eiichi MAKINO, a part of Ie seido was preserved such as 'obligation of support family member'.
- しかし当時は、政治を行う場である「表」と、城主とその家族の私的な生活の場である「奥」の境界が存在していなかった。
- At that time, a border between the 'public area' for conducting politics and the 'private area' where the lord of the castle and his family lived didn't exist.
- 第146段までの前半は(物語成立の)近年に詠まれた歌を核として、皇族貴族たちがその由来を語る歌語りとなっている。
- The first half through the 146th chapter consists of poems composed around the period when the literary work was accomplished, as well as commentaries made by the Imperial family and nobles on the origin of those poems.
- 軍事貴族は確かに在地有力者との主従関係の構築を進めてきてはいたが、その存立基盤はやはり中央政界にあったのである。
- Although military aristocrats worked on establishment of subordinate-superior relationships with locally powerful individuals, the foundation of their existence was after all in central politics.
- 後述するように、記載氏族が限られているとはいえ、日本古代氏族あるいは日本古代史全般の研究に欠かせない史料である。
- As will be described later, although the number of clan names included in Shinsen Shojiroku is limited, it is clearly an indispensable historical material for the study of Japanese ancient clans and the ancient history of Japan in general.
- その他、加賀一向一揆の大将であった河合宣久(多田政晴)や摂津上津城に拠った多田春正などが多田氏の一族と伝えている。
- Moreover, some figures are said to have belonged to the Tada clan, such as Nobuhisa KAWAI (also called Masaharu TADA), who was the boss of an uprising in Kaga Province (in the southern part of today's Ishikawa Prefecture) carried out by followers of the Ikko sect of Buddhism, and Harumasa TADA, who had a foothold at Uetsu-jo Castle, in Settsu Province.
- 713年、靺鞨族や旧高句麗人(狛族)を中心に中国東北部に建国された渤海 (国)とは緊密な使節の往来がおこなわれた。
- Japan carried out rigorous diplomatic missions to Balhae, which had been established in 713 mainly by the Makkatsu tribe and people from former Goguryeo(狛族) in the north-eastern area of China.
- 朝鮮半島から暦法など中国の文物を移入するとともに豪族や民衆の系列化・組織化を漸次的に進めて内政面を強化していった。
- At the same time the Yamato Kingdom was importing Chinese culture, such as calendar making, from the Korean Peninsula, it was strengthening domestic administration by gradually organizing both the ruling elite and the common people.
- それは、1882年に鳥取県より出された全士族のうちの9割が既に金禄公債を売却してしまったという報告書に現れている。
- An report issued by Tottori Prefecture in 1882, which said that 90% of all the former warriors had already sold their public bonds, verified this fact.
- これに対し律令政府は、蓄銭叙位令発布と同時に私鋳銭鋳造を厳罰に定め、首謀者は死罪、従犯者は没官、家族は流罪とした。
- On the other hand, Ritsuryo government severely punished the minting of Shichusen as soon as Chikusen-joirei was issued; furthermore, the government anounced that ringleaders would be executed, accessories would be confiscated, and their families would be deported.
- 開国して5年目の1881年5月、朝鮮国王高宗の后閔妃の一族が実権を握っていた朝鮮政府は、大幅な軍政改革に着手した。
- In May 1881, five years after Korea ended its seclusion policy, the government, which was actually controlled by King Gojong's wife Queen Min and her clan members, started substantial military reforms.
- このとき奈良麻呂は大伴古麻呂を誘い、大伴佐伯両氏族をもって黄文王擁立を告げるが佐伯大伴両氏はともにこれを拒絶した。
- Naramaro asked OTOMO no Komaro to enthrone Prince Kibumi together with the Saeki clan; however, both SAEKI and OTOMO refused the proposal.
- だが、山縣は大日本帝国陸軍と貴族院_(日本)を利用して政友会攻撃を行い、明治天皇の詔書によって漸く事態を収拾した。
- However, YAMAGATA attacked the Seiyu Party by making use of the Imperial Japanese Army and the House of Peers (Japan) and the situation was finally settled by the imperial edict of Emperor Meiji.
- 一方、国衙(こくが)・国分寺などに任命された国司(貴族)・官人や僧侶などによって地方にも新しい文物がもたらされた。
- At the same time, various products of the new culture were also distributed to local regions by provincial governors (nobles), government officials and monks, who were delegated to kokuga (provincial government offices) and kokubun-ji (provincial temples).
- 新たに家を立てた者に関しては自由に廃家して、本家、分家、同家その他親族の家を再興することができる(旧民法762条)
- A person who has created a new Ie can abolish the Ie without any inhibition and revive a head family, branch family, family which has the same origin as its branch family, or other family of relatives (the Old Civil Codes, Article 762)
- さらに領家から、皇族や摂関家などのより有力な貴族へ寄進されることもあり、最上位の荘園領主を本家(ほんけ)といった。
- And some ryokes donated to more powerful aristocrats such as Imperial Families or sekkan-ke and the highest ranking lord of shoen was called honke (the owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of shoen).
- しかし、7世紀後期に形成していった律令制は、官僚制を原則としており、ある氏族が特定の官職を世襲することを否定した。
- The ritsuryo codes formed in the late 7th century, however, were based on the bureaucracy system and were against the idea of certain clans inheriting specific government posts.
- 物部氏は饒速日命を始祖とする一族であるから、この四天王寺の地は本来、物部発祥の聖地であったと考えてよさそうである。
- Considering the fact that the Mononobe clan consider their founding father as Nigihaya no mikoto, the land where Shitenno-ji Temple is located seems to be originally the holy place where the Mononobe clan started.
- 清盛は、1160年にそれまでの軍事貴族が就きえなかった正三位参議になると、1167年には太政大臣にまで昇り詰めた。
- In 1160, Kiyomori was appointed to shosanmi sangi (senior third rank royal advisor) that no other military aristocrats could be appointed to, and was then appointed to daijo-daijin (Grand Minister of State) in 1167.
- しかし、平氏政権に反旗を翻した勢力は源氏一族のみで構成されていたわけではなく、単純に源氏と平氏の争いとは言えない。
- But the forces that were against the Taira clan government were not composed only of members of the Minamoto clan, and therefore it cannot be simply considered as a war between the Taira and Minamoto clans.
- これらの強硬意見の背景には、廃藩置県によって失業した40万~50万人に上る士族の不満のはけ口を探していたことがある。
- Behind those hard-line ideas was the fact that they were seeking a vent for dissatisfaction of 40 to 50 thousand warriors who had lost their position because of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).
- 天正10年(1582年)、本能寺の変が起こった時には、賢秀とその子蒲生氏郷は織田信長の妻妾一族をこの城に迎え入れた。
- During the Honnoji Incident in 1582, Katahide and his son Ujisato GAMO ushered the families of the wives and concubines of Nobunaga ODA into the castle.
- にも関わらず、文禄年間に秀吉が行なった豊臣秀次とその一族に対する粛清は、豊臣一族の衰退を決定的なものとしたのである。
- Despite this, Hideyoshi purged Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI and his family during the Bunroku period, which made the decline of the Toyotomi clan conclusive.
- しかし、評の設置はそのような独自支配体制を否定し、豪族の地方支配を天皇による一元的な支配体制に組み込むものであった。
- Establishment of koori, however, denied such an independent ruling system of gozoku families, and was aimed at absorbing local ruling by gozoku families into one unified ruling by the emperor.
- 平安時代中期に書かれた『源氏物語』を読めば分かるように家族や親しい人間(貴族)は、頻繁に出入りしていたこともあった。
- For example, a book written in the middle Heian period, 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji), illustrated the presence of male family members and close male acquaintances (nobles, aristocrats) frequently visiting ladies of the court in Kokyu palace.
- 御三卿付きの家老は、御三卿が将軍家の家族という扱いであったため、江戸城留守居と並ぶ、将軍家旗本の最高の役職とされた。
- The Karo for the gosankyo, together with Edo-jo-rusui (the officer in charge of the Edo castle while shogun was absent), were said to be the highest posts available for Hatamoto of the shogun family, because gosankyo were treated as members of the shogun family.
- 国郡制度に関しては、旧来の豪族の勢力圏であった国や県(あがた)などを整備し直し、現在の令制国の姿に整えられていった。
- As for the Kokugun System, kuni, agata, etc. which had been the influence area of Gozoku, were reorganized and reshaped in the form of the present ryoseikoku.
- 李氏朝鮮時代(1392年-1910年)に火事に遭った場合最初に持ち出すのは族譜と言われたほど重要な地位を占めていた。
- Zokufu held such an important position that during the period of Yi Dynasty Korea (1392-1910), that the first thing to save in case of fire was zokufu.
- 天武天皇の八色の姓の改革により、臣の姓の地位は上から6番目に格下げとなり、その後は朝臣が、有力氏族の姓となっていく。
- By the Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) reform by the Emperor Tenmu, the kabane of Omi was demoted to the sixth highest, and afterwards Ason (or Asomi) became the kabane title for influential clans.
- 天武天皇の八色の姓の改革により、連の姓の地位は上から7番目に格下げとなり、その後は朝臣が、有力氏族の姓と成っていく。
- By the Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) reform by the Emperor Tenmu, the kabane of Muraji was demoted to the seventh highest, and afterwards Ason (or Asomi) became the kabane title for influential clans.
- 日本国憲法の制定に合わせて年に民法の大改正が行われ、親族編・相続編が根本的に改められたことにより、家制度は終了した。
- Ie seido was abolished as a major revision was made to the Old Civil Codes according to establishment of the Constitution of Japan in1947 and sections of relatives and Inheritance were completely changed.
- 11世紀に入ると、ある家系が特定の官職を世襲する「家業の継承」または官司請負制が貴族社会内で次第に確立されていった。
- In the 11th century, the 'family business takeover' or the hereditary government office system, in which certain families inherited certain government positions, was gradually established in the aristocratic society.
- しかし、関東武士層を権力基盤とする頼朝は、軍事貴族としての地位を否定し、鎌倉殿という新たな武家棟梁の地位を確立した。
- Yoritomo, who was basing his power in the samurai class in Kanto, rejected the military aristocrat position and established a new samurai leader position as Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura).
- 屯田兵の下士兵卒には東北諸藩の士族出身が多かったので、戊辰戦争の敵だった鹿児島県士族を相手とするこの戦争に奮い立った。
- There were many former shizoku from Tohoku Domains among noncommissioned officers, and therefore, they were spurred to fight against shizoku in Kagoshima Prefecture, who were enemies in the Boshin War.
- 平安時代頃から、中央貴族に対する死刑は好まれなくなり、死刑に繋がる重い刑罰である謀反・謀叛はほとんど適用されなくなる。
- People started to avoid the death penalty for nobles of the capital during the Heian Period, and few people were charged with muhon, as it was a severe crime leading to the death penalty.
- 中央政府から派遣される国司には多大な権限を与える一方、地方豪族がその職を占めていた郡司にも一定の権限が認められていた。
- Kokushi (provincial governor) dispatched from the central government were given substantial authority, while Gunji (local magistrates) whose position was occupied by powerful local clans were also given a certain level of authority.
- 士族反乱(しぞくはんらん)は、日本の明治初期に旧武士階級であった士族が明治政府に対して起こした一連の反政府活動である。
- Shizoku no hanran was a series of the antigovernment movement against Meiji government, which was raised by people from former samurai hierarchy at the beginning of Meiji period.
- その夜、仲麻呂は一族を率いて平城京を脱出、宇治市へ入り、仲麻呂が長年国司をつとめ勢力地盤だった近江国の国府を目指した。
- On the night, Nakamaro led his family and escaped from Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) and entered Uji City, heading for provincial capital of the Province of Omi where he had been kokushi (provincial governor) for many years.
- ここにおいて、同姓の間でも、さらに族名を分かつ必要にせまられ、貴族では家名、武士では名字(みようじ)が生ずるのである。
- In this situation, even among the people who share the same hereditary title, there arose the need to divide the clan name and in the case of nobles family name and in the case of the warriors surname came to be born.
- 軍事氏族としての大伴氏と物部氏の違いは、あえて言えば、親衛隊的な大伴氏と、国軍的な物部氏と見ればわかりやすいであろう。
- The difference between these two military clans, the Otomo and the Mononobe, can be likened to bodyguards versus the national army, respectively.
- ただし地方官と豪族は排他的なカテゴリーではなく、同一人が双方を兼ねたり、カテゴリー間を移行したりするケースは多くある。
- However, each category of Chihokan and Gozoku was not exclusive, and in many cases, the same person was categorized as both Chihokan and Gozoku or moved between the two categories.
- このうち、中書省は天子とのつながりが強かったが、門下省は貴族層の意思を代表する機関であり、中書と門下の力が拮抗していた。
- The Secretariat was closely connected with the emperor, whereas the Chancellery represented the intentions of the noble class; the Secretariat competed with the Chancellery for influence.
- 国造とは、王権に服属した各地の有力豪族に与えられた一種の称号で、ヤマト政権の日本古代の地方官制的な性格を持つものである。
- Local chief was a kind of title which was given to powerful clans in various places who were subject to the emperor's authority; it was a form of provincial government in ancient times under the Yamato political system.
- この太刀の出土した場所などから、額田部臣は出雲臣と同族であり、その地域の部民(べみん)の管理者であったと考えられている。
- Considering the place where this long sword was excavated, Nukatabe no Omi and Izumo no Omi belonged to the same family, and he seems to have been a supervisor of bemin in the area.
- 一方、日本政府と国内世論は士族反乱や立憲制確立を巡る議論に注目が移り、かつての征韓派も朝鮮問題への関心を失いつつあった。
- Meanwhile, the attention of the Japanese government and domestic public opinion shifted to the issues that related to the Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and establishment of constitutional system, and gradually former Seikan-ha were losing their interest on Korean issues.
- 新宮氏(しんぐうし)は、鎌倉時代~室町時代初期にかけて陸奥国(後の岩代国)耶麻郡新宮荘(福島県喜多方市)を支配した氏族。
- The Shingu clan ruled Shingu-sho, Yama-gun (present-day Kitakata City, Fukushima Prefecture), Mutsu Province (later Iwashiro no kuni) from the Kamakura period to the early part of the Muromachi period.
- 特に北米では、居留国への忠誠を誓う目的で、あまり日系人が民族性を出さず、居留国に同化するように努力した事も関係している。
- This is possibly related to the fact that Japanese Americans tried harder to assimilate into the countries in which they lived, not asserting their ethnicity, in order to show their allegiance to them.
- 年足は、武智麻呂次男の藤原仲麻呂が設立した紫微中台の大弼としてその補佐に当たり、中流貴族としてなんとかその命脈を保った。
- Toshitari served as Daihitsu (senior assistant president) to the Shibi chudai (the office handled the principal Empress Komyo's affairs) which was established by FUJIWARA no Nakamaro (the second son of Muchimaro), and barely maintained his standing as a middle class nobility.
- 大和民族(やまとみんぞく)は古代から日本本土(本州、四国、九州)と、その周辺離島を含む日本列島の全域に住む民族とされる。
- The Yamato race is the race that has been living since ancient times in the Japanese Islands including Japan's mainland (Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu) and the other islands around them.
- 周囲は5m程度の大垣が張り巡らされ、朱雀門はじめ豪族の氏名にちなんだ12の門が設置され役人らはそれらの門より出入りした。
- The Palace was surrounded by big tsujibei (a mud wall with a roof) about five meters high, and the wall had twelve gates named after local ruling families names such as Suzaku-mon Gate, and government officials entered the Palace through the gates.
- 戦国時代当初、少弐、大友、島津の三氏は権益を守るべく、また地頭出自の諸国の国人豪族は自立するべく、戦いが展開していった。
- At the beginning of the Sengoku Period, battles were repeated by three clans since the Heian Period, the Shoni clan, the Otomo clan, and the Shimazu clan to protect their interests and by kokujin gozoku in each country who were formerly jito to become independent.
- ここに中央政府の地方への求心力が失墜し、各地豪族は自ら力を蓄え、或いは力ある存在に身を寄せる法なき時代に入ったのである。
- Here, the force of the central government to provinces declined and the lawless era, in which gozoku (local ruling families) in various provinces developed power or relied on others who had power, commenced.
- 公式の接待係には、イギリスへの留学経験などがあり当時の皇族中で随一の外国通であった有栖川宮威仁親王(海軍大佐)を任命した。
- The government appointed Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Tsunahito (a navy colonel) as a host because he had studied in England and was the only person in the Imperial family who was well-versed in foreign affairs.
- 1つ目は、王家は制度上存在するものの立憲君主制や豪族支配等により君権が抑圧された状態から、君主親政が復活するケースである。
- The first case is a restoration of direct administration by a royal family from such conditions whereby the ruling power was repressed due to a constitutional monarchy system or by powerful clans.
- ヤマト王権の中核を為す蘇我氏、巨勢氏(巨瀬・許勢)、紀氏、平群氏、葛城氏、波多氏、阿部氏などの有力な豪族がこの姓を称した。
- The local ruling clans such as Soga, Kose, Ki, Heguri, Kazuraki and Hata who played a central role in the Yamato sovereignty had this title of Omi.
- また編纂に加わったのは六波羅探題を務めた泰時・時房や公家法に通じた中級貴族やその子孫である御家人であった点も指摘している。
- Also he pointed out that those who took part in the compilation were Yasutoki and Tokifusa of Rokuhara Tandai and middle-ranked nobles with knowledge of the kugeho and the descendants who were shogunal retainers.
- 鎌倉時代中期以後、徳政の推進が院政の課題となってくると、法律や有職に通じて実務に長けた中級貴族の登用が目立つようになった。
- After the mid Kamakura period when the promotion of benevolent rule became a subject of the Insei, practical middle rank nobles with full knowledge of laws, court rules, ceremony and decorums were often appointed as In no Kinshin.
- 家族の入籍又は去家に対する同意権(ただし、法律上当然に入籍・除籍が生じる場合を除く)(旧民法735条・737条・738条)
- Consent right regarding registration and deregistration of family members on household registers (except situations in which registration and deregistration is needed from a legal standpoint) (the Old Civil Codes, Article 735, 737 and 738).
- 領地(demesne:領主の直轄地)は、領主により直接支配された地区であり、領主の一族・郎党の利益のための収奪が行われた。
- The demesne (the land of the direct rule of the lords) were the areas directly-governed by the lords and deprivation was done for the sake of the lords' families or the roto (retainers).
- 13世紀から14世紀頃には、現在アイヌと呼ばれる民族と同一とみられる「蝦夷」が存在していたことが文献史料上から確認される。
- In some historical documents it can be confirmed that a group called 'Ezo,' who seem to have been identical to today's Ainu, already lived in Japan by the thirteenth century through the fourteenth century.
- これに対して有力な氏族は大学別曹(だいがくべっそう)のような特別な寮舎(りょうしゃ)を設けて、一族の師弟をそこに収容した。
- At the same time, influential clans established special dormitories such as Daigaku-besso to house the masters and pupils.
- 聖徳太子の死により大豪族蘇我氏を抑える者がいなくなり、蘇我氏の専横は甚だしいものになり、その権勢は天皇家を凌ぐほどになった。
- Due to the death of Prince Shotoku, there was no one who could control such powerful family as Soga clan, and thus the Soga clan began exercising tyrannical power that eventually exceeded the power of the Imperial Family.
- 沙沙貴山君一族は、平安時代までその勢力を保っており、いわゆる宇多源氏の佐々木氏の、少なくとも一部を構成したと考えられている。
- It is thought that the family Sasakiyama gimi, which maintained power until the Heian period, was at least a part of the Sasaki clan from the Uda-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 明治4年(1871年)には、士族の公務を解いて、農業・工業・商業の自由を与え、また、平民も均しく公務に就任できることとした。
- In 1871, the warrior class became able to engage in not only public services, but also farming, industrial jobs or commercial business, and commoners could engage in public services.
- 一族や腹心の僧を高官に登用して権勢をふるい、西大寺 (奈良市)の造立や百万塔の造立など、仏教による政権安定をはかろうとした。
- He promoted family members and trusted monks to high positions and constructed Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City) and Hyakumanto stupa aiming at stabilization of the reins of government.
- ただし、これらの改革は急激に行われたため矛盾も少なくなく、士族や農民の不満を招いたため、後の征韓論につながったとも言われる。
- However, these rapid reforms had many contradictions and many warrior-class people and farmers were unsatisfied, and it is said that these reforms led to 'Seikanron' (the policy of conquering Korea by military force).
- 選挙後に召集された第三議会では民党による政府糾弾が行われ、親政府の筈の貴族院 (日本)でさえも松方内閣との距離を置き始めた。
- In the third Diet convened after election, minto impeached the government, and even the House of Peers (Japan) which should have been pro-government started to stand back from the MATSUKATA cabinet.
- また地方の首長層であった豪族たちの多くは郡司層に姿を変えてゆき、中央から派遣される官僚である国司の監督下で地方統治を行った。
- Many of Gozoku who were belonging to the local chief class were transformed into the class of Gunji (local magistrates), and reigned over regions under the supervision of Kokushi (provincial governor) who was dispatched from the central government.
- 雑賀衆を構成した主な一族としては、雑賀荘の土橋氏、十ヶ郷(現和歌山市西北部、紀の川河口付近北岸)の鈴木氏などが知られている。
- The Tsuchibashi clan in Saikasho and the Suzuki clan in Jikkago (present day north western part of Wakayama City, the northern shore near the Kino-kawa River estuary) are known as the most important members of Saikashu.
- 地域的支配権の源泉は自分自身の所有する財産や武力であり、広域政権の権威を権力の本質的な源泉とする地方官は豪族とは呼ばれない。
- The source of regional sovereignty was its own properties and military force, and the Chihokan (a local official) whose power substantially derived from the authority in a broader-based political power was not called Gozoku.
- 中国においては、漢の時代より后妃や皇族、富豪らが所有する「荘」もしくは「園」と呼ばれるものが存在し、これが荘園の元となった。
- Since the Han Dynasty in China, there had existed lands called 'sho' or 'en' that the Empress, the imperial families and the rich owned, which were the origin of shoen.
- 荘院・荘宅には荘園の所有者とその家族、監荘・管荘・幹人と呼ばれる管理者層、その他家事労働などを行う使用人などから構成された。
- Shoin (manor) and Shotaku (manor) consisted of the owners of shoen, their families, the managers called kansho (the caretaker of the manor), kanjin (the caretaker of the manor) and the servants who did household chores.
- この上杉氏・北条氏の争いは全関東の諸豪族を二分して、北条氏康と里見義堯(上杉陣営)による国府台合戦などの戦いを惹き起こした。
- This struggle between the Uesugi clan and the Hojo clan divided gozoku the whole of Kanto into two groups causing battles such as the Battle of Konodai between Ujiyasu HOJO and Yoshitaka SATOMI (UESUGI SIDE).
- 忠盛は源義親の乱を平定するなどして院司となり、正四位に叙せられて軍事貴族の最高位者、すなわち武家の棟梁として台頭していった。
- After suppressing the rebellion by MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, Tadamori became inshi (official of the Retired Emperor's Office), was appointed to shoshii, the highest rank for military aristocrats, and gained power as the leader of samurai families.
- しかしながら、反面、各藩の借金および士族への俸禄の支払い義務を受け継ぐことになり、家禄支給は歳出の30%以上となってしまった。
- However, the government had to take over the obligation of paying the debt of each domain and the salary of persons in the warrior class so that the amount of the salary payment reached more than 30% of the annual government expenditure.
- しかしながら、その後も朝廷に功績が有った氏族には朝臣の姓を下賜していき、奈良時代にはほとんどの氏が朝臣の姓を持つようになった。
- Later, however, as the clans who contributed to the Imperial Court were granted the kabane of Asomi, most clans in the Nara period had the kabane of Asomi.
- 1877年には鹿児島県で私学校生徒ら薩摩士族が西郷を擁立して、最大規模となる西南戦争が起こるが、これも士族側の敗戦に終わった。
- In 1877, Seinan War, the largest one, broke out in Kagoshima Prefecture raised by shizoku from Satsuma including students of Shigakko (school mainly for warriors), backing up Saigo, but again shizoku side was defeated.
- また、一方では日本人は北海道から沖縄県に至るまで、遺伝学的には大差はなく比較的均一性も高い民族であるという研究結果も出ている。
- On the other hand, the research findings concluded that the Japanese race is comparatively genetically unified, having little variation from Hokkaido to Okinawa.
- しかし朝廷はこの時、彼らの間の不満が乱の原因になったとの認識のもと、彼らを五位・六位といった受領級の中・下流貴族に昇進させた。
- The Imperial Court, based on their understanding that their discontent led to the outbreak of the war, promoted these individuals to low to middle class, fifth or sixth rank aristocratic zuryo.
- 戸籍の族籍記載は1914年(大正3年)に撤廃され、第二次世界大戦後の戸籍法改正で表記しないことに定まったが原本には残っていた。
- The practice of describing one's status in family registers was abolished in 1914, and it was determined not to describe one's status after World War II when the Family Registration Law was amended, but the description of the status remained in original family registers.
- 源頼光・源頼親兄弟、源頼義・源義家父子が正四位という軍事貴族最高位に相次いで叙せられ、武家の棟梁というべき立場を得るに至った。
- MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, his brother MINAMOTO no Yorichika, MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi, and his son MINAMOTO no Yoshiie were one by one appointed to the highest rank for military aristocrats, which was shoshii, and Seiwa-Genji ascended to be the leader of the samurai families.
- しかし、氏清の甥の山名氏家(因幡守護)が一族と合流すべく京を退去するに及んで洛中は大騒ぎになり、重臣たちも山名氏の謀反を悟る。
- However, Rakuchu (inside the capital city of Kyoto) was in chaos as Ujikiyo's nephew, Ujiie YAMANA (shugo of Inaba Province) left Kyoto in order to join his clan, and the senior vassals became aware of the Yamana clan's rebellion.
- しかし、この地域は豪族による百済への割譲と新羅の進出によって弱体化し、562年に(もう少し早いと考えられるが)新羅に滅ぼされた。
- However, this area was weakened as a result of its cession of territories to Kudara by the local rulers, and through the invasion of Silla; in 562 (although it is thought to have been earlier than this), they were destroyed by Silla.
- 日本の律令制については、天皇による独断的な政治体制とする見解と、畿内の貴族らによる貴族共和的な政治体制とする見解が対立していた。
- There were two opposing opinions about the Japanese Ritsuryo system; one that it was a political system led arbitrarily by the emperor and the other that it was a republican political system for the nobles led by the nobles in the Kinai region.
- 但し、後世において、功績のあった塩谷氏の一族の者に当主の地位を追贈した可能性もあるので、完全に架空の存在であるとも言い切れない。
- However, in subsequent years there was the possibility of giving the rank of family head to the members of the SHIONOYA clan family who rendered distinguished service, and therefore it's impossible to say they were completely fictitious characters.
- 律令制が確立して中央集権的な国家体制が整うにつれて、国の富は中央に集められ、皇族や貴族はこれらの富を背景に華やかな生活を送った。
- Following the realization of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and establishment of a centralized state government, the country's treasures and wealth were brought to the capital, against which background the Imperial family and the nobility led a sumptuous life.
- おじいさん、おばあさん、姫、公卿・皇族、職人、商人、天皇、武士と「中世的キャラクター」がこの時代(10世紀)に既に出揃っている。
- All the medieval characters of this period (the 10th century) such as grandfather, grandmother, princess, lords, nobles, craftsmen, merchants, emperors and samurai were already present in this tale.
- 武田勝頼期には長篠の戦いにおける敗退で領国の動揺を招き、織田・徳川連合軍の侵攻により武田氏は滅亡し、信濃諸族は織田氏に臣従した。
- In Katsuyori TAKEDA's time, commotion in the territory occurred because of the defeat in the Battle of Nagashino and the Takeda clan was ruined by the attack by the allied forces of the Oda and Tokugawa clans and gozoku in Shinano rendered homage and service to the Oda clan.
- 軍事貴族は他の技能官人層の中下級貴族と同様、摂関家など有力貴族の家司や治天の君の院司として私的に奉仕するという側面も持っていた。
- Just like low to middle-class aristocrats who were technical officers, military aristocrats may privately have served as keishi (household superintendents) of powerful aristocrats such as regents or as inshi (officials at the Retired Emperor's Office) of Chiten no kimi (retired emperor).
- なお、経営政策の面では、理研コンツェルンを除いて既存の財閥同様に同族運営がなされており、その点で「新興財閥」という言い方もある。
- Regarding the management policy, the emerging zaibatsu in the Showa period (except for the RIKEN conglomerate) were run by families or their kinships, like the existing zaibatsu, and in that sense they can be called 'emerging zaibatsu.'
- 江戸時代の大名家では、藩主やその一族、家老などの一団の領袖となりうる立場の人間が派閥を作りあげて内紛を繰り広げた例が数多くあった。
- Many of the households of powerful feudal lords of the Edo Period had instances of internal conflicts among factions formed by the lord, his family members, senior household advisors and others who likely to become a group head.
- また、文章生も当初はその資格を「白丁雑任の子弟」に限定されて、貴族子弟は明経生、それ以外は文章生という明確な格差が定められていた。
- Also, at first, 'only sons of hakucho (ordinary people or inferior servants) and zonin (lower-ranking government official)' were qualified for monjosho, as there was a clear distinction that sons of nobles became myogyosho and others became monjosho.
- 以後1873年徴兵令公布、1876年廃刀令、秩禄処分に至る過程で士族反乱が相次ぎ明治政府はこうした不満を海外に向ける必要もあった。
- Revolts by Shizoku occurred one after another during a process that ended in the promulgation of a Conscription Ordinance in 1873 and a decree banning the wearing of swords in 1867, and Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend), and the Meiji government needed to turned their attention to the outside of Japan.
- オホド王の治世には北九州の有力豪族である筑紫君磐井が新羅と連携してヤマト王権との軍事衝突を起こした(磐井の乱)がすぐに鎮圧された。
- During King Ohodo's reign, the Tsukushinokimi-Iwai, a powerful family from northern Kyushu, allied with the Korean kingdom of Silla and started hostilities (the Iwai War) with the Yamato Kingdom, though these were immediately suppressed.
- 貴族官僚として陰陽頭に任じられた人物はいるものの、専門官僚として陰陽道・天文道の官に就いたのは晴明が最初であったと考えられている。
- Although some members of the family had been appointed as onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) as aristocratic bureaucrats, Seimei was the first to be assigned a job relating to onmyodo and tenmondo as an expert bureaucrat.
- そして、承久の乱では摂津守護大内惟信や同族の多田基綱のほか畿内の武士の多くが京方に属して敗れたが、能勢氏は幕府方に属したとされる。
- Then in the Jokyu war while many samurais in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) such as Korenobu OUCHI, the shugo of Settsu Province and his cognate Mototsuna TADA joined the army on the Kyoto side and were defeated, the Nose clan are said to have been on the side of the Shogunate.
- 江戸時代後期に開国し、王政復古 (日本)により成立した明治政府は四民平等政策のもと、大名、武士階級を廃止して華族、士族を創設する。
- Meiji government, which was established through Restoration of Imperial Rule (Japan) after Japan opened herself to the world at the late Edo period, abolished daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and samurai hierarchy and set up the peerage and shizoku under the policy of equity of all people.
- 地方豪族についても、702年(大宝 2)、諸国国造の氏姓を政府に登録することによって、中央豪族と同様の対応がなされたものとされる。
- It is said that in 702 the same treatment with the powerful clans in the capital was made for the powerful local clans by letting the powerful local clans to register the clan name and hereditary title of Kuni no Miyatsuko in the various provinces to the government.
- また、594年(推古2)に仏教興隆の詔が下されたのを受けて諸臣連達が、天皇と自己の祖先一族のために競って私寺(氏寺)を造り始めた。
- In 594, following the issue of an imperial decree promoting Buddhism, many powerful clans competed to build private temples (known as uji-dera) for the Emperor and their ancestors.
- 1221年の承久の乱の結果、後鳥羽上皇を中心とする朝廷が幕府に敗れる事態となり、上皇方についた貴族・武士の所領はすべて没収された。
- As the result of Jokyu War in 1221, the imperial court centering on the Retired Emperor Gotoba was defeated by the bakufu and all the lands of the aristocrats and samurais who were on the side of the Retired Emperor were confiscated.
- ただしこの制度は言わば移行期の制度であり、大臣 (日本)や連といった最上級の姓に属する豪族は依然として大徳よりも上位に置かれていた。
- But the system was, as it were, in transition and the highest hereditary titles, such as O-omi and Muraji, were still placed above the rank of daitoku.
- 白兵抜刀攻撃に対抗するため、官軍は士族出身の兵卒を選び抜刀隊を組織したが、討ち破られたため、3月13日、新たに警視抜刀隊を組織した。
- The government army formed Battotai (drawn sword squad) with soldiers selected from the warrior class for the close fighting with swords but it was defeated; then, on March 13, the government army newly formed the Keishibatto-tai troop (drawn sword squad of police officers.)
- 松本豊胤によるとため池造成や水田経営を積極的に進めた豪族たちがその墓所である古墳を開発した地域を望む場所に造営していったとしている。
- According to Toyotane MATSUMOTO, gozoku (local ruling family) who constructed irrigation ponds and actively managed rice paddies, constructed their graves at places from where people can see the territory they developed.
- その後政府は蝦夷の首長を郡司に任命して部族集団の間接的な支配を行い、また個別に服属してきた者は俘囚として諸国に移民させられたりした。
- Later, the government appointed the chief of Ezo as a gunji (region manager) in order to indirectly control tribal groups, and forced people individually picked out for subjugation to migrate to other countries as fushu (barbarians).
- また、豪族による田荘・部曲の支配は、改新の詔で禁止されたはずだったが、その後も朝廷が田荘・部曲の領有を豪族へ認めた事例が散見される。
- Moreover, although the Kaishin no Mikotonori edict was to ban gozoku families from ruling tadokoro and kakibe, several examples that the Imperial Court permitted ownership of tadokoro and kakibe even after the edict was announced have been found.
- しかし、実際にはかなり後世まで豪族による田荘・部曲の所有が認められていることから、必ずしも私的所有が全廃された訳ではないことが判る。
- However, judging from the fact that ownership of Tadokoro and Kakibe was allowed for a considerably long time in later years, such private ownership had not been completely abolished by the edict.
- 武士道は個人的戦闘者の生存術としての武士道であり、武名を高めることにより自己および一族郎党の発展を有利にすることを主眼に置いている。
- Bushido is a way of survival as an individual fighter, which focuses on developing oneself and the family, bringing them an advantage by achieving military renown.
- しかし、陪臣(徳島本藩の家臣)である稲田氏の家臣は卒族とされた事に稲田氏の家臣は納得できず、自分達の士族編入を徳島本藩に訴えかけた。
- However, the vassals of the Inada clan, as baishin (indirect vassals), did not agree with allowing themselves to be relegated to sotsuzoku rank (low-ranking samurai), and requested the Tokushima Honpan to incorporate their rank into warrior class.
- 土佐国の守護は細川氏であるはずだが、七守護(土佐七雄)と称した豪族が土佐中央部に割拠、幡多郡に疎開してきた土佐一条氏を盟主と仰いだ。
- Although shugo for the Tosa Province should have been the Hosokawa clan, gozoku who called themselves nanashugo (seven shugo) (Tosa shichiyu (seven ruling families in Tosa)) took separately their bases in the central part of Tosa and accepted the Tosa-Ichijo clan, that was evacuated to Hata-gun as their leader.
- 唯物史観の影響を受け、武士は古代支配階級である貴族や宗教勢力を排除し、中世をもたらした変革者として石母田正らによって位置づけられた。
- Influenced by the materialist concept of history, Tadashi ISHIMODA and others positioned the bushi as the reformer who pushed out the ancient governing class such as the aristocrats and religious power of influence and brought on the medieval times.
- 一方、貞盛流平氏は小野宮流藤原北家の家司として仕えたが、小野宮流が傍系に追いやられるにつれて、軍事貴族としての地位が低下していった。
- Meanwhile, Sadamori-ryu Heishi (Taira clan of the Sadamori group) served as keishi (household superintendents) of the Onomiya line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan; however, Sadamori-ryu Heishi's position as military aristocrats became lower as the Onomiya line was positioned as an indirect line.
- これまでで最も大きな被害は、1993年5月5日に中国北西部(寧夏回族自治区、内モンゴルアラシャン盟、甘粛省)で発生した黒風暴だった。
- The most serious damage in the past was done by Kara Bran produced in the northwestern area of China (Ningxia Huizu Autonomous Region, the Alashan province of Inner Mongolia, and Gansu Province) on May 5, 1993.
- 主要な政治ポストには従来の豪族ではなく諸皇子をあてて、その下で働く官僚たちの登用・考課・選叙など官人統制に関する法令を整備していった。
- Emperor Tenmu appointed princes, instead of the usual powerful clans, to major political posts and established laws for regulating the appointment, evaluation, and selection of officials working under the princes.
- この戦いは川中島を含む善光寺平より南の千曲川沿いで行われており、善光寺平の大半をこの時期まで反武田方の諸豪族が掌握していたことが判る。
- This battle was fought in the area along the Chikuma-gawa River in the south of Zenkoji-daira, including Kawanakajima, and therefore, it is known that powerful local clans against the Takeda clan controlled most of Zenkoji-daira until that time.
- こうした内紛は大名家のなかで解決するのがならわしだが、問題を幕府や家制度、親族の大名に訴え出ることで仲介や裁定をたのんだ当事者もいた。
- It was usual that such feuds were resolved within the lord's household, but there were feuding parties who sought mediation or arbitration by appealing to the shogunate or other feudal lords of the same family system or of relatives.
- 中には頼親から五代後の僧信実のように、宿敵であるはずの興福寺の上座となって南都勢力と同化し、同族の大和源氏と抗争する者までも出現した。
- Among them, those who fought on the side of the same family (Yamato-Genji) appeared in the historical record, such as the monk Shinjitsu, a fifth-generation descendant of Yorichika, who took the seat of honor in Kofuku-ji Temple--their old enemy--and joined the Nanto forces.
- 旧秋月藩の士族はあらかじめ旧豊津藩の士族、杉生十郎らと同時決起を約束していたため、このあとみやこ町へと向かい、10月29日に到着する。
- Members of the warrior class in the former Akizuki Domain later headed for Miyako Town and arrived there on October 29 because they had promised in advance to rally simultaneously with Juro SUGIO and others from the warrior class in the former Toyotsu Domain.
- 武士(ぶし、もののふ)は、10世紀から19世紀にかけての日本に存在し、戦士を本分とするとされた宗家の主人を頂点とした家族共同体の成員。
- Bushi (武士, mononofu, samurai) existed from the 10th century to the 19th century and was a member of a family community whose top was the master of Soke (the head family) and whose profession was a warrior.
- 父系で見れば源氏だが、母系で見れば平氏、またはその逆という武将も少からずいて、去就に苦慮した者や、一族が2つに分かれて争った者もいる。
- Some warriors were Minamoto clan on the paternal side and Taira clan on the maternal side, or vice versa, and there were some who had a hard time deciding, and even families that split in two to fight each other.
- 1573年8月、武田家家臣であった奥平貞昌(後の奥平信昌)は武田信玄の死に際し、父・奥平貞能の英断により一族郎党を連れて徳川方へ寝返る。
- After the death of Shingen TAKEDA, in August 1573, Sadamasa OKUDAIRA (later known as Nobumasa OKUDAIRA), who was a vassal of the Takeda family, switched to the TOKUGAWA side with his all family members and retainers, following his father Sadayoshi OKUDAIRA who made the bold decision.
- 倭寇や女真族との紛争以外本格的な戦争経験がない朝鮮正規軍を、戦国時代 (日本)を経て大量の鉄砲を装備した日本軍が圧倒し連戦連勝を重ねた。
- The Korean regular force, which had never experienced a full-scale war except troubles with 'wako' (Japanese pirates) or the Joshin tribe, was overwhelmed and completely defeated by the Japanese military force, which was equipped with a large amount of guns after the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- 十六世紀中頃(戦国時代末期)、頼高の孫・及川頼家の時、同族間の内紛により主君葛西氏に領地を召し上げられてこの家系も没落し多くは帰農した。
- During the mid-sixteenth century (the late Sengoku period), in the time of Yoriie OIKAWA, a grandson of Yoritaka, they were deprived of the territory by his master, the KASAI clan; subsequently, the family line went to ruin and took up farming again.
- 家禄奉還制は、任意で家禄を返上したものに対して事業や帰農など就業のための資金を与えるもので、士族を実業に就かせて経済効率を図ろうとした。
- Karoku refunding system was a system in which the government gave funds for starting business or farming to the warrior class who had refunded their Karoku voluntarily, and the government tried to make the warrior class be engaged in a job and boost economical efficiency.
- ここは公家であり、大石と遠縁にあたる摂関近衛家の領地で、内蔵助親戚の同志進藤俊式の一族進藤長之(近衛家諸大夫)がこの土地を管理していた。
- It was a property of Oishi's distant relatives, the Konoe family, who was a court noble as well as Regent, and the property was managed by Toshimoto SHINDO (who worked as the Konoe family's Shodaibu) who was from the same clan as a comrade of Kuranosuke's relative Nagayuki SHINDO.
- 秋月の乱(あきづきのらん)は、1876年(明治9年)に福岡県秋月(現・福岡県朝倉市秋月)で起こった明治政府に対する士族反乱の一つである。
- The Akizuki-no-ran War is a revolt by the warrior class against the Meiji Government which took place in Akizuki, Fukuoka Prefecture (currently Akizuki, Asakura City, Fukuoka Prefecture) in 1876.
- 物部氏(もののべうじ)は河内国の哮峰(現・大阪府交野市か)に天皇家よりも前に天孫降臨したとされるニギハヤヒミコトを祖先と伝えられる氏族。
- It is said that the Mononobe clan's ancestor is Nigihayahimikoto, who is believed to have descended to earth in Koho, Kawachi Province (presumably, present-day Katano City, Osaka Prefecture) before the time of the Imperial family.
- しかしながら、奈良時代を過ぎるとほとんどの氏族の姓(カバネ)が朝臣(あそん)になってしまい、八色の姓も甚だ形式的なものに変質してしまう。
- However, almost all clans were granted the kabane ason after Nara period, and therefore Yakusa no Kabane system also lost its meaning and existed in name only.
- 広域政権側が政権安定のために豪族層の政権内への取り込みを行ったり、逆に広域政権の支配力が弱まると地方官が豪族化することがあるからである。
- This is because the broader-based political power incorporated a class of Gozoku into their administration in order to stabilize the political power, or adversely Chihokan became Gozoku when the ruling power of the broader-based political administration weakened.
- 後に帝国議会が開かれた時に、当初衆議院の選挙権や貴族院_(日本)の多額納税議員の資格が与えられたのは、その多くがこうした地主層であった。
- When Imperial Diet was held later, at first election franchise for House of Representatives or entitlement of councilor of large taxpayer in House of Peers were given to many of such landlord class.
- なお、百済王の一族、扶余豊璋の弟・善光(または禅広)は朝廷から百済王氏(くだらのこにきし)という姓氏が与えられ、朝廷に仕えることとなった。
- One of the family members of Kudara's king, the younger brother of Fuyo Hosho, Zenko, was given the clan title of Kudara no Konikishi from the Imperial Court and served under it.
- 日本では蔭位という例外規定が設けられ、高位の貴族の子弟は自動的に官職が与えられたため、徹底はしなかったが、官人の登用試験としては存在した。
- In Japan, the examination system was adopted for low to mid-ranked officials, although not thoroughly carried out for all officials because of the exceptional rule called 'on-i,' whereby children of high ranking nobles were automatically promoted to government posts.
- しかし清浦内閣はほぼ全ての閣僚が貴族院 (日本)議員から選出された超然主義であり、国民の間で再び憲政擁護を求める第二次護憲運動が起こった。
- The cabinet consisting of nearly all of the members of the House of Peers was clearly detached from the principles of constitutional rule and sparked the second Movement to Protect Constitutional Government among the people.
- まず長宗我部隊が霧を隠れ蓑に藤堂高虎隊5,000を奇襲し、藤堂一族その他多数の首を獲ったが、幕府方の援軍に阻まれ、後退中に追撃を受け壊滅。
- To begin with, Chosokabe troop, covered by fog, made a surprise attack on Takatora TODO troop of 5,000 soldiers and cut off many heads of the Todo Family and others, however, they were blocked by auxiliary forces of the bakufu and destroyed by bakufu's chase when they were retreating.
- 尼子氏の滅亡後に、山中幸盛や尼子勝久が尼子再興軍として出雲への侵攻を図り、旧尼子家臣団にも動揺が走り、再興軍に加わる国人や豪族が続出した。
- After the fall of the Amago clan, Yukimori YAMANAKA and Katsuhisa AMAGO organized an army to invade Izumo for the restoration of the Amago clan, which raised the morale among the old Amago retainers and induced local land lords and local ruling families to join the restoration army.
- 兵力は二個大隊であり、うち鎮台兵は一個大隊で残りは「植民兵」として薩摩など九州各地の士族で占領地永住を前提に募集・編成されたものであった。
- The military force consisted of two battalions: one was made up of soldiers of chindai (garrison in the Meiji era) and the other was formed by the former shizoku in Kyushu regions who had been recruited on the condition that they be granted permanent residence of occupied lands.
- 平安時代後期、美濃国を地盤とする八島氏の一族であった源重長が同国方県郡木田郷(岐阜県岐阜市木田付近)に居住し木田三郎を号したことに始まる。
- During the late Heian Period, the Kida clan was started when MINAMOTO no Shigenaga, a member of the Yajima clan based in Mino Province, settled down in Kida-go, Katagata District, Mino Province (near Kida, Gifu City, Gifu Prefecture), calling himself Saburo KIDA.
- 代表的な地方豪族をさし、一面ではヤマト王権の地方官に組みこまれ、また在地の部民(べみん)を率(ひき)いる地方的伴造の地位にある者もあった。
- The clans who received the position of Kuni no Miyatsuko were representative local clans; in certain aspect they were integrated into the local offices of the Yamato Sovereignty so that there were some clans that were in the position of Tomo no Miyatsuko in local sense and took control of the common people in the region.
- このような対馬藩の形振り構わぬ工作活動の結果、朝鮮側は(満州の女真族(後金)の勢力拡大で北方防備の必要もあったため)交渉に宥和的となった。
- As a result of such desperate maneuver activities by the Tsushima Domain, Korea became appeased and positive with the negotiations (partly because the need for northern defense increased due to the expanded power of the Joshin tribe [Kokin] in Manchuria.)
- 12月3日に福岡臨時裁判所で関係者の判決が言い渡され、首謀者とされた今村と益田は即日斬首され、約150名に懲役、除族などの懲罰が下された。
- As sentences were passed on the people involved at the Fukuoka provisional court on December 3, Imamura and Masuda, who were considered ringleaders, were beheaded on the same day and penalties including imprisonment with work and deprivation of the family status were imposed on about 150 people.
- 天平文化(てんぴょうぶんか)は、時期では7世紀終わり頃から8世紀の中頃までをいい、奈良の都平城京を中心にして華開いた貴族・仏教文化である。
- Tenpyo Culture was an aristocratic and Buddhist culture that flourished in and around Heijo-kyo, the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara, from the end of the seventh century through the middle of the eighth century.
- 蝦夷地(現在の北海道)での勢力も増していき、渡島半島南部は内地化し、北海道全域が大和民族の勢力下に置かれるようになった(アイヌ等を参照)。
- The Yamato race's power also increased in Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu), turning the southern Oshima Peninsula into part of the inland, and the whole area of Hokkaido came under the power of the Yamato race (refer to Ainu tribe and others).
- これについては、日本の律令制が、律令に基づく国家による人民支配と並行して、在地首長による氏族制的な人民支配をも内包していたとする見解がある。
- This has led to the view that the Japanese Ritsuryo system included the ruling of the people by local powerful clans in parallel with the ruling of the people by the state based on the Ritsuryo system.
- 文化・民族・国の根拠を神に依ろうとする発想は世界共通のもので、王の権威は神から授かったのだという考えに依拠する王権神授説などその流れは多様。
- The idea that the cultures, ethnic groups and nations originate in God is universal and developed differently, such as a theory of the divine right of kings in which the authority of kings is thought to be granted by God.
- その後、細川持常、赤松貞村、赤松満政の大手軍が摂津国から、山名持豊ら山名一族が但馬国、伯耆国から播磨、備前、美作へ侵攻する討伐軍が決定した。
- After that, a punitive force to invade Harima, Bizen, and Mimasaka was decided, which consisted of a major army of Mochitsune HOSOKAWA, Sadamura AKAMATSU, and Mitsumasa AKAMATSU from Settsu Province and the Yanama family including Mochitoyo YAMANA from Tajima Province and Hoki Province.
- そして朝廷から唐物使(からものつかい)という役人が派遣され、経巻や仏像仏具、薬品や香料など宮中や貴族から依頼された商品を優先的に買い上げた。
- In return, the Imperial Court dispatched an officer called 'karamono no tsukai' (Supervisor of Chinese goods), giving him the privilege to preferentially purchase Chinese goods including scrolls of Buddhist scriptures, statues of Buddha, Buddhist altar fittings, medicines and spices on behalf of the Imperial Court and nobles.
- 1871年7月の廃藩置県により琉球は鹿児島県に一応編入され、翌1872年9月琉球藩を設置し国王を藩王として華族に列する冊封詔書が授けられた。
- Ryukyu belonged to Kagoshima prefecture according to Haihan-chiken (new administration system to abolish feudal domains and establish prefectures) in July 1871, while the Ryukyu Domain was established and granted Sakuho Shosho (imperial edict, decree) recognizing peerage with the king of Ryukyu as the king of the domain in September 1872.
- 竹添進一郎在朝鮮公使など日本側の協力のもと、放火は失敗するものの概ね計画は順調に進み、閔泳翊ら閔氏一族を殺害、開化派が新政府樹立を宣言した。
- Since the plan generally went smoothly in cooperation with Japan, headed by the Japanese ambassador to Korea Shinichiro TAKEZOE, in spite of the failure of the fire-setting, the Progressive Party killed the Min family including Yeong-ik MIN and stated the establishment of a new government.
- 秦・前漢代においては、官奴婢は戦争捕虜や重罪を犯した氏族が中核を占めており主に官営工場の労働や牧場などでの馬・鳥・犬などの飼育を行っていた。
- In the periods of Qin and former Han dynasty, Kannuhi whose core consisted of prisoners of war and clans committing a serious crime was mainly engaged in the work at a government-owned factory or in breeding horses, birds, dogs and so on at a stock farm.
- 8代執権北条時宗の死後、有力御家人の安達泰盛と、内管領の平頼綱が対立し、頼綱方の先制攻撃を受けた泰盛とその一族・与党が滅ぼされた事件である。
- After the death of the eighth regent Tokimune HOJO, the senior vassal Yasumori ADACHI and TAIRA no Yoritsune, Uchi-Kanrei (head of Tokuso Family [the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan]) opposed each other and Yasumori, his family, and his party were destroyed in this incident in which Yoritsuna's party made the preemptive attack.
- 古代のカースト制氏族社会においては自由な土地の売買や譲渡は許されていなかったが、紀元前5世紀前後には社会の発展とともに緩やかになっていった。
- In the ancient caste system clan society, free purchase and sale or transfer of lands were not allowed, but around the fifth century B.C., they were loosely allowed with the development of society.
- が、その一方で、中央官僚は科挙による人材登用が本格化して増加し、周辺異民族も不穏な動きを見せているため、軍事費、人事経費が膨大なものとなった。
- On the other hand, however, more central government officials were employed through Kakyo (Imperial Examination) in earnest, and surrounding different ethnic groups were exhibiting disquieting behavior, and as a result, military expenditure and the cost for personnel affairs swelled.
- さらにこのような氏上に属する氏人を父系による直系親族に限ることとし、従来の父系あるいは母系の原理による漠然とした氏の範囲を限定することとした。
- Furthermore, the edict limited the clan members who belong to the clan head to the direct blood kin by the paternal line and clarified the vague definition of the extent of each clan which were either by the principle of paternal line or maternal line up to that time.
- 奴婢は、一般的に職業の選択の自由、家族を持つ自由、居住の自由などが制限されており、一定の年齢に達したり、その他の条件で解放される場合もあった。
- Nuhi generally received restrictions on freedoms to choose an occupation, to have a family and to choose where to live, and was sometimes emancipated at a certain age or under some conditions.
- 一方、学生らの反対運動(後述)により吉田東寮は現在でも存続し、京大生とその家族など約180名が生活している(京都大学の定める定員は147名)。
- On the other hand, Yoshida East dormitory has continued to exist until the present thanks to the opposition movement conducted by the students of the time (to be mentioned later), and about 180 persons, including the students of Kyoto University as well as their families, are living in the dormitory (the predetermined number of personnel determined by Kyoto University is 147).
- 良民は、高級官僚である貴族を初め、下級官人、一般の百姓(公民と呼ばれることもあった)、雑色人(品部・雑戸という工芸技術を持つ半自由民)があった。
- The ryomin included the nobles, who were high-ranking officials; low-ranking officials; general peasants, who were sometimes called 'public people'; and lower level functionaries, including semi-free skilled craftsmen known as 'shinabe' and 'zakko.'
- 日本統治前期の抗日活動は台湾を制圧し清朝への帰属を目指すものであり、台湾人としての民族自覚より清朝との関係の中で発生した武装闘争であると言える。
- The anti-Japanese movement in the early days of the Japanese rule aimed at gaining control of Taiwan and coming under the jurisdiction of the Qing dynasty and it could be regarded as the armed resistance occurred in the connection with the Qing dynasty rather than the one happened due to heightened nationalism.
- 本来は正規外に中下級身分からの人材登用の役目を担っていた紀伝・文章生が貴族子弟によって独占されて、文章博士以下の世襲が進行するきっかけとなった。
- It triggered the monopoly of kiden no sho and monjosho, which played a role in recruiting talents from the middle- and low-classes through different processes from regular appointments, by sons of the nobles, resulting in their hereditary positions, monjo hakase and below.
- 頼綱以降では馬場氏族や山県氏族といった庶流を輩出しており、多田氏の系統は清和源氏一族の最も古い所領である多田の地を200年余りに渡って相続した。
- After Yoritsuna, the lineage of the Tada clan produced collateral branches, such as the Baba and Yamagata clans, and over of more than 200 years the lineage inherited the real estate in Tada, which was the oldest territory of all owned by Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- これに対し、地方豪族の支配下にあった民部(かきべ)は、在地の族長を介して、共同体のまま部(べ)に編入し、族長をへて貢納させる形のものが多かった。
- In contrast to people who directly belonged to the Yamato Regime, Kakibe, who were under the control of powerful local clans needed to go through the head of the local clan and to be included to Be (group of common people to work for the Yamato Regime in various functions) while keeping their original form of community; and the service of labor offered to the Yamato Regime were often done through the head of the clan.
- これは従来、冠位十二階に含まれなかった、大臣・大連などを輩出する有力氏族を冠位制度へ組み込み、天皇を頂点とした序列をつける為の改革だと思われる。
- This is thought to be a reform to incorporate the powerful clans, which produced Oomi and Omuraji which were not included in the twelve grades of cap rank system, into the rank system and to establish a rank system with Emperor at the top.
- 姓(カバネ)とは、古代日本のヤマト王権において、大王 (ヤマト王権)(おおきみ)から有力な氏族に与えられた、王権との関係・地位を示す称号である。
- Kabane refers to the titles given by Okimi (great king) (Yamato sovereignty) to powerful clans which showed ones' relationships to the sovereignty as well as ones' ranks in the Yamato sovereignty of ancient Japan.
- 7世紀の終わり頃完成した、古代の都で最大の規模を誇り、条坊制を布いた本格的な中国風都城の藤原京を中心とした天皇や貴族中心の華やかな文化であった。
- Completed around the end of seventh century and being the largest-scaled among the ancient cities, it was a gorgeous, imperial and aristocratic culture around the Fujiwara Capital, which featured genuine Chinese style capital with street plan.
- 当時、シャルルマーニュは、778年のサラゴサ遠征に失敗し、その際、退却軍についてきた西ゴート族の難民をどこかへ定住させてやる必要に追われていた。
- In those days, Charlemagne failed to invade Saragossa in 778 and then was urged to make the refugees who were west Goths following the army in retreat settle down somewhere.
- さらに国衙と給主(寺社・貴族)は官物・雑役を分け合う体制(半不輸)だったため、国衙に検田権があり給主の立場は不安定だった(当然、不入権もない)。
- Furthermore, kokugas and landlords (temples, shrines, and aristocrats) shared kanmotsu and zatsueki as a system (half tax exemption) and kokuga had the right of cadastral surveys and so the status of the landlords was unstable (naturally, they did not have funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property)).
- 武芸の実務、技能官人たる武士もこの両身分にまたがっており、在京の清和源氏や桓武平氏などの軍事貴族が諸大夫身分、大多数の在地武士が侍身分であった。
- Technical officers who did the practical work of military art were divided into these two statuses and the military aristocracies such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and so on, who were staying in Kyoto, were in the shodaibu status and the majority of local bushi were in the samurai status.
- 蝦夷に統一アイデンティティーは無かったと解するか、日本との交渉の中で民族意識が形成されたであろうと想定するかは、研究者の間で意見が分かれている。
- Opinions are varied among researchers regarding the interpretation of whether the Emishi lacked a unified identity or if their ethnic consciousness was formed while they were negotiating with Japan.
- 士族への秩禄支給は大きな財政負担となっており、国民軍の創設などにおいても封建的特権意識が弊害となっていたため、士族身分の解体は政治課題であった。
- Because the supply of chitsuroku (hereditary stipend) to the warrior class was a serious financial burden, and a sense of feudalistic entitlement was detrimental to the establishment of the national army, the disorganization of the warrior class was a political issue.
- 武官としての功績を積んだ後は、他の諸大夫階層の技能官人層に属する中下級貴族が家業の功績を積んだのと同様に、受領として諸国へ赴任する例が多かった。
- Just like lower to middle-class aristocrats who were technical officers of the shodaifu class accumulating their achievements, after accumulating achievements as military officers, military aristocrats were often transferred to various provinces as zuryo.
- 軍事貴族たちはこのようにして受領を勤めた後、再び別の国の受領となったり、あるいは衛門府尉や刑部省丞などの武官的な官職に補任されることが多かった。
- After serving as zuryo as described above, military aristocrats often became zuryo of other provinces or were appointed to be military officers such as emonfu jo (lieutenant at the outer palace guard headquarters) and senior or junior secretaries of Gyobusho (Ministry of Justice).
- 皇族・寺社・摂関領などを例外として、全ての荘園年貢について、本所側と守護側武士(半済給付人という)とで均分することを永続的に認めるものであった。
- The law recognized the right of samurais who were employed to serve the provincial constables (hanzei beneficiaries) to divide all customs and taxes on the manors equally with Honjo on a permanent basis, except for customs and taxes on the lands of the Imperial family, temples and shrines, and regent to the emperor.
- 代わって江戸の地には、関東管領上杉氏の一族扇谷上杉家の有力な武将であり家老であった太田資長(のちの太田道灌)が入り、江戸氏の居館跡に江戸城を築く。
- Sukenaga OTA (later, Dokan OTA), a powerful military commander and chief retainer of the Ogigayatsu-Uesugi clan (a branch family of the Uesugi clan, Kanto Kanrei [shogunal deputy for the Kanto region]) entered Edo and built the Edo Castle over the site of the former residence of the Edo clan.
- 開拓使貫属は、開拓使に所属するが士族の身分を失わずに開拓に従事する者であり、身分が保障されるうえ移住に関しても資金調達の心配が無くなる身分である。
- Kanzoku of the Hokkaido Development Commission referred to a person who belonged to the Commission to be engaged in reclamation work but did not have to give up his or her social status as a warrior class and even given necessary funds for relocation.
- これは開戦の名義を立てるために朝鮮政府の閔氏一族を追放し、大院君を再び担ぎだして政権を樹立して日本に清軍の朝鮮からの撃退を要請させるためであった。
- The purpose was to obtain justification for opening a war by pushing the Ming family out of the Korean government to get Daewongun to again hold power and request that Japan drive back the Qing army from Korea.
- 朝鮮総督府庁舎が完成すると街から宮殿は見えなくなり、これらにより朝鮮民族(朝鮮人)にとって総督府庁舎は屈辱的な歴史の象徴ともいわれるようになった。
- When the Chosen Sotoku-fu building was completed, the palace got out of sight from the town, which made the Sotoku-fu building called a symbol of the humiliating history for the Korean people (the Koreans).
- 709年には隼人の朝貢制度が始まり、朝廷において蝦夷とともに異民族たる「夷狄」が服属していることを示し、国家の儀礼において重要な役割を与えられた。
- In 709, the Hayato people began to pay tribute to the imperial court, asserting that Ezo and 'iteki '(barbarians) - who were considered different race - were to be subjugated, and thus given important role in National ceremonies.
- また、武家台頭による下級貴族の没落もあり、朝臣は、序列付けの為の姓(かばね)としての意味を失ってしまい、公式文書で使う形式的なものになっていった。
- Also, with the fall of lower-ranked nobles due to the rise of the warrior class to power, Asomi lost its meaning in the sense of kabane used to rank status, and it became a formality which was used for official documents.
- 以上が「甲子の宣」の大氏、小氏、伴造氏の発展形であり、その間にさらに氏族の再編が進められ、朝臣52氏、宿禰50氏、忌寸11氏に収(おさ)められた。
- Those described above are a developed form of Ouji, Kouji, and Tomo no Miyatsuko in 'Kasshi no Sen' and the clan system was further reorganized to include 52 clans of Ason, 50 clans of Sukune, and 11 clans of Imiki.
- この傾向は平安時代に一層強まり、802年(延暦21)良岑安世(桓武天皇の皇子)が良岑朝臣姓を賜ると、皇族や真人姓の中からも朝臣賜姓を望む者が増加。
- This trend strengthened in the Heian period and when YOSHIMINE no Yasuyo (the prince of Emperor Kanmu) was given the kabane of YOSHIMINE no Ason in 802, the number of people who were from the Imperial Family or had the kabane of Mahito increased who wanted to be given the kabane of Ason.
- 中唐以後均田制が崩壊すると、宮廷や貴族、武人、地方の豪族などが個人で田畠を財産として私有する風潮が強まり、各地で荘田・荘園が形成されるようになる。
- After the middle of Tang dynasty the equal-field system collapsed and the imperial court, aristocrats, warriors, local ruling families and so on increasingly tended to own the fields (of rice and other crops) as their asset and in various regions shoden (field within a manor) and shoen came to be formed.
- こうした古代・中世史研究の深まりとともに、農民ではなく貴族に武士のルーツを求める見方が生まれ、両者を繋ぐ概念として提起されたのが、軍事貴族である。
- A new understanding that the origin of the samurais was aristocrats instead of farmers grew as ancient and medieval studies progressed, and the concept of a military aristocracy was formed as a link between aristocrats and samurais.
- 「侍」という漢字には、元来 「貴族のそばで仕えて仕事をする」という意味があるが、武士に類する武芸を家芸とする技能官人を意味するのは日本だけである。
- The kanji (Chinese character) '侍' originally meant 'to be on hand to work for and serve an aristocrat,' and only in Japan is the word used to refer to ginou kanjin (culturally and academically accomplished palace officials) with military skills who belonged to the bushi class.
- 西南役(せいなんのえき)、丁丑の乱、十年戦争(鹿児島弁では「じねんのゆっさ」)、私学校戦争とも呼ばれ、明治初期の一連の士族反乱のうち最大規模のもの。
- Also known as Seinan no eki, Teichu no ran, Junen senso (in the Kagoshima dialect, Jinen no yussa), and Shigakko Senso, it was the biggest among a series of uprisings of warrior class broke out in the early Meiji period.
- 満州族による王朝である清は建国以来、父祖の地である満洲には漢民族を入れないという封禁政策を取り、中国内地のような目の細かい行政制度も採用しなかった。
- The Qing Dynasty was established by the Manchu, who forbade the ethnic Han from migrating into their native lands through an exclusion policy, and did not adopt specifically delineated administrative policies as they in Manchuria as they had in China.
- 同年、蝦夷とその子の入鹿は自分たちの陵墓の築造のために、天下の民を動員、聖徳太子の一族の領民も動員されたため太子の娘の大娘姫王はこれを嘆き抗議した。
- In the same year, Emishi and his son Iruka mobilized citizens including members of Prince Shotoku's family to construct their mausoleum, which made a daughter of Prince Shotoku, Princess Iratsume, very angry.
- 遊牧民族であるモンゴル人は船上の戦法を心得ておらず、モンゴル軍が有効に活用し、連戦連勝を重ねてきた得意の騎馬隊を上陸戦のため使うことができなかった。
- Since the Mongols were a nomadic people, they were not familiar with conducting battle in ships, and also could not use their cavalry, which they had been using well to achieve successive victories.
- ところが、律令政治の変質とともに貴族・官人社会において求められるのは、実務文章の作成能力よりも漢詩などの文学文章の作成能力に移るようになっていった。
- Meanwhile, with a change in quality of the ritsuryo political system, what was required in the society of nobles and government officials changed from the ability of business writing to that of literary writing, such as composing Chinese poetry.
- ほぼ同時に宮中の改革も行われ、旧来の宮中職や女官は廃され、士族を中心とした侍従らが明治天皇を武断的な改革君主にふさわしい天皇に養育することとなった。
- The reform of the Imperial court was implemented at almost the same time, and in this reform, a number of positions from the former imperial court, including court ladies, were abolished, and palace staff mainly consisting of 'warrior class' educated Emperor Meiji so he could become fit for the role of a militaristic reform leader.
- 天皇・王族は、私的所有地である屯倉と私的支配民である名代・子代などを保有し、豪族らは、私的所有地である田荘と私的支配民である部曲などを保有していた。
- The emperors and royal families owned Miyake as their privately-owned domains and Nashiro and Koshiro as their privately-ruled people while gozoku families owned Tadokoro as their privately-owned domains and Kakibe as their privately-ruled people.
- ヤマト王権が成熟し、大王家を中心として有力氏族の職掌や立場が次第に確定していく中で、各有力者の職掌や地位を明示するために付与されたと考えられている。
- It is believed that they were given to powerful clans to show their ranks and official duties as they began solidifying their positions in relation to Royal Family when Yamato sovereignty became stable.
- 豪族(ごうぞく)とは、国家や諸侯などの広域政権の領域の内部に存在し、ある地方において多くの土地や財産や私兵を持ち一定の地域的支配権を持つ一族である。
- Gozoku refers to a family who existed within a broader-based political power of a nation, lords and so on, had many lands, properties and private soldiers in a region, and had a certain level of regional sovereignty.
- 承平天慶の乱の鎮圧・追討に勲功のあった者、すなわち承平天慶勲功者の大半は、貴族の血統に属するとはいっても、極めて低い官位にある中下級の官人であった。
- Those who distinguished themselves in the suppression of the Johei and Tengyo War, meaning the majority of Johei Tengyo kunkosha (people who distinguishably served in the Johei and Tengyo War), were aristocrats but in fact were middle or low class officers at extremely low government positions.
- 大和政権が拡大するに従い、大和政権も異民族を服従させていることを当時の中国にアピールするため、「蝦夷」という悪字を当てるようにしたというものである。
- This theory asserts that the Yamato Administration used the written expression '蝦夷' to call attention to China that the Yamato Administration was also holding the ethnic groups in subjection along with the expansion of the Administration.
- 王が自らの支配する土地を、自らが支配する人民(百姓)へ直接(中間支配者である豪族を介さずに)班給するというものであり、儒教的な理想を多分に含んでいた。
- The system was designed such that the sovereign would directly allot land to his people (peasants) without any intervention by powerful regional clans, the intermediate rulers between the sovereign and the people; in this, the system came very close to the Confucian ideal.
- 刑部(おさかべ)・額田部(ぬかたべ)など、王(宮)名のついた部のことで、伴造に統括される一種の品部であるが、特に王家・王族の所有である点が特徴である。
- Divisions named after names of kings (princes), such as osakabe and nukatabe, which were a kind of shinabe controlled by the tomonomiyatsuko, with a characteristic that they particularly belonged to the royal families.
- 旧刑法116条は日本の皇室に対して適用されるものであって、外国の皇族に対する犯罪は想定されておらず、法律上は一般人と全く同じ扱いにせざるを得なかった。
- The court judged that the article 116 could be applied to only the Japanese Imperial family, and it did not state about criminals against foreign imperial families, so they had to apply the law for ordinary people to the Nicholas's case.
- 実際、人民の負担が増加傾向にあるにもかかわらず、肝心の支配層、すなわち貴族階級は贅沢を続け政治から遠ざかっていくようになる、と教えられる時期も有った。
- In fact, it was taught that the burden on the people increased, while the ruling class, i.e., the noble class, continued living luxuriously and had less to do with the politics.
- その根底には、壮麗な都を建設することが、外国使節や蝦夷・隼人などの辺境民、そして地方豪族や民衆に対して天皇の徳を示すことに他ならずとする考えがあった。
- The basis for this decision was that construction of a grand capital would show emperor's virtue to foreign envoys, frontiersmen such as Ezo and Hayato, and local clans and people.
- 特に、北米、及び南米へ移民した日系人の中には、第二次世界大戦中に日系人の強制収容をされたり、戦後暫くも激しい民族差別を受ける立場にあった者が多かった。
- Many of the Japanese who immigrated to North and South America were sent to concentration camps during World War II and many suffered severe discrimination for a short while even after the war.
- そのため、南樺太に施行すべき法律を勅令で定めるほか、施行される法律については勅令により若干の地方的又は種族法的な性質を有する特例を設ける方式を採った。
- Thus, laws which should be enforced in Southern Sakhalin were specified by the imperial edicts, and for such laws the edicts also established some exceptions having regional or tribal characteristics.
- その後、両説を折衷する見解や地域差・民族問題などと関連付けて両説の並立の可能性を探る見解も出されているが、通説の確立には程遠い状況にあるとされている。
- Later, the viewpoint eclectically mixing both of the two theories and the viewpoint seeking the possibility of the compatibility between them linking with the regional differences, ethnic problems and so on was proposed, but it is far from establishment as a commonly accepted theory.
- 朝鮮半島でも統一新羅の時代より貴族や寺院による小規模な荘園が形成されていたが、本格化するのは武人政権の成立、モンゴル帝国の侵略が続いた高麗後期である。
- Also in the Korean Peninsula, small scaled shoens were formed by the aristocrats or temples from the unified Silla period, but they became fully in progress during the late Goryeo period when the military government was established and the attacks of the Mongolian Empire continued.
- なお、書名に『新撰』とつくのは、企画倒れで終わった『氏族志』のやりなおしという意味であって、『新撰姓氏録』以前に『姓氏録』が存在していたわけではない。
- Incidentally, the reason the title includes 'Shinsen' (newly compiled) is that it meant to indicate the re-compilation of 'Shizoku-shi' (a book containing information on the clans), which ended up just as a plan; consequently, it doesn't infer the existence of any previous edition of the clan-name register.
- そして、平知盛・平重衡率いる平氏の大軍によって、同年5月に宇治の平等院で源頼政一族は敗死することになるが、この挙兵が後6年間にわたる内乱の契機となる。
- Therefore, the large force of Taira clan troops led by TAIRA no Tomomori and TAIRA no Shigehira destroyed MINAMOTO no Yorimasa's family at Byodo-in Temple in Uji in May of that year, and this became the start of an internal rebellion that lasted for 6 years.
- 日本の古代には、令制国が成立する前に、土着の豪族である国造(くにのみやつこ)が治める国と、県主(あがたぬし)が治める県(あがた)が並立した段階があった。
- In Japanese ancient times, before the era of Ryosei province establishment, there was the stage in which the province ruled by kuninomiyatsuko or powerful regional clans and the agata (territory) ruled by agatanushi or local influential persons were compatible.
- しかし毎月30万円の遺族年金が支払われている日本人兵士に対し、日本国民を離脱した台湾人兵士にはそれ以上の支払いはなく、批判する声もある(高金素梅など)。
- While Japanese soldiers have received a 300,000 yen monthly pension, the Taiwanese soldiers who had renounced Japanese nationality received nothing except for choikin, of which fact some people including Sumei GAOJIN have been criticizing.
- このことから、狭々城山君の姓は陵戸とは無関係に存在していたと考えられ、実際には仁徳天皇の名代である雀部(ささきべ/ささべ)を祖先とする一族だと思われる。
- Consequently, it is thought that the family name of Sasakiyama gimi would have nothing to do with Misasagi no He but would instead be a family descended from Sasakibe (or Sasabe) owned by Emperor Nintoku.
- その藤原四兄弟が737年(天平9年)に天然痘の流行で相次いで死亡すると、皇族出身の橘諸兄が下道真備(のちの吉備真備)や僧玄ボウを参画させて政権を担った。
- After the four Fujiwara brothers died one after another in 737 because of an epidemic of smallpox, TACHIBANA no Moroe, who was from the Imperial Family, assumed control of the government by making SHIMOTSUMICHI no Makibi (later KIBI no Makibi) and the monk Genbo participate in the government.
- 葛西持信は光村に領地を与えて家臣とした(この時、下総に残った一族もかなりいたらしく、千葉県北部に及川氏が集中しており、現在の全及川氏の6%が千葉県人)。
- Mochinobu KASAI gave territories to Mitsumura and made him his retainer (at that time, many families seemed to remain in Shimousa; the OIKAWA clan concentrates in the northern part of Chiba Prefecture, and currently six percent of all OIKAWA clan are residents of Chiba Prefecture).
- この家族の処置にあたって特に苦難したといわれるのは若年の同志矢頭右衛門七で、赤穂退去後、矢頭家は大阪に移住していたが、ここで父矢頭長助が病死してしまう。
- The person who had the most difficulty was a young comrade Emoshichi YATO whose family had moved to Osaka after they left Ako, since he experienced his father Chosuke YATO's death due to sickness.
- しかしこのとき旧豊津藩士族は決起しない方針を固め、杉生らは監禁されており、談判中、豊津側の連絡を受けて到着した乃木希典率いる北九州市鎮台が秋月党を攻撃。
- However, as the warrior class of the former Toyotsu Domain decided not to rally at that time and Sugio and others were incarcerated, the Kitakyushu City Chindai Army, led by Maresuke NOGI, who had arrived on receiving the correspondence from the Toyotsu side, attacked the Akizuki-to party during the negotiation.
- (馬子の本居(ウブスナ)が葛城県だったことから、稲目の妻は葛城氏の出で、その血統に連なることにより、天皇へ妃を輩出出来る一族に連なったとする説もある)。
- (It is speculated that the Soga clan became one of the noble families from which the Emperor's wives were chosen by virtue of their blood ties and the fact that Umako's primary residence (Ubusuna) was in Katsuragi-ken, and Iname's wife was also from Katsuragi.)
- 鎌倉時代の関東御分国は、将軍家が知行国主として支配し、一族や御家人を朝廷に推挙して国司に任じ、国衙領(公領)を支配するとともに、国衙領からの収入を得た。
- The form of Kanto Gobunkoku in the Kamakura period was that the family/clan members or the retainers of the Kamakura bakufu were recommended to the Imperial Court for nomination as provincial officials, in order to rule the provinces as the officials of Kokugaryo (Imperial province) and properly earn revenue from the province.
- 結果、台湾を領有、大韓帝国を韓国併合、満州国を建国、南洋諸島を委任統治とするなど、アジア・オセアニア各地に急速に分布域を広げたために多民族国家となった。
- As a result, Japan became a multiracial nation due to a rapidly expanded range of settlement over various regions of Asia and Oceania, possessing Korea, annexing the Korean Empire, building Manchukuo, and putting the South Sea Islands under mandate.
- 安達泰盛は幕府創設以来の有力御家人安達氏の一族で、北条氏得宗家の外戚として執権北条時宗を支え、越訴、御恩奉行などの重職を歴任した幕政の中心人物であった。
- Yasumori ADACHI was a member of the Adachi clan, the senior vassals since the Kamakura government was established, and he supported the regent Tokimune HOJO as a maternal relative of the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan, and was a key figure experienced in important positions like an Ossobugyo (temporary position in charge of retrials and accepting appeals in Kamakura bakufu) and Goon bugyo (commissioner in charge of issuing the deed of rewards.)
- 明治から昭和の初めまでは、明治初期からの代々の家族が全て同じ戸籍に記され、4代くらいに渡って兄弟姉妹、配偶者、其々の子供、子孫ら家族全てが記されていた。
- From the Meiji period to the early Showa period, families through successive generations were recorded in the same family register, including all the brothers, sisters, spouses, their children and grandchildren of those families over about four generations.
- さらにいえば、日本の砲艦外交的姿勢は無論朝鮮の屈服を促すものであったが、同時に日本国内の「征韓論」を唱える不平士族の溜飲を下げることも狙ったものであった。
- Moreover, the gunboat diplomatic attitude of Japan was of course an attempt at urging Korea to submit, but at the same time it aimed to appease the complaints of the former samurai class who advocated the policy of conquering Korea by military force.
- そこで政府は事件を所轄する裁判官に対して旧刑法116条に規定する天皇や皇族に対して危害を与えたものに適用すべき大逆罪によって死刑を適用するよう働きかけた。
- Therefore, the Japanese government applied pressure to the Court to try Tsuda under Article 116 of the Criminal Code, which demanded death penalty for acts against the Emperor, or members of the Imperial family.
- ヤマト王権はこれらの渡来人や全国各地の豪族たちを徐々に組織化していくとともに(部民制の形成)中央の豪族層を大臣 (日本)・連を頂点として系列化していった。
- The Yamato Kingdom gradually organized these settlers and the regional ruling elite (the formation of the bemin system) and placed the central ruling families in the top oomi and muraji positions.
- 一方で士族反乱に参加した士族の大半は金禄公債証書発行以前から政府を批判しており、また決起の趣旨に秩禄処分が挙げられているケースが少ない事も指摘されている。
- However, some people insists that most of the former warriors who joined the revolts had criticized the government since before the issuance of the public bond, and their reason for joining the revolts was not Chitsuroku-shobun.
- このため、且元の弟・片桐貞隆から始まる小泉藩の一族・片桐貞就を養嗣子として迎えて後を継がせたが、この貞就も元禄7年(1694年)2月に17歳の若さで死去。
- Hence, Sadanari KATAGIRI was adopted from Koizumi Domain, which was founded by Katsumoto's younger brother Sadataka KATAGIRI, but unfortunately became another heir dying young, passing away in February 1694 at the age of 17.
- 13世紀以降は、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代 (日本)、室町時代を通じて、大和民族の分布域は、北海道の渡島半島南部に定着した(渡党を参照)程度で、拡大は停滞した。
- After the 13th century, throughout the Kamakura period, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and the Muromachi Period, the distribution range of the Yamato race was set back in expansion, only settling in Oshima Peninsula in Hokkaido (refer to Watari-to).
- 六朝時代の南朝 (中国)では、別墅(べっしょ)・別業と呼ばれて江南貴族の中には数百頃の田畠を持つ者も存在したが、あくまでも別荘の一部として捉えられていた。
- In the Nan-Dynasty during the Rikucho period they were called bessho (villa) or betsugyo (villa), some of the Ciangnan aristocracy had hundreds of fields (of rice and other crops), but they were regarded as a part of the villa.
- 中には土佐の一条氏(土佐一条氏)のように、荘園領主である中央貴族が荘園支配を維持するため、荘園へ下向し、そのまま土着して戦国大名となってしまった例もある。
- Among them, like the Tosa Ichijo clan, some central aristocrats who were the lords of shoen went to the shoen to maintain the governance of shoen and were indigenized there to become Sengoku-daimyo.
- 武芸を職能とする下級貴族もまた、「兵(つわもの)の家」として武芸に特化した家柄を形成し、その中から軍事貴族という成立期武士の中核的な存在が登場していった。
- On the other hand, lower-ranked nobles whose function was to be skilled in the military arts had also developed their own family characteristics specialized in the military arts, and such families were called 'tsuwamono no ie' (literally, 'soldier family'). Subsequently, some of such families began to play a key role as the military elite at the dawn of samurai.
- 危機感を共有した支配階級は団結融和へと向かい、当時の天智天皇は豪族を再編成するとともに、官僚制を急速で整備するなど、挙国的な国制改革を精力的に進めていった。
- The ruling classes shared the sense of crisis and began to unite and reconcile with each other, while the emperor at the time, Emperor Tenji, energetically pushed forward nationwide constitutional reforms by reorganizing powerful clans and rapidly organizing the bureaucracy.
- 政府は、赤字財政健全化のため、生産活動をせずに俸禄を受けている特権階級の士族の廃止を目的に四民平等を謳い、1873年に徴兵制、1876年に秩禄処分を行った。
- To rebuild the deficit-ridden finance into a more sound one, the national government introduced a conscription system in 1873 and Chitsuroku-shobun (an abolition measure of hereditary stipend) in 1876, appealing equality of all people in order to abolish the warrior class, a privileged class the persons in which could receive salary without being engaged in any productive activity.
- 古代のウジは、血縁関係ないし血縁意識によって結ばれた多くの家よりなる同族集団で、有力家族の長が氏上(うじのかみ、うじがみ)となり、族長的な地位に立っていた。
- Ancient uji were peer groups of many families joined by blood relationships or blood consciousness, and the head of a powerful family became the head of the uji and occupied a position similar to the head of a clan.
- 摂津源氏の流れを汲む源頼行(源頼政の弟)を祖とする一族であり、頼行の孫である源頼連が鎌倉時代に越後国小国保(新潟県長岡市小国町)の地頭となり小国氏を称した。
- The first generation was MINAMOTO no Yoriyuki (a younger brother of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa), who was descended from Settsu Genji (Minamoto clan), and in the Kamakura period his grandchild MINAMOTO no Yoritsura became the jito (land steward) of Oguniho in Echigo Province (the present-day Oguni-cho, Nagaoka City, Nigata Prefecture) and took the name of Oguni.
- ヤマト王権(やまとおうけん)とは、古墳時代に「大王」(おおきみ)と呼称された大王 (ヤマト王権)といくつかの有力氏族が中心となって成立した王権・政権である。
- The Yamato Kingdom is a term used to refer to the royal authority and government that developed around a monarch, known as an okimi, and several powerful clans during the Kofun period (tumulus period).
- 尊卑文脈によれば、有光~四代目の世代(鎌倉前期)の頃に、陸奥石川氏は一族・庶流の分立を進め、城・館を築き石川庄の村々に一族の地頭を配置していったと思われる。
- According to Lineage Sects of Noble and Humble, during the period of the generations from Arimitsu to the fourth head of the clan (the early Kamakura period), the Mutsu Ishikawa clan seemed to have promoted separation of the clan and the illegitimate lineage, have built castles and residents and have posted managers and lords of the manors of the clan in hamlets in the Ishikawa village.
- 「侫人」(ねいじん)とは荒木村重や約束を守らない荒木久左衛門らを指しており、不便と思いながらも「荒木一族は武道人にあらず」と人質全員を処刑するように命じた。
- Sycophants' means Murashige ARAKI, Kyuzaemon ARAKI who did not keep his word, and so on, and although he felt pity, he ordered to execute all hostages telling 'Araki family are not samurai.'
- まず、大化以前の支配体制とされる私地私民制について、屯倉が王権を支える経営拠点であるように、田荘もまた豪族の政治的地位を支える農業経営拠点であると解される。
- First, in Shichi Shimin sei believed to have been the ruling system employed before the Taika era, tadokoro is understood to be the base for agricultural management that supported the political status of gozoku families as miyake was the management base that supported the sovereignty of the emperor.
- 伊藤は同年暮れに意見書を提出し、漸進的な改革と上院設置のための華族制度改革を提議した(後者は公家出身の岩倉が嫌う点であるが、伊藤は敢えて提出したのである)。
- Ito submitted written opinion and proposed gradual reform and reform of new peerage system to set up a upper house (IWAKIRA, who was from court noble family disliked the latter opinion but ITO submitted this daringly).
- このとき将軍徳川吉宗は、水野を秋元喬房に預かりとして改易に処しながらも切腹はさせず、また親族の水野忠穀に信濃国佐久郡7,000石を与えて水野家を再興させた。
- Although Shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA sentenced Mizuno to confinement at Takafusa AKIMOTO's residence and kaieki, he did not let him commit seppuku and restored the Mizuno family by giving his relative Tadayoshi MIZUNO 7,000 koku in Saku District, Shinano Province.
- 天皇の宮(首都)を飛鳥から難波宮(現在の大阪市中央区 (大阪市))に移し、蘇我氏など飛鳥の豪族を中心とした政治から天皇中心の政治への転換点となったとされる。
- The palace of Emperor (the capital city) was transferred from Asuka to Naniwanomiya Palace (present Chuo Ward, Osaka City), which is said to have become the turning point from the politics centered around Gozoku (local ruling families) such as the Soga clan to the politics centered around Emperor.
- 通説的には惣領制が崩壊し、庶子家が独自の動きを取り始めると一族一揆を結ぶことで庶子家との繋がりを維持したが、やがて地縁による国人一揆へと発展したと言われる。
- It is commonly accepted that when the Soryo system (a system in which the eldest son would succeed as head of the family) collapsed, the branch families began to act independently from the main line of the house, which led to them maintaining relationships with other branch families by forming ichizoku ikki (family ikki) with them, and this is said to have developed into the forming of kokujin ikki based on territorial connections.
- その後卒族が廃止されたのち卒族のうち上格の者は「士族」その他の者は農工商と同じく「平民」と戸籍に記載されその表記制度は1948年(昭和23年)まで残された。
- After the subsequent abolition of sotsuzoku, high-ranking members of sotsuzoku were recorded in their family register as 'shizoku' while others were recorded as 'heimin' (commoner) in the same manner as farmers, artisans, and merchants - a system which continued until 1948.
- 秀吉はすでに実子の誕生をあきらめて、養子の豊臣秀次(秀吉の甥)を後継者に指名していたが、文禄4年(1595年)に謀反の容疑で秀次およびその一族を全て処刑した。
- Hideyoshi, who had given up having his own biological child become his successor, designated his adopted son, Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI (Hideyoshi's nephew) to be his successor, and executed Hidetsugu and his family on suspicion of a rebellion in 1595.
- しかし治承・寿永の乱において目立った活躍がなかった大和源氏は、これ以降は地方豪族の域を出ることができず、中世を通じて次第に纏まりを失い、諸国に拡散していった。
- However, Yamato-Genji didn't demonstrate much military prowess in the Jisho-Juei War, and subsequently they just continued as a powerful regional clan; throughout the middle ages they gradually lost their unity and spread out to other districts.
- しかし、日清戦争後は高山らの国体論が徐々に浸透してゆき、天皇機関説事件以後は「君民一体の一大家族国家」(文部省「国体の本義」)として、ほぼ国定の解釈となった。
- But, after the Sino-Japanese War, the national polity theory of Takayama gradually became popular, and after the Emperor Organ Theory Incident, 'Japan was one large family where all the Imperial members and subjects belonged' ('Cardinal principles of the National Entity of Japan' by the Ministry of Education) became an official doctrine.
- 一族や家臣と合議した結果、叔父の伊集院新右衛門は旧領の安堵を請うべきとしたが、元・紀州根来寺の僧で、広済寺住職となっていた客将の白石永仙は徹底抗戦を主張した。
- After discussions with his family and vassals, his uncle Shinemon IJUIN argued that they should secure their lands, but the visiting warrior, Eisen SHIRAISHI, who had been a monk at Kishu (the present-day Wakayama Prefecture) Negoro-ji Temple and was the head monk at Kosai-ji Temple, asserted that they should resist to the last.
- しかし長宗我部元親による土佐統一が現実味を帯びてくると、四万十川以東の豪族が次々と元親に下り、一条氏の影響地域は四万十川下流域と以西に押し込められてしまった。
- However as the unification of Tosa by Motochika CHOSOKABE became increasingly realistic, the local clans who were in the area east of the Shimanto-gawa River turned to Motochika for alliance, and as such, the area where the Ichijo clan could exert their influence was contained within the areas downstream and west of the Shimanto-gawa River.
- 年に行われた維新功労者に対する賞典禄の支給により74万5750石、20万3376両の出費となり、華士族に対する家禄支給は歳出の30パーセント以上を占めていた。
- In 1869, the Meiji government spent a total of 745,750 koku plus 203,376 ryo (Japanese currency unit) to pay Shotenroku, a special privilege for people who rendered distinguished services for the restoration, and payment of Karoku, stipends paid to nobles and samurai warriors, accounted for more than 30% of government's total expenditure.
- また、鎌倉時代には津軽地方の豪族である安東氏が、鎌倉幕府の執権北条氏より蝦夷管領(または蝦夷代官)に任ぜられ、これら3種の蝦夷を統括していたとする記録もある。
- Another record states that the Ando clan, the Gozoku (local ruling family) in the Tsugaru region, was appointed as an Ezo Kanrei (or Ezo Daikan (local governor)) by the Hojo clan, the regent of the Kamakura bakufu, and that it controlled these three Ezo groups in the Kamakura period.
- 軍事貴族は、承平天慶期より継続的に在地の郡司・富豪百姓・田堵負名層との関係を構築していたため、国内軍事力の編成に関しては、通常の受領よりも格段に有利であった。
- Since military aristocrats started to establish relationships with local gunji, wealthy farmers, and tato fumyo in the Johei Tengyo period, they had a much greater advantage than regular zuryo in terms of raising provincial troops.
- 西南戦争(せいなんせんそう)とは、1877年(明治10年)に現在の熊本県・宮崎県・大分県・鹿児島県において西郷隆盛を盟主にして起こった士族による武力反乱である。
- The Seinan War was an armed uprising of warrior class led by Takamori SAIGO occurred in present Kumamoto, Miyazaki, Oita, and Kagoshima Prefectures in 1877.
- 加えて試験を受ける学生と特定の有力貴族が通じて、学生側から有力者への利益供与などと引換にその権力を背景に省試や秀才試合格を得ようとする例も見られるようになった。
- In addition, there were cases in which students taking the exam conspired with certain nobles and persons of influence would exercise the power to let the students get through shoshi as well as the difficult official appointment examination for the 'shusai' rank in exchange for some benefits from those students.
- 新宮氏は応永9年(1402年)には加納氏を滅ぼし、また、同族の北田城主・北田上総介と結んで蘆名氏と戦うが、応永16年(1409年)に北田氏は蘆名氏に滅ぼされた。
- The Shingu clan destroyed the Kano clan in 1402, aligned with KITADA Kazusanosuke of the same family, the lord of Kitada-jo Castle, and fought against the Ashina clan, but in 1409 the Kitada clan was destroyed by the Ashina clan.
- 荒木久左衛門が開城を決意したのは、織田信長から講和の呼びかけがあり「荒木村重が尼崎城と花隈城を明け渡すならば、本丸の家族と家臣一同の命は助ける」とした為である。
- The reason why Kyuzaemon ARAKI made his mind to surrender was that Nobunaga ODA made a peace proposal on condition that, if Murashige ARAKI would surrender Amagasaki-jo Castle and Hanakuma-jo Castle, lives of family members and subordinates in honmaru would be saved.
- 当時の李氏朝鮮は、壬午軍乱(1882年)で興宣大院君が清へ連れ去られており、閔妃をはじめとする驪興閔氏一族は、親日派政策から清への事大主義へと方向転換していた。
- At that time in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, as Heungseon Daewongun was abducted to Qing under the Imo Incident (1882), the Min clan of Yeoheung, including the Empress Myeongseong, had turned to serving the great Qing from the pro-Japanese policy.
- 戸主の権限は家の統率者としての権限であるため、同じ親族であり、親等が同じであったとしても、同じ家に属するか否かにより戸主による統率を受けるか否かが異なってくる。
- Because a head of a family has rights as leader of a family, even relatives which have the same level of degree of relationship must follow the head of the family as long as they live in the same household.
- この状況が一時的に崩れるのは戦国時代 (日本)であり、大和民族は日本人として世界各国と貿易するようになり、これまでの価値観とは全く異なるものに触れるようになる。
- In the Sengoku period, the situation changed temporarily as the Yamato race began trading with foreign countries as Japanese, being exposed to something different from their traditional values.
- 同法は墾田の永年私有を認めるものだったため、資本を持つ中央貴族・大寺社・地方の富豪(かつての豪族層)は活発に開墾を行い、大規模な土地私有が出現することとなった。
- As the law admitted a permanent ownership of cultivated lands, central aristocrats, large temples and shrines and local rich men (formerly the class of gozoku), who had capital, actively cultivated lands and then a large scale private ownership of land appeared.
- この結果、10世紀後半の貴族社会において、承平天慶の乱の勲功者とその子孫たちは軍事に特化した家系、すなわち兵の家(つわもののいえ)として認知されるようになった。
- As a result, in aristocratic society of the later half of the 10th century, Johei Tengyo kunkosha and their descendants became known as families specialized in military affairs called tsuwamono-no-ie.
- このうち、国司には中央から派遣されたが、郡司・里長はかつての在地首長である地域の豪族層が終身官として任命され、実質上自分の支配地域を行政単位として認められていた。
- The provincial governor was sent from the central government, whereas the local magistrate or village chief was appointed for life from local powerful clans who had ruled the area, which virtually meant that they were approved to govern the areas they originally ruled as administrative districts of the central government.
- 源頼朝が鎌倉に武家政権を打ち立てると、頼朝は清和源氏一族内で、特に功績を認めた者だけに源姓を名乗ることを許可し、他の源氏一族が公式の場で源姓を名乗ることを禁じた。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established the military government in Kamakura, Yoritomo allowed those who had been credited for their distinguished services among the Seiwa-Genji the permission to use the Minamoto family name, but he prohibited other Genji clans from using the name at formal occasions.
- 令制国は、旧来の国造・豪族の支配範囲や山稜・河川に沿って境界画定作業が行われたが、境界はなかなか定まらず、後の天智天皇の頃にようやく令制国が画定することとなった。
- Although attempts were made to demarcate the ryoseikoku provinces by boundaries based on domains conventionally ruled by Kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) and gozoku, mountain ridges or rivers, the demarcation of the provinces could hardly come to a conclusion and it was not until the regime of Emperor Tenchi had began that the demarcation was finalized.
- 地租改正による農民一揆と並び、神風連の乱や西南戦争(1877年)など明治初期の士族反乱は、秩禄処分により収入が激減した士族階級の不平が原因であった考えられている。
- Like peasant uprising caused by the land-tax reform, revolts by former samurai warriors, such as Shimpuren-no-ran War (turmoil of Shimpuren, a dissatisfied warrior group) and the Seinan War (1877), were led by former warriors who suffered from drastic reduction of their income caused by Chitsuroku-shobun.
- それに加え、家族の身分関係の変動(婚姻、養子縁組など)について戸主の同意を必要とするものがあったため、家族が家を去るか否かにつき戸主の意向に左右されることになる。
- In addition, regarding changes of status (due to marriage, adoption or other backgrounds) family members need agreement of their head of a family, so the decision of leaving the household is made by the head of the family.
- よく言われるように貴族に仕える存在として認識された武士を侍と呼んだと言うよりもむしろ、上層武士を除く大多数の武士が侍身分の一角を形成したと言った方が正確であろう。
- It is more accurate to say that the majority of bushi, except for upper-class bushi, formed a part of the samurai status, rather than that the bushi who were recognized as those who served the aristocrats were called samurai, as they say.
- 鎌倉時代初期の多田経実に始まり大和国の国人(衆徒)として存続した多田氏は源満仲の後裔と伝え代々佐比山城に拠ったが、別族とも取れる記述が見られるなど系譜が明確でない。
- The Tada clan, as founded by Tsunezane TADA in the early Kamakura period, existed in Yamato Province (today's Nara Prefecture) as local samurai, and this clan, which is said to have comprised descendants of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, maintained a foothold at Sahiyama-jo Castle for generations; however, in some historical sources there are depictions that can be taken to mean that this lineage had nothing to do with the Tada clan mentioned above, so the detail of this lineage is unclear.
- 寛正4年(1463年)12月に、信濃守護職を得た越後守護上杉房定の一族上杉右馬頭が高井郡高橋(中野市西条)に攻め入った際には、高梨政高がこれを討取ってしまっている。
- Masataka TAKANASHI defeated Uesugi Umanokami (Captain of the Right Division of Bureau of Horses), who was the appointed Shinano governor, a member of Fusasada UESUGI, Echigo governor when Umanokami invaded Takahashi, Takai County (Saijo, Nakano City).
- しかしその年のうちに政盛が死去、越後では為景と新守護上杉定実の争いが起き、近隣の井上一族を始め北信濃の国人衆が上杉方に付き、唯一の長尾方として孤立していく事となる。
- However, Masamori died within the year, the conflict between Tamekage and Sadazane UESUGI, a new governor, took place in Echigo, local lords in northern Shinano (including the neighboring Inoue family) sided with the Uesugi, and the Takanashi clan was isolated as the Nagao side.
- 近世の大和民族は、世界的に見ても識字率が高い民族であり、江戸時代に海外から来日した外国人は、大和民族が身分や男女の別なく文字が読める事を驚きと共に本国に伝えている。
- In modern times, the Yamato race has such a high literacy rate on a global basis that a foreigner who came to Japan in the Edo period reported that he was surprised that the Yamato people were able to read regardless of their status or sex.
- 戸主は、家の統率者として家族に対する扶養義務を負う(ただし、配偶者、直系卑属、直系尊属による扶養義務のほうが優先)ほか、主に以下のような権能(戸主権)を有していた。
- A head of a family has duty of support for family members, as leader of a family (however, the duty of support by a spouse, direct descendants, and direct ancestors are prioritized.), and the other capabilities and powers of a head of a family are listed below.
- 元来は有力貴族や諸大夫に仕える位階六位どまりの下級技能官人層(侍品さむらいほん)を指すが、次第にその中でも武芸を職能とする技能官人である武士を指すことが多くなった。
- Originally, this was a term for the class of low-ranking technical palace officials up to the sixth rank who worked for aristocracy and Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo), but eventually was used to define the bushi, who were technical palace officials with military skills.
- しかし『伊勢物語』とは異なり統一的な主人公はおらず、各段ごとに和歌にまつわる説話や、当時の天皇・貴族・僧ら実在の人物による歌語りが連なった歌物語の集成となっている。
- However, without setting a specific leading character like 'Ise Monogatari,' this literary work collects narratives relating to waka poems and uta-monogatari consisting of a series of poems composed by real people like emperors, nobles, Buddhist priests in those days, each of which is compiled in a chapter.
- しかしながら、有力な支配下豪族や他国の領主との外交においては、有力家臣を「取り次ぎ役」することは当時としては一般的であり、単なる伝令とするのは事実誤認との指摘もある。
- However, at that time, it was ordinary to have a powerful retainer play the role of the 'messenger,' in negotiations with powerful local clans under control or with lords of other provinces, and therefore, it is pointed out as well that it would not be correct to consider him simply as an orderly officer.
- 稲田側に対しては、この事件を口実に北海道静内町と色丹島の配地を与えるという名目で、兵庫県管轄の士族として移住開拓を命じ、彼らは荒野の広がる北の大地へと旅立っていった。
- For the Inada side, the government used this incident as an excuse to order them to migrate as warrior class in Hyogo Prefecture jurisdiction, under the guise of granting the territory in Sizunai-cho, Hokkaido and Shikotan-to Island, and the Inada clan went to the wild North districts.
- たとえば、金海金氏の場合、金官伽耶王族を祖とする本貫と沙也可などを祖とする贈金海金氏、新羅王族の末裔を称し、金海を本貫にした金氏(後に金寧金氏と改称した)が存在した。
- For example, in the case of the Gimhae Kim clan, there was the hongan having the royal family of Gimgwan Gaya as its founder, the Jeung Gimhae Kim clan having Sayaka as its founder, and the Kim clan (they later changed their name to the Gimnyeong Kim clan) claimed themselves as the descendants of the royal family of Silla and having Gimhae as its hongan.
- その結果、西郷や板垣らの征韓派は一斉に下野(征韓論政変または明治六年政変)し、1874年の佐賀の乱から1877年の西南戦争に至る士族反乱や自由民権運動の起点となった。
- In consequence, Saigo, Itagaki and others who supported Seikanron went into opposition (this incident is called the 'Seikanron Coup' or the 'Coup of 1873'), and they became leaders of the revolt by Shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors) from Saga War in 1874 to Satsuma Rebellion or the Freedom and People's Right Movement.
- 士族を中心にした西郷軍に、徴兵を主体とした政府軍が勝利したことで、士族出身の兵士も農民出身の兵士も戦闘力に違いはないことが実証され、徴兵制による国民皆兵体制が定着した。
- The fact that the government army, mostly composed of conscripted soldiers, won the war against Saigo's army, mainly consisted of persons in the warrior class, verified that the fighting ability of soldiers from the warrior class and that of those from farmers were not different; accordingly, a system of general conscription was established.
- 時の大審院(現在の最高裁判所)院長の児島惟謙は法治国家として法は遵守されなければならないとする立場から、「刑法に外国皇族に関する規定はない」として政府の圧力に反発した。
- The chief justice of Daishin-in (the predecessor of the Supreme Court of Japan), Korekata KOJIMA insisted that Japan was liable for compliance with the law as a law-abiding country, and said 'there was no penal code for criminal cases against foreign imperial families' to resist the pressure of the government.
- が、治承・寿永の乱に嫡流であった多田行綱が源頼朝に疎まれ多田荘の所領を没収されると衰退し、以後一族の動向を伝える史料は断片的なものとなっている(多田源氏の項目も参照)。
- However, the lineage went into decline when Yukitsuna TADA, who belonged to the clan's lineage of the eldest son, was shunned and deprived of the real estate in Tada during the Jisho-Juei War by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and thereafter the historical materials making mention of what happened to the clan became fragmentary (see the article of 'Tada-Genji').
- 19日の歌舞伎座での憲政擁護第1回大会では、政友会、国民党の代議士や新聞記者のほか実業家や学生も参加し、約3,000の聴衆を集めて「閥族打破、憲政擁護」を決議している。
- In the first rally of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism held at Kabuki-za Theater on December 19, many people took part, such as the Diet members of the Seiyukai and the Rikken Kokuminto (Constitutional National Party, hereinafter referred to the Kokuminto), journalists, businessmen, students and about 3,000 audiences, and they adopted a resolution that 'cliques should be overthrown and that constitutionalism should be defended.'
- 桓武朝では式家一族は重用され、宇合四男の藤原田麻呂は事実上の臣下最高位であった左大臣にまで昇進し、三男藤原清成の子である藤原種継は長岡京造営の事業を一任されるなどした。
- During the Emperor Kanmu period, family members of Fujiwara Shikike were appointed to important positions; FUJIWARA no Tamaro, the forth son of Umakai, was promoted to Sadaijin (Minister of the left) which was practically the highest position among vassals, while FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, son of Umakai's third son FUJIWARA no Kiyonari, was in charge of building Nagaoka-kyo (Japan's short-lived eighth century capital).
- 中央の有力豪族が中心である臣に対して連の姓を名乗る氏族は、朝廷の役職と直結しており、大伴氏も物部氏も古来からヤマト王権の軍事を束ねる役割をしていた氏族だと言われている。
- Unlike the kabane of Omi that were mostly the influential ruling clans in the capital, the clans with the kabane of Muraji were directly connected to the posts of the Imperial Court and it is said that the Otomo and the Mononobe clans were those who were in charge of the military affairs for the Yamato sovereignty from ancient times.
- しかし馬子の死後に、蘇我氏に対する皇族や諸豪族の反感が高まって蘇我氏の政治基盤が動揺し、それを克服しようとして入鹿による強権政治に繋がった、という見方も少なからずある。
- However, there are also those who view Iruka's hard-line politics as having been motivated by his desire to overcome the weakness of a political base undermined by antipathy among the Imperial family and other influential families towards the Soga clan after the death of SOGA no Umako.
- 同時に初等教育においても「内地人」、「本島人」という民族による区分が廃止され「日本語を常用する児童」が小学校に、「日本語を常用しない児童」が公学校に入学することとなった。
- At the same time, segregation by ethnicity 'Naichi jin' and 'Honto jin' was discontinued in the elementary education system, and the children who always used Japanese attended elementary schools and those who did not always use Japanese attended Kogakko.
- 日本は中国と戦争を行っていたことから、台湾の漢民族を兵士として採用することには反対が多かったが、兵力不足からやむをえず志願兵制、そして1945年からは徴兵制が施行された。
- As Japan was fighting a war with China, many objected to accept the Taiwanese of the Han race as soldiers, but the shortage of soldiers caused the government to introduce the volunteer soldier system and then the draft system in 1945.
- しかし、この記事が、ヤマト王権において、服属させた周辺の豪族を県主として把握し、県主によって支配される領域を県(アガタ)と呼んでいたことを伝えていると考えることはできる。
- However, it can be thought that these articles refer to the fact that, during the Yamato Dynasty, powerful families of areas loyal to the court were controlled by being appointed agatanushi and that the areas ruled by agatanushi were called agata.
- また、同じく韓国で2003年、黄砂の飛来する前後に行われた疫学調査では、尿の成分測定で多環芳香族炭化水素(PAH)に属する発ガン性物質が平均で25%増加したと発表された。
- Also in South Korea, it is reported in 2003 that analyses of urine samples in epidemiological investigations conducted before and after kosa arrived showed that carcinogens belonging to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) increased by 25 percent on average when kosa arrived.
- 西郷軍の白兵戦が強かったのは、地の利が西郷軍にあったことと、幼い頃より刀剣に慣れ親しんでいた士族と、訓練されたとはいえ数年程度の徴集兵では錬度に雲泥の差があったからである。
- The reasons why Saigo's army was stronger in hand-to-hand fights are considered as follows: Saigo's army occupied a vantage ground, and there was a tremendous difference in the sword-handling ability between the warrior class, who had been familiar with handling swords, and the conscripted soldiers, who had had only a few years of sword-handling training.
- なお、北海道の記録は古く斉明天皇の時代阿倍比羅夫の遠征まで遡り、鎌倉時代には大和民族が住み道南十二館の時代を経、江戸時代には松前藩領や天領となっていた地域に最後に置かれた。
- A record of Hokkaido could date back to the expedition by ABE no Hirafu in the time of Emperor Saimei, and the Yamato race lived there during the Kamakura period, and after the time of Donanjunitate, Hokkaido was finally located in where the Matsumae Domain and the Imperial manor had been in the Edo period.
- この地方統治構造の変化と共に登場した武士は、その初期の一部において、例えば平将門などのように豪族的な性格を持つものであるが、古代史と同様な意味合いでの豪族しては扱われない。
- Samurai appeared along with this change in the structure of local governance, and some had a character of Gozoku like TAIRA no Masakado, in part of the initial stages, but were not treated as Gozoku in the meaning same as that in the ancient history.
- 天孫降臨の時に先導を行った天忍日命(あめのおしひのみこと)の子孫とされ、佐伯氏とは同族関係であるとされている(一般には佐伯氏を大伴氏の分家とするが、その逆とする説もある)。
- It is said that the clan descended from Ameno Oshihi-no-Mikoto, who served as a guide in Tensonkorin (the descent to Earth of the grandson of the Sun Goddess) and had a kindred relationship with the Saeki clan (the Saeki clan was generally regarded as a branch family of the Otomo clan, though some say the opposite is true).
- 実権を握った平頼綱は泰盛の弘安改革を否定し、幕府の人事は得宗を頂点に北条氏 (大仏流)、北条氏 (名越流)を中心に北条一族の支配となり、足利氏ら旧来の御家人の姿は無かった。
- TAIRA no Yoritsuna held a real power and rejected Yasumori's Koan reform, and the most of the positions in the bakufu were occupied by the Hojo family, with Tokuso at the top and the Osaragi line of the Hojo clan and the Nagoe line of the Hojo clan at the center, and no important positions were given to old gokenin like the Ashikaga clan.
- 確かに源平藤橘といった貴族を起源とする武士や技術としての武芸については説明ができるが、彼らの職能を支える経済的基盤としての所領や人的基盤としての主従関係への説明が弱すぎる。
- Certainly the bushi who originated from the aristocrats such as genpeitokitsu (shortened expression of four major families) or the military arts as a technique can be explained, but the explanation of the shoryo as economic base which supported their samurai function or the master-subordinate relationship as a human base is too weak.
- ここで注意しなくてはならないことは、清和源氏が武家の棟梁という地位を得たのは、その武勇によってというよりも、摂関家への奉仕という中央貴族の内部事情に起因するという点である。
- It should be noted here that Seiwa-Genji became the leader of samurai families not because of their bravery but because of internal affairs of central aristocrats such as contributions to the regent family.
- 「天神」に分類された姓氏は藤原氏、大中臣氏など246氏、「天孫」は尾張氏、出雲氏など128氏(隼人系の氏族は天孫に分類される。)、「地祇」は安曇氏、弓削氏など30氏がある。
- The clans classified as 'Tenjin' include 246 clans including the Fujiwara and Onakatomi clans; those classified as 'Tenson' include 128 clans, among which are the Owari and Izumo clans (clans of the Hayato family are classified as Tenson); and those classified as 'Chigi' include 30 clans including the Azumi and Yuge clans.
- また、この争乱は、一族や家族、地域の共同体という横の絆と、主君と家臣という縦の絆の相克があり、命を懸けて戦った武士の全てが源氏や平氏という特定氏族に収斂されるわけでもない。
- Additionally, this war was a conflict between the ties amongst clan, family, and regional community, and the ties between lords and vassals, and all of the warriors who fought for their lives can not simply be classified into specific clans such as Minamoto or Taira.
- しかし、高梨氏は仁科氏と同じく中原兼遠の婿になっていたので、この婚姻関係によって執るべき軍事行動が変化(男系親族井上氏に従わず、外戚中原氏へ加担)したということも考えられる。
- However, a member of the Takanashi clan (as well as one from the Nishina clan) was a son-in-law of Kaneto NAKAHARA, so that the relation by marriage may have made the Takanashi clan join the army of the Nakahara clan, a consort clan, instead of the Inoue clan, the paternal relative.
- 一方、中国語発音を考慮すると、当時の中国が異民族の音を記す時、「呼」は「wo」をあらわす例があり(匈奴語の記述例など)、卑弥呼は「ピミウォ」だったのではないかとする説もある。
- Considering Chinese pronunciations, for example, '呼' can be read as 'wo' (as demonstrated in examples of writing Xiongnu, and so on), so there is an opinion that Himiko might have been pronounced 'Pimiwo.'
- 1935年(昭和10年)、貴族院 (日本)議員で陸軍中将の菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)が、当時通説的地位を持っていた統治機構に関する学説である天皇機関説を、国体に反するものと非難。
- At that time, the emperor organ theory was commonly accepted as evidence of the emperor's sovereignty, but in 1935, a member of the House of Peers and lieutenant general, Takeo KIKUCHI criticized the treaty for going against the national polity.
- 官吏任用叙級令施行に伴ふ官吏に対する叙位及び叙勲並びに貴族院及び衆議院の議長、副議長、議員又は市町村長及び市町村助役に対する叙勲の取扱に関する件(昭和21年5月3日閣議決定)
- On treatment of the bestowal of the honors and an order on government officials, and the bestowal of an order on the President, the Vice-President, and members of the House of Peers, the Speaker, the Deputy-Speaker, and members of the House of Representatives, and the mayors and deputy mayors of cities, towns, and villages as enforcement of the government official class bestowal act (Cabinet approval on May 2, 1946)
- 討ち入りに参加した藩士が義士として称えられれば称えられるほど、その反動として、討ち入りに参加しなかった者とその家族に対しては幕末まで厳しい批判が向けられることになっていった。
- As people who participated in the raid were praised more and more as loyal retainers, those who did not participate including their families were facing severe criticism until the end of Edo period.
- この反乱は、秩禄処分や廃刀令により、明治政府への不満を暴発させた一部士族による反乱の嚆矢となる事件で、この事件に呼応して秋月の乱、萩の乱が発生し、翌年の西南戦争へとつながる。
- This rebellion was an incident to start revolts by some members of the warrior class who burst their dissatisfaction against the Meiji Government because of the abolition measure of hereditary stipend and the law banning the wearing of swords, and in response to this incident, the Akizuki-no-ran War and the Hagi-no-ran War occurred, resulting in the Nansei War of the following year.
- 市街地の宅地は、位階によって大きさが決められ、高級貴族が占める4町のものを筆頭として、2町・1町・1/2町・1/4町・1/8町・1/16町・1/32町などの宅地が与えられた。
- The residential land of urban areas was divided based on one's rank, which allowed the high rank nobles to have 4 towns, and the rest were followed by 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 town.
- 現在の兵庫県神戸市中央区 (神戸市)には、楠木正成・正季兄弟終焉の地として正成ら楠木一族を祭神に祀った湊川神社があり、徳川光圀自筆の「嗚呼忠臣楠子之墓」の石碑などが存在する。
- In modern day Chuo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture, Minatogawa-jinja Shrine enshrining Masashige and the KUSUNOKI family stands on the place in which the brothers Masashige and Masasue KUSUNOKI died, and there are stone monuments such as 'A Shushin Nanshi no Haka' (the grave of loyal subject Nanshi) written by Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA himself.
- 諸蕃氏族は、さらに5分類され、「漢」として163氏、「百済」として104氏、「高麗」(高句麗を指す)として41氏、「新羅」として9氏、「任那」として9氏がそれぞれ挙げられる。
- The clans of Shoban are further divided into five types: 'Han,' which includes 163 clans; 'Kudara,' which includes 104 clans; 'Goryeo' (meaning Goguryeo), which includes 41 clans; 'Silla,' which includes nine clans; and 'Mimana,' which also includes nine clans.
- 江戸の開発は、平安時代後期に武蔵国の秩父地方から出て川越市から入間川 (埼玉県)(現荒川 (関東))沿いに平野部へと進出してきた桓武平氏を称する秩父党の一族によって始められた。
- Edo was founded in the late Heian Period by a clan of the Chichibu party that claimed the name of Kanmu-Heishi (the Taira clan) who entered the plains along the Irumagawa River ((Saitama Prefecture) (Present-day Arakawa (Kanto)) from Kawagoe City from the Chichibu region of Musashi province.
- 官人登用の法、甲子の宣の廃止、貴族・社寺の山・島・浦・林・池などの返還、畿外の豪族と才能のある百姓の任官への道を開き、官人の位階昇進の制度などを新設したりといった諸政を行った。
- Emperor Tenmu enforced a range of measures, such as a law relating to the appointment of government officials, the reversal of the Koshi pronouncement, and the ordering of the return to the court of mountains, islands, beaches, woods, ponds and other assets owned by aristocrats or shrines and temples; he also opened the way to government positions for members of powerful remote regional clans as well as those near the capital and talented farmers, and established a new court rank and promotion system.
- やがて時代が下って北宋・高麗・遼の商人とも交易を行ったが、11世紀には、聖福寺 (福岡市)・承天寺・筥崎宮・住吉神社 (福岡市)ら有力寺社や有力貴族による私貿易が盛んになった。
- Trade had been realized with the merchants from the Northern Sung dynasty, the Goryeo dynasty and the Liao dynasty as well, however, private trade developed by influential temples including Shofukuji Temple (in Fukuoka City), Jotenji Temple, Hakozakigu Shrine and Sumiyoshijinja Shrine (in Fukuoka City), and powerful nobles was prosperous in the 11th century.
- また「村重に反意あり」としていた細川藤孝は、「君に引く荒木ぞ弓の筈ちがい、居るにいられぬ有岡の城」という歌を詠んで、突然城と家族を捨て茶道具と共に夜逃げした荒木村重を皮肉った。
- Fujitaka HOSOKAWA, who had believed that 'Murashige had an intention to raise rebellion,' criticized Murashige ARAKI, who suddenly abandoned the castle and family and did a moonlight flit with tea utensils, by composing a tanka meaning 'Although Araki drew a bow against his lord, but a nock was out of order, he could not stay in Arioka-jo Castle.'
- 1883年の統計によると、全士族約41.8万人のうち現職官公吏(軍人含む)もしくは府県議会の選挙権を持つ有権者(地租5円以上で非官公吏)の合算が全体の37.6%であったという。
- According to the statistics in 1883, only 37.6% of about 418,000 former warriors could become a government employee (including a military man) or an eligible voter who could vote for prefectural assemblies (person who could pay tax of more than 5 yen).
- しかし、この合戦での軋轢や当主真衡への一族の不満などから、前九年の役当時には一枚岩であった清原氏内部には次第に不協和音が生まれ始め、最終的には後三年の役を招いたとの評価がある。
- However, studies also suggest that although Kiyohara clan was boasting the ironclad solidarity during Zenkunen War period, the discord and frustration against the head of the clan Sadahira was developed within the clan after the Enkyu Ezo War, causing the Gosannen War that led the downfall of Kiyohara clan.
- その中でも一人の青年貴族賀陽豊年の勉強熱心さには宅嗣も感心して、宅嗣自らがその全知識を豊年に伝授したという話が伝わっている(後年、豊年は優れた詩人・学者として名を残している)。
- He was impressed particularly by the enthusiasm for learning by a young noble named KAYA no Toyotoshi and reportedly imparted all of his knowledge to the young man (who, in later years, won recognition as an outstanding poet and scholar).
- その一方で、大和民族は朝鮮半島やベトナムなど、他の中華文明圏とは違い、中国に直接支配された経験はなく、受け入れた海外の文化(とりわけ中華文明)を独自に消化していく余裕があった。
- On the other hand, the Yamato race could originally afford to assimilate foreign cultures (especially that of China), having had no experience of being controlled directly by China unlike other nations under the Chinese sphere of influence, such as the Korean Peninsula and Vietnam.
- 日本民族(にほんみんぞく)という言葉は、一つには日本の国籍や日本列島にルーツを持つ全ての文化的集団(エスニック・グループ)を統合した政治的共同体(ネーション)を表す概念である。
- The term 'Japanese race' expresses a notion of a political community (nation) which embodies all cultural groups (ethnic groups) that possess a Japanese nationality and/or roots in the Japanese archipelago.
- 真人は、継体天皇より数えて5世以内の世代の氏に与えられたといわれ、皇子・諸王につぐ皇親氏族を特定したので、飛鳥浄御原令で官位を皇子・諸王と貴族(諸臣)とで区別したことと共通する。
- It is said that the rank of Mahito is given to clans that are within the fifth generation from the Emperor Keitai and in this way clans close to the Imperial Family that are next to princes, princes who did not receive any proclamation to be an Imperial prince were specified; this method is common with the Asuka Kiyomihara Code (a collection of governing rules compiled and promulgated in 689 [late Asuka period]) in which the Code distinguished the official rank between princes, princes who did not receive any proclamation to be an imperial prince and nobles who served the Emperor.
- 対武田では村上氏と協力関係にあった善光寺平以北の北信濃国人衆(高梨氏や井上氏の一族など)は、元々村上氏と北信の覇権を争っていた時代から越後の守護代家であった長尾氏と繋がりがあった。
- The local samurai land owners in the northern Shinano area in the north of Zenko-ji Temple (such as the Takanashi clan and the Inoue clan), who were in a cooperative relationship with the Murakami clan against the Takeda clan, had originally connections with the Nagao family, the Echigo no Shugodai (the acting Military Governor of Echigo Province) family since they competed against the Murakami clan over the control of the northern Shinano area.
- また重胤の家系は衰えながらも及川重氏が葛西家臣として生き残っていたが、のちに豊臣秀吉の時代になり、葛西氏が秀吉に滅ぼされると一族はみな浪人となって、葛西・大崎一揆に加わる者もいた。
- Shigeuji OIKAWA survived as a retainer of the KASAI clan although the Shigetane family line declined, but later, during the time of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the KASAI clan was destroyed by Hideyoshi; all the family became ronins (masterless samurai), and some of them joined Kasai-Osaki-ikki (the revolt of the former retainers of the Kasai and Osaki clans).
- それまで、国内の土地・人民は天皇・王族・豪族が各自で私的に所有・支配しており、天皇・王族の所有地は屯倉、支配民は名代・子代と呼ばれ、豪族の所有地は田荘、支配民は部曲と呼ばれていた。
- Before that, land and people had been privately owned and ruled by the emperor, royal families and gozoku families, and the lands privately owned by the emperor or royal families were called Miyake and the people ruled by them were called Nashiro or Koshiro while the lands owned by gozoku families were called Tadokoro and the people ruled by them had were called Kakibe.
- 桂の新政策とその意欲の一方で、優詔政策の失敗など護憲運動への対応の迷走、政友会との決定的な対立、貴族院工作の失敗、山縣・寺内正毅ら陸軍内部からの不信が桂を追いつめていくことになる。
- Although Katsura implemented new policies in earnest, a series of blunders in his politics, such as the failure in his Imperial Edict Tactics and countermeasures against the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitution, fierce conflict with the Seiyukai, failure in political maneuvering of the House of Peers, and a growing distrust of him among the people of the Japanese Army including Aritomo YAMAGATA and Masatake TERAUCHI, drove him into a corner.
- 中大兄皇子は筑前や対馬島など各地に水城を築き、防人や烽を設置し、大津宮に遷都する一方、部曲を復活させて豪族との融和を図るなど国土防衛を中心とした国内制度の整備に力を注ぐことになる。
- Naka no Oe no Oji contributed his energy to improvement of domestic systems centered around protection of the country by building Mizuki (water fortresses) at various places such as Chikuzen, Tsushima Island, etc., placing Sakimori (soldiers deployed in Kyushu) and beacons, transferring the capital to Otsunomiya Palace and, on the other hand, getting reconciled with Gozoku by restoring Kakibe (privately owned people).
- 1876年10月24日に熊本県で起こった神風連の乱と、同年10月27日に起こった秋月の乱に呼応し、山口県士族の前原一誠(元参議)、奥平謙輔ら約200名によって起こされた反乱である。
- It was the rebellion led by Issei MAEBARA, a shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors) from Yamaguchi Prefecture and the former Sangi (councilor), and Kensuke OKUDAIRA involving about 200 shizoku, which was raised in response to Shimpuren-no-ran War (turmoil of Shimpuren, dissatisfied warrior group) which broke out on October 24, 1876 in Kumamoto Prefecture and Akizuki-no-ran War (turmoil of Akizuki) on October 27th of the same year.
- さらに蝦夷・入鹿の専横は激しくなり、蘇我蝦夷が自ら国政を執り、紫の冠を私用したことや643年聖徳太子の子山背大兄王一族(上宮王家)を滅ぼしたことなど、蘇我氏が政治をほしいままにした。
- Emishi and Iruka became increasingly authoritarian, and the Soga clan usurped political power, using the 'purple crown' for their own purposes (the purple crown was used only for people of the highest rank such as emperors), and exterminating the Yamashirooenoo family (Uetsunomiya royal house) in 643.
- 日本統治の第2期は西来庵事件の1915年から1937年の盧溝橋事件であり、国際情勢の変化、特に第一次世界大戦の結果、西洋諸国の植民地統治の権威が失墜し、民族主義が高揚した時期である。
- The second phase of Japanese rule was from 1915 when the Silaian Incident broke out to 1937 when the Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred, during which time the authority of colonialism by the Western countries fell and nationalism emerged due to the change of the world situation, especially after World War I.
- 江戸時代の幕藩体制において、諸藩の家臣は藩主が家臣に対して世襲で与えていた俸禄制度を基本に編成、維持されていたが、明治後も俸禄は家禄として引き継がれ、士族などに対して支給されていた。
- The feudal political system during the Edo period was organized and maintained based on the stipend system in which a domain lord gave hereditary stipends to his vassals, but even after the Meiji period, this hereditary stipend was succeeded as Karoku and paid to samurai warriors.
- そこで李氏朝鮮は高麗時代からの民族雑居状態の解消と、官営貿易で利益を独占する事を望み、室町幕府や九州探題、対馬の実質的な支配者である宗貞茂に対して倭寇および私貿易の取締りを要求した。
- At this point, the Joseon dynasty wanted to cull society of its multiethnic character, which had been the norm during the Goryeo period (918 - 1392), and achieve a monopoly over trade profits by bringing trade under government control, so they requested that the Muromachi bakufu, the tandai (military commissioner) of Kyushu, and Sadashige SO, the de facto ruler of Tsushima island, bring both Wako activity and private trade under control.
- 弘長元年10月3日 (旧暦)(1261年)、江戸氏の一族の一人であった地頭江戸長重が正嘉の飢饉による荒廃で経営ができなくなった江戸郷前島村(現在の東京駅周辺)を北条氏得宗家に寄進した。
- According to historical records, Nagashige EDO, who was a member of the Edo clan and held the post of jito (manager and lord of manor) donated Maeshima Village of Edo-go (Area around present-day Tokyo Station) to the Tokuso family in 1261, because the area became ruined and unmanageable due to famine.
- 当時の西洋列強が行っていた、植民地支配と現地住民に対する扱いとは違い、皇民化政策は思想と言語統一によって他民族を日本人化することで、日本人と植民地住民を対等に扱おうとするものであった。
- Different from the way of Western powers' governing colonies and treating their local residents, the Japanization policy was to Japanize other ethnic groups by integrating thoughts and the language, and treating Japanese and the residents in colonies equally.
- 源満仲以来の本拠地である多田に隣接する能勢地方は古くから源氏一族とも関係の深い土地であったと考えられ、能勢氏や地元の伝承などによると源頼光の長子・源頼国が最初に入部し開発したとされる。
- Lying next to Tada, which was the home to the Minamoto clan since the time of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, the Nose region is considered to have been closely related to the Minamoto clan and according to the local and the Nose clan's tradition, MINAMOTO no Yorikuni, the eldest son of MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, first entered this place and exploited it
- 河内の石川 (現在の大阪府の石川 (大阪府)流域、人によっては詳細に南河内郡河南町一須賀あたり)、あるいは葛城県蘇我里(現在の奈良県橿原市曽我町あたり)を本拠にした土着の豪族であった。
- One theory states that Soga clan was a powerful family that was a native to the area around Kawachi Province by Ishikawa River (present-day Ishikawa River basin in Osaka Prefecture; some even identify the precise location as Ichisuka Kanan-cho, Minamikawachi-gun), or Soga no Sato, Katsuragi Prefecture (present-day Soga-cho, Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture).
- 賎民は五色の賎と言われ、陵戸(天皇・皇族の陵墓を代々守る家系)、官戸(諸官庁に属し公用に従事)、公奴婢(官有の奴隷)、家人(貴族や有力者に属し雑用に従事)、私奴婢(私有の奴隷)があった。
- The senmin were known as 'the five lowly kinds,' which were 'ryoko,' families of the keepers of imperial tombs; 'kanko,' servants belonging to government offices and involved in government work; 'kunui,' government-owned slaves; 'kenin,' slaves owned by nobles or powerful people for odd jobs; and 'shinui,' private servants.
- 士族、平民の称は、明治5年5月太政官布告第29号に「二代以上ノ卒ヲ士族ニ加ヘテ一代抱卒ヲ平民ニ復ス」とあり、両者はただその家系をしめす名称の別にとどまり、なんら法律上の特権などなかった。
- Designations of both shizoku and heimin indicated family lines without any legal privilege, since the edict No. 29 of Dajokan (the Grand Council of State) of May 1872 had ordained that 'any family of sotsu class (another family rank used before Meiji Restoration) which had continued two or more generations were transferred to shizoku class and other sotsu families within one generation were reclassified to heimin.'
- また、明治政府が行う文明開化、殖産興業政策による西洋技術・文化の輸入、朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論で政府が紛糾し、明治六年の政変で西郷隆盛、江藤新平、板垣退助らが下野すると士族層に影響を与えた。
- Inside Meiji government, there were heated debates over civilization and enlightenment, over technical and cultural import through the policy of encouragement of new industry and over Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) to dispatch Japanese troops to Korea, which were led by the government itself, and the resignation of Takamori SAIGO, Shinpei ETO and Taisuke ITAGAKI after the political upheaval of the 6th year of Meiji influenced the thought of people from warrior class.
- なお織田信長は、尾張国半国守護代たる織田氏(清洲三奉行尾張国守護代家 / 織田大和守家とも)の分家で代々の当主が「弾正忠」を自称していた一族(清洲三奉行弾正忠家と称される)の出身である。
- In addition, Nobunaga ODA came from a clan whose successive lords called themselves 'danjo no chu' (Kiyosu sanbugyo [three magistrates of Kiyosu] danjo no chu family), and the clan was a branch family of Oda clan, the shugodai (deputy military governor) of half part of Owari Province (also called Kiyosu sanbugyo in Owari province shugodai family or the Oda Yamatonokami family).
- 1876年10月24日に旧肥後藩の士族太田黒伴雄(おおたぐろともお)、加屋霽堅(かやはるかた)、斎藤求三郎ら、約170名によって結成された「敬神党」により廃刀令に反対して起こされた反乱。
- A rebellion against the law banning the wearing of swords, started on October 24, 1876 by the 'Keishin-to' party, which was formed by about 170 people including Tomoo OTAGURO, Harukata KAYA and Kyuzaburo SAITO from the warrior class in the former Higo Domain.
- 大和朝廷は大王(おおきみ)を推戴する豪族、特に大和の中央豪族たちによる連合政権というべきものであり、大王位の継承を巡る争いは豪族たちの軍事力によって行われ、豪族たちの向背が帰趨を制した。
- The Yamato Dynasty was actually a coalition government by Gozoku being presided over by an Okimi (great king), especially Gozoku living in Yamato, and since any dispute over succession to the post of Okimi was conducted by the Gozoku's military power, a consequence depended on the stances of more than one Gozoku.
- 一方鷹見安二郎(1940年)は明治初年の華族・士族人口や石高の統計などをもとに、諸藩の在府者と家族の人口を約36万人、幕府配下の武家と家族の人口を約26万人、合計約62万人と推定している。
- On the other hand, Yasujiro TAKAMI (1940) estimated the population of domain-retained samura and their dependents to be approximately 360,000, and the population of samurai and dependents administered by the Bakufu to be approximately 260,000 for a combined total of 620,000 based on an 1864 (meiji 1) census carried out over peerage and warrior classes.
- また、留守政府では旧薩摩藩士で参議の西郷隆盛らが朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論で紛糾しており、薩摩士族の暴発を予防策として家禄制度を維持しての士族階級の懐柔を行うべきであるとする意見も存在していた。
- In Rusu-seifu, a former feudal retainer of Satsuma and a councilor, Takamori SAIGO and his supporters asserted Seikanron (an opinion to dispatch troops to Korea), and some members of Rusu-seifu insisted that the stipend system should be maintained to conciliate the warrior class, thus preventing the Satsuma warriors from exploding.
- 1180年代になると、平氏政権打倒を名目とした内戦(治承・寿永の乱)が起こり、最終的に、軍事貴族に出自し関東の在地領主層武士層を基盤とする源頼朝の武家政権(後の鎌倉幕府)が内戦に勝利した。
- During the 1180's a civil war (Jisho-Juei War) to overthrow the Taira administration broke out, and the samurai government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (later to become the Kamakura bakufu), consisting of local ryoshu (samurai lord) and samurais in Kanto who were originally military aristocrats, won.
- 今日においては「朝廷」という言葉が幕府に対応する言葉としてよく使われるが、これは天皇・貴族(公家政権)と武家(武家政権)を対立した存在として捉えるようになった近世以後の考えからの影響が強い。
- Today, 'Chotei' is often used as the word comparable to a bakuhu; this is strongly influenced by the thoughts after the modern times in which the Emperor/aristocrat (the Government of kuge, or the court nobles) and buke (military government) oppose one another.
- 680年(天武10)飛鳥浄御原令の選定を開始したことに見られるように、また、八色の姓の詔にも見られるように、旧来の氏族制度を改革し、新しい国家体制に即応出来る官僚制創造の政策の一環であった。
- As seen in the beginning of the selection of Asuka Kiyomihara Code (the legal code of Japanese ancient state) in 680 as well as in the edict of Yakusa no Kabane, it was one of the policies to reform the old clan system and to create the bureaucracy which was able to promptly respond to a new national regime.
- 士族の称は家に従属するもので、人の一身に専属するものではないから、士族が家を去って他家に入ったときはもちろんのこと、分家したときも当然その称をうしない、平民となった(明治7年布告第73号)。
- The designation of shizoku is associated with each family but not with an individual person, and, therefore, it is no wonder that not only any one who left a family of shizoku and entered other family but also any one who established a separate branch family had to lose the designation of shizoku of his former family and became heimin (Edict No.73 of 1874.)
- しかしながら、現存する702年の大宝2年籍に、氏姓を記入されていない者、国造族、県主族などと記された者がかなり存在するため、このとき、まだ無姓の者、族姓の者が多数いたことが伺(うかが)える。
- However, the existing register of Taiho 2 (the year 702) contains the parts in which family name and hereditary title were not written down; also there were considerable number of cases in which the name of a group such as Kuni no Miyatsuko group, Agatanushi group was written down; therefore, we can assume that there were many who did not have their own individual title and people who used the group name, to which they identified themselves as his hereditary title.
- 江藤新平が建白書の直後に士族反乱の佐賀の乱(1874年)を起こし、死刑となっていることで知られるように、この時期の自由民権運動は政府に反感を持つ士族らに基礎を置き、武力闘争と紙一重であった。
- As Shinpei Eto is known to have been executed for causing the Tosa War, a revolt by family with samurai ancestors in 1874, this period of the Jiyu Minken Undo movement was characterized by the antigovernment movement led by members of the former samurai class (Shizoku) and often erupted into violence.
- ただし、近年では物部氏の居住跡から氏寺(渋川廃寺)の遺構などが発見され、物部氏を単純な廃仏派として分類することは難しく、個々の氏族の崇拝の問題でなく、国家祭祀の対立であったとする見方もある。
- However, due to the recent discovery of the remains of former Shibukawa-ji Temple, which was an Uji-dera Temple (temple built for praying for clan's glory) from the Mononobe clan's place of dwelling, it became difficult to categorize the clan as simply anti-Buddhist, and some say that it was a confrontation not over the matters of each clan's reverence, but over religious services over a national scale.
- やがて10年近い年月をかけて作成された草案(ただし、現行民法典の親族、相続に相当する部分については、日本人が作成した草案)を元に、旧民法が起案・制定され、1890年に2回に分けて公布された。
- Before long the draft of the Old Civil Code based on the draft which took nearly 10 years of preparation (however, articles corresponding to relatives and heirs in the present Civil Code were written by Japanese) was prepared and enacted and was made public in twice in 1890.
- 特に東国では武士身分の下級貴族が多数、開発領主として土着化し、所領の争いを武力により解決することも少なくなかったが、次第に武士団を形成して結束を固めていき、鎌倉幕府樹立の土台を築いていった。
- Especially in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan), many lower-ranking nobles from the samurai class were indigenized as kaihatsu-ryoshus and they often solved land disputes by force, but they gradually became closely united by forming groups of samurai and laid down the foundation for the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- また、理研コンツェルンは理化学研究所の活動資金調達のために成立したユニークなコンツェルンであり、同族支配が行なわれず、「農村工業化」などを打ち出して新潟県柏崎市などで地方の工業化につとめた。
- The RIKEN conglomerate, however, was a unique Konzern established in order to procure capital for the activities of RIKEN (a major natural-science research institute in Japan); it was not managed by members of a single family but instead worked out a policy of 'industrialization of rural areas' and strived for that purpose in rural areas such as that of Kashiwazaki City, Niigata Prefecture.
- 孝綱は藤姓塩谷氏と同族の宇都宮氏嫡流の出身なので、藤姓であることには変わりないが(ただし孝綱の父の正綱は芳賀氏(清原氏)からの養子)、それ以前と区別して重興塩谷氏(再興塩谷氏)などと呼ばれる。
- Because Takatsuna was from a direct descendant of the UTSUNOMIYA clan, the same family as the SHIONOYA family of the FUJIWARA family, his name remained Fujiwara, but to distinguish it from that of the former time he was called Juko SHIONOYA clan (revived SHIONOYA clan) and so on (however, Masatsuna, the father of Takatsuna, was an adopted person from the HAGA clan (KIYOHARA clan)).
- 大正政変は、山縣有朋・桂率いる陸軍・長州閥が第2次西園寺内閣を倒閣し、これに反対する民衆運動が政党組織や優詔政策といった小手先の政策で交わそうとする「閥族内閣」を打倒したというイメージが強い。
- The typical image of the Taisho Seihen is the public movement that toppled the 'clique-ruling Cabinet' formed by the Japanese Army and the former Choshu Domain clique, led by Aritomo YAMAGATA and Taro KATSURA respectively, because the public took objection to the Cabinet which, after overthrowing of the second Saionji Cabinet, tried to silence the public voices by fiddling measures such as the party politics and the Imperial Edict Tactics.
- 従来の世襲制の役職であった、伴造、品部(しなべ、しなじなのとものお)を廃止し、特定の氏族が特定の役職を世襲する制度を廃止した(たとえば、物部氏であれば、軍事を司り、中臣氏であれば祭祀を司る)。
- Tomonomiyatsuko and Shinabe (technicians in offices), which had been traditional hereditary posts, were abolished and so was the system whereby a specific clan inherited a specific post (for example, the Mononobe clan administered the military affair and the Nakatomi clan took charge of the religious service).
- 地方によっては、単身者や核家族が居住するワンルーム・マンションの増加など、近隣地域と住人の関係が疎遠になる例もあり、地元神社の氏子への加入や、祭礼の寄付などをめぐり問題を生じている地域もある。
- In some local areas, relations within neighboring districts and residents have become weak mainly due to increase of one-room condos in which singles and nuclear families live, while other areas have problems over whether to become parishioners of a local Shinto shrine and contributing to rites and festivals of the shrine.
- それ以後、高麗王はほとんどモンゴルと一体化し、モンゴル名を貰い、モンゴル皇帝の娘を王妃にしモンゴル皇帝であるクビライ王家の娘婿(キュレゲン、グレゲン)となる姻族、「駙馬高麗国王家」となっていた。
- After that, the king of Goryeo became almost a member of the Mongol Empire, having received a Mongol name and become a son-in-law of the Mongol imperial family of Kublai (kuregen or guregen) by marrying his daughter, and thus Goryeo became 'Mongol's son-in-law kingdom of Goryeo.'
- そのためヤマト(倭国)内の農業開発が停滞し、ヤマト王権とその傘下の豪族達の経済力・政治力が後退したと考えられており、6世紀前半までのヤマト王統の混乱はこの経済力・政治力の後退に起因するとされる。
- For this reason, it is thought that agricultural development in Yamato (Wakoku) remained stagnant, weakening the Yamato Kingdom and the ruling elite under their jurisdiction, a situation that existed until the beginning of the sixth century.
- だが、閣内少数派であったとは言え、政友会党員が閣僚の殆どを占めながら終始混乱で終わった第4次伊藤内閣と比較すれば、官界や貴族院にも支持勢力を形成出来た事など、政友会にとっては大きな成果も伴った。
- The Seiyu party in that cabinet achieved great results, compared with the fourth Ito's cabinet, most of which were the members of the Seiyu party and did nothing except giving chaos; in other words, the party in the first Saionji's cabinet established support in the bureaucracy and the House of Peers.
- 横山党(よこやまとう)は、平安時代後期から鎌倉時代にかけて、武蔵国多摩郡(現・東京都八王子市)横山庄を中心として、武蔵国(大里郡・比企郡 - 橘樹郡)および相模国北部に割拠した同族的武士団である。
- The Yokoyama Party, centered in the Yokoyama-sho estate in Tama County, Musashi Province (the present Hachioji City, Tokyo), was an armed group from the same family that existed from the late Heian period to the Kamakura period, and based themselves in Musashi Province (Osato County, Hiki County, and Tachibana County) and the northern part of Sagami Province.
- 一方、律令的戸籍制度も次第に行われなくなり、 10世紀には、地方豪族で実力を蓄えた者は、有力な貴族の家人となり、その氏姓を侵すようにさえなり、いわゆる冒名仮蔭(ぼうめいかいん)の現象が一般化した。
- On the other hand, family registration system based on the ritsuryo system was gradually phased out; in the tenth century, people who became strong among powerful local clans became the retainers of the influential nobles and invaded clan names and hereditary titles; in essence, the phenomenon of so-called Bomei Kain (misrepresentation of one's clan name and hereditary title) became quite commonplace.
- この概念が登場した背景として、1970年代以降、王朝国家論を巡る議論の中で、在地の農民層から武士が生まれて貴族の荘園支配を打倒していったとするそれまでの解釈への批判が強まったことがあげられている。
- One of the commonly understood reasons for the rise of this concept was the increasing criticism in the 1970's and onwards of the conventional understanding that local farmers were the foundation of the samurais who overthrew shoen (manors in medieval Japan) control by aristocrats.
- かつてのソ連や、中華人民共和国など、共産圏の多民族国家での、分離主義を抑制し、強い政治的統合を意図した用語である、ソヴィエト民族、中華民族といった呼称については、日本語でも民族の語で訳されている。
- Terms such as the 'Soviet race' or the 'Chinese race', which were employed by multiethnic states in the communist bloc such as the former Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China with an intention of suppressing the separatism in order to maintain the tight political integration, are translated into Japanese using the term 'minzoku' which means race.
- 台湾出兵時に西郷従道が装備したガトリング砲も九州へ送られるなど、徴兵で構成された政府軍は精強な薩摩士族相手に戦うために、相当な意気込みを見せたが、一番肝心な歩兵銃の弾薬調達でトラブルが発生していた。
- The government army, which consisted of conscripts, was so enthusiastic about fighting against the powerful band of warrior class in Satsuma that it even sent the Gatling gun that had been equipped by Tsugumichi SAIGO for the Taiwan expedition to Kyushu but had a trouble in the essential matter of supplying ammunition for infantry rifle.
- 事件発生後総督府は原住民への討伐を決定、軍隊出動による討伐作戦を2ヶ月にわたって展開し、対立部族の協力も得た鎮圧作戦の結果700人ほどの抗日サイディック族が死亡もしくは自殺、500人ほどが投降した。
- The Sotoku-fu decided to retaliate against the tribe after the Incident and developed a subjugation campaign using the military force in cooperation with the rival tribes for two months, as a result of which military campaign 700 Seediq were killed in fighting or committed suicides and 500 people surrendered.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると国基の後裔は幕府の御家人となり、『吾妻鏡』建久6年(1195年)3月10日 (旧暦)条にある将軍家東大寺供養に随行する兵の中に「野瀬判官代」とその同族「安房判官代」の名がみえている。
- During the Kamakura period, descendants of Kunimoto became gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate) and on an entry dated April 28, 1195 of 'Azuma Kagami (The Mirror of the East),' the names of 'Nose hogandai' and his cognate, 'Awa hogandai' are listed among soldiers who accompanied the group on a trip to memorial service for Shogun family at Todai-ji temple.
- そのため、政府内にも島津久光を筆頭に前原一誠・桐野利秋ら保守的な反対論者を多数抱えており、また西郷隆盛も「壮兵」といって、中下層士族の立場を考慮した志願兵制度を構想していて徴兵制には消極的であった。
- Therefore, there were a lot of conservative people against it within the government, with Hisamitsu SHIMAZU as the leader, Issei MAEBARA, Toshiaki KIRINO and others, and Takamori SAIGO took a passive stance for conscription because he had his own plan of the volunteer 'sohei' military system in consideration of the middle to lower class samurai.
- 日本列島内には、異民族とされている九州南部の隼人(熊襲)、北日本の蝦夷などがいたが、隼人の反乱の鎮圧や征夷大将軍坂上田村麻呂の活躍等によって、隼人は8世紀に、蝦夷は12世紀に完全に服従したとされる。
- There were different races such as the Hayato (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) in the south of Kyushu and the Ezo (northerners) in the north of the Japanese archipelago; however, the former was subjugated in the 8th century and the latter in the 12th century thanks to the suppression of the uprising of the Hayato people and the achievements of SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro, Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 649年(大化5年)には「筑紫大宰帥」の記述があるほか、天智天皇から天武天皇にかけての時期にはほかに「筑紫率」「筑紫総領」などが確認でき、中央から王族や貴族が派遣されていた事を示すと考えられている。
- Besides there are descriptions of 'Tsukushi no Omikotomochi no sochi' in 649, 'Tsukushi no kami,' and 'Tsukushi no soryo,' which have been confirmed during the period from Emperor Tenchi to Emperor Tenmu, and are thought to indicate that the royal families and nobles were dispatched from the central government.
- ヤマト王権の形成期、「カバネ(カバネ)」と呼ばれる血縁集団から「氏(ウジ)」と呼ばれる同族集団が現れ、この「氏」や「部(ベ)」と呼ばれる職能集団が、それぞれの勢力や能力によって王権内の仕事を分掌した。
- In the formative period of the Yamato Dynasty, clans called 'uji' appeared from consanguineous groups called 'kabane,' and such professional groups called 'uji' or 'be' took charge of duties according to their power and ability.
- 四道将軍の説話は単なる神話ではなく、豊城入彦命の派遣やヤマトタケル伝説などとも関連する王族による国家平定説話の一部であり、初期ヤマト王権による支配権が地方へ伸展する様子を示唆しているとする見解がある。
- According to one explanation, the story of Shido-shogun is not merely a myth but a part of a narrative of conquest of a country by members of the royal family associated with the dispatch of Toyokiirihikono-mikoto and the legend of Yamato Takeru, thus suggesting how the royal power of the early Yamato dynasty had expanded its hegemony.
- 明治3年11月13日_(旧暦)(新暦:1871年1月3日)に山縣有朋の構想のもと、徴兵規則(ちょうへいきそく)が制定され、各府藩県より士族・卒・庶人にかかわらず1万石につき5人を徴兵することを定めた。
- On January 3, 1871, the conscription regulation was enacted based on Aritomo YAMAGATA's plan, which stipulated to recruit five people for every one million koku in each domain irrespective of shizoku (person with samurai ancestors), low ranking samurai or commoner.
- 無条件で輪廻転生できる聖職者のバラモンを頂点とし、厳しい条件(儀式)付きで輪廻転生できる多数の庶民が奴隷階級であり、両者の間に王族・平民(商人)の2階級があり、計4階級からカースト制度は成り立っている。
- The Brahman, a clergyman who can unconditionally perform Rinne Tensho, is on top, and many common people who can perform Rinne Tensho with strict conditions (rituals) are slaves; there are two classes between them, which are the Royal Family and the common people (merchants), and in total these four classes comprise the caste system.
- ところが、これが大日本帝国憲法下の当時の日本では「不敬の言」であると曲解され、まず宮内省から批判の声が挙がり、初の政党内閣である隈板内閣に批判的な枢密院 (日本)・貴族院 (日本)に非難の声は広がった。
- However, this was criticized by the Imperial Household Ministry first as 'insulting words' under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and then by the House of Peers and the Privy Council which were critical of the Wai-han Cabinet, the first party cabinet.
- また、新羅の入寇・高麗の賊・刀伊の入寇・元寇・応永の外寇・白村江の戦いなど外国との戦争もあったが、これらも領土を取ったり取られたりしなかったので、特に大和民族の影響力を増大・減少させるものではなかった。
- There were battles against foreign countries, such as the Silla invasion, soldiers of Goryeo, the Toi invasion, Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, the foreign invasion in the Oei Era and the Battle of Hakusukinoe; however, those battles also had no effect on the Yamato race's influence because in those battles they neither occupied Yamato territories nor were their territories occupied.
- これは貴族階級である官人層とそれ以外の被支配階級である平民の身分上の格差を定めるものではあったが、同時に能力主義によってその役割を定めるものであり、本来的には世襲制的な法構造を持つものではないといえる。
- While this system was to define disparity of positions between government officials who are in the noble class and the other commoners who are in the subordinate class, it was, at the same time, to determine one's role based on meritocracy, and did not have hereditary law structure inherently.
- 主な御内人は、長崎氏、紀氏、飯尾氏、安東氏 (曖昧さ回避)など累代の御内人の他、三浦氏、和田氏、安達氏など北条氏に排斥された元有力御家人一族の生き残りや北条氏支流など多岐に渡り、得宗家の威光がしのばれる。
- The main clans serving as Miuchibito included as diverse as successive generations, such as the Nagasaki clan, the Ki clan, the Inoo clan, and the Ando clan (historically clear ones), and the remainders of former Gokenin, who were purged by the Hojo clan, such as the Miura clan, the Wada clan, and the Adachi clan and minor branches of the Hojo family, which showed the political power of the Tokuso family.
- 蘇我氏自身の出自はともかく、渡来系の氏族と深い関係にあったのは確かなようで、王権の職業奴属民としての役割を担っていた渡来人の品部の集団などが持つ当時の先進技術が蘇我氏の台頭の一助になったと考えられている。
- Regardless of the origins of the Soga clan, its deep ties with migrant clans is without-doubt, immigrants to ancient Japan; and it is thought that the rise of the Soga clan was aided by the relatively advanced technologies introduced to Japan by Shinabe (technicians in offices) who were toraijin (settlers), who became subjects to royal authority as indentured professionals.
- 明治期における人類学的な区分では、坪井正五郎が先史時代の先住民であるコロボックル、国内の他民族であるアイヌ(及び樺太アイヌ)、琉球、朝鮮人・台湾漢人、台湾先住民などを除いた集合としての大和民族を主張した。
- Based on anthropological classification done in the Meiji period, Shogoro TSUBOI asserted that the Yamato race was an aggregation which did not include the Korobokkuru, which was prehistorical aborigines, the Ainu tribe (and Sakhalin Ainu), Ryukyu people, Korean people, the Han race of Taiwan, the aborigines in Taiwan and others.
- もちろん令外の官の成立ははやく九世紀にさかのぼるものであり、また摂関政治を通じて貴族身分内部の再編がおこなわれつづけたのであり、律令体制の質的な変化は院政以前にゆっくりとではあるが進行していたものである。
- Of course, formation of ryoge no kan dates as early as the ninth century and reorganization within nobles continued through regency, and a qualitative shift of ritsuryo system was going along slowly but steadily before cloister governments.
- 室町時代にも荘園は存続したが、中央貴族・寺社・武士・在地領主などの権利・義務が重層的かつ複雑にからむ状況が生まれる一方、自立的に発生した村落=惣村による自治が出現し、荘園は緩やかに解体への道を歩み始めた。
- Also during the Muromachi period shoens continued, but while the rights and duties of central aristocrats, temples and shrines, samurais, local lords and so on began to be complicated in a multi-layered way, the autonomous control by the independently emerging village = soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) started and shoens began to disappear slowly.
- 頼朝は、海路で安房国へ移動して相模三浦半島の豪族である三浦氏と合流した後、安房の在庁官人をはじめ房総半島の上総広常、千葉常胤、武蔵の足立遠元、畠山重忠らの諸豪族を傘下に加えながら急速に大勢力となっていく。
- Yoritomo took a sea route to Awa Province to join up with the powerful family within the Sagami Miura peninsula, the Miura clan, and gathered various families such as the local officials of Awa Province, Hirotsune KAZUSA and Tsunetane CHIBA of the Boso peninsula, Tomoto ADACHI and Shigetada HATAKEYAMA of Musashi, rapidly becoming a major force.
- 大河内氏(おおこうちし)は、清和源氏、摂津源氏の一族で、源頼政の孫、顕綱(あきつな)が三河国額田郡大河内郷(愛知県岡崎市大平町字大河内・注、異説あり。洞町等)に移り住み、大河内氏を称したことを始まりとする。
- The Okochi clan is part of the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) and Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), and is said to have been established when Akitsuna, the grandson of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, moved to Okochi-go, Nukata County in Mikawa Province (which some have asserted to be the present-day Aza-Okochi, Ohira-cho, Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture) and called himself Okochi.
- 大伴氏、物部氏、中臣氏(なかとみ)、忌部氏(いんべ)、土師氏(はじ)のように、ヤマト王権での職務を氏(ウヂ)の名とし、王家に従属する官人としての立場にあり、ヤマト王権の成立に重要な役割をはたした豪族である。
- The clans who were given a position of Muraji were clans from powerful families and were subordinates of Yamato Sovereign as government officials and the duty they had in the court was made with their clan names and they played an important role in establishing the Yamato sovereignty; these clans included the Otomo clan, the Mononobe clan, the Nakatomi clan, the Inbe clan, and the Haji clan.
- 1876年10月24日に熊本県で起こった神風連の乱に呼応して、旧秋月藩の士族宮崎車之助、磯淳、戸原安浦、磯平八、戸波半九郎、宮崎哲之助、土岐清、益田静方、今村百八郎ら約400名によって起こされた反乱である。
- A rebellion was started by about 400 people including Kurumanosuke MIYAZAKI, Atsushi ISO, Yasura TOBARA, Heihachi ISO, Hankuro TONAMI, Tetsunosuke MIYAZAKI, Kiyoshi TOKI, Shizukata MASUDA and Hyakuhachiro IMAMURA from the warrior class in the former Akizuki Domain in response to the Shimpuren-no-ran War, which took place on October 24, 1876 in Kumamoto Prefecture.
- もっとも、鎌倉幕府初期の政所や問注所を運営していたのは、京都出身の明法道や公家法に通じた中級貴族出身者であったために全く鎌倉幕府が蓄積してきた法慣習が律令法・公家法と全く無関係に成立していた訳ではなかった。
- However, because Mandokoro, the Office of Administration, and Monchujo, the Office of Inquiry of early Kamakura bakufu were operated by people of the middle-ranked nobles from Kyoto with knowledge of Myobodo (study of Codes) and kugeho, the usage of the law accumulated by the Kamakura bakufu was not established unrelated to the ritsuryo law and the kugeho.
- 一方、当時の日本に「元に勝ったのは、公家などの貴族たちが、勝利や平和についての歌を作って詠んだ、言霊の結果である」あるいは「僧侶や神官らの折伏(しゃくぶく)や祈祷による結果である」との認識が広く存在していた。
- Meanwhile, people in Japan then commonly believed, 'what brought us the victory over the Yuan Dynasty was the power of language in poems created by nobles for victory and peace' or 'it was shakubuku (to correct another's false views and awaken that person to the truth of Buddhism) and prayers performed by Buddhist and Shinto priests.'
- 華族や士族の家に生まれた者も、家を継がず分家して一戸を創設する際には、生家の族称から離れて、原則として平民の族称を享けることとなった(平民宰相といわれた原敬がこの例で、盛岡藩家老の息子だったが平民となった)。
- Any one who was born in a family of kazoku or shizoku but did not succeed the family to set up a new branch was basically classified as heimin despite the designation of his parents' home (for example, Takashi HARA who was called a commoner prime minister became heimin after he was born as a son of the chief retainer of the Morioka domain.)
- 主な内容は、公使館襲撃事件の犯人の逮捕と処刑、日本側被害者の遺族、負傷者への見舞金5万円、損害賠償50万円、公使館護衛としてのソウル特別市での軍隊駐留権、兵営設置費・修理費の朝鮮側負担、謝罪使の派遣等である。
- The treaty stipulated the arrest and execution of the criminal of the incident, the solatium of 50, 000 yens and compensation of 500,000 yens for the bereaved families and the injured of the Japanese victims, the right of Japanese troops to station in Seoul Special City as guards for the legation, creation and repair of barracks at Korea's expense and the dispatch of envoys for an apology.
- 王朝国家体制では四位、五位どまりの受領に任命されるクラスの実務官人である下級貴族を諸大夫(しょだいぶ)と、上級貴族や諸大夫に仕える六位どまりの技能官人や家人を侍(さむらい)と呼び、彼らが行政実務を担っていた。
- In the system of the dynasty state, lower-ranking nobles who were officials for practical works appointed to the zuryo and who were promoted up to shii (Fourth Rank) or goi (Fifth Rank) were called shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo) and the technical officers and kenin (retainers) who were promoted up to rokui (Sixth Rank) and served upper-ranking nobles or shodaibu were called samurai (warrior) and they were in charge of administrative affairs.
- それが叶わないとみるや今度は洲本を中心に淡路を徳島本藩から分藩独立させて稲田氏を藩主とする稲田藩(洲本藩)の設立を目指す(そうすれば自分達は士族になる)ようになり、明治新政府にも独立を働きかけていくようになる。
- When they found that would not be granted, in turn, they moved to spin off Awaji with Sumoto as its center from the Tokushima Honpan and aimed to establish the INADA Domain, of which the leader would be the INADA clan (so that they would become warrior class), and also worked on the new Meiji Government for their independence.
- 抗戦派の今村は他26名とともに秋月へ戻り、秋月小学校に置かれていた秋月党討伐本部を襲撃し県高官2名を殺害、反乱に加わった士族を拘留していた酒屋倉庫を焼き払ったのち、分かれて逃亡したが、11月24日に逮捕された。
- Imamura of the resistance force returned to Akizuki together with 26 others, attacked the Akizuki-to suppression headquarters situated in Akizuki Elementary School, killed two prefectural high officials, burned down the liquor store warehouse where warrior class members joining the rebellion were kept in detention, and then separately escaped, but they were arrested on November 24.
- 旧来の臣・連・伴造(とものみやつこ)・国造(くにのみやつこ)という身分秩序にたいして、臣・連の中から天皇一族と関係の深いものだけを抽出し、真人・朝臣・宿禰の姓を与え、新しい身分秩序を作り出し、皇族の地位を高めた。
- While the old order of the social status was Omi, Muraji, Tomonomiyatsuko, and Kuninomiyatsuko, the Emperor Tenmu selected only the ones who had a close connection with imperial family from among Omi and Muraji, gave a new titles of Mahito, Asomi/Ason, and Sukune to them, created a new order of the social status, and raised the status of imperial family.
- 当初、後白河上皇以下、貴族から庶民まで義仲の入京を歓迎したが、前年の養和の大飢饉の影響により義仲軍を養う食糧が不足して義仲軍は市中で略奪や狼藉を始めたために義仲の評判は落ちて、源頼朝の上洛を願う声が高まっていく。
- Initially, everyone from the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, aristocrats, to the local people welcomed the entry of Yoshinaka into Kyoto but the great famine of Yowa the previous year led to insufficient food for Yoshinaka's troops, who then started stealing and became violent, leading to a drop in Yoshinaka's popularity and eventually MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's entry became a common hope.
- また、徳川家に服する諸大名の屋敷が設けられ、江戸に居住する大名の家臣・家族や、徳川氏の旗本・御家人近世の御家人などの武士が数多く居住するようになるとともに、彼らの生活を支える商人・職人が流入し、町が急速に拡大した。
- Also, residences of many daimyo (feudal lords serving the Tokugawa family) were built, and a large number of daimyo's vassals and families, and shogunal bannermen and retainers moved in, followed by the influx of merchants and craftsmen who supported the lives of those people, all of which contributed to the rapid expansion of the town.
- 天文博士の挙状によって後任の天文博士が任命される例はそれ以前にも存在していた(『朝野群載』)が、これ以後は安倍氏の天文博士が挙状によって自己の一族を天文博士・権博士に任命して世襲していくことが行われるようになった。
- Although there had been some precedent for new tenmon hakase to be appointed by a tenmon hakase's recommendation ('Choya gunsai (Collected Official and Unofficial Writings)'), from that point on, the tradition of tenmon hakase from the Abe family recommend their own kin for tenmon hakase or tenmongon no hakuji, keeping the positions in the family, was established.
- 氏姓制度(しせいせいど)とは、古代日本において、中央貴族、ついで地方豪族が、国家(ヤマト王権)に対する貢献度、朝廷政治上に占める地位に応じて、朝廷よりウヂの名とカバネの名とを授与され、その特権的地位を世襲した制度。
- Shisei Seido (the system of clans and hereditary titles) is a system made in ancient Japan in which the Imperial Court gave the nobles living in the capital and the powerful local clans a clan name and a hereditary title according to each person's degree of contribution to the state (Yamato Sovereignty) and the position the person occupies in the Government of the Imperial Court and let them kept the special privilege by the hereditary system.
- 日本以外には、移民(日系人)としてブラジルを始めとするラテンアメリカ諸国、アジア、ヨーロッパ、アメリカ合衆国など世界中に分布してはいるが、近隣の民族である漢民族や朝鮮民族と比べると日本国外への移住者は比較的少ない。
- They also live as immigrants of Japanese descent in countries around the world such as Latin America including Brazil, Asia, Europe and the United States; however, Japanese immigrants are relatively few in number compared to neighboring races such as the Han race and Korean race.
- 学術的な視点からは、旧民法が自然法思想に立脚していたことに対して、法の歴史性・民族性を強調した歴史法学からの批判、内容的なものとしては、日本古来の家族制度を始めとする日本の伝統・習慣にそぐわないという批判があった。
- From an academic viewpoint the fact that the Old Civil Code was based on the thought of natural law, there arose criticisms from historical jurisprudence emphasizing a historical and racial nature of law, which included criticisms that the content of the Code would not fit Japanese tradition and customs including Japanese traditional family system.
- 権力ト法トハ家ニ生マレタリ」「家長権ノ神聖ニシテ犯スベカラザルハ祖先ノ霊ノ神聖ニシテ犯スベカラザルヲ以ッテナリ」と説き、法による権利義務関係を否定し、日本伝統の家父長制度を否定する婚姻を基調とした家族法を批判した。
- The authority and law were born in a family.', and 'the authority of a head of a family is holy and inviolable just as the spirits of our ancestors are holy and inviolable', neglected a right-duty relation by law and criticized the family law based on marriage which denied Japanese traditional patriarchal authority.
- 受領は租税納入先の大寺社や摂関家のような上級貴族へ滞納が生じると、勤務評定である受領功過定(ずりょうこうかさだめ)を切り抜けるために、公領の一部の租税収納権を納入先の大寺社や摂関家に与えることが慣例になっていった。
- To deal with tax delinquencies designated to the main temples and shrines, and the high-ranked aristocracy including Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), it became customary for Zuryo to give away to those tax recipients the rights to collect taxes from parts of koryo, as an attempt to avoid poor evaluation with Zuryo koka sadame, their job performance reviews.
- 朝鮮総督は天皇に直隷して、委任の範囲内に置ける朝鮮防備のための軍事(後に陸海軍司令官への軍事請求権に改正)を行使したり、内閣総理大臣を経由して立法権、行政権、司法権や王公族及び朝鮮貴族に関する多岐な権限を持っていた。
- The Chosen Sotoku-fu belonged directly to the Emperor, and it could use military force (later revised to the military claim right to the Commander of Army and Navy) to protect Korea in the range of delegation, and had legislative, executive and judicial power through the prime minister, and a wide variety of authority on royal families and Korean noble families.
- 京都と鎌倉を結ぶ東海道の要地に勢力を持った足助氏は朝廷との繋がりも深く、後に源氏将軍家が断絶し承久3年(1221年)に後鳥羽上皇が倒幕の兵を挙げると一族は京方として戦い、足助重秀の子足助重成が討死にした(承久の乱)。
- It also had a close relationship with the Imperial Court because of its power in the key areas of Tokaido connecting Kyoto and Kamakura; and when the Minamoto clan was broken in 1221and Retired Emperor Gotoba staged a rebellion in an attempt to reclaim the throne and overthrow the Kamakura bakufu, it fought together with samurai around Kyoto who were against the shogunate, and Shigenari ASUKE, who was a child of Shigehide ASUKE, died in the battle (the Jokyu War).
- しかし官人層内部での地位格差が広がり、律令体制が本来意図していた能力主義とは異質に、特定の氏族から世襲的に官人が供給されるようになると、官人の役割をその属する家系ごとに措定するようになり、家系ごとの専門化がすすんだ。
- However, as disparity of positions within government officials became wider and government officials became to be supplied from certain clans by heredity, not by meritocracy as intended by the ritsuryo system, roles of government officials became to be determined by the family lines to which they belonged and role of each family line became specialized.
- 家制度(いえせいど)とは、に制定された民法(以降、旧民法という)において採用された家族制度であり、親族関係のある者のうち更に狭い範囲の者を、戸主と家族として一つの家に属させ、戸主に家の統率権限を与えていた制度である。
- Ie seido was a family system, which was introduced to the Civil Codes established in 1898 (hereunder referred as Old Civil Codes), under the system, a small group consisting of relatives and living in a house is considered as a family and a family has a family head who was given an authority to lead a family.
- しかし、1170年以降、マネーサプライの増大とそれがもたらしたインフレーションの結果、貴族たちは、賃貸していた土地や財産を取り戻すとともに、文字どおり減退してしまった現金支払の固定価値と同等の労役を再び課していった。
- However, after 1170, money supply increased and thus inflation happened and as a result, the aristocrats came to impose the same labor service as the fixed value of paying cash which was literally diminished as well as regaining the leased lands and assets.
- 武士は当初、「侍」に象徴されるように天皇・貴族の警護や紛争の鎮圧を任とする階層であったが、平清盛の平氏政権を経て鎌倉幕府の成立に至り、旧来の支配権力である朝廷・国司・荘園に対して全国の軍事・警察を担う公権力に発展した。
- Bushi were firstly in the class which guarded the Emperor and aristocrats and suppressed the conflicts as symbolized in 'samurai,' but when the Kamakura bakufu was established through the Taira clan government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, bushi developed into the official authority which were in charge of military affairs and police activities against the Imperial Court, kokushi (provincial governors) and shoen which were traditionally ruling powers.
- 古代中国の春秋時代において、周王朝の天子(王)を尊び、王朝を守るため侵入する夷狄(いてき=周辺諸民族。この時代の夷狄は南方の楚を指していた)を打ち払う、という意味で覇者が用いた標語を、国学者が輸入して流用したものである。
- In the Chunqiu period in China, the leader used the slogan meaning 'To respect (尊) the Emperor (王) and protect Zhou Dynasty, we have to expel the iteki (夷狄 [unfamiliar tribes, at that time the Chu Dynasty to the south of Zhou Dynasty]),' and scholars of Japanese classic literature imported to use it.
- 貞観年間までに文章博士2名、文章生20名(うち文章得業生2名)、擬文章生20名(文章生の予備生)という構成となり、それでも学問が成就して文章博士になれば貴族に達するために志願者数が絶えず、そのために試験制度が導入された。
- Until the end of the Jogan era, the establishment was settled in two monjo hakase, 20 monjosho (including 2 monjo tokugosho) and 20 gimonjosho (the monjosho reserve); however, as people would be ranked as nobles when becoming monjo hakase with distinguished achievements in the study, the position was endlessly sought after, resulting in the introduction of an examination system.
- 同族のなかの特定の者が、臣(おみ)、 連(むらじ)、伴造(とものみやつこ)、国造(くにのみやつこ)、百八十部(ももあまりやそのとも)、県主(あがたぬし)などの地位をあたえられ、それに応ずる氏姓を賜ったところに特色がある。
- The characteristic of this system of clans and hereditary titles is that a specific person within the same extended family was given a position which included Omi, Muraji, Tomo no miyatsuko, Kuni no miyatsuko, Momo amari yaso no tomo and Agata-nushi, and the Imperial Court granted the clan name and the hereditary title that corresponded each position.
- 五代には貴族層が没落し、宋 (王朝)初には科挙制度が整備される一方で武人の勢力が抑圧されるようになったために、地方の豪族から官僚が生み出され、その庇護によって当人及び一族の荘園が発展するという構図が描かれるようになった。
- During the Five Dynasties period the class of aristocrats was impoverished and during the early Sung dynasty, while kakyo system (the Imperial Examination System) was streamlined, the strength of warriors was oppressed and so the bureaucracy was born from the local ruling families, who protected the bureaucrats to develop the shoens for them and their families.
- これは1930年10月27日に台中州能高郡霧社(現在の南投県仁愛郷)でサイディック族の大頭目莫那魯道が6部落の300余人の族人を率いた反日武装事件であり、小学校で開催されていた運動会会場に乱入し日本人約140人を殺害した。
- On October 27, 1930, a group of more than 300 people from six villages, led by the Seediq Rudao MONA, assaulted the athletic festival held at an elementary school to kill about 140 Japanese in Wuche, 能高郡, Taichung Prefecture (present-day Ren-ai, Nantou County).
- 秦氏(はた)、東漢氏(やまとのあや)、西文氏(かわちのあや)などの代表的な帰化氏族、それに弓削氏(ゆげ)、矢集氏(やずめ)、服部氏(はとり)、犬養氏(いぬかい)、舂米氏(つきしね)、倭文氏(しとり)などの氏(ウヂ)がある。
- The clans that were given the position of Tomo no Miyatsuko included the representative naturalized clans such as the Hata clan, the Yamato no Aya clan, the Kawachi no Aya clan as well as the clans such as the Yuge clan, the Yazume clan, the Hatori clan, the Inukai clan, the Tsukishine clan and the Shitori clan.
- 葛城氏(かつらぎ)、平群氏(へぐり)、巨勢氏(こせ)、春日氏(かすが)、蘇我氏(そが)のように、ヤマト(奈良盆地周辺)の地名を氏(ウヂ)の名とし、かつては王家と並ぶ立場にあり、大和王権においても最高の地位を占めた豪族である。
- The clans who were given the title of Omi were powerful clans that were once in the position to stand on par with the royal family and occupied the highest position in the Yamato sovereign, including such clans as the Katsuragi clan, the Heguri clan, the Kose clan, the Kasuga clan, and the Soga clan (these clan names were the place names in Yamato (around Nara Basin).)
- 麻呂が藤原四兄弟で一番年下だったこと、兄たちよりも子女の数が少なかった(しかも早世者も多かった)ことに加え、唯一参議に昇った藤原浜成が氷上川継の乱に連座して流罪になったことで、一族全体の政治生命が絶たれてしまったためである。
- The reason is that Maro was the youngest of Fujiwara four brothers and had less number of children (and many of them suffered of premature death), as well as that FUJIWARA no Hamanari, the only person in Kyoke to be appointed to sangi (councilor), was exiled because of his implication in HIKAMI no Kawatsugu's War, which put an end to the political life of the Kyoke family.
- 5世紀頃には、畿内の及びその周辺の中小豪族をトノモリ(殿守)・モヒトリ(水取)・カニモリ(掃守)・カドモリ(門守)など、宮廷の各種の職務を世襲的に分掌する「トモ」として、大王 (ヤマト王権)のもとに組織する体制が成立していた。
- Around the fifth century, a 'Tomo' system was already established under the great king (Yamato sovereignty), in which small and medium local ruling families in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and areas around it were divided into various duties of the Imperial Court hereditarily, such as Tonomori, Mohitori, Kanimori, and Kadomori.
- 民族運動の要求を一部受容し、運動を分裂・弱体化させることで安定的支配を構築することを目指したが、政策の基本は内地延長主義、すなわち同化主義であり、朝鮮と日本内地の制度的差別を縮小し、現地の不満を減少させ同化をはかるものである。
- They aimed to establish stable governance by accepting part of the demands of the nationalist movement so as to disrupt and weaken the movement, but the basis of their policy was mainland expansionism, or assimilation, in order to achieve integration by narrowing the system gap between Korea and the Japanese mainland and reducing dissatisfaction in the area.
- 身分制度については、江戸幕府下の「士農工商」の別を廃止し、旧武士階級を士族、それ以外を平民とし、「四民平等」を謳う一方、旧公家・大名や一部僧侶などを新たに華族として特権的階級とすると同時に、宮内省の支配の下に置くことになった。
- Regarding the class system, the government advocated equality of all people, abolishing the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants under the Edo Shogunate, and changing former samurai class to the warrior class and the rest of classes to commoner class, whereas they gave the privileges of nobility to former court nobles, feudal lords, and some of the Buddhist monks so as to put them under the control of the Ministry of the Imperial Household.
- この姓(カバネ)は、後世での扱われ方からヤマト王権当初から氏族単位に賦与(ふよ)されていたと考えられていたが、実証的な文献研究により、ヤマト王権当初の姓(カバネ)は個人単位で付与されていたことが明らかとなったと主張する人がいる。
- It was believed that the kabane were given to each clan from the beginning of Yamato sovereignty; however, based on the research of historical records, some strongly suggest that they were given to individuals in the beginning of Yamato sovereignty.
- 更に応永7年(1400年)に信濃守護職小笠原長秀との間で行われた大塔合戦では、高梨氏や井上一族など北信濃衆は500騎を動員しており、この数は信濃国人衆の筆頭(信濃惣大将)である村上氏と同数で、東信濃の名族海野氏の300騎を上回る。
- In the Oto War between Nagahide OGASAWARA, the Shinano governor, and local lords in 1400, northern Shinano lords such as the Takanashi clan and the Inoue family gathered 500 warriors, while the Murakami clan gathered 500 warriors and the prominent Unno clan of eastern Shinano gathered only 300.
- 享和三年(1803年)正月の中瀬村 (三重県)(現伊賀市)の記録によると、村の農民側から無足身分である忍者に対して、農民と同様の棒役を務めるよう要請があったが、忍者側が士族の身分であることを盾にそれを拒否したところ村八分にされた。
- According to the record on Nakaze-mura Village (present Iga City) (Mie Prefecture) in the New Year's Holidays in 1803, the peasants' side demanded Ninja in social status of musoku to be charged boyaku as well as peasants, but Ninja's side refused it on the pretext of their being in warrior class, which led to their social ostracism.
- 【参考】『資料 御雇外国人』(1975)には1868(明治1年)から1889年(明治22年)までに日本の公的機関・私的機関・個人が雇用した外国籍の者の数として2,299人の名前が挙げられている(注:家族や在外公館の雇用者も含む)。
- Reference: The 1975 document entitled 'Shiryo: Oyatoi-gaikokujin'(Document on Hired Foreigners) lists the names of 2,299 people with foreign nationalities who were employed by Japanese public and private institutions as well as by individuals between 1868 and 1889 (the list includes the names of families and employees at the foreign diplomatic missions).
- なお、戸籍を管理するための法律として、旧民法に代わりに施行された戸籍法では、三代以上の親族が同一戸籍に記載されない制度になっている(三代戸籍の禁止)が、家制度においては家の構成員は二代に限られなかったので、戸籍上も制約はなかった。
- According to the Family Registration Law which became effective as an alternative to the Old Civil Codes and a law to manage koseki system, more than two generations are not allowed to be registered on the same koseki (banning koseki include more than two generations), however at the time of Ie seido, there was no limitation regarding the number of generations and no restriction on koseki.
- だが、平安時代後期から官司請負制のもとで官職の世襲化が進み、大学寮の教官も特定の氏族の世襲となって、教官たちは世襲の存続のために自己の子弟・一族や限られた門人に対してのみ限定して、大学寮外の自宅などで教授するという家学化が進んだ。
- However, from the latter half of the Heian period government posts were transferred by heredity, as were the instructors of Daigakuryo; in order to keep the heredity system, family education developed, in which the instructors taught only their sons or selected disciples outside Daigakuryo, for example, in their own houses.
- 能勢氏は摂津源氏の流れを汲む一族で、源頼光の玄孫・源国基を祖とするが、多田源氏の惣領であった源頼盛の三男・能瀬高頼の後裔であるともいう(『尊卑分脈』の記述によると国基の後裔は田尻、高頼の後裔は倉垣を本拠としていたものと推察される)。
- The Nose clan follows Settsu Genji having MINAMOTO no Kunimoto, a great-great-grandson of MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu as their ancestor, while they are said to have been the descendant of Takayori NOSE, the third son of MINAMOTO no Yorimori, the successor of Tada-Genji (according to the description from 'Sonpi Bunmyaku,' Kunimoto's descendants were based in Tajiri and Takayori's were in Kuragaki).
- しかし、この来目歌がどの程度史実を反映するものかどうかは判然とせず、またここで登場する「えみし」が後の「蝦夷」を意味するかどうかも判然としないため、古い時代の蝦夷の民族的性格や居住範囲については諸説があり確かなことはわかっていない。
- However, it isn't clear how accurately this Kumeuta reflects the history or whether 'Emishi' in this poem means the same '蝦夷' that appeared in later history; instead, there are various theories about the characteristics as an ethnic group of an occupied zone of '蝦夷' in ancient times, but no one knows for sure.
- 例えば、地租の算定における一般的な農家の経営の基準を商業生産的な家族経営による拡大再生産が行われている農家とし、また地主と小作人は自由契約による小作関係によって成立しており小作料の増減は地租の増減に対応することを前提として立法された。
- For example, the standard of management of common farming household in calculation of land-tax was made to be a farming household in which expanded reproduction was done by family-run commercial production and that landlords and tenant farmers were linked by free contract tenant farming; and the increase and decrease of farm rent were legalized on the assumption that the increase and decrease of the rent corresponded to the increase and decrease of land-tax.
- 前述したように、「サブラヒ」はその後「サブライ」→「サムライ」と語形変化を遂げていったが、地位に関係なく武士全般をこの種の語で呼ぶようになったのは、江戸時代近くからであり、それまでは貴族や将軍などの家臣である上級武士に限定されていた。
- As mentioned before, 'saburahi' changed to 'saburai' and then 'samurai,' but this word was used to indicate bushi in general regardless of position from around the Edo period, but until then, it was only used to indicate the aristocrats or higher-ranking bushi who were the vassals of the shogun.
- 14世紀前後の北九州から朝鮮半島、中国沿岸などでは日本人、中国人や朝鮮民族らの多民族構成とする倭寇(前期倭寇)が活発化し、日朝貿易においては朝貢貿易に加えて民間貿易も許可されていたため、東アジアの海上世界は民族雑居状態が存在していた。
- Around the fourteenth century, Wako (specifically, the early Wako), a multiethnic group of pirates that included Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans, began increasing their activities in the seas from northern Kyushu in Japan to those around the Korean peninsula and along the coast of China; in addition to the formal tributary trade missions, it was now also permissible for trade to be conducted between Japan and Korea by private merchants, adding a more international flavor to the maritime world of East Asia during this period.
- この桂内閣に対し国民は怒り、また衆議院議員の尾崎行雄や犬養毅らは藩閥政治であるとして桂内閣を批判し、「閥族打破・憲政擁護」を掲げた第一次護憲運動が展開され第三次桂太郎内閣は組閣してからわずか53日で内閣総辞職に追い込まれた(大正政変)。
- The Katsura cabinet angered the Japanese people and drew criticism of oligarchic rule by Yukio OZAKI and Tsuyoshi INUKAI of the Lower House of the Imperial Diet, spurring the first Movement to Protect Constitutional Government aimed at 'doing away with the oligarchy and protecting constitutional rule' and ending with mass resignation of the cabinet after only 53 days (Taisho Political Crisis).
- 古代の有力豪族であった物部氏の末裔(仏教反対派として有名な物部守屋の弟の5代目の子孫だとされる)である石上氏に生まれた宅嗣は藤原仲麻呂討伐などで活躍をして大納言にまで昇る一方で当時を代表する知識人・文人であり、熱心な仏教信者でもあった。
- Born into the Isonokami clan that is descended from the powerful ancient clan of Mononobe (alleged to be the fifth-generation descendant of the younger brother of MONONOBE no Moriya who opposed the introduction of Buddhism), Yakatsugu is famed for his military accomplishments defeating FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and rising to the rank of Dainagon (chief councilor of state) but at the same time was a leading figure in literature and arts and an avid Buddhist.
- 源頼朝から源実朝までの三代の源氏将軍の時代、鎌倉殿と同族の源氏一門は狭義には河内源氏、広義には清和源氏に広く存在したが、鎌倉殿への忠勤の姿勢を重んじ、同族に対す甘えを許さず、すべての源氏一門が鎌倉殿の親族として処遇されたわけではなかった。
- In the period of three generations of the Genji shogunate family, from MINAMOTO no Yoritomo to MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, the Genji clans that belonged to the same clan of Kamakura-dono existed in the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) in a restricted sense and in Seiwa-Genji in a broad sense, but not all Genji clans were always treated as the family of Kamakura-dono because the loyalty to Kamakura-dono was highly valued and dependence on the family was not permitted.
- 武蔵七党の一角を占める児玉党の本宗家3代目児玉家行(有道姓)の次男、児玉二郎家遠(後の塩谷家遠)が、武蔵国児玉郡大寄郷若泉庄の塩谷(現在の埼玉県本庄市児玉町塩谷)の地を父から与えられ、子孫が土着して名乗った事から始まる児玉党を構成する氏族。
- KODAMA Jiro Ieto (later, Ieto SHIONOYA), the second son of Ieyuki KODAMA (Arimichi name) of the third generation of the head family of the KODAMA Party, which occupied a part of the head family of the Musashi-shichito parties (seven parties of samurai in Musashi Province), was given SHIONOYA's land of Wakaizumi-sho, Oyose-go, Kodama County, Musashi Province (currently Shioya, Kodama-cho, Honjo City, Saitama Prefecture) by his father and the offspring were localized and identified themselves as KODAMA and made up the KODAMA Party as a clan.
- これに対して高山らの国体論は、当時広く浸透していた「家」を中心とする国民意識に基づき、「皇室は宗家にして臣民は末族なり」とし、宗家の家長たる天皇による日本(=「君臣一家」)の統治権を正当化する(高山「我国体と新版図」、『太陽』3巻22号)。
- On the contrary, the national polity theory of Takayama was based on pervasive public sense which put priority on 'family,' and insisted that 'the Imperial Family was a head family and subjects belonged to branch families,' the emperor regarded as a head of the family (= 'Imperial members and subjects belonged to the same family lime') had a right to rule Japan (Takayama's 'Our national polity and new territory,' 'the sun' No. 22, volume 3).
- 帰化人の東漢氏の一族は蝦夷に味方しようと蘇我氏の舘に集まったが、中大兄皇子が巨勢徳陀を派遣して説得して立ち去り、蘇我家の軍衆はみな逃げ散ってしまった(飛鳥寺での古人大兄皇子の出家を受け、旗印を無くした蘇我氏の戦意喪失を図ったとする説もある)。
- Although naturalized citizens of the Yamatonoaya clan gathered at the Soga clan's house to support Emishi, KOSE no Tokuta who was sent by Prince Naka no Oe managed to convince them to leave, which made troops on the Soga side scattered away (another theory states that the Soga clan lost their will to fight when Prince Furuhito no Oe became a monk at Asuka-dera Temple since he was who they were fighting for).
- 1924年には干ばつがあり、これは、水源地の足尾の山林が荒廃して保水能力を失ったためだと考えた両組合は、それぞれ別個に活動を行い、1925年には群馬県側の農民ら数千人の署名が集められ、貴族院、衆議院、内務大臣、農務大臣宛てに請願書が提出される。
- In 1924, those areas was hit by a drought, and both unions considered it was because the damaged forests had no longer absorbed nor contained water; although the unions took action separately, in 1925 the petition including thousands of signatures of the farmers and peasants and others in Gunma Prefecture was submitted to the House of Peers, the House of Representatives, the Minister of Home Affairs and the Minister of Agricultural Affairs.
- この間、百済滅亡によって亡命してきた百済人や、仏教の僧侶など大なり小なりユーラシア大陸や朝鮮半島から海を渡ってきた人々(渡来人または帰化人)もいたが、それぞれ少数であったために大和民族に統合・同化され、国内での大和民族の優位性は変わらなかった。
- During this time, there were people who came from the Eurasian Continent or the Korean Peninsula by sea, such as the Paekche people in exile due to the collapse of Kudara (Paekche) and Buddhist monks, however, they were minorities and assimilated with the Yamato race, having no effect on the predominance of the Yamato race.
- その目的は、西郷と共に下野した不平士族たちを統率することと、県内の若者を教育することであったが、外国人講師を採用したり、優秀な私学校徒を欧州へ遊学させる等、積極的に西欧文化を取り入れており、外征を行うための強固な軍隊を創造することを目指していた。
- SAIGO founded the schools to lead the band of fuhei shizoku (former samurai with gripes), who left the government as he did, and to educate the youth in the prefecture; moreover, with the goal of forming a strong army to go on a foreign campaign, he positively introduced Western culture by employing foreign instructors and sending capable students to Western countries to study.
- 薩摩藩の島津久光が不満を述べた以外は目立った反撥はなかった(すでに中央軍制が整い、個別の藩が対抗しにくくなっていたこと、藩財政が危機的状況に陥り、知藩事の手に負えなくなったこと、旧藩主が華族として身分・財産が保証されること、などが理由とされる)。
- There was no remarkable objection except that Hisamitsu SHIMAZU in Satsuma Domain complained about the system (the reasons why there were so few objections are that it was difficult for each domain to oppose the already organized central military system; governors were not able to deal with the serious financial problems in their domains; and former governors of feudal domains were assured their position and properties as nobles).
- この事件をきっかけに蓑田胸喜ら原理日本社の右翼、および菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)(貴族院 (日本))や宮澤裕(衆議院・立憲政友会所属)らの国会議員は、司法官赤化の元凶として帝国大学法学部の「赤化教授」の追放を主張、司法試験委員であった滝川を非難した。
- Due to this incident, Muneki MINODA and others from the right wing group, Genri Nihonsha, Takeo KIKUCHI (army veteran) (House of Peers (Japan)), Yu MIYAZAWA (House of Representatives, affiliated with Rikken Seiyukai) and other Diet members proposed the exile of 'Red (communist) Professors' in the Faculty of Law in imperial universities as the cause of communist judges and accused Takigawa, who was a member of the bar test board.
- つまり、江戸城の本城は大手門から和田倉門、馬場先門、桜田門の内側にある本丸、二の丸、西の丸などの内郭に将軍、次期将軍となる将軍の世子、先代の将軍である大御所が住む御殿が造られ、その西にあたる半蔵門内の吹上に将軍の親族である徳川御三家の屋敷が置かれた。
- The palaces of shogun, his heir and ogosho (ex-shogun) were constructed the central castle compound of the Edo Castle within the Honmaru, Ninomaru and Nishinomaru interior castle that were enclosed by the Ote-mon, Wadakura-mon, Babasaki-mon, and Sakurada-mon cates, and the residences of Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family) were reserved west of the Castle and behind Hanzo-mon gate Gate.
- 第1次山本内閣の時代を含めることにより、この時期の民衆が一方では憲政擁護運動以来の反閥族感情を保ちながらも、他方では1913年7月の辛亥革命の混乱に際しては、革命派擁護を名目とする対中出兵論に容易に乗るような大正デモクラーの一側面が視野にはいってくる。
- By including the era of the first Yamamoto Cabinet into the Taisho Seihen, we can see another side of Taisho Democracy; since the out set of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism, the public in this period retained the anti-clique sentiment, however on the other hand, they easily agreed on dispatching troops to China in the name of supporting the revolutionary group in the turmoil of the Republican Revolution when it broke out in China in July 1913.
- これは両科統合後の天長4年(827年)文章博士都腹赤の上奏(『本朝文粋』、ただし腹赤は2年前に没しており、生前に行われたものか)によって撤廃されたものの、貴族子弟の文章生採用が事実上認められたために白丁文章生は貴族文章生によって圧迫を受けるようになった。
- Although this was abolished due to monjo hakase MIYAKO no Haraaka's report to the throne in 827 after the merger of the two subjects ('Honcho monzui' (anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese), as Haraaka died two years before, it may have been done when he was alive), sons of nobles were subsequently allowed to be adopted as monjosho and monjosho from hakucho families were put under pressure from monjosho from the noble families.
- 蘇我入鹿が山背大兄王を滅ぼし権力集中を図ったのは、高句麗における淵蓋蘇文のクーデターを意識しており、乙巳の変は新羅における金ユ信らによる毗曇の内乱鎮圧後の王族中心体制の元での女王推戴と類似していたが故に諸臣に受け入れられやすかったとする吉田孝の見解がある。
- Takashi YOSHIDA's view states that the reason SOGA no Iruka strove for the concentration of authority by destroying Prince Yamashiro no Oe was to do with the coup carried out by Gaisobun EN in Goguryeo, and furthermore; Isshi Incident was easily accepted by the officials since it was similar to the enthronement of the Queen under the Royal Family based on the political structure formed after the suppression of Pidam War done by Yushin KIM in Silla.
- 『新撰姓氏録』は、平安京および畿内に住む1182氏を、その出自により「皇別」・「神別」・「諸蕃」に分類してその祖先を明らかにし、氏名(うじな)の由来、分岐の様子などを記述するものであるが、主として氏族の改賜姓が正確かどうかを判別するために編まれたものである。
- For the 1182 clans that lived in Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in the current Kyoto) and the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), 'Shinsen Shojiroku' describes the origin of their family names, how the pedigrees branched and other information by classifying the clans, based on the place of origin, into 'Kobetsu' (clans that branched out from the Imperial Family), 'Shinbetsu' (clans the branched out of the family of god) and 'Shoban' (clans coming from foreign lands) to clarify their ancestors; however, it was compiled mainly to determine whether the changed family names of the clans were accurate.
- しかしながら、蘇我赤兄の外孫である山辺皇女が、持統天皇に排除された夫の大津皇子に殉死したり、また文武天皇の妻の石川刀子娘が、天皇崩御後に某男との関係を持った事からその身分を剥奪され、子の広成皇子・広世皇子も連座して皇族の身分を剥奪される事件なども起こしている。
- However, several unfortunate incidents befell the throne: Princess Yamanobe no Himemiko, a sotomago (grandchild from a daughter married into another family) of SOGA no Akae followed her husband Imperial Prince Otsu to the grave when he was eliminated by Empress Jito, and ISHIKAWA no Tone no Iratsume, the wife of the late Emperor Monmu, was stripped of her rank due to infidelity and her children Hironari no Oji and Hiroyo no Oji were stripped of their standing as members of the Imperial family by association.
- 御庭番に関する記述では、「御庭番は台命を受けるや直ちに幕府御用達呉服店に赴き秘密の部屋で変装し家族にも告げずに直ちに出発する」などとしたものをよく見かけるが、御庭番自身の談話や彼らの書き残した記録や幕府に残る公的記録から、これは伝説に過ぎないことがわかっている。
- The statements about oniwaban often say, 'As soon as the oniwaban received a mission, they went to a clothes shop owned by the bakufu, masqueraded as someone else in a secret room of the shop, and left Edo immediately with no notice to their family,' however, the oniwaban's writings and the bakufu's official records show that it was just a story.
- 鉄道国有化や第3次日韓協約・日露協約・日仏協約の締結など、山縣有朋ら元老や桂の意に沿った政策を遂行する一方で、山縣の支持基盤である内務省 (日本)改革のために郡制の廃止を計画して失敗したり、貴族院議員の入閣を実現させるなど、政党政治実現に向けた努力は続けられた。
- While the cabinet pursued the policy complying with Genro like Aritomo YAMAGATA and Katsura, such as making The Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty, Russo-Japanese Agreement and French-Japanese Agreement, it continued to make efforts in order to realize party politics; in order to reform Ministry of Home Affairs, which was the power base for Yamagata, the cabinet tried to abolish the County system, only to fail; the cabinet succeeded in taking members of Kizokuin (the House of Peers) into the Cabinet.
- この反乱は朝廷の勲功認定を目的に全国から集結した武士たちによって鎮圧され、武芸の家、すなわち、武士として公認された家系は、承平天慶勲功者の子孫ということになり、「武」が貴族の家としての「家業」となり、武家としての清和源氏や桓武平氏、秀郷流藤原氏もこの時に確定した。
- These revolts were quelled by the bushi who came together from across Japan to get the approval of their deeds of valor from the Imperial Court and the families of military art, that is, the family lines publicly authorized as bushi were considered as the descendants of Johei Tengyo kunkosha (people who served with distinguish in the Johei and Tengyo War) and '武' (military affair) became a 'family business' of the aristocrat family and Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and the Fujiwara clan of the Hidesato line were established as military families at this time.
- 卑弥呼-台与の王統を継承しているとする説、壱与で王統が断絶し新たな王統が発生したとする説、初期ヤマト王権の王位は世襲ではなく有力豪族間で継承されたとする説、初期の王統は途中で断絶して4世紀前期ごろにミマキイリヒコ(崇神天皇)が新たな王統を開始したとする説などがある。
- Theories about the royal lines of the Yamato Kingdom include that it originated from Himiko and Toyo; that the first royal line ended with Iyo and a new one appeared; that the royal line during the beginning of the Yamato Kingdom was not heredity but was shared between different powerful families; that the first royal line died out and Mimakiirihiko (Emperor Sujin) started a new one around the beginning of the fourth century.
- こうしたなかで将軍綱吉は徐々に助命に傾くが、かつての自分の裁断が過ちだったことを認めてしまうことにもなりかねないので、皇族から出された恩赦という形を得るため、輪王寺門主として上野寛永寺に居住する公弁法親王に拝謁し、それとなく法親王から恩赦を出すよう依頼するに至った。
- Under these circumstances, Shogun Tsunayoshi was leaning toward saving their lives; however, it could mean that he admitted his decisions made in the past were wrong, and therefore he arranged to meet Cloistered Imperial Prince Koben who resided at Ueno Kanei-ji Temple as a chief priest of Rinno-ji Temple and indirectly asked him to grant a pardon in order to make it look like it was a member of the Imperial Family who granted a pardon.
- このように、家制度には家を統括する戸主の権限により家族の権利が犠牲にされる側面があったため、日本国憲法第24条等に反するとして、日本国憲法の施行に伴う民法の応急的措置に関する法律(昭和22年法律第74号)により、日本国憲法の施行日(1947年5月3日)に廃止された。
- Therefore Ie seido had a side that rights of family members were sacrificed by rights of a head of a family, so, since this goes against Article 24 of the Constitution of Japan, according to Act on emergency measures of Civil Code (民法の応急的措置に関する法律) (In 1947, law no.74) Ie seido was abolished on the day of enforcement of the Constitution of Japan (May 3, 1947).
- 日本と比較してみると、中書省が中務省、門下省が議政官、尚書省が左右弁官およびその下の八省に当たる、日本では太政官が門下・尚書の両省を兼ねて更に中書省である中務省を指揮するなど強力な権限を有し、とりわけ門下省に当たる議政官、即ち貴族層の役割が非常に大きかったことが判る。
- When compared with Japan, the Secretariat corresponds to the Nakatsukasasho, the Chancellery corresponds to the Giseikan, and the Department of State Affairs corresponds to the Left and Right Benkan's Offices and the eight ministries under them; therefore, it is clear that the Daijokan had considerable influence in that it served concurrently as both the Chancellery and the Department of State Affairs and also controlled the Nakatsukasasho, which corresponds to the Secretariat, and above all, the Giseikan, i.e. the nobility, corresponding to the Chancellery, played a very important role in Japan.
- だが、これに対して進歩党と自由党が合同して憲政党を結成、貴族院_(日本)も政権に非協力な態度を取った為に、伊藤は自らの政局運営の甘さの自覚と新党結成の決意を固めて、山県有朋らの反対を押し切って憲政会の大隈重信・板垣退助のいずれかを後継にするように上奏して内閣を総辞職した。
- However, Since the Progressive Party and the Liberal Party formed the Constitutional Party together against this and the House of Peers (Japan) also took uncooperative attitude to the Government, which made ITO realize his own poor handling of the political situation and made decision to form a new party, he reported to the Emperor to make either of Shigenobu OKUMA or Taisuke ITAGAKI of the Constitutional Party as his successor and resigned the cabinet en masse, in spite of opposition by Aritomo YAMAGATA and others.
- また、華族制度改革や将来の内閣_(日本)制度導入を巡って、岩倉との間に見解の相違があることも明らかになってきた(岩倉は華族に維新の功臣が加えられることや既存の律令制・太政官制度に基づいた大臣制が廃止されることで、公家出身の自分が政府の中枢から排除されることを警戒していた)。
- In addition, there was conflict of views between Iwakura and Ito regarding reform of the peerage system and introduction of cabinet (Japan) system in future (Iwakura worried about adding new meritorious retainers during the Meiji Restoration to the peerage and abolishment of institution of ministers based on existing the ritsuryo system [a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code] and Dajokan [Great Council of State] system, because he thought he would be excluded from the center of the government.)
- 日本民族への教化政策であると同時に、版図内の諸民族(朝鮮人、台湾人、南洋群島島民など外地の住民や大東亜戦争時の占領地である東南アジアの先住諸民族、また稀にアイヌや琉球人など内地に住むものもこの範疇にいれる場合がある)に対して行われた強制的な同化政策・教化政策とも言われている。
- It is said to be an edification policy for the Japanese race as well as a mandatory assimilationism and edification policy for peoples within the territories as shown in the figure (residents in foreign parts such as Koreans, Taiwanese, and the South Sea Islands residents as well as aboriginal people in South East Asia who lived in territories during the Greater East Asian War, and in rare cases, the Ainu tribe and Ryukyu [currently known as Okinawa], who lived within Japan).
- その一方で明治4年(1871年)に中央政府に復帰して下野するまでの2年間、上京当初抱いていた士族を中心とする「強兵」重視路線が、四民平等・廃藩置県を全面に押し出した木戸孝允・大隈重信らの「富国」重視路線によって斥けられた事に対する不満や反発が西郷の心中に全く無かったとも考えられない。
- Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that SAIGO might have resentment and antagonism toward the incident that a policy of placing a great importance on 'military buildup' mainly with the warrior class, which he had fostered during his early days in Tokyo for two years from his comeback to the central government in 1871 until he left the government, was defeated by a policy of placing a great importance on 'national enrichment' by Takayoshi KIDO and Shigenobu OKUMA, which emphasized the equality of all people and the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures.
- しかも、世襲化されている旧来の姓(カバネ)ではなく、全く新たな姓(カバネ)である真人(まひと)・朝臣(あそん)・宿禰(すくね)・忌寸(いみき)を導入し、それらを賦与ないし継承させる氏上(うじのかみ)を直系親族に限定し、その許認可権すら当初は天武天皇自ら握っていたという事実は動かない。
- Furthermore, the fact remains that Emperor Tenmu introduced new kabane such as mahito, ason, sukune and imiki rather than using the ones that had already been passed on, that he allowed only the members of an immediate Imperial Family to be in the position of Ujinokami which had the right to give kabane, and that he even had the authority to give permission in the beginning.
- 壬申の乱(じんしんのらん)とは天武天皇元年(672年)に起きた日本古代最大の内乱であり、天智天皇の太子・大友皇子(おおとものみこ、明治3年(1870年)、弘文天皇の称号を追号)に対し皇弟・大海人皇子(おおあまのみこ、後の天武天皇)が地方豪族を味方に付けて反旗をひるがえしたものである。
- The Jinshin War was the biggest domestic war in ancient Japan and broke out in 672 and Emperor Tenchi's younger brother, Prince Oama (later Emperor Tenmu) launched a revolt taking powerful local clans on his side against Prince Otomo (given the name Emperor Kobun later in 1870) who was a son of Emperor Tenchi.
- しかし、前述の菅原氏や大江氏など優秀な学者を代々輩出した一族や給料学生以外の学生でも勧学院より同じような学問料が支給された藤原氏(主として藤原北家日野流・藤原南家・藤原式家)などによる文章博士や文章生の世襲や文章博士による門人の推挙による一種の学閥化の風潮が次第に見られるようになった。
- However, there came the trend of forming kinds of academic cliques as the families which produced excellent scholars, such as the above mentioned Sugawara clan as well as the Oe clan and families like the Fujiwara clan (mainly Hino Line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan and the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan), which were able to receive similar education at Kangakuin (educational institutions) despite their not being kyuryo gakusei, started to pass down monjo hakase and monjosho and monjo hakase began recommending their followers to the positions.
- 家督相続人(新戸主)となる者は、旧戸主と同じ家に属する者(家族)の中から、男女・嫡出子庶子・長幼の順で決められた上位の者、被相続人(旧戸主)により指定された者、旧戸主の父母や親族会により選定された者などの順位で決めることになっていたが、通常は長男が家督相続人として戸主の地位を承継した。
- A successor of a family head position (a new family head) will be chosen from the members (family) living in the same household with former head of a family, and a successor will be decided under the conditions such as male or female, legitimate child or illegitimate child, older or younger, or a person appointed by former head of a family or elected by parents of former head of a family or family reunion, but usually the first son will be a successor of a family head position.
- 続く南北朝時代 (日本)には埴科郡に割拠する有力豪族村上氏と共に北朝 (日本)方に属し、正平 (日本)6年/観応2年(1351年)6月に高梨経頼は小笠原為経・小笠原光宗らと足利直義の諏訪直頼の代官祢津宗貞と野辺原(須坂市野辺)で戦い、8月には富部河原、善光寺、米子城(須坂市米子)で戦った。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Takashina clan and the powerful Murakami clan, which was active in Hanishina County, were on the Northern Court side, and Tsuneyori TAKANASHI (along with Tametsune OGASAWARA and Mitsumune OGASAWARA) fought Munesada NETSU, the local governor for Naoyori SUWA, on the side of Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA, at Nobehara (Nobe, Suzaka City) in July of 1351 at Tobe Gawara, Zenko-ji Temple, Yonago-jo Castle (Yonago, Suzaka City) in September.
- その後組織可変が頻繁に行われ、1920年に実施した台北州、新竹州、台中州、台南州、高雄州、台東庁、花蓮港庁および澎湖庁(1926年高雄州より離脱)の日本統治時代の台湾行政区分設置と、その下に置かれた市・街・庄(高砂族の集落には社が置かれた)の地方行政区域で最終的な地方行政区域が確定することとなた。
- After the frequent structural changes, the administrative divisions of Taiwan were confirmed as follows: the administrative regions consisting of Taihoku-shu, Shinchiku-shu, Taichu-shu, Tainan-shu and Takao-shu and Taito-cho, Karenko-cho and and Hoko-cho (independent from Takao-shu in 1926) were established in 1920 with the local administrative regions of shi (city), machi (town) and sho (village) ('sha' for the Takasago Tribe settlement) under each administrative region.
- 戦前に築いた日系コミュニティー、つまり日本町が、西海岸の数箇所でしか保存できなかったり、多くが消滅してしまったのは、構成していた不動産や財産を彼らが強制収容所に送られる前に手放さざるを得なかったり、戦後戻ってきても、既に他の民族が住み着いていたりした為、日本町の再興が出来なかった事も関係している。
- Few of the Japanese communities, that is Japanese towns, built before the war were preserved except in several places on the West Coast and most of them disappeared, because many of their former residents had to get rid of their real estate and property before they were interned, and even after returning at the end of the war, they found other people had already moved in, preventing them from reviving the aforementioned towns.
- 貴族や官人の官職及び官位を改廃する権限、令外官(りょうげのかん)の設置権、官人の叙位および任用権限、五衛府(ごえふ)や軍団兵士に対するすべての指揮命令権、罪刑法定主義を原則とする律の刑罰に対して勅断権と大赦権、外国の使者や外国へ派遣する使者に対する詔勅の使用などの外交権、皇位継承の決定権などである。
- The authority to establish and abolish government posts and official court ranks for nobles and officials, the right to appoint Ryoge no kan (a new governmental post), the authority to bestow court rank and to appoint officials, all rights of leadership and command towards army corps, soldiers and goefu (Palace guards), the right to make imperial judgment and right to grant general amnesty with respect to punishments under ritsu codes - these were based on the principle of legality, diplomatic rights such as right to use shochoku (the Imperial edict) on envoys to and from foreign countries and right to decide on succession to the Imperial Throne.
- 近年注目されるミトコンドリアDNA研究によると、縄文人も弥生人もどちらも北東アジア(中国、シベリア、ブリヤート人、朝鮮半島)に類似したデオキシリボ核酸が多く分布しており、縄文人を南方系、弥生人を北方系とする埴原和郎の二重構造説は疑問視されてはいるが、日本民族が多重構造であること自体は肯定的な意見が強い。
- According to recent mitochondrial DNA research, both the Jomon people and Yayoi people have DNA resembling that of the people of North East Asia (China, Siberia, Buryat and Korean), casting doubt on the multiple structure theory of Kazuro HANIWARA, which purported the Jomon people to be a southern lineage and Yayoi people a northern lineage, though it confirms the multiple structure theory of the Japanese race itself.
- 武士の起源については、従来は新興地方領主層が自衛の必要から武装した面を重視する説が主流であったが、近年は清和源氏や桓武平氏のような軍事貴族や下級官人層から構成される戦士身分が起源であり、彼らが平安後期の荘園公領制成立期から荘園領主や国衙と結びついて所領経営者として発展していったとみる説が提唱されている。
- As for the origin of bushi, the theory that the class of emerging local lords were armed because of a need for self-defense was traditionally mainstream, but recently a theory proposed that its origin is the warrior status which consisted of the military aristocrats such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) or lower-ranking government officials and they were linked with the owners of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or kokuga from the formation period of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and developed into the managers of the shoryo (territory).
- しかし、豪族を、「勢力のある一族」「有力な一族」という意味での一般的な使用(例えば「南北朝時代の○○国△△郡の豪族」というような使用)では、豪族という形容は、その後の時代の地頭や悪党、国人出自などの領主クラスの大名分の武家に対してしばしば使用され、戦国時代・安土桃山時代まで豪族という形容をすることがある。
- However, in the general use of Gozoku as the meaning of 'a potent clan' or 'powerful clan' (for example the use like 'Gozoku in △△ District, OO Province' in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts), the term 'Gozoku' was often used to describe Jito (manager and lord of manor), Akuto (a villain in the medieval times), and samurai families at the same level as daimyo in the feudal lord class from Kokujin (local samurai) in the subsequent periods, and they were sometimes described as Gozoku until the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) and the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
- さてその「サブラフ」の連用形から平安時代に「サブラヒ」という名詞が生まれたわけであるが、その原義は「主君の側近くで面倒を見ること、またその人」で、後に朝廷に仕える官人でありながら同時に上級貴族に伺候した中下級の技能官人層を指すようになり、そこからそうした技能官人の一角を構成した「武士」を指すようになった。
- The conjunctive form of 'saburafu' became 'saburahi' in the Heian period, and while this originally meant 'a person who is on hand to take care of and serve his/her lord' (or the act of doing so), it later came to mean ginou kanjin of low to middle rank who served upper class aristocrats at the Imperial Court, before finally coming to indicate only one type of ginou kanjin: the 'bushi.'
- 同戸籍は、その後の六年に一度作成するという「六年一造」の造籍の出発点になっただけでなく、五十戸一里を基準に行政的に戸を編成して、その戸内の家族(戸口)の名・年齢・戸主との続柄などを詳述したことによって、個々の家族構成を直接的に把握することを可能にし、それを基に班田収授を行い、人頭課税をする台帳の機能も果たした。
- This registration system not only served as a starting point of 'rokunen-ichizo' (literally, 'one creation in six years) in which family registers were created every six years thereafter, but also made it possible to see the direct composition of each household by organizing households in terms of fifty households in ichi-ri on an administrative basis and describing each family member's name, age and relation to the household head in detail, and served as a ledger to conduct Handen Shuju (a regulation of land ownership) and jinto kazei (poll taxation).
- 位階や旭日章・瑞宝章などのその他の勲章は仕官して公務員(当時は官吏)となれば勤続年数などの一定の条件で大抵誰でも受勲することができ、また官吏では無い兵 (日本軍)や民間人でも対象となったが、金鵄勲章は軍人軍属のみでかつ相応の戦功がなくては授与されず、大将や皇族軍人といえども相応の武功がなければ授与されなかった。
- In terms of other orders, including courtly rank and the Orders of the Rising Sun and Orders of the Sacred Treasure, when it came to civil servants (at the time, they were termed 'government officials') in government service, once they fulfilled the prescribed condition--for example, working continuously for a certain number of years--almost everyone would receive such medals, and non-government soldiers (in Japan's army) or civilians could also receive them; the Order of the Golden Kite, however, was limited only to military personnel, and furthermore was only granted to those who had sufficiently distinguished themselves in battle, meaning that simply being a general or an army officer of imperial blood, without distinguished service in battle, would not bring one this medal.
- 財閥(ざいばつ)とは、財閥解体以前の非常に大きい独占的な資本家または企業の事であるが、一般的には、家族または同族によって出資された親会社(持株会社)が中核となり、それが支配している諸会社(子会社)に多種の産業を経営させている企業集団であって、大規模な子会社はそれぞれの産業部門において寡占的地位を占めると定義される。
- The word Zaibatsu means a tremendous exclusive capitalist or enterprise of the pre-disposition of the era of financial cliques, but generally it is defined as a business group in which a parent company (holding company) capitalized by a family or its kinship forms the core of the group and has its subsidiaries run a variety of businesses, some of which hold monopoly positions in their respective fields or industries.
- 呉善花は、著書『韓国併合への道』で「少なくとも民族の尊厳の確保に賭けて大アジア主義を掲げ、国内で最大限の努力を傾けた李容九らを売国奴と決めつけ、国内で表立った活動をすることもなく外国で抗日活動を展開した安昌浩や李承晩らを愛国者・抗日の闘士と高く評価するバランス・シートは、私にはまったく不当なものである」と評価している。
- O Seonhwa placed a mention in her book 'Road to the Japan's annexation of Korea', saying, 'it is completely unreasonable for me that, in a balance-sheet, the persons like 李容九 (이용구) who strived in the country to get back our nation's dignity aimed at Asianism are regarded as betrayers, while the persons like Ahn Chang-ho and Syngman Rhee (I Seung-man) who rolled out their anti-Japanese activities out of Korea without taking any particular actions in the country are praised as a patriot or anti-Japanese warrior'.
- 三浦らは、ヨーロッパの中世が、ゲルマン民族の大移動によって辺境で発生した「武装した封建領主」である騎士によって支えられていたことに着目し、日本で平安時代中期から東国を中心とした辺境社会で活躍した武士を騎士と同じ「武装した封建領主」と位置づけ、アジアで唯一日本にも中世が存在したことを「発見」し、日本は近代化できると主張した。
- MIURA and so on noted that medieval Europe was supported by the knights who were 'armed suzerain' emerging on the frontier by the Great Barbarian Invasion of Germanic peoples, positioned the bushi, who flourished in the frontier society centering on Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) from the middle of Heian period in Japan, as 'armed suzerain' who were the same as the knights, 'discovered' that there also existed medieval times in Japan, which was the only country in Asia, and insisted that Japan could be modernized.
- 簡単にいえば、武官は「官人として武装しており、律令官制の中で訓練を受けた常勤の公務員的存在」であるのに対して、武士は「10世紀に成立した新式の武芸を家芸とし、武装を朝廷や国府から公認された「下級貴族」、「下級官人」、「有力者の家人中世の家人」からなる人々」であって、律令官制の訓練機構で律令制式の武芸を身につけた者ではなかった。
- Simply speaking, military officers were 'government officials (espcially one of low to medium rank) who were armed and a full-time government [public] employee-like officials trained under the Ritsuryo-system,' while the bushi were 'the people who consisted of a 'lower ranking nobles,' 'lower ranking government officials' and 'people from powerful or medieval families' who regarded the new military art established during the 10th century as their iegei and were officially authorized to be armed by the Imperial Court or kokufu (provincial office)' and they did not acquire the military art of the Ritsuryo-system style in the training institution of the organization of the government according to the Ritsuryo codes.
- 大和民族とは、日本列島に住んできた人類で構成される民族で、そこでは縄文時代から日本列島に住んできた人々(いわゆる縄文人)と、縄文末期から弥生時代にユーラシア大陸から渡来した人々(いわゆる弥生人)が中心となって形成したヤマト王権が、日本列島各地に散在していた様々な人的集団を勢力下に置き、同化したことにより大和民族が成立していったと考えられている。
- The Yamato race consists of people living in the Japanese archipelago, where the race was formed as the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty), composed mainly of people living in the Japanese archipelago since the end of the Jomon Period (Jomon man) and people from the Eurasian Continent (Yayoi people) between the late Jomon period and the Yayoi period, controlling various groups of people which had spread across the Japanese archipelago and assimilating them.
- 『日本書紀』の天武天皇十三年十月の条に、「守山公・路公(みちのきみ)・高橋公・三国氏・当麻氏・茨城公(うまらきのきみ)・多治比氏(たぢひのきみ)・猪名公(ゐなのきみ)・坂田公・羽田公・息長氏(おきながのきみ) ・酒人公(さかひとのきみ)・山道公、十三氏に、姓を賜ひて真人と曰ふ」とあって、これら公(きみ)姓氏族はおよそ応神天皇 ・継体~用明天皇の皇子の子孫である。
- According to an article appeared in November 684 in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), 'Following 13 clans should be given the kabane of Mahito; Moriyama no Kimi, Michi no Kimi, Takahashi no Kimi, the Mikuni clan, Taima clan, Umara no Kimi, Tajihi no Kimi, Ina no Kimi, Sakata no Kimi, Hata no Kimi, Okinaga no Kimi, Sakahito no Kimi, Yamaji no Kimi' and these Kimi kabane clans are probably the descendants of Emperor Ojin and those from Emperor Keitai to Emperor Yomei.
- 泰盛与党として罹災したのは泰盛一族の他、小笠原氏、足利氏、伴野氏、伊東氏、武藤氏(少弐氏)、その他は藤原相範、吉良満氏、殖田又太郎(大江泰広)、小早川三郎左衛門、三科蔵人、天野景村、伊賀景家、二階堂行景、(大井)美作三郎左衛門、綱島二郎入道、池上藤内左衛門の尉、行方少二郎、南部孫二郎(政連?)、有坂三郎、鎌田弥藤二左衛門尉、秋山人々など、幕府創設以来の有力御家人層の多くが見られる。
- Victims of this battle among the members of Yasumori's party other than the Yasumori family were the Ogasawara clan, the Ashikaga clan, the Tomono clan, the Ito clan, and the Muto clan (Shoni clan) and many powerful gokenin since the foundation of Kamakura bakufu also suffered, such as Ainori FUJIWARA (藤原相範), Mitsuruuji KIRA, Matataro UETA (Yasuhiro Oe), Saburozaemon KOBAYAKAWA, Kurodo SANKA, Kagemura AMANO, Kageie IGA, Yukiie NIKAIDO, Mimasakasaburozaemon (OI) (美作三郎左衛門), Jironyudo TSUNASHIMA (綱島二郎入道), a lord of Tonaizaemon IKEGAMI (池上藤内左衛門), Shojiro YUKIKATA (行方少二郎), Magojiro (Masatsura?) NANBU, Saburo ARISAKA, Yatonisaemoni KAMATA (鎌田弥藤二左衛門尉), and Hitobito AKIYAMA (秋山人々).
- 祖先は陵戸(みささぎのへ)で沙沙貴(ささき)の名前も陵戸が変化した物と言う説があるが、日本書紀には「狭々城山君韓袋宿裲」(ささきやまぎみからふくろのすくね)が雄略天皇による押磐皇子謀殺に荷担したために罰せられ、死刑とする代わりに身分を落とし賤民である陵戸とされ全ての官籍を剥奪の上で山部連の下に置かれたが、同族の「置目老嫗」(おきめのおみな)が押磐皇子の遺骨の所在を知らせた功により置目老嫗の兄である「倭袋宿裲」が韓袋宿裲に代わり狭々城山君の姓を賜ったとある。
- There is a theory that the name Sasaki was changed from the ancestor's name, Misasagi no He, but in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) it was written that 'Sasakiyama gimi Karafukuro no Sukune' helped the Emperor Yuryaku to murder Prince Oshiha and was therefore demoted to the humble rank of Ryoko instead of receiving the death penalty and was transferred under Yamabe no muraji after being deprived of any title; however, because 'Okime no Omina' from his family confessed to where the remains of the Prince Oshiha were placed, 'Yamato Fukuro no Sukune', who was the brother of Okime no Omina, was given the name Sasakiyama gimi in place of Karafukuro no Sukune.