断: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- お断り
- declining
- nonacceptance
- declination
- refusal
- rejection
- turndown
- 世嗣断絶
- Extinction of a family line
- 検断沙汰
- Kendan-sata (criminal cases)
- 衰退と断絶
- The decline and the fall of the family
- 雑訴決断所
- The Office for Deciding Miscellaneous Appeals
- 謀叛の検断
- Trial for rebellion
- 弓の断面積
- The cross-section area of the bow
- 裁判所の判断
- The judgement of the court
- 謀叛人の検断
- Trial for rebellion
- 再興と再度の断絶
- The repeated restoration and fall of the family
- 断簡・模本について
- Fragmentary Leaves and Copies
- これが自検断である。
- This is the Jikendan.
- (検断沙汰も参照。)
- (Also refer to Kendan-sata (criminal cases).)
- 夜討強盗山賊海賊の検断
- Trial for night attack burglars, bandits, and pirates
- 判断する条件は、主に、
- The judging criteria are mainly as follows:
- 東京国立博物館所蔵断簡
- Fragmentary leaves in the possession of Tokyo National Museum.
- 別称を木食戒、断穀行。
- It is also known as 'mokujikikai,' or 'dangokugyo.'
- しかし、断られてしまう。
- However, he was refused.
- 死因は天然痘と診断された。
- It was said he died of smallpox.
- 大名としての存続は断たれた。
- The continuance of them as daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) was ended.
- 季衡の家系は一時期中断した。
- Suehira's family line was interrupted.
- MIHO MUSEUM所蔵断簡
- Miho Museum shozo dankan (fragmentary leaves in the possession of the Brooklyn Museum)
- これは巫女禁断令と通称される。
- This prohibition ordinance was commonly called the Miko-Kindan-rei (an order to forbid shrine maidens from obtaining divine oracles through spirit possession).
- (桜を手に入れたと油断するな。
- (Stay alert even after you gain the cherry tree.
- 個人蔵断簡 1枚(重要文化財)
- Fragment held by an individual; important cultural property
- (1671年騒動により改易断絶)
- (In 1671, the clan was deprived of its position, privileges and properties due to the Date Sodo and its family line was extinguished)
- (1699年騒動により改易断絶)
- (In 1699, the clan was deprived of its position, privileges and properties due to the Date Sodo and its family line was extinguished)
- 断面が末広がりであることに由来。
- This name is originated in the fact that this shape of product is Suehiro-gari (broadens towards the bottom).
- 閑院家は昭和63年に断絶となる。
- The Kaninnomiya family discontinued in 1988.
- 山階宮(山階宮晃親王の子孫、断絶)
- Yamashinanomiya (the descendants of Yamashinanomiya Imperial Prince Akira, discontinued)
- しかし尊氏は無断で関東に出兵する。
- However, Takauji sent troops to the Kanto region without permission.
- いわゆる「一見さんお断り」である。
- It is the so-called 'No first visitors without invitation.'
- 金堂不断経 - 8月7日より1週間
- Fudangyo (consistent reading of Buddhist scriptures every day) in Kondo Hall - One week from on August 7
- 断絶(江戸時代初頭より明治時代まで)
- Extinction (from the early Edo period to the Meiji period)
- そのために恒世親王の系統は断絶した。
- As a result, the line of Imperial Prince Tsuneyo became extinct.
- 閑院宮(閑院宮載仁親王の子孫、断絶)
- Kaninnomiya (the descendants of Kaninnomiya Imperial Prince Kotohito, discontinued)
- 2通の遺言書に対する最高裁判所の判断
- Supreme Court decision on two wills
- 一時すべての製造者が廃業し断絶した。
- Therefore, all the manufacturers of Kyo tops closed down and disappeared for a time.
- 応仁の乱の頃まで断続的に続けられた。
- The practice continued continuously up until around the time of the Onin War.
- 生魚の頭部を切断し、内臓を除去する。
- Cut off the head of the fish and remove the internal organs.
- 完成した蝋燭は、断面が年輪状になる。
- The section of a finished warosoku shows an annual ring-like pattern.
- 日本近海で対馬海流を横断して西進する。
- Ships crossed the Tsushima current in the sea near Japan and went westward.
- 五島列島から東シナ海を横断するルート。
- Route crossing the East China Sea from the Goto Islands.
- 高松家旧蔵断簡(ブルックリン美術館蔵)
- Takamatsuke kyuzo dankan (fragmentary leaves of an old book held by the Takamatsu family) (in the possession of the Brooklyn Museum)
- その他、審判が必要があると判断した場合
- Additionally, if the referees deem it necessary.
- 後に消息不明となり、小倉宮家は断絶する。
- He became lost and the Oguranomiya family became extinct in the end.
- 継嗣は無く、宮家としては一代で断絶した。
- Since there has been no heir, the Imperial family ended in the first generation.
- 嵯峨天皇は遷都を拒否することを決断する。
- Emperor Saga was determined to reject the relocation of the capital.
- 立方体状に裁断してあんみつの中に入れる。
- Kanten is cut into cubes for use in anmitsu (a bowl of sweets containing boiled beans, cubes of agar gelatin and bits of fruit with a sweet syrup poured over them).
- 桃山時代に創設され、明治時代に断絶した。
- It was established in the Momoyama period and the family was discontinued in the Meiji period.
- 綱はあわてず、鬚切で鬼の腕を断ち斬った。
- Tsuna calmly cut off the ogress' arm with Higekiri.
- これらは風習とその世帯ごとの判断による。
- It all depends on the local customs and each household's judgment.
- 駿河徳川家(当主徳川忠長が切腹して断絶。)
- Suruga Tokugawa family (ending with the ritual suicide of the family head Tadanaga TOKUGAWA.)
- 島は四方が断崖絶壁で切り立った急崖である。
- The island is surrounded on all four sides by a sheer cliff.
- しかし、月山富田城の堅固さに阻まれ、断念。
- However, Gassan Toda-jo Castle was so strongly fortified that they abandoned their attempt.
- 地下検断(じげけんだん)ということもある。
- It is sometimes called Jige kendan.
- この事件により日朝の国交は断絶状態となる。
- This incident led to the rupture of diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea.
- なお、中断は副審から申し出ることもできる。
- Meanwhile, the assistant referees can also ask to stop the match.
- 飛鳥浄御原宮の「正殿」であったと判断した。
- They confirmed it was the Seiden (Main Palace) of the Asuka no Kiyomihara no Miya.
- 判断基準、醗酵のころあい、調節の仕方など。
- Criteria for judgement, fermentation degree, how to adjust and so on.
- 1871年(明治4年)に断髪が奨励された。
- The Japanese were encouraged to bob their hair in 1871.
- だが、土岐氏への処断は今川氏よりも早かった。
- However, the Shogunal judgment was passed on the Toki clan earlier than the Imagawa clan.
- これにより、西高瀬川が分断されることになる。
- This excavation segmentized Nishitakase-gawa River.
- 博忠王には王子女が無く、華頂宮家は断絶した。
- Prince Hirotada did not have any children, and Kachonomiya family line ended.
- この地震では、2つの地震断層が地表に現れた。
- The Northern Tango Earthquake revealed two earthquake faults on the surface.
- 神社の拝殿に座り七日間不眠断食の修行をした。
- He sat on the oratory of a shrine and practiced sleepless fasting for seven days.
- 吉野川が市の中央を分断するように西流している。
- The Yoshino-gawa River flows to the west dividing the center of the city into parts.
- 1929年9月:一時中断されていた公判が再開。
- September 1929: The public trial which had been halted was resumed.
- 判官は事件の責任をとり切腹させられ、お家断絶。
- Hangan is ordered to commit seppuku (suicide by slashing one's own belly) in order to take responsibility for the incident, and his family is put to an end.
- 「酒をのませて人を油断させようという腹だな。」
- He must intend to put us off our guard by sake.'
- 徳川忠長(駿河徳川家、駿河大納言、切腹して断絶)
- Tadanaga TOKUGAWA, who was of the Suruga-Tokugawa family, and Suruga Dainagon (Major Counselor), and his lineage was extinct after his seppuku.
- 地形は海に面して断崖絶壁であり、険しく聳え立つ。
- Its topography consists of a sheer cliff which rises up and faces the sea.
- 『本来であれば』と断りを入れたのには理由がある。
- The phrase 'in theory' was inserted above for a reason.
- 一説にはこの要請を二度までも断ったと伝えられる。
- According to one estimate, he refused this request twice.
- (『無常断章』に収録;一部、抜け・間違いあり)。
- (compiled in 'Mujoudanshou' with some omissions and errors)
- おまんを護る三五兵衛は断り双方口論の末切り結ぶ。
- Sangobei turned down the request and confronted each other with swords after a verbal spat.
- 人をよせつけない断崖の地であり、集落は存在しない。
- The cliffs of Naryu-misaki Cape keep people away, and no settlements exist.
- 李嶠百詠断簡(りきょうひゃくえいだんかん)(御物)
- Rikyo Hyakuei dankan (李嶠百詠断簡) (imperial properties)
- これによりただちに小天守があったと断言はできない。
- It cannot be immediately claimed that there was a sho-tenshu at the castle just by this claim.
- 劣悪な荘田と肥沃な公田を無断で交換してはならない。
- Fields within manors that were low quality could not be exchanged, without notice, for fertile fields administered directly by a ruler.
- また、雑訴決断所の訴訟手続法10ヶ条が定められる。
- Moreover, ten legal provisions were established to govern the court proceedings for the office responsible for deciding miscellaneous court cases.
- その後豊臣政権まで約150年間にわたって中断した。
- After this, Chosen Tsushinshi did not come to Japan for 150 years until the era of the Toyotomi government.
- 日本刀は元来、「断ち切る」ことに適した刀剣である。
- A Japanese sword is originally suitable to 'cut off.'
- このため尾根を分断した南側は周濠が狭くなっている。
- This has caused the southern side of the moat beyond the ridge narrower.
- 穀断ち(こくだち)は、仏教の行 (仏教)のひとつ。
- Kokudachi (spiritual practice of eating no grain) is one of Buddhism 'gyo' (spiritual practices).
- 干す時間は当日の天気や、風の具合によって判断する。
- The length of the drying time depends on the weather of the day or the wind.
- ここに大名家としての小堀家は断絶することになった。
- This marked the end of the position of daimyo (feudal lord) for the Kobori family.
- 1936年金剛右京の死去により、坂戸金剛家は断絶。
- The Sakado-Kongo family became extinct in 1936 due to the death of Ukyo KONGO.
- 法隆寺(奈良県斑鳩町)蔵断簡 掛幅装(重要文化財)
- Fragment, as a hanging scroll, held by Horyu-ji Temple (Ikaruga-cho, Nara Prefecture); important cultural property
- 戦国時代初期に細川尚春が三好之長に滅ぼされ断絶した。
- The family was ended in the beginning of the Sengoku Period, as Hisaharu HOSOKAWA was eliminated by Yukinaga MIYOSHI.
- 村内を名阪国道が横断しており、交通の至便な地である。
- Meihan National Route runs across the village, thus the village is quite conveniently located in terms of public transportation.
- この他、JR奈良線と近鉄京都線が南北に横断している。
- Additionally, the JR Nara Line and the Kintetsu Kyoto Line run north-south.
- 依仁親王には、継嗣が無く東伏見宮家は一代で断絶した。
- Imperial Prince Yorihito did not have an heir, therefore, the Higashifushiminomiya family ended in one generation.
- 九州王朝説を唱えた古田武彦は次のように断定している。
- Takehiko FURUTA, who insisted that the theory of the Kyushu Dynasty said with certainty as follows:
- 877年(元慶元年)中国(唐)に渡ろうとしたが断念。
- He tried to travel to China (Tang) in 877 but gave up.
- 丘陵の尾根の先端を分断して造られた前方後円墳である。
- The tumulus is a large keyhole-shaped mound, constructed by dividing the tip of the hill ridge.
- 慧可断臂図(愛知県・斉年寺、1496年(明応5年))
- Portrait of Ekadanpi (Seinen-ji Temple in Aichi Prefecture, painted in 1496)
- 同年6月に清盛は遷都を目指して福原京福原行幸を断行。
- In the same year in June, Kiyomori visited Fukuhara Palace in Fukuhara intending to move the capital city.
- 明治維新の断髪令により、元結の消費量は少なくなった。
- Due to Danpatsu-rei (order to cut the topknot) issued by the Meiji government, consumption of Motoyui has decreased.
- こうして1887年、範叙の死によって今川氏は断絶した。
- The Imagawa clan became extinct due to the death of Norinobu in 1887.
- ちなみに刑事事件の取扱い(検断沙汰)は侍所が所管した。
- Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) handled Kendan-sata (criminal cases).
- 仁明天皇は詔を発して伴健岑、橘逸勢らを謀反人と断じた。
- The Emperor Ninmyo issued the imperial edict and concluded that TOMO no Kowamine and TACHIBANA no Hayanari were rebels.
- いくら撃っても弾丸は両断され、全く刃こぼれしなかった。
- Bullets were sliced in two every time they were shot, and the blade didn't have a nicked edge at all.
- 審判はこれに該当しているかどうかを判断して旗を挙げる。
- If the referee deems it applicable, he will raise a flag.
- 米や麦などの穀類の食を断ち、水や木の実などで命を繋ぐ。
- Stop eating grains such as rice and wheat, and manage to survive on water and nuts.
- しかし、どの方もあまり教団のためにならないと判断した。
- However they were regarded as being no benefit to the religious organization.
- また、断髪令により髪型も従来の髷から散切り頭となった。
- Besides, the hairstyle changed from the mage (topknot) style into a cropped head due to the free-hairstyle ordinance (danpatsu-rei).
- 室町時代から中断されていたのを、明治になって再興した。
- It was not held since the Muromachi period but was revived in the Meiji period.
- 西教寺(滋賀県大津市坂本)蔵断簡 掛幅装(重要文化財)
- Fragment, as a hanging scroll, held by Saikyo-ji Temple (Sakamoto, Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture); important cultural property
- 17代目の世尊寺行季の薨去をもって、世尊寺家は断絶した。
- With the death of Yukisue SESONJI, the 17th family head, the Sesonji family ceased to exist.
- 淑子内親王薨去をもって、桂宮家は継嗣不在のため断絶する。
- After Imperial Princess Sumiko died, the Katsuranomiya family discontinued since there was no one to succeed to the family.
- 断崖のくぼみのなかに足場を組んだ懸造の小規模な堂である。
- This is a small-size hall in kake-zukuri where the scaffolding poles were put into the hollow of a cliff.
- 記録所、恩賞方、9月には雑訴決断所がそれぞれ設置される。
- Offices were established for the keeping of records and the distribution of rewards, and in the ninth month an office for the deciding of miscellaneous appeals was also established.
- 壬辰倭乱をきっかけに朝鮮と日本の外交関係は断絶していた。
- Due to Jinshin waran (the Bunroku War in Korean), Japan and Korea broke their diplomatic relations.
- 益田家旧蔵断簡(実業家・茶人である益田孝が収集していた)
- Masudake kyuzo dankan (fragmentary leaves of an old book held by the Masuda family) (A businessman and master of ceremonial tea, Takashi MASUDA's collection.)
- 一時中断されたが、元禄時代の東山天皇の在位中に復活した。
- Although suspended for some time, it was revived in the Genroku era (1688 - 1703) during the reign of Emperor Higashiyama.
- この時は、道元自身が仮寓の身であることを理由に断られる。
- On this occasion, Dogen declined it because he was staying at a temporary residence.
- 弓之段 - 一旦はウグイスを狙うが殺生戒のため中断する。
- Yumi no dan (Noh performance featuring a bow and arrow) – Japanese bush warblers were once targeted, but the practice was suspended by Sessho-kai (the Buddhist precept of the prohibition of indiscriminately killing living things).
- 以下、本項では特に断らない限り、割竹刀について説明する。
- The following describes warijinai unless otherwise mentioned.
- 灰は断熱材なので深さ10cmもあれば炭の熱の心配は無い。
- Because the ash serves as a heat insulator, there is no need to worry about the heat of charcoal as long as the ash is about 10 cm deep.
- 後嵯峨天皇の外戚として栄えたが、室町時代初頭には断絶した。
- Being the maternal relative of Emperor Gosaga, the family enjoyed their prosperity, but became extinct during the early Muromachi period.
- 昭和28年(1953年)12月に、結核の感染を診断される。
- He was diagnosed as contracting tuberculosis in December 1953.
- しかし、後にこの養子縁組は解消となり、白川家は断絶となる。
- However, the adoption was broken off afterward, and the Shirakawa family was ended.
- 1995年(平成7年)、雍仁親王妃勢津子の薨去により断絶。
- In 1995 it became extinct due to the death of Princess Setsuko, the wife of Imperial Prince Yasuhito.
- 守貞親王はすでに皇位継承は断たれており、後に出家している。
- Imperial Prince Morisada, having already been cut out of the Imperial succession, afterwards took the tonsure.
- 意見が二分されたのを見た欽明天皇は仏教への帰依を断念した。
- Seeing the difference between the two groups, the Emperor Kinmei gave up believing in Buddhism.
- なお一切の煩悩を断じ尽くした位で、仏・如来と同一視される。
- It is also a rank with overcoming Bonno (earthly desires), and is seen as being the same as Buddha and Nyorai.
- 小枝や枯れ草を集めて岩場や断崖にコロニーをつくり営巣する。
- They build their nests in colonies on rocky ledges or cliffs using twigs and withered grass.
- しかしアメリカの中国系、韓国系経営者の反発に遭い断念した。
- However, the ministry was forced to abandon the draft due to the rebuff from Chinese and South Korean managers living in the United States.
- 藤田美術館(大阪市都島区網島町)蔵断簡 1枚(重要文化財)
- Fragment, held by Fujita Museum of Art (Amijima-cho, Miyakojima Ward, Osaka City); important cultural property
- 優劣の判断がつくように歌合の歌は現代においても題詠である。
- As criteria in evaluating poems, themes are given even in the modern era for poems to be created at the uta-awase contests.
- 昭和22年に皇籍離脱し、昭和63年(1988年)に断絶した。
- In 1947, the family lost its right to membership of the Imperial Family, and died out in 1988.
- このとき筑紫大宰だった栗隈王は、外国への備えを理由に断った。
- Kurikuma no Okimi, then Tsukushi no Omikotomochi no Tsukasa (the head of Dazai-fu [local government office in Kyushu region]), declined the prince's demand as he needed to prepare for the foreign troops.
- 2004年(平成16年)、宣仁親王妃喜久子の薨去により断絶。
- In 2004 it became extinct due to the death of Princess Kikuko, the wife of Imperial Prince Nobuhito.
- 説話的な語り口で人生の断面が垣間見られる佳品で知られている。
- It is known as a good piece in which each stage of life is depicted in story-telling writing.
- 請鞠 日暮や天候変化などにより、やむなく試合を中断すること。
- Ukemari is an unavoidable interruption of the game due to sunset, weather changes, etc.
- 毎朝当日の天候や波の状況を確認した上で出漁の可否を判断する。
- Every morning it is decided whether or not to go fishing, after checking the weather and the situation of the waves.
- そこに判官が登城、その師直へ顔世からの求愛を断る手紙が届く。
- Then Hangan comes to the castle, and Kaoyo's letter rejecting Moronao's advances is delivered to Moronao.
- 静は「おもいもよらぬおおせ」と断り、義経に会いにいくという。
- Turning down Benkei's suggestion - saying 'I cannot see myself going back to Kyoto alone' - Shizuka suggests they go to see Yoshitsune.
- 閑院宮家は、皇統の断絶を危惧した新井白石の建言で創設された。
- The Kaninnomiya family was established after Hakuseki ARAI's concern about the discontinuity of the Imperial family.
- 昭和60年に薨去し、山階家は断絶する(山階旧侯爵家を除く)。
- He died in 1985 and the Yamashinanomiya family discontinued. (Excluding the Yamashina marquis family)
- そのためには大根の切断面を繊維を断ち切るようにおろすとよい。
- For this reason it is best to grate the cross section of the daikon in order to sever the fibers.
- 灰白色の断崖が続きそれが鶴の群れに見えることから名付けられた。
- It was named as a row of grayish white cliffs looked like a flock of cranes.
- 1924年(大正13年)に断絶し、華頂侯爵家が祭祀を承継した。
- In 1924 his family line ended, and Saishi (religious service) was taken over by the family of Marquis Kacho.
- 戦国時代 (日本)末に断絶後、江戸時代初期に慈光寺冬仲が再興。
- The family became extinct during the late Sengoku period which was subsequently restored by Fuyunaka JIKOJI during the early Edo period.
- 南北朝~室町時代に断絶した家も多く、その家名の復活も図られた。
- Many families had been discontinued in the period including the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period, and the family names of these became targets for restoration.
- 明治以降、断髪の影響により冠は頭に被れるタイプのものになった。
- Since the Meiji period, type of the caps had changed to the one which could cover the head because people got their hair cut.
- 三浦の乱後、通交の断絶によって困窮した宗氏は大内義興を頼った。
- The So clan, suffering from dire poverty caused by the severance of friendly relations with Korean Dynasties as a result of the Sanpo disturbance, placed its reliance on Yoshioki OUCHI.
- これらの出土物は室町時代後期から安土桃山時代のもと判断された。
- These unearthed articles were estimated to be the things belonging to the period of late Muromachi through Azuchi-Momoyama.
- 容保は初め徳川慶喜・松平春嶽からの再三の就任要請を断っていた。
- Katamori first refused the repeated requests asking him to take the post, from Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA and Shungaku MATSUDAIRA.
- 割れると一見ルビーに似た透明感のある、濃い赤色の断面が現れる。
- Break a karebushi in two, and there will be a cross section having a clear, deep-red color resembling a ruby.
- 天龍寺規則・宗制の改正を断行し、自由奔放な禅者として知られた。
- He was known as a free-spirited Zen priest, who forced through reforms of the shusei (rules) of Tenryu-ji Temple.
- しかしながら、断切は硬く扱いにくいため縁付が好んで使用される。
- However, because the tachikiri type is hard and cannot be handled easily, the entsuki type is used preferably.
- 出光美術館(東京都千代田区丸の内)蔵断簡 掛幅装(重要文化財)
- Fragment, as a hanging scroll, held by Idemitsu Museum of Arts (Marunouchi, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo); important cultural property
- 本家である洞院家は室町期に断絶したが、清華クラスの家柄であった。
- The head family, the Toin family, discontinued during the Muromachi Period, was a seiga class family.
- そして、秀信の死をもって信長の嫡流の断絶ということになっている。
- The main branch of the Nobunaga family was exterminated after the death of Hidenobu.
- その目的は公武合体に基づく攘夷断行の実現に助力することであった。
- Their purpose was to assist in carrying out Joi based on a union of the Imperial court and Edo shogunate.
- 丹波高地ならびに比良山地とは花折断層を境にして切り離されている。
- The Tanba plateau and the Hira mountain region are separated by the Hanaore fault.
- 恒直親王を以って亀山天皇に始まる大覚寺統の正統は事実上断絶した。
- The family line of Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama), which started from Emperor Kameyama, ended with Imperial Prince Tsunenao.
- 郷村断層では、西側が最大80cm隆起し、南へ270cm移動した。
- The Goson Fault was raised a maximum of 80cm on the west side and moved 270cm towards the south.
- が、朝廷はこれに対しては断固たる態度で臨み、これを許さなかった。
- The imperial court, however, confronted them with a firm attitude and did not allow this.
- 清盛は関係者を速やかに斬罪や流罪などに処断した(鹿ヶ谷の陰謀)。
- Kiyomori swiftly punished the related people with execution and exile (Shishigatani no Inbo (the Shishigatani Conspiracy).
- この結果、源氏軍による東海道方面の進撃は一時中断することとなる。
- As a result, the progression of the Minamoto clan troops along the Tokai-do Road was halted for a while.
- 検断権は、もともと荘園・公領領主が保有していたと考えられている。
- It is believed that lords of a manor and public land originally had the right to judge criminal cases.
- なお高野山入山のおり、十穀を絶つ穀断ちを行うことを発願している。
- Upon entering Mt. Koya, with the wish to attain enlightenment, Ogo practiced kokudachi (training of eating no grain) by not eating various types of grain.
- 純仁に実子はなく、また養子を取らなかったので閑院家は断絶となる。
- Since Sumihito did not have any children or adopted children, the Kan in no Miya family died out.
- 一時的に大陸文化を遮断した平安時代には国風の平安装束も発達した。
- In the Heian period when the continent culture was temporarily blocked, a Japanese-style costume of the Heian period developed.
- 丹波国丹波柏原藩主であったものの、孫織田信勝のときに無嗣断絶した。
- He was the lord of the Kaibara Domain of Tanba Province, but his grandson Nobukatsu ODA had no children and his family line became extinct.
- しかし、六角氏郷には子女がいなかったため、嫡流女系は断絶している。
- However, since Ujisato ROKKAKU had no children, the direct female line ceased to exist.
- その報を受けた義貞は退路を断たれるおそれが出たため軍を撤退させる。
- When Yoshisada received the report, he got his troops out because his retreat could be cut off.
- 朝廷は幕府の判断をもとめ、緒仁親王の即位が実現した(後円融天皇)。
- The Imperial Court asked for the bakufu's decision and the ascension of Imperial Prince Ohito was realized (Emperor Goenyu).
- 一揆軍は京都と外部の連絡を断った上で、酒屋、土倉、寺院を襲撃した。
- The army of uprisers cut off communication between Kyoto and outside areas, and then attacked sake shops, doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders), and temples.
- また、「出汁取り用」をそのまま鍋に残す・戻すかは個人の判断による。
- It's an individual decision whether or not to leave the pork as it is in the pot for use as 'soup stock.'
- 玄米断面における心白発現は線状で、短稈種のため風雨で倒伏しにくい。
- Shinpaku appears in the cross section of unpolished rice in the line-like shape, and because the variety has a short stem it doesn't lodge easily.
- こういうことは個々人の主観、すなわち味覚で判断するのが一番である。
- Such matters can be best judged by the subjective view of the individual, namely sense of taste.
- これに対し、仏教の説く、執着を断った超越的な智慧を出世間智という。
- On the other hand, the Buddhist teachings advocate the transcendental wisdom that got rid of the attachments to things, which is called 'Shussekenchi.'
- 有王から娘の手紙を受け取った俊寛は死を決意して、食を断ち自害した。
- Receiving a letter from his daughter from Ario, Shunkan decided to die, which he did by starving himself to death.
- 前項定義の「和風」の他にも、以下のように判断がつき難い場合もある。
- In addition to 'wafu' defined above, there are also some dishes, described below, for which it is difficult to make a judgment as to whether they are nihon-ryori or not.
- 京都市と奈良市を結ぶ国道24号が南北に横断し、両市のほぼ中間にある。
- The National Route 24, connecting Kyoto City and Nara City, runs north-south; Joyo City is located between the two cities.
- しかし彼の孫の高階師尚で養子に変わっているため、その系統は断絶した。
- However, since Mineo's grandson TAKASHINA no Moronao was an adopted child, his family line came to an end.
- しかし、最終的な政治決断を下すのは誰か、という点は曖昧にされていた。
- However, it was ambiguous at the point of who has the right to make the final political decisions.
- 当時の日本は白村江の戦いで敗れてから朝鮮半島への進出を断念していた。
- Japan, at that time, abandoned its ambition to invade Korean Peninsula after the loss of the Battle of Hakusukinoe.
- 所務(しょむ)とは、所領の管理(検断及び年貢・租税徴収)を行うこと。
- Shomu meant management of territory (trial and collection of nengu [main land tax levied on the peasants based on the estimated productivity of land] and sozei [single land tax or combined land tax].)
- 京都への還幸は源氏の挙兵に対応するため清盛が決断したといわれている。
- It is said the Emperor's return to Kyoto was to deal with the army of the Minamoto clan and was decided by Kiyomori.
- つまり、この時代までは開口部を作る独自の技術がなかったと判断される。
- In other words, apparently there was no original technique to make a door aperture until that time.
- 恋人「横笛」への思いを断ち切るために出家し、「滝口入道」と呼ばれる。
- He became a Buddhist priest to sever all contact with 'Yokobue,' his lover, and was called 'Takiguchi Nyudo' (Takiguchi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side) Monk).
- 珠光流の現在の流儀のうち、文献に照らして古式と判断される点を挙げる。
- According to the context of the literature, some ancient styles would be listed among the present-day styles of the Juko school of tea ceremony.
- 縁付(えんつき・えんづけ)と断切(たちきり)の2種類販売されている。
- Two types of gold leaf, called entsuki (leaf which is cut individually and sandwiched between sheets of specially made paper, also referred as enzuke) and tachikiri (leaf which is cut all together after being put between sheets of paper to make stacks of over 1000) are sold.
- これ以降は、特に断り書きをしない場合は、日本での夏祭りについて扱う。
- Hereinafter, the term natsumatsuri refers to the summer festivals held in Japan.
- 巨岩、奇岩、断崖が続く圧倒的な渓谷美は、古くから名勝と讃えられている。
- Overwhelming beauty of the gorge formed by gigantic rocks, odd rocks, cliffs has been praised as a place of scenic beauty since ancient times.
- 代々武田氏に仕えたとされるが内藤虎資が武田信虎に殺害され一時断絶した。
- It served the Takeda clan for generations, but was discontinued temporarily when Toramoto NAITO was killed by Nobutora TAKEDA.
- これらの全てが後補と断定できない以上、こうした例もあったかもしれない。
- As it cannot be concluded that all of these decorations were added later, these instances could be possible.
- もう1本の山田断層は、北側が最大70cm隆起し、東へ80cm移動した。
- The Yamada Fault was raised a maximum of 70cm on the north side and moved 80cm towards the east.
- また福島正則は広島城無断修築を咎められた幕法違反により改易されている。
- Also, Masanori FUKUSHIMA was subjected to kaieki for violation of the Shogunate law when he tried to repair Hiroshima-jo Castle without permission.
- 細川忠興は豊臣氏の武断派の一人で、石田三成とはかねてから対立していた。
- Tadaoki HOSOKAWA was one of the Budanha (Budan factions) of the Toyotomi clan and had been taking sides against Mitsunari ISHIDA.
- 巡礼中の断食により、汚染したライ麦を食べなくなったためであったという。
- It is said that this happened because a pilgrim would fast during a pilgrimage and therefore not eat contaminated rye.
- このため、18世紀以降、倭館交易は衰退するが、断絶することはなかった。
- As a result, wakan trade had dwindled after the 18th century, although it was not terminated.
- 称徳天皇で断絶した天武皇統の教訓を踏まえ、桓武は多数の皇子をもうけた。
- Emperor Kanmu, having learnt a lesson from the fact that the stream of Tenmu-descendent emperors was extinguished after the death of Emperor Shotoku, had many princes of his own.
- 大嘗会には中断された時期があり、このときに標山は廃止されたようである。
- When Onieno-matsuri was suspended for some period in the past, the Shirushinoyama was apparently abolished forever.
- 適当な長さで切り口が欠けないように包丁を用いて叩くようにして切断する。
- Cut and shape the candy with care, then cut the candy into proper lengths with a kitchen knife.
- 後南朝が衰退した後、立川流も徐々に衰退し、江戸時代の弾圧によって断絶。
- After the Gonancho (Second Southern Court) declined, the Tachikawa-ryu school also gradually declined to be extinguished because of oppression in the Edo period.
- 明治4年8月9日に散髪脱刀勝手令(いわゆる断髪令)が太政官布告された。
- Sanpatsudattokatterei (so-called dampatsurei [order of bobbed hair]) was issued as Dajokan fukoku (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) on August 9, 1871.
- 多くの『活歴物』が断絶している中で、『高時』のみ現代に生き残っている。
- While 'Katsurekimono' has died out, the play of 'Takatoki' is still performed.
- 天皇の御名と同姓なのは畏れ多いと大伴氏が判断したからだといわれている。
- This was because the Otomo clan believed it was too presumptuous to have the same name as the Emperor.
- 武道における残心とは、技を決めた後も心身ともに油断をしないことである。
- Zan-shin in budo refers to not lowering one's guard, both in mind and body, even after making a successful move against the opponent.
- 三ツガケ、四ツガケは人差し指、中指まで一枚に繋がった裁断がされている。
- For mitsugake and yotsugake, one sheet of deerskin covers from the forefinger to the middle finger.
- なお、村上源氏の源通具から始まる堀川家(室町時代に断絶)との関係は無い。
- They were not related to the Horikawa family founded by MINAMOTO no Michitomo of the Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan) (that ended during the Muromachi period).
- しかしいずれの系統も断絶したために後世に家名を伝えることはできなかった。
- Yet both of these family lines died out, leaving no chance for the Bomon family name to be passed down to later generations.
- 木津川 (京都府)の支流である玉川 (井手町)が町を東西に縦断している。
- Tama-gawa River (Ide-cho), a tributary of the Kizu-gawa River (Kyoto Prefecture), flows east-west through the town.
- 賀茂氏は室町時代には勘解由小路家を称したが、戦国時代に断絶したとされる。
- The Kamo clan identified itself as the Kadenokoji (it is also read Kageyukoji) family in the Muromachi period, but this name was abandoned in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- また、秀吉は子飼いの家臣団を、武断派と文治派で分離してそれぞれ登用した。
- Hideyoshi also divided his vassals trained from their boyhood into Budan-ha and Bunchi-ha, and had them work hard.
- 定信に事の次第を告げて尊号を断念する代わりに典仁親王の待遇改善を求めた。
- He explained what was happening to Sadanobu and demanded an improvement of conditions in return for renunciation of the honorary title.
- 中世において、寺社は朝廷も幕府も無断で立ち入ることができない聖域だった。
- In the medieval times, temples and shrines were sanctuaries into which neither Imperial Court nor bakufu could enter.
- ヨーロッパに伝わった後、ユーラシア大陸を横断して中国から日本に伝来した。
- After it was introduced to Europe, it traveled across the Eurasian Continent to China and then was imported to Japan.
- この時期より入唐までの空海の足取りは資料が少なく断片的で不明な点が多い。
- Concerning where he was and what he was doing during the period after this until he entered Tang, only a few fragmentary materials are available, with many points still remaining unclear.
- 京都のお茶屋は特に紹介がなければ入れない、一見さんお断りとする店も多い。
- However, many chaya in Kyoto refuse first-time customers, saying that customers without introduction from somebody are not allowed to enter their facilities.
- 東西という違いや品物の違いなど、どちらが元祖かという判断は非常に難しい。
- Since Hokkyokusei is located in Osaka, whereas, Rengatei is located in Tokyo with their versions of rice omelet being different, it is very difficult to determine which one is the original. rice omelet
- 天和 (日本)1年(1681年)越後騒動により断罪された松平綱国を預かる。
- In 1681, he looked after Tsunakuni MATSUDAIRA who was convicted of the Echigo sodo (in-house strife in Echigo Province).
- 京都市内には活断層の存在が確認され、歴史的にも大きな被害をもたらしている。
- The presence of an active fault in Kyoto City has been confirmed, and this has historically caused great damage.
- 横断歩道橋が設置されており、自動車と歩行者・自転車が完全に区別されている。
- It is where pedestrian crossing bridge is located and car, pedestrians, and bicycles are completely segregated.
- 1510年に発生した三浦の乱により、日本と朝鮮王朝との通交は断絶していた。
- The friendly relationship between Japan and Korean Dynasties had been severed due to the Sanpo disturbance in 1510.
- 嵯峨天皇の動きを知った平城上皇は激怒し、自ら東国に赴き挙兵する決断をする。
- The Retired Emperor Heizei was infuriated by Emperor Saga's actions, and he made a firm decision that he himself would go to the eastern provinces and raise an army.
- 特に窃盗・放火・殺人に対する検断は非常に重く、死刑とされることが多かった。
- Especially, the trials against theft, arson, and murder were harshly punished and many were sentenced to death.
- そのため、建物の倒壊・埋没、電柱の倒壊や電線の切断による停電なども起こる。
- Therefore, buildings may be destroyed or buried, utility posts may be tumbled down, and electric power outage may occur due to the breaking of electric wires.
- この頃になると貴族や上流階級の邸宅には襖がかなり普及していたと判断できる。
- Apparently, around this time, fusuma had spread widely in a residences of aristocracy and the upper-class.
- また、餅をかなり細かく裁断したものは、お茶漬けの具としても使用されている。
- Also, rice cakes which are cut up into quite small pieces are used as an ingredient in ochazuke (rice with green tea).
- これは衆生の十一品類の無明煩悩を断ち、仏果を開かしめる功徳を表すとされる。
- It is said that this shows the pious act of cutting away 11 kinds of ignorance and the earthly desires (無明煩悩) of living things, and to open Buddhahood.
- 鎌倉時代に家季・季範・顕範と三代に亘り公卿に列したが、南北朝時代に断絶した。
- During the Kamakura period three generations, namely Iesue, Suenori, and Akinori, all were ranked among the court nobility, but in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts their family line died out.
- 第二次世界大戦後、憲法改正の気運が高まる中、美濃部は憲法改正に断固反対した。
- After the World War II, Minobe violently disagreed on a constitutional amendment while a trend toward constitutional amendment was growing.
- しかし、家としては、室町時代初期に断絶したため、三条西家がその学統を継いだ。
- However, as a lineage this family line failed in the early Muromachi period, and therefore the Sanjonishi family inherited this academic lineage.
- 明治14年(1881年)に第12代当主の桂宮淑子内親王の薨去により断絶した。
- In 1881, the family died out with the death of Imperial Princess Sumiko, the twelfth head of the family.
- 現代では特に子供の喧嘩の処断などで教師や親がこの理論が持ち出すケースが多い。
- Today, the idea is often quoted by teachers and parents when intervening in children's conflicts.
- そのことなどからこの地震は複数の断層がほぼ同時に動いたものと推定されている。
- As such, it is estimated that this earthquake was caused by the movement of several faults at the same time.
- 後白河法皇を連れ出すことを断念した義仲は今井兼平と合流すべく瀬田へ向かった。
- After giving up on taking the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, Yoshinaka headed to Seta to join Kanehira IMAI.
- 『法曹類林』を著すほどの法知識を持った信西の裁断には反対するものはなかった。
- No one opposed Shinzei's decision, because he was knowledgeable enough about law to write 'Hosso-ruirin' (a collection of legal documents).
- 断定の丁寧語で、東京の「です」、大阪の「だす」に相当する良く知られた京言葉。
- This is one example of the well-known Kyo language as a polite form of decisive expression, corresponding to '... desu' in Tokyo dialect and '... dasu' in Osaka dialect.
- こうした症状は外からでは分からないため、特別な機械を使わないと診断できない。
- This kind of symptom can't be recognized from outside, so a special device must be used for diagnosis.
- 当該患者が硫黄泉の入浴を希望する際は、事前に医師の判断を仰ぐことが望ましい。
- When the patient in question wants to bathe in sulfur hot springs, it is desirable to consult a doctor in advance.
- (ただし本当にこれより前にサンドイッチ駅弁が存在しなかったとは断言できない。
- (However, it is difficult to assert that sandwich box lunch had never been produced before 1898.)
- この時、一休は師の遷化によるものかは断定できないが、自殺未遂を起こしている。
- Whether it was because of the death of his teacher is difficult to determine, but IKKYUU attempted suicide around that time.
- もっとも美味・不味の判断は個々人の主観や文化・環境などによるところが大きい。
- The judgment of whether a food is tasty or not tasty is largely dependent on each person's subjectivity, culture or the environment.
- 勝敗が決したとき、それがどのような技によるかを判断したものが決まり手である。
- When a sumo wrestler wins a match, referees judge which technique has decided the sumo match, and that winning technique is called kimarite.
- しかし、これには称光が激しく反発したため、貞成は出家して皇位継承を断念した。
- However, Emperor Shoko was strongly opposed to the arrangement, and Sadafusa became a priest and gave up on the plan of succeeding to the throne.
- おおむね9月中に試験が実施され、合否の判断は伝統的工芸品産業振興協会が行う。
- The examination is generally conducted every September, and admission decisions are made by the Traditional Crafts Industry Promotion Association Foundation.
- のち家康は自身の五男の福松丸に武田信吉と名乗らせ、家督を継がせたが、断絶した。
- Thereafter Ieyasu had his own son Fukumatsumaru call himself Nobuyoshi TAKEDA and had him succeed the head of clan, but the clan extinguished.
- 使者に渡された符(命令書)を受けた栗隈王は、国外への備えを理由に出兵を断った。
- Kurikuma no Okimi declined the dispatch of troops as to maintain the defense system against foreign countries when he received Fu (mandate) from the emissary.
- 院政政治についての内容が現存しているが、一年分を完備した年はなく断続的である。
- Still existing are descriptions of the governments ruled by retired emperors, but descriptions that cover events of a whole year do not exist, and are intermittent.
- 秀次の豊臣家が断絶したため、若江八人衆を含め、多くの武将が連座し浪人となった。
- As the Hidetsugu's family line of the Toyotomi family became extinct, many military commanders, including Wakae Hachinin-shu became ronin (masterless samurai).
- これによって天皇は親王の立坊・譲位を決断することになった(『後光厳院御記』)。
- HOSOKAWA's advice led to the Emperor's decision on his son's investiture and his abdication from the throne, according to 'Gokoingyoki' (The Diary of Emperor Gokogon).
- さらに、蓑貼りが作り出す空気の層は、断熱保温効果と吸音防音効果も果たしている。
- In addition, the air layer formed by mino-bari creates insulation and heat-retention characteristics and sound absorption and sound proofing as well.
- 杜氏の判断で「熟成した」と判断された醪へ、アルコール添加や副原料が投入される。
- When the toji judges that moromi has 'matured, 'alcohol and auxiliary materials are added to it.
- 宗門の運営は、何人の専横専断をも許さず、あまねく同朋の公議公論に基づいて行う。
- The management of the sect is based on open discussions by all Doho (followers) without permitting anyone's tyranny.
- 法性坊は「比叡山は天皇の祈願所であるため、三度勅使が来たら断れない」と答える。
- Hossho-bo answered 'Because Mt. Hiei is a place for the emperors to pray, I can not refuse their invitation at the third visit of their messenger.'
- 奈良時代から密教系の仏像は制作されていたが、密教の受容は断片的なものであった。
- Although Buddha statues of Esoteric Buddhism were created since the Nara period, the acceptance of Esoteric Buddhism was fragmentary.
- 手鑑(てかがみ)とは、厚手の紙で作られた折帖に、古筆の断簡を貼り込んだ作品集。
- 'Tekagami' is a collection of dankan (fragmentary pieces of a writing) written in kohitsu (ancient calligraphy), which are stuck on a folding book made from thick papers.
- 正親が南町奉行在職中であるので、その兄弟ではないかと推測されるが断定はできない。
- As this preiod is during the time of Masachika's tenure, it is conjectured that they could have been brother but there is no clear evidence to support this theory.
- この時家名断絶の危機に陥るが、実弟の桜井供敦を養子として家督を継ぐ事が許された。
- Due to this incident, the family line had a high possible of becoming extinct, but Tomoatsu SAKURAI, the biological younger brother of Ujiyoshi SAKURAI was allowed to inherit the family.
- 雄略と想定される478年のほうの倭王武も、同じく稚(若)に由来すると判断できる。
- It can be concluded that the assumed Emperor Yuryaku, 478 and Bu, the King of Wa, derive from the same Chinese character 稚,
- こうした事態に対応するために、武断的・簡潔的に処理する事を目的としたものである。
- Its intention was to resolve the disputes militarily and briefly to cope with the circumstances.
- 鎌倉期の守護には大犯三ヶ条の検断権と大番役の指揮監督権しか与えられていなかった。
- In the Kamakura period, Shugo was only assigned the right of Taibon sankajo (three basic rights of shugo, the provincial constable) and the right to supervise as part of Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto).
- 大坂の役以後、戦争が無くなると、世嗣断絶と幕法違反による改易が主なものとなった。
- During the war-free period after the Siege of Osaka, kaieki was mainly applied as punishments for the extinction of a family line or breach of the Shogunate law.
- しかし、その後の文禄・慶長の役によって日朝間が国交断絶となったために中断された。
- However, the diplomatic relations between the two nations were broken due to the Bunroku-Keicho War, and Chosen Tsushinshi ceased to come.
- (実際に鷲尾家は隆康の代で断絶して江戸時代初期になってようやく再興されている)。
- (In fact, the Washio family was extinguished during Takayasu's generation and reemerged only at the beginning of the Edo Period.)
- しかし、日本が戦時体制に入る中、1942年(昭和17年)頃に模写事業は中断した。
- However, the reproduction was interrupted in 1942 when Japan had entered into a wartime regime.
- だが、どの段階で「醪造り」の全工程の終了とみなすかは、杜氏の判断に任されている。
- It is left to toji's discretion as to which stages it should be judged that whole process of 'moromi production' is completed
- 安土の宮町衆が説いた『栗の華』六節に記載されていた宗派両断始期に詳しく掲載の物。
- It was described in detail in an article about the early times of the split of the sect in section six of 'Kurinohana' (flower of chestnuts) which was spoken by the machi-shu (towns people) of Miya-machi in Azuchi.
- 一日を6分割して不断念仏する集団(ないし成員)を指し、古代以来、顕密寺院にいた。
- It refered to the group (or member) who divided a day into six parts and kept practicing nenbutsu (Buddhist invocation), and they usually used kenmitsu-jiin (exoteric temples of Esoteric Buddhism) since the group had been formed.
- しかし竹雲はそれを断り、隠遁者的生活を貫く一方で村山地方の青年教育に意を注いだ。
- But he declined, and poured his passion into the education of the youth in Murayama while sticking to living a secluded life.
- 綱吉はやむなく2月4日に処断を浪士預かりの諸藩に通達し、浪士は同日中に切腹した。
- On March 20, Tsunayoshi inevitably informed the domains to which the Roshi were put of his decision and the Roshi committed seppuku on the same day.
- その後、秋より高野山に隠棲し、穀物を断ち禅定を好む日々であったと伝えられている。
- It is said that, after that, he lived on Mt. Koya in seclusion after the autumn, and ate no grain and liked to do zenjo (meditation, and mental concentration) practice every day.
- 静は弁慶の独断かと疑っていたことをわび、弁慶も義経と静の別れにもらい泣きをする。
- Shizuka apologizes for having suspected that the suggestion had come from Benkei, and Benkei himself sheds tears of sympathy at the impending separation of Yoshitsune and Shizuka.
- 中国国民党は石鼓の台北輸送を断念して逃亡し、石鼓は無傷で中国共産党の手に渡った。
- The Kuomintang Party (Chinese Nationalist Party) gave up their transportation of sekko to Taipei and ran away and sekko was received by the Communist Party of China without any damage.
- 財政難で中断した朝廷の儀式の復興に力を入れる反面、戦乱や疾病に苦しむ民を思った。
- The Emperor worked to restore the Imperial Court events that had long been shelved due to financial difficulties, while on the other hand he cared for people who suffered from the fighting and disease.
- 湯の落ちる先には二股ラジウム温泉の石灰華を思わせる温泉成分から成る断崖が見られる。
- The point where hot water drops has a cliff that consists of hot spring constituents, which looks like the calcareous sinter of Futamata Radium Onsen Hot Spring.
- 通説では和気氏の大学別曹として機能したとされている(後述)が、早い時期に断絶した。
- It was commonly accepted that Kobunin played the role of daigaku besso (adjunct facility of daigaku-ryo - Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) of the Wake clan (mentioned later), but became defunct before long.
- しかし、その最後の当主である塩谷温綱に子が無かったため、直系は明治時代に断絶する。
- However, the last family head, Harutsuna SHIONOYA, had no child and thus the direct line discontinued during the Meiji period.
- 彼らの抵抗は持明院統嫡流が断絶した1428年(正長元年)以後、激化することとなる。
- Gonancho resistance only intensified after 1428, when the Jimyoin lineage running from the eldest son was broken.
- 『平治物語』では信頼が近衛大将を希望して、信西が断ったために確執が生まれたとする。
- The 'Heiji Monogatari' (The Tale of Heiji) claims that Nobuyori wished to be appointed Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), and that discord arose between them when Shinzei refused his request.
- 寛平9年(897年)に源能有が没し、翌年宇多天皇が譲位すると、編纂作業は中断した。
- Following the death of MINAMOTO no Yoshiari in the year 897 and the abdication of Emperor Uda, compilation of the text was suspend.
- 依頼や辞退を表すときには、直接的な言い方は避け、婉曲的で非断定的な言い回しを好む。
- In the case of request or declination, Kyo language prefers euphemistic and indecisive expressions and avoids straightforward words.
- 牛肉料理の専門店では、特に断りが無くても「カツ丼」=「ビフカツ丼」である事も多い。
- In restaurants specializing in beef dishes, 'katsudon' means 'beef katsudon' without any special notice.
- 当時の宣命(天皇の命令書)の文中には山門派の門徒のことを獅子身中の虫と断じている。
- In Senmyo (written Imperial edict) issued at that time, believers of Sanmon school were likened to parasites in a lion.
- この修行を行った者を、古代では「穀断聖」、中世以降は「十穀聖」や「木食」と称した。
- Persons who went through kokudachi were called 'kokudachi no hijiri' (highly virtuous monk who has trained without eating grain) in the ancient period and 'jukkoku no hijiri,' or 'mokujiki' after the medieval period.
- 「いき」についてもあてはまるが、特に野暮に関しては「日本の美的判断」に留まらない。
- Both yabo and 'iki' can have the meaning of 'Japanese aesthetic judgment', but both terms can also go beyond this meaning - especially yabo.
- この引き継ぎに対して「採算に乗らない」と何社からも断られた経緯があったと言われる。
- It is said that many companies rejected this taking over saying, 'It will be unprofitable,' in the course of business negotiations.
- ただし、頼朝より願い出された征夷大将軍への就任と九条兼実の関白就任は断固拒否する。
- However the Emperor firmly refused Yoritomo's application to become a seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and for Kanezane KUJO to become the Chief Adviser to the Emperor.
- そのため、来賓の場合、仮に音頭を取ることを依頼されたとしても、断ることが筋である。
- It is for this reason that it is proper for a guest to decline if requested to lead the tejime.
- だが、万世一系の伝統が断絶するとして、反対する意見が強く、女系容認には至っていない。
- However, many people are still opposed to female emperors for the reason that the theory of the unbroken Imperial line will be breached.
- 唐の詩人李嶠の百二十詩を行書で書写した断簡(だんかん、切れ切れになった文書)である。
- It is a dankan (fragmentary leaves of a book) which carry the copies of a hundred twenty poets written in gyosho (handwriting), which were created by Rikyo, a poet in the Tang Dynasty.
- 山中で山背大兄王発見の報をうけた蘇我入鹿は高向国押に逮捕するように命ずるが断られる。
- SOGA no Iruka got information discovering Prince Yamashiro no oe in the mountain and issued an order to TAKAMUKU no Kunioshi to arrest him, but he refused.
- また、刀狩の展開の多くは村請すなわち惣村の自検断権に基づいて実行されたケースが多い。
- In many cases, the katanagari edict was implemented on the basis of murauke (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment), that is, the right of jikendan of soson.
- その後も体制維持および財政再建の努力は断続的に行われた(寛政の改革、天保の改革等)。
- After that, the efforts to maintain the social system and to reconstruct finance were also made intermittently (Kansei Reforms and Tempo Reforms).
- 黄砂の発生や程度は、視程のほかに空の色や湿度などの観測結果から、総合的に判断される。
- An occurrence of kosa and its strength level are judged totally based on observation data, including the color of the sky and humidity, in addition to visibility.
- 通常、刀匠は焼き入れの時には作業場の照明を暗くして、鋼の温度をその光加減で判断する。
- Generally during Yaki-ire, Tosho dims the light of the workshop, and judges the temperature of steel by its glow.
- 正倉院に断片が宝物として保管され、現代においては復元された複製楽器が演奏されている。
- Its fragments have been preserved at Shoso-in and its reproduction is in use at present.
- これにより、頼朝の男系子孫は断絶した(女系子孫も3年後の竹御所死去により途絶える)。
- His death resulted in the extinction of the male line of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (with the death of Take no Gosho three years later, the female line was also extinguished).
- 比叡山東塔常行三昧堂の堂僧となり、雑役をつとめながら、良賀に師事、不断念仏を修める。
- He became a monk of Jogyozanmai-do Temple of Toto on Mt. Hiei and while engaging in zoyaku (odd jobs), he practiced Fudan Nenbutsu (chanting Nenbutsu throughout the day) under the guidance of Ryoga.
- 1247年に完成させた主著『顕浄土真実教行証文類』では「横超断四流」を提唱している。
- He proposed 'Ocho Dan Shiru' in his main writing 'Ken Jodo Shinjitsu-kyo Gyosho Monrui (Selected passages revealing the true teaching, practice and attainment of the Pure Land), which he finished writing in 1274.
- 鳴門巻き(なるとまき)は、魚肉のすり身を使用し、断面に渦巻状の模様がある蒲鉾の一種。
- The Narutomaki (written in Japanese character as: 鳴門巻き) is a type of kamaboko, steamed fish paste, made from minced fish and with a spiral pattern in cross section.
- これによって明治36年に小松宮彰仁親王が薨じて断絶していた小松宮家の祭祀を承継する。
- Due to above, the Komatsu no Miya family ritual was succeeded, which was ceased to exist after Komatsu no Miya Imperial Prince Akihito died in 1903.
- 4代の新田政義は、京都大番役での上京中に幕府に無断で出家した罪で御家人役を剥奪される。
- The fourth family head, Masayoshi NITTA was deprived of an office of gokenin because of a charge that he became a priest without prior consent of the bakufu during his stay in Kyoto as the Kyoto obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto).
- 藤白鈴木氏は、1942年に第122代の当主が病気で急死し、子がいなかったため断絶した。
- The 122nd head of the Fujishiro Suzuki clan died suddenly from illness in 1942, and the clan was extinguished since he had no heir,
- しかし鎌倉時代に入ると、御子左家の興隆によって衰退し、南北朝時代 (日本)に断絶した。
- However, during the Kamakura period, as the Mikohidari family flourished, the Rokujo family declined and finally became extinct during the period of the Northern and Southern courts (Japan).
- このような混同が見られ、地名としての暗部山も鞍馬山のことを指しているとは断定できない。
- Because of these contradictions, it cannot be definitively said that Mt. Kurabu indicates Mt. Kurama.
- マシュー・ペリー来航に伴う対応について、幕府は独断では処理できず、朝廷に報告を行った。
- As for the visit of the Matthew PERRY's fleet, the bakufu could not correspond on their own, and reported it to the Imperial Court.
- が、1205年(元久2年)南都の興福寺の奏状によって遂に念仏停止の断が下ってしまった。
- However, in 1205, the decision to cease nenbutsu was decided by a soujo (document reported to the Emperor) from Kofuju-ji Temple in Nanto (Nara Prefecture).
- 薩摩の坊津(鹿児島県南さつま市)より出帆し、南西諸島経由して東シナ海を横断するルート。
- Route starting at Bo no tsu (now Minami-Satsuma City in Kagoshima Prefecture) and crossing the East China Sea via the Nansei Islands.
- 脱落や繋ぎの変更があり、本来は鳥獣人物戯画の一部であったと思われる「断簡」が多数ある。
- There are many omissions and changes on the connecting part from the originals, and further, there are also many 'fragmentary leaves' which are thought to be originally part of the Choju-Jinbutsu-giga.
- そして、戦時色が濃くなった1942年(昭和17年)頃には模写作業は中断されてしまった。
- Then, the reproduction was interpreted in the military-charged period around 1942.
- しかし、この『理趣経』の解説本である『理趣釈経』を借りようとして空海から遂に断られた。
- However, when Saicho tried to borrow 'Rishushakukyo,' an explanation book of 'Rishu-kyo,' Kukai finally declined to lend it.
- この場合、判断によっては豚肉の量が多くなってコストがかさんでしまうことも考えられるが。
- In this case, however, the cost could increase depending on that decision, due to the increased amount of pork.
- 日本では正倉院に法華経の断簡が存在し、古くからなじみのあった経典であったことが伺える。
- Because there is a piece of plate on which the Hokke-kyo sutra is written at Shosoin in Japan, it seems that the Hokke-kyo sutra has been popular since ancient times.
- そののち再度江戸におもむいた竹雲は安井息軒の三計塾を継ぐよう求められたがそれを断った。
- Afterward, when Chikuun visited Edo again, he was asked to succeed Sankei Juku, which was a private school founded by Sokken YASUI, but he declined.
- 7代知直の時に金森家は一時断絶となり、推挙により多賀直昌が宗家を継承することになった。
- Kanamori family came to its end of the line at the time of the seventh head of the family Tomonao, and the lineage of the head family was inherited by Naomasa TAGA (多賀直昌), who became a new head on recommendation.
- 辛亥革命で旧来の王朝が断絶し国家規模の祭天は途絶えたが、民間にはその流れが残っている。
- As the old dynasty ended with the Xinhai Revolution, national observance of Saiten ceased, but its influence is seen among some people even now.
- 江戸中期では、元禄赤穂事件によって三河吉良氏が断絶したことを契機に、「吉良」に復姓した。
- In the middle of the Edo period, the Mikawa-Kira clan ended their family line by the Genroku Ako Incident, and the Oshu Kira clan took this opportunity to retrieve their family name 'Kira.'
- 室町時代には春日仲興・春日仲重と二代続けて従三位に昇り公卿を輩出するが、二度に亘り断絶。
- During the Muromachi period, the family turned out great numbers of noblemen, and notably Nakaoki KASUGA and Nakashige KASUGA, representing two generations in a row, ascended as far as the junior third rank at court, but these two generations having passed, the family line died out.
- 古くから、旧若狭国小浜市と京都を短絡する道、俗に言う鯖街道が縦断し、街道筋として栄えた。
- The so-called Saba-kaido Road, a shortcut to connect Kyoto and Obama City in the former Wakasa Province, ran through Kutsuki-mura, and the village prospered as a place along the road.
- 明治4年7月14日(1871年8月29日)には廃藩置県を断行し、中央集権体制を確立した。
- On August 29, 1871, the government absolved the han system (feudal domains) and the establishment of prefectures to establish the system of one consolidated political power into the center of the government.
- 平安時代前期頃までは演奏する人もいたようで、当時の楽譜も現存しているが、その後断絶した。
- Until the early Heian period, this instrument was played by some musicians but extinguished later, though scores from those times are still preserved even today.
- 裁判沙汰はあくまでも、商標の無断登録ならびに「宗家」無断呼称した特定人物との間との問題。
- These legal proceedings have been taken against a certain person who made an illegal registration of the trademark and illegally designated him/herself as 'Soke.'
- そして、亀卜(亀の甲を火で焙りひびで判断する卜占)により吉凶を占って新たな斎宮を定める。
- And a new Saigu is chosen by fortune-telling called Kiboku (divination that interprets the fissure that appears after toasting the turtle shell in the fire.
- 中国における経典の漢訳事業は2世紀後半から始まり、11世紀末までほぼ間断なく継続された。
- A project for the translation of Buddhist sutras in China was begun in the latter period of the second century and continued virtually without interruption until the end of the eleventh century.
- 仏陀が「断罪すべし」と命ずると、大自在天とその妃(ウマー)を踏み殺し絶命させたのだった。
- Buddha ordered that 'he should be condemned to death,' so that Fudo Myoo stamped Daijizaiten and his wife (Uma) to death.
- 善いことをしようにも、実際には自らの善悪の基準でしかなく、本質的な善悪の判断基準がない。
- Even when trying to do good deeds, it was not just a matter knowing the criteria for good and bad but, in essence there was no set basis of judgment of good or evil.
- 映画には性的な表現があり、アメリカ合衆国で最初の17歳未満お断りのレーティングとなった。
- Because of its sexually explicit content, it became the first NC-17-rated movie in the United States.
- ところがそれから程ない1428年に肝心の称光が崩御して後小松系の皇統が断絶してしまった。
- Not too long after that, Emperor Shoko died in 1428, and Emperor Gokomatsu's Imperial line discontinued.
- 切った断面が顔の形になるように各部位に配置した後、適当な太さに細長く伸ばし切断したもの。
- After these sheets of colored candy have been arranged so that, once they have been rolled, Kintaro's face will appear on the cut end of the bar of candy when it is sliced crosswise, they are rolled up into a cylinder, stretched until the desired thickness has been achieved, and then cut to an appropriate length.
- 本宗家は江戸時代初期に断絶したが、明治時代に至り、毛利元徳の子・四郎が小早川家を再興した。
- The head family ended in the early Edo period but in the Meiji period, Shiro, the fourth son of Motonori MORI restored the Kobayakawa clan.
- 市内を西日本旅客鉄道舞鶴線・小浜線が横断し、市西部には北近畿タンゴ鉄道宮津線が走っている。
- Maizuru Line and Obama Line of West Japan Railway Company cross the city, while the west part of the city is served by the Kitakinki Tango Railway, Miyazu Line.
- 学習院初等科入学に際し、おかっぱに伸ばしていた髪を無断で刈られ数日間ふさぎこんでしまった。
- When he had his bobbed hair trimmed without notice to enter Gakushuin Primary School, he was shocked so deeply that he fell into a melancholy mood for several days.
- 庶流に洞院家(断絶)・今出川家(菊亭家)、羽林家の清水谷家・四辻家・橋本家・大宮家等あり。
- The branch family included the Toin Family (which died out), Imadegawa Family (Kikutei Family), Shimizudani Family, Yotsutuji Family, Hashimoto Family and Omiya Family of the Urin Family.
- 『占事略决』には、現代に伝わる六壬神課では忘れられた技法や、その断片が幾つも記されている。
- There are many descriptions in 'Senji ryakketsu' concerning the techniques of Rikujinshinka or its fragments that are almost forgotten at present.
- なお、蒲生氏郷の孫蒲生忠知の死後、無嗣断絶に至った御家騒動もまた、蒲生騒動と呼ばれている。
- The family dispute, which led to extinction of a family line after the death of Tadatomo GAMO, who was the grandson of Ujisato GAMO, is also called as Gamo Sodo.
- また道教にも「断穀(辟穀)」といって同様に穀物を食べない修行があるが、こちらは断食に近い。
- Incidentally, in Taoism, a similar practice called 'dangoku, or hekikoku' (practitioners eat no grain) is observed, but this practice is closer to a fast.
- 同団はゴビ砂漠を横断中、望楼の跡を発掘していたのであるが、この際に漢代の木簡が発見された。
- The expedition was excavating the site of Boro (watch tower) while crossing the Gobi Desert and at that time mokkans of the Han period were discovered.
- 花道(はなみち)は、歌舞伎等が行われる劇場で、舞台から客席を縦断するように張り出した部分。
- Hanamichi is the extension area of the stage which runs through the audience in theaters which hold performances such as kabuki.
- 譲位後の元慶3年(879年)、突然出家して無理な断食修行を行った末に病死したとされている。
- It is said that when Emperor Seiwa abdicated from the Imperial Throne in 879 and suddenly became a priest, he started an impossible fast but died due to his illness.
- 世阿弥の次男である元能は、こうした情況に絶望し、ついに芸の道を断念し、出家遁世を決意した。
- Motoyoshi, Zeami's second son, despaired of the situation and in the end decided to give up the art and enter the priesthood and live in seclusion.
- また多くの日本人は、まえもって断りを入れた無作法に対しては寛容(あまり批判しない)である。
- Furthermore, many Japanese are tolerant (or less critical) of any improper manners if is notified in advance.
- 海岸や渓谷の断崖絶壁に生えて、幹が下垂して生育を続ける樹木の姿を表現したものを懸崖と呼ぶ。
- Bonsai which form a cascade imitating the shape of trees growing out from sheer cliffs by the sea or ravines with the trunk growing straight down are called Kengai style bonsai.
- 衛生面の観点から「ソース2度浸けお断り」という張り紙がどの店にも張ってあるのも特徴である。
- Another feature of kushikatsu bars is, in consideration for hygiene, they all have a sign that says, 'Dippng in the sauce twice is banned.'
- そのうち、大和魂は、机上の知識を現実の様々な場面で応用する判断力・能力を表すようになった。
- Yamato-damashii soon began to signify the judgment and ability to put written knowledge to practical use in different real-life situations.
- 慶長20年(1615年)の大坂の役の際に、秀頼と国松は死亡し、大名家としての羽柴直系は断絶。
- Due to the death of Hideyori and Kunimatsu in Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka) in 1615, the direct line of the Hashiba family as Daimyo family was extinguished.
- 実際は包囲は十分でなく、織田長益など逃げおおせており、歴史を変えるほどの判断の誤りであった。
- In reality, however, as encirclement was not sufficient and, for example, Nagamasu ODA succeeded to escape, Nobutada's judgment was a big mistake that could change the history.
- 事件後、皇極天皇のあとを受けて皇位に即く事を勧められたがそれを断り、出家して吉野へ隠退した。
- After the incident, despite Furuhito no Oe no Miko was strongly recommended to ascend to the throne, he refused and entered into the priesthood to retire.
- これらのことから、占事略决が安倍家における六壬神課伝授の目録とは断定できないのも事実である。
- In view of the above, it is also true that we cannot conclude 'Senji ryakketsu' was the Abe family's list of instruction in Rikujinshinka.
- 裁判を経て刈田行為者の権利が認められれば、刈田行為は刈田狼藉として断罪されることはなかった。
- When the ownership claimed by a person who committed the karita was found to be correct and acceptable in court proceedings, his karita act did not constitute karita-rozeki and the person was not convicted.
- だが、安徳天皇の即位によってその望みも断たれ、経済基盤である荘園の一部も没収されてしまった。
- But with the ascension of Emperor Antoku, his hopes had been dashed, and even worse, some of the shoen on which he relied as his financial foundation were confiscated by the government.
- この提案は吉田寮側の事情もあり一度は断られたが、学生センターはこの事案を実質水面下で進めた。
- Although the above proposal was once declined by Yoshida dormitory, the student center pressed forward with this case behind closed doors.
- 千家の本家である堺千家(さかいせんけ)は千利休の実子である千道安が継いだが、早期に断絶した。
- Sakaisenke: The head family of Senke, was inherited by the biological son of SEN no Rikyu, but broke off early.
- かつて「一見さんお断り」の閉鎖的空間であった花街も、徐々に外に対して門戸を開いているようだ。
- The red-light district which was a closed space of 'No first-time customers' seemed to have gradually opened its doors to outsiders.
- 石室内では、粘土棺床が設けられ、断面半円形の全長1メートル以上の刳抜式木棺が納められている。
- In the stone chamber a hollowed-out wooden coffin whose semi-circular cross section is more than 1 meter in full length was placed on the clay floor.
- 古くから不断念仏の道場であったが、1951年(昭和26年)一派を形成し西山宗の本山となった。
- It had been a dojo (place of Buddhist practice or meditation) of Fudan nenbutsu-a seminary for continual nenbutsu (Buddhist invocation) chanting from ancient times, and it established a group and became the Head Temple of the Seizan sect in 1951.
- 光仁は天武系断絶を教訓として息子の桓武天皇を後継とし、その弟の早良親王を桓武の皇太弟とした。
- After learning about the experience of the discontinuity in Emperor Tenmu's Imperial line, Emperor Konin appointed his son, Emperor Kanmu as his successor, Kanmu's younger brother, Imperial Prince Sawara was chosen as the second successor of the Crown Prince.
- 子供向けと大人向け漫画の間が断絶しておらず、高齢者を除き漫画市場から取り残される年代がない。
- There is no separation between the comics for kids and those for adults and there are no generations left behind in the comic market except the elderly.
- しかし、薄家も山科言継の子で薄家に養子入りした薄諸光(以継)の死により16世紀後半に断絶した。
- However, the Susuki family also died out in the latter 16th century with the death of Moromitsu SUSUKI (Yukitsugu) who was Tokitsugu YAMASHINA's son and the Susuki family's adoptive son.
- 峡谷の両岸に高さ50mにおよぶ断崖、巨石、奇岩、洞窟が1km以上続く日本屈指の景勝渓谷である。
- Cliffs reaching almost 50 meters, gigantic stones, odd rocks, and caves, which are lined more than one kilometers on both sides of the gorge; this scenery makes Dorohaccho Gorge be one of the best scenic gorges in Japan.
- 史料により3代目までは確認できるが、以後の子孫は不明で、事実上断絶した宮家として扱われている。
- The family line is confirmed to 3 generations by historical materials, however, later generations are unknown and are treated as a virtually discontinued family.
- 航路は堺、兵庫から瀬戸内海を通り、下関、博多を経由し東シナ海を直線的に横断して寧波を目指した。
- Starting from Sakai or Hyogo, Kenminsen passed the Seto Inland Sea, stopped at Shimonoseki or Hakata and sailed for Neiha by traversing the East China Sea in a linear fashion.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)、後醍醐天皇らが鎌倉幕府を滅ぼして建武の新政を開始し、武家政権は中断する。
- In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Emperor Godaigo and his people destroyed the Kamakura bakufu and started the Kenmu Restoration, and thus the military government was discontinued.
- また、「主人に訊かなければ分からない」などと他人を主体化させ、丁重に断る方法も良く用いられる。
- Another way used frequently to decline any request politely is to subjectify other persons like your husband, saying, for example, 'I have to ask for my husband's opinion.'
- 五線譜の採用は途中で断念したものの、7孔尺八に関しては上田創案のものが現在でも使用されている。
- Although the Ueda school eventually abandoned five-line Western notation, the seven-hole shakuhachi developed by the Ueda school continues to be used.
- その土地の一年の豊作を占う神事で、神社の神主や神官が梓弓で的を射抜きその状態で吉凶を判断した。
- It is a Shinto ritual to tell a fortune about a good or bad harvest for the year, and Shinto priests of judge the fortune by the results of a target shot by azusayumi (a bow made of Japanese cherry birch).
- 釈迦への思慕の念が深く2度天竺(インド)へ渡ることを企画したが、春日明神の神託が在り断念した。
- As he yearned for Shakyamuni very much, he twice planned to travel to India but finally gave up because of the oracle of Kasuga Myojin (the deity of Kasuga Shrine).
- この木櫃の底板は、長さ2.6メートル、幅75センチであるが、断面は緩やかなU字形を呈している。
- The bottom board of this wooden chest is 2.6-meters long and 75-centimeters wide with its cross section showing loose U-shape.
- 授戒・文殊菩薩供養・光明真言などの宗教行為による殺生禁断・慈善救済・宇治橋の修繕などを行った。
- He performed Jukai (handing down the precepts) and Monju Bosatsu kuyo (ceremony of offering to Manjusri); prohibited hunting and fishing in religious acts such as the Mantra of Light; offered charity and relief; and restored Uji-bashi Bridge.
- その必要性の背景を明らかにすることは、断髪令以前の社会を更に理解することにつながると思われる。
- Making clear the background of the needs for chonmage can lead to a better understanding of the pre-dampaturei society.
- その後は、大友宗麟から大金を出すので譲って欲しいと再三要請があったが、宗室はこれを断り続けた。
- After this incident, Sorin OTOMO repeatedly requested Soshitsu to hand over the tea canister at any cost, although Soshitsu kept refusing the requests.
- 一方で、公現入道親王のもう一つの目的であった東征中止については、熾仁親王はこれを断固拒否した。
- But, monk-Prince Kogen's request to stop the attack on the east was strongly rejected by Prince Taruhito.
- 奈良盆地(ならぼんち)とは、日本の奈良県北西部に位置する標高100メートル以下の断層盆地を指す。
- Nara Basin is a fault basin which has an altitude of below 100 meters and is located in the northwestern area of Nara Prefecture in Japan.
- それまで福知山市内を走る鉄道は、南北に分断するように走っており市内の交通を阻害するものであった。
- The railroad running through Fukuchiyama City severed the north and south areas of the city, impeding transportation.
- 最悪、武士としたまま名誉の死を遂げる切腹も申し付けられず斬首刑を受け、お家断絶の可能性もあった。
- In the worst case, the warrior was not given Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment), the honorable death for warriors, but was beheaded and there was a possibility of Oie-danzetsu (disassociation from the family line).
- 義政から廃嫡され賊軍扱いされた政長は勝元に援軍を求めたが、勝元は後日の反撃を期してこれを断った。
- Deprived of heirship and condemned as a rebel by Yoshimasa, Masanaga sought for support by Katsumoto, but Katsumoto refused the request in expectation of a counter-offensive at a later opportunity.
- この事件をはじめとして、応仁の乱に至るまで、南朝の子孫は反幕勢力に担がれて断続的に活動を続けた。
- From the time of this incident onward, until the time of the Onin War, the descendants of the Southern Court and dynasty, taken in by various powerful anti-shogunate forces, continued acting intermittently against the Northern dynasty and the shogunate.
- 当初朝鮮政府は日本人には徴税権・検断権も行使出来なかった為、彼等を統制下に置こうと圧力をかける。
- Since the Korean Government was at first unable to exercise on Japanese the right to collect taxes nor the right to judge criminal cases, it pressured them in an attempt to put them under its control.
- 検断沙汰(けんだんさた)とは、中世日本で使用された用語であり、刑事関係の訴訟・裁判のことである。
- 'Kendan-sata' is a term used in medieval Japan, referring to lawsuits and trials relating to criminal cases.
- そもそも正月料理の歴史そのものの研究が不十分であり、どちらが正しいかを判断するには至っていない。
- This issue has not been settled yet, because the history of New Year's dishes has been insufficiently studied.
- 豚カツを茶漬けに入れて食べるかどうかは客の判断に任されており、ひつまぶしに近い食べられ方をする。
- It is up to the individual whether or not he or she puts the tonkatsu in the chazuke, which is similar to Hitsumabushi (Nagoya style eel on rice).
- 米は水からあげた後もしばらく吸水しつづけるので、その時間も計算に入れた上で浸漬時間は判断される。
- As rice continues absorbing water even after having been removed from the water, the soaking time is determined taking such time into consideration.
- また三惑(見思惑・塵沙惑・無明惑)を説き、これを断ずるために、菩薩の五十二位の修行の段階を説く。
- Further, it advocates the three delusions (illusions from imperfect perception, illusion and temptation through the immense variety of duties in saving men, illusions and temptations that arise from failure philosophically to understand things in their reality) and, to renounce them, it advocates the 52 steps of ascetic practices for Bodhisattva.
- この上に北倉と南倉は校木(あぜぎ)という断面三角形の材を20段重ねて壁体をつくり、校倉造とする。
- To build a wall (called Azekura-zukuri) on top of the daiwa, Hokuso and Nanso have a layer of 20 wooden beams the section of which is triangular ('azeki' in Japanese).
- 近代の政府は、神仏判然令以降、太政官布達や断片的な法令、行政上の通達によって宗教を管理してきた。
- The modern government had controlled religion by Daijokan proclamation, fragmentary laws and regulations, and administrative notifications since the Shinto and Buddhism Separation Order.
- このうち、伊勢 (歌人)集と貫之集下は1929年に冊子の形を解体して一葉ずつの断簡に分割された。
- Among them, the collections of Ise (poet) and Tsurayuki were split into dankan (fragmentary pieces of a book) in 1929.
- 作法などに自信のないときは、あらかじめ日本の食事文化や作法は勉強中であることを断っておくといい。
- Therefore, when you are not confident in those Japanese manners, it is advisable for you to declare in advance that you are just in the process of studying Japanese dietary culture and manners.
- その後、薩摩藩では一時生類憐みの令による中断を除き、世子の元服の時など慶事のおりに開催していた。
- After that, in the Satsuma clan, Inuoumono was held at auspicious events such as heirs' genpuku (celebrate one's coming of age), except during the interruption by the law prohibiting cruelty to animals.
- 子孫も同様な役を勤め、幕末には小笠原鍾次郎が講武所で弓術教授を勤めたが、この家は維新期に断絶する。
- His descendants served as the same role and Shojiro OGASAWARA served as teacher of archery at Kobusho (a military training institute) at the end of Edo period, but the family ended in the period of the Restoration.
- 秀頼の娘(天秀尼)が助命されたものの正保2年(1645年)の天秀尼の死で秀吉の直系血族は断絶した。
- Although the daughter of Hideyori (Tenshu-ni) was spared, the direct family line of Hideyoshi was extinguished due to the death of Tenshu-ni in 1645.
- 海底地形は、冠島と沓島両島の東側は比高60m以上の急崖を形成しており、南北走向の断層が推定される。
- The bottom topography of the eastern part of both islands, Kanmuri-jima Island and Kutsu-jima island, consists of a steep cliff nearly 60m high, and a fault is presumed to run from north to south.
- そのため、しばしば政治に混乱が生じ、宦官と共に権力を壟断する害悪として常に王朝の頭痛の種になった。
- This often caused political disorder, and the maternal relatives were always the thorn in the side of the dynasty as a poison that monopolizes the powers along with the eunuchs.
- 古代において何代にもわたっては博士を職を継承しながら断絶した家系が存在するのはそうした事情による。
- That was the reason why in ancient times there were such family lines that had succeeded to the position of the hakase for generations, but failed in the end.
- 彼ら武士は、受領から委任された徴税権・検断権・勧農権などを根拠として、在地領主へと成長していった。
- Based on the tax collection right, the right to judge criminal cases, and the right to promote farming, all of which were entrusted by zuryo, these samurai grew into local lords.
- 断絶していた李氏朝鮮との国交を回復すべく、日本側から朝鮮側に通信使の派遣を打診したことにはじまる。
- It began with the approach to restore diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty in Korea from Japan to Korea for sounding out the dispatch of Tsushinshi (Emissary).
- しかし、実際には上記のような京極氏・赤松氏らの高経への不満が将軍義詮を決断させたものと考えられる。
- In reality, however, it is considered that the above-mentioned dissatisfaction on the part of Kyogoku and Akamatsu clans was the cause for the decision of shogun Yoshiakira.
- 4月20日 (旧暦)(6月10日)、劣勢であると判断した賤ヶ岳砦の守将、桑山重晴も撤退を開始する。
- On June 10, Shigeharu KUWAYAMA, the defending general of Shizugatake Fort, also judged the situation as disadvantageous and began to retreat.
- これによって藤原良房以来700年にわたって継続されてきた藤原氏の摂政関白が中断される事態となった。
- Consequently, the tradition of appointing only the members of the Fujiwara clan to Sessho (regent) and Kanpaku finally came to an end, a tradition which had lasted for seven hundred years since FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa.
- 9月22日、朝廷は伴善男らを応天門の放火の犯人であると断罪して死罪、罪一等を許されて流罪と決した。
- On September 22, the court found TOMO no Yoshio and others guilty of the arson of the Otenmon gate, and their punishment was banishment, rather than the death penalty or that of a first degree crime.
- 早期の民間団体としては、中西悟堂も発起人に名を連ねた日本放鷹倶楽部(1936)があったが中断した。
- As an early private association, the Nihon Hoyo Club (Japan falconry Club), promoted by Godo NAKANISHI was established in 1936, but it was interrupted.
- - 弓の断面積が大きいと弾性限界は高くなるが、弾性率は低くなり引き手の力もより必要になり重くなる。
- If the cross-section is larger, the elastic limit becomes higher, but the elastic module becomes lower and the puller needs more strength to pull the bowstring.
- 嵯峨の往生院(現在の滝口寺)に入り滝口入道と名乗り、横笛への未練を断ち切るために仏道修行に入った。
- He lived in Ojo-in Temple in Saga (currently, Takiguchi-dera Temple) and immersed himself in Buddhist apprenticeship to forget his love for Yokobue.
- 当初はその人物の弟子それぞれが書き記していた断片的な問答集を、その人物の死後に集めて編集していた。
- Initially, a person's goroku was composed by collecting and compiling the person's Mondoshu (collection of dialogues), which had been written by his disciples, after the person died.
- 無下に断ることもできず宴に参加した維茂であったが、美女の舞と酒のために不覚にも前後を忘れてしまう。
- Unable to reject the offer, Koreshige participates the banquet, however he carelessly overcome by the power of sake and dances of the beautiful women.
- さらに明治6年明治天皇の断髪に至ると、伝統的な男髷を結う男性は激減し、洋髪やざんぎり頭が流行した。
- In 1873, the Emperor Meiji turned to bobbed hair, and men who tied traditional topknots for men decreased in numbers drastically and the western hair style and the shortcut hair style became widespread instead.
- 1862年(文久2年)に姉の桂宮淑子内親王が継ぎ、1881年(明治14年)に歿して桂宮は断絶した。
- In 1862 older sister, Katsuranomiya Imperial Princess Sumiko succeeded to the family, but after she died in 1881, Katsuranomiya discontinued.
- 師長が宿を借りた塩屋の主の求めに応じて琵琶を弾いていると、突然雨が降り出し、演奏は中断してしまう。
- When Moronaga was playing biwa at the request of the master of a shioya (a cottage where salt is made in pans) who let him stay the night, suddenly rain began to fall and he was forced to stop playing.
- 水害により生活基盤が損なわれたため、住人の一部は再建を断念して北海道に入植した(のちの新十津川町)。
- Some residents gave up restoring the village because of the financial troubles from the flood, and moved to Hokkaido (the settlement became 'Shin-totsukawa-cho').
- そのため、万一耐震不足と認定されれば、入場制限を強いられる恐れがあり、診断さえ行われない場合が多い。
- There is therefore the fear that a building determined to be insufficiently earthquake resistant may be forced to restrict admission and there would be many cases for which even assessments could not be conducted.
- これには、一箇所で食国法とあっても、他の箇所は皇位継承法として理解するほうが自然だという判断もある。
- Their argument stands on the belief that even if the description, the law of the nation's governance, is used in one place, it is rather natural to understand that the rest of the part is referring to the imperial succession code.
- 大正2年(1913年)に断絶したが、大正天皇の第3皇子の高松宮宣仁親王が有栖川宮家の祭祀を継承する。
- In 1913, the family died out, but Imperial Prince Nobuhito TAKAMATSUNOMIYA, the third son of the Emperor Taisho, carried on the religious services of the Arisugawanomiya family.
- だが、黒田は甲陽軍鑑に着目し、「記憶違いはあるが、悪意の捏造はなく、体験に基づく良質な史料」と断定。
- Focusing on Koyo Gunkan (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family), however, Kuroda determined that 'lapses of memory were seen, but the stories are not maliciously fabricated; this is a historical material of good quality based on their experiences.'
- この転換を断行・あるいは企図したために、藩政が混乱して、お家騒動の背景の一つとなることもよくあった。
- Decisive action or proposition of this change often created a disturbance of the domain duties, contributing to the internal squabbles (over headship rights) in a daimyo family.
- この説の場合、本書の編纂は長暦3年(1039年)に経頼が歿したため、未完成のまま中断したとしている。
- According to this theory, it is said that the compilation of this book was stopped before its completion, because Tsuneyori died in 1039.
- 業倫の勘申により、伊勢と熊野が同体であるか否かが問題となり、断罪以上に重要な問題として関心を集めた。
- When Gyorin's kanmon was submitted, a question concerning whether or not Ise and Kumano were identical was raised and it attracted attention as the more important problem than punishment.
- しかし、詫び証文を書いたことが水口藩主の耳に達せば、事と次第によれば公用方の断罪も逃れられなくなる。
- If the signed apology were to become known to the lord of the Minakuchi domain, Koyokata would be doomed to be convicted according to the circumstances.
- さらに親平氏の延暦寺でも反平氏勢力が台頭して内部紛争が起こるなど、情勢は予断を許さないものになった。
- The anti-Taira clan forces gained enough power in the Enryaku-ji Temple, which was close to the Taira clan, to cause civil war, causing events to become unpredictable.
- この時代、自検断権に基づいて、ほとんど全ての階層の共同体が軍事警察力と司法権の行使を認められていた。
- One should note, however, that in this period communities at nearly all levels of the hierarchy were allowed to execute military and police powers and judicial power based on their right of jikendan (ruling and judging).
- (一部では一見さんお断りもあるので注意が必要)その背景には、バブル崩壊や官官接待の激減があげられる。
- This background has been attributed to the burst of the economic bubble and the drastic decrease of the mutual receptions among bureaucrats (however, be aware that there are still some ryotei which refuse visitors without invitation).
- ここで2度目の飯次が出され、2度目の汁替えも勧められるが、汁替えは客の方で断るのが通例となっている。
- Then, the second rice container is served and a second refill of soup is recommended, but usually guests decline the second refill of soup.
- また弓幹(ゆがら)が板状で断面形状が長方形をなすものをフラットボウと呼称し、それ以外と区別している。
- In addition, a bow which Yugara (wooden or bamboo part between Motohazu (the lower top of the bow) and Urahazu - the top of the bow) is flat and the cross-section surface is rectangular, and this is called a flat bow, distinguishing it from others.
- その後、応仁の乱や第二次世界大戦などでの中断はあるものの、現在も続いており、千年を超える歴史がある。
- Even though the Onin War, World War II, etc. caused the festival to temporarily discontinue, it has been continued for more than 1,000 years to date.
- また奈良公園では、鹿が道路を横断して交通を妨げたり、付近の家や敷地に入り込む光景がしばしば見られる。
- Moreover, in Nara Park, the deer are often seen to cross the road and hinder the traffic, or to get into the houses or premises in the neighborhood.
- これに対して旧南朝側では北朝側の皇統は断絶しており、傍流の継承は認めないとして各地で蜂起を起こした。
- The Southern Court was against it, and said they would not accept the Imperial succession of the Northern Court as their Imperial lineage had already discontinued, they raised revolts in many places.
- 孫の手同様に長い腕と指で痒いところを掻く妖怪とされるが、油断すると爪で手痛い傷を負わされるともいう。
- It is said to be a specter which scratches with a long arm and fingers the itchy spots just like the backscratcher does, but it also is said that, if one is not careful, one may be painfully hurt.
- (これ以上の存命は不要と、断食を行った後、最後は自らの頭に焼石を乗せて亡くなったと伝えられている。)
- (It is said that he fasted and decided there was no need for him to live any longer, he then put a red hot rock on the top of his head and died.)
- 現在はその本の断簡が軸に仕立てられ、1首完結するためにあたかも色紙2枚を継いだ形となりこの名がある。
- Now fragments of the book are bound together as if two pieces of shikishi were tied together to complete one piece of waka, thereby earned it's name.
- これに対して、斯波氏の所領は尾張国と越前国という京都から遠い場所であり、また領地同士が分断されていた。
- On the other hand, the territories of the Shiba clan, Owari Province and Echizen Province, were away from Kyoto and separated each other.
- 江戸時代には山陰街道が現在の西京区域を横断するように敷かれ、沿道の桂や樫原・大枝は宿場町として栄えた。
- In the Edo period, the Sanin-kaido Road ran across the present-day Nishikyo Ward, and Katsura and the Katagihara and Oe areas along the road prospered as the shukuba-machi (post stations).
- 古来より、神嘗祭には皇室から神宮に幣帛使が派遣されていたが、応仁の乱以降は中断されることも多くなった。
- Since the ancient times, the Imperial Family used to dispatch Heihakushi (a messenger who brings a sacramental strip of paper (silk)) to Ise-jingu Shrine on the Kannamesai, but the dispatch was often stopped after the Onin War.
- さらに、大坂の役にて長宗我部氏が断絶すると、上士達は200年以上に渡って郷士に激しい差別を与え続けた。
- Subsequently, when the Chosokabe clan was extinguished in the Siege of Osaka, the Joshi continued to exercise severe discrimination against the Goshi for more than 200 years.
- 内奏方は直接判断は行わなかったが、調査・審理を行って適切な訴訟機関に審理を命じる権限が与えられていた。
- Although Naisogata didn't make any rulings by itself, it was given to the authority to investigate, deliberate, and order a proper legal institution to deliberate the case in question.
- 緒戦の勝利に油断していた大内軍は対抗できず、すぐに崩れて大敗、大人数が討たれ、主将の陶興房も負傷した。
- The Ouchi army was so intoxicated by successive victories that they could not cope with those surprise attacks and were easily defeated -- That ended up in a thrashing with a great number of soldiers killed and their captain Okifusa SUE wounded.
- だが、応仁の乱以後は朝廷財政の崩壊とともに朝儀は廃絶し、断絶したまま再興されない公家も少なくなかった。
- However, with the collapse of court finances after the Onin War, Chogi was terminated and many aristocratic families were not reestablished once they had no successors.
- 藤原秀康と三浦胤義は支えきれないと判断し、宇治市・瀬田 (大津市)で京を守るとして早々に退却を決める。
- Judging that there was no way for them to aid Korenobu, Hideyasu FUJIWARA and Taneyoshi MIURA decided to pull back quickly to the cities of Uji and Seta (Otsu City), from there to protect the capital.
- 1510年には三浦の乱が起こり一旦は関係が断絶するが、1512年に壬申約条が結ばれ再び貿易は行われる。
- Although the relationship was once severed following the Sanpo disturbance that erupted in 1510, Jinshin Yakujo (immigration rule where the Korean Dynasties warned the So clan) was concluded in 1512 and trading was resumed.
- 鵜匠はその多忙のうちにあってなおあるいは篝の薪を添え、あるいは舟の進退に注意し、ひと呼吸の油断もない。
- Being in charge of very busy operation, ujo takes care to add firewood to the kagari or pilot the boat jealously.
- また、主審は次のどれかの場合、「止め」と言って紅白両方の旗を平行に揚げ、試合を中断させることができる。
- Also, if the following cases arise, the chief referee can stop the match by shouting 'Stop!' and raising both the red and white flags to the same level.
- したがってあくまでも智顗が、法華経を涅槃経より優位と判断して、この涅槃経の経文を解釈したものとされる。
- Therefore, it is said that Chigi determined that Hoke-kyo is superior to Nehan-gyo and interpreted the sutras of Nehan-gyo.
- 譬喩品第3「若し人、信ぜずして此の経を毀謗(きぼう)せば、すなわち一切世間の仏種(ぶっしゅ)を断ぜん。
- Hiyu hon No.3 (A Parable, chapter 3 of the Lotus Sutra) 'If a person does not believe, but libels this sutra, he will completely lose Buddhahood.
- しかし、後堀河の系統も次代の四条天皇が幼年のうちに没したことで断絶し、皇位は再び後鳥羽の系統へ戻った。
- Unfortunately, the Imperial line of Emperor Gohorikawa discontinued after the second Emperor, Emperor Shijo died young, the Imperial throne again went back to Emperor Gotoba's Imperial lineage.
- 評定の為に召喚された時、月代を剃らず着流しの伊達姿で出頭し、あまりにも不敬なので即日切腹となり断絶した。
- When he was summoned to the consultation, he appeared dressed too casually and without his forehead being shaved in the sakayaki style, which was mandatory for samurai during those days, he was sentenced to Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) for being too irreverent, which led to the end of the family line.
- 遺された皇子女は同年誕生したばかりの欣子内親王ただ一人であったため、ここに中御門天皇系の皇統は断絶した。
- Since Emperor Gomomozono left only one princess, Imperial Princess Yoshiko, who was just born in the same year, the imperial line of Emperor Nakamikado became extinct.
- 中華人民共和国からはその後2008年、北京オリンピック開会式に天皇の訪中の要請がなされたが、断っている。
- Although the People's Republic of China requested the Emperor to attend the opening ceremony of Beijing Olympic Games in 2008, the Imperial Household Agency turned down the request.
- その後、子の洞院公連(実は西園寺家出身)が立てられたものの、公連の出家とその死によって断絶してしまった。
- Kintsura TOIN, his son (who in fact came from the Saionji family), was chosen as the heir, but he too left to become a monk and the family was discontinued upon his death.
- これは毛筆による筆跡では决と決の判別が困難なことがあり、翻刻時の判断で决か決が決まってしまうことによる。
- Because it is difficult to discern the difference between '决' and '决'from handwriting made with a brush, whether'决' or '决' is used depends on the judgment of persons who made transcripts.
- 連合軍が攻めあぐねたところへ、義弘は伏兵を出動させて敵の隊列を寸断して混乱させ、義弘本隊も攻勢に転じた。
- When the Allied forces attacked, Yoshihiro had his soldiers carry out an ambush to confuse and scatter the enemy formation before shifting to the main battle formation that attacked the enemy.
- 仲綱は断ったが、宗盛は平氏の権勢を傘にしつこく要求し、頼政に諭されて、仲綱はしぶしぶ“木の下”を譲った。
- Nakatsuna initially refused to part with Konoshita, but Munemori kept insisting, with the whole weight of the Taira clan's power and authority behind him, until at last, after being admonished by his father Yorimasa, Nakatsuna reluctantly handed Konoshita over.
- 鎌倉幕府において検断沙汰を所管したのは、東国については侍所、西国については六波羅探題の検断奉行であった。
- In the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), kendan-sata was under the jurisdiction of samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region), and in Saigoku (the western part of Japan), it was under the jurisdiction of kendan-bugyo (magistrate for trial) of Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto).
- 近年、本家筋の子孫が小笠原流礼法の商標を無断で登録して宗家を称したことにより裁判沙汰になった事実がある。
- Recently, desecendants of the main branch of the family were taken to court for registering Ogasawara-ryu Reiho as a trademark and using the Soke title.
- それゆえ、禁武政策による空手発展説を「全く根拠のない巷間の浮説」(藤原稜三)と一刀両断する研究者もいる。
- The theory that karate developed due to the kinmu seisaku is therefore refuted by some researchers as 'completely groundless fiction invented in the streets' (Ryozo FUJIWARA).
- 翌1187年(文治3年)勝林院で不断念仏をはじめ、1190年(建久元年)には第61代天台座主に就任した。
- In 1187, he initiated Fudan nenbutsu (continual chanting of Buddhist invocation) at Shorin-in Temple and in 1190, became the 61st Tendai-Zasu (the head priest of the Tendai sect).
- 体系的に請来された東密、台密を純密というのに対し、純密以前に断片的に請来され信仰された密教を雑密という。
- While Tomitsu and Daimitsu, which were transmitted systematically, are called Jun-mitsu (Pure Esoteric Buddhism), Mikkyo, which had been transmitted in fragments and had adherents before Jun-mitsu, is called Zo-mitsu (Mixed Esoteric Buddhism).
- 伊勢物語の筒井筒の物語で、女は縁談を断って愛する男を待ち続け、結婚後も浮気する夫の帰りを待ち続けている。
- In the story of 'Tsutsuizutsu' in Ise Monogatari, a woman rejects an offer for marriage to wait for her beloved man, and after marriage, again waits for her unfaithful husband's return.
- しかし油断をしていると、弁当を盗まれるなどの悪戯をされてしまい、そんなときには棒を持って追い払うという。
- However, when they were off their guard, Kinoko plays a trick by stealing their lunches, etc.; in such cases, they are driven away with a stick.
- ただし、征夷大将軍に任命された徳川家康のように、これを断り、家の紋章として桐を使用しなかったものもいる。
- However, some people declined the use of paulownia for their family crests such as Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who was assigned to the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 一方、縦には裂きにくいが裂けば繊維が寸断されるため、あまり噛まずとも飲み込みやすくなるというわけである。
- On the other hand, it is harder to tear surume lengthwise but, by tearing surume in that fashion, the muscle fibers are cut off, hence, it will make it easier to swallow without chewing so much.
- これは雅楽の伝統では一度断絶したものの、正倉院の宝物等を参考に、戦後になって復元された楽器の一つである。
- This instrument disappeared from gagaku tradition but was restored after World War II by referring to the treasures in the Shosoin Treasure House.
- 義輝の代に、細川氏の没落後台頭した三好長慶と共に幕政を壟断したものの長慶と対立し失脚したため勢力を弱めた。
- During the period of Yoshiteru, they exclusively controlled the shogunate government with Nagayoshi MIYOSHI who increased in power after the decline of the Hosokawa clan, but later the Ise clan conflicted with Nagayoshi and lost their position, weakening their power.
- 後亀山は後年、両朝合一を決断した理由について、永年の争いを止め、民間の憂いを除くためだったと述懐している。
- Later Gokameyama recalled that he decided to agree to the unification of the Northern and Southern Courts to cease the long-time conflict and remove people's anxiety.
- この場合、やむを得ない特別の事由があるときは、本人の意思に関わらず、皇室会議の判断で、皇族の身分を離れる。
- In cases of compelling reasons, they will renounce their Imperial status through the discretion of the Imperial Household Council regardless of their own will.
- 室町時代の終わり在富の没後には家業の暦道を安倍氏に奪われて衰退し、戦国時代 (日本)には断絶したとされる。
- The family went into decline after the death of Aritomi at the end of the Muromachi period after being deprived of rekido, their family business, by the Abe clan, and was discontinued in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- 摂津源氏・近江源氏・美濃源氏も味方となり、圧倒的優位に立ったと判断した後白河は義仲に対して最後通牒を行う。
- With Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan) and Mino-Genji (the Minamoto clan) rallying around, Goshirakawa thought that he had an overwhelming advantage and gave Yoshinaka an ultimatum.
- しかし所司代のみでは、防ぎきれずと判断した幕府は京都守護職を新たに設け、幕府の威信、治安の回復をはかった。
- However, the bakufu soon discovered how impossible it was for the Shoshidai alone to prevent riots and so the bakufu newly founded the Kyoto Shugoshoku to facilitate recovery of the their prestige and to achieve order in the town.
- 「再興」は古式の復活であると同時に、細部に残されていた伝統を断絶させてしまうこともあったという一例である。
- It is an example that although 'Revival' means returning to the old-fashion, at the same time it means discontinuing detailed traditions.
- 代表作は、「山水長巻」「夏冬山水図」「天橋立図」「破墨山水」「慧可断臂の図」「秋冬山水」「花鳥屏風」など。
- Representative works include: Long Landscape Scroll, Summer and Winter Landscape, View of Amanohashidate, Broken Ink Landscape, Portrait of Ekadanpi, Fall and Winter Landscape, and Folding Screen of Birds and Flowers of the 4 Seasons.
- しかし6代素蓮宗順のとき関東大震災によって浜町の住居を焼失してしまい、家元としては一時断絶という形になる。
- However, during the time of the sixth tea master Suren Sojun (素蓮宗順), the house in Hamacho burned to the ground as a result of the Great Kanto Earthquake, and the position of tea master was temporarily discontinued.
- だが長兵衛は主膳の申し出を断り、「相手を怖がり逃げたと言われては、わしの名折れになりますから。」と言った。
- However, Chobei turns down his request, saying, 'If I was afraid of your master and avoided to face him, people would say I was coward, which would bring disgrace on my reputation.'
- 徳川家光(家光体制)時、老中(松平信綱・阿部忠秋・堀田正盛)、側衆(中根正盛)は、武断政治を強行に進めた。
- When Iemitsu TOKUGAWA ruled, roju (member of shogun's council of elders) (Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA, Tadaaki ABE and Masamori HOTTA) and sobashu (aide of the shogun) (Masamori NAKANE) forced the government by the military.
- 大内氏の滅亡と同時に興盛の孫の内藤隆世が自刃し、嫡流は断絶したが、興盛の五男の内藤隆春が毛利氏に仕えている。
- Takayo NAITO, a grandson of Okimori, committed seppuku at the downfall of the Ouchi clan, ending the main line of the family, but Takaharu NAITO, Okimori's fifth son, served the Mori clan.
- また、終戦の際、ポツダム宣言の受諾・降伏を決定することは総理大臣にも出来ず、天皇の「聖断」を仰ぐ他なかった。
- When deciding whether to accept the Potsdam Declaration and surrender at the end of World War II, even the Prime Minister was not allowed to decide it by himself and so they had to ask the Emperor to make an 'Imperial decision'.
- さらに徳川家康も天下人を目指して、伊達政宗らと無断婚姻を行なうなど、豊臣政権は次第に衰退の兆しを見せてゆく。
- In addition, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA aimed to be 'tenkabito' (a person becoming the ruler of the country) and entered an unauthorized marriage with Masamune DATE; thus, showing signs of the TOYOTOMI government's decline.
- 鎌倉政権は頼朝の弟源範頼に3万騎を率いさせて山陽道を進軍して九州に渡り平氏軍の背後を遮断する作戦を実行する。
- The political administration at Kamakura chose Yoritomo's younger brother MINAMOTO no Noriyori to lead 30,000 riders and advance along the Sanyodo Road, cross over into Kyushu, and adopt the strategy of blockading the Taira clan's army from the rear.
- 表彰は基本的に部門ごとに行われるが、例外的に各部門横断の「京炎 そでふれ!賞」などの特別賞も設定されている。
- Winners are basically decided for each section, but there are also special prizes, such as the 'Kyoen Sodefure! Award', which are given to winners selected across the four sections.
- 菩薩修行の階位である52位の最後の位で、等覚位の菩薩が、さらに一品(いっぽん)の無明を断じて、この位に入る。
- The last position of the 52 ranks for Bosatsu training, Bosatsu in Tokaku rank, gets this rank by overcoming Mumyo, abidya, of Ippon.
- ただし、参加者は前回の参加者が主であり記録もほとんどない事から短期間のうちに再度中断されたと考えられている。
- However, since the main members of the participants were the members of the first period of Kangakue and there are almost no records left concerning this period of Kangakue, it is believed that it was suspended again in a short period of time.
- 衆生は、末法に生きる凡夫であり、仏の視点によれば「善悪」の判断すらできない、根源的な「悪人」であると捉える。
- Ordinary people live in the latter days of Buddhism, and from Buddha's perspective they are interpreted as fundamentally 'evil' people who are unable to distinguish good from evil.
- 酒井忠清邸での審理で、兵部と通じる雅楽頭は兵部・甲斐側に加担するが、清廉な板倉重矩の裁断により安芸側が勝利。
- At the inquiry held at the mansion of Tadakiyo SAKAI, Uta no Kami (Director of the Bureau of Music; here it means Tadakiyo SAKAI) who was associated with Hyobu, supported Hyobu and Kai, but incorruptible Shigenori ITAKURA judged in favor of Aki (common name of Muneshige DATE).
- しかし、栗隈王の二人の子、三野王(美努王)と武家王が側にいて剣を佩き、退く気配がなかったため、恐れて断念した。
- However, Minu no Okimi and Takeie no Okimi, the two sons of Kurikuma no Okimi were standing close to their father with their swords ready to fight back, so Saeki gave up his plot for fear of being defeated.
- また、兼実の同母弟藤原兼房 (太政大臣)の子孫も「九条家」に含める事もあるが、こちらは早い段階で断絶している。
- A descendant of FUJIWARA no Kanefusa (grand minister of state), the younger brother-uterine of Kanezane, he is sometimes included in the Kujo family but Kanefusa's family line failed at an early stage.
- その他、「林連」(ウジ名のみ判明)がみえ、数名(死亡月日のみ、または年齢のみ判明)の死亡を記載した断片がある。
- In addition, there found several fragments describing 'Hayashimuraji' (only the name of Uji was clarified), and deaths of several persons (only the date of death or the age was clarified).
- このことがきっかけとなり、現在に至り断続的に発掘調査が行われ、城の縄張りなどが少しずつ明らかになってきている。
- The survey set off an intermittent excavation and research that's still ongoing, and the nawabari (castle plan; general term for the layout of a castle and its component structures) of the castle and other things have come to be known little by little.
- 検断沙汰には、殺人・傷害事件、窃盗・強盗事件、また謀叛など、治安を脅かす罪科に対する訴訟・裁判が含まれていた。
- Kendan-sata included the suits and trials carried out for charges which threatened public safety, such as cases of murder and injury, theft and robbery, or rebellion.
- 839年の帰路は、山東半島南海岸から黄海を横断して朝鮮半島南海岸を経て北九州に至るルートがとられたようである。
- It seems that, in the return journey in 839, people took the route starting at south coast of the Shandong Peninsula and reached Japan at northern Kyushu, crossing the Yellow Sea via the south coast of the Korean Peninsula.
- 文部科学大臣は、有形文化財のうち特に重要と判断されるものを重要文化財に指定することができる(第27条第1項)。
- Among the tangible cultural properties, the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology can designate the ones judged to be especially important as 'important cultural properties' (Article 27, Clause 1).
- なお、調査時に採取した旧石器時代住居跡のはぎとり土層断面は、資料として大阪府立近つ飛鳥博物館に展示されている。
- The cross section of the earth layers cut out of the dwelling site in the Paleolithic period is exhibited in Osaka Prefecture Chikatsu-Asuka Museum as a historical material.
- 僧は、石室の中で断食をしながら鐘を鳴らし読経するが、やがて音が聞こえなくなり、長い歳月と共に姿を現すとされる。
- The priest rings a bell and chants sutra without eating in the rock chamber, but no sound can be heard in time, and it is believed he will appear after a very long time.
- 小浪とその母戸無瀬が山科の閑居に来て、結婚を願うが、力弥の母お石に判官を止めた本蔵の娘は嫁にできぬと断られる。
- Konami and her mother, Tonose, come to Yamashina and ask for marriage, but Rikiya's mother Oishi refuses, because Konami is a daughter of Honzo, a person who stopped Hangan.
- 展示用の作品には、見栄えの関係で選定した洋紙や和紙を正方形(あるいは作品に応じた形)に裁断して使うことが多い。
- In many cases, Western or Japanese paper selected for appearance is cut into a square (or an appropriate shape for them) for models destined for exhibition.
- 高御座の構造は三層の黒塗断壇の上に御輿型の八角形の黒塗屋形が載せられていて、鳳凰・鏡・椅子などで飾られている。
- The structure of the Takamikura consists of three levels of covered black stairs with a palace shaped portable octagon shrine sitting on top, and is decorated with a mythical sacred bird (phoenix) from Chinese lore, mirrors, and chairs.
- 天満天神繁昌亭の開設を機に、桂三枝上方落語協会会長が真打制度を復活させる計画だったが、反対意見が多く断念した。
- At the opening of the Tenma Tenjin Hanjotei Theater, Sanshi KATSURA who was the president of the Kamigata Rakugo Association planned to reinstitute shinuchi rank, but had to give it up because of overwhelming opposition.
- この温泉近くに断層があり、掘削が岩盤にまで到達していると推定されためか特長のある温泉となっていると推測されます。
- It is inferred that as there is a fault in the vicinity of this hot spring and borehole has reached the base rock, the hot spring became unique one.
- また数年後、忠実は嫡男忠通と院の養女・藤原璋子(のちの待賢門院)との縁談を断り、再び白河院の勘気を蒙るに至った。
- After a few years Tadazane refused the marriage arrangement with his eldest son, Tadamichi and the adopted daughter, FUJIWARA no Shoshi (later called Taikenmonin), by doing this, again, he gave bad impression to Emperor Shirakawa in.
- また贄を納める義務を負ったものを贄人と呼んだが、贄を納めることで調などが一律に免除されたかどうかは断定できない。
- Also, it was called niebito who were obligated to pay offerings, but it was indecisive whether the cho was exempted indiscriminately or not by paying offerings.
- ただし多くの王朝がそうであるように、日本の皇統もまたこれまでに何度も皇族男子の不足から断絶の危機に直面している。
- However, like most other dynasties, the Japanese imperial line also has faced succession crisis due to the shortage of male imperial family members from time to time.
- 3代将軍源実朝の死による源家の断絶後、鎌倉幕府は朝廷から迎える摂家将軍を推戴し、将軍の地位を形式的なものにした。
- After the Minamoto family came to an end with the death of the third shogun, Sanetomo MINAMOTO, the Kamakura shogunate was presided over by a sekke shogun (shogun from a regent family) sent from the Imperial Court, which made the position of shogun a merely ceremonial post.
- 一方、範頼軍は兵糧と兵船の調達に成功して九州に渡り、同地の平氏方を葦屋浦の戦いで破り、平氏軍の背後の遮断に成功。
- Noriyori's army, on the other hand, having succeeded in being supplied with provisions and warships, crossed over into Kyushu and defeated the Taira forces of that region in the battle of Ashiyaura, and successfully cut off the main Taira clan's army from behind.
- 後亀山上皇の死去から4年後の1428年(正長元年)、嗣子のなかった称光天皇が崩御したために北朝の嫡流は断絶した。
- In 1428, four years after Retired Emperor Gokameyama died, Emperor Shoko died without an heir, and consequently the principal Northern lineage came to an end.
- それに伴い、民衆に対する司法権・警察権の行使(検断沙汰)も支配者である荘園・国衙領領主や地頭武士に限られていた。
- Therefore, only the rulers, such as the lord of a manor and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) and the lord-of-a-manor samurai, could exercise the jurisdiction and police powers (criminal cases) to the general public.
- しかし、たとえ刀でも合戦の最中に鎧兜に身をかためた必死に迫って来る敵の首を一撃で断ち斬るのは事実上不可能である。
- However, it is virtually impossible to cut off the head of an enemy rushing desperately with an armor and a helmet at a single stroke in the middle of a battle even with a sword.
- 勧められた場合は丁重に断って帰宅するか、実際に出された場合には食べ終わったら退散することが好ましいとされている。
- If asked to have bubuzuke, the visitor should decline and leave, or if served, the visitor should leave after finishing eating it.
- ただし、伝統が断絶するのを危惧する声もあり、1992年(平成3年)大学剣道(公式試合・昇段審査)では解禁された。
- However, some people were concerned about the discontinuity of tradition and so the prohibition on Nito was withdrawn in 1992 for University Kendo (official matches/Kendo dan examinations).
- ただし、各審理で問題がないと判断されたら次からの審理はなく、抜けて転生していくため、七回すべてやるわけではない。
- When a dead person is judged, at one trial, as not having done anything bad while he or she was alive, he or she will be reincarnated; not everyone is sent to seven judges.
- 幕府の裁定により智洞の三業帰命説は異義と断定され、遠流の刑に処せられたが、処分される前に江戸の獄中で亡くなった。
- A ruling by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) concluded that Chido's Sango-kimyo-setsu was wrong and he was sentenced to Onru (exile to the farthest island), but died during imprisonment in Edo before it could be enforced.
- 馬薦鼓(5字8行・句数不明)靖康の変で字を失った鼓で、宋拓でも20字に満たず、詩の解釈は当初から断念されている。
- Ma-di-gu (the number of poems unknown each having eight lines of five characters): This gu is the gu which lost its characters in the Jingkang incident and less than 20 characters can be read from the Song rubbed copy and interpretation of its poems was given up from the first.
- 現在は鴨川 (淀川水系)において京都側と伏見側で分断されており、上流側を高瀬川、下流側を東高瀬川、新高瀬川と呼ぶ。
- Today the Kamo-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system) divides the Takase-gawa River into two; the Kyoto side section and Fushimi side section--the upstream side is called Takase-gawa River and the downstream side is called Higashi-takase-gawa River or Shin-takase-gawa River.
- 半年が経過した8月、範頼軍は平氏軍を背後からつくため山陽道を進軍したが、長く延びた戦線を平行盛によって分断された。
- After 6 months, in August, Noriyori's troops were progressing along the Sanyo-do Road to attack the Taira clan from the back, but the line was stretched thin and was cut off by TAIRA no Yukimori.
- 清盛は武力を背景に国検を断行する一方、寺院勢力の特権もある程度は認めるなど柔軟な対応で、大和の知行国支配を行った。
- While Kiyomori, backed by his military might, did conduct a decisive inspection, he also engaged in softer diplomatic measures, as when he acknowledged that temples did have a certain degree of influence and therefore special privileges, and in this way managed to carry out a survey of the chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) in Yamato that were under state control.
- それでも、皇后の長男であり、先帝の女婿であり、有力な外戚に支えられた憲平を廃嫡する決断は村上には結局できなかった。
- However, since he was the first son of the Empress and the son-in-law of the previous Emperor, with support from influential maternal relatives, Murakami could not make the decision to disinherit Norihira.
- また、朝鮮王朝は恒居倭に対し営業税の課税を検討したが、既に早田氏が課税しているため実行は困難と判断し中止している。
- Although the Korean Dynasty also wanted to impose a business tax on kokyowa, they found it difficult to carry out that idea because the Soda clan already imposed the equivalent tax, and they eventually gave up that plan.
- そこで、2005年(平成17年)には本寮の耐震調査の予算が承認され、外部の有識者による耐震調査が断続的に行われた。
- A budget for seismic-resistance evaluation was approved in 2005 and the evaluations were conducted by outside experts intermittently.
- しかし、刀自体重量が軽いので切断する際手前にスライドさせて力の向きを切断物に対し直角からそらして加える必要がある。
- However, it is necessary to slide and pull when cutting so that the direction of force is added at a right angle against the object to cut, because the sword itself is light.
- 文部科学大臣は、無形文化財のうち特に重要と判断されるものを重要無形文化財に指定することができる(第71条第1項)。
- Among the intangible cultural properties, the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology can designate the ones judged to be especially important as 'important intangible cultural properties' (Article 71, Clause 1).
- その後中国では、歌口の傾斜が管の外側にあるタイプの縦笛は断絶し、日本でも雅楽の楽器としての尺八は使われなくなった。
- Later years in China saw this type of vertical flute with the blowing edge formed cut outward from the uppermost end of the bamboo disappear, and the shakuhachi also ceased to be used as a gagaku instrument in Japan.
- 関東屋は庸軒の叔父の藤村紹和を元祖とする縁戚であり、養子による継承を重ねて正斎のあと一時断絶したがのちに再興した。
- Kantoya was ran by Yoken's relatives, its originator being Tsugukazu FUJIMURA, Yoken's uncle; Kantoya was temporarily discontinued after Seisai in spite of successions by adopted sons, but it was later restored.
- それに加え、室外から雑菌が入り込まないように二重扉、密閉窓、断熱壁など、かなりの資本をかけて念入りに造られている。
- In addition, to prevent sundry bacteria to enter from the outside of the room, the room is made carefully by investing a certain amount of capital for double doors, sealable windows, adiabatic walls, etc.
- 本来は仏教に限らず、広く古代インド宗教全般に見られ、特に断食行や針山の上に坐禅をするなどの苦行の行者が有名である。
- Originally its use was not limited to Buddhism only, but was used in all the Indian ancient religions; gyoja's penance such as fasting or sitting on a batch of needles are especially famous.
- このことに恨みを募らせた頼豪は、自分の祈祷で誕生した皇子・敦文親王を、今度は祈祷で魔道に落とそうと、断食に入った。
- Building animosity on this matter, Raigo started fasting to pray for dropping into the path of evil Imperial Prince Atsufumi who had been born as a result of his prayer.
- 2代杖信は閑院宮の茶頭を務め、以降公家との関わりが強かったが、3代有斐の亡きあと嗣子の礼座が早世したため断絶する。
- With Joshin, the second tea master, serving as a sado (a person in charge of the tea ceremony) for Kaninnomiya (one of the Imperial families), the relationship with court nobles had deepened since then, but after the death of the third head, Yuri, the premature death of the following heir Reiza caused the extinction of the Omori family line.
- だが、若山は勝と黒澤のトラブルを予期し、それに巻き込まれることを嫌って出演依頼を断ったため、実現には至らなかった。
- However, anticipating trouble between Katsu and Kurosawa, Wakayama declined the offer to avoid incident, thus this casting was not realized.
- 八条宮家は常磐井宮、京極宮、桂宮と名前を変えた後、1881年に断絶し、桂離宮は1883年から宮内省の管轄になった。
- The Hachijo no Miya family changed their name from Tokiwai no Miya, Kyogoku no Miya, Katsura no Miya, and the family was discontinued in 1881, after that it came under the supervision of the Department of the Imperial Household from 1883.
- 1580年、顕如が最終的に抗戦を断念し、石山本願寺を退去して雑賀の鷺森に移ると鈴木氏もこれに従い、織田氏に服属する。
- In 1580, when Kennyo finally gave up the resistance and left Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple then moved to Saginomori in Saiga, the Suzuki clan followed Kennyo and submitted to the Oda clan.
- その後、1779年に後桃園天皇が子を残さないまま若くして没したため、日本史上、数回目となる皇統断絶の危機が発生した。
- Thereafter, since Emperor Gomomozono died young in 1779, without having children, there was a crisis of the discontinuity of the Imperial succession, which can be seen several times in the Japanese history.
- 受領は、自らの判断で国内支配することが許されたため、郡司・田堵・負名・百姓層から苛烈な収奪をすることが可能となった。
- The Zuryo was entitled to control over his own province at their own discretion, allowing them to collect taxes strictly from Gunji (local magistrates), Tato, Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and farmers.
- 末期養子(大名が危篤になってから養子を願い出ること)が禁止されていたため、多くの大名家が世嗣断絶により改易となった。
- Since it was prohibited for a Daimyo to apply for an adoption of a son after becoming seriously ill, many Daimyo families suffered kaieki as a result of the extinction of lineages.
- 事実、秀吉の没後に五大老の中でも特にその勢力が抜きん出ていた徳川家康は、豊臣氏に無断で諸大名と婚姻関係を結んでいる。
- In fact, Ieyasu Tokugawa, who became outstandingly influential after Hideyoshi's death, made marital relationships with several lords without the Toyotomi clan's permission.
- さらに秀吉は晩年、後継者の秀頼における豊臣政権を磐石なものとするために、諸大名に無断で婚姻を結ぶことを禁止している。
- In his later years, Hideyoshi forbade feudal lords to make marital relationships with each other without his permission in order to stabilize the Toyotomi government, to which his son, Hideyori, would succeed.
- 治承3年(1179年)11月、近衛家の所領継承問題に端を発し、ついに清盛は兵を率いて京都へ乱入してクーデターを断行。
- Then in the twelfth month (eleventh month in old lunar calender) of 1179, beginning with the succession dispute over the Konoe family's territory, Kiyomori eventually led soldiers in a raid into Kyoto and launched a coup d'etat.
- 現代においてはインテリアとしの再評価の他、ガラス戸との組合せによる断熱効果、紫外線の軽減効果などで見直されつつある。
- Today, the value of a shoji as an interior decoration is being reappreciated; moreover, other merits thereof, such as insulation effects provided by the use of a glass door and the effect of blocking ultraviolet rays to some extent, are being discovered.
- 逆に、それらの違いが、年齢の違うだけで同種の魚なのか、あるいは別の種類なのかを判断するのがそもそも難しい場合もある。
- Moreover, it's sometimes difficult to determine whether the difference in commercial value is because of the difference in age or the difference in species.
- 637年には蝦夷が叛乱を起こし朝貢することを断ったため(現在の群馬県辺り)、大和朝廷は上毛野形名をその地に派遣した。
- In 637, the Emishi revolted against the Yamato Court and refused to pay tribute, and the Yamato Court dispatched KAMITSUKENO no Katana to the place (around present-day Gunma Prefecture).
- 6世紀前半には武烈天皇の死により一旦、倭国王統が断絶しているが、応神天皇の5世の子孫とされる継体天皇が皇位継承した。
- In early sixth century, after Emperor Buretsu died, the Imperial line of Japan discontinued, however Emperor Keitai who was believed to be the fifth descendant of Emperor Ojin succeeded to the throne.
- 「祭」は様々な種類のものが各地で行われているため、ある地域で祭と言っても、どこのどの祭を指しているのか判断しにくい。
- Since various kinds of 'matsuri' are held in various regions, it is difficult to tell that a matsuri in some region indicates which one in which region.
- 天文 (元号)20年(1551年)に、大内義隆は武断派の重臣の陶隆房の謀反に遭って、大内義隆は自害する(大寧寺の変)。
- In 1551, Yoshitaka OUCHI was caught in a rebellion by Takafusa SUE, a senior vassal of the Budan-ha, and committed suicide (the revolt of Dainei-ji Temple).
- 宗家の斯波武衛家が滅亡していたので、斯波氏の流れを汲む最上氏は断絶を惜しまれ、近江国に1万石の知行を改めて与えられた。
- Since the head family, the Shiba-Buei family, had fallen, the extinction of the Mogami clan following the Shiba clan was lamented and the Mogami clan was given again with a fief of 10,000 koku in Omi Province.
- しかし、共に短命の藩主が多く、1799年に尾張德川家、その1801年には高須松平家で、義直の男系子孫は断絶してしまう。
- However, many of the family heads of both the Owari Tokugawa and Takasu Matsudaira families were short-lived; therefore, Yoshinao's direct male descendants died out in the Owari Tokugawa family in 1799, and in the Takasu Matsudaira family in 1801.
- その後の吉見氏は吉川広家の子の毛利就頼が継承したが、やがて就頼は毛利姓に復し大野毛利家を興したため、吉見氏は断絶した。
- After this incident, Hiroie KIKKAWA's son Nariyori MORI succeeded the Yoshimi family, but Nariyori returned his family name to Mori and established the Ono-Mori clan, bringing the Yoshimi clan to an end.
- 直系相続による皇位継承は理想的である反面、皇位継承男子が必ずしも確保できる訳ではなく、常に皇統断絶の不安がつきまとう。
- Although imperial succession by direct descendants was ideal, a male successor to the throne was not always assured, and at all times there was the risk that the line of succession could be severed.
- これを契機に河川改修事業が行なわれ、戦争による中断や一部計画の変更があったものの、1947年(昭和22年)に完成した。
- As a result of this incident, the river improvement project began and was completed in 1947 despite the suspension by the war and the slight modifications of the project.
- 戦国時代 (日本)、鷹司忠冬を最後に一度断絶したが、江戸時代初期、二条晴良の子の鷹司信房が鷹司家を再興し近代まで続く。
- During the Sengoku period (the Warring States period) (Japan), the family line failed once in the generation of Tadafuyu TAKATSUKASA, but in the early Edo period Nobufusa TAKATSUKASA, the son of Haruyoshi NIJO, restored the Takatsukasa Family, which continued to exist until the modern age.
- そのため、使節供応と回賜のための経費が無視できない規模になった後は、使節来朝に制限を加え、日本側からの遣使は中断した。
- This led to the Japanese government adding a limit to envoy visits to Japan and discontinuing the dispatch of envoys when the expenses for treating them and preparing return gifts could no longer be ignored.
- さらに味方の援軍を断って島津家の兵だけで戦ったことにより、少数ながらも軍としてのまとまりが非常にあったものと思われる。
- In addition, since they were cut off from the supporting army of their comrades and only the soldiers of Shimazu family fought, there was an extremely strong morale as the army in spite of being small in size.
- 荘務(しょうむ)とは、荘園内部の勧農・検断・徴税など、在地における実際の支配・管理を行うこと、またはその権限を持つ者。
- Shomu refers to the actual practice of control and administration over kanno (encouragement of agriculture), trials, and the collection of taxes within shoen (the manor); it also refers to the individuals who were authorized to practice shomu.
- 鎌倉時代には、幕府が中央政府からの委任に基づいて、検断権行使の中枢を担っていたが、あくまで建前上の権限は領主にあった。
- During the Kamakura period, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) played an central role to exercise the right based upon a delegation from the central government, but lords continued to have the power in principle at least.
- しかし、この改新の詔に関する記述には多くの疑義が出されており、このとき班田収授法が施行されたと即断することはできない。
- However, many experts have doubts about the description concerning the imperial edict issued on the Taika Reforms, so that it is difficult to conclude hastily that Handen Shuju-no-ho came into effect at this time.
- そして江戸時代中期、3代将軍徳川家光が死去した後、幕府の武断政治から文治政治への転換は武力による支配の終焉ともいえる。
- And, then, in the middle stage of the Edo Period after the death of the third shogun, Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, a conversion by the bakufu from a ruling backed with military force to a ruling by a civilian government can be deemed as the end of governance by force.
- 明治天皇の意により、宮内省式部職の下で鷹匠の雇用・育成も図られたが、第二次世界大戦後、宮内庁による実猟は中断している。
- In accordance with the will of Emperor Meiji, Takajo was employed and cultivated under the Shikibu-shoku (Imperial Household Ministry) but the actual hunting by the Imperial Household Agency was interrupted after the World War II.
- 生産(栽培、収穫) ⇒ 蒸熱 ⇒ 粗揉 ⇒ 揉捻 ⇒ 中揉 ⇒ 精捻 ⇒ 乾燥 ⇒ 篩分と切断⇒ 木茎分離(⇒ 抽出)
- Production (cultivation, harvest)=>steaming=>primary process of drying and rolling=>crumpling up leaves=>secondary process of drying and rolling=>final process of drying and rolling=>drying process=>sieving and cutting=>separating process of stalks and branches(=>extraction)
- 未だにそのようにしか推量できないが、と断った上で「その先達は、この希有な尊像が欲しくなったのであろう。」と述べている。
- He said, 'This is only what I can still guess, but I believe he wanted this precious statue.'
- その語源が「肩をついただけで転びそうな」というところから来ていることからもわかるように、本来は優柔不断な若衆役である。
- As the origin of its name meaning, 'only a little push on the shoulder makes him stumble' suggests, it originally indicates the role of a weak-minded young man.
- もともと古筆は巻物や帖であったが、それを切断して収蔵するようになり、それぞれを古筆切(こひつぎれ)と呼ぶようになった。
- Each piece of kohitsu constituted a scroll or a book, but became to be divided into parts, with each part owned by someone, and each of these parts became to be called kohitsu-gire ('gire' meaning 'being cut').
- さらに以前から燻っていた陶隆房ら武断派と相良武任を筆頭とする文治派の対立が激しくなり、大内氏の勢力にも陰りが見え始める。
- Further, a long smoldering confrontation between the Budan-ha (a political faction that is willing to resort to military means to achieve its aims), including Takafusa SUE, etc. and the Bunchi-ha (a civilian government faction) with Taketo SAGARA at its head became intensified, and the power of the Ouchi clan started to show signs of decline.
- 関ヶ原の合戦後に嫡流は零落しまもなく断絶、庶流は江戸時代には外様大名や高家、旗本、尾張藩、明石藩家老などとして存続した。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara, the main branch of the family fell and became extinct, and the branch family lineage survived as tozama daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lord), koke, hatamoto, or chief retainer of Owari Domain and Akashi Domain in the Edo period.
- - 鎧の袖(国指定天然記念物。200mにわたる高さ65mの柱状節理の海蝕断崖),兄弟赤島,但馬松島,香住浜,白石島,黒島
- Yoroi-no-sode (literally, sleeve of armor) Sea Cliff (designated as a state's natural monument, featuring 65-meter-high and 200-meter-long columnar joint), Kyodai Akajima Island, Tajima-Matsushima Island, Kasumi Beach, Shiraishijima Island, Kurojima Island (黒島)
- 更に称光の死によって持明院統の嫡流は断絶したにも関わらず、傍流である伏見宮家から後花園天皇を迎えて再び約束を反故にした。
- Furthermore, although the direct line of descent from the Jimyoin Imperial lineage was discontinued after Emperor Shoko died, the Northern Court appointed Emperor Gohanazono from a branch family, the Fushiminomiya family, again the agreement was not being honored in the proper manner.
- 歴史学界では、女性天皇は皇統(皇室の男子血統)の断絶を忌避し、男系での継承を維持したという「女帝中継ぎ論」が通説である。
- Throughout history, there is the generally known theory of 'female Emperor's temporarily succeeding' to avoided the discontinuation of the Imperial lineage (Imperial male line), and to keep the Imperial succession in the male line.
- 宸翰と断定できるのは、光定が撰した伝述一心戒文の中に「厳筆徴僧が戒牒を書し給ひ、恩勅之を賜ふ」と記されていることによる。
- The grounds for proof is Emperor Saga's shinkan, there is a description that '厳筆徴僧)が戒牒を書し給ひ,恩勅之を賜ふ' in the Denjutsu isshin kaimon which was composed by Kojo (Saicho's biography.)
- この背景には兄にあたる後光明天皇が急逝したために、万が一の皇統断絶の事態に備えて皇位継承の候補者を確保する目的もあった。
- Because of the sudden death of his older brother Emperor Gokomyo, it was necessary for the Imperial court to secure nominees for the heir to the Imperial throne in order to prevent the extinction of imperial line.
- 薩摩藩は、薩英戦争の経験から攘夷は不可能であると判断し、開国に論を変え、藩力の充実と先進技術の取得に努めることになった。
- The Satsuma clan concluded, from the Anglo-Satsuma War, that the expulsion of foreigners was impossible; thus it changed its opinion to one in favor of opening the country, and endeavored to strengthen the clan and acquire advanced technology.
- 織田信長の勝因を、「民家への略奪行為で油断する今川方を急襲したから」とする説を、黒田日出男東京大学名誉教授が唱えている。
- According to a theory put forward by Hideo KURODA, professor emeritus at the University of Tokyo, Nobunaga ODA beat IMAGAWA 'because Oda conducted a surprise attack on the Imagawa army, who were caught off guard while in the act of looting private homes.'
- 宗義智軍や立花宗茂軍が援軍を申し入れるが義弘はこの申し出を断り、島津家の軍勢だけで明・朝鮮の大軍を迎え撃つこととなった。
- Yoshitoshi SO and Muneshige TACHIBANA armies tried to send the supporting army, but Yoshihiro rejected this offer and clashed with huge Ming and Korean army with only the Shimazu clan force.
- この時期に描かれた背景として、応仁の乱で中断していた祇園会が1500年に復活したこと(都市復興)との関連性も考えられる。
- The background is that this was painted at the time part of the city was being reconstructed after the Onin War when the Gion-e (Gion Festival) was stopped and the festival was later resumed in 1500.
- 突きに特化する為に両刃の刀身を持ち、折れにくいように分厚く(中には刃の断面がほぼ正三角形のものも存在する)作られている。
- In order to specialize in picking, it has a double-edged blade, and it is made thick so not to break easily (some have a cross section of the blade with an almost regular triangle shape).
- - 弓丈が長くなると同じ断面積で、引く力が同じなら弾性率は上がるが、弾性限界は低くなり重量も重くなるが、飛距離は伸びる。
- As the bow length becomes longer, the elastic module becomes higher based upon the cross-section and the same pulling power and the elastic limit becomes lower and the weight becomes lighter, but the flying distance increases.
- 2代目正楽は当初、落語家として林家彦六に入門したが、言葉の訛りが抜けず落語家を断念、紙切りとして初代正楽に弟子入りした。
- At first, the second Shoraku became a pupil of Hikoroku HAYASHIYA to become a comic storyteller, but had to give up this path because of his accent, so instead, he became a pupil of the first Shoraku to be a kamikiri performer.
- この時の勧学会は末法思想の高まりなどもあって比較的長期にわたって続けられ、断続的であるが勧学会関係の出来事も確認できる。
- Because the Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) became popular in this period of time, Kangakue was held for a comparatively long period, and some events relating to Kangakue can be confirmed, intermittently.
- 後高倉皇統の断絶によって後嵯峨天皇(土御門院皇子)の即位となった仁治3年(1242年)7月、院号が後鳥羽院に改められた。
- Because there was no one to succeed the Imperial Throne from Emperor Go-Takakura's line, Emperor Go-Saga (Prince Tsuchimikado) was enthroned in July 1242; and the suffix -in used in posthumous Buddhist names was changed to Go-Toba-in.
- 残す場合には苦手とする食べ物である、満腹である、アレルギーや特定の禁忌がある等の市場を述べて丁寧に断ることが礼儀である。
- When you wish to leave any dish before finishing, it is proper etiquette to apologize for refusing it by stating such reasons as your weakness in it, full stomach condition, allergy or specific taboo against it, or the like.
- 5代勝岑が2歳で夭折すると跡目を失い断絶となるが、名門の家柄が惜しまれ勝成の孫である勝長が跡目を継ぎ家名の存続が許された。
- Five generations after Katsumine MIZUNO died young at the age of two, the family line was lost due to the absence of an heir; however, as many people missed them because the Mizuno clan was renowned, Katsunaga, a grandson of Katsunari, was allowed to succeed to the family and maintain their family name.
- このころ中央では尊氏と弟足利直義の間に対立が深まり、直義の養子足利直冬が九州に下向してきたため、九州は三勢力に分断された。
- Around that time, the confrontation between Takauji and his younger brother, Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA was intensified, and as Naoyoshi's adopted son, Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA came down to Kyushu, the Kyushu was divided into three powers.
- 町内を桂川 (淀川水系)が横断して京都嵯峨野などに接続しているため、古代より水運を利用した京都の重要な材木供給地であった。
- It was the main supply area of lumber to Kyoto from ancient times using water transport, because the Katsura-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa River system) crossed the town and connected to Sagano, Kyoto and so on.
- 襲津彦以降の氏人としては、葛城葦田宿禰・玉田宿禰・円大臣・蟻臣の名が知られ、その系譜は断片的に復元可能である(系図参照)。
- After the death of Sotsuhiko, records of the notable people from this clan, such as Katsuraki no ashita no sukune, Tamada no sukune, Tsubura no Okimi and Ariomi, enable us to partially recover their genealogy (See the genealogical chart).
- 風光明媚な景勝地が多く、常神半島腹部には三方五湖、内外海(うちとみ)半島には蘇洞門(そとも)、音海半島には音海断崖がある。
- They have many scenic spots, such as 'Mikata-goko' (Five Lakes of Mikata) in the central part of Tsunegami Peninsula, 'Sotomo' in Uchitomi Peninsula and Otomi Cliff in Otomi Peninsula.
- 明の朱元璋がこの頃北九州で活動していた倭寇と呼ばれる海上勢力の鎮圧を要求する国書を懐良親王に送ると、懐良ははじめは断った。
- When Gensho SHU in Ming sent to Imperial Prince Kanenaga a sovereign's message that SHU required to have Imperial Prince Kanenaga suppress the pirates called wako (Japanese pirates) that were active in Kyushu around that time, at first, Kanenaga refused.
- だがこれを発表した光孝は、断定こそ避けているものの、ねずと同じく毒物による中毒死を推察させるコメントを解説文の中に残した。
- However 光孝 who published this diary, left his commentary about the possibility that the Emperor might have been poisoned and died although it was not conclusive, but it was the same theory as Nezu's.
- 『武蔵七党系図』では、嫡流を、家遠→塩谷経遠→塩谷経光(児玉二郎)としている(複数系図が存在している為、断定はできない)。
- In 'Family Tree of the Seven Groups of Samurai Warriors in Musashi Province,' the direct descendants were Ieto => Tsuneto SHIONOYA => Tsunemitsu SHIONOYA (Jiro KODAMA) (given that several family trees existed, it cannot be said with certainty).
- その一方で、かつての持明院統側では後小松天皇の直系が断絶して、伏見宮家から後花園天皇が迎えられるという事態が起こっていた。
- On the other hand, the direct line from Emperor Gokomatsu ended and Emperor Gohanazono was invited by the Fushiminomiya family to continue the former Jimyoin line side.
- さらに義輝が近江朽木へ動座して以降も、断続的に六角氏や畠山氏の攻撃を受け、その京都支配は一向に安定する兆しを見せなかった。
- Furthermore, after Yoshiteru had moved his base to Kuchiki, Omi, the Miyoshi clan was intermittently attacked by the Rokkaku clan and the Hatakeyama clan, and found it difficult to stabilize its rule over Kyoto.
- 計12回の通信使が派遣されているが、1811年(文化 (元号)8年)に通信使が対馬までで差し止められたのを最後に断絶した。
- Tsushinshi came twelve times in total, but in 1811, the travel of Tsushinshi was stopped at Tsushima, and thereafter no Tsushinshi came to Japan.
- その後、薺浦一港での入港受入れは難しいとの理由から釜山浦も再び開かれるが、1544年に蛇梁倭変が起こり再び国交は断絶する。
- After that, Pusanpo was also opened again because the capacity of the port of Seiho was not large enough to deal with all transactions; however, an incident called Saryang Incident (the raid carried out by Japanese pirates on Saryang Islands) occurred in 1544, and this brought a diplomatic break between these parties again.
- 学籍がないにもかからわず勝手に制服を着用して学生に成りすます者、あるいは無断で講義を聴講に来る者を、「天ぷら学生」という。
- In spite of non-enrolment, a person disguised to be a student wearing a school uniform or attending a class without permission is called 'tempura gakusei (student).'
- 一方の芸妓にも意識の変化があり、仮に申し込んだ場合に断り通常の生活や結婚を望むという芸妓もおり、やはり時代の変化と言える。
- In the meantime, there has been a change in geigi's thinking and some geigi decline an offer of the prospective dannna-sama in favor of ordinary lifestyle or marriage which seems attributable to changes of the times.
- 他に、滝に打たれたり、断食行や無言の行を行ったりしても、それは「助行(じょぎょう)」と呼ばれ、補助的な修行方法に過ぎない。
- Other types of ascetic training, such as standing under a waterfall, fasting or keeping silent are called 'Jogyo (助行(じょぎょう))' and are regarded as auxiliary measures.
- 万が一、他の葬儀社に搬送してもらった場合は自宅に戻った後にお礼金を渡して丁重にお礼とお断りをして帰って貰う事が一番である。
- If other funeral homes, by some change, take care of the transportation home, then the best way is to give a reward and offer cordial thanks and an apology upon returning home.
- しかし、塩冶家は主君が城内で高野師直に刃傷に及んだ罪を問われて切腹し、家名も断絶となっていた(『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の設定)。
- However, the head of the Enya family was given a sentence of seppuku for injuring Moronao KONO with his sword in the castle, and after his seppuku, the family was terminated (this setting was based on 'Kanadehon Chushingura').
- 1683年には意中の皇位継承者であった朝仁親王(後の東山天皇)の立太子礼が行われ長く中断していた皇太子の称号を復活させた。
- In 1683 there was a ceremonial investiture of the crown prince, the Imperial Prince Asahito (later called Emperor Higashiyama), who was expected to ascend to the Imperial Throne; this brought back the title of Crown Prince, which had not been used for a long time.
- 読み手はあるコマを読んだ後、次のコマはどれか判断しなければならないが、順序は明示されずに暗黙の了解とされている場合が多い。
- Readers should guess the following frame after reading a frame, in many cases, the order of reading is not specified and it is an unspoken understanding.
- その後、奥州総大将は軍事指揮権だけでなく、検断、沙汰の権限、管国内の知行安堵、恩賞などの推挙権を持つ奥州管領に格上げされる。
- Afterward, the Supreme Commander of Oshu was raised in status of the Oshu Kanrei which held not only the right of military command but also the authorities for Kendan (Policing and adjudication authority) and Sata (Order), securement of fief in the ruling provinces and the recommendation for rewards, and so on.
- 室町期守護は刈田狼藉を検断する立場だったが、戦国大名は自軍勢の兵粮とする目的で敵領田畠を刈田・刈畠することが少なくなかった。
- While shugo in the Muromachi period were in a position to hold kendan for karita-rozeki, daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku period, in order to secure provisions for their armies, carried out many karita and karihata on enemy rice fields and other territories.
- いずれにせよ、勝頼と信勝は岩殿行きを断念、勝頼主従らは武田氏の先祖が自害した天目山(山梨県甲州市大和町)を目指して逃亡した。
- In any case, Katsuyori and Nobukatsu gave up moving to Iwadono, and Katsuyori (TAKEDA) and his retainers escaped to Tenmokuzan Mountain (Yamato-cho, Koshu City, Yamanashi Prefecture) where ancestors of the Takeda clan committed suicide.
- これらの検断権を獲得したことにより、守護は、国内の武士間の紛争へ介入する権利と、司法執行の権利の2つを獲得することとなった。
- As a result of obtaining the right of judgment over criminal cases, the shugo now had two rights: the right to intervene in the dispute between samurai in the province and the right to enforce the law.
- 師匠は、ひとりだけではなく複数の師匠を残して行くこともあれば、師匠の判断で跡を嗣ぐ師匠を残さずにその流れが終わることもある。
- It is possible for a master to leave behind several new masters, or at his discretion not to leave a successor and bring his line to an end.
- 泰欽門下からは、雲居道斉、霊隠文勝の師弟が出て活躍したが、次第に衰退に向かい、ついに北宋末には、その系統は断絶してしまった。
- Ungo Dosai (雲居道斉) and his disciple Reiin Bunsho (霊隠文勝) of the Taikin lineage flourished, but it gradually declined and disappeared finally at the end of the Northern Sung period.
- 称徳崩御による皇統断絶の危機に際して大臣らは協議を行い、その結果、天智の孫に当たる年配の光仁天皇が皇位承継することとなった。
- After Emperor Shotoku died, there was an incident of the discontinuity in the Imperial line, the Ministers had a meeting and it was decided for elderly Emperor Konin, who was the grandchild of Emperor Tenji, to succeed to the throne.
- 自ら証拠の密書の断片を手に入れていた勝元は、署名に施した小細工をきっかけにさわやかな弁舌で弾正を追及し、外記方を勝利に導く。
- Katsumoto himself has obtained a part of evidence of secret letter that contains a cheap trick made to signatures, and using it as a trigger, he grills Danjo briskly and leads the Gekizaemon's side to victory.
- たとえ相手が完全に戦闘力を失ったかのように見えてもそれは擬態である可能性もあり、油断した隙を突いて反撃が来ることが有り得る。
- Even if the opponent seems to have lost fighting power completely, it can be camouflage, and the opponent may return the attack by taking advantage of one's being off guard.
- ただ持ち方が練習を必要とするため、箸に不慣れな場合はあらかじめ断って、多少のマナー違反には目をつぶってもらうしかないだろう。
- However, if you are not accustomed to using chopsticks, which requires some training, you cannot help but declare accordingly in advance and ask for tolerance to overlook some breach of manners.
- また、源頼朝の縁戚として朝廷にも影響力を有した一条家 (中御門流)(のち断絶)及び江戸幕府高家の大沢氏も持明院家の系統である。
- The Ichijo family (Nakamikado-ryu - the Nakamikado line) who had strong influence on the Imperial Court as a relative of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (later extinguished) and the Osawa clan, a Koke (privileged family under the Tokugawa Shogunate), were also from the Jimyoin family line.
- しかしながら子の高階茂範(持統天皇の仍孫)は養子を取り家督を継がせているため、彼を最後に持統天皇の系統は断絶することになった。
- However, his child, Shigenori TAKASHINA (the Empress Jito's great-great-great-great-great grandchild) had the position of family head succeeded to his adopted child, so the Imperial line of the Empress Jito ended at his generation.
- 他戸親王の姉の酒人内親王は桓武天皇の妃となり、朝原内親王(平城天皇の妃)を儲けたが、彼女は子を成さなかったのでここで断絶した。
- Imperial Princess Sakahito, who was an older sister of Imperial Prince Osabe, became a wife of the Emperor Kammu and gave birth to Princess Asahara (Emperor Heizei's wife), however, Princess Asahara was not able to have a child and the maternal side of a family came to an end.
- 基房は師家の摂政就任を後白河に懇願して断られた経緯があり(『玉葉』8月2日条)、娘の藤原伊子を義仲に嫁がせて復権を狙っていた。
- Motofusa had pleaded with Goshirakawa to install Moroie as Sessho, but his plea was turned down before ('Gyokuyo,' entry of August 28), and he had been waiting for a chance to earn restitution by having his daughter FUJIWARA no Ishi marry Yoshinaka.
- 刈田行為は、検断沙汰に含まれる以前は当時の社会で広く受容されていた自力救済慣行の一つとして認識されていたものと考えられている。
- Before the karita act became subject to kendan-sata, it looks to have been recognized as one of self-defense remedial practices which were widely accepted in society at that time.
- 大名における実例はないものの、一般の武士における改易の理由として多いものに当主・隠居の欠落(出奔・無断脱藩)によるものがある。
- Although we have no examples of Daimyo being subjected to kaieki, one of the most common reasons for the kaieki of ordinary samurai was the running away (flight or escape from one's domain) of the current or former heads of households.
- 現代では花街が断絶した地域においては、地域の若い女性が扮する場合が多く、又、小中学生以下の少女(稀に少年)が扮する場合も多い。
- Nowadays, in regions where the geisha quarter has disappeared, young women, or sometimes pre-school girls (and rarely, small boys), dress up as men.
- 初心者にもわかりやすい手軽な判断方法としては、酒をアルコール14度くらいにまで水で割って飲用温度にして味わってみることである。
- An easy method for beginners to judge is to taste sake after diluting sake to alcohol content of 14 % and at drinking temperature.
- 家臣の大星由良之助は京の遊里祇園で放蕩三昧の日々を送り、絶対に仇討ちは無いと師直側が油断したころに高の屋敷への討ち入りを決行。
- His vassal, Yuranosuke OBOSHI, leads a life of debauchery in Gion, a red-light district in Kyoto, and he attacks the Ko residence when Moronao, not anticipating revenge, lets his guard down.
- 翌1932年(昭和7年)10月、わずか1年で東活映画社が解散し、東亜キネマは製作事業をついに断念、「等持院撮影所」を閉鎖する。
- In October 1932, Tokatsu Eigasha was dissolved only one year after its establishment, and Toa Kinema finally gave up to continue film production business and closed 'Tojiin Studio.'
- 崇神天皇48年(紀元前50年)1月、豊城命(豊城入彦命)と活目命(垂仁天皇)を呼び、どちらを皇太子にするかについて熟慮決断した。
- In the first month of 50 B.C., the emperor summoned Toyoki no Mikoto and Ikume no Mikoto (Emperor Suinin) to decide which of the two would be made crown prince.
- 日本神話に登場する初代の天皇・神武天皇から現在まで、天皇の王朝が断絶せずに皇室が日本を一貫して統治してきたとする史観を形作った。
- The article of the Nihon Shoki created the historical view that from the first Emperor Jinmu to the current Emperor, the Imperial family was never broken and had consistently ruled Japan.
- 嵯峨天皇以来、21代の天皇の子孫に源氏が与えられたと言われている(源氏を与えられた当人やその子の代で断絶・消滅した家も含めて)。
- It is said that the descendants of 21 emperors were given the surnames of Minamoto since the Emperor Saga (including the families which became extinct in the generations of the people who were given the surname themselves and in their children's generations).
- 1310年(延慶 (日本)3)からは鎌倉幕府によって検断沙汰(刑事事件)として扱われ、侍所および六波羅探題検断方の所管となった。
- In 1310, such disputes were for the first time dealt with as kendan-sata (criminal cases) by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and were under the control of Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) and Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) Kendangata (criminal justice).
- この刈田狼藉検断権と使節遵行権の獲得は、室町期守護が守護大名へと成長し、国内に守護領国制を布くに至る重要な契機となったのである。
- The acquisition of the karita-rozeki kendan power and shisetsu jungyo power provided an important opportunity for shugo in the Muromachi period to become shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) and implement shugo-ryogoku system (the system in which a shugo dominates a manor) in the state.
- なお、郷村断層は、国の天然記念物に指定(1929年・昭和4年12月17日)され、現在、3か所で保存されており、見ることができる。
- The Goson Fault was designated as a national natural treasure on December 17, 1929, and today it can be observed at three spots where it is preserved.
- もっとも大抵の場合、1回または2回断った時点で家人はぶぶ漬けを勧めるのをあっさりやめるので、客人は「ほな、この辺でお暇致します。
- However, in most cases, the host will not continue to offer bubu zuke more than once or twice, and then the visitor may say 'Well, I have to leave now.
- ある意味では「どっしり」よりも頻繁に使われる「しっかり」だが、しっかりかどうかを判断するのは初心者には難しいのもまた現実である。
- In a certain sense, 'shikkari' is used more often than 'dosshiri,' it is true that it is difficult for beginners to judge whether or not the taste is shikkari.
- ただし、各審理で問題が無いと判断された場合は次の審理に回る事は無く、抜けて転生していく事になるため、七回すべてやるわけではない。
- When a certain judge concluded that the trial has no problem, the trial would be closed without being reported to the next judge, allowing the dead person to reincarnate, so trials are not always held seven times.
- 根拠としては、日興遺戒置文などにおいて法主と他の僧侶の関係が示されることで法主として判断の客観性が担保されていることなどがある。
- The reason being that hoshu can secure to make decisions objectively when the relationship of Hoshu and other monks are shown in documents like Nikko Yuikai Okibumi (Nikko's last admonitions).
- 石鼓は10基で1セットであるが、無造作に発掘されたために順序は明確ではなく、詩歌の解釈を通して現在の並びが妥当と判断されている。
- One set of sekko is constituted by ten stone monuments, however, they were carelessly excavated and, therefore, their order is not clear and it is determined that the present order is correct through the interpretation of the poems.
- 競技かるたは基本的に一組に1人の審判がつかない状態で行われるため、微妙な判定も競技者で判断しなければならない(セルフジャッジ)。
- Generally, Kyogi Karuta is played without a referee attending to each game; therefore players must judge themselves even if a difficult situation arises (self-judgment).
- 現皇室の 本宗にあたると考えられたためか、他の宮家が次々断絶していく中、どの時代にも、常に大切にされ、守られてきたと認められる。
- The Fushimi no Miya family might have been considered the original family line of the current Imperial family, they were treated well and protected during all periods although other Miyake were eliminated.
- 後に賀茂家の嫡流が断絶すると、同氏の庶流であった幸徳井友景が陰陽頭となり、孫の幸徳井友傳以後は暦博士の官職は幸徳井家の世襲となる。
- In a later period, once all the direct descendants of the Kamo family had died out, Tomokage KOTOKUI, a member of a branch line of the Kamo clan, became Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo) and after Tomosuke KOTOKUI, who was the grandson of Tomokage, Reki Hakase became a hereditary post for descendants of the Kotokui family.
- 人材を効率よく使おうという秀吉らしいやり方と言えるのだが、それは秀吉没後に加藤清正ら武断派と、石田三成ら文治派の抗争へと発展した。
- Although it can be said that it was typical of Hideyoshi's way of using people effectively, it resulted in the conflict between Budan-ha including Kiyomasa KATO and Bunchi-ha including Mitsunari ISHIDA after Hideyoshi's death.
- しかし1946年(昭和21年)に篠塚流最後の町師匠と言われた水野つる女が死去すると、篠塚流は一時断絶という局面を迎えるにいたった。
- However, after the death of Tsurujo MIZUNO who was said to be the last 'machi-shisho' (literally, master in town) of the Shinozuka school in 1946, the school was temporally discontinued.
- しかし腐敗と発酵との違いは、専ら、微生物が作用した結果が有害(無益)なものかあるいは有用なものかという価値判断に基づくものである。
- However, the difference between rottenness and fermentation is based on the value judgment as to whether or not the result of the action of microorganisms is harmful (fruitless) or useful.
- この際、覚鑁の命を狙った刺客が、密厳院本尊の不動明王像の背後に覚鑁が潜んでいると判断し同像を切りつけたところ、 像から血が流れた。
- At this time, an assassin who was after Kakuban's life determined Kakuban was hiding behind the Fudo Myoo zo (statue of Fudo Myoo [Acala, one of the Five Wisdom Kings]), the principal image of Mitsugonin temple, and slashed it, and blood streamed from the statue.
- だが、その一方でカメラマンのマナーが悪くなったり、不健全な画像掲示板に送信したり、健全サイトから無断転載するケースも後を絶たない。
- However, on the other hand, there is no end of sinister cases in which photographers behave improperly, upload pictures to unwholesome image boards, or reproduce them from normal websites without permission.
- しかし片側1車線が整備された区間と1.0車線の離合不可能な狭路の区間が断続的に繰り返し、急勾配や急カーブが連続する峠道となっている。
- Although, it is a slap with series of steep hills and sharp curves that well maintained sections with double lane and narrow sections at 1.0-lane wide, where a vehicle cannot pass an oncoming car, continue intermittently.
- 近年は湖西道路や、京都市中心部から日ノ岡の下を通り山科区を南に縦断する京都市営地下鉄東西線が開通するなど更なる交通網の整備が進んだ。
- In recent years, the traffic network has further improved with the development of the Kosai Road and the opening of Kyoto Municipal Subway Tozai Line which runs from central Kyoto, passes through the foot of Hinooka, and traverses Yamashina Ward southward.
- 南朝側は北朝の断絶を図って、光厳上皇・光明上皇・崇光上皇及び直仁親王と北朝側の全上皇と皇位継承者を拉致し、大和賀名生へと連れ去った。
- The force of the Southern Court aimed at the discontinuance of the Northern Court, and abducted Retired Emperor Kogon, Retired Emperor Komyo, Retired Emperor Suko, Imperial Prince Naohito, all other Retired Emperors and imperial heir to Ano in Yamato Province.
- サイパン島訪問時、韓国人の団体が不敬な内容の横断幕を張り出したが、地元のチャモロ人からの抗議を受け取り外したというエピソードがある。
- There is a strange story in connection with this visit to Saipan that a group of South Korean stretched a banner with disrespectful comments only to remove after being protested by the Chamorro, indigenous people.
- その後、古河家の姉小路基嗣・姉小路済継が小島家を圧倒して宗家の地位を奪うが、息子に先立たれた済継が死亡すると、同家は断絶状態となる。
- Mototsugu ANEGAKOJI and Naritsugu ANEGAKOJI of the Furukawa family subsequently attacked the Kojima family and deprived them of the position of head of the family, but Naritsugu's son died early, and the line ended with Naritsugu's death.
- むしろ、皇位継承から除外された有力な皇位継承権を持つ皇親を皇位継承の断念の代償として与えられる例(為平親王・敦康親王)すら存在した。
- Rather, sometimes Ippon was granted to Koshin who had the right of succession to the Imperial Throne but were excluded as a candidate, as a compensation (ex. the Imperial Prince Tamehira, the Imperial Prince Atsuyasu).
- この間、時宗は非常事態への迅速な対処を名目として、時間のかかる合議ではなく、一門や側近(御内人という)らと専断で政策決定していった。
- During this time, in the name of a rapid response to the emergency, Tokimune made policies at his own discretion with only clansmen and close aides (Miuchibito (private vassals of the tokuso)), bypassing the parliamentary system which took a lot of time.
- 当時の百姓身分の自治組織である惣村は、自検断権に基づき自ら司法権とその保証となる軍事警察力たる武力を持ち、膨大な武器を所有していた。
- Soson villages, which were autonomous organizations formed by peasants at the time, had jurisdiction as well as military forces and police authority required to protect their jurisdiction based on the right to rule themselves, and owned enormous amounts of weapons.
- これに対して家臣の比喜多源二・安木劉太郎らは同情して、明治政府を倒して明治天皇を京都へ連れ帰って攘夷を断行するべきであると進言した。
- His vassals including Genji HIKITA and Ryutaro YASUKI, sympathized with him, and offered to overthrow the Meiji government, bring the Emperor Meiji back to Kyoto and force the expulsion of the foreigners.
- 1592年に始まる文禄・慶長の役によって日朝の国交は断絶し、戦争直後対馬藩が送った貿易再開を求める使者が帰ってこないことが多かった。
- The Bunroku-Keicho War beginning in 1592 severed the diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea, and just after the war, there were many envoys who were dispatched to Korea by the Tsushima clan to ask for trade resumption but they never returned to Japan.
- 桓武の改革は律令制の再編成を企図したものであり、その一環として桓武は平城京から長岡京、さらには平安京への遷都(794年)を断行した。
- His reformations were intended to reorganize the Ritsuryo system and as a part of these reformations, he forcibly relocated the capital from Heijo kyo (ancient Nara) to Nagaoka kyo and then from Nagaoka kyo to Heian kyo (in 794).
- 移配された俘囚は、7世紀から9世紀まで断続的に続いた大和と蝦夷の戦争で、大和へ帰服した蝦夷男女が集団で強制移住させられたものである。
- the Fushu who were sent to the Japanese territory were a group of Emishi men and women who had yielded to the power of Yamato (Japan) during the wars that occurred intermittently between Yamato and Emishi between the seventh century and ninth century and thus were forced to emigrate to the Japanese territory.
- また、平造り・切刃造りに代わって、刀身の断面が長菱形である「鎬造り」(しのぎづくり)の刀剣が造られるようになったのもこの時代である。
- Also in this period, swords with 'Shinogizukuri' (ridged style) whose cross section of the body of blade is rhombic started to be made instead of the Hirazukuri (no ridge style) or Seppazukuri (front ridge style).
- 横超とは即時に往生が決まることで、四流とは即ち「生」「病」「老」「死」であり、この四流を断ち切ることで初めて浄土に往生できるとした。
- Ocho' means passing is determined instantaneously and 'shiryu' (four elements) is 'life,' 'disease,' 'ageing' and 'death' and he taught that by cutting away from these four elements, one could rebirth in the Pure Land.
- 単に高所作業を行うだけでなく、設置場所の状態や作業性、足場解体時の効率など、その場に応じて的確に判断して組み立てることが求められる。
- Besides working simply in high places, ashibatobi is required to assemble scaffolds based on proper judgment of the condition or the workability in the area and the efficiency at the time of disassembling depending on the various situations.
- 吉田苞竹・松本芳翠・高塚竹堂・佐分移山・長谷川流石・辻本史邑・黒木拝石の7人が「泰東書道院」を分断して新しい書道会の創立を計画した。
- Seven persons; Hochiku YOSHIDA, Hosui MATSUMOTO, Chikudo TAKATSUKA, Izan SABURI, Ryuseki HASEGAWA, Shiyu TSUJIMOTO, and Haiseki KUROKI planned to establish a new calligraphic association by dividing the 'Taito Shodo-in.'
- 奈良時代の皇統(天皇の血筋)が断絶したことを教訓として、平安時代には安定した皇位継承のため、多くの皇子をもうけることがよく行われた。
- Learning from the experience of Imperial blood in the Nara period being discontinued, in the Heian period the Imperial Family had many male children as potential successors of the Princes to secure Imperial succession.
- もっとも家系が断絶した家もあり、西川如見(子の西川正休が徳川吉宗によって天文方に招聘)や高橋至時の子孫も幕末までは継承されなかった。
- However, some families became extinct and the descendants of Joken NISHIKAWA (his son Masayoshi NISHIKAWA was appointed to Tenmonkata by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA) and Yoshitoki TAKAHASHI didn't continue to inherit the position until the end of Edo period.
- 絹川は、「伊達競阿国戯場」系の脚本では、頼兼の放蕩を断つため高尾太夫を殺しており、「薫樹累物語」では高尾の妹・累との因縁が描かれる。
- Kinugawa kills Takao-dayu to stop Yorikane's debauchery in the script derived from 'Date Kurabe Okuni Kabuki,' while 'Meiboku Kasane Monogatari' tells about his connection with Kasane who is a younger sister of Takao.
- しかし、主流の美濃守護職は頼忠の家系(西池田家)に奪われたために、康行の家系は世保家と称して、伊勢守護職を断続的に継承することになる。
- However, as Yasuyuki's family line was deprived of Mino no shugoshiki (provincial constable of Mino Province) by Yoritada's family line (the Nishiikeda clan), Yasuyuki's family line referred to itself as the Seho clan, and intermittently took over Ise no Shugoshiki (provincial constable of Ise Province).
- キリスト教圏は一夫一妻制なので、どの国でも歴史上、男系男子の断絶により女系の王族が即位し、新たに王朝を開くということがしばしばあった。
- Since countries where Christianity is believed have a monogynous system, a female-line royal family member often ascended to the throne and started a dynasty due to the discontinuity of male-line.
- このため、外形の大きさや厚みなどの見た目で判断するしかなく、これにつけ込んだ「鐚銭」も混じりやすいためにますます実勢レートが下がった。
- Therefore, to evaluate the quality of these coins, there were no other means except using external sizes and their thickness, cause bitasen coins to mix more easily and consequently downgrading their real values further.
- 長徳元年(999年)には、藤原道長を一上とする太政官が、「美服過差、一切禁断」とする太政官符を出すなど、度々奢侈禁止令が出されている。
- Around 999, the Dajokan (Grand Council of state) with Michinaga FUJIWARA as ichinokami (the ranking Council Member) issued sumptuary laws several times in the form of Daijokanpu (official documents from the Daijokan to local governments), declaring 'Any luxurious clothes or extravagance is prohibited.'
- 朝鮮王朝は恒居倭の倭寇化を恐れ、検断権(警察・司法権)・徴税権といった行政権を行使できず、日本人有力者による自治に任せるままであった。
- Since the Korean Dynasty was afraid that kokyowa might become wako, they hesitated to use their administrative powers such as the police authority, the legal jurisdiction, and the authority of tax collection, and they just left the government of that area to some influential Japanese people.
- 鍔(つば)競り合いが長く続いた場合は両方の旗を前に突き出して「分かれ」の中断宣告を行い、その場で両者を分けてから直ちに試合を再開する。
- When a Tsubazeriai (pushing each other's sword guard) continues for a long period of time, the chief referee declares a 'Wakare (break)' and lets the contenders break away on the spot by throwing out both of his/her flags, after which the match immediately resumes.
- 明治時代になり桂宮家(八条宮家の後裔)が子孫断絶により絶家したため、生間家も下野し、その料理法は京都の民間の限られた料亭に伝えられた。
- During the Meiji period, the Katsuranomiya family (descendants of the Hachijonomiya family) died out because there was no successor, therefore the Ikama family also retired and their cooking techniques were handed down in limited restaurants in Kyoto.
- その後怨念を抱いて断食して命を絶ち、怨霊となって鉄鼠に化して延暦寺の経典を食い破り、敦文親王は四歳で頼豪の祟りによって死んだとされる。
- Bearing a grudge because of this, he killed himself by fasting to death, and it was widely believed that he became a rancorous ghost taking the shape of an iron rat (a huge rat as large as a bull with a stone body and iron teeth), and bit and tore the Buddhist scriptures belonging to Enryaku-ji Temple, as well as causing the death of the four-year-old Imperial Prince Atsufumi.
- 元禄16年(1704年)2月1日、公辨法親王が年賀のため綱吉に謁すると、綱吉は雑談の中で赤穂浪士の処断に苦慮していることを話題にした。
- When Cloistered Imperial Prince Koben paid a New Year's visit to Tsunayoshi on March 17, 1703, Tsunayoshi mentioned, while chatting, that he was worried about the punishment against the Ako Roshi.
- 現状のままではいずれの宮家も近い将来に断絶してしまうことになり、皇位の補間としての宮家の立場から、宮家の存続をめぐり様々な意見がある。
- If the current situation continues, all the Miyake may discontinue in near future, there are various opinions for Miyake to survive in the view of interpolating the Imperial throne.
- 後嵯峨天皇の腹心であった経任在世中は、従兄弟である経継系よりも羽振りが良かったものの政敵も多く南北朝時代_(日本)初期頃に断絶している。
- While Tsunetada who was a confidant of the Emperor Gosaga was alive, the family was more prosperous than the Tsunetsugu lineage of his cousin, but he also had a number of political opponents, and this led to the family being discontinued around the beginning of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 天下御静謐の条、禁中の儀、毎時御油断あるべからざるの事(天下が泰平に赴いたからには、宮中に関わる儀式などを将軍には行なって欲しいこと)。
- 天下御静謐の条,禁中の儀,毎時御油断あるべからざるの事 (As the realm is at peace, the shogun shall unfailingly attend to the affairs of the imperial court.)
- 白鹿城を制圧した毛利元就は、尼子氏の拠点を次々と制圧し、永禄8年(1565年)、月山富田城を包囲し、輸送路を断ち切り、兵糧攻めを行った。
- After the conquest of Shiraga-jo Castle, Motonari MORI gained control of the Amago clan's military bases one by one; in 1565, his forces besieged Gassan Toda-jo Castle and cut off the supply route so as to starve the enemy.
- また、幕府が罪人を捜査する「検断権」も大寺社内には及ばず、そのため源義経や後醍醐天皇など、戦乱に追われた人々の多くが寺社にかくまわれた。
- The right for the bakufu to investigate wanted people, called 'Kendanken,' could not be enforced within large temple grounds and therefore many people who were escaping the war such as MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and Emperor Godaigo sought protection under the temples.
- しかし、義満・頼之による守護抑制政策は、次第に反頼之派を増やすこととなり、頼之の専断は義詮政権における斯波高経の権勢の再来のようになる。
- However, the policy of controlling shugo's authority implemented by Yoshimitsu and Yoriyuki gradually led to the increase of anti-Yoriyuki groups and the arbitrary behavior of Yoriyuki became similar to that of Takatsune SHIBA during the age of shogun Yoshiakira.
- 治承3年(1179年)重盛と盛子が相次いで死去すると、後白河は関白基房と共謀し、清盛に無断で重盛の知行国(越前)と盛子の荘園を没収した。
- In 1179, when Shigemori and Moriko died, Goshirakawa collaborated with Regent Motofusa to seize the province that Shigemori governed (Echizen) and Moriko's shoen.
- 信頼の政権奪取には大半の貴族が反感を抱いていたが、二条親政派も義朝の武力を背景とした信頼の独断専行を見て、密かに離反の機会を伺っていた。
- It appears that most noblemen bore Nobuyori ill will for his usurpation of political power, but given the circumstances--he had the backing of the Nijo direct rule faction as well as Yoshitomo's military forces--all the disaffected could do was search in secret for opportunities to show their displeasure.
- 幕政の中枢にありながら情勢を冷静に判断し、人情に厚い満済の態度は、同時代人から「天下の義者」(伏見宮貞成親王『看聞日記』)と賞賛された。
- Getting involved in the corridors of power in the shogunate government, Mansai was cool in assessing the situation and warm in getting on with people, which was appreciated by his contemporaries as 'a loyal retainer of the whole country' ('Kanmon Nikki' (Diary of Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Sadafusa) by Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Sadafusa).
- 4月11日、宇治市から女・子供ばかりの集団が仕事場の茶山から無断ではなれて、着の身着のままやってきたのが明和のお蔭参りの始まりと伝える。
- On May 24, a group of women and children left the tea hill in Uji City, where they worked, without permission and with only the clothes they were wearing, and this is said to be the beginning of okage mairi of the Meiwa era.
- 越境してきた密偵はたとえ幕府関係者であろうと厳しく断罪し、情報の漏洩防止に努め、密貿易によって外貨を蓄え続け、幕府に勝る軍事力を獲得した。
- Any spies entering its territory were severely punished, even if they were related to Bakufu, and thereby the clan endeavored to avoid the leakage of information, continued to accumulate foreign currency through secret trade with overseas countries, and acquired military power exceeding that of Bakufu.
- 東大寺の戒壇院に伝来したもので、東大寺、東京国立博物館、前田育徳会、白鶴美術館に巻子本として所蔵されるほか、古筆手鑑などに断簡がみられる。
- It was handed over to Kaidan-in, Todai-ji Temple, and as kansu bon (scroll), is now held at Todai-ji Temple, Tokyo National Museum, Maeda Ikutoku Kai and Hakutsuru Museum, and also dankan is found in Kohitsu Tekagami.
- また、虚構を生んだり、虚構でないにせよ些細な誤認が誇張や拡大解釈につながることで捏造と判断されたり、伝承自体が曖昧になりやすい側面もある。
- Furthermore, it sometimes led to the fabrication of oral traditions, caused cases where some oral traditions were judged to be fabricated because of exaggeration or extended interpretation arising from petty mistakes and/or made oral traditions themselves ambiguous.
- 追放刑や財産没収は、一定年限が経過した後に解除されることもあったが、窃盗や傷害に対する検断は非常に厳しく、死刑となることも少なくなかった。
- The banishment and forfeiture of property were sometimes extinguished when a certain period of time passed; however, kendan (ruling and judgment) for theft or injury was carried out very strictly, and the death sentence was often handed down.
- 特に明治になって、普化宗廃止により虚無僧という生業を断たれた尺八奏者たちが、新たな仕事の場として積極的に進出したのが大きなきっかけである。
- This kind of participation was particularly accelerated when shakuhachi performers actively entered the sankyoku world for their workplace after losing their occupations as komuso, owing to the government's abolition of the Fuke sect in the Meiji period.
- 多用な新種の開発にともなって同年、食糧庁検査課長による通達により「品種固有の特性をふまえ、形質全体で判断する」という内容へ規制緩和された。
- In keeping with the development of various new varieties, the regulation was loosened in 1998 through a notification by the Manager, Inspection Department of the Food Agency, to state that 'it should be determined by taking all characters into consideration based on the properties proper to the variety.'
- 会社側は金を払って諸問題の経決や経営診断などを専属でやってもらいたいと文明に申し出たが、営利の為の易は禁ずるという家訓により断ったという。
- It is said that the company offered Fumiaki an exclusive contract for the service of solving problems and determining business conditions but he declined the offer because of his family's kakun (family percept) that divination is not allowed for the pursuit of profit.
- これらの断簡は本願寺の旧所在地にちなんで「石山切」(いしやまぎれ)と名付けられ、掛軸などに改装されて各地の美術館や収集家に分蔵されている。
- These dankan were named 'Ishiyamagire' after the name of place where Hongan-ji Temple was located previously, and they are being possessed by museums and collectors across the nation in the form of hanging scroll etc.
- また、室町時代に断絶したものの、源頼朝の縁戚として鎌倉幕府と強く結びついた一条家 (中御門流)(同名の摂家とは別家)も持明院家の庶家である。
- The Ichijo family which had strong tie with the Kamakura government being related to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (different from the Ichijo family of regent families) was a collateral family of the Jimyoin family, too.
- 2005年(平成17年)11月 - 福知山市を走る鉄道は福知山市街地を南北に分断する形に走っていたため、市街地の移動には非常に不便であった。
- November 2005: The railroad running through Fukuchiyama City was inconvenient for people moving through the urban area, as the railroad did not run in a manner which connected directly north to south.
- しかし、当時既に安倍氏と並ぶ陰陽道の元締とされていた賀茂氏宗家であった勘解由小路家(賀茂氏系)勘解由小路家(かでのこうじけ)は断絶していた。
- However, the Kadenokoji family, the soke of the KAMO clan, which rivaled the ABE clan in Onmyodo, had died out.
- また、この場合、やむを得ない特別の事由があるときは、本人の意思に関わらず、皇室会議の判断で、皇族の身分を離れる(皇室典範14条1, 2項)。
- Furthermore, in cases of compelling reasons, they will renounce their Imperial status regardless of their own will through the discretion of the Imperial Household Council (Clause 2, Article 14 of the Imperial House Act).
- 両家は互いに地位を争うも、1551年大宮家が大宮伊治のときに断絶したため、それから後は壬生家壬生家(小槻姓)が明治維新まで官人の職を果たす。
- The two families initially vied with each other for position, but the Omiya family ceased to exist when Koreharu OMIYA died in 1551 while the Mibu family kept positions of government official until the Meiji Restoration.
- 室町時代に入って間もなく1346年(貞和2)、室町幕府は守護による国内統治を安定させるため、刈田狼藉の検断権および使節遵行を守護へ付与した。
- In 1346, soon after the Muromachi period began, the Muromachi bakufu, aiming to stabilize the governing of the state by shugo, granted them the power of kendan and shisetsu jungyo (the authority to implement the bakufu's judgments on property ownership disputes).
- しかし、その保真は、正保元年(1644年)3月10日、甥の岡本義政の謀略により殺害(泉騒動)され、保真に男子が無かったため野州塩谷氏は断絶。
- However, Yasumasa was killed by Yoshimasa OKAMOTO's conspiracy on April 16, 1644 (Izumi-sodo riot) and Yasumasa had no son; consequently, the Yashu SHIONOYA clan was discontinued.
- 記録所や恩賞方は調査機関であり、個々の政務に関する判断を下すための先例や意見が答申され、それらが後醍醐の決済を経て「綸旨」の形で発せられた。
- The Records and Rewards offices were both investigative organizations, reporting on the precedents and different viewpoints in order to pass down judgments on each individual governmental matter; such judgments then came before Godaigo, who issued a settlement for each in the form of an Imperial command.
- - 異なる素材の組み合わせることで、断面積を大きくする事なく、良く撓り(しなり)折れにくく、元の形状に戻るという条件を満たすよう工夫された。
- The combination of different materials were selected for strength and flexibility, difficult to break and the ability to return to the original form without having to increase the size of the cross-section.
- この地位は河内源氏宗家断絶後も歴代征夷大将軍に継承され、承久の乱などの内乱や御家人の不祥事などで没収された所領や所職を接収して拡大していった。
- Even after the whole family line of the Kawachi Genji was destroyed, the position was taken over by the successive seii taishogun (barbarian-subduing generalissimo), which expanded its power by taking over the shoryo and various shiki (the right to use land and to share in the products of the land) which were confiscated in disturbances such as the Jokyu no ran (Jokyu disturbance; 1221) and in times of crisis and rebellion of gokenin.
- したがって継受法としての律令法と、大化前代の固有法との間には断絶があって、固有の慣習法を基礎として成立した武家法制とは性格を異にする点が多い。
- Therefore, there is a disconnect between the ritsuryo law which is the adopted law and the inherent law from the pre-Taika era, and its nature differs in many ways from the samurai legal system which was established based upon unique common law.
- 末期養子(まつごようし)とは、江戸時代、武家の当主で嗣子のない者が事故・急病などで死に瀕した場合に、家の断絶を防ぐために緊急に養子縁組をした。
- During the Edo period, when a head of a samurai family, without a son to carry on the family name, was on his deathbed due to an accident or disease, a son was urgently adopted in order to prevent the extinction of the family name.
- 『天満宮安楽寺草創日記』によると、大宰府でも天徳 (日本)2年(958年)3月3日に大宰大弐・小野好古が始めたとされるが、中世以降は断絶した。
- According to 'Tenmangu Anrakuji Soso Nikki' (a record of the origin of Tenmangu Anraku-ji Temple), Kyokusui no en was held by ONO no Yoshifuru, Dazai no Daini (vice-governor of Dazaifu), at Dazaifu (a local government office in earlier times in Japan) on March 3, in 958, but was discontinued after medieval times.
- ただ、参加者が中学生・高校生中心の場合は、一般修行者の坐禅の場合と同じように、希望策ではなく、直日・直堂の判断に基づく警策を与えることもある。
- However, if participants are primarily junior high school and high school students, instead of kibo-saku, sometimes the kyosaku (keisaku) is given based on the judgement of jikijitsu or jikido, as with during zazen for adult meditators.
- しかし、男は銃を所持している勘平を山賊だと思い込み、「俺はその手(軽く話しかけておいて、油断させる手口)は食わない、あっちに行け」と追いやる。
- The man thinks that Kanpei is a bandit because Kanpei has a gun, and he shoos him off saying, 'I will not be deceived by such a trick (a trick to put a person off guard by speaking to him light-heartedly), go away.'
- この話を受けた京都の老舗 組み紐店は、伝統の維持と、前例のない事からこの話を一度は断るが、後に承諾、画期的なシューズは2001年に発売された。
- The long-established braided cord store in Kyoto which received this offer from Nike had once declined it for the reasons of preservation of tradition and a lack of precedent, but accepted it later and the innovative shoes were released in 2001.
- それでも日本の社会では左利きはマイノリティであるため、左利きの場合は予め断りを入れるか、左利きに配慮して配膳してもらう必要があるかもしれない。
- Nevertheless, lefty people remain a minority in Japanese society, so it may be necessary for them to predeclare their lefthandedness or request a special arrangement for a lefty.
- 奥羽は南北朝期から、郡ごとに有力国人に軍事指揮権や権断権など強い権限を与えた「分郡」とも呼ばれる独自の制度があり、非常に有力国人の力が強かった。
- Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, in the Ou region, there was a unique system called 'Bungun' (Independent county) in which the powerful Kokujin (local lords) were given the right of military command and of Kendan in each county, which meant the great influence of the powerful Kokujin.
- 「地乗り」と呼ばれる陸地を目印とした沿岸航海が主流の時代に、沼隈半島沖の瀬戸内海を横断するには鞆の浦で潮流が変わるのを待たなければならなかった。
- During the period when a near-coasted voyage using the geonavigation called 'Jinori' was the mainstream, people had to wait for the changing tide at Tomonoura to sail across the Seto Inland Sea off the Numakuma Peninsula.
- - 千貫松島、菜種島、菜種五島、千貫松島、竜神洞、観音浦、西蓬莱島、太郎兵衛島、鴨ヶ磯海岸、黒島、白粉の断崖、水尻洞門、駱駝島、石垣島、岩燕洞門
- Sengan-matsushima Rock, Natanejima Island, Natanegoto Islands, Sengan-matsushima Rock, Ryujin Cave, Kannon-ura Inlet, Nishihoraijima Island, Tarobejima Island, Kamogaiso Rocky Shore, Kurojima Island (黒島), Oshiroi-no-dangai Cliff, Mizushiri Sea Cave, Rakudajima Island, Ishigakijima Island, Iwatsubame Sea Cave
- 不入の権による警察権排除の動きは、検断権が幕府に移った後でも「守護不入」の形で主張・権利化され、戦国大名による荘園制度解体まで続くことになった。
- The movement towards eliminating policing rights by funyu no ken was advocated and was made into a privilege even after policing rights were transferred to the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as 'Shugo funyu' (the right to keep shugo [provincial constable] from entering the property) and this continued until the shoen system was eliminated by the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
- 定信は寛政の改革によって幕藩体制の再建を進めていく中で、その思想的根幹である朱子学を保護して「寛政異学の禁」や「処士横断の禁」を打ち出していた。
- While Sadanobu was hastening a reformation of the shogunate system through the Kansei Reform, he also set out the 'Kansei Igaku no kin' (the ban of Kansei's illegitimate learning) and 'Shoshiodan no kin' (the ban of non-officer crossing) to protect the Shushi-gaku which was the root of the ideology.
- また流罪による僧籍の剥奪後は、法然の助言に従い、生涯に渡り非僧非俗の立場を貫いた(もはや僧では無い為、戒律は重要視せず、肉食・妻帯を断行した)。
- After being stripped of his privileges as a monk when he was exiled, following Honen's advice, he stayed as hiso hizoku (neither monk nor lay) until his death (since he was no longer a monk, he did not place importance on the religious precept and ate meat and married).
- 四度加行は、一日に三座、初夜(午後7時)・後夜(午前4時)・日中(午前10時)行い、四度加行を中断した場合は最初からやりなおすことになっている。
- Shidokegyo consists of three training sessions a day, namely, shoya (at seven p.m.), goya (at four a.m.) and nicchu (at ten a.m.), and when it is interrupted, the practice will start from the beginning.
- その後、大正天皇の3皇子のうち、大正2年(1913年)に高松宮宣仁親王が断絶した有栖川宮の祭祀を継承するために高松宮の宮号を賜り宮家を創立した。
- After that, Takamatsunomiya Imperial Prince Nobuhito, who was one of Emperor Taisho's Princes of three, was given the Miya go title of Takamatsunomiya to succeed the ritual of Arisugawanomiya in 1913, that was discontinued after Takamatsunomiya Imperial Prince Nobuhito, and established a new Miyake.
- 秀頼の遺児・国松は、同じ慶長20年5月23日(グレゴリオ暦1615年6月19日)に京の三条河原にて処刑され、ここに秀吉の興した豊臣宗家は断絶した。
- Hideyori's posthumous child, Kunimatsu, was executed on June 19, 1615 at Sanjo-gawara Riverside in Kyoto, and hereto, the head family of TOYOTOMI, which Hideyoshi founded, died out.
- それは藤原北家嫡流でありながら、摂関は2人でその後は大体が参議、出世しても大納言がやっとで、戦国時代 (日本)に早くも断絶してしまったからである。
- Despite being direct descendants of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the family only provided two Regents - subsequent generation getting no further than Councilor or, at best, Dainagon (chief councilor of state) - and was quickly discontinued in the Warring States period (Japan).
- 外国との条約締結を巡り幕府では朝廷に勅許を求めるべきであるとする意見が出され、鎖国政策を維持するか、開国するかにあたり朝廷の判断を仰ぐ事となった。
- Some in the Shogunate had the view that they should acquire Imperial permission from the Imperial Court in order to sign a treaty with a foreign country, and a decision was made to seek the judgment of the Imperial Court on whether to maintain the sakoku policy (seclusion) or an open-door policy.
- 古くは一本の竹を切断せずに延管(のべかん)を作っていたが、現在では一本の竹を中間部で上下に切断してジョイントできるように加工したものが主流である。
- In former times the shakuhachi was fashioned from a single piece of bamboo (referred to as a 'nobekan'); however, at present the most widely used type of shakuhachi is made by cutting the length of bamboo into upper and lower halves, and providing a joint between the two halves.
- 朝廷でも重要な儀式の一つとされ、応仁の乱の開始から延徳二年(1490年)に再興されるまでの約30年間中断された他は、明治維新まで継続して行われた。
- It was considered as one of the important ceremonies in the Imperial Court, and held continuously until the Meiji Restoration, except for about 30 years of the interruption between the start of the Onin War until being revived in 1490.
- 「身調べ」は断食・断眠・断水という極めて厳しい条件の下で自分の行為を振り返り、地獄行きの種が多いか、極楽行きの種が多いかを調べるというものだった。
- In Mishirabe, a person reflects on him or herself under extremely severe situation where no food, sleep, or water is allowed, in order to see which seeds he or she has more than the other, the seeds to bring him or her to hell or those to heaven.
- これによれば、坐禅の要諦は一切の思慮分別を断絶してただ黙々と坐することによって人が持つ仏としての心性があらわれ、仏徳がそなわるところにあるという。
- This theory preached that the essence of zazen was for one to keep just sitting in silence, being isolated from any ordinary discretion or consideration, until his or her own nature would appear in an image of Buddha so that he or she might obtain Buddhist virtue.
- 以後断続的ながら明治元年までの日記がほぼ原本のまま残され、特に延宝2年(1674年)以後の200年弱のうち欠失は10余年分と高い残存率を残している。
- After that date to 1868, the first year of the Meiji period, the diary remains almost in the original form, although intermittently lost; especially for a little less than 200 years after 1674, the diary mostly survived with only about ten years lost.
- 巨椋池の中を縦断する小倉堤を造り、伏見城下から向島に宇治川を渡る豊後橋(現在の観月橋)を架橋し、堤上を通り伏見と奈良の距離を縮める大和街道を造った。
- Ogura-zutsumi Dike traveling down through Ogura-ike Pond as well as Bungo-bashi Bridge (the present Kangetsukyo Bridge) over the Uji-gawa River linking the Fushimi castle town and Mukaijima were built; consequently the distance between Fushimi and Nara was reduced through a route built on top of the embankment.
- 外交面においては新羅の朝鮮半島統一(676年)により新羅使の来朝を受け遣新羅使を派遣、新羅との国交保持のため新羅と対立していた唐との国交を断絶した。
- On the diplomatic front, they started accepting Shiragi-shi (envoy of Silla) and sending Kenshiragi-shi (Japanese envoy to Silla) because Shiragi unified the Korean Peninsula as one country in 676, and to secure the diplomatic relations with Shiragi they broke off diplomatic relations with Tang.
- 1333年、新田義貞が軍勢を率いて鎌倉に侵攻してきたとき、幕府軍を率いてこれを迎撃し、一時は勝利を収めたが、その勝利で油断して新田軍に大敗を喫した。
- He led the army of the shogunate against Yoshisada NITTA who invaded Kamakura with his army in 1333 and won a short term victory, but the army of the bakufu became careless after their victory and were subsequently heavily defeated by Nitta's army.
- 国家が大混乱に陥ったことから老境に入った孫権が最終手段として廃太子に踏み切ったものである(二宮の変。孫覇も同時に処断され第三の皇子が太子となった)。
- When the conflict lead to a national disruption, the old Sun Quan used the last resort and disinherited Sun He (conflict of two princes. Sun Ba was also punished, and the third prince became the crown prince.)
- 開発領主は国衙よりも権威のある中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ開発田地を寄進して(寄進型荘園)、国衙の圧力を断ち切ることで支配権・管理権を確保していった。
- Therefore, kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to secure their dominion and management rights by donating their developed fields to major central nobility, temples, and shrines, that were more powerful than kokuga, to eliminate the pressure from kokuga (those shoen were specifically categorized as donated shoen).
- 彼らの中で最終的に玄人として身を立てる決断をした者は、所属する流派の宗家の家に数年間住み込んで修行し(内弟子)、玄人としての初期訓練の仕上げを行う。
- Those who ultimately decide to make their career as Kuroto live in a house of Soke of the school they belong and train as a private pupil to finish his primary training as Kuroto.
- なお、再開された最初の勧学会に参加した第1期参加者の藤原有国の漢詩(「世尊大恩」)と高階積善の詩序に中断期間が19年間であったことが明記されている。
- In addition, it is recorded clearly in the Chinese-style poem ('Seson Daion') by FUJIWARA no Arikuni and in the preface of the poem by TAKASHINA no Moriyoshi, who were both participants at the first Kangakue which was resumed and also were participants at the very first Kangakue, that the Kangakue was put on hold for 19 years.
- 大和魂(やまと-だましい)は、外来の学問・知識を日本に採り入れる際に必要な判断力・能力、または情緒(もののあはれ)を理解する心などを指す用語・概念。
- Yamato-damashii is a term and concept referring to the judgment and ability that are necessary in accepting foreign scholarship and knowledge in Japan, as well as the heart to appreciate feelings (mono no aware), etc.
- そこには、発酵したものに集まるショウジョウバエの仲間のサナギといっしょになって、エゾニワトコ、サルナシ、クワ、キイチゴなどの果実の断片が発見された。
- There, some pieces of fruit such as Sambucus racemosa (ssp. kamtschatica), tara vine, mulberry and raspberry were discovered with pupa of a fruit fly which is attracted to fermented food.
- 鎌倉時代後期に河内国で楠木正成らが挙兵すると、第9代宇都宮公綱は討伐軍に参加するが、幕府滅亡後に後醍醐天皇の建武の新政がはじまると雑訴決断所を務める。
- In the late Kamakura period, when commanders including Masashige KUSUNOKI raised his army in Kawachi Province, the ninth family head, Kintsuna UTSUNOMIYA joined the bakufu forces to subdue Masashige, but after the fall of the bakufu, he worked for Zasso-Ketsudansho (agency of Kenmu government to file lawsuits) when the Kenmu Restoration (the new government) led by Emperor Godaigo started.
- 京都市右京区京北(旧北桑田郡京北町)を東西に横断し、南丹市日吉町(旧船井郡日吉町 (京都府))の世木ダム、日吉ダムを経由、以降は亀岡盆地へと南流する。
- The river runs east-west through Keihoku, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City (formerly Keihoku-cho, Kitakuwada-gun), and, by way of Segi Dam and Hiyoshi Dam in Hiyoshi-cho, Nantan City (formerly Hiyoshi-cho, Funai-gun, Kyoto Prefecture), flowing south towards the Kameoka Basin afterward.
- 財閥家族の企業支配力を分散し、人的関係の切断がはかられたのが、財閥家族の指定であり、そして昭和22年11月に成立した「財閥同族支配力排除法」であった。
- In November 1947, in an effort to disperse the power to control business by the Zaibatsu family and to break up the human relationships, the Zaibatsu family was designated and 'zaibatsu douzoku shihairyoku haijo hou '48 [Law for the Termination of Zaibatsu Family Control] was established.
- 江戸期の日朝交流は豊臣秀吉による文禄・慶長の役の後、断絶していた李氏朝鮮との国交を回復すべく、日本側から朝鮮側に通信使の派遣を打診したことにはじまる。
- Diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea remained broken after the Bunroku-Keicho War, and entering the Edo period, the first action the Japan side took for restoring diplomatic relations with Yi Dynasty Korea was to sound the Korean side to send Tsushinshi.
- これらの村落では、惣内部の法規定として、明文化された惣掟(そうおきて)を全構成員の合意のもとに制定し、惣掟に違反した者へ厳しく検断権を実行していった。
- These rural communities enacted as a legal provision within sosons a clearly-stated so okite (rules) under the agreement of all constituent members and exercised severely their rights to judge criminal cases against those who broke the so okite.
- 実際に5世の子孫だったかには賛否両論あるが、この事例は5世の子孫までは皇位継承権を持ちうる先例となって、その後の皇位断絶に強く意識されることとなった。
- There were theories approving and disapproving whether the Emperor Keitai was in fact the descendant of Emperor Ojin or not, but this experience was accepted as an example of allowing descendants, up to five generations, succeed to the throne, it was strongly reflected in the discontinuity of Imperial succession later on.
- 後世の横須賀線工事によるものであるが、「小町大路」の魚町橋と横須賀線三浦道踏切の間にある横断歩道から、再び東方向に名越方面に抜ける細い辻子が残っている。
- The discontinuation of the street was due to the construction work of the Yokosuka Line in modern times but there remains a narrow crossroad extending again east from the pedestrian bridge between Iomachi-bashi Bridge of the 'Komachi-oji street' and the crossing of the Miura-do Street with the Yokosuka Line and running toward Nagoe.
- 蕨尾から七色(なないろ)にかけては明治初年に七色横手(なないろよこて)という道が開かれたが、断崖沿いの危難な道であるため、ほとんど使われなかったという。
- A road named 'Nanairo Yokote' road was built from Warabio to Nanairo in the first year of the Meiji era, however it was seldom used because it was a dangerous path along a cliff.
- 断層角盆地で、中央を桂川 (淀川水系)が横断するが、どちらかというと市街地のある南側の地盤が低いため、ひとたび川が増水すると、亀岡市街地は冠水しやすい。
- One side of the basin is limited by a fault, and the Katsura-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system) traverses the central part of the basin, but, since the ground of the southern part where the urban area is located is comparatively low, the urban area of Kameoka City is flooded easily when the river water increases.
- 北朝 (日本)称光天皇が嗣子なく没し皇統が断絶したが、称光天皇の父の後小松上皇が北朝の傍流である伏見宮家から彦仁王(後花園天皇)を後継者に選ぼうとした。
- The imperial line of the Northern Court (Japan) became extinct as Emperor Shoko did not have an heir, so his father, the Retired Emperor Gokomatsu, attempted to select Prince Hikohito (Emperor Gohanazono) for an heir from the Fushiminomiya family, a branch of the Northern Court.
- これらの世襲宮家は、建前上は正統な皇位継承権をもつ家系であることを主張できる存在ではあったが、必ずしも皇統断絶の危機に備えて存続していたのではなかった。
- These Seshu-Miya-ke had a legitimate right of succession to the Imperial Throne, and were not there only to ensure succession in the event that the Imperial line should die out.
- 死亡帳の出土例としては長岡京(京都府向日市・長岡京市・京都市)第341次調査の漆紙文書があるが、数片の断片で、死亡年月日など一部しか知ることができない。
- Another unearthed Shibocho was made of lacquer-infiltrating paper document found in the 341st research of Nagaoka-kyo (Muko City, Nagaokakyo City and Kyoto City in Kyoto Prefecture), but only some information, such as date of death, was found, because the document was found in several fragments.
- 戦いは当初地の利に勝る尼子勢が優勢だったが、攻め落とすのが難しいと判断した吉川元春が住民に間道を教えてもらい、別働隊を率いて裏から布部山の頂上に登った。
- While the Amago army was initially dominant due to the advantageous location, Motoharu KIKKAWA found it difficult to defeat the Amago army and obtained information about a by-path from local residents and went up to the top of Fubeyama from the rear side of the mountain, leading a separate battalion of troops.
- 江戸前期、武断政治から文治政治への移行を背景に、1641年(寛永18年)岡山藩主池田光政が設立した花畠教場(はなばたけきょうじょう)が最初の藩校である。
- In the early stage of the Edo period, government by the military was changed into civilian government, Hanabata Kyojo Classroom, which was established by Mitsumasa IKEDA, the lord of the Okayama domain; in 1641 at the background of that change was the first hanko.
- これには、元来巻物だったものを保存上の観点から1紙ずつはがして額装にしたものと、分割して譲渡・売却するために、長い巻物を画面ごとに切断したものとがある。
- These works were originally completed in the style of emakimono, but later split off into pieces of illustrated paper either to be fixed in frames for the preservation purpose or to be transferred or sold out to others.
- 朝廷や武家が派遣した医師や薬をすべて断り、12月2日遺偈を左手で書こうとしたが、うまく字にならず、怒って筆を投げつけ、周囲が墨だらけになる中、示寂した。
- He refused all the doctors and medicine delivered from the Imperial Court and samurai, and on January 22, 1347 he tried to write his final poem with his left hand in vain, threw away the brush in anger splashing the ink around, and passed away.
- 風呂敷の大きさは、古くから織物の一反(幅約35cm~40cm、長さ約12m)を利用して無駄無く裁断し縫製するため、若干の長短があって正方形ではなかった。
- As for the size of Furoshiki, their lengths were found to be different from each other, which means their shapes were not a regular square, because from old times Furoshiki was made by cutting one Tan (width of approx. 35cm~40cm and length of approx. 12m) of textile into pieces without incurring waste and sewing them.
- 戦国時代 (日本)後期に入ると上国家湊安東氏に後嗣がなく断絶の危機を迎えたため、詳細は不明であるが檜山下国家の安東愛季が湊家をも継承して安東家を統合した。
- In the latter Sengoku Period (Japan), as the existence of the Minato Ando clan of Kaminokuni family was threatened by the lack of the heir, Chikasue ANDO of the Hiyama Shimonokuni family succeeded to the reign of the Minato family also, and integrated the two Ando families, although the detail is unkown.
- 但し、(2)と(3)の皇族の身分を離れる親王・王の子孫とその妃については、皇室会議の判断で、皇族の身分を離れないものとすることができる(皇室典範13条)。
- However, regarding the descendants and consorts of descendants of Imperial Princes and Princes who are renouncing their Imperial status mentioned in above clauses 2 and 3, the Imperial Household Council can use their discretion to allow these members to retain their Imperial status (Article 13 of the Imperial House Act).
- 現皇室の男系の血統が断絶する可能性が高まり、2004年(平成16年)11月頃から小泉純一郎内閣総理大臣が皇位の女系継承を容認する皇室典範の改正を提起した。
- In November 2004, with the growing concerns over the male lineage disappearance in the present Imperial Family, the Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi at the time proposed to revise the Imperial House Act so as to accept female successors to the imperial throne.
- そのため王や朝廷の大臣でも大王大妃の判断にむやみに口を挟めず、貞熹王后、文定王后、貞純王后、純元王后などは垂簾聴政により舞台裏の最高権力者になったりした。
- Therefore, King and ministers in the government could not interfere in decisions made by Daio ohi without reason, this was because Chonhi (貞熹) ogo (王后),Buntei ogo, Teijun ogo and Jungen ogo became the power behind the curtain (governance by women).
- また京都地方検察庁は公安条例違反による関係者の起訴を考えていたが、関係者を取り調べた結果、条例に違反するような事件は発生していないとみなし立件を断念した。
- The Kyoto District Public Prosecutors Office studied the possibility of prosecuting them for the violation of Public Safety Regulations, but after investigating relevant personnel, it found no violation and gave up prosecution.
- 渡日当時、中国は明末清初の騒乱期であったことから、この騒乱を避けて来日したとされているが、残されている書簡や記録等からは、そのように判断する根拠は乏しい。
- Although he is said to have come to Japan to avoid the social turmoil that China experienced in the transition period between the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, this judgment has no grounds in remaining letters and records.
- 熱と空気を遮断しなければならないため、長時間ライトが当たるような展示には不向きであるが、ケースに密封し乾燥剤を入れる、食用ニスを塗布するなどの方法がある。
- It has to block the heat and air and thus is not appropriate for the exhibition where the light is on for a long time, but there are methods to seal off the case and put desiccant in or paint food varnish and so on.
- 鎌倉幕府滅亡から南北朝分立に至る動乱と西園寺本家断絶の混乱の中で、西園寺家庶家の西園寺公良が宇和郡に入り、在地の土豪を支配下に組み入れて領国支配を開始する。
- Amid the agitated situation from the fall of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to the separation of the Northern and Southern Courts and the chaos caused by the discontinuance of the Saionji family, Kimiyoshi SAIONJI, of a branch family of the Saionji family entered Uwa Country, and put the local clans under his control then began to rule over the territory.
- その後、羽柴軍は秀政を近江への交通路遮断と光秀捜索に派遣し、14日には光秀の後詰のために急遽出兵した明智秀満隊を堀隊が打出の浜(大津市)で迎え撃ち撃破した。
- After that, Hashiba's forces sent Hidemasa to intercept the traffic to Omi and search for Mitsuhide, and Hori's corps on June 14 met and defeated Hidemitsu AKECHI's corps, having been hurriedly dispatched to back up Mitsuhide, at Uchide no hama (Uchide Beach) (in Otsu City).
- かかる危機に直面した国衙行政と中央財政を再建させるために、院宮王臣家と富豪層の関係を断ち切るとともに、国司へ大幅な支配権限を委譲する改革が行われたのである。
- In the reformation to reestablish the kokuga administration and the finance of the central government, the relationships between Ingu oshinke and rich and powerful persons was broken and much of the control right was transferred to kokushi.
- 郡司・郷司・保司・別名名主などの職の体系に補任された開発領主は、開発田の勧農を中心とする所務、私的な雑役・夫役の徴収、検断権といった根本領主権を保証された。
- Kaihatsu-ryoshu were assumed the position of the officers' organization, such as Gunji (a local government for Gun territory), Goji (a local government official for Go territory), Hoji (a local government official for Ho territory), and Bechimyo myoshu (a local government official for Bechimyo territory), and guaranteed the local load rights, which included the rights for shomu (land management) centered on Kanno (encouragement of agriculture) of developed fields, private tax collection of zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks) and buyaku (labor service), and judgment of criminal cases.
- 彼らの目的は、強硬な取締りを行った辺将を討取り、朝鮮王朝の行なった交易の制限、恒居倭に対する検断権・徴税権の行使といった倭人抑圧政策の変更を迫る事にあった。
- Their objectives were to defeat Hensho who abused their powers, and to persuade the Korean Dynasties to change their repressive policy over the kokyowa, such as trade restrictions, or the execution of the right to judge criminal cases and the power to levy taxes over the kokyowa.
- この百丈が制定した清規は、『百丈清規』と言われているが、惜しくも散逸してしまい、現存していないが、『百丈古清規』として断片が再編集され、現在に伝わっている。
- Regrettably, this Baizhang shingi, called 'Hyakujo Shingi' (The Regulations of Baizhang), was scattered and lost, but its fragments were compiled again into 'Hyakujo Koshingi' (Original Version of Baizhang's Pure Rules), which is handed down to us today.
- そのため、仏教に深く帰依していた称徳は僧道鏡を皇位に付けることを企図した(異説あり)が失敗し、後継を決めないまま称徳は没し、天武皇統が断絶することとなった。
- Due to this, Emperor Shotoku, who deeply believed in Buddhism, attempted to allow the monk, Dokyo to succeeded to the throne, (there was another theory) but he failed, Emperor Shotoku died before deciding the successor, and the Imperial line of Emperor Tenmu was decided to discontinue.
- 泗川は日本軍の策源地であった釜山広域市と日本軍最左翼の順天倭城・南海倭城の中間に位置する為、ここを落とされると西方にいる軍との連絡が分断される可能性があった。
- Since Sacheon City was located midway between Busan Metropolitan City of the supply base of the Japanese army and Suncheon Waeseong and Namhae Waeseong (Namhae Japanese Castle) at the extreme left wing of the Imperial Japanese Army, the communication with the army on the western side would be cut off if the city fell.
- ぶぶ漬けを勧められても一旦はこれを断るのは常識であり、もし遠慮も無く真に受けて食べてしまうと、家人に「あの人は厚かましい」という印象を抱かれてしまいかねない。
- It is considered as a common-sense for a visitor to once decline an offer of bubu zuke, and, therefore, if he accepts the offer and takes it without reserve, he will give an impression to the host that 'he or she is bold.'
- その部分は前髪を1つにまとめた状態であることからその断面は円に近い形になっており、その部分だけしか挿すところがないため櫛の中央部分に歯があればよいからである。
- As the cross section of a bundle of bangs at the above-mentioned part of the head is almost circular, there is no place to insert the comb except at this part and no teeth are needed other than those situated in the middle section of comb.
- 当初テレビ局側は紙切り芸人の柳家一兆に依頼したが、「クイズに使う、訳のわからない切り絵は正楽に頼め」と断った為、初代正楽が紙切りでクイズを出題する事になった。
- At first, the TV station asked Itcho YANAGIYA, a kamikiri performer, to appear on TV, but he refused, saying they should ask Shoraku to do it about a nonsense kamikiri performance in a quiz show, so they followed his advice, and the first Shoraku got to perform kamikiri on TV.
- 幕府は一連の裁定を終え、文化3年(1806年)、本如筆の「御裁断御書」において三業帰命の誤りを明示し、これを宗意安心の基準として、両派関係者への処罰を下した。
- The bakufu finished a series of judgments and in 1806 in 'A Letter of Adjudication' written by Honnyo, the errors in sango-kimyo-setsu were clarified and both parties were punished according to Shuianjin (the notion that advocates a radical distinction between mind and body).
- 元禄15年(1703年)に起こった元禄赤穂事件では、公辨が将軍徳川綱吉に赤穂浪士に切腹を命ずる決断を促したとする逸話が『徳川実紀』などによって伝えられている。
- According to 'Tokugawa Jikki' (The official records of the Edo bakufu), Koben urged Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, then shogun, to order the Ako Roshi (lordless samurai of Ako clan) to commit seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) when the Genroku Ako Incident occurred in 1703.
- 羽黒山 (山形県)では毎年9月、希望者が白装束を着て入峰し、断食、滝打ち、火渡り、床堅(座禅)、忍苦の行(南蛮いぶし)などの活動を通して山伏修行を体験できる。
- In Haguro-yama (Yamagata Prefecture), an applicant can wear a white costume and enter the mountain to experience Yamabushi's ascetic practices such as fasting, Takiuchi (standing under a waterfall), walking over fire, 床堅 (Zen sitting meditation), Ninku no Gyo (Nanban Ibushi, or being smoked), and so on, in September of every year.
- 古今伝授の継承者である細川藤孝が死ぬことによって古今伝授が断絶することを恐れた後陽成天皇は三条西実条、中院通勝、烏丸光広の3名を勅使として派遣し講和を命じた。
- Fujitaka HOSOKAWA, who was a successor of Kokindenju, died and Emperor Goyosei was afraid that Kokindenju would discontinue and he sent three persons, Saneeda SANJONISHI, Michikatsu NAKANOIN and Mitsuhiro KARASUMARU, as Imperial envoy and ordered them to have the peace treaty.
- その後、応仁の乱で一時中断されたが、後土御門天皇の文明7年(1475年)に再興されて以後は孝明天皇に至るまで、平安宮(現在の京都御所)清涼殿の前庭で行われた。
- Subsequently, although the ceremony was interrupted with the Onin War, it started again in 1475, running from the reign of Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado to that of Emperor Komei; the ceremony was held in the front garden of the Palace of Heian (currently Kyoto Imperial Palace), Seiryo-den.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に世尊寺家(能書で名高い)が断絶し、世尊寺行高の門人だった持明院基春が朝廷の書役を務め、以後書道の家として入木道伝授の宗家(持明院流)となる。
- During the Sengoku period (period of warring states), the Sesonji family (famous for Nosho - excellent calligraphy) ended, so Motoharu JIMYOIN, a disciple of Yukitaka SESONJI, worked as a cleric in the Imperial Court, and since then the family served as the head family for the initiation of calligraphy.
- 中世以降壬生家は官務に加え修理東大寺大仏長官(または造東大寺次官)・主殿頭、のち室町時代末期に大宮家が断絶したため、壬生孝亮以降は算博士も世襲することとなった。
- From the Middle Ages onwards, the Mibu family held the positions of repair section chief of Todai-ji-Temple Great Buddha, the chief of Tonomonoryo (Palace Custodians and Supply Bureau), and also, from when the Omiya family was discontinued at the end of Muromachi period, sanhakase (a position teaching mathematics and growing mathematicians) after the era of Takasuke MIBU.
- これまで、国兼は佐敷城の留守を預かっていた安田弥右衛門らの偽りの投降に油断し、6月17日に境善左衛門によって斬殺され、一揆はわずか3日で鎮圧されたとされていた。
- It was believed that the uprising was suppressed after a mere three days, as Kunikane was fooled by the false surrender of Yaemon YASUDA and others who protected the Sashiki-jo Castle in the absence of its lord, and was killed by the sword of Zenzaemon SAKAI on July 25.
- いずれにせよ、店が「その酒は燗に向かないから」と酒質のせいにして燗を断るときには、本当にそうなのかどうか判断できる知識を、消費者も身につけておくことが望ましい。
- Anyway, if a shop declines to serve sake warm by reason of sake quality saying 'The sake is not good warm.' it is desirable that consumers have knowledge to judge whether or not it is true.
- 1872年(明治5年)、明治政府は諸宗派の整理を断行、その際律宗系最大の勢力であった真言律宗が元は真言宗の流れを汲むことから全律宗諸派が真言宗に組み入れられた。
- When the Meiji Government organized various sects in 1872, all Risshu sects were incorporated into the Shingon sect because Shingon Risshu sect which was the biggest sect among Risshu sects at that time, originated from the Shingon sect.
- 翌年に一如入滅によって工事は一時中断するが、1701年(元禄14年)、東本願寺第16世真如は一周忌厳修の後に工事を再開、この年に祖墳の改葬を行われ、本堂が完成。
- In the following year, construction was interrupted by the nirvana of Ichinyo, but in 1701 Shinnyo, the sixteenth head priest of the Higashi Hongan-ji Temple, restarted the construction after the stately ceremony on first anniversary of his death, and relocated the founder's grave and completed the construction of the main hall.
- その苦い経験から皇統の断絶を危惧した新井白石が、徳川将軍家に徳川御三家があるように、皇室にもそれを補完する新たな宮家を必要との建言を征夷大将軍徳川家宣に出した。
- After experiencing such difficulties, Hakuseki ARAI, who was concerned about the discontinuity of the Imperial line, suggested to the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), Ienobu TOKUGAWA, that there was a need to establish a new subsidiary Miyake to support the Imperial family, after considering the fact that in the Shogun family, there are three branch families of the Tokugawa House.
- また、それら文化財自体の地震などへの耐震性についても、現在の基準で判断すると問題のある建物も相当数あるが、解体修理は世紀単位で一度しかできず、莫大な費用を要する。
- When judging the earthquake resistance of those cultural properties in accordance with current standards, there are many buildings that fail but dismantling and repair can only be conducted once every century and requires enormous amounts of money.
- 幕府が諸外国と通商条約を締結して開国を行うと、在野の志士(活動家)たちは、水戸学の思想的影響のもと、名分論に基づき攘夷を断行しない幕府に対する倒幕論が形成された。
- When Bakufu executed trade agreements with various countries and opened the country to foreign trade and diplomatic relations, activists outside of government, who were under the influence of Mito-gaku, built up the argument of tobaku against Bakufu, which, for reasons that were superficial, did not carry out the expulsion of foreigners.
- そのため、高瀬川が北から鴨川に流入する地点は十条通付近まで移され、また一方で鴨川横断点の下流方向では鴨川からの取水が不可能となり、高瀬川は分断されることとなった。
- As a result, the junction at which the Takase-gawa River flows into the Kamo-gawa River from the north was relocated to an area near the Jujo-dori Street; on the other hand in a downstream area where the Takase-gawa crossed the Kamo-gawa river, it became difficult to carry out water intake from the Kamo-gawa River; as a result the Takase-gawa River was divided.
- まず、郷安についてであるが、御家騒動を成した張本人であるため処断されてもおかしくないものの、ほとんど罪に問われていないのは、三成が秀吉に弁護したためとされている。
- Because Satoyasu was the very person who triggered the family dispute, it was unusual for him to receive a punishment; however, he was given hardly any punishment because Mitsunari spoke to Hideyoshi on his behalf.
- この出来事に大坂城の淀殿は驚き、高次夫人に使者を遣わして(淀殿の妹である初(常高院)は高次の正室として城中にあった)、停戦・降伏を求めるが大津側は断固として拒否。
- Yodo-dono (Lady Yodo; Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's concubine and the mother of Hideyori, the heir to the Toyotomi clan) was surprised to hear of this treachery and dispatched an envoy to Takatsugu's wife (Yodo-dono's younger sister Hatsu/Joko-in was at Otsu-jo Castle as she was Takatsugu's lawful wife) to call for a truce and surrender, but the Otsu side never accepted it.
- だが、当時の将軍は13歳の足利義満であり、後見である管領細川頼之は「可為聖断」「武家更難申是非」と慎重な態度を示し、あくまで天皇の聖断によるべしとの態度を示した。
- However, as the shogun at the time was Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who was 13 years old, kanrei (shogunal deputy) Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, the guardian of the Imperial Prince, repeatedly insisted that the Emperor make a decision over the matter, saying 'the Emperor should make a decision' and 'don't allow samurai intervention.'
- この一方で、新説の提示によって、三像それぞれの像主を判断する客観的根拠もなく頼朝・重盛・光能がとりあえず比定されているなど、通説の論拠の薄弱さも浮き彫りとなった。
- On the other hand, the weakness of the evidence for the popular theory was also revealed; the three portraits are just considered as Yoritomo, Shigemori, and Mitsuyoshi without any objective evidence to identify the figures of these portraits.
- これにより最澄が目指していた法華経を中心とする戒律や禅、念仏、そして密教を融合させた総合仏教といわれる日本独特の天台宗の教学確立はそこで中断せざるを得なくなった。
- Because of that, the aim of Saicho to establish Japanese original doctrinal studies of the Tendai Sect, which is said to be a synthesized Buddhism, with Buddhist precepts, Zen, nenbutsu, and Esoteric Buddhism all combined into Hoke-kyo Sutra, had to be interrupted there.
- 過去にはこれらの問題が多発したという背景もあり創価学会が官界、教育界、言論界、医療界などを横断した総体革命の方法について一部方向修正を強いられる結果をもたらした。
- Partly because these problems frequently happened in the past, Soka Gakkai was forced to make a partial modification to the method of its total revolution across bureaucracy, education circles, the press, medical field, etc.
- しかし将軍として彼らを許せば、かつて浅野内匠頭にだけ切腹をさせた自分の裁断は片手落ちであったと認めることになってしまい、将軍権力に傷が入ることが避けられなかった。
- However, pardoning them would mean admitting his decision, in ordering only Takuminokami ASANO to commit seppuku, was unfair and if he did so in his position as shogun it could damage his authority.
- 1932年(昭和7年)11月、高村正次が映画製作を断念した東亜キネマを買収、東活映画社の社長を辞任した南喜三郎とともに設立したのが、この「宝塚キネマ興行」である。
- In November of 1932, Masatsugu TAKAMURA took over Toa Kinema after it had given up film production and established 'Takarazuka Kinema Kogyo' in partnership with Kisaburo MINAMI who had resigned as the president of Tokatsu Eiga-sha.
- 慶長20年(1615年)に持明院基久が豊臣秀頼方に従い大坂の役で没したため、家系は断絶の危機にさらされたが、遠縁の持明院基定(徳川氏の家臣大沢基宿の子)が相続した。
- Because Motohisa JIMYOIN fought on the Hideyori TOYOTOMI side and died in 1615 during the Sieges of Ozaka, the family faced the danger of extinction, but a distant relative, Motosada JIMYOIN (son of Motoie OSAWA, a vassal of the Tokugawa clan) succeeded the family line.
- 亀岡市の中央部を縦断し、保津峡を南東に流れ、嵐山で京都盆地に出て南流、伏見区で鴨川 (淀川水系)を併せ、大阪府との境で木津川 (京都府)、宇治川と合流し淀川となる。
- The river runs through the center of Kameoka City, flows south-east down Hozu-kyo Gorge, and then into the Kyoto Basin at Arashiyama southward; the river then merges with the Kamogawa River (Yodo-gawa River System) in Fushimi Ward, and is joined by the Kizu-gawa and Uji-gawa Rivers on the border with Osaka Prefecture, where it becomes the Yodo-gawa River.
- 皇太子・皇太孫を除く親王・内親王・王・女王は、やむを得ない特別の事由があるときは、本人の意思に関わらず、皇室会議の判断で、皇族の身分を離れる(皇室典範11条2項)。
- If there are compelling reasons, Imperial Princes, Imperial Princesses, Princes and Princesses – excluding the Crown Prince and the Son of the Crown Prince – can lose their Imperial status regardless of the their own will, based on the decision made by the Imperial Household Council (Clause 2, Article 11 of the Imperial Household Act).
- 関連して、中華人民共和国側が天皇に金印を授けようとして側近があわてて断り事なきを得る、事前には訪中は天皇の意思であるという吹聴がなされた、などのエピソードが伝わる。
- In addition, there are other strange stories in connection with this visit as follows: When People's Republic of China tried to confer the Kin-in (the Golden Seal of the King of Japan) to the Emperor, the close aides could narrowly save a difficult situation by hastily refusing the proposal, There was a rumor circulating before the visit that the Emperor himself decided to visit China, and so on.
- 熊野古道の中では、起点から熊野本宮大社までを最短距離(約70キロメートル)で結び、奥高野から果無山脈にかけての紀伊山地西部の東西方向に走向する地質構造を縦断してゆく。
- It is the shortest route among Kumano-kodo, the distance from the starting point to Kumano Hongu-taisha Shrine is about 70 kilometers, and it goes over the geologically unique area from Okukoya to the Hatenashi Mountain Range which rises from the east to the west in the western part of the Kii Mountains.
- かつて、京都と伏見を結ぶ運河であった頃は、現在の鴨川合流点のやや上流側で鴨川を東へ横断したのち、一部区間で竹田街道と並行、濠川と合流し伏見港を経て淀川に合流していた。
- When it was a canal that connected Kyoto and Fushimi, it crossed the Kamo-gawa River eastward slightly above today's joint with the Kamo-gawa River, running in parallel with the Takeda-kaido Road in some sections, joining with the Hori-kawa River, and then flowed into the Yodo-gawa River via Fushimi Port.
- また、立場上、言いたくても言うに言えないことがいくらでもあることが容易に推測される皇族の「本人の意思」がどこまで真実のものなのか、客観的に判断することは非常に難しい。
- Also, it is very difficult to judge how true is the intention of a member of the Imperial family, who can easily be guessed to have many things which he cannot, in his position, divulge to another person even if he wanted to.
- 皇室には1965年の秋篠宮文仁親王誕生から2006年の悠仁親王誕生までの41年間、皇室から男子が生まれなかったため、将来において皇統が断絶するのではと危惧されていた。
- In the Imperial Household, there was a concern for forty one years that the imperial line would die out; from when Akishinonomiya Imperial Prince Fumihito was born in 1965 to when Imperial Prince Hisahito was born in 2006.
- 辺将による納税の論告を行い、三浦代官の協力を得た上ながら海賊行為を働いた者を捕らえ処刑するなど、それまで恒居倭に対し行えなかった検断権・徴税権行使を試みるようになる。
- The Dynasty tried to exercise their administrative powers such as the police authority, the legal jurisdiction, and the authority of tax collection that they had not been able to exercise against kokyowa until then, and the Dynasty told hensho (commanders who guard the border of the territory) to remind the residents of their obligation of tax payment, and furthermore, they arrested and executed those who had piracy activities with the support from the local governor in Sanpo.
- 起源をさかのぼれば、古墳時代~奈良時代に、儀式用と実戦用とが区別され始めた時、「圭頭大刀(けいとうたち)」や「黒作大刀(くろづくりのたち)」は「断ち切る」専用だった。
- Tracing the history, from the Kofun period to the Nara period, when swords became separated between ceremonial use and actual use, 'Keito Tachi' and 'Kurozukuri-no Tachi' were only for 'cutting off.'
- 後年、根来寺は規模が拡大し僧兵による武力強化が著しく、不穏分子と判断した豊臣秀吉は1585年春、遂に大軍で根来山を攻撃、根来寺は完全に破壊され多くの僧侶は処刑された。
- Later, Negoro-ji Temple's size grew and was significantly militarized with priest soldiers, which Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI determined as disrupting the peace, and in the spring of 1585, a large army attacked Mt. Negoro, totally destroying Negoro-ji Temple and executing many of the priests.
- 最澄は泰範に共に空海のもとで金剛界の灌頂を受けようと2度にわたり説得するも断っている(このため最澄は泰範以外の弟子らと812年(弘仁3年)に金剛界灌頂を受けている)。
- Saicho took Taihan with him to go twice to visit Kukai and persuade him to bestow the dharmic succession ritual of the Diamond Realm on him, but Taihan refused (this led Saicho to go in 812 without Taihan, accompanied by other disciples, to see Kukai, who then granted him the dharmic succession ritual of the Diamond Realm).
- また、一説によれば両親の死後に母方の叔父である松殿師家(元摂政内大臣)から松殿家の養嗣子にしたいという話があったが、世の無常を感じていた道元が断ったとも言われている。
- Yet another account tells that his maternal uncle Moroie MATSUDONO (former Regent and Interior Minister) wanted to adopt him as an heir after his parents died, but Dogen, feeling the uncertainty of the world, declined.
- 小早川秀秋は関ヶ原の戦いでの功績により、備前国51万石に加増移封されたが、1602年(慶長7年)に嗣子なくして病没し、小早川家は名実ともに断絶したというのが定説である。
- Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA changed the territory to the Bizen Province of 510,000 koku with additional properties but died from an illness in 1602 without an heir, so it is believed that the Kobayakawa clan ended both in name and reality.
- ユニバーサル・スタジオ・ジャパン(大阪市)のオープンなどレジャーの多様化や少子化などで入場者数が減少したため、営業継続は困難と判断され、2003年1月31日で閉鎖した。
- Diversification of recreational facilities including the opening of Universal Studio Japan (Osaka City), fewer children, and so on, reduced the number of the visitors, therefore it was closed on January 31, 2003 since continuing its business became difficult.
- 日本共産党は2004年に綱領を改正し、元首化・統治者化を認めないという条件の下、天皇制の是非については主権在民の思想に基づき国民が判断すべきである、という趣旨に改めた。
- The Japanese Communist Party amended their policy and although they do not accept any head of state or ruler, about the Tennosei, they decided to leave it to the people because the sovereignty rests with the people.
- 後小松上皇が北朝の傍流である伏見宮家から彦仁王(後花園天皇)を後継者に選ぼうとしたことをきっかけに、北朝は皇統断絶して皇位継承権を失ったと考える南朝側は激しく反発する。
- Retired Emperor Gokomatsu took this opportunity to select Prince Hikohito (Emperor Gohanazono) of the Fushiminomiya branch of the Northern lineage to be the successor; in response, the Gonancho faction, which now with the Northern dynasty's Imperial line extinct, he had expected that the Northern lineage would have lost its authority over matters of Imperial succession, vehemently opposed this decision.
- しかし、この約60年前に皇統断絶の可能性を予見していた新井白石は、皇位継承権をもつ皇族家系となる閑院宮を創設しており、後桃園の後継として閑院宮から光格天皇が迎えられた。
- However Hakuseki ARAI foresaw the possibility of the discontinuity of the Imperial throne sixty years prior, he had already established the Kaninnomiya family, who were in the Imperial family line and had the right to succeed to the throne, Emperor Kokaku was accepted from the Kaninnomiya family as Emperor Gomomozono's successor.
- 一見さんお断りの料亭であっても、クレジットカードの一部ゴールドカードやブラックカードのサービスデスクに予約を代行依頼することで、一見さんだけでも利用できるケースが多い。
- Even for some ryotei that refuse visitors without an introduction, if the table is reserved via by a gold card or a black card of certain credit cards at the service desk, even first visitors without introductions can enter the ryotei.
- この場合の理想的なやり取りとしては、家人がぶぶ漬けを勧めてきたら、客人は一旦はこれを固辞し、少なくとも2回断ってもまだ勧めてくるようだったら有難く家の中に上がって頂く。
- The most ideal case of such communications might be that, after once or twice the host offers bubu zuke which the guest declines, the host still offers it so that the guest may accept it and get into the house to take it with gratitude.
- 空海が断った理由は明らかではないが、一般的にはこの『理趣経』の十七清浄句が、男女の性交そのものが成仏への道であるなど間違った解釈がなされるのを懼れたためといわれている。
- Although the reason why Kukai declined remains unknown, it is generally believed that Kukai feared the misinterpretation that Seventeen Pure Phrases in 'Rishu-kyo' taught sexual intercourse led to jobutsu (to become a Buddha).
- 大阪府東大阪市の瓢箪山稲荷神社で今も行われる辻占は、通りすがりの人の言葉ではなく、その人の性別・服装・持物、同行の人の有無、その人が向かった方角などから吉凶を判断する。
- The tsujiura still practiced at Hyotanyama-Inari Shrine, Higashi Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture judges fortunes not based on the words of passers-by, but on his or her sex, dress, belongings, whether accompanied or not, and the direction which he or she took.
- だが、永禄3年(1560年)に浅井賢政の六角氏との断交を機に京極高吉が復権を画策して六角氏と結んで挙兵を企てるが失敗して江北を追われ、京極氏の江北支配は完全に幕を閉じた。
- However, Takayoshi raised an army being in alliance with the Rokkaku clan when Katamasa AZAI broke the relationship with the Rokkaku clan, but in vain, whereby Takayoshi was expelled from Gohoku, and the Gohoku control by the Kyogoku clan completely ended.
- 21年の中断を経て、足利義教が1432に再開し、1550までに11次51隻(このうち、幕府所有船は7隻で、朝廷船1隻、残りは守護大名、寺社所有船であった)が渡航している。
- After twenty-one years of interruption, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA resumed the operation in 1432 and eleven fleets or fifty-one ships (seven ships were owned by the bakufu, one was owned by the Imperial Court and the rest were owned by the shugo-daimyo or temples/shrines) visited Ming until 1550.
- こうした検断に関する事案を当時の用語で「検断沙汰」というが、検断沙汰には、殺人・傷害事件、窃盗・強盗事件、また謀叛など、治安を脅かす罪科に対する訴訟・裁判が含まれていた。
- Cases on these kendan were called Kendan-sata (criminal cases) in terms at that time and this Kendan-sata included suits and trials against crimes which threatened public order such as murder and injury cases, theft and robbery cases, and coup d'etat.
- 古今和歌集収録の歌として、ごく一般的な「君」の解釈を述べるならば、「君は広くもちいる言葉であって、天皇をさすとは限らない」ということであり、それ以上はなにも断定できない。
- According to the general interpretation of 'kimi' in poems compiled in Kokin-Wakashu, the word 'kimi is used in a broad sense and it does not necessarily mean the emperor,' and nothing can be said for sure about anything more than that.
- 皇族の家紋である菊紋や桐紋の権威は増して厳格になり、1591年(天正19年)、1595年(文禄4年)には、豊臣秀吉が菊紋や桐紋の無断使用を禁止する規制を布くほどであった。
- The authority of the Kamon of the imperial family, Kiku-mon and Kiri-mon, increasingly became stronger so much that in 1591 and 1595 Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI implemented regulations to forbid unauthorized use of Kiku-mon and Kiri-mon.
- 東から京都へ向かうには、瀬田まで南下して唐橋を渡るより、矢橋(やばせ)の港から船に乗って大津へと琵琶湖を横断する方が速いとされていたが、この航路は突風に遭う危険があった。
- For going to Kyoto from east orientation, it was considered to be faster to cross the Biwa-ko Lake from the port of Yabae to Otsu by boat, than to go south to Seta and cross the bridge, but this boat service was dangerous because of the sudden gust of wind blowing down from Mt. Hiei.
- Extension Cardとも言われるが、近年、回路は集積回路の多用や修理の人件費から故障した回路基板は現場で診断せず丸ごと交換され、この下駄の使用は少なくなっている。
- This is also called Extension Card, but, these years, with respect to a circuit, this Geta is less used in the circuit because the faulty circuit board is replaced entirely without implementing on-site diagnosis by reason of multiple use of integrated circuit and personnel expenses for repair.
- 阿波守護家から迎えた勝久の養子である之勝(細川義春)は、実兄・政之の死に伴い後に阿波守護家に戻ったため、勝久の系統がその後守護に就任することはなく、事実上守護家は断絶した。
- Yukikatsu (Yoshiharu HOSOKAWA), Katsuhisa's adopted child from the Shugo family of Awa, returned to the Shugo family of Awa, as his real older brother Masayuki died, therefore, the line of Katsuhisa did not take a position of Shugo after that, and the Shugo family was practically ended.
- ついに橘逸勢らから東宮恒貞親王の身上について策謀をもちかけられるが、阿保親王は与せずに、これを逸勢の従姉妹でもあった皇太后橘嘉智子に密書にて報告、判断を委ねた(承和の変)。
- He was approached by TACHIBANA no Hayaari about the Crown Prince, Imperial Prince Tsunesada, however, Imperial Prince Abo did not take it seriously, and sent a secret document about this to Hayanari's cousin, the Empress Dowager TACHIBANA no Kachiko for her to make a decision. (the Showa Incident)
- 南北朝時代 (日本)の戦乱期などを含めて、数度、中断する時期があったが、後水尾天皇と醍醐寺座主義演の尽力により、1623年(元和 (日本)9年)に170年ぶりに復活された。
- Although there were several interruptions, including civil war during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), it was revived through the efforts of the Emperor Go-Mizuono and Gien, Daigo-ji Temple's head priest in 1623, after an absence of 170 years.
- 北条時頼の被官として、弘長2年(1262年)に西大寺_(奈良市)叡尊への使者となり、翌3年(1263年)には信濃国善光寺に時頼が不断経衆の免田を寄附した際の沙汰をしている。
- As a hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of Tokiyori HOJO, he played the role of messenger to Eison at Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City) in 1262 and in the following year, he adjudicated when Tokiyori donated the tax-exempt rice field of fudangyo-shu (people who read Buddhist scriptures every day) to Zenko-ji Temple in Shinano Province.
- 許可条件への違反状況の視察と採証職務に従事していた京都府警の巡査、この状況を実際に確認し、許可条件への違反があったものと判断して、歩道上から、デモ隊の先頭集団を写真撮影した。
- A Police Officer of Kyoto Prefectural Police, who was engaged in inspecting the demonstration march to see whether or not there was violation of the conditions for permission and collecting evidence of any such violation, found that the march was in violation of the conditions for permission, and photographed the front part of the marching crowd.
- 検非違使は、刑部省および太政官が司法上の機能を果たさなくなるにしたがって平安初期に設置されたもので、司法警察上の追捕(ついぶ)のみならず、糾弾・断獄の諸権をももつにいたった。
- Kebiishi was established at the beginning of Heian period when the judicial function of gyobusho and daijokan was diminishing, and they gained authority for tsuibu (pursue and capture) as judicial police, as well as condemnation and adjudication.
- 角太郎はこれを断ろうとするが、一角は「不義の子をかばって父を殺すのか」と恫喝、返事に窮した角太郎に対し、雛衣はその窮地を救うべく、またわが身の証を立てるため、腹に刃を立てる。
- Kakutaro was about to decline this request, but found himself at a loss for words when Ikkaku cried, 'Are you going to let your father die, protecting a child from an act of adultery?' and Hinakiku disemboweled herself in order to get Kakutaro out of a hole and to prove her innocence.
- 常盤井宮、木寺宮両家は、室町時代の後期頃には断絶したと考えられるが、この2つの宮家に次いで創設され、以後、戦後の皇籍離脱まで約550年間の長きに渡って続いたのが伏見宮である。
- The Tokiwainomiya and the Kideranomiya family were presumed to be discontinued at around the end of the Muronachi period, the Fushiminomiya family was established after these two Miyake, and continued to survive for five hundred and fifty years until renouncing membership in the Imperial Family after the War.
- 各保存会、講・連によって、それぞれの曲の呼称は異なるであろうが、大阪市青協の地車囃子の講習会で1990年ごろに配られていた小冊子に基づいて、以下の用語を記すことを断っておく。
- Although the name of each piece of music differs depending on the preservation society, Ko and Ren, the words and terms below are based on the brochure which was produced in about 1990 at the training session of danjiri-bayashi hosted by Youth Groups committee in Osaka City.
- 1687年に朝仁親王(東山天皇)への譲位にこぎつけた後に仙洞御所に入って院政を開始し(以後仙洞様とよばれるようになる)、その年には同じく長年中断していた新天皇の大嘗祭を行う。
- After the succession of Imperial Prince Asahito (later called Emperor Higashiyama) to the Imperial Throne in 1687, he went to live at Sento-Imperial Palace and started ruling the cloister government (after this he was called Sento-sama, (Sir Sento)), and he organized the Great Thanksgiving Service (after the Enthronement of the Emperor) for the celebration of a new Emperor, which had not been done for a long time.
- しかし、名将として知られた氏郷が若くして没したため蒲生氏は衰退し、徳川幕府の大名として存続することには成功したものの、その後も当主の夭折が続いたため後継がなく蒲生氏は断絶した。
- However, after Ujisato, who had been well-known as a great commander, died young, the power of the Gamo clan declined, and even though the clan managed to survive as daimyo of the Tokugawa Shogunate, the family heads died young one after another, and finally the Gamo clan ended due to the absence of the heir.
- 前述のように、東西方向に走る山脈はこうした地質構造に支配されており、一方、南北方向に走る山脈には東西方向からの圧力による波状変形が見られるが、断層は乏しく、地質は連続的である。
- As described above, the mountain ranges that stretch east to west are influenced by such geological structures while the mountain ranges that stretch south and north have continuous geology with few dislocations and some rolling deformations by the pressure from the east and the west.
- 何れが原伝承かの判断は分かれるが、少なくとも『古事記』と『日本書紀』とでは、武烈天皇の伝承にかなりの食い違いが見られており、武烈天皇自身が実在したかどうかについても疑問が残る。
- Which of them is the original legend is not determined, but at least in 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki' there is obviously quite a discrepancy in the tale of Emperor Buretsu, still doubts remain if he actually existed.
- 樟磐手は、従わない様子が見えたら栗隈王を殺せと命じられていたため、刀を握って前に出ようとしたが、栗隈王のそばに三野王(美努王)と武家王が帯剣して立っていたため、断念して帰った。
- KUSU no Iwate was ordered to kill Kurikuma no Okimi when he showed any signs of refusal, but KUSU left Tsukushi without executing the assassination plot since Minu no Okimi (written in two ways in Japanese Kanji characters; '三野王' or '美努王') and Takeie no Okimi were standing by Kurikuma no Okimi with their swords ready, as he tried to take his step forward while holding his sword.
- 京都府学連事件(きょうとふがくれんじけん)は、主として、犯罪捜査としての写真撮影の適法性・合憲性が問題とされ、それぞれ適法・合憲と判断された、日本の最高裁判所による判決の通称。
- It is a popular name of a judgment by the Supreme Court of Japan that mainly judged photographing for criminal investigation as lawful and constitutional.
- 6月15日には旧領回復令が発布され、続いて寺領没収令、朝敵所領没収令、誤判再審令などが発布され土地所有権や訴訟の申請などに関しては天皇の裁断である綸旨を必要とすることとなった。
- On the fifteenth day of the sixth month, Emperor Godaigo promulgated a decree ordering the restoration of all the old fiefs, and he continued promulgating several more commands including a decree to confiscate the lands of the jiryo, one ordering the seizure of all territories held by enemies of the Court, and one ordering retrials for poorly judged cases; these decrees made the Emperor's judgments, in the form of Imperial orders, absolutely vital in matters of land ownership, lawsuits, and more.
- また、鎌倉時代の御家人の3大義務であった大犯三ヶ条(大番催促、謀反人・殺害人の検断)に加えて、刈田狼藉の取締も守護の役務となり、荘園領主は守護の立入を拒むことができなくなった。
- Moreover, in addition to the Taibon sankajo, the three great duties (of answering the call to guard Kyoto, and of hunting down traitors and assassins) required of the gokenin (lower retainers) during the Kamakura period, the shugo were also tasked with protecting the rice fields from those who sought to avoid tax by harvesting rice illegally, and as time passed the rightful owners of the estates could no longer dare refuse to hire a shugo for their lands.
- その後に最終的な決裁者である天皇(あるいはその代理者である摂政・関白)に合議の内容が報告されて、それに基づいて最終的な決裁者が判断を行って最終的な政治意思が決定されるのである。
- After that, the contents of discussion were reported to the Emperor, who was the person to make the final decision (or his substitute, that is, a regent or a chief adviser to the Emperor), and the odd man made a final decision on policies based on it.
- 図像的特色からは尊名の確定が困難であるが、この絵と対をなす11号壁が普賢菩薩(釈迦如来の右脇侍)像であることから、8号壁の像は文殊菩薩(釈迦如来の左脇侍)像であると判断される。
- It is difficult to identify the image of the wall No. 8 by the iconographic characteristic, however, it is estimated as Monju Bosatsu (an attendant figure of the left of Shaka Nyorai) since the image on the wall No. 11, which is paired with the image on the wall No. 8, is Fugen Bosatsu (an attendant figure of the right of Shaka Nyorai).
- 明治27年(1894年)に勃発した日清戦争では陸海軍の総司令官として広島大本営に下るが、腸チフス(当初はマラリアと診断された)を発症し、兵庫県の有栖川宮舞子別邸にて静養に入る。
- He went down to Hiroshima Imperial Headquarters as the supreme commander of the military and navy in the Sino-Japanese War that occurred in 1894, however he came down with typhoid fever (he was initially diagnosed as having malaria), and went to Arisunogawa no Miya Maiko villa in Kyogo Prefecture to rest.
- 弟である実仁親王・輔仁親王が有力な皇位継承候補として存在している中、我が子である善仁親王に皇位を譲ることでこれら弟の皇位継承(およびそれを支持する貴族)を断念させる意図があった。
- Although his younger brothers, Imperial Prince Sanehito and Imperial Prince Sukehito, were strong candidates for the Imperial succession, he passed the throne to his son Imperial Prince Taruhito, so that his younger brothers (and the nobles supporting them) would give up their hopes for the throne.
- 鎌倉幕府が六波羅に六波羅探題を設置したのも、平家滅亡後に、京都における北条氏の邸宅が置かれていたこともあるが、検断権を巡る検非違使との直接的な衝突を避けたことも理由に挙げられる。
- This was because the Kamakura bakufu established the Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency) in Rokuhara and because the Kyoto residence of the Hojo clan was established after the defeat of the Taira clan, but the avoidance of direct conflict with kebiishi over the right to judge criminal cases is also given as a reason.
- この死亡帳は同時に出土した20号文書(解文の書止部分)に「嘉承二年」(849年)、21号文書(書状)に「嘉祥三年」(850年)の年紀があることから、9世紀前半のものと判断される。
- It is judged that this Shibocho was created in the first half of the ninth century, because a year was described as 849 in Document No. 20 (back matter of a letter), and was described as 850 in Document No. 21 (letter), which were unearthed together.
- 小乗教ともいい煩悩を断ずるために、空理を悟るべきことを説くが、すべての実体をただ空の一辺のみと見るので「但空(たんくう)の理」といい、また偏った真理なので「偏真の空理」ともいう)
- It is also called Hinayana and it advocates the necessity of attaining enlightenment of Kuri (abstract or impracticable theory) in order to renounce worldly desires but as it regards every substance as a part of Ku (mind that is not bound by anything), it is called 'Tanku-no ri' (the theory of only Ku) or 'Henshin no Kuri' (the abstract or impracticable theory of prejudicial truth) because it is a prejudiced truth.
- 後白河法皇と清盛との対立も高倉天皇を悩ませた、治承3年(1179年)11月、近衛家の所領継承問題に不満を持った清盛がクーデターを断行して法皇を幽閉してしまった(治承三年の政変)。
- It was a headache for Emperor Takakura that Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa and Kiyomori opposed each other, there was an incident where Kiyomori had complained about the issue of land succession for the Konoe family in November 1179, he carried out a coup and confined the Emperor (The coup of Jisho san nen).
- しかし、旧侯爵家としては事実上の断絶状態にあるとする記述も見受けられ、またいわゆる松平氏の子孫で構成される徳川・松平一門の会にも、現19代当主は会員と認められていないとの説もある。
- However, it is mentioned in some cases that the Kishu Marquis family in reality became extinct, and also there exists a view that the 19th family head has not been recognized as a member of the Tokugawa and Matsudaira family association, which was formed by descendents of the Matsudaira clan.
- また、殺生禁断を建前とする寺社領域の拡張が全国的に広まったため、これまで山野河海を生活の場としてきた民衆たちが苦境に立たされ、悪党となったのではないかとする見解が近年出されている。
- Also, as the expansion of temple or shrine premises, in which it was theoretically prohibited to kill animals, became a nationwide tendency, common people who had lived on the blessings of mountains, fields, rivers and seas ran into difficult situations and some of them became bandits, according to recently published views.
- ただし、例えば土佐では皮を残さず切り落とすなど、地方によって異なり、切腹人があえて首を切断することを希望する場合もあり、必ずしも「抱き首」にしなければならないということはなかった。
- However, there were difference among different areas, such as the practice of completely severing the head in Tosa as well as instances in which the seppukunin wished that his head be completely severed, so it was not the case that 'daki-kubi' absolutely had to be carried out.
- この為、絵画作品としての浮世絵研究にあっては、正当かつ体系的・学問的な研究は為されておらず、個々の収集家や研究者によって、知見の異なる主張が部分的・断続的に繰り返されるのみである。
- Consequently, no legitimate, systematic and academic study could be conducted for Ukiyoe as a pictorial art work, and opinions based on different knowledge sources were partially and continually repeated only by individual collectors and researchers.
- 『平家物語』は多子の入内を二条の独断とするが、後見の美福門院や側近の経宗・惟方がこのような重大問題に関与しなかったとは考えにくく、二条の立場を固めるための政略的な婚姻と推測される。
- It is said in 'The Tale of the Heike,' Tashi was allowed to make her bridal entry to the court as the Emperor's court lady due to the Emperor's own authority; however, it is hard to think his guardian, Bifuku mon in, and his close aides Tsunemune and Korekata did not get involved in making decisions on such an important issue, so it is presumed that this was an arranged engagement for the Emperor to be in a better political position.
- 具体的には COP7 および COP/moP1 で決定され、疑義が唱えられた際の審議・判断を行う遵守委員会が設けられるとともに、不遵守時には次のような措置が取られることとなっている。
- Specifically, they were decided in COP7 and COP/moP1, and the compliance committee, which deliberates and judges questions arising, was established; in addition, the following measures are expected to be taken when incompliance takes place.
- 特に当時の訴訟手続は、訴訟当事者からの開催要求に対して奉行人などの訴訟担当者がその日程の可否を決めるという手続を取っていたため、担当者が拒絶すれば何年も訴訟が中断される恐れがあった。
- In the legal procedures, in particular, at that time, a party to a suit requested a hearing on certain dates and the person in charge of the case such as a magistrate decided on whether to approve the dates; thus, the lawsuit was likely to stop for years if he rejected the request.
- そのため、直系男子による皇統が一旦断絶したとしても、古くは継体天皇から光仁天皇、光孝天皇、後嵯峨天皇、後花園天皇、光格天皇に至るまで、傍系ではあるが全て男系により皇統がつながれてきた。
- Therefore, even though Imperial line of direct male Imperial members was discontinued, between the era of Emperor Keitai in old days through to Emperor Konin, Emperor Koko, Emperor Gosaga, Emperor Gohanazono, Emperor Kokaku, the Imperial line was passed by the male Imperial members although it was a collateral line.
- (当初は1,000石だった。1669年、忠幸の薨去で男子がおらず断絶するところであったが、同じく源氏で清華家の家格を有する久我家から養子継承が許された。その時500石に半減らされた。)
- (However, it was 1,000 koku at first. The family nearly became extinct due to a lack of male heirs after the death of Tadayuki; however, in 1669, it was allowed to welcome an adopted child from the Koga family, which was also descended from the Minamoto clan with the social standing of the Seiga family. In that occasion, the hereditary stipend was reduced in half to 500 koku.)
- 自検断権の象徴たるこれらの膨大な刀槍、銃器が完全に廃棄されたのは、第二次世界大戦の敗戦後、警察が軍国主義の排除という名目と占領軍の武力と威光を背景に、没収の実行に成功してからであった。
- It was after losing in the World War II when the police succeeded in confiscating and destroying completely these large amount of swords, spears, and firearms, the symbols of the right of Jikendan, under the guise of elimination of militarism and backed by the force and prestige of the occupation forces.
- 次いで佐竹家臣として出羽角館城に1万6000石を与えられたものの、盛重の死後、息子が相次いで病死、最後の当主蘆名千鶴丸も3歳で事故死したために家系は断絶して蘆名氏は名実ともに滅亡した。
- Morishige was granted Kakunodate Castle in Dewa and 16 thousand koku as a retainer of the Satake clan; though, after his death, his sons died one after another and the last head of the clan Sentsurumaru ASHINA died in an accident at the age of three, who was the last of the line, leaving the Ashina clan in ruin.
- 1689年(元禄2年)に、安楽院の霊空が『闢邪篇』(へきじゃへん)を著して批判し、輪王寺宮に上書したことで、典籍が没収され焚書にあい、玄旨帰命壇はついに禁断とされて絶滅したといわれる。
- Since Reiku of Anraku-in Temple criticized it in his book 'Hekijahen' and provided to Rinojinomiya, the book is said have been forfeited and burned, and the prohibition gradually lead to Genshi Kimyo-dan finally becoming extinct.
- 上野にて「平和記念東京博覧会」、「週刊朝日」「サンデー毎日」創刊、「小学館の学習雑誌」(小学館)創刊、「江崎グリコ」創業、「資生堂」が美容講習会、婦人断髪スタイルが流行、全国水平社創立
- Peace Commemoration Tokyo Exposition' in Ueno, the first publication of 'Shukan Asahi' and 'Sunday Mainichi,' the first publication of 'learning magazine' by Shogakukan Inc., the foundation of 'Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd.,' beauty lessons given by 'Shiseido Co., Ltd.,' shortcut hair in fashion among women, and the foundation of Zenkoku Suihei-sha
- 水野氏の出自は「寛政重修諸家譜」に従い清和源氏源満政流とされているが、藤原氏を称したり尾張藩士となった家に桓武平氏を称するものがあったりすることから、源氏と断定できず諸説ある状態である。
- As recorded in the 'Kansei Choshu Shokafu' (A record of family trees of samurai warriors of Edo bakufu), the Mizuno clan is thought to have been from the MINAMOTO no Mitsumasa line of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan); however, there are different theories as to their origin as some of families call themselves the Fujiwara clan and other families who became Owari clansmen call themselves the Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan).
- 「商工等は、武士・農民の事欠け申さざる程に渡世致し候はば然るべく候」として商工を非生産的な身分であり、都市が繁栄する事そのものが無駄以外の何者でもないと断じて厳しい奢侈禁止令を実施した。
- The sumptuary law stated that 'merchants as well as artisans should always remember that they are to work so as not to inconvenience samurai and farmers,' thus labeling the development of the city itself useless and forcing severe restrictions on these classes of people.
- 頼朝の直系が断絶し、困惑した幕府は、朝廷へ親王将軍を要望したが、治天の君・後鳥羽天皇はこれを拒否し、曲折の末、頼朝の遠縁に当たる摂関家の幼児藤原頼経が新将軍=鎌倉殿として迎え入れられた。
- Yoritomo's direct family line died out and the bakufu, concerned by this, requested that the Imperial Court appoint an Imperial Prince shogun, but Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power), the Emperor Gotoba refused this and as a result of a series of complicated moves, a Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) infant, FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, who was distantly related to Yoritomo, was welcomed as a new shogun = Kamakura-dono.
- 翌12月、園城寺・興福寺などが反平氏の挙兵を行ったため、清盛は断固とした態度で臨み、平知盛率いる軍は園城寺を焼き払い近江源氏を撃破、平重衡率いる軍も南都の諸寺を焼き払って荘園を没収した。
- The following December, Kiyomori took decisive action against anti-Taira forces raised by the Onjyo-ji Temple and the Kofuku-ji Temple, with TAIRA no Tomomori burning down the Onjyo-ji Temple and destroying the Omi-Genji, and TAIRA no Shigehira's troop burned down various temples in the southern capital and confiscated their shoens.
- ただし、雅楽本来の合奏形態としては、応仁の乱以降、徳川幕府が楽師の末裔(楽家)をあつめて再編するまでは、100年以上断絶していたので、平安時代の形態をどこまで継承しているかは疑問である。
- However, the original ensemble form of Gagaku was discontinued for more than 100 years until the Tokugawa shogunate gathered the descendants of the musicians (Raku families) and rebuilt it after the turmoil of the Onin War, and it is doubtful how faithfully the style from the Heian period has been inherited.
- この折伏教典は創価学会独自のもので現在は刊行されていないが、そこには日蓮宗、天台宗、真言宗、禅宗、念仏宗、キリスト教などありとあらゆる宗教哲学に対して徹底的に批判・断罪した内容であった。
- This Shakubuku Scripture is an original one of Soka Gakkai and is not publicly available at present, but its contents are thorough criticism and condemnations of all kinds of religious philosophies including Nichirenshu sect, Tendaishu sect, Shingonshu sect, Zen sect, Nenbutsushu sect, and Christianity, etc.
- 平穏な時代の訪れとともに武断的な家臣よりは文治的な家臣が重用されるようになったことに加え、安土桃山時代になされた兵農分離に加え江戸時代に俸禄制が主流になったことで武士の吏僚化が益々進んだ。
- As it became a peaceful period, samurai became increasingly bureaucratic, not only due to vassals being given important positions when they excelled in governance instead of in military affairs, but because of the heinobunri policy implemented in the Azuchi-Momoyama period and the adoption of the horoku system in the Edo period as well.
- しかし、秀頼はわずか6歳の幼主であったため、豊臣氏内部で秀吉の晩年からすでに発芽していた加藤清正、福島正則ら武断派と石田三成、小西行長らによる文治派の対立が表面化し、豊臣家臣団は分裂する。
- However, since Hideyori was only six years old, the conflict between the Budan-ha (a political faction willing to resort to military means to achieve its aims) consisting of Kiyomasa KATO, Masanori FUKUSHIMA and others, and the Bunchi-ha (a civilian party) consisting of Mitsunari ISHIDA, Yukinaga KONISHI, and others, which had started during Hideyoshi's last years, came to a head and the TOYOTOMI vassals were split off.
- 当初、守護の職権については鎌倉期と同じく大犯三ヶ条の検断に限定されていたが、国内統治を一層安定させるため、1346年(貞和2)幕府は刈田狼藉の検断権と使節遵行権を新たに守護の職権へ加えた。
- Initially, the power of the shugo was limited to the taibon-sankajo-no-kendan, just as it was in the Kamakura period, but in 1346 the Muromachi shogunate gave the shugo the authority to judge the case of the karita-rozeki and the authority of the shisetsu-jungyo to administer the country more stably.
- 遊具などはそのまま残されていたが、2000年代以降の廃墟ブームによって若者らなどに無許可で立ち入られる事態が後を絶たず、所有者が危険であると判断、2008年9月末までに遊具を全て撤去した。
- The rides and other amusements were left in place as they were; however, with the rising number of such abandoned facilities from the year 2000, there was an unstoppable tide of young people and the like entering the park without permission, whereupon the owners decided the park posed a hazard, and removed all the rides and amusement facilities.
- さらに半年後には、高村正次が映画製作を断念した東亜キネマを買収、同社の社長を辞任した南喜三郎とともに、宝塚キネマ興行を御室に設立、「御室撮影所」を「宝塚キネマ撮影所」と改称して稼動させた。
- Half a year later, Masatsugu TAKAMURA took over Toa Kinema that had given up film production, established Takarazuka Kinema Kogyo at Omuro in partnership with Kisaburo MINAMI, who had resigned as the president of Toa, changed 'Omuro Studio' to 'Takarazuka Kinema Studio' and put it into operation.
- 天才女形として三代目澤村田之助を襲名、翌年には16歳にして立役となるなど、大御所時代における女形の第一人者だったが、間もなく舞台上の事故から脱疽を患い四肢を切断、役者引退を余儀なくされた。
- He took the name Tanosuke SAWAMURA (III) as a brilliant actor of female roles and in the following year when he was only 16 he took leading roles and became the top performer of female roles in the Ogosho Period (1787 - 1841); however after a stage accident gangrene set in and he had to have his legs amputated, and was forced to retire from acting.
- 上述のとおり数片の断片であり、延暦9年(790年)6月に死亡した数人について死亡年月日(だいたい6月3日から8日の間)が判明できる程度であり、人名や年齢などは失われていて知ることができない。
- As stated above, the document was found in several fragments, which gave some information on the date of death (period approximately from July 23 to 28) for several people who deceased in July 790, and gave no information on their names, ages, and so on.
- 中世の朝廷は朝儀に関する有職故実を家学化して、公家の諸家がそれを家職として分掌することで維持され、万が一断絶に至った場合にはそうした家を養子縁組によって再興・継続させる方針が採られていった。
- The court of the middle ages was maintained by establishing Yusokukojitu (precedent cases and stories about court protocol) of Chogi as a Kagaku and the various aristocratic families became in charge of it as Kashoku and if the family had no successor, such families were reestablished by taking members in by adoption.
- 殷・周時代から制作されている「鐘」(しょう)という青銅器が梵鐘の源流と推定されているが、この「鐘」は全体に小型で、その断面形状は後世の梵鐘のような円形ではなく、杏仁形(アーモンド形)である。
- The bronze ware 'Sho,' produced during the Yin and Zhou periods, are thought to be the origins of Bonsho, but generally the size of 'Sho' is small and the cross-section is not a circle as found in Bonsho of later times but it is almond-shaped.
- 同裁判は最高裁判所にまで持ち込まれ、1989年12月14日に「製造理由の如何を問わず、自家生産の禁止は、税収確保の見地より行政の裁量内にある」として、酒税法の合憲判断と前田の有罪判決が出た。
- The case went to the Supreme Court, and on December 14, 1989, it was decided that 'whatever the production reason may be, the prohibition of in-house production is under administrative discretion in order to secure tax revenue,' and Maeda was convicted as the constitutionality of the Liquor Tax Act was confirmed.
- その後、1508年に忠嗣の玄孫にあたる松殿忠顕が従三位に叙せられて後に正三位参議となり、その子松殿家豊が従五位上に叙された後の系譜が途絶えており、戦国時代中期には断絶したものと考えられている。
- Tadatsugu's great-great grandson, Tadaaki MATSUDONO was promoted to the Junior Third Rank in 1508, and later to the Senior Third Rank as a Councilor, and Tadaaki's son, Ietoyo MATSUDONO reached the Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade, but the genealogical record ceases thereafter, suggesting that the family was discontinued during the Warring States period.
- なお、藤原北家閑院流の洞院家も、鎌倉~室町期に上記清華家と同等に太政大臣をたびたび輩出しているが、戦国時代の初めに断絶しているため、江戸時代に確立した清華家等の公家の家格に該当するものがない。
- Although the Toin Family of the Fujiwara Hokke-Kanin group also produced grand ministers of state from the Kamakura era through the Muromachi era as frequently as the Seiga Family did, since the family line of the Toin Family failed in the early Sengoku period the Toin Family did not have kakaku corresponding to that of court noble, such as the Seiga Family or other families established during the Edo period.
- ところが、室町時代になると、自立した百姓らによる自治村落(惣村)の形成が進み、こうした惣村では、惣内部や時には対立する他の惣との紛争解決の検断沙汰についてすら自ら検断権を行使するようになった。
- However, during the Muromachi period, self-governing communities (sosons) by independent peasants were formed and these communities started to exercise the right themselves against Kendan-sata to settle conflicts within the communities and sometimes even between communities.
- 12月2日_(旧暦)には四宮の親王宣下が行われて「朝仁親王」の名が与えられ、翌3年(1683年)2月9日_(旧暦)には中世以来断絶していた立太子式が行われて朝仁親王が正式に皇太子に立てられた。
- On December 30, an imperial proclamation to nominate Shinomiya was issued, renaming him Imperial Prince Asahito, who was officially invested in crown princedom in the ceremony of investiture of the Crown Prince next year, on March 7, 1683, the first such rite after a long interval since the (Japanese) Medieval Age.
- 次第に一乗院・大乗院などといった有力な門跡が自己の発言力の増大のために国内の武士や名主などを御家人などと称して自己の衆徒に組み入れ、自院の学侶に率いさせて寺内や奈良の町の検断などに従事させた。
- Gradually the influential monzeki (temple formerly led by the founder of the sect, or the temple in which resided a member of nobility or the Imperial Family), such as Ichijoin Temple and Daijoin Temple, incorporated warriors and myoshu (owners of rice fields) as gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods) in order to strengthen their influence, and put them in charge of duties such as trials in the temple and the city of Nara lead by Gakuryo.
- 室町時代初頭の貞和2年(1346年)、南北朝の争乱が続く中で、室町幕府は守護の権能を強化することで治安を確保することを企図し、守護に使節遵行権および刈田狼藉 の検断権を直接付与する法令を発した。
- In 1346 of the early Muromachi period, while the battle between the Southern and Northern Dynasties had been going on, the Muromachi bakufu contemplated securing public order by strengthening the Shugo's authorities and enacted laws which directly granted the Shugo the right to judge criminal cases for shisetsu jungyo and Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally).
- この太建7年銘鐘は、断面が円形であること、縦横の帯で鐘身を区切ること、鐘身を懸垂するフックの部分を龍身とすること、撞座を蓮華文とすることなどが後世の日本の梵鐘と共通しており、その祖形と目される。
- This bell with the inscription of 575 is similar to Japanese bells in later times and is considered to be their predecessor because it has a circular cross-section, horizontal and vertical bands dividing the bell body, hook section for hanging the bell that is shaped like a dragon and a Tsukiza (pedestal of the bell) decorated with a lotus pattern.
- 切れ味に関しては、江戸時代に町田長太夫という試し切りの達人が、6人の罪人の死体を積み重ねて童子切安綱を振り下ろすと、六つの死体を切断しただけではなく、刃が土台まで達した、という逸話が残っている。
- Speaking of the sharpness of the sword, a legend says that when a master of trial cutting called Chodayu MACHIDA in the Edo period brought down Dojigiri Yasutsuna onto the dead bodies of six criminals stacked one on top of another, it not only cut through the six bodies, but its blade reached the ground.
- しかし、その跡継ぎ聖武天皇には安積親王薨去後はついに男子の跡継ぎが生まれず、一族藤原氏と他氏貴族との権力闘争などもあいまって、崩御後20年も経たないうちに天武皇統は事実上断絶してしまう事となった。
- Her son, the Emperor Shomu, however, failed to produce single male heir after the Prince Asaka died, which, coupled with power struggle between the Fujiwara family and other noble families, practically led to the extinction of the lineage of the Emperor Tenmu, less than 20 years from the emperor's demise.
- しかしその頃、時を同じくして船によって琵琶湖を渡っていた丹羽長秀が「一度坂本に戻るべし」という部下の反対にあうも機は今を置いて他に無いと判断し、進路を変更して海津への上陸を敢行した事で戦局は一変。
- However, Nagahide NIWA, who was then crossing Lake Biwa by boat, decided that now was the time; despite objections from his subordinates that he should return to Sakamoto for the present, Nagahide changed his course and ventured a landing on Kaizu, which decisively turned the tide of the battle.
- 惣村の結合を維持するため、寄合などで惣掟(そうおきて)という独自の規約を定め、惣掟に違反した場合は惣村自らが追放刑・財産没収・身体刑・死刑などを執行する自検断(じけんだん)が行われることもあった。
- To maintain the unity of the soson, the independent rules called so okite (rules) were specified in yoriai, and if a member violated the rules, a jikendan (voluntary ruling and judgment) was sometimes implemented by the soson for the purpose of carrying out banishment, forfeiture of property, a bodily penalty or the death penalty.
- これは、修法の会得をしようとせず、経典を写して文字の表面上だけで密教を理解しようとする最澄に対して諌めたもので、空海は密教では経典だけではなく修行法や面授口伝を尊ぶことを理由に借経を断ったという。
- This was a admonition to Saicho, who tried to understand Esoteric Buddhism superficially by making a handwritten copy of Sutra, not mastering the method in esoteric Buddhism; Kukai declined to lend the scriptures insisting that Esoteric Buddhism laid importance not only on scriptures but on ascetic practices and Face to Face Transmission.
- 同年だけで300体以上の木喰仏を発見し、木喰仏の墨書銘や、納経帳や宿帳など自筆文書の発見により断片的な木喰の足跡が解明され、小宮山や山梨日日新聞社長の野口二郎らと雑誌『木喰上人之研究』を発刊する。
- Yanagi found more than 300 pieces of mokujiki-butsu within just an year, discovered fragmentary tracks of Mokujiki-butsu with inscriptions in black ink, sutras and guest records written by Mokuji, and he published 'Research on Mokujiki-shonin' with Komiyama and the president of The Yamanashi Nichinichi Shimbun newspaper, Jiro NOGUCHI.
- しかし地歌や浄瑠璃などの三味線音楽や箏曲の発展と共に次第に下火となり、波多野流は断絶、前田流は江戸時代中期に名古屋の荻野検校によって中興し、この流派のみがこんにちまで名古屋と仙台に伝えられている。
- However, they had gradually cooled down as Shamisen music and sokyoku (koto music) such as Jiuta (a genre of traditional songs with samisen accompaniment) and Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) developed, and the Hatano-ryu was put to an end while the Maeda-ryu was restored by Kengyo OGINO in Nagoya in the middle of the Edo period, and only this school has been handed down to the present in Nagoya and Sendai.
- 庶家としては、持明院家の庶家と坊門家の庶家が存在するが、坊門家及びその庶流である白河・高倉・六角の庶家は室町時代には断絶し、松木家・持明院家及び園家をはじめとする持明院家の庶家のみが後世に伝承した。
- Both the Jimyoin family and the Bomon family had collateral branches; however, during the Muromachi period, the Bomon family and its collateral families Shirakawa, Takakura, and Rokkaku were cut off, and only the Matsunoki family, and the Jimyoin family and its collateral families including the Sono family, prevailed.
- 天平勝宝元年7月2日(749年8月19日)、娘の阿倍内親王(孝謙天皇)に譲位(一説には自らを「三宝の奴」と称した天皇が独断で出家してしまい、それを受けた朝廷が慌てて退位の手続を取ったともいわれる)。
- On August 23, 749, he ceded the Imperial Throne to his daughter, Imperial Princess Abe (Empress Koken), (according to a theory, the Emperor who called himself 'Sanpo no Yakko' (a servant to Sanpo, three treasures of Buddhism: Buddha, sutras and priesthood) entered priesthood at his own discretion and in response to this, the Imperial Court hastily took the procedure of abdication of the Emperor).
- 例えば、これは公家政権における新制では堂舎社殿の修復、神事仏事の再興、訴訟における便宜、寺社領内での殺生禁断などが掲げられ、施設や儀式の維持とそのために必要な所領などの経済的基盤の確保を図っている。
- Under the new system of the imperial court administration, the restoration included repairing buildings of the religious institutions, restoration of Shinto rituals and Buddhist memorial services, assistance in lawsuits, and prohibition of shooting and fishing in the precincts; therefore, they managed to maintain the facilities and support the rituals, and secure economic base including shoryo (estate) necessary for the maintenance and support.
- その後、義就が宗全を頼って復権を願い出ていたところ、1467年2月6日(応仁元年正月2日)、宗全に懐柔された義政が、政長や勝元に断ることなく、将軍邸の花の御所(室町第)に義就を招いてこれを赦免した。
- Afterwards, when Yoshinari relied on Sozen in petitioning for his reinstatement, Yoshimasa, placated by Sozen, on February 6, 1467 invited Yoshinari to Hana no Gosho (or Muromachi-dai) of the Shogun's residence and remitted him without consulting Masanaga or Katsumoto.
- このルールは、激しい皇位承継紛争を未然に防止して天智皇統の復活を阻止しようとした代わりに、承継候補者を限定してしまったため、却って皇統の断絶(結果的には天智皇統の復活)という結果を招くこととなった。
- Although this rule prevented severe disputes due to Imperial succession and stopped Emperor Tenji's Imperial line from returning, it in fact limited the successors of Imperial succession and caused the discontinuity of the Imperial family line. (As a result of this, Emperor Tenji's Imperial line was restored.)
- そのため、祭りや花火の日に浴衣姿で歩く場合や、温泉街の街歩きなどでは雰囲気を出す音であっても、現代の町中では騒音と受け取られることも多く、(床が傷むことも含め)「下駄お断り」の場所も少なからずある。
- Therefore, this sound is often regarded as noise in a present-day city even if it generates an atmosphere when people stroll in yukata on the day of festival or fireworks, or stroll in hot spring resorts, and not a few places say 'No Geta' (including the reason that Geta damages a floor).
- もっとも、検地における土地の評価は担当者の判断に依拠するところが大きく、街道沿いなどの商工業が盛んな地域の田畠では高く見積もられ、政治的・軍事的要地や僻地では民心掌握のために低く見積もられ事があった。
- Evaluations of land in land surveys depended largely on the judgment of the person in charge, and this sometimes resulted in rice paddies and fields in commercial and industrial business areas being given high estimates and those in important political and military areas as well as remote areas being given low estimates in order to attract support from the public.
- だが、大規模な軍事衝突にも関わらず、参加諸大名の士気は低く、かと言って勝利の際の利益配分を期待しなかったわけではないため、結果的に首都で延々と11年間も決着が付かない軍事衝突を断続的に行う事になった。
- Yet despite the enormous size of the armies involved, morale among the various participating daimyo was low; this wasn't to say that they weren't hoping to be rewarded if their side was victorious, but as a result of this situation, inconclusive and intermittent fighting ravaged the capital for the next eleven years.
- 出家後は延暦寺(比叡山延暦寺)に登り、慈円が検校(けんぎょう)を勤める横川(よかわ)の首楞厳院(しゅりょうごんいん)の常行堂において、天台宗の堂僧として不断念仏(ふだんねんぶつ)の修行をしたとされる。
- After he entered the priesthood, he went to Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei and stayed at the training center called Jogyodo in the Shuryogon-in in Yokawa, where his master Jien served as Kengyo. He pursued his study and disciplined himself as a monk of the Tendai sect according to its religious practice of Fudan Nenbutsu.
- この寺は、603年(推古天皇11年)に秦河勝が宇治橋を架けた折に創建した寺と伝えられているが、境内にある「宇治橋断碑」(国の重要文化財)によれば、宇治橋は元興寺の僧道登によって架けられたものとされる。
- The temple was reportedly founded by HATA no Kawakatsu in 603, when he constructed Uji-bashi Bridge, but according to the monument called 'Uji-bashi Danbi' (a national important cultural property) within the premises of the temple, the Uji-bashi Bridge is considered to have been built by the monk Doto of Ganko-ji Temple.
- 天武と持統の間から生まれた草壁皇子の子孫は奈良時代の皇統となって平城京で政治・文化の担い手になったが、称徳天皇を最後に断絶してしまい、皇統は天智天皇系(すなわち白壁王、のちの光仁天皇)に戻る事となった。
- The descendant of Prince Kusakabe, who was a child between Emperor Tenmu and Emperor Jito, became the main Imperial blood line during the Nara period and was actively involved in politics and culture, however the Imperial line was discontinued after Emperor Shotoku was the last Emperor, the Imperial line was returned to Emperor Tenchi/Tenji's line (Prince Shirakabe, later became Emperor Konin).
- (これにさきだち同年9月11日に「十月十三日是朕生日毎至此辰威慶兼集宜令諸寺僧尼毎年是日転経行道海内諸国竝宜断屠内外百官賜酺宴一日仍名此日為天長節庶使廻斯功徳虔奉先慈以此慶情普被天下」と勅が下された)。
- (Prior to this, an imperial decree was issued on September 11the same year '十月十三日是朕生日毎至此辰威慶兼集宜令諸寺僧尼毎年是日転経行道海内諸国竝宜断屠内外百官賜酺宴一日仍名此日為天長節庶使廻斯功徳虔奉先慈以此慶情普被天下').
- すなわち、旅の途中で宿を乞うた武塔神(むとうしん)を裕福な弟の将来(『備後国風土記』では「或本作巨旦將來也」とあり、巨旦将来 こたんしょうらいとされる)は断り、貧しい兄・蘇民将来は粗末ながらもてなした。
- According to the tale, Muto shin (deity with clear roots in the Korean peninsula) had asked his wealthy younger brother, Shorai, for the place to sleep during his journey and had been refused; Muto shin asked his poor brother, Somin shorai as well, and Somin Shorai treated him even in a poor way.
- 入信を断った場合に、非合法な物理力の行使による信仰の強制(もしくは拒否)や団体への寄付は勿論、勧誘した側の信仰を反対する親類への弱みに付け込んだ慰謝料を口実とした恐喝等と言った犯罪に発展することもある。
- If the inducement to the religion is rejected, then it may turn to a crime, which is first of all the forced affiliation to (or rejection of) the religion or donation to the organization by exertion of unlawful physical power, or which is blackmail with the excuse of payment for pain and suffering exploiting the weak point of the relatives opposing the religious belief, or the like.
- 太子は一国の元首たる皇帝、国王の後継者であり、周囲に与える影響が絶大であるだけに、通常の名家・貴族の嫡子よりも相当に厳しい基準で判断され、一般の貴族なら容認される程度の不行跡でも廃されるケースがままある。
- Because a prince is the successor of an emperor or king, who is the leader of a country, and gives a great impact on his environment, he is judged by severer standards than those applied to heirs of other important families or aristocrats, and a minor misconduct which may be acceptable for aristocrats in general could often lead to disinheritance.
- 従来伝承されていた『晴豊公記』は、天正10年4月分から同年9月分が欠けていたが、1968年(昭和43年)岩沢愿彦が内閣文庫(現国立公文書館)にあった『天正十年夏記』が『晴豊公記』断簡であることを発表した。
- 'Haretoyo-koki' that had been handed down had missing pages from May to September in 1582, but in 1968 Yoshihiko IWASAWA released 'The Record of Summer in 1582' he found in Naikaku-bunko (literally, 'Library of the Cabinet,' National Archives of Japan now) which was a fragment of 'Haretoyo-koki.'
- どの戦国大名も従来の大名に替わって室町幕府に「郡検断」「軍勢催促」「段銭徴収」等の諸権力を公認されることで各地域の中心勢力を形成し、そして新しい中央政権たる豊臣秀吉の奥州仕置によって既得権益を追認された。
- Each sengoku daimyo formed the central power of influence in each region by being authorized to execute various powers such as 'jurisdiction,' 'demand for military assistance,' and 'collection of Tansen (tax on rice fields)' by the Muromachi bakufu in place of the existing daimyo and then had their vested interests confirmed by Oshu-shioki (repression of the Oshu region) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as the new central government.
- 建武新政期には後醍醐天皇が親政を行い院政は一時期中断したが、数年の後に北朝による院政が復活し、室町時代に入ってから院政は継続したが、永享5年(1433年)に後小松天皇が死去すると院政は事実上の終焉を迎えた。
- During the Kenmu Restoration, Emperor Godaigo conducted direct government and insei was discontinued for a certain period, but after a few years insei was revived by Hokucho (北朝) and continued after the start of the Muromachi period; however, when Emperor Gokomatsu died in 1433, insei virtually ended.
- なかんずく阮元は、南北朝時代 (中国)に北朝で彫られた碑である北碑と南朝の法帖・南帖を比較して「北碑南帖論」を著し、先述の論理から北碑を南帖よりも優れたものとして断じ、包世臣など多くの学者がこれに賛同した。
- Juan Yuan, among others, determined in his book 'Northern stelae and Southern copybooks,' based on the above theory, that northern stelae, or monuments engraved in Northern Dynasty in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China), compared favorably to nanjo, or hojo made in Southern Dynasty in the same period, which gained support from Bao shu-cheng and many other scholars.
- その一方で、オオクチバスやブルーギルをはじめとする外来種の侵入や1992年の琵琶湖水位操作規則の改訂、内湖の消失、水田とのネットワークの分断等によって固有の生物相が大きく攪乱を受け、漁獲高が激減した種も多い。
- On the other hand, the catches of many species have been significantly reduced by the disturbance of native species, caused by the invasion of introduced fish such as the largemouth bass and bluegill, the amendment of the Ordinance on Control of Water Level (琵琶湖水位操作規則の改訂) in 1992, the loss of lagoons and the disconnection of the lake from the network of paddy fields.
- 当時、既にあった宮家(伏見宮・有栖川宮・桂宮)は何れも天皇とは遠縁であり、皇統の断絶を危惧するも即位となれば天皇の近親者が相応しいとの考えから宝永7年(1710年)8月10日、新井白石の建議により創設された。
- On September 3, 1710, the Kaninnomiya family was founded by the proposal of Hakuseki ARAI insisting that close blood relatives of Emperor should ascend to the throne, but there was an anxiety at that time that imperial line might become extinct since Miyake (house of an imperial prince) such as the Fushiminomiya, Arisugawanomiya and Katsuranomiya families had not close blood relations with Emperor.
- さらに同時期までに、守護職には大犯三ヶ条の検断沙汰権、刈田狼藉の検断権、使節遵行権、半済給付権、闕所地給付権、段銭・棟別銭の徴収権など、軍事・警察的職権から経済的利得権まで広範な権能が付与されるようになった。
- In addition, in the same period, the shugo-shiki came to assume a wide spectrum of authority ranging from military and police authority to the authority for gaining an economical profit, such as the authority to make an investigation and give instruction (kendan-sata) over three kinds of criminal cases (Taibon-sankajo, three major tasks for peacekeeping), the authority to investigate the karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the authority to pass delegation of the word, the authority to collect half of the nengu (land tax), the authority to provide confiscated land or land without a governor (called kessho-chi), as well as the authority to collect tan-sen (surtax on the rice fields) and munabechi-sen (surtax on the houses).
- 近年の研究では、義経が平氏追討から外されたのは、後年の編纂書『吾妻鏡』が記すような無断任官による頼朝の怒りのためではなく、京都の治安維持に義経が必要であり、法皇や貴族たちの強い反対があったためと考えられている。
- According to recent studies, it is thought that Yoshitsune was dismissed from the army to search out and kill the Taira clan not because Yoritomo resented the appointment of Yoshitsune without his permission (as described in 'Azuma Kagami,' which was compiled in later years), but because Yoshitsune was needed to maintain the security of Kyoto and the Cloistered Emperor and nobles were strongly against it.
- 第二祖の日興は、神天上の法門を厳格に主張して他宗勧請の神社をすべて謗法と断じた反面、広宣流布が達成された暁においては、日本全国の神社仏閣すべてに御本尊が安置されることから、参拝を解禁すべき旨をも書き残している。
- The second founding monk, Nikkyo, was strict in following the rules of Buddhism and declared all shrines of other sects as non-followers of Buddhism, but also left writings stating that worshipping should be allowed because upon fulfillment of wide distribution, all shrines and temples in Japan will have enshrined a Honzon.
- 1974年(昭和49年)7月に始まった旭堂南陵主宰の「堺おたび寄席」(堺市、2005年3月に中断したが場所を代えて復活、講談と落語の会)と同年9月から続く「田辺寄席」(大阪市、桂文太と世話人会が運営)は最古参。
- The oldest are the following two: 'Sakai Otabi Yose' (Sakai City) which Nanryo KYOKUDO began in July 1974 (and suspended in March 2005 and later revived in a different place, offering kodan and rakugo storytelling) and 'Tanabe Yose' which began in September 1974 and continues to this day, (held in Osaka City and run by Bunta KATSURA and his friends).
- また、摂家が断絶した場合の後継の養子には必ず皇族か同じ摂家からの養子しか認められなくなり、太政大臣の任官要件に摂政・関白・征夷大将軍の経験者という暗黙の規定が追加されて、清華家以下の公家は朝廷中枢から排除された。
- Moreover, in the case where a family line of the Sekke failed, there was an additional provision that only the adopted child from the Imperial Family or the adopted child from the same sekke was allowed to inherit the sekke, and the tacit provision that only the person who once took the position of regent, chief advisor to the Emperor or seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') could be appointed as the grand minister of state, whereby court nobles from the Seiga Family and other families of the lower position were expelled from their positions as mainstays of the Imperial Court.
- 惣内部の事案といえども、本来ならば、領主又はその委任を受けた守護・地頭が検断権を行使するのが、前代までの慣習であったが、惣村などの自治性の高い村落は、領主の検断介入を拒否・排除し、自検断を行うようになっていった。
- It was a tradition from the preceding era that lords or a Shugo and a Jito (military governor and estate steward) who were delegated from the lords, exercised the right to judge criminal cases even against cases within communities, but with the increased autonomy, communities rejected and excluded the lord's intervention into trials and started to conduct Jikendan themselves.
- 一具のうち、今日では四天王寺(大阪市)に「法華経」巻一、六、七および開結経2帖の計5帖が伝存するほか、東京国立博物館が「法華経」巻八の完本1帖を所蔵、他に断簡5葉が各所に分蔵され、合計59面、表紙絵5面を数える。
- Today, of the series, the first, sixth and seventh volume of 'Hokekyo' and the two Kaiketsu-kyo books are kept at Shitenno-ji Temple in Osaka, the complete version of 'Hokekyo' volume 8 is kept at the Tokyo National Museum, and five fragments are kept separately at various facilities, meaning a total of 59 faces and five cover paintings remain in existence.
- 1965年の秋篠宮文仁親王の誕生から2006年の悠仁親王の誕生まで男性皇族が誕生していなかったため、皇位を継ぐべき男系男子が不足しており、皇室典範に定める皇位継承者が存在しなくなり、皇統が断絶する可能性が出てきた。
- Since the male Imperial Family was not born from the birth of Imperial Prince Akishino-no-miya Fumihito in 1965 through the birth of Imperial Prince Hisahito in 2006, males in the male line, who could succeed the Imperial Throne, is in short supply, and there is a possibility of the extinction of the Imperial line because heir to the Imperial Throne, as regulated in the Imperial House Act, no longer exists.
- 摂関などの高官による上表は3回行われてそのうち2回目までは天皇から慰留を受けて上表が返却され、3度目の上表を受けて天皇から辞任の可否が判断される(上表を納れて辞任を認めるか、返して辞任を拒否する)のが慣例とされた。
- For the officials in high positions such as Sekkan (Regent to the Emperor), it became a custom in which, Johyo was handed three times: the first two times, the Emperor asked for dissuasion from resigning or leaving and handed it back and the third time he made a decision (whether to accept the Johyo and the resignation or hand it back to reject the resignation).
- 『平家物語』では、頼政が夜半に不遇の以仁王の邸を訪れ、謀反を持ちかけたことになっているが、当時頼政は77歳という高齢であり、皇位への道を断たれて不満を持っていた以仁王の方から頼政に挙兵を持ちかけたという見方もある。
- The 'Heike monogatari' describes Yorimasa visiting the down-on-his-luck prince Mochihito at his mansion in the dead of night and proposing that they overthrow the government, but at this point Yorimasa was 77 years old, which has prompted some to suspect it was the other way around--that it was prince Mochihito, distressed at the disruption of imperial succession, who approached Yorimasa about raising an army.
- 国宝保存法による指定は、第二次世界大戦中の1944年(昭和19年)まで継続されたが翌1945年(昭和20年)から指定作業は一時中断し、終戦後は1949年(昭和24年)に2回(2月と5月)の指定が行われたのみである。
- Designations in accordance with the Law for Preservation of National Treasures continued until 1944 during World War II, but the next year they were temporarily interrupted; during the postwar period there were only two designations (in February and May), each of which was in 1949.
- この準則に従えば、一部の旧皇族はいまだに皇族の身分にとどまっていたことになり、これらの旧皇族に男系男子があった場合「宮家からの天皇即位」という解決策をもって皇統断絶の危機を回避する手段とできた可能性があるからである。
- Because once this regulation is put into practice, if some former Imperial Families, still ranking as Imperial members, have a male successor who could have become a successor to the throne from the Miyake, this would possibly prevent a crisis of discontinuity in Imperial succession.
- 嘉永6年(1853年)のマシュー・ペリー来航以来、幕府政治に発言力を持ち、江戸幕府大老井伊直弼が諸外国と独断で条約を結ぶとこれに不信を示し、一時は攘夷さえ表明したこともあった(文久3年(1863年)3月の攘夷勅命)。
- Since Matthew Perry came to Japan in 1853, the Emperor had an influential voice in politics in the bakufu, he distrusted the incident when a chief minister [councilor] of the Tokugawa shogunate, Naosuke II of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) arbitrarily made agreements with overseas countries, and even once, he expressed the exclusion of foreigners from Japan (the Imperial order of exclusion of foreigners in March (1863)).
- 甲陽軍鑑には「その日の(事前にあった別の)戦いに勝ったと思った今川軍が略奪に散る中、織田軍が味方のように入り交じり、義元の首を取った」とあり、又別の史料で徳川家康が「今川軍が略奪し、油断していた」と証言したのも確認。
- Koyo Gunkan states that 'just when the Imagawa army thought they had won the battle (another previous battle) that day and went off for looting, the Oda army was mixed up in them and took Yoshimoto's head,' while another historical source confirms that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was quoted as saying 'the Imagawa army was looting, and caught off guard.'
- いっぽう、百済王の仏像贈与・上表文などは象徴的事件に過ぎず、実際には仏教の伝来自体は公伝・私伝の区別無くこの時期に断続的に何度も行われたとみて、公伝の年次をいずれかに確定することにそれほど意義を見出さない論者もいる。
- On the other hand, other people say that it is not so important to define any official introduction year among various theories, because the gifts of Buddha statue and Johyobun of the Baekje King were only a symbolic incident and the Buddhism itself was intermittently introduced many times without regard to the distinction between official or nonofficial.
- 各地の測量には幕府の許可を要したが、幕府も西洋列強の艦船が頻繁に日本近海に現れるようになったため国防上、全国沿岸地図の必要を痛感しており、伊能の事業を有益だと判断したため、測量許可のみならず、全国各藩にも協力させた。
- Though he had to ask the Bakufu for permission to survey various areas, the Bakufu not only granted him permission but also ordered domains throughout the country to cooperate with him because it determined that his operations were beneficial, perceiving a pressing need for a national coastal map in terms of national defense, with warships of the Western posers frequently witnessed in the sea of Japan.
- その間皇后禎子内親王とその皇子尊仁親王は関白らに冷遇されていたが、後朱雀天皇が里内裏東三条殿において病に倒れて譲位を決断した際、皇后を支援していた藤原能信の働きで尊仁親王を次期皇太子にするよう遺詔を発したと言われる。
- During this time, Empress Teishi and her prince, Takahito, were treated coldly by the chancellors (chief advisors to the emperor), and it is said that after Emperor Go-Suzaku decided to abdicate due to his illness when he was staying in the temporary palace of Higashi Sanjo dono, FUJIWARA no Yoshinobu, who supported the Empress, helped set up Prince Takahito as the next Crown Prince according to the will of Emperor Go-Suzaku.
- また、為平親王や敦康親王のように皇位継承において優位だった親王が皇位を断念せざるを得なくなった代償に授けられるケースが生じた(藤原氏の策動で皇籍に復帰させられた兼明親王(元左大臣源兼明)の一品叙位も近似の例と言える)。
- Also, there were cases such as the Imperial Prince Tamehira and the Imperial Prince Atsuyasu, who had the advantage over the succession to the Imperial Throne, but they had to give up and they were granted Ippon as a compensation (A case of conferring Ippon to the Imperial Prince Kaneakira [MINAMOTO no Kaneakira, former Minister of the Left] can be said as a similar case that he had to return to the Imperial Family because of the Fujiwara clan's strategy.)
- しかし殺到する兵から槍傷を受けたため、それ以上の防戦を断念、女衆に逃げるよう指示して、奥に篭り、信長の小姓・森成利に火を放たせ、自刃したと言われる(信長の家臣太田牛一の著作『信長公記』による、この女衆に取材したとある)。
- As he got hurt with the spear by rushing enemies, however, he gave up to defend any further and instructed women to run away and, then, he shut himself up in the interior and let his page, Naritoshi MORI, set fire and he himself committed suicide (Writings of Nobunaga's vassal Gyuichi OTA 'Shinchoko-ki' (Biography of Nobunaga ODA); it is written that this story based on hearing from such women.).
- 安康天皇が彼の同母妹の草香幡梭皇女と弟の雄略天皇を結婚させようとした際、彼は承諾したものの、その印として献上された宝冠、押木珠縵を使者根使主が盗み、それを隠すために断ったと虚偽の報告をしてしまい、その結果殺されてしまう。
- When Emperor Anko tried to marry his younger brother, Emperor Yuryaku, with Kusaka no Hatabi no Himemiko who was the younger maternal half-sister of Imperial Prince Okusaka, Imperial Prince Okusaka consented, but Kebutsu (the Artificial Buddha) and Oshiki no Tamakatsura Crown which were presented as a token of his consent were stolen by his envoy, Nenoomi; in order to hide this, Nenoomi gave a false report that Imperial Prince Okusada had not consented, and as a result, Imperial Prince Okusada was killed.
- 紙質を変え、張りの仕口をかえて、紙を張り重ねていくと、ふすまは丈夫になるとともに、吸音効果や断熱効果そして調湿効果などとともに、ぴんと張りつめたなかにも、ふっくらとした柔らかい味わいで、落ち着いた和風の雰囲気を醸し出す。
- The fusuma becomes stronger through the processes of pasting papers with changing the quality of paper and shikuchi (an angle for joining), and gains sound an absorption, an insulation and a humidity regulation effects, bringing a settled Japanese style atmosphere with a puffed and soft taste.
- これを、南部氏が政季を傀儡とし北方海域の各地に広く分布していた安藤氏の同族を掌握したため、北方海域の安定化と幕府権威の浸透につながったとし、このとき下国家は断絶し潮潟安藤政季から新たに檜山安東氏が始まるとしている説がある。
- According to one theory, the Nanbu clan used Masasue as a puppet player, to control the Ando line families settled in a wide range of the northern maritime area, and this policy contributed to the stabilization of the northern maritime area and the penetration of the bakufu's influence into this area, and from this point, the Shimonokuni family was discontinued and the Hiyama Ando clan emerged from Masasue ANDO of Shiokata, in return.
- 初代である松殿基房が高倉天皇の関白だった1179年、後白河天皇と平清盛の対立が頂点に達し、ついに清盛が法皇の幽閉と高官達の追放を断行、それに巻き込まれた基房も大宰権帥へと左遷となり、失意の内に36歳の若さで出家してしまう。
- When Motofusa MATSUDONO, the founder of the house, was the Senior Regent of the Emperor Takakura in 1179, the conflict between the retired Emperor Shirakawa and Taira no Kiyomori reached its peak with Taira no Kiyomori imprisoning the retired Emperor and exiling his senior officials, whereafter Motofusa, who had become involved, was demoted to Dazai-no-Gonnosotsu, Deputy Governor of Dazaifu, and left, mired in disappointment, to become a priest at the age of 36.
- 「御所(足利将軍家)が絶えなば吉良が継ぎ、吉良が絶えなば今川が継ぐ」と言われていたように、足利宗家(室町将軍家系統と鎌倉公方家系統)が断絶した場合には吉良家とともに足利宗家と征夷大将軍職の継承権が発生する特別な家柄であった。
- As it was said that 'if the Imperial Palace (Ashikaga Shogunate house) ceased, Kira succeeded and if Kira ceased, Imawaga succeeded,' the Kira clan and Imawaga clan were special families that had the right of succession to the head family of Ashikaga and the Seii taishogun (great general who subdues the barbarians) if the head family of Ashikaga (Muromachi shogunate family and Kamakura kubo [shogunate] family) ceased.
- また近年では、欽明天皇の嫡男である敏達天皇の直系(田村皇子)と庶子である用明天皇の直系(山背大兄皇子)による皇位継承争いであり豪族達も両派に割れたために、蝦夷はその状況に対応した現実的な判断をしただけであるとする見方もある。
- Recently another theory has been believed that Emishi just made a realistic decision to solve the conflict over the succession to the Imperial Throne between a direct descendant (Tamura no Miko) of the Emperor Bidatsu who was the legitimate son of the Emperor Kinmei, and a direct descendant (Yamashiro no Oe no O) of the Emperor Yomei who was a child born out of wedlock of the Emperor Kinmei, which also caused a division of Gozoku (local ruling family) into two factions.
- 興利倭は倭寇の転身したものであり、明で倭寇を働きその略奪品を持って朝鮮へ交易に訪れる、あるいは船中に武器を携帯し防備の厚い所では交易を行う一方、防備の薄い所では倭寇と化す者もあり、朝鮮王朝にとって油断のならない相手であった。
- Koriwa were originally wako; therefore, they were cunning fellows to the Korean kingdom such that some of them raided Ming and brought their pillage to Korea to trade with Koreans, or were on board bearing arms and traded in their pillage at strictly guarded places and conducted raids as wako on the poorly guarded places.
- 検断とは統治すること・裁判することを意味する言葉であり、中世日本では治安行政と刑事司法とが未分化だったため、統治することが裁判を行うことと密接につながっていたのである(日葡辞書によると、検断は統治・裁判を行う役職、とある)。
- 'Kendan' is a word which means both to govern and judge; since public safety administration and criminal justice were undifferentiated in medieval Japan, the concept of governing was closely associated with the concept of judging (according to a Japanese - Portuguese dictionary, 'kendan' is a role which governs and judges).
- 「戒」とは仏教者として守るべき規律のことであり、「木食」とは五穀(米、麦、アワ、ヒエ、キビ)あるいは十穀(五穀+トウモロコシ、ソバ、大豆、小豆、黒豆)を絶ち(穀断ち)、山菜や生の木の実しか口にしないという、厳しい戒律である。
- Kai' means commandments Buddhist priests should keep and 'mokujiki' means a strict commandment not to eat the five main cereals (rice, wheat, foxtail millet, Japanese millet, and millet) or the ten main cereals (the five main cereals plus corn, buckwheat, soybean, adzuki bean and black bean) and to eat only wild vegetables and raw nuts.
- これにより、男系の後継者がいない有栖川宮家は皇室典範の定めによって断絶が確定したが、威仁親王の教育を受け、身分を越えて親王を慕っていた大正天皇は有栖川宮家の維新以降の功績を特に慮り、第三皇子の宣仁親王にその祭祀を継承させた。
- After his death, following the Imperial Family Law, it was decided for the Arisugawa no Miya family to be discontinued as there was no male successor in the family, Emperor Taisho who was taught by Imperial Prince Takehito and was fond of him although there was a difference in social standing, the Emperor considered the achievements of the Arisugawa no Miya family especially after the restoration, he let the third Prince, Imperial Prince Nobuhito succeed to the ritual of the family.
- 水戸家は頼房が駿河家断絶後の1636年(寛永13年)に徳川賜姓された家であり、他の2家よりも官位・官職の点では下ではあるが、朝廷に対して次期将軍家の奏聞をし、また、江戸常勤であることなどから五代綱吉のころから御三家と呼ばれる。
- Since the Mito family founded by Yorifusa only received the honor of taking the name of Tokugawa after the Suruga family became extinct in 1636, they were lower in rank and grade than the other two families; however, they reported to the Emperor on the next shogun family, and they worked full time in Edo, so that they came to be called Gosanke when Tsunayoshi became the fifth shogun.
- 刈田狼藉紛争とは、国内の武士・荘官などの間に起こった所領紛争に他ならず、刈田狼藉検断権を獲得したことによって、守護は国内の武士・荘官へ大きな影響を及ぼすことが可能となり、以後、室町期守護は国内武士・荘官の被官化を進めていった。
- Karita-rozeki disputes were just territory-related disputes occurring among warriors or shokan in a state; after shugo acquired the karita-rozeki related kendan power, they were able to have significant influence on warriors and shokan of the state, and afterward, shugo in the Muromachi period worked hard to vassalize warriors and shokan of the state.
- 仁明の後、文徳天皇-清和天皇-陽成天皇と直系による皇位継承がほぼ順調に行われたが、陽成が内裏で重大事件(誤って殺人を犯したとする説が有力)を起こし退位に追い込まれてしまい、再び直系継承の下で皇統断絶の危機が訪れることになった。
- After the era of Emperor Ninmyo, Imperial succession of the direct Imperial line continued almost smoothly for example; Emperor Montoku - Emperor Seiwa - Emperor Yozei, later Emperor Yozei caused a serious incident in the Palace, (there was a theory about him accidentally killing someone) after he was forced to abdicated from the throne, and again there was a crisis of the discontinuity of Imperial succession of the direct Imperial line.
- しかし、上記説の論者は、当時の状況(後光厳系統断絶の危機など)を詳細に観察してみると、義満による皇位簒奪はかなりの可能性で成功したはずであり、もし成功していればその後の天皇(皇位)のあり方が劇的に変化していただろうと考えている。
- However the present writer of the above seemed to think that Yoshimitsu had a great possibility to regain his rights of succeeding the throne after looking into the details of the situation, (such as the crisis of discontinuity of Emperor Gokogon's Imperial lineage) if Yoshimitsu had a chance to succeed to the throne, the existence of the (Emperor) Imperial throne should have been changed dramatically.
- 上述の事情によって、2度まで断念したが、3度目にしてようやく施財を集めることを得、京都の木屋町二条の地に印経房(のちの貝葉書院)を開設し、1668年(寛文8年)に中国明の万暦版を基に覆刻開版し、1678年(延宝6年)に完成させた。
- Although he had given up twice due to the above-mentioned circumstances, he finally succeeded in collecting alms at his third attempt and established Inkyobo (later Baiyo shoin) at Nijo, Kiya-machi, Kyoto, started to carve a woodblock in 1668 based on the Banreki edition of Ming, China, and finally completed it in 1678.
- 上賀茂神社の曲水の宴は、1960年(昭和35年)、皇太子明仁親王(今上天皇)誕生を記念し再興されたが中断し、1994年(平成6年)皇太子徳仁親王成婚、平安建都1200年、上賀茂神社第41回式年遷宮の奉祝行事として復活したものである。
- The Kyokusui no en held at Kamigamo-jinja Shrine was revived in 1960 to celebrate the birthday of Crown Prince Akihito (present Emperor), but was discontinued and revived again in 1994 as a memorial ceremony of Crown Prince Naruhito's wedding, the 1200th anniversary of the relocation of the Heian capital, and the forty-first shikinen sengu (rebuilding a shrine every 20 or 30 years) of Kamigamo-jinja Shrine.
- 西本願寺の主張によると、もともと兄の教如は1580年の石山本願寺退去の折、織田氏への抗戦継続を断念した父に背いて石山本願寺に篭るなど父と不仲で、また、織田氏を継承した秀吉にも警戒されており、自然と准如が立てられるようになったという。
- Nishi Hongan-ji Temple claimed that Junnyo's brother Kyonyo was basically at odds with their father, as was evident when he withdrew to Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple in 1580 despite his father having given up his resistance to the Oda clan, and he was closely watched by Hideyoshi as well when he succeeded Oda Nobunaga, so it was natural that Rennyo became the next Monshu.
- が、当時の紀伊国造家や津守氏のように本姓はあっても名字の存在しない家や、源義高 (左兵衛権佐)流源氏のように姓と名字が同一の例も存在するなど、名字と本姓が必ず別であるという規則は無いこともあり、豊臣宗家の名字を断定することは出来ない。
- However, there was no strict rule on that myoji (family name) and honsei (original name) had to be different as these examples show: in the cases of the Miyatsuko family of Kii Province, and the Tsumori family, the honsei (original name) existed but they had no myoji (family name), on the other hand, the Minamoto clan, the line of MINAMOTO no Yoshitaka (Sahyoe no gon no suke [provisional assistant captain of the Left Division of Middle Palace Guards]), the sei (surname) and myoji (family name) were the same, and therefore, it is impossible to conclude what was the myoji of the head family of TOYOTOMI.
- なお、全ての異常な天文現象が天文密奏の対象になったわけではなく、天文博士・天文密奏宣旨授与者が占った結果、重大な変事の前兆と判断された出来事に限定され、天文博士・天文密奏宣旨授与者が異常の発生に気付かなかった場合も密奏は行われなかった。
- Tenmon misso was not performed for all the unusual astronomical phenomena but only for phenomena which had been divined by tenmon hakase or those who had received the imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso as an omen of a great calamity -- the phenomena which tenmon hakase and those who had received the imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso had failed to observe were not reported as tenmon misso either.
- このとき本多正信や徳川四天王の一人・榊原康政などは寡兵の真田氏を侮ることはせず、上田城を黙殺して西軍との主戦場(関ヶ原)に急ぐべきだと進言するが、土井利勝を始めとする戦場に疎い将が多かったこともあり、秀忠の決断を覆すことは出来なかった。
- At this time, Masanobu HONDA and one of Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Ieyasu TOKUGAWA) Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, and others proposed that they should not downgrade the outnumbered Sanada clan, but pass Ueda-jo castle in silence and hurry to the major battlefield against the Western Camp (Sekigahara), but because there were many generals who were unfamiliar with battlefields including Toshikatsu DOI, they could not reverse Hidetada's decision.
- 太平洋戦争後の開放的気分の中で「熊沢天皇」こと熊沢寛道など、自らを正統な天皇の継承者と称する自称天皇たちが現れたとき、その多くは、1911年(明治44年)に明治天皇の裁断によって南朝が正統とされたことを受けて、後南朝の子孫と主張していた。
- In the liberal atmosphere after the end of the World War II, when figures like Hiromichi KUMAZAWA, the so-called 'Emperor Kumazawa,' appeared and each claimed that only he himself was the legitimate successor to the Emperor, most of these self-styled Emperors were reacting to the fact that in 1911 Emperor Meiji had decided that the Southern lineage was the legitimate one, and came forward claiming to be descendants of the Southern dynasty.
- その2か月後の8月27日に即位式が行われるも、途中で泣き出して中断したために慌てて乳母(蔵人頭・藤原邦綱の娘、成子)が授乳させてやっと落ち着いたという(参議・中山忠親が、赤ん坊には儀式よりも乳の方が大切であると機転を利かせたのだという)。
- Two months later, on August 27, the enthronement ceremony was held, however the ceremony was stopped because the Emperor started crying, his nanny (Kurodo no To, FUJIWARA no Kunitsuna's daughter Nariko) gave him some milk and he finally calmed down. (It is said that Tadachika NAKAYAMA, the quick witted state councilor, remarked that it was more important for the baby to have milk than have an enthronement ceremony.)
- 一切の解説文がないため、どのような妖怪を意図して描かれたものかは想像の域を出ないが、妖怪ではなく実在の動物であるヤマアラシを描いたもの、またはヤマアラシが全身の棘によって相手を威嚇するという断片的な情報が妖怪視されたもの、などの説がある。
- Because no detailed description is attached to it, no one can be sure what kind of Yokai (specter) the Yama-arashi represents, but some say that the Yama-arashi is not Yokai but merely an illustrated figure of the real animal, porcupine (yama-arashi in Japanese), or that fragmented information that a porcupine uses its spines to threaten other animals created the fictitious Yokai, Yama-arashi.
- 所領1000石が新たに朝廷より下賜され九条幸家の3男松殿道基が松殿家を復興して1642年に従三位に叙されたが、1代で途絶え、続いて九条尚実の次男松殿忠孝が1765年に再度松殿家を再興して2年後に従三位に叙されたが、これも1代で断絶している。
- Granted a fief with a yield 1,000 koku of rice by the Court, Michimoto MATSUDONO, the third son of Yukiie KUJO, restored the Matsudono family and was promoted to Junior Third Rank in 1642, but his family was discontinued in a single generation; Tadataka MATSUDONO, the second son of Naozane KUJO, restored the Matsudono family again in 1765 and reached Junior Third Rank two years later, but this family was also discontinued in a single generation.
- 尊皇攘夷の中心的な役割を果たしてきた薩摩藩・長州藩両藩を中心とした明治政府が成立したことにより、攘夷が断行されると信じていた全国の攘夷派は明治政府が戊辰戦争が終わると直ちに「開国和親」を国是とする方針を打ち出したことに強い失意と憤慨を抱いた。
- The joi-ha all over the nation believed that foreigners would be expelled by the establishment of the Meiji Government whose main members were from Satsuma and Choshu clans that played important roles in the expulsion of the foreigners, but they were deeply disappointed and outraged by the Meiji Government's issuance of the 'Kaikoku Washin (opening the country to the world with peace and amity)' policy immediately after the end of the Boshin War.
- 1334年正月に定められた「建武」の年号は、中国の後漢王朝の25年に劉秀(光武帝)が王莽を滅ぼし漢王朝を復興した際に定めた元号であり、先例に反し、辛酉革命説により「武」の一字が不吉であると断固反対した公家衆の反対を押し切って定めたものであった。
- The 'Kenmu' era name, established in the first month of 1334, was the era name chosen in China in the twenty-fifth year of the later Han dynasty, when Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu) destroyed Wang Mang and restored the Han dynasty to power; he went against precedent, and despite the fact that it was the fifty-eighth year of the sixty-year cycle and it was taboo to use the character 'mu' (samurai) in that year, he overcame the resolute opposition of the nobility and selected 'Kenmu' as the era name anyway.
- この中には、敵兵力に対して実力を行使するだけでなく、隣接勢力に対する嫌がらせの意味も含め、日常的な焼討ちや、食料を断つ“刈り働き”(あるいは“青田刈り”)も含まれており、結果として、そのエスカレーションが、大規模な軍事行動を誘引する面もあった。
- Not only applying raw power against the enemy's armed forces, but also day-to-day attacking and burning or 'karibataraki (to send a small group of soldiers to an opponent's territory to cut wheat and rice off their fields and take it back (a kind of tactic that was used during the Sengoku Period) ' (or 'aotagari (literally, cutting off rice plants while it is still green)') to cut out the supply of foods as a kind of harassment to the opponent are included in such conflicts and as a result, escalation from such conflicts led to a large-scale military operation
- B.S.L.は、1874年(明治7年)に鳥居川観測点において「これ以上水位が下がることはない」と判断された点として定められたものであるが、その後、瀬田川の改修によって流出量が多くなったことなどにより、水位がB.S.L.以下になることが多くなった。
- The B.S.L. was set at the observation point of the Torii-gawa River in 1874, in the assumption that 'the water level was the lowest possible' at that time; however, later the water levels of Lake Biwa often went below the B.S.L., partly due to the improvement of the Seta-gawa River, which caused more water to flow out of the lake.
- 衆生が仏法を信じない原因の一つに「煩悩・愛欲により浮世のかりそめの楽に心惹かれている」ことがあるが、愛染明王は「煩悩と愛欲は人間の本能でありこれを断ずることは出来ない、むしろこの本能そのものを向上心に変換して仏道を歩ませる」とする功徳を持っている。
- One of the reasons living things do not believe in Buddhism is that 'they are fascinated by temporal pleasures such as bonno (earthly desires) and sexual desire,' but Aizen Myoo practices pious acts because 'bonno and sexual desire are human's instincts that are difficult to cease, so that I change these instincts into ambitions and make living things believe in Buddhism.'
- 津田は記紀の成立過程に関して初めて本格的な文献批判を行い、神話学、民俗学の成果を援用しつつ、神武天皇は弥生時代の何らかの事実を反映したものではなく、主として皇室が日本を支配するいわれを説明するために述作された日本神話の一部として理解すべきであると断じた。
- TSUDA was the first person who criticized literature regarding the process of coming into existence of the kojiki and Nihonshoki in earnest, and concluded that the Japanes had to understand that description concerning Emperor Jimmu did not reflect any fact in the Yayoi period, but were mostly written as part of Japanese Mythology in order to justify the ruling of Japan by the Imperial Family, taking advantage of mythology and folklore.
- 明治に入ると、坪内逍遥が『小説神髄』において、八犬士を「仁義八行の化物にて決して人間とはいひ難かり」と断じ、近代文学が乗り越えるべき旧時代の戯作文学の代表として『八犬伝』を批判しているが、このことは、当時『八犬伝』が持っていた影響力の大きさを示している。
- During the Meiji period Shoyo TSUBOUCHI, in 'Shosetsu shinzui' (The essence of the novel), criticized 'Hakkenden' as the typical gesaku literature from another age which must be overcome by early-modern literature, insisting that 'the eight dog warriors were monsters of Jingi-hachigyo instead of being human beings,' but such criticism gives evidence of the major impact that 'Hakkenden' had in those days.
- しかし最澄は弟子をして空海に借経を繰り返し、「理趣釈経(理趣経の解説本)」を借りようとしたところ、ついに空海から拒絶され、また最澄の一番弟子である泰範など諸弟子たちが空海の元へ行って比叡山へ帰らなかったことなど、さまざまな理由から最澄と空海の交流が断たれた。
- After learning sutra again and again from Kukai as a disciple, Saicho tried to use 'Rishishakukyo' (explanation of Rishu-kyo (Principle of Wisdom Sutra)) but was finally rejected by Kukai, and also, Saicho's best disciple Taihan and other disciples went over to Kukai and did not return back to Mt. Hiei, and for those and other reasons, exchange between Saicho and Kukai disappeared.
- ついで諮詢を受けた皇族会議でも一部の皇族たちの反発が予想されたため、政府側は、皇族会議の議員は「自己の利害に関する議事」では採決に参加できないという皇族会議令第9条の規定を利用して採決を行わずに議長(当時は伏見宮貞愛親王)の判断のみで皇族会議を通過させている。
- Next, in the consultation of the Imperial meeting, it was expected that some Imperial members would be against the regulation, the government took advantage of Imperial Meeting regulations, which stated that members of the Imperial meeting are not allowed to vote in terms of 'proceedings related to their own benefit,' and the chairman (Fushiminomiya Imperial Prince Sadanaru at that time) let the proceedings pass through the Imperial meeting without taking vote.
- ところが、歴史研究家の立花京子が晴豊の日記全体の「被申候」使用例を分析した結果、村井貞勝の言葉と解釈し、独断専行を嫌う信長に無断で貞勝が発言するはずがないとし、信長の将軍任官の意向を踏まえたものであったと主張したことにより、歴史学者の間で賛否両論の論争となった。
- However, Kyoko TACHIBANA, a researcher of history, studied usages of '被申候'in other passages across Haretoyo's diary and concluded it was what Sadakatsu MURAI said, arguing that Sadakatsu would never say such a thing without Nobunaga's permission because Nobunaga disliked his followers' arbitrary decisions or executions, and that he represented Nobunaga's wish to gain the post, which led to controversies of pros and cons among historians.
- その原因として姐さん方の弟子取り(跡継ぎ)を全面的に中止していること(今の代で廃業)や会社員制になったことによる士気の低下、さらには若手のプロ意識の低下、いわゆる「旦那様」の激減などがあげられ、この旦那様の皆無状態により若手芸妓の跡継ぎを姐さん方が断念している。
- The factors for the decline of Furumachi Geigi include that ma'ams have stopped deshi tori (training apprentice geigi who will succeed the existing geigi) all together (meaning that there will be no more Furumachi Geigi after the current generation), low morale caused by being company employees and drastic decrease in the number of so-called 'danna-sama' and the extinction of danna-sama has resulted in ma'ams giving up on any hope to be succeeded by younger geigi.
- 一般的に現在の日本の皇室は、この持明院統の子孫と言われているが、持明院統嫡流とされている後光厳院流は後小松天皇の子である称光天皇の代で断絶しており、厳密に言えば持明院統の分家(崇光天皇の子孫、崇光院流)と位置付けられてきた伏見宮家が現在の皇室の直接の祖先にあたる。
- Generally, it is said that Jimyoin-to's ancestors are the current Imperial Family; but the legitimate highbred of Jimyoin-to, Go-Kogon'in-ryu was extinguished after the generation of Emperor Shoko, son of Emperor Go-Komatsu, and strictly speaking the direct ancestor of the Imperial Family is the Fushimi-no-Miya Family, which was in the position of a cadet family (the descendant of Emperor Suko, Suko'in-ryu) of Jimyoin-to.
- 元弘元年(1331年)、再度の倒幕計画が側近吉田定房の密告により発覚し身辺に危険が迫ったため急遽動座を決断、三種の神器を持って御所を脱出した上で挙兵し笠置山 (京都府)(現・京都府相楽郡笠置町内)に篭城するが、圧倒的な兵力を擁した幕府軍の前に落城して捕らえられる。
- In 1331, his plan to overthrow the Shogunate was again discovered because of the betrayal of his close associate, Sadafusa YOSHIDA. The Emperor sensed danger, and quickly decided to leave the imperial palace with the Three Sacred Treasures of Japan, raised an army and secluded himself in a castle in Mt. Kasagi in Kyoto (today's Kasagi Town, Soraku District, Kyoto Prefecture). The castle, however, fell to the attacks of the Shogun's army and he was arrested.
- 検断とは、統治すること・裁判することを意味する用語であり、中世日本では治安行政と刑事司法、さらに軍事までもが未分化だったため、領地・村落内の内政、外交を行い、統治することが裁判を行うことと密接につながっていた(日葡辞書によると、検断は統治・裁判を行う役職、とある)。
- The kendan is the term to mean to rule and to hold a trial, and addressing domestic policies, diplomacies, and governing territories and rural communities were closely connected to holding a trial because security, government, and criminal justice, even the military, were not separated in medieval Japan (according to 'Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam:' Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, published 1603 - 1604), kendan was described as a post to rule and hold a trial).
- 米倉は、伝重盛像を足利尊氏、伝光能像を足利義詮に比定する際、等持院に伝わる尊氏木像・義詮木像との外見類似性を論拠の一つに挙げているが、美術史学者の宮島新一は、日本の肖像画は必ずしも外見の類似から像主を判断できないため、外見類似性を像主決定の論拠とすることを批判した。
- When Yonekura considered the portrait of Shigemori, unconfirmed as Takauji ASHIKAGA and the portrait of Mitsuyoshi, unconfirmed as Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, he pointed out the similarity in appearance of the wooden figures of Takauji and Yoshiakira handed down in Toji-in Temple as one of his evidences; however, Shinichi MIYAJIMA, an art historian, criticized that the similarity in appearance could not be an evidence of identifying the portraits because it is not always true to identify the portrait based on the similarity in appearance in case of portraits in Japan.
- そもそもは、一般の僧侶という概念(世間との縁を断って出家し修行する人々)や世間内で生活する仏教徒(在家)としての規範からはみ出さざるを得ない人々を救済するのが本願念仏であると、師法然から継承した親鸞が、それを実践し僧として初めて公式に妻帯し子を設けたことに由来する。
- Originally, Shinran learned that helping those who cannot help but stray from the concept of a general monk (who enters the priesthood and practices asceticism, renouncing the world) and the norm of Buddhists (laity) living in the world is Hongan Nenbutsu (praying for the vows) from his master Honen, and became the first monk to openly get married and have a child.
- 漬物(つけもの)とは、野菜(場合によっては魚や動物)などを食塩、酢、糠味噌、醤油、酒粕、油脂など高い浸透圧を生じたり水素イオン指数を下げる効果を持つ、あるいは空気と遮断する効果を持つ漬け込み材料とともに漬け込み、保存性を高めるとともに熟成させ、風味を良くした保存食品。
- Tsukemono is preserved food that vegetables (fish or meat, sometimes) are pickled together with pickling ingredients having high osmotic pressure, having an effect to decrease hydrogen-ion exponent or having an effect to shut off from the air such as salt, vinegar, rice-bran paste, soy sauce, sake lees or fat and oil, to improve preservation quality as well as to improve taste and flavor by maturing.
- そうした位置づけのうえで、涅槃は一日一夜の説法なので法華の八年間に摂したため、法華と涅槃とを分けず「法華涅槃時」としたが、華厳経から法華経までは次第不定に説かれたのに対して、涅槃経は経典の内容や場所から判断して唯一、釈迦が入滅の時に至って説いた教法である、としている。
- Based on this standpoint, Chigi further asserted that, rather than separating Nehan (nirvana) and Hoke, he classified them together in the 'Hoke-Nehan period' because Nehan was preached only for one day and one night, while Hoke was preached for 8 years; judging from the content and the place of preaching while the period of preaching from the Kegon-kyo and Hoke-kyo sutras were unknown, however, the Nehan-gyo Sutra are the only teachings that Shaka preached when he was dying.
- 最終的には「大日本史」の記述を根拠に、明治天皇の裁断で三種の神器を所有していた南朝が正統であるとされ(ただし、現在の学説では北朝の光厳・光明・崇光の三帝は三種の神器を保有していたことがほぼ確実とみられ、神器の有無を根拠に北朝のすべてを「正統でない」とするのは無理である。
- In the end, based on the description in 'Dainihonshi' (Great Japanese History) as evidence, the Emperor Meiji decided that the Southern Court was the legitimate line because it owned the Three Sacred Treasures (however, the current academic theory has basically established that the three Northern Court emperors, Emperors Kogon, Komyo and Suko, had owned the Three Sacred Treasures, so the assumption that all of the emperors in the Northern Court were 'not legitimate' because they did not own the sacred treasures is incorrect.
- 経済発展をおこなう以上、多量の二酸化炭素を排出せねばならないと考えられたため開発途上国の自発的参加が見送られ、当初は推進していたアメリカ合衆国も後に受け入れを拒否、ロシア連邦も受け入れの判断を見送っていたため、2004年ごろまでは議定書の発効が行われていない状況であった。
- Voluntary participations of developing countries were shelved because they thought they had to emit a large amount of carbon dioxide as long as they pursued economical development, and the United States of America, which was positive at first, rejected to accept the protocol, further Russian Federation suspended the ratification; accordingly, Kyoto Protocol was not effected until around 2004.
- 多数のプリント基板が組み込まれた装置で故障と疑われる特定の基板を引き出し、その基板と同一サイズのものに接栓(せっせん)を付け、装置との接栓間に一対一の延長線を設け、オシロスコープやアナログマルチメータなどで回路の動作を観測し故障診断分析を行う時に使用する延長線基板の俗称。
- Geta is a common name of a board with extension wires which is used when diagnosing and analyzing a failure through processes of drawing a specific board suspected to have a failure among multiple printed-circuit boards incorporated in a device, attaching a connector to a same-sized printed-circuit board as such circuit board, establishing a one-to-one extension wire between the device and the connector, and observing the performance of a circuit with an oscilloscope or analog multimeter.
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名の一円支配が進み、自検断は表向き次第に消滅もしくは縮小していったが、江戸時代以降も村や町(ちょう)といった公認共同体は事実上それに近い自治権を、あたかも自検断権を放棄しているかのごとき建前に立った、政権との妥協と黙認の上に、保持し続けた。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan), ichien shihai (rule the whole territory) by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) was developed in the Sengoku period and officially Jikendan seemed to disappear and become reduced, however, after the Edo period, authorized communities such as villages and towns (cho) virtually kept possession of their autonomy similar to Jikendan under the compromise and tolerance of the government, standing on the premise that as if they waived their right to judge criminal cases.
- これについて、先例の存在や天皇の自由意思を尊重するべきであることを理由として生前の退位を容認すべきとの意見もあるが、退位後の天皇の処遇(財政的、政治的位置付けの問題。特に後者は院政の問題)や皇位継承の複雑化及び後継者の不足による皇統断絶の可能性などの点から反対の意見が強い。
- There are views that say abdication before death should be allowed, based on respect for the Emperor's free will and the existence of former examples, but there are strong opposing views because of the issues of how the Emperor should be treated after his abdication (financial matters and issues on his position in the political administration. The latter, in particular, is a problem of political administration by the retired emperor), complications in the succession to the Imperial Throne, and the possibility of the extinction of the Imperial Line due to the lack of a successor.
- 鎌倉時代における守護の権能は御成敗式目に規定があり、大犯三ヶ条の検断沙汰(御家人の義務である鎌倉・京都での大番役の催促、謀反人の捜索逮捕、殺害人の捜索逮捕)および大番役の指揮監督という軍事・警察面に限定され、国司の権限である国衙行政・国衙領支配に関与することは禁じられていた。
- The power of the shugo during the Kamakura period was prescribed by the legal code for the warrior class: their power was limited to the military and law enforcement, such as the 'Taibon-sankajo no kendan-sata' (three official authorities given to the shugo over criminal cases: the prodding of lower-ranking vassals to fulfill their duties as obanyaku, i.e., security guards, in Kyoto and Kamakura, the search and arrest of rebels and murderers) and the direction and supervision of obanyaku; the shugo was prohibited from participating in the administration of the kokuga and the kokuga's province, which the kokushi was authorized to perform.
- 当山派恵印法は、龍樹菩薩による霊異相承の伝から峰受法流とも呼ばれ、本山派峰中法流と対照されることがあるが、両派に共通する肝心は、実践第一を旨とし、世間の言語/思考に依るところの一切戯論を断絶して、山岳、或いは、人里の道場においても、ひたすら修行に打ち込むところにあると言える。
- Ein Ho (ritual) of Tozan School is also called Bujuho (practice on the mountain) School because of Rei sojo (initiation in an unseen and wondrous method) by Ryuju Bosatsu and is sometimes contrasted with Buchuho (practice on the mountains) School of Honzan School, however, it can be said that the main point common in both schools is to put the priority on practice; practitioners of austerity completely give up any meaningless discussion based on worldly words and thoughts; they only concentrate on practice in mountains or in training halls near which people live.
- 外記局や弁官局などが持っていた律令制における公文書管理組織が解体していった10世紀に儀式や公事の作法・判断の典拠として日記に記された先例故実の校勘に求めるようになり、そうした日記を多く所持していた家系がそれを理由として先例故実の家柄として公家社会において重要視されるようになった。
- The apparatus to manage official documents under the Ritsuryo system, namely the Gekikyoku (Secretaries' Office) and the Benkankyoku (Controller's Office), was dismantled in the 10th century, which led people to begin seeking to modify the precedents for etiquette and legal judgments of public ceremonies and events according to what was found in the written record as recorded in diaries; this meant that for the noble families of aristocratic society, who tended to own many such diaries and could now use them to defend their own pedigree according to past precedent, great importance came to be attached to diaries.
- 教綱の死で藤姓塩谷氏が断絶し、宇都宮正綱の四男塩谷孝綱が名跡を継いで宇都宮氏の影響下に入ったとする説(『下野国誌』所収「塩谷系図」)と、教綱の子に塩谷隆綱があって文明 (日本)10年(1478年)正月18日に塩谷弥五郎を養子に迎え家督を継がせたという説(「秋田塩谷系譜」)である。
- One theory states that with the death of Noritsuna the SHIONOYA family of the FUJIWARA family ended and Takatsuna SHIONOYA, the fourth son of Masatsuna UTSUNOMIYA, succeeded to the family name and came under the influence of the UTSUNOMIYA clan ('Family Tree of the Shionoya Family' printed in 'Shimotsuke-kokushi' (the record of Shimotsuke Province)); the other states that Noritsuna had a son called Takatsuna SHIONOYA and that he adopted Yagoro SHIONOYA on March 1, 1478 and had Yagoro succeed to the family ('Family Tree of the Akita Shionoya Family').
- また、高貴宮の生母が後光明天皇の母方の従妹であることや当時目ぼしい親王が全て宮家を継承するか寺院に入ってしまったために唯一将来が定まっていなかった男子皇族が高貴宮以外にいなかった事から、高貴宮が養嗣子として将来の皇位継承に備えるのが当時としては一番妥当な判断であったと考えられる。
- Moreover, at that time it was considered reasonable for Atenomiya (Prince Ate) to succeed as a court noble (princely house), doing so in the future as the adopted Crown Prince; however, knowing the background of Atenomiya, Prince Ate's mother was a younger cousin of Emperor Gokomyo's maternal side, and all the potential princes were either to succeed the court noble (princely house) or become priests and enter the temples, but Atenomiya (Prince Ate) was the only prince who had no planned future among the male members of the Imperial Family.
- 鎌倉幕府は元寇に伴う対外的危機を通じて、一円支配が確立した本所領の住人を動員することには成功したが、それでも検断権などを本所領に対しては及ぼすことが出来ず、却って寺社興行法などで御家人の権利よりも寺社領の権限を保護する政策を取って神仏の加護よる対外危機の克服を期待する有様であった。
- The Kamakura bakufu succeeded in calling the residents in the honjoryo, in which the bakufu established a ruling throughout the land, to arms through the external crisis accompanying Genko (Mongol Invasion), but still cannot exercise kendanken (provincial policing authority) and so forth on the honjoryo -- On the contrary, the bakufu prayed for divine protection and expected god and Buddha to support the bakufu to overcome the external crisis, and took a policy to protect not the right of the gokenin (the top of the warrior-class hierarchy) but the right of the jisharyo by issuing the jishakogyoho (Shrine restoration policy).
- これは、喪中「欠礼」という言葉の示すとおり、「年賀の挨拶をお断りします」というよりは、「自分の家は今年は忌中なので年賀の挨拶ができなくて申し訳ありません」という意味だからである(昨今では喪中の家に年賀状を出すのは失礼という人もいる。一般的には寒中御見舞いのはがきを出すことが多い。)。
- As indicated by the phrase 'refraining from greetings' due to mourning, the concept of sending the postcard is to say, 'We are sorry we can't send a New Year's greeting due to the mourning period,' as opposed to, 'We won't accept a New Year's greeting from you,' (while some people believe it's rude to send the nengajo to a mourning family, it's common to send a kanchuomimai [winter greeting card] instead).
- 源通親の子供久我通光以降久我家を家名とし、足利義満が太政大臣となるまでは清華家である久我家・堀川家・土御門家・中院家の4家が交互に源氏長者を世襲したが、室町時代に堀河・土御門両家が断絶(戦国時代_(日本)以後の堀川・土御門家はそれぞれ藤原氏・阿倍氏の子孫)し、久我家・中院家両家の世襲となる。
- From the time of MINAMOTO no Michichika's son Michiteru onward, the Minamoto family name was changed to KOGA, and until Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA became a daijo daijin, the position of head of the Minamoto clan was rotated among the four Seiga families (court noble families whose members were eligible for the position of daijin, or minister) of Koga, Horikawa, Tsuchimikado and Nakanoin; however, the Horikawa and Tsuchimikado families both came to an end during the Muromachi period (the Horikawa and the Tsuchimikado families that have emerged since Japan's Sengoku period are descendants of the Fujiwara and Abe clans, respectively), and the hereditary succession was shared between the Koga and Nakanoin families.
- だが、鎌倉幕府によって地頭が設置されて検断権を掌握し、更に在地勢力に発言権の高まりとともに本所及び荘務権そのものが衰退し、南北朝時代 (日本)に守護請・地頭請あるいは在地の有力者などに一定額の年貢納入義務を引き換えに荘務を請負わせる「請負荘園」の増加によって荘務権は有名無実化することになる。
- However, since the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) had established the jito (estate stewards), who held the right to judge criminal cases, the authority of the shomuken and honjo themselves eroded; and further, as the cases of 'Ukeoi shoen, ' which was the contract system in which the shoen owners entrusted the shomu to Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) or to the locally influential individuals in return for the exemption of the payment of the certain amount of nengu (land tax), increased during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the shomuken virtually lost its substance.
- また、唯識論で説かれた「女人地獄使。能断仏種子。外面似菩薩。内心如夜叉」(華厳経を出典とする俗説あり)や法華経の「又女人身。猶有女人五障説」を、その本来の意味や文脈から離れ、「女性は穢れているので成仏できない、救われない」という意味に曲げて解釈し、引用する仏教文献も鎌倉時代ごろから増えてくる。
- Additionally, since the Kamakura period more and more of the literature distorted and cited a description in consciousness-only theory of ' 女人地獄使。能断仏種子。外面似菩薩。内心如夜叉 (Women are messengers from hell. They can cut Buddha's seeds. Their outside faces resemble Bosatsu. Their minds are like Yasha (devil))' (there is a superstition adapted from the Kegon-kyo Sutra) and another description in the Hoke-kyo Sutra of ' 又女人身。猶有女人五障説 (There exist women. There is a theory that women are five obstacles)' as 'Because women are unclean, they can neither become Buddha nor be relieved,' apart from the original meanings or contexts.
- ところが、義満が足利将軍家の菩提寺として相国寺を建立すると、至徳 (日本)3年7月10日_(旧暦)(1386年)に義堂周信・絶海中津らの意見を容れて五山制度の大改革を断行、南禅寺を「五山の上」として全ての禅林の最高位とする代わりに相国寺を「五山」に入れ、更に五山を京都五山と鎌倉五山に分割した。
- However, after building Shokoku-ji Temple as his family temple, Yoshimitsu reformed the gozan system drastically on July 10 (in the old calendar) 1386 taking into account the opinions of Shushin GIDO, Chushin ZEKKAI and others in the following way: 'A status above gozan' should be given to Nanzen-ji Temple, placing the temple at the highest rank of all Zen temples, and in its place Sokoku-ji Temple should be included among the gozan temples, while furthermore, the gozan status was divided into Kyoto gozan and Kamakura gozan.
- 一般的には、論理の明解さから新説を支持する意見が多いとされるが、美術史の立場からは、三像の画風が平安後期-鎌倉初期のものであり、様式から見て南北朝期のものとは言い難く、三像の成立を南北朝期まで下らせる積極的理由のないことが繰り返し強調されるなど、両者間の断絶は大きく、論争の終結はまだ見込まれていない。
- The new theory has been strongly supported generally for its clear logic; however, in terms of art history, they are taking a drawing style which is seen in the late Heian period to the early Kamakura period, that could not be a drawing in the period of Northern and Southern Courts, and it is repeatedly claimed that there is no positive evidence to consider that these three portraits were done in the period of Northern and Southern Courts; there has been a significant gap between these theories and the controversy has not yet been concluded.
- 地域や季節によって内容が変わるが、酢飯の上に錦糸玉子を敷き詰め、その上に椎茸・干瓢の煮しめ、茹でニンジン、酢蓮根、エンドウ、竹輪、蒲鉾、田麩、味を付け高野豆腐、茹でた蛸、殻付の海老、焼穴子、烏賊、蛸、藻貝、鰆、ママカリのさまざまな具材を大きめに切断して(藻貝やエビ、エンドウなどは切らない)敷き詰める。
- The ingredients varies according to seasons and areas, but typically vinegared rice is covered with kinshi-tamago egg (a thin omelet cut into narrow strips), and on it chopped ingredients are spread over, such as shiitake mushrooms and gourds (both simmered in soy broth), boiled carrots, lotus roots pickled in vinegar, green peas, chikuwa fish paste, kamaboko (steamed fish paste), dried shredded fish seasoning (denbu), seasoned koyadofu (freeze-dried tofu), boiled octopus, shrimp in shell, grilled conger eel, squid, mogai (sarubo ribbed ark), Japanese Spanish mackerel (sawara) and mamakari (Japanese shad), (but the ingredients such as mogai, shrimp and green peas are served whole).
- 小辺路の垂直断面を見ると、熊野川河畔に降りる田辺市本宮町内を除けば最低地点でも標高約200メートル前後、最高地点が伯母子峠(1220メートル)および伯母子岳山頂(1344メートル)周辺であることから、小辺路の植物分布は奈良県史編集委員会による高度別植物分布(表1)では丘陵帯、低山帯、山地帯に属している。
- Seeing Kohechi vertically, even the lowest point is about 200 meters above sea level except Hongu-cho (Tanabe City) near Kumano-gawa River, and the highest points are Obako Pass (1,220 meters) and Mt. Obako-dake (1,344 meters), therefore, 'distribution of plants by altitude' (Table 1) by the Nara Prefecture history editorial board positions the plants in Kohechi as the plant of hilly terrain, of highland, and of mountain.
- むろん、皇族を強制的に臣籍に下すことを原則とするこのような規定には異論もあり(とはいえ、親王、王に姓を賜り強制的に臣籍に下げることは王朝時代から存在した)、裁定にあたって準則の諮詢を受けた枢密院での審議でも、政府側からは、一律・機械的に適用するのではなく個別の事情に応じて判断する旨の答弁がなされている。
- Of course there was an argument against having Imperial Family members demotion from nobility to subject, (however, there were some examples of people receiving surnames from the Imperial Prince or the Emperor and were forced to be demoted to subjects since the Dynasty period), at the discussion of the Privy Council that was consulted about the regulation to make a decision, the government decided to apply the regulation based on individual situations instead of applying the rule evenly or automatically across the board.
- シテ、ワキともに中入りした舞台に、狂言方が扮する従者が登場、前段のあらすじを語ったのち「道真は雷となって内裏に行き悪事をなさっている。案の定、僧正(法性坊)のもとに勅使がきて内裏でご祈祷せよとのこと、初めは断っていた僧正も三度目の使いを受け、この上は是非におよばずと参上せられる。皆々用意をせよ」と言う。
- On the stage without shite and waki who are taking a break, enter the follower acted by a kyogen-kata (kyogen player), and he speaks a rough plot of the first half and, thereafter, says 'Michizane went to the Imperial Palace precincts and is doing bad things. As I expected, the imperial messenger went to the priest (Hossho-bo) and ordered the priest to come to the Imperial Palace precinct and pray to expel the evil spirit. The priest first refused the order but, receiving the third messenger, the priest thought there was no choice and went there. Every body, please be ready.'
- また生活様式も大きく変わり服装も女性は着物に日本髪といったものから洋服を着、断髪し帽子をかぶるといったことが一部の勤め人の女性では一般に浸透しつつあったし、それにともない女性の社会進出も進み、「バスガール」と呼ばれたバスの女性車掌やウェイトレス(当時は女給とよばれた)など職業婦人が出現するようになった。
- Significant changes occurred in the lifestyle of people as well; acts such as wearing Western clothing instead of kimonos, cutting hair short and having hats on became common to some working women, and new types of jobs for female workers emerged along with the increasing social participation by women, including a female bus conductor named a 'bus girl' in those days and a waitress (called a 'jokyu' then).
- このボーリング結果(ボーリング記録とサンプルより)と、湖底の地層構造を衝撃波により調査したこれまでの学術調査結果(植村善博:「比較変動地形論 古今書院、及び、 URBAN KUBOTA NO.37/11)から推定される湖底の岩盤深さとが一致するので比良湖岸断層は、この掘削地点より山側にあると推定されます。
- As the result of this boring (from records of boring and samples) coincides with the depth of base rock at the bottom of lake inferred from the result of scientific investigation of strata architecture at the bottom of lake with shock wave ('Hikaku Hendo Chikeiron' written by Yoshihiro UEMURA, Kokon Shoin publisher, and URBAN KUBOTA NO. 37/11), it is inferred that the Hira-ko lakeshore fault exists on the mountain side from this drilling point.
- この立場にたった場合、なぜ、このような物語が旧辞に取り入れられたのかははっきりしないが、越前国(あるいは近江国)出身であった継体天皇の先例として播磨国出身の顕宗・仁賢2天皇を設定することにより、万世一系的な王統譜に断層をもたらしかねない地方出身の王位継承資格者の特異性を払拭する意図があったとも言われている。
- From this standpoint, it is not clear why such a story was adopted by Kyuji (a record of old stories which served as a foundation of 'Kojiki,' etc.) but it is said that there was an intention that, by setting two Emperors Kenzo and Ninken, who were from Harima Province, as a historical precedent for Emperor Keitai who was from Echizen Province (or Omi Province), peculiarity of a candidate from a local area as a successor to the Imperial throne may be cast aside, which might bring a gap in the unbroken royal genealogy.
- 最終的には後花園天皇の勅裁によって6ヶ所の所領全てを没収され、1ヶ所は唐橋在豊の子に与えられ、残り5ヶ所は松木家・四辻家(ただし、洞院家と所領交換される)などに5分割に処せられて断絶させられた(『建内記』嘉吉元年7月7日西暦1441年8月2日・10月2日西暦1441年11月24日12日1441年12月4日条)。
- The Tsuchimikado family ultimately became extinct because of an imperial decision made by Emperor Gohanazono, all of the six territories were confiscated and one of them was given to the child of Aritoyo KARAHASHI while the remaining five territories were divided among various families such as Matsunoki and Yotsutsuji (whose territory was subsequently exchanged with that of the Toin family) (as recorded in 'Kennaiki' on July 7, October 2 and 12, 1441).
- こうすると、残る香が秋風1包と白菊3包、秋風2包と白菊2包、秋風3包と白菊1包という出方がありえるが、これは、歌にあるように「花なのか、風によって作られる波なのかを見間違える」という点に取材し、客が、花と波のどちらであるかを判断するかを楽しむまた、情趣を感じられるようにように和歌を取り込んでいることがよくわかる。
- Through these processes, the remaining incense can be emitted in the combination of one package of Akikaze, three packages of Shiragiku, two packages each of Akikaze and Shiragiku, or three packages of Akikaze and one package of Shiragiku, and this clarifies that the waka poem is incorporated so each guest can enjoy judging which, a flower or a wave, applies to the incense, by collecting information from the phrase; 'mistake it for a lapping wave' as shown in the waka poem, and to feel the sentiment.
- フランスでは、1980年代に「日蓮正宗(創価学会)」の名称でセクトとする報告が国民議会へ提出されたこともあるが、1996年の新しい報告書において該当部分は創価学会インタナショナルと書き改められており、日蓮正宗と創価学会を分離した上で判断を下しているが、一部の民間団体では創価学会と同様のセクトと主張する団体も存在する。
- In France, there was a report on the official name of 'Nichiren Shoshu Sect' (Soka Gakkai) as a sect submitted to the National Assembly in the 1980's, however it was revised to Soka Gakkai International in new report in 1996, the decision was made after the consideration of separating Nichiren Shoshu Sect and Soka Gakkai, but there is a group exist in one part of private group insisting Nichiren Shoshu Sect as sect, same as Soka Gakkai.
- 現在も、ほとんどの山鉾と巡行の先頭に立つ長刀鉾などは女人禁制の伝統を守っているが、近年、女性の参加を希望する山鉾町(保存会)がいくつかあり、2001年(平成13年)に各山鉾町の判断で祇園祭山鉾連合会に届け出るという形で女性の参加を容認する方針が決まり、南観音山で2名・函谷鉾で3名の女性囃子方の巡行参加が一部で認められた。
- Even now, women are still prohibited on most of the yama and hoko floats, including Naginata boko which leads the parade, but now some Yamahokocho (Preservation Society) hope that women participate in the parade; in 2001, it was decided to allow women to participate in the parade upon the filing of notification with the Gion Matsuri Yamaboko Rengokai (association of Yamaboko, decorative floats, of the Gion festival) by each Yamahokocho: thereby women's participation in the parade was partly permitted (female players in festive music: two on Minamikannon yama float and three on Kanko boko float).
- 藤原北家の藤原良房の嫡流を経て、鎌倉初期に至り藤原忠通の子の近衛基実と九条兼実がそれぞれ近衛流摂関家と九条流摂関家を成立させ、嫡流が2家に分裂した(この他に同じ忠通の子である松殿基房を祖とする松殿流摂関家の松殿家があったが、松殿師家が摂政になった後は摂政・関白を輩出することなく何度も断絶を繰り返しているため摂家には数えない)。
- Through the main branch of the family of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa of Fujiwara Hokke (Fujiwara Hoku Family), in the early Kamakura period, FUJIWARA no Tadamichi's sons, Motozane KONOE and Kanezane KUJO established the Sekkan Family (Sekkan-ke) of the Konoe group and Kujoryu Sekkan-ke, a regent family, respectively; this resulted in the division of the main branch of the family into two families (although there was, in addition the Matsudono Family of the Sekkan Family (Sekkannke) of the Matsudono group, the originator of which was Motofusa MATSUDONO, who was also a son of Tadamichi; but, the Matsudono Family is not counted as sekke, with the two families because, after Moroie MATSUDONO became regent, no one from the Matsudono Family became a regent or chief advisor of the Emperor and the family line failed many times).
- アルゼンチンではマザー・テレサへの日蓮正宗のみが正しい宗教で他の宗教は邪教とする基準での評価が誹謗中傷と判断されたことと、政府の許可を得ずに布教所の開所式を行ったことによって、現地の法人格を抹消されて僧侶も国外退去処分を受けたと創価学会機関紙「創価新報」では報じられているが、現在は布教所は儀式を奉修して、寺院活動は継続されている。
- It was reported in an official organ of Soka Gakkai, 'Soka Shinpo' that in Argentina, Mother Teresa was told that Nichiren Shoshu Sect was the only appropriate religion and others are not, and this was considered as criticizing other religions, or after they conducted an opening ceremony for a propagation office without gaining approval from the government, and the group lost the license to be a corporate body and the monks were forced to leave the country; currently, the propagation office held the opening ceremony and the activities of the temples are continuing.
- 右大臣九条兼実の諮問を受けた季弘は、治承元年(1177年)にも同じようなことがあり、亡くなった父安倍泰親が彗星といい、自分がであるとしたので、父が天に判断を仰ぎ誤った方に天罰が下ることを祈請したところ、自分が重病になったので彗星だと判明した。従って実際の星の動きは問題ではないと唱えたという(『玉葉』正暦二年1月12日 (旧暦)条)。
- When inquired by the Udaijin (Minister of the Right) Kanezane KUJO, Suehiro stated that when the similar phenomenon was observed in 1177, his deceased father ABE no Yasuchika said that it was a comet, but he objected to that; then his father asked Heaven to give them judgment by punishing the wrong one, and consequently, Suehiro fell seriously ill, thereby they confirmed that it was a comet -- therefore, it could be concluded that actual movement of stars did not matter (the entry of 'Gyokuyo' [the diary of Kanezane KUJO] for February 4, 991).
- しかしながら、こういった立憲君主との考えをば大衆をして浸透しなかったようで(それは美濃部の弁明を新聞で読んだ大衆の反応と、貴族院 (日本)での反応の温度差に明らかであり)、一連の騷動以後は天皇主権説が台頭したため、それらの論者は往々にしてこの立憲君主の考えを「西洋由来の学説の無批判の受け入れである(『國體の本義』より要約)」と断じた。
- However, it seems that the idea of the constitutional monarchy didn't prevail to the public (this was obvious from the difference in reactions between of the public who had read Minobe's explanation on newspapers and of the House of Peers [Japan]), and since the theory of the imperial sovereignty got an advantage after a series of turmoil, these people tended to advocate that the idea of the constitutional monarch was 'uncritical acceptance of western theory (summarized from 'Kokutai no Hongi' [the primordial doctrine of the national]).'
- こうした自検断権の裏づけとなる軍事警察力の保証としての武器の保有も、建前上は刀狩以降放棄した形式をとり、百姓身分の者は身分表象としての帯刀を放棄することでそれを示していたが、実際は個々の村には膨大な数の刀槍、鉄砲が神仏への献納物、あるいは害獣駆除の名目で備蓄されており、明治維新以降も国家権力はあからさまにこれに手をつけられない状態であった。
- After the Sword Hunt, keeping arms that supported the right to judge criminal cases as a safeguard military police power had the form of waiving the right and people in a farming rank showed their waiver by not wearing a sword, their rank symbol, but actually an individual community had big stockpiles of swords, spears, and guns under the pretext of dedicating things to Shinto and Buddhist deities or the extermination of harmful animals and the governmental powers could not openly touch them even after the Meiji Restoration.
- 室町幕府においては、守護(守護大名)に対して、既存の大犯三箇条に加えて、苅田狼藉検断、使節遵行権、段銭徴収権などの広範な権利が付与されていたが、幕府御家人は、足利将軍家の威光を背景に守護使不入の特権を得て、守護からの段銭徴収を拒絶し、幕府からの段銭要求に対しても幕府への直接納付(京納)が認められて守護からの加重徴収の危険を免れる事を可能とした。
- In the Muromachi bakufu, extensive rights were given to shugo (or shugo daimyo, shugo that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), such as Karita Rozeki Kendan (the shugo's right to suppress provincial warriors who entered shoen unlawfully to harvest rice, and to prosecute and convict them), Shisetsu Jungyo Ken (a right empowered to shugo to implement shisetsu jungyo, in which shugo who received orders from the bakufu sent jungyo-shi, emissaries, to a region and have them execute the orders) and Tansen Choshu Ken (a right to collect surtax), in addition to the existing Taibon Sankajo, but bakufu gokenin (an immediate vasal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) who had been granted the shugoshi-funyu privilege backed by the authority of the Ashikaga family positioned to accede to the shogunate, refused collection of tansen (surtax) from shugo, and responded to one from the bakufu as direct payment to the bakufu (known as kyono) was approved, which enabled them to escape from a danger of being surcharged by the shugo.
- これは『涅槃経』四諦品にも、「正法たる真智を断滅して、益々悪道に陥り、生死に輪廻しては多くの苦悩を招く」、あるいは「悪彰(あくしょう)の示現は衆生を救わんがための故なり」など説かれているように、あくまでも衆生自らが犯した業による報いであり、自らがそれによって気付くもので、仏がその教えに従わない者に罰を与えるという類のものではない、とするのが一般的である。
- As in the Shitaihon (the Four Axioms) of 'Nehan-gyo Sutra' (The Sutra of The Great Nirvana) there are descriptions that 'To break the truth and wisdom of the True Dharma and fall into more akudo (literally, 'bad way') lead to many affliction through several transmigrations of souls.' or 'The appearance of bad things (悪彰) are caused in order to relieve living things,' Butsubachi is generally regarded as a payment by their own sin which makes them notice it, and is not given by Buddha to a person who does not obey its teaching.
- 一方、本能寺から200mの近辺に教会のあったルイス・フロイスの『日本史』(Historia de Iapan)では、「(午前3時頃と言われる)明智の(少数の)兵たちは怪しまれること無く難なく寺に侵入して(6月2日に御所前で馬揃えをする予定であったのを織田の門番たちは知っていたので油断したと思われる)、信長が便所から出て手と顔を清めていたところを背後から弓矢を放って背中に命中させた。
- According to 'Historia de Iapan' by Luis Frois whose church was only 200 meter away from the Honno-ji Temple, '(Around three o'clock in the morning), (a small number of) warriors of the Akechi clan invaded the temple without being suspected (It seems that Oda's gatekeepers lost their sharpness because they knew that umazoroe (a troop review) in front of the Imperial Palace was planned for the next day.), and shot Nobunaga, who came out from the toilet and was washing his hands and face, in the back using bows and arrows.
- 右手に降魔の三鈷剣(魔を退散させると同時に人々の煩悩を断ち切る)、左手に羂索(けんじゃく悪を縛り上げ、また煩悩から抜け出せない人々を救い上げるための投げ縄のようなもの)を握りしめ、背に迦楼羅焔(かるらえん三毒を喰らい尽くす伝説の火の鳥「迦楼羅の形をした炎)を背負い、憤怒の相で粗岩(磐石(ばんじゃく))の上に座して「一切の人々を救うまではここを動かじ」と決意する姿が一般的である(日本では坐像の他、立像も数多く存在している)。
- It is generally shown as a figure having a sankoken (three-pronged sword) in the right hand, of koma (which drives off Satan and cuts away people's earthly desires at the same time), kenjaku (a kind of lariat to tie evil and relieve people bound with earthly desires) in the left hand, shoulders the karuraen (a flame like the shape of 'Karura,' a firebird of legend that eats up three poisons), and determines, 'I shall not move from here until I relieve all people,' sitting on the rough rock (large rock) with an angry face (in Japan many standing statues are seen other than seated statues).
- 国司は中央政府から検田権を委譲されると、治田(ちでん、田堵の開発した小規模の墾田)や公験(くげん、正式に土地所有を認めた文書)のない荘園・私領(郡司・郷司など在地領主の所領)を次々に没収して国衙領に組み入れ、税収を確保しようとした(この権限が強かったことは、若狭国にあった摂関家の荘園が国司に接収された際に関白藤原頼通が国司に公験不備を指摘されると、国司の判断を妥当とした(『小右記』万寿2年9月1日・13日条)ことでも明らかである)。
- When the right of cadastral surveys was transferred to kokushi from the central government, the shoens and private lands (lands of local lords such as gunji (district managers), goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and so on) without chiden (small scale land already developed by tato) or kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi or gunji (local magistrates) for transfer of the ownership of private property) were confiscated one after another into kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in order for them to secure tax revenue (it is clear that this authority was strong because when the shoen of sekkan-ke in Wakasa Province was confiscated by kokushi and it was pointed out that FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, the chief adviser to the emperor, was wrong in kugen, the judgment of kokushi was justified (in the description on September 1 and 13, 1025 in 'Shoyuki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke)).
- その後、幸仁親王の子・有栖川宮正仁親王が嗣子無く没したため、霊元天皇の皇子・有栖川宮職仁親王が入って第5代を継承し、以後、6代・有栖川宮織仁親王、7代・有栖川宮韶仁親王、8代・有栖川宮幟仁親王、9代・有栖川宮熾仁親王、10代・有栖川宮威仁親王と、いずれも直系を以って伝えたが、1913年(大正2年)1月5日、威仁親王の薨去によって実質的に断絶が確定し、1923年(大正12年)6月29日、威仁親王妃慰子の薨去によって正式に絶家となった。
- Subsequently, Prince Yoshihito's child, Prince Arisugawa no miya Tadahito, died without having any children, Emperor Reigen's Prince Arisugawa no miya Yorihito succeeded as the fifth court noble, followed by the sixth prince, Arisugawa no miya Orihito; the seventh prince, Arisugawa no miya Tsunahito; the eighth prince, Arisugawa no miya Takahito; the ninth prince, Arisugawa no miya Taruhito; and the tenth prince, Arisugawa no miya Takehito, it was passed down through the lineage; however, on January 5, 1913, after the death of Prince Takehito, it was definite that there was no successor to take over the family, so on June 29, 1923, the family name officially died after Princess Yasuko (Prince Takehito's wife) passed away.
- その後の裁判例においては、第二の見解に立つものが続いたが、最高裁平成20年4月15日第二小法廷決定(事件番号平成19(あ)839)は、本判決について、「警察官による人の容ぼう等の撮影が、現に犯罪が行われ又は行われた後間がないと認められる場合のほかは許されないという趣旨まで判示したものではない」と述べた上で、公道上及びパチンコ店内において被告人の容ぼう等をビデオ撮影した捜査活動を適法と判断しており、少なくとも裁判例においては、第二の見解が支配的になったといえる。
- In subsequent cases, judgments proceeded from the second opinion, but Decision of the Second Petty Bench of the Supreme Court dated on April 15, 2008 (case number 2007 (A) No. 839) stated 'it does not go so far as to mean, as argued by the accused, that photographing of a person's appearance, etc. by police officials should not be permitted except in cases where it is found that the crime is currently being committed or has just been committed' and 'videotaping operations such as videotaping the defendant's appearance, etc. on the public road and in the pachinko parlor can be recognized as legal Investigation activities', which means that the second opinion has been dominant, at least in precedents.
- 日本人の洋装化が一段と進んだこと、敗戦で軍隊で強制されていたことの嫌悪感から旧文化が否定される風潮になったこと、日本の工業化の進展で農村部から都市部に人口の移動が起こり、核家族化が進行して「褌祝」の私的祭事に象徴される褌継承の文化が断絶したこと、女性の社会進出で家事が簡略化されて自家で縫製する機会がなくなったこと、製造販売する業者も少なく店頭に並ばず、入手性に難があったこと、ブリーフ、トランクス等の新しい下着が廉価で出現して、機能性だけでなくファッション性のある下着が若者を中心に普及したことなどである。
- (1) Western clothes became more popular than ever in Japan; (2) there brought about a tendency to deny the previous culture because of the loss of the war, and, to make the matter worse, the fundoshi was something the military forced them to wear; (3) because of the advancement of industrialization, people moved from agricultural communities to urban areas to change the traditional family form to a nuclear family, and thus it made it hard to continue the culture in which wearing fundoshi was often symbolically celebrated as a rite of passage to be a grown-up man; (4) as women were encouraged to participate in society, household chores were simplified and thus the time for sewing fundoshi at home became limited; (5) manufacturers of fundoshi were practically decreased and it made it hard for people to get fundoshi at stores; and (6) new types of undergarments, such as a brief type and a trunks type of underpants, appeared at low prices, those functional, and were seen fashionable, undergarments became popular mainly among young people.
- 我輩がハイカラと云ふ言葉を書き始めた為めに、今日では大変に世間に行はれて居るが、此のハイカラと云ふ言葉を書いたのは、全く此のフルベツキ先生の話のピストルに対照させる為めで有ッた、即ち横浜毎日新聞に掲げたる当世人物評中に、「山縣有朋、鳥尾小弥太、谷干城などは保守主義の武断派、攘夷党の日本党、頑冥不霊なるチヨム髷党、ピストル党であるが、大隈重信、伊藤博文、西園寺公望等は進歩主義の文治派で、開国党の欧化党、胸襟闊達なるハイカラ党、ネクタイ党、コスメチツク党で有る」と書いたのが起因で、外のチヨム髷党、ピストル党、コスメチツク党、ネクタイ党などは少しも流行しなかッたが、唯此のハイカラと云ふ一語だけが、馬鹿に大流行を来した、今日では最早や我輩が発明したと云ふ事を知らずに用ひて居る者も多く、一の重要なる日本語となッて仕舞ふたが、然るに実は我輩が此のハイカ(p18/p19)ラと云ふことを書いた起因を申すと、全く此の時のフルベッキ先生の話を胸中に蓄えて居て、それを五六年の後に至って新聞の上に現はした結果で有る。
- The word haikara I began to write has been used very often today in our society and the reason I wrote this word is to contrast it with a pistol in Verbeck's story, that is to say, I wrote in my Tosei Personal Criticism in the Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun that 'Aritomo YAMAGATA, Koyata SHIMAO, Tateki TANI and so on belong to a conservative budanha (party of hawks), Nippon Party of Jyoiha (exclusionists sect), stubborn/unwise Party of hawks, Chiyomumage Party or Pistol Party, while Shigenobu OKUMA, Hirobumi ITO, Kinmochi SAIONJI and so on belong to a Liberal Party of doves, Oka (Westernization) Sect of Kaikoku (opening of Japan to western countries) party, free-spirited Haikara Party, Necktie Party or Cosmetic Party', which became the origin of the word haikara, and among them this word alone has become extremely popular, but today many people use it without knowing that I invented the word, which has become one important Japanese word, however, I originally wrote this word haikara (pp.18-19) in the newspaper five or six years after the interview with Mr.Verbeck.