文章: 780 Terms and Phrases

• 文章
• sentence
• article
• composition
• style
• Fumiaki
• Bunshou
• text

• 文章力
• writing ability
• Well-written

• 文章法
• method of writing
• syntax

• 文章論
• syntax

• 文章題
• story (verbal) problem
• problem expressed in words

• 御文章
• Gobunsho (The Epistles, a collection of letters written by Rennyo)

• 文章体
• writing in a formal style (bungo)

• 文章語
• literary language
• written language

• 文章院
• Monjoin

• 文章科
• Composition course

• 文章単位
• text unit

• 広告文章
• copy

• 拙い文章
• poor writing

• 文章処理
• text processing
• word processing

• 文章作法
• methods of writing
• rules of good writing
• writing style guide

• 文章生成
• text generation

• 藤田文章
• Humiaki Huzita

• 硬い文章
• stiff style

• 文章博士
• Monjo hakase

• 易しい文章
• easy (simple) writing

• 文章の特徴
• Writing Style

• 我那覇文章
• Ganaha Yoshiaki (h) (1969.5.17-)

• 砕けた文章
• plain (informal) writing

• 文章完成法
• sentence completion

• 熱狂的文章
• rhapsody

• 文章の収集
• a collection of writings

• 秘密の文章
• cryptic writings

• 癖のある文章
• mannered style

• 癖の有る文章
• mannered style

• 柔らかい文章
• informal style

• 軟らかい文章
• informal style

• 文章のうまい
• fluent

• 散文的な文章
• prose

• 編集中の文章
• Your text

• 文章道と紀伝道
• Monjodo and kidendo

• 文章の前後関係
• context

• ティッカー文章
• Ticker text

• 癖のある文章。
• A style marked by mannerisms.

• 口述された文章
• a dictated passage

• 2月8日文章生
• On February 8: Monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University)

• 文章博士如元。
• Retained position of Monjo hakase
• He retained his position as Monjo hakase.

• ランダム文章生成
• random text generation

• 文章博士を世襲。
• The family head served as Monjo hakase (professor of literature) by succession.

• 文章における記録
• record in writing

• 教理に関する文章
• dogmatic writings

• 文章校正ウィンドウ
• Grammar pane

• 文章博士元の如し。
• His position as monjo hakase (chief court calligrapher) remained unchanged.

• 人の文章などを盗む
• plagiarize(-se)
• plagiarize[-se]

• 自筆署名入りの文章
• holograph

• 文章への変更を表示
• Show which changes you made to the text

• 選択した文章を引用
• Quote Selected Text

• 文章に優れていた。
• He was a good writer.

• 彼は文章がうまい。
• He is a good writer.

• 文章で前述された節
• an earlier section of a written text

• 文章は比較的易しい。
• The text was relatively easy to read.

• 彼女は文章がうまい。
• She is a good writer.

• 文章または行動の解釈
• an interpretation of a text or action

• 擬文章生　予備上級学生
• Gimonjosho (student passed Ryoshi): Preparatory advanced students

• 翻訳元の文章：[$1]
• Translation source text: [$1]

• 答えを求める質問の文章
• a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply

• 式部少輔・文章博士如元。
• Retained his positions as the Shikibu-shoyu and Monjo Hakase.

• なかなか文章が書けない。
• I have writer's block.

• 彼が日本語の文章を書く。
• He writes sentences in Japanese.

• ダイレクトデビット用文章
• Direct debit text

• 文章を入力してください。
• Please enter some text.

• 文章における聖書風の文体
• biblical styles in writing

• 従五位下、蔵人、文章生。
• He was Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), a Kurodo (Chamberlain), and a monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University).

• 文章博士・讃岐介元の如し。
• His positions as monjo hakase and Sanuki no suke remained unchanged.

• 文章得業生　2名　上級学生
• 2 Monjo Tokugosho: Advanced students

• 廓文章（くるわぶんしょう）
• Kuruwa Bunsho (Love Letters from the Licensed Quarter)

• この文章は意味を成さない。
• This sentence doesn't make sense.

• 彼の文章はとても主観的だ。
• His writing is very subjective.

• 文法的に正しい文章で話した
• spoke in grammatical sentences

• 文章スタイルに磨きをかける
• refine one's style of writing

• 出版の文章を準備する編集者
• an editor who prepares text for publication

• 1月7日　文章得業生となる。
• February 19: He became a Monjo Tokugosho.

• 蓮如は『御文（御文章）』で、
• Rennyo mentioned in 'Ofumi (Gobunsho)';

• この文章をどう解釈しますか。
• How do you interpret these sentences?

• 私はその文章が本物かを疑う。
• I doubt the authenticity of the document.

• でこぼこの右の余白のある文章
• text set with ragged right margins

• メルビルの文章の批判的な分析
• a critical analysis of Melville's writings

• 5月15日、文章博士に遷任。
• On May 15, he was transferred into Monjo hakase.

• 文章得業生から大膳亮になる。
• He was promoted to Daizen no suke (the title of a person who was in charge of meals in the court) from Monjo-tokugosho (distinguished scholars of letters).

• 正四位下、文章博士、上野介。
• Atsumoto held the rank of Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade), was a Monjo hakase and the Kozuke no suke (Assistant Governor of Kozuke Province).

• 5月28日、文章博士を兼任。
• July 5, 1318: Assumed the additional post of Monjo hakase (professor of literature)

• 学問を好み、文章が巧かった。
• He loved to study and was good at writing.

• 6月17日、文章博士を止む。
• August 8, 1322: Resigned from the post of Monjo hakase

• 次の文章を日本語に直しなさい。
• Put the following sentences into Japanese.

• 先生が出す、ある文章を読む課題
• the reading of a passage assigned by the teacher

• 12月21日、文章博士を兼任。
• On February 2, 935, he served concurrently as Monjo hakase (professor of literature).

• 時に文章得業生にして美濃大掾。
• At that time, he was a Monjo Tokugosho (distinguished scholar of letters) and Mino no Daijo (Senior Secretary of Mino Province).

• サイトのライセンスを記述した文章
• Text describing the site license

• 妙な文章構造に注意してくれたまえ
• Do you note the peculiar construction of the sentence

• 文章の綿密な分析に基づく文芸批評
• literary criticism based on close analysis of the text

• 大げさあるいは勿体ぶった話や文章
• pompous or pretentious talk or writing

• 話しか文章における、巧妙さの不足
• lack of skillfulness in speaking or writing

• （文章）から神話の要素を取り除く
• remove the mythical element from (writings)

• 文章よりもむしろ会話を用いるさま
• using speech rather than writing

• 「あんな新聞に文章を書くなんて。
• 'To say you'd write for a paper like that.

• 民部少輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
• He retained his positions as Minbu shoyu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.

• 民部大輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
• He retained his positions as Minbu taifu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.

• 文章生・日向国守の惟宗基言の子。
• He was the son of KOREMUNE no Motokoto who was monjosho (a student of literary studies in the Imperial University) and later became Hyuga no kuni no kami (the governor of Hyuga Province).

• 文章の真偽のほどは確定していない。
• It has not been determined whether the description was true or not.

• 侍従・式部大輔・文章博士元の如し。
• His other court appointments remained unchanged.

• 文章筆者：松林柏円、三遊亭円朝など
• Writer of the texts: Hakuen Matsubayashi, Encho SANYUTEI, etc.

• 例えば「十二客法第廿」にある文章。
• One example is a sentence found in 'Junikyakuho dainiju.'

• 何の文章をタイルに表示するするか。
• What text to display in the tiles.

• その文章は全ての部長に配布された。
• The document was distributed to all department heads.

• ヘミングウェイの文章は悪文だった。
• Hemingway had a poor writing style.

• 彼女のは、まだ文章になっていない。
• She can't build sentences yet.

• （文章について使用され）短縮しない
• (used of texts) not shortened

• 通常の文章からコードに変換する行為
• the activity of converting data or information into code

• 大学頭・文章博士・備前守元の如し。
• Retained his positions as Daigaku no Kami, Monjo Hakase and Bizen no Kami.

• 長暦元年（1038年） 文章得業生
• 1038: Monjo tokugosho

• 天長9年（832年）文章生となる。
• In 832 he became a monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University).

• 式部少輔・文章博士・讃岐介元の如し。
• His appointments as Shikibu shosuke, monjo hakase, and Sanuki no suke remained unchanged.

• 33歳のときに文章博士に任じられる。
• At the age of 33, he was named Monjo Hakase (Professor of Literature).

• 同年家の職である文章博士を兼任する。
• In the same year, he was concurrently appointed to Monjo Hakase, which was his family profession.

• - 「白骨の御文章（ごぶんしょう）」
• Hakkotsu no Gobunsyo'

• 文章も書風もともに優れたものである。
• His writing and calligraphy were both excellent.

• 「以此旨可有御披露候」と文章を結ぶ。
• The document ended with the words: 'I hope that this will be granted.'

• 『菅家文章』：菅原道真編纂の漢詩文集
• 'Kanekebunso': a compilation of Chinese-style poetry compiled by SUGAWARA no Michizane

• この文章は書き換えなければならない。
• You should rewrite this sentence.

• 私はこれらの文章の意味がわからない。
• I can't make sense of these sentences.

• 彼女は自分の文章技術を十分に活用した
• she turned her writing skills to good account

• 文章中に何度も出てきたその未知な言葉
• the unknown word turned up over and over again in the text

• 911年（延喜11）、文章生と就る。
• In 911, he became monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University).

• 文章生から対策に及第し式部丞となる。
• He passed the exam and became a monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) to a Shikibu no jo (Secretary of the Ministry of Ceremonial).

• 833年（天長10）、文章生となる。
• 833: He became monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University).

• 博学で、文章能力が高いと評価された。
• He had extensive knowledge and high value on writing.

• 普通文章論（1980年10月、博文館）
• Futsu bunsho-ron (On Ordinary Prose) (Hakubun-kan, October 1980)

• 文章生で肥後進士と号したが、出家した。
• He was monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) and called himself Higo Shinshi (monjosho), but became a monk.

• 整った字体や文章で誤字や訂正も少ない。
• The Chinese characters are well-formed and the composition as a whole well-ordered, with few errors or corrections.

• 問い合わせ結果がない場合に表示する文章
• The text to display if there are no query results

• この文章を暗記するのに２時間かかった。
• It took me two hours to memorize this sentence.

• ヘミングウェイは能動態の文章構造を好む
• Hemingway favors active constructions

• 文章、それはヴァーチャルな奇跡である。
• Texts are virtual miracles.

• 藤原式家の出身で父は文章博士藤原明衡。
• His family belonged to Fujiwara Shikike (a sub branch of the Fujiwara family) and his father was FUJIWARA no Akihira, a Monjo hakase (professor of literature).

• 898年（昌泰元年）春、文章生となる。
• In the spring of 898, Yoshimitsu became a monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University).

• 916年（延喜16）秋、文章生となる。
• In 916, he bacame a monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University).

• 当時としてはかなり平易な文章だといえる。
• The Fukuzawa's writing style was very simple in those days.

• 4月11日段階で文章博士を兼任している。
• April 11: A staging period, he was also given the post of Monjo hakase (Chief calligrapher for the court).

• 時に文章博士従五位下兼行大内記越前権介。
• At that point he was holding three offices simultaneously, the posts of Monjo hakase of the Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), as well as Dainaiki and Echizen Gon no suke.

• しかし、図は全く無く、すべて文章である。
• However, it has no drawings and the content is all in writing.

• 彼は文章を書くのが上手であるとわかった。
• He proved to be a good writer.

• 文章は大文字で書き始めなくてはならない。
• You must begin a sentence with a capital letter.

• 彼の文章において洗練された調子を維持した
• maintained an urbane tone in his letters

• アポストロフィーの特徴に関する壮大な文章
• a passage of apostrophic grandeur

• 調和を生み出すように、文章の単語を並べる
• arrange the words of a text so as to create a concordance

• 元慶8年（884年）に文章生に補される。
• He was assigned to be monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) in 884.

• 金沢県庁より次の文章と下賜品を請取った。
• He received the following text and item from the Kanazawa prefectural government.

• これが鴎外の初めて公にされた文章であろう。
• This was the first piece of Ogai's writing the public saw.

• 『熊谷陣屋』の熊谷・『廓文章』の伊左衛門。
• Kumagai, of 'Kumagai-jinya,' and Izaemon, of 'Kuruwa-bunsho'

• 文章院　東曹は大江氏の、西曹は菅原氏の施設
• Monjo-in: The toso (east quarters) of Monjo-in was owned by the Oe clan while the seiso (west quarters) by the Sugawara clan

• 彼はその文章の文字どおりの意味を説明した。
• He explained the literal meaning of the sentences.

• 私の使命はその文章を写真にとることである。
• My mission is to photograph the documents.

• 日本では結婚は文章で届けなければならない。
• The marriage must be reported in a document in Japan.

• ２００語以内でその文章を要約してください。
• Sum up the passage within 200 words.

• スピーチまたは文章で熟慮するまたは調査する
• to consider or examine in speech or writing

• こんな奇妙な構文をした文章があっただろう、
• Do you note the peculiar construction of the sentence

• 正五位下、信濃国守、文章得業生、橘氏長者。
• He was Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), Shinano no kuni no kami (Governor of Shinano Province), Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and Tachibanashi choja (chieftain of the Tachibana family).

• 貞観16年（874年）、文章得業生となる。
• In 874, he became Monjo tokugosho.

• 文章博士・大学頭・式部大輔の三儒職を兼任。
• He concurrently served as Monjo hakase (professor of literature), Daigaku no kami and Shikibu no taifu (senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial), which were called the three important posts for Confucian scholars.

• 891年（寛平3）3月9日、文章博士に遷任。
• March 9, 891: He was appointed monjo hakase (Chief Court Calligrapher).

• 透明感のある文章のポイントは、徹底した写実。
• One characteristic of his exceptionally clear writing is thorough realism.

• 翌康保4年には寮試に合格して擬文章生となる。
• The next year, he got through Ryoshi (test which students of Daigakuryo can take) and became Gimonjosho (a student who passed Ryoshi).

• ページには文章がなく、DVIを生成できません
• Page contains no text, cannot generate DVI

• この文章は作者の気持ちを的確に表現している。
• This sentence states exactly how the writer feels.

• 指定したすべてのページからある文章を除去する
• Remove some text from all the pages in the list

• その文章は言外の意味を読み取らねばならない。
• These messages have to be read between the lines.

• あなたは保護された文章を変更しようとしました
• You tried to modify protected text

• その文章にはメモがクリップでつけられていた。
• A note was attached to the document with a paper clip.

• 文法的に正しい文章を作るよう心がけるべきだ。
• You should try to produce grammatical sentences.

• また、尊氏らの人物を書いた文章も残している。
• He also made writings on people including Takauji.

• 藤原南家藤原貞嗣流の文章博士藤原永範の養子。
• An adopted child of FUJIWARA no Naganori, who was Monjo hakase (professor of literature) of the FUJIWARA no Sadatsugu line of the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan.

• 厩戸豊聰耳聖徳法王の系図を文章で表現している。
• The genealogy of Umayato no toyotomimi shotoku hoo was described.

• 改元して元慶元年10月18日　文章博士を兼任。
• November 30: He was appointed Monjo Hakase as a concurrent post.

• 文章生から宮内少丞・蔵人・式部大丞を歴任した。
• He successively held monjosho (a student of literary studies in the Imperial University) and then served as Kunai shojo (Junior Secretary of the Sovereign's Household), Kurodo (Chamberlain), and Shikibu taijo (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Ceremonial).

• 896年（寛平8年）2月22日、文章生となる。
• Became monjosho on April 12, 896.

• 第22条は能面とその作者についての文章である。
• Section 22 is about Noh masks and mask creators.

• 話した通りに文章として書くという意味ではない。
• It didn't mean writing Japanese sentences as spoken.

• 福沢の『西洋事情』及び鴎外の文章は青空文庫より
• FYJUZAWA's 'Seiyo Jijyo' and Ogai's text are quoted from Aozora Bunko

• 単純な文章のみで構成されたロゴ（ワードマーク）
• Logo with only simple text (wordmark)

• [[$1] コメント]の文章が削除されました。
• The text of [[$1] a comment] was removed.

• 問い合わせ結果がある場合、その前に表示する文章
• The text to display before the query results, if there are any

• 問い合わせ結果がある場合、その後に表示する文章
• The text to display after the query results, if there are any

• 他人の文章や考えを自分独自のものとして用いる人
• someone who uses another person's words or ideas as if they were his own

• 承暦2年（1078年） 但馬国権守、辞文章博士
• 1078: Tajima no kuni Gon no kami (Provisional Governor of Tajima Province), resigned from Monjo hakase

• 延喜10年（910年）1月以前、文章博士辞任。
• He resigned Monjo hakase before January, 910.

• 929年（延長7）9月23日、文章博士を兼任。
• On September 23, 929, he also assumed the position of Monjo Hakase (professor of literature).

• 876年（貞観_(日本)18）春、文章生となる。
• Spring of 876: He became a student at the Daigaku (Academy).

• 東宮学士や文章博士を経て、正四位下式部省に至る。
• Masahira became Togugakushi (an educator of the Crown Prince) and Monjohakase (a teacher of poem and history) before getting promoted to Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) at Shikibusho.

• 患者は聞いただけでは文章を反復するのが困難である
• patient's have difficulty repeating a sentence just heard

• 文章の最初にトピックを置くことは英語の典型である
• placing the topic at the beginning of the sentence is typical for English

• それでも、文章はひとつの大きな問題を抱えている。
• Still, texts suffer from one huge problem.

• 貞観_(日本)15年（873年）、文章生となる。
• In 873, he became Monjosho.

• 翌年には文章得業生となり、37歳で方略式に合格。
• The next year, he became a monjo tokugosho (distinguished scholar of letters) and passed Horyakushiki (the examination of Chinese classics) at the age of 37.

• 延喜13年（913年）22歳にして文章生となる。
• In 913, he became 'monjosho' (a student of literary studies in the Imperial University) at the age of 22.

• 式部少輔・文章博士・讃岐介元の如し（三職兼帯の例）
• His other court appointments remained unchanged (his career being an example of the phenomenon of one person simultaneously holding three different positions).

• 貞観_(日本)2年（860年）4月、文章生となる。
• April 860: He became a specialist in calligraphy (monjo) while a student.

• 表現は簡潔で文章は格調高く、料理の網羅範囲も広い。
• It has concise expressions and refined sentences, and covers a wide range of foods.

• 文章が変更されていないため、編集は無視されました。
• Your edit was ignored, because no change was made to the text.

• この文章はそう解釈するよりほかに解釈の仕様がない。
• The passage admits of no other interpretation.

• 提出された行数で計算される、文章に対する報酬の値段
• a rate of payment for written material that is measured according to the number of lines submitted

• 大学寮に入って紀伝道を修め、27歳で文章生となる。
• After entering the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system), he studied Kidendo (the study of the histories) and became a monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) at the age of 27.

• 貞観時代初め頃に文章得業生になり、正八位下に叙任。
• He became Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholar of Letters) near the start of the Jogan period and was appointed Shohachiinoge (Senior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade).

• 文章生　20名　文章道（後に紀伝道に統合）を教わる
• 20 Monjosho: Students of Monjodo (later integrated with Kidendo)

• 通常の文章インデントされた文章インデントされた文章
• Normal textIndented textIndented text

• 平安時代の文章家、大江匡房が『遊女記』を記している。
• OE no Masafusa, a writer who lived in the Heian period, wrote 'Yujo ki' (a document about prostitutes).

• 後序は、それまでの文章とは間を置いて執筆されている。
• The Kojo was written long after the other parts of the book had been finished.

• 揮毫（きごう）とは、毛筆で何か言葉や文章を書くこと。
• Kigo, or 揮毫 in Chinese characters, means writing words or phrases with brushes.

• 文章筆者：高畠藍泉、条野伝平、西田伝助、岡田治助など
• Writer of the texts: Aisen TAKASHIMA, Denpei JONO, Densuke NISHIDA, Jisuke OKADA, etc.

• また、「三十六卦大例所主法第廿六」の末尾にある文章。
• Another example is the last sentence of 'Sanjurokke daireishoho dainijuroku.'

• この文章を宣旨、ここまでの一連の手続きを宣下と呼ぶ。
• This is called Imperial decree and these series of procedure is called Imperial proclamation.

• 俊士は大学寮の学生たる文章生に与えられた称号である。
• Shunshi was the title given to monjosho who were students at Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system).

• 明快にしたり、コードを通常の文章に変換したりする行為
• the activity of making clear or converting from code into plain text

• 特定の語または特定のアルファベット文字を除外した文章
• a text that excludes a particular letter or particular letters of the alphabet

• 治暦5年（1069年） 備中国守、文章博士、東宮学士
• 1069: Bicchu no kuni no kami (Governor of Bicchu Province), Monjo hakase, Togu gakushi

• 従来歴史学は文章博士、一部は明経博士の管轄であった。
• Conventionally, the history was under the jurisdiction of Monjo hakase, and some part was under the jurisdiction of by Myogyo hakase.

• 右衛門督・文章博士・右大弁・左大弁・蔵人頭等を歴任。
• He held various posts such as Uemon no kami (Captain of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards), Monjo hakase (professor of literature), Udaiben (Controller of the Right), Sadaiben (Controller of the Left), Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) and so on.

• 文章博士から内記・弁官・式部大輔などを歴任している。
• Fumitoki held various positions, such as Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature), Naiki (Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs), Benkan (the oversight department of the Dajokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) and Shikibu taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of Ceremonial).

• 文章博士菅原文時に師事して文章生から従五位下となる。
• He studied with SUGAWARA no Fumitoki, Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and was promoted from monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).

• 文章博士大江匡衡と結婚し、おしどり夫婦として知られる。
• She married OE no Masahira, Monjo hakase (professor of literature), and they were known as happily-married couple.

• いずれも文章を指す用語が絵を指すように転じたとされる。
• Both theory explain that a word meaning texts changed to mean pictures.

• また、理解を容易にするため文章が添えられることも多い。
• In many cases, to facilitate understanding, instructions in writing are added to the diagram.

• 画集のみならず文章家でもあり画文集など、著作は数多い。
• As he was also a good writer, he produced a lot of books not only of paintings but of writings and paintings.

• 文字通りの真実として神聖な文章の一字一句を解釈すること
• the interpretation of every word in the sacred texts as literal truth

• 文章にするときはさ、ワトスン、兎に働いてもらうんだね」
• If ever you write an account, Watson, you can make rabbits serve your turn.''

• 文章生から方略試に及第し、式部少輔、式部大輔等を歴任。
• When he was monjosho (a student of literary studies in the Imperial University), he passed Horyakushi (the exam for selecting Court officials), and then he held various positions, such as Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonial) and Shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial).

• 文章生、太宰府少監を務めた後、従五位下筑後国守となる。
• Hirokoto was also monjosho, and after serving as Dazai-fu shokan (Minor Judge at Dazai-fu offices), he received the investiture of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank) and Chikugo no kuni no kami (the governor of Chikugo Province).

• 「万里の本領は文章にある」とする見方は生前からあった。
• Even before his death, there had been an established view that 'Banri's forte exists in his writing.

• 帝国国防方針は国防の基本戦略を記した軍事機密文章である。
• The Imperial Defense Policy was military secret documents in which the basic strategy of national defense was written.

• 貞観_(日本)4年（862年）5月17日、文章生となる。
• June 21, 862: Michizane became a monjo-sho.

• 実父は文章生源国経で、石清水八幡宮別当元命の養子となる。
• His father was MINAMOTO no Kunitsune, monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University), and Yokan was adopted by Genmei, betto (the head priest) of Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine.

• 以下の文章はスパムフィルターが発動したものです：[$1]
• The following text is what triggered our spam filter: [$1]

• いくつかの誤りを除いてほかは、あなたの文章はすばらしい。
• Your writing is good except for a few mistakes.

• 文章生に対して漢文学及び中国正史などの歴史学を教授した。
• Monjo hakase taught history to monjo-sho (students of histories), which included such subjects as Chinese classical literature and Chinese official history.

• 文の重要な文章にしるしをつけるのに使用される蛍光マーカー
• a fluorescent marker used to mark important passages in a text

• ちょっと腹案を作ってみようと、胸のなかで文章を作ってる。
• I'll make a rough note of composition first, I thought, and started mentally making a sentence,

• 彼は彼の本が得るだろう批評の文章や言葉をこしらえ始めた。
• He began to invent sentences and phrases from the notice which his book would get.

• 文章博士を経て、後一条天皇の侍読を務め式部大輔に至った。
• After working as Monjo hakase (professor of literature), he served as Jidoku (Imperial tutor) of Emperor Goichijo and became Shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial).

• 『廓文章』など、その後の歌舞伎狂言に大きな影響を与えた。
• He had enormous influence over future Kabuki plays such as the 'Kuruwa Bunsho (Tales of a Red-light District, or Courtesans).

• 文章・和歌に秀で図書頭・三河国国司を歴任、従五位に至る。
• Excelling at writing and waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables), Jakusho held various posts including Zusho no kami (chief of Zushoryo [the Bureau of Drawings and Books]) and Kokushi (provincial governor) of Mikawa Province, and eventually became Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank).

• 大内記・文章博士・式部大輔などとともに多くの国司を歴任。
• Koreyoshi held various positions, such as Dainaiki (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs), Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature), Shikibu taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of Ceremonial), and Kokushi (a provincial governor) in various provinces.

• 通常の文章:インデントされた文章::インデントされた文章
• Normal text:Indented text::Indented text

• 曹丕は「文章は経国の大業、不朽の盛事なり」と宣言している。
• CAO Pi declared that 'writing is an important affair for governing a nation and its grandeur would last for good. '

• このため、紀伝道と文章道の違いが次第に曖昧になっていった。
• Through these changes, the differences between kidendo and monjodo gradually became vague.

• 王への奉仕に対して下賜するという内容の類型的な文章である。
• It is a typical contents whose meaning is that the item is given as a token of the service to the king.

• 匡衡は紀伝道を学び、天延元年に少試に合格して文章生となる。
• After learning Kidendo (subject of history (Chinese history)), he passed the Shoshi test and became Monjosho (a student of poem and history) in 974.

• 印刷によって文章が複製できるようになる、かなり前のことだ。
• long before script became reproducible by print.

• そこで文章は、始まったのと同じくらいいきなり終わりました。
• Here the sentence ended as suddenly as it had begun,

• 本、新聞紙または他の印刷された出版物に書かれていている文章
• the text appearing in a book, newspaper, or other printed publication

• PlanetMath 由来の文章を含むウィキペディアの記事
• Wikipedia articles incorporating text from PlanetMath

• 彼がテキストの行を読みとばしたので、その文章は不可解だった
• He skipped a row in the text and so the sentence was incomprehensible

• 彼の交友の広さと、客観に徹した文章のために史料価値は高い。
• Because of his wide circle of friends and his objective description, the diary is appreciated as a historical material.

• 学問に優れ、遠江国国司、文章博士、大学頭と出世していった。
• Academically superior, Furuhito's career included: Kokushi (provincial governor) of Totoumi Province, Monjo (or Monzo) Hakase (Professor of Literature), and Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education which was called in Japanese Daigakuryo, Otsukasa or Fumiyatsukasa).

• 『本願寺文章』によると顕如への誓書として、下記のようにした。
• According to 'Honganji bunsho,' written oath to Kennyo read as follows:

• また、他に一切の情報が無い為に、文章の信憑性が疑われている。
• Because there is no other account of the incident, the reliability of the existing record is doubted.

• 発句が中心となって文章はその前書き、詞書としての性格が強い。
• The main component of the book is haikai poetry, and prose is used for the foreword and captions for the poetry.

• 4については、『徳川実紀』にも批判する文章が載せられている。
• Regarding the fourth point, the section criticizing it is in 'Tokugawa Jikki' (The True Tokugawa Records).

• 時折彼らの表や願文、奏上などの文章を代作し、名儒と称された。
• On their behalf, he sometimes wrote hyo (documents to be submitted to the emperor), ganmon (prayers), reports to the Emperor, and so on, and he was called Meiju (Great Confucian).

• そのため作品は文章修業のための模写の題材にされることもある。
• Therefore, his work is sometimes chosen as a model to imitate in order to study writing.

• 本文の後にある奥書（日付・和歌・文章・場所）は、拝読しない。
• The okugaki (postscript) (date, waka, text, place) placed next to the body text shall not be read.

• 中世武家社会において荘園などを分譲する際の文章で用いられる。
• This style of document was used in samurai society during the medieval period as a proof of transfer for belongings, such as a shoen (manor).

• 中国における画讃とは、人物画にちなんで制作された文章を指す。
• In China, a 'gasan' is a text produced in relation to a portrait.

• あなたは保護されたセクションの前に文章を挿入しようとしました
• You tried to insert text in front of a protected section

• 例文や、文章の仕組みをディクテーションでマスターしましょう。
• Let's master example sentences and the make-up of text by dictation.

• 文章を編集する人で、みだらなまたは不快な単語や一節を削除する
• a person who edits a text by removing obscene or offensive words or passages

• 文章博士 900年（昌泰3年） - 910年（延喜10年）。
• Monjo hakase (master of literature) 900 to 910.

• 俊士(しゅんし)とは、平安時代以降、文章生に与えられた称号。
• From the Heian Period, 'Shunshi' was the title given to monjosho (students of literary studies at Imperial universities).

• 通常の文章 :インデントされた文章 ::インデントされた文章
• Normal text :Indented text ::Indented text

• このため、大学（寮）直曹である文章院に対して大学別曹と呼んだ。
• These dormitories were called Daigaku-besso to distinguish them from the Monjoin which was a Jikiso of the Daigaku-ryo.

• 訴訟書類は、簡潔な文章で整然かつ明瞭に記載しなければならない。
• Case documents shall be stated in an orderly and clear manner using concise sentences.

• 無駄のない文章は小説の文体のひとつの理想と見なされ評価が高い。
• His concise writing is seen as one type of ideal literary style, and is regarded highly.

• 文章博士（もんじょうはかせ）は、大学寮紀伝道の教官（令外官）。
• Monjo hakase of Daigaku-ryo (大学寮: an institute for the training of government officials established under ritsuryo-sei [a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes], which belonged to Shikibu-sho [Ministry in charge of ceremonies in the Nara and Heian periods]) was a teacher of kiden-do (the study of histories, one of the subjects taught at Daigaku-ryo), and was ryoge-no-kan (a government post outside those determined under ritsuryo-sei).

• その引用した文章からわかると思うけど、口語体で書かれた本です。
• I expect you can tell from the quoted text, but this is a book written in a colloquial style.

• 紀伝道に進み、文章得業生から方略試に及第、式部省に任官される。
• He took up Kidendo (the study of history, where he started from Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and successfully passed Horyakushi (a test for recruitment of government clerk) and was assigned to Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies).

• 式部大輔・大学頭・文章博士・東宮学士・左京大夫・美濃守を去る。
• He resigned from Shikibu Taifu, Daigaku no Kami, Monjo Hakase, Togu Gakushi, Sakyo no Daibu and Mino no Kami.

• 学問の家に生まれたが、孝標は大学頭・文章博士にはならなかった。
• Although he was born to an academic family, he never became Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education) or Monjo hakase (professor of literature).

• 各目には、諸々の書物の記事や文章を抜粋した上で分類排列している。
• Extracted articles and compositions from a variety of books were classified and arranged into items.

• 平安時代の秀いでた詩や文章400餘篇を集めた漢詩文の選集である。
• This collection includes more than 400 masterful Chinese poems and prose composed during the Heian period.

• 紫の枠に題号部分の赤い背景色、文章は上部にコラム形式、が基本形。
• This paper has a purple frame and a red background for the title lettering, and text in the upper portion in the form of columns, as its basic layout.

• 記事末尾に文章を追記する。ページにカテゴリーを加えるにの便利です
• Append some text to the end of the page - great for adding pages to categories

• 出版のための文章を準備段階において行われる編集会議をまとめる紙面
• a sheet summarizing the editorial conventions to be followed in preparing text for publication

• この文章の終りで私はぎょっとして、しばらくのあいだ言葉を止めた。
• At the termination of this sentence I started, and for a moment, paused ;

• 916年（延喜16）3月28日、文章得業生と就り、丹波掾に任官。
• On May 7, 916, he became Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and appointed Tanba no jo (Secretary of Tanba Province).

• 10月6日、従四位上に昇叙し、左少弁・文章博士・記録所寄人如元。
• November 7, 1318 Promoted to Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade); retained the posts of Sashoben, Monjo hakase, and Kirokujo Yoriudo

• 881年（元慶5）2月15日、文章得業生となり、讃岐権少目に任官。
• February 15, 881: He was chosen as a monjo tokugosho (distinguished student of literature), and appointed a deputy lesser sakan (officer) of Sanuki Province.

• まず大学寮の寮試にて中国正史より問題を出題して擬文章生を選抜した。
• First, gimonjosho were chosen in the examination at the daigakuryo, which asked questions about Chinese historiography.

• 鎌倉時代には文章としても書簡などに用いられ文語文体として確立した。
• During the Kamakura period, it was fixed as a literary style used for sentences in letters.

• また、優秀者には学問料が払われて後の文章生への登用に有利に働いた。
• Money for study was provided for deserving students, who were eligible to be appointed as a monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University).

• 文章院（もんじょういん）は、大学寮紀伝道の直曹（講堂及び寄宿舎）。
• Monjoin was a University Jikiso (facilities) (such as a lecture room and student dormitory) for Kidendo (the study of the histories) of Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).

• 新しいページ用に名前空間ごとのカスタマイズ可能な雛形文章を用意する
• Provides customisable per-namespace boilerplate text for new pages

• 文章、または会話におけるホルマール構造の分析として定義された言語学
• linguistics defined as the analysis of formal structures in a text or discourse

• また、紀伝博士が行っていた紀伝勘文の作成も文章博士が引き継いでいる。
• Also, writing kiden kanmon (report about histories), which was a task of kiden hakase, was handed over to monjo hakase.

• 個人的に親交のあった夢窓疎石は、尊氏の徳を評価した文章を残している。
• Takauji's close friend Soseki MUSO described Takauji as a man of virtue in his writing.

• 文章は終始美文のみで構成したかのような、完璧とも言える文体からなる。
• His writing, which might be called impeccable, seems to consist entirely of beautiful sentences from the beginning to the end.

• ふいに文章の中の何かに示唆を受けた彼は本をソファの傍に取り落とした。
• Suddenly something in the text suggested a thought which made him start and drop the book for the third time to the side of the sofa,

• だが、その年に右少弁の兼務が命ぜられ、翌年には更に文章博士を兼ねた。
• However, he was given an additional post of Ushoben (Minor Controller of the Right) in the same year, and further obtained a post of Monjo hakase (professor of literature) in the following year.

• 道真が文章生であった貞観 (日本)17年（875年）頃に道真に嫁ぐ。
• She married to Michizane around 875 when Michizane was monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University).

• 20歳の時（応和4年、改元して康保元年、964年）には文章生となる。
• In 964, at the age of 20, he became monjosho (a student of literary studies in the Imperial University).

• これにより、三職兼帯（式部少輔・大学頭・文章博士）という栄誉に与る。
• Because of this service, he was honored to hold the post of three offices (Shikibu shoyu, Daigaku no kami and Monjo hakase).

• 文章博士在任時には、承元・建暦・建保・承久の年号勘申に関わっている。
• While being at the position of Monjo hakase, he was involved in kanjin (a report requested from specialists concerning precedents for court rituals or other issues) for names of the following eras: Jogen, Kenryaku, Kenpo, and Jokyu.

• が、「学問を修め、文章をよくする人」であることが文人たる所以といえる。
• However, 'being educated and good at literature' was a prerequisite for a Bunjin.

• 文章生の中でも優秀者は給料学生と呼ばれて穀倉院より学問料が支給された。
• Excellent students among monjosho were granted gakumonryo (the scholarship for Monjosho who study at Daigakuryo in the Heian period) from the Kokusoin (Imperial Granary) and were called Kyuryo gakusei (students who were selected for Kyuryo (scholarship)).

• 992年（正暦3年）文章生（もんじょしょう）となり、弾正少忠となった。
• In 992, he became monjosho (a student of literary studies in the Imperial University) and then Danshoshochu (judge of inspection and police ministry).

• 文章博士（正七位下→従五位下）　1名→2名　728年新設　文学を教える
• 1 and later 2 Monjo Hakase (Shoshichiinoge to Jugoinoge [Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade]): Introduced in 728 and taught literature

• 口絵や挿絵もあったが、文章中心の読み物であるところから読本と呼ばれた。
• Although Yomihon included frontispieces and illustrations, it was called Yomihon (reading books) because its emphasis was on the text itself.

• 倒置法は言葉の前後を入れ替えることにより文章を強調する効果があります。
• Anastrophe, by switching around words, has the effect of emphasizing text.

• 先ずは憧れの作家の文章の呼吸をつかむためにひたすら筆写、丸写しをする。
• First, in order to get a feel for your favourite author's work, transcribe and copy in full.

• 寛平5年（893年）に文章得業生となり、翌年には三河国国司に任官する。
• He became Monjo-tokugosho (Distinguished Scholar of Letters) in 893 and the following year was appointed Kokushi (Governor) of Mikawa Province.

• 11月3日、左少弁を去り、権右中弁に転任し、文章博士・記録所寄人如元。
• December 4, 1318: Resigned from the post of Sashoben, reassigned to the post of Gonno Uchuben (Provisional Middle Controller of the Right) and retained the posts of Monjo hakase and Kirokujo Yoriudo

• これも、頼朝の意向を盛時がそのまま文章にしたものであるといわれている。
• It is said that this letter was written by Moritoki, who faithfully represented Yoritomo's opinions.

• 「漢城旬報」は朝鮮における最初の近代的新聞で文章は当初は純漢文だった。
• 'Hanseong Sunbo' was the first modern newspaper in Korea and all the text was written in pure classical Chinese when it was launched.

• 文章の「起承転結」を説明する際によく使われる、文の作者との説がある。
• Some say he was the author of the following phrase, which is often cited to explain the 'introduction, development, turn and conclusion' of a composition:

• いずれの説もその原典になる文章がそれ以前の時代には存在したとしている。
• Both of them stated that the original text existed before the specified era.

• 斉衡元年（854年）に文章生となり、当時の文章博士菅原是善に師事する。
• Tadaomi became a monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) in 854, studying under SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, a Monjo hakase (professor of literature) at that time.

• 寛和2年（986年）文章生となり、その後正三位神祇伯に至り、祭主となる。
• In 986 he became a Monjosho (student of literature and history) and later took office as Director of the Jingikan (Council of Shinto rituals), and further promoted to the Saishu (Officer) of Ise.

• (倭建命の辞世としている古事記とほぼ同じ文章ながら印象が異なっている）。
• (Although the lines are almost the same as in the Kojiki, which regards them as Yamato Takeru no Mikoto's farewell poems, the impression they leave is different.)

• それは極楽には往生せず」（御文章3帖目3通）などの証文を根拠としている。
• They will never be reborn in heaven' (the third letter of the third folding book of Gobunsho (Ennyo Shonin's letters for propagation)).

• 宋時代以降の絵画に付属する文章は、主として「題」または「跋」と呼ばれた。
• Text added to paintings in the Sung period and later was called 題 (dai) or 跋 (batsu).

• 『大日本帝国憲法における告文』（憲法前文）には、以下のような文章がある。
• In the 'Imperial instruction (preamble) of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan', there is the following sentence:
• In the 'Imperial instruction [preamble] of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan,' there is the following sentence.

• 私が思うに、これは「労働への反乱」に言及した最初のまとまった文章である。
• the first text, I believe, to refer to the 'revolt against work' in so many words

• 11月19日、従四位上に昇叙し、左中弁・民部大輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
• On December 20, 946, he was promoted to Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) and retained his positions as Sachuben, Minbu taifu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.

• 対策を経て、内記・文章博士などを歴任し、その後、従四位上式部省に至った。
• After passing the Taisaku (an examination for adopting government officials under the Ritsuryo legal codes), Arimasa consecutively worked in different positions, including Naiki (Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature), later reaching the rank of Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) with a post in the Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial).

• 1319年（文保3）3月9日、右中弁に遷任し、文章博士・記録所寄人如元。
• April 8, 1319: Reassigned to the post of Ushoben, and retained the posts of Monjo hakase and Kirokujo Yoriudo

• 及第者は次の除目で京官に任じられた他、将来的には文章博士への道も開かれた。
• Those who passed the exams would be appointed as kyokan (an official of the Capital) in the next jimoku (appointment ceremonies) and it would open the door to monjo hakase for them in the future.

• 子は長男・菅原高視や五男・菅原淳茂（父の没後に文章博士）をはじめ男女多数。
• He had many sons and daughters, including SUGAWARA no Takami, his first son, and SUGAWARA no Atsushige, his fifth son (who became Monjo Hakase after his father's death).

• 仁和2年（886年）、讃岐守を拝任、式部少輔兼文章博士を辞し、任国へ下向。
• In 886, he was appointed Governor of Sanuki Province, and therefore resigned from his positions of Shikibu-shoyu and Monjo Hakase, and moved to Sanuki.

• 充行状（おておこないじょう/あてがいじょう）とは、中世に見られる文章形式。
• Ate okonai jo (also Ote okonai jo or ategai jo) was a style of document used during the medieval period.

• おれは文章がまずい上に字を知らないから手紙を書くのが大嫌（だいきら）いだ。
• I hate most to write letters because I am poor at sentence-making and also poor in my stock of words.

• 子に内大臣広幡基豊、娘に左近衛権中将園池実達室、文章博士唐橋在経室がいる。
• Naidaijin (Minister of the Center) Mototoyo HIROHATA was his son and Sakone no Gon no chujo (provisional middle captain of the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) Sanetatsu SONOIKE's wife and Monjo hakase (professor of literature) Aritsune KARAHASHI's wife were his daughters.

• これによって漢字を含みながらも和文の持つ自在な表現力を持つ文章が手に入った。
• Japanese people made use of both Chinese characters and expressive Japanese at the same time in order to write more effectively.

• 天長年間に文章博士都腹赤らの奔走により、淳和天皇の勅旨によって奉試を受けた。
• During the Tencho era, Harusumi was encouraged his professors, such as MIYAKO no Haraaka, to write a hoshi examination in accordance with Emperor Junna's order.

• 円融天皇の時文章生となり、敦良親王の読書始に列席するなどの活動を行っていた。
• He became a monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) at the time of Emperor Enyu, and attended the Dokushohajime (a ceremony to mark when an individual starts to study) of Imperial Prince Atsunaga among other activities.

• 句読点の付け方（または息継ぎ）を変えると文章の意味も変わるということを示す例。
• In other words, when a sentence is understood by placing commas and periods (or breath breaks) in a different way, the sentence can have a different meaning.

• （幼い頃から学問を好み、書物をよく読み、その知識は深く、見事な文章を書いた。）
• (Since his early days, he liked to study, read books very well, obtained deep knowledge, and wrote in a splendid way.)

• 対策（たいさく）は、献策・方略試・秀才 (科挙)試・文章得業生試ともよばれた。
• Taisaku was also called kensaku (recommended proposal), horyaku shi (exam for selecting government officials), shusai (or kakyo) shi, monjo tokugosho shi.

• 藤原北家真夏流で式部省・文章博士を勤めた学者である藤原家経の子として生まれる。
• He was born as a son of FUJIWARA no Ietsune, who was a member of the Manatsu line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan and served at Shikibusho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) as Monjo hakase (a professor of literature).

• 1322年（元亨2）1月6日、正四位上に昇叙し、参議・左兵衛督・文章博士如元。
• January 31, 1322: Promoted to Shoshiinojo (Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade), retained the posts of Sangi, Sahyoe no Kami, and Monjo hakase

• 1320年（元応2）3月24日、蔵人頭に補任し、右中弁・文章博士・春宮亮如元。
• May 11, 1320: Appointed to the post of Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), and retained the posts of Ushoben, Monjo hakase, and Kirokujo Yoriudo

• この後、広常の鎧から願文が見つかったが、そこには謀反を思わせる文章はなかった。
• Later after these incidents, although a ganmon (Shinto or Buddhist prayer) was found in Hirotsune's amour, even one sentence indicating a plan of rebellion was not discovered.

• 英語もできたし、文章も巧みで文字は美しく、父の詠んだ和歌を短冊に代筆している。
• Besides she understood English; she wrote well with beautiful handwriting which remains in oblong cards when she wrote her father's waka (poetry) for him.

• 日付は、『御文（御文章）』との整合を保つ為、旧暦表示（性歿年月日を除く）とした。
• In order to be consistent with 'Ofumi (Gobunsho)' the lunar calendar is used (except for the dates of birth and death).

• 読本とは、口絵や挿絵もあったが、文章中心の読み物であるところから読本と呼ばれた。
• Although there were Yomihon with a frontispiece or illustrations, but most of them were books for reading which contained only texts, so they were called Yomihon (books for reading).

• 『日本書紀』の文体・用語など文章上の様々な特徴を分類して研究・調査がされている。
• There are various researches which classify various characteristics such as styles and terms of 'Nihonshoki.'

• 平安時代を通して、男性貴族が政治で使う文字は漢字であり、文章は漢文であり続けた。
• Throughout the Heian period, male court nobles in politics used kanji (Chinese characters) for writing and sentences were all in kanji.

• 書籍、雑誌その他の文章、写真、図表等により構成される作品の制作における編集の業務
• editing work in producing books, magazines, or other work consisting of writing, photography and charts, etc.;

• そして、アルファベット二十六文字残らずを使って自分の愛の文章を見事に組み立てた。
• and loved her love to admiration with all the letters of the alphabet.

• 彼の文章の一つ、シニコ夫人との最後の面談から二月後に書かれたものにはこうあった。
• One of his sentences, written two months after his last interview with Mrs. Sinico, read:

• 受領であった父とともに地方を転々とするが、後に文章生となり菅原文時の門下となる。
• He wandered from place to place with his father, who was the Zuryo (head of the provincial governors), but he later became a monjosho (student of literature at the Imperial University), studying under SUGAWARA no Fumitoki.

• 4月28日、正四位下に昇叙し、式部大輔・大学頭・文章博士・東宮学士・備前守如元。
• On April 28, he was promoted to Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and he retained his positions as Shikibu taifu, Daigaku no Kami, Monjo Hakase, Togu Gakushi and Bizen no Kami.

• 天壌無窮の神勅については、古事記の天孫降臨の段にも以下のような同様の文章がある。
• The passage of Tensonkorin (the descent of the Sun-Goddess's grandson) recorded in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) also include a similar sentence regarding Tenjomukyu no Shinchoku.

• 文章生は文章院、明経生は明経道院、算生は算道院、明法生は明法道院で暮らしていた。
• Monjosho (students of literary), myogyosho (students of classic Confucian studies), sansho (students of mathematics), and myobosho (students of law) lived in Monjo-in, Myogyodo-in, Sando-in, and Myobodo-in, respectively.

• 文章得業生より出発し、蔵人などを経た後、寛治2年（1088年）に文章博士に至る。
• Starting from the position of Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and promoted to Kurodo (Chamberlain), Atsumoto finally became a Monjo hakase in 1088.

• 中年期の兼好が著した事になるが、若い時代に書いた文章も含まれているという説もある。
• It should have been written by Kenko, who was in the middle years of his life, but some people claim that it includes the writings written when he was young.

• 894年（寛平6）1月7日、従五位上に昇叙し、式部少輔・文章博士・讃岐介元の如し。
• January 7, 894: He was promoted to Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade), while his appointments as Shikubu shosuke, monjo hakase, and Sanuki no suke were unchanged.

• 八代国治や原勝郎が指摘した文章・内容の「つまらなさ」が極まったのがこの時期である。
• The 'tediousness' of the writing and contents pointed out by both Kuniji YASHIRO and Katsuro HARA, was taken to extremes during this time.

• このため、弘仁12年（821年）には文章博士は相当官位を従五位下に引き上げられた。
• Therefore, monjo hakase's rank was raised to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) in 821.

• 二千円札では縦書きの詞書の上半分でカットされているため、文章が読めなくなっている。
• Because \2,000 notes do not contain the lower part of the foreword which was written vertically, it is impossible to read it.

• 最後に開版（出版）された95巻本には、『正法眼蔵』とは呼べない文章も混入している。
• The ninety-five volume book, which was published last, includes descriptions that could not be accurately described as 'Shobogenzo.'

• また、この時代の文献には梶の葉に盛った索麺は七夕の風流 という文章も残されている。
• There is also a description left in some documents from this period that sakumen served on a leaf of Broussonetia papyrifera was a feature of Tanabata.

• また、石燕は『百器徒然袋』の妖怪の題材の多くに『徒然草』などの文章を使用している。
• Sekien cited the sentences from 'Tsurezuregusa'(Essays in Idleness) and so on in creating the specters drawn in 'Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro.'

• 英語の文章を読むとき、知らない単語を全部辞書で調べるのはあまり良いやり方ではない。
• When you're reading an English book, it isn't a great idea to look up every word you don't know.

• この文章を読んでいる人も大半は、直接あるいは間接的に労働によって殺されるであろう。
• Directly or indirectly, work will kill most of the people who read these words.

• 941年（天慶4）1月、従四位下に昇叙し、右中弁・民部少輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
• On February in 941, he was promoted to Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and retained his positions as Uchuben, Minbu shoyu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.

• 934年（承平4）1月7日、従五位上に昇叙し、大学助・文章博士・紀伊権介元の如し。
• On January 7, 934, he was promoted to Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) and he retained his positions as Daigaku no Suke, Monjo Hakase and Kii no Gon no Suke.

• これが原文なのか、続く文章は幕府をはばかって田村家で消したのか、真相は不明である。
• It is also unclear whether it is the original or something that followed was deleted by the Tamura family being in awe of bakufu.

• 文章博士であった父と同様に学問の道を歩み、長暦元年（1038年）文章得業生となる。
• Like his father, who was a Monjo hakase (professor of literature), he also learned literature and became as Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholar of Letters) in 1038.

• 印璽なき文章に権威が付加されることになり、幕末しばしば偽勅が発せられることになった。
• Since the authority was added to the sentences without inji (royal seal), and false imperial decrees came to be issued often at the end of Edo period.

• 文章にならない場合、当時の「お喋り」としての「物語」が現存する可能性はきわめて低い。
• The possibility of 'monogatari' as 'chatting' at that time being passed down to this day is very low unless it was written down.

• 後世においては、代々文章博士を務めた菅原氏・大江氏の大学別曹としての要素も含有した。
• Later, it also began to assume a function as Daigaku-besso (academic facility for nobles) of the Sugawara clan and the Oe clan, both of which inherited Monjo hakase (professor of literature) from generation to generation.

• 延喜2年（902年）1月7日、正五位下に昇叙し、大学頭・文章博士・伊勢権介元の如し。
• On January 7, 902, he was promoted to Shogoinoge (senior fifth rank, lower grade), while retaining his positions as Daigaku no kami, Monjo hakase and Ise no Gon no suke.

• 読み物としてもとても面白かった源氏三代将軍記と比べて、その文章の流暢さは大きく異なる。
• Compared with the record of shogun Genji, which readers can enjoy as a story, the fluency of the writing is quite different.

• 逆に言えば才覚が認められれば、下級官人や庶民の子弟でも文章生になることも可能であった。
• To put it differently, if they were recognized as capable, even sons of lower-ranking government officials or common people were able to become monjosho.

• だが榎本は、この覚書を読むなり「これは便利な文章だ。いかようにも解釈できる」と喜んだ。
• But, once Enomoto read it, he was delighted saying 'This is a useful description. We can take it in any way'.

• 道真は幼少より詩歌に才を見せ、貞観 (日本)4年（862年）、18歳で文章生となった。
• Michizane started to show his talent in poem reading when he was small, and became a monjo-sho (student of literature) at the age of 18 in 862.

• したがって、二つ目以降の未知数を文章による議論で消去して天元術を用いねばならなかった。
• Hence, any unknown variables after the first one had to be eliminated through a written proof before Tengen jutsu could be used.

• 宋の時代、967年に恵昕（えきん）が文章を整理し、上下巻に分けた本が広く通用している。
• In 967, in the Sung Period in China, Ekin organized the text and divided it into two volumes, of which both have been read widely.

• それで更によく調べてみると、三度とも文章の末尾が、この組合せで終っているのを発見した。
• On examination I found that such a combination formed the termination of the message which was three times repeated.

• 938年（承平8）1月7日、正五位下に昇叙し、左少弁・民部少輔・文章博士・伊予介如元。
• On February 13, 938, he was promoted to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and retained his positions as Sashoben, Minbu shoyu, Monjo hakase, and Iyo no suke.

• 建長4年（1252年）に元服、正嘉2年（1257年）に叙爵し、紀伝道（文章道）を学ぶ。
• In 1252, he celebrated his coming of age, and after he was appointed to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) in 1257, he studied Kidendo (Monjodo (Literature)).

• 大宰少弐、刑部大輔を経て、772年(宝亀3年)4月大学頭兼文章博士（もんじょはかせ）。
• After experiencing Dazai no shoni (Junior Assistant Governor-General of Dazai-fu offices) and Gyobu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of Justice), he became Daigaku no kami (a Director of an Academy) and Monjo hakase (a doctor of letters) in April, 772.

• その後、上西門院（統子内親王）判官代・大内記・文章博士・大学頭・越前守などを歴任した。
• Thereafter, he successively held the positions of Josaimonin (Imperial Princess Muneko) hogandai (an administrative official of the Retired-Emperor's Office), Dainaiki (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs), Monjo hakase, Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), Echizen no kami (Governor of Echizen Province), and so on.

• 次いで同閏10月には文章博士、大学頭と並び歴代の菅原氏が叙任される式部大輔を兼任する。
• Also, on October of the same year, he assumed the position of Shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial) which was a position successively given to the Sugawara family as well as Monjohakase and Daigaku no kami.

• 以後も菅原氏宗家から文章博士を相次いで輩出したため、同院の運営に対する影響が大きかった。
• Since the head family of the Sugawara clan had produced Monjo hakase one after another, the family had a big influence on the operation of the Monjoin.

• だが、その中でも最たる者は9世紀中頃に文章院を創設した菅原清公を祖とする菅原氏であった。
• The most outstanding group of people among them was the Sugawara clan founded by SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi who established Monjoin (one of the privately owned dormitories/lecture halls located in Daigaku-ryo) in around the middle of the ninth century.

• 予言的な文章はあまりに不可解であったので、何世紀もの間それらの意味について議論されている
• prophetic texts so enigmatic that their meaning has been disputed for centuries

• ちょっとした文章などで平均を取ってみたら、あるいは反対の現象を現わしているかもしれない。
• and any preponderance which may be shown in an average of a printed sheet may be reversed in a single short sentence.

• 藤原惟成と並んで文章に秀でて、藤原兼家政権下では長く弁官を務めた有能な事務官人であった。
• He was a master writer, on a par with FUJIWARA no Koreshige, and was a brilliant official of the Benkan (Board of Controllers) in FUJIWARA no Kaneie's government.

• 官位については、久安5年（1149年）に縫殿助・文章生所から正六位上兵部少丞に昇進した。
• In 1159, he was promoted from nuidononosuke, monjoshodokoro to Shorokuinojo (Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade), Hyobushojo.

• （「文章道」を学科名とするというような記述は明治以後の混同によるものと考えられている）。
• (It is considered that the description specifying 'Monjodo' as the subject name was caused by a confusion in and after the Meiji period).

• 西園寺公望は、「教師には朱子学者、水戸学の儒者をむかえ、文章家として聞こえた人もあった。
• Kinmochi SAIONJI mentioned, 'We invited Neo-Confucian scholars and Confucians of Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) as teachers, and some of them were famous as good writers.

• なお、『菅家文章』によれば、菅原是善の子菅原道真が父に代わって序文を執筆したとされている。
• Also, according to 'Literary Drafts of the Sugawara Family,' SUGAWARA no Michizane, the son of SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, is said to have written the preface on behalf of his father.

• この「文章」には詩を含むことは間違いなく、詩作が国家の一大事であることを端的に示している。
• It is sure that this 'writing' included poetry, and it shows that making a poetry was an essential task for a nation.

• 当時の文章に多く見られる特徴と同じように、比喩的な表現が多く、特にユーモラスな比喩が多い。
• Like many authors of the time, he used many figurative expressions, particularly humorous metaphors.

• 鉄剣・鉄刀銘文（てっけん・てっとうめいぶん）は、鉄剣または鉄刀に刻まれた文字や文章のこと。
• Inscriptions of iron swords and iron blades are letters or sentences inscribed on the iron swords or iron blades.

• 文章生（もんじょうしょう）から内記・蔵人・式部丞や諸国の国司（遠江国や美濃国など）を歴任。
• He successively held monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University), naiki (secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs), Kurodo (Chamberlain), Shikibu no jo (the third officer of personnel department), and kokushi (provincial governors) of various provinces (such as Totomi Province and Mino Province).

• これを文章博士藤原佐世が「阿衡は位貴くも、職掌なし」と基経に告げたことにより大問題となる。
• As Monjo hakase (professor of literature) FUJIWARA no Sukeyo told Mototsune that 'Ako was a high-ranking position with no jobs,' this phrase developed into a big problem.

• 芳年の錦絵は、背景まで写実的に細かく書き込まれ、文章部分と錦絵部分が明確に区分されていた。
• Nishiki-e prints by Honen were realistically painted in detail including even the background, and the portions for text and nishiki-e prints were clearly separated from each other.

• 元々儒家の出身でないことから対策（文章得業生となるための試験）に合格するのに歳月を要した。
• Since he did not come from a Confucian family in the first place, it took him a long time to pass Taisaku (an exam to be Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters)).

• 以後、蔵人、左少弁、中宮亮、大学頭、文章博士等々を歴任し、その学識の高さをもって知られた。
• Since then, he served successively as Kurodo (Chamberlain), Sashoben (third ranked officer of the left), Chugu no suke (Assistant Master of the Consort's Household), Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), Monjo hakase (professor of literature), etc., and he was distinguished for the breadth of his learning.

• 895年（寛平7）8月13日、正五位下に昇叙し、右少弁・式部少輔・文章博士・讃岐介元の如し。
• August 13, 895: He was promoted to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), while all his official appointments remained unchanged.

• 『増鏡』（南北朝時代_(日本)成立）には『とはずがたり』の文章が数段に渡って用いられている。
• 'Masukagami' (written in the Northern and Southern Court period of Japan) uses several paragraphs from 'Towazugatari.'

• 錦絵新聞の絵師は小新聞の挿絵画家に、文章筆者は小新聞の記者、寄稿者になったものも少なくない。
• Not a few eshi (painters) and writers for nishiki-e-shinbun became illustration painters, reporters, and contributors for the small-scale newspapers.

• だが、平安時代後期以後、紀伝道博士（文章博士）を世襲した大江氏・菅原氏が侍読の役を独占した。
• After the late Heian period, the Oe clan and the Sugawara clan monopolized the position of Jidoku with the hereditary title of Kidendo hakase (chief experts on the history of Japan and China) (Monjo hakase (professor of literature)).

• 神亀5年7月21日 (旧暦)（728年8月30日）の格式において文章博士とともに設置された。
• In a kyakushiki (amendment of the ritsuryo code) on September 3, 728, Myoho hakase was instituted at the same time as Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature).

• しかし、善縄は恬淡な人柄で文章生が私邸を訪れてもこれを謝絶して学閥争いに関わることを避けた。
• Yoshitada, preferring not to align with others and having a straightforward personality, rejected establishment of relationships with monjosho when they visited his residence and was able to avoid the factional conflict.

• 939年（天慶2）1月7日、正五位下に昇叙し、式部少輔・大学助・文章博士・紀伊権介元の如し。
• On January 7, 939, he was promoted to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and he retained his positions as Shikibu Shoyu, Daigaku no Suke, Monjo Hakase and Kii no Gon no Suke.

• 建保6年（1218年）には幕府の推薦という名目で従四位下文章博士と順徳天皇の侍読を兼務した。
• Then he was conferred Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature) in 1218 by the bakufu's recommendation and was appointed Jidoku (tutor) of Emperor Juntoku concurrently.

• 896年（寛平8）12月16日、従四位下に昇叙し、式部少輔・大学頭・文章博士・讃岐介元の如し。
• December 16, 896: He was promoted to Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade), while his four court appointments remained unchanged.

• 蓮如の布教は、教義を消息（手紙）の形で分かりやすく説いた『御文（御文章）』を中心に行なわれた。
• He propagated his teaching mainly through the use of 'Ofumi (Ofumisho),' which was the teaching explained in a comprehensive form of a letter.

• なお、松陰の文章における山縣の初出は、安政4年（1857年）9月26日付の岸御園宛書簡である。
• In Shoin’s writing, Yamagata was first mentioned in the letter written to Misono KISHI on November 12, 1857.

• また活版印刷の導入によって絵に対して文章の比重が高まったほか発行部数の増大などの変化があった。
• Furthermore, with the introduction of letterpress printing, the written word became more important than the graphics and besides this, there were changes such as massive growth of circulation etc.

• （例えば、スピーチと文章の）要点から離れるか、またはさまざまなテーマを対象とする傾向があるさま
• (of e.g. speech and writing) tending to depart from the main point or cover a wide range of subjects

• が、その後の経歴から当時白丁の子弟でも入学が許されていた大学寮文章生出身であったとされている。
• However, based on his later carrier, it is said that he came from monjosho (a student of literary studies) at Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education at that rime) where even youngsters of hakucho were allowed to enter.

• その後、後冷泉天皇朝の下で式部少輔・文章博士・東宮学士・大学頭などを歴任し、従四位下に至った。
• Later, he successively held various positions such as Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonial), Monjo hakase (professor of literature), Togu gakushi (Teacher of the Classics of the Crown Prince) and Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education) in the reign of Emperor Goreizei and reached Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade).

• 永観は文章博士（もんじょうはかせ）源国経の子として生まれ、11歳で禅林寺の深観に弟子入りする。
• Yokan was the son of Monjo-hakase MINAMOTO no Kunitsune and entered Zenrin-ji Temple aged 11 as the disciple of Jinkan.

• 後に漢文学の学科である文章道（もんじょうどう）と統合して歴史・漢文学の両方を教える学科となった。
• Later, it was merged with Monjodo (Literature), a subject which dealt with Chinese literature, becoming a subject teaching both history and Chinese literature.

• 『御文（御文章）』の第二帖第三通で、門徒に向け以下の三箇条守る旨を説き誡められ、禁止されている。
• The third chapter, volume two of 'Ofumi' (Gobunsho) (Rennyo's instruction to monto) states that monto must abide by the following three things.

• 祖父と父はともに文章博士（もんじょうはかせ）を務めた学者の家系であり、当時は中流の公家であった。
• The Sugawara clan was a scholarly family, with his grandfather and father both serving as Monjo Hakase, and, at the time, its members were mid-ranking court nobles.

• 通常スピーチや文章、または小さなアクシデントや記憶力の衰えなどで見られる、うっかりした小さな誤り
• a minor inadvertent mistake usually observed in speech or writing or in small accidents or memory lapses etc.

• と云うのは、この短い文章の中で、三度も出ているから、このよく出て来る文字はＡに相違ないと考えた。
• since it occurs no fewer than three times in this short sentence,

• 当初文章生として朝廷に仕えたが、785年（延暦4年）ある事件に連座したとされて禁錮に処せられた。
• Hiroyo originally served in the Imperial court as a monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University), but in 785 he was imprisoned for his alleged involvement in a certain incident.

• このプレビューは、上の文章編集エリアの文章を保存した場合にどう見えるようになるかを示すものです。
• This preview reflects the text in the upper text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save.

• 『たけくらべ』では吉原近くの大音寺前を舞台にして、思春期頃の少年少女の様子を情緒ある文章で描いた。
• In 'Takekurabe,' she gave an emotion-filled description of the appearance and behavior of adolescent boys and girls against the backdrop of Daionjimae near Yoshiwara.

• なお、『栄花物語』と一部文章が全く同じであり、同物語のあとがきには日記から筆写した旨記されている。
• A part of 'Eiga Monogatari' (A Tale of Flowering Fortunes) contains exactly the same writing as the diary, and in its afterword the author writes that part of the tale was transcribed from the diary.

• 僧侶の食事作法のひとつだが、道徳的普遍性の高い文章であるため禅に限らず多くの分野で引用されている。
• It is simply a kind of table manners, but it's quoted by many people in other fields because it has great universality in its morality.

• だから火葬にしてやろう」と禅の窮地に立った擬人化を行い茶道具には和心が生きているという文章を残す。
• That's why I've decided to destroy them by fire,' leaving behind writings that showed his Zen dilemma due to having anthropomorphized his tea utensils to the point that his own spirit dwelt within them.

• この文章は、実際に文になった意識的でそれなりに網羅的なまとめとしては、史上初のものかもしれない。
• Indeed, this may be the first conscious and reasonably complete summary ever to have been written down.

• 善縄の才能に気付いた祖父によって大切に育てられ、弘仁7年（816年）に大学寮に入って文章生となる。
• Yoshitada was cherished by his grandfather who recognized his grandson's talents, and Yoshitada entered a university dormitory in 816 to become a monjosho student of literary studies at the Imperial University.

• 地頭・御家人、寺社などから多くは訴訟の証拠、由緒として提出された文章や、求めに応じて提供された文章
• Accounts that were handed as evidence or histories of lawsuits by Military Land Stewards, shogun's vassals, temples and shrines, or ones that were offered in accordance with requests.

• 政所や問注所に特別な形で保管されていた文章、あるいは事務官僚の家に伝わった公文書類もあると思われる。
• These are considered to be the accounts specially preserved in Mandokoro and Monchujo, or official documents passed down in the officials' houses.

• 文体は中国の『文選 (書物)』に倣ったものであるが、日本独自の仏教関連の願文や、文章・和歌等もある。
• Although the style followed the Chinese work 'Monzen' (Wen-hsuan, ancient Chinese poems), it also includes ganmon (written prayers related to Buddhism) that were unique to Japan, prose and waka poetry.

• 文章は『源氏物語』や和歌の影響の強い優雅な和文体で、内容的にも原典とは細部でかなりの違いが見られる。
• Written in graceful classical Japanese style, the stories are strongly influenced by 'The Tale of Genji' and waka poetry, with story details also differing considerably from their Chinese originals.

• なお、この慣用句を用いた文章を英語訳するときには、単に “use” の語で置き換えられることが多い。
• Incidentally, the Japanese idiomatic phrase of 'dashi ni suru' can be simply translated into the English word of 'use' in many cases.

• 文章院の構造は中央部に講堂にあたる北堂が置かれ、左右に寄宿舎部分にあたる東曹・西曹が設置されていた。
• The Monjoin had the Hokudo which served as a lecture hall in the center, and toso and seiso which served as dormitories on both sides of the Hokudo.

• 私はもうかなりの文字を得たので、今度は相当の自信を持って、第二の文章に進むことが出来ることとなった。
• I had so many letters now that I could proceed with considerable confidence to the second message,

• 「私は文章を書く時は猿にもわかるように書いている」と言った福沢諭吉らしい文章だと言えるかもしれない。
• Actually he even said that 'When I write something, I'm trying to write in a way that even monkeys can understand'.

• また、連座して左遷された菅原高視・菅原淳茂は復帰後それぞれ大学頭、文章博士に任じられたものの早世した。
• Additionally, both SUGAWARA no Takami and SUGAWARA no Atsushige, who have been implicated in the Incident and appointed respectively Daigaku no kami and monjo hakase after returning to the capital, died at an early age.

• 菅原氏は清公・菅原是善・菅原道真と3代にわたって文章博士から公卿に昇り、博士職を世襲する勢いであった。
• Having produced monjo hakase who later became a Court noble over three consecutive generations, i.e. from Kiyokimi to SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, then to SUGAWARA no Michizane, the Sugawara clan was in such a strong position that they looked as if they were holding the post of hakase by heredity.

• 性的な欲求を刺激すること以外にの文学的であるか芸術的な価値のない創造的な活動（文章、絵または映画など）
• creative activity (writing or pictures or films etc.) of no literary or artistic value other than to stimulate sexual desire

• このことで、菅原氏ですら行わなかった文章博士の一族独占を行って文章院の管轄権の半分を菅原氏から奪った。
• The Oe clan, as a result, deprived the Sugawara clan of half the latter's control over Monjoin through a monopoly on the monjo hakase posts, which even the Sugawara clan could not achieve.

• 吉田兼好や林羅山、新井白蛾、福澤諭吉などが「日の吉凶」を否定することが窺える内容の文章を書き残している。
• Kenko YOSHIDA, Razan HAYASHI, Hakuga ARAI, Yukichi FUKUZAWA and so on left the articles whose subject was the denial of 'the fortune of the day.'

• 『御文』という呼び方は、真宗大谷派にて用いられ、『御文章』という呼び方は浄土真宗本願寺派にて用いられる。
• The term 'Ofumi' is used only in the Otani denomination of Shin Buddhism, and the term 'Ofumi-sho' is used only in the Hongan-ji denomination of Jodoshin-shu.

• 910年（延喜10年）に文章生（もんじょうしょう）となり、920年（延喜20年）に壱岐国守に任命された。
• He became a monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) in 910 and was appointed as the governor of Iki Province in 920.

• 文章博士から大学頭・式部大輔・左中弁・弾正大弼などを歴任、その後従三位となり牛車による参内を勅許された。
• During his career he passed from the position of Monjo hakase (chief calligrapher to the court) to such posts as Daigaku no kami (headmaster of the Academy), Shikibu taifu (chief judge of Civil Services), Sachuben (first assistant controller of the left) and Danjo daihitsu (Major Deputy Inspector of the Police Bureau), thereafter reaching Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) and receiving imperial permission for a visit, via ox-drawn carriage, to the Emperor's palace.

• 成人後には天皇の場合には文章博士などが侍読を務め、摂関家でも著名な学者を家司などに任じて侍読役を務めた。
• Emperors upon reaching adulthood were appointed Professors of Monjodo (Department of Chinese poetry and history), and regent families to an emperor were appointed famous scholars as Keishi to work as court scholars.

• （相互に連合関係にある）文法的に正しい文章の同じ位置（または、スロット）に代用できるすべての項目のクラス
• the class of all items that can be substituted into the same position (or slot) in a grammatical sentence (are in paradigmatic relation with one another)

• 天長5年（828年）に旧制への復帰に伴って俊士から文章得業生に転じられ、春澄氏宿禰のカバネを授けられた。
• When the original policy was restored in 828, he was reappointed to monjo tokugosho from shunshi and was given the nickname Sukune of the Haruzumi clan.

• 衛門府・越中国国司を経て1061年（康平4年）に右少弁に任官、1065年（治暦元年）に文章博士を兼ねる。
• After serving as an officer of Emonfu (Headquarter of the Outer Palace Guards) and the provincial governor of Etchu Province, he was appointed to Ushoben (Minor Controller of the Right) in 1061 as well as Monjo hakase in 1065.

• 文章得業生が一定年限（3・5・7年目など）を経て秀才試（方策試・対策とも）を受験して方略策2条を作成した。
• After a certain period of time studying as Monjo tokugosho (their third, fifth and seventh year etc.), they took the official appointment examination for the 'shusai' rank (both hosakushi examination and taisaku examination) and wrote two articles in the horyakusaku examination.

• 文体の特徴は、日本語の語順で語彙が並ぶ文章に、漢文に由来する定型の「返し読み」を混ぜて書かれたことである。
• Characteristics of the style is that standard 'kaeshiyomi (reversal reading in a Chinese of classical Japanese text)' originating from Chinese writing is mixed in a sentence in which word order follows the rules of the Japanese language.

• 成立した年代については、明衡が文章博士や東宮博士の要職に就いた晩年期の康平年間ではないかと推定されている。
• This collection is estimated to have been compiled during the Kohei era when Akihira was appointed to a number of important posts, such as Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Togu hakase (professor for the crown prince) in his later years.

• その結果、明治末になるとそれらは書き言葉として次第に確立し、一般の文章にも大きな影響を与えるようになった。
• As a result, in the late Meiji period they gradually became established as the written language, and came to greatly influence Japanese general writing.

• そのため文筆の上手い官人や学者が優先的に就任し、大内記は紀伝道（文章道）の国家試験合格者に限定されていた。
• For that reason, good writers among officials and scholars were preferentially appointed Naiki, and Dainaiki was limited to those who had passed the National examination in history (and Chinese literature).

• マスロー式価値のヒエラルキーとの関連についての新しい文章と、能力に対する攻撃に関するタブーについて加筆。
• Other new material on the connection to the Maslovian hierarcy of values, and the taboo against attacks on competence.

• 貞観9年（867年）には文章生のうち二名が選ばれる文章得業生となり、正六位下に叙せられ、下野権少掾となる。
• In 867, Michizane was selected to be one of the two Monjo Tokugosho (honor student among the monjo-sho), was appointed to the Shorokuinoge (Senior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade), and became the Gonnoshojo (Deputy Junior Secretary) of Shimotsuke Province.

• 昌泰の変後に菅原氏が一時低迷すると、替わって大江氏が文章博士を占めるようになり、文章院への影響力を強めた。
• When the family fortune of the Sugawara clan declined after the Shotai Incident (901), the Oe clan conversely began to occupy the post of Monjo hakase so that the clan increased its influence on the Monjoin.

• 儒家でない者で文章得業生になることができない文章生については、特に方略宣旨を申請して、「対策」を受験した。
• Those Monjosho who were not Confucian and could not become Monjo tokugosho, made a special petition for Horyaku senshi (an imperial letter) to take the 'taisaku' exam.

• 中央政府から指示が届いたのは翌1873年9月であるが、その文章は「スデニ絞罪処刑後蘇生ス、マタ論ズベキナシ。
• The reply from the central government was received in September 1873, in the following year, and it said 'Tosaku had already been executed but happened to regain consciousness, so it is not necessary to discuss about any longer'.

• 大きな違いとしては、まず『今昔』は文章が和漢混淆文であり、物語的で、親しみやすいものになっているということ。
• A major difference is that the sentences of 'Konjaku' are written in a mixture of Japanese and Chinese, and are approachable as a narrative.

• 蓮如（1415年-1499年）が書き記した浄土真宗の『御文章』では、信じれば無間地獄に沈むと警告されている。
• 'Gobunsho' (a collection of letters written by Jodo Shinshu high priest Rennyo [1415-1499] to his pupils) says the believers of kakushi nenbutsu would go to 'mugen jigoku' (the Avici hell, which is believed to be the most painful of the eight hells).

• 文章博士を正七位下から貴族に相当する従五位下にしたのは、嵯峨天皇であり、これにより当代学者の登竜門となった。
• It was the Emperor Saga who upgraded the status of Monjo Hakase from Shoshichiinoge to Jugoinoge, the rank from which persons could join the peerage, and the post of Monjo Hakase became a gateway to success for contemporary scholars.

• そのため、給料学生がそのまま優先的に文章得業生に選抜され、大学寮の教官や式部省などの官人への登竜門となった。
• Accordingly, kyuryo-gakusei were preferentially selected as Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and this examination became a gateway to the instructor of Daigakuryo or official post of Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies).

• キーワードに合致する文章やファイルから、さらに進んだ分析をして、隠れている真実を発見することがナレッジです。
• To apply further analysis to documents and files matching the keywords and find the hidden truth is 'knowledge'.

• 古びたところもあるけれど、この文章はいまでも Lispファン（ぼくを含め）の間では当然ながら珍重されている。
• Though dated in some respects, this essay is still rightly celebrated among LISP fans (including me).

• この言葉は、キリスト教弁解者テルトリアヌスが、イエスの生誕から200年後に書いた文章の英訳の中にあるものだ。
• that the Christian thinker Tertullian wrote 200 years after the birth of Jesus.

• 承和15年2月14日 (旧暦)（848年3月22日）には正五位下に叙されて文章博士兼務のまま備中守に転じた。
• On March 22, 848, he was appointed to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and became Bicchu no kami (governor of Bicchu Province) while he was still a Monjo hakese.

• 941年（天慶4）1月7日、従四位下に昇叙し、式部少輔・大学頭・文章博士・紀伊権介元の如し。（三職兼帯の例）
• On January 7, 941, he was promoted to Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and he retained his positions as Shikibu Shoyu, Daigaku no Kami, Monjo Hakase and Kii no Gon no Suke. (an example of holding the post of three offices)

• 以後、官位は兵部省、中務省、式部省等を経て、元久元年（1204年）には歴代菅原氏が叙任される文章博士に昇進。
• Later, he worked for Hyobusho (the Ministry of War), Nakatsukasasho (the Ministry of Central Affairs), then Shikibusho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) and, in 1204, he was promoted to the rank of Monjohakase (Doctor of Letters) which was successively assumed by the Sugawara clan.

• 事実において、地方官において最下級の目 (国司)の子・春澄善縄が文章生から文章博士を経て参議に昇進している。
• As a matter of fact, HARUSUMI no Yoshitada, a son of a sakan (kokushi (provincial governors)), which was the lowest ranked local official, became monjosho and monjo hakase and then was promoted to sangi (councilor).

• 「文章を能くする」とは優れた文章作成能力を差し、能文であるのみならず能筆であることも分ち難く結びついている。
• Being good at literature' means having an ability to write good texts and is deeply related with not only being a good writer buy also a skilled calligrapher.

• 大学平安時代初期、文章生が良家の子弟に限られた際に、成績優秀なる文章生5名に与えられた称号として定められた。
• During the early Heian Period when monjosho was limited to children from privileged families, Shunshi was established as a title given to the five monjosho students with the highest scholastic standing.

• 当時、文章科（後の紀伝道）を学ぶ文章生は、下級役人（雑任）や白丁の子弟が入学を許された数少ない学科であった。
• At that time, monjoka (later kidendo - historical studies) was one of the rare departments in which lower-ranked officials (called zonin) and young commoners were allowed to enroll.

• 八代国治はそれを評して「叙事は平凡にして、文章も流暢ならず、日記を読むが如く無味乾燥にして興味少なし」という。
• Kuniji YASHIRO commented, 'the description is mediocre, and the writing lacks fluency, so it is as monotonous as reading a mere diary.'

• 文人（ぶんじん）とは、中国の伝統社会に生じたひとつの人間類型であり、「学問を修め文章をよくする人」の意である。
• The term 'Bunjin' refers to a type of people in traditional society in China and 'an educated person who is good at literature.'

• 文章中の描写や各章の名称においても、凝った見立てに基づいた戯作調の表現は物語が進むごとに次第になくなっていく。
• As the story progresses, descriptions in the text and titles of chapters lose the touch of mocking or frivolous nature with elaborative choices of words.

• 寛平8年（896年）文章生となり、延喜元年（901年）式部少丞平篤行を問者として方略試（対策）に応じ合格した。
• He became a monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) in 896, and took Horyakushi (a test for recruitment of government clerk) (Taisaku) from a questioner, Shikibu shojo (Junior Secretary of the Ministry of Ceremonial) TAIRA no Atsuyuki to pass.

• また、11世紀後半の文人・范鎮が残した文章にも、20世紀の中国で行われていたのととほぼ同じ漁法が描かれている。
• In addition, in the text in which Chin HAN, a literary man in the latter part of the 11th century, wrote, there is a description about a fishing method almost as same as the one which was done in China in the 20th century.

• 室町時代の高辻継長（1414年－1475年）以降は文章博士・大学寮・式部省を経て大納言を極官とするようになる。
• After Tsunenaga TAKATSUJI (1414 - 1475) during the Muromachi period, the highest appointed court position was Dainagon (chief councilor of state), after serving as monjo hakase (professor of literature) and in Daigakuryo and Shikibusho.

• (これに) 及第して文章得業生の代わりに設置され、良家の子弟しか採用されないことになっていた俊士に列せられた。
• Harusumi passed the examination and was then appointed to shunshi (title conferred to monjosho), which had been created to replace monjo tokugosho (distinguished scholar of Letters) for which only children of good families were supposed to be qualified.

• 対策（律令制における官吏採用試験の一種）に合格した後、少内記・掌渤海客使を経て従五位下文章博士兼大内記に至った。
• After passing the Taisaku (a type of employment examination for officials under Japan's Ritsuryo system), following his posts as Shonaiki (assistant editor) and assistant to the envoy from the Korean kingdom of Bohai, he reached the Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) of Monjo hakase (chief calligrapher of the court) and Dainaiki (chief editor).

• これまで全て漢字や万葉仮名で記述されていた日本語をそのまま文章にすることが可能となり、日本文学が発生・発展した。
• This made it possible to write Japanese, which had hitherto been written only in kanji (Chinese characters) or Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu or Collection of Myriad Leaves), as it actually was, leading to the emergence and evolution of Japanese literature.

• 森博達は文武朝（697年～707年）に文章博士の山田史御方（やまだのふひとみかた）がβ群の述作を開始したとする。
• Hiromichi MORI argues that YAMADA no Fuhitomikata, the Doctor of Letters, started to write the β group during the reign of Emperor Monmu (697 - 707).

• 本項目でも統合以後の記述については、本来の記述に従って学科は「紀伝道」・博士は「文章博士」と記述するものとする。
• The names for the subject and the title after their merger used in this section will be 'kidendo' and 'monjo hakase,' respectively, according to their original names.

• 具体的な役としては『夏祭浪花鑑』の玉島磯之丞、『双蝶々曲輪日記』の与五郎、『河庄』の紙屋治兵衛、『廓文章』など。
• Examples are Isonojo TAMASHIMA in 'Natsumatsuri Naniwa kagami' (The Summer Festival: A Mirror of Osaka), Yogoro in 'Futatsu chocho kuruwa nikki' (A Diary of Two Butterflies in the Pleasure Quarters), Jihei KAMIYA in 'Kawasho' (Rewritten version of 'Shinju ten no amijima' [The Love Suicide at Amijima]), and Izaemon in 'Kuruwa nikki' (Love Letters from the Licensed Quarter).

• ものすごい変化が、活字、すなわち文章の機械的な複製によって、文学に起こったということは、あちこちで聞く話だろう。
• The enormous changes which printing, the mechanical reproduction of writing, has brought about in literature are a familiar story.

• 言葉を文法的に文や節や句にグループ分けすることによって書かれた文章の意味をはっきりさせるためのいくつかの印の使用
• the use of certain marks to clarify meaning of written material by grouping words grammatically into sentences and clauses and phrases

• 彼には奇妙な自叙の習慣があり、時々心の中で三人称の主語と過去時制の述語をもつ自身に関する短い文章を作るのだった。
• He had an odd autobiographical habit which led him to compose in his mind from time to time a short sentence about himself containing a subject in the third person and a predicate in the past tense.

• これに伴って従来の白丁雑任出身の文章生は卒業試験である対策を受ける権利すら事実上剥奪されることとなったのである。
• In accordance with the document, the conventional monjosho who were commoners or lower-ranked officials were essentially deprived of the right to write taisaku (a type of examination for prospective government officials under the Ritsuryo legal codes) which was regarded as a graduation examination.

• 兼香の日記として『兼香公記』及び同別記（文章集『求玉鈔』、官位改革の経緯を綴った『玉藻秘記』他）が残されている。
• Kaneyoshi's diary 'Kaneyoshi Koki' and its companion volumes (including the collection of his writings 'Kyugyokusa' (求玉鈔) and 'Tamamo Hiki' (confidential record) that describe how the official rank reform happened) are still in existence.

• 菅原文時に師事し、文章生に挙げられ、師貞親王に学問を教え、師貞親王が花山天皇として即位すると式部丞に任じられる。
• He had SUGAWARA no Fumitoki as his teacher, became monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University), and gave Imperial Prince Morosada an education; thereafter, he was appointed as Shikibu no jo (Secretary of the Ministry of Ceremonial) when Imperial Prince Morosada assumed a throne as Emperor Kazan.

• 紀伝博士（きでんはかせ）とは、平安時代の初期に大学寮に置かれた役職で紀伝道を講じたが、後に文章博士に統合された。
• Kiden hakase refers to a post established in Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) in the early Heian period and taught Kidendo (the study of the histories), but, was integrated into Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature) later.

• この二つの文章から再構成された宣長と真淵との出会いは、「松阪の一夜」として戦前期の『小学国語読本』に掲載された。
• The Norinaga's encounter with Mabuchi, which was reconstructed based on these two essays, was called 'A Night in Matsuzaka' and appeared in the Elementary School Japanese Reader 'Shogaku kokugo tokuhon' used in the pre-war era.

• 紀伝道の教授である文章博士から右大臣となった菅原道真は、政治家としてのみならず、優れた文学者としても知られている。
• SUGAWARA no Michizane, who eventually became Udaijin (The Minister of the Right) from Monjo hakase, a professor of Kidendo, was known not only as a politician but also as an excellent scholar of literature.

• 二条家から近年公表された、即位灌頂に関する文章の分析から、後深草天皇から即位灌頂が始まったとの説が唱えられている。
• From an analysis of sentences regarding sokuikanjo recently opened by the Nijo family to the public, a view that sokuikanjo started with the Emperor Gofukakusa was revealed.

• 1991年11月　歌舞伎座にて『廓文章・吉田屋』の伊左衛門、『心中天網島・河庄』の治兵衛で三代目中村鴈治郎を襲名。
• In November 1991, he succeeded to the stage name Ganjiro NAKAMURA and became the third thereof when he played Izaemon of 'Kuruwa-bunsho, Yoshida-ya (stories in an entertainment house called Yoshida-ya in a licensed quarter), and Jihei in 'Shinju-Ama-no-Tsunashima, Kawasho.'

• 本文に一切の変更を加えず、この著作権表示を残す限り、この文章全体のいかなる媒体における複製および配布も許可する。
• Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.

• 文治3年（1187年）2月、文章生だった孝範は御書所の作文に列席した際、九条兼実から「名誉の士なり」と称賛された。
• In March 1187, when Takanori, who was monjosho (student of literary studies at the Imperial University), participated in composition at Gosho-dokoro (an office for maintaining books in the Imperial Court), he was praised by Kanezane KUJO as 'an honorable man.'

• 山路が「文章即ち事業なり。......もし世を益せずんば空の空なるのみ。文章は事実なるがゆえに崇むべし」と論じた。
• Yamaji claimed that 'literature is a form of enterprise... and unless it closely relates to human life, it too is an emptiness within an emptiness... literature is fact and that is why we should respect it.'

• その文章量は一日で写し終わるようなものではなく、それから20日間、皐月のところへ巻物を手に平十字が毎日通ったという。
• The amount of document was not what can be transferred in a day, so Hiratoji visited Kogetsu every day to deliver the makimono for 20 days.

• 「義和拳」が「義和団」と呼ばれるようになるのには、こうした背景があったのであり、以下の文章では「義和団」に統一する。
• Giwa Martial Art' became known as 'the Boxers' under these circumstances, and the following paragraphs will use the term 'the Boxers.'

• 日本でも青柳有美（有美）は「義和団賛論」（『有美臭』文明堂、1904）という文章を書いて、義和団に共感を示している。
• Even Yubi AOYAGI (Yubi) wrote 'The Pro-Argument for the Boxers' ('Yubishu' published by Bunmei-do in 1904) in Japan and showed sympathy with Boxers.

• ところがこの文章の実際の執筆者が保守的な儒学者として知られていた侍補の元田永孚であることが分かると、伊藤は激怒した。
• However, Ito was enraged when he found out that the actual writer of the document was a jiho (Emperor's aide) Nagazane MOTODA who was well known as a conservative Confucianist.

• 通常は北堂において授業が行われて、東西両曹及び大学院の外の大学別曹から文章生が集まって授業を受けていたとされている。
• It was considered that classes were generally held in the Hokudo where monjosho gathered from the toso, seiso, and the daigaku besso outside the Monjoin and took the classes.

• だが、藤原菅根（藤原南家）・藤原佐世（藤原式家）の文章博士任官以後に紀伝道に進出してきた藤原氏の台頭も目覚しかった。
• The presence of the Fujiwara clan in kiden-do, however, was also quite remarkable after the appointment to monjo hakase of FUJIWARA no Sugane (the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan) and FUJIWARA no Sukeyo (the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan).

• 2年後の天平2年3月27日 (旧暦)（730年4月18日）に明法生・文章生が設置されて事実上の独立した教科となった。
• Two years later, myobo-sho (subject of law) and monjo-sho (subject of history and Chinese literature) were recruited on April 18, 730, and as a result, these subjects became virtural independent subject each.

• それから記号もある時は旗を持ち、ある場合は持っていないが、段々考えたらこの旗は、文章を言葉に区切るためのものでした。
• It is true that in some cases the figure was bearing a flag, and in some cases not, but it was probable, from the way in which the flags were distributed, that they were used to break the sentence up into words.

• この一枚一枚には時々文章がしるされ、皮肉のつもりで、バイル・ビーンズの見出し広告が最初の一枚の上に貼り付けてあった。
• In these sheets a sentence was inscribed from time to time and, in an ironical moment, the headline of an advertisement for Bile Beans had been pasted on to the first sheet.

• ７．神は本当に人間の歴史に介入しているのかもしれないが、そのことを文章にするのは難しいし、歴史には脚注が必要なのだ。
• 7. God may indeed intervene in human history, but this is hard to document and historians require footnotes.

• 祝詞（のり-と）とは神道において神徳を称え、崇敬の意を表する内容を神に奏上しもって加護や利益を得んとする文章をいう。
• Norito refers to Shinto prayers, through which people pay tribute to the virtue of gods and show their reverence for deities, with the intention of asking gods for blessing and of fulfilling their wishes.

• ほかに、詞書の文章に三巻本伝本を使用したと見られる、鎌倉時代後期成立の白描画の絵巻物『枕草子絵詞』も七段分が現存する。
• Other existent manuscripts are seven chapters of 'The Pillow Book Ekotoba (story in pictures)' made in the late Kamakura period, consisting of emaki (a picture scroll) with hakubyoga (ink line painting), and Sankanbon manuscript seems to have been used for the notes.

• 初期の武士においては、その全てが文章の正しい様式（書札礼）について知悉しているとは限らず、文盲の者も珍しくは無かった。
• In the early period, not all Bushi (warriors) knew well enough about the correct way of writing texts, Shosatsurei (remarks on the concept of epistolary etiquette), and illiterate Bushi were not uncommon.

• ただし、直筆文章とされる書状などを見ると読めないような悪筆ではないため、当時流行の筆捌きでないと言う意味かもしれない。
• In 'Eimeiyawa,' the following description is included as what Koan WATANABE talked: 'The handwriting of Gongen-sama (Ieyasu) is as bad as that of persons who had no knowledge of writing.'

• 『古今和歌集』が編纂された10世紀初め頃より、漢詩の紀伝道（文章道）に対抗して「うたのみち」が唱えられるようになった。
• Since around the early 10th century when 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) was compiled, 'uta no michi' (the way of waka) was advocated against Kidendo, a study of Chinese poetry (also called Monjodo).

• 御製（ぎょせい）とは、天皇や皇帝、また皇族が手ずから書いたり作ったりした文章（政令の類は除く）・詩歌・絵画などをいう。
• Gyosei refers to documents (aside from decrees), poems and paintings that have been personally written or created by emperors or royal family members.

• 劉基は明の科挙制度の制定に取り組み、出題科目として四書を採用し、また試験に使う文章に後に言う「八股文」の形式を定めた。
• Ryu Ki (Liu Ji) worked on establishing the Kakyo system of Ming, and adopted the Four Books of Confucianism as examination subjects, as well as specified 'Hakko-bun' (Eight-legged essay) described later as the format of writing used in examinations.

• 同7年（1498年） 11月22日付の蓮如の『御文（御文章）』四帖の十五に、「大坂」という地名が史料にはじめて現れる。
• The place name 'Osaka' first appeared in Chapter 4, Section 15 of Rennyo's 'Epistles of Rennyo Shonin (Gobunsho)' as of November 22, 1498, according to historical sources.

• 法第二条第三十四項に規定する記号又は数字に類するものとして内閣府令で定めるものは、順序を示す簡易な文章又は文字とする。
• Those similar to a mark or number as specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance, as referred to in Article 2, paragraph (34) of the Act shall be a simple text or a character showing sequential orders.

• 中国が唐の時代、「策問」と称して天子が時事または経義をもって出題し、士がこれに応じて奉る文章を「対策文」と称していた。
• In Tang Dynasty China, the Emperor gave current affairs or creed related tests called 'sakumon,' and warriors wrote answers to the Emperor's questions, which was called 'taisakumon.'

• 当然のことながら、文章生の多くが給料学生になることを望んだために、結果的にもっとも優秀な学生が選ばれることが多かった。
• Needless to say, many of the Monjosho wanted to become Kyuryo-gakusei and as a result, the most intelligent students were selected as recipients.

• 官位は五条高長の子供五条長経（1242年-1315年）以降、大学寮・文章博士・式部省を経て中納言・大納言を極官とする。
• As for official court rank after Takanaga GOJO's son, Nagatsune GOJO (1242 - 1315), the highest court appointments given were Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) and Dainagon (chief councilor of state), after being appointed through Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system), Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Shikibusho (Ministry of Ceremonies).

• 特に藤原氏は文章院に対抗して設立されたとも言われている大学別曹・勧学院を有しており、一族を挙げてこうした動きを支えた。
• Especially, the Fujiwara clan owned Kangakuin, one of Daigaku-besso (private dormitories/lecture-halls located in Daigaku-ryo), which was believed to have been established in rivalry with Monjoin, and worked, en masse, to enhance the family's presence in the educational scene.

• この最初手に入った文章の中では、十五の記号の中で、これは四つだけあって、一番多かったので、これをＥと帰納したわけです。
• Out of fifteen symbols in the first message, four were the same, so it was reasonable to set this down as E.

• 御存じの通り英語のアルファベットの中では、Ｅは最も普通の文字で、どんな短い文章のなかでも、一番出て来る文字ですからな。
• As you are aware, E is the most common letter in the English alphabet, and it predominates to so marked an extent that even in a short sentence one would expect to find it most often.

• この帖に関しては、幼児虐待や幼児殺しをしてしまう親が度々ニュースになるなど、説得力のない文章だと考える人や意見もある。
• Some people consider this chapter unconvincing, because there are some parents in the news who abuse and kill their children.

• 以後、儒教以外の漢文学を教授した文章博士の地位が向上して、後には文章博士の学科である紀伝道が上位を占めるようになった。
• The status of Monjo Hakase, who taught Chinese classical literature other than Confucianism, subsequently improved, their department, Kidendo (the study of the histories), became highly ranked.

• 19世紀以前の日本の衣服について説明している、現代に書かれた文章において、次の2つの場合があるので、注意する必要がある。
• It should be noted that documents written in the modern era to describe Japanese clothing before the nineteenth century have two categories shown below.

• 舞踊劇や舞踊で演奏される（例：『勧進帳』『連獅子』など）ことが多いが、歌舞伎劇中に演奏される例（『廓文章』など）もある。
• It is often played in the dancing dramas and in dances, such as 'Kanjincho' (The List of Contributors) & 'Renjishi' (Lion Dancing), and it is sometimes played in Kabuki Geki, such as 'Kuruwa Bunsho' (Love Letters from the Licensed Quarter).

• なお蓮如の『御文（御文章）』は、本願寺派・大谷派などでは正依の聖教に準じて重んじるが、高田派など宗派によっては用いない。
• Though 'Ofumi (Gobunsho)' by Rennyo is respected along with the legitimate scriptures by Hongan-ji School and Otani School, it is not used by some sects such as Takada School.

• 以後、紀伝博士の定員は文章博士の定員に移され（1名→2名）、紀伝得業生・紀伝生もそれぞれ文章得業生・文章生に吸収された。
• Following this, kiden hakase's seat was merged into that of monjo hakase (from one person to two people), and kiden tokugosho and kiden no sho were merged into monjo tokugosho and monjosho respectively.

• このころに実用の書から美術の書への関心の移行、つまり書の芸術性を重んじる思潮が顕著にみられ、書芸を論ずる文章が現れ出した。
• Around this time, people's interest had clearly shifted from the calligraphy for practical use to the one for artistic purposes which emphasized artistic quality of calligraphy, and documents on calligraphic art began to appear.

• 文章の代筆が本来の職務であったが、時代が進むにつれて公文書や記録の作成などを行い、事務官僚としての役目を担うようになった。
• Although the original duty of Yuhitsu was to write texts in someone's place, as the centuries roll by, they started handling official documents and records, taking a role of clerks.

• 蓮如の『御文』（『御文章』）…「よく信心決定したまはば、その末末の門徒までも、ことごとく今度の一大事の往生をとぐべきなり」
• In 'Ofumi' (Gobunsho), by Rennyo: 'If believers decide to hold their beliefs, each and every one of the monto should go to the Pure Land.'

• 勘文（かんもん）とは、朝廷から諮問を依頼された学者などが由来・先例等の必要な情報を調査して報告（勘申）を行った文章のこと。
• The term Kanmon means written reports (Kanshin) for various information such as origins/precedents that were submitted by scholars, etc. at the request of the Imperial court.

• 近松門左衛門の浄瑠璃『夕霧阿波鳴渡』を始めとして、浄瑠璃の『廓文章』、歌舞伎の『夕霧名残の正月』『夕霧七年忌』などがある。
• The plays include: Joruri, 'Yugiri Awa no Naruto' (Yugiri and the Awa Whirlpool) of Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU, Joruri, 'Kuruwa Bunsho' (Love Letters from the Licensed Quarter), Kabuki, 'Yugiri nagori no shogatsu' (New Year's Remembrance of Yugiri), 'Yugiri Nananenki' (the seventh anniversary of death of Yugiri).

• そのために、紀伝道発展の要素も絶たれて伝統を固守するだけの学問となり、その結果として文章博士の家による独占・家学化が進んだ。
• This cut off any possible development of kidendo and the subject became one in which only traditions were maintained, resulting in domination by certain monjo hakase families and making it their kagaku (hereditary learning).

• 孝明天皇の宸翰の中には京都守護職である容保の職務精励を嘉する文章があり、如何に孝明天皇が容保を信頼していたかを物語っている。
• The letter from Emperor Komei praised Katamori's diligent service as Kyoto Shugoshoku, and is a testimony to just how much Emperor Komei trusted Katamori.

• さらに『兵範記』原本の特長としては、大量の紙背文書（紙が貴重であった時代、正規の文書の裏に書かれた文章）の存在が挙げられる。
• Besides, the original manuscript of 'Heihan ki' is characterized by a large quantity of shihaibunsho (records written on the other side of documents during the period when paper was very precious).

• 審判（判者）の選定はもっとも神経を使うもので、審美眼はもちろん判定書に必要な書道や文章・和歌の道に優れた老練の人が選ばれる。
• The selection of judges was a most delicate process, which would select veterans who not only had an eye for beauty but also had skills in writing, waka, and calligraphy, which was necessary for writing on judging paper.

• 山陰亭（さんいんてい）とは、平安時代前期に菅原清公・菅原是善・菅原道真と3代にわたって文章博士を輩出した菅原氏の私塾のこと。
• Sanin-tei was a private school kept by the Sugawara clan, that had produced Monjo hakase (professor of literature) for three generations; SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, and SUGAWARA no Michizane, during the early Heian period.

• 醍醐天皇の時代に三善清行が大学頭・文章博士を務めて参議まで至り、延喜3年（903年）頃にはカバネを宿禰から朝臣に改められた。
• In the era of the Emperor Daigo, Kiyoyuki (or Kiyotsura) MIYOSHI was appointed Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature), rising to the position of Sangi (councilor), and the kabane (official status title) of the clan was changed from Sukune to Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles) around 903.

• 2年後に文章得業生となり、永暦 (日本)元年（1160年）に対策に及第して従五位下修理亮兼右近衛少尉となり、使宣旨を賜った。
• After becoming Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) two years later and successfully passing taisaku (one of the examination for adopting government officials under the Ritsuryo legal codes) in 1160, he became Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), Shuri no suke (assistant officer of the Office of Palace Repairs) concurrently with Ukone no shosho (Minor Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) and was conferred Shisenji (imperial decrees issued when appointing kebiishi [a police and judicial chief] and Hoheishi [an imperial messenger to a Shinto shrine]).

• そのため宝亀3年（772年）には淡海三船が大学寮の長である大学頭と文章博士を兼ねるなど、文章博士の地位が高まるようになった。
• As a result, the status of monjo hakase came to rise as illustrated by OMI no Mifune's assuming office as Daigaku no kami (the principal of Daigaku-ryo) and as monjo hakase at the same time in 772.

• 紀伝道の統合期に活躍した文章博士である菅原清公は大学頭を兼務してその発展に貢献し、大学寮の北側に文章院という学舎を設置した。
• Monjo hakase SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, who was active at the time of the merger of kidendo, also served as daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), contributing to the development of the subject and founding a school to the north of the daigakuryo called monjoin.

• また、文章生や文章得業生も難関である秀才試を受験するよりも、前述のように教官の推挙を受けて官職を得る選択をするようになった。
• Also, as mentioned before, monjosho and monjo tokugosho preferred getting government posts with their teacher's recommendation to taking the difficult official appointment examination for the 'shusai' rank.

• 物語としての虚構の秀逸、心理描写の巧みさ、筋立ての巧緻、あるいはその文章の美と美意識の鋭さから日本文学史上最高の傑作とされる。
• It is considered to be the supreme masterpiece in the history of Japanese literature due to its excellence of fictional structure, psychological description and plot, as well as its beautiful writing and delicate sense of beauty.

• 二条家にとってさらに悪いことには、1675年の火災で二条家の文庫は全焼しており、先祖伝来の文章もほとんど失われてしまっていた。
• What made the situation worse for the Nijo family was that the library of the Nijo family was totally burnt down in 1675 and almost all their ancestral documents had been lost.

• 浄土真宗本願寺派では「御文章（ごぶんしょう）」といい、真宗大谷派では「御文」、真宗興正派では「御勧章（ごかんしょう）」という。
• These letters of Rennyo are called 'Gobunsho' by the Hongan-ji sect of the Jodo Shinshu school, 'Ofumi' by the Otani sect of the Shinshu school, and 'Gokansho' by the Kosho sect of the Shinshu school.

• 更に1177年の大火で大学寮や文章院が焼失すると、再建されることなく放置され、公的教育機関としての大学寮は消滅することになる。
• After Daigakuryo and Monjoin were burned out due to the conflagration in 1177, they were abandoned without being re-established; thus Daigakuryo as public educational institution disappeared.

• 清原家は漢文の注釈などを家業にする文章の家で、現在京都大学に所蔵されている清家文庫はかつてこの清原家が所持していたものである。
• The Kiyohara Family was a family of scribes, the business of which was to write notes to Chinese, and the Seike Library, which is now housed at Kyoto University, was once owned by the Kiyohara Family.

• 朱子以前より『大学』は文章・字句が並べ間違えられている、あるいは抜けていると言われていたが、それを改めたのが『大学章句』である。
• It was said that, before Zhu Xi, 'the Great Learning' had some sentences and words in the wrong order or that were missing and these errors were corrected in his 'Commentary on the Great Learning'('Daxue zhangju' in Chinese, 'Daigaku shoku' in Japanese).

• 取り上げられている諸家の評論の取捨選択に空海の主観が入っているとはいえ、そこに引用されている文章はすべて唐土の文人のものである。
• Although concerned comments of each family were chosen depending on Kukai's own point of view, all sentences cited were written by Chinese men of literature.

• また、文章生など他の学生に対しても一般常識としての儒学教養を求めたために他学生による明経道の講義の聴講が行われる場合が多かった。
• Furthermore, there were many cases of students from other departments, such as Monjo (Literature), taking courses on Myogyodo since the subject had become a required general subject.

• （注cite 要素内の文章 &lt通常は斜体で表示される&gt でしめした部分は、謡曲本文(ほんもん)の引用である。
• Note: sentences cited here (usually shown in italics) are quoted from the yokyoku (Noh song) text.

• 特筆すべきは検索が容易な平安前期の史書で特に先例を調べるのに便宜を図っており、原文主義をとって余計な文章の改変を一切排している。
• It is worth noting that the book provides convenience for referring the precedents in the texts of the early Heian period in particular which are easy for searching, and unnecessary modifications to the text were all avoided true to the original text.

• 祝詞と名づけられた文章のもっとも古い例は、『延喜式』巻八に収録する29篇と藤原頼長『台記』別記所収「中臣寿詞」の計30篇である。
• The examples of the most ancient sentences that were named as 'Norito' are 29 pieces of prayers printed in the eighth volume of 'Engishiki' (ancient books for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) and 'Nakatomi-no-yogoto' printed in 'Taiki ' (diary of FUJIWARA no Yorinaga) Bekki (additional volume) authored by FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, thus totaling 30 pieces.

• 朝鮮において知識人は、日本でもそうであるが、漢文の読み書きに堪能であって文章として理解する上で困難といえるものはなかったのである。
• Both in Japan and Korea, intellectuals were good at reading and writing Chinese and they did not have difficulty to understand Chinese book.

• これによって、博士職を世襲する家以外から文章博士が登用される事は無くなり、博士達はそれぞれの家に家塾を設けて教育するようになった。
• Following this, the cases in which monjo hakase were recruited from other families than those which inherited positions of hakase died out and each hakase established their own government-backed school operated by themselves at their homes, providing education.

• 義景も12月に部下の疲労と積雪を理由に越前へと撤退してしまい、そのため信玄から激しい非難を込めた文章を送りつけられる（伊能文書）。
• Since Yoshikage also retreated to Echizen Province in January of the next year due to fatigue of his vassals and snowfall, he received a letter from Shingen strongly blaming him (Ino Monjo [documents that Shingen TAKEDA sent to Yoshikage ASAKURA]).

• しかし平安時代になって、文章博士として代々世襲を続けた菅原氏が直曹である文章院を創建した（既存のものを拡充したとする見方もある）。
• In the Heian period, the Sugawara clan who succeeded to the position of Monjo-hakase (professor at the Daigaku-ryo) for many generations established the Monjoin as the Jikiso (it is also said to have been an expanded old one).

• また、文章生も当初はその資格を「白丁雑任の子弟」に限定されて、貴族子弟は明経生、それ以外は文章生という明確な格差が定められていた。
• Also, at first, 'only sons of hakucho (ordinary people or inferior servants) and zonin (lower-ranking government official)' were qualified for monjosho, as there was a clear distinction that sons of nobles became myogyosho and others became monjosho.

• このため、紀伝道・文章博士そのものは幕末まで続くが、教育学科としての実態が存在していたのは平安時代末期までであったと考えられている。
• Therefore, although kidendo and monjo hakase continued until the end of the Edo period, it is thought that their existence as an actual subject lasted only until the end of the Heian period.

• 紅葉の作品は、その華麗な文章によって世に迎えられ、欧化主義に批判的な潮流から、井原西鶴を思わせる風俗描写の巧みさによって評価された。
• Koyo's novels were favorably received by the public for their elegant style and valued by those who were critical of Europeanism for the skillful descriptions of customs and manners that reminded them of Saikaku IHARA.

• 推敲を尽くした簡潔な文体は、「無駄のない文章」として、大正から昭和にかけて多くの文学者に大きな影響を及ぼし、小説の神様とも称された。
• His minimalistic style, the result of many revisions, was admired as 'concise writing,' and significantly influenced subsequent generations of writers from the Taisho Era to the Showa Era; he was known as the 'god of novels.'

• また菅原道真と親しく、道真の詩文集『菅家文章』には能有に頼まれて自宅の竹を能有邸に移植した時の漢詩や能有追悼の漢詩が収録されている。
• He was friendly with SUGAWARA no Michizane and Michizane created a Chinese poem about the time when Michizane transplanted his bamboos at Yoshiari's residence at his request along with an epitaph for Yoshiari, these poems were included in Michizane's poetry book called 'Kanke bunso.'

• 極官は室町時代の東坊城益長（1407年 - 1474年）以降、代々文章博士・日本の官制・少納言・大蔵省等を経て権大納言を極官とする。
• The family provided a Professor of Literature, Directors of the Bureau of Education, Shonagon (lesser councilor of state), and a Director of Department of Treasury from the era of Masunaga HIGASHIBOJO (1407-1474) and thereafter in the Muromachi period, the top rank attained being Junior Chief Councillor of State.

• 文章で残された記録は十分すばらしいものではあるが、上に書いた事情により、ほとんどの時代や場所で、エリートによるバイアスを抱えている。
• The textual record, marvelous as it is, therefore suffers a bias toward elites of almost every time and place.

• 菅原是善門下で学を修め、文章得業生となり、元慶3年（879年）には陽成天皇の侍読の任に当たるなど、次第に学者としての名声を確立した。
• He studied as a disciple of Sugawara no Koreyoshi and became a Monjo Tokugosho (Distinguished Scholar of Letters) and in 879, he was appointed to Jidoku (Imperial tutor) of Emperor Yozei and gradually added to his laurels as a scholar.

• 文章はそれぞれに異るが、瓊瓊杵尊およびその子孫が君主となって日本を治めることは、神の意志に基づくものであるとする内容が共通している。
• Although the sentences are different from each other, it shares the common context that it is the will of God for Ninigi-no Mikoto (grandson of Amaterasu Omikami) and his descendants to become the monarch and reign over Japan.

• これ以降、五摂家のひとつ九条家の家司として仕えることとなり、その間、九条家の子弟に対して家業である紀伝道（文章道）の教育にも当たる。
• After that, he began to serve as a Keishi (the steward) for the Kujo family, one of the Gosekke (the five Sekke regent family) and during that period, he taught the children of the Kujo family about Kidendo (historical science), also called Monjodo (Chinese classics), which was their family business..

• 『令義解』（りょうのぎげ）とは、に淳和天皇の勅により右大臣清原夏野を総裁として、文章博士菅原清公ら12人によって撰集された令の解説書。
• 'Ryo-no-gige' is a commentary on ryo (administrative code) by the decree of the Emperor Junna, selected by 12 people such as udaijin (minister of the right) KIYOHARA no Natsuno as a head, Monjo hakase (professor of literature) SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi and so on.

• 延暦8年（789年）、15歳で桓武天皇の皇子伊予親王の家庭教師であった母方の舅である阿刀大足について論語、孝経、史伝、文章等を学んだ。
• In 789 when he was 15 years old, he learned from ATO no Otari, who was a tutor of Imperial Prince Iyo, a prince of Emperor Kanmu and the father-in-law of his mother, Rongo Analects, Kokyo (the book of filial piety), shiden (history and related items) and monjo (literature).

• 文章上はよい展開に見える曲も実際の演技にそぐうものでなくては意味がない、言葉の余韻を大切にし、文章は簡潔かつ意味を明快にせよ……など。
• It does not make any sense if the piece which seems to have a good plot on sentences does not match the actual performance, and much weight must be placed on resonance of words and sentences and their meanings must be concise…etc.

• 立正安国論（りっしょうあんこくろん）は、日蓮宗を開いた日蓮が文応元年（1260年）に得宗（元執権）北条時頼に提出するために撰述した文章。
• Rissho Ankoku-ron is a treatise written in 1260 by Nichiren, who founded the Nichiren sect of Buddhism, to be submitted to Tokiyori HOJO, a former regent to the shogunate, who was the head of the major lineage of the Hojo family.

• 890年（寛平2年）図書頭となり、以後文章博士・大学頭などを経て、902年（延喜2年）に参議、911年（延喜11年）に中納言に昇進した。
• In 890 he became Zusho no kami (head of the Documents Office), and thereafter succeeded to the posts of Monjo hakase (Chief Calligrapher to the Court) and Daigaku no kami (Headmaster of the Academy); in 902 he was appointed Sangi (Director of Palace Affairs), and then in 911 (Engi 11) he was promoted to Chunagon (vice-councilor of state).

• 御堂関白記は藤原道長の日記史料として著名であるが、同時に意味不明な文章や、誤字、文法的誤りの多いことでも有名で、解釈が難しい史料である。
• Mido Kanpakuki is well known as a diary of historical material written by FUJIWARA no Michinaga, but at the same time it has a bad reputation for unclear writing, misspellings, and grammatical errors, which make interpretation difficult.

• また、戦後一時期新日本文学会の賛助会員として名を連ねたが、中野重治が発表した文章に不快感をおぼえ、賛助会員を辞退したということもあった。
• He lent his name to The New Japanese Literature Society as a supporting member for a period of time after the war; however, he objected to the writing of Shigeharu NAKANO and resigned his position as a supporting member.

• 劉生自身も随筆、日記など膨大な文章を残しており、これらは『岸田劉生全集』（10巻、岩波書店、1979年～1980年）にまとめられている。
• Ryusei himself left plenty of writings including essays and diaries behind him, which were organized into 'Complete works of Ryusei KISHIDA' (Ten volumes, Iwanami Shoten, Publishers, 1979 - 1980).

• 永徳3年/弘和3年（1383年）に蔵人、嘉慶 (日本)2年/元中5年（1388年）に右少弁兼文章博士となりその年のうちに左少弁に転じた。
• He was appointed Kurodo (Chamberlain) in 1383, became Ushoben (Minor Controller of the Right) and concurrently Monjo Hakase (Professor of Literature) in 1388 and, later that year, he was transferred to Sashoben (Minor Controller of the Left).

• 子として文章博士三善文江や式部省三善文明、僧侶の浄蔵・日蔵が知られるが、文明の子・三善道統が文章博士になったのを最後に歴史から姿を消す。
• Kiyoyuki's sons include a Monjo hakase Fumie MIYOSHI, a Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies) official Fumiaki MIYOSHI, and the priests Jozo and Nichizo; and Fumiaki's son Michimune MIYOSHI who was also a Monjo hakase, was the last Miyoshi who left his mark in the history.

• それに基づいた『継体紀』『欽明紀』の記述には、「日本の天皇が朝鮮半島に広大な領土を有っていた」としなければ意味不通になる文章が非常に多い。
• Many descriptions of 'the Keitai section' and 'the 'Kinmei section' based on it turn out to be nonsense without the assumption that the 'Japanese emperor had a large land in the Korean Peninsula.'

• これらの文章にある「略决では記載を省いた」という一文は、安倍家内では省かれたその記載の内容について伝授が行われていた可能性をしめしている。
• A paragraph saying 'I didn't mention in ryakketsu,' which is found in these sentences, indicates a possibility that oral tradition was inherited in the Abe family concerning what was omitted from explanation.

• 逆に道真も文章博士就任後、元慶5年（881年）に東曹の三善清行、同7年（883年）には同じく東曹の紀長谷雄の対策に際して出題を行っている。
• Similarly, when Michizane assumed the post of the Monjo hakase, he set the question for the taisaku examination for Kiyoyuki (also referred to as Kiyotsura) MIYOSHI of the toso in 881, and KI no Haseo of the toso in 883.

• その後、良家以外の者についても俊士に補せられるようになったが、後に再び良家以外の者も文章生となる機会が拡がるにつれ、俊士の称号も廃された。
• Shunshi later began to be made up of students other than those from privileged families, and as chances to become monjosho were extended to students who were not from privileged families, the title of shunshi fell into disuse.

• 本文の内容は『古事記』・『日本書紀』・『古語拾遺』の文章を適宜継ぎ接ぎしたものが大部分であるが、それらにはない独自の伝承や神名も見られる。
• Most parts of the document are patchworks of texts from the 'Kojiki,' 'Nihonshoki' and 'Kogo-shui' (History of the Inbe clan); however, there are some areas describing traditions and deities that are unique to the document.

• また、儒教以外の知識に通じた官人育成の観点から大学寮に文章博士・明法博士を令外官として設置して、後に文章博士は大学寮の博士の首位となった。
• In terms of fostering literate government officials with knowledge other than Confucianism, Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Myobo hakase (teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo system) were also placed, and later reached the top posts of Monjo hakase and Myobo hakase of Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).

• 朱子学擁護という当時の時代の要請とその分かりやすい文章から、江戸時代を通じて何回か刊行され、明治以後も博文館より活字本として刊行されている。
• It was published several times through the Edo Period because of the demand to defend Shushigaku at that time and its clear writing, after the Meiji Period, it was also published with movable type system by Hakubunkan (a publisher).

• 仮名草子（かなぞうし）とは、江戸時代初期に仮名 (文字)、もしくは仮名交じり文で書かれた、近世文学における物語・実用的な文章を総称したもの。
• Kana Zoshi refers collectively to stories/practical texts of Kinsei Bungaku (Japanese Edo period literature) written in kana characters, or a mixture of kanji and kana, during the early Edo period.

• それで私はこうして、Ｃ、Ｏ、Ｍ、を得たので、今度は再び最初の文章にもどって、これを言葉に分けて、未発見の記号と共に、書き並べるまでになった。
• So now I was in possession of C, O, and M, and I was in a position to attack the first message once more, dividing it into words and putting dots for each symbol which was still unknown.

• John はEFF の暗号政策に関する動きを指導しており、DESクラッカーの製作をマネジメントして、本書の文章のかなりの部分を執筆している。
• John leads the EFF's efforts on cryptography policy, managed the creation of the DES cracker and wrote much of the text in this book.

• 俗称として「文章道」という言葉もまた通用していた可能性はあるものの、「文章道」が公式な学科名として用いられたことは無かったと考えられている。
• The term 'monjodo' may have been used as a common name; however, it is believed that 'monjodo' was never used as an official name for the subject.

• しかし訳出時期や段落構成、見出し、文章から勘案して第六版（1855年刊）を底本としたとする説が有力である（住吉1973、張嘉寧1991ほか）。
• Judging from the timing of translation, paragraph construction, captions and sentences, the opinion that believe the sixth edition was the original text is most popular (Sumiyoshi 1973, 張嘉寧 1991).

• 出版業界における一般的な通念によれば、帯の体裁や、そこに記載する文章等は、その本の著者・編者ではなく、本を刊行する出版者出版社に決定権がある。
• It is commonly accepted in the publishing industry that the forms of obi and phrases printed on the obi are decided by the publishers, not by the author nor the editor of the book.

• 保存しようとした文章はスパムフィルターによってブロックされました。これはおそらく、ブラックリストにある外部サイトへのリンクが原因で発生します。
• The text you wanted to save was blocked by the spam filter.This is probably caused by a link to a blacklisted external site.

• 大同 (日本)2年（807年）に文章生に及第し、弘仁6年（815年）に大内記となり弘仁14年（823年）には父とともに朝臣に改め、姓を賜った。
• In 807, successfully becoming a monjosho (student of Literary Studies in the Imperial University), Sadanushi was appointed as Dainaiki (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs) in 815 whereby, with his father, he received the title of Ason (the second highest of the eight hereditary titles) and was given the surname in 823.

• 双葉十三郎、小野耕世、石上三登志、小林信彦、森卓也といった、どちらかというと洋画への言及が多い人々が古くから岡本喜八賛美の文章を発表してきた。
• Among the film critics, those who often review foreign movies, such as Juzaburo FUTABA, Kosei ONO, Mitsutoshi ISHIGAMI, Nobuhiko KOBAYASHI, and Takuya MORI, have published articles to celebrate Kihachi OKAMOTO for his work.

• その後、文章博士の地位が向上し、なおかつ菅原氏の文章博士の世襲が進むと、文章院及びそこに寄宿する学生に対する菅原氏の支配が強まることとなった。
• Later, as the position of the Monjo-hakase rose in status, and the Sugawara clan continued to succeed to the role, the Sugawara clan's dominance over the Monjoin and its students became even more stronger.

• これは文章博士が紀伝道成立以前からある官である事と「紀伝」を学ぶために設置された官職であった事実との間でバランスを取った結果とも考えられている。
• This can be understood as them trying to keep balance between the fact that monjo hakase existed before the establishment of kidendo and that they were the positions set for studying 'kiden.'

• 退位後は光厳天皇の養育を行い、1330年、皇太子時代の光厳天皇を訓戒するために記述した誡太子書は、来るべき動乱の時代を予見した文章として名高い。
• After he abdicated from the throne, he looked after Emperor Kogon, he wrote a famous book called Kai Taishi sho in 1330 to admonish Emperor Kogon while he was Crown Prince, which predicted the coming upheaval period.

• 外国語教育において、文法、会話などと並ぶ、文章を読解することおよびそのための能力を育成することを目的とした課程およびそのための教科書などの名称。
• Tokuhon is the name of a learning program and the textbooks in the field of foreign language education, like grammar or conversation,, intended for the understanding of sentences, as well as for the cultivation of such skill.

• 利用者のログイン状態によって異なる文章を表示するための2つのパーサーフック '' と '' を追加する
• Two parser hooks, '' and '' to show different text depending on the users' login state

• もしもそう思わないのであれば、テルトリアヌスはラテン語で書き、アリストテレスはギリシャ語で文章を書いたのだということを思い出さなければいけない。
• If nothing else, we must should remember that Tertullian wrote in Latin, whereas Aristotle wrote in Greek.

• 大江広元が鎌倉幕府政所初代別当に就任するということに代表されるように、家業の文章道におけるライヴァル的存在の大江氏が朝廷の中心から離脱したこと。
• As shown by the fact that OE no Hiromoto assumed the position of the first Betto (secretary) in Mandokoro (government office) of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the Oe clan who was a rival in his family business, Monjodo defected from the center of the Imperial Court.

• 本来は正規外に中下級身分からの人材登用の役目を担っていた紀伝・文章生が貴族子弟によって独占されて、文章博士以下の世襲が進行するきっかけとなった。
• It triggered the monopoly of kiden no sho and monjosho, which played a role in recruiting talents from the middle- and low-classes through different processes from regular appointments, by sons of the nobles, resulting in their hereditary positions, monjo hakase and below.

• 阿衡とは中国の故事によるものだが、これを文章博士藤原佐世が「阿衡には位貴しも、職掌なし」と基経に告げたため、基経はならばと政務を放棄してしまった。
• Ako is a term derived from classical Chinese texts, and because FUJIWARA no Sukeyo, Monjo hakase (professor of literature), had described the scenario to Mototsune as one in which, 'he would receive the high position of Ako, but it would be merely ceremonious, and would have no official duties'; therefore, Mototsune was able to abandoned all his political duties.

• この書状は信長が部下の妻にあてたものにしては非常に丁寧な文章であり、信長の女性に対する気配りと秀吉とねねの夫婦仲をうかがわせる数少ない史料である。
• The letter was written in a very polite way considering that it was written for the wife of his subordinate, which was one of the few historical materials that indicate Nobunaga's sensitivity for a woman as well as the relationship between Hideyoshi and Nene.

• 戦前の国定教科書には「天皇に弓を引いた逆臣」と書かれており、斎藤実内閣の中島久万吉商工大臣が尊氏を礼賛した文章を書いたために辞任する事件も起こった。
• According to an authorized textbook written before WWII, Takauji was 'a traitor who released an arrow against the Emperor', and Kumakichi NAKAJIMA, a member of the Makoto SAITO Cabinet, was forced to retire because he had praised Takauji in his writing.

• 陸奥国から奏上された国解（公文書）を元にしたと見られる文章が多いことから、朝廷内で国解を見ることの出来た人物が作者ではないかという見解が有力である。
• Because it contains many passages that appear to be based on kokuge (official documents) submitted to the Emperor from Mutsu Province, the prevailing view is that its author was an individual who was able to view kokuge in the Imperial Court.

• 『御文（御文章）』には、たびたび門徒へ誡めの言葉があり、その当時から門徒と他宗の信徒との間で教義の差異についての相違が問題になっていたと考えられる。
• Judging from the fact that a phrase of admonition to monto frequently appears in 'Ofumi' (Gobunsho), it is contemplated that the difference of doctrine was a problem between monto and the believers of other sects even at that time.

• ところが、律令政治の変質とともに貴族・官人社会において求められるのは、実務文章の作成能力よりも漢詩などの文学文章の作成能力に移るようになっていった。
• Meanwhile, with a change in quality of the ritsuryo political system, what was required in the society of nobles and government officials changed from the ability of business writing to that of literary writing, such as composing Chinese poetry.

• 長である市正（いちのかみ）は本来は正六位上相当の官であったが、五位の実務官僚や得業生や文章生のうち成功 (任官)に応じた者が任命されることが多かった。
• Ichi no kami (Commissioner of the Market) as the head was originally an official equivalent to Shorokuinojo (Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade), but a person who accepted to have an appointment among governmental official of Goi (Fifth Rank) responsible for practical works, tokugyosho (student like postgraduate, student taking the graduate program) and monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) most of the time.

• 普段使っている話し言葉に関係なく、書く文章に使われた文語文は、方言による意思疎通の困難を克服するという意味では、非常に便利に使われた全国的様式だった。
• Bungobun (sentences written in a literary style) used for written sentences regardless of spoken language used for daily life was a convenient nation-wide format used to overcome difficulties in communicating with dialects.

• また、その地位も紀伝道を掌る文章博士（元は明経道に附属して直講1名が回されたもの）の地位が上昇して明経博士を追い越したために本科としての地位を失った。
• Myogyodo lost its position as a regular course due to the position of Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature; a position that was originally affiliated with Myogyodo as a lecturer), who handled Kidendo, was placed higher than Myogyo hakase.

• 学問料（がくもんりょう）とは、平安時代に大学寮紀伝道の学生である文章生から選抜されて支給された奨学のための費用であり、給料（きゅうりょう）とも称した。
• The term Gakumonryo is a scholarship for Monjosho (students who study poetry and history) who studied Kidendo (the study of history) at Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) during the Heian period and it was also called Kyuryo.

• もしこれが理解されていたなら、この文章が収められている本「イデオロギーの終焉」に対する「自己満足」という一般的な評価は訂正されていたであろうが・・・。
• and, had it been understood, an important correction to the complacency ordinarily associated with the volume in which it was collected, The End of Ideology.

• この真淵との出会いは、宣長の図随筆集『玉勝間』に収められている「おのが物まなびの有りしより」と「あがたゐのうしの御さとし言」という文章に記されている。
• The above encounter with Mabuchi was described in his essays 'The History of My Study' and 'The Instructions of My Mentor,' which were compiled in a collection of essays 'Tamakatsuma'.

• 本文は変体漢文、すなわち日本語を漢文調にして記述した文章で書かれており、ほぼすべての文章が漢字のみとなっている（当時の日記の多くはこの形態であった）。
• The diary was written in a variant of Chinese language, in which Japanese were transformed into a kind of Chinese and the writing was done all in Chinese characters (Most of the diaries in those days were written in this style).

• なお、この過程で進士試が廃されて正式な官吏登用試験としては秀才試のみが行われるようになり、秀才は文章得業生の、同じく進士は文章生の別名となっていった。
• Also, through these processes, the official appointment examination for the 'shinshi' rank was phased out and only the official appointment examination for the 'shusai' rank was left as an official examination to recruit government officials, which resulted in the word 'shusai' becoming a synonym of monjo tokugosho and 'shinshi,' monjosho.

• 813年11月、最澄が「理趣釈経」の借用を申し出たが、空海は「文章修行ではなく実践修行によって得られる」との見解を示して拒絶、以後交流は相容れなかった。
• In November, 813, he made a request to Kukai to borrow 'Rishushakkyo,' but Kukai refused by indicating that 'it can be obtained not by studying the words but by practicing and training,' and after that, there were no more communications between them because of differences in their opinions.

• 当時の学生は、大半は大学寮内に寄宿していており、代表的なものとして菅原清公（菅原道真祖父）が設立して菅原氏・大江氏の管理下にあったとされる文章院がある。
• Most of the students in those days were resident students in Daigakuryo; a representative example is Monjoin, which was established by SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi (the grandfather of SUGAWARA no Michizane) and under the supervision of the Sugawara and Oe clans.

• 幕末から明治にかけて活躍した三遊亭圓朝は歴史的な名人として知られ、圓朝の高座を書き記した速記本は当時の文学、特に言文一致の文章の成立に大きな影響を与えた。
• Encho SANYUTEI, a popular storyteller who performed from the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate to the Meiji period, was known as a historic master of storytelling, and the book based on shorthand notes of his storytelling had a great impact on the literature of the time, particularly in relation to sentences written in a colloquial style.

• 言文一致（げんぶんいっち）とは、明治時代に、今までの文語文にかわって日常語を用いて口語体に近い文章を書くことを主張し、実践した運動と、書かれた文章を指す。
• Genbunicchi (unification of the written and spoken language) refers to the movement in the Meiji period that asserted that writers should write in a style close to the colloquial style Japanese, using everyday expressions instead of the previous literal style Japanese and practiced it, and to the works written in that style.

• また、菅原道真が遣唐使廃止について上奏した「請令諸公卿議定遣唐使進止状」（『菅家文章』）にも在唐中の僧侶が唐の商人に道真への手紙を託したことが記されている。
• An episode that a monk in Tang sent a letter addressed to Michizane by a Shiragi merchant, has been also written in the proposal for stopping Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China ('Kanke bunso' [an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane]) that reported to the Imperial Court by SUGAWARA no Michizane.

• 簡明な叙述であり、情熱的な文章であった為に広く愛読されたが、参考史料として軍記物語なども用いているため、歴史的事実に忠実であるとは言いがたい記事も散見する。
• Concise descriptions and enthusiastic sentences were very popular, however, it used those war chronicles and so on as reference historical materials and there are some articles found, which are hard to say to be true to the historical facts.

• 最近では書かれている運勢が「大大吉」や「大大凶」がある寺社もある）の吉凶の語句で書かれ、探し物・待ち人・健康・金運・生活等の個別の運勢が文章で記されている。
• Recently there are temples and shrines at which the fortunes written include 'daidaikichi' (very very good luck) and 'daidaikyo' (very very bad luck)), and they include sentences describing fortunes related to things you are looking for, a person you are waiting for, health, financial fortune and lifestyle or other personal fortunes.

• 平安時代末期に作られた『朝野群載』の即位詔の例文は、実際のものとほとんど変わらない表現でこのくだりの文章を示しており、定型文の引き写しが行われた証拠となる。
• 'Choya gunsai' (Collected Official and Unofficial Writings) compiled at the end of the Heian period shows a model phrase of this part with almost exactly equal letters to that really used in the imperial edicts to the enthronement, and this can be used as evidence that the model phrase had been handed down by copying the example.

• 菅原道真から「宮中要須之人也、聖主所照不更具陳」（『菅家文章』）と評価された季長の死は、前月の源能有の死に続くもので、宇多天皇（上皇）に大きな打撃を与えた。
• SUGAWARA no Michizane praised Suenaga as he said in the 'Kanke Bunso' (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry written by SUGAWARA no Michizane) that Suenaga was an irreplaceable person not only for the Imperial Court but also for this country, and Emperor Uda was severely shocked because he lost such an important person in addition to MINAMOTO no Yoshiari, who had passed away in the previous month.

• このため、平安時代中期以後は菅原氏・大江氏・藤原氏の南家・式家・藤原北家のうちの日野流の5つの家系が交互に文章博士2名に就いてその地位を占めるようになった。
• Consequently, either of the five families, namely the Sugawara clan, the Oe clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan and the Hino line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan interchangeably filled both of the two monjo hakase posts after the mid Heian period.

• 『続日本紀』はそれよりも23年早い延暦16年（797年）に完成しており、『続日本紀』の方が本来の詔の文章（あるいはそれに近い文章）であったと考えられている。
• 'Shoku Nihongi' had already been completed in 797, which was 23 years earlier than the publication of 'Ruijusandaikyaku,' and the sentences written in 'Shoku Nihongi' are considered as the original sentence (or sentence akin) describing the imperial orders.

• 極力、どの地域の、何という人の話かということを明記する方針で書かれ、それらが明らかでない場合には意識的な空欄を設け、他日の補充を期す形で文章が構成されている。
• It was written under the policy, as far as possible, of making clear exactly what person from what region each story is about, leaving intentional blanks in the sentences when this was not clear, with the expectation that they would be filled in at a future date.

• そのため、『弘仁格』編纂段階において、面積制限の規定が削除されていたために当該部分を削除した文章が採録され、それが『類聚三代格』に採用されたと考えられている。
• Therefore, stipulations on the restriction of space was deleted at the time when 'Koninkyaku' (collection of various Imperial orders issued during Konin era) was compiled, and the sentence without restriction clause were recorded on the Koninkyaku, which are believed to have been adopted in 'Ruijusandaikyaku.'

• 'エラー：投稿された文章はは[$1]キロバイトの長さがあります。これは投稿できる最大の長さである[$2]キロバイトを超えています。'この編集は保存できません。
• 'Error: The text you have submitted is [$1] kilobytes long, which is longer than the maximum of [$2] kilobytes.'It cannot be saved.

• いずれにしても菅原清公が文章博士・大学頭であった時代は文章博士の地位が従来筆頭であった明経博士の上位に立った時期にあたり、その整備が大いに進んだとされている。
• In any event, in the days when SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi was Monjo hakase and Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), the rank of the Monjo hakase exceeded Myogyo hakase (Doctor of Confucian classics), which had conventionally been the highest rank -- It was considered that the ranks among the instructors were largely settled during this period.

• でも、この文章での記述はただの歴史というか、お望みならお話として書かれている、だからまねする価値のある例のなかに、まねしないほうがいい例も見つかるかもしれない。
• But as this tract is put forth merely as a history, or, if you will, as a tale, in which, amid some examples worthy of imitation, there will be found, perhaps, as many more which it were advisable not to follow,

• 貞観 (日本)13年（871年）12月16日に内侍司源全姫の六十の賀に毘廬遮那仏の図絵を作り功徳を修した（『菅家文草』に菅原道真が厳子のために書いた文章が残る）。
• On February 2, 872, she obtained kudoku (merit) by painting Birushanabutsu (Vairocana-Buddha) at the celebration of 60th birthday of Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendant) MINAMOTO no Matahime (writings made for Genshi by SUGAWARA no Michizane are left in 'Kanke Bunso' (a collection of Chinese poetry created by Sugawara no Michizane)).

• また「上宮記」逸文の文章系譜によれば、中斯知命（なかしちのみこと）を妃として乎非王（おいのおおきみ）を儲け、その孫が男大迹王（袁本杼王）すなわち継体天皇とされる。
• Furthermore, according to the Itsubun (unidentified or lost wirings) written genealogy from the 'Joguki,' Prince Ohodo married Nakashichi no Mikoto taking her as his princess, and they had a son (prince), Oi no Okimi.

• 菅原是善に学び、陽成天皇、光孝天皇、宇多天皇の3代に仕え、近江国守、東宮学士、民部少輔、文章博士、式部大輔、勘解由長官、左大弁を歴任したのち、正四位下、参議となる。
• He learned under SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, and served three generations of emperors, Emperors Yozei, Koko, and Uda; became Shoshiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and Sangi (consultant) after serving as Omi no kuni no kami (Governor of Omi Province), Togu gakushi (Teacher of the Classics of the Crown Prince), Minbu shoyu (Junior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs), Monjo hakase (professor of literature), Shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of Ministry of Ceremonial), Kageyu no kami (chief investigator of the records of outgoing officials), and Sadaiben (major controller of the left).

• 近松門左衛門の『雙生隅田川』、鶴屋南北 (4代目)の『桜姫東文章』や『隅田川花御所染』、河竹黙阿弥の『都鳥廓白浪』（忍の惣太）などの歌舞伎狂言が今日よく上演される。
• The kabuki kyogen works performed often currently are 'Futago Sumidagawa' written by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU, 'Sakurahime azuma bunsho' and 'Sumidagawa hanano goshozome' by Nanboku TSURUYA and 'Miyakodori nagareno shiranami' by Mokuami KAWATAKE.

• 「上宮記」には、「凡牟都和希王（応神） ― 若野毛二俣王 ― 大郎子（意富富杼王） ― 乎非王（私斐王） ― 斯王 ― 乎富等大公王（継体）」の文章系譜が記される。
• In 'Joguki,' there was a written genealogy, 'Homutawake no Miko (Ojin) –Wakanuke futamata no Miko - Oiratsuko (Ohodo no Okimi) - Oi no Okimi (Oi no Okimi [私斐王]) - Okimi - Odo no Okimi (Keitai).'

• 藤原斉信が当時17歳であること、源雅信の子息の初任官がいずれも16歳（大学寮に入って文章生を経た源扶義を除く）であったことから、この頃16・17歳と考えられている。
• FUJIWARA no Tadanobu was 17 years old at that time, and since the son of MINAMOTO no Masanobu was first assigned with court duty when he was 16 years old (excluding MINAMOTO no Sukeyoshi who became the monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) once entering Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system)), it is believed that he was 16 or 17 years old at that time.

• 寛平9年（897年）に敦仁親王が醍醐天皇として即位すると、昇殿を許されて勘解由使兼式部少輔、昌泰2年（899年）には文章博士となり、天皇の御前で『史記』を進講した。
• When Crown Prince Atsugimi ascended to throne as Emperor Daigo, he was permitted to undergo shoden (visit the imperial court) and became Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonial) in Kageyushi (Board of Discharge Examiners) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature) in 899 to lecture 'Shiki' (the Chinese Historical Records) before the emperor.

• 清公は「儒門之領袖」と称されて、文章博士の官位相当を貴族である従五位下に引き上げさせて、律令法によって本来大学寮の博士の筆頭とされてきた明経博士からその地位を奪った。
• Kiyokimi was also called 'the greatest of the Confucians,' and was invested into the nobility at Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), as befitting his official post as Monjo hakase (Chief court calligrapher); under the Ritsuryo system, he essentially stole the position of 'top brush' (i.e., chief calligrapher) from Myogyo, an instructor in the Confucian classics at the Academy.

• ここではまず、天武天皇の事跡を厳かに述べた後、天武天皇が稗田阿禮に勅語して『帝記』・『旧辞』を暗誦させたが、時世の移り変わりにより文章に残せなかった経緯を記している。
• The second paragraph first describes the achievement of Emperor Tenmu in detail, and then describes the background that 'Teiki' and 'Kyuji' which Emperor Tenmu ordered HIEDA no Are to recite couldn't be documented due to changing circumstances.

• また、参加者も先達と呼ばれる経験者、しかもかつては学生でも今では式部大輔や大学頭、文章博士といった学生たちから見れば「雲の上」的存在の人々が多くを占めるようになった。
• Also, the ratio of participants who experienced Kangakue in the past, who were called Sendatsu, increased, and those people came to hold positions such as Shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial), Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), and Monjo hakase (professor of literature), which were positions that were 'high above the sky' if seen from students, even though those Sendatsu were students back then.

• その後、律令の専門家を育成する必要性から、神亀5年7月21日 (旧暦)（728年8月30日）の格式において、漢文学・歴史学を掌る文章博士と同時に律学博士が設置された。
• Later doctors of Ritsugaku were appointed together with doctors of Monjodo, a department of Chinese poetry and history on the need to cultivate experts of ritsuryo by ordinance on September 3, 728.

• また守貞漫稿には'平日より華やかに高く呼ぶ其の詞(ことば)に曰く「たいやたい、なまだこ、まだいー」と呼び行く也'と、魚売りのようすをうかがい知れる文章も残されている。
• The Morisadamanko also says 'a fish peddler walks around and cries lively everyday, saying 'sea bream, raw octopus, and red sea beam',' which allows us to guess what a fish peddler did.

• 日本の律令法における学令は、唐の制度に倣って中国王朝の支配思想であった儒学を教える明経道を中心に置いた規定がなされ、文章博士はそれを補う目的で設置されたものであった。
• Gakuryo (the law on scholarship) formulated under the ritsuryo codes focused, following Tang's system, on myogyo-do which was to teach Confucianism, the dominant philosophy in Chinese dynasties, and the post of monjo hakase was installed for the purpose of supplementing myogyo-do.

• そのため、方略策（国家戦略）を論じる秀才と時務策（政策一般）を論じる進士の受験者を育成するために文章博士、明法の受験者を育成するために明法博士が設置されたとされている。
• It is understood that, under such circumstances, monjo hakase was established to educate applicants to take examinations of shusai who would discuss horyakusaku (national strategy) and those of shinshi who would deal with jimusaku (general policies), and myobo hakase, to educate myobo applicants.

• 物語性を重視し漢語がちりばめられた読本に比べ、滑稽本は会話文を主体とした平易な文章で、単純な言葉の引っかけや常識から逸脱した言動、下ネタなどで大衆的な読者の笑いを誘う。
• Compared to the yomihon literature that focused on narrative and was full of kango (originally Chinese words and expressions), kokkeibon books were written in a simple style with many colloquial expressions, and they made ordinary readers laugh using techniques such as simple puns, words and deeds deviating from social norms, and indecent topics.

• 同様に技術系・学術系の官職においても、陰陽寮の賀茂氏・阿倍氏、大学寮紀伝道（文章博士）の菅原氏・大江氏のように家学の成立を背景とした世襲的な継承が行われるようになった。
• In the same way, technical and academic official positions were also held by certain clans such as the Kamo clan and Abe clan of the Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination), Sugawara clan and Oe clan of the Daigakuryo Kidendo (the study of the histories) (Bunsho hakase) with the background of the establishment of Kagaku.

• あるいは、ぼくたちが真に「無私の」動機を持っている（心理と行動面でのあらゆる証拠にもかかわらず）と信じ込むことによる、自己欺瞞の害についてだって別の文章が書けるだろう。
• and the astonishing amount of self-deceptive harm we do by believing (against all the evidence of psychology and behavior) that we ever have truly `selfless' motives.

• 平安時代後期の永承6年（1051年）、もと文章博士（もんじょうはかせ）で後に出家した日野資業（すけなり）が、薬師如来を安置する堂を建てたのが法界寺の始まりとされている。
• The origin of Hokai-ji Temple is believed to lie in the Buddha hall enshrining Bhaisajyaguru that was built during the latter part of the Heian Period in 1051 by the former doctors of letters (monjo hakase) Sukenari HINO after entering the priesthood.

• しかし、名山図志の題にふさわしいものにしようとしたためか、紀州藩の南画家の野呂九一郎の筆による「台山踄歴略記」なる文章が付されているが、南画調の山岳絵は違和感が否めない。
• They might have tried to make it more suitable to the title of 'Meizan Zushi' (Book of famous mountains), it has a sentence 'Daiyama reki ryakki' written by Kyuichiro NORO, a Chinese Nanga style artist of Kishu Domain; but the drawing of Chinese Nanga style mountains is somewhat ill-fitted.

• 翻訳とは、原文の大意をつかんだ上で、原文のことばに最も近い自国語を探し出し、それを自然な文章へと改める作業であるが、翻訳の歴史が浅ければ浅いほど、その困難さは増えていく。
• Translation is a work in which the drift of the original is grasped at first and, then, words of the own language that is the closest to it, and the sentences are revised to make them natural ones, but, the shorter the history of translation is, the more such difficulties increase.

• 源順（みなもとのしたごう）に師事し、文章・漢詩・和歌に秀で、『本朝文粋』に受領申文を載せ、『本朝麗藻』『類聚句題抄』『拾遺和歌集』などに漢詩や和歌などの作品を残している。
• He studied under MINAMOTO no Shitago and excelled in writing, Chinese poetry, and waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables), while his Zuryomoshibumi (document to ask for a transfer to regional officer) is on 'Honcho monzui' (Anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese) and his poems are on 'Honcho reiso,' 'Ruiju kudaisho' (anthology of Chinese poetry), 'Shui Wakashu' (Collection of Gleanings of Japanese Poems), and so on.

• 『地蔵十王経』中には、三途の川や脱衣婆が登場し、「別都頓宜寿（ほととぎす）」と鳴く鳥が描写され、文章も和習をおびるなど、日本で撰せられたことをうかがわせる面が多分にある。
• 'Jizo Juo-kyo Sutra' includes many elements which suggest this sutra was composed in Japan, for example, the appearance of the Sanzu-no-kawa River (river, the dead cross) and Datsueba (witch staying Sanzu-no-kawa River to rob the dead of their clothes), the description of a bird twittering '別都頓宜寿' (Hototogisu) and Japanese-tasted sentences.
• 'Jizojuo-kyo Sutra' has a lot of aspects to show it was written in Japan; the Sanzu-no-kawa River (the River of Three Crossings), Datsueba (literally, old woman who robs clothes of the dead; old hag of hell), and birds singing 'Hototogisu' are described; the sentences seem to have been written by Japanese people.

• この新版の巻末には、非常に有益なブルックスの20年後の回想記がついていて、このなかでブルックスはもとの文章において結果的にまちがっていた部分について、すなおに認めている。
• The new edition is wrapped up by an invaluable 20-years-later retrospective in which Brooks forthrightly admits to the few judgements in the original text which have not stood the test of time.

• 出来事や天候に対する自らの感想など感情的な文章はほとんど書いていないが、能を鑑賞したり連歌や茶道を楽しんだとの記述があり、家忠の文化人としての人間性をうかがう事ができる。
• Although there are almost no entries written in a subjective tone describing his personal impressions of events, the weather and the like, there are entries in which he records having attended the Noh, or participated in a tea ceremony or renga (linked verse) poetry composing gathering, which would seem to indicate that he was a man who enjoyed cultural pursuits.

• 文章博士は大学寮における教授・試験などの業務の他に、天皇や摂関、公卿の侍読を務めたり、彼らの依頼を受けて漢詩を作成したり、紀伝勘文や申文などの文章を執筆することがあった。
• Roles of monjo hakase were mainly teaching and conducting tests at Daigaku-ryo, but they sometimes included giving lectures to emperors, regents and chancellors, and Court nobles, and writing, on their requests, Chinese-style poems, reports on history, application letters for promotion, etc.

• 学科名は「紀伝道（紀伝科）」・博士の号は「文章博士」が採用され、官制上は廃止された文章道（文章科）・紀伝博士はそれぞれ別称・通称的な存在として残されるようになっていった。
• The subject name became 'kidendo (kidenka)' and 'monjo hakase' was adopted as a title, although the officially abolished names, 'monjodo (monjoka)' and 'kiden hakase,' remained as common names.

• これにより、紀伝博士の定員は文章博士の定員に移され（1名→2名）、以後「紀伝博士」は文章博士の通称となった（なお、学科名は紀伝道が存続して「文章道」はその通称となった。）
• As a result of this, the fixed number of Kiden hakase was transferred to that of Monjo hakase (from one to two), and thereafter, 'Kiden hakase' became a common name of Monjo hakase (for reference, Kidendo existed as the name of subject, and 'Monjodo' became its common name).

• ただし、実際には通称に過ぎないとされている「文章道」という呼称が、明治以後には混同されて、文章道が紀伝道を吸収して「文章道」「文章博士」となったと解されていた時期もある。
• Meanwhile, there was a time after the Meiji period when this fact was misunderstood, as monjodo integrated kidendo and became 'monjodo' and 'monjo hakase,' although the name 'monjodo' was just a popular name.

• ただし、半井本・鎌倉本などの『保元』と延慶本・長門本などの『平家』に崇徳院の怨霊にまつわるほぼ同じ内容の文章が見られ、これは明らかに一方が一方を参考にしたものと考えられる。
• However, Nakaraibon and Kamakurabon of 'Hogen,' and Enkeibon and Nagatobon of 'Heike' have nearly the same texts concerning a vengeful ghost of Sutoku-in, so it seems to be clear that one was modeled after the other.

• 天平7年（735年）に遣唐使として渡って帰国した吉備真備が唐より中国正史をまとまった形で持ち帰った（吉備大臣三史櫃）のを機に文章博士が歴史をも合わせて講義することになった。
• It was when KIBI no Makibi, who was a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China, brought back well organized Chinese historiography from Tang (Kibidaijin Sanshi hitsu (the authenticated Chinese history of Minister Kibi)) in 735 that monjo hakase began lecturing on history, too.

• 791年には大学博士（明法博士）と明法博士に博士職田の加増が行うが、文章博士・算博士などの他の博士の職田は現状維持とするという内容の太政官符（『類聚三代格』）が出されいる。
• In 791, Daijokanpu (an official document of the Daijokan sent to local governments) ('Ruiju sandaikyaku' [a statute book written in the Heian Period]) that afforded additional Hakase-shikiden to Daigaku Hakase (Professor of Education) and Myobo Hakase (Professor of Law) but retained the same distribution for Monjo Hakase (Professor of Literature and History), San Hakase (Professor of Arithmetic) and other professors was issued.

• 現代日本において「物語」と述べて想起・想像されるのは、順序だてて語られ、秩序だった構成を認めうる、いわゆる「文章」としてのまとまりを持った「作られた」「お話」のことである。
• In modern Japan, 'monogatari' is associated with a 'fictitious' 'tale' that has a shape as 'writing'which is told in an orderly way and has a coherent structure.

• 第二回のヒルトン・キューピット氏との会見では、私は二つの短い文章と、一つの牒号（メッセージ）を提供されたが、この牒号（メッセージ）には旗が無いので、単語に相違ないと思った。
• In my second interview with Mr. Hilton Cubitt he was able to give me two other short sentences and one message, which appeared--since there was no flag--to be a single word.

• また、井月は「俳諧雅俗伝」という文章を明治8年に染筆しているが、これは甲州の俳人である早川漫々の残した文章の要諦を写したもので、井月が正風俳諧の影響を受けていることが伺える
• He inked writings, 'haikaigazoku-den' with brush in 1875, but this was the copy of important phrases written by Manman HAYAKAWA, who was a poet in Koshu Province, showing that Seigetsu was influenced by Shofu haikai (a concept of haiku completed by Basho MATSUO).

• 文章得業生は定員が少なく、しかも給料学生が優先的に選ばれる慣例であったため、長く文章生であった学生は中途で教官の推挙を受けて学業を終える以前に官職に任じられることもあった。
• As the number of monjo tokugosho was very limited and there was a tradition of choosing kyuryo gakusei primarily from them, those students who remained monjosho for a long time were sometimes appointed to government posts with their teacher's recommendation before finishing their study.

• 更に息子・俊憲に文章博士・大学頭に就任するために必要な資格を得る試験である対策の受験を認める宣旨を与えたが、通憲の意思は固く、同年7月22日_(旧暦)に出家して信西と名乗った。
• Furthermore, he issued a proclamation authorizing Michinori's son, Toshinori, to take the examination for the certification required for appointment as Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Daigaku no kami; however Michinori's decision was firm and he joined the priesthood on August 29, 1144, taking the name Shinzei.

• また、備後国の山内首藤氏は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1351年（貞和7）に、分轄相続によって結束力の薄れた一族11人が、一致団結して足利冬直につくことを誓約した文章が残っている。
• In addition, the Yamauchisudo clan of Bingo Province had an emblem made from a pledge in 1351, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to serve Fuyuji ASHIKAGA by unifying eleven members that became less unified due to divided inheritance.

• だが、平安時代中期に入ると、文章生の学科である紀伝道が他の学科を圧倒するようになり、明法道は紀伝道・明法道よりも下位に置かれるようになって一時的に衰退の時期を迎えるようになる。
• However, in the mid Heian period, Kidendo, a Monjo subject, exceeded the other departments, therefore Myohodo was positioned lower than Kidendo and declined temporarily.

• この時の格に文章生と明法生は雑任・白丁の子弟から採ることが規定され、中央・地方の下級官人あるいは庶民の子弟が明法生となり、貴族子弟を学生とした明経道よりは格下と看做されていた。
• The ordinance at that time stated to take the students of Monjo and Myoho from the children of Zonin officials and Hakucho people, therefore the children of lower-level officials of the central and local governments or common people became the Myoho students and it was seen as a lower ranking department than Myogyodo which took students from the children of aristocrats.

• 神職などの奉仕者が祭神に祭祀の意義や目的を奏上する言葉（人間が神に対してみずからの祈願するところや、神を称えるこころを表現するために記した文章）を意味するものである（奏上体）。
• The word 'noritogoto' refers to the letters (a document in which people write their wishes to gods and their reverence for deities) that are chanted by believers such as Shinto priests to present to enshrined deities the meanings and objectives of a religious service ('sojo-tai,' or report to superiors style).

• 日本文学研究者のエドワード・サイデンステッカーの訳(1976年)は、ウェイリー訳の欠点を改善し、戦後の文学的傾向に合わせて、文章の装飾を落とし、原文に近づける努力がなされている。
• Edward SEIDENSTICKER, a scholar of Japanese literature, translated the work (1976) and corrected the flaws in WALEY's translation; he endeavored to approximate the original text by removing overly decorated translation and adjusting to the postwar literary tendency.

• 平安時代初期の歴史書である『続日本紀』の中にある天応 (日本)元年（781年)6月の宅嗣の死亡記事の中において宅嗣の業績とともに芸亭の創設経緯を記した宅嗣の文章が転載されている。
• In the report of Yakatsugu's death in June 781 found in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), a historical document of the early Heian period, description of his accomplishments in life is accompanied by Yakatsugu's own writing on how Untei was established.

• もしあなたがAmazonで売られている本の著者ならば、貴著のAmazonサイトでの'著者コメント' にこの文章を書くことで、このキャンペーンを大きく助けることができるでしょう。
• If you are the author of a book sold by Amazon, you can provide powerful help to this campaign by putting this text into the 'author comment' about your book, on Amazon's web site.

• これに連座した善縄は7月26日 (旧暦)（9月4日）に周防権守に左遷されるが、翌承和10年2月10日 (旧暦)（843年3月14日）には文章博士に任じられて平安京に呼び戻された。
• For being involved in the incident, Yoshitada was demoted to Director of Suo Province on September 4, but was appointed to Monjo hakase and called back to Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto) on March 14, 843.

• 承和_(日本)元年3月8日_(旧暦)（834年4月20日）に紀伝道と文章道（「道」の呼称が未だ成立していなかったとする見解を採るならば、紀伝科と文章科）は統合されることとされた。
• On April 20, 834, kidendo and monjodo were merged (if one accepts the theory that their names were not established as 'do,' kidenka and monjoka were merged).

• また、少数であるがカバネを有しない白丁身分（庶民）の子弟であっても入学が許された例も存在している（天平年間に設置された文章生・明法生の採用規定に「白丁雑任の子」と規定されていた）。
• Also, although few in number, there were cases in which common children of hakucho (inferior servant) status, who did not have kabane, were allowed to enter Daigaku-ryo (Guidelines on recruitment of monjosho [students of literary studies] and myobosho [students of law studies], which were drawn up in the Tenpyo era [from 729 to 749], stated that 'children of hakucho and zonin' [lower-ranking government officials] were qualified).

• また、文人としては随筆紀行文である『全楽堂日録』『日光紀行』などを残し、文章とともに多く残されている挿絵が旅の情景を髣髴させるとともに、当時を文化・風俗を知る重要な資料となっている。
• As a man of literature, Kazan produced travel writings and essays including 'Zengakudo Hiroku' and 'Nikko Kiko'; his writings, like his abundant illustrations, vividly depict the scenes of his travels and serve as important materials to depict the culture, local manners and customs.

• このうち、「絵詞」とは、「絵の詞」、つまり、ある特定の絵に対応する文章というのが本来の意味であることが指摘されており、「絵詞」よりは「絵巻」の方が作品名として適切であるとの説もある。
• Among them, the word 'ekotoba' is pointed out to have originally meant as 'words for pictures,' namely, sentences corresponding to particular pictures, so that some may claim that '-emaki' is more suitably titled than '-ekotoba.'

• 受給者は給料学生と呼ばれ、定員2名で文章生の中から自薦・他薦によって推挙され、大抵の場合には希望者多数ということにより、学問料試（給料試）と呼ばれる詩賦などによる選抜を経て選ばれた。
• Recipients were called Kyuryo-gakusei and two were selected out of recommended or self appointed applicants of Monjosho through Shi-fu (examination) called Gakumonryoshi (a selection exam for the award of Gakumonryo) (Kyuryoshi - a selection exam for the award of Kyuryo) since the number of applicants usually exceeded the quota.

• 「右京兆並びに当所執事信濃の守行光及び家司文章博士源仲章朝臣・・・」と、北条義時（右京兆は右京権大夫の唐名で、このときは北条義時のこと）の次席で政所の実務官僚のトップとして登場する。
• He was introduced as having the next position to Yoshitoki HOJO and the top of the governmental official responsible for practical works of Mandokoro; 'ukeicho (the provisional master of right) as well as Yukimitsu, the steward of a governor of Shinano Province, and MINAMOTO no Nakaakira Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles) who held the concurrent post of household superintendent and professor of literature...' (ukeicho was a Tang name of Ukyo Gon no daibu [Provisional Master of the Western Capital Offices]).

• 1254年（建長6年）に成季が編著した説話集「古今著聞集（ここんちょもんじゅう）」のなかの序文では「散木士」、跋文（ばつぶん＝書物の本文の後に書く文章）では「朝散大夫」と自称している。
• In 'Kokon Chomon ju' (A Collection of Tales Heard, Past and Present) edited by Narisue in 1254, he called himself 散木士 (sanbokushi??) in the introduction and Chosandaibu in batsubun (afterword, sentences written after body of books).

• この頃、紀伝道においては、菅原清公・菅原是善父子が相次いで文章博士を務めて私に文章生と師弟関係を結び（「菅家廊下」）、これに反発する都良香・巨勢文雄らとの間で一種の学閥争いが生じていた
• Meanwhile, in kidendo, SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi and then his son SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi served as Monjo hakase and privately established master and apprentice relationships with monjosho (called Kanke Roka), and there was an academic faction conflict with MIYAKO no Yoshika and KOSE no Fumio who opposed the idea of Kanke Roka.

• 菅根の子孫は息子・元方が文章生から大納言に昇って以後は振るわなかった（菅根の曾孫・元方の孫の藤原保輔は盗賊として著名）が、彼を先駆者として藤原南家から文章博士が輩出されるようになった。
• A descendant of Sugane, his son, Motokata, who climbed from monjosho to Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and others did not follow (his great grandson and the grandson of Motokata or FUJIWARA no Yasusuke was famous bandit) but Monjo hakase (professor of literature) was picked from the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan with him as the forerunner.

• ただし、十七条憲法や大化の改新と同様、文章の内容が後世の装飾であったとしても上表文の存在そのものを否定する材料とまでは言えないとして、552年伝来の事実そのものはあったとする見方もある。
• However, some people say that the fact of the introduction in 552 must be true, because even if there was a modification of contents in later years, it cannot deny the existence of Johyobun itself immediately.

• 神亀5年7月21日 (旧暦)（728年8月30日）に、文学を教える官として明経直講（明経博士の別枠）から1名が割かれて令外官である文章博士（もんじょうのはかせ、正七位下相当）が設置された。
• On August 30, 728, monjo hakase (Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade)) which was a ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) was established by allotting one of the Myogyodo chokko (teacher of Myogyodo) (a separate position of Myogyo hakase (Doctor of Confucian classics)).

• 蓮如上人は『御文（御文章）』の第一帖の第九通に「つぎに、物忌（ぶっき）ということは、わが流には仏法についてものいまわぬといえることなり。」と言われ、浄土真宗が物忌みをしないことを示される。
• In chapter ninth of volume one in 'Ofumi' (Gobunsho), Rennyo Shonin stated that monoimi should not be conducted in Jodo Shinshu Sect saying 'next, regarding monoimi, our sect does not abstain from anything based on the doctrine of Buddhism.'

• 1966年、歌舞伎座で演じた『廓文章』（吉田屋）の伊左衛門が好劇家から高い評価を受け、それまでどちらかといえば独特な持味はあるものの、手堅いだけとされていた仁左衛門の演技に変化がおとずれる。
• In 1966, Nizaemon's portrayal of Izaemon in 'Kuruwa-Bunsho' (Yoshida-ya) at the Kabuki-za theater received a high reputation from play lovers, and Nizaemon's acting, which until then had been called merely reliable despite its unique characteristics, started to vary.

• 長保元年の自宅での講義を実際に聞いたとされる大江以言（大江千里 (歌人)の孫で文章博士）は、允亮の講義の素晴らしさを日記で記しており、後世においても大江匡房や葉室定嗣などが高く評価している。
• OE no Mochitoki (a grandson of a poet, OE no Chisato, and a professor of literature) who is said to have actually listened to Tadasuke's lecture at home in 999, wrote down how great his lecture was in the diary, and in later days, it was highly praised by OE no Masafusa and Sadatsugu HAMURO.

• 後に菅原氏は清公・菅原是善・菅原道真・菅原淳茂の4代の文章博士を輩出し、文章院は大学直曹（公認寄宿舎）としての地位を得るに至った（これに対抗するために設置されたのが大学別曹と言われている）。
• Later, the Sugawara clan produced four monjo hakase, Kiyokimi, SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, SUGAWARA no Michizane and SUGAWARA no Atsushige and monjoin was granted the position of daigaku jikiso (official dormitory) (it is said that daigaku besso (academic facility for nobles) was built in rivalry with it).

• 式部省の所管で、明経道（経書）、算道（算術）および副教科の音道（中国語の発音）、書道_(大学寮)（書き方）の四学科があり後に紀伝道（通称「文章道」、中国史・文章）と明法道（法律）が加わった。
• It was under the control of Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial), and there were two main subjects such as Myogyo-do (Keisho), Sando (arithmetic) plus two auxiliary subjects such as Ondo (pronunciation of Chinese) and calligraphy (Daigakuryo) (the way of writing); later, Kidendo (in vernacular terms, 'Monjodo (Literature)' and Myobodo (law) were added.

• 『春秋』の注釈書である「公羊伝」の隠公_(魯)元年春王正月条（すなわち『春秋』の冒頭記事にあたる）の解釈の中に「子以母貴、母以子貴（子は母を以って貴し、母は子を以って貴し）」という文章がある。
• An understanding of 春王正月条, an article written in the first year of Inko (Lu) (B.C. 721) in 'Kuyoden,' which is a commentary of 'Shunju' (Spring and Autumn Annals) (i.e., the top article of Shunju), says '子以母貴、母以子貴' (Child is noble for its mother, and mother is noble for her child).

• また文章院が大学寮における紀伝道の直曹として公認された事から、橘広相・島田忠臣ら有能な人物が、大学寮の外においても菅原氏の門人に列して私邸に参してまで教えを受けた（「菅家廊下」）とされている。
• In addition, Monjoin was officially recognized as jikiso (Daigaku-ryo's dormitory where lectures were delivered as well), which is said to have made the Sugawara clan so much more outstanding that able scholars such as TACHIBANA no Hiromi and SHIMADA no Tadaomi joined the Sugawara clan's pupils to receive lectures at Sugawara's private residence (a private school familiarly called 'Kanke-roka' [菅家廊下: the hallway of Sugawara's house]).

• その後、中国正史の知識が公文書作成や一種の政治学として重んじられたこともあり、歴史を学ぶために文章科（文章道）を希望する者の後が絶たず、本来の文章博士が専門とする文学の講義が滞るようになった。
• Later, as a knowledge of Chinese historiography was considered important for making official documents or as a kind of political study, those who wished to join the monjoka (monjodo) kept coming endlessly, becoming an obstacle for the lectures of literature, which was the original specialty of monjo hakase.

• 菅原古人の子菅原清公（770年～842年）（従三位・非参議）、および孫の菅原是善（812年～880年）（従三位・参議）を含め、大江氏と並んで子孫は代々、紀伝道（文章道）を家業として朝廷に仕える。
• Together with the Oe clan, Sugawara no Furuhito's descendants, including his son, Sugawara no Kiyokimi (770-842) (Junior Third Rank, non-Councilor), and his grandson, Sugawara no Koreyoshi (812-880) (Junior Third Rank, Councilor), served the Court for generations, working in the field of Kidendo (Literature).

• 続いて擬文章生及び蔭位の対象者、宣旨などで特に許された者に対して式部省が直接行う省試にて詩賦を課し、それに合格することにより初めて文章生になった（記録では極稀に文章得業生に抜擢された例もある）。
• Following this, gimonjosho, those who enjoyed On I (the automatic promotion of persons at the age of 21, whose parents are from the Imperial Prince to the fifth rank, or whose grandparents are above upper third rank) and those who were given permission by imperial decree would take Shoshi (an examination held by Shikibusho for determining whether applicants are employable) on poetry, which was held directly by the Shikibu sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) and those who passed this examination became monjosho (a record shows that in exceptional cases, students were promoted to monjo tokugosho).

• しかし、弘仁4年（813年）最澄が『理趣釈経』（『理趣経』の解釈書）の借用を空海に申し出たところ、空海が密教の真髄は文章修行ではなく実践によってのみ得られるとして拒絶したため、両者の仲は悪化する。
• However in 813, when Saicho asked Kukai to lend 'Rishushakkyo' (the interpretation book of 'Rishu-kyo' (Principle of Wisdom Sutra)), Kukai refused to lend it saying that the essence of Mikkyo lay not in ascetic training of sentences but in practices, which led to worsen the relations between both of them.

• たとえば何か書き付けを発見して、ここそこでごく普通の立派な英語で文章が書かれているのに、その間に単語や、ひょっとして文字すら、まったく見たこともないようなものが混じっている、という感じでしょうか。
• Suppose you found an inscription, with sentences here and there in excellent plain English, and interpolated therewith, others made up of words, of letters even, absolutely unknown to you?

• 文章博士の地位にあった仁和3年（887年）、橘広相が作成した宇多天皇から基経への詔勅にあった「阿衡」の文字に関し、「阿衡には位貴しも、職掌なし」という見解を発して、所謂「阿衡の紛議」を引き起こした。
• In 887, when he was a Monjo Hakase (professor of literature), he discovered letters regarding 'Ako' (another name for Sessho (regent) or Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor)) in the Shochoku (imperial edict) and they were from Emperor Uda to Mototsune written by Tachibana no Hiromi, saying that 'Ako is merely a title and without substance or official duties' which caused the so-called 'Ako Controversy.'

• 大学寮の実体が無い時代であったとは言え、文筆を業とした広橋家の出身でなおかつ後円融天皇の生母崇賢門院の義理の甥にあたることから、3歳で学問料を与えられ、5歳で文章得業生となるなど破格の扱いを受ける。
• Although the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education) no longer physically existed, the fact that he was from the Hirohashi family, whose profession was writing, and that he was the nephew of Emperor Goenyu's mother, Sukenmonin, meant he received special treatment such as being granted Gakumonryo (a scholarship to study at Daigaku-ryo dating from the Heian period) at the age of three and being selected as Monjo Tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) at the age of five,

• 子書においても、抄物の大きな担手は五山僧であり、江戸後期の漢文註釈と比較すると、『文章軌範』ではなく『古文真宝』、『唐詩選』ではなく『三体詩』、南宋詩よりも北宋詩など、その内容に独自の傾向が見られる。
• Literary works were mainly annotated by priests of the Five Zen Monasteries, and compared with the annotation of Chinese classics made in the late Edo period, they seem to have their own tendencies; for example, shomono annotated 'Kobun Shinpo' instead of 'A standard of Composition,' 'Santaishi' instead of 'Selected Poems of the Tang Dynasty,' and Northern Sung poetry instead of Southern Sung poetry.

• 続く東巻は対句の種類と用法を解説し、南巻は文章のあるべき形、またそれを作る際の心構え等を述べ、西巻は韻律上の避けるべき事柄を論じ、そして最終の北巻は対句に関して守らねばならぬ法則のまとめを綴っている。
• The following volume of East explained the kinds and usage of distich, the volume of South mentioned the ideal pattern of sentences and attitude to make, the volume of West discussed the things to be avoided about rhythm, and the last volume of North referred to the summary of the rules to be followed concerning distich.

• 明経道・紀伝道（文章道）においては、漢文の注釈（訓点法）に用いる乎古登点（乎古止点）を菅原氏・大江氏・清原氏などがそれぞれ独自の解釈で打っていき、これを家説として子弟や門人の教育に用いるようになった。
• In Myogyodo (the study of Confucian classics) and Kidendo (Literature), based upon their own interpretations, the Sugawara clan, the Oe clan, and the Kiyohara clan, and so on differently inserted 'okototen' used as markings for reading Chinese classics (kuntenho), which they made their family's theory used to teach their children or students.

• 勿論、文章院は公的機関である大学寮直曹であったから、大学別曹を持たない氏族出身者の寄宿舎としても当然用いられたが、管理者である菅原氏・大江氏の博士と強い関係で結ばれて一種の学閥を形成することとなった。
• It was needless to say that the Monjoin was the University Jikiso, an official institution, so that it also served as a dormitory for students from the clans which did not have a Daigaku besso of their own -- Thereby, a close relationship was developed between the students and their supervisor, hakase of the Sugawara clan or the Oe clan and the students formed a kind of academic clique.

• やがて、文章博士経験者が従来の明経博士経験者に代わって大学頭・侍読・式部大輔などの要職を独占して公卿に昇進する者も登場するようになり、明経道が管轄する儒学に関する事柄にも文章道が関与することもあった。
• Later, as those who experienced monjo hakase, instead of those who experienced myogyo hakase, began dominating important positions such as daigaku no kami, jidoku (imperial tutor) and shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial) and some were even promoted to kugyo, monjodo sometimes became involved in Confucianism, which was under myogyodo's control.

• しかし、こうした歴史の知識を必要とするのは公文書や漢詩などの文章作成においてであり、文章道と重複するという考えから承和_(日本)3年3月8日_(旧暦)（834年4月20日）に紀伝道と文章道は統合された。
• However, such knowledge of history was required when creating documents such as official documents and Chinese poetry, and Kidendo (the study of the histories) was integrated with Monjodo (literature) on April 1, 836 by the idea that it overlapped with Monjodo.

• 「気の向くままに（文章を）書く」という随筆を意味する漢語「漫筆」が「漫筆画」を経て「漫画」になったとする説と、「漫画（まんかく）」という名のヘラサギの一種から「種々の事物を漁る」意になったとする説がある。
• There is a theory that a kango (words of Chinese origin) 'manpitsu (漫筆)' meaning an essay which is 'writing (a sentence) at will' became 'manpitsu-ga (a picture painted at will)', then 'manga', also there is another theory that a type of spoonbill called 'mankaku (漫画)' which 'looks for various things' was the origin.

• この地で蓮如は教義を民衆にわかりやすく説き、時には「御文（おふみ）」（「御文章（ごぶんしょう）」）を用いたり、「南無阿弥陀仏」の六字名号を下付したため、御坊には北陸はもとより奥羽からも多くの門徒が集った。
• In this place, Rennyo expounded the creed to the public in an easy-to-understand manner, sometimes using a preaching letter written by himself, which is called 'Ofumi' or 'Gobunsho,' and granting scrolls carrying 'rokuji myogo' (the six characters of Buddha's name), i.e., 'Na-Mu-A-Mi-Da-Butsu,' and so a great number of believers came to visit Yoshizaki Gobo not only from the Hokuriku region but from the Ou region (the present Tohoku region).

• 老境にいたり深い思慮を重ねた文章を多数残した時期だったが、壷や皿などの陶の作品は、荒々しい素地で用途にとらわれない自在な形状に、アクション・ペインティングのように釉薬を刷毛で打ちつけるような作品を残している。
• This was a time when he wrote a large number of reflective essays during his old age, but, for ceramic works such as pots and plates, he produced them as if they had been created with a method of action painting by slamming the glaze with a brush against the rough surface of flexible shapes.

• 学科は「紀伝道」・博士は「文章博士」と別々の正式名称を用いて、通称として「紀伝博士」「文章道」という呼び方も用いられた（ただし、統合当時には「紀伝道」「文章道」の呼称はまだ成立していなかったとする説もある）。
• The subject was called 'Kidendo,' whereas the title, hakase, became 'Monjo hakase,' although they were also commonly known as 'Monjodo' and 'Kiden hakase' (professor of history) (however, there is a theory saying that the names, 'Kidendo' and 'Monjodo,' did not exist at the time of the merger).

• 2年後の天平2年3月27日 (旧暦)（730年4月18日）には文章生（もんじょうのしょう）20名が設置され、更にその中から優秀者2名が文章得業生（もんじょうとくごうしょう）が選出されて文章博士候補生とされた。
• Two years later, on April 18, 730, 20 monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) were appointed and the top two were chosen as Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters), becoming the candidates for Monjo hakase.

• 'エラー：投稿された文章は {{PLURAL:[$1]|[$1] KB}} の長さがあります。これは投稿できる最大の長さ {{PLURAL:[$2]|[$2] KB}} を超えています。'この編集は保存できません。
• 'Error: The text you have submitted is {{PLURAL:[$1]|one kilobyte|[$1] kilobytes}} long, which is longer than the maximum of {{PLURAL:[$2]|one kilobyte|[$2] kilobytes}}.'It cannot be saved.

• 往生要集（おうじょうようしゅう）は、比叡山中、横川の恵心院僧都の源信_(僧侶)が、寛和元年（985年）に、浄土教の観点より、多くの仏教の経典や論書などから、極楽往生に関する重要な文章を集めた仏教書で、1部3巻からなる。
• Ojoyoshu is a Buddhism book in one part and three volumes compiled in 985 by Genshin (priest), a Sozu (the Prelate) in Eshinin Temple at Yokawa on Mt. Hiei, in which he collected important passages relating to gokuraku ojo (the Pure Land of Amitabha where the dead are allowed to live peacefully), extracting from many sources such as Buddhist scriptures and instructions in terms of the Jodo Sect.

• 更に戦争での武勲や文章生・明法生などの学生に及第することによって、無位から昇進することもあったが四位がほぼ最高位であり、それ以上の昇進はほぼなかった（多くの場合は子孫に位子の資格が与えられない初位に留まったとされる。)
• Moreover, by doing deeds of arms in a war or passing an examination of monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University), myobosho (student of law studies in the Imperial University) and others, some of them were promoted from no rank, however, even if so, the highest rank was Fourth and they could hardly be promoted higher than it (In most cases, it is believed that they stayed at initial rank, where their descentands were not given the qualification of Ishi.)

• しかし、錦絵新聞同様の平易な文章と内容に、錦絵より作成に時間のかからない単色ずりの挿絵を組み合わせた小新聞（こしんぶん）が発行されるようになると、これに押されて錦絵新聞は誕生から10年もたたないうちにほとんど姿を消した。
• However, when ko-shinbun (small newspaper) began to be issued which combined therein simple texts and contents same as those of nishiki-e-shinbun, and illustrations printed in one color which needed less time to print than nishiki-e prints, nishiki-e-shinbun was overwhelmed by the ko-shinbun and most of nishiki-e-shinbun newspapers disappeared less than ten years after their appearance.

• 作業するメッセージ群を選択したら、その翻訳者には、メッセージの一覧が表示されます。古いメッセージは赤色で、元の文章は緑色です。表示モードによって、翻訳のみ、元のメッセージ、あるいは元のメッセージと翻訳が両方表示されます。
• After selecting a message group to work on, the translator is presented with the list of messages. Outdated messages are shown in red, with the source text in green. Depending on the view mode, only the translation, the source message, or both the source message and the translation are displayed.

• みんなが自分なりの判断を下せるように、そしてこの文章から得られるものに対してもたれるいろいろな意見から、このわたしも自分がこれまで採用してきたやり方に対し、何か追加すべき方法を加えるための、新たな手助けが得られるように。
• in order that each one may also be able to judge of them for himself, and that in the general opinion entertained of them, as gathered from current report, I myself may have a new help towards instruction to be added to those I have been in the habit of employing.

• 貞観年間までに文章博士2名、文章生20名（うち文章得業生2名）、擬文章生20名（文章生の予備生）という構成となり、それでも学問が成就して文章博士になれば貴族に達するために志願者数が絶えず、そのために試験制度が導入された。
• Until the end of the Jogan era, the establishment was settled in two monjo hakase, 20 monjosho (including 2 monjo tokugosho) and 20 gimonjosho (the monjosho reserve); however, as people would be ranked as nobles when becoming monjo hakase with distinguished achievements in the study, the position was endlessly sought after, resulting in the introduction of an examination system.

• 師匠と弟子のやりとりや、師匠の振舞を記録した禅語録から、抜き出したものが公案（判例）とよばれ、宋代からさまざまな集成が編まれてきたが、悟りは言葉では伝えられるものではなく、現代人の文章理解で読もうとすると公案自体が拒絶する。
• What is extracted from the interactions between a master and disciple, or Zen lecture transcripts that record the actions of a master, is called a Koan (precedent) and various collections have been compiled since the Song dynasty; but enlightenment is not something that can be communicated with words, so when people today try to understand the text, the Koan itself refuses them.

• しかしながら、この「則天去私」という語は漱石自身が文章に残した訳ではなく、漱石の発言を弟子達が書き残したものであり、その意味は必ずしも明確ではない（人が生きるうえでの指針のように捉える説と、創作上の態度と捉える説などがある）。
• The word 'Sokutenkyoshi' was not written by Soseki in his sentences, but dictated by his disciples, therefore, its meaning is not very clear (according to an opinion, it is understood as a guiding principle for human life, and according to another opinion, it is understood as an attitude in creation.)

• また、第四次川中島合戦に関して『浄興寺文書』（信州水内郡長沼にあった寺に伝わる文章、現在の浄興寺は場所が異なる）と言う文章に川中島合戦に関連する一節があり、そこには永禄4年9月28日、合戦の折に寺が戦火にあった旨の記述がある。
• Concerning the fourth battle of Kawanakajima, 'Joko-ji Temple Monjo' (a document remaining in a temple having located in Naganuma, Shinshu-Mizuguchi County; present Joko-ji Temple is located at a place different from this site) includes a section related to the Battle of Kawanakajima, and it is described that the temple was damaged by fires in a battle on November 5 (in the old calendar), 1561

• 以後、学科名としては紀伝科あるいは紀伝道が採用されたものの、博士の号は神亀以来の「文章博士」の呼称が採用された（ただし、文章中に他の科の博士と併記する場合には、「紀伝道の博士」という意味で「紀伝博士」の表記を用いた例もある）。
• Since then, either kiden-ka or kiden-do came to be used as the subject name, but teacher's title continued to be monjo hakase which had been in use since the Jinki era (except some examples of using 'kiden hakase' to stress the meaning of 'a history teacher' in sentences where hakase of other subjects were mentioned together).

• 更には当時の幕府は法律に関する出版を厳しく禁じる方針を採っていたにも関らず、高札に掲示された法令に関しては「万民に周知の事」と言う理由で簡単に出版が許されたばかりでなく、高札の文章は寺子屋の書き取りの教科書としても推奨されていた。
• Even though bakufu had maintained the policy of prohibiting the publication regarding any general laws, a permission of publishing the act and laws noted on Kosatsu was not only allowed to publish easily in order to thoroughly 'notify those act and laws to all the people', but also the sentences noted on Kosatsu were recommended as textbooks for Terakoya (temple elementary school during the Edo period) to practice dictation skills.

• ところが文章科で専攻していた正史・漢詩に対する貴族階層の関心の高揚を背景に弘仁11年11月15日 (旧暦)（820年12月23日）の太政官符において、従来の方針を一転して文章生は「良家（公卿）子弟」のみに限定する規定が定められた。
• However, because aristocrats in monjoka increased their interest in official history and Chinese poetry, on December 23, 820, Daijokanpu (official documents from Daijokan to local governments) stated that the policy was changed and only 'children of good (kugyo) families' could become monjosho.

• また彼らは文学史上、古文復興運動の担い手であるが、古文運動家のいわゆる「文」とは「載道」（道を載せる）の道具であり、文章の字面ではなく、そこに込められた道徳的な精神こそが重要であるとして経文の一字一句にこだわる注疏の学をも批判した。
• They were leaders of an old text revival movement in terms of the history of literature, and they criticized the annotation and interpretation learning, that fixated, word for word, on the sacred literature telling religious teachings, claiming that the so-called 'text' for old text activists was a tool for 'loading Tao,' and that it was not the appearance of the sentences, but the moral spirit placed in it that was important.

• 現存する最古のものは、文章博士や大学頭を務めた平安時代末期の学者・藤原明衡のものとされる『明衡往来』（『雲州往来』・『雲州消息』とも）と言われており、月ごとにその月にまつわる行事などの文例をまとめた12ヶ月分によって構成されている。
• The oldest existing oraimono, 'Meigo Orai' (Meigo's Correspondence), is believed to have been written by FUJIWARA no Akihira, a scholar in the late Heian period who served as Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education) (This book is also called 'Unshu Orai' or 'Unshu Shosoku' and is comprised of 12 months' worth of example sentences which are related to events of the respective months).

• 現代では冗談半分で、『源氏物語』と純愛もののアダルトゲームやハーレムアニメとのストーリーの類似性が指摘されることがあるが、「『源氏物語』は猥書であり、子供に読ませてはならない」という論旨の文章は、既に室町時代や江戸時代に存在している。
• Today, a similarity between 'The Tale of Genji,' games for adults with pure love stories, and harem cartoons has been jokingly pointed out, but in the Muromachi and Edo periods there already existed articles asserting that ''The Tale of Genji' was an obscene book, so people shouldn't let children read it.'

• 『日本後紀』に記された弘文院の役割は他の大学別曹の例と同様ではあるが、設立そのものが文章院や他の大学別曹に対して幾分か早くかつ記録がほとんど残されていないために、設立当初から後世の大学別曹と同じ目的を担っていたかについては不明である。
• Although the role of the Kobunin described in 'Nihon Koki' was the same as that of the other daigaku besso; since the Kobunin was founded a little earlier than the other daigaku besso including Monjoin and since few record on the Kobunin was left, it was unknown whether it had the same purpose as that of the other later daigaku besso from the beginning or not.

• 後に紀伝道（中国史）・文章道（文学）・明経道（儒教）・明法道（法律）・算道の学科構成となり、更に紀伝と文章が統合された（紀伝が文章に吸収統合されたと言うのは後世の誤りで、実際は博士号は「文章（博士）」、学科は「紀伝（道）」と称した）。
• Afterwards, Daigaku-ryo comprised Kidendo (the study of Chinese history), Monjodo (literature), Myogyodo (the study of Confucian classics), Myobodo (study of Codes), and Sando (study of mathematics) while Kidendo and Monjodo were integrated later (people of succeeding generations assumed that Kidendo was absorbed by Monjodo but this is wrong. In reality, the name of the doctorate was 'Monjo Hakase' while the name of the department was 'Kiden (do).'

• 設立の由来については、遣唐使として唐に渡った菅原清公が、唐の昭文館・崇文館を参考にして承和 (日本)元年（834年）頃に設立したとされているが、文章博士が設置された神亀5年（728年）以後に文章生を収容する宿舎があったとする見方もある。
• As the origin of foundation, it was accepted that SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, who went as a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China, founded the Monjoin around 834 modeled after 昭文館 and 崇文館 in Tang -- On the other hand, there was another opinion that there had been a dormitory for monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) after 728 when the Monjo hakase was founded.

• （従五位上行式部少輔兼文章博士菅原道真は、参議に官位相当の規定が無いことは問題であるとし、元慶6年（882年）7月1日条「菅家文草・巻第九」で官位相当、考禄等を定めるべきと奏上している。それに対しての回答の有無は伝わらず、定かではない。）
• (Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade), Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assitant of the Ministry of Ceremonial) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature), SUGAWARA no Michizane felt that it was a problem that kani soto was not specified for Sangi, and reported to the Emperor on the need to specify kani soto, koroku, etc. in the provision of July 1, 882 'Kankebunso, Volume 9.' There is no record on whether or not there was a response to this, and therefore it is uncertain.)

• 当初は学生が東西いずれの曹に属するかという規定は定まっていなかったが、文章生が文章得業生となり対策を受ける際には所属する曹とは反対の曹の文章博士から出題を受けることとなっていたため、当然その頃にはいずれかの曹に属していなければならなかった。
• Although it was not defined which of the toso and seiso the students were to belong at the beginning, when monjosho became Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and took taisaku (civil service examination), it was decided that the Monjo hakase of the so other than that the monjosho belonged to set the examination, which meant that the monjosho had to belong to either the toso or the seiso by that time.

• 近年では、『保元物語』現存伝本中、もっとも古態をとどめていると思われる半井本などに、貞応2年（1223年）、ないしは３年の成立である『六代勝事記』の文章が引かれているとする弓削繁の論などによって、承久の変以降の成立とみる見方もあらわれている。
• In recent years the assertion that it was completed after the Jokyu Disturbance has been advocated by Shigeru YUGE and others, claiming that Nakaraibon, which seems to preserve the original form most among the existent manuscripts of 'Hogen Monogatari,' quoted a text from 'Rokudai Shojiki (a story of the victory of six generations),' which was written in 1223 or 1224.

• 室町時代の後期に登場した本願寺8世の蓮如（1415年-1499年）は、当時の民衆の成長を背景に講と呼ばれる組織を築き、人々が平等に教えを聴き団結できる場を提供し、また親鸞の教えを安易な言葉で述べた『御文（御文章）』を著作し、一般に広く教化した。
• Rennyo (1415-1499), the 8th head-priest of Hongan-ji Temple, who emerged in the late Muromachi period, established an organization called Kou against the backdrop of the growth of the public at the time, provided the opportunity for people to learn the teachings equally and to come together, and wrote 'Ofumi (Gobunsho)' explaining the teachings of Shinran in plain words and disseminated it widely to the public.

• 『菅家文章』の「書斎記」によれば、菅原氏の私邸（後世にて「紅梅殿」と称された。現在の京都市下京区の北菅大臣神社に比定される）の西南に一丈四方の書斎があり、そこから多くの文章生・文章得業生を輩出したこと、その名称が山陰亭であったことを伝えている。
• Shosai-Ki' (essays of SUGAWARA no Michizane) in 'Kanke bunso' (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane) described: There was a study of about nine square meters in the southwest corner of the private residence of the Sugawara clan (the residence was called Kobai-Den (red plum blossom residence) in later ages. The residence was likened to Kita kandaijin-jinja Shrine in the present Shimogyo Ward of Kyoto City); The study had produced many monjosho (student of literary studies in the Japanese Imperial University) and Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters); and The name of the residence was Sanin-tei.

• 勧学会（かんがくえ）とは、平安時代中期・後期に大学寮紀伝道の学生（文章生）と比叡山延暦寺の僧侶が、3月15日 (旧暦)あるいは9月15日 (旧暦)に比叡山西麓あるいは平安京内外の寺院に集まって『法華経』をテーマとして講義・念仏・漢詩を行った法会。
• Kangakue was a Buddhist meeting held to conduct teaching, nenbutsu (Buddhist invocation), and create Chinese-style poems themed after 'Hokekyo' (Lotus Sutra), and was held by the scholars of Kidendo (the study of the histories) in Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education) and the priests of Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, on March 15 (in old lunar calendar) or September 15 (in old lunar calendar) at the western foot of Mt. Hiei or at the temples in and around Heian-kyo (ancient Kyoto), in the mid through latter period of the Heian period.

• 「虫は」「木の花は」「すさまじきもの」「うつくしきもの」に代表される「ものはづくし」の「類聚章段」をはじめ、日常生活や四季の自然を観察した「随想章段」、作者が出仕した定子皇后周辺の宮廷社会を振り返った「回想章段」（日記章段）など多彩な文章から成る。
• It consists of various types of writing: 'chapters of Ruiju' of 'Monowazukushi (enumerating the things in the same category),' as represented by the lists of things like 'Insects,' 'Flowering trees,' 'Dispiriting things,' 'Endearingly lovely things,' and 'Chapters of Zuiso (essay),' which is an observation of daily life and nature in the seasons, and 'chapters of reminiscence (chapters of a diary)' in which the author wrote about the life around Empress Teishi, whom she served in the Imperial Court.

• 編纂に当たっては「弘仁格」・貞観格に既出のもの、編纂当時に廃止されていたものは掲載せず、文章が長すぎるものは削り、以前の格で内容が不十分あるいは不明確であったものは書き加え、更に一部が使われていない場合には該当部分を削除するなどの修正が施されている。
• In compiling the new collection, such corrections were made as excluding items already taken up in Koninkyaku or Jogyankyaku and those already abolished at the time of compilation, shortening too long sentences, supplementing insufficient or unclear statements in any earlier Kyaku and, where some rules were partially out of use, clearing the pertinent rules of those unused parts.

• だが、この当時どこの官職においても世襲化が進んでおり、菅原氏に代わって大江氏がその地位を占め、特に承平 (日本)4年から天慶6年までは、大江氏最初の文章博士であった大江維時（延長 (日本)7年任命）に加えて、大江朝綱がもう1枠の文章博士に任じられた。
• Against the background of those days, however, when most of government posts were increasingly being filled by succession, the Oe clan took the place of the Fujiwara clan, especially monopolizing the two monjo hakase posts from 934 to 943, with OE no Koretoki, the first monjo hakase coming from the Oe clan (appointed in 929), and OE no Asatsuna, who filled the other of the two posts under the monjo hakase quota.

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• これは両科統合後の天長4年（827年）文章博士都腹赤の上奏（『本朝文粋』、ただし腹赤は2年前に没しており、生前に行われたものか）によって撤廃されたものの、貴族子弟の文章生採用が事実上認められたために白丁文章生は貴族文章生によって圧迫を受けるようになった。
• Although this was abolished due to monjo hakase MIYAKO no Haraaka's report to the throne in 827 after the merger of the two subjects ('Honcho monzui' (anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese), as Haraaka died two years before, it may have been done when he was alive), sons of nobles were subsequently allowed to be adopted as monjosho and monjosho from hakucho families were put under pressure from monjosho from the noble families.

• '警告：データベースがメンテナンスのためにロックされているため、現在は編集を保存できません。'必要であれば文章をカットアンドペーストしてテキストファイルとして保存し、後ほど保存をやり直してください。データベースをロックした管理者による説明は以下の通りです：[$1]
• 'Warning: The database has been locked for maintenance, so you will not be able to save your edits right now.'You may wish to cut-n-paste the text into a text file and save it for later.The administrator who locked it offered this explanation: [$1]

• 大江匡房が康和2年（1100年）に、安楽寺（大宰府にあった菅原道真を弔う寺）に「安楽寺に参ず」（『本朝続文粋』所収）という詩を作り、その中で「累葉廊下の末葉たり」とあることから、少なくても平安時代後期までは菅原氏代々の文章博士によって継続されていたと考えられている。
• As a couplet in a poem titled 'Anraku-ji ni sanzu' (Visited Anraku-ji Temple) (contained in 'Honcho zoku monzui' (Further Anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese) composed by OE no Masafusa in 1100 to Anraku-ji Temple (SUGAWARA no Michizane's mortuary temple located in Dazaifu) had it 'Ruiyo roka no matsuyo tari' (I was the last leaf in a heap of leaves in the hallway), it could be estimated that the school had been kept by generations of the Monjo hakase of the Sugawara clan and at least until the late Heian period.

• 実際、戦乱の時代が終われば、武人である和田義盛よりも、武勇だけではなく、事務能力・実務能力に優れ（前述の義仲との合戦の報告書など。当時の坂東武者は文章を書ける者はほとんどいなかったと言われている）、また和歌の１つもこなせる景時は頼朝にとっては得難い手駒であっただろう。
• In fact, when the war was over, Kagetoki was exceeded by Yoshimori WADA not only in his war record but also in administrative and practical works (as seen in his report of the battle against Yoshinaka, mentioned above: it is said that there were not many Bando [old Kanto region] Samurai who could write at that time), so Kagetoki, able even to compose waka, was a valuable staff member for Yoritomo.

• 同じ荘園内でも田畑ごとに所有権が異なったり、特殊な事情（伊勢神宮などの有力社の遷宮の際の費用の負担率を上げるために一時的に国衙領とする場合など）によって、荘園の権利が重複・移管されている場合（同じ荘園でも名称が異なって文章に表記されている）もあり、一概に認識するのは難しい。
• The ownership differed in each field, even in the same shoen and in some particular cases (the shoen was temporarily regarded as kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) to increase the burden ratio of cost for the sengu (transfer of a deity to a new shrine building) of dominant shrines such as Ise-jingu Shrine and so on) the rights and control of shoen were duplicated and transferred (the name of the same shoen was differently described in the documents) and thus it is difficult to recognize shoens in an unequivocal way.

• 編纂者を直接示す記録は無いが、臨時格を追加したときに編纂に関与した人物として左大臣藤原時平が総裁を務め、藤原定国（大納言・右近衛大将）・三善清行（文章博士）・大蔵春行（民部大輔）・藤原善経（明法博士）が挙げられており、「延喜格」本文の編纂もほぼ同じ人員構成であったと考えられている。
• Although there is no record directly identifying the compilers, the names of persons cited as having participated in the compilation of the extraordinary volumes include FUJIWARA no Tokihira, Sadaijin (minister of the left), serving as the editor-in-chief, FUJIWARA no Sadakuni (Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and Ukone no Taisho or the Chief of Ukonefu, (Guard Department)), Kiyotsura MIYOSHI, Monjo-hakase (teacher of Chinese poetry and history under the Ritsuryo system), Haruyuki OKURA (Minbutaifu, executive officer of the Ministry of Popular Affairs) and FUJIWARA no Yoshitsune, (Myoho-hakase, teacher of the law under the Ritsuryo system), and the staff which compiled the main volumes of Engikyaku are assumed to have consisted mainly of the same persons.

• 『徒然草』において、重明親王が元良親王の元日の奏賀の声が太極殿から鳥羽作道まで響いたことを書き残した故事について記されているため、両親王が活躍していた10世紀前半には存在していたとされる（ただし、吉田兼好が見たとされる重明親王による元の文章が残っていないために疑問視する意見もある）。
• Since 'Tsurezure gusa' (Essays in Idleness) shows about a historical event that Imperial Prince Shigeakira wrote down that the voice of Imperial Prince Motoyoshi making a ceremonial speech on the morning of the new year was heard from Daigokuden (Council Hall in the Imperial Palace) to Toba no Tsukurimichi, it was considered that the road existed in the early 10th century when the two Imperial princes were active (however, there are opinions that questions this, as the original writings of Imperial Prince Shigeakira which Kenko YOSHIDA is supposed to have seen do not exist).

• 大学寮が設置された当初、一般官人を育てる本科（明経道）と技術官人を育てる算道しか事実上存在していなかったが、神亀年間に律令を教える律学博士（後の明法博士）と歴史を教える文章博士が明経道から分離する形で成立し、やがて天平年間に独立した学科となり、後の明法道・紀伝道へと発展することとなる。
• In the early days of the Daigaku-ryo, the regular course (Myogyodo) for the education of general government officials and Sando, for the education of technical government officials, were virtually the only ones in existence, but somewhere between 724 and 729, Ritsugaku hakase (later Myoho hakase) (professor of law, for the teaching of the Ritsuryo Code) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature. for the teaching of history) were established by separating from Myogyodo, subsequently becoming independent departments between 729 and 748; they would later evolve into Myobodo (study of Code) and Kidendo (study of the histories).

• しかし、前述の菅原氏や大江氏など優秀な学者を代々輩出した一族や給料学生以外の学生でも勧学院より同じような学問料が支給された藤原氏（主として藤原北家日野流・藤原南家・藤原式家）などによる文章博士や文章生の世襲や文章博士による門人の推挙による一種の学閥化の風潮が次第に見られるようになった。
• However, there came the trend of forming kinds of academic cliques as the families which produced excellent scholars, such as the above mentioned Sugawara clan as well as the Oe clan and families like the Fujiwara clan (mainly Hino Line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan and the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan), which were able to receive similar education at Kangakuin (educational institutions) despite their not being kyuryo gakusei, started to pass down monjo hakase and monjosho and monjo hakase began recommending their followers to the positions.

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• が、結果的には他の学科が学科名と博士の称号の合致を見ている（明経道＝明経博士、算道＝算博士、明法道では当初律学博士という呼称が用いられたものの後に明法博士と改称された）ことから、明治以後に文章道と紀伝道が別々に存在したのが紀伝道が文章道に併合されたという誤った解釈を流布させる原因となった。
• However, as all other subject names and titles of hakase corresponded with each other (myogyo hakase for myogyodo, san hakase (professor of mathematics) for sando and myobo hakase for myobodo in which once the title of ritsugaku hakase (professor of the law in the Ritsuryo system) was used but changed to myobo hakase later on), it left room for misunderstanding after the Meiji period that monjodo and kidendo existed separately and kidendo was absorbed into monjodo.

• 奇想天外な着想とリアリズムに徹した背景描写を得意とし、殺人現場で婚礼を行ったり（『東海道四谷怪談』）、花魁が長屋に来たり（『浮世柄比翼稲妻』）、公家が生活苦のため陰間になったり（『四天王楓江戸粧』）、姫君が辻君になったりする（『櫻姬東文章』）など、全く異なる世界をないまぜにする展開が特徴的。
• He was good at expressing the background of the play by sticking to his fantastic idea and realism, which features the development of his plot by mixing quite different worlds such as: having a wedding ceremony at the scene of a crime ('Tokaido Yotsuya Kaidan'); making a courtesan visit a row house ('Ukiyozuka Hiyoku no Inazuma'); making the court noble become professional homosexual from hardship of life ('Shitenno Momiji no Edoguma'); and making a princess become a prostitute ('Sakurahime Azumabunsho').

• この制度が日本に伝わり、平安時代初期、紀伝道（文章院で漢詩文または歴史を学ぶ学科、通称は「文章道」）が盛んになると、文章博士（大学寮で詩文・歴史を教授した教官）が「策文」を出して文章得業生（もんじょうとくごうしょう）に答えさせる試験が行われるようになり、この試験が「対策」といわれるようになった。
• This program was introduced to Japan, and as Kidendo (called 'Monjodo,' a department of the Monjoin that was established to study Chinese-style poems or history) became popular in the early Heian period, exams were introduced and Monjo hakase (professors of literature and history at Daigaku-ryo, the Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) gave 'sakumon' to Monjo tokugosho and had them take this examination, known as 'taisaku.'

• 文章は、クリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示-継承ライセンスの下で利用可能で、このライセンスの条項の下で自由に再利用が可能です。[CC-BY-SA]ライセンスの文書と、追加条項については[利用規約]をご覧ください。元の記事は、 http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/ で入手可能です。
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• 当初は儒教を教える後の明経道が中心であったが、728年と730年の2度の学制改革（前者の改革で文章博士・律学博士（後の明法博士）が設置され、後者の改革で文章生・明法生・得業生制度が発足した）を経て、757年には大学寮公廨田（後の勧学田）が設定されて学生に対する給食が行われるなど、制度の充実が図られた。
• At first, Daigaku-ryo mainly taught Confucianism, the study referred to as Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics) in later years, but after two educational system reforms in 728 and 730 (through the former, Monjo Hakase [professor of literature] and Ritsugaku Hakase [professor of the law], which was later referred as Myobo Hakase [professor of law], were introduced, and through the latter, the systems of monjosho [students of literary studies], myobosho [students of law studies] and tokugosho [distinguished scholars] were established), the facilities and system of Daigaku-ryo were improved; for example, Daigaku-ryo kugaiden (referred to as Kangakuden (rice fields for schooling) in later years) was introduced, whereby food services were provided to students.

• また、坂本多加雄元学習院大学法学部教授は、甲申事変の失敗と清国の強大な軍事力を背景にして、「「脱亜論」は、日本が西洋諸国と同等の優位の立場でアジア諸国に臨むような状況を前提にしているのではなく、むしろ逆に、朝鮮の一件に対する深い失望と、強大な清国への憂慮の念に駆られて記された文章ではないか」と説明する。
• Takao SAKAMOTO, a former professor of the Faculty of Law of Gakushuin University explained that, with the background of the failure of the Gapsin Coup and China's strong army, ''Datsu-A Ron' was not written from an assumption for Japan to go against other Asian countries with the same position of superiority as European countries, but was written because he felt deeply disappointed by the incident in Korea and was concerned about China.'

• 1338年（延元3年/建武 (日本)5年）には北畠顕家が出陣前に新政の失敗を諌める諫奏を行い、北畠親房の『職原抄』や公家の日記などにも新政への批判や不満を述べる文章があるなど、武家や庶民のみならず、後に後醍醐天皇方について北朝と対立した北畠父子のような公家でさえ、新政を支持していなかったことが示唆される。
• Criticism of the new government was not limited to warrior families and commoners, however; in 1338, before Akiie KITABATAKE led his army out, he remonstrated with Emperor Godaigo about the failures of the new government, and his father Chikafusa KITABATAKE's 'Shokugensho' as well as other nobles' diaries record comments critical of and indicating their dissatisfaction with the government, showing that later on, even nobles like the Kitabatake father-son duo, who fought to oppose the Northern dynasty, did not fully support the new government.

• また、「文章道」の名も通称に過ぎなかったあるいはそうした名称すら無かったと言われている（そもそも大学寮において学科の名称が公式に採用されたのは、遥か後世の貞観_(日本)年間（明文化された初出を『貞観式』とする）説もあり、これを採用すれば「文章科」というものはあっても「文章道」は存在しなかったことになる）。
• In addition, there is a theory which claims that the name 'monjodo' was only a popular name or which even denies the existence of the name (in the first place, the names of subjects were officially adopted during the Jogan era (or clearly specified for the first time in 'Joganshiki Code'), which was much later than this time, and if this is true, there must have been 'monjo ka' but not 'monjodo').

• 半山の『当世人物評』は洒脱で辛口な文章と、次々と繰り出される新語・造語でテンポ良く読ませるスタイルをとっており、他にもチヨム髷党、ピストル党、コスメチツク党、ネクタイ党等々の語が新作されたが、本人曰くこれらは「少しも流行しなかッたが、唯此のハイカラと云ふ一語だけが、馬鹿に大流行を来した」（石川、1912）という。
• Hanzan's 'Tosei Jinbutsu Hyo' was made up of unconventional and outpoken expresions and had a style easy to read fast and with full of new and coined words, and he said that he created other new words such as 'Chiyomumage Party', 'Pistol Party', 'Cosmetic Party','Necktie Party' and so on, but he said that 'these words did not become popular only with an exception of haikara, which became extraordinarily popular' (ISHIKAWA,1912).

• これに対して「文章道」という言葉を用いた例も全く無い訳ではない（『菅家文章』元慶8年2月25日付の菅原道真奏状の中に書かれた道（学科）の現状についての件の中で用いられた「文章」は文章道という呼称を用いたものとされている）ものの、過渡的なものであり、10世紀に入ると公的な場においては「紀伝道」のみが用いられるようになる。
• In contrast, although we can also find the word 'monjodo' in the records ('monjo' used in SUGAWARA no Michizane's sojo (documents reported to the Emperor) dated March 29, 884 discussing the situation surrounding subjects in 'Kanke bunso' (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane) is thought to mean monjodo), it was transitional and after entering the 10th century, only 'kidendo' was used in official occasions.

• 『続日本後紀』嘉祥元年7月丙戌（29日）条（848年8月31日）に平安京内で落雷があり破損した建物の中に弘文院が含まれていること、仁和元年（885年）に菅原道真が弘文院を訪問した時に詠んだとされる漢詩（「秋夜宿弘文院」）が『菅家文章』に残されていることから、少なくても弘文院設置から80年間は存在していたものと考えられている。
• Since the entry for August 31, 848 in 'Shoku Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan Continued) contains the description that lightning struck in Heiankyo and damaged some buildings, which included the Kobunin, and since a Chinese poem ('秋夜宿弘文院') supposedly composed by SUGAWARA no Michizane when he visited the Kobunin in 885 was contained in 'Kanke bunso' (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane) in 885, it was estimated that the Kobunin had existed at least for 80 years after it was founded.

• 定数2名の文章博士を5系統で世襲・独占するという形態が成立した背景には、文章博士は天皇や摂関以下公卿と面識を得る機会が多く、1度就任するとそれ以上の昇進が困難であった他の博士と比べて比較的短期間で弁官などの要職に転任して、その後も学識経験者として文章博士と同様の社会的信頼・地位を得ることが可能であったことによるとされている。
• It is said that those five families were able to monopolize the quota of two monjo hakase by heredity because a person who once became monjo hakase could be promoted, capitalizing on his many opportunities to be acquainted with influential figures such as emperors, regents and chancellors, and Court nobles, to an important post such as benkan (a key position in the Grand Council of State called Dajokan) in a relatively shorter period of time than could other types of hakase who were hardly able to rise to a higher post and, further, because he could continue to gain the social trust and status, even after that, as a distinguished academic just as monjo hakase could.

• また、後に講日本紀（『日本書紀』の講義）に文章博士や紀伝学生（文章生）も関わっている（特に元慶講日本紀を受講して後に「日本書紀私記」をまとめたとされる矢田部名実（擬文章生、後に大内記）などは良く知られている）ことや国史編纂に関与した撰国史所の職員に紀伝学生が加わっていることから、『日本書紀』以下の「六国史」に関する講義も行われていたと考えられている。
• Also, the fact that monjo hakase and kiden students (monjosho) played roles in lectures on the chronicles of Japan (lectures on 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan)) (in particular, YATABE no Nazane (gimonjosho (student passed Ryoshi) later, Dainaiki (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs)) who attended the lecture on the chronicles of Japan in the Gangyo era and later compiled 'Nihonshoki Shiki' (The Private Record of Chronicles of Japan) is well known) and that kiden students joined the staff of the Senkokushisho (History Compilation Bureau), which involved compiling the national history, shows that they probably had lectures on 'Rikkokushi' (the Six National Histories), which includes 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and others.

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• Someone else has changed this page since you started editing it.The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists.Your changes are shown in the lower text area.You will have to merge your changes into the existing text.'Only' the text in the upper text area will be saved when you press '{{int:savearticle}}'.

• 清公以後、博士が学生と私的な師弟関係を結ぶきっかけとなり一種の学閥の形成が進むとともに、子弟の教育に力を注いだ（勿論、後継者である是善・道真の才能による部分も大きいが）ことによって菅原氏から世襲的に文章博士が輩出されるようになったため、才用（実力）があれば家柄や人脈にとらわれず評価されるべきであると主張した都腹赤（都良香の伯父）をはじめとする他の文章博士の反感を買った。
• Starting with Kiyokimi, instructors at the Academy began to have personal interactions with their students as master and pupils, leading to the creation of a kind of school clique as well as a more concentrated effort by instructors like Kiyokimi truly to teach their students (of course, the contribution to this new system made by Kiyokimi's talented successors Koreyoshi and Michizane is also quite large) and as a result, the position of Monjo hakase became a more or less hereditary one, held by many from the Sugawara clan; this earned the clan the resentment of all the other Monjo hakase, especially MIYAKO no Haraaka (uncle of MIYAKO no Yoshika), who insisted that ability (real merit) should be the key to success, not birth privilege or personal connections.

• 文字集合はUTF-8のみがサポートされています。また、変数や複数形の違い、右から左へ書く言語の適用がサポートされている国際化フレームワークが好ましいと考えられています。文法形式のサポートは、常に考慮されていなければならないと考えており、さらに、インターフェースの文章中で、利用者に直接話しかけたり、他の利用者に言及する際には、その利用者の性別のサポートも考慮しなければなりません。
• We only support the UTF-8 character encoding. Support in the i18n framework for applications for variables, multiple different plurals, and Right-to-left languages is preferred. Having support for grammatical forms is something we think should always be considered, and also support for gender of the user where the user is spoken to directly or other users are mentioned in interface texts.

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• 'Warning:' You are editing a page which is used to provide interface text for the software.Changes to this page will affect the appearance of the user interface for other users.For translations, please consider using [//translatewiki.net/wiki/Main_Page?setlang=en translatewiki.net], the MediaWiki localisation project.

• ただしこの文章は、日蓮が「名字即菩提」をなどと、「名字」の語義に注目し「煩悩則菩提」などと同じく、「名字即（初めて正法を聞いて一切の法はみな仏説であると覚る位）」による転換を指し示したもので、単なる戒律を否定したものではない、あるいは「末法無戒」とは釈尊の法や戒律が末法では通用しないので、本仏である日蓮が明かした金剛宝器戒こそが末法に於ける戒律である、等々さまざまな説を生むきっかけとなった。
• However, this text produced various theories: Nichiren focused on the meaning of a word 'myoji' (family name) and considered 'myoji soku bodai' (family names are Bodhi) as similar to 'bonno soku bodai' (earthly desires are Bodhi) and indicated conversion by 'myojisoku (when you listen to Shobo (the phase lasting 1,000 years following the death of the Historical Buddha) the first time, you realize that all laws are Buddhism teaching),' not just denial of religious precept; or laws of Shakyamuni and precepts are not valid in mappo, so only Kongoho kikan clarified by Nichiren, the principal object of worship, is the precept in Mappo.

• もしあなたが自身の文章を勝手に編集や再配布してほしくないのなら、ここに投稿しないでください。文章があなた自身で書いたものではない場合、その文章はこの[//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%A6%8F%E7%B4%84 利用規約]と整合する条件のもとで利用可能である必要があります。また、その場合、あなたは全ての関係するライセンス要件に従うことに同意しなければなりません。
• If you do not want your writing to be edited and redistributed at will, then do not submit it here.If you did not write this yourself, it must be available under terms consistent with the [//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use Terms of Use], and you agree to follow any relevant licensing requirements.

• 更に『兵範記』には久寿元年（1154年）の省試が、予め関白藤原忠通・左大臣藤原頼長・崇徳天皇、そして式部省・大学寮幹部の間で入分（合格）者の枠を配分した後に試験が実施された事実を記しているのである（大幅に時代が下るが、試験が全く形骸化した15世紀に書かれた『桂林遺芳抄』によれば、宣旨分（天皇）2・院御分（上皇・法皇）1・殿下分（摂政・関白）1・省官分（式部大輔・少輔）3・両博士分（文章博士2名）2・判儒分（試験官）3の入分枠が定められていたという）。
• Furthermore, 'Heihanki' (diary of TAIRA no Nobunori) tells that in the shoshi exams in 1154, certain numbers of seats had been allotted to Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Tadamichi, Sadaijin (minister of the left) FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, the Emperor Sutoku, shikibusho and leaders of the daigakuryo beforehand, and they held the exams (a few centuries later, according to 'Keirinihosho' from the 15th century, the seats were allotted as follows: two for Senji (emperor), one for 院御 (the retired Emperor and the Cloistered Emperor), one for Denka (sessho and kanpaku), three for Shokan (Shikibu no taifu and Shikibu shoyu), two for two hakese (monjo hakese) and three for 判儒 (examiners)).

• これは『大鏡』・『菅家文章』に載せられた著名な話であり、『北野天神縁起』ではかつて宮中にて道真に衆前で頬を打たれた屈辱を晴らそうとしたとされ、後年菅根が道真の祟りを受けて死んだとされる伏線となる話であるが、『扶桑略記』によれば菅根のみならず、道真の盟友であった左大弁兼侍従紀長谷雄も上皇の参内を阻止したとされることや、後世の書籍である『長秋記』には宇多上皇が天皇在位中に天皇の許可の得ない上皇の参内を禁じたとする記述を載せていることから、藤原時平もしくは醍醐天皇の命令に従ってその職責を果たしたに過ぎないとする見方もある。
• However, there is a view that he just carried out this duty under the command of FUJIWARA no Tokihira or Emperor Daigo, as this was a famous story written in 'Okagami' (The Great Mirror), 'Kanke bunso' (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane), a story of Sugane dying from the curse of Michizane after carrying out his revenge for the embarrassment of being slapped by Michizane before the audience in the imperial court in 'Kitano Tenjin Engi' (History of Kitano Tenjin Shrine), the story of how he swore friendship with Michizane but KI no Haseo, who was Sadaiben (major controller of the left) and jiju (a chamberlain), also stopped the visit of the retired emperor besides Sugane in 'Fuso Ryakki' (A Brief History of Japan), and 'Choshuki' (diary of MINAMOTO no Morotoki) written by later generations mentioned that the Cloistered Emperor Uda was banned from visiting without permission while the emperor is present.

• 法人（前条第一項第一号又は第二号に掲げるものを含み、中小企業基本法（昭和三十八年法律第百五十四号）第二条第一項各号に掲げる中小企業者に該当する者であり、かつ、法第百九十三条の二第一項又は第二項の規定により監査証明を受けなければならない者以外の者その他これに類するものとしてあらかじめ定めて公表された範囲に属するものに限る。）の信用状態に関する評価として、主として当該法人の信用状態に関する客観的な指標に基づきあらかじめ定められた計算方法により算定した結果について、記号又は数字（前条第二項に規定する文章又は文字を含む。）を用いて表示した等級を提供し、又は閲覧に供する行為
• the act of providing or offering for inspection a grade represented by any mark or number (including text or characters as set forth in paragraph (2) of the preceding Article), as assigned to show the results of an assessment of the credit status of a juridical person (including a juridical person as set forth in item (i) or (ii), paragraph (1) of the preceding Article; and limited to a juridical person which falls under the category of a Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Operator as listed in the items of paragraph (1) of Article 2 of the Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Basic Act (Act No. 154 of 1963) and which also falls under the scope specified and disclosed in advance as persons not required to obtain an audit certification pursuant to the provisions of Article 193-2, paragraph (1) or (2) of the Act or any other persons similar thereto) derived primarily based on objective indicators of the credit status of said juridical person and in accordance with a formula given in advance.

• おそめ ひさまつ うきなの よみうり）』『心謎解色絲（こころのなぞ とけた いろいと）』『謎帶一寸徳兵衛（なぞのおび ちょっと とくべえ）』、『容賀扇曾我（なぞらえて ふじがね そが）』『八重霞曾我組絲（やえがすみ そがの くみいと）』『隅田川花御所染（すみだがわ はなの ごしょぞめ）』『時桔梗出世請狀（ときも ききょう しゅっせの うけじょう）』『櫻姫東文章（さくらひめ あずま ぶんしょう）』『浮世柄比翼稻妻（うきよづか ひよくの いなづま）』『阿國御前化粧鏡（おくにごぜん けしょうの すがたみ）』『彩入御伽草（いろえ いり おとぎぞうし）』『獨道中五十三次（ひとりたび ごじゅうさんつぎ）』などがある。
• 'Kokorono Nazo Toketa Iroiroto' 'Nazo no Obi Chotto Tokubei' 'Nazoraete Fujigane Soga' 'Yaegasumi Soga no Kumiito' 'Sumidagawa Hana no Goshozome' 'Tokimo Kikyo Shusse no Ukejo' 'Sakurahime Azuma Bunsho' 'Ukiyozuka Hiyoku no Inazuma' 'Okunigozen Kesho no Sugatami' 'Iroeiri Otogizoushi' 'Hitoritabi Gojusantugi', and so forth