教: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 文教局
- The education station
- 宗教書
- Religious book
- Religious literature
- 仏教文化
- Buddhist culture
- Buddhist art and culture
- 仏教建築
- Buddhist architecture
- 日本教育史
- Japanese education history
- History of education in Japan
- 戦後の教育
- The postwar system of education
- 教科書検定
- Textbook authorization
- 育児・教育
- Childcare and Education
- 教育、稽古
- Education and lessons
- Education and practice
- 文化・宗教
- Culture and religion
- 宗教・思想
- Religious and philosophical developments
- 仏教説話集
- Bukkyo setsuwashu (Collected Buddhist Setsuwa Tales)
- 儒教的性格
- Confucian philosophy
- 皇民化教育
- Japanization Education
- 知的障害教育
- education of intellectually disabled
- 文化・宗教史
- Culture and religious history
- 浄土教の流行
- Flowering of Jodo sect (Pure Land Buddhism)
- 初等中等教育
- Elementary and secondary education
- 初等教育機関
- Elementary education institutions
- 中等教育機関
- Middle education institutions
- 中等教育学校
- Schools of secondary education
- 高等教育学校
- Schools of higher education
- 江戸時代の教育
- Education in the Edo period
- 六月 義教暗殺
- June: Yoshinori was assassinated.
- 圓教寺を創建。
- He founded Enkyo-ji Temple.
- 教育・研究機関
- Education and research institutions
- 仏教の革新運動
- Efforts to reform Buddhism
- NHK教育テレビ
- NHK Educational TV
- 大本教関連の伝説
- Legend related to Omoto
- 国立女性教育会館
- National Women's Education Center
- 南都仏教復興運動
- Efforts towards a religious revival of Southern capital (i.e., Nara) Buddhism
- イスラム教の巡礼
- Pilgrimages in Islam
- 密教絵画が多い。
- Many esoteric Buddhism paintings
- キリスト教の巡礼
- Pilgrimages in Christianity
- 代表的な仏教建築
- Major Buddhist Architecture
- 戦後法政大学教員。
- After the war he became a teacher at Hosei University.
- 明治時代以後の教育
- Education after the Meiji period
- - 歴史教科書問題
- History textbook issues
- 希学園四条烏丸教室
- Nozomi Gakuen Shijo Karasuma Location
- 義教の室町殿の会所
- The kaisho of Muromachidono of Yoshinori
- - 教育学 (独)
- - Active in education
- 奈良・平安時代の教育
- Education in the Nara and Heian periods
- 大乗密教による系列化
- Systematization by Mahayana Esoteric Buddhism
- 日本基督教団今津教会
- United Church of Christ in Japan Imazu Church
- 北畠教具:伊勢国半国
- Noritomo KITABATAKE: Half of Ise Province
- 正室は植村家教の娘。
- His lawful wife was Ienori UEMURA's daughter.
- 民衆に浄土教を布教。
- He propagated the Jodo (Pure Land) sect among the people.
- 教育委員会三方事務所
- Education Board Mikata Office
- 左近衛少将 猪熊教利
- Sakone no shosho Noritoshi INOKUMA
- 日本の仏教の室町時代
- Buddhism in Japan during the Muromachi period
- - 女子教育 (米)
- - Active in women's education
- 紀伝生 紀伝道を教わる
- Kidensho: Students of Kidendo
- 鎌倉から室町時代の教育
- Education from the Kamakura to the Muromachi period
- - 第一次朝鮮教育令。
- The First Educational Ordinance of Korea
- - 多科目教育 (独)
- - Active in education in various fields
- 鎮護国家と「国家仏教」説
- Chingokokka and 'National Buddhism' theory
- 教育勅語、学校令、学制。
- Education ordinances, order of schools, school system
- アメリカ教育使節団報告書
- Report on the delegation of American education
- 堂崎教会(長崎県五島市)
- Dozaki Church (Goto City, Nagasaki Prefecture)
- 本所教会(東京都墨田区)
- Honjo Church (Sumida Ward, Tokyo Prefecture)
- スタンフォード大学教授。
- A professor at Stanford University.
- - 体操伝習所教授(米)
- - Served as professor at the School of Gymnastics
- 書学生 新設 書道を教わる
- Shogakusho: Newly introduced; students of calligraphy
- 国学 (律令制の教育機関)
- Kokugaku (Educational institutes under the Ritsuryo system)
- 単立(無宗派)の仏教寺院。
- Nonsectarian Buddhist temple
- 教育機関・博物館・文化施設
- Educational facilities, museums and cultural facilities
- 京都府南丹教育局(南丹市)
- The Nantan Education Bureau of Kyoto Prefecture (Nantan City)
- イスラム教の五行のひとつ。
- One of the Five Pillars of Islam.
- - 近代海軍の教育 (蘭)
- - Trained Japan's modern navy
- - 陸軍大学校教官 (独)
- - Served as an instructor at the Military Staff College
- 以下は技術・教育などを担当。
- The followings were responsible for skills and education.
- 近代以前の日本における教科書
- School Textbooks in Japan Prior to the Modern Times
- 足利義教時代から応仁の乱まで
- The period from the reign of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA to the Onin War
- 江戸時代の学問で儒教の一派。
- Kogaku was a learning in the Edo-period, and a group of Confucianism.
- 旧外地の高等教育機関を参照。
- Refer to higher education institutions in the former overseas territories.
- 教門・・・・知識・教養など。
- Kyomon…Knowledge and education
- 物部氏も仏教を受容していた。
- The Mononobe clan also became Buddhist.
- - キリスト教禁教の明文化。
- - The ban on Christianity in express terms
- 学生 400名 明経道を教わる
- 400 Gakusei: Students of Myogyodo
- 明法生 10名 明法道を教わる
- 10 Myobosho: Students of Myobodo
- 日本二十六聖人に捧げられた教会
- The church devoted to the Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan
- 韓国の歴史教育における朝鮮通信使
- Chosen Tsushinshi in history education of Korea
- 大阪女子大学を経て神戸大学教授。
- After serving as a professor for Osaka Women's University, he is now a professor at Kobe University.
- 針生の教育と針師の監督を行った。
- Hari hakase educated the students of acupuncture and supervised acupuncturists.
- 村長宗石 教道(1989年から)
- Mayor: Kyodo MUNEISHI (from 1989)
- 藤原教清を祖とする藤原氏の一族。
- The Satsuma GAMO clan was one of the Fujiwara clan and they had been saying that they originated from FUJIWARA no Norikiyo.
- 既存仏教勢力や貴族勢力に距離を置く
- it is also said that, distancing the capital from the established groups of Buddhist monks and nobles,
- 座長は、奥田東・京都大学名誉教授。
- The chairman was Azuma OKUDA, professor emeritus of Kyoto University.
- 仏教絵画では来迎図がよく描かれた。
- Raigo-zu (image of the descent of Amida Buddha) was a theme often chosen in Buddhist painting.
- 1642年に清教徒革命が起こった。
- In 1642, the Puritan Revolution broke out.
- - 西洋音楽の輸入 音楽取調掛教師
- - Introduced western music into Japan, and served as the instructor at the Ongaku Torishirabegakari (Institute of Music)
- - 鹿鳴館の設計、建築学教育(英)
- - Planned the Rokumeikan and taught architectonics
- 算生 30名のち20名 算道を教わる
- 30 and later 20 Sansho: Students of Sando
- その結果、教官たちは辞表を撤回した。
- As a result, professors etc. withdrew their resignation.
- 1447年~1449年 - 一色教親
- 1447~1449 - Norichika ISSHIKI
- 中世には仏教的な歴史意識が広まった。
- During the medieval period, history became widely understood based upon Buddhism.
- また、仏教の一般大衆化も推進された。
- Furthermore, great headway was made in simplifying Buddhism for the general public.
- 『日本霊異記』:景戒編纂の仏教説話集
- 'Nihon Ryoiki': collection of Buddhism stories edited by Kyokai
- - 海軍兵学校 (日本)教官 (英)
- - Served as an instructor at Japan's Naval Academy
- - 語学教育 『古事記』の英訳(英)
- - Active in linguistic education: translated 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) into English
- 京都ハリストス正教会(生神女福音聖堂)
- The Orthodox Church in Kyoto (Cathedral of the Annunciation) (京都ハリストス正教会(生神女福音聖堂))
- 全ての教皇に関する大司教聖マラキの預言
- Prophecy of Archbishop Saint Malachi relating to all popes
- Prophecy of the Popes
- 教員を養成する学校に関して定めている。
- The edict stipulated matters regarding schools for teacher training.
- 書博士(従七位上相当)2名 書道を教える
- 2 Sho Hakase (equivalent to Jushichiinojo): Taught calligraphy
- 金銅密教法具 一具(2004年重文指定)
- One set of gilt copper mikkyo hogu (The Buddhist instruments of esoteric Buddhism) (Designated in 2004 as an important cultural property)
- 麓には海上自衛隊教育隊の施設が多数ある。
- Many facilities of the Training Center of Maritime Self Defense Force are located in the foot of the mountain.
- 1892年 綾部市で大本教が創始された。
- 1892: Omoto-kyo (a new religion) started in Ayabe City.
- このうち日本語教育が400時間を占めた。
- Japanese education occupied 400 hours of this.
- この出来事を「二十六聖人の殉教」という。
- This event is called 'The martyrdom of the Twenty-Six Saints.'
- 教育学の一般的な教養の一つの部門でもある。
- It is one department in the general discipline of pedagogy.
- 宣教師ルイス・フロイスがその美しさを称賛。
- The missionary, Luis FROIS praised its beauty.
- 宗教法人大本本部が亀山城跡に置かれている。
- The spiritual center of the religious corporation Omoto was built on the ruins of Kameyama-jo Castle.
- さらに、寺子屋や藩校で広く教育が行われた。
- In addition, education was also conducted widely in Terakoya (temple elementary schools during the Edo period) and in domain-supported schools
- 足利義持が一時停止するが、足利義教が再開。
- Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA did temporarily halt trade with China, but was resumed by Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- 24日、教康は逆襲に出て両軍は激しく戦う。
- On 18th, Noriyasu counterattacked and both armies fought fiercely.
- 美濃加茂カトリック教会(岐阜県美濃加茂市)
- Minokamo Catholic Church (Minokamo City, Gifu Prefecture)
- 教育の場における性差別撤廃法案制定に尽力。
- She worked hard to ensure enactment of the Sex Discrimination in Education Act.
- 皇太子の学友的存在の家庭教師で儒教を教える。
- They were tutors as a sort of fellow students of the Crown Prince and taught Confucianism to him.
- 他に郷学、私塾などにおいても教育が行われた。
- Education was given in other places as well, such as Gogaku (schools of province) and private schools.
- 筆子というのは、寺子屋で教わった教え子の意。
- Fudeko refers to the students at Terakoya.
- また各地の殉教者記念堂も巡礼の対象となった。
- Martyriums at various places were also destinations for pilgrimages.
- - 朝鮮教育令改正、朝鮮語の授業必須から外す
- The Educational Ordinance of Korea was revised, which took the Korean language off compulsory classes.
- 直講 3名のち2名 728年新設の明経道の教官
- 3 and later 2 Chokko: Myogyodo instructors introduced in 728
- 単立(たんりつ)は、単立宗教団体のことである。
- The term 'Tanritsu' refers to Tanritsu Shukyo Dantai (an independent religious organization).
- 永井道雄(1944年卒・哲学) 教育社会学者。
- Michio NAGAI (class of 1944, philosophy): He was a educational sociologist.
- 主として四書五経などの儒教の経典が講義された。
- The main subjects that a Jidoku lectured on were from Confucian scriptures, including the Shishogokyo (Four Books and Five Classics of Confucianism, the Nine Chinese Classics).
- 学校法人立命館 教育文化事業部 歴史回廊推進室
- Historic Corridor Promotion Office, Department of Education and Culture, Gakko Hojin Ritsumeikan
- 「これが武士のはじまりです」と教えられてきた。
- This was the beginning of bushi.'
- 早稲田大学の元教師・ウォーターハウス氏の住宅。
- Waterhouse residence (former Waseda University lecturer)
- 末法思想を背景に浄土教(浄土信仰)が流行した。
- Jodo sect (faith in Pure Land) was developed on the background of the Latter Day of the Law.
- ここでは、前者の宗教的観点からの巡礼を述べる。
- Here we discuss pilgrimages according to the first definition.
- 算博士(従七位上相当)2名 算道(数学)を教える
- 2 San Hakase (equivalent to Jushichiinojo): Taught Sando
- 音博士(従七位上相当)2名 中国語の発音を教える
- 2 On Hakase (roughly equivalent to Jushichiinojo): Taught Ondo
- 宗教的宇宙観に基づく諸民族の世界連邦を提唱した。
- He advocated the world confederation of various ethnic groups based on the religious view of the universe.
- 1999年4月 奥田東・京都大学名誉教授が死去。
- April, 1999: Azuma OKUDA, professor emeritus of Kyoto University, died.
- 以後6年間、京都においては日蓮宗は禁教となった。
- Six years after this, the Nichiren sect became a prohibited religion in Kyoto.
- 7月初旬に山名教清が伯耆国から美作国へ侵入した。
- Early in August, Norikiyo YAMANA invaded to the Mimasaka Province from the Hoki Province.
- この経緯から義教は世に「籤引き将軍」と呼ばれる。
- From these processes, Yoshinori was called as so-called 'drawn shogun.'
- 西郷はこの日、各隊長宛に教書を出し奮起を促した。
- On the same day, SAIGO issued to the troop commanders a message to urge them to make more efforts.
- 退任後は南カリフォルニア大学医学部教授を務めた。
- After leaving the position, he served as a professor in the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Southern California.
- - 東京大学理学部で造営学、図学講師 (教育)。
- - Worked at the University of Tokyo as a lecturer of architecture/civil engineering and graphics (education) in the Department of Science.
- 文章生 20名 文章道(後に紀伝道に統合)を教わる
- 20 Monjosho: Students of Monjodo (later integrated with Kidendo)
- これが、日本で最初の成文化された教育の制度になる。
- This was also the first codified educational system in Japan.
- 一方、庶民の一般教育を引き受けたのは寺子屋である。
- However, general education was provided to ordinary people at Terakoya.
- その一方、伝来したキリスト教も広がりを見せていく。
- On the other hand, Christianity that came from abroad started to also expand.
- 明治以降各宗教の聖地へ行く事をこの言葉に翻訳した。
- After the Meiji period, this word was used as the translated term for visiting holy places of various religions.
- 台湾人を学校教育を通じて日本に同化させようとした。
- It tried to assimilate the Taiwanese into Japan through school education.
- そして教経、盛俊が守る山の手(夢野口)を攻撃した。
- Then that particular someone would have been responsible for the attack upon the hilly section of the city (Yumeno fortress entrance) that was under the guard of Noritsune and Moritoshi.
- 大学博士(正六位下相当)1名 明経道(儒教)を教える
- 1 Daigaku Hakase (equivalent to Shorokuinoge [Senior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade]): Taught Myogyodo
- 寺子屋の起源は、中世の寺院での教育に遡ると言われる。
- The origin of Terakoya is said to be traced to education at temples and shrines during the middle ages.
- また、儒教の経典の暗誦なども行われていたようである。
- The reciting of the scriptures of Confucianism was also believed to have been taught.
- 次第に御教書の使用頻度が増え、下文・下知状は衰える。
- The frequency in which Migyosho were used gradually increased as the use of Kudashibumi and Gejijo decreased.
- 建物は明治36年の建築で旧高市郡教育博物館であった。
- town=>Town
- 三重大学の藤田達生教授が中心となって主張されている。
- This view has been advocated centering around Professor Tatsuo FUJITA of the Mie University.
- なお、京都府教育委員会は口丹通学圏等と使用している。
- Kyoto Prefectural Board of Education uses the former terms, for example, within Kuchitan school area.
- 町在住者・在勤者を対象に、定期的に公民館教室を開催。
- Lessons for residents and workers of Azuchi Town are held regularly at this community center.
- 規模が大きいものを宗教都市として定義する場合がある。
- A large scale town of that nature may be defined as a religious city.
- 天台宗・真言宗など密教の影響が濃い仏教文化でもある。
- It was also a Buddhist culture heavily influenced by esoteric Buddhism such as the Tendai and Shingon sects.
- また台湾の宗教や風俗は日本風なものに「改良」された。
- Furthermore, the religion and life style of Taiwan was 'improved' to the Japanese style.
- 飛鳥仏教は百済と高句麗の仏僧によって支えられていた。
- Buddhism in Asuka was supported by monks from Baekje and Goguryeo.
- 但シ上洛ノ節ハ、教令ニ任セ、公役ハ分限ニ随フベキ事。
- However, when going to the capital (Kyoto) roles should be left to assigned status.
- 助教(正七位下相当)2名 大学博士の下で明経道を教える
- 2 Jokyo (Assistant professor) (equivalent to Shoshichiinoge [Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade]): Taught Myogyodo under the Daigaku Hakase
- “国家権力と結び、国家の保護・支配下におかれた仏教。'
- This is the Buddhism that was connected to national power and was put under national protection and control.
- 古代日本の教育について、多く知られているとはいえない。
- It cannot be said that much is known about education in ancient Japan.
- 寺子屋は、庶民のための学校で、読み、書き、算を教えた。
- Terakoya was a school for ordinary people, and the three R's (reading, writing and arithmetic) were taught there.
- 字引重視の型と付録重視で教養書的なものの二傾向がある。
- There were two trends in the forms: One was a dictionary-oriented form and the other was an educational book-like appendix-oriented form.
- 10世紀末には、浄土教にもケガレ思想の影響が見られる。
- The influence of muck idea was seen in Jodo (Pure Land) sect at the end of the tenth century.
- また信長の政策により、仏教勢力の力が中央では弱まった。
- Also, as a result of Nobunaga's policies, the power exercised by the Buddhists weakened at the center of the country.
- 日本聖公会 聖アグネス教会(1898年築、重要文化財)
- St. Agnes' Episcopal Church (Anglican), Kyoto, (built in 1898, an important cultural property)
- この三条坊門殿には、後代の足利義量や足利義教も住んだ。
- Yoshikazu and Yoshinori ASHIKAGA of later generations also lived in this Sanjobomondono.
- 時期としては、一般に仏教渡来から大化の改新までをいう。
- It generally covers the era from the introduction of Buddhism in Japan through the Taika Reforms.
- 八色の姓のなかでは道師も道教の神学用語と重なっている。
- In Yakusa no Kabane, michinoshi is also derived from a term of Taoism.
- そして、実生活に必要とされる知識や技術の教育が行われた。
- Then the students received education on knowledge and skills required for daily life.
- 他方で、このような密教の興隆は王権の相対化をもたらした。
- On the other hand, prosperity of such esoteric Buddhism brought relativization of sovereignty.
- そのため、仏教内部の対立(法華宗と一向宗)は沈静化した。
- Because of his attitude confrontation inside Buddhists (between Hokke sect and Ikko sect) calmed down.
- また空也は庶民に対しても浄土教を広め、市の聖と呼ばれた。
- Also, Kuya popularized Jodo sect to ordinary people, therefore he was called 'Ichi no hijiri' (Saint of the People).
- 日本二十六聖人記念館(長崎県長崎市)、西坂教会ともいう。
- Twenty-six Martyrs Museum (Nagasaki City, Nagasaki Prefecture), also called Nishizaka Church.
- それ以上に教養としての漢文の知識が必要とされたことによる。
- Instead, in Japan, the knowledge of Chinese classical literature was more welcomed as a requirement for cultural refinement.
- 初歩教材総合教科書と形容したくなるような体裁をとっている。
- They were sufficiently organized to be referred to as integrated elementary textbooks.
- また、交通や経済のみならず、宗教的にも重要な場所であった。
- The place was important from transportation, economics and even religious point of view.
- 6代将軍足利義教は持氏追討を命じ、持氏は自刃(永享の乱)。
- The sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA issued an order to hunt down and kill Mochiuji, and Mochiuji stabbed himself (Eikyo Incident).
- 都祁村立の教育施設は、合併に伴い、全て奈良市に移管された。
- All the educational institutions were transferred to Nara City due to synoecism.
- 山岳信仰として知られ、密教による山岳修験の場として栄えた。
- It is known as a place for mountain worship, and flourished as a place for Mikkyo (esoteric Buddhism) centered religious experience/training.
- 六代将軍足利義教がきづいた室町殿には、会所が三つもあった。
- There were three kaisho within the Muromachidono constructed by the sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- 7月1日、季瓊真蘂が坂本城を訪れ、義教の首の返還を求めた。
- On July 27th, Shinzui KIKEI visited Sakamoto-jo Castle and required Mitsusuke to give back Yoshinori's head.
- この上表文を書いた雄略朝官人の漢文の教養の深さが窺われる。
- It shows the government official of Yuryaku Dynasty who wrote the Johyobun was highly educated on Chinese classics.
- 教育についての日本では初めて思想として提起されたものになる。
- It's a concept of education that was implemented for the first time in Japan.
- 江戸時代には寺子屋などの教材として様々な往来物が執筆された。
- In the Edo period, all kinds of oraimono were made for text books at terakoya (temple elementary school during the Edo period),
- また大友義鎮は同時にキリスト教を保護し南蛮貿易を盛んにした。
- Yoshishige OTOMO protected Christianity and promoted trade with Spain and Portugal.
- 真蘂が京へ首を持ち帰り、6日に等持院で義教の葬儀が行われた。
- Shinzui brought the head back to Kyoto and the funeral ceremony for Yoshinori was held at Toji-in Temple on the 6th.
- 1966年、日本教育テレビ持株の半数を朝日新聞社へ譲渡した。
- In 1966, Toei transferred half of its shares in Nihon Educational Television to the Asahi Shimbun Company.
- 古学(こかく、聖学)は、山鹿素行が興した学問で、儒教の一派。
- Kogaku (also referred to as Kokaku, and Seigaku) was a learning revived by Soko YAMAGA, and a group of Confucianism.
- 多くの大寺院が建立され始め、仏教文化の最初の興隆期であった。
- It was the first prosperous period of Buddhist culture and saw the construction of many large temples.
- 韓国の歴史教育においては、朝鮮通信使を以下のように教えている。
- In the history education of Korea, Chosen Tsushinshi is taught in the following way:
- 著者は不明であるが、その内容から仏教関係者であると推定される。
- Though the author is unknown, it is presumed, judging from its content, that the book was written by a member of the Buddhist order.
- 道教や神道などの他の宗教の主流が弾圧を受けた事実が存在しない。
- In addition, there had been no fact that other religions, such as Taoism and Shintoism, had been suppressed.
- 鎌倉五山の成立や、日蓮が活躍するなど、仏教文化が大いに栄えた。
- Buddhist Culture greatly flourished with the completion of Kamakura Gozan Temples and activities of Nichiren.
- 本願寺蓮如の大布教が始まると、大津付近は一向宗色が強くなった。
- When Rennyo in Hongan-ji Temple started large propagation, the Ikko sect became influention around Otsu.
- 725年(神亀2年) 行基、山崎に橋を架けて布教の拠点とする。
- 725: Gyoki built a bridge to Yamazaki and propagated Buddhism, based in the area.
- 巡礼(じゅんれい)は、聖地を巡るという宗教的行為のことを指す。
- A pilgrimage is a religious act of traveling to holy places.
- 6月18日、義教から家督介入の圧力を受けた富樫教家が逐電した。
- On July 15th, Noriie TOGASHI ran away after being under pressure of intervention of family succession from Yoshinori.
- - 全ての教皇に関する大司教聖マラキの預言最初の公刊と時代背景
- The first publication of Prophecy of Archbishop Saint Malachi relating to all popes and its historical background
- 骨法術・気合術・剣術・槍術・手裏剣術・火術・遊芸・教門をいう。
- Those are koppo jutsu, kiai jutsu, swordplay, the art of the spearmanship, Shuriken (small throwing blade) jutsu, ka jutsu, art for amusement, and kyomon.
- 1947年1月1日現在では153の宗教施設が州内に残っていた。
- 153 religious institutions were left in the province as of January 1, 1947.
- 各県でもしきりに善行者を表彰し、民間の教化団体もまたおこなった。
- Prefectures frequently awarded persons for their good deeds, and private educational organizations also followed the awards.
- 仏教寺院のチャリティー事業の一環として設置されることが多かった。
- In many cases, Fuseya were established by Buddhist temples as part of their charities.
- 平惟基は『小右記』の藤原実資に、平忠常は藤原教通に臣従している。
- TAIRA no Koremoto served FUJIWARA no Sanesuke, who wrote 'Shoyuki,' and TAIRA no Tadatsune served FUJIWARA no Norimichi.
- 宗教的にも歴史が深く古代信仰の形体を知る上でも重要な地区である。
- Since the city has a long histroy from the religious viewpoint, it is a very important area to study 'forms of ancient religions.'
- 宗教面では、中国から様々な仏教が伝来し、貴族たちの信仰を集めた。
- In terms of religion, various Buddhism sects were introduced from China, and the nobles worshipped them.
- 海外情勢や中国の先進的な技術や仏教の経典等の収集が目的とされた。
- The main purposes of the missions were collecting information on overseas situations, advanced Chinese technology and Buddhist scriptures.
- こうして、隆盛を誇った日蓮教団は壊滅し、宗徒は洛外に追放された。
- Due to this the period of prosperity of the Nichiren sect ended, and its followers were deported from Kyoto.
- 水上勉は舞鶴市で教員をしていた頃、犯人と実際に会っているという。
- Tsutomu MIZUKAMI said that he in fact met this criminal when he was a teacher in Maizuru City.
- 教康は陣を放棄して蟹坂へ後退し、大手軍はようやく播磨国へ入った。
- Noriyasu abandoned the camp and retreated to Kanizaka and the major army finally could enter the Harima Province.
- 一行が槍に両脇を刺しぬかれて殉教したのは午前10時ごろであった。
- It was around 10 in the morning when they were martyred by being pierced both sides of the body with the spear.
- 非人という言葉は仏教に由来し、『法華経』「提婆品」にも見られる。
- The term Hinin comes from Buddhism and it is found in the 'Devadatta' chapter of the 'Hokke-kyo Sutra.'
- 幕府は再び大仏家時、名越宗教、大仏高直らが率いる大軍を差し向けた。
- The bakufu again dispatched a large army led by Ietoki OSARAGI, Munenori NAGOE (or NAGOSHI), and Takanao OSARAGI.
- 紀伝博士 1名 紀伝道(史学)を教える 808年新設 834年廃止
- 1 Kiden Hakase: Taught Kidendo; Introduced in 808 and abolished in 834
- 家康の頃はキリスト教は禁止されてはいたものの貿易は推奨されていた。
- In Ieyasu's era, Christianity was banned but trade with Portugal and Spain was not prohibited.
- また、初学者のための学問所直轄の教授所が深川・麻布・麹町にあった。
- For elementary learners, Kyoju-sho under the direct control of Gakumonjo were established in Fukagawa, Azabu and Kojimachi.
- 寺子屋(てらこや)とは、江戸時代の庶民を対象とした教育施設である。
- Terakoya were educational institutes for ordinary citizens during the Edo period.
- 算道の教科書として律令法などで定められていたのは以下の9種である。
- The following nine types of texts were defined as Sando textbooks by the Ritsuryo law and other laws.
- 教育課程は中央の大学寮・典薬寮とほぼ同じ内容であったと考えられる。
- It is contemplated that their curricula were almost the same as those of daigakuryo (the bureau of education)/tenyakuryo (the bureau of medicine) established by the central government.
- 教経は一人を海に蹴り落とすと、二人を組み抱えたまま海に飛び込んだ。
- After kicking one of them overboard into the sea, Noritsune himself leapt into the water still grappling with the second man.
- 岳父遊佐長教の援軍を得たうえで、細川高国の遺児細川氏綱を擁立した。
- With the reinforcement from his father-in-law Naganori YUSA, he supported Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA, the bereaved child of Takakuni HOSOKAWA.
- また宗教面では鎌倉新仏教の成立により、民衆へ仏教が普及していった。
- In religion, new schools of Japanese Buddhism called Kamakura New Buddhism were established, becoming widely accepted by general public.
- 以降の日本仏教の方向性を大きく規定づけることとなった(平安仏教)。
- This was to decide the direction of Japanese Buddhism (Heian Buddhism).
- 仏教建築としては浄土教の影響を受けた阿弥陀如来堂が多く建立された。
- In Buddhist architecture, a lot of Amidanyorai Halls (Amitabha Tathagata Halls) influenced by Jodo sect were constructed.
- 彫刻ではそれまでの仏教彫刻に加えて、能面彫刻が作られるようになる。
- As for sculpture, a new sculptural form, the Noh mask style of sculpture, was developed in addition to Buddhist sculpture, the dominant sculptural mode heretofore.
- 歴史的文脈で宗教書を捉えた時には、その来歴は当然検証の対象となる。
- In case of judging a religious book from a historical standpoint, its origin naturally becomes the object of judgment.
- 入信した大名の領地では、特に顕著にキリスト教が広がることになった。
- Christianity began spreading remarkably fast, especially in those domains whose daimyo had professed their faith.
- そのことは、キリスト教や仏教の聖典や経典の場合と同様の事情である。
- This also applies to the Bible in Christianity and Scriptures in Buddhism.
- 理想主義的な哲人政治を志向したが、書物としての教育論は残していない。
- He intended to conduct idealistic policy based on philosophy, but he left no written theory regarding education.
- 江戸時代の教育制度は、士農工商の身分制度を反映して、二極化していた。
- The educational system in the Edo period was polarized, reflecting the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans and merchants in Edo society.
- 檜学(1945年卒・医学) 島根医科大学医学部教授を経て学長に就任。
- Manabi HINOKI (class of 1945, medicine): He was a professor at the Shimane University Faculty of Medicine and later served as the president of the university.
- 学問所(がくもんじょ)とは、中世・近世における教育機関の名称の1つ。
- Gakumonjo (a school) was the name of a kind of educational institution in medieval and modern times.
- 王権相対化の論理を正当化する手段としての仏教の影響が強く表れている。
- The influence of Buddhism, as a means to justify the logic of sovereignty relativization, is strongly seen.
- 頼朝没後も御教書は鎌倉幕府の公的意思を通達する手段として用いられた。
- After the death of Yoritomo, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) used Migyosho as the method for passing on information of official intentions.
- 奈良時代の高僧・行基が布教のため全国を巡った際に造ったと伝えられる。
- It is traditionally said that Gyogi, priests of great sanctity during the Nara period, built Fuseya as a missionary activity when they went on pilgrimages around the country.
- また、暗殺された将軍が2名おり(6代 足利義教、13代 足利義輝)。
- There were two shoguns who were assassinated (the sixth, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, and the thirteenth, Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA).
- 区内には東寺(教王護国寺)を除いては、いわゆる観光スポットは少ない。
- With the exception of the To-ji (Kyoogokoku-ji) Temple, the ward has few sightseeing spots.
- 密教や末法思想が広く信じられ、神仏習合が進み、寺院が多く建てられた。
- Esoteric Buddhism and Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) were believed widely, syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism advanced, and many temples were built.
- 君が代の教育現場での扱いについては議論になることが多いテーマである。
- How to treat Kimigayo in the filed of education is a theme which has been discussed very often.
- 経典を筆写したのは平家の一族らで、清盛・平重盛・平頼盛・平教盛など。
- The scriptures were brush-copied by Kiyomori, TAIRA no Shigemori, TAIRA no Yorimori, TAIRA no Norimori and other members of the family.
- 一般庶民のための教育機関としては、空海が創立した綜芸種智院があった。
- Kukai established the Shugei-shuchi-in for the education of the ordinary public.
- これら幕府の対応の混乱は、義教の将軍親政策の結果という見方もできる。
- It can also be viewed that these confusions of bakufu's response were the result of Yoshinori's policy of direct rule of shogun.
- 他に公家の正親町三条実雅(義教の正室三条尹子の兄)らも随行している。
- In addition to them, a court noble, Sanemasa OGIMACHISANJO (elder brother of Inshi SANJO, Yoshinori's lawful wife) also accompanied him.
- 真人(しんじん)は、老荘思想・道教において人間の理想像とされる存在。
- Shinjin (真人) is the ideal of human in the thought of Laozi and Zhuangzi and Taoism.
- 単立宗教団体のうち、宗教法人として認証されたものを単立宗教法人という。
- Any Tanritsu Shukyo Dantai that are certified as religious corporations are called Tanritsu Shukyo Hojin (single religious corporations).
- 文章博士(正七位下→従五位下) 1名→2名 728年新設 文学を教える
- 1 and later 2 Monjo Hakase (Shoshichiinoge to Jugoinoge [Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade]): Introduced in 728 and taught literature
- これらでは医、薬、針、按摩、陰陽道、天文道、暦道、雅楽などを教授した。
- In such institutions, the following subjects were taught: medicine, pharmacy, acupuncture, massage, Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; the occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements), tenmondo (astrology), and rekido and gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music).
- 侍読(じどく/じとう)とは、天皇の側に仕えて学問を教授する学者のこと。
- A Jidoku/Jito was a scholar who was an academic tutor for the emperor.
- 叡尊は、当時の日本仏教の腐敗・堕落した状況を憂い、戒律の復興に努めた。
- Eison worried about the state of corruption and degradation of Buddhism in Japan at that time and tried to restore the precepts of Buddhism.
- 仏教主義的な作品が減り、代わりに人間中心、現世的な作風が見受けられる。
- Fewer works based on Buddhist themes were produced, with newer works focusing more on human beings and prepared in a more modern style.
- 1994年 古都京都の文化財、国際連合教育科学文化機関世界遺産に登録。
- 1994: Cultural assets of Kyoto, which is a city having a long history, were registered as world heritage by UNESCO.
- しかし後にこの説は同志社大学教授の横山卓雄の研究により論破されている。
- Subsequently, however, this theory was refuted by the study conducted by Takuo YOKOYAMA, Professor at Doshisha University.
- 称徳天皇で断絶した天武皇統の教訓を踏まえ、桓武は多数の皇子をもうけた。
- Emperor Kanmu, having learnt a lesson from the fact that the stream of Tenmu-descendent emperors was extinguished after the death of Emperor Shotoku, had many princes of his own.
- 9月、日向国に潜伏していた猪熊教利が捕らえられ、京都へ護送されてきた。
- In September and October, Noritoshi INOKUMA hiding in Hyuga Province was caught and taken under guard to Kyoto.
- 有力な仏教寺院が中心に存在し、規模が大きくなる場合は「寺内町」となる。
- Moat settlements which grew in scale with an influential Buddhist temple at its center came to be known as Jinai-cho (literally a town with a temple inside).
- 同年5月、大和国出陣中の一色義貫と土岐持頼が義教の命により誅殺された。
- In June of the same year, Yoshitsura ISSHIKI and Mochiyori TOKI who had gone into battle to the Yamato Province were killed as criminals by Yoshinori' order.
- 仏教用語としての、様々な不思議な現象を起こすとされる超人的存在のこと。
- In Buddhist terminology, it is a supernatural existence that causes mysterious phenomena.
- 大学内では日本人学生が6割以上を占め、教育内容は日本文化中心であった。
- Japanese students occupied 60% in the university, of which education contents were mainly Japanese culture.
- 西南戦争の教訓から、徴兵兵士に対する精神教育を重視する傾向が強まった。
- From the lessons obtained through the Seinan War, the tendency of emphasizing moral education for conscripted soldiers became stronger.
- 1897年(明治30年)の師範教育令により、師範学校令は効力を失った。
- The normal school order was terminated after the education order was enacted in 1897.
- 内村鑑三や新渡戸稲造はキリスト教徒であり、教育者であり思想家であった。
- Kanzo UCHIMURA and Inazo NITOBE were Christians, educators and thinkers.
- 学科は経(儒教)・算及び付属教科の書・音(中国語の発音)の四教科だった。
- Initially, Daigaku-ryo offered four subjects: Kyo (Confucianism) and San (mathematics) as well as two supplementary subjects, Sho (calligraphy) and On (Chinese pronunciation).
- 人事を巡る争いから包括宗教法人を離脱し、単立となったような例も存在する。
- There are examples of Tanritsu that broke away from Hokatsu Shukyo Hojin through personnel tug-of-war.
- 五山の住持の任命状である公帖は御教書あるいは御内書として発給されている。
- Kojo, an official written appointment to the chief of the gozan (five great Zen temples in Kyoto) was issued either as a Migyosho or Gonaisho.
- しかし、その政権が仏教の国家宗教化を意図した具体的な政策例は存在しない。
- However, there had been no specific policy that intended to establish Buddhism as the national religion.
- 布施屋自体が仏教的発想の産物であるため、運営には必ず仏教寺院が関わった。
- As a Fuseya itself was a product of Buddhist thought, Buddhist temples were invariably involved in their operations.
- 6世紀中葉には、飛鳥周辺に仏教が伝わって来て、文化の高い所となってきた。
- In the middle of the sixth century, Buddhism was introduced in Asuka which made Asuka become a culturally sophisticated place.
- 甲斐荘正恒 東京都立大学理学研究科化学専攻教授、日本核磁気共鳴学会会長。
- Masatsune KAINOSHO, professor of Chemistry at the Department Graduate School, Science and Engineering of Tokyo Metropolitan University and the president of the Japanese Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
- 伊勢貞親は8代将軍足利義政の教育係を務め、政治にも大きな影響力を持った。
- Sadachika ISE served as a tutor to the eighth Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, which resulted in a significant influence over politics as well.
- 橘氏の子弟教育を行う大学別曹学館院は、嘉智子により設立されたものである。
- Daigaku-besso (academic facility for nobles) Gakkanin, an institute in charge of educating the children of the Tachibana clan, was established by Kachiko.
- 宇治茶の産地なのでそれにちなんだ地域教育を公立の小中学校で行われている。
- Since Uji is a producer of Uji tea, community education programs on tea were provided through public elementary and junior high schools.
- このため、青山学院や立教学院、明治学院、女子聖学院の発祥地となっている。
- As such, the settlement was the birthplace of Aoyama Gakuin, Rikkyo Gakuin, Meiji Gakuin and Joshi St. Gakuin (all schools).
- 上流貴族を中心に子弟の家庭教育で行う旧来の風潮を打破するには至らなかった。
- Daigaku-ryo failed to conquer traditional practice of teaching the children of high-ranking noble families at home.
- この墾田開発は、半ば、仏教興隆を目的とする律令政府が主導したものであった。
- Such development of arable land was promoted by the Ritsuryo code-based government to make Buddhism more prosperous.
- 教育は第一に数字の習得から始まり、次いで文字の習得が為される事が多かった。
- Education first started with learning numbers and then went on to writing.
- つまり、すべての人に等しく教育を説き、理想の実現と人間平等の考え方である。
- Namely, it's a concept that explains the meaning of education to everyone, and it implies human equality and the realization of an ideal.
- 書道(しょどう)とは、日本律令制の大学寮において、書道について教えた学科。
- Shodo was the study of calligraphy under the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education) of Japan's Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- しかし、これらの寺社統制策は教団内部の反発を買い、寺社では内紛が頻発する。
- However, such plans to regulate temples and shrines revolted religious communities; internal conflicts occurred frequently within the temples and shrines.
- また、本文以外の巻首・巻末・頭書などに、様々な教材を載せたものが出現した。
- In addition, various teaching materials were seen at the beginning and the end of a book as well as in the space above the body texts.
- また、摂関家や将軍家の当主に学問を教授する学者も侍読と呼ばれるようになる。
- Scholars who tutored the family heads of the Sekkan-ke (families which produced regents) and the family of the Shogun also came to be called Jidoku.
- だが、河内国の守護代で畿内に強い勢力を誇った遊佐長教の息女を正室に迎えた。
- However, he married a daughter, as a lawful wife, of Naganori YUSA who was the shugodai of Kawachi Province and had a strong influence in Kinki region.
- 日本聖公会京都教区主教座聖堂聖アグネス教会(1898年築、国の重要文化財)
- St. Agnes' Episcopal Church (Anglican), Kyoto (constructed in 1898 and has been designated as a national important cultural property).
- 並行して、キリスト教の制限と貿易の管理強化をすすめ、社会の安定化に努めた。
- In parallel, the bakufu made efforts to stabilize society through restricting Christianity-related activities and strengthening the control of trade.
- 特に日本では本来儒教が徳目として最も重んじていた「孝」以上に重要視された。
- Especially in Japan, it was emphasized more than 'filial piety' which was essentially honored mostly as a virtue in Confucianism.
- 行程に若干異なる点があるが、巡礼にはイスラム教各宗派の信徒が共に参加する。
- There are slight differences, but the pilgrimage is taken together with the followers of the various schools of Islam.
- 「次は義教と不仲の満祐が粛清される」との風説が流れはじめ、満祐は隠居した。
- People started to gossip that next purge target was Mitsusuke who was on bad terms with Yoshinori, so Mitsusuke retired.
- 偽書の難しい点は宗教・政治的なイデオロギー性を含む例が多々あることである.
- The difficulty with gisho is that they have many examples that include religious and political ideology.
- 二人はキリスト教徒として、己の信仰のために命を捧げることを拒絶しなかった。
- They did not refuse to sacrifice their lives for their own religious belief as Christians.
- 宗教界にも影響を与え、日蓮は『立正安国論』を幕府に上程して国難を主張する。
- It also influenced people of religion, and Nichiren submitted 'Rissho Ankoku Ron' (Treatise for Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Teaching) to bakufu, insisting that it was a national crisis.
- 逆に宗教的な目的を持った厭勝銭として造られた可能性も否定できないのである。
- Conversely, the possibility that it was made as incantation coin for religious purpose cannot also be ruled out.
- 桂川甫周と共にスウェーデンの博物学者カール・ツンベルクに教えを受けている。
- He and Hoshu KATSURAGAWA became pupils of Carl Thumberg, a Swedish naturalist.
- 他に教育機関としては技官養成機関である陰陽寮・典薬寮・雅楽寮などが存在した。
- Other contemporary educational institutions were Onmyo-ryo (Bureau of Divination), Tenyaku-ryo (Bureau of Medicine), and Uta-ryo (Bureau of Traditional Music), which were educational institutions for gikan (bureaucrats with specialized skills).
- 1411年(応永18)貿易を一時停止するが、6代将軍足利義教時代に復活する。
- They stopped trading temporarily in 1411, but the trade between two countries was resumed in the period of the sixth Shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- 岡山藩や水戸藩、淀藩などの儒教が興隆した藩を中心に神仏分離政策が行なわれた。
- The policy to separate Buddhism and Shintoism was adopted in Domains where Confucianism flourished, such as the Okayama Domain, the Mito Domain, and the Yodo Domain.
- 近年では、「国家仏教 (こっかぶっきょう)」という表現が使われることもある。
- The term, 'National Buddhism' is sometimes used in recent years.
- このことは、王権に対する祟りという考え方が密教の影響であることを示している。
- Therefore, it is shown that esoteric Buddhism influenced the view of curses to sovereignty.
- 現代では特に子供の喧嘩の処断などで教師や親がこの理論が持ち出すケースが多い。
- Today, the idea is often quoted by teachers and parents when intervening in children's conflicts.
- 明治時代に廃絶されるまでは桃尾山蓮華王院龍福寺という密教寺院の境内地だった。
- It was within the precincts of the Momoosan Rengeoin Ryufuku-ji Temple, an esoteric Buddhism temple, before the temple was abolished in the Meiji period.
- また、真言密教に傾倒して、徳治2年(1307年)には出家している(41歳)。
- He was also a devout follower of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism and became a monk in 1307 (aged 41).
- 大本教内部では、この祈願によって日露戦争日本海海戦に勝利できたと伝えている。
- Omoto believers have passed down a tale that this prayer brought victory during the Russo-Japanese War, at the Battle of Tsushima.
- 太夫は従五位の位を持つほどの格式があり、教養に長けた芸妓の最高の地位である。
- The tayu in fact held the high rank of the jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) in the past, and has been the highest title awarded to the sophisticated geisha.
- 朝廷は国司に「俘囚専当」を兼任させ、俘囚の監督と教化・保護養育に当たらせた。
- The Imperial Court made kokushi (provincial governors) take care of the Fushu exclusively other than their regular tasks, so those kokushi supervised, trained, protected and nurtured the Fushu.
- 伏見宮貞成親王の日記『看聞日記』は義教の政治を「万人恐怖」と書き記している。
- The 'Kanmon Nikki' (Diary of Imperial Prince Fushimi no miya Sadafusa)' contains the record that the government by Yoshinori was the 'government everyone fears'.
- 1 小学校下等科 修業年限:4年制 修業年齢:6~10歳 進路先:中等教育1
- 1 Elementary school, lower division term: 4 years, age: 6-10 years old, future course: middle education 1
- 義定は義経の搦手軍に属し、戦果報告で平経正、平師盛、平教経を討ち取っている。
- Yoshisada belonged to Yoshitsune's Karamete troops, and it was reported in the war chronicle that he had killed TAIRA no Tsunemasa, TAIRA no Moromori, and TAIRA no Noritsune.
- 寺田(じでん、てらだ)とは、日本において、仏教寺院の運営経費にあてる田をいう。
- Jiden (also called terada) fields indicate, in Japan, rice fields whereby output was used for operating Buddhist temples.
- 国際連合教育科学文化機関や平和運動など幅広い活躍を行い、法政大学総長も務めた。
- He was engaged in wide-ranging activities, such as those of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and peace movement, and also served as the president of Hosei University.
- 源頼朝は下文・下知状・御教書を発給文書の三本柱として武家様文書の基礎を作った。
- Minamoto no Yoritomo established the base of bukeyo monjo (a samurai-style document) which consisted of three kinds of documents; these were the Kudashibumi, Gejijo (a document issued by a vassal of the Shogun for conveying Shogun orders) and Migyosho.
- ヤスケはもともと、宣教師との謁見の際に信長の要望で献上された黒人の奴隷である。
- Originally, Yasuke was a negroid slave who was presented to Nobunaga upon his request at the occasion of giving audience to a missionary.
- これらは宗教法人として届けられていないものも多く、その総数は把握されていない。
- Many of these have not been reported as facilities of religious organizations, and the number of those facilities are not grasped.
- 平安時代に教清の子の蒲生舜清が大隅国の荘園である蒲生院を拠点としたのが始まり。
- In fact, Shunsei GAMO, a son of FUJIWARA no Norikiyo, began to call himself the Gamo clan when he established his base in the Gamo-in Manor in Osumi Province.
- この時には、興福寺の僧徒から、法然教団に対して、九箇条の過失が突きつけられた。
- On this occasion, the monks of Kofuku-ji Temple sent 'The Nine Articles of Religious Negligence' to the Honen order.
- 朱子学(しゅしがく)とは、南宋の朱熹によって再構築された儒教の新しい学問体系。
- Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) was the new learning system of Confucianism reconstructed by Hsi CHU in Southern Sung.
- 朝鮮はそれまでの高麗の国教であった仏教を排し朱子学を唯一の学問(官学)とした。
- Korea discarded Buddhism that was the previous state religion of Goryeo an set Neo-Confucianism as the only method of learning (government school).
- 彼らの領内にいた多数のキリシタンは、仏教に改宗するか、隠れキリシタンとなった。
- Most of the Christians in their territories converted to Buddhism or became crypto-Christians.
- 言語統制、日本語標準語の公用語化、教育現場における方言や、各民族語などの禁止。
- Language control, making standard Japanese as the official language, prohibition against the use of dialects and ethnic languages.
- キリスト教が伝来して信者を集め、鉄砲などの最新技術が瞬く間に全国へと普及した。
- Christianity was introduced, gathering devotees, and the newest technology, such as guns, spread around the country instantly.
- また日本仏教も同時に信仰される場合が多く、祖先崇拝などでは儒教の影響も大きい。
- In many cases, Japanese Buddhism is also practiced at the same time, and Ju-kyo (Confucianism) has a great influence as well.
- 律学博士(正七位下相当)2名 明法道(法学)を教える 728年設置 明法博士とも
- 2 Ritsugaku Hakase (equivalent to Shoshichiinoge): Taught Myobodo introduced in 728 and also referred to as 'Myobo Hakase'
- 壽屋が「われら愛す」、日本教職員組合は「緑の山河」という楽曲をそれぞれ選出した。
- Kotobukiya selected 'Warera Aisu' (We Love our Country) and the Japan Teachers Union selected 'Midori no Sanga' (Green Mountains and Rivers).
- キリスト教における巡礼は聖地への礼拝だけでなく、巡礼旅の過程も重要視されている。
- The pilgrimage in Christianity not only regards the worship at the holy sites but also place equal importance on the process of the pilgrimage.
- キリスト教は、当初から殉教者を出したが、その墓所に詣でて敬意を表する信者がいた。
- Christianity had martyrs in its history from the beginning, and there were followers who visited their graves in order to honor them.
- 例えば初等教育においては日本人の通う小学校と、現地人の公学校は明確に区別された。
- In elementary education, for example, elementary schools for Japanese and local children were clearly segregated.
- また、日本においても仏教の影響から7世紀後半以降に殺傷を禁ずる法令が散見される。
- In addition, in Japan also, laws and ordinances to prohibit destruction of life appeared here and there after the latter half of 7th century.
- 安田義定が『吾妻鏡』の三人の大将の一人に挙げられ、山の手を守る教経を討っている。
- 'Azuma Kagami' depicts Yoshisada YASUDA, who was one of the three generals, killing Noritsune, who guarded the fortress on the hilly section of the city.
- 三草山が破られたと知った平宗盛は、義経軍へ備えて猛将平教経を鵯越の防衛へ加えた。
- After TAIRA no Munemori knew the Mikusa-yama Mountain fortress had been defeated, he added the strong generalship of TAIRA no Noritsune to the defense of Hiyodorigoe for protection from Yoshitsune's army.
- 同年に奇兵隊士が撰鋒隊と衝突した教法寺事件の責めを負い、高杉は総督を更迭された。
- TAKASUGI was replaced as the governor-general due to the responsibility for the Incident at Kyoho-ji Temple occurred in the same year in which the member of Kiheitai Army had clashed with a spearhead troop.
- 寺子屋の教師(師匠)には、僧侶・神官・医師・武士・浪人・書家・町人などが多かった。
- The teachers (shisho) of Terakoya were often monks, priests, doctors, bushi, ronin (masterless samurai), calligraphers, and townspeople.
- 郷学(ごうがく)は、江戸時代の教育機関の中で、最も多様な内容を含んだものであった。
- Gogaku had the most diverse contents among the educational institutions of the Edo period.
- こうしたことが、滝川事件に見られる教授会自治への攻撃につながったとする見解もある。
- Some people say that the above led to the attack on the autonomy of faculty council, which was seen in the Takigawa incident.
- 明経道(みょうぎょうどう)は、日本律令制の大学寮において儒学を研究・教授した学科。
- Myogyodo was a department that studied and instructed on Confucianism as part the Daigakuryo, an educational institution under the Ritsuryo system (the system of centralized administration established by the ritsuryo legal codes) of Japan.
- しかし、「醍醐雑事記」には壇ノ浦で没した人物の一人として教経の名が挙げられている。
- In the 'Daigo zatsuji ki' (The Record of the Finest Miscellaneous Matters of Life), however, Noritsune's name is listed among those who perished at Dannoura.
- 伊勢氏は武家の礼儀作法を司り、代々室町幕府の足利将軍家の嫡男に作法等を教えていた。
- The Ise clan took charge of civility and rules of etiquette of samurai families, and the clan taught the art of manners to the legitimate sons of the Ashikaga Shogunal family for generation after generation during the Muromachi bakufu period.
- 教育機関としての機能だけでなく、役所・警察・消防・保健所等の機能も併せ持っていた。
- They not only functioned as educational institutions but also as government offices, police stations, fire departments, healthcare centers and so on.
- これらの地域は子育てに適した市内有数の文教地区と近年来注目されているエリアである。
- These districts have attracted attention as a leading educational district in Kyoto City, suitable for raising children.
- 紀伊の地侍は連合して根来衆・雑賀衆などの集団を形成し、宗教を盾に地域自治を行った。
- Jizamurai (local samurai) in Kii formed groups such as Negoroshu and Saigashu and carried out regional autonomy under the cover of religion.
- 朱子学は儒教の中でも大義名分や主君への「忠」、「君臣の別」を重んじる学派であった。
- The Shushi-gaku was a school sect within Confucianism which honored 'loyalty' to a just cause or masters and 'the separation of ruler and ruled.'
- 1586年、南部氏に内通した家臣岩清水義教を攻めたことから南部信直の侵攻を受けた。
- In 1586, Since Akinao attacked Yoshinori IWASHIMIZU, a retainer who communicated secretly with the Nanbu clan, he was attacked by Nobunao NANBU.
- 当初、台湾の初等中等教育制度は台湾人と日本人を対象とするものが別個に存在していた。
- Initially, the elementary and secondary educational systems were separate for Taiwanese and Japanese.
- また、国民全体が清教徒のよく言えば純粋、悪く言えば独善的な行動に嫌気がさしていた。
- This made the nation of England grow tired of the puritans' innocence in a good sense but self-righteous activities in a bad sense.
- (6)奈良の仏教寺院と神社は、ひときわ優れた形で宗教の連続的な力と影響を証明する。
- 6. The particularly elegant forms of Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines in Nara Prefecture prove the continuous force and influence of religion over people's lives.
- 官僚の候補生である学生に対する教育と試験及び儒教における重要儀式である釋奠を行った。
- The Daigaku-ryo provided education and examinations to students, namely government official candidates, and took charge of Sekiten (traditional events for worshipping Confucius), an important ceremony in Confucianism.
- 東宮傅(とうぐうのふ)は、律令制に定められた皇太子(東宮)付きの教育官の一つである。
- Togu-no-fu was a kind of educational officer that worked for the Togu (Crown Prince) as stipulated in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 将軍義教と鎌倉公方持氏の対立おいては、持氏が横領する事件も起こる(永享3年に和睦)。
- When shogun Yoshinori and Kamakura kubo (governor-general of Kanto region) Mochiuji were in conflict, Mochiuji once unlawfully seized it (settled in 1411).
- また、書博士の職務も本科(後の明経道)の学生に書を教えることが主であったようである。
- It also appears to be the case that the main duty of sho hakase was to teach calligraphy (which later became myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics)) to students.
- 神祇信仰の論理性の強化は、仏教側からの侵食に対抗し、これと共生することを可能とした。
- Because of the consolidation of the logicalness, Jingi belief was able to confront the invasion of Buddhism and symbioses with.
- 政康は東軍によって伊勢北半国守護に任じられ、伊勢の支配を巡って北畠教具と戦っている。
- Masayasu was assigned to serve as Hankoku Shugo in the northern part of Ise Province by the East squad, and fought against Noritomo KITABATAKE over the ruling of Ise Province.
- また、平安中期は、仏教の末法思想が人々に広く浸透し、浄土思想・浄土教が盛んとなった。
- In the mid-Heian period, Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) was prevalent, and Pure Land Buddhism, the Jodo (Pure Land) sect was widely accepted.
- 『三経義疏』(さんぎょうぎしょ)は、仏教に深く傾倒した聖徳太子の著作といわれている。
- The 'Sangyogisho' (Three Sutra Annotations) is believed to have been written by Prince Shotoku who was deeply committed to Buddhism.
- 学校は謹慎の意を表して休校となり、神社や寺院や教会では、皇太子平癒の祈祷が行われた。
- Schools were closed as a suspension, and prayer services were held at Shinto shrines, temples and churches to pray for Nicholas's recovery.
- 政府や諸官庁に勤めたり、軍人、教員などになる者もいたが、職がなく困窮する例も多かった。
- There were some who started working for the government and government agencies, or who became military men or teachers, but there were many who became impoverished without work.
- だが後醍醐は、処分を免れた側近の日野俊基や真言宗密教の僧文観らと再び倒幕計画を進めた。
- Godaigo resumed his plan to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu with his close adviser Toshimoto HINO, who had been exempted from punishment, and a monk called Monkan from the Shingon-shu sect of Tantric Buddhism.
- 委員長時代に「つるし上げた」縁で、上田正昭名誉教授を大阪女子大学の学長にかつぎあげた。
- He pressed emeritus professor Masaaki UEDA into serving as the president of Osaka Women's University because he had a connection with Ueda since the time when he, as the then chairman, teased Ueda with sharp questions.
- 国民的基盤に立った大学改革を唱えて東京工業大学教授を辞職し、朝日新聞論説委員になった。
- He resigned from his post, a professor of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, advocating the need for university reform based on people and became an editorial writer for Asahi Shimbun Company.
- 藩校(はんこう)は、江戸時代、諸藩がおもに藩士の子弟のために設立した教育機関であった。
- Hanko was an educational institution that each domain established for the education of its retainers' younger people.
- 仏教にはそのような性質がもともと具わっていたことが神仏習合を生んだ大きな要因であった。
- Such nature of Buddhism was the key factor of the birth of shinbutsu-shugo.
- 国学(こくがく)とは、律令制において、官人育成のために令制国に設置された地方教育機関。
- The term Kokugaku means educational institutes established, with the aim of nurturing officials, at each province under the Ritsuryo system (the system of centralized government based on the Riysuryo code).
- 平安京への遷都以後も南都と称されて、日本の宗教・文化の歴史において大きな影響を与えた。
- Even after the relocation of the capital to the Heian-kyo Capital, Nara, known by the name Nanto, had significant impact on Japanese religious and cultural histories.
- 教経は、ならば敵の大将の義経を道連れにせんと欲し、義経の船を見つけてこれに乗り移った。
- Noritsune replied that in that case, he wanted to take the enemy commander Yoshitsune down with him into the grave to keep him company, and after locating Yoshitsune's flagship, he leapt aboard.
- 1994年:「古都京都の文化財」が国際連合教育科学文化機関の世界文化遺産に登録される。
- 1994: 'Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto' was listed as a world heritage by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
- 宗教組織は、依然として僧兵組織の維持や、戦闘拠点となりうる寺院の造営に力を振り分けた。
- Religious organizations still used powers for maintenance of organizations of armed priests and constructions of buildings for temples that could be used as the base of battle.
- 浄土信仰は京の貴族に深く浸透し、国風文化の仏教建築、仏像、絵画などにその影響を残した。
- Jodo sect became widespread in the nobles living in Kyoto and influenced Buddhist architecture, statues and painting inspired by Kokufu-bunka.
- なお、剣豪・塚原卜伝の教えを受けていた義輝の凄まじい奮戦ぶりが、後世に伝えられている。
- The desperate and fierce fight by Yoshiteru, a disciple of master swordsman Bokuden TSUKAHARA, has been spoken of for many generations.
- 脱出した教康は義父の北畠顕雅を頼るが拒まれて自害し、満祐が擁立した義尊も討たれている。
- Noriyasu who escaped from the castle asked Akimasa KITABATAKE, his father in law, for help but was rejected and committed suicide, and Yoshitaka who Mitsusuke backed up was also killed.
- 公立旧制中学校の校長に任命された台湾人はなく、国民学校も分教場を入れて4人のみだった。
- No Taiwanese was assigned as the principal of the junior high school under the old system of education, and only 4 people were assumed the place of the principal in the national elementary school (in an educational system operated in Japan between 1941 and 1947) and branch school.
- この事件については伏見宮貞成親王の日記『看聞日記』に義教暗殺当日の事情が記されている。
- In 'Kanmon Nikki' (Diary of Imperial Prince Fushimi no miya Sadafusa), the incident and situation on the day of assasination of Yoshinori was recorded.
- 7 諸芸/理/医学校予科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:16~19歳 進路先:高等教育8
- 7 Preparatory course for polytechnic, science and medical school term: 3 years, age: 16-19 years old, future course: higher education 8
- 大学は「高尚の諸学を教る専門科の学校」で理学、文学、法学、医学を置くことが定められた。
- It was provided that universities as 'specialized schools for offering the highest level of education in various studies' have the departments of science, literature, law and medicine.
- 飛鳥文化(あすかぶんか)は、推古天皇を頂点として大和国を中心に華開いた仏教文化である。
- Asuka Culture was a Buddhist culture that flourished mainly in Yamato Province under Empress Suiko.
- 1948年1月1日には日本の宗教施設は(仏教寺院が13、カトリック教会が2)であった。
- Japanese religious institutions were 13 Buddhist temples and 2 Catholic churches as of January 1, 1948.
- こうした例は院宣や綸旨などに早くから見られ、後に武家の奉書や御教書などにも採用された。
- The examples of Yuhitsugaki were seen on Inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor) or Rinji (the Emperor's command) from the early period, and later adopted on documents of Samurai families such as Hosho (a document for informing lower-rank people of the decision of upper people such as an emperor or shogun) and Migyosho (documents for informing of decisions made by third or upper ranked authorities).
- 東宮学士(とうぐうがくし)は、律令制に定められた皇太子(東宮)付きの教育官の一つである。
- Togu gakushi were one of the educational officers who served the Crown Prince (Togu) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 仏教寺院の運営には当然経費を要するため、寺院の収入源として寺田が設定されることとなった。
- Cost was naturally necessary for operating a temple, and jiden fields became set as a source of the incomes for the temples.
- 滝川をモデルとしたとおぼしき八木原教授を大河内伝次郎、その娘・幸枝を原節子が演じている。
- Professor Yagihara, loosely based on Takigawa, was acted by Denjiro OKOCHI and his daughter Sachie was depicted by Setsuko HARA.
- それは従来の神祇信仰を圧迫する事なく神祇信仰と仏教信仰とが互いに補い合うかたちとなった。
- It compensated Jingi belief and Buddhism, without oppressing the conventional Jingi belief.
- 一方でこのような要望を取り入れるべく天台宗においても、円仁や円珍による密教受容が進んだ。
- Moreover, to meet the demand, esoteric Buddhism was also progressively accepted by Ennin and Enchin in the Tendai-shu sect.
- 季御読経は、春と秋に国家安泰を祈願して宮中に僧を招き、大般若経を転読する仏教法会である。
- Kinomidokyo was a Buddhist service where priests were invited inside the Imperial Court in the spring and fall to selectively read Daihannyakyo (Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra) to pray for the peace and security of the nation.
- 室町時代にはいると、御教書は下文・下知状を駆逐して幕府が発給する最上格の文書形式となる。
- During the Muromachi period, Migyosho drove out Kudashibumi as well as Gejijo and became the highest ranking document style among documents issued by the bakufu.
- 参加武将:平知盛・平経盛・平教盛・平教経・平資盛・平有盛・平行盛・平時忠・平清宗・平景清
- Other military commanders who took part in the battle (all of whom were of the Taira clan): TAIRA no Tomomori, Tsunemori, Norimori, Noritsune, Sukemori, Arimori, Yukimori, Tokitada, Kiyomune, and Kagekiyo.
- また、松田氏は仏教史においては上総酒井氏と並ぶ日蓮宗の熱心な信奉者として名を残している。
- The Matsuda clan earned its place as a devote believer of the Nichiren sect as well as the Kazusa Sakai clan in the history of Buddhism.
- 山国隊はフランス式教練を受け、銃の射撃精度は山村の猟で慣らしていたため非常に優れていた。
- The Yamagunitai had received training in French-style military drilling, and were extremely skilled at marksmanship with guns thanks to their long familiarity from hunting excursions in their mountain villages.
- 有力貴族は子弟の教育のため大学別曹という私的な寄宿施設を設け、後に大学寮の付属となった。
- Prominent aristocrats had a private dorm oratory facility called Daigaku-besso for the education of their children and this later became affiliated with the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).
- 25日に赤松教康は幕府軍に夜襲をしかけるが、同士討ちが起きて退却している(庫御所合戦)。
- On 20th, Noriyasu AKAMATSU started a night attack against the army of bakufu but a doshi-uchi (internecine strife) took place and retreated (Kuragosho war).
- 籤引きの結果、天台座主の義円が還俗して義宣と称し(後に義教と改名)、6代将軍に就任した。
- As the result of drawing lots, Gien, Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai sect), returned to secular life and changed his name to Yoshinobu (changed to Yoshinori later) and assumed the post of the 6th shogun.
- そしてキリスト教徒と日本の旧来の宗教の信者達との間に憎悪と対立を深めていくことになった。
- In this way, hatred and opposition sprang up between those who believed in Christianity and those who professed faith in the older Japanese religions.
- これはカトリック教会において、殉教者の遺骸や遺物(聖遺物)を尊ぶ伝統があったためである。
- This is because Catholic Church had a tradition of respecting the bodies and relics (sacred relics) of martyrs.
- 大名側もこうした宣教師から得られる利益をより多く得ようと、入信して歓心を買った者もいた。
- Among the daimyo, there were some who professed their faith in Christianity in order to curry favor with the missionaries, hoping to get more such benefits from them.
- 台湾神社、朝鮮神宮等の建立や参拝の強制など、国家神道と宗教政策(日本の宗教参照)の推進。
- Promotion of the State Shinto and religions policies (refer to Japan's religion) such as the enforced establishment of Taiwan-jinja Shrine and Chosen-jingu Shrine.
- 6 外国語教師ニテ教授スル医学校 修業年限:5年制 修業年齢:14~19歳 進路先:なし
- 6 Medical school taught by foreign teachers term: 5 years, age: 14-19 years old, future course: none
- このようにして、中国風(漢風)・仏教風の文化の影響が日本列島の地域社会へ浸透していった。
- In this way, the influence of the Chinese and Buddhist style cultures began to permeate down to regional communities throughout the Japanese archipelago.
- 四大節祝賀式典の際には、職員生徒全員で御真影に対しての最敬礼と教育勅語の奉読が求められた。
- In the four major festivals, all school staff and students were obliged to make a deep bow and read the Imperial Rescript on Education with respect.
- 明法道は律令そのものを教科書とし、律から7問・令から3問出題され、8問以上で合格とされた。
- The text book of Myohodo was ritsuryo itself and those who could answer 8 questions out of 7 from Ritsu and 3 from Ryo passed the exam.
- 特に菅原道真の怨霊が天神信仰へと発展するに際し、仏教の論理により天部として位置づけられた。
- Especially, when the vindictive spirit of SUGAWARA no Michizane turned to Tenjin belief, he was regarded as Tenbu (deities who reside in a heavenly realm, one of six realms in which the souls of living beings transmigrate from one to another) according to Buddhistic logic.
- 今から約1200年前、伝教大師最澄が開いた湯といわれているが、次のようなエピソードもある。
- Although it is said that the hot springs were discovered by Dengyo Daishi Saicho (伝教大師最澄) about 1,200 years ago, another story written below exists.
- これも個人的な信仰だけでなく、宗教的権威により皇統の正統性を強化する意図を含むものである。
- This was not only meant as a personal religion, but intended to strengthen the legitimacy of the royal line by religious authority.
- 武将たちも覚悟を定め、平教盛は入水、平経盛は一旦陸地に上がって出家してから還り海に没した。
- Many warriors also having readied themselves for the end; TAIRA no Norimori leapt into the sea, while TAIRA no Tsunemori briefly climbed up onto land and took the tonsure before he also jumped into the sea.
- 仏教では鎮護国家思想が強まり、聖武天皇の発願で東大寺・国分寺が国家護持の名目で建立された。
- In Buddhism, the idea of national defense was strengthened, and the Todai-ji and Kokubun-ji Temples were constructed due to the wishes of Emperor Shomu on the pretext of kokka goji (defending and maintaining the nation).
- この時期には百済から仏教が伝来し、後の飛鳥文化・白鳳文化などの仏教文化へと発展していった。
- In this era, Buddhism was brought to Japan from Kudara (Baekje, Paekche), and Buddhist culture, such as Asuka culture and Hakuho culture in the later era, developed.
- こうした仏教の影響を日本古来の信仰も受けて、本地垂迹説があらわれて神仏習合が進んでいった。
- Japanese traditional religion was influenced by Buddhism, Honji-suijaku setsu (theory of original reality and manifested traces) was introduced, leading to the Syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism.
- 宗教面では従来の神仏混交が改められ(神仏分離)、仏教弾圧(廃仏毀釈)などの動きも見られた。
- In religion, the syncretism of Shintoism and Buddhism was rejected (separation of Buddhism and Shintoism), and moves to oppress Buddhism (Haibutsu-kishaku) were also observed.
- そして、これは戦国大名や国人・土豪層はもとより、宗教組織や、自治組織においても同様である。
- It was the same with respect to sengoku daimyo, kokujin, and dogo, as well as religious organizations and autonomous organization.
- などの理由から、ジパングと日本を結びつけたのは16世紀の宣教師の誤解であるとする説もある。
- For these reasons, one theory holds that it was a misunderstanding of missionaries who reached Japan during the 16th century who connected Zipangu with Japan.
- その後糖業講習所た学務部付属工業講習所など就学期間を半年から2年とする教育機関を設立した。
- Later the Sotoku-fu established educational institutions with six months to two years schooling, such as schools for sugar production or industrial learning schools attached to the Sotoku-fu Education Bureau.
- この合戦については史料は少なく、未詳な点が多くあり、まだ一般的に教科書には登場していない。
- The historical records and the evidence of this war are limited, thus there are many unclear points to be clarified before published in textbooks as a historical fact.
- 憲実は持氏の助命と持氏の嫡子足利義久の関東公方就任を嘆願するが、義教は許さず討伐を命じた。
- Although Norizane asked for Mochiuji's life and assumption of his legitimate son Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA to Kanto Kubo, Yoshinori did not accept it and ordered to hunt down and kill him.
- 9 工業/法/鉱山学校予科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:16~19歳 進路先:高等教育10
- 9 Preparatory course for engineering, law and mining school term: 3 years, age: 16-19 years old, future course: higher education 10
- だが国民の負担が重いなど実情にあわず、1879年(明治12年)の教育令によって廃止された。
- However, because it was inappropriate to the real situation for the heavy imposition on people and so on, the order was repealed and replaced by Kyoikurei (the 1879 Education Order) in 1879.
- 教育令(明治12年太政官布告第40号)の公布により、1879年(明治12年)に廃止された。
- It was repealed in 1879 by the promulgation of Kyoikurei (the 1879 Education Order: the Proclamation of the Grand Council of the State No. 40, 1879).
- 小学校令(しょうがっこうれい)は、日本の近代の初等教育制度を定めていた勅令(命令)である。
- Shogakko Rei (the order of primary school) was the imperial edict (order) to establish the elementary education system in modern Japan.
- また教授や学生の学資や施設の維持に用いられていた勧学田や出挙の仕組みの崩壊によって衰微した。
- Daigaku-ryo went into a decline due to the collapse of the systems of kangakuden and suiko, which were used to provide professors and students with financial aid and to maintain facilities.
- 散逸した部には國學院大學教授の高田淳によれば、東宮、征討、地名、等5つの分類があったという。
- The lost part had five categories such as the crown prince, subjugation, and place-names according to Jun TAKADA, a professor at Kokugakuin University.
- 京大法学部の学生は教授会を支持し、全員が退学届けを提出するなど処分に抗議する運動を起こした。
- The students of the Faculty of Law in Kyoto University supported the board of professors and started a movement to protest the punishment by having all students submitting a leave from studies.
- また「国家仏教」という表現そのものが古代仏教の実態を反映しておらず不適当とする考え方もある。
- Moreover, some say that the usage of 'National Buddhism' does not reflect the realities of ancient Buddhism; therefore, it is inadequate.
- 全国でそのような状況を解決するために、仏教寺院などを中心にして造られたのが「布施屋」である。
- In order to resolve such conditions on a nationwide basis, places like Buddhists temples were used as a focal point to establish 'Fuseya.'
- 院政期は、治天の君による仏教保護政策などによって寺社の世俗化のおおいに進展した時期であった。
- The Insei period was the period when temples and shrines were becoming secular through Buddhism protection measures by Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power).
- 永享12年(1440年)、持頼は将軍独裁を進める足利義教の命により大和国出陣中に殺害された。
- In 1440, Mochiyori was killed in the field to Yamato Province under the order from Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who promoted a shogunal dictatorship.
- 唐物にまつわるこのようなシステムをつくったのが義満であり、義教の時代に整備され、活用された。
- Yoshimitsu was the one who created the system concerning karamono, which was organized and utilized during the period of Yoshinori.
- 1549年にはヨーロッパからキリスト教がフランシスコ・ザビエルなどによってもたらされている。
- In 1549, Christian missionaries, notably St. Francis Xavier, arrived from Europe and began spreading Christianity as well.
- 李氏朝鮮では庶民に対する教育をする機関がほぼなく、7割程度の朝鮮人が読み書きができなかった。
- Joseon Dynasty had no institution of education for common people, and about 70% Koreans were illiterate.
- しかしその一方、朝鮮語の使用を管理・弾圧もしており、日本語教育など同化政策も進められていた。
- On the other hand, however, the use of the Korean language was controlled and oppressed, and the integration policy including Japanese education was also promoted.
- 日本でキリスト教の信仰を理由に最高権力者の指令による処刑が行われたのはこれが初めてであった。
- This was the first execution issued by the order of the person in the highest authority in Japan because they believed in Christianity.
- 陸軍省大日記 明治10年 「大日記 省内各局参謀近衛病院 教師軍馬局 2月水 陸軍省第1局」
- In 1877: The Diary of the Department of War: ''大日記 省内各局参謀近衛病院 教師軍馬局 2月水 陸軍省第1局'
- キリシタン大名(キリシタンだいみょう、吉利支丹大名)はキリスト教を信仰した大名のことである。
- The term 'Christian daimyo' refers to those daimyo (feudal lords) who professed faith in Christianity.
- 皇民化教育は特に外地や占領地域においてそれぞれの民族の伝統や文化を無視し、ときには破壊した。
- Japanization education neglected and sometimes destroyed the tradition and culture in foreign parts and occupied areas in particular.
- 職業教育では総督府は当初農試験講習生制度を設立し台湾の産業発展に寄与する人材育成に着手した。
- For vocational education, the Sotoku-fu established the agricultural examination trainee system to educate persons who could contribute to the development of farming in Taiwan.
- これは、キリスト教の宣教師たちに「坂東の大学」といわれ、当時の日本の中心的な学校と考えられた。
- This was called 'the college of Bando' by Christian missionaries, and in those day it was thought as a central school in Japan.
- 僧侶や武士や医師などが、庶民の子弟に読み書きそろばんや実務上の知識・技能を教育した施設をいう。
- Monks, bushi (samurai) and doctors taught reading, writing, soroban (using an abacus), and other practical knowledge and skills to children of ordinary citizens at these institutes.
- 明治時代には皇室は南朝が正統とされ、文部省は国定教科書で「吉野朝時代」の用語を使うよう命じた。
- In the Meiji period, the Imperial household declared the Southern Court to be the legitimate Court, and the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports ordered that government-controlled textbooks begin using the term 'Yoshino period' instead of Nanbokucho.
- 民衆に仏教信仰が拡がったのもこの時期であり、空也や融通念仏の良忍などの僧が民衆の中で活躍した。
- It was during this time that Buddhism was widely accepted among ordinary people and Kuya as well as Ryonin of Yuzu nenbutsu (reciting the name of Amida Buddha) was active among them.
- 10日、幕府軍が総攻撃を行い、覚悟を決めた満祐は教康や弟の赤松則繁を城から脱出させ、切腹した。
- On 4th, the army of bakufu started a full-scale attack and Mitsusuke who prepared to meet his fate got Noriyasu and Norishige Akamatsu, his younger brother, out and committed suicide by disembowelment.
- しかし、宗教書においては、その宗教が信奉する神や宗派の創始者に由来すると主張するのが常である。
- However, in a religious book, they always assert that religion stems from its god and the originator of the religion.
- 1938年4月1日からは小学校教育における教授用語が日本語に限定された(小学校令16条8号)。
- From April 1, 1938, the language taught in elementary school education was limited to Japanese (Shogakko Rei [Primary School Order] Article 16 Section 8).
- 義持の死後に義教が将軍となると、満祐は侍所頭人に就任し、義教と満祐の関係は比較的良好であった。
- When Yoshinori became Shogun after Yoshimochi died, Mitsusuke assumed to the Samurai-dokoro tonin (Governor of the Board of Retainers) and Yoshinori and Mitsusuke preserved relatively good relationship.
- その際、大名たちの歓心を得るために、布教の見返りに南蛮貿易や武器の援助などを提示した者もいる。
- In order to win favor with these daimyo, and in return for permission to proselytize, some missionaries agreed both to support Japan's trade with Spain and Portugal and to provide them with weapons.
- 日本だけでなく、同じく大乗仏教の影響が強かった朝鮮半島においても、同様の法令が発布されている。
- Not only in Japan, but equally in the Korean Peninsula where the influence of Mahayana Buddhism was strong, a similar law was promulgated.
- 11 獣医/商業/農業学校予科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:16~19歳 進路先:高等教育12
- 11 Preparatory course for veterinary, commercial and agricultural school term: 3 years, age: 16-19 years old, future course: higher education 12
- これに勝利した蘇我氏と蘇我氏系大王のもと、王権の本拠地である飛鳥京を中心に仏教文化が発展する。
- Following the Soga's victory, Buddhist culture developed under the Soga clan and the clan-affiliated Okimi (King, a term used before 'Emperor' became common), mainly in and around the capital Asuka-kyo, home to the Yamato royalty.
- 留学生も帰国後に政治、経済、教育、文化など様々な分野で活躍し、日本の文明開化に大きく貢献した。
- The returned students contributed greatly to Japan's civilization and enlightenment serving in various fields such as politics, economics, education and culture.
- ○○宗単立、○○派単立などというように、教義・儀礼は伝統宗派や教派に則っていることも珍しくない。
- As seen in XX-shu (sect) Tanritsu, and XX-ha (school) Tanritsu, it is not unusual that some Tanritsu follow tenets and rituals of traditional religious schools or sects.
- 律令制の衰退に伴い義倉も衰退したが、江戸時代に入ると儒教の影響で諸藩の中に義倉を作る所が現れた。
- With the deterioration of the Ritsuryo system, a giso warehouse was disappearing, but there appeared to be domains which began to construct giso warehouses due to the influence of Confucianism during the Edo Period.
- これは僧尼令や僧綱の対象が僧尼であって仏教そのものを対象にした法令ではなかった事実の反映である。
- Therefore, Soni ryo and Sogo were applied to monks and nuns, and they did not regulate Buddhism itself.
- 院政期に紀伝道の家学化が進むと、それ以外の氏族は排除されるようになり大学寮外に教育の場が移った。
- When the Kidendo became inherited as hereditary learning during the insei period (the period of the government by the retired Emperor), the clans other than those inherit Kidendo became excluded and the students were taught outside the Daigaku-ryo.
- 観光バスのガイドさんからは「三上山の標高は4×28で428メートルです」と教えられたことがある。
- In the past, sightseeing bus guides used to describe Mt. Mikami's elevation as '4 x 28 or 428 meters.'
- 信西と親しかった内大臣・三条公教は信頼の専横に憤りを抱き、二条親政派の経宗・惟方に接触を図った。
- Kiminori SANJO, the Naidaijin (Minister of the Center), had been close with Shinzei, and was enraged at Nobuyori's tyranny, so he contacted Tsunemune and Korekata of the Nijo direct rule faction to plot his overthrow.
- 1441年(嘉吉1)には6代将軍の足利義教が家臣の赤松満祐親子により暗殺される嘉吉の乱が起こる。
- In 1441, the sixth Ashikaga Shogun, Yoshinori, was assassinated by Mitsusuke AKAMATSU and his son during the Kakitsu Rebellion.
- 教康は奮戦したが、但馬口が突破されたとの報(虚報であった)を受け、戦意を失って坂本城へ退却した。
- Noriyasu fought up against the army of bakufu but received the message (it was a disinformation) that Tajimaguchi was burst through, and he lost his will to fight and retreated to Sakamoto-jo Castle.
- ただし同化教育はさらに推進され、学校での朝鮮語の時間は減少し、かわりに日本語の時間を増加させた。
- However, integration education was further promoted, and Korean classes were decreased at school and Japanese classes were increased instead.
- ただし、仏教用語を用いたことで中華的冊封体制からの離脱を表明する表現であったとも考えられている。
- At the same time, it is also thought that they used the Buddhist terms to announce their secession from the Chinese tributary system.
- 小学校未就学の青年には「朝鮮特別青年錬成所」への一年の入所を義務とし、600時間の教育を行った。
- Youths who didn't go to elementary school were obliged to go to 'Korean Special Youth Training Camp' for one year to have 600-hour education.
- 3 外国語学校下等科 修業年限:2年制 修業年齢:14~16歳 進路先:高等教育2.7.9.11
- 3 Foreign language school, lower division term: 2 years, age: 14-16 years old, future course: higher education 2, 7, 9, 11
- 5 外国語教師ニテ教授スル中学校上等科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:18~21歳 進路先:大学1
- 5 Middle school, upper division taught by foreign teachers term: 3 years, age: 18-21 years old, future course: university 1
- 飛鳥各地に存在する猿石・道祖神石、橘寺の二面石などと呼ばれる石造物、宗教の遺物と考えられている。
- Throughout the Asuka area, there can be found many stone objects such as the Saruishi (Monkey Stones), Doso-jin (travelers' guardian deity) carved form stone and Tachibana-dera Temple's Nimen-ishi (Double-faced Stone), all of which are considered religious relics.
- 施政にあたる人物で、最初に教育に関心を示したといわれるのは、聖徳太子(574年-622年)である。
- Among those who had administrative rights, the first person who was considered to be interested in education was Prince Shotoku (574- 622).
- 「京大事件」とも呼ばれ、大学における教授会自治を確立させるきっかけとなった事件として知られている。
- It is also called the 'Kyodai incident' and a well-known incident that led to the establishment of faculty council autonomy.
- これは、このような仏教上位の状況下において仏教側から神祇信仰を取り込もうとする動きとも理解できる。
- It may be understood that Buddhism tried to take in Jingi belief while Buddhism was considered superior.
- 釈文は、向日市埋蔵文化財センター・向日市教育委員会により1997年8月13日に記者発表されている。
- The transliterated record was announced at a press conference by the Muko City Center For Archaeological operations and Muko City Board of Education on August 13, 1997.
- 全体に絵具の剥落・退色が目立つが、現存遺品の少ない平安時代前期、9世紀の仏教絵画の大作として貴重。
- In whole, peeling off and fading of pigment is noticeable, but they are very precious as big pieces of Buddhist painting in the early Heian period, ninth century, for which the number of existing relics is small.
- 子孫も同様な役を勤め、幕末には小笠原鍾次郎が講武所で弓術教授を勤めたが、この家は維新期に断絶する。
- His descendants served as the same role and Shojiro OGASAWARA served as teacher of archery at Kobusho (a military training institute) at the end of Edo period, but the family ended in the period of the Restoration.
- 都市部では日蓮宗が広まり、京都では日親が布教活動を行い、町衆は信徒的な団結力で土一揆に対して戦う。
- The Nichiren sect started to spread in urban areas while the monk Nisshin began proselytizing work in Kyoto, and the townspeople combined forces into large groups of believers and struggling with the secular Doikki (land-based bands of peasants).
- これをマルティリウムといい、礼拝の場である教会と並び、キリスト教コミュニティの重要な中心となった。
- This was called 'martyrium' and along with the church, which was a place for worship, this became an important core of the Christian community.
- サウジアラビア政府は巡礼地での礼拝時の宗教的興奮において起こると危惧される政治的混乱を恐れている。
- The Saudi Arabian government is wary of political confusion that may occur during times of religious excitement during worship time at pilgrimage sites.
- 幼くして体格も力も大人を凌いだ童子を床屋も持て余したが、床屋の仕事を教えて落ち着かせることにした。
- Even while still a young child Doji's physical stature and strength surpassed that of a grown man's, leading the barber at a loss as to how to raise him, but he decided to train him in hair-cutting, thereby hoping to calm his disposition.
- 巡礼は宗教色が強く、巡拝はどちらかと言えば観光や娯楽の意味合いが強いとされるが、明確な区別はない。
- Junrei has a more religious aspect and Junpai is generally geared towards sightseeing and leisure, but there is no clear distinction in meaning.
- 遺骸は死後、多くの人の手でわけられ、日本で最初の殉教者の遺骸として世界各地に送られて崇敬を受けた。
- After their death, the bodies were divided by many people to send all over the world as the bodies of the first martyrs in Japan and revered.
- 後から来日した宣教師たちも同様に各地の大名に謁見し、領内布教の許可や大名自身への布教を行っている。
- Missionaries who came to Japan after Xavier's time also went to see daimyo in various places throughout Japan, and just as Xavier had, they obtained permission to spread Christianity in the domains of those daimyo, and also proselytized to the daimyo themselves.
- 1895年7月14日、台湾総督府は初代学務部長に伊沢修二を任命し台湾における教育政策を担当させた。
- On July 14, 1895, the Sotoku-fu appointed Shuji IZAWA as the first chief of Education Bureau responsible for the educational policy in Taiwan.
- 4 外国語教師ニテ教授スル中学校予科 修業年限:1年制 修業年齢:14~15歳 進路先:高等教育4
- 4 Preparatory course for middle school taught by foreign teachers term: 1 year, age: 14-15 years old, future course: higher education 4
- 2 中等学校下等科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:14~17歳 進路先:高等教育3.6/修了次第入学
- 2 Middle school, lower division term: 3 years, age: 14-17 years old, future course: higher education 3, 6 right after completion of the course
- これを根拠に西郷は交渉よりも武力行使を前提にしていたとされ、教科書などではこれが定説となっている。
- It is said Saigo was premised on the use of force rather than negotiation on the grounds of this, and it became an established theory for textbooks and the like.
- 天皇の称号が道教の天皇大帝に由来するという説とともに、この「真人」も道教由来のものとする説がある。
- There is a theory that the title of tenno (天皇) (emperor) derived from Tien-Huang-ta-ti (天皇大帝) of Taoism, and also some say that this 'Mahito' also came from Taoism.
- また、仏教が日本の仏教飛鳥時代(伝来)した際にそれをいち早く取り入れたのも蘇我氏であったとされる。
- Additionally, it is widely assumed that the Soga clan was the first to adopt Buddhism when it was introduced to Japan during the Asuka period.
- 狭義の学制(明治5年太政官布告第214号)とは、1872年(明治5年)に公布された教育法令のこと。
- Gakusei (the Education System Order: the Proclamation of the Grand Council of the State No. 214, 1872) in a narrow sense is the laws and regulations pertaining to education promulgated in 1872.
- そして、このような学問所は藩校のモデルとなり、江戸時代後期には、藩校の教官養成の機能も果たしていた。
- Thus Gakumonjo became a model school for hanko (a domain school), in the latter days of the Edo period, Gakumonjo played a role in the training of teachers for hanko.
- 滝川事件に関連して京都帝大を辞職した教官のうち、18名が立命館大学に教授・助教授などの形で移籍した。
- Among the staff who quit Kyoto Imperial University over the Takigawa Incident, 18 of them transferred to Ritsumeikan University as professors, associate professors, etc.
- 広義には医学校・洋学校・皇学校(国学校)・郷学校・女学校など、藩が設立したあらゆる教育機関をふくむ。
- In a broad sense, hanko included all the educational institutions established by each domain, such as medical schools, Yogakko (schools for Western studies), imperial schools (national schools), Gogakko (schools of province) and girls' schools.
- これに対して朝廷も、僧位・僧官の昇進権を媒介に上級僧侶を組織して、宗教界への支配を強化しようとした。
- On the other hand, the Imperial Court tried to organize the upper-ranked Buddhist monks through the promotion to Soi (rank of Buddhist priests) and Sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by the Imperial Court) to strengthen their control over the religious world.
- 時代を超えて普遍的な社会常識も多く扱ったために江戸時代に入っても寺子屋などの教科書として用いられた。
- Since Teikin Orai dealt with common practices that were timeless and universal, it served as a textbook at Terakoya well into the Edo period.
- これを西晋の杜預が「五節=五声」として先王が5つの音調を用いて楽を作って民衆を教化したと解している。
- Du Yu of West Jin interpreted Gosetsu (五節) as Gosei (五声 - five tunes), wherein it was understood that the former emperor composed music using five tunes to educate the people.
- 吉野晴夫は否定したが、市議会がこれを問題視し、7月に教育委員人事を否決するなど、市政が混乱している。
- Haruo YOSHINO denied it, however, the city assembly saw it as a problem, and rejected the personal affairs of educational board members in July, which resulted in a confusion of the municipal government.
- 室町時代に入ると延暦寺の勢力はますます大きくなり、足利義教や細川政元ら権力者による焼き討ちが相次ぐ。
- In the Muromachi period, the power of Enryaku-ji Temple increasingly became big, and it was successively set on fire by powerful people such as Yoshinori ASHIKAGA and Masamoto HOSOKAWA.
- 日本は、新羅へ朝貢を要求するとともに、蝦夷・隼人らを「教化」して律令支配へと組み込もうとしていった。
- In Japan, the government demanded that Silla should bring tributes to Japan and also tried to encourage Emishi and Hayato to become integrated into the control based Ritsuryo system.
- しかし、実証主義には歴史哲学を軽視するという弱点が、唯物史観には教条的になりがちという弱点があった。
- However, positivism-based history has a weak point that it treats philosophy of history lightly, and materialistic view-based history has also a weak point in that it has the tendency of becoming dogmatic.
- 逆縁(ぎゃくえん)とは、仏の教えを素直に信じない(縁に背く)こと、またはそのような救い難い人をいう。
- The gyaku-en indicates the concept of not believing in the teachings of Buddha (i.e., defying the 'en', or connection with Buddha) unquestioningly or someone who can not be saved.
- また、巡礼者を惹きつけるために他の教会から聖遺物を盗んできたり、偽造するということもあったとされる。
- It is also said that relics were sometimes stolen from other churches or faked in order to gather pilgrims.
- 翌る25日、ようやく持之は評定を開き、義教の嫡子千也茶丸(足利義勝)を次期将軍とすることを決定した。
- Next day, on 22nd, Mochiyuki finally held a consultation meeting and decided to make Senyachamaru (Yoshikatsu ASHIKAGA), Yoshinori's legitimate child, next shogun.
- 1890年(明治23年)、『教育勅語』が下賜されると近代国家のイデオロギーとして本格的に採用された。
- When the 'Imperial Rescript on Education' was granted as an Imperial gift in 1890, Neo-Confucianism was seriously adopted as the ideology of the modern nation.
- 4 外国語教師ニテ教授スル中学校下等科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:15~18歳 進路先:高等教育6
- 4 Middle school, lower division taught by foreign teachers term: 3 years, age: 15-18 years old, future course: higher education 6
- これにより、「最古の貨幣発見」「歴史教科書の書き換え必至か」などとセンセーショナルな報道がなされた。
- As the result, it was reported sensationally that 'the oldest coins were found' and 'history textbook must be revised.'
- 日本の歴史上に残る貨幣発行は全て流通貨幣であり、厭勝銭という宗教的な目的の貨幣発行を示す記録はない。
- All the currency issuances in the history of Japan was circulating money and there is no record referring to those of incantation coin for religious purpose.
- 陸軍の場合は陸軍三長官会議(陸相・参謀総長・教育総監)の合意によって新陸相を推挙することとしていた。
- In the case of the Army, a new War Minister was only recommended with the agreement of the Army's three Kami (three director generals) (War Minister, the Chief of the General Staff, and the Educational Commissioner).
- 『下学集』(文安元年(1444年)成立)の序文に、『童子教』とともに童蒙学習書の筆頭に挙げられている。
- In the preface of 'Kagakushu' (compiled in 1444), it was listed, along with 'Dojikyo,' as one of the top textbooks for children's education.
- そして、江戸時代にはいろは引き辞書の代名詞として使われるようになり、明治期には教養書の意味へ変容した。
- The word was used as a synonym for dictionaries arranged in iroha order during the Edo period, and then changed to mean educational books during the Meiji period.
- また京大では沢柳総長辞任の1年後、荒木寅三郎医学部教授を総長として選出、以降総長の学内選出が確立した。
- One year after the resignation of Sawayanagi, Torasaburo ARAKI, a professor of the Medical Department, was selected as the president of Kyoto Imperial University, and since then successive presidents were selected from among professors.
- 飯島幸人東京商船大学名誉教授も船同士の相対運動に潮流は関係ないとして潮流説に否定的な見解を述べている。
- And Yukihito IIJIMA, professor emeritus at Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, criticized the changing tides theory by also asserting the view that tidal speed has no effect on the relative velocity of ships riding the same current.
- 1467年9月27日(応仁元年8月29日)、突然、義視が東軍を出奔して伊勢国の北畠教具の元に身をおく。
- On September 27, 1467, Yoshimi suddenly ran away from the Eastern camp and took refuge with Noritomo KITABATAKE of Ise Province.
- 平安初期には空海によって真言宗が、最澄によって天台宗がもたらされ、貴族の仏教信仰に大きな影響を与えた。
- In the early Heian Period, Shingon sect was introduced by Kukai, Tendai sect by Saicho, which greatly influenced the noble's belief in Buddhism.
- このことは、あるいは(その測量技術の精度の高さもあることから)古代朝鮮道教との強いつながりを窺わせる。
- This suggests a strong relation with ancient Korean Dokyo because of the highly accurate measurement technology.
- また、イエズス会のルイス・フロイスに京都居住・布教を許している(1568年)など京都統治も行っている。
- He also carried out administration of Kyoto as seen in the fact that, in 1568, he gave permission to Luis Frois to live and be engaged in missionary work in Kyoto.
- 6代将軍は籤引きで選ばれる事とされ、義満の子で僧門に入っていた義円が還俗して将軍足利義教が将軍となる。
- In the end the sixth Shogun was chosen by lots: Gien, who was a child of Yoshimitsu that had joined the priesthood, returned to secular life and became Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- 法華一揆(ほっけいっき)とは、日本の戦国時代 (日本)(1532年・天文1年)の京都における宗教一揆。
- The 'Hokke Ikki' is the religious riot which occurred in Kyoto, of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) around 1532, in Japan.
- 癇性な義教は「何事であるか」と叫ぶが、傍らに座していた三条実雅は「雷鳴でありましょう」と呑気に答えた。
- Yoshinori, a hot-tempered person, asked in a loud voice 'What the matter?' but Sanemasa SANJO who had a seat next to him answered lightheartedly, 'It must be a peal of thunder.'
- しかし宗教書の場合その意義を必ずしも否定するものではなく両者は別の範疇に入ることに留意する必要がある。
- However, it should be noted that with religious books, simply being a gisho does not necessarily strip a book of its significance, and as a result this sort of gisho should be considered a separate category.
- 中大兄皇子と鎌子は南淵請安の私塾で周孔の教えを学び、その往復の途上に蘇我氏打倒の密談を行ったとされる。
- It is said that Prince Naka no Oe and Kamako held a secret conversation about the overturn of the Soga clan on their way home and to the MINABUCHI no Shoan's private school where they learned the teachings of Shuko and Confucius.
- それを、明治期の陸軍が教科書に史実として記載したことから、一気に「三段撃ち」説が広まったものとされる。
- This was described as a historical fact in a textbook by the Army in the Meiji period, so that 'sandan-uchi' became widely spread.
- これによって初めて、儒教的な倫理(「仁義」「忠孝」など)が、武士に要求される規範とされるようになった。
- This made Confucian ethics like 'humanity and justice' and 'loyalty to one's master and filial piety' as a model for samurai for the first time.
- 仏教の百済からの公伝は宣化天皇・欽明天皇の538年(宣化3)または552年(欽明13)といわれている。
- Buddhism was officially introduced into Japan via Baekje either during the reign of Emperor Senka in 538 or the reign of Emperor Kinmei in 552.
- 仏教には、幾つかの宗派があるが最も多いのは浄土真宗で48カ寺、それに次ぐのは曹洞宗の20カ寺であった。
- In Buddhism there are many various sects, the Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) had with 48 the most temples, followed by the Sotoshu sect with 20 temples.
- 勧学田の喪失と大学別曹の興隆によって教育の公平さが失われていく現状に対する警告であったと考えられている。
- Therefore, it is considered that he issued a warning against the situation where the equality of education was vanishing due to the loss of kangakuden and the rise of Daigaku-besso.
- また国学の初歩である古典を教える寺子屋も増えるなど、時代状況に応じて寺子屋も少しずつ変化を遂げて行った。
- Terakoya that taught Koten (classics) which was the basics of Kokugaku also increased, and Terakoya gradually changed with the times.
- 寺子屋では往来物と称される教科書が使用されていて、『実語教』、『童子教』、『女大学』などがよく使われた。
- There, textbooks called oraimono (primary textbooks in the style of the exchange of letters) were used; moreover, 'Jitsugokyo,''Doshikyo' and 'Onnadaigaku' were commonly used.
- 鎌倉公方足利氏と関東管領上杉氏はやがて対立し、1439年の永享の乱では関東管領は将軍足利義教方についた。
- The Kamakura kubo Ashikaga clan and the Kanto kanrei Uesugi clan became at odds, and the Eikyo War occurred in 1439, where the Kanto kanrei sided with shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- 往生要集などには本来の仏教の浄穢思想理解のための手段として神祇信仰のケガレを利用した論理が見受けられる。
- For example, 'Ojoyoshu' (The Essentials of Salvation) describes a logic employing muck of Jingi belief to explain Buddhism's own pure and impure thought.
- 小辺路は空海によって開かれた密教の聖地である高野山と、熊野三山の一角である熊野本宮大社とを結ぶ道である。
- Kohechi is a road that connects Mt. Koya, a sacred place of Esoteric Buddhism that was founded by Kukai, and Kumano Hongu-taisha Shrine which is one of Kumano Sanzan.
- 大内教弘の子・大内政弘は、応仁元年(1467年)から始まる応仁の乱で西軍の山名宗全に属して勇名を馳せた。
- Norihiro OUCHI's son, Masahiro OUCHI belonged to Sozen YAMANA in the western camp at the Onin War starting from 1467, and won his name as a warrior.
- 小笠原氏が将軍家弓馬師範なる地位を得るのは足利義教の代で、それも信濃小笠原氏ではなく京都小笠原氏である。
- Actually it was in the period of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA that the Ogasawara clan gained the position of the master of kyuba of the shogun family and furthermore it was not the Shinano-Ogasawara clan, but the Kyoto-Ogasawara clan.
- 教育では、福知山市だけで公立高校が4校、私立高校が4校の合計8校があり、周辺市町からの就学を集めている。
- Concerning education, in Fukuchiyama City, there are eight high schools (four prefectural and four private) which have their students from the surrounding municipalities.
- 平安時代には鞆近郊に最澄により静観寺、空海により医王寺が創建され、備後国南部における布教の拠点となった。
- In the Heian period, on the outskirts of Tomo were built Seikan-ji Temple by Saicho (founder of the Tendai sect of Buddhism in Japan) and Io-ji Temple by Kukai (founder of the Shingon sect of Buddhism in Japan), serving as the hubs of the both Tendai and Shingon teachings, respectively, to be spread over the southern Bingo Province.
- 皇民化運動は国語運動、改姓名、志願兵制度、宗教・社会風俗改革の4点からなる、台湾人の日本人化運動である。
- The kominka movement was the forced transformation of the Taiwanese into loyal subjects of the emperor, consisting of the four major campaigns: the encouragement to speak Japanese, the change of names to Japanese names, the military volunteer system and the religious, social and life style reforms.
- 総督及び総務長官以外に総督官房、警務局、農務局、財務局、文教局、鉱工局、外事部、法務部などが設置された。
- Besides the Governor-General and the Chief of Home Affairs, there were the secretarial office of the governor general, departments of law enforcement, agriculture, finance, education, mining, external affairs, and judicial affairs.
- 神戸市の歴史家落合重信は鵯越説を採り、義経は山の手(夢野口)の通盛・教経・盛俊の陣を攻略したとしている。
- Shigenobu OCHIAI, a historian of Kobe City, takes the Hiyodorigoe theory and explaines that Yoshistune captured the camps of Michimori, Noritsune, and Moritoshi on the hilly section of the city (Yumeno fortress entrance).
- しかし、横浜居留地の外国商社は、横浜を動かず、主にキリスト教宣教師の教会堂やミッションスクールが入った。
- However, the foreign firms in the Yokohama settlement did not relocate from Yokohama, and so it was mainly churches and mission schools of Christian missionaries that came to the Tsukiji settlement.
- この一方で、奈良時代から発達してきた修験道も、両宗の密教の影響を強く受け、独自の発達を遂げることとなった。
- On the other hand, Shugendo (mountain asceticism-shamanism), which had developed from the Nara period, was also strongly influenced by the esoteric Buddhism of both sects and was evolving independently.
- 2004年には、吉野・大嶺を含む紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道が、国際連合教育科学文化機関の世界遺産に登録された。
- In 2004, sacred sites and pilgrimage routes in the Kii mountain range were registered as a World Heritage site by UNESCO.
- 義経を取り逃がした教経に大力で知られる安芸真光が討ち取って手柄にしようと同じく大力の者二人と組みかかった。
- Munemitsu AKI, known for his great strength, tried to lay Noritsune low after Yoshitsune escaped and thus prove his merit, and joining with another man of equal strength, proceeded to grapple with Noritsune.
- キリシタンに対しても寛容な対応を示すなど、仏教(宗派に関係なく)、神道、キリスト教など幅広い宗教を認めた。
- He showed tolerant attitude toward Christians and allowed various religions such as Buddhism (all sects), Shinto and Christianity.
- 律令法や儒教に詳しい中下級公家が職員として置かれて、院評定を円滑に行うための補助的業務を行うようになった。
- The venue was staffed with middle to low-ranked court nobles who were versed in the Ritsuryo codes and Confucianism to assist and facilitate the in-no-hyojo processes.
- 「万人恐怖」と言われた政治を行った足利義教が嘉吉の乱で死没すると、室町幕府の力は急速に衰えることとなった。
- As Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who had administered affairs of state, also known as 'Everyone's fear,' died in the Kakitsu War, the power of the Muromachi bakufu declined rapidly.
- ただし、君が代の歌詞への反対意見や、教育現場での君が代斉唱反対運動は現在でも続き、賛否両論が対立している。
- However, there still exists pro and con opinions against the words of Kimigayo and opposition movements against the chorus reading of Kimigayo in the field of education.
- 突然独裁者である義教を失った幕府は、管領の細川持之の指導力が欠如していたことから機能停止に陥ってしまった。
- The bakufu that lost Yoshinori, an absolute ruler, came to a standstill as the kanrei, Mochiyuki HOSOKAWA, lacked leadership.
- 一方で遊女と内裏の舞踊・音楽の教習所である「内教坊」の「伎女」になんらかの関連があると考える研究者もいる。
- On the one hand, there are some scholars who think that yujo had something to do with 'gijo' (music-playing women) in 'Naikyobo,' a training center of Imperial dancing and music.
- 日本に輸入された宋銭は、日本社会における貨幣利用の進展に役立ち、仏教経典の輸入は鎌倉仏教にも影響を与える。
- The Sung currency imported into Japan helped the development of currency use in Japan, and the imported Buddhist scriptures affected Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura period).
- 2006年3月10日、大和郡山市教育委員会らが、平城京が十条大路まで作られていたのは確実であると発表した。
- On March 10, 2006, it was announced by the Yamatokoriyama board of education that Jujo-oji Street was certainly constructed in Heijo-kyo.
- 大宰府に条坊が存在することを最初に想定したのは、のちに九州大学教授となる鏡山猛で、1937年のことである。
- Takeshi KAGAMIYAMA, who later became professor of Kyushu University, was the first person who supposed in 1937 that there had been jobosei in Dazai-fu.
- このなかには、かねてから学内自治を主張していた谷本富文科大学(現・京大文学部)教授(教育学)が含まれていた。
- Tomeri TANIMOTO, a professor of the literature school (current literature department of Kyoto University) (pedagogy) who had been advocating university autonomy for some time, was one of them.
- 教官の人事権を事実上教授会が掌握するという慣行を文相が承認したことで、学問の自由大学の自治は大きく前進した。
- As the Minister for Education approved a practice under which faculty councils held essential authority over personnel issues of professors, academic freedom as well as university autonomy became solid.
- そのため、給料学生がそのまま優先的に文章得業生に選抜され、大学寮の教官や式部省などの官人への登竜門となった。
- Accordingly, kyuryo-gakusei were preferentially selected as Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and this examination became a gateway to the instructor of Daigakuryo or official post of Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies).
- また、以下の経過は大正時代に黒板勝美東京帝国大学教授が提唱して以来、広く信じられている潮流説に基づいている。
- Furthermore, the progress of the battle given below is based on the now widely accepted tidal theory first proposed in the Taisho period by Katsumi KUROITA, professor at Tokyo Imperial University.
- 大内持世は嘉吉元年(1441年)の嘉吉の乱に巻き込まれ非業の死を遂げるが、養子の大内教弘が勢力を引き継いだ。
- Mochiyo OUCHI was involved in the Kakitsu War and died a violent death in 1441, however, his adopted son, Norihiro OUCHI succeeded to his power.
- そうした中勃発した島原・天草一揆は、キリスト教禁止の徹底と、幕府による管理貿易である鎖国の完成へとつながる。
- In such a situation, the occurrence of Shimabara/Amakusa uprisings led the bakufu to the complete prohibition of Christianity and the complete national isolation that allowed only bakufu-controlled trade.
- 遣唐使は200年以上にわたり、当時の先進国であった唐の文化や制度、そして仏教の日本への伝播に大いに貢献した。
- The missions to Tang China were repeated for more than 200 years and this allowed Japan to adopt the cultures and institutions of the Tang Dynasty which was an advanced state, and considerably contributed to the introduction of Buddhism into Japan.
- 26人は後にカトリック教会によって聖人の列に加えられたため、彼らは「日本二十六聖人」と呼ばれることになった。
- These 26 martyrs were canonized later by the Catholic Church and called 'The Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan.'
- 根来寺の僧は教学や儀式をつかさどる「学侶」と堂塔の管理や寺の防衛をつかさどる「行人 (仏教)」と分けられた。
- Monks in Negoro-ji Temple were divided into 'gakuryo' who were in charge of learning religious doctrines or rituals and ceremonies, and 'gyonin [Buddhism]' who were responsible for the maintenance of temple buildings and the defense of the temple.
- なお「天皇位をめぐる戦乱」であるため、戦前は旧制高等学校以上に進学しないとこの乱については教育されなかった。
- Also this war was a battle over the imperial throne so before the Second World War, if the students did not advance to the old-education-system high school or more, they were not educated about this war.
- 洋学研究・教育機関としての蕃書調所は、1862年(文久2)には対象言語をオランダ語から、英語などに拡大した。
- Bansho shirabesho as an institute for studying and educating Western learning increased its object language to include English and other languages in addition to Dutch in 1862.
- また、勧学田の拡張や大学教官への職田設定、学生に対する学問料・給料(学資)支給制定などの財政支援策も採られた。
- Daigaku-ryo also promoted financial assistance measures such as the expansion of kangakuden, the offering of shikiden (a rice field provided for dainagon and the higher rank) to professors, and the provision of a study stipend and salary (financial aid) to students.
- 『貫首秘抄』に、摂関・蔵人らが天皇の御作法や政治への顧問、幼帝の教育の方法を知るための必見の書と書かれている。
- It is described as a must-read for Sekkan (regents and advisers) and Kurodo (Chamberlain) to learn the Emperor's manners and the way of working as a political advisor and educating young emperors in 'Kanjuhisho' (accounts on the hints on Kurodo, written by FUJIWARA no Toshinori).
- 満幸の分国出雲国において後円融天皇の御料である仙洞領横田庄を押領して、御教書にも従わなかったとの理由であった。
- The reasons were that he seized sento ryo Yokota no sho, which was Emperor Goenyu's Imperial property within Mitsuyuki's territory of Izumo Province, and that he did not follow the migyosho (document of shogunate order).
- 滝川はこの3教官に対し罷免を示唆しつつ公の場で繰り返し非難を行い、結局のところ3人全員が特別弁護人を辞退した。
- Takigawa hinted that the three staff members could be fired and repeatedly criticized them in public, and in the end, all three declined the position of special lawyer.
- 山腹には現世信仰で知られる宝山寺を中心として、滝の修行場や祠など大小さまざまな宗教団体の施設が設けられている。
- Facilities including sites for practicing cold water ablutions by a fall (stand under a waterfall), or hokora (a small shrine) of large and small religious organizations centering on Hozan-ji Temple, which is known for belief in material benefits, are located on the mountainside.
- 女房は受領階級などの中級貴族の子女が多く、中級貴族たちは藤原氏に取り入るべく子女の教育に努力を惜しまなかった。
- Female personal assistants were often the girls of middle-classed nobles such as local officers and these middle-classed nobles spared no effort in educating their girls to win the FUJIWARA clan's favor.
- しかし、1596年10月のサン=フェリペ号事件をきっかけに、秀吉は1596年12月8日に再び禁教令を公布した。
- However, when the San Felipe Incident occurred in October, 1596, Hideyoshi issued the Ban on Christianity on December 8, 1596 again.
- このため、一ノ谷という攻略地点を重視して桑田忠親國學院大學教授などは戦況や史料の断片的な記録から判断している。
- Because of this, Tadachika KUWATA, a professor at Kokugakuin University and other scholars had taken serious consideration in the Ichinotani incident, and concludes the location from the war's situation and the fragmented written records contained within historical materials.
- 特に一世の世代は過酷な労働をこなしながら、稼いだお金を自分たちのためには使わず、子供たちの教育のために注いだ。
- The issei (first-generation) especially worked hard under harsh labor conditions, though they used the money they earned for the education of their children, not for themselves.
- そして、教経は山の手(夢野口)の将と考えられることから、一般に義定が山の手を攻めた大将と推定されることが多い。
- Generally, is is now presumed Yoshisada as the general who attacked the hilly section fortress of the Taira clan because tsune was in command of the hilly section of the city (Yumeno fortress entrance).
- しかし、寺子屋によって実務的な教育が庶民の間に定着しており、明治初期における日本の識字率は世界最高水準にあった。
- However, practical education by Terakoya had been entrenched among the ordinary citizens and the literacy level of the Japanese in the beginning of the Meiji period was among the top in the world.
- また家門の結束のために教会や修道院が建立され、世襲的なフォークタイを家門で所有し、これを家門の最年長者に委ねた。
- Churches and monasteries were established as means to unite each family, which would in turn own its patrimonial bailiwick and entrust it to the oldest person in the family.
- 元は、個人所有の書斎・書庫の意味で用いられていたが、鎌倉時代以後に学問教授の場所としても用いられるようになった。
- Originally, 'gakumonjo' referred to a privately-owned study or library, but after the Kamakura period, people came to use gakumonjo as a place to instruct academics.
- 神仏習合(しんぶつしゅうごう)とは、土着の信仰と仏教信仰を折衷して、一つの信仰体系として再構成(習合)すること。
- Shinbutsu-shugo (syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism) refers to blending of indigenous belief and Buddhistic faith to reconfigure one belief system.
- これは、算博士の職掌が次第に算生の教育よりも中央の財務・経理官人としての職務に移りつつあったことの反映であった。
- This reflected the gradual shift of the official duties of San hakase to those of central government officials of finance and accounting, rather than those of Sansho educators.
- 更に正史などの記録や『日本現報善悪霊異記』のような仏教説話には僧尼令の規定とは違った僧尼の姿が描き出されている。
- Furthermore, documents, such as the Official History, and Buddhism tales, such as 'Nihon genho zenaku ryoiki' (set of three books of Buddhist stories, written in the late eigth and early ninth century, usually referred to as the Nihon Ryoiki), portrayed monks and nuns who did not comply with Soni ryo.
- 東の帳台の西南角に幔を引いて小哥(当世の歌を歌う人)の座、北庇塗籠のうちを大師(舞姫に舞を教える人)の局とする。
- The southwest corner of the east chodai was curtained off for a kouta (a person who sung contemporary songs) and the north nurigome was allocated as the daishi no tsubone (a room for daishi (a teacher of the dancers)).
- 尚、この安田氏らの武士発生論をデフォルメしたものが教科書の世界に定着し、小中学校では以下のように教えられてきた。
- Furthermore, the warped theory about the origin of bushi of Yasuda and others written in textbooks in elementary and middle schools taught as follows.
- それにより赤松氏は山名持豊(山名宗全)を中心とした幕府軍の追討を受け、満祐と教康は殺され、赤松氏本流は没落した。
- As a consequence, the Akamatsu clan was pursued by the bakufu army lead by Mochitoyo YAMANA (Sozen YAMANA) to search out to kill them, and Mitsusuke and Noriyasu were killed and the main line of the Akamatsu clan was collasped.
- 蓮如上人が京より北陸へ布教をする際、当村を含む街道を通り、村々を真言宗・日蓮宗等から改宗させたと記録されている。
- It is recorded that, when visiting the Hokuriku area from the capital to preach, Rennyo Shonin (a famous priest of Jodo-shu Sect in the Muromachi period) used a road that passed this village, and made many villagers in villages along the road changed their religious sects from Shingon-shu Sect or Nichiren-shu Sect to his Jodoshin-shu Sect.
- この時代の教育の影響で、民族語を持てず、民族的文化的アイデンティティーが危うくなるなどの後遺症に苦しむ人もいる。
- Influenced by the education of this period, some people have suffered from the aftermath, such as not being able to have their ethnic language and their ethnic and cultural identities being jeopardized.
- 江戸時代になると社会が安定し、支配層となった武士は儒教精神に基づく穏健な支配、すなわち仁政を指向するようになった。
- During the Edo period the society was stabilized, bushis as a ruling class aimed to moderate governance according to the spirit of Confucius, that is, governance by humanity and justice.
- なお、類した表現として「権門勢家」があるが、これは院宮王臣家だけでなく、宗教勢力や武家勢力をも含む上位概念である。
- In addition to the term 'Engu oshinke,' there is the term 'Kenmon seika,' which is similar in meaning but carries a broader concept, referring collectively to Engu oshinke, powerful religious institutions and samurai families.
- 鎌倉新仏教の開祖たち(一遍を除く)は比叡山に学んでおり、比叡山は一切衆生の救済を説く鎌倉新仏教を生む母胎であった。
- All the founders of new Buddhist sects during the Kamakura period (except Ippen) were trained at Mt. Hiei; indeed, with their belief that all living creatures could be saved, Mt. Hiei was the fertile ground that cultivated new offshoots of the Buddhist faith during the Kamakura period.
- 延暦寺(山門)全山の大衆_(仏教)が集合して京都洛中洛外の洛中法華21ヶ寺に対して延暦寺の末寺になるように迫った。
- All followers of the Enryaku-ji Temple (also referred to as Sanmon) gathered together and demanded that the 21 temples of Rakuchu-Hokke, in and around the capital Kyoto, become branch temples of Enryaku-ji Temple.
- このとき「ぎゃあ!!」と大声を上げた山田に対し、龍馬は「ほたえな!」と言い、刺客に自分たちの居場所を教えてしまう。
- Hearing Yamada's scream, Ryoma yelled out 'Hotaena! (Be quiet)' which revealed where he was to the assassins.
- 山名持豊は満祐を討ち果たしたことによって播磨国の守護職を与えられ、備前国は山名教之、美作国は山名教清に与えられた。
- Mochitoyo YAMANA was appointed shugoshiki (military governor) of the Harima Province for his achievement of destroying Mitsusuke, and the Bizen Province was given to Noriyuki YAMANA, the Mimasaka Province to Norikiyo YAMANA.
- さらに宣教師や商人によって日本人が奴隷として奴隷貿易事件が発生し、ここに至って豊臣秀吉はバテレン追放令を発布した。
- In addition to that, a slave-trade incident occurred in which missionaries and merchants sold Japanese people into slavery, which finally made Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI decide to issue the order expelling Jesuit missionaries.
- 安田義定、多田行綱らに大半の兵を与えて平通盛・平教経の1万騎が守る夢野口(山の手)へ向かわせる(山の手攻撃の将)。
- Yoshitsune gave most of his troops to Yoshisada YASUDA and Yukitsuna TADA, ordering them into position at the Yumeno fortress entrance (hilly section of a city), which was the location that was guarded by TAIRA no Michimori and TAIRA no Noritsune with tens of thousands of cavalrymen under their command (the commander for attacking the hilly section).
- このときに義教は朝廷権威を利用し、後花園天皇に対して3代将軍足利義満時代以来であった治罰綸旨と錦御旗の要請を行う。
- On this occasion, Yoshinori asked Emperor Gohanazono, making use of authority of the imperial court, for Jibatsu Rinji (a written document for imperial edicts to hunt down and kill emperor's enemies) and the Imperial standard for the first time since the days of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- 奉安殿(ほうあんでん)とは、戦前戦中にかけて各地の学校で、天皇皇后の写真(御真影)と教育勅語を納めていた建物のこと。
- Hoan-den was the premises where portraits of the emperor and empress (called 'goshin-ei portrait') and the Imperial Rescript on Education were housed before and during the war.
- 争乱の排除をめざして浄土真宗本願寺教団によって組織された武士、農民、商工業者などによって形成された宗教的自治である。
- In an effort to avoid disturbances, the leadership of the Jodo Shinshu Honganji organization organized its followers of warriors, farmers, and craftsmen/merchants, thereby instituting a religiously based autonomous government over them.
- 大乗仏教は、その構造上利他行を通じて罪の救済を得られる教えとなっており、この点が豪族たちに受け入れられたと思われる。
- The reason Mahayana Buddhism became popular among local ruling families might be that it taught that sin was forgiven through Ritako (Altruistic Practice).
- 実語教(じつごきょう)は、平安時代末期から明治初期にかけて普及していた庶民のための教訓を中心とした初等教科書である。
- Jitsugokyo was a textbook used for elementary education from the end of the Heian Period to the early Meiji period in which precepts for ordinary people were mainly compiled.
- このように呪術的な信仰を求める大衆に対しての仏教の側からの浸透に対抗し、神祇信仰の側からも理論武装の動きが出てきた。
- Thus, the Jingi belief started to arm with reasoning to confront Buddhism, which spread to the public who demanded magical belief.
- 現存する最古の御教書は、永久 (元号)4年(1116年)10月12日 (旧暦)に藤原忠実により発給された文書である。
- The oldest Migyosho still in existence was issued by FUJIWARA no Tadazane on November 25, 1116.
- やがて明経道の教官職は中原氏・清原氏による世襲が事実上慣例化し、明経道そのものも専ら訓詁学研究に終始したようである。
- Before long, the position of Myogyodo lecturer became conventionally inherited by the Nakahara and Kiyohara clans and Myogyodo itself became the study of Kunkogaku (annotation and interpretation of classical books) as well.
- 現在知られる合戦への潮流の影響は大正3年(1914年)に黒板勝美東京帝国大学教授が著書『義経伝』で提唱した説である。
- The present well-known theory that the effect of the changing tides decided the battle was first advanced by Katsumi KUROITA, professor at Tokyo Imperial University, in his work entitled 'The Legends of Yoshitsune' in 1914.
- また、全ての荘園領主が在俗者だった訳ではなく、司教や修道院長が領主として貢納を伴う土地所有を行っていた例も見られる。
- And all the lords of shoen were not secular men and some bishops or abbots owned lands with tributes as lords.
- 中世の代表的自治都市である堺は宣教師も「東洋のベニス」と評価する文書を残しており、織田信長に屈服するまで自治を行う。
- Sakai, a representative example of the free cities in the medieval period, was rated by missionaries in some surviving accounts as 'the Venice of the East,' and continued its autonomy until it was later forced to capitulate to Nobunaga ODA.
- その一方で、円仁が比叡山に伝えた念仏三昧法から源信 (僧侶)の天台浄土教、良忍の融通念仏宗など浄土教の興隆があった。
- Moreover, spiritual tenets shifted away from the Nenbutsu Zanmai (deep prayer to Amida Buddha) passed down to Mt. Hiei by the monk Ennin and towards the monk Genshin's Tendai and Jodo (Pure Land) teachings as well as Ryonin's Yuzu Nenbutsu (Adaptable Prayer to Amida) sect, leading to the ascendancy of Pure Land teachings.
- 多くの大名が改易、もしくは仏教か神道への改宗を余儀なくされ(強制改宗)、キリスト教の禁教と迫害の時代に入っていった。
- Many daimyo were forced to relinquish their samurai status and forfeit their hereditary territories, or were compelled to profess faith in Buddhism or Shinto (compulsory conversion), ushering in a period of anti-Christian edicts and persecution of Christianity.
- 仏教や神道を奉ずる大名の中にも、僧侶たちの意見を聞き入れ外来の宗教であるキリスト教を『邪教』として弾圧する者もいた。
- Among those daimyo who professed faith in Buddhism or Shinto, some took heed of the monks' or priests' views and branded Christianity, a foreign religion, a type of 'heresy,' oppressing its followers.
- 後に真田隊の猛攻を恐れ、家康を残して逃走した旗本衆の行動を詮議したという「大久保忠教覚書」(三河物語)も残っている。
- There remains 'Tadataka OKUBO Oboegaki (memoradom)' (Mikawa Monogatari [Tales from Mikawa]', a record of later-year investigations on hatamoto units that ran away, leaving Ieyasu, out of fear of fierce attacks by the Sanada troop.
- 信仰のあり方は一神教的な救済論的なものではなく、習俗的な穏やかなものであり、自らを「信者」とはみなさない場合も多い。
- The style of their religion is not based on monotheistic theories of salvation but instead on moderate custom, and there are many people who don't regard themselves as 'devotees'.
- 舒明天皇の没後、妻の皇極天皇、子の天智によって継承され、639年(舒明11)に完成された天皇家最初の仏教寺院である。
- This was the Imperial Family's first Buddhist temple, completed in 639 by Emperor Jomei and, after his death, succeeded by his consort, Empress Kogyoku, and his son, Emperor Tenchi.
- 森有礼文部大臣の下、1886年(明治19年)にそれまでの教育令を廃して発布され、その後2回にわたって全面改正された。
- It was issued in 1886 to abolish the previous education order from Arinori MORI, Minister of Education and afterwards it was totally revised twice.
- 以後、儒教以外の漢文学を教授した文章博士の地位が向上して、後には文章博士の学科である紀伝道が上位を占めるようになった。
- The status of Monjo Hakase, who taught Chinese classical literature other than Confucianism, subsequently improved, their department, Kidendo (the study of the histories), became highly ranked.
- しかし、その後の江戸幕府は禁教政策に加え、西国大名が勢力を伸ばすことを警戒したので海外との貿易を制限するようになった。
- However, after that, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), being afraid that daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) in western Japan would expand their power, and imposed restrictions on foreign trade in addition to the ban of Christianity.
- 京大法学部教授会および小西総長は文相の要求を拒絶したが、同月26日、文部省は文官分限令により滝川の休職処分を強行した。
- The board of professors at the Faculty of Law, Kyoto University and Dean Konishi refused the Minister of Education's demands and on the 26th of the same month, the Ministry of Education forced a decision on Takigawa's suspension from work through the Bunkanbungen law (ordinance on the status of civil servants).
- 教経は小長刀を持って組みかからんと挑むが、義経はゆらりと飛び上がると船から船へと飛び移り八艘彼方へ飛び去ってしまった。
- Noritsune, grasping both short and long swords, tried to get Yoshitsune to fight him in a duel, but Yoshitsune lightly sprang away, jumping away from ship to ship until he was eight ships distant.
- 後者は前者と比べて教訓が生かされたこともあって被害が少なかったものの、どちらも市街地はほぼ壊滅状態にまで追いやられた。
- While the damage was smaller than those before them, despite this, the area was almost completely destroyed.
- 天台仏教・山岳仏教が日本各地へ広がり、豊後国東半島(豊貴寺大堂など)や北陸地方(平泉寺など)などで動きが顕著であった。
- Tendai Buddhism and Mountain Buddhism spread all over Japan and the regions where this was prominent included Kunisaki peninsula in the Bungo Province (including Main Hall in Fuki-ji Temple) and Hokuriku Region (including Heisen-ji Temple).
- しかし、安定期であった江戸時代を通じて形成された、儒教的な「士道」に反発し武士としての本来のありようを訴える人もいた。
- However, some evoked the traditional bushi identity, opposing Confucius morality of the samurai which formed during the stable Edo period.
- 8月19日、摂津国の大手軍が動き、細川持常、赤松貞村は陸路から、細川持親は海路から塩屋(神戸市)の教康の陣を攻撃した。
- On September 13, the major army in the Settsu Province made an advance and Mochitsune HOSOKAWA and Sadamura AKAMATSU attacked from land route and Mochichika Hosokawa attacked the Noriyasu's camp at Shioya (present-day Kobe City) from sea route.
- 5世紀頃の中国では、大乗仏教の偽経『梵綱経』の第3に食肉戒より、動物の命を絶つことを理由に、肉食を完全に禁止している。
- In 5th century China, the eating of meat was completely prohibited, because it involved taking lives of animals, based on the commandment to abstain from meat-eating in apocryphal scripture of Mahayana Buddhism.
- しかし、広い意味での宗教的な感覚は、冠婚葬祭や年中行事などの場面で、他宗教とは異質な独自の信念が意識されることがある。
- However, original beliefs which differ from those of other religions are seen in a broader sense in ceremonial occasions and annual events.
- 鎌倉公方の足利持氏と関東管領の上杉憲実の対立に端を発する、室町幕府6代将軍足利義教が持氏討伐を命じた事件、戦いである。
- It is an incident or a war which originated from confrontation between Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) and Norizane UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), and for which Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the sixth shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), ordered to suppress Mochiuji.
- 市教委は、この場所より南側ではほとんど遺構が発見されていないことなどを根拠として、この遺構を条坊の南端と推定している。
- The City Board of Education supposes that these remains are the southern border of jobo based on the facts including that few remains have been found south of this location.
- 寺内町(じないちょう、じないまち)とは、室町時代に浄土真宗などの仏教寺院、道場(御坊)を中心に形成された自治集落のこと。
- Jinaicho (also called Jinaimachi) refers to self-governing communities formed during the Muromachi period, which centered on the Buddhist temples of the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) and training seminaries (gobo).
- 大学寮には算道を教授する算博士(さんはかせ、従七位上相当・2名)と学生である算生(さんしょう、30名)で構成されていた。
- The Daigaku-ryo consisted of two San hakase (Doctor of Numbers, equivalent to Jushichiijo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade)) who taught Sando, and thirty Sansho (students studying arithmetic).
- 織田信長の勝因を、「民家への略奪行為で油断する今川方を急襲したから」とする説を、黒田日出男東京大学名誉教授が唱えている。
- According to a theory put forward by Hideo KURODA, professor emeritus at the University of Tokyo, Nobunaga ODA beat IMAGAWA 'because Oda conducted a surprise attack on the Imagawa army, who were caught off guard while in the act of looting private homes.'
- そのため、将軍個人の私的性の強い命令書でありながら、御教書に準じるものとして幕府の公式な命令書と同様の法的効力があった。
- As a result, these documents were deemed as a kind of Migyosho (an official document informing people of a government decision), and even though it was more of a private order made by the shogun, it had the legal weight equivalent to an official bakufu order.
- 鎮護国家において仏教が保護されて官寺が建立されてその監督体制が整備されて国家と皇室の安泰が祈願されていたのは事実である。
- It is true that Buddhism was protected and that the kanji had been erected and systematically maintained by Chingokokka to pray for peace and security of the country and Imperial Family.
- しかし、それに伴って現れた私信である直状形式の御内書などが次第に広く用いられるようになり、御教書はやがて使われなくなる。
- However, as Gonaisho (an official document) adopted the style of Jikijo (a private document) and came to be more wildey used, Migyosho gradually fell into disuse.
- 国府の運営、即ち官営であるものは、そのような仏教側の動きと実際問題での行旅死亡人の増加に伴い発生してきたものと思われる。
- It is likely that Fuseya operated by kokufu or the government emerged in accordance with Buddhist activities as well as the practical problem of increasing traveler deaths.
- 公教と惟方により二条天皇の六波羅行幸の計画が練られ、藤原尹明(信西の従兄弟・惟方の義兄弟)が密命を帯びて内裏に参入する。
- A plan to spirit Emperor Nijo away by having him make a visit to Rokuhara was perfected thanks to Kiminori and Korekata, while FUJIWARA no Tadaaki (Shinzei's cousin and Korekata's brother-in-law, also known as Masaaki) paid a visit to the Imperial Palace bearing a secret order.
- 剛の者である平教経は、鬼神の如く戦い坂東武者を討ち取りまくるが、知盛が既に勝敗は決したから罪作りなことはするなと伝えた。
- The strong warrior TAIRA no Noritsune fought on like a demon, striking down the warriors from east Japan left and right, but Tomomori told him that, with the battle already lost, he should not do anything wicked.
- 江戸時代後期ごろ、日本の古典を研究する学問国学のなかから、“外来宗教伝来以前の日本人固有の考え方”という発想が起こった。
- During the latter half of the Edo period, the idea of 'original way of thinking by Japanese people prior to the introduction of foreign religions' arose in the studies of Japanese literature and culture, which emphasized Japanese classical literature.
- 建武_(日本)・暦応年間頃に備前において布教活動をしていた大覚(日像門人)に宗論を挑んで敗れた松田元喬がこれを保護した。
- After Mototaka MATSUDA challenged Daikaku (a disciple of Nichizo), who was doing missionary work in Bizen during Kenmu and Rekio era (1334-1341), on a religious debate and lost, and he protected this.
- しかしそれは成立時期の問題よりも、上座部仏教と大乗仏教の間での教義の違いを反映していると言えよう(→大乗非仏説を参照)。
- But this difference is not due to a difference in the establishment of teachings, but is thought to be due to a difference of doctrine between upper seat Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism (cf. doctrine that Mahayana is not Buddhism).
- 明治期の日本が急速に近代化を達成できた要因のひとつに、寺子屋が庶民に高い教育水準をもたらしていた背景をあげることができる。
- One of the factors that led to the rapid modernization of Japan in the Meiji period was the high educational standards that Terakoya had provided the ordinary citizens.
- 室田武(1967年卒・理学) 大学卒業後は経済学に転じ、一橋大学や同志社大学教授を務めて「エコロジーの経済学」を提唱した。
- Takeshi MUROTA (class of 1967, science): After graduation, he studied economics, served as a professor at Hitotsubashi University and Doshisha University, and advocated 'economics of ecology.'
- 神仏分離(しんぶつぶんり)は、神仏習合の慣習を禁止し、神道と仏教、神 (神道)と仏、神社と寺院とをはっきり区別させること。
- Shinbutsu-bunri is to prohibit conventional syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism and to distinguish between Shintoism and Buddhism, Kami (Shinto) and Buddha, and shrines and temples.
- 菅原氏の当主は大学寮における公的な職務以外に、自宅にこうした私塾を開いて教えを請う学生たちに紀伝道を講義したとされている。
- It was considered that the head of the Sugawara clan established the private school for lecturing on the Kidendo for students who were asking the head to teach them, besides performing his official duties at the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).
- しかし、室町幕府の五山や江戸幕府の寺院諸法度と比較しても、それを「国家仏教」とまで呼べるのかについては議論が残されている。
- However, comparing with gosan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or the Jiin Shohatto (laws for temples) of Edo bakufu, whether it may be called 'National Buddhism' remains debatable.
- 擬漢文体で書かれ、衣食住、職業、領国経営、建築、司法、職分、仏教、武具、教養、療養など、多岐にわたる一般常識を内容とする。
- Written in pseudo-Chinese style, Teikin Orai covered a wide range of topics on general knowledge including lifestyle, vocation, territory management, architecture, law, duty, Buddhism, weapons, education, and medical treatment.
- 元々困っている旅行者を施設を造って助けようという「救恤」の発想自体が仏教の考え方であり、自然と運営主体は寺院が多くなった。
- The very idea of helping travelers in trouble was based on a concept of Buddhist thought called 'kyujutsu' (helping a person in trouble), so temples naturally made up the majority of the operations.
- また、クーデターや、信長による古くからの日本社会を変革させる急進的な動き(仏教弾圧など)への反動(反革命)との理解も多い。
- Also, many persons understand that it was a coup d'état or a reaction (antirevolutionary act -revolution) against Nobunaga's radical behavior to change traditional society of Japan (such as oppression of Buddhism).
- 義教の室町殿にあった会所泉殿には、将軍みづからが茶をたてることもあったろう、と推測できるような御座所のつくりになっている。
- The Kaisho Izumidono of the Muromachidono of Yoshinori had Gozasho architecture that allowed one to predict if the shogun himself served tea.
- キリスト教各派の宣教師が定住して教会堂を建てて布教を行い、その一環として多くの著名なミッションスクールを創設した地である。
- This settlement was a place in which missionaries of each branch of Christianity settled, built a church, and proselytized; as a part of such activities, many famous missionary schools were established there.
- 特に新渡戸はキリスト教徒の多いアメリカの現実、拝金主義や人種差別に衝撃をうけ同時にキリスト者の倫理観の高さに感銘を受けた。
- Especially Nidobe was struck by the realty of America where many Christians lived, such as mammonism and racism and were also impressed by the ethics of the Christians.
- 寺子屋の「子屋」が「こや(小屋)」に通じる点や、「屋」が屋号に通じる事が教育の場の名称に適切ではないと考えられたからである。
- This was because 'Koya' in Terakoya sounded like 'shed' and 'Ya' sounded like a shop name and was considered unsuitable as a name for a place of education.
- 経典を研究し「三経義疏」(さんぎょうぎしょ)という注釈書を書いたが、これに彼の教育思想、「一乗思想」が色濃く反映されている。
- He studied Buddhist scriptures and wrote a commentary called 'Sankyogisho (three sutra annotations written by Prince Shotoku)'; his educational idea, 'ekayana (doctrine that only one teaching, usu. the Lotus Sutra, can lead to enlightenment),' is strongly reflected in it.
- 『古事記』・『日本書紀』によれば、王仁が『論語』・『千字文』を伝えて応神天皇の皇子に教えたとされているが、真偽は不明である。
- According to the history books, 'Kojiki' (Record of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' (The Chronicles of Japan), Wani is believed to be a teacher to the Prince of Emperor Ojin using the books 'Rongo' (The Analects of Confucius) and 'Senjimon' (The Thousand Character Classic); however, this remains unconfirmed.
- これが神祇信仰に従来からあった怨霊祭り上げの風習に加えて、密教の側からの鎮魂も行われた点に神仏習合の類型を見ることが出来る。
- One may see it as an example of shinbutsu-shugo since ritual for repose of souls, based on esoteric Buddhism, was carried out in addition to the custom of vindictive spirit festival based on traditional Jingi belief.
- 嘉吉元年(1441年)、赤松満祐・赤松教康父子が結城合戦の祝勝会で、第6代将軍・足利義教を謀殺するという嘉吉の乱が起こった。
- In 1441, Mitsusuke AKAMATSU and his son Noriyasu AKAMATSU deliberately murdered the sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA at a feast celebrating the victory of the Yuki War, leading to the Kakitsu War.
- 義満の「道有」、「天山」、義教の「雑華室」であり、これらの印がついた宝物は義政のコレクションである「東山御物」へと発展した。
- There were 'Doyu' and 'Tenzan' of Yoshimitsu, 'Zakkeshitsu' of Yoshinori, and these treasures developed into 'Higashiyama gomotsu' (Imperial treasures owned by the Ashikaga family) of the collection of Yoshimasa.
- 皇太子どころか親王ですらなく、王に過ぎない彼の奉書形式の命令書は、本来は御教書と呼ばねばならないが、身分を冒してこう称した。
- But Mochihito, far from being the crown prince, wasn't even an acknowledged imperial prince, and as a mere princeling, his order, issued as a hosho (a document for informing lower-rank people of the decision of upper people such as an emperor or shogun) must in fact be called a migyosho (a document for informing people of the decision of Third Rank or upper people); and for this reason, he exaggerated his social status with the name he gave himself.
- 日本教職員組合などの反対派は憲法が保障する思想・良心の自由に反するとして、旗の掲揚並びに「君が代」斉唱は行わないと主張した。
- Opposition factions such as Japan Teachers Union (Nikkyoso) asserted that they did not raise the flag and did not carry out chorus reading of 'Kimigayo' on the grounds that it was against freedom of thought and freedom of conscience guaranteed by the Constitution.
- そうした中、日本は朝鮮語教育に力を入れ、朝鮮民衆にハングルが広まったのは、日本の政策の結果であったとする意見も存在している。
- There exists an opinion that Japan promoted education of Korean language, and the prevalence of Hangeul among Korean people was a result of the Japanese policy.
- 政治と宗教の関係が密接であった当時の事情から『日本書紀』の記述が、厭勝銭に関する規定として置かれた可能性も否定できないこと。
- Considering the close relationship between politics and religion at the time, it is still possible that the description of 'Nihonshoki' was written as regulation of incantation coin.
- 明法家もまた、元は大学寮の明法道の教官であった明法博士の地位を明法道の家学化によってその世襲を確立させることで成立している。
- Such Myobo-ke were also formed by establishing heredity of the position of Myobo hakase who were originally instructors of Myobodo (study of ritsuryo codes) in Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) by changing Myobodo to hereditary learning.
- 更に1177年の大火で大学寮や文章院が焼失すると、再建されることなく放置され、公的教育機関としての大学寮は消滅することになる。
- After Daigakuryo and Monjoin were burned out due to the conflagration in 1177, they were abandoned without being re-established; thus Daigakuryo as public educational institution disappeared.
- 中には神仏習合の風習を受け継いだり復興させたりするところもあるが、神道、仏教のそれぞれの内部では、お互いに忌避するむきもある。
- Although some shrines and temples inherit or try to revive the custom of the syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism, Shintoists and Buddhists basically dislike and avoid each other in fact.
- 1945年に戦争責任で朝日新聞の取締役を辞任し、小学校教師、大学事務官、最高裁判官秘書などを経たのち7年後に朝日新聞社に復帰。
- He resigned from the position of director of the Asahi Shimbun Company in 1945 due to responsibility for the war, and returned to the Asahi Shimbun Company seven years later after working as an elementary school teacher, a clerk for the university and a secretary of a supreme court judge.
- また滝川を法学部長とし、法学部再建の全権を委ねる旨密約がなされ、黒田法学部長は解任され、佐伯ら前記「復帰組」教官らは辞職した。
- There also was a secret pact that made Takigawa head of the Faculty of Law and have all the rights to rebuild the faculty, which led to Kuroda who was faculty head being fired and the staff who returned such as Saeki resigning.
- 552年(538年説あり)に仏教公伝した当初には、仏は、蕃神(となりのくにのかみ)として日本の神と同質の存在として認識された。
- In 552 (in 538, according to another theory), when Buddhism was officially introduced into Japan, Buddha was recognized as banshin (a deity of a neighboring country) and equivalent to a Japanese deity.
- 音道(おんどう)とは、日本律令制の大学寮において、儒教経典をそのまま音読するために必要な漢音(中国語)の発音について習う学科。
- Ondo is one of the subjects of Daigaku-ryo, an educational institution under the system of centralized administration established under the Ritsuryo Legal Codes in Japan, to learn the Han pronunciations of Chinese characters in order to allow the reading aloud of the scriptures of Confucianism with the original pronunciations.
- 儒教では、贅沢は君臣・尊卑の名 (倫理)と分 (倫理)からの逸脱を意味するとされ、社会秩序に対する重大な挑戦と考えられてきた。
- Confucianism has stated that luxury is against Mei (ethics) and Bun (ethics) of Kunshin Sonpi (knowing the difference between the ruler and the ruled or between the aristocrat and the plebeian) and is a great defiance against social order.
- 小笠原家長、木曽家豊、松平信光、吉良義真、筒井順尊、吉川経基、吉見信頼、益田兼堯、大内教幸、小早川煕平、河野教通、相良長続など
- Ienaga OGASAWARA, Ietoyo KISO, Nobumitsu MATSUDAIRA, Yoshizane KIRA, Junson TSUTSUI, Tsunemoto KIKKAWA, Nobuyori YOSHIMI, Kanetaka MASUDA, Noriyuki OUCHI, Hirohira KOBAYAKAWA, Norimichi KONO, Nagatsugu SAGARA and so on
- なお、クンビーラは同じくヒンドゥー教の神で毘沙門天の前身であるクベーラと名前が似るためよく混同されるが両者は全くの別物である。
- Kunbi-ra is often confused with another Hindu god Kubi-ra, who was the predecessor of Bishamonten (Vaisravana) because their names are similar, but they are completely different from each other.
- しかしその一方で、鎌倉仏教の普及や、主要寺社の火災による損壊などから、むしろ鎌倉時代後期は、寺社の新築・改築の必要性が増した。
- In the late Kamakura period, however, there were more needs to newly build or rebuild shrines and temples because of the spread of Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura period) as well as damages to major shrines and temples from fire.
- 義教は、将軍の権力強化をねらって、斯波氏、畠山氏、山名氏、京極氏、富樫氏の家督相続に強引に介入し、意中の者を家督に据えさせた。
- Yoshinori planed to consolidate the power of shogun and intervened in the succession to family headship of the Shiba, Hatakeyama, Yamana, Kyogoku, and Togashi clans in a high-handed manner and made those in his mind take over the clan.
- 古田博司は、昭和の陸軍が現実感を失った組織になってしまった理由について、儒教化とりわけ朱子学化したからだとの所説を述べている。
- Hiroshi FURUTA expressed his opinion that the reason why the army in the Showa period became an organization that lost its sense of reality was the commitment to Confucianism, especially the commitment to Neo-Confucianism.
- 東アジア世界では、仏教の思想の下、いくつかの生類保護政策がとられており、これらの「生類憐みの令」への影響を指摘する学説がある。
- In East Asia, several policies for the protection of living things had been established and there is a discussion which points out their influence on the law prohibiting cruelty to animals.
- 日本史の教科書によく描かれている、事件の真相解明のきっかけとなった子供の喧嘩の場面では「異時同図法」という手法が用いられている。
- The scene of the children fighting, which led to the revelation of the truth of the incident, uses the 'Iji-dozu-ho technique' (showing scenes of incidents that happened at different times in one picture) and is often introduced in the textbooks of Japanese history.
- また、菅原氏などの学者が公務以外に私邸などを使って門人を教育するなど、私立学校の萌芽のようなものもこの時代から現れるようになる。
- Moreover, that period marked the beginning of private school, in which the scholars of SUGAWARA clan educated their disciples on their private estate, providing un-official services.
- しかし、都の衰退と共に、仏教寺院や学識僧が徐々にその担い手として台頭し、その中でも鎌倉五山を中心とした五山文学はその代表である。
- However, with the decline of the capital, Buddhist temples and learned priests came to be responsible for those studies; the most representative of them was Gozan Bungaku (Literature of the Five Official Temples), the center of which was Kamakura Gozan Temple.
- 代わりに派遣された足利政知(義教の子)も上杉氏との確執から伊豆の堀越御所(堀越公方)に根拠を定めたために鎌倉府は事実上消滅した。
- As Masatomo ASHIKAGA (Yoshinori's son), who was appointed in place of Shigeuji, was based at Horikoshi palace (Horikoshi kubo) in Izu Province due to a feud with the Uesugi clan, the Kamakurafu ceased to exist in effect.
- 庭訓往来(ていきんおうらい)とは、往来物(往復の手紙)の形式をとる、寺子屋で習字や読本として使用された初級の教科書の一つである。
- Written in an oraimono (exchange of letters) style, Teikin Orai was an elementary textbook used as a copybook and reader at Terakoya (temple elementary schools during the Edo period).
- また、文章生など他の学生に対しても一般常識としての儒学教養を求めたために他学生による明経道の講義の聴講が行われる場合が多かった。
- Furthermore, there were many cases of students from other departments, such as Monjo (Literature), taking courses on Myogyodo since the subject had become a required general subject.
- これは、律令の背景思想だった儒教に基づく政策であったが、園人の後に政権を握った藤原冬嗣は一変して墾田開発の促進を政策方針とした。
- This policy was based on Confucianism, a key idea of the Ritsuryo system, but FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu, who took over Sonohito, changed the policy drastically, making it policy to facilitate the development of reclaimed land.
- 黙認という形ではあったが宣教師たちは日本で活動を続けることができたし、キリシタンとなった日本人が公に棄教を迫られる事はなかった。
- The missionaries could continue their activities in Japan, actually in the way that their activities were overlooked, and the Japanese who became Christian did not officially forced to abjure their religion.
- もっとも、従来より仏教の影響もあり獣肉を食するのを嫌悪する風潮はあり、本格的に獣肉を食するようになるのは明治時代以降の事である。
- On the other hand, due to the influence of Buddhism there was still a tradition for disliking the consumption of animal flesh and it was only from the Meiji Period onwards that people began to eating meat on a wide scale.
- 特に古代から近世に至るまで身近な大国であった中国の中華文化の影響は大きく、文学、言語、宗教に至るまで、中華文化由来の文化は多い。
- The nearby nation of China, prominent from ancient to modern times, had a particularly great effect on literature, language and religion, many aspects of which came from Chinese culture.
- 1893年 サンフランシスコ教育委員会、日系人子弟の公立学校への入学を拒否する決議を採択(サンフランシスコ日本人学童隔離事件)。
- In 1893, the San Francisco Board of Education adopted a resolution to allow public schools to refuse admission to Japanese children (San Francisco Japanese Children Segregation).
- その後、福澤は、請願書の案文制作や、当時の権令(県令)柴原和や政府の高官の西郷従道などに書簡を送付し、教示するなどして支援した。
- After that, FUKUZAWA had supported the movement, making a draft of a petition, or sending letters enlightening the matter to the vice governor (prefectural governor) at that time Yawara SHIBAHARA and a senior government official Tsugumichi SAIGO and others.
- 仏教の摂取と流布に大いに貢献した蘇我氏とこれに反対する物部氏との対立(崇仏論争)はのちに蘇我馬子と物部守屋との間での戦乱を招く。
- A dispute over the adoption of Buddhism between the Soga clan, who had greatly contributed to dissemination of Buddhism in Japan, and their opponents, the Mononobe clan led to conflict between SOGA no Umako and MONONOBE no Moriya.
- 大学頭の名称は、江戸時代に儒学者の林家の当主が代々継承する称号として、また幕府の最高教育官の名称として幕府機構の中に取り込まれた。
- During the Edo period, the name Daigaku no kami became the title that had been inherited for generations by the heads of the Hayashi family, a Confucian scholar family, thus being incorporated into the organizations of the Edo bakufu (Japanese federal government headed by a shogun) as the name of its supreme educational officer.
- まだ密教は体系化されていなかったが、その呪術的な修行や奇蹟を重視し世俗的な富の蓄積や繁栄を肯定する性格が神祇信仰とも折衷しやすい。
- Although Esoteric Buddhism had not been systematized yet, it might be easy to blend with the Jingi belief because of its magical practice and teachings, focusing on miracles, and affirming accumulation and the prosperity of secular wealth.
- 12月、尾張守・藤原家教(藤原成親の同母弟)の目代である右衛門尉・藤原政友が、延暦寺領・美濃国平野荘の神人を凌礫する事件を起こす。
- In December, Uemon no jo (the third ranked official of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards) FUJIWARA no Masatomo, who was a mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) of Owari no kami (the governor of Owari Province) FUJIWARA no Ienori (younger brother of jinin of FUJIWARA no Narichika) insulted Hiranosho, territories of Enryaku-ji Temple in Mino Province.
- しかし、浄土思想の普及は、ケガレを忌避する神祇信仰に対し、ケガレから根本的に離脱する方法を提示できる仏教の優位を示すこととなった。
- However, the spread of Pure Land Buddhism showed the predominance of Buddhism, which could present the way to fundamentally flee from muck, while Jingi belief could only evade muck.
- 後醍醐天皇は光厳天皇の即位と正慶の元号を廃止、光厳が署名した詔書や光厳が与えた官位の無効を宣言し、さらに関白の鷹司冬教を解任した。
- Emperor Godaigo declared both Emperor Kogon's reign and the Shukyo era name annulled, and announced that all imperial decrees signed by Kogon, or court appointments made by him, were invalid; he took the additional step of dismissing Fuyunori TAKATSUKASA from his position as kanpaku (chief advisor/Prime Minister).
- 区内には鹿苑寺や大徳寺、上賀茂神社といった洛北の寺社のほか、立命館大学、佛教大学、大谷大学、京都産業大学などいくつかの大学がある。
- There are temples and shrines in Rakuhoku (north of the Capital of Kyoto) area such as Rokuon-ji Temple, Daitoku-ji Temple and Kamigamo-jinja Shrine, and several universities such as Ritsumeikan University, Bukkyo University, Otani University, and Kyoto Sangyo University.
- また、ヨーロッパとの交易(南蛮貿易)が開始し、火縄銃やキリスト教などが伝来し、それまでの戦術や日本の宗教観念に大きな影響を与えた。
- Trade with European countries (trade with Spain and Portugal) started, and matchlock guns and Christianity were brought to Japan, significantly affecting fighting techniques and religious concepts that Japanese had until then.
- 宮廷の後宮には貴族出身の女房らが多数出仕していたが、これらの女房は高い教養を持ち、仮名を駆使して多くの物語・日記文学を生み出した。
- A number of court ladies from noble families worked for kokyu (empress's residence) of the Imperial court, and they were well educated and created many stories and a diary literature through the use of Kana.
- 9世紀前半に円仁が中国五台山 (中国)の念仏三昧法を比叡山に伝えており、源信_(僧侶)が『往生要集』を著して天台浄土教を大成した。
- In the first part of the ninth century, Ennin introduced the Nenbutsu Zanmai Ho (method of mental absorption in the Buddhist invocation) of Wutai Shan (in China) to Mt. Hiei and Genshin (priest) perfected Tendai Jodo sect by writing 'Ojoyoshu' (The Essentials of Salvation).
- また、594年(推古2)に仏教興隆の詔が下されたのを受けて諸臣連達が、天皇と自己の祖先一族のために競って私寺(氏寺)を造り始めた。
- In 594, following the issue of an imperial decree promoting Buddhism, many powerful clans competed to build private temples (known as uji-dera) for the Emperor and their ancestors.
- 1998年12月2日京都市で開催された国際連合教育科学文化機関世界遺産委員会で日本で9件目の世界遺産(文化遺産)として登録された。
- It was registered as the ninth world heritage (cultural heritage) of Japan during the meeting of the World Heritage Committee of the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) held in Kyoto City on December 2, 1998.
- 武士身分を対象とした学校は、江戸幕府直轄の学校と、藩が運営した藩校に大別され、その規模、内容共にこの時代を代表する教育機関であった。
- Schools for samurai status were broadly divided into the schools under the direct control of the Edo bakufu and those run by each han (domain); both were educational institutions representing the period in their scale and content.
- また、このような仏教優位の考え方は、ケガレと日常的に接する武士の心を捉え、以後の八幡神信仰や天神信仰の興隆にもつながることとなった。
- Moreover, such a view of Buddhism predominance touched the hearts of samurai, who were commonly close to muck, and led to prosperity of future Hachimanshin and Tenjin beliefs.
- 建設の契機は奥田東・京都大学名誉教授による提案による「関西学術研究都市調査懇談会」(通称・奥田懇談会)の提言によるものが大きかった。
- The construction of the city was largely grounded in a proposal, 'Kansai Science City Surveillance Conversazione,' by Azuma OKUDA, professor emeritus of Kyoto University, (so-called Okuda Conversazione).
- 儒教は本来合理的な思考を有しており、儒教思想の興隆は合理主義的な歴史叙述、例えば新井白石の『読史余論』『古史通』などとして結実した。
- Confucianism is originally provided with rational thinking, and the state of Confucian thought being widely accepted produced descriptions of history based on something like rationalism: Tokushi Yoron (lessons from History) and Koshitsu (study book about ancient history), both of which were written by Hakuseki ARAI, are such examples.
- 近世(江戸時代)に入ると、将軍家や大名家は権力を正当化するため、儒教思想を積極的に採用し、歴史の編纂を通じて自らの正当性を主張した。
- Entering the early-modern times (the Edo period), the Shogun family and Daimyo families (feudal lord families) adopted Confucian thought actively to legitimatize their power and compiled their own histories to assert their legitimacy.
- 宗教については、日蓮宗や浄土真宗といった厭世気分と免罪への求心から発しその後救世への渇望と強い結束を見せた宗派の布教が成功している。
- With respect to religion, propagation of religious schools that started with a pessimistic way of thinking and desire for indulgence and later showed anxiety for salvation and strong solidarity such as the Nichiren sect and Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) succeeded.
- 唯物史観の影響を受け、武士は古代支配階級である貴族や宗教勢力を排除し、中世をもたらした変革者として石母田正らによって位置づけられた。
- Influenced by the materialist concept of history, Tadashi ISHIMODA and others positioned the bushi as the reformer who pushed out the ancient governing class such as the aristocrats and religious power of influence and brought on the medieval times.
- しかし近年、国民の大多数に受け入れられている現実から、日教組の態度も軟化し入学式や卒業式での国旗掲揚国歌斉唱の実施率は高まっている。
- In the recent years, however, judging from the fact that the majority of people accepted them, Nikkyoso softened its attitude and the rate of raising of the national flag and chorus reading of the national anthem on the occasion of entrance ceremony and commencement ceremony has increased.
- 一般に、キリスト教やイスラム教に見られる一つの聖地だけに巡礼する直線型と、インドや東洋で見られる複数の聖地を巡る回国型に分類される。
- There is the direct type of pilgrimage seen in Christianity and Islam where a pilgrim visits only holy site, and the round-the-country type seen in India and Asia where a pilgrim visits several holy sites.
- しかしキリスト教が広まると、キリスト教の教義や、キリシタン大名の人徳や活躍ぶり(特に高山右近)に感化され、自ら入信する大名が現れた。
- However, as Christianity continued to spread, some daimyo (notably Ukon TAKAYAMA) found themselves impressed with Christianity's doctrines as well as with the virtue and vigor of Christian daimyo, and chose to believe in the religion on their own initiative.
- 台湾で抗日武力闘争が発生していた時期、総督府は武力による鎮圧以外にその統治体制を確立し、教育の普及による撫民政策をあわせて実施した。
- During the armed anti-Japanese movement that was taking place in Taiwan, the Sotoku-fu tried to establish a ruling system other than suppression by armed forces and it implemented the policy to pacify the Taiwanese people through the spread of education.
- 文政年間にはフィリップ・フランツ・フォン・シーボルトが日本を訪れ、長崎の郊外に鳴滝塾を開いて高野長英や小関三英などの門下生を教えた。
- During the Bunsei era, Philipp Franz von SIEBOLD came to Japan and founded his school, Narutaki-juku in the suburbs of Nagasaki and taught pupils including Choei TAKANO and Sanei KOSEKI.
- 神仏分離令は仏教排斥を意図したものではなかったが、これをきっかけに全国各地で廃仏毀釈運動がおこり、各地の寺院や仏具の破壊が行なわれた。
- Although the Edict for Separation of Shinto and Buddhism was not issued for the purpose to exclude Buddhism from the country, it triggered a nationwide anti-Buddhism campaign, and people destroyed temples and Buddhist altar fittings across the country.
- しかし、実際のところ歴史学者や仏教学者の間でも何をもって「国家仏教」と定義づけるのかについては統一した見解が出されているわけではない。
- However, historians and Buddhist scholars have not yet reached a united opinion regarding what would define 'National Buddhism.'
- しかし、室町時代後半になると管領などが発給する御教書が減少するかわりに御内書が増大し、将軍の意思を直接通達する書状として公文書化する。
- During the late Muromachi period, however, Gonaisho were increasingly issued in place of Migyosho issued by kanrei (shogunal deputy), and its nature became more of a quasi-official document used by the shogun to directly inform people of his intentions.
- NHK京都放送局(京都府の地域情報等を放送(NHK大阪放送局NHK総合テレビジョンは大阪府域、NHK教育テレビジョンは全国放送扱い))
- The NHK Kyoto broadcasting station (broadcasts local information about Kyoto Prefecture (NHK general TV from the NHK Osaka station is for Osaka Prefecture, and NHK educational TV is for covering the entire nation).
- 義教は赤松氏の庶流の赤松貞村を寵愛し、永享12年(1440年)3月に摂津国の赤松義雅(満祐の弟)の所領を没収して貞村に与えてしまった。
- Yoshinori favored Sadamura AKAMATSU, a branch family of the Akamatsu clan, and confiscated the territory of Yoshimasa AKAMATSU (younger brother of Mitsusuke) in the Settsu Province and gave it to Sadamura in April, 1440.
- 学制(がくせい、明治5年太政官布告第214号)は、1872年(明治5年)8月3日に公布された、日本にて最初に学校制度を定めた教育法令。
- Gakusei (the Education System Order: the Proclamation of the Grand Council of the State No. 214, 1872) is the laws and regulations pertaining to education promulgated on August 3, 1872, which first established the school system in Japan.
- 鎮護国家(ちんごこっか)は、政府が仏教を利用して内政の安定を図ろうとした政策、または、仏教には国家を守護・安定させる力があるとする思想。
- Chingokokka refers to a government policy to stabilize internal affairs using Buddhism or a thought that Buddhism has power to protect and stabilize a country.
- その一方で教養部自治会のように大学側の主張に同意する自治会が現れるなど、一時は思想や運動方針の相違に起因する自治会同士の対立も発生した。
- In the meantime, some councils, such as the council of the department of liberal arts, conceded the decision of the university, and confrontation among councils arising from differences in philosophy or policy for movements also became apparent.
- 一般的に日本で神祇信仰と仏教との間に起こった現象を指すが、広義では、世界各地に仏教が広まった際、土着の信仰との間に起こった現象をも指す。
- Although it generally refers to the syncretism of Japanese faith in Jingi (gods of heaven and earth) and Buddhism, in a broad sense, it may refer to a syncretism of an indigenous belief and Buddhistic that had happened in various parts of the world as Buddhism was spread.
- 下文が訴訟の判決、裁許状など効力が永久的になる正式文書であるのに対し、御教書は通達や緊急の命令などで、文書としての格は劣るものとされた。
- As a Migyosho was a notice or emergency order, its status as a document was inferior to a Kudashibumi (a document issued by a superior or office), which was an official document and effective indefinitely as a court ruling, license proof, etc.
- ところが、後白河が帰京した3月22日、山門(比叡山延暦寺)の大衆 (仏教)が加賀国守・藤原師高の配流を求めて強訴を起こした(白山事件)。
- However, when Goshirakawa returned to Kyoto on April 29, the daishu (Buddhist monks) at the Sanmon (Enryaku-ji Temple, Hieizan Mountain) demanded the removal of the Kaga (presently Ishikawa Pref.) governor, FUJIWARA no Morotaka (Hakusan Incident).
- 平成8年(1996年)頃から、教育現場において、当時の文部省の指導で、日章旗(日の丸)の掲揚と同時に『君が代』の斉唱の通達が強化される。
- Since around 1996, in the field of education, under guidance by the Ministry of Education at that time, the instruction for the chorus reading of 'Kimigayo' together with raising of the Japanese (rising sun) flag (hinomaru) were strengthened.
- 禅宗は武家層にも広く広まり、武家の保護を受けた禅の五山が定められるなど仏教を通じて武家文化と貴族文化が融合するなど、室町文化に影響する。
- Zen Buddhism spread widely among the warrior class, and influenced the development of Muromachi culture vis-a-vis the decisions and so forth regarding Buddhism made by the Gozan temples--which were under the patronage of the military families--and thereby managed to combine warrior and aristocratic culture together.
- 武家の思想は、教育による家族制度の徹底化や徴兵制による軍事国家など明治近代日本に変化した形で生き残ってその後の日本を生み出す元になった。
- The ideology of samurai families remained in modern Japan of the Meiji period in the form of a rooted family system enforced through education and a garrison state based on the conscription system, which became a model for later periods in Japan.
- 当初は有力守護大名による衆議によって政治を行っていた義教だが、長老格の三宝院満済、山名時煕の死後から次第に指導力を発揮するようになった。
- Yoshinori, at first, handled the affairs of state by public discussion of dominant shugo guardian feudal lords but he gradually started to show leadership after the death of Mansai SAMPOIN and Tokihiro YAMANA who were regarded as patriarchs.
- また、1959年開局の日本教育テレビ(現在のテレビ朝日)に資本参加し同局番組の有力な供給源となるなど、来るべきテレビ時代に先手を打った。
- Additionally, Toei took the initiative at the beginning of the coming TV era: it made an investment in Nihon Educational Television (now called TV Asahi Corporation) to start broadcasting in 1959 and became a major source of programs for the TV station.
- キリスト教の例で言えば、「マルコ_(福音記者)がペトロの通訳であったかどうか、そのマルコが福音書を書いたかどうか」は歴史学の対象となる。
- To take the case of Christianity as an example, the question of whether Mark (the evangelist) wrote the Gospel of Mark himself or was simply a translator for Peter is the subject of historical study.
- (水稲)稲作に始まり、後には仏教や寺院建築技術などを日本に持ち込み、古代日本における文化・政権形成に大きな役割を演じたと考えられている。
- It is thought that they played an important role in the formation of culture and administration in ancient Japan by beginning with rice cultivation (wet rice culture) and by bringing Buddhism and temple architecture to Japan later.
- 神亀・天平期に成立したとされている明法道・紀伝道では、前者は律令そのものを教科書として『延喜式』では「律」を中経・「令」を小経としている。
- As for Myobodo (Law) and Kidendo (History), which were most likely established during the Jinki and Tenpyo periods, the former adopted the Ritsuryo Legal Codes itself as a textbook, and in the 'Engishiki,' 'Ritsu' was included in the medium scriptures and 'Ryo' in the small scriptures.
- 江戸時代には清原氏の子孫である舟橋家・伏原家が博士の職を世襲したが、儒教の中でも新興の宋学全盛の時代にあっては名目のみの官となっていった。
- During the Edo period, the Funabashi and Fusehara families, as descendants of the Nakahara clan, inherited the position of hakase (professor); the inherited position was in name only, however, since it had become the golden days of the newly emerged Sogaku (Song-period neo-Confucianism).
- 医業は盛清の3代目にあたる作右衛門教清が寛永年間(1624年から1643年)に起こし、爾来、分家新立によって石橋医家の繁栄がもたらされた。
- Sakuemon Norikiyo, the third generation of Morikiyo started medical practice during the Kanei era (1624 - 1643) and since then, with the new branch families established, the Ishibashi became successful as a doctor family.
- しかし、後継の大内持世は盛見に匹敵する人物であり、足利義教の信任を受け少弐氏・大友氏を征伐するなど、大内氏の北九州における優位を確立した。
- However, the successor, Mochiyo OUCHI, who was a person as good as Morimi, received the confidence of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, and established an Ouchi clan's priority in northern Kyushu, as well as conquering the Shoni clan and Otomo clan.
- 平安時代までの難解で、大衆への布教が禁じられていた仏教を変革する運動として鎌倉仏教の宗派が興隆し、奈良仏教(旧仏教)の革新運動がすすんだ。
- Events that led to the reforming of the Buddhist faith--which up through the Heian period had remained very abstruse, comprehensible only to a select few, and for which any proselytizing activities towards the masses were prohibited--included the rise to prominence of the Kamakura sect of Buddhism as well as new progress in efforts to reform Nara (i.e., old-guard) Buddhism.
- 時子の妹・平滋子(建春門院)が後白河の皇子を出産すると、一門の時忠・教盛は立太子を画策して二条の逆鱗に触れて解官、後白河院政は停止された。
- Tokiko's sister, TAIRA no Shigeko (Kenshunmonin) gave birth to Goshirakawa's prince and when Tokitada and Norimori of the Taira clan tried to plan Rittaishi (investiture as Crown Prince) of the prince, they faced the anger of Nijo and were fired and the Goshirakawa cloistered government was terminated.
- 陰陽道は神道(古神道)に道教の陰陽五行思想や、密教などの思想を取り入れ習合したもので、現在の神社神道にもその系譜としての思想や儀式がある。
- Onmyodo is a combination of Shinto (Ancient Shinto) and the Inyo Gogyo Shiso (Yin-Yang Wu Hsing Ideal) of Taoism and the philosophy of mysticism, and strains of this can be found in the present day Shrine Shinto theology and ceremony.
- キリスト教に入信した大名とその配下達の中には、宣教師たちの意見を聞き入れ領地内の寺院や神社を破壊したり焼き払うなどの行動を取った者もいた。
- Among those who became Christians, some daimyo and their retainers took heed of the missionaries' views and chose to burn or knock down temples and shrines in their territory.
- 日本聖殉教者教会(LA CHIESA DEI SANTISSIMI MARTIRI GIAPPONESI)(イタリア チヴィタヴェッキア)
- The Church of the Holy Japanese Martyrs (LA CHIESA DEI SANTISSIMI MARTIRI GIAPPONESI) (Civitavecchia, Italy)
- 天平文化(てんぴょうぶんか)は、時期では7世紀終わり頃から8世紀の中頃までをいい、奈良の都平城京を中心にして華開いた貴族・仏教文化である。
- Tenpyo Culture was an aristocratic and Buddhist culture that flourished in and around Heijo-kyo, the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara, from the end of the seventh century through the middle of the eighth century.
- さらに鳩山文相との間で「滝川の処分は非常特別のものであり、教授の進退は文部省に対する総長の具状によるものとする」という「解決案」を提示した。
- He also submitted a 'solution' to Minister of Education Hatoyama that 'The punishment of Takiwgawa is an extraordinary case, and the suspension of professors is decided by the Dean with the guidance of the Ministry of Education.'
- 特に寺子屋の教師の中に自前の往来物を著す者が多かった事からその総数を把握する事が不可能に近いが、現存するものは約7,000種と言われている。
- It is almost impossible to have a grasp of the total number of oraimono as, in particular, many terakoya teachers tried to write their own oraimono, but existing ones are said to number about 7,000 kinds.
- 新政府軍は主にグレートブリテンおよびアイルランド連合王国から、旧幕府軍は主にフランス第二帝政から、軍事教練や武器供与などの援助を受けていた。
- The new government's forces received military training and weapons mainly from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland while the former Shogunate forces from the French Second Empire.
- このことからも山名教之の代には守護代を務めたこともある進氏は明応年間に入ると山名氏から離れ自立する動きを見せていたことが明らかになっている。
- This clearly indicates that the Shin clan, who served as Shugodai in the period of Noriyuki YAMANA, began to keep a distance from the Yamana clan for independence in the Meio era.
- 周囲は、金閣寺、仁和寺、龍安寺などの名刹に加え、京都府立堂本印象美術館や立命館大学などといった文化・教育施設に恵まれ、多くの観光客で賑わう。
- Mt. Kinugasa is surrounded by renowned temples such as Kinkaku-ji Temple, Ninna-ji Temple and Ryoan-ji Temple, as well as cultural and educational facilities such as Kyoto Prefectural Insho-Domoto Museum of Fine Arts and Ritsumeikan University, thus attracting many tourists.
- 比叡山座主であった足利義教がくじ引きで将軍になると、土岐氏・赤松氏・大内氏らの有力守護大名の後継争いに積極的に干渉し将軍権力の強化に努めた。
- When Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the head priest of Enryakuji on Mt. Hiei, was chosen by lot to become Shogun, powerful daimyo families like the Toki, Akamatsu, and Ouchi clans actively interfered in the shogunal succession, trying to shore up the shogunal authority.
- 教科には中国史や漢文学を学ぶ紀伝道が成立し、法律を学ぶ明法道・儒学を学ぶ明経道・数学を学ぶ算道と共に教えられた(特に重視されたのは紀伝道)。
- The subjects were Kidendo, which was the study of Chinese history and literature, Myobodo, the study of law, Myogyodo, the study of Confucianism, Sando, the study of mathematics (Kidendo was the most important).
- 清代になっても朱子学は、体制教学として継承され、礼教にもとづく国家体制作りに利用され、君臣倫理などの狭い範囲でしか活用されることはなかった。
- Even during the Qing Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism was inherited as system teaching and learning, and used to create the national policy based on Reikyo, and utilized only in the narrow range, such as ethics of master and servant.
- 徳川家康、松平信康、石川数正、本多忠勝、榊原康政、鳥居元忠、大久保忠世、大久保忠佐、大久保忠教、高木清秀、成瀬正一 (戦国武将)、日下部定好
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA, Kazumasa ISHIKAWA, Tadakatsu HONDA, Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, Mototada TORII, Tadayo OKUBO, Tadasuke OKUBO, Tadataka OKUBO, Kiyohide TAKAGI, Masakazu NARUSE (busho in the Sengoku period), Sadayoshi KUSAKABE.
- 幕府では6代将軍義教が篠川御所の足利満直や駿河国の守護今川範忠に憲実の救援を命じ、さらに禅秀の子上杉持房、上杉教朝らをも含む幕軍を派遣する。
- In the bakufu the sixth shogun Yoshinori ordered Mitsunao ASHIKAGA of Sasagawa Gosho (an administrative organization for governing the Tohoku regions, settled by the Kamakura bakufu in the Muromachi period: it also refers to its head Mitsunao ASHIKAGA.) and Noritada IMAGAWA, shugo (a provincial constable) of the Suruga Province, to help Norizane and also dispatched the bakufu army including Zenshu's sons, Mochifusa UESUGI and Noritomo UESUGI.
- また天武天皇の諡(おくりな)の「瀛真人」(おきのまひと)は道教の神学では「瀛州」(えいしゅう)という海中の神山に住む仙人の高級者を意味する。
- Also Emperor Tenmu's okurina (a posthumous name) 'Oki no Mahito' means high rank hermit who lived in the holy mountain in the sea called 'Eishu' according to Taoism.
- 同時に社研に関係があると見なされた京大の河上肇、同大の山本宣治・河野密、関西学院大学の河上丈太郎・新明正道ら教員に対しても家宅捜索が行われた。
- At the same time, the houses of Hajime KAWAKAMI of Kyoto Imperial University, Senji YAMAMOTO and Mitsu KONO of Doshisha University, as well as Jotaro KAWAKAMI, Masamichi SHINMEI, and other teachers of Kwansei Gakuin University, who had been considered to have some relationships with Shaken, were searched.
- 更に、上の身分の者が奉公などの褒賞として下の者に下賜された衣装を実際に着用した場合には、儒教の忠の観念との兼ね合いから黙認せざるを得なかった。
- Also, when lower-ranked people put on clothes granted by higher-ranked people for their good service, this had to be tolerated from the viewpoint of Confucius's teaching of loyalty.
- 往来物(おうらいもの)とは、平安時代後期より、明治時代初頭にかけて主に書簡などの手紙類の形式をとって作成された初等教育用の教科書の総称である。
- Oraimono is a collective term for primary education text books that were compiled from the late Heian period to the early Meiji period, mainly in the form of letters.
- 当初、朝廷や幕府は祠堂銭を禁止する姿勢を取ったが、後には仏教保護の一環として反対に祠堂銭を徳政令の対象外とするなど、容認・保護の姿勢に転じた。
- The Imperial Court and the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) banned Shidosen at first, but later on accepted it, protecting Buddhism by exempting shidosen from Tokuseirei (ordering a return of sold land and a dissolution of debts).
- 籤引きによって選ばれた6代将軍の足利義教が専制政治をしき、1441年に赤松満祐に誘殺されると(嘉吉の乱)、政権内の情勢にほころびが見え始める。
- When Sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who had been selected for his office by lottery, but turned out to be a despotic ruler, was lured out and slain by Mitsusuke AKAMATSU (the Kakitsu Incident), the ruling power began to disintegrate.
- 「日出處」「日沒處」は『摩訶般若波羅蜜多経』の注釈書『大智度論』に日出処是東方 日没処是西方 とあるなど、単に東西の方角を表す仏教用語である。
- The terms 'the Land of the Rising Sun' and 'the Land of the Setting Sun' are simply Buddhist terms which refer to the east and the west, as 'Daichidoron' (Commentary on the Great Wisdom Sutra), an annotated edition of 'Makahannyaharamitashingyo' (The Great Treatise on Perfection of Wisdom), says that the land of the rising sun is the east, and the land of the setting sun is the west.
- 日系アメリカ人は当初から偏見と差別に苦しむことが多く、生活も苦しかったが、汗水流して働き、教育熱心で、よきアメリカ市民になろうと努力していた。
- From early on, Japanese Americans often suffered from prejudice and discrimination, leading difficult lives, but they have worked hard and educated themselves well in order to be good American citizens.
- 但、武田清子が主張するように、新渡戸は教育者としての寛容さで異文化との比較、検討をしている点は内村鑑三や植村正久の厳しさと比べると甘さが残る。
- However as Kiyoko TAKEDA advocated, Nitobe's comparison of different culture as a tolerant educator was not strict enough when compared to Kanzo UCHIMURA and Masahisa UEMURA.
- 組織としては現在の大学に類似し、大学頭(「だいがくのかみ」、現在の大学の学長に相当)がトップで、博士(現在の大学教授に相当)が教鞭をとっていた。
- The organizational structure of Daigaku-ryo resembles modern universities; it was headed by 'Daigaku no kami' (Director of the Bureau of Education, equivalent to today's university presidents), and classes were conducted by hakase (equivalent to today's university professors).
- 尚、庭訓とは、『論語』季子篇の中にある孔子が庭を走る息子を呼び止め詩や礼を学ぶよう諭したという故事に因み、父から子への教訓や家庭教育を意味する。
- The word 'teikin' originates from a historical event taken from the Ji Shi (Chief of the Ji Clan) section of 'Rongo' (the Analects of Confucius) in which Confucius called to his son to stop running in a garden and encouraged him to learn poetry and etiquette, signifying teachings from father to son and home education.
- 律令制下の日本でも天文道・暦道の教科書として用いられていた『晋書』天文志には「天文異変には吉兆もあるが、多くが災異の前兆である」と記されている。
- The Astronomical Chapter of 'Jin shu' (History of the Jin Dynasty) -- which was also used as a textbook of tenmondo (ancient horoscopy) and rekido (calendrical study) in Japan -- described that 'some of the unusual movement of starts were good omens, but most of them were bad omens of natural disasters.'
- だが、余りにも強硬な政治姿勢が人々に「恐怖政治」との反発を抱かせ、やがて赤松満祐により義教が暗殺された(嘉吉の乱)をきっかけに将軍の力は衰えた。
- But his mercilessly political stance caused a backlash among many, who harbored resentment against his 'reign of terror,' and in the end he was assassinated by Mitsusuke AKAMATSU (in the Kakitsu Rebellion), which led to a steep decline in shogunal power.
- 近世以降に派生した宗教の教典(モルモン書、世界基督教統一神霊協会)などを除けば、来歴に虚偽を含んでいようと、殊更に偽書呼ばわりされることはない。
- Except for sacred books for religions born after recent times (the Book of Mormon, the Book of the Unification Church), there is no reason for them to be categorized as gisho regardless of whether or not they included falsehoods.
- 商法の施行延期が決定されたことで論争はさらに勢いを増し、1891年、穂積八束が『民法出デテ忠孝亡ブ』という論文を発表し、「我国ハ祖先教ノ国ナリ。
- The decision to postpone the enforcement of the Commercial Code led to disputes, and in 1891 Yatsuka HOZUMI said the following in his thesis 'Minho Idete Chuko Horobu' (As civil laws are being introduced, loyalty and filial duty are being lost): 'Our country worships ancestors.
- 鹿苑寺、龍安寺、等持院などの名刹、京都府立堂本印象美術館や立命館大学衣笠キャンパスなどの文教施設も立地しており、四季を通じて多くの観光客で賑わう。
- It is crowded with many tourists throughout the year, because of famous temples such as Rokuon-ji Temple, Ryoan-ji Temple, and Toji-in Temple, as well as education and cultural facilities such as Kyoto Prefectural Insho-Domoto Museum of Fine Art and Ritsumeikan University Kinugasa Campus.
- 日本26聖人は近世においては、日本よりもヨーロッパにおいてよく知られていたが、それはルイス・フロイスなどの宣教師たちの報告書によるところが大きい。
- The Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan were more well known in Europe than in Japan in early-modern times, which is due largely to the reports written by the missionaries such as Luis FROIS.
- 皇民化教育(こうみんかきょういく)は大日本帝国の支配地域において、その主権者とされた天皇を中心として大日本帝国への忠誠を要求した教化政策とされる。
- Japanization education is defined as an edification policy in territories under the governance of the Empire of Japan, requesting fealty toward the Empire of Japan led by its ruler, the Emperor.
- また、こうした風潮によって、大学寮のでの儒教教育が一種の行政処理のための「技術」とみなされて、中下流貴族の立身のための機関と考えられるようになった。
- Also, influenced by these trends, the education of Confucianism in Daigaku-ryo was regarded as a kind of 'technique' for the management of administrative jobs, and Daigaku-ryo came to be considered an institution where middle and low ranking nobles made a name for themselves.
- また、引茶の接待や、夜には参集した貴族に対して酒肴の接待があったことから、時代を経るにつれて仏教法会より饗応の宴としての派手さが目立つようになった。
- In later years, Kinomidokyo became an extravagant wining and dining feast rather than a Buddhist mass due to nobles gathering for hikicha service and then food and drink service at night.
- 具体的には、(2) 紀伊山地の文化的景観を形成する記念碑と遺跡は神道と仏教のたぐいまれな融合であり、東アジアにおける宗教文化の交流と発展を例証する。
- Specifically, (2) monuments and sites, which form cultural scenery in Kii Mountain Range, are unusual syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism, while it illustrates the interaction and development of religious culture in the east Asia.
- 聖徳太子が物部守屋との仏教受容をめぐる戦いを制し建てた、日本初の大寺である大阪市の四天王寺について、アラハバキ及び縄文系との関わりが指摘されている。
- It has been suggested that Shitenno-ji Temple in Osaka City, which was the first large temple built in Japan by Prince Shotoku when he battled and defeated MONONOBE no Moriya over accepting Buddhism, has a relationship with Arahabaki and Jomon culture.
- 政府は国旗国歌の強制にはならないとしたが、日教組側は法を根拠とした強制が教育現場でされていると主張、斉唱・掲揚を推進する保守派との対立は続いてきた。
- Although the government said that it did not become a constraint of national flag and anthem, Nikkyoso asserted that constraint on the basis of law was carried out in the field of education and conflict with conservative groups which promoted the raising of the national flag and chorus reading of the national anthem.
- ところが、1910年(同43年)の教師用教科書改訂にあたって問題化し始め、同年に幸徳秋水ら社会主義者が起こしたとされた幸徳事件がこれに拍車をかけた。
- However, this became problematic around 1910 when the textbooks for teachers was revised, and this movement was further fueled by the 'Kotoku Incident,' which is said to have been caused by socialists such as Shusui KOTOKU and others.
- 文化芸術的にもこのような社会情勢を背景に新風が巻き起こり、それまでの公家社会文化と異なり、仏教や美術も武士や庶民に分かりやすい新しいものが好まれた。
- Given this societal milieu, a new style arose both culturally and artistically, differing from the cultural output of aristocratic societies heretofore, with a preference for new items in the Buddhist and fine arts that were easier to understand, catering more to warriors and commoners.
- 記紀、隋書倭国伝、祝詞(のりと)などの資料によっても、大化前代の地方族長社会においては、神判制度や宗教からまだ完全には分離しない形での法が存在した。
- According to sources like the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki, the Zuisho-wakoku-den (Chronicles of the Sui Dynasty), and Shinto ritual prayers, in the provincial patriarchal society under the pre-Taika era, law existed in a form not yet completely detached from the trial by ordeal system and religion.
- 古代後期から、殉教者の遺骨によって奇跡がおき、参拝した巡礼者に病気が治癒したりや歩けなかった足が動くようになったなどの事例が報告されるようになった。
- From the late ancient times, miracles involving the remains of martyrs were reported where a pilgrim who came to offer prayers was cured of his disease or a cripple was able to walk.
- 1663年、4代将軍徳川家綱、5代徳川綱吉の治世期に幕政が武断政治から文治政治すなわちカブキ者的武士から儒教要素の入った武士道(士道)へと移行した。
- In 1663, during the reign of the fourth shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and the fifth shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the system of the Tokugawa shogunate administration was changed from the military administration to the civilian administration; in other words, shifted from the way of kabukimono samurai to the Confucianism-based bushido (shido) (the samurai code).
- 田は同化政策とは内地延長主義であり、台湾民衆を完全な日本国民とし、皇室に忠誠な国民とするための教化と国家国民としての観念を涵養するものと述べている。
- Den stated that an assimilation policy was inland territorial expansionism and that the Taiwanese would be educated to understand their role and responsibilities as Japanese subjects loyal to the Imperial family.
- 儒教の経書について言えば、四書五経に挙げられる書物の中で『孟子』を除いた他の書物は、すべて孔子ないしは周公旦が編したあるいは撰したものとされている。
- Of the Confucius scriptures among shishogokyo (the Four Books and Five Classics of Confucianism, the Nine Chinese Classics), all the scriptures except for 'Mencius' are considered to have been edited or selected by Confucius or Shukotan.
- 凶作(前年からの天候不順)、流行病(三日病)、将軍の代替わり(足利義持から足利義教へ)などの社会不安が高まる中、近江国坂本や大津の馬借が徳政を求める。
- With growing social unrest, such as poor harvest (unseasonable weather from the previous year), epidemic (mikka-yami (three-day disease)), and replacement of the shogun (from Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA to Yoshinori ASHIKAGA), bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) in Sakamoto of Omi Province and Otsu demanded debt cancellation.
- 教育内容も藩によって異なるが一般に四書五経の素読と習字を中心とし、江戸後期には蘭学や、日本武術として剣術・槍術・弓術・砲術・馬術・柔術などが加わった。
- Although the content of education differed according to each domain, general teaching focused on reading of shishogokyo (the Four Books and Five Classics of Confucianism, or the Nine Chinese Classics) without comprehension or calligraphy; in the latter half of the Edo period, Western learning and Japanese martial arts were also taught, including swordplay, spearmanship, archery, gunnery, horsemanship and jujitsu.
- 整備計画は、明日香村の歴史的風土の維持・保存と同時に、生活環境を整え村を発展させていくため、道路・下水道・公園・教育施設・農業環境などの整備をはかる。
- The development plan aims to preserve and maitain the historical landscape of Asuka-mura and, at the same time, to develop and adjust streets, sewers, parks, educational facilities and agricultural environment.
- (3) 紀伊山地の神社と仏教寺院は、それらに関連する宗教儀式とともに、1000年以上にわたる日本の宗教文化の発展に関するひときわ優れた証拠性を有する。
- (3) The shrines and Buddhist temples in Kii Mountain Range, together with their associated religious rites, are regarded as particularly excellent evidence on the development of Japanese religious culture over 1000 years.
- NHK教育テレビジョン、MBS毎日放送、ABC朝日放送、KTV関西テレビ放送、YTV讀賣テレビ放送については、生駒山からの電波を直接受信して視聴する。
- Local households receive TV signals directly from Mt. Ikoma when watching the programs by NHK Educational TV, MBS Mainichi Broadcasting System, Asahi Broadcasting Corporation, KTV Kansai Telecasting Corporation, and YTV Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation.
- 法華経の方便品第2で、肝心な教えが説かれる前に5000人の増上慢の比丘が去ったという「五千起去」(ごせんきこ、ききょ)は、逆縁の典型的な例といわれる。
- The incident 'Gosenkiko, or Gosenkikyo' in which 5,000 arrogant ascetic monks, believing to have become enlightened, left before being taught the crucial lessons in the chapter two of the Buddha's words in the Hoke-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra), is said to have been a classic example of the gyaku-en.
- そのため大化の改新・建武の新政・明治維新が最も重要な改革に位置づけられ、こうした国家主義的な歴史観はとりわけ歴史教育の現場へ積極的に導入されていった。
- Therefore, the Taika Reforms, Kenmu Restoration and Meiji Restoration were positioned as the most important reformations, and these nationalistic views of history had been actively introduced, in particular, into actual education of history.
- だがこの間、摂関家では頼通とその後を継いで関白となった藤原教通(頼通の同腹弟)が確執を起こして、天皇に対して具体的な対抗手段を取れる状況ではなかった。
- In the regent's house, however, Yorimichi and FUJIWARA no Norimichi (Yorimichi's brother by the same mother), who took over the post of chancellor after him, were in conflict during this period and they were not in any condition to take any concrete measures against the emperor.
- これより先の3月、出奔して大和国で挙兵し、敗れて遠く日向国へ逃れていた弟の大覚寺義昭も島津氏に殺害されており、義教の当面の敵はみな消えたことになった。
- Earlier in April, Gisho DAIKAKUJI, younger brother of Yoshinori, who ran away and raised his army in the Yamato Province and was defeated and run away to the Hyuga Provinc, was also killed by the Shimazu clan and, as a result, immediate enemies of Yoshinori were all gone.
- 王が自らの支配する土地を、自らが支配する人民(百姓)へ直接(中間支配者である豪族を介さずに)班給するというものであり、儒教的な理想を多分に含んでいた。
- The system was designed such that the sovereign would directly allot land to his people (peasants) without any intervention by powerful regional clans, the intermediate rulers between the sovereign and the people; in this, the system came very close to the Confucian ideal.
- 実際、人民の負担が増加傾向にあるにもかかわらず、肝心の支配層、すなわち貴族階級は贅沢を続け政治から遠ざかっていくようになる、と教えられる時期も有った。
- In fact, it was taught that the burden on the people increased, while the ruling class, i.e., the noble class, continued living luxuriously and had less to do with the politics.
- この時、日本正教会がロシアと関係が深かった事から、ニコライ堂とその関連施設も標的になりあわや焼かれる寸前であったが、近衛兵などの護衛により難を逃れた。
- At that time, St. Nicholas Church and the related facilities were also targetted and about to be burned out because of the deep relationship between Japan Orthodox Church and Russia, but it was saved by the defence of the Imperial Guards.
- 江戸前期、武断政治から文治政治への移行を背景に、1641年(寛永18年)岡山藩主池田光政が設立した花畠教場(はなばたけきょうじょう)が最初の藩校である。
- In the early stage of the Edo period, government by the military was changed into civilian government, Hanabata Kyojo Classroom, which was established by Mitsumasa IKEDA, the lord of the Okayama domain; in 1641 at the background of that change was the first hanko.
- 「私達は一個の人間として貴方を見る時、同情に耐えません」で始まるこの質問状は、当時学生であった中岡哲郎(のち大阪市立大学教授)の執筆によるものであった。
- This open letter, which started with the phrase 'When we look at you as an individual human being, we cannot help but feel compassion,' was written by a student, Tetsuro Nakaoka (he later became a professor of Osaka City University).
- 沢柳事件(さわやなぎじけん)は、1913年から翌1914年にかけて京都帝国大学(現京都大学)で起こった、総長(学長)と学部教授会との間の内紛事件である。
- The Sawayanagi incident was an internal conflict that occurred at Kyoto Imperial University (current Kyoto University) from 1913 to 1914 in which the president of the university confronted the faculty council.
- さらに吉野山・高野山から熊野三山にかけての霊場と参詣道が2004年7月、『紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道』として国際連合教育科学文化機関の世界遺産に登録された。
- Sacred sites and pilgrimage routes spreading from Mt. Yoshino and Mt. Koya to Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano Hongu-taisha Shrine, Kumano Hayatama-taisha Shrine and Kumano Nachi-taisha Shrine) were also registered as a World Heritage site as 'Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range' in July 2004 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
- 平安時代を通じて鎮護国家を担う山門(比叡山延暦寺)勢力は教義の教えや体系的な学問にはげむ一方、加持祈祷や僧兵の武力を通じて、政治権力を持つようになった。
- And while on the one hand Enryaku-ji Temple (the main temple of Mt. Hiei, also called 'Sanmon'), which had shouldered the burden of spiritually protecting the state throughout the Heian period, zealously poured considerable effort into teaching its doctrine and promoting systematic study of its precepts, it also acquired political might through its prayers and incantations coupled with the military strength of its sohei (warrior monks).
- 「嘉吉の変」とも呼ばれるが、嘉吉元年(1441年)に起こった6代将軍足利義教の謀殺事件(嘉吉の乱)と混同されることから、「禁闕の変」の名称が用いられる。
- It is also referred to as the 'Kakitsu Incident,' but to avoid confusion with the assassination of the 6th shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA in 1441 (Kakitsu Rebellion), the term, 'Kinketsu Incident' is used.
- 戦いは当初地の利に勝る尼子勢が優勢だったが、攻め落とすのが難しいと判断した吉川元春が住民に間道を教えてもらい、別働隊を率いて裏から布部山の頂上に登った。
- While the Amago army was initially dominant due to the advantageous location, Motoharu KIKKAWA found it difficult to defeat the Amago army and obtained information about a by-path from local residents and went up to the top of Fubeyama from the rear side of the mountain, leading a separate battalion of troops.
- 足利将軍の中では三代足利義満に比肩しうる権力を振るった義教だが、猜疑心にかられて過度に独裁的になり、粛清の刃は武家だけでなく公家にも容赦なく向けられた。
- Among Ashikaga shuguns, Yoshinori had exercised his power on par with the one of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun, but he was very suspicious, which excessively led authoritarian behaviors, and his purge directed unrelentingly at not only samurai families but also court nobles.
- 1999年1月19日には、奈良県明日香村から大量の富本銭が発見され、最古の貨幣は和同開珎という定説が覆る、教科書が書き換えられるなどと大きく報道された。
- A large quantity of Fuhonsen coins were discovered in Asuka-mura, Nara Prefecture in January 19, 1999; therefore, the reports, the established theory that Wado-kaichin was the oldest coin would be overturned and textbooks would be rewritten, came out.
- 1945年、サハリン南部には宗教施設が250箇所以上(仏教寺院が150、神社が50、天理教会が50、カトリック教会が4、プロテスタント教会が5)あった。
- In the south part of Sakhalin there were more than 250 religious institutions in 1945 (Buddhist temples 150, [Shinto] Shrines 50, Tenrikyo churches 50, Catholic churches 4, Protestant churches 5).
- 第二次世界大戦後の1950年代初頭、新たな「国民歌」を作ろうと日本教職員組合と壽屋(現:サントリー)がそれぞれ募集し、別々に「新国民歌」を選定し公表した。
- After World War II, at the beginning of the 1950s, the Japan Teachers Union and Kotobukiya (now Suntory) respectively accepted entries, selected and announced 'Shinkokuminka' (new national anthems), in an attempt to create a new 'kokuminka' (national anthem).
- このことは滝川総長自らがかつての主張を覆し教授会の人事権を否定したものとされ、戦後の滝川に反動的な人物とのイメージを付け加えることになったという者もいる。
- This led to an impression of Takigawa as a reactionary person in the post-war years because he was viewed as reversing his previous opinion of the board of professors having the right of deciding on personnel matters.
- 嘉応の強訴(かおうのごうそ)は、嘉応元年(1169年)12月23日 (旧暦)、延暦寺の大衆 (仏教)が尾張国知行国主・藤原成親の配流を求めて起こした強訴。
- Kao no goso refers a direct petition by Enryaku-ji Temple's daishu (residing monks) demanding the proprietor of the Owari Province FUJIWARA no Narichika into exile on January 18, 1170.
- このころ幕府の最長老格となっていた赤松満祐は、義教に疎まれる様になっており、永享9年(1437年)には播磨国、美作国の所領を没収されるとの噂が流れている。
- Mitsusuke AKAMATSU who was treated as the greatest patriarch of bakufu at that time had gotten on the wrong side of Yoshinori, and in 1437, there was a rumor circulating that his territoies in the provinces of Harima and Mimasaka were going to be confiscated.
- その直後、障子が開け放たれるや甲冑を着た武者たちが宴の座敷に乱入、赤松氏随一の剛の者安積行秀が播磨国の千種鉄で鍛えた業物を抜くや義教の首をはねてしまった。
- Just after that, shoji (a paper sliding door) were opened and armored warriors burst into the place for feast and Yukihide AZUMI, the bravest and strongest man in the Akamatsu clan, drew a sword hardened Chigusa-tetsu (special iron for sword) in the Harima Province and cut Yoshinori's head off.
- その後、神祇官末期に設置された宣教使による大教宣布を強化するために、わずか半年で教部省に改称され、宮中祭祀は分離されて宮内省式部寮に移されることとなった。
- Following the creation of the Ministry of Divinities, a mere six months later its name was changed to kyobusho (Ministry of Religion) in order to disseminate further the Imperial Edict (of 1870) for the Establishment of Shinto through the efforts of the senkyoshi (Shinto missionaries) who had been established in the final days of the Department of Divinities; the religious services of the Imperial Court were separated from this Ministry's jurisdiction and placed under the control of the shikiburyo (Bureau of Rites) of the Imperial Household Agency.
- その後、江戸時代に入り、商工業の発展や社会に浸透していた文書主義などにより、実務教育の需要が一層高まり、先ず江戸や京都などの都市部に寺子屋が普及して行った。
- Later, in the Edo period, with the development of commerce and trade, and with the rise in importance of documents, the demand for practical education grew, which led to the spread of Terakoya initially in city areas such as Edo and Kyoto.
- このため、足利義教の代に永享の乱を起こした第4代鎌倉公方・足利持氏を攻め滅ぼして一時直接統治を図るが失敗に終わり、持氏の子・足利成氏を新しい鎌倉公方とした。
- Consequently, in the era of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA the fourth Kamakura-kubo, Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, who raised the Eikyo Rebellion, was conquered and temporarily direct rule by the shogun was exercised but eventually failed; subsequently, Mochiuji's son Shigeuji ASHIKAGA was made the new Kamakura-kubo.
- 徳川家康による江戸幕府創設を決定付けた1600年の関ヶ原の戦いは、皮肉にも200年以上の時を超え各大名に多くの教訓を残し、それは倒幕運動へとつながっていく。
- It is ironic that the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, which was decisive in the establishment of Edo Bakufu by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, left many lessons to various daimyos over a period of more than 200 years, which led to the Tobaku movement..
- この体制を担う貴族や官人の家組織の中では、子弟や外部から能力を見込んだ弟子に対し、幼少期から家業たる専門業務の英才教育をほどこして家業を担う人材を育成した。
- Aristocrats and government officials who undertook such authority and duty developed human resources: they pampered their children as well as gifted disciples.
- 当時は、キリシタン大名やキリシタンによって、寺社が焼かれたり僧侶が迫害されたり、逆に仏教を厚く信仰する大名の元ではキリシタンが迫害される事件が相次いでいた。
- In those days, a succession of the following incidents occurred: Christian feudal lords and Christians set fire to temples and shrines and also persecuted Buddhist monks; or conversely, Christians were persecuted in the place where religious Buddhist feudal lords dominated.
- 7世紀後半に律令制が整備され、田地が口分田などの班田収授法の体系に組み込まれていっても、神田(および仏教寺院の運営にあてる寺田)のみは、班田の対象外とされた。
- Even when the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes) was established in the late seventh century and rice fields were integrated into Kubunden (rice fields allotted to people by the central government) under the Handen Shuju no ho Law (the law of rice field allotment system), Shinden and Jiden (rice fields owned by temples) were exempted from the law.
- 大河内の教え子でのちに幸枝と結婚する人物として尾崎秀実をモデルにした野毛隆吉(藤田進が演じている)が登場するが、もちろん実在の尾崎はこの事件とは無関係である。
- Takakichi NOGE (played by Susumu FUJITA), who was Okochi's student and later marries Sachie was based on Hotsumi OZAKI, but of course the real Ozaki is unrelated to this incident.
- このような分割が行われた場合に両者が図面を作成したことを窺わせる史料が、日本史の教科書にも掲載されることの多い「伯耆国東郷町 (鳥取県)下地中分絵図」である。
- Historical materials which suggest the fact that a map was made by both parties when division was done is 'Togo-cho, Hoki Province (Tottori Prefecture) Shitaji chubun ezu,' which is often printed in Japanese history textbooks.
- 御教書(みぎょうしょ、みきょうしょ)とは平安時代後期から室町時代にかけて、従三位以上及びそれに准じる地位にある人の家司が主の意思を奉じて発給した古文書の形態。
- A Migyosho (or Mikyosho) was a form of ancient document issued by a Keishi (household superintendant) with a court rank of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) or higher used for conveying the intentions of their masters from the late Heian period to the Muromachi period.
- が、皇學館大學教授の清水潔によれば藤原通俊や大江匡房という知識人はその存在を知り才を磨く参考にしていたという、また一条兼良も有職故実の研究に活用したとされる。
- However, according to Kiyoshi SHIMIZU, a professor of Kogakkan University, some intellectuals such as FUJIWARA no Michitoshi and OE no Masafusa referred to it in order to develop their talents, finding its existence, and Kaneyoshi ICHIJO also utilized it for research of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette).
- 7代将軍に義教の嫡子足利義勝が9歳で将軍職を継いだが、僅か一年足らずのうちに急逝し、義勝の次弟である義政が管領の畠山持国らに推挙され、8歳で将軍職を継承した。
- Yoshinori's legitimate son Yoshikatsu ASHIKAGA succeeded his father as the Seventh Shogun at the age of nine, but he died a sudden death in less than a year, and Yoshimasa, Yoshikatsu's immediate younger brother inherited the Shogun at the age of eight, supported by Kanrei Mochikuni HATAKEYAMA and others.
- 仏教の経典について言えば、冒頭で「このように私は聞いた」(如是我聞)と述べ、釈迦の説法を聞き写したという体裁をとるのがしきたりで、その内容は仏説であるという。
- Concerning Buddhist scriptures, it is the rule to take the style of writing by pupils what they heard from Buddha and it is said that the content of scriptures are Buddha's teachings.
- 平氏一門は保元の乱の結果、清盛が播磨守、平頼盛が安芸守、平教盛が淡路守、平経盛が常陸介となり兄弟で四ヶ国の受領を占めるなど、その実力は無視できないものがあった。
- The end result of the Hogen Rebellion was favorable to the Taira clan, with Kiyomori made governor of Harima Province and TAIRA no Yorimori governor of Aki Province, TAIRA no Norimori governor of Awaji Province, and TAIRA no Tsunemori assistant governor of Hitachi Province; the Taira's power and influence, what with a single set of brothers now controlling four provinces, could no longer be ignored.
- 6月24日、満祐は、結城合戦の祝勝の宴として邸の池にいる鴨の親子と松囃子(赤松囃子・赤松氏伝統の演能)を見てもらいたいと称して西洞院二条にある邸へ義教を招いた。
- On July 21st, Mitsusuke invited Yoshinori to his residence in Nishinotoin to show wild ducks in his residence' pond and Matsuhayashi (Akamatsu-hayashi: traditional Akamatsu clan's Noh performance) as a celebration of the triumph of the Yuki War.
- 初等中等教育機関は当初、台湾人と日本人を対象としたものが別個に存在し、試験制度でも日本人が有利な制度であったが、統治が進むにつれ次第にその差異は縮小していった。
- Though elementary and secondary schools were initially separated for Taiwanese and Japanese and the Japanese received a privileged treatment in examination, the difference was gradually becoming smaller as the Japanese rule progressed.
- 範頼軍は平通盛、平忠度、平経俊、平清房、平清貞を、義経・安田義定軍は、平敦盛、平知章、平業盛、平盛俊、平経正、平師盛、平教経をそれぞれ討ち取ったと言われている。
- It is said that Noriyori's army killed TAIRA no Michimori, TAIRA no Tadanori, TAIRA no Tsunetoshi, TAIRA no Kiyofusa, and TAIRA no Kiyosada, and the armies of Yoshitsune and Yoshisada YASUDA killed TAIRA no Atsumori, TAIRA no Tomoakira, TAIRA no Narimori, TAIRA no Moritoshi, TAIRA no Tsunemasa, TAIRA no Moromori, and TAIRA no Noritsune.
- しかし、サンプルが少なすぎて血液型までしか特定できなかった(1998年になってニコライの骨と認められ、ロシア正教会はニコライ2世を革命の犠牲者として列聖した)。
- However, only a blood type was identified from the sample (later in 1998, the bone fragments were identified to belong to Tsar Nicholas II, and the Russian Orthodox Church canonized him as a victim of revolution).
- 大乗院日記目録(だいじょういんにっきもくろく)とは、奈良興福寺の門跡寺院である大乗院の、第27代大僧正尋尊が当時の政治・社会・文化・宗教史等について記した書物。
- Daijoin Nikki Mokuroku is the book recording the politics, social events, culture, and the history of religion written by Jinson, the 27th Daisojo (highest ranked priest among Japanese Buddhist monks) of Daijoin-Temple, which is the related temple of the nobility oriented/established Kofuku-ji Temple in Nara Prefecture.
- これによって大学寮に残って博士などの教官職を目指す者以外にとっては卒業は任官の必須の要件ではなくなり、大学寮の試験そのものが形骸化・簡略化されるきっかけとなった。
- As a result, for students other than those who stayed in Daigaku-ryo and aspired to a teaching career such as hakase (professor), graduation was no more a prerequisite for job appointment, and this prompted Daigaku-ryo's examinations to lose substance and to become simplified.
- 日本の学者等によって、韓国のこのような教育が「文化先進国の朝鮮」と「文化劣等国の日本」という意識を韓国民に植え付け韓国起源説の根拠となっているとも指摘されている。
- It is pointed out by Scholars in Japan that such education in Korea has implanted in Korean minds the images of 'Korea, a culturally advanced nation' and 'Japan, a culturally inferior nation' and has formed the foundation of the theory that all of the culture in Japan originated in Korea.
- 都市圏の中心となるべき舞鶴市は高等学校等の教育機関が国立1校(舞鶴工業高等専門学校)、公立2校、私立1校と少ないため、統計上、昼間人口の吸収率は必ずしも高くない。
- Maizuru City, the center of the urban area, has a few educational institutes including high schools, that is only one national high school (Maizuru National College of Technology), two public schools, and one private school, and consequently the daytime population is not necessarily large in statistics.
- 佐佐木信綱が記した『竹柏漫筆』によると明治天皇が関西へ行幸する際、フランス軍から天皇行幸に際して演奏すべき日本の国歌を教えてほしいという申し出が日本海軍へあった。
- According to 'Chikuhaku Manpitsu' by Nobutsuna SASAKI, on the occasion of Emperor Meiji's visit to Kansai, the French Army requested the Imperial Japanese Navy to teach them Japan's National Anthem in order to play on the occasion of the Emperor's visit.
- また、武士などの諸大夫、侍クラスの家の家芸は親から子へ幼少時からの英才教育で伝えられると共に、能力を見込んだ者を弟子や郎党にして伝授し、優秀であれば養子に迎えた。
- And the iegei of a family in a shodaibu or samurai class such as bushi was inherited from parent to child from the cradle by special education, or was inherited to those who were accepted as having the talent and became disciples or roto (retainer), and if they were excellent they were adopted.
- 鉄道、道路、上下水道、電気、病院、学校、工場などのインフラの整備を行い、近代教育制度や近代医療制度の整備を進め、朝鮮半島の近代化に役立ったと主張する研究者もいる。
- Some researchers insist that it helped the Korean Peninsula modernized by improving infrastructure such as railways, roads, water and sewerage, electricity, hospitals, schools and factories, and establishing the modern educational system and modern medical system.
- 2006年4月20日、筑紫野市教委は、大宰府政庁跡の北端から約1.7キロメートル南で条坊の南端と推定される幅約8メートルの道路と側溝の遺構が見つかったと発表した。
- On April 20, 2006, the Tsukushino City Board of Education announced that the remains of a street about 8-meter wide and side ditch had been found that is assumed to be the southern border of jobo, in a place about 1.7 kilometers south of the north end of the remains of Dazai-fu government.
- だが、朝鮮通信使が実際に書いた日記(日東壮遊歌 など)などの当時の資料を紐解くと、進んだ文化を持つ日本の繁栄ぶりが描写されており、韓国の教育とは相違が見受けられる。
- However, when reading documents concerning that time, for example, actual written diaries (such as Nittosoyuka), it is found that Japan was advanced culturally and was prosperous, showing differences between what is educated in Korea and reality.
- 寺子屋では、「読書算」と呼ばれる読書・習字・算数の基礎的な知識の習得に留まらず、地理・人名・書簡の作成法など、実生活に必要とされる内容の教育が総合的に行われていた。
- The Terakoya not only taught basic reading, writing and calculation, but also a comprehensive curriculum that included subjects required for daily life such as geography, people names and preparing letters.
- 明治34年5月、大本の開祖・出口なおが当地に渡島し、大本教で聖地としている場所から持ち込んだ神水(金明水)と、元伊勢の水を釣鐘岩の絶頂から眼下の海に散布したらしい。
- It is said that in May 1901, Nao DEGUCHI, the founder of Omoto, visited the Island, and spread Shinsui (sacred water) (Kinmei water), which was brought from a place recognized as sacred by the Omoto, as well as water from Moto Ise (shrines or places where the deities of Ise Jingu Shrine were once enshrined) to the sea directly beneath the peak of Tsuriganeiwa rock.
- 鎌倉時代後期までには、五山を中心として学僧等の基礎教養として広まり、正安元年(1299年)に来日した元 (王朝)の僧一山一寧がもたらした注釈によって学理を完成した。
- By the late Kamakura period, Neo-Confucianism was spread as basic education for monks in training and others among gosan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government), and its theory was completed by annotations brought by the monk Ichinei ISSAN (Yining YISHAN), who visited Japan in 1299 from the Yuan Dynasty.
- 江戸時代に入り、1613年(慶長18年)には禁教令も出されたため、最後まで棄教を拒んだ高山右近はマニラに追放され、有馬晴信は刑死し、以後キリシタン大名は存在しない。
- After the Edo period began the Ban on Christianity was issued in 1613, as a consequence of which Ukon TAKAYAMA, who refused to the very last to recant his Christian faith, was banished to Manila, and Harunobu ARIMA was executed; from that point onward there were no more Christian daimyo.
- 募兵、新兵教練を終えた薩軍では2月13日、次のように大隊編成がなされた(隊長の正式名称は指揮長。一般に大隊長とも呼ばれた。副長役は各大隊の一番小隊隊長がつとめた)。
- On February 13, with soldiers having been recruited and trained, the Satsuma army has formed into the battalions as below (The battalion commander was formally called Shikicho and generally called Daitaicho. The leader of the 1st platoon in each battalion served as Fukucho, the second in command.)
- これら行政機関以外に法院、刑務支所、少年教護院、警察官訓練所、交通局、港務局、専売局、台北帝国大学、各直属学校、農林業試験所などの司法、教育関係の部署を擁していた。
- Other governmental bodies included judicial and educational departments such as courts, corrections, orphanages, police academies, transportation, port authority, monopoly bureaus, Taihoku Imperial University, schools of all levels, agricultural and forestry research stations.
- このような家門に結びついたカリスマ的な宗教的権威は国王の霊威(独: Königsheil)あるいは血統霊威(独:Geblütsheil)と学術的に呼び習わされている。
- Such mystical and religious power, passed down through certain families, is known academically as the divine right of kings (Königsheil in German) or a power ordained by God (Geblütsheil in German).
- 政府は神道国教化の下準備として神仏分離政策を行なったが、明治5年3月14日 (旧暦)(1872年4月21日)のJ省廃止・教部省設置で頓挫し、神仏共同布教体制となった。
- The government advanced the policy of the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism to prepare to establish Shinto as the state religion, but their intention met with a setback due to the abolition of the Jingisho (Ministry of Divinities) and the establishment of the Kyobusho (Ministry of Religion) of April 21, 1872, and they paved the way to the cooperative system for the propagation of Shintoism and Buddhism.
- しかし神祇信仰と習合しやすい呪術的要素を持ちながら国家護持や普遍性・抽象性を備えた教説を整えた中央の大寺院として諸国神宮寺の心を捉えたのが空海の伝えた真言宗であった。
- However, Kukai's Shingon sect of Buddhism attracted Jingu-ji Temples of various countries as a central large temple because it had magical essence, which was easy to combine with Jingi belief, as well as preaching a story, providing protection for the nation, universality, and abstractness.
- 花山の幼なじみであった藤原道兼(兼家の三男)の教唆もあって花山はついに出家を決意、夜陰に乗じて内裏を抜け出し、道兼に付き添われて山科の元慶寺(花山寺)に赴き剃髪した。
- With the solicitation of Kazan's childhood friend FUJIWARA no Michikane (Kaneie's third son), Kazan finally decided on becoming a priest, escaping the court in the cover of darkness and went to Gankei-ji Temple (Kazan-ji Temple) in Yamashina, Kyoto together with Michikane to have his head shaved.
- また義隆が学問・芸術に熱心で、キリスト教布教を許し、公家や宣教師を積極的に保護したことから、大内領内には独特の山口文化(大内文化)が生まれ、文化的にも全盛期を迎えた。
- Additionally, because Yoshitaka was enthusiastic about learning and art, and also because he permitted Christian missionary work and voluntarily protected kuge (court noble) and missionaries, a unique culture of Yamaguchi (Ouchi culture) was born in the territory of Ouchi family, which led to a height also in terms of culture.
- 右近は秀吉の宣教師追放令で大名の地位を追われ、その後、新庄直頼が3万石で高槻に入ったが、1600年の関ヶ原の戦いで改易され、その身柄は蒲生秀行 (侍従)に預けられた。
- Ukon was removed from his rank of Daimyo by the edict expelling Christian missionaries, afterward, Naoyori SHINJO entered Takatsuki with 30,000 koku, but he was forced to change his rank in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and he was handed over to Hideyuki GAMO (palace staff).
- その為、居住国国民であり、居住国に忠誠を誓っている事を示す目的で、一世や二世である親がわざと日本語を教えなかったり、日本文化を継承させない環境で育った世代が存在する。
- Some generations were not made by their parents to inherit Japanese culture because their parents, who were first or second generations, chose not to teach their children Japanese in order to show allegiance to their country of residence.
- しかし無論、儒教思想がそのまま取り入れられた訳ではなく、儒学の中では『四書』の一つとして重要視されている『孟子』を、国体にそぐわないものであると評価する思想家も多い。
- However, it is not just an adoption of Confucian thought and many of the thinkers evaluated 'Moshi (Mencius)' which was emphasized as one of the 'The Four Books of Confucianism' that were unsuitable for national policy.
- 江戸時代の元和 (日本)年間(1615年-1624年)以降になると、儒教の朱子学の道徳でこの価値観を説明しようとする山鹿素行らによって、新たに士道の概念が確立された。
- After the Genna era (1615 – 1624) in the Edo period, Soko YAMAGA and others who tried to explain this sense of value by the morals of Shushigaku of Confucianism established the morality of samurai anew.
- 更に大学寮の教官の間でも学説のみならず学生の立身を巡って一種の学閥が形成されるようになり、その中でも紀伝道では菅原氏と大江氏、それ以外の諸氏の間で激しい争いが行われた。
- Furthermore, a kind of academic cliques were formed among Daigaku-ryo's professors, who disputed over not only theories but also students' success in life, particularly in the Kidendo department, where fierce conflicts among the Sugawara clan, the Oe clan, and other clans took place.
- 学連はまたたくまに会員1600名を擁する大組織に成長し、マルクス主義の普及・研究を標榜するとともに労働争議や労働者教育運動(京都労働学校など)への支援を積極的に行った。
- The Gakuren expanded rapidly to have 1600 members, advocated diffusion and studies of Marxism, as well as actively supported labor dispute and educational movement for laborers (Kyoto Rodo Gakko [Kyoto Labor School]) and so forth.
- 天皇の来学に先立ち、京大吉田(本部)キャンパスでは、2,000人にのぼる学生・教職員などが正門近くの本部(時計台)前広場(画像参照)に見物(あるいは歓迎)に押しかけた。
- At Kyoto University Yoshida (headquarter) campus, two thousand students/school personnel gathered, before the arrival of the Emperor, at an open space in front of the university headquarter building (clock tower) (refer to the picture) in order to see (or welcome) the Emperor.
- 教科書は平安時代に三経(詩経・書経・易経)、三礼(周礼・儀礼・礼記)、三伝(春秋左氏伝・春秋公羊伝・春秋穀梁伝)及び『論語』『孝経』の11経が主な教材として確立された。
- The following eleven books were established as the major Myogyo textbooks during the Heian period: the three Sankyo (three classics on Confucianism) called Shikyo, Shokyo and Ekikyo; the three Sanrai (three classical texts on rites) called Shurai, Girai and Raiki; the three Sanden (three classics on a Chinese history book 'Shunju') called Shunju Sashiden, Shunju Kuyoden and Shunju Kokuryoden; as well as the 'Rongo' and 'Kokyo.'
- 江戸時代にベストセラーとなった『日本外史』でも、巻十一に「降りて戦国に至り、この兵各々群雄の分ち領する所となり(中略)之に教へて後戦う者は、武田・上杉より過ぐるはなし。
- In Volume 11 of 'Nihon Gaishi (historical book on Japan),' which was one of the bestsellers in the Edo Period, it is described as 'Later in sengoku (period of warring states), such military forces were divided and owned by local barons (snip) after teaching them, Takeda and Uesugi became the best fighters.
- 京都の公家であった左近衛少将・猪熊教利は、「天下無双」とたたえられるほどの美男子で、源氏物語の光源氏や平安時代に浮き名を流した在原業平にもたとえられていた公家であった。
- Sakone no shosho (officer of the Imperial guard department) Noritoshi INOKUMA, a court noble in Kyoto, was renowned for his allegedly 'unparalleled' handsomeness, likened to Hikaru Genji, hero of the Tale of Genji, or ARIWARA no Narihira whose love affairs were well known in the Heian period.
- 逆にソウル大学校教授李栄薫は、韓国で教えられている「日帝による土地収奪論」は神話であり、客観的数値で見ても日本が編入した朝鮮の土地は10%に過ぎないとする研究者もいる。
- On the other hand, researchers such as Lee Yong-hoon of the Seoul National University say that the 'land requisition by Empire of Japan' taught in South Korea is a myth, and the Korean land incorporated by Japan was only 10% from the viewpoint of objective figure.
- 「天皇(大帝)」は中国古代の宇宙の最高神天帝の名で、道教思想と深い関わりを持つが、天武の施政には道教的色彩が認められ、天武が天皇表記を用い始めたとする説を補強している。
- The 'tenno (great emperor)' is the name of the supreme god of space in ancient China and has a deep relationship with Taoism thoughts, and also during the administration of Emperor Tenmu the Taoism influence was accepted, which supports the theory that the Emperor Tenmu started using the notation of tenno.
- 性器を切断して生殖能力を奪ってしまえば家系が絶える事になり、先祖に対する供養を人倫の最重要項目に置く儒教においては、宮刑は一種の追放刑として認識されていたとの説もある。
- A study mentions that the removal of genital parts to eliminate the virility meant the discontinuation of his family name, which was understood as a total expulsion from his family and severe punishment under Confucianism, which values the service for the dead as its most important, moral act.
- また当時の朝鮮において興宣大院君が政権を掌握して儒教の復興と攘夷を国是にする政策を採り始めたため、これを理由に日本との関係を断絶するべきとの意見が出されるようになった。
- In the Korea at that time, Heungseon Daewongun took the reins of government, he started to adopt a national policy that revives the Confucianism and expulsion of foreigners, and caused to develop an opinion that break off relations with Japan.
- 21年の中断を経て、足利義教が1432に再開し、1550までに11次51隻(このうち、幕府所有船は7隻で、朝廷船1隻、残りは守護大名、寺社所有船であった)が渡航している。
- After twenty-one years of interruption, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA resumed the operation in 1432 and eleven fleets or fifty-one ships (seven ships were owned by the bakufu, one was owned by the Imperial Court and the rest were owned by the shugo-daimyo or temples/shrines) visited Ming until 1550.
- この法令の直後に頼之が近江国守護職六角氏頼(六角氏頼)に対して発給した御教書がある。その中で、この法令に北朝 (日本)後光厳天皇の勅許が付けられている旨が述べられている。
- Immediately following the establishment of the law, a Migyosho was issued to the Omi Shugoshiki (provincial constable of Omi Province) Rokkaku Ujiyori where it was mentioned that the law had been accompanied by imperial sanction authorized by Emperor Gokogon of the Northern Court (Japan).
- 6代将軍の足利義教の頃には将軍家の「弓馬師範」としての地位を確立し、以後的始め、馬始めなど幕府の公式儀礼をしばしば差配し、当時における武家の有職故実の中心的存在となった。
- In the period of the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, it established the position of 'the master of kyuba' of the shogun family and often managed the official ceremonies of bakufu such as Mato-hajime and Uma-hajime (first horse riding in beginning of year) as the key player of yusoku kojitsu of samurai families around that time.
- ヒンドゥー教のガンジス川の神クンビーラが仏教に取り入れられ宮比羅大将となり、神仏習合によって、弥勒菩薩(他に十一面観音など諸説あり)の垂迹神として金毘羅大権現が成立した。
- The Hindu god of the Ganges River, Kunbi-ra became incorporated into Buddhism and became Kubira Taisho and with the syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism, Konpira Daigongen was established as the Suijakushin (provisional Buddha) for Miroko Bosatsu (Buddha of the Future, Bodhisattva of the Present) (other theories say Eleven-faced Kannon [Goddess of Mercy]).
- また、フランシスコ会の活発な活動が禁教令に対して挑発的であると考え、京都奉行の石田三成に命じて、京都に住むフランシスコ会員とキリスト教徒全員を捕縛して処刑するよう命じた。
- Hideyoshi also thought that Franciscan's energetic activities were provocative against the Ban on Christianity and ordered to the Kyoto magistrate, Mitsunari ISHIDA, to arrest and execute all Franciscan members and Christians.
- 西郷軍では篠原が編成の責任者となり、桐野が軍需品の収集調達、村田新八が兵器の調達整理、永山弥一郎が新兵教練、池上が募兵をそれぞれ担当し、12日頃に一応の準備が整えられた。
- In Saigo's army, SHINOHARA became responsible for troop formation, KIRINO became in charge of logistics, Shinpachi MURATA in charge of supply and maintenance of arms, Yaichiro NAGAYAMA in charge of recruit training, and IKEGAMI in charge of recruiting, then, around February 12, the army was mostly prepared.
- 同時に初等教育においても「内地人」、「本島人」という民族による区分が廃止され「日本語を常用する児童」が小学校に、「日本語を常用しない児童」が公学校に入学することとなった。
- At the same time, segregation by ethnicity 'Naichi jin' and 'Honto jin' was discontinued in the elementary education system, and the children who always used Japanese attended elementary schools and those who did not always use Japanese attended Kogakko.
- だが、平安時代中期に官司請負制の進行とともに官職が一種の利権として認識されて世襲が進むと、こうした教官(博士)の地位を世襲する特定の氏族(「博士家」)が出現するようになる。
- However, in the midst of Heian period, as hereditary government office system developed and the government post, regarded as a kind of interest, became taken over by heredity, particular clans ('hakase family') that took up the post of instructors by heredity emerged.
- またこの縁起「信長公阿弥陀寺由緒之記録」は古い記録が焼けたため享保16年に記憶を頼りに作り直したと称するもので、仏教への不信の信長が帰依していたとすることも含め信じがたい。
- In addition, as it is also told with respect to this history book, 'Nobunagako Amidaji Yuishono Kiroku,' that because the old records were burnt, it was reconstructed in 1731 based on memory, this book is unbelievable including the story that Nobunaga, who did not believe Buddhism, was the believer of this temple.
- 巡礼は、体力的、経済的に可能な者に、一生に一度は行なうよう義務付けられている行為であるが、巡礼を果たしたムスリム(イスラム教徒)は、「ハーッジー」と呼ばれ、特に尊敬される。
- The pilgrimage is a duty to be fulfilled at least once during a lifetime for all followers who are physically and financially able, and a Muslim who has completed the pilgrimage is greatly respected and called 'al-haji.'
- この宴に相伴した大名は細川持之、畠山持永、山名持豊、一色教親、細川持常、大内持世、京極高数、山名熈貴、細川持春、赤松貞村で、義教の介入によって家督を相続した者たちであった。
- Daimyos (Japanese feudal lord) who accompanied Yoshinori to this feast (a drinking party) were Mochiyuki HOSOKAWA, Mochinaga HATAKEYAMA, Mochitoyo YAMANA, Norichika ISSHIKI, Mochitsune HOSOKAWA, Mochiyo OUCHI, Takakazu KYOGOKU, Hirotaka YAMANA, Mochiharu HOSOKAWA, and Sadamura AKAMATSU, all those who took over as head of the family through intervention by Yoshinori.
- フランシスコ・ザビエルは戦国時代 (日本)の日本をよく理解し、まず各地の戦国大名たちに領内での布教の許可を求め、さらに布教を円滑に進めるために大名自身に対する布教も行った。
- Francis Xavier understood society in the Warring States period extremely well; first he sought permission to proselytize from daimyo all over Japan, and then, in order to ensure his missionary work would go smoothly, even began proselytizing to the daimyo themselves.
- これを教訓とした日本は、地租改正や殖産興業で経済力をつけ(=富国)、徴兵制や軍制改革により軍備を増強(=強兵)して、列強に追いつくことにより条約改正と国家の保全を目指した。
- Learning a lesson from this, Japan aimed to revise the treaties and improve national security by strengthening its economic power with land-tax reform and encouragement of industries (national enrichment), and military power with the conscription system and reformation of the military system (strengthening of the military) to catch up with other great powers.
- 元木泰雄京都大学大学院教授は、多田行綱の戦功が『吾妻鏡』にない理由は、平氏滅亡後の文治元年(1185年)に行綱が頼朝の怒りを受けて所領を没収されたためであろうと述べている。
- Yasuo MOTOKI, a professor in the Graduate School of Kyoto University, proposed that the reason why war merito of Yukitsuna TADA is not in 'Azuma Kagami' is his territories were seized because Yoritomo became angry with him after the fall of the Heike (Taira clan) family (in 1185).
- 一方、キリスト教(カトリック)においては、贅沢は「七つの大罪」における傲慢の罪にあたり、享楽的な生活に対する神の怒りが黒死病などの疫病や戦乱を生み出していると考えられてきた。
- Meanwhile, in Catholic teaching, luxury is seen as a form of vanity, one of 'The Seven Deadly Sins,' and it has been thought that God's wrath against people's hedonistic lives has caused epidemics such as the black death and wars.
- それに対して算道の扱う分野は儒教とは直接的な関連性はなく、計算や測量などの技術系官人の育成を行うことを目的としていたことから、唯一本科から独立した存在であったのが算道であった。
- In contrast, the fields covered by Sando had no direct relevance to Confucianism and aimed at educating technical government officials in calculation, survey, and other similar subjects; in this way, Sando was the only existence independent from the regular course.
- しかし、教養の高い文化人で線が細いといわれる光秀像と別に、フロイスの人物評や信長が「佐久間信盛折檻状」で功績抜群として光秀を上げたように、したたかな戦国武将としての姿が見える。
- Separately from the image of Mitsuhide that he was a highly cultured but feeble looking, we can see an aspect of Mitsuhide as a tough busho (Japanese military commander) in the Sengoku Period as commented by Frois and praised by Nobunaga in 'Sakuma Nobumori sekkanjo' (letter to reproach Nobumori SAKUMA).
- 1896年7月、開化派の流れを汲む人たちが朝鮮の自主独立、法治主義の確立、新教育の振興、農業の改良、工業の育成、愛国心、君主への忠誠心の培養を訴え李完用らが独立協会を設立した。
- In July 1896, the people following Kaika group called for the independence of Korea, establishment of legalism, promotion of new education, improvement of agriculture, encouragement of industry and raising of patriotism and loyalty to monarch, and Lee, Wan-yong and others founded the Independence Club.
- 針生(定員30名)は、針博士の下で基礎教養2年及び専門教育7年(実技及び専門書の講読)を受けた後、針博士による卒業・任官試験を受けて合格したものが針師として針治療の実務にあたる。
- After the students of acupuncture (limited to 30 people) finished a two year basic course and seven years of professional training (skill practice and technical book reading) under a Hari hakase, they took the final and commissioning exam held by their Hari Hakase and those who passed it started acupuncture treatment as acupuncturists.
- その動きは早くは中世から見られるが、一般には江戸時代中期後期以後の儒教や国学 (学問)や復古神道に伴うものを指し、狭義には明治新政府により出された神仏分離令(正式には神仏判然令。
- The earliest movement had already appeared in the Medieval Period, but the Shinbutsu-bunri usually refers to the separation carried out in accordance with the advancement of Confucianism, Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature), and the Fukko-shinto (Reactionary Shintoism) which occurred in and after the mid or late Edo period.In a more limited sense, it refers to the separation carried out throughout the country according to the ordinance issued by the new Meiji government, called Shinbutsu Bunri-rei (officially named Shinbutsu Hanzen-rei, which means the Edict for Separation of Shinto and Buddhism), which was a general term representing a series of official notices issued between April 5, 1868 and December 1, 1868, such as the edict of the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the notification of the Jingikan (Department of Worship), and the notification of the Daijokan.
- 例えば、祖父母・父母、夫の祖父母・父母をなぐり、また殺傷する罪を悪逆のなかにいれて、恩赦のさいにもこれをゆるさない規定を設けているのは、儒教の道徳を法制化したものにほかならない。
- For example, including the crimes of striking, killing and wounding of grandparents, parents, grandparents, and parents of a husband as atrocities, and setting up rules for not permitting amnesty, is nothing more than the legislation of Confucian morals.
- 朱熹の学は、社会の統治を担う士大夫層の学として受け入れられたが、元 (王朝)代には科挙試験が準拠する経書解釈として国に認定されるに至り、国家教学としてその姿を変えることになった。
- The learnings of Hsi CHU were accepted as learnings for the Shitaifu (Scholar-bureaucrats) class, who were in charge of social governance; during the Yuan dynasty, the state for interpretation of classic Confucian writings stipulated that the Kakyo shiken (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats) should conform to these learnings, and changes were made to the national education.
- 「風癲白痴の者」、「懲役一年以上実決の刑に処せられた者」、身代限(破産)の処分を受け負債の弁償を終えていないもの、官吏および教員は、選挙と被選挙の資格を持たなかった(第13条)。
- 'Those who are insane or idiotic,' those who have been sentenced to more than 1 year in prison,' those who have been declared bankrupt and have not finished paying for debts were not eligible to vote nor run for election.
- 同年9月に開かれた被告2名の初公判では、被告側の弁護人として11名の弁護士(この中には先述の佐伯千仭が含まれている)のほか、田畑茂二郎ら3名の法学部教官が特別弁護人として参加した。
- At the first court hearing of the two defendants held in September of that year, 11 lawyers participated as the defendants' lawyers (including the aforementioned Chihiro SAEKI) along with 3 other law faculty staff such as Shigejiro TAHATA as special lawyers.
- だが、後に紀伝道の家学化が進むと、紀伝道の教官が世襲を確かなものとするために自分の子弟を給料学生に推挙するようになり、試験を行う場合でも譜第の家以外からの受験が困難になっていった。
- Later, Kidendo became hereditary learning and instructors of Kidendo recommended their sons for Kyuryo gakusei in order to make heredity sure and as a result, it became difficult for the sons of families other than hereditary families to apply for the examination even though examinations were conducted.
- 六月の嘉吉の乱で将軍足利義教が殺されると政治的混乱の中「代初めの徳政」を求めて(天下一同の徳政令)京都近江坂本の馬借を中心に農民が蜂起、地侍が指導し、数万人の一揆にふくれあがった。
- In the political turmoil after the assassination of Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA in the Kakitsu War, the farming population lead by bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) in Omi Sakamoto in Kyoto rose up in rebellion to demand 'daihajime-no-tokusei (acts of virtuous government requested at shogun replacement)' (Tenkaichido no Tokuseirei (a debt cancellation order for all throughout the country)), which was directed by jizamurai (local samurai) and lead to an uprising by tens of thousands of people.
- 一方、研究設備や研究成果、教授陣が充実している大学や、関西文化学術研究都市や神戸医療産業都市構想を初めとした産学官連携研究施設が集積しており、経済面の環境が縮小している訳ではない。
- On the other hand, universities with excellent research equipment, research achievements and professors, and research facilities based on industry-academia-government collaboration, including the Kansai Science City and the Kobe Medical Industry Development Project, are concentrated in the area, and it is not the case that the economical environment would decrease their size.
- 21日、平頼盛、平教盛、平経盛(以上、清盛の弟)、平知盛、平重衡(以上、清盛の子)、平維盛、平資盛、平清経(以上、重盛の子)、そして源頼政を大将とする園城寺攻撃の編成が定められた。
- On the twenty-second (twenty-first in lunar calendar), TAIRA no Yorimori, TAIRA no Norimori, and TAIRA no Tsunemori (all three of whom were Kiyomori's younger brothers) as well as TAIRA no Tomomori and TAIRA no Shigehira (both sons of Kiyomori) and TAIRA no Koremori, TAIRA no Sukemori, and TAIRA no Kiyotsune (all three of whom were sons of Shigemori) as well as MINAMOTO no Yorimasa were appointed generals over the force preparing to attack Onjo-ji temple.
- 幸い人的被害はなかったが、国宝の舎利殿(金閣)が全焼し、創建者である室町幕府3代将軍、足利義満の木像(当時国宝)、観音菩薩像、阿弥陀如来像、仏教経巻などの文化財6点も灰燼に帰した。
- Fortunately, no one was hurt, but Shariden (Kinkaku), a national treasure, was completely burned down and six other cultural properties such as a wooden statue of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (national treasure at the time), the third Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the founder of Kinkaku-ji Temple, a statue of Kannon Bosatsu (Bodhisattva of Merciful Godess), a statue of Amitabha Tathagatae and Buddhist canons were also lost in the fire.
- 義持の没後、弟の義教が将軍に就任すると、持氏はこれに反発し、1429年に元号が「正長」から「永享」に改元されても持氏は正長の元号を用い続けるなど、幕府に対する不服従の態度を示した。
- After Yoshimochi's death his younger brother Yoshinori assumed shogun, but Mochiuji opposed to this and took disobedient attitudes toward the bakufu, for example, Mochiuji continued to use Shocho era even after the name of the era had been changed from 'Shocho' to 'Eikyo'.
- 1875年(明治8年)10月、土佐の板垣退助が明治6年の政変に続いて明治政府を再び離脱し、国民を教化しつつ明治政府の外から自由主義的な議会制度を準備する運動を起こす道を歩み始めた。
- In October, 1875, Taisuke ITAGAKI from Tosa resigned from the Meiji Government for the second time following the political change which had happened in 1873, and while educating the nation's people, he initiated a course of action to prepare for the liberalization of parliamentary procedure from outside of the Meiji Government.
- 将門の新皇即位は、神仏習合の神であり天皇家の祖神でもある八幡神がその位を授け、位記(辞令)を菅原道真が書いたとし、仏教音楽により儀式を行うようにと神祇信仰の巫女が託宣したものである。
- At the enthronement of new emperor Masakado, it supposed that Hachiman (God of War), deity of shinbutsu-shugo and Imperial Family's soshin (ancestor honored as god), granted the throne, SUGAWARA no Michizane wrote the Iki (court rank diploma), and a shrine maiden of Jingi belief had an oracle to play Buddhistic music at the ceremony.
- 4世紀にキリスト教が公認されると、キリスト教発祥の地であるパレスチナ、ことにキリストの生地であるベツレヘム、受難の地であるエルサレムへ、その遺構に参拝する信者が旅行するようになった。
- In the fourth century, when Christianity became official, the birthplace of Christianity, Palestine, especially, the birthplace of Jesus Christ, Bethlehem, and the site of the Passion, Jerusalem, were destinations for followers to travel and worship.
- その反面では、こうした寺社の世俗化をきらって特定の寺院に属さない「聖」や「上人」とよばれる民間布教者があらわれ、とくに浄土教の教えを京都の都はもとより地方へも広めていった時期である。
- On the other side, missionaries emerged who did not like the secularism of temples and shrines, did not belong to a particular temple or shrine and were called 'hijiri' (a saint) or 'shonin' (a high priest), and they brought the teachings of Jodo (Pure Land) sect to people from the capital, Kyoto through local regions.
- 武家では楠木正成・名和長年(伯耆守)・結城親光(3名と千種忠顕とを合わせて「三木一草」という)、さらに真言宗密教の僧である文観や円観などの非・公家の人材も積極的に登用する人事であった。
- Among the warrior clans, notable were Masanari KUSUNOKI, Nagatoshi NAWA (Protector of Hoki), and Chikamitsu YUKI (these three, with Tadaaki CHIGUSA, were called 'the three trees (ki) and one grass (kusa)'); moreover, other talented men, both noble and non-noble, including the esoteric monks Monkan and Enkan of the Shingon sect, actively served in the government as well.
- キリシタン大名として知られた内藤忠俊(如安・後に小西行長家臣)が丹波の小領主だった時代、ルイス・フロイスら宣教師が忠俊の招待を受けてここを経由して丹波に入ったとする記録が残されている。
- It was recorded that, when Tadatoshi (Joan) NAITO (later a retainer of Yukinaga KONISHI), who was known as a Christian daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) was the lord of a small territory, missionaries, including Luis FROIS, were invited by Tadatoshi and visited Tanba via here.
- 毒鼓とは、毒薬を塗った太鼓で、それを打ち鳴らすと聞いた人はみんな死んでしまうという伝説であり、それと同じように仏の教えは衆生の貪・瞋・癡の三毒を滅すことができるということを表している。
- The legend holds that the dokku was a drum to which poison was applied, and that when the drum was beaten, all the people hearing the sound would die; in the same way, the teachings of Buddha are to eliminate the three poisons of avarice, anger and ignorance among people.
- 地中海沿岸からヨーロッパ各地に諸聖人の遺骨(聖遺物または不朽体)またはキリストの磔刑、ノアの箱舟の跡などの遺物を祭ったとされる教会、聖堂などが多数あり、そのような地への巡礼が行われた。
- Pilgrims traveled to numerous churches and cathedrals throughout the Mediterranean region and Europe that venerate the remains of saints (sacred relics or immortal body) or relics of the crucifixion of Christ or remains of Noah's Ark.
- 北魏の次の西魏では、兵戸制に代わって府兵制という兵農一致を原則とする新たな兵制が生まれ、その次の北周は、儒教教典の周礼に基づいて三省六部の官制を整備し、租庸調と呼ばれる税制を開始した。
- The Western Wei Dynasty that followed Northern Wei replaced the binghu system with the fubing system based on the principle of the farmer-soldier, and the subsequent Northern Zhou Dynasty established the Three Departments and Six Ministries administrative system based on the Confucian ritual text 'The Rites of Zhou' ('Zhouli') and launched a tax system called zuyongdiao.
- 平成10年(1998年)度に行われた秋田城(秋田県秋田市)第72次調査で見つかった漆紙文書は、国立歴史民俗博物館の平川南教授の赤外線カメラを用いた解読によって死亡帳であることが判明した。
- The lacquer-infiltrating paper document found in the 72nd research of Akita-jo Castle (Akita City, Akita Prefecture) in 1998 turned out to be Shibocho through decipherment using an infrared camera by Professor Minami HIRAKAWA of the National Museum of Japanese History.
- 合戦の終息した12月29日恩賞の除目があり、頼盛が尾張守、重盛が伊予守、宗盛が遠江守、教盛が越中守、経盛が伊賀守にそれぞれ任じられ、平氏一門の知行国は乱の前の5ヶ国から7ヶ国に増加した。
- A session granting awards was held on February 15, just after the battle ended; at this session, Yorimori was made governor of Owari Province, Shigemori of Iyo Province, Munemori of Totomi Province, Norimori of Ecchu Province, and Tsunemori of Iga Province, meaning that following the battle, the Taira's control over chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) increased from five provinces to seven.
- また、当時理蕃政策と称された台湾原住民に対する統治政策では、原住民の教育水準に一定程度の向上を見ることができ、法的には日本人や中国語系住民とほぼ同等の権利の保障が認められるようになった。
- The management policy of the aborigines in Taiwan so called 'riban seisaku' (aboriginal management policy) contributed to the improvement of the educational level among them to some extent, and they were legally given almost the same rights as the Japanese or Chinese people.
- が、1937年に日中戦争が勃発すると朝鮮でも戦時体制下で皇民化教育が推進され、日本が敗戦を迎えるまで各種の人的資源の動員や、商行為を通して様々な資源、食品の日本への大量移送なども行われた。
- But in 1937, when the Sino-Japanese War occurred, Japanization was promoted under the wartime regime in Korea, and all sorts of human resources were mobilized and various resources and food were transported in large numbers through business practices to Japan until Japan was defeated.
- 式部省の所管で、明経道(経書)、算道(算術)および副教科の音道(中国語の発音)、書道_(大学寮)(書き方)の四学科があり後に紀伝道(通称「文章道」、中国史・文章)と明法道(法律)が加わった。
- It was under the control of Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial), and there were two main subjects such as Myogyo-do (Keisho), Sando (arithmetic) plus two auxiliary subjects such as Ondo (pronunciation of Chinese) and calligraphy (Daigakuryo) (the way of writing); later, Kidendo (in vernacular terms, 'Monjodo (Literature)' and Myobodo (law) were added.
- 児童教育については、『蒙求』・『千字文』・『李嶠百廿詠』が主に用いられ、後に藤原公任が『和漢朗詠集』、藤原宗忠が『作文大体』、三善為康が『続千字文』・『童蒙頌韻』を著すとこれらも用いられた。
- For children's education, 'Mogyu,' 'Senjimon' and 'Rikyo Hyakunijuei' were primarily used, with 'Wakan Roeishu' written by FUJIWARA no Kinto, 'Sakumon Daitai' written by FUJIWARA no Munetada, 'Zoku Senjimon' and 'Domoshoin' written by MIOSHI no Tameyasu later added to the list of textbooks.
- NHK大阪放送局NHK教育テレビジョン、MBS毎日放送、ABC朝日放送、KTV関西テレビ放送、ytv讀賣テレビ放送については、デジタル・アナログとも、生駒山からの電波を直接受信して視聴する。
- NHK Osaka, NHK Educational Television, MBS Mainichi Broadcasting, ABC Asahi Broadcasting, KTV Kansai TV, and ytv Yomiuri TV signals can be received directly from Mt. Ikoma (both digital and analog broadcasting).
- 同時に新渡戸にとって武士は国際社会において日本人の倫理感の高さ、国民一人一人が社会全体への義務を負うように教育されていると説明するのに最適のモデルであったとするのが今日の一般的な見方である。
- Also it is generally considered today that in international society the samurai was the best model for Nitobe to explain the high ethics view of Japanese and that every Japanese was educated to be responsible to the whole of society.
- 明経博士1名・助教2名・直講2名の各教官と、明経得業生(みょうぎょうとくぎょうしょう)4名・明経生(みょうぎょうしょう)400名から成るが、学生定員は平安時代を通じて充足されることはなかった。
- The Myogyodo department consisted of a Myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucianism), two assistant professors, four Myogyo Tokugyosho (honor students) and 400 Myogyosho (students); the number of students was fixed and never increased throughout the Heian period.
- 平成11年(1999年)には広島県立世羅高等学校で卒業式当日に校長が自殺し、君が代斉唱や日章旗掲揚の文部省通達とそれに反対する日教組教職員との板挟みになっていたことが原因ではないかと言われた。
- In 1999, the principal of Hiroshima Prefectural SERA Senior High School committed suicide on the day of the commencement ceremony and it was rumored that the cause of this suicide was the fact that he had been caught in the middle of the instruction by the Ministry of Education chorus reading Kimigayo and raising the Japanese (rising sun) flag and opposing teachers who belonged to Nikkyoso.
- 言論、集会、結社の自由も、(国際世論への配慮のため)一部のキリスト教徒を除き大きく制限され、朝鮮警察事務をすべて日本軍に委任し、通常の警察でなく軍の憲兵(軍事警察)が一般警察官を兼ねるとした。
- Freedom of speech, assembly and association was strictly limited except a part of Christians (for consideration of international opinions), and all the Korean police administration was delegated to the Japanese army, of which kenpei (military police) doubled as general policemen instead of the regular police.
- 明代、国家教学となった朱子学は、科挙合格という世俗的な利益のためにおこなわれ、また体制側でも郷村での共同体倫理確立に朱子学を用い、道徳的実践を重んじた聖人の学としての本質を損なうようになった。
- During the Ming Dynasty, Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) became the national education and learning was practiced for worldly profit to pass the Kakyo, and was used by the establishment to create community morals in autonomous villages, causing the learning of the saints, which valued moral practice, to deteriorate.
- 故に、家庭や居留国の日本語補習校などで日本語教育を受けた人物も少数ながらも存在はするものの、三世や四世の世代で日本語を話すことが出来る人々は主に外国語として日本語を学んだ人々である場合が多い。
- A small number of Japanese have had Japanese education in their families and Japanese schools in the countries where they live, but most of the third and fourth generations who can speak Japanese learned it as a foreign language.
- なお、当時の唐で採用されていた算経十書と呼ばれる教科書のうち、『張邱建算経』・『夏侯陽算経』・『五経算術』・『緝古算経』の4種が除かれて代わりに『六章』・『三開重差』・『九司』が採用されている。
- Furthermore, of the textbooks known as 'Sankei ten documents' which were adopted in the Tang Dynasty at that time, four types; 'Chokyukensankei,' 'Kakoyosankei,' 'Gokyosanjutsu,' and 'Shukosankei,' were excluded and 'Rokusho,' 'Sankaijusa' and 'Kyushi' were adopted instead.
- 平安時代初期には三礼学派・三伝学派という流れが成立して両者の間で論争が行われたが、平安時代中期以降は明経道そのものが儒教の専門家養成コースのような性格を持つようになって学術論争が沈滞していった。
- During the early Heian period, Myogyodo separated into the two schools called 'Sanraigaku' and 'Sandengaku' and debates took place between them; the arguments stagnated after the middle of the Heian period, however, once Myogyodo itself came to have the characteristics of a training course for becoming a professional on Confucianism.
- 石黒忠悳軍医・伊集院五郎・大浦兼武・大迫尚道陸軍士官学校 (日本)・神尾光臣・佐藤正 (陸軍草創期)・志水直・田村銀之助・寺内正毅(右腕を負傷)・東条英教・浜野昇軍医・山口素臣大隊長・手塚良仙軍医
- Tadanori ISHIGURO (a military doctor), Goro IJUIN, Kanetake OURA, Naomichi OSAKO (at the military academy (in Japan)), Mitsuomi KAMIO, Tadashi SATO (in the era of establishing the army), Tadashi SHIMIZU, Ginnosuke TAMURA, Masatake TERAUCHI (his right arm was injured), Hidenori TOJO, Noboru HAMANO (a military doctor), Motoomi YAMAGUCHI (a battalion commander), and Ryosen TEZUKA (a military doctor)
- 嘉吉の乱(かきつのらん)は、室町時代の嘉吉元年(1441年)に播磨国、備前国、美作国守護の赤松満祐が、六代征夷大将軍足利義教を暗殺し、領国播磨で幕府方討伐軍に敗れて討たれるまでの一連の騒乱である。
- Kakitsu War is referred to as a series of disturbances occurred in 1441, from when Mitsusuke AKAMATSU, a shugo (provincial constable) of the Harima Province, the Bizen Province, and the Mimasaka Province, assassinated Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the 6th seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') to when he was defeated and killed by the punitive force of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in his own territory, Harima.
- そこには義嗣とともに現管領細川満元、元管領斯波義教をはじめ、畠山満慶、赤松義則、土岐康政、山名時熙、更に公家の山科教高、日野持光らが共謀して上杉氏憲に呼応して義持打倒を計画していたと言うのである。
- The report said that together with Yoshitsugu, there were the present kanrei, Mitsumoto HOSOKAWA and a former kanrei Yoshinori SHIBA, Mitsunori HATAKEYAMA, Yoshinori AKAMATSU, Yasumasa TOKI, Tokihiro YAMANA and also the court nobles such as Noritaka YAMASHINA and Mochimitsu HINO conspired and plotted to overthrow Yoshimochi working together with Ujinori UESUGI..
- フランク王国(カロリング朝)の時代から奢侈禁止令が見られるが、本格的に奢侈禁止令が出されるようになるのは、十字軍以後の商業の急激な発展と都市生活の高度化に対する教会及び国家の警戒によるものであった。
- Sumptuary laws existed from the time of the Frankish kingdom (the Carolingians), and after the Crusades full-scale laws started to be issued because the church and states were alerted to the rapid development of trade and advancement of urban life.
- 屋島の合戦に敗れた平教経率いる30名の残党が、讃岐山脈を経て、阿波へと入り、現在の徳島県東みよし町から井川町 (徳島県)(現・三好市)にかけての一帯に住んだが、追手に脅かされ、祖谷に住んだと伝わる。
- It has been passed down that after being defeated in the battle of Yashima, 30 remnants led by Taira no Noritsune escaped to Awa Province via the Sanuki Mountains and lived in the area of present Higashimiyoshi-cho, Tokushima Prefecture, and Ikawa-cho (Tokushima Prefecture, present Miyoshi City), but later they settled at Iya for fear of pursuers.
- そのため大木は、1880年にいわゆる御雇外国人として明治初期における日本の法学教育や立法などに功績を挙げたフランス人法学者ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナードを中心に新しい民法草案の作成を指示した。
- For that purpose Oki gave an instruction mainly to Gustave Emile BOISSONADE, a French jurist, who made a great contribution to law education and lawmaking in Japan in 1880, to prepare a draft of new Civil Code.
- この背景には、大学制度の範を唐の制度に求めたものの、儒教による国家統治の原則が確立していた唐とは違い、仏教や古来からの神道が儒教と並立した日本の支配階層においては、儒教理念が唐よりも重視されなかった。
- The reason is that although Daigaku-ryo was modeled on the university system in Tang Dynasty China, unlike in Tang Dynasty China where the rule that a nation should be governed based on Confucianism was already established, in Japan Confucianism coexisted with Buddhism and traditional Shintoism, and the ruling classes in Japan did not pay heed to the philosophy of Confucianism as much as those in the Tang Dynasty did.
- 明経道・紀伝道(文章道)においては、漢文の注釈(訓点法)に用いる乎古登点(乎古止点)を菅原氏・大江氏・清原氏などがそれぞれ独自の解釈で打っていき、これを家説として子弟や門人の教育に用いるようになった。
- In Myogyodo (the study of Confucian classics) and Kidendo (Literature), based upon their own interpretations, the Sugawara clan, the Oe clan, and the Kiyohara clan, and so on differently inserted 'okototen' used as markings for reading Chinese classics (kuntenho), which they made their family's theory used to teach their children or students.
- 1913年7月、文部省の任命で就任して2ヵ月になったばかりの澤柳政太郎京都帝国大学総長は、教学の刷新を標榜して7教授(医科大学1名、理工科大学5名、文科大学1名)に辞表を提出させ8月に免官を発令した。
- In July 1913, the president of Kyoto Imperial University Masataro SAWAYANAGI, who was appointed by the Ministry of Education two months before, ordered seven professors (one for the medical school, five for the science and engineering school, and one for the literature school) to submit resignation letters because they called for the education reform, and dismissed them in August.
- 中世後期に入ると、下記(世阿弥『風姿花伝』別紙口伝)に代表されるように「家学」そのものの継承を優先として血縁者ではなくても教えに忠実な門人が継ぐ場合でも結果的には「家学」は守られるという考え方も生じた。
- In the late medieval period an idea came about that 'kagaku' was consequently upheld even when it was inherited, not by relatives, but by pupils who were committed to the doctrine with a view to giving priority to the inheritance of 'kagaku' itself, as represented as follows ('Fushikaden' [The Flowering Spirit] Besshi Kuden [a separate secret teaching] written by Zeami).
- つまり、足利幕府以来最も長く礼法を伝える家系は現代には続いておらず、縫殿助家と共に徳川幕府の師範家となっていた旗本小笠原平兵衛家(もと赤沢氏)が現在では小笠原流(弓馬術礼法小笠原教場)宗家となっている。
- That is to say, the family line which had handed down the techniques longest since the Ashikaga shogunate didn't last and OGASAWARA Heibei family (former Akazawa clan) of direct retainers which was Nuidono no suke family as well as lecturer family of the Tokugawa shogunate, is the present head family of the Ogasawara school (Ogasawara Kyojo [Ogasawara training hall] of Japanese horse-back archery technique).
- 戦国の武士の気風を受け継ぎ殉死などを行なうかぶき者を公秩序維持のため徳川家綱の代に禁止し、江戸幕府が、儒教の朱子学を公の学問としたため、信・義・忠を重んじ、気高い振る舞いを行なうのが武士であるとされた。
- The kabuki-mono (the crazy ones, dandy), who followed their master to the grave with the moral tone of bushi during the Sengoku period, were forbidden for the maintenance of public order during the generation of Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and the Edo bakufu authorized Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) of Confucianism as public scholarship and thus the bushi should emphasize the faith, justice and loyalty and behave nobly.
- そして高等教育機関進学や官吏登用では制度的に差別された上、日本人の間には台湾人に対する差別意識も存在しており、それを解消すべく戦時中には皇民化政策により日本人との同化が義務化されるなどの政策が行われた。
- Systematic discrimination existed in the admission to higher educational institutions or for governmental employment and Japanese had a sense of discrimination against Taiwanese, so the government conducted the kominka policy to oblige them to assimilate to Japanese during the war.
- 一方において任官制度にも変化が生じ、「道挙」と呼ばれる在学中の学生が教官の推薦によって無試験で判官・主典級官職に任官される制度(紀伝道では9世紀中期、紀伝道・明法道・算道では9世紀末期以後)が導入された。
- Meanwhile, there was a change in the government official appointment system; the system called 'Dokyo' was introduced (in the mid-ninth century for the Kidendo department and after the late ninth century for the Kidendo, Myobodo [study of Codes], and Sando [study of mathematics] departments), whereby Daigaku-ryo students, by the recommendation of professors, were appointed as government officials of the jo (inspector [third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period]) and sakan (secretary) ranks without examination.
- 湊川の戦いや、正成が出陣前に嫡子の楠木正行を本拠地の河内国へ帰した「桜井の別れ」などは、戦前の皇国史観教育や唱歌などで、正成が勝てぬ戦と知りながら天皇のために忠義を尽くして死んだなどと脚色して伝えられた。
- The Battle of Minatogawa and the 'Sakurai no wakare' (separation in Sakurai) in which Masashige sent his son and heir Masatsura KUSUNOKI back to his headquarters in Kawachi Province were dramatized in pre-war Emperor-centered nationalistic views and songs depicting Masashige fighting loyally for the emperor despite the fact that he knew the battle could not be won.
- あとは総合テレビの減力放送・放送休止明け(主として月曜早朝 歌詞がテロップ表示される)と、教育テレビで放送休止前後(毎月第2・4・5週の日曜深夜の放送終了時とそれが明けた月曜5時前)で流れる程度となった。
- Other than that, it is broadcast only when resuming normal broadcasting after broadcasting with reduced output power and the suspension of broadcasting of Sogo Terebi (literally, comprehensive TV broadcasting) (mainly, in the early morning of Monday, the words are shown by telop) and before and after the suspension of broadcasting of Kyoiku Terebi (literally, Educational TV Broadcasting)(when the broadcasting ends in the midnight on Sunday of the second, fourth and fifth week, every month and before 5:00 in the morning of Monday after that).
- 明治時代、事実上武士が滅び、その思想のみがいたずらに活用されだした武士道爛熟期にあって、元武士階層出身者が中心となって臣民教育政策が施されたが、これはそこで歴史観が改められるのと同時に造られた標語である。
- In the Meiji period, the age of samurai ended in effect, but the Bushido way of thought was used unnecessarily during its mature period, therefore mainly ex-samurais carried out subject education policy and the catch-phrase was made when the historical view was changed.
- すなわち松井総長は、辞表を提出した教官のうち滝川および佐々木惣一(のちに立命館大学学長)、宮本英雄、森口繁治、末川博(のちに立命館大学学長・総長)、宮本英脩の6教授のみを免官とし、それ以外の辞表を却下した。
- Dean Matsui accepted the resignation of six professors, Takigawa, Soichi SASAKI (later Ritsumeikan University dean), Hideo MIYAMOTO, Shigeji MORIGUCHI, Hiroshi SUEKAWA (later Risumeikan University dean) and Hidenaga MIYAMOTO, and rejected the resignation of all others.
- 氏族単位での技能・学術の「世習」による継承は大和時代以前の日本の氏族において見られる現象であるが、律令制のもとではこうした方法を排除して公的機関である大学寮・典薬寮・陰陽寮において教育を行う制度を採用した。
- Handing down skills and learning by 'Seshu' (hereditary) within the clan was a phenomenon seen among Japanese clans before the Yamato period, but under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) these customs were abolished and the education system at public institutions such as Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education), Tenyakuryo (the Bureau of Medicine), and Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination) was adopted.
- イングランドで1086年に編纂された統計大鑑ドームズデイ・ブックに残された記録から推計してみると、国王が直接支配した荘園は全体の17%を占め、さらに大きな割合(4分の1以上)を主教職や修道院が保有していた。
- Estimated from the records remaining in the great statistical survey book Domesday Book edited in 1086 in England, the shoens which the king directly dominated occupied 17 % and the larger ratio (more than one-fourth) was owned by bishops or monasteries.
- しかしながら、律令制度下の太上天皇制度が王権を分掌していることから事件が起きたという評価がなされるようになり、2003年頃から一部の高校用教科書では「平城太上天皇の変」という表現がなされるようになっている。
- However, some have concluded that this incident occurred because in the Daijo tenno (retired emperor) system under the Ritsuryo system sovereign power was divided, and the expression 'the Incident of the Retired Emperor Heizei' has been used in some high school textbooks since 2003.
- 貿易額の制限そのものは綱吉時代の踏襲に過ぎず、更に新井の意見書には綱吉時代の改革で金銀の海外流出はほとんどなくなっていた事実を意図的に無視するなど、儒教的な抑商思想に由来する貿易統制ありきの発想が存在する。
- In the first place, Arai's plan was developed based on the intention to implement trade controls originating from Confusion commerce suppression policy, so limiting the amount of trade simply followed the system developed in the Tsunayoshi era and his plan intentionally ignored the truth that the outflow of gold and silver had already stopped by Tsunayoshi's reform.
- 基本的には大学寮の明経道・紀伝道で採用されている書物が教科書として用いられたが、『群書治要』や『老子道徳経』・『荘子 (書物)』・『白氏文集』・『貞観政要』・『世説新語』などそれ以外の講義も広く行われていた。
- The textbooks used were same as those used at Myogyodo and Kidendo of the Daigaku-ryo, but additional lectures were also given on 'Gunsyochiyo,' 'Roshi Dotokukyo,' 'Soshi,' 'Hakushimonju,' 'Joganseiyo,' 'Sesetsushingo,' etc.
- 区南部は住宅地や文教地区になっている一方(岩倉地区などの北寄りの地域は市街化調整区域に指定されているため、高層建築物などの大規模開発が制限されている影響で、田畑も多く残る)、区北部は山間地で林業が盛んである。
- The southern part of the ward is mostly occupied by housing areas and school zones (however, in the northern area of the part, such as Iwakura area, fields still remain because large-scale development, such as constructing a high-rise building, is restricted due to the designation as an urbanization-restricted area), and its northern part is mountainous and the forest industry flourishes there.
- だが、その行幸のとき、三船御会の詩歌の会が催されたり、義満の北山殿の会所も義教室町殿の会所も、その飾りつけは唐物がほとんどだが、決して和物といえるものが飾られていないことから、二項対立だけでは語りつくせない。
- However, the poetry contest performed during the Mifunegokai was carried out during gyoko and although most decorations at Kitayamadono of Yoshimitsu or Muromachidono of Yoshinori were of karamono, they were not decorations that were Japanese that cannot be compared as dichotomic.
- その後明治13年(1880年)に宮内省宮内庁式部職雅楽課の伶人奥好義がつけた旋律を一等伶人の林廣守が曲に起こし、それを前年に来日したドイツ人の音楽家であり海軍軍楽教師フランツ・エッケルトが西洋風和声を付けた。
- After that, in 1880, Hiromori HAYASHI, who was an itto reijin (literally, first class performer of gagaku) prepared the setting based on the melody composed by Yoshiisa OKU, who was a Reijin (performer of gagaku) belonged to Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) Section, Shikibushoku of Imperial Household Agency and Franz Eckert, who was a German musician came to Japan in 1879 as a teacher for the military band of the Imperial Japanese Navy, added western-style harmony to the setting.
- 大化前代からの家父長制家族の発達は、このような法を受用する基礎をつくったことは事実であるが、律令法は儒教の精神によって、親または家長の権力を強大にし、同時に女性の法的・社会的地位をいちじるしく低める作用をした。
- Development of the patriarchal authority family since the pre-Taika era did build a basis for accepting and applying such law, but in the Confucian spirit, ritsuryo law gave tremendous power to parents or the head of the family, while drastically lowering the legal and social status of women.
- 一般に「単独で設立された宗教法人」の意味と理解されているが、一説に寺院の僧堂内にある各僧侶1人1人のスペースを「単」といい、そこから1寺院を単になぞらえ、宗派という集団から独立した状態を指すようになったともいう。
- In general, the term Tanritsu is understood as 'a religious corporation that is set up independently,' however, one theory holds that they linked one temple to 'Tan,' the space that every priest has in a meditation hall at a temple, to create the term Tanritsu to express a condition in which one is independent from a religious school.
- これは、律令の母国である中国において、儒教(=明経道)のみを君子の学問として、法学を含めたその他の学術を方技として扱って学問としての価値を認めない風潮があったことに日本の律令法も影響を受けたためと考えられている。
- It is because in China, the native land of ritsuryo, only Confucianism (=Myogyodo) was recognized as the study of worthy men and the other studies including law were recognized as Hogi which were regarded as less worthy and the ritsuryo legal codes in Japan were affected by such a trend.
- 浄土真宗の蓮如が再興した本願寺教団は、講と呼ばれる信徒集団を形成し、応仁の乱の後には守護大名に取って代わった戦国大名に匹敵する勢力になり、一向宗とも呼ばれるようになり、信仰の下に団結して守護大名の勢力と対抗する。
- The religious establishment at Hongan-ji Temple, which had been revived by Rennyo, of the Jodo Shinshu (True Pure Land sect), began to form large groups of laymen followers, called (Buddhist) 'lecture meetings,' and after the Onin War, these groups rivaled the Sengoku daimyo, who had supplanted the shugo daimyo, in strength; they began to be referred to as the Ikko sect, and united by faith, fell into opposition with the power and influence of the shugo daimyo.
- 律令法において、天皇の地位、権能について規定がないのも、それが国家的祭祀の執行など大化前代以来の宗教的機能をもっていたことと、専制君主的性格をもったことの結果であって、法を超越した存在と考えられていたからである。
- The position and authority of Emperors were not defined in the ritsuryo law, due to their religious functions, such as; their performing of national religious services since the pre-Taika era, and as a result of their despotic nature, this made them above the law.
- また、守護大名による合議制の連合政権であった室町幕府は、3代将軍足利義満と6代将軍足利義教のときを除いて、成立当初から将軍の権力基盤は脆弱であり、同じように守護大名も台頭する守護代や有力家臣の強い影響を受けていた。
- Furthermore the Muromachi bakufu, which was a coalition government of shugo daimyos based on a consultative principle, had provided no solid basis for the Shogun's power since its very beginning except under the rule of the Third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and the Sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, and shugo daimyos were under the strong influences of emerging shugodais and their key vassals.
- また学校教育や警察機構を通じた台湾人の衛生概念改善行動もあり、一般市民の衛生概念も着実に改善を見ることができ、また台北帝国大学内に熱帯医学研究所を設置し、医療従事者の育成と台湾の衛生改善のための研究が行われていた。
- Activities were developed through school education or policy for improving public health awareness of Taiwanese, resulting in a steady improvement of public health awareness of the public, and a research center for tropical medicine was established attached to the Taihoku Imperial University to educate healthcare professionals and research for the public health improvement.
- 無論、『武士道』以前より内村や新渡戸は日本文化における長所と短所について突き詰めた観察をしているし、戦後の教育基本法の審議委員に新渡戸門下生が加わっていた点を見ても戦後デモクラシーの大きな基盤となった点は間違いない。
- Of course, before 'Bushido' Uchimura and Nitobe observed carefully the advantages and disadvantages of Japanese culture and also seeing that the disciples of Nitobe participated in the council of the Fundamental Law of Education, obviously Bushido became a major basis of democracy after the war.
- 教育者で思想家の新渡戸稲造など、文学・思想に大きな足跡を残したキリスト者達(新渡戸、内村鑑三、植村正久など)による異文化接合の形として顕われたのが、もう一つの「武士道」である(詳細は武田清子の「人間観の相克」を参照)。
- Another Bushido appeared as a combination of different cultures by Christians who left a major mark on literature and a way of thought including an educator and thinker Inazo NITOBE, Kanzo UCHIMURA and Masahisa UEMURA (refer to 'Ningenkan no Sokoku [Rivalry of human view]' written by Kiyoko TAKEDA for details).
- 先に足利義教が暗殺された嘉吉の変では、管領らが協議して直ちに後継将軍が定められたが、永禄の変以前の永禄6年(1563年)に管領細川氏綱が死去して以後、管領は置かれておらず、将軍の死により幕府機能は事実上停止するに至った。
- In the Kakitsu Incident in which Yoshinori ASHIKAGA was assassinated, his deputy and other officials held consultations and immediately selected the succeeding Shogun, but, since Deputy Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA had died in 1563 before the Eiroku Incident, the position of deputy was unfilled, allowing the functions of the Bakufu to be virtually halted by the Shogun's death.
- 李登輝の時代に監修された台湾の歴史教科書「認識台湾(歴史編)」では、従来地方史として軽視されていた台湾史を本国史として扱い、特に日本の統治時代を重点的に論じたが、この認識台湾は陳水扁の民進党政権時代に公教育から撤廃された。
- The history textbook compiled during Teng-hui LEE's tenure titled '認識台湾 (歴史編)' (Perception of Taiwan [History]) treated the history of Taiwan, which had been neglected as regional history, as national history, and focused on the period of Japanese rule, but the Democratic Progress Party government led by Shui-bian CHEN stopped adopting the textbook in the public education.
- これにより皇后や皇子を支持基盤にもつ蘇我氏が有利になり、また天皇が生前、「仏教を敬うように」といった詔があったこともあり、先代の敏達天皇の皇后(用明天皇の姉。後の推古天皇)の命により蘇我氏及び連合軍は物部守屋に攻め込んだ。
- This helped the Soga clan which was gaining strong support from the Empress and the Prince and, following the decree made by the Emperor while still alive asking to respect Buddhism, the Soga clan and the allied forces attacked Moriya as ordered by the Empress of the former Emperor Bidatsu (the older sister of the Emperor Yomei and later the Empress Suiko).
- だが、実際の貴族社会の立身に大いに影響を与えたのは、蔭位・大舎人・内舎人などの血統に基づく仕組によるところが大きく、有力貴族の子弟は大学寮への就学が義務付けられていた平安時代のごく初期を除いて家庭における教育が主体であった。
- One's success in the aristocratic society largely depended on systems such as the Oni, the Otoneri, and the Udoneri, which took your bloodline into account, and the children of powerful aristocrats were educated mainly at home, except during a short period in the early Heian period when such children were obliged to study in the Daigaku-ryo.
- その際、宿の屏風絵に感心した源内がその絵の作者だという直武を呼び、「供物餅を上から描いてみなさい」と直武に描かせてみせたところ、二重丸を描いた直武に「それではお盆なのか餅なのか分からない」と言い、即座に陰影法を教えたという。
- Impressed by a screen painting in the home, Gennai summoned the artist named Naotake and said to him, 'Try to paint the rice cake offering as if looking at it from above,' and when Naotake painted only a double circle, Gennai exclaimed, 'I cannot tell if that is the tray or the rice cake,' and immediately taught him a method of painting with shadows.
- 武士、または武士団の結合度は、「忠君孝親」というような江戸時代に儒教から輸入された武士道とは全く無縁であるのはもちろん、同じように武士道とは無縁であった戦国時代 (日本)のイメージからもほど遠く、極めて緩やかなものであった。
- The level of unification of bushi and bushidan was very mild and completely unrelated to bushidan imported from Confucianism during the Edo period such as 'be faithful to one's master and be dutiful to one's parents' as well as being far from the image of Sengoku period (Japan).
- なお、同詔では漢詩などの文学材料としても用いられていた孔安国の注釈に関しては、天皇及び皇族の教育以外の場では引き続き使用が認められており、この導入が大学寮全体の支持すら得られていなかった政治的なものであったことを裏付けている。
- However, in the Mikotonori, the commentaries by Ko Ankoku that were used as a literary reference, such as in Chinese poetry, were permitted to be continually used in education other than that of Emperors and the Imperial Family, which supports the fact that this adoption was only to seek political advantage and did not even gain support of the whole Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system).
- 奈良県教育委員会による調査報告には、近世以前のルートの指摘や、文化的景観の観点からの自然誌・考古・歴史・景観に関する報告、民俗・文化財、さらに調査・研究史の概観や古文書・史料の解題といった、重要な調査・研究の成果を含んでいる。
- The reports by Nara Prefectural Board of Education listed the older routes before the early-modern period and reported the information linked to the conservation of cultural scenery including the information of natural history, archaeology, history and sceneries, in addition, it gave the results of the important investigations and studies such as summaries of the history of the investigations and studies, and bibliographies of the old documents and historical materials.
- こうした傾向は室町期に顕著となり、赤松氏による将軍足利義教の殺害(嘉吉の乱)、細川政元による将軍足利義材の廃立(明応の政変)、松永久秀による将軍足利義輝の殺害は、いずれも将軍家に対する主君押込めとして理解することが可能である。
- This sort of tendency is a striking feature of the Muromachi period; Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA being assassinated by the Akamatsu clan (in the Kakitsu Revolt), Shogun Yoshiki ASHIKAGA being driven from power by Masamoto HOSOKAWA and replaced (in the Meio Coup), and Shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA's assassination by Hisahide MATSUNAGA can all be understood as examples of shukun oshikome (shutting away/ neutralizing their lords) against the Shogunal family.
- 当時仏教受容の先頭を切ったのは蘇我稲目であり、百済の聖王が日本の朝廷の伝えてきた金銅釈迦像・経典若干卷のうちの仏像を小墾田(おはりだ)の家に安置し、さらに向原(むくはら)の家を清めて向原寺(こうげんじ)とした(『日本書紀』)。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the introduction of Buddhism into Japan was spearheaded by SOGA no Iname, who enshrined a gilt bronze statue of Shakyamuni that had been presented, together with some sutras, to the Imperial court by King Seong of Baekje, in his house at Oharida and purified his house in Mukuhara, converting it into Kogen-ji Temple.
- これは戦国時代 (日本)に式目抄が編纂されたり、分国法に「式目」の名称が採用されたほか、新たな武家政権の法体系が確立された江戸幕府の時期においても多くの注釈書が書かれ、手習いの教科書として採用された点からも指摘されることである。
- That was pointed out by the facts that Shikimokusho (a commentary on Goseibai-shikimoku) was compiled during the Sengoku period (period of warring states) of Japan, that the designation of 'shikimoku' was used for bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain), and that many commentaries were written for it as well as it was used for a textbook for writing in the Edo period when a new system of law for samurai government was established.
- 中世には「山科荘」(やましなのしょう)という荘園があり、これを代々保持していた公家の一流は後に山科家と名乗っていたが、戦国時代_(日本)を代表する教養人として知られた山科言継の代の1548年に室町幕府によってこれを奪われている。
- During the Middle Ages there was a Shoen, or a manor named 'Yamashina no sho,' which had been owned by a noble family for generations, later named Yamashina family, but Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1548 deprived it from Tokitsugu YAMASHINA known as a richly cultured person representing the Sengoku period (Japan).
- 大日本帝国陸軍のドイツ式組織への改革や帝国大学令・小学校令などの制定に代表される教育改革、市町村制の確立などが行われ、伊藤自身も井上毅・金子堅太郎・伊東巳代治と大日本帝国憲法草案を作成するなど、立憲体制への準備が着々と進められた。
- The preparation for constitutional system progressed steadily as the reform of Imperial Japanese Army toward German-style system, education reform such as Imperial University Law and Primary School Order and establishment of local authority system were carried out, and Ito himself made the draft of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan along with Kowashi INOUE, Kentaro KANEKO, and Miyoji ITO.
- 後に紀伝道(中国史)・文章道(文学)・明経道(儒教)・明法道(法律)・算道の学科構成となり、更に紀伝と文章が統合された(紀伝が文章に吸収統合されたと言うのは後世の誤りで、実際は博士号は「文章(博士)」、学科は「紀伝(道)」と称した)。
- Afterwards, Daigaku-ryo comprised Kidendo (the study of Chinese history), Monjodo (literature), Myogyodo (the study of Confucian classics), Myobodo (study of Codes), and Sando (study of mathematics) while Kidendo and Monjodo were integrated later (people of succeeding generations assumed that Kidendo was absorbed by Monjodo but this is wrong. In reality, the name of the doctorate was 'Monjo Hakase' while the name of the department was 'Kiden (do).'
- しかし、一般に「君」は琉球の祭祀をつかさどる祝女(ノロ)を意味し、「手摩」は祈祷の際に手をすり合わせることを意味すること、また君手摩を行事として記載する別の史料もあることから、君手摩は神名ではなく、宗教儀式名であると解釈する説もある。
- However, since 'kimi' generally means female priest (Noro) who administers religious rites in Ryukyu, and 'tezuri' means rubbing one's hands at the time of prayer, Kimitezuri is interpreted as a name of a religious ceremony, not as the name of a god in a different theory.
- 代表的な藩校には、米沢藩の興譲館(1697年)、会津藩の日新館(1799年)、水戸藩の弘道館(1841年)、岡山藩の花畠教場(1641年)、長州藩の明倫館(1719年)、熊本藩の時習館(1755年)、薩摩藩の造士館(1773年)などがある。
- Representative hankos were as follows: Kojokan school of Yonezawa Domain (in 1697), Nisshinkan school of Aizu Domain (in 1799), Kodokan school of Mito Domain (in 1841), Hanabata Kyojo Classroom of Okayama Domain (in 1641), Meirinkan school of Choshu Domain (in 1719), Jishukan school of Kumamoto Domain (in 1755), Zoshikan school of Satsuma Domain (in1773), etc.
- が、現在では青森県教育庁発行の報告書にも「なお、一時公的な報告書や論文などでも引用されることがあった『東日流外三郡誌』については、捏造された偽書であるという評価が既に定着している。」と記載されるなど、偽書であるとの認識は一般的になっている。
- However, at present, the following view is established and even a report issued by the Agency of Education of Aomori Prefecture cited; ''Tsugaru Sangun-shi,' which was used for a while as a reference in public reports or academic articles, is concluded to be a falsified document.' and thus this document is commonly recognized as an apocryphal book.
- そこでの決議をもとに、請願活動や高利貸との交渉を行うも不調に終わり、租税の軽減・義務教育の延期・借金の据え置き等を政府に訴えるための蜂起が提案され、大宮郷(埼玉県秩父市)で代々名主を務める家の出身である田代栄助が総理(代表)として推挙された。
- Based on the decisions they made there, they had petitioning activity and negotiations with usurers only to fail, therefore, an uprising was proposed in order to make an petition for tax reduction, postponement of compulsory education and deferment of debt to the government, and Eisuke TASHIRO, whose family acted as a nanushi (village headman) for generations in Omiyago (Chichibu City, Saitama Prefecture) was recommended for their representative.
- 口分田の他の田には、五位以上の者へ班給された位田、天皇から特別に与えられた賜田、特に功績を残した者に与えられた功田、官職に応じて班給された職田、仏教寺院の維持運営にあてられた寺田、神社の維持運営にあてられた神田、以上の班給の残りの乗田があった。
- Types of field other than kubunden were fields given to those at the Fifth Rank or above, fields given specially by the emperor, fields given to those who did meritorious deeds for the state, fields allotted according to government post, fields given to temples for maintenance and operation costs, fields given to shrines for maintenance and operation costs, and fields left over after allotment of the above.
- この間、百済滅亡によって亡命してきた百済人や、仏教の僧侶など大なり小なりユーラシア大陸や朝鮮半島から海を渡ってきた人々(渡来人または帰化人)もいたが、それぞれ少数であったために大和民族に統合・同化され、国内での大和民族の優位性は変わらなかった。
- During this time, there were people who came from the Eurasian Continent or the Korean Peninsula by sea, such as the Paekche people in exile due to the collapse of Kudara (Paekche) and Buddhist monks, however, they were minorities and assimilated with the Yamato race, having no effect on the predominance of the Yamato race.
- この事件をきっかけに蓑田胸喜ら原理日本社の右翼、および菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)(貴族院 (日本))や宮澤裕(衆議院・立憲政友会所属)らの国会議員は、司法官赤化の元凶として帝国大学法学部の「赤化教授」の追放を主張、司法試験委員であった滝川を非難した。
- Due to this incident, Muneki MINODA and others from the right wing group, Genri Nihonsha, Takeo KIKUCHI (army veteran) (House of Peers (Japan)), Yu MIYAZAWA (House of Representatives, affiliated with Rikken Seiyukai) and other Diet members proposed the exile of 'Red (communist) Professors' in the Faculty of Law in imperial universities as the cause of communist judges and accused Takigawa, who was a member of the bar test board.
- 滝川事件は法学部のみの処分で決着し、理学部とはほとんど関係のない事件であるので、この人物設定は歴史的な意味では正確さを欠くものともいえるが、「思想信条を理由に大学教員が弾圧された戦前の事件」としては象徴的な意味を今なお持っていることを示している。
- The punishment related to the Takigawa Incident was concluded within the Faculty of Law and has almost nothing to do with the Faculty of Science, and although this character setting is inaccurate historically, it shows that the 'incident was the oppression of thinking and ideology of pre-war university staff' has a figurative meaning to this day.
- 当初は明確な学科の種別はなかったが、一般の官人を育成するために設けられた本科に相当する儒教の講義(後の明経道にあたる)以外には、儒教経典の原典をそのまま筆記するための書道 (大学寮)とそのまま発音するための音道は本科の補完するためのものであった。
- Initially there were no clearly defined departments, but the course established to educate general government officials consisted mainly of Confucian lectures (later Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics)), complemented by Shodo (calligraphy), which involved writing down the original Confucian scriptures verbatim (Daigaku-ryo), and Ondo, learning to pronounce them correctly.
- 6代将軍足利義教は、管領などに対抗して将軍の権威を高めるために、将軍が主宰・臨席する御前沙汰の権威強化に乗り出し、雑訴のみならず所務も御前沙汰の評定対象として加え、実務を担当する右筆・奉行人の中から御前沙汰衆を選んで御前沙汰への参加資格を与えた。
- To strengthen the power of shogun against the shogunal deputy and others, the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA started out to extend the influence of gozen-sata that was chaired and attended by the shogun -- he included shomu (land management) as well as zasso on the agenda of gozen-sata, and also organized gozen-sata shu (members of gozen-sata) from working-level officials of yuhitsu (amanuenses) and bugyonin (magistrates) and qualified them to attend gozen-sata.
- これを、アイヌに仏教を強要したためとする意見もあるが、この頃元 (王朝)が樺太アイヌを攻撃したことが元史に記録されており、ここでいう「ゑぞ」をアイヌではなく広く北方の異民族と解し、安藤氏がアイヌを率いて元に討たれたのではないかと推察する説もある。
- Some researchers interpret this as the fact that he had forced Buddhism to the Ainu, however, others suppose that the Ando clan that lead the Ainu might have been defeated by Yuan Dynasty because the Yuan's attack against the Ainu in Sakhalin (Karafuto) Island around that time was documented, and therefore, the word 'Emishi' here might indicate the northern foreign people in general, and not meaning precisely the Ainu.
- その目的は、西郷と共に下野した不平士族たちを統率することと、県内の若者を教育することであったが、外国人講師を採用したり、優秀な私学校徒を欧州へ遊学させる等、積極的に西欧文化を取り入れており、外征を行うための強固な軍隊を創造することを目指していた。
- SAIGO founded the schools to lead the band of fuhei shizoku (former samurai with gripes), who left the government as he did, and to educate the youth in the prefecture; moreover, with the goal of forming a strong army to go on a foreign campaign, he positively introduced Western culture by employing foreign instructors and sending capable students to Western countries to study.
- たとえば1866年にはフランス軍がキリスト教徒虐殺事件(丙寅迫害)の報復として朝鮮の江華島を攻撃する丙寅洋擾が発生し、1871年にはアメリカ合衆国もジェネラル・シャーマン号事件(1866年発生)の報復として朝鮮の江華島に攻撃を行っている(辛未洋擾)。
- For instance, in 1866 the French army attacked Ganghwa Island in Korea in retaliation for the slaughter of Christians (known as the Byeong-in persecution), while in 1871, the United States of America attacked Ganghwa Island (an incident known as Shinmiyangyo) in retaliation for the General Sherman incident of 1866.
- 更に公任の作成した「部類」の一部も公任娘婿の藤原教通の家に置かれたときに火災に遇い焼失(『小右記』長和4年4月13日条)し、その後残りとされる6巻が小野宮家の藤原顕仲から藤原宗忠(『中右記』の著者)に材木と引き換えに譲り受け、後に白河法皇に貸し出された。
- Furthermore, a part of the 'Burui' that Kinto made was destroyed in a fire when it was kept in the house of FUJIWARA no Norimichi (according to ''Shoyuki'' May 9, 1015) who was Kinto's adopted son-in-law, and later the 6 volumes that were assumed to be remains of the 'Burui,' were handed over to FUJIWARA no Munetada (the author of 'Chuyuki') from FUJIWARA no Akinaka in exchange for lumber, and later were lent to Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa.
- また、奈良県教育委員会の調査報告によれば、小辺路の名は地元ではあまり用いられず、高野山や熊野に由来する「高野道」「高野街道」(野迫川村内)ないし「熊野道」「熊野街道」(十津川村内)と呼ばれることが多く、高野山ないし大師信仰との結びつきの強さも指摘できよう。
- According to the investigation by the Nara Prefectural Board of Education, the locals usually did not call the road 'Kohechi,' instead of it, particularly in Nosegawa Village, they called it 'Koya-michi' or 'Koya-kaido' after Mt. Koya (Temple), particularly in Totsukawa Village, they called it 'Kumano-michi' or 'Kumano-kaido' after Kumano (Shrines), presumably the road reflected local people's strong beliefs not only in Kumano Shrines but also in Mt. Koya Temple and in Daishi (higher priests).
- これらの中で三島由紀夫は「自分の吃音や不幸な生い立ちに対して金閣における美の憧れと反感を抱いて放火した」と分析し、水上勉は「寺のあり方、仏教のあり方に対する矛盾により美の象徴である金閣を放火した」と分析したが、実際のところ真相は解き明かされる事はなかった。
- Yukio MISHIMA analyzed the motives behind his conduct and said 'The young man set fire because he had great admiration for beauty of and felt antipathy toward Kinkaku-ji Temple, contrasting his dysphemia and unhappy background,' while Tsutomu MIZUKAMI said, 'He set fire to Kinkaku-ji Temple, which was a symbol of beauty for him, owing to the antilogy of how temples and Buddhism should be.'; however, the truth was in fact never clarified.
- ただし、それは技能としての算術・数学であって、数学的思考や教養、感性が求められたものではなく、ましてや中国に見られたような高等数学が当時の日本社会で必要とされる場面は存在しなかったと考えられ、日本数学史が独自の進歩を見せるきっかけにはなりえなかったのである。
- However, this was arithmetic and mathematics as skill: mathematical thinking, cultivation, and sensibility were not sought after, and it seems that the advanced mathematics seen in China was not required by the Japanese society of that time, so this was not an opportunity for unique progress in the Japanese history of mathematics.
- これは紀伝道教育が盛んであった当時の世相の反映であるが、その一方において、こうした行為は私的な師弟関係の形成と言う要素を含む事になり、菅原氏の学閥と反対する諸博士の学閥という対立抗争を生んだ他、大学寮制度の形骸化や家学の形成促進につながったと考えられている。
- It reflected the social conditions at the time when instruction on the Kidendo was widely offered; on the other hand, such an act was obliged to involve a private relationship between master and disciple -- It was considered that the latter fact introduced a conflict between the academic clique from the Sugawara clan and those from the hakase who opposed the Sugawara clan, and that the latter made the Daigaku-ryo system only in name and promoted the formation of hereditary learning.
- 1414年には将軍足利義持が琉球王の献上物に対する返礼の書状を贈っており、1441年には足利義教が琉球を薩摩国の島津氏の属国とする事を認めており、さらに幕府には琉球奉行が設置されて貿易の統制を行おうとしており、室町時代には琉球が「日本」として認識されていた。
- In 1414, the Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA responded to the tributary gifts sent to him from the Ryukyu Kingdom with an official letter, while in 1441, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA declared the Ryukyu islands to be a vassal state of the Shimazu clan, lords of Satsuma Province; furthermore, the bakufu created the office of Ryukyu Hoko (shogunal magistrate of the Ryukyus) in an attempt to exert control over Ryukyu trade, meaning that it was during the Muromachi period that the Ryukyus began to be seen as part of Japan.
- 2代将軍足利義詮が死去すると、管領細川頼之は3代将軍足利義満を補佐して執政をはじめ、楠木正儀を寝返らせるなど対南朝工作や九州の南朝勢力排除のための今川貞世派遣、内政においては新興の禅宗である南禅寺と旧仏教勢力の比叡山との対立問題の対応や半済の実施などを行う。
- When the second Shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, died, the Kanrei (regent) Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA gave his support and advice to Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun, and helped usher in a new administration, and engineered Masanori KUSUNOKI's defection and other anti-Southern Court efforts as well as dispatching Sadayo IMAGAWA to Kyushu as part of a push to eliminate the Southern Court's forces there, while in domestic, nonmilitary affairs, he crafted a response to the problematic conflict between Nanzen-ji Temple, which represented the new Zen sect, and Mt. Hiei, representing the old guard of influential Buddhist temples, and also implemented the hanzei (half-tax).
- 後醍醐の践祚とともに後宇多の院政が再開されたが、後宇多は大覚寺門跡を創設して自ら門主となるなど密教への傾倒をさらに深め、また年齢とともに体調を崩してしだいに政務に倦み、元亨元年(1321年)には治天の政務を後醍醐に譲り、元亨4年(1324年)には58歳で死去した。
- With Godaigo's accession, Gouda's cloistered government was reinstated, but Gouda himself became further devout in esoteric Buddhism and became the chief priest himself by establishing Daikakuji Temple Monseki and he started to let the reins go with government affairs as his health declined along the years, relinquishing the duties as Chiten to Godaigo in 1321 and he died at the age of 58 in 1324.
- 台湾人の就学率は当初緩慢な増加であったが、義務教育制度が施行されると急速に上昇、1944年の台湾では国民学校が944校設置され、就学児童数は876,000人(女子を含む)、台湾人児童の就学率は71.17%、日本人児童では90%を越える世界でも高い就学率を実現した。
- Though the initial enrollment rate for Taiwanese children was slow to increase, it showed a sharp increase with the implementation of the compulsory education system; In 1944, there were 944 elementary schools in Taiwan with 876,000 children (including girls) enrolled and the enrollment rates of Taiwanese children and the Japanese children in Taiwan were 71.17% and 90% respectively, which figures indicated the high enrollment rate in the world.
- 明治の歴史学界では、南北朝時代に関して「太平記」の記述を他の史書や日記などの資料と比較する実証的な研究がされ、これに基づいて1903年(明治36年)及び1909年(同42年)の小学校で使用されている国定教科書改訂においては南北両朝は並立していたものとして書かれていた。
- The academic field of history during the Meiji period conducted evidence-based research comparing the 'Taiheiki' with other documents such as historical books and diaries, and based on this, the 1903 and 1909 revisions of national textbooks for elementary schools depicted both the Southern and the Northern Court as being concurrent.
- スペインとフランスの国境、ピレネー山中のルルドや、ローマ、エルサレムと並ぶ西方キリスト教(カトリック)の三大巡礼地の1つ北スペインのサンティアゴ・デ・コンポステーラ(ここへの巡礼の物語を時間と空間を越える神の存在への問いかけの物語にしたフランス映画で「銀河」がある)など。
- Lourdes in the Pyrenees on the border between Spain and France, the three holy places of western Christianity (Catholic), namely, Rome, Jerusalem and Santiago de Compostela ('La Voile Lactee' is a French movie that made a story out of a pilgrimage into a dialogue on the existence of God over time and space) were such locations.
- 内容は大きく分けて、天部、歳時部、地部、神祇部、帝王部、官位部、封禄部、政治部、法律部、泉貨部、称量部、外交部、兵事部、武技部、方技部、宗教部、文学部、礼式部、楽舞部、人部、姓名部、産業部、服飾部、飲食部、居処部、器用部、遊戯部、動物部、植物部、金石部の30部門からなる。
- The contents are classified into 30 sections, including sections of Ten (gods of the heavens), Saiji (events throughout the year), Chi (earthy section), Jingi (gods of heaven and earth), Teio (emperors), Kani (official ranks), Horoku (stipend), Seiji (politics), Horitsu (law), Senka (currency), Syoryo (measurement), Gaiko (diplomacy), Heiji (military), Bugi (martial arts), Hougi (technology), Shukyo (religion), Bungaku (literary), Reishiki (code of etiquette), Gaku (dance and music), Jin (personnel), Seimei (surname), Sangyo (industry), Fukushoku (garment), Inshoku (eat and drink), Kyosho (living home), Kiyo (art), Yugi (amusement), Dobutsu (animal), Shokubutsu (plant), and Kanaishi (metal).
- 1613年、幕府は、寺院・僧侶の圧迫および朝廷と宗教界の関係相対化を図って、「勅許紫衣竝に山城大徳寺妙心寺等諸寺入院の法度」(「勅許紫衣法度」「大徳寺妙心寺等諸寺入院法度」)を定め、さらにその2年後には禁中並公家諸法度を定めて、朝廷がみだりに紫衣や上人号を授けることを禁じた。
- In 1613, the bakufu aimed to oppress the temples and monks and balance the relationship between the Imperial Court and the religious groups, decreed 'Chokkyo (imperial sanction) Shie tome and Yamashiro Daitoku-ji Temple Myoshin-ji Temple to Shoji Nyuin Hatto' ('Chokkyo Shie Hatto' and 'Daitoku-ji Temple Myoshin-ji Temple to Shoji Nyuin Hatto') and established the Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto (Various Regulations for the Imperial Court and Court Nobles) 2 years later and prohibited the Imperial Court from easily presenting Shie and Shonin names.
- 形式上のみとはいえ、太政官よりも上位とされた神祇官に対して、太政官の1機関に格下げられた神祇省は一見すると地位が低下したようにも見受けられるが、実際には大教宣布の理念に基づいた天皇による祭政一致、ひいては神道の国家宗教化を目指す方針のために政府の関与を強めるためのものであった。
- The Department of Divinities had been considered superior, at least pro forma, to the daijokan (the Grand Council of State), and hence by the comparison the Ministry of Divinities may seem to have suffered a demotion given the fact that it was created as one arm of and under the daijokan, but in actuality Japan, under the principles laid out in the Imperial Edict (of 1870) for Establishment of Shinto, had embraced a theocratic form of government (saisei itchi, or 'the unity of church and state') under the Emperor; consequently, the Ministry of Divinities had been created to strengthen the government's ability to participate in religious matters in order to achieve the objective of making Shinto the national religion of Japan.
- 例えば1428年(正長元年)派遣の使節に同行した書記官の申叔舟が著した『海東諸国紀』によると、倭寇禁圧要請と併せて倭寇の根拠地の特定、倭寇と守護大名、有力国人、土豪との関係、都市部の発展状況や通貨政策など国力状況の観察、日本での仏教の展開状況をはじめ15項目の調査内容があったという。
- For example, according to 'Kaitoshokokuki' (literally, descriptions of various countries across the sea) written by Sukchu SIN, a secretary of the envoy dispatched in 1428, the survey included 15 items including the following: identifying base-places of wako together with a request of prohibiting wako (Japanese pirates) actions, observing Japan's power, such as relationships among wako, shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), dominant Kokujin (local samurai) and local clans, states of progress in urban areas, and monetary policies, and checking the states of progress of Buddhism in Japan.
- 事件は、京都帝国大学法学部の瀧川幸辰教授が、1932年10月中央大学法学部で行った講演「『復活』を通して見たるトルストイの刑法観」の内容(レフ・トルストイの思想について「犯罪は国家の組織が悪いから出る」などと説明)が無政府主義的として文部省および司法省内で問題化したことに端を発する。
- The incident started when a lecture, 'Tolstoy's view on penal law through his novel, 'Resurrection'' in October 1932 by Professor Yukitoki TAKIGAWA of the Faculty of Law, Kyoto Imperial University explained in his talk that 'Criminal offenses occur when organization of the national governmental is bad,' which was considered problematic by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Law as being anarchist.
- 書博士が書生を教えることとされていたが、学令には書生に関する規定はあるものの、学生定員を定めた職員令には書生の定員規定が書かれておらず、若干名であったと考えられている(『続日本紀』天平宝字2年11月甲午条に淳仁天皇から書生に生糸が授けられたとする記事があり、全くいなかった訳ではない)。
- It was thought that shosei (students who were given room and board in exchange for performing domestic duties) were taught by sho hakase (professors of calligraphy) but despite the fact that there were regulations regarding shosei in education laws, there were no regulations regarding the fixed number of shosei written within the shikiinryo (law which stipulates duties of the ministries) which fixed number of students, and they are thought to have been few in number (an entry in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) for December 758 contains an article stating raw silk thread was awarded to shosei by Emperor Junnin, so it was not the case that there were not any shosei at all.)
- 明治になって、勅令によって褒章条例がさだめられ、人命救助者、孝子、順孫、義僕、精励実業家、発明改良家、教育、衛生、社会事業、防疫の諸事業、道路、河渠、堤防、橋梁の修築、学校、病院の建設、田野の墾闢などにつくして公衆の利益をはかり、成績のすこぶる顕著なものにたいして褒章をあたえることにした。
- In the Meiji period, an ordinance for granting rewards was prescribed by imperial edict -- such that rewards were to be granted to the most conspicuous among: those who saved a life; koshi; junson; giboku; hard-working businessman; a person who involved in invention and innovation; and those who served the public interest by devoted themselves to education, hygiene, social service, projects to prevent epidemics, repair and construction of road, alveus, bank, and bridge, construction of school and hospital, and development of farms and fields.
- 教科書としては、『庭訓往来』『商売往来』『百姓往来』など往来物のほか、文字を学ぶ『千字文』、人名が列挙された『名頭』『苗字尽』、地名・地理を学ぶ『国尽』『町村尽』、『四書五経』『六諭衍義』などの儒学書、『国史略』『十八史略』などの歴史書、『唐詩選』『百人一首』『徒然草』などの古典が用いられた。
- Text books included Oraimono such as 'Teikin Orai' (collection of letters used for family education), 'Shobai Orai' (a Guide to Commerce), 'Hakusho Orai' (a Guide to Farming), 'Senjimon' (a poem consisting of one thousand Chinese characters) for learning characters, 'Nagashira,' 'Myojizukushi' for learning names of people, 'Kunizukushi,' 'Chosonzukushi,' for learning place names and geography, 'Shishogokyo,' 'Rikuyuengi' for Confucianism, and history books such as 'Kokushiryaku,' 'Juhasshiryaku' and classics such as 'Toshisen,' 'Hyakuninisshu' and 'Tsurezuregusa.'
- 律令制確立後に大学寮の下に音博士が位置づけられたが、本科(後の明経道)の学生が儒教の教育を受けるために行う最初の課程であった経典の音読を指導するのが役割であった事から、算道・書道_(大学寮)のような独自の学生を保持することは学令などにも記載されていないなど、最初から補助的地位に止められていた。
- After the Ritsuryo Legal Codes were established, the Professors of Ondo were positioned within the Daigaku-ryo system, but because their role was to teach the reading aloud of the scriptures during the first course of Confucianism to the students of the main course (later known as Myogyodo, the Confucian department of Daigaku-ryo), their position was only deemed to be supplementary and it was not mentioned within the regulations that they may have their own students like Sando (Mathematics) and Shodo (Calligraphy) Departments.
- 平安時代の源氏物語に見られるような、貴族階級による願掛けを中心とした神社参詣がその初期形態ではないかとされ、その後仏教の末法思想の流行により、後白河法皇の熊野三山詣でなど浄土信仰を背景とした極楽往生を願う巡礼へと変化し、中世に入ると、戦乱や貧困の中で一般階級による巡礼も行なわれるようになった。
- As depicted in the Tale of Genji set in the Heian period, the initial form was thought to be the shrine visits that the nobility made, which further transformed into Junrei to wish for a peaceful death through Jodo Shinko (belief of a pure land after death) such as the Kumano Sanzan (three shrines in Kumano) visits of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa due to the spread of pessimism in a decadent age, and in the middle ages, Junrei were done by the ordinary public during the age of war and poverty.
- この制度が日本に伝わり、平安時代初期、紀伝道(文章院で漢詩文または歴史を学ぶ学科、通称は「文章道」)が盛んになると、文章博士(大学寮で詩文・歴史を教授した教官)が「策文」を出して文章得業生(もんじょうとくごうしょう)に答えさせる試験が行われるようになり、この試験が「対策」といわれるようになった。
- This program was introduced to Japan, and as Kidendo (called 'Monjodo,' a department of the Monjoin that was established to study Chinese-style poems or history) became popular in the early Heian period, exams were introduced and Monjo hakase (professors of literature and history at Daigaku-ryo, the Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) gave 'sakumon' to Monjo tokugosho and had them take this examination, known as 'taisaku.'
- この結果法学部教官は、解決案により要求が達成されたとして辞表を撤回した残留組(中島玉吉、末広重雄、牧健二など)と、辞表を撤回せず解決案を拒否した辞職組に分裂し、前記6教授以外に恒藤恭(のちの大阪市立大学初代学長)および田村徳治の教授2名、助教授5名、専任講師以下8名が辞職という形で事件は決着した。
- As a result, law faculty staff became divided into those who decided that their demands had been reached by the solution and retracted their resignations and stayed (Tamakichi NAKAJIMA, Shigeo SUEHIRO, Kenji MAKI, etc.), and those who resigned because they did not retract their resignations and refused the solution, who were the aforementioned six professors, two professors, Kyo TSUNETO (later the first president of Osaka Prefectural University) and Tokuji TAMURA, five associate professors and eight lecturers and the incident was concluded.
- また、算道は『孫子算経』・『五曹算経』・『九章算術』・『海島算経』・『六章』・『綴術』・『三開重差』・『周髀算経』・『九司』の9書を教科書としていた『延喜式』大学寮式では全て小経に区別されているが、『九章算術』・『六章』・『綴術』が必修とされており、後に『周髀算経』がこれに準じるものとされている。
- In the 'Engishiki' system of the Daigaku-ryo, among the nine small scripture textbooks of Sando (Mathematics), which included 'Sonshi Sankyo,' 'Goso Sankyo,' 'Kyusho Sanjutsu,' 'Kaito Sankei,' 'Rokusho,' 'Teijutsu,' 'Sankai Jusa,' 'Shuhi Sankei,' 'Kyushi,' three were compulsory, 'Kyusho Sanjutsu,' 'Rokusho,' and 'Teijutsu' with 'Shuhi Sankei' added later to the compulsory list of textbooks.
- また、実恵の師である三筆の1人空海も同族であった)ように、明経道の教員の一員同然となり、酒麻呂の子佐伯豊雄も「以彫虫之小、忝学館之末員」(『日本三代実録』貞観 (日本)3年11月11日条)と評されるように官印の刻印を担当する職務(『延喜式』太政官式・中務省式に規定がある)が主となっていくようになる。
- Jichie's master Kukai, one of the three famous ancient calligraphers of ancient Japan, was also of the same clan), they took on the role of myogyo-do teachers and Sakemaro's son SAEKI no Toyoo also held the position of engraving official seals (regulations under the 'Engishiki' (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) Department of State codes and Ministry of Central Affairs codes) following the statement that 'owing to his fine seal engraving, he was made a member of the Tengaku Kan' ('Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts), December 20, 861).
- 当初は儒教を教える後の明経道が中心であったが、728年と730年の2度の学制改革(前者の改革で文章博士・律学博士(後の明法博士)が設置され、後者の改革で文章生・明法生・得業生制度が発足した)を経て、757年には大学寮公廨田(後の勧学田)が設定されて学生に対する給食が行われるなど、制度の充実が図られた。
- At first, Daigaku-ryo mainly taught Confucianism, the study referred to as Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics) in later years, but after two educational system reforms in 728 and 730 (through the former, Monjo Hakase [professor of literature] and Ritsugaku Hakase [professor of the law], which was later referred as Myobo Hakase [professor of law], were introduced, and through the latter, the systems of monjosho [students of literary studies], myobosho [students of law studies] and tokugosho [distinguished scholars] were established), the facilities and system of Daigaku-ryo were improved; for example, Daigaku-ryo kugaiden (referred to as Kangakuden (rice fields for schooling) in later years) was introduced, whereby food services were provided to students.
- 道徳大系としての武士道とは「君に忠、親に孝、自らを節すること厳しく、下位の者に仁慈を以てし、敵には憐みをかけ、私欲を忌み、公正を尊び、富貴よりも名誉を以て貴しとなす」。 ひいては「家名の存続」という儒教的態度が底流に流れているものが多く、それは江戸期に思想的隆盛を迎え、武士道として体系付けられるに至る。
- Bushido as a moral system is 'being loyal to one's lord, being dutiful to one's parents, controlling oneself strictly, being merciful to those of lower rank, having sympathy to the enemy, abstaining from selfish desire, respecting justice and respecting honor more than wealth.' Many of those who followed the Bushido code also possessed a Confucian attitude of 'continuance of family name,' which prospered during the Edo period and was formulated as Bushido.
- その背景について、幼少の清和天皇が外祖父藤原良房の政治権力によって、異母兄惟喬親王を推す世論に反して擁立されたことに由来する政治基盤の不安定さを克服するために、幼い天皇の君徳の涵養を図るとともに、天皇への忠誠を官人教育を通じて強く認識させる目的によって、藤原良房と大春日雄継が導入を図ったものと考えられている。
- It is believed that FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa and OKASUGA no Otsugu adopted this edition with the purpose of giving government officials an official education to foster allegiance to the Emperor, as well as to foster 'Kuntoku no Kanyo' in the young Emperor Seiwa, thereby tried to overcome the instability of political foundation, which was caused by the enthroning of the infant Emperor Seiwa, with the help of the political power of his maternal grandfather, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, against public opinion that pushed for his paternal older half-brother, Imperial Prince Koretaka.
- 兒玉源太郎総督の下で1898年に民政長官に就任した後藤新平は、土地改革、ライフラインの整備、アヘン中毒患者の撲滅、学校教育の普及、製糖業などの産業の育成を行うことにより台湾の近代化を推進し、一方で植民地統治に対する反逆者には取り締まりをするという『飴と鞭』の政策を有効に用いることで植民地支配の体制を確立した。
- In 1898, Shinpei GOTO assumed the post of Chief of Home Affairs under the direction of Gentaro KODAMA, the governor-general, and GOTO established Japan's approach to its rule of Taiwan through the effective use of a 'carrot and stick' policy; that is, he promoted the modernization of Taiwan by carrying out land reform, providing utilities that were essential to people's livelihoods, eradicating opium addiction, making school educational more accessible to all, and developing industries such as sugar manufacturing, while at the same time cracking down on those who opposed colonial rule.
- 朱熹は、それまでばらばらで矛盾を含んでいた北宋の学説を、程頤による性即理説(性(人間の持って生まれた本性)がすなわち理であるとする)や程顥の天理(天が理である)をもとに、仏教思想の論理体系性、道教の生成論および静坐という行法を取り込みつつも、それを代替する儒教独自の理論にもとづく壮大な学問体系に仕立て上げた。
- Hsi CHU organized various and contradictory theories in Northern Sung Dynasty into a great learning system which replaced these previous theories, and was based on a theory unique to Confucianism, by being based on the Seisokuri setsu (Chinese philosophy, a theory that 'sei' [human inborn nature] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Yi CHENG, and the Tenri (a theory that 'ten' [providence] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Hao CHENG, while adapting the logical system of Buddhistic thought, the generative theory of Taoism, and gyoho (method of ascetic practices) of sitting calmly and quietly.
- これは唐の国子監に置かれた算学と同数であり、教授として博士1名以外に助教2名及び複数名の直講が置かれて、学生も400名もいた本科と比べると小さいものの、唐の国子監の規模は日本の大学寮と比べて大きいこと、唐の算学博士は従九品下と低い地位に置かれたことを考えれば、設置当初の地位は一概に低いとは言えなかったとされている。
- These numbers are the same as those of the Sangaku (study of mathematics) in the Kokushikan (educational ministry) of Tang Dynasty, China, which had one doctor as professor, two associate professors, and a few chokko (lecturers); while the Sando was smaller than the regular course, which had four hundred students, it is thought not to have been categorically in a low position during its early days, considering that the Tang's Kokushikan was larger than the Japanese Daigaku-ryo, and that the Tang's San hakase was put in the low position of Jukuhonge (Junior Ninth Rank, Lower Grade).
- 現状としては内陸型工業団地としては比較的大規模な長田野工業団地が高度経済成長を経た1974年(昭和49年)に整備着手がなされたことによる、工業や商業が主な福知山の産業になっているが、それらのかつての伝統と歴史を復活させようと総合的な学習の時間で学ばせる教育機関や、そういった活動の趣旨の民間団体が結成されるなどの動きも見られる。
- Currently heavy industries and commerce are the main industries of Fukuchiyama due to the development of Osadano Industrial Park (comparatively large inland industrial parks), which started in 1974 after the rapid economic growth; the development of this park has spawned some movements by educational institutions to implement a comprehensive curriculum to teach former traditions and history, together with the formation of private organizations which aim to carry out such activities.
- 1469年(文明元年)になると、大内氏の重臣で文武両道の名将として知られた益田兼堯が石見国で離反、九州の大友親繁・少弐政資とともに大内教幸を擁して西軍方の大内領に侵攻、この動きは鎮圧されたものの、1471年(文明3年)には守護代でありながら西軍の主力となっていた朝倉孝景が義政自らの越前守護職補任をうけて東軍側に寝返ったのである。
- By 1469, Kanetaka MASUDA, a high-ranking vassal of the Ouchi family and known as a general distinguished in both literary and military arts, severed from his lord in Iwami Province and, joining hands with Chikashige OTOMO and Masasuke SHONI in Kyushu, invaded Ouchi's territory on the Western side under the banner of Noriyuki OUCHI; though this action was subdued, in 1471 Takakage ASAKURA who, in spite of his status as shugodai (deputy shugo), had led the main force of the Western camp, was personally appointed by Yoshimasa to the position of shugo of Echizen and went over to the Eastern side.
- 長官である上卿には大納言・三条公教が就任、実務を担当する弁官からは右中弁・藤原惟方、左少弁・源雅頼、右少弁・藤原俊憲(信西の嫡子)が起用され、その下で21人の寄人が荘園領主から提出された文書の審査、本所間の争論の裁判にあたった(後白河が「暗主」であるという信西の言葉は、この記録所の寄人だった清原頼業が九条兼実に後年語ったものである)。
- The Dainagon (chief councilor of state) Kiminori SANJO was appointed the highest lord of the Records Office, while the officials in fact responsible for running the office day to day, the controllers and so forth, included FUJIWARA no Korekata, appointed as Uchuben (Middle Controller of the Right), MINAMOTO no Masayori as Sashoben (third-ranked officer of the left), and FUJIWARA no Toshinori (Shinzei's own son and heir) as Ushoben (third-ranked officer of the right); under these officials, 21 Yoriudo (clerks) worked, inspecting the land deed documents submitted to the office from the shoen owners and judging disputed cases of ownership at the office (Shinzei's infamous comment that Goshirakawa was a 'foolish (unenlightened) ruler' was actually first mentioned by one of these Yoriudo, KIYOHARA no Yorinari, who repeated it years later to Kanezane KUJO).
- なお、1920年代前後に出生している二世の多くは、日本での教育費用が居留国のそれと比べて、安価であった事、または、日本文化を継承する目的で日本の学校に通う事がある種の流行になった時期があり、また、ネイティブの一世の親から直接日本語を習っていた場合がある為、戦時中や戦後直後に生まれた三世や四世と比べて日本語を理解出来る人口が比較的多い。
- A relatively large number of the nisei (second-generation) unlike third or fourth generations, who were born during or after the war, understand Japanese, since many were born around the 1920s and it was popular among them to go to Japanese schools because of the need they perceived to continue Japanese culture and because education expenses in Japan were lower than that of their countries of residence; and some of them learned Japanese directly from their native Japanese parents.
- なお、近年まで「幻の都」とされていたが、1954年(昭和29年)より、高校教員であった中山修一を中心として発掘が開始され、翌1955年(昭和30年)、大内裏朝堂院の門跡が発見されたのを皮切りとして、今日までにかなり発掘調査が進み(当該地域で急速な宅地化、工業地化が進み、緊急調査を強いられ続けた側面もあるのだが)、1964年に国の史跡に指定された。
- Nagaoka-kyo had been called the 'phantom capital' until recently, but members led by Shuichi NAKAYAMA, a high school teacher, began to excavate the area in 1954, and the following year, they found the site of the gate of the Daidairi Chodoin (a large hall at the front in the palace); more excavation and research have been done to date (partly because research on the land has been required to meet the increased demand of land for industrial use and housing), and the site has been designated as a National Historical Site since 1964.
- これは当時日本で一国ほどの価値があるとされた茶器や陶器を作り出す陶工を大名が藩の庇護の下、士分を与えるなど手厚い待遇をしていたのに比べ、李氏朝鮮では儒教思想による身分制において陶工は最下層の賤民に位置づけられ、奴隷的な労働を強いられるとともに、失策を犯した場合には体罰を課せられるという過酷な状況にあり、職人に対する根源的な差別があったことが原因である。
- The reason is considered as follows: In Japan at that time, potters who produced chaki (tea utensils) and earthenware, considered having a value equal to that of a province, were treated favorably, for example, given the samurai status, but in Yi Dynasty Korea, potters were designated as humble or lowly people with the lowest social status in the social status system based on the Confucian thought: They were forced to work like slaves and were placed in such harsh conditions that they were punished physically when committing an error, or in other words, there existed fundamental discrimination against craftsmen.
- ドラマ中では、猪熊教利が名前すら登場しないこと、唐橋局が掌侍であること、兼安備後が奥の門の見張り役であること、花山院忠長の配流先が津軽であること、公家の処分が徳川家康による豊臣家を支援する公家の宮中からの追放を意図したものであること、広橋局以下女官を謹慎とする後陽成帝の案に対して徳川家康が難色を示し配流となったこと(後陽成帝の処分案が手ぬるいことになる)が異なる。
- The TV-adapted story differs from historical facts in that, in the TV play, even the name of Noritoshi INOKUMA is not mentioned, Karahashi no Tsubone is a naishi no jo (a woman officer who carries the Emperor's sword when accompanying him out of the Palace), Bingo KANEYASU is a watchdog at the Okunomon (Inside Gate), the destination of banishment of Tadanaga KAZANIN is Tsugaru, the punishment of court nobles was intended by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA to expel pro-Toyotomi nobles from the Imperial Court, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA disagreed to Emperor Goyozei's proposal only to restrain the behaviors of Hirohashi no Tsubone and other court ladies and instead ordered them to be banished (this means that Emperor Goyozei's proposal for punishment had been more lenient).
- 日本最初の本格的な教育機関は律令制における大学寮であるとされているが、学令によればその本科(後の明経道)においては、儒教のうちの『論語』と『孝経』を必修とし、『周易』、『書経』、『周礼』、『儀礼』、『礼記』、『毛詩』、『春秋左氏伝』の7経のうち、『礼記』・『春秋左氏伝』を大経、『毛詩』・『周礼』・『儀礼』を中経、『周易』・『尚書』を小経としてその組み合わせで先行する経典を定めた。
- It is said that the oldest full-fledged educational institution was the Daigaku-ryo within the Centralized Administration established under the Ritsuryo Legal Codes, and according to the regulations, in the regular course (later known as Myogyodo), 'Rongo' and 'Kokyo' (Classic of Filial Piety) of Confucianism were compulsory and specializations were determined based on the combination scriptures from the three scripture groups: the large scriptures, which included 'Raiki' and 'Shunju Sashiden,' the medium scriptures, which included 'Moshi,' 'Shurai' and 'Girai' and the small scriptures, which included 'Shueki' and 'Shosho.'
- 一方、本能寺から200mの近辺に教会のあったルイス・フロイスの『日本史』(Historia de Iapan)では、「(午前3時頃と言われる)明智の(少数の)兵たちは怪しまれること無く難なく寺に侵入して(6月2日に御所前で馬揃えをする予定であったのを織田の門番たちは知っていたので油断したと思われる)、信長が便所から出て手と顔を清めていたところを背後から弓矢を放って背中に命中させた。
- According to 'Historia de Iapan' by Luis Frois whose church was only 200 meter away from the Honno-ji Temple, '(Around three o'clock in the morning), (a small number of) warriors of the Akechi clan invaded the temple without being suspected (It seems that Oda's gatekeepers lost their sharpness because they knew that umazoroe (a troop review) in front of the Imperial Palace was planned for the next day.), and shot Nobunaga, who came out from the toilet and was washing his hands and face, in the back using bows and arrows.
- そのため現在の台湾の教育・民生・軍事・経済の基盤は当時の日本によって建設されたものが基礎となっていると主張する意見(李登輝など)と、近代化の中の日本の役割を過大評価することは植民地統治の正当化と反発する意見、台湾は日本への農作物供給地として農業を中心に発展させられたため工業発展に遅れたと主張する意見、日本商人の搾取によって富が奪われたとする意見(図解台湾史、台湾歴史図説)も提示されている。
- Therefore, there are different opinions about the ruling by Japan as follows; one opinion is that the infrastructure of Taiwan, such as education, people's livelihood, military and economy, was based upon one built by Japan at that time (Teng-hui LEE and others) and other opposing opinions are that overestimating the role of Japan in modernization leads to a justification for colonial rule, Japan imposed an agriculture-centered policy to make Taiwan a supply source of agricultural products to Japan and it resulted in delaying industrial development and the wealth of Taiwan was deprived by Japanese merchants Taiwan (Illustrated History of Taiwan, Illustration of Taiwanese History).
- また、小笠原氏の内部においても内紛が絶えず、幕府の後ろ盾を得た信濃小笠原氏の小笠原政康(長秀の弟)が一時支配権を確立しそうになったが、嘉吉元年(1441年)の嘉吉の乱で将軍足利義教が暗殺され、後ろ盾を失った政康が死去すると、信濃小笠原氏は長秀の子の小笠原持長(府中家)と政康の子の小笠原宗康、小笠原光康(松尾家)との間で内紛が再発し、さらに松尾家は宗康の系統(鈴岡家)と光康の系統(松尾家)に分裂、三家に分かれて抗争することとなる。
- Also while there were constant conflicts inside the Ogasawara clan, Masayasu OGASAWARA (a younger brother of Nagahide) of the Shinano-Ogasawara clan, who had support from bakufu, almost established control temporally at one time, but in 1441 after Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA was murdered at Kakitsu War and Masayasu who lost the support died, the Shinano-Ogasawara clan had an internal conflict again among a three party - a son of Nagahide, Mochinaga OGASAWARA (Fuchu family) and a son of Masayasu, Muneyasu OGASAWARA and Mitsuyasu OGASAWARA (Matsuo family) - and furthermore the Matsuo family had a conflict splitting into three including the line of Muneyasu (Suzuoka family) and the line of Mitsuyasu (Matsuo family).