政治: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 統監政治
- Government by Inspector General
- 幕末政治史
- Political history of Bakumatsu
- 政治と思想
- His political views and ideas
- ばらまき政治
- money politics
- pork-barrel politics
- 文治政治の背景
- Background of bunchi seiji
- 邪馬台国の政治
- The politics of Yamatai
- 政治経済学者。
- A political economist.
- 国際政治学者。
- An international politics scholar.
- 移入した政治思想
- Transferred political thoughts
- 側近政治への移行
- Transition to Political Administration by His Aides
- 多極化した世界政治
- multipolarized world politics
- 「政治学科」の自立
- Independence of 'Department of Political Science'
- 明治時代の政治家。
- He was a politician in the Meiji period.
- 政治・法・経済学者
- Political Scientists, Jurists, and Economists
- 綱吉の政治と正徳の治
- Tsunayoshi's politics and the Shotoku Reforms
- 明治の政治家である。
- He was a statesman in the Meiji period.
- 政治家としての西園寺
- Saionji as a Politician
- 内務省主導政治の始まり
- Beginning of Politics led by Ministry of Interior
- 政治制度としての氏姓制度
- The system of clans and hereditary titles as a political system
- 久秀の政治は苛酷を極めた。
- His government was extremely severe.
- 「天皇の政治には三失がある。
- There are three failures in the politics of the Emperor.
- 摂関政治の大きな画期となる。
- It was a big milestone of the sekkan (regents and advisers) government.
- 『政治の倫理化』(1926年)
- 'The moralization of Japanese politics' (1926)
- 長男・鳩山一郎(政治家、首相)
- Eldest son: Ichiro HATOYAMA (a statesman, Prime Minister)
- 政治的には、親軍派に位置した。
- Politically, he was promilitary.
- 孫・鳩山威一郎(官僚、政治家)
- Grandson: Iichiro HATOYAMA (a bureaucrat, statesman)
- 後世、政治的な理想時代とされた。
- The reign at that time was deemed to be an ideal period in terms of politics by the succeeding generations.
- 天皇が政治をおこなっていた場所。
- It was the place where an emperor conducted the affairs of state.
- 西周(将軍・徳川慶喜の政治顧問)
- Amane NISHI (political advisor to Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA)
- 当然政治の実権はなおも握り続けた。
- Naturally he kept having the actual political power.
- 政治情勢を語るもの、などがあった。
- Some of the words touched on the political situation of the time.
- 大叔父:井上馨(長州藩士、政治家)
- Grand-uncle: Kaoru INOUE (feudal retainer of Choshu Domain, statesman)
- 政治的には長屋王派と言われていた。
- Politically, he was known to be in the Prince Nagaya's faction.
- 当時の政治小説の代表作といわれる。
- It is said to be a representative political fiction of the time.
- 長く政治のテキストとして用いられた。
- It was used as a textbook for politics for a long period of time.
- 陸奥の言葉...「政治は芸術なり。」
- Words by Mutsu: 'Politics is an art.'
- 日本憲法見込案(立志社 (政治団体))
- Nihon Kenpo Mikomi an (A draft of the Constitution of Japan) (Risshisha [a political group])
- これは当時の中国王朝の政治力を物語る。
- This tells us about the political influence of Chinese dynasties at that time.
- この事件以降、日本の政党政治は弱体化。
- After this affair, the party government in Japan was weakening.
- このときから義統と二元政治を開始した。
- He started to conduct affairs of the state with a dualistic structure together with Yoshimune from this time.
- 自分の政治的判断で従軍するはずもない。
- He should not have joined the army by his own political judgment.
- 上巻では、鎌倉末期の政治情勢とその終焉。
- The first volume is about the political situation of the late Kamakura period and how it came to an end.
- また、国内の政治改革も急進的に行われた。
- Moreover, political reform within country was radically promoted.
- 摂関政治が軌道に乗り出した時期であった。
- That was about the time the regency government began to appear.
- 政治都市・江戸は江戸幕府の所在地である。
- As a city of politics, Edo is the base for the Edo shogunate.
- 晩年は政治の倫理化を唱え各地を遊説した。
- In his later years, he toured throughout Japan to advocate ethics in politics.
- その後主として政治家としての晩年を送る。
- After that he lived as a statesman until he died.
- 泰盛は次第に政治的に孤立していく事になる。
- Yasumori was gradually isolated in politics.
- 幕府の財政難と土一揆に苦しみ政治を疎んだ。
- Because he suffered from peasant uprisings and financial distress he grew weary of political administration.
- 憲兵警察は文化政治への転換に伴い廃止される。
- The Kenpei police was abolished due to the change to the Bunka seiji.
- 引退したとはいえ、政治的発言力は保っていた。
- Although she retired, her political influence was still there.
- その後、学校法人学習院院長から政治家に転身。
- Later, he changed from the president of The Gakushuin School Corporation to a statesman.
- 妻・生子(山口県,政治家・首相伊藤博文長女)
- His wife's name was Ikuko (the oldest daughter of Hirobumi ITO, a politician from the Yamaguchi Prefecture).
- 評論は、女性の自立論と政治評論に分類できる。
- Her reviews can be classified into two categories: female self-independence, and politics.
- 政治よりも和歌等文化の道に生きた人生だった。
- He led a life devoted to cultural fields such as waka poetry, rather than to politics.
- 学者や政治家、幕末の志士などの掲載が主である。
- The people whose names appeared in this book were mainly scholars, statesmen and patriots from the end of the Edo period.
- また、高知県に立志社 (政治団体)を設立した。
- They also founded the Risshinsha (Self-reliance Association), a political group, in Kochi Prefecture.
- これら一連の政治的弾圧を「安政の大獄」と呼ぶ。
- Those political crackdowns are called 'Ansei no taigoku' (The Ansei Purge).
- 太田竜(政治運動家・「週刊日本新聞」編輯主幹)
- Ryu OTA (Pollitical activist, editor-in-chief of 'Shukan Nihon Shinbun')
- 得宗被官の長崎氏、二階堂氏が政治の中心となる。
- The clans of Nagasaki and Nikaido who were Tokuso vassals played a central role in politics.
- 以後、政治の表舞台に立つことなく生涯を終えた。
- Since that time, he remained inactive in the political scene until his death.
- 日本は清国とともに朝鮮半島の政治改革を目論んだ。
- Japan planned a political reform in the Korean Peninsula, together with Qing.
- 701年(大宝元)六月、新令によって政治を行う。
- In June 701, politics were carried out under the new code.
- 朝鮮総督府の初期の政策は「武断政治」と呼ばれた。
- The early policy of the Chosen Sotoku-fu was called 'Budan seiji (government by the military).'
- 孝徳天皇没後は、中大兄皇子が政治の実権を握った。
- After the death of Emperor Kotoku, Prince Naka no Oe obtained real political power.
- 愛国公党は、日本でも初期の政治結社に数えられる。
- The Aikokukoto can be considered one of the early political associations in Japan.
- 慶応3年(1867年)、政治姿勢を攘夷論に転換。
- In 1867, he changed his political attitude and supported the principle of excluding foreigners.
- 雪中梅(せっちゅうばい)は、末広鉄腸の政治小説。
- Secchubai is a political fiction written by Teccho SUEHIRO.
- ヤマト王権は倭を代表する政治勢力へと成長している。
- Yamato sovereignty evolved into the representative political power of Wa (ancient Japan).
- なお、尊王攘夷運動の政治的主張にも取り入れられた。
- In addition, this idea was brought into the political insistence of the Sonno-joi movement (the movement advocating reverence for an emperor and the expulsion of foreigners).
- この政治体制を近江朝廷(おうみちょうてい)という。
- This new government was called 'Omi Chotei.'
- 経国美談(けいこくびだん)は、矢野龍渓の政治小説。
- Keikoku bidan (Commendable anecdotes creating a nation: young politicians of Thebes) is a political novel written by Ryukei YANO.
- ウジは、ヤマト政権の政治組織という性格をもっていた。
- The uji had a characteristic of being a political organization of the Yamato regime.
- 1910年代、日本の国内政治で新しい潮流が誕生した。
- In the 1910s, a new stream of politics was born in Japan.
- 9世紀に、摂関政治により藤原北家が最も有力となった。
- By the regency politics, the Northern House of the FUJIWARA clan (one of the four Fujiwara family lines) became most influential in the ninth century.
- 妹:キヨ(山口県、実業家・政治家久原房之助に嫁する)
- Younger sister: Kiyo (married to Fusanosuke KUHARA, an entrepreneur and statesman, in Yamaguchi Prefecture)
- また、甥の林譲治 (政治家)は衆議院議長・厚生大臣。
- One of his nephews, Joji HAYASHI (statesman), served as chairman of House of Representatives and Kosei daijin (Minister of Health and Welfare).
- 藩閥政治に反発、伊藤博文の忠告を聞かず、官職を辞任。
- He resisted the domain clique government, and resigned the government post against the advise of Hirobumi ITO.
- 7月、政府から政治結社の認定を受け嚶鳴社を解散する。
- In July, as the Constitutional Progressive Party was designated as a political organization, he dissolved Omeisha.
- のちにバークの本邦初訳である『政治論略』を刊行する。
- Later he translated and published 'Seijigairon,' the first Japanese translation of Burke's book.
- 政治的配慮は、桓武天皇の治世の記述において顕著である。
- The articles concerning the reign of Emperor Kanmu were written with extra political consideration.
- 多くは尊皇攘夷の思想を持って政治運動を行った者を指す。
- The term was frequently used for the political activists who held to ideal of 'Sonno-joi (Reverence of the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners)'.
- 渡独後、医学から政治、経済学に無断転科し問題となった。
- While he was in Germany, he changed his major from medical science to politics and economics without permission, which became a problem.
- 政治は子供の頃から家老に任せている」とも書かれている。
- He had left the politics with his Karo (chief retainer).
- 結局は源氏を政治的に抹殺できず、失意のままに他界する。
- However, she was ultimately unable to make Genji lose his political position, and died a disappointed person.
- この時代、文学を含めた芸術や政治の中心は京都であった。
- In this period, Kyoto was the center of art including literature and politics.
- 作中人物の口をかりて作者が政治を語り、批評をおこなう。
- The writer discusses and makes remarks on politics using the characters in his work.
- 政治関係が少なく、下級貴族の人物伝が多いのが特徴という。
- It is unique in containing little political material, but a large number of biographies of lower-ranking nobles.
- 藩庁(はんちょう)とは、江戸時代の日本の政治用語の一つ。
- Hancho is a political term used during the Edo period.
- 弟の藤原房前に比べると政治的活動は乏しいと言われている。
- In contrast to his younger brother FUJIWARA no Fusasaki, he was said to be inactive in politics.
- 元就の狡猾さと政治家らしさがよく現れている対応と言える。
- His response to the shogun showed what a tactful politician he was.
- 政治手腕にも長け、幕府創設期には訴訟奉行を任されている。
- He was also familiar with politics and appointed as bugyo of the lawsuit agency during the early period of the foundation of bakufu.
- 岡山藩士で実業家、政治家(初代岡山市長)花房端連の長男。
- He was the first son of Masatsura HANABUSA, who was a retainer of the Okayama clan, a businessman and a politician (the first mayor of Okayama City).
- この頃から政治活動資金を時々、斉彬の命で賜るようになる。
- Around this time, he received a political donation from Saiakira.
- 桐壺帝時代には庇護者として源氏と政治的立場が近しかった。
- Being Genji's guardian, his political stance during the reign of Emperor Kiritsubo was close to Genji's.
- その結果、選挙資金を得るためという政治腐敗の増加を招いた。
- This brought more political corruption cases related to election campaign fund-raising.
- 白石の儒学思想を元に、文治政治と呼ばれる諸政策を推進した。
- Based on the Confucianism concept in Hakuseki, they advanced various policies called civilian government.
- しかし、この当時は地方政治制度が十分に確立していなかった。
- However, in those days, the local political systems were not fully developed.
- (また、これら政治工作の資金源となったのが石見銀山である)
- (These political manoeuvres were financed by resources from the Iwami Silver Mine).
- 西園寺のような感性をもった政治家を他に見出すことは難しい。
- Indeed, it is difficult to find another politician with a sensibility like Saionji's.
- その一方、維新後は政治的な策略や欺瞞を一切行わなくなった。
- On the other hand, he also never acted on a political stratagem or deception after the restoration.
- それゆえ、政治史だけでなく文化史においても着目されている。
- Therefore, attention is given to it in political and cultural history.
- 世界を舞台に憂国の志士と美女を配し、政治的背景を展開する。
- With patriots and beautiful women being the main characters, the storyline develops along with the worldwide political contexts.
- 能吏(のうり)とは政治的手腕、行政的手腕に優れた人物を指す。
- Nori means a person with high political or administrative skill.
- 政治に対する学問の独立性及び中立性を考えさせるものになった。
- This incident made people think of the academic independence and neutrality for the politics.
- 氷上川継の乱(ひかみのかわつぐのらん)は奈良時代の政治事件。
- HIKAMI no Kawatsugu's War was a political event in the Nara period.
- 以後、日本列島の中心的な政治勢力が倭を自称することは絶えた。
- After that, the main political powers in Japan stopped calling themselves Wa.
- 養老律令の意義は、施行当時の政治状況と関連づけて理解される。
- The significance of Yoro Ritsuryo Code is understood from the relationship with the political situation during the period it was in force.
- 後三条天皇は即位後、延久新政とも言われる政治改革を断行した。
- Emperor Gosanjo carried out a political reformation called Eikyu Shinsei (The New Rule of Eikyu) after the enthronement.
- 地方政治参加の権利、地方議会議員の選挙・被選挙権(公民権)。
- 2) The right to participate in local politics, the right to vote in local assembly elections and eligibility to run in said elections (civil rights).
- 政治家として実績を重ね、アジア系として初めて閣僚に選ばれる。
- Boasting many achievements as a politician, he was the first Asian American to be elected as a member of the Cabinet.
- 晩年は中風にかかって寝たきりになり、寿桂尼が政治を補佐した。
- He was confined to bed in his later years due to a stroke, and Jukei-ni assisted him with political matters.
- 日本政治史で国会で2回議長決裁権を使ったのは鳩山だけである。
- HATOYAMA is the only person that used the casting vote of the chairperson twice in the Diet.
- その逞しい政治手腕から「おしとおる」とあだ名された位だった。
- He had so aggressive political skills that he was nicknamed 'Oshitoru' (to have one's way).
- 直弼は「開国を断行して日本を救った政治家」という評価もある。
- Naosuke is also considered to be 'a politician who saved Japan by opening the country.'
- 三男 松方幸次郎(実業家、政治家)川崎造船所社長、衆議院議員
- Third son : Kojiro MATSUKATA (businessman, statesman) president of the Kawasaki Shipyards, a member of the House of Representatives
- 1891年(明治24年):貴族院勅選議員となり、政治家に転身
- In 1891 he became a councilor of the House of Peers that was selected by Imperial command, changing his career into politics.
- 政治評論については反共産主義、反ソ連の立場から論陣を張った。
- As a political critic, she commented from the perspective of anti-communism and anti-USSR.
- また、柳沢吉保や8代将軍徳川吉宗への政治的助言者でもあった。
- Also, he was a political advisor of Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA and the eighth Shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA.
- 平安時代後期には摂関政治が衰退し始め、貴族文化に変化が訪れた。
- During the late Heian period, the Sekkan (regent and chief councilor) government began to decline, and a change occurred in the aristocratic culture.
- 真人賜姓は天武天皇が構想する皇親政治の一翼を担うものであった。
- Bestowing the kabane of Mahito was a part of the pro-Imperial Family politics which was the concept of Emperor Tenmu.
- 愛国公党(あいこくこうとう)は、最初の自由民権運動の政治結社。
- The Aikokukoto Party was the first political organization associated under the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
- その後、立原派=保守派、藤田派=改革派として政治的対立が続く。
- Subsequently, Tachihara's faction (conservatives) and Fujita's faction (reformers) kept having political conflict with each other.
- 幕府執事(管領)の細川清氏と協力し、義長を政治から失脚させる。
- He ousted Yoshinaga from politics by cooperating with Kiyouji HOSOKAWA, the steward of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (Kanrei).
- また戦国の殺伐とした気風を排除して徳を重んずる文治政治を推進。
- Furthermore, Tsunayoshi eliminated the savage atmosphere of the warring period and promoted civil government, which valued virtue.
- この苦境を救ったのは、同じ公家出身の政治家・西園寺公望である。
- He was helped through this difficult time by fellow noble and politician, Kinmochi SAIONJI.
- 山縣は政党政治を嫌い、議会勢力と一貫して敵対した(超然主義)。
- Yamagata disliked party politics and continued to oppose national diet political forces (a doctrine of superiority).
- 佳人之奇遇(かじんのきぐう)は、東海散士(柴四朗)の政治小説。
- Kajin no Kigu is a political fiction written by Sanshi TOKAI (Shiro SHIBA).
- 兄時平の早世後に朝政を司り、延喜の治と呼ばれる政治改革を行った。
- He conducted the affairs of the Imperial Court after the early death of his brother Tokihira, and carried out a political reform called 'Engi no chi (the Glorious Engi Rule).'
- 前総統の李登輝は国民党の独裁政治を廃し台湾内での民主化を導いた。
- Teng-hui LEE, the former President of the Republic of China, stopped the dictatorship of the Kuomintang Party and promoted democratic reforms in Taiwan.
- 一般に、政治的統一は民族的等質性の結果ではなくむしろ原因である。
- In general, political integration is not a result of racial homogeneity but a cause.
- 政治的緊張が続く幕末には、武器や軍艦が日本の主要輸入品となった。
- In the final years of the Edo period, when political tensions were continually at their peak, arms and warships were the main goods Japan imported.
- 政治権力には一切の興味を示さず、軍人としての生涯をまっとうした。
- He spent his life serving as a military man and he neglected any interest in acquiring political power.
- 長男は鳩山一郎(政治家、首相)、次男は鳩山秀夫(法学者)である。
- His eldest son was Ichiro HATOYAMA (statesman, Prime Minister) and his second son was Hideo HATOYAMA (scholar of law).
- しかし、政治の粛正を図りたい仲麻呂は断固として手を緩めなかった。
- However, Nakamaro who wanted to clean up the government did not back off at all.
- その子孫とされる著名人に政治家の安倍晋太郎・安倍晋三親子がいる。
- There are distinguished people considered to be his descendants including the parent-and-child statesmen, Shintaro ABE and Shinzo ABE.
- しかし政治史の材料としては信憑すべき直接史料とはみなし難いとする。
- However, he considered that it was difficult to take it as reliable immediate historical material from the viewpoint of politics.
- 藤原基俊(26首)・崇徳天皇(23首)ら政治の敗者も上位を占める。
- The poems created by political losers such as FUJIWARA no Mototoshi (26 poems) and Emperor Sutoku (23 poems) also ranked high.
- 当時の地方政治・財政を把握するためのもっとも基本的な資料であった。
- It was the most basic material to know about the local government and financial affairs at the time.
- 政治的意義を失った真人姓の氏族は、次第に政界から姿を消していった。
- Mahito clans who lost political value gradually disappeared from the political world.
- 一進会に対する評価はその活動の解釈や政治的立場によって大きく異る。
- The public estimation to Isshinkai has varied depending on the understanding of its activities or the political position.
- その後は西郷従道と協力して政治団体・国民協会 (日本)を組織する。
- He then worked together with Tsugumichi SAIGO and established a political group named Kokumin Kyokai (National Association).
- 井上は保守的で中央集権国家の確立に尽力して政党政治に強く反対した。
- Inoue was conservative, and he was committed to the establishment of a centralized government, strongly opposing the party government.
- モンゴルが『万国公法』を導入したのも、国際政治の動向がからんでいる。
- The reason of introduction of 'Bankoku Koho' by Mongolia was related to international political situation.
- 当時の政治状況や社会・経済の動向を知る上での貴重な史料となっている。
- It is a valuable historical source for knowing about the political circumstances and the trends of society and the economy at that time.
- 義興が帰国した後の高国は強権政治を敷きこれを維持せざるを得なかった。
- Takakuni had to invoke a powerful government and maintain it after Yoshioki's return to his province.
- 大宝律令は、日本の国情に合致した律令政治の実現を目指して編纂された。
- Taiho Ritsuryo was compiled aiming at the realization of government according to the Ritsuryo codes which conformed to the state of affairs in Japan.
- 以後、頼綱一族ら御内人の勢力は一時後退して、貞時の専制政治が始まる。
- After that, the momentum of miuchibito (private vassals of the Tokuso) including the family of Yoritsuna was diminished at one point, and Sadatoki started his tyranny.
- (それ)に対し、義景は北条氏縁戚として執権政治を支える立場にあった。
- On the other hand, Yoshikage was in a position to support the regency as a relative of the Hojo clan.
- その意味で直弼は幕末政治を語る際には欠かすことのできない一人である。
- In that regard, Naosuke was an essential political figure in the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
- 天武天皇の時代には、納言として太政官で働き、政治の枢要にあずかった。
- During the reign of Emperor Tenmu, he worked as Nagon (Councilor) at Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and had a very important role in politics.
- 紀 夏井(き の なつい、生没年未詳)は平安時代初期の貴族、政治家。
- KI no Natsui (years of birth and death unknown) was a nobleman and a statesman who lived in the early Heian period.
- 先の永享の乱で鎌倉公方も廃絶していたため、関東地方の政治は停滞した。
- Since Kamakura Kubo had already been abolished during the Eikyo War, the absence of two positions caused political paralysis in the Kanto region.
- 貨幣経済を振興しようと思ったきっかけは、徳川吉宗による政治にあった。
- The politics of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA provided an occasion to promote a monetary economy.
- 幕府権力と将軍権威の復活を目指して、精力的な政治活動を行なっている。
- Yoshiteru acted vigorously to restore the power of the shogunate and the authority of the shogun.
- 政治に興味を示さない夫に代わって幕政に深く関わり、影響力を行使した。
- Her husband showed no interest in politics, so Tomiko became deeply involved in, and exerted an influence on, the shogunate government.
- 議会政治によらず彼らの合議だけで国家の方針を決めているのが現状である。
- The state of affair was such that only the bureaucrats got together to determine national policies without resort to parliamentary government.
- 彼らは官僚という立場ではあったが政治や社会に対する影響力は小さかった。
- Although they were bureaucrats, their influence over politics and society was limited.
- 646年(大化2)大化改新の詔を発布して今後の政治改革の方針を示した。
- In 646, the Taika no kaishin no Mikotonori (Taika Reforms Edict) was issued for announcing political reform policies.
- したがって宦官政治に批判的な人々は朱子学・陽明学問わず東林党に集った。
- Therefore, those who were critical of eunuchs' politics joined Dongling regardless of whether they were studying Shushigaku or Yomeigaku or not.
- 民族としての同一性が、ヤマト王権による政治的統合に由来するからである。
- This is because the uniformity as a race came via political integration by Yamato sovereignty.
- 政治・経済の中心となって差配する家老を藩によっては、仕置家老と呼んだ。
- Karo officers who were mainly in charge of political and economical affairs were called Shioki-garo in some domains.
- 小野 妹子(おの の いもこ、男性、生没年不詳)は、飛鳥時代の政治家。
- ONO no Imoko (male, dates of birth and death unknown) was a politician who lived during the Asuka period.
- 家宣と次代将軍・徳川家継の治世を、併せて正徳の治(正徳の政治)という。
- The periods ruled by Ienobu and his successor Ietsugu TOKUGAWA are known collectively as 'Shotoku no chi' (the peaceful era of Shotoku).
- また興福寺への武力介入などにより、仏教勢力の政治介入の駆逐につとめた。
- Also, with an attack on Kofuku-ji Temple, Yoshinori tried to drive out Buddhist influence in politics.
- 明治の国政は、良くも悪くも、この薩長土肥主導による政治であったと言える。
- For better or worse, it can be said that the affairs of state in the Meiji period were under the leadership of Satchodohi.
- これと並行して、日本列島の政治勢力も対外的に倭国と自称するようになった。
- At the same time, the political forces in the Japanese Islands used the name of Wakoku to designate their country to foreign countries.
- その国の政府が正統と認め、対外的に主張し、また教育する自国の政治の流れ。
- 'Seishi' can also refer to an 'official history' in the sense of the orthodox view of history endorsed by a country's government, the version they promote abroad, or the government's stance on history taught in that country's schools.
- 元就の戦国武将としての政治力と洞察力、先見の明は計り知れないものがある。
- His politics and insight as a warring lord are endlessly deep.
- のち500石取りに加増されて柳沢邸で講学、ならびに政治上の諮問に応えた。
- Later, his salary was increased to 500 koku, and he studied in the Yanagisawa's residence and responded to requests of political advice.
- 主に江戸幕府初期の、徳川家康から徳川家光までが行った政治姿勢のことを指す。
- It usually refers to a government ruled by shogun from Ieyasu TOKUGAWA to Iemitsu TOKUGAWA in the early Edo period.
- 陣屋を置いていた福本村及び隣村の粟賀村は同地域の政治経済の中心地であった。
- Fukumoto-mura, where the jinya was located, and neighboring Awaga-mura were the political and economic center of the region.
- 独裁政治と云われる得宗家内部は決して安定したものではなかったことが覗える。
- It can be inferred that the operation of the Tokuso family, said having been autocratic, was not very stable.
- 天皇の動静の記録を詳述し天皇親政から摂関政治へうつる時代の根本史料である。
- It is one of the main historical sources for the period of the shift from direct rule by the emperor to the regency, and describes the emperor's deeds.
- 倭(日本) が政治・軍事・外交面で朝鮮半島に関わった年次は81回にも及ぶ。
- It was eighty-one times that Wa (Japan) interfered with the Korean Peninsula in the affairs of politics, military, and diplomacy.
- 政治が絡む替地は、施行する幕府・領主にあっては、単なる事務処理に過ぎない。
- Kaechi was a political matter that essentially mere paperwork for the shogunate or feudal lord enacting the transfer.
- 偽書の難しい点は宗教・政治的なイデオロギー性を含む例が多々あることである.
- The difficulty with gisho is that they have many examples that include religious and political ideology.
- 現地の有力者や官人(在庁官人という)に国衙政治を任せるケースが増えていた。
- Then, the cases that Kokushi put a local influential person and government official in charge of Kokuga (Zaichokanjin [the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods]) had been steadily increased.
- 伊藤博文・西園寺公望の系統につながる、政党政治に理解のある議員を結集した。
- They gathered councilors who had great understanding of party government and with connection to the lines of Hirobumi ITO and Kinmochi SAIONJI.
- これにより、摂家を中心とする上流貴族の政治的影響力が低下することとなった。
- This caused the political influences of upper nobles centering on Sekke (line of regents and advisers) to decrease.
- 1912年に貴族院_(日本)に移行しながらも没年まで政治家として活躍した。
- Even though he was elected to the House of Peers in 1912, he remained active as a statesman until he died.
- 二男:鮎川金次郎(政治家)、二男の妻:雅子(ノーネスユニバーシティ学園長)
- Second son: Kinjiro AYUKAWA (a statesman), the wife of the second son: Masako (the president of Nones University)
- 多くの文人墨客がここに集い、酒を飲みながら詩作に耽り、政治談義などをした。
- Many writers and artists gathered and composed poetry and poems while drinking and talking about politics.
- 政治的には星亨の派閥に属し、1896年(明治29年)、東京市会議員に当選。
- He was politically aligned with the sect of Toru HOSHI, and in 1896, Shohei was elected as a member of Tokyo City Council.
- 後に貴族院_(日本)となり地租増徴に反対するなど独自の政治運動を展開した。
- Afterwards, he became a member of the House of Peers, and carryed on his own political campaigns such as opposing a plan to increase land taxes.
- この時代の政治は『貞観政要』(太宗と大臣の対話集)として文書にまとめられた。
- The politics of this era was compiled in documents called 'Joganseiyo' (a book written about Taiso, the second Emperor of Tang Dynasty in China) as assembled dialogues between Tang tai zong and ministers.
- 家綱の頃に端を発した、江戸幕府の財政難は文治政治の時代に悪化の一途を辿った。
- The economic difficulties of the Edo bakufu, triggered in the age of Ietsuna, became increasingly serious during the civilian government.
- さらにそれぞれの御代の事跡は異なるがほぼ政治に誤りはなかった、と述べている。
- It is described that emperors governed the country well even though achievements of each emperor varied.
- 伏見宮貞成親王の日記『看聞日記』は義教の政治を「万人恐怖」と書き記している。
- The 'Kanmon Nikki' (Diary of Imperial Prince Fushimi no miya Sadafusa)' contains the record that the government by Yoshinori was the 'government everyone fears'.
- 崇仏、排仏論争は蘇我氏が語り伝えたもので、馬子と守屋の政治権力闘争であった。
- Stories of the disputes over the worship or abolishment of Buddhism were handed down by the Soga clan, but there really existed a struggle for political power between SOGA no Umako and MONONOBE no Moriya.
- 官位制は、中国から他の政治行政制度と共に継受され、日本で独自の発展を遂げた。
- The Kani official rank system first came from China along with other political administrative systems, but was developed in its own way in Japan.
- そして同年5月、第三回帝国議会において民法典論争は政治的な決着がはかられた。
- In May of the same year a political settlement of the Minpoten Ronso was made in the third Imperial Diet.
- 言い換えれば、久政自身の政治力を剥ぐためのものではなかったということである。
- In other words, this transfer did not actually aim to deprive Hisamasa of his political power.
- 政治面においても、鹿児島を中心とする防衛戦の要となる地で治世の実りを上げる。
- He also contributed to the government of the area during the defensive war in the Kagoshima region.
- このように頼綱の死後80年以上経っても、その恐怖政治の記憶が伝えられていた。
- Thus, Yoritsuna's reign of terror was remembered for more than 80 years after his death.
- しかしながらこの頃に実際に政治を主導したのは、不比等だったと考えられている。
- However, the person who had the control of this government is considered to be Fuhito.
- 日本におけるドイツ通の第一人者としてドイツの政治体制、文化の導入をはかった。
- He promoted introducing the German political system and culture as the most well-versed expert on Germany in Japan.
- 一方、道長は伊周が政治を行えば天下が乱れると考え、自らが摂関になろうとした。
- However, Michinaga wanted to be Sekkan (regent-chancellor) himself because he thought that if Korechika administered politics then there would be chaos in the country.
- だが皮肉なことにこのことが結果的に西郷を政治的な隠遁に追い込む遠因となった。
- But, as a result this thing was an ironical indirect cause that forced Saigo into retired from politics.
- 父の篤麿はアジア主義を唱え、東亜同文会を興すなど活発な政治活動を行っていた。
- His father, Atsumaro, was a supporter of Pan-Asianism and was politically active, involved in the founding of groups such as the East Asia Common Culture Society (Toa Dobunkai).
- そのため、微罪の者を牛裂き、釜茹での刑に処するなどの強権政治を行なっている。
- This is why Dosan ruled by forcible measures such as killing petty criminals by splitting their bodies using bulls or boiling them in a big iron pot.
- しかし執権職から引退したとはいえ、実際の政治は時頼が取り仕切っていたという。
- However, it is said that Tokiyori in fact managed politics after his retirement from the regency.
- 由井正雪の乱や承応の変を機に、4代将軍徳川家綱が、文治政治への転換をすすめた。
- After the incident of Shosetsu YUI and the Joo Incident, the fourth shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA undertook conversion into a civilian government.
- 88節に渡り、建武の新政当時の混乱する政治・社会を批判、風刺した七五調の文書。
- It consists of 88 stanzas, and was written in seven-and-five-syllable meter, criticizing and satirizing politics and society in the chaotic days of the Kenmu Restoration.
- 編集方針の決定や原史料の選択は、政治的に有力者が主導したものと推測されている。
- It is guessed that the decision of editorial policy and selection of original historical materials were politically led by an influential person.
- なお、この建白書の5人はその後、明治の政治において様々な交錯をすることになる。
- Also these five people involved with this petition crossed each other later in the Meiji government.
- 研究会は山県―清浦が主導する超然主義を支持して政党政治を否定する路線を取った。
- Kenkyukai adopted a policy of denying party politics, supporting the nonparty doctrine advocated by YAMAGATA and KIYOURA.
- このようにして、国民に対して融和的な政治を執ることで政局の安定化を図っている。
- By adopting a policy of reconciliation towards the people in this way, YAMAMOTO intended to stabilize the political situation).
- こうした状況は、政治的中心の周囲に次第に都市が形成されていく過程と理解できる。
- Such situation can be understood as a process in which a city was gradually formed around the political center.
- この頃に早雲は政治的に今川家から独立したようで、以後は関東進出を本格化させる。
- Soun had apparently become independent of the Imagawa family and, from this time onwards, he shifted his advance to the Kanto region into full swing.
- 政治家では犬養毅、大久保利通と親しかったことが、『犬養木堂伝』に記されている。
- 'Inukai Bokudo den' (biography of Bokudo INUKAI) describes that Shuei was a close friend of those politicians including Tsuyoshi INUKAI and Toshimichi OKUBO.
- 光仁天皇即位に尽力した式家の政治的な発言力が上昇するとともに、官位も上昇した。
- As the Shiki Family that worked for Emperor Konin's accession to the imperial throne became an influential political player, his official rank increased.
- この「始聴朝政」という大津の政治参加を示す文句については様々なとらえ方がある。
- There are various views about the expression, 'beginning to listen to the Imperial politics,' which suggests Otsu's political participation.
- このことは天下の政治的分裂が元の統治下において解消されなかったことを示している。
- The above shows the fact that the political division of Tenka was not resolved even under the rule of Yuan.
- それらは大陸にももたらされ、政治や思想方面に大きな影響を与えるに至ったのである。
- Later, they were brought to the continent and gave significant influences in politics and thoughts.
- その結果、海軍・陸軍、官僚、国家主義団体などを中心に政党政治への不満が高まった。
- Consequently, there was increasing disaffection with party government among the Navy, the Army, the bureaucracy, nationalist organizations, etc.
- 朝廷から武家政治への激動期に際して関白の職にあった兼実の公私にわたる記録である。
- It is a record of public and private matters by Kanezane, who was in the position of Kanpaku in the era of great transition from the Imperial Court to samurai government.
- 帝国財政革新会(ていこくざいせいかくしんかい)は、明治中期に設立された政治団体。
- Teikokuzaiseikakushin kai was a political group established in the middle of the Meiji Period.
- これらから、政治的・経済的集落であり、拠点的集落という性格を有すると考えられる。
- These findings show that larger moat settlements functioned as a central foothold of politics and economy.
- 紀元前後頃から7世紀末頃にかけて、日本列島の政治勢力も倭もしくは倭国と自称した。
- From around the beginning of the first century to the end of the seventh century, political powers in the Japanese Archipelago called themselves Wa or Wakoku.
- また、郡域が広域にわたる場合には別院の政治的拠点が存在していたと考えられている。
- It is also believed that there was a betsuin (branch facility, branch temple) for conducting supportive political affairs, in case a gun's (county) area was too large to manage through a central office.
- 後藤の診察を受けた後、板垣は「彼を政治家にできないのが残念だ」と口にしたという。
- After a medical check-up done by Goto, Itagaki noted that he was disappointed for not being able to make him into politics.
- この後頼綱は、しばらくは追加法を頻繁に出す等の手続きを重視した政治を行っていた。
- After the Incident Yoritsuna briefly focused on the procedural aspects of politics by frequently issuing additional laws.
- 幕末の政治状況の中で、薩摩藩や長州藩の武士と交流し、薩長連合にも尽力したという。
- Under the political situation in the last days of Tokugawa shogunate, he interacted with samurai from Satsuma and Choshu Domains and worked hard for the establishement of the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance.
- 幕末政治家(1900年) 平凡社東洋文庫501 1989年、岩波文庫 2003年
- 'Bakumatsu Seijika' (Politicians in the end of the Edo period) (1900) Heibonsha, Toyo bunko No.501 published in 1989, Iwanami bunko, published in 2003.
- 平安時代を通して、男性貴族が政治で使う文字は漢字であり、文章は漢文であり続けた。
- Throughout the Heian period, male court nobles in politics used kanji (Chinese characters) for writing and sentences were all in kanji.
- これはいわば恩を売った形で将軍になることで、政治を有利に進めていく狙いがあった。
- By becoming the Shogun as a favor to others he aimed to manipulate politics to his advantage.
- また、政治家としても力量を発揮し、特に人心掌握に努めて領民の敬愛を集めたという。
- He also displayed abilities as a politician, and it is said that he tried especially hard to seize the hearts of the public and was adored by the people of the domain.
- この時代の文人は記録文書や政治的公文(上書・秦記)などの文書を職業的に扱っていた。
- Bunjin in this period were professionals who dealt with archives and political official documents as profession.
- そのため、ヤマト王権は各地域の政治勢力が連合したことによって成立したとされている。
- Therefore, historians and other experts believe that the Yamato sovereignty must have been established because various local political powers were joined together.
- 国民同盟会(こくみんどうめいかい)は、明治時代の1900年9月に成立した政治団体。
- Kokumin Domeikai is the political society organized in the Meiji period, in September, 1900.
- 正徳の治(しょうとくのち)とは正徳 (日本)年間を中心に進められた政治改革である。
- Shotoku no chi are the political reforms carried out mainly in the Shotoku era.
- その政治環境の中、1919年に台湾総督に就任した田健治郎は初めての文官総統である。
- In such political environment, Kenjiro DEN was appointed as the first civilian Governor-General of Taiwan in 1919.
- また政治的な野心を持つことなく、しかも儒者として時宜にかなった実践的な学を説いた。
- Furthermore, he did not have political ambitions, and as a Confucian, he expounded doctrines that were timely and practical.
- ベルリン大学で政治学、ハイデルベルク大学で国際法、ライプチヒ大学で商法を習得する。
- He learned political science at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, international law at Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, and commercial law at Universität Leipzig.
- 日露戦争時には、健全財政論・防御中心の軍備を主張する政治的立場から開戦に反対した。
- When the Russo-Japanese War broke out, he opposed the start of the war from his political standpoint that emphasized a balanced budget plan and defense-centric armaments.
- 一応、政治から退いた形になるがその後も摂政となった若い頼通を後見して指図している。
- It seemed like he retired from the political administration, but he continued to have guardianship over young Yorimichi who became Sessho (Regent) and gave him directions.
- こうして戦国時代までに、関東足利氏は政治の表舞台からことごとく姿を消すこととなる。
- Thus, the Ashikaga clan in Kanto were totally erased from the political scene by the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- なお柴五郎は、明治期の政治小説『佳人之奇遇』で有名な東海散士こと柴四郎の弟にあたる。
- He was the younger brother of Sanshi TOKAI (real name Shiro SHIBA), who was famous as the author of political literature of Meiji Era, 'Kajin no Kigu' (Chance Encounters with Beautiful Women).
- 板垣は、この会議で木戸を利用して議会政治導入を大久保に約束させることを企図していた。
- Itagaki was seeking to use Kido to persuade Okubo into implementing parliamentary government at the meeting.
- 田沼が政治改革を主導した時期を「田沼時代」と呼ぶ(1760年代 - 1786年頃)。
- The period that Tanuma led the political reforms is called the Tanuma period (from 1760s to around 1786)
- 原敬と高橋是清によって政党内閣による政治が行なわれたが、それも4年足らずで終わった。
- The government based on political parties led by Takashi HARA and Korekiyo TAKAHASHI had a very short life of less than four years.
- 治天の政治意思は、院庁が発給する院庁下文・院庁牒・院宣などによって実現されていった。
- Innocho kudashibumi (letters), innochocho (orders) and inzen (decrees) issued by In no cho embodied Chiten's political wills..
- 当時、大韓帝国では最も大きな政治結社であり、会員数は80万人から100万人であった。
- At that time, it was the biggest political association of The Korean Empire, and the number of its members was between 800 thousands and one million.
- そのため、元就が当主となる以前から既に中央との政治的な繋がりを持っていたようである。
- They appeared therefore to have a political connection with the central government even before Motonari became lord of the family.
- 一説に、宗綱は八田(常陸国、現在の茨城県下館市八田)を政治基盤としていたといわれる。
- According to one theory, Hatta (Hitachi Province, present Hatta, Shimodate City, Ibaraki Prefecture) was the Munetsuna' political base.
- 太宰春台は徂徠が志した政治にまったく関心を示していないとしてこの兄弟を非難している。
- Shundai DAZAI criticized Meika as not showing any interest in the politics that Sorai sought to realize.
- 以後は政治には携わらず、写真・狩猟・投網・囲碁・謡曲など趣味に没頭する生活をおくる。
- Thereafter he did not participate in politics and spent his days immersed in his interests such as photography, hunting, net fishing, playing go and noh songs.
- 国際法の何たるかを東アジア諸国に伝え、各地域の国内政治改革や外交に大きな影響を与えた。
- The translation taught countries in East Asia what was international law and gave significant influences to domestic political reform and foreign diplomacy in various regions.
- 普通選挙は実現し、有権者は大幅に増加したが、それは政治資金の巨額化に伴うことであった。
- Popular election took place and the number of voters soared, and thus the amount of political funds increased enormously.
- 政治、祭事、軍事が未分化の時代、必然的に王は司令部のある北部九州に常駐することとなる。
- In the age of the system of politics, rituals, and military affairs, which were not separate, a king must reside in northern Kyushu where the headquarters were situated.
- 戊辰戦争の頃から肥前藩を加え、「薩長土肥」と呼ばれる明治の主要政治勢力の母体となった。
- Around the time of the Boshin War, Sacchodo and the Hizen Domain were combined and called, 'Saccho Dohi' (Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, Hizen), and was one of the main political forces during the Meiji Era.
- 自由党・硬六派ともに政府との政治休戦を宣言したが、硬六派に対する世論の支持が広がった。
- Although both the Liberal Party and the Ko Roppa declared a truce with the government, public support for the Ko Roppa increased.
- そこで、アメリカなどの政治制度を模範に、日本で初めて「公選入札」が行われる事になった。
- Because of this, the first 'public bid' in Japan was decided to take place modeling after the oversea political system such as America.
- この発言の趣旨は当時蔓延していた財閥中心の腐敗した金権政治の風潮を批判したものだった。
- His speech, in effect, criticized the trend of the Zaibatsu (company syndicate)-oriented, venal money politics which had been prevailing at that time.
- 武士階級以外の階層や水戸藩領以外からも多くの参加があり、行軍中に政治的な宣伝も行った。
- People other than samurai and from other domains than the Mito Domain joined the Tenguto no Ran and political propaganda was carried out during marching.
- 朝廷・幕府・雄藩の政治的提携を企図する久光の運動は、亡兄斉彬の遺志を継ぐものとされた。
- It was said that Hisamitsu's movement to plan political cooperation among Imperial Court, Shogunate, and the major domains was to succeed the last wish of Nariakira, his elder brother.
- 1956年(昭和31年、76歳)、日本中小企業政治連盟(中政連)を創立し、総裁に就任。
- In 1956 (at the age of 76), he founded the Japan Medium and Small Enterprise Political Federation (Chuseiren) and became the president.
- しかし実際の幕政は家斉の側近である林忠英らが主導し、家斉による側近政治はなおも続いた。
- The shogunate government, however, continued to be led by Ienari's inner circle, which included Tadafusa HAYASHI.
- 時代に翻弄され小藩の領主に止まったが、政治手腕・実戦経験ともに充実した人物と言えよう。
- Although he remained the local lord of a small domain at the mercy of times, it is likely that he was full of political skills and actual-fight experiences.
- この事件での彼の行動は彼の生涯にわたる世界観、政治観を端的にあらわしているともいえる。
- Interestingly, the way he conducted himself throughout this affair plainly indicates his lifelong world view and political view.
- 西園寺には、岩倉具視や三条実美のような幕末期における政治的功績はほとんど皆無であった。
- Unlike Tomomi IWAKURA and Sanetomi SANJO, Saionji had virtually no political achievements by the end of Edo period.
- 近代に入ると文明史論的な立場から女性政治家としての政子の立場を評価する動きが出てきた。
- In the modern era, her position as a female politician began to be evaluated from the perspective of the history of civilization.
- 政敵が消滅した義輝は、いよいよ幕府権力の復活に向けてさらなる政治活動を行なおうとした。
- Since his political rival was gone, Yoshiteru tried to act more vigorously to restore the power of the shogunate.
- さらに、宇佐八幡宮神託事件及び道鏡に関する記述に政治的意図が含まれているという説もある。
- Moreover, there is a view that articles about both a plot by the oracle of Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine and Dokyo, a Buddhist priest, contained political intent.
- この頃は摂関政治に代わる院政の時代で、白河天皇が「治天の君」として専制権力を振っていた。
- It was time of Insei (rule by the retired Emperor) which replaced the regency, and Emperor Shirakawa was exercising dictatorship as 'chiten no kimi' (the retired Emperor in power).
- 国家学会設立の背景には、近代日本の学問研究における「政治学」の自立が大きく関わっている。
- Independence of 'political science' in academic research of modern Japan was closely related to the background of foundation of Kokkagakkai.
- 皇族は原則的に軍人であったので、軍人の政治不関与の建前からも出席は好ましくないとされた。
- Imperial family members were generally military men and their attendance was not desirable as military men were not supposed to be involved with politics.
- 前代未聞の朝廷の政治関与に対して幕府は態度を硬化させ、直弼は水戸藩に密勅の返納を命じる。
- This unprecedented political involvement by the Imperial Court hardened the bakufu's stance, and Naosuke ordered the Mito Domain to refuse the secret imperial decree.
- 豊臣秀吉は「この世に政治ができるのは直江兼続(兼続)と小早川である」と言ったといわれる。
- It is said that Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI said 'the only eligible politicians in the world are Kanetsugu NAOE and Kobayakawa.'
- 政治的には佐々木高行や谷干城、土方久元と同じ天皇親政・保守強硬派(中正派)に属していた。
- Politically, he belonged to a hard-line conservative emphasizing direct imperial rule (Chuseiha [neutral group]), the same group as Takayuki SASAKI, Tateki TANI, and Hisamoto HIJIKATA.
- このように政は義政の意に沿って進まない事が多く、次第に義政は政治への関心を失っていった。
- Therefore, since politics did not go according to Yoshimasa's plans he gradually lost interest in politics.
- 10世紀前半の政治史を知るうえでの基本史料で、朝廷儀礼や政務に関する記述が多く見られる。
- It is a fundamental historical resource for understanding the political history of the first half of the 10th century and contains many descriptions relating to imperial court etiquette and government affairs.
- 政治改革のための財政的基盤となる地租改正も遅々として進まず、次第に大久保も焦り始めていた。
- The land-tax reform to provide the financial basis for the political reforms had made little progress; hence, Okubo gradually became anxious.
- 西園寺はイギリスの立憲政治を理想としており、政党内閣に比較的好意をもっていたからであった。
- Saionji considered the British constitutional government was ideal, and relatively liked the party cabinet system.
- 留学生・留学僧を隋に留学させて隋の文化を大いに取り入れて、国家の政治・文化の向上に努めた。
- Prince Shotoku sent students and priests to study in Sui, adopted Sui culture to a great degree and strived to improve the nation's politics and culture.
- 日本書紀の記述によると、翌年(646年)正月には改新の詔を宣して、政治体制の改革を始めた。
- According to the Chronicles of Japan, in January the following year Emperor Kotoku made an imperial proclamation to enact reform and began restructuring the political system.
- 8月5日、東国に国司(くにのみこともち)を遣わし、新政権の目指す政治改革を行うこととした。
- On September 3, Kokushis (provincial governors) were sent to eastern provinces and the new regime decided to carry out political reforms it aimed at.
- 護憲運動(ごけんうんどう)とは、大正時代に発生した立憲政治を擁護する国民や政党などの運動。
- Goken Undo refers to movement initiated during the Taisho Period by Kokumin (the people) and political parties to protect constitutional government.
- 義満の将軍権威が確立して主導的な執政が行われはじめると義将の政治的立場は危うい状態になる。
- When Yoshimitsu established the shogunal authority and started vigorous administration, Yoshimasa's political position fell shaky.
- 子に足利茶々丸、潤童子、第11代将軍となった足利義澄、小田成治の養子となった小田政治など。
- He had children including Chachamaru ASHIKAGA, Jundoji, Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA who became the 11th Shogun, and Masaharu ODA who was adopted to Shigeharu ODA.
- さらに、遁走により政治機能を喪失した高国政権に替わるべく「堺公方(堺大樹)」の樹立に貢献。
- Also, Motonaga rendered a great service to establish 'Sakaikubo (Sakaitaiju)' (a government which dominated the Kinai region based in Sakai) so that it could replace the Takakuni government which had fled and lost its political function.
- 秀衡の舅で政治顧問であった藤原基成は一条長成の従兄弟の子で、その伝をたどった可能性が高い。
- Since FUJIWARA no Motonari, Hidehira's father-in-law and political adviser, was a son of Naganari ICHIJO's cousin, it is probable that he (Yoshitsune) depended on that connection.
- 源頼朝が鎌倉幕府を開き、政治の中心が上方から東国へ移ったが、京都は文化的中心であり続けた。
- Kyoto continued to be the center of culture even after MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) despite the center of politics having moved from Kyoto and its vicinity to the Kanto region.
- その政治活動により、一時的とはいえ将軍権威が復活したことにおいて、その努力は評価に値する。
- His achievement of restoring the authority of the shogun, although temporary, is worth appreciating.
- 幕府を開いた後は弟・足利直義と二頭政治を布いたが、後に直義と対立し観応の擾乱へと発展する。
- After he established the Muromachi Shogunate, he and his brother Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA divided power between them, but in later years discord between them increased until the Kanno Disturbance.
- 幕政改革(ばくせいかいかく)は、江戸幕府で行われた、財政および政治制度その他の諸改革を指す。
- Reformation of the shogunate government refers to the reforms of the financial, political, and other systems implemented under the Edo 'bakufu' (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- しかし官僚であり続けながら非政治的であろうとする森の姿勢には無理があったと言わねばならない。
- However, it can be said that Mori's attitude to be nonpolitical in spite of being a bureaucracy embraced a contradiction.
- このため、明治政府の上位官職を薩長土肥で一時期ほぼ独占する状態となり、藩閥政治と揶揄された。
- Because of this, the Satchodohi briefly monopolized almost all the higher ranks of government services in the Meiji Government and were referred to as the domain clique government.
- これ以降、7世紀最末期までの間、倭・倭人を代表する/統合する政治勢力は「倭国」を称し続けた。
- From around that time till the very end of the seventh century, the political powers representing and consolidating Wa or Wajin continued to call themselves 'Wakoku.'
- 重臣会議のメンバーは公式な重臣会議以外にも重臣グループとして政治的活動をすることが多かった。
- In addition to the official senior statesmen's conferences, the members were often engaged in political activity as a senior statesmen's group.
- 氏姓制度の基盤は、血縁集団としての同族にあったが、それが国家の政治制度として編成し直された。
- The basis of the system of clans and hereditary titles was an extended family as a kin group, but it was reorganized as a political system of the state.
- 天平9年(737年)朝廷の政治を担っていた藤原四兄弟が天然痘の流行によって相次いで死去した。
- Fujiwara four brothers who ruled the politics of the Imperial Court died of smallpox one after another in 737.
- 定信の厳しい改革より、その前の田沼意次の多少裏のあった政治の方が良かったことを風刺している。
- It satirizes people who thought that old days of corrupt politics of Okitsugu TANUMA were better than the harsh reforms of Sadanobu.
- 幕府の実権を握った高経であったが、その強権的な政治は諸大名や寺社勢力からの反発を招くに至る。
- Takatsune got the real power of the bakufu, but his uncompromising political style triggered protests by territorial lords and temple and shrine groups.
- 春嶽は熊本藩出身の横井小楠を政治顧問に迎え、藩政改革や幕政改革にあたって彼の意見を重用した。
- Shungaku recruited Shonan YOKOI from the Kumamoto Domain as a political advisor and listened to his opinions on the reformation of domain duties and the shogunate political reform.
- 当時の政治・社会情勢や有職故実、さらには人物批評に至るまでを知る上で貴重な資料となっている。
- This diary is a valuable document that describes the politics, social situation, Yusoku kojitsu (traditional court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette), and portraits of notable people of those days.
- また、豊臣秀長死後の豊臣政権内の不安定さから来る政治闘争に巻き込まれたため、という説もある。
- Also, some people say that Rikyu got involved in the political conflict around the instability of the TOYOTOMI administration after the death of Hidenaga TOYOTOMI.
- これらの事跡は義教が恐怖政治を志向した事や、嗜虐性を有していた事を示す逸話として伝えられた。
- These episodes were passed down as anecdotes showing that Yoshinori was sadistic and aimed to rule by terror.
- 源 親行(みなもと の ちかゆき、生没年不詳)は、鎌倉時代前期の文人政治家・古典学者・歌人。
- MINAMOTO no Chikayuki (year of birth and death unknown) was a writer and politician, a classical scholar, and a poet who lived in the first half of the Kamakura period.
- 当然のことながら当時言論の自由というものは存在せず、政治批判は極めて危険性の高い行為だった。
- That there was no freedom of speech in those days was a matter of course, and political criticism was a highly risky act.
- 一方、大学予備門の学制改革により、明治19年(1886年)に第一高等中学校英語政治科に編入。
- At the same time, due to educational system reform of the Preparatory School of the University of Tokyo (Tokyo Yobimon), he was transferred to Daiichi Koto Chugakko (First High School) School of English Politics in 1886.
- 律令期から摂関政治、院政期までは公式文書としてこれらの文書が使われ公式様文書と呼ばれていた。
- From the period of the Ritsuryo codes to the period of regency, and government by cloistered emperors, these documents were used as official documents and were called kushikiyo-monjo (documents prescribed in the Kushiki-ryo [law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code]).
- この時期は将軍が病弱・幼年ということもあり、間部詮房や朱子学者である新井白石が政治を主宰した。
- In this period Akifusa MANABE and a Neo-Confucian scholar Hakuseki ARAI led the government because the shogun was weak and immature.
- 古代の頻繁な遷都や宮殿の移転・新築は、政治的な思惑の他にも建築物の耐用年数の影響が考えられる。
- It is thought that the frequent transfer of the capital and new construction of a palace were due to the influence of their short architectural lives in addition to political motives.
- こうして基本的な幕府の政治制度が整えられていき、一応の完成を見たのは3代徳川家光の時代である。
- In this way, the basic political system was built and roughly completed during the reign of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.
- これは、天皇の権威の確立と政治への直接関与の阻止という両方を実現するための苦肉の策でもあった。
- This was a last-ditch measure to realize both establishing the Emperor's authority and preventing the Emperor from directly engaging in the politics.
- 留学生も帰国後に政治、経済、教育、文化など様々な分野で活躍し、日本の文明開化に大きく貢献した。
- The returned students contributed greatly to Japan's civilization and enlightenment serving in various fields such as politics, economics, education and culture.
- ところが、高祖からみると、俀國の政治のあり方が納得できず、道理に反したものに思えたのであろう。
- However, the emperor did not accept the political system of Wakoku due to his personal values, and moreover, it seemed unreasonable to him.
- 自由民権運動(じゆうみんけんうんどう)とは、明治時代の日本において行われた政治運動・社会運動。
- The Jiyu Minken Undo (Freedom and popular rights movement) was a political and social movement that took place in Meiji-period Japan.
- このため、正確さよりも政治的思惑が最優先されて歴史書としての価値は大きく損なわれる事になった。
- As a result, the first priority of such histories shifted away from accuracy and towards political calculations, and as such their value as historical sources suffered significant damage.
- 1868年(慶応4年)の五箇条の御誓文に示された政治方針は、太政官制度によって実現が図られた。
- The Daijokan (Grand Council of State) system was intended to make the political policies elucidated in the Charter Oath of 1868 a reality.
- 戦後、参議・海軍卿に就任し、海軍整備を継続したが、山縣有朋と異なり政治の世界とは一線を画した。
- After the war ended, he assumed the post of Sangi (councilor) and Kaigunkyo (Minister of the navy) and continued to modernize the navy, but he took a distance from the political circles unlike Aritomo YAMAGATA.
- また、無断任官問題は『吾妻鏡』の創作であり、「政治センスの欠如」という評価は当らないのである。
- The story that he accepted the title from the court without permission is a creation of 'Azuma Kagami,' and the criticism that he lacked the 'political sense' is not adequate.
- 当時の政治や貴族の生活に関する超一級の史料として、昭和26年(1951年)に国宝に指定された。
- It has been designated as a National Treasure in 1951 for being a first class historical resource related to the politics and the life of aristocrats back then.
- 親鎌倉派の関白九条兼実が失脚し、朝廷政治での頼朝の形勢が悪化し三幡の入内も困難な情勢になった。
- Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) Kanezaen KUJO, who had been on favorable terms with the Kamakura clans, was ousted from power, putting Yoritomo's position at the Imperial Court government into danger and making the chance of Sanman marrying into Imperial family virtually impossible.
- また、戸次庄左衛門による老中襲撃計画もあり、幕閣は武断政治からの方針転換を迫られることとなった。
- In addition, Shozaemon HETSUGI attempted to attack Roju (senior councilors of the Tokugawa shogunate), and owing to such restlessness the cabinet officials of the shogunate were obliged to change their policy from the budan seiji.
- 戦後の日本の政治家の発言や日朝平壌宣言のような外交文書でも朝鮮が植民地であったとする表現がある。
- An expression that Korea was a colony is seen in Japanese statesmen's comments after the war, and in some diplomatic documents, such as the Japan-North Korea Pyongyang Declaration.
- また、いとこに具平親王、右大臣藤原実資、書家藤原佐理がおり、政治的にも芸術的にも名門の出である。
- He was born of a family that was distinguished both politically and artistically, and had cousins such as Prince Tomohira, Minister of the Right FUJIWARA no Sanesuke and the calligrapher FUJIWARA no Sari (Sukemasa).
- 「神皇正統記」研究が再び興隆するのは、現実政治から切り離された、戦後暫くたってからのことである。
- Research and study of the 'Jinno Shotoki' experienced a resurgence a few years after the end of World War II, once the Imperial house had been barred from active involvement in governing.
- 太平洋戦争による敗戦を経ても現代でも続く、長州藩閥の影響による内務省族主導の政治体制が始まった。
- Politics led by the lawmakers representing the interests of the Ministry of Interior, which has been dominated by the faction from the Choshu domain even after the defeat in the Pacific War, started.
- 国衙(こくが)は、日本の律令制において国司が地方政治を遂行した役所が置かれていた区画を指す用語。
- Kokuga is a term for describing the section in which a government office, a Kokushi (provincial governor) executed the local government functions of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan, used to be located.
- 明治時代から大正時代にかけて、日本の政治は元老と呼ばれる9人の実力者たちによって牛耳られていた。
- Through the Meiji Period to the Taisho Period, the Japanese government was dominated by nine influential figures called Genro (elder statesmen).
- 天武は、その強力な政治意思を執行していくために、官僚制度とそれを規定する諸法令を整備していった。
- In order to enforce his powerful political views, he established a bureaucratic system and various laws to regulate the system.
- 天平12年(740年)8月29日、広嗣は政治を批判し、吉備真備と玄昉の処分を求める上表を送った。
- Hirotsugu criticized politics and sent a memorial to the emperor to look for punishment of KIBI no Makibi and Genbo on September 28, 740.
- 代って政治を担ったのが橘諸兄であり、また唐から帰国した吉備真備と玄ボウが重用されるようになった。
- TACHIBANA no Moroe administered the affairs of state instead of them and employed KIBI no Makibi and Genbo who came back to Japan from China.
- 現在も三河の地には範頼の名で建設された寺が存在し、政治においても高い能力を持っていたと思われる。
- Today there is a temple which was built under the name of Noriyori and this shows his strong political capacity.
- 元就が構築した政治体制は領内の国人領主や地方勢力との共生を念頭とした典型的な集団指導体制である。
- The political system Motonari built was a typical collective leadership system that attempted to balance the coexistence of the kokujin lords and local powers within the territory.
- 文武朝のはじめまで、大伴氏の氏上は兄の大伴御行であり、安麻呂が政治の中枢に加わることはなかった。
- The head of Otomo clan was his brother OTOMO no Miyuki and therefore Yasumaro never played a crucial role in the government until the beginning of the reign of Emperor Tenmu.
- ふたたび上京、徳富蘇峰の知遇をえ、民友社に入り、國民新聞記者として、政治および史論に筆をとった。
- Then he went back to Tokyo and received the cordial welcome of Soho TOKUTOMI to join Kokumin Shimbun newspaper at Minyu-sha publisher as a reporter, and wrote about politics and history.
- 諸国放浪の際、各地の守護らと会見を持っており、自派勢力拡大のための政治目的もあったとされている。
- He met with Shugos of various provinces when he was wandering and some believe that his travels had political purposes, such as expansion of the power of his group.
- 頼経は当時生後1年余の幼児であり、当然政治の実権は義時や三浦義村などの有力御家人の手中にあった。
- At that time, Yoritsune was an infant of little more than 12 months, and therefore real political power was in the hands of Yoshitoki and the shogun's leading immediate vassals, such as Yoshimura MIURA.
- 総理大臣官邸の喧噪とはうってかわって静寂な荻外荘のたたずまいを、近衛は政治の場としても活用した。
- Konoe also used the quiet presence of Tekigaiso, which was completely different from the bustle at the Prime Minister's official residence, as his political stage.
- ともあれ、逸話の記載も多く、かつ孤高の英才政治家の栄達と失脚の記として官界の実態を活写している。
- To return to the subject, with many anecdotes, 'Taiki' is a document of the height and downfall of a lone and gifted politician that gave us a racy description of the government of the time.
- 義持は父・義満とは不仲であったといわれたが、実際の基本政策では義満の意を汲んだ政治を行っていた。
- Although it is said that Yoshimochi was on bad terms with his father Yoshimitsu, he conducted politics taking Yoshimitsu's intentions into account in his actual basic policy.
- 政治は、管領を務め宿老として影響力を持っていた斯波義将らに補佐され、幕政を守旧的なものに改める。
- As for his politics, he was supported by such persons as Yoshimasa SHIBA, who held the post of Kanrei and was influential as an political advisor called Shukuro, and others, and revised the shogunate administration to a conservative style.
- 南北朝時代 (中国)には一時中華の内部に複数の皇帝が出現し、天下の政治的分裂という現象が見られた。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (China), a plural number of emperors appeared in China and the phenomenon of political division of Tenka was seen.
- 交渉が暗礁に乗り上げると、日本では朝鮮出兵を求める征韓論争など出兵問題が政治問題化するようになる。
- When the negotiation came up against unexpected difficulties, the issue of the dispatch of troops, like Seikanron, which demands the dispatch of troops to Korea, became a political issue in Japan.
- 制定当時、公家には、政治制度を明記した律令が存在していたが、武家を対象とした明確な法令がなかった。
- When it was established, court nobles already had the Ritsuryo codes which mentioned the political system, but there were no clear laws and ordinances for samurai families.
- これらのことから、この時期に倭・倭人を代表する倭国と呼ばれる政治勢力が形成されたと考えられている。
- In view of these records, it is considered that a political group called Wakoku representing Wa or Wajin were formed at that time.
- 後に無実であることが明らかとなるが、政情は不安となり、この頃から大きな政治改革の動きが少なくなる。
- Later, it became clear that he was innocent but the political situation became uncertain and from about this time, movement for major political reforms became less.
- 明治13年(1880年)には東京府会議員となり、憲法制定や、条約改正などの政治問題に関しても発言。
- In 1880 he became a Tokyo Prefectural councilor, often giving speeches on political issues such as the constitution and the revision of treaties.
- 星は、積極財政をすすめて地域への利益誘導をはかり、支持獲得を目指す積極主義という政治手法をとった。
- HOSHI took a positive political approach in which he promoted an expansionary fiscal policy to develop pork barrel politics, trying to obtain appropriations for his own district, with an aim to gain support.
- 数々の汚職疑惑で今も昔も金権政治の権化と評されているが、私生活では慎ましく実直であったと言われる。
- Due to numerous corruption scandals HOSHI was involved in, he is reputed to be incarnation of money politics, but it is said that he was humble and honest in private life.
- 天保8年(1837年)4月、次男・徳川家慶に将軍職を譲っても幕政の実権は握り続けた(大御所政治)。
- In May of 1837, Ienari handed the shogunate over to his second son Ieyoshi, though he continued to hold power over the bakufu (This was known as 'Ogosho Seiji,' or a time when the bakufu was ruled by the retired shogun).
- ただし、辻は政策の進歩性などについて大きく評価しており、開明的政治家としての再評価も高まっている。
- However, Tsuji valued the progressiveness of Tanuma's policies, and reevaluated him as a progressive statesman.
- 日朝修好条規締結以後、日本の朝鮮政治への介入が露骨さを増すと、それに比例して日本への反感が増加した。
- After conclusion of the Japanese-Korea Treaty, as Japan's interferences to the politics in Korea became clear, antipathy toward Japan hardened.
- 朝貢国が政治的に中国に従属している度合いはきわめて多様であり、多くの場合は朝貢貿易の側面が強かった。
- The degree to which tributary countries politically depended on China greatly varied, and in many cases, tributary trading was a principal duty in the system.
- その中で大隈はイギリスをモデルとする議会政治の早期実現を主張し、政党内閣による政権運営を求めていた。
- In the document, Okuma expressed his views that Japan should soon establish a parliamentary government on the British model, and he called for a party-cabinet-run government.
- 但しあくまで書いてある内容についてであり、当時の政治情勢が正直に全て書かれていると言うことではない。
- However although it means that the contents written in the record are reliable, it doesn't necessarily mean that everything of the political situation in those days was written honestly.
- 独裁政治と云われる得宗体制のその内部は決して安定したものでも、一方的なものでもなかったことが覗える。
- The disturbance gave a glimpse into the dictatorship of the Tokuso Regime that was neither stable nor unstable.
- 日本と元の関係は2度にわたる元寇の発生によって両国間は政治的に強い緊張関係にあったという印象が強い。
- There is a strong impression that the relationship between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty was under the severe strain since there were two Mongol invasion attempts against Japan.
- 囃子言葉と共に政治情勢が歌われたことから、世直しを訴える民衆運動であったと一般的には解釈されている。
- As the political situation was often sung with utterances to maintain the rhythm of a song, it is generally understood that it was a people's movement wishing for a better society.
- 大手倶楽部(おおてくらぶ)とは、明治中期の政治結社(1894年10月20日-1896年2月24日)。
- Ote club was a political association during the mid-Meiji Period (October 20, 1894 - February 24, 1896).
- これにより、20年にわたって中央政治を牛耳ってきた三好政権は、わずか半月で崩壊してしまったのである。
- By this, the Miyoshi's government, which controlled the central government over 20 years, collapsed in just 2 weeks.
- つまり、中国の辺境の異民族の侵略を重く見た軍事的色彩の濃い城壁でなく、きわめて政治的な都市であった。
- In other words, it was a political city, rather than a military city concerned with invasion by different ethnic groups from remote regions of China.
- これは、前代と一線を画すような文化交流の増大を意味し、その裏に政治的統一の進展を見る説が有力である。
- This strongly supports the theory that there was dramatic growth of cultural exchange unheard of in the previous age, behind which advances were made in political unification.
- 家老は、特別な大藩を除き2人から数人程度、置かれたが、政治改革や世継ぎ問題に絡んで派閥抗争が起きた。
- Even though with two or more Karo officers were installed, except in especially large domains, factional strife still occurred in relation to political reforms and succession issues.
- 草壁皇子の息子、697年軽皇子(文武天皇)の擁立に功績があり、その後見として政治の表舞台に出てくる。
- After having worked successfully for the enthronement of the Prince Karu (the Emperor Monmu), a son of the Prince Kusakabe, he appeared on the political scene as the guardian of the emperor.
- 嘉保年中(1094年 - 1095年)頃には、磐井郡平泉に居を移し、政治文化の中心都市の建設に着手。
- Around Kaho era (1094 - 1095), he moved to Hiraizumi in Iwai County and started to construct the city, which was to be the center of politics and culture.
- しかし、1360年には、今度は細川清氏が義詮と対立し失脚することになり、政治的に苦しい立場となった。
- In 1360, however, Kiyouji HOSOKAWA now had a conflict with Yoshiakira, which put Kunikiyo in a politically difficult position.
- このような社会の先達としての貴族主義から、転じて彼の政治姿勢は、藩閥に対して批判的であったとされる。
- Because he espoused aristocratism and thought nobles should lead society, it is said he had a critical attitude to domain cliques.
- 永手が「何ゆえ政治が無道なのか」と問うと、奈良麻呂は「東大寺などを造り人民が辛苦している」と答えた。
- When Nagate asked, 'What do you mean by tyranny?' Naramaro answered, 'The government built Todai-ji Temple and so on, which burdens people.'
- ただしこの席では政治の話はいっさい出ず、三者による酒席・歓談のみが行われたという(『保古飛呂比』等)。
- On this occasion, however, they did not discuss politics but only enjoyed dinner and pleasant talks (according to 'Hokobiroi' and other sources).
- 『懐風藻』の序文によれば、近江朝の安定した政治による平和が詩文の発達を促し、多くの作品を生んだという。
- According to the preface of 'Kaihuso,' a peaceful society thanks to the stable government of the Omi period was conducive to developing poetry and numerous works were created.
- 目安とは訴状のことであり、政治・経済から日常の問題まで、町人や農民などの要望や不満を人々に直訴させた。
- Meyasu means petition, and he let townspeople and farmers to petition requests and complaints regarding politics, economy and other issues in their daily lives.
- 元々大隈重信の発案による小規模な使節団を派遣する予定であったが、政治的思惑などから大規模なものとなる。
- Originally,a small delegation was to be dispatched,based on the idea of Shigenobu OKUMA, however, it was changed to be a big one due to political agendas.
- この時期に、西日本から東海、関東にかけて政治的状況が大きく変わったことを示すものとして考えられている。
- This is believed to be some sign signifying a radical change in the political situation that was happening around this time, not only in western Japan but also in Tokai and Kanto regions.
- 憲法施行当初は超然主義を唱えた藩閥政治家や官僚らにより天皇主権を中心とした君権学派の解釈が重用された。
- Initially, when the Constitution took effect, interpretation by the monarch school sect focusing on imperial sovereignty was valued by domain clique politicians and bureaucrats who promulgated the idea of the doctrine of superiority.
- 政治制度として天皇制を重視した大日本帝国憲法下の日本政府は大逆罪を重罪とし、死刑・極刑をもって臨んだ。
- The Japanese government, putting a great importance on the Emperor system to govern the nation under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, treated high treason as a felony and punished offenders capitally.
- 更にこうした差別や、経済的・政治的格差に対する反発から、植民地統治に反抗する武力蜂起も数多く起こった。
- This discrimination as well as economic and political gaps caused many armed uprisings to occur against colonial rule by Japan.
- これは、推古天皇の時、聖徳太子が皇太子で政治の実権を握っていたことを模したものであると推定されている。
- This is presumed to have imitated the situation at the time of Empress Suiko, when Prince Shotoku was the Crown Prince and took the helm of politics.
- 更に1900年(明治33年)から翌年にかけてフランスなどに留学し、政治史やフランス革命の研究にあたる。
- In addition, he went to study in France and other countries in 1900-1901 to develop his research on political history and the French Revolution.
- 坦の弟は外交官出身の政治家・幣原喜重郎で、喜重郎の妻・雅子は三菱財閥の創始者・岩崎弥太郎の四女である。
- Tan's younger brother was Kijuro SHIDEHARA, a politician who was a diplomatic, and Kijuro's wife, Masako, was the fourth daughter of Yataro IWASAKI, the founder of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu (a financial clique or group, or company syndicate).
- この頃から有名な生類憐れみの令をはじめとする後世に“悪政”といわれる政治を次々とおこなうようになった。
- Around this time, Tsunayoshi introduced successive policies which would later be labeled 'maladministration,' including the famous Shorui Awaremi no Rei (prohibiting the killing of animals).
- 同年、嫡男の北条氏直に家督を譲って隠居するが、父氏康に倣い、なおも北条家の政治・軍事の実権は掌握した。
- In the same year, Ujimasa retired by transferring the reigns of the family to his heir, Ujinao HOJO, but followed the footstep of his father, Ujiyasu, to continue controlling the Hojo clan both politically and militarily.
- これにより当時朝廷において閑職にあった父・基熙の権威回復に貢献し、朝廷におけるその政治権力は強まった。
- This contributed recovery of the power of her father Motohiro who had been in charge of easy job in the Imperial Court in those days and his political power in the Imperial Court was strengthened.
- 馬城は「三権分立」で理論武装した上で、藩閥政治を打破するためには、まず民撰議院設立が必要であると述べた。
- Maki described that the establishment of democratic representatives was necessary at first in order to defeat the politics of domain clique after arming himself with the knowledge of 'separation of the powers.'
- 初代徳川家康から3代将軍徳川家光までの治世は武断政治とも言われ、徳川幕府の基盤を固める為の時期であった。
- The form of the government of the first shogun Ieyasu TOKUGAWA to that of the third Iemitsu TOKUGAWA is called budan seiji (administration by military command), and it was a time to establish the basis for the Tokugawa shogunate,
- 李氏朝鮮の宮廷内の親日派と親露派の権力闘争による不安定な政治情勢は、日露双方の利益を危険にさらしていた。
- The unstable political situation in Korea due to the power struggle between the pro-Japanese and Russian factions in the Joseon dynasty was endangering the interests of both Japanese and Russian sides.
- 羅列すると、まず、政治史的立場、つぎに、宗教的立場、そして、寺院史的立場、最後に、美術史的立場、となる。
- That is, the first is political history, the second is religion, the third is temple history, and the last is art history.
- この考えはやがて外的権威である経書、ひいては現実政治における権威の軽視にまでいたる危険性をはらんでいた。
- This idea carried the danger that the Classics, which were the external authority, and even the authority of the real government, would become ignored.
- しかし、その後、天皇と貴族が相互に依存しながら運営して行く政治体制とする見解が出され、有力となっている。
- However, the most popular view now is that it was a political system operated by the emperor and the nobles based on mutual dependence.
- 現在のわれわれが感じるイメージよりもはるかに広範な政治・情勢的知識を幕府が持ちえてきたことが垣間見える。
- This means that the Bakufu had far more knowledge about politics and the global situation than what people today imagine when they think of the Bakufu.
- 646年から孝徳天皇や天智天皇らが進めた政治改革、いわゆる大化の改新において、4つの施策方針が示された。
- In the political reforms known as the Taika Reforms advanced by Emperor Kotoku and Emperor Tenji from 646, four Action Plans were shown.
- 輝元は後年、「政治は全て黄梅院殿(隆景)に任せた」と語っているが、輝元にとって隆景は育ての父親であった。
- In later years, Terumoto told that he 'left every aspect of politics to Obaiin (Takakage),' but Takakage was a foster parent for Terumoto.
- このような内外の状況で完全に政治への意欲を失った義政は、邸宅造営などの土木事業や猿楽、酒宴に溺れていく。
- Because of these internal and external situations Yoshimasa completely lost his motivation in politics, and he gradually immersed himself in construction projects, such as building mansions, sarugaku and holding drinking parties.
- 現に当時、室町殿(義尚)に対し、東山殿(義政)と呼ばれ、政治の決定機関がふたつに分裂していたようである。
- In reality, back then, there was Higashiyama-dono (Yoshimasa) as opposed to Muromachi-dono (Yoshihisa), and the policymaking government seemed to have been split into two bodies.
- また、一部の側近を寵愛して側近に政治を任せたため、かえって将軍権力も側近によって専横される結果となった。
- Moreover, because he favored some of his close advisers and left the politics up to them, this led to the arbitrary management of the shogunate's power by advisers.
- これは、酒を飲む人からみれば、頭で考えた理屈であって、現実社会から遊離した政治論文にすぎないと一見される。
- To those who drink sake this seems mere a theory in his head or a political thesis out of touch with the real society.
- だが、有力政治家の一人として子孫のために『九条年中行事』という朝廷内の礼儀やしきたりを纏めた書物を残した。
- However, he wrote books called 'Kujo nenchugyoji' (Kujo annual events) which explained necessities in the Imperial Court, as one of the powerful politicians for the sake of descendants.
- その中に「早相止連日酒宴、可被催暇景遊事」と貞時が政治への関心を失い酒に明け暮れていた様を知る事が出来る。
- From the description of '早相止連日酒宴,可被催暇景遊事' in it, we can know that Sadatoki lost interest in politics and almost always drank sake while he was awake.
- これは日本の天皇・公家・武家の三重の政治体制に由来する盛衰交替を叙述するために白石が編み出した方法である。
- This is a method invented by Hakuseki to describe the ups and downs and replacements originating in the triple ruling system in Japan by the emperor, the court aristocracy and the warriors.
- 摂関政治の開始を境界線とし、「上古」とそれ以後の時代に区分する方法は『神皇正統記』を援用したと考えられる。
- From the method of considering the start of the regency as the dividing line between 'high antiquity' and the time afterwards, it is thought that he borrowed from the 'Jinno Shotoki' (A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns).
- もちろん、今日の政治史においては中島・久原どちらか一方のみを正統な総裁と規定することは不適切とされている。
- Naturally, it is thought to be inappropriate in today's political history to regard only one of Nakajima and Kuhara as the official president.
- 松本の辞職で初期の開拓使の高官はほぼいなくなり、かわって黒田を頂点にした薩摩国藩閥政治が開拓使を支配した。
- With the resignation of MATSUMOTO, there remained almost no senior officials from the early era of the Hokkaido Development Commission, and a government dominated by the Satsuma Domain, with KURODA positioned as its head, took control of the Commission.
- また、豊臣秀吉によりバテレン追放令(伴天連追放令)が出され、キリシタン大名に対する政治的な圧力が強まった。
- Along these lines, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI issued the Bateren Tsuihorei (an edict expelling the Jesuit missionaries), putting Christian daimyo under intensified political pressure.
- 戦後、唐が百済・高句麗の故地を占領し、新羅に対しても政治的な圧力をかけていたが、それも長くは続かなかった。
- After the war, the Tang Dynasty occupied the former territories of Kudara and Koguryo and put political pressure on Silla as well, but this did not continue for long.
- 確にこの時期に冠位十二階の制定などの国制改革が行われたが、政治・社会体制を大きく変革するものではなかった。
- Constitutional reforms such as the establishment of the twelve cap rank system were carried out during this period, although they were not so influential as to drastically change the political and social systems.
- 政治的な社会変動により、不要なものとして(多数の場合は一括して)埋納したという説(三品影映・小林行雄等)。
- The seventh theory says that dotaku were disposed of (in a lump if many existed) in the ground because they were not necessary any more due to political social changes (Kageharu MISHINA, Yukio KOBAYASHI and others).
- また、六代将軍家宣や儒学思想に基づく新井白石らの政治をことさらに良く見せようとする意図もあったと推測する。
- In addition, she also approximates that Ienobu, the 6th Shogun, and his assistant Hakuseki ARAI must have intended to make their policies look much better.
- 更に宮中にいた保守的な宮内省官僚も「天皇親政」を要求して政治への介入工作を行うなど、政情は不安定であった。
- In addition, conservative Kunaisho (Ministry of the Sovereign's Household) bureaucrats required 'direct rule by the emperor' and intervened in the government, at that time political situation was unstable.
- 幕府の影響力を寺社・朝廷にまで広げて幕府主導による政治運営の強化、国政改革を行おうとしたと考えられている。
- It seems that in reforming national politics he wanted to reinforce the bakufu's controlling power in politics by extending its influence over the religious institutions as well as the court.
- 1287年(弘安10年)に7代征夷大将軍源惟康が立親王して惟康親王となってからは恐怖政治を敷くようになる。
- When MINAMOTO no Koreyasu, the Seventh Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians), underwent the coming-of-age ritual and became Imperial Prince in 1287, Yoritsuna turned to a reign of terror.
- 天武天皇の時代から政治に携わり、持統、文武の代に高い地位にあり、晩年には右大臣として議政官の頂点にあった。
- He went into politics during the reign of Emperor Tenmu, held high positions during the reigns of Empress Jito and Emperor Monmu, and achieved to the top of Giseikan (Legislature) as Udaijin (Minister of the Right) in his later years.
- 瀧川 辨三(たきがわ べんぞう、1851年 - 1925年)は、日本の実業家、政治家で神戸市実業界の重鎮。
- Benzo TAKIGAWA (1851-1925) was a Japanese entrepreneur, politician, and a heavyweight of the business world in Kobe City.
- 福澤 桃介(ふくざわ ももすけ、1868年6月25日 - 1938年2月15日)は、日本の実業家、政治家。
- Momosuke FUKUZAWA (June 25, 1868 - February 15, 1938) was a businessman and a statesman in Japan.
- 明治天皇の政治関与には強く反対し、元田永孚らが侍補制度を定めて天皇親政運動を行った折にはその阻止に動いた。
- Strongly opposing the political participation of Emperor Meiji, when Nagazane MOTODA established the Emperor assistant system to launch the Movement of Direct Rule by the Emperor he obstructed it.
- 大奥の女性が将軍を指名する事は今までに無く、また女性が政治に口出しをする事すら考えられなかったからである。
- It was because there was no woman in O-oku who had appointed Shogun before and it was hard to imagine that a woman could interfere in politics.
- 宮中・財界との姻戚関係を背景に、彼は元老として宮中と国務、軍部の調整役を務め、日本の政治をリードし続けた。
- He continued to lead politics in Japan, using his family background in the Imperial Court as well as in the financial world, and mediating between the Imperial Court, national duties, and the military as a Genro.
- これにより、幕府内において北条氏を脅かす御家人は完全に排除され、北条氏の独裁政治が強まる事になったという。
- It is said that this resulted in the immediate vassals of the shogun, who had threatened the Hojo family in the shogunate, being completely excluded and in the strengthening of the Hojo family's dictatorial power.
- だが、引退したにも関わらず、時頼が政治の実権を握ったことは、その後の北条氏における得宗家の先駆けとなった。
- Contrary to his intention, Tokiyori assumed real political power after his retirement, and this heralded the Tokuso family in the Hojo family.
- その後新井白石により貿易量が制限されるようになるが、田沼意次が政治の中心につくと輸出が奨励されるようになる。
- Afterwards Hakuseki ARAI limited the trade volume, but Okitsugu TANUMA promoted trade after he took political power.
- 江戸時代に江戸は政治・行政の中心と認識され、首都として機能もし、外国人も江戸を首都と認識していたとするもの。
- The view that in Edo era Edo was recognized as the center of politics and administration and functioned as the capital, and it was also recognized by foreigners as the capital.
- 白石は中世日本の政治史を、公家勢力と武家勢力の対立ととらえ、その上に儀礼的存在として天皇があるものと考えた。
- Hakuseki regarded the political history of medieval Japan as a conflict between the power of the court aristocracy and the power of the warriors, with the emperor being placed above them as a ceremonial figure.
- 人麻呂が和歌の神・水難の神として祀られたことから、持統天皇や藤原不比等から政治的に粛清されたものとしている。
- Because Hitomaro was worshipped as the god of waka poetry and the god of protection at sea, he was politically purged by the Empress Jito and FUJIWARA no Fuhito.
- しかし汚職の横行と世界大恐慌の影響で政治的に行き詰まり、1935年11月3日の国民投票で王政復古が決定した。
- But, since internally rampant corruption and the worldwide Great Depression bogged the country down politically, it decided to revive the monarchy by a national referendum on November 3, 1935.
- 一進会(イルチンフェ・いっしんかい)とは、1904年から1910年まで大韓帝国で活動した当時最大の政治結社。
- Isshinkai(イルチンフェ) was a biggest political association of the times which was active in the Korean Empire from 1904 to 1910.
- 家老(かろう)とは、武家の家臣団のうち最高の地位にあった役職で、複数人おり合議によって政治・経済を補佐した。
- Karo was the highest post available for the retainers of a samurai family, and more than one person occupied the post to consult with and assist the master with political and economical affairs.
- 新平本人は最初から政治家を志していたとされるが母方の大伯父である高野の弾圧等の影響もあって医者を進められた。
- Although Shinpei himself intended to become a politician in early years, the influence of Choei TAKANO (his granduncle of his mother's side) and the oppression againstChoei affected many others to convince Shinpei to become a doctor.
- 奈良麻呂は中納言・藤原永手の訊問に対して「政治が無道だから兵を起こして、その上で陳情しようとした」と答えた。
- To the question by Chunagon (middle counselor) FUJIWARA no Nagate, Naramaro answered, 'Because of the tyranny of the government, I was going to rise an army and make representations after that.'
- 陸奥宛書簡は伊藤博文、三条実美、山縣有朋等の主要政治家60人以上にのぼり、書類は外交関係がほとんどを占める。
- Letters addressed to Mutsu were written by over sixty major statesmen including Hirobumi ITO, Sanetomi SANJO, and Aritomo YAMAGATA, and most of the documents concerned foreign diplomacy.
- 「巧みに政治を行い、巧みに人心を治めるのは、実学を持ち、広く世の中のことに習熟している人ができるのである。」
- Only someone who has practical learning and is widely familiarized with the world can handle the affairs of state and govern the public with a clever mind.'
- また、鎌倉時代初期の文人政治家で歌人・源氏物語の研究者の源光行・源親行親子も彼の子孫で、文人として繁栄した。
- Incidentally, MINAMOTO no Mitsuyuki and Chikayuki, the parent and child who were literati statesmen, poets, and scholars of the Tale of Genji in the early Kamakura period, were also the descendants of Yoshitada and thrived as literati.
- また、幼い頃から皇室に親しんでいたこともあって、「皇室の藩屏」という意識が強く、それが政治姿勢となっていた。
- Also, since he was close to the Imperial family since he was very young, he had a strong sense of 'guarding the walls of the Imperial family,' and that eventually became his political direction.
- 源氏の政治権力と明石の御方の見事な裁量、そして第一皇子を産んだことにより、晴れて明石の姫君は中宮に立后した。
- Genji's political power, Lady Akashi's excellent discretion and Young Lady Akashi's giving birth to the first prince of the emperor led to her being openly selected as Empress.
- 会員は政教社同人のほかに黒龍会の内田良平 (政治運動家)、および孫文らの中国革命を援助した宮崎滔天らであった。
- Apart from the coteries of Seikyo-sha, its members consisted of Ryohei UCHIDA (political activist) who found the Kokuryu-kai as well as Toten MIYAZAKI who supported the Chinese Revolution that Sun Yat-sen led to.
- また、遅々として進まない朝鮮半島の政治改革に「日本が併合してでも改革を推し進めるべきだ」とする世論が台頭した。
- Furthermore, a public opinion stating 'Japan should promote the reform by the annexation' emerged, because the political reform in the Korean Peninsula did not make much progress.
- しかし、安定した幕府政治も完璧という訳ではなく、様々な矛盾は当初から内包され、次第に問題化していくことになる。
- In spite of being stable, the politics of the Edo bakufu was far from perfect, so various contradictions inherent in the regime became problematic year by year.
- 宇多天皇の時代は寛平の治と呼ばれ、摂関を置かずに天皇が親政をし、長兄の時平と学者の菅原道真らが政治を主導した。
- The reign of Emperor Uda was called kanpyo no chi (The Glorious Rule of Kanpyo), when the Emperor governed directly without appointing either Regent or Chancellor, and Tadahira's eldest brother Tokihira and the scholar SUGAWARA no Michizane played the leading parts at court.
- また、鎌倉幕府成立以降、政治の実権を奪われた貴族社会の衰退の中で、滅びや自然への見方に哀調があると指摘される。
- Additionally, it is sometimes pointed out that there is a pathos in viewing downfall and nature along with the downfall of the aristocracy, whose power in politics had been taken away since establishment of the Kamakura shogunate.
- しかし、道長は日記記述を行わなかった時期があるため、肝心の政治的動向や思惑が記されていることはまずあり得ない。
- As there were periods of time when Michinaga didn't keep a diary, not all of the crucial issues of his political attitudes and intentions could have been written in it.
- 『群書類従』に慶長3年(1598年)分が収録されて以来、宮廷史・政治史の根本史料として注目されるようになった。
- Since the diary of 1598 was included in the 'Gunsho ruiju' (Classified Collection of Japanese Classics), it has garnered attention as an original source for the history of the Imperial court and political history.
- 蘇我氏が政治の実権を掌握した時代から、飛鳥に集中的に天皇の宮がおかれるようになったことからもそれがうかがえる。
- The Soga clan's rise to power is signified in the construction of several imperial palaces in Asuka after they seized power.
- 大正デモクラシーとは、日本の大正時代に現れた政治・社会・文化の各方面における民主主義、自由主義的な運動を指す。
- Taisho Democracy refers to the movements that emerged in Japan's Taisho period, urging for greater freedom and democracy in politics, society and culture.
- この時点で前近代的な政治体制である朝廷は終焉を迎えて日本国(あるいは大日本帝国)政府に取って代わったと言える。
- At this point, the Japanese Imperial Court as the premodern political system was ended and replaced by the government of Japanese Nation (or the Empire of Japan).
- また、中納言・藤原永手も、その後仲麻呂派で固められた朝廷内で政治的に孤立し逼塞を余儀なくされたと言う説がある。
- Moreover, there is a theory that Chunagon FUJIWARA no Nagate was politically isolated in the Imperial Court, where the Nakamaro faction was empowered, and forced to fall into obscurity.
- 家斉の死後、その側近政治は幕政の実権を握った水野忠邦に否定されて、旗本・若年寄、大奥等数人が罷免・左遷される。
- Subsequent to Ienari's passing, the existing practice of his inner circle running the administration was renounced by Tadakuni MIZUNO, who seized control of the shogunate and several hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu); the wakadoshiyori and officials of the O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the shogun's wife and her servants resided) were either dismissed or demoted.
- しかし家康死後の二元政治廃止に伴う本多正純と土井利勝らの幕府内権力争いにまきこまれたという説も提示されている。
- However, there is also a theory that he got involved in the power struggle between Masazumi HONDA and Toshikatsu DOI which was caused by the abolition of the dual-power system in the bakufu after the death of Ieyasu.
- 明治21年(1888年)、帝国大学法科大学政治科に入学、同22年(1889年)に国文科に転科し、翌年退学した。
- In 1888 he entered the Imperial University School of Law the department of Politics; in 1889 he transferred to the department of Japanese literature; in the following year, he dropped out of the school.
- 天皇にはならないが天皇の立場で政治をとることを称制というので、非即位説は大友皇子称制説と言い換えることもできる。
- Ruling the country without official accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne is called Shosei, so the non-enthronement theory may be called a Prince Otomo Shosei theory.
- ただし実際には、側近である老中水野忠成が幕政を壟断し、田沼時代を上回る空前の賄賂政治が横行した(→大御所時代)。
- But in reality, his aide Tadaakira MIZUNO, who assumed 'roju,' monopolized bakufu politics, so graft became rampant more than any other time, let alone in the Tanuma period (cf. the section of 'Ogosho period').
- 実隆の時代には公家は政治の実際から外れ、朝儀として正式に行われた儀式は元日を含め、年に数回あるかどうかであった。
- In Sanetaka's time, court nobles kept out of politics, so only a few official ceremonies were conducted by the Imperial court including New Year's Day.
- 米良氏は軍事的・政治的・経済的に肥後国人吉藩、日向国諸藩、薩摩藩など領境を接する諸藩と強いつながりを持っていた。
- The Mera clan had strong connections militarily, politically as well as economically, with adjacent clans that shared boundaries with its territory, such as the Hitoyoshi clan in Higo Province, clans in Hyuga Province, and the Satsuma clan.
- 1900年(明治33年)9月15日、超然主義の破綻と政党政治の必要性を感じた伊藤博文が自らの与党として組織した。
- On September 15, 1900, Hirobumi ITO organized it as his ruling party since he became aware of the collapse of the doctrine of superiority and the necessity of party government.
- 国外の脅威に対抗しうる政治体制を新たに構築するため、抵抗勢力の多い飛鳥から遠い大津を選んだとする説が有力である。
- The widely accepted theory is that Otsu was chosen because it was far away from Asuka where existed a strong resistance which would disturb the establishment of a new government system to counter the threats from overseas.
- しかし当時は、政治を行う場である「表」と、城主とその家族の私的な生活の場である「奥」の境界が存在していなかった。
- At that time, a border between the 'public area' for conducting politics and the 'private area' where the lord of the castle and his family lived didn't exist.
- 天賦人権論に基づき、基本的人権を保護し民撰議院設立を政府に要求することが当面の政治課題の第一であると謳っている。
- They asserted that the first goal of their political challenges at that time were to protect basic human rights based on the theory of Tenpujinken-ron (the theory of the human rights given by the heaven) and to require the government to establish the congress of representatives elected by the commoners.
- それを察知した山縣は、明治天皇崩御(死去)直後の1912年8月に桂を内大臣兼侍従長に押し込めて政治的引退を図る。
- Swiftly detecting Katsura's attempt, Yamagata forced Katsura to hold the two honorary posts, the minister of palace and the grand chamberlain in August 1912, right after the demise of Emperor Meiji, trying to deprive Katsura of real political power.
- 後述する大津事件の際には、大審院長として司法権の政治部門からの独立を守り抜き、「護法の神」などと高く評価された。
- At Otsu Incident described later, he, as the chief justice of Daishin-in (Predecessor of the Supreme Court of Japan), persisted in the independence of judicature from governing section and was highly evaluated as 'the God of protecting the Constitution'.
- 主犯格とされた堀は10日、藩の船天祐丸により江戸から鹿児島に檻送され、以後は薩摩藩の政治活動の一線からは退いた。
- Hori, who was accused for the crime as the principal offender, was extradited in a cage from Edo to Kagoshima on the domain's ship, Tenyumaru, and thus, he retired from the political front in the Satsuma Domain.
- 橘 清友(たちばな の きよとも、天平宝字2年(758年) - 延暦8年(789年))は、奈良時代後期の政治家。
- TACHIBANA no Kiyotomo (758-789) was a statesman in the late Nara period.
- そのような中で政党内閣の時代を迎え、やがて宮中某重大事件を巡る対応の拙さから山縣の政治的な権威は大きく失墜した。
- The time of party government had begun, and under such circumstances Yamagata's political power started to dwindle due to his poor handling of the certain serious incident of the Imperial Court.
- 倭国(わこく)は、古代の中国の諸王朝やその周辺諸国が、当時日本列島にあった政治勢力あるいは地域を指して用いた呼称。
- The term 'Wakoku' refers to a name which ancient Chinese dynasties or other countries around China used to designate a political force or its area in the Japanese Islands around that time.
- 曲尺がほとんど変化しなかったのは、建築技術は師匠から弟子へと伝えられるもので、政治の影響を受けなかったためである。
- It is considered today that this kane-jaku unit did not change because the construction and architectural techniques were handed down from masters to pupils outside of political influences.
- 奈良麻呂は永手の聴取に対して「東大寺などを造営し人民が辛苦している。政治が無道だから反乱を企てた。」と打ち明けた。
- Naramaro confessed that he planned the rebellion because the government had no mercy and its people were suffering from hardship caused by the construction of the Todai-ji Temple and other factors.
- 藩閥政治に対する批判者であったが、非藩閥の陸奥宗光からは引き続き可愛がられ、朝鮮政府の法律顧問や駐米公使を務める。
- Munemitsu MUTSU, not a member of hanbatsu, continued to favor HOSHI who was critical of the oligarchic government dominated by hanbatsu, and HOSHI served as law advisor to the Korean government, and also as a minister-counselor to the United States.
- 「伊藤のやり口は陽気で派手で、それに政治上の功名心がどこまでも強い人であるから、人心の収攬なども中々考えていた。」
- Ito was calculating how to win the hearts of the people because his tricks were positive and dynamic, being ambitious in politics.'
- 18世紀末の寛政の改革では政治、博打、好色といった風俗を乱す句が『誹風柳多留』から削除されるなどの検閲がなされた。
- During the Kansei Reforms at the end of eighteenth century, the authorities censored senryu; for example, some senryu poems including politics, gambling and erotica in the 'Haifu-Yanagidaru' were expurgated because they were regarded as corrupting public morals.
- 紀伝道の教授である文章博士から右大臣となった菅原道真は、政治家としてのみならず、優れた文学者としても知られている。
- SUGAWARA no Michizane, who eventually became Udaijin (The Minister of the Right) from Monjo hakase, a professor of Kidendo, was known not only as a politician but also as an excellent scholar of literature.
- 続く4代徳川家綱の時代は、松平信綱・酒井忠勝 (若狭国小浜藩主)ら有能な老中らに恵まれ、安定した幕府政治が行われた。
- In the reign of the next fourth Shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA, the politics was stable thanks to the competent 'roju' (member of shogun's council of elders), such as Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA and Tadakatsu SAKAI (the feudal lord of the Obama Domain, Wakasa Province).
- 「大宰」の本来の意味は中国の宰相(総理大臣)であり、「大宰府」とは「政治を行う所」つまり「首都」という意味に取れる。
- The original meaning of `Dazai' is the prime minister of China, and based on that, `Dazai-fu' can be taken as the meaning of `the place where the affairs of state are conducted,' or `the capital.'
- まして、政治的には大変な時代であり、しかもその中心にいた後白河法皇その人の事績であると考えると、驚嘆せざるを得ない。
- Beyond that, it was politically difficult times, and it's amazing considering it was the achievement of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa who was in the center of it.
- しかし、しばしば世の中を騒がせることになるのは、政治的意図を動機に含む(少なくともそのように推測される)偽書である。
- However, gisho which often disturb the public are the ones that contain political intent (or at least are presumed to do so).
- 青松葉事件の発生も、尾張藩の拙劣な政治・外交の結果であり、その犠牲者数の割には、歴史に与えた影響度合いが小さかった。
- The Aomatsuba Incident was a result of poor politics and diplomacy of the Owari Domain and for the number of victims it had little influence on history.
- しかし、明治末年からの長い婦人運動苦闘の歴史を経て、日本女性の中には政治的権利を希求する意識が着実に醸成されていた。
- Nonetheless, the long struggle by women's movements since the last year of the Meiji period had led to a desire for political rights among Japanese women.
- 茂久の後見を務めた斉興が安政6年(1859年)9月に没すると、藩主の実父として忠教の藩内における政治的影響力が増大。
- When Narioki who acted as Shigehisa's guardian died in October, 1839, Tadanori's political influence as the father of the domain lord in the domain increased.
- また平家姻戚の藤原親政が下総に勢力を伸ばそうとするなど、こうした政治的状況が広常に平家打倒を決起させたと考えられる。
- Moreover, it is thought that the political situation surrounding Hirotsune, such as the expansion of power of FUJIWARA no Chikamasa, a relative of the Heike by marriage, forced Hirotsune to defeat the Heike.
- 政治的には、祖父の時代から絶大な影響力を保持していた日野家や側近の力を抑えきれず、幕府権力の衰退を助長したといえる。
- Politically, he was unable to suppress the immense influential powers of the Hino family and his aides, who had been powerful since the time of his grandfather, and therefore, it can be said that he aided the decline of the Shogunate's power.
- この時代の武士の出家には政治的な意味があることが多く、家永遵嗣は清晃の母の円満院の横死が理由ではないかと述べている。
- When samurai entered the priesthood during this age, there was often political meaning behind it, and researcher Junji IENAGA states that Soun joined the priesthood because of the unnatural death of Seiko's mother, Enmanin.
- ただし、将来的な立憲政体・議会政治の方向性が示されたという点においては、それなりの意義があった会議であったとも言える。
- However, it can be said that the conference was of some significance in that it helped indicate the future direction of constitutional and parliamentary government.
- だが、寛政の改革は彼のこの政治理念にもとづいて酒造統制をおこない、そのまま天明の三分の一造り令など制限策が継続された。
- Based on this political belief of him, however, the Kansei Reforms were implemented to control the sake production, and the Production Restriction Decree of Sake Brewing to One-third in the Tenmei Era and other restriction measures continued to be in effect.
- しかし、天皇の代数を定め難い箇所は他にも多々あるので、歴史学の立場からは、代数は政治的決定の産物としか言いようがない。
- There are many other emperors whose number of generation was uncertain, and historians have to admit that the number of generation was a matter of political decision.
- また引退後著したと見られる有職故実書『北山抄』は摂関政治期における朝廷の儀式・年中行事の詳細が分かる貴重な史料である。
- Moreover, his 'Hokusansho' on court ceremonials, which seems to have been written after he retired, is a valuable historical source that shows the details of ceremonies and regular annual events at court during the Regency period.
- また、いつまでも藩を存続させておくことは日本の政治的な統一を妨げる原因の1つになると考えて一刻も早い廃止を望んでいた。
- Also keeping up han will be one of the causes to hinder Japanese political integration so Hirobumi ITO wanted to abolish the system as soon as possible.
- この時代の官印は基本的に漢印のそれと同じであるが、戦乱や政治的不安定が続いたため、印の出来映えには大きな揺れ幅がある。
- In this period, kanin were basically the same as those in the Han Dynasty, but the quality varied as the wars and political instabilities continued.
- 後に谷干城の懇話会や民党の立憲改進党などと連携して対外硬路線を採り、政府の超然主義・藩閥政治・条約改正路線を批判した。
- Later it supported a hard-line foreign policy collaborating with the Konwa-kai of Tateki TANI and the Constitutional Progressive Party of minto, and criticized government for its policy of transcendentalism, han-dominated politics and treaty revision.
- 日本政府は台湾に比して朝鮮を重視して、台湾総督と異なり、韓国統監・朝鮮総督には相当地位の高い政治家・軍人が任用された。
- The Japanese government focused on Korea, compared to Taiwan, and quite high ranking politicians and military men were appointed to Kankoku Tokan and Chosen Sotoku, different from Taiwan Sotoku.
- 大正政変後、公家出身の西園寺は大正天皇から望まれていた第3次桂内閣への協力を拒否した政治的責任を取って辞表を提出した。
- After Taisho Coup, Saionji, who was originally from court noble, took political responsibility and resigned office because he had refused Emperor Taisho's request to support the Third Katsura Cabinet.
- このふたつの党派は当時の政治や社会の現状を認めるか否かによって分かたれた集団であって、思想的な差異によるものではない。
- The two factions were split by differing opinions on whether or not to approve the politics and the state of society of the time, and not formed by ideologies.
- この事態を受けて、慶喜との政治的妥協の可能性を最終的に断念した久光の決断により、薩摩藩指導部は武力倒幕路線を確定する。
- As a result, Hisamitsu finally gave up having a chance to compromise with Yoshinobu politically, and the leading group in the Satsuma domain decided to overthrow the Shogunate with military power.
- 1889年(明治22年)島地黙雷・井上円了らとともに天皇崇拝を中心とする仏教政治運動団体「尊皇奉仏大同団」を結成した。
- In 1889, with Mokurai SHIMAJI and Enryo INOUE, he established an organization of Buddhist political activity, 'Sonno hobutsu daido-dan' (great union of dedicators of reverence for the emperor and devotion to Buddhism) advocating worship of the emperor.
- 1882年、丸山作楽・水野寅次郎らと共に立憲帝政党を結成し、天皇主権・欽定憲法の施行・制限選挙などを政治要綱に掲げた。
- In 1882 he established the Constitutional Imperialism Party (立憲帝政党) with Sakura MARUYAMA and Torajiro MIZUNO, holding the principles of policy such as sovereignty of the Emperor, enforcement of Constitution established by the Emperor and election among limited people.
- 頼朝は後白河を頼朝追討の宣旨を出さざるを得ないように追い込んだ結果、多くの政治的要求を突きつける事に成功したのである。
- Yoritomo deliberately induced Goshirakawa to issue the pursuit of Yoritomo himself, and he succeeded in thrusting various political requests.
- そして10世紀の安和の変で藤原氏の他氏排斥が完了すると、藤原道長・藤原頼通父子の時代に藤原氏摂関政治の最盛期を迎える。
- Having driven other clans completely out of power by the Anna no Hen Conspiracy in the tenth century, the Fujiwara clan reached its peak during the golden age of the rule by Sekkan, when FUJIWARA no Michinaga and his son FUJIWARA no Yorimichi held power.
- マッカーサー、サザーランド参謀長およびアチソン連合国軍最高司令官総司令部政治顧問はこれに肯き、近衛に憲法改定を託した。
- MacArthur, Assistant Chief of Staff Sutherland and Acheson, political adviser to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, agreed and they put Konoe in charge of revising the constitution.
- 特に江戸は政治の中心地、大坂は経済の中心地であるから、江戸、大坂近海に外国船が来襲した際の危機管理の重要性が課題となる。
- As Tokyo was the center of politics and Osaka was the center of economy, it was especially important to consider risk management in case foreign ships appeared in the sea near Edo and Osaka.
- 江戸は政府の所在地で首都と意識されていたが、幕末に政治の中心となった京都が首都となり、更にそれが東京に移ったとするもの。
- The view stating that Edo was regarded as a capital because of its political location, but in the end of the Edo period, Kyoto became the capital because it came to be the center of politics, before the capital moved to Tokyo (Edo) again.
- 清朝廷中心の中華思想、小中華思想への急激な回帰、事大主義政治の復活が起き、そうして金玉均などの開化派は危機的状況に陥る。
- With the movement to a sudden return to Sinocentrism and petit Shinocentrism to have the Qing Dynasty in the middle and revival of the administration based on the Sadaejuui policy, members of the Progressive group such as Ok-gyun KIM were in trouble.
- 鎌倉殿専制政治をとる頼朝にとっては重要な役割を担った忠臣である一方、御家人たちからは恨みを買いやすい立場の人物であった。
- Although he was a loyal subject playing an important role to Yoritomo, who had established a tyrannical rule as the Lord of Kamakura, Kagetoki was in the invidious position of gokenin.
- 帥升以降、男子が倭国王位を継承していったが、2世紀後期になると倭国内の各政治勢力間で大規模な紛争が生じた(→倭国大乱)。
- The throne of the king of Wa had been succeeded to a son since Suisho, but the the late second century saw a severe civil war among the political forces in Wakoku (=>Wakoku War).
- 郡衙は国府所在地と異なり、郡衙所在地は立郡事情や政治的変遷により移転していることもあり、その特定がなかなか進んでいない。
- Unlike the location of a Kokufu, process to pinpoint the location of Gunga ruins has not progressed because many of the Gunga establishments were relocated due to circumstances of establishment for a Gun (county) and political transitions.
- 藩閥政治を批判し、明治20年(1887年)の三大事件建白運動に参加し、保安条例で東京を追われ、出版条例違反で投獄される。
- Being critical of the oligarchic government dominated by hanbatsu (domain cliques), HOSHI participated in the political campaign called Sandaijikenpaku Undo (a movement triggered by the petition calling for establishment of three pillars) in 1887, but he was driven out of Tokyo according to hoan jorei (regulations for the preservation of law and order) and then was arrested for violation of publication regulations.
- これは、元就の政治理念と異常なまでの家名存続の意志が、その死後も家中に色濃く残っていたからである(吉川広家の機転など)。
- This was because Motonari's political ideas and extraordinary will to keep the family name alive persisted in the family long after his death (as illustrated by Hiroie KIKKAWA's tact).
- 阿倍 内麻呂(あべ の うちまろ 生年不詳 - 大化5年3月17日_(旧暦)(649年5月3日))は、飛鳥時代の政治家。
- ABE no Uchimaro (year of birth unknown, (old calendar) May 3rd, 649) was a statesman during the Asuka Period.
- 明治22年(1889年)に正式に民友社に入ると、明治23年(1890年)2月1日の国民新聞創刊時より政治評論を担当した。
- In 1889, he formally joined Minyu-sha, and from February 1, 1890 when Kokumin Shinbun was first published, he took charge of the section of political criticism.
- 時宗没後の弘安8年(1285年)11月には霜月騒動と呼ばれる武力衝突が起こり、泰盛は敗死し、以後頼綱の専制政治が始まる。
- After the death of Tokimune, an armed conflict referred to as the Shimotsuki Incident occurred in November, 1825 (December, 1825 in new calendar); as a result Yasumori lost and died, and Yoritsuna's despotic government started afterward.
- 頼朝は政治的に大きな意味のあるこの入内を強く望み、政子も相手が帝なら大姫も喜ぶだろうと考えたが、大姫は重い病の床につく。
- Yoritomo wanted this marriage for the political advantage it would bring, and Masako thought that marriage ito the Imperial family would make Ohime happy, but Ohime became very ill.
- 大伴 旅人(おおとも の たびと、665年 - 天平3年(731年)7月25日 (旧暦))は奈良時代初期の政治家、歌人。
- OTOMO no Tabito (665 - September 4, 731) was a politician and poet of the early Nara period.
- 復権した源氏は内大臣に昇進、斎宮を養女に迎えて後宮政治に乗り出し、実の子である11歳の冷泉帝の元へ女御として入内させた。
- Genji was back in power and promoted to naidaijin (minister of the interior), adopted the saigu and took part in politics via the Emperor's inner court and supported her entry into court as nyogo (emperor's consort) to the eleven-year-old Emperor Reizei, who was his biological son.
- 松平慶永の政治顧問として招かれ、福井藩の藩政改革、さらには幕府の政事総裁職であった春嶽の助言者として幕政改革にかかわる。
- Invited as politics adviser to Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, he engaged in the reformation of domain duties of Fukui Domain and also the reformation of the shogunate government as adviser to Shungoku, who was the president of political affairs of bakufu.
- それらの多くは政所や問注所に關係ある諸家の筆録、その他の記録であろうし、それらに政治的曲筆が入り込む可能性は少ないだろう。
- He says that most of them were written records of the various families related to Mandokoro and Monchujo, so it is unlikely to be politically misrepresented.
- 更に神火による正倉焼失などに反映される地方政治の腐敗も深刻化して、各地の正税は急速に不足するようになった(「正税用尽」)。
- Besides, the corruption of local governments became more critical as reflected on the shoso burned out by sacred flame, therefore, shozei in each province was running short rapidly ('Shozei yojin').
- 日清戦争における日本の勝利と、韓国国内政治への影響力の増大により、朝鮮半島への主導権に関する日露の緊張は増大し続けていた。
- Tension between Japan and Russia about the initiative on the Korean Peninsula continued to increase due to Japanese victory in the Sino-Japanese War and the growing Japanese influence on the domestic politics of South Korea.
- 尚歯会で議論される内容は当時の蘭学の主流であった医学・語学・数学・天文学にとどまらず、政治・経済・国防など多岐にわたった。
- The topics discussed in the Shoshikai covered a wide range of fields, not only merely medical science which was a mainstream of Western learning then, language, mathematics, astronomy, but also politics, economics, and national defense.
- 645年の乙巳の変により蘇我氏を排除し、新たに即位した孝徳天皇は、翌646年(大化2)正月1日、新たな政治の方針を示した。
- Emperor Kotoku who enthroned after eliminating the Soga clan in the Isshi Coup (the Murder in the Year of Isshi) in 645 showed his new administrative policy on the first day of the year in 646.
- 一進会の掲げた目的は、独立協会に見られる民主主義、独立国家主義の思想を継承しており、「政治改革と民主の自由」を掲げている。
- The goal Isshinkai aimed at was 'political reform and people's freedom' which succeeded to the thoughts of democracy and independent nationalism seen in the Independence Club.
- 天保の改革では「享保・寛政の政治に復帰するように努力せよ」との覚書を申し渡し「法令雨下」と呼ばれるほど多くの法令を定めた。
- During the Tempo Reforms, a memorandum was issued, which says 'strive hard to revive the politics of Kyoho and Kansei eras,' and so many laws were enacted that it was called 'Horei Uka' (laws fall like a rain).
- 家継は、側用人の詮房から「上様、何事もこの詮房にお任せ下さい」という言葉を受け、詮房や白石の路線をそのままに政治を行った。
- Akifusa told Ietsugu, 'Ue-sama (honorific title for emperors or shoguns), let me take care of everything,' and so he conducted the government administrations as he was told by Akifusa and Hakuseki.
- こうした政治的変動の中で公純も命を狙われており、1863年には家臣・滋賀右馬允が公武合体に反対する浪士達に殺害されている。
- In such political change, Kinito was also plotted to assassinate and his retainer Umanojo SHIGA (滋賀右馬允) was killed by roshi (masterless samurai) who were against Kobu Gattai in 1863.
- 政治的な事績はほとんどないが、高市皇子没後の後継者選定会議で発言しようとして、葛野王に叱責された(『懐風藻』)ことは有名。
- While he left hardly any political achievements, it is widely known that he was rebuked by Kadono no Okimi for trying to say a word at a meeting to decide a successor to the deceased Takechi no Miko (Prince Takechi) ('Kaifuso' [Fond Recollections of Poetry]).
- 明治に入ってからの日本文学は、江戸の戯作の流れを汲む戯作文学か、西洋の思想・風俗を伝え啓蒙するための政治小説が中心だった。
- Japanese literature in the early Meiji Period can be classified in two main categories: gesaku literature (literary work of a playful, mocking, joking, silly or frivolous nature) literature based on gesaku in the Edo period and political novels to introduce Western thoughts and customs and enlighten the readers.
- 応天門の変等不安定要素も抱えながらも、開墾奨励策や貞観格式の編纂、貞観永宝の鋳造等積極的な政策が採られ、政治は安定していた。
- Though they had unstable factors such as the Otenmon Incident, affirmative measures were taken to encourage land reclamation, compile Jogan Kyakushiki Code (Regulations and Procedures of the Jogan Era), and mint Jogan Eiho (coins minted in Jogan era) and the politics was stable.
- 周の後期(春秋時代・戦国時代 (中国))には、周に封建制されていた諸侯が各自の国内・周辺地域に対する政治支配と同化を進めた。
- During the last stage of Zhou (the Chunqiu period and the Warring States period [China]), lords of various places which had been ruled by Zhou began to administer independently and assimilated into their own territory and surrounding regions.
- 民撰議院設立建白書は、まず、政治権力が天皇にも人民にもなく、ただ有司専制(ゆうしせんせい。有司=官僚)にあることを批判する。
- The 'Minsen Giin Setsuritsu Kenpaku Sho' criticized that the political power was not in neither the Emperor nor the people but in Yushi Sensei (despotism by domain-dominated government, Yushi = the bureaucracy).
- 和歌の他、漢詩、管弦にもすぐれた才能を見せ、有職故実に通じていたが、政治的には藤原道長におされ、正二位権大納言にとどまった。
- He showed a talent not only for waka poetry but also for poetry in Chinese as well as instrumental music; he was knowledgeable about court ceremonials, although his career ended at the post of Acting Major Counselor, Senior Second Rank, because he was pushed aside politically by FUJIWARA no Michinaga.
- 『日本書紀』の編纂は国家の大事業であり、皇室や各氏族の歴史上での位置づけを行うという、極めて政治的な色彩の濃厚なものである。
- The compilation of 'Nihonshoki' was a big national project and also a very political project to characterize the Imperial Family and various clans in history.
- 父藤原忠平の日記『貞信公記』や、式部卿重明親王の日記『吏部王記』等とともに、平安時代中期の政治史を知る上での一級史料である。
- Along with the 'Teishinko-ki,' the diary of his father FUJIWARA no Tadahira, and 'Rihoo ki,' the diary of Shikibu-kyo (the Highness of Ceremonial), Imperial Prince Shigeakira, it is an important historical source for knowing the political history of the mid-Heian period.
- 藤原道長・藤原頼通の全盛時代の社会や政治、宮廷の儀式、故実などを詳細に記録してあり、それらを知るうえで大変重要な史料である。
- The Ouki records the golden age of FUJIWARA no Michinaga and Yorimichi and goes into great detail about its society, government, Court ceremonies and ancient practices, and considering that it is largely thanks to this diary that we know what we do about these aspects of life during this period, it is a historical record of immense value and importance.
- この当時の大養徳国の政治の実態はよく分かっておらず、どう大養徳国金光明寺の建設計画に関っていたのか、疑問が残るところである。
- The actual political system in Yamato Province of those days is not known, and it is not clear how the provincial government was involved in the construction plan of Kinkonmyo-ji Temple in Yamato Province.
- 明朝の政治・思想に多大な影響を与えた陽明学であったが、その明朝と共に衰退し、清朝では考証学に学問の主役の座を奪われるに至る。
- Yomeigaku deeply influenced politics and thought during the Ming Dynasty; it then declined with the Ming Dynasty and during the Qing Dynasty, Kosho-gaku replaced Yomeigaku as the main school of the academic thought.
- 政治と宗教の関係が密接であった当時の事情から『日本書紀』の記述が、厭勝銭に関する規定として置かれた可能性も否定できないこと。
- Considering the close relationship between politics and religion at the time, it is still possible that the description of 'Nihonshoki' was written as regulation of incantation coin.
- 前近代における東アジア国際社会は、政治的・経済的・文化的に大きな存在感を放つ中国王朝を中心とする形で国際秩序が成り立っていた。
- In the international society in East Asia in pre-modern times, international order was formed and maintained having China dynasty, which had significant presence politically, economically and culturally, in its center.
- 平安時代前期、摂関政治が導入された9世紀後半頃から、諸国からの上申文書を太政官が奏上する行為を単に「官奏」と呼ぶようになった。
- From around the last half of ninth century in the early Heian Period, when regency was introduced to Japanese politics, it became called just 'Kanso' for Daijokan (the Grand Council of State) to submit to the Emperor the reports which it had received from various provinces.
- 加えて、宮中では政治の実権を巡って、高宗 (朝鮮王)の実父である興宣大院君らと、高宗の妃である閔妃らとが、激しく対立していた。
- In addition, there was a severe conflict at court between Heungseon Daewongun, the biological father of Gojong (king of the Joseon Dynasty), and Gojong's wife Queen Min (also known as Empress Myeongseong), as well as between their supporters, over who should hold power.
- 大正末年から昭和初期にかけての政党政治の成熟期には、これらの会派の一部が衆議院における政党と結び、政党色を強めることもあった。
- From the final years of the Taisho era to the early years of the Showa era when party government was mature, some of these groups had connections with political parties within the House of Representatives and strengthened the influence of the political party.
- 667年に天智天皇(当時中大兄皇子)は宮都を飛鳥から近江大津(近江宮)へ遷し、668年には即位し、新たな政治体制を発足させた。
- In the year 667, the Emperor Tenchi (then 'Naka no Oe no Oji', Prince Naka no Oe) moved the imperial capital from Asuka to Otsu in the Omi Province (Omi no miya), and took over the throne in 668 to start a new government.
- また、地主を納税義務者とすることは、彼らに参政権を付与することを意味し、地主階級に対して一定の政治的な力を与えることになった。
- Making landowners pay tax meant giving them suffrage rights; accordingly, the landowning class was given a certain political power.
- 仲麻呂が朝廷の全権を把握すると、石川年足あるいは文室浄三についで太政官の第3位にあったものの、政治的には不遇の状況に置かれた。
- After Nakamaro gripped full powers of the court, he was with ISHIKAWA no Toshitari or FUNYA no Kiyomi and became the third rank in Daijokan (Grand Council of State), but was placed politically in a misfortune situation.
- 松平忠固や水野忠央(紀州藩付家老)ら南紀派の政治工作により 安政5年(1858年)4月23日、直弼は江戸幕府の大老に就任した。
- On April 23, 1858, Naosuke was appointed to Tairo (chief minister) of the Edo bakufu through the political maneuvering of certain members of the Nanki Group (a group supporting Yoshitomi from the Kishu-Tokugawa family), such as Tadakata MATSUDAIRA and Tadanaka MIZUNO.
- 松平定信は庶民の着物の柄まで制限するほどの質素倹約な方針だったので、良くも悪くも世俗的な田沼意次の政治を懐かしむ声も見られた。
- Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA stuck to a policy of simplicity and frugality to the extent that he restricted even the patterns on the kimono of the common people, and, for better or for worse, some looked back on the worldly politics of Okitsugu TANUMA with nostalgia.
- また、自らの政治的関与も強く戒めて侍従長在任中は政界に転じた実弟の西園寺公望とは公の場所以外では会話しなかったと言われている。
- Moreover, it is said that he strongly warned himself against political participation, so while he was serving as the Grand Chamberlain, he refrained himself from talking in nonpublic occasions with his real younger brother Kinmochi SAIONJI, who became working in the political world.
- 翌明治24年(1891年)7月より全3巻の予定で明治維新史を政治・外交・経済・宗教の側面より分析した『新日本史』を刊行を開始。
- From July of the following year, 1891, he began publishing 'Shin Nihon-shi' (New History of Japan), a book that was scheduled to be published in three volumes to analyze the history of the Meiji Restoration from the aspects of politics, diplomacy, economy and religion.
- 政治的要職としては司法大輔・貴族院 (日本)位であったが、日本の近代法導入の功績に関しては江藤新平と並んで高く評価されている。
- His politically important posts to be mentioned were only Shiho-taifu (a post of Ministry of Justice) and a membership of the House of Peers, but he is appreciated as highly as Shinpei ETO in the introduction of the modern law.
- もっとも、政治的な理由や天皇個人との関係を理由として公卿でも昇殿が許されない事例もあり、そういう人々を「地下の上達部」と称した。
- However, for political reasons or because of the relationship with the emperor, some people were not given shoden even if they were kugyo, and such people were called 'Jige (lower class nobles) no Kandachime.'
- 華夷秩序では、自国と周辺諸国を文化面では「華/夷」という等級で順序付けし、政治面では君臣関係(宗主国―藩属国)として捉えている。
- In kaichitsujo, own country and neighboring countries were ordered and positioned from cultural point of view 'ka' and 'i,' and, from political point of view, understood as the relations between lord and vassal (suzerain state - subject state).
- このように乙巳の変後も、倉麻呂の息子達がなお政治の中心的立場にとどまり、相次ぐ政争で衰退しながらもしばらくは連子の系統が続いた。
- Kuramaro's sons remained in the center of politics even after the Isshi Incident, and maintained Murajiko's lineage even as their influence was whittled down through successive political struggles.
- 実際、平安時代前期の式部卿は葛原親王や時康親王などに代表されるように政治的な見識の高い実務に通じた親王が補されることが多かった。
- Actually, in the early Heian period, the Imperial Prince with excellent political discernment and business ability, such as the Imperial Prince Kazurawara and the Imperial Prince Tokiyasu were frequently appointed to the Shikibu-Kyo.
- 結局、尾張藩は御三家筆頭という立場に安住しすぎ、幕末において政治・外交力を発揮する機会をことごとく逃し、常に事後処理に追われた。
- That is, the Owari Domain felt too safe in its position as leader of the gosanke to lose any opportunity to exert its political and diplomatic power toward the end of the Edo period, and was constantly being forced to resolve matters thereafter.
- 豊臣秀吉の家臣で加藤清正や福島正則らと並んで賤ヶ岳七本槍の一人として数えられる片桐且元は、武勇だけでなく政治手腕にも秀でていた。
- As one of the Seven Spears of Shizugatake, including Kiyomasa KATO and Masanori FUKUSHIMA who were known to be valiant warriors under Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Katsumoto KATAGIRI won recognition not only for his bravery in battle but also his political acumen.
- 晩年はソビエト連邦との国交回復に尽力する一方、数の論理で支配される政党政治を批判し、倫理確立による選挙粛正を唱え全国を遊説した。
- In his later years, externally he made an effort to normalize the diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, while internally he criticized the party politics of Japan controlled by the logic of the majority, and he toured throughout Japan advocating purification of elections through establishing the ethics and morals in politics.
- 公武合体から非佐幕へと政治姿勢を転換させた背景として、時流が薩長同盟によって倒幕へ傾斜したことに対する土佐藩の焦りが挙げられる。
- Goto changed his political attitude from Kobu-gattai (reconciliation between the imperial court and the shogunate) to Hisabaku (anti-shogunate) because the movement towards the anti-shogunate was dramatically fostered by Satsuma-Choshu Alliance, which put pressure on the leaders of Tosa Domain.
- 木村 荘平(きむら しょうへい、1841年7月 - 1906年4月27日)は、山城国(現在の京都府)出身の実業家、政治家である。
- Shohei KIMURA (July, 1841 - April 27, 1906) was a businessman and a statesman from the Province of Yamashiro (current Kyoto Prefecture).
- しかし室町幕府のもとで飛躍的に勢力を拡大した赤松氏も、足利義教の行った恐怖政治と惣領制への干渉を受け、やがて嘉吉の乱を起こした。
- However, the Akamatsu clan which rapidly gained power under Muromachi bakufu was interfered by the Reign of Terror and the Soryo system carried out by Yoshimasa Ashikaga and eventually started the Kakitsu coup.
- 思想・政治は、愛山にとって「密着して離れざるもの」であり、歴史をそうした全体として考え、経済社会の背景にも特に関心を払っていた。
- For Aizan, ideology and politics were 'something nondetachable,' and he considered history as the whole of those ideas; especially paying attention to the background of the economic society.
- 第6代将軍・足利義教は父・義満の政治路線を受け継いで将軍権力の強化を行なったが、そのあまりに強硬的なやり方は周囲の反発を招いた。
- The sixth shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, attempted to reinforce shogunal authority by following his father's policies but his excessively harsh actions caused objection among his vassals.
- 近衞 文麿(このえ ふみまろ、明治24年(1891年)10月12日 - 昭和20年(1945年)12月16日)は、日本の政治家。
- Fumimaro KONOE (October 12, 1891 - December 16, 1945) was a Japanese politician.
- こうした変則的な政治手法から「荻外荘」の三文字が新聞の紙面に踊る日は多く、この私邸の名称は日本の隅々にまで知れ渡るようになった。
- Due to this unorthodox way of conducting politics, the name 'Tekigaiso' appeared often in the newspapers and became known throughout Japan.
- 本書完成直後に承久の乱を起こしている事でもわかるように、天皇政治復興の情熱がこめられ、次代の皇子に帝王の道を伝えようとしている。
- As revealed by the outbreak of the Jokyu War immediately after the completion of the book, there was a profound yearning for the restoration of the Imperial government and to pass the way of the sovereign down to the princes of the next generation.
- そのため知識人層にとって漢文の読み書きが標準的素養であり、政治指導者階層への普及という点で漢文表記が阻害要因となることはなかった。
- Therefore almost all intellectuals could read and write in Chinese, and Chinese did not become a barrier to diffusion of 'Bankoku Koho' among political leaders.
- また国際法の具体的事例を示すために、欧米各国の政治制度や歴史をしばしば引用しており、当時渇望されていた欧米事情の供給源ともなった。
- In order to show particular cases of international law, political systems and history of western countries were often referred to and, therefore, it functioned as a source of information on situations in Europe and America which were thirsted at that time.
- その意見に基づけば、明治維新以後は政治の中心が東京にあったのであるから、「東京時代」として一括されるべきではないかというのである。
- From that viewpoint, the period of time after the Meiji restoration should be collectively referred to as the 'Tokyo period' because the political center has existed in Tokyo since the restoration.
- 大日本協会(だいにほんきょうかい)は、明治時代に対外硬派の結集を目指して結成された政治結社(1893年10月1日-12月29日)。
- The Dai Nihon Kyokai (Society for Greater Japan) was a political organization (October 1 - December 29, 1893) that was formed in the Meiji period with the aim of gathering together hard-liners on foreign nations.
- しかしながら、吉野は承和の変で失脚し、その直後には緒嗣が亡くなる等の条件も重なり、以後は式家が再び政治の中枢に立つ事は無くなった。
- However, Yoshino lost his position during the Jowa Incident, and right after the downfall of Yoshino, Otsugu died, making Shikike step aside the center of the politics afterwards.
- これにより、討幕の名分を失わせるとともに、徳川家は天皇の下に一元化された政治の中枢に入り、引き続き実権を掌握する事を想定していた。
- Because of this move, whilst the anti-Shogunate group lost their justification to attack the Shogunate, the Tokugawa family intended to gain entry into the administration unified by the name of the Emperor and continue their control of power.
- 法的な規定は無かったが、大日本帝国憲法の下で首相を決定することができる権限を持っていた人物たちで、いわゆる藩閥政治を形成していた。
- Although there was no legal provisions to stipulate it, these nine people had the authority to name a Prime Minister in accordance with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and they had developed the so-called Han-batsu Seiji (government dominated by cliques from the major han).
- 院の近臣は厳密には院庁の構成員ではなかったが、政治意思決定に参与していた点から見れば、院の近臣も広義の院庁を形成していたと言える。
- In no kinshin were not exactly constituent members of In no cho, but from the standpoint that they took part in political decision-making, they can be said to have created broad In no cho.
- 藩の内側は征夷大将軍と江戸幕府の権威・権力の枠の内側で一定の自立した政治・経済・社会のまとまりを持ち、小さな国家のように機能した。
- Certain self-sustained politics, economy and society were well organized inside Han within a framework of the authority of the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and the Edo bakufu, so the inside of Han functioned like a small country.
- ここでは院政成立の政治史的な問題については触れないが、院政期になると天皇家も独自に家政的な機構を持ち始めるということがあげられる。
- It can be said that during the period of cloister governments the Imperial Family also started to have household management of its own although issues of political history related to formation of cloister governments are not the subject we deal here.
- さらに陸軍(山県閥)による非立憲的な倒閣の策動や藩閥政治家の再出馬に憤る声が広汎に広がって、憲政擁護運動(護憲運動)がはじまった。
- Moreover, the people's indignation over the unconstitutional politics of the Japanese Army (by Aritomo YAMAGATA's faction) to overthrow the Cabinet and the repeated running for election of the domain-based politicians triggered the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism (the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitution).
- 祈祷の力をもって王家に取り入って権力を握り、政治に容喙したことから、よくロシア帝国末期の怪僧グリゴリー・ラスプーチンと対比される。
- With his powerful incantation and prayer, Dokyo sought to ingratiate himself with the imperial house, seized power and interfered in politics, thereby often being compared to 'Mad Monk' Grigori Rasputin who lived in the last years of the Russian Empire.
- しかし、司法権の独立とは、単に政治部門(立法、行政)は裁判所の判断に干渉できないという司法権の外部からの独立のみを指すのではない。
- However, independence of the judicature does not simply mean the independence of judicature from the outside, that is, it does not mean that the court decision should not be interfered by the governing section (legislation and administration).
- この腐敗政治のため、地方では次第に幕府に対する不満が上がるようになり、天保8年(1837年)2月には大坂で大塩平八郎の乱が起こる。
- Due to the government corruption mentioned above, people in regions outside of Edo became increasingly dissatisfied with the bakufu until, in March 1837, Oshio Heihachiro no Ran (the Rebellion of Heihachiro OSHIO) broke out in Osaka.
- が、藩閥主導の政治を変えるためには土佐の保守派と自由民権派が手を携えるべきであると考えて両者の提携に尽力したが、志半ばで病死した。
- However, he thought that conservatives in Tosa and advocates of Freedom and Popular Rights needed to joined together to change politics led by domain cliques and made efforts for alliance between the both parties, but he died of illness without fulfilling his life ambition.
- 東宮が元服し帝となった後は太上天皇に准ずる母后(国母)として、前斎宮(後の秋好中宮)の冷泉帝入内に協力したりと政治手腕を発揮する。
- She exhibited her political capability as the empress dowager (kokumo (mother of the Emperor)) equivalent to the position of Daijo Tenno (the retired Emperor) after the crown prince celebrated his coming of age and became the emperor such as to help the former saigu (later, Akikonomu chugu) enter the court of Emperor Reizei.
- あるいは、今までにない新しい政治・軍事政策を行う規格外な信長の改革に対し、光秀が旧態依然とした統治を重んじる考えであったという説。
- In another respect, unlike Nobunaga, who adopted nonstandard reform policies such as the new political and military policies, Mitsuhide had an idea of respecting traditional authority.
- 近代には、大正6年(1917年)に辻善之助著『田沼時代』が発表されると、田沼意次=「賄賂政治家」とされ、田沼悪人説が流通していた。
- When Zennosuke TSUJI's 'Tanuma Period' was published in 1917, Okitsugu TANUMA was considered a corruptible statesman, and a Tanuma villain theory was widespead.
- これに対して、10月4日GHQから「政治的・民事的・宗教的自由に対する制限撤廃の覚書」を突き付けられ、窮した内閣は翌日総辞職した。
- On October 4, the 'Memorandum on the Removal of Restrictions on Political, Civilian and Religious Freedom' was sent by GHQ to the cabinet, which found itself in a difficult position and resigned en mass the following day.
- この変をうながす原動力として徳・不徳という儒教観念を用い、政治実権が天皇から摂関家・上皇・源氏・北条氏へと移っていった経緯を述べる。
- Using the Confucian notions of virtue and lack of virtue as the moving forces encouraging these changes, he describes the process of real political power's transfer from the emperors to the Fujiwara Regent's Line, then to the retired emperors, the Minamoto clan, and the Hojo clan.
- 明治天皇は満15歳と若く、政治の実権は岩倉具視ら一部の公家と薩摩藩・長州藩が掌握していたが、形式上は天皇親政を宣言するものであった。
- Because the Emperor Meiji was then only fifteen years old, some court nobles including Tomomi IWAKURA and some retainers of Satsuma and Choshu domains took the political initiative, but, nevertheless, emperor's direct administration was formally declared.
- 桂はこの内閣の後見人を自負して、政権運営にまで関与しようとしたために内務大臣 (日本)原敬との微妙な政治的駆け引きを行うこととなる。
- Katsura considered himself as the guardian of the cabinet and tried to influence Saionji's handling of the government, which led to the delicate politics with Takashi HARA, Minister of Home Affairs.
- 757年当時の政治状況を見ると、それまで中央政府に君臨していた聖武天皇が756年に没し、政府内で複数の勢力が主導権争いを始めていた。
- Looking back the political situation around 757, Emperor Shomu, who had reigned over the central government until then, died in 756, and multiple powerful groups inside the government started to fight to take the leadership of the government.
- 政治運動に命をかけるという人物モデルにもなり、自由民権運動の活動家や、明治社会主義者の一部にも「志士」という理想像が共有されていた。
- The term 'Shishi' came to symbolize a person who puts his life towards political activity, such as the activists for Civic Rights, and Meiji Period socialists.
- 著名な詩人にして文人である白居易はその著『新楽府』において自らの詩作は世相を風刺し政治に影響を与えることにその本分があると述べている。
- BAI Juyi, a famous poet and Bunjin, described that his poems fundamentally aimed to satirize social trends and give an impact on politics in his book 'Shingakufu.'
- 5代将軍となった徳川綱吉は、儒教による理念的な政治思想を掲げつつも、財政改革の必要に迫られ、勘定奉行に荻原重秀を抜擢して解決を図った。
- This situation compelled the fifth Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA to implement a financial reform, so he tried to do it by selecting Shigehide OGIWARA as kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) - incidentally, Tsunayoshi waved the banner of ideological ideas by adopting Confucianism into his politics.
- 琉球王国は江戸時代には日本(薩摩藩)と中国大陸の清の間で両属関係にあり、日本で明治政府が成立すると、帰属を巡る政治問題が起こっていた。
- The Ryukyu Kingdom belonged to both Japan (the Satsuma domain) and Qing on the Chinese continent during the Edo period and the territorial dispute became a political issue after the establishment of the Meiji government in Japan.
- 議会派はクロムウェルを護国卿に任命したが、その死後に護国卿を継承した子のリチャード・クロムウェルには政治力が無く、自ら辞任を申し出た。
- Parliamentarians appointed their leader Cromwell as the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth, but, after his death, his child Richard Cromwell who succeeded the post of Lord Protector had little political clout and offered his voluntary resignation from the post.
- 奈良時代と平安時代初めに、謀反を起こした(とされた)人はほとんど死刑になったが、その対象者と縁座の範囲・量刑は政治的判断で左右された。
- From the Nara Period through the early Heian Period, most people charged with muhon were executed, but the extent of the prosecution and accompanying enza, or the severity of the punishment, were affected by political decisions.
- 紀元前2世紀-紀元前後ごろの時期には、倭人は定期的に前漢へ朝貢しており、また約100の政治集団(国)を形成していた(『漢書地理志』)。
- In the period from the second century B.C. to around the beginning of the first century, Wajin paid tribute to the Former Han Dynasty on a regular basis and formed about 100 political groups (countries) ('Kanjo Chirishi' (Historical records of the Han Dynasty)).
- 主要な政治ポストには従来の豪族ではなく諸皇子をあてて、その下で働く官僚たちの登用・考課・選叙など官人統制に関する法令を整備していった。
- Emperor Tenmu appointed princes, instead of the usual powerful clans, to major political posts and established laws for regulating the appointment, evaluation, and selection of officials working under the princes.
- 藤原 宇合(ふじわら の うまかい、持統天皇8年(694年) - 天平9年8月5日 (旧暦)(737年9月7日))は奈良時代の政治家。
- FUJIWARA no Umakai (AD 694 to September 7, AD 737) was a politician during the Nara period.
- 藤原 永手(ふじわら の ながて、和銅7年(714年) - 宝亀2年2月21日 (旧暦)(771年3月15日))は、奈良時代の政治家。
- FUJIWARA no Nagate (714 to March 15, 771) was a politician during the Nara period.
- 鮎川 義介(あゆかわ よしすけ、1880年(明治13年)11月6日 - 1967年(昭和42年)2月13日)は、日本の実業家、政治家。
- Yoshisuke AYUKAWA (November 6, 1880 to February 13, 1967) was a Japanese entrepreneur and statesman.
- 藤原 百川(ふじわら の ももかわ、天平4年(732年) - 宝亀10年7月9日 (旧暦)(779年8月28日))は奈良時代の政治家。
- FUJIWARA no Momokawa (732 - August 28, 779) was a statesman in the Nara period.
- しかし、為義も幼少であったことと、実父の源義親ほどの武勇も養父義忠ほどの政治力もなかったために、河内源氏は伊勢平氏の蔭に隠れてしまう。
- However, Tameyoshi was also young and lacked the military prowess of his real father, MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, and the political influence of his foster father, Yoshitada, and so Kawachi-Genji became overshadowed by Ise-Heishi.
- 朝廷は中央集権体制を確立するために地方行政区画をおこない、政治力・経済力や土地面積・石高・人口などの国力により地方諸国を四等級に分けた。
- The Imperial Court decided local administration sections in order to establish centralized administrative framework and divided various provinces into four grades in accordance with political power, economic power and national power such as land area, kokudaka (crop yield), population.
- 中央集権制における地方政治は、各地に設置された役所やそこに勤める官吏が、中央政府から委譲された一定の権限を行使することによって行われる。
- Under the centralized authoritarian rule, each local government office and the officials working there executed the authority devolved from the central government to run the local government.
- 後漢書は遥か後代の編纂であるが、このことから、1世紀末から2世紀初頭にかけて、倭国をある程度代表する政治勢力が生まれたとする見解もある。
- For this reason, although 'History of the Later Han Dynasty' was complied long afterward, one theory states that the political force representing Wakoku on some level emerged during the period from the end of the first to the beginning of the second century.
- 当初は有力守護大名による衆議によって政治を行っていた義教だが、長老格の三宝院満済、山名時煕の死後から次第に指導力を発揮するようになった。
- Yoshinori, at first, handled the affairs of state by public discussion of dominant shugo guardian feudal lords but he gradually started to show leadership after the death of Mansai SAMPOIN and Tokihiro YAMANA who were regarded as patriarchs.
- 同年7月には内閣転覆を狙った北一輝により取調中に朴の膝に金子が座り抱擁している写真が政界にばらまかれ獄内での待遇が数ヶ月政治問題化した。
- In July, the same year, Ikki KITA who was plotting to overturn the Cabinet distributed among political figures a photo of Bokuretsu holding Kaneko on his knees in the interrogation, and the treatment of the two in the prison became a political issue for several months.
- しかし、大正政変を経て誕生した「桂新党」(立憲同志会→憲政会)は立憲政友会とともに政党政治をリードすることになる立憲民政党の前身である。
- However, it should be noted that the 'Katsura Shinto' (Katsura New Party) established after the period of Taisho Seihen was the forerunner of the Rikken Minseito (Party of Democratic Constitutionalism), which would lead party politics along with the Seiyukai (later, Katsura Shinto was developed into the Rikken Doshikai [Party of Comrades of Constitutionalism] and then into the Kenseikai [Party of Constitutionalism]).
- 特に政治的に安定した時期とされ、期間中に行われた第10回衆議院議員総選挙、第11回衆議院議員総選挙は、いずれも任期満了に伴うものである。
- This era is said to have been politically stable, and both the 10th general election of members of the House of Representatives and the 11th general election of members of the House of Representatives were held at the expiration of terms of office during this period.
- 綱吉の行状については価値の低い資料による報告が誇張されて伝えられている部分もあり、近年では綱吉の政治に対する評価の再検討が行われている。
- Although there are some exaggerated reports about Tsunayoshi's behavior in documents with little value, in recent years, Tsunayoshi's politics have undergone a reevaluation.
- 前回の上京では胸襟を開いて語り合った盟友の九条兼実には一度しか面会せず、雑事ばかりを語って政治的な話はせず、贈り物は馬2頭のみであった。
- He met his sworn ally, Kanezane KUJO, with whom he had had an open dialogue when he had gone up to Kyoto last time, only once, talked only daily affairs except politics and presented only two horses.
- この場合、宗円と宗綱は八田の政治基盤を背景に、真岡市の芳賀氏を傘下に加えながら鬼怒川沿いに宇都宮に入り、宇都宮氏の基盤を整えたとされる。
- It is said that Soen and Munetsuna went to Utsunomiya along the Kinugawa River and strengthened the base of the Utsunomiya clan while adding the Haga clan of Maoka City under their umbrella backed by the political base of Hatta.
- その一方、特に近年ではフェミニズムの影響を受けた女性史家や女流作家によって、実状とかけ離れた有能な女性政治家として表現されることもある。
- Meanwhile, particularly in recent years, some female historians and writers, influenced by feminism, have come to describe Tomiko as a capable female politician different from the exaggerated image.
- 尊氏は建武政権では政治の中枢からはなれており、足利家の執事職である高師直・高師泰兄弟などを送り込み、弟・足利直義を鎌倉将軍府執権とした。
- Under the Kenmu administration, Takauji left politics and let KO no Moronao, the regent of the Ashikaga clan, and KO no Moroyasu engage in politics, while he made his brother Tadayoshi the regent of the Kamakura Shogunfu.
- これは、日本思想史の流れのなかで政治と宗教道徳の分離を推し進める画期的な著作でもあり、こののち経世思想(経世論)が本格的に生まれてくる。
- This is an epoch-making literary work that pushs forward the isolation of politics and religious morality in Japanese intellectual history, and after this, Keisei thought (Keiseiron (policies planned for governing a nation and providing relief to people, or ideas behind those)) was generated.
- これらには「冊封」(国王承認)や「朝貢」(貢ぎ物と引替えに賞賜が与えられ、さらに交易することができる)という政治的・経済的見返りを与えた。
- To such countries, political and economical returns such as sakuho (emperor's approval) and choko (In exchange of tributes, premium was conferred and the countries were allowed to trade with China).
- 日清戦争中は政治休戦を支持して臨時軍事費の支出に賛同したが、戦争終結後に日英通商航海条約締結と三国干渉受諾を批判して政府と対決色を強めた。
- During the Sino-Japanese War, it backed political ceasefire and agreed with spending the extra military expenditures, but it took a more clearly adversarial stand against the government, criticizing the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation and the accepting of the Triple Intervention after the end of the war.
- 正徳は江戸時代の6代将軍徳川家宣・7代徳川家継の治世の年号で、主に将軍侍講(政治顧問)の新井白石と側用人の間部詮房らが実際の政権を担った。
- Shotoku is the name of an era ruled by the sixth shogun Ienobu TOKUGAWA and the seventh shogun Ietsugu TOGUGAWA when mainly Hakuseki ARAI, the shogun's teacher and Akifusa MANABE, the lord chamberlain took the reins of government.
- 党内からは総裁専制との批判が起こり、翌年政党政治を嫌う山縣有朋は、伊藤を総裁から退かせるために枢密院 (日本)議長に就任するよう推挽する。
- From within the Seiyu Party, criticism arose against Ito's autocratic political style as a president and in the following year, Aritomo YAMAGATA, who disliked party government, nominated Ito for Chairman of the Privy Council (Japan) to unseat him from the presidency of the party.
- 戦前段階には狭義に政治体制自体を指していたが、戦後の歴史学の進展に伴い、近世日本の社会体制全体の特色を示す概念として使われるようになった。
- In the pre-war days, the term meant a political system itself in the narrow sense, but along with the development of the historical science in the post-war era, the term has become to mean a concept that indicates the features of entire society system of the early modern Japan.
- これは、当時の大韓帝国の巨額の債務や土地インフラに膨大な予算が必要になることから日本国民の理解を得ることは難しいとの政治判断からであった。
- It was a political decision from the judgement that it would be difficult to have Japanese people's understanding, because, at the time, the Korean Empire held an enormous debt and also needed a lot of budget for the land infrastructure.
- これによって多くの式家関係者が処分を受け、奈良時代末期には一時的には政治の実権を握るものの後世における式家の不振を招く要因の一つになった。
- As a result, a lot of people related to the Shiki Family received punishments, and though they seized the political power temporarily at the end of Nara Period, this rebellion became one of the factors which weakened the power of the Shiki Family in future generations.
- 外山脩造(とやま しゅうぞう、1842年11月10日 - 1916年1月13日)は、新潟県長岡市(旧栃尾市)出身の明治期の実業家、政治家。
- Shuzo TOYAMA (November 10, 1842-January 13, 1916) was the businessman and the statesman who was from Nagaoka City (the former Tochio City), Niigata Prefecture in the Meiji period.
- 西園寺の政治家としてのキャリアは明治15年(1882年)、伊藤博文が憲法調査のためにヨーロッパを歴訪した際、それに随行したことにはじまる。
- Saionji's political career began when he accompanied Hirofumi ITO to visit Europe in order to study the constitution in 1882.
- 昭和初期(戦前)、津田左右吉は記紀が天皇家の日本統治の正当性を高めるために高度な政治的な理由で編纂されたとの意見を表現し、有罪判決を受けた。
- In the early Showa period (before the World War II) Sokichi TSUDA was convicted for expressing that Kojiki and Nihon Shoki ('A Record of Ancient Matters' and 'The Chronicles of Japan') were compiled by a highly political reason to raise the legitimacy of the Imperial family, the ruler of Japan.
- ただし、アメリカ合衆国のように議院内閣制を採用していない国では、政党政治が実施されていても、その政権をさして政党内閣とは呼ばない場合が多い。
- However, the cabinet of a country without a parliamentary cabinet system, for example that of the United States of America, is not usually referred to as a party cabinet, even though the country has a party system.
- 協定文では、両国は韓国の国内政治への干渉を差し控え、かつ韓国政府の依頼で軍事または財政顧問を送る前に、互いに事前承認を求めることで合意した。
- The agreement stated that both nations had to withhold from interfering with the national politics of the Republic of Korea and seek each other's pre-approval before sending the military and financial advisers requested by the Korean government.
- 後醍醐天皇は自己の隠岐配流中は正統な政治権力が存在しなかったとしてその期間に行われた「偽主」及び鎌倉幕府の決定は全て無効と宣言したのである。
- The Emperor Godaigo declared that all decisions made by 'the fake emperor' and the Kamakura bakufu during his exile in Oki Province were void because there was no legitimate political force during this period.
- その後は長く停滞したが、江戸時代に入り林羅山によって「上下定分の理」やその名分論が武家政治の基礎理念として再興され、江戸幕府の正学とされた。
- Neo-Confucianism then stagnated for years, but in the Edo period, Razan HAYASHI revived it by his 'the theory of fixed division between uppers and lowers' and its theory of ethical duty of the social class as the fundamental principle of the military rule, and Neo-Confucianism was designated as the official scholarship by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 前島 密(まえじま ひそか、天保6年1月7日 (旧暦)(1835年2月4日) - 大正8年(1919年)4月27日)は、日本の官僚、政治家。
- Hisoka MAEJIMA (February 4, 1835-April 27, 1919) was a Japanese government official as well as a statesman.
- 明治10年(1877年)の西南戦争の際、土佐立志社 (政治団体)の林有造・大江卓らが政府転覆を謀ったが、陸奥は土佐派と連絡を取り合っていた。
- In the Seinan War in 1877, Yuzo HAYASHI, Taku OE and others of Risshisha of Tosa Province (a political group) conspired to overthrow the government; however, Mutsu was keeping up with the Tosa-ha (a political group).
- 同じハーバード大学に入学した小村寿太郎と同宿し勉学に励むとともに、この頃、学外では著名な政治家、議員、文学者、哲学者、ジャーナリストと交際。
- He shared loggings and worked hard with Jutaro KOMURA, a fellow student at University, and he also associates with well-known politicians, congress people, writers, philosophers and journalists off campus.
- この乱の後、西洋的方法を視野に入れた政治改革の必要を認識した西太后は、かつて自らが失敗させた戊戌の変法を手本としたいわゆる光緒新政を開始した。
- Empress Dowager Cixi acknowledged the need for post-war political reform involving western techniques, and started the new Guangxu government based on the Hundred Days' Reform that she had previously made to fail.
- 清代では、明朝の時以上に欧米諸国が中国を訪れるようになり、「冊封」や「朝貢」よりも政治的意味合いが希薄化した交易が増加の一途を辿ったのである。
- In Qing era, visits from European and American countries increased compared to Ming era and trade with less political meaning than 'sakuho' and 'choko' continued increasing.
- 政治学者の丸山眞男は、(福澤諭吉が「脱亜論」を執筆したと仮定しても)福澤が「脱亜」という単語を使用したのは「脱亜論」1編のみであると指摘した。
- A political scientist Masao MARUYAMA pointed out that (assuming that it was Yukichi FUKUZAWA who wrote the 'Datsu-A Ron') Fukuzawa only used the word 'Datsu-A' (Leaving Asia) in the 'Datsu-A Ron.'
- その一方で、君臣が徳のある政治を守ってゆく事で、「正理」の元に歴史は誤った方向から正しい方向へと修正されるという能動的な発想を兼ね備えていた。
- On the other hand, he simultaneously advances the very active view that if the ruler and his retainers observe and safeguard a virtuous style of government, by basing their actions on correct principles, the course of history could be rescued from a misguided direction and restored to the correct path.
- 伏見天皇が践践した後は政治家としても活躍したが、持明院統側公家として皇統の迭立に関与したことから、1298年(永仁6年)佐渡国に配流となった。
- Once Emperor Fushimi ascended to the throne Tamekane also became active as a politician, but was banished to Sado Province in 1298 for his participation in the attempt, as an aristocratic supporter of the Jimyoin lineage, to manipulate the Imperial succession in favor of the Jimyoin line.
- 尊攘派の擡頭により朝廷・幕府政治の混乱が起きていることを憂えた孝明天皇の意をくみ、久邇宮朝彦親王は極秘に会津藩・薩摩藩に長州藩の追放を命ずる。
- Understanding that the Emperor Komei was worried about the emergence of sonjo party and the resulting confused political circumstances of the imperial court and of the shogunate, Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko secretly ordered the Aizu and Satsuma clans to expel the Choshu clan.
- それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと。
- Contradicting to the fact above in some points, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface.
- 野村 靖(のむら やすし、天保13年8月6日 (旧暦)(1842年9月10日) - 明治42年(1909年)1月24日)は日本の武士、政治家。
- Yasushi NOMURA (September 10, 1842 - January 24, 1909) was a samurai (warrior) and statesman in Japan.
- (「続日本紀」の編纂時期は清成の弟・藤原百川や息子・種継が政権中枢にいた時代であり、その当時の政治的事情から敢えて記載しなかった可能性もある)
- (The compilation period of 'Shoku Nihongi' was the times when his brother, FUJIWARA no Momokawa, and his son, Tanetsugu played central role in the government and some records might not have been written in the book due to the political situation of those days.)
- 斬奸状には大久保が公金を私財の肥やしにしているとの指摘があったが、実際には金銭に対して潔白な政治家で、死後は8,000円もの借金が残ったという。
- In the zankanjo, Shimada criticized Okubo for mishandling the public's fund for his personal financial gain, however, Okubo was actually an incorruptible politician regarding money and left 8,000 yen debt behind.
- そもそも第30号での森の発言自体、そう言わねばならないほど明六社とその雑誌が政治的な性格を次第に帯びてきたことへの危惧の念の表明だったのである。
- Mori's comment in the 30th issue itself showed his concern about that Meirokusha and its bulletin had gradually become political.
- 六国史の後継たるべく宇多天皇の治世から起筆し、摂関政治権力の弱体化した堀河天皇の寛治6年2月(1092年)まで、15代約200年間の時代を扱う。
- Written with the intention of being a successor to the Six National Histories, it covers approximately 200 years, the reigns of 15 emperors from that of Emperor Uda up to February 1092 during the reign of Emperor Horikawa, when the Regency government was weakening.
- 天皇による万世一系の国家を維持するために、海外諸国と並立して文明開化の政治を行い、人民全てに均しく天皇の恩沢が行き渡る国家を形成する必要がある。
- In order to maintain a nation in unbroken imperial line, it is necessary to carry out politics for the cultural enlightenment standing side by side with other countries and to build a nation which can give benefit of emperor to every people equally.
- 戦争が起こったと仮定すれば、近畿地方の大和勢力を中心に、広域の政治連合、例えば邪馬台国連合のような同盟ができあがっていたとことが想定されている。
- Assuming that there was a war, the formation of a wide area political alliance, such as the Yamatai-Koku kingdom alliance, centering on powers of Yamato in Kinki region is also assumed.
- この論争の意義については、かつては学問的な論争と考えられていたが、実際には言いがかり的な論争も多く、中心は政治的・派閥的な争いとする見方も強い。
- The significance of the disputes was once regarded as an academic one; however, in fact, there were so many arguments just for objection that many people take the disputes mainly as political and sectional conflicts.
- 久原 房之助 (くはら ふさのすけ、1869年7月12日(明治2年6月4日 (旧暦)) - 1965年1月29日)は、戦前日本の実業家、政治家。
- Fusanosuke KUHARA (July 12, 1869-January 29, 1965) was a Japanese businessman and statesman before the war.
- 河野 敏鎌(こうの とがま、1844年11月29日(天保15年10月20日 (旧暦)) - 1895年4月20日)は明治時代前期の日本の政治家。
- Togama KONO (November 29, 1844 – April 20, 1895) was a Japanese politician in the early Meiji Period.
- 事件そのものは政治決着により片付けられてしまうが、この時の働きが評価され1877年(明治10年)警察の巡査隊長に任命され西南戦争の鎮圧に当たる。
- The case itself was settled by a political solution, but his achievement was highly evaluated enough to be appointed as a chief patrol officer of police in 1877, and he worked on the suppression of Seinan War.
- 仙石 貢(せんごく みつぎ、安政4年6月2日(1857年7月22日)- 昭和6年(1931年)10月30日)は、日本の鉄道官僚、実業家、政治家。
- Mutsugi SENGOKU (July 22, 1857 - October 30, 1931) was a Japanese railway bureaucrat, businessman and statesman.
- 青木 周藏(あおき しゅうぞう、1844年3月3日(天保15年1月15日 (旧暦)) - 1914年2月16日)は明治、大正期の外交官、政治家。
- Shuzo AOKI (March 3, 1844-February 16, 1914) was a diplomat and a statesman during the Meiji and Taisho era.
- このことは時に彼を優柔不断に見せたが、後述する天皇への諫言は極めて適切であったといえ、こうしたところに西園寺の政治家としての真骨頂を感じられる。
- This made him look indecisive at times, but the words of admonishment he gave to the Emperor, which are mentioned later, were extremely appropriate, and Saionji's true worth as a politician can be felt through such actions.
- 義経は頼朝の代官として、平家追討という軍務を遂行しつつ、朝廷との良好な関係を構築するという相反する任務をこなし、軍事・政治の両面で成果を上げた。
- Yoshitsune brought about military as well as political results by carrying out two contradictory duties; undertaking his military duty of expelling the Taira family as a local commander of Yoritomo, and constructing a good relationship with the Imperial court.
- 山縣 有朋(やまがた ありとも、天保9年4月22日 (旧暦)(1838年6月14日)- 大正11年(1922年)2月1日は、日本の政治家、軍人。
- Aritomo YAMAGATA (May 15, 1838 - February 1, 1922) was a Japanese soldier and politician.
- 土佐藩脱藩後、貿易会社と政治組織を兼ねた亀山社中・海援隊 (浪士結社)の結成、薩長連合の斡旋、大政奉還の成立に尽力するなど、志士として活動した。
- After having fled from Tosa clan he acted as a royalist, exerting himself into establishing Kameyama-shachu, later Kaientai (a society of master less samurai), a mixture of a trading company and a political organization, mediating collaboration between Satsuma and Choshu, and realizing Taisei-hokan (the Restoration of the Imperial rule).
- 681(天武10)年には草壁は皇太子となるが、器量優れたライバルの大津皇子も政治に参加する事となり結局天武天皇の後継は曖昧なものとなってしまった。
- At the time when Kusakabe became the Crown Prince in 681, Prince Otsu, a capable rival, became involved in the politics of the region; thus, the successor of Emperor Tenmu became uncertain.
- 1888年7月下旬、井上は農商務大臣としての入閣を要請してきた黒田清隆に対して手紙を送り、薩長藩閥による政治の支配を永続させることは不可能であり、
- INOUE sent a letter at the end of July in 1888, to Kiyotaka KURODA, who asked him to join the cabinet as the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, and proposed therein that it would be impossible to perpetuate the political rule by the Satsuma-Choshu domain clique.
- さらに大海人皇子は有能な政治家であったらしく、これらを背景として大海人皇子の皇位継承を支持する勢力が形成され乱の発生へつながっていったとしている。
- Moreover, Prince Oama seemed like an efficient politician, and Prince Oama supporters who thought he should succeed the imperial throne made efforts and this led to the War.
- 従って、皇位継承などの政治的に重要な局面では東使が鎌倉と京都を往復する事が度々あった(『増鏡』など当時の朝廷の動きを記した書物には度々登場する)。
- For this reason, the toshi made frequent trips between Kamakura and Kyoto in important political developments, such as accession of a new Emperor (appearing frequently in documents such as 'Masukagami' (The Clear Mirror) that records activities in the Imperial Court at that time).
- 大化の改新(たいかのかいしん)は飛鳥時代の孝徳天皇2年春正月甲子朔(西暦646年)に発布された改新の詔(かいしんのみことのり)に基づく政治的改革。
- The Taika Reforms are political reforms based on Kaishin no Mikotonori (the Imperial Reform Edict) issued in 646 in the Asuka period.
- 11世紀・12世紀になると、国衙政治の実務は事実上在庁官人が担うようになっており、受領国司は在庁官人の力なしに国内統治を果たすことはできなかった。
- In reality, during the eleventh and twelfth centurys, the Zaichokanjin controlled Kokuga politics and Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) Kokushi could not execute governing duty of the province without Zaichokanjin's political power.
- 井上 角五郎(いのうえ かくごろう、1860年11月30日(万延元年10月18日 (旧暦)) - 1938年9月23日)は、日本の実業家、政治家。
- Kakugoro INOUE (November 30, 1860 - September 23, 1938) was a Japanese businessman and statesman.
- 小楠は、「公共」性・「公共」圏を実現するために、「講習討論」「朋友講学」といった身分階層を超えた討議を政治運営のもっとも重要な営為として重視した。
- Shonan emphasized the debate such as 'Koshu Toron' and 'Meiho Kogaku', which were beyond status hierarchy, as the most important agency for the management of politics to represent 'public' nature and 'public' area.
- 藩閥は議会政治に対する抵抗勢力であり、民本主義もしくは一君万民論的な理想論とは相容れない情実的システムであるため、当時から批判的に取り扱われてきた。
- Domain clique has been treated critically since then because it is the resistance forces against parliamentary government and is also the preferential system that conflicts with democracy or an idealism such as ikkunbanmin-ron (the theory where constitutional authority was given only to one ruler and any discrimination and distinction of social status were generally not allowed among others).
- 海軍・陸軍や枢密院 (日本)、官僚などの勢力は、政党内閣の政権下でも依然として大きな政治的発言力を有しており、政党内閣による政権運営に介入していた。
- Under the party-cabinet administrations, powers such as the Navy, the Army, the Sumitsu-in (Privy Council), or the bureaucracy still had big influence in politics and intervened in the government.
- 1874年の民撰議院設立建白書以降、藩閥政府による政治に対して、議会の開設、地租の軽減、不平等条約の改正、言論と集会の自由の保障などの要求を掲げた。
- The movement began when a petition for the establishment of an elected national assembly was filed in 1874 calling for a Diet, the land-tax reductions, the revision of the unequal treaties, and freedom of speech and assembly in opposition to the han clique-dominated government.
- また、鎌倉時代後期以後に公家社会にも受容された背景には幕府・朝廷ともに徳政を通じた徳治主義の実現という共通した政治目標が存在したことも指摘している。
- Also since the late Kamakura period, it was also accepted by the court noble society, he pointed out that the back ground was the common policy goal of bakufu and Imperial Court to realize the principle of the rule by virtue of the sovereign through benevolent rule.
- 岩村 通俊(いわむら みちとし、天保11年6月10日 (旧暦)(1840年7月8日) - 大正4年(1915年)2月20日)は、日本の武士、政治家。
- Michitoshi IWAMURA (July 8, 1840 - February 20, 1915) was a Japanese samurai and a statesman.
- 大須賀 庸之助(おおすが ようのすけ、嘉永3年11月4日_(旧暦)(1850年12月7日)-明治39年(1906年)4月17日)は、明治期の政治家。
- Yonosuke Osuga (December 7, 1850 - April 17, 1906) was a statesman in the Meiji era.
- 陸奥 亮子(むつ りょうこ、1856年(安政3年)11月 - 1900年(明治33年)8月)は、明治時代の政治家で外交官であった伯爵陸奥宗光の夫人。
- Ryoko MUTSU (November, 1856 - August, 1900) was a wife of Count Munemitsu MUTSU who was a statesman and diplomat in the Meiji era.
- 片岡 直温(かたおか なおはる、1859年10月13日(安政6年9月18日)- 1934年5月21日)は明治・大正・昭和初期の実業家、政治家である。
- Naoharu KATAOKA (October 13, 1859 - May 21, 1934) was an entrepreneur and statesman from the Meiji, Taisho, to the early Showa periods.
- 降伏文書の調印、武装解除・軍部解体、民主化など、敗戦処理全般を主たる任務としてこなしたが、一方で旧来の政治体制の大規模な変革までは考えていなかった。
- While the cabinet carried out as its main duty the general postwar settlements, including the formal signing of the Instrument of Surrender, disarmament, breaking up of the military authorities and democratization, it did not consider a large-scale reform of the old political system.
- 第一条 この法律は、東京都を新しく我が平和国家の首都として十分にその政治、経済、文化等についての機能を発揮し得るよう計画し、建設することを目的とする。
- Article 1: This law aims to plan and construct Tokyo Metropolis so as to develop fully the functions of politics, economy and culture of Tokyo as the capital of the peace state.
- 6代将軍となった徳川家宣は、もと甲府藩主から将軍職となったが、甲府時代から政治改革に実績のあった側用人間部詮房や学者の新井白石を起用し、改革を行った。
- The sixth Shogun Ienobu TOKUGAWA had been formerly the feudal lord of Kofu Domain, and so, in order to carry out his reforms, he promoted Akifusa MANABE and a scholar Hakuseki ARAI, both of whom had had achievements in political reforms in the Kofu Domain, to his grand chamberlain and personal staff respectively.
- 自らの政治的影響力を保持したいと考えた将軍徳川慶喜はこれを受け入れ、10月13日在京の諸藩士を二条城に招集し、大政奉還を諮問した(翌日、朝廷へ奏上)。
- Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, a shogun who wished to continue to hold his political clout, accepted this theory and convened feudal retainers of local domains living in Kyoto to Nijo-jo Castle on October 13 to consult Taisei Hokan (which was reported to the Emperor next day).
- その後も貴族院_(日本)では、山県側近の清浦奎吾の研究会_(貴族院)と平田東助の茶話会という2大会派が超然主義を奉じて、政党政治の排除の動きを行った。
- In the Kizokuin (the House of Peers), the two major factions, the study group led by Keigo KIYOURA, who was the close associate of Yamagata, and the Sawakai led by Tosuke HIRATA, continued to believe in transcendentalism and tried to eliminate party politics.
- 紀州藩主徳川家茂を推す南紀派と、一橋徳川家当主徳川慶喜を推す一橋派が激しく対立し、条約問題とともに江戸・京都での政治工作が熾烈化した(将軍継嗣問題)。
- Two groups, the Nanki group that backed Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the lord of Kishu domain, and the Hitotsubashi group that backed Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, head of the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family, opposed each other and intensified their activities in Edo and Kyoto to get an upper hand in politics, including the issue of whether Japan should ratify the treaties with foreign nations (the succession struggle over the heir of Shogun).
- 実際、人民の負担が増加傾向にあるにもかかわらず、肝心の支配層、すなわち貴族階級は贅沢を続け政治から遠ざかっていくようになる、と教えられる時期も有った。
- In fact, it was taught that the burden on the people increased, while the ruling class, i.e., the noble class, continued living luxuriously and had less to do with the politics.
- 倭国(後の日本)にとって百済は同盟国であり、当時の倭国の政治指導者である天智天皇(後の天智天皇)は、百済復興を強力に支援しようと、朝鮮半島へ出兵した。
- Kudara was an ally of Wakoku (later Japan), and Naka no Oe no Oji (later Emperor Tenchi), who was the political leader of the country at that time, dispatched troops to the Korean Peninsula in an effort to vigorously back up Kudara to restore.
- 女性参政権(じょせいさんせいけん)または婦人参政権(ふじんさんせいけん)とは、女性が直接または間接的に国ないし地方の政治に参加するための諸権利を言う。
- Women's suffrage, also known as woman suffrage, refers to the right of women to participate in national and local politics directly or indirectly.
- 近衞 篤麿(このえ あつまろ、文久3年6月26日 (旧暦)(1863年8月10日) - 明治37年(1904年)1月1日)は、明治後期の華族・政治家。
- Atsumaro KONOE 1863-1904 was a peer and statesman in the late Meiji Period.
- 山田 信道(やまだ のぶみち、1833年12月13日(天保4年11月3日 (旧暦)) - 1900年(明治33年)3月11日)は、日本の官僚、政治家。
- Nobumichi YAMADA (December 13, 1833 - March 11, 1900) was a government official and a statesman in Japan.
- 陸奥 宗光(むつ むねみつ、1844年8月20日(天保15年7月7日 (旧暦)) - 1897年8月24日)は、日本の武士・紀州藩士、政治家、外交官。
- Munemitsu MUTSU (August 20, 1844-August 24, 1897) was a Japanese warrior/feudal retainer of the Kishu Domain, a statesman, and a diplomat.
- 外資導入などを積極的に行い“実業界議員”として名を馳せると、これを良しとしない壮士(政治活動家)の、いの一番の標的となり、たびたび狙われ暴行を浴びた。
- As he gained a reputation as a 'lawmaker well-connected with the business world,' for his policy of proactively introducing foreign capital, he became an immediate target of the political activist who were critical about his policy and he was frequently assaulted by those activists.
- 後ろ盾が乏しかった為異母兄の草壁皇子が681年(天武天皇十年)に皇太子となったが、大津も683年(天武天皇十二年)2月に朝廷の政治に参加する事となる。
- Though he did not have good supporters, his older paternal half-brother, Prince Kusakabe, became a crown prince in 681, meanwhile, Otsu came to join court politics in March, 683.
- 8代将軍となった徳川吉宗は、紀州徳川家の出身であり、それまでの幕政を主導してきた譜代大名に対して遠慮することなく、大胆に政治改革を主導することとなった。
- The eighth Shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA came from the Kishu Tokugawa family (a branch of Tokugawa family), so he had the courage to lead the political reforms without hesitation toward 'fudai daimyo,' who had led politics of the Edo bakufu until then.
- 道長についての記述に賞賛が多く見られることが特徴として挙げられるが、彼の晩年を襲った病苦や、摂関政治の裏面を生きる敗者の悲哀をも詳らかに描き出している。
- It is said that a defining characteristic is the admiration seen in the descriptions of Michinaga, but it also clearly shows his suffering due to illness in his later years and even the pains of living in defeat under the Regency government.
- 全国の政治・兵馬の大権を朝廷に集めるために諸藩に人民と兵力を朝廷に返却させ、藩主を貴族として遇し、それに代わって朝廷の法令を全国一律に布告すべきである。
- In order to gather the supreme power of politics and armies throughout the country into the Imperial court, it is required to let every han return their people and army and treat the lord of the domain as aristocrat, instead, Imperial court law should be proclaimed throughout the nation.
- これにともない政治学の研究は従来所属していた「文学会」から分離し1887年2月「国家学会」として独立、ついで翌3月には機関誌『国家学会雑誌』を創刊した。
- In accordance with that, the study of political science was separated from 'Bungakukai' which it had belonged to, and became independent as 'Kokkagakkai' in February 1887 and first published 'Kokkagakkai-zasshi' as an organ in March of the same year.
- この時代の認識では、任那日本府の淵源を『日本書紀』神功紀にある「屯倉」に求め、任那日本府は伽耶地方=任那地方を政治的軍事的に支配したとするものであった。
- The scholars of this period sought the origin of Mimana Nihon-fu in 'miyake' (Imperial-controlled territory) which is recorded in the Jingu section of 'Nihonshoki' and believed that Mimana Nihon-fu politically and militarily ruled the Gaya region, which was also called Mimana region.
- その結果、諸侯の蔵屋敷が大坂に集まるようになり、藩の年貢米・産物を大坂で売却して江戸や領国における政治運営の費用に充てるという構図が形成されるに至った。
- As a result, the feudal lords were encouraged to build a storehouse attached to the residence in Osaka and trade rice and other goods brought from their domains in order to cover their cost of administration in Edo as well as in the respective domains.
- しかし、孝明天皇が希望する横浜港鎖港をめぐって、限定攘夷論(鎖港支持)の慶喜と、武備充実論(鎖港反対)の久光・春嶽・宗城とのあいだに政治的対立が生じた。
- But over the issue on exclusion of foreign ships from Yokohama port, a political confrontation occurred between Yoshinobu who insisted the principle of limited expulsion of foreigners (in favor of exclusion) and Hisamitsu, Shungaku and Munenari who insisted reinforcement of armaments (against exclusion).
- 2007年から、『表現』(京都精華大学表現研究機構)で「捕鼠 明治十一年の文人政治家副島種臣の行方」が始まっていたが創刊号と第2号のみで、絶筆となった。
- From 2007 Kyoto Seika University's Organization for Human Contact had begun publishing 'Torinezumi - Meiji 11-nen no Bunjin Seijika Soejima Taneomi no Yukue' in its magazine 'Hyogen' (Human Contact) but was discontinued after only two issues.
- 芳川 顕正(よしかわ あきまさ、1842年1月21日(天保12年12月10日 (旧暦)) - 1920年(大正9年)1月10日)は、日本の官僚、政治家。
- Akimasa YOSHIKAWA (January 21, 1842 - January 10, 1920) was a government official and a statesman in Japan.
- 金子 堅太郎(かねこ けんたろう、1853年3月13日(嘉永6年2月4日 (旧暦)) - 1942年(昭和17年)5月16日)は、明治期の官僚・政治家。
- Kentaro KANEKO (March 13, 1853 - May 16, 1942) was a bureaucrat and a politician in the Meiji period.
- 同年の第一次近衛内閣成立以降は次第に政治の表舞台から退き、反対し続けた日独伊三国軍事同盟成立の2ヶ月後の昭和15年(1940年)11月24日に死去した。
- After the First Konoe Cabinet was formed in the same year, he gradually retreated from the political stage, and he passed away on November 24, 1940, two months after the formation of Tripartite Military Pact, which he had continued to oppose.
- つまり列強との戦争の雲行きが怪しくなった場合に備え、「東南互保」を暗黙裡に認め、敗戦の総責任を負うことを求められないようにした政治的駆引きの一つであった。
- With a tacit understanding of the 'Southeast Mutual Protection Movement,' this was one of the political bargains she made in case the war with the allied western powers looked threatening, so as to not be persecuted for complete responsibility of a lost battle.
- その一方で、重商主義から来る金銭崇拝的傾向が瀰漫し、賄賂政治が横行したとされ、また幕府伝統の重農主義を重んずる松平定信ら譜代大名から反撥されるようになる。
- Meanwhile, his mercantilism is said to have caused prevalence of mammonism and graft, and this began to meet a resentment of 'fudai daimyo,' including Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, who put a high value on physiocracy that the Edo bakufu conventionally had taken.
- 本文のあらゆるところで「按ずるに」として重要事件や人物に批評を加え、将軍家宣の施政への参考として提供し、政治的な戒めとしているところもこの書の特徴である。
- One characteristic feature of this book is the evaluation of important affairs and people everywhere in the text using the phrase 'thinking that...,' in order to offer the Shogun Ienobu some guidance for his government and to make them into political lessons.
- 第2条は、政治の中枢となる首都の設置、畿内・令制国・郡といった地方行政組織の整備とその境界画定、中央と地方を結ぶ駅伝制の確立などについて定めるものである。
- Article 2 was to stipulate the establishment of the capital as the political center, the organizations of local administrative offices in Kinai (regions surrounding the capital city), Ryoseikoku (provinces) and counties, the border demarcation between the regions, and the establishment of ekiden-sei (the transportation system) to connect the capital with the other regions.
- そもそも日本を含めた東アジア文化圏においては、民衆は政治的に無権利であり、法的に許されたわずかな権利も支配者の統治・命令の絶対性を前提としたものであった。
- To begin with, in the East Asian cultural area including Japan the people had no political rights and even only a few rights legally approved were premised on the absolutism of administration and orders of a ruler.
- こうした背景のもと、日露戦争中に日本軍通訳をつとめた宋秉畯が日本の影響下に政治改革のための組織を計画したが、この計画は元独立協会系の人々に受け入れられた。
- Due to this background, Song Byung-joon who had served as an interpreter for Japanese Army in Russo-Japanese War designed an organization for the political reform against the Japanese influence, and this plan was accepted by people who had followed the independence club before.
- 河野広中(こうの ひろなか、嘉永2年7月7日 (旧暦)(1849年8月24日) - 大正12年(1923年)12月29日)は、明治・大正時代の政党政治家。
- Hironaka KONO (August 24, 1849 – December 29, 1923) was a party politician in the Meiji and the Taisho periods.
- 小田 為綱(おだ ためつな、天保10年(1839年) - 明治34年(1901年))は、岩手県九戸郡宇部村(現:久慈市宇部町)出身の学者・教育者・政治家。
- Tametsuna ODA (1839 - 1901) was a scholar and educator and statesman coming from Ube Village, Kunohe County (present Ube-cho, Kuji City), Iwate Prefecture.
- 吉備 真備(きび の まきび、持統天皇9年(695年) - 宝亀6年10月2日 (旧暦)(775年11月3日))は、日本の奈良時代の学者、政治家(公卿)。
- KIBI no Makibi (695 - November 3, 775) was a scholar, a statesman and a Kugyo (a court noble) who lived during the Nara Period.
- 末松 謙澄(すえまつけんちょう、1855年9月30日(安政2年8月20日_(旧暦)) - 1920年(大正9年)10月5日)は明治 - 大正時代の政治家。
- Kencho SUEMATSU (September 30, 1855 - October 5, 1920) was a politician during the Meiji and Taisho period.
- 上記大山巖の言い分も、まだ西郷に対する反感を持つ政治家も多かった時代、明治政府の官位による正装をさせるわけにはいかなかった事情が背景にあったと考えられる。
- In the opinion of Iwao OYAMA above, at a time when there were many politicians who opposed Saigo's opinions, it can be imagined that, based on his rank in the Meiji Government it was not necessary to make put him in full dress according to the circumstances surrounding the situation.
- 義時は武家政権の確立と、北条氏の執権政治確立のために、建暦3年(1213年)には有力御家人の和田義盛を和田合戦で滅ぼすなどして他氏を次々と排斥していった。
- To establish samurai political power and the Hojo regency, Yoshitoki excluded one clan after another (such as when he overthrew Yoshimori WADA, a leading immediate vassal of the shogun, in the Battle of WADA in 1213).
- そのような混乱の中、神仏分離で劣勢に立たされていた仏教勢力、特に明治維新に際して倒幕運動を支援した浄土真宗は巧みな政治工作によって教部省を政府に樹立させた。
- In such confusion, the Buddhist group that had been put in the inferior position under the movement of separation of Buddhism and Shintoism, especially the Jodo Shinshu sect that had supported the movement to overthrow the shogunate, promoted ingenious political maneuvers and successfully persuaded the government to establish Kyobusho.
- また、その出自(しゅつじ)や政治的地位・官職の高下・職務内容の違いに応じて、カバネを賜与され、部民(べみん)などの隷属民を領有することを認められたのである。
- Further, the uji were given kabane (hereditary titles) according to differences in their status by birth and political status/rank of government post/content of duty, and it was permitted for them to own subordinates such as the bemin.
- 彼は攘夷の気分が蔓延していた当時に攘夷を否定し、また、「政治は国民の上で成り立っており、愚かな人の上には厳しい政府ができ、優れた人の上には良い政府ができる。
- Fukuzawa denied the idea of exclusion of foreigners when the idea was pervasive across the country, and maintained that: a government is established by its own people, a good government is chosen by good people and a bad government is chosen by unwise people;
- まず、大化以前の支配体制とされる私地私民制について、屯倉が王権を支える経営拠点であるように、田荘もまた豪族の政治的地位を支える農業経営拠点であると解される。
- First, in Shichi Shimin sei believed to have been the ruling system employed before the Taika era, tadokoro is understood to be the base for agricultural management that supported the political status of gozoku families as miyake was the management base that supported the sovereignty of the emperor.
- 養老律令は、大宝律令と大きな相違点はないため、養老律令施行後もそれ以前と変わらない政治運営が行われたと見られ、律令制史上の大きな意義は特にないとされている。
- The actual operation and the management of Yoro Ritsuryo Code after its establishment were conducted in the similar manner to the operation of Taiho Ritsuryo Code, because both Codes did not differ largely from each other, and thus it is considered that Yoro Ritsuryo Code did not give a significant impact on the history of the Ritsuryo codes.
- また論争は法律論にとどまらず資本主義経済の矛盾の問題、国家思想や国体の位置づけなどにも及び、商法典論争と相まって一種の政治対立の様相さえ呈するようになった。
- Moreover, the disputes, ranging from legal theories to contradictions of capitalist economy, national ideology and positioning of the national structure and so on and combined with the disputes over the Commercial Code, came to present a kind of political confrontation.
- 星 亨(ほし とおる、嘉永3年4月8日_(旧暦)(1850年5月19日) - 明治34年(1901年)6月21日)は、明治時代の政治家(「星享」は誤表記)。
- Toru HOSHI (May 19, 1850 - June 21, 1901), was a statesman in the Meiji period (The kanji letter '享' often used for his first name Toru '亨' is incorrect).
- 有地 品之允(ありち しなのじょう、1843年4月14日(天保14年3月15日 (旧暦)) - 1919年(大正8年)1月17日)は日本の海軍軍人、政治家。
- Shinanojo ARICHI (April 14, 1843 - January 17, 1919) was a Japanese naval officer and statesman.
- 西園寺 公望(さいおんじ きんもち、嘉永2年10月23日 (旧暦)(1849年12月7日) - 昭和15年(1940年)11月24日)は日本の公家、政治家。
- Kinmochi SAIONJI (December 7, 1849 - November 24, 1940) was a noble in the Japanese Court and a politician.
- 政商(せいしょう)とは、政治家や政府高官との結びつきを利用して経済活動上の特権的利益を得たり、政策を自己の利益に有利な方向に誘導した事業家、企業のことを指す。
- Seisho (Political Merchants) refers to businessmen and companies who obtain exclusive economic benefits and guide certain policies to serve their own interests by taking advantage of their connections with politicians and high-ranking government officials.
- 1981年3月に、政治学者の坂野潤治は『福沢諭吉選集〈第7巻〉』(岩波書店、ISBN 4-001-00677-4)の解説で、「脱亜論」の新しい解釈を提示した。
- In March 1981, a political scientist Junji BANNO published the new interpretation of 'Datsu-A Ron' in the commentary of 'Fukuzawa Yukichi Senshu Vol.7' (Selected works of Yukichi Fukuzawa) (published by Iwanami Shoten, ISBN 4-001-00677-4).
- 公家政権の政治力に低下に伴い、朝廷が定めた延久宣旨枡が用いられなくなると、日本各地でまちまちな基準で枡が作られるようになり、室町時代にはその弊害が深刻化した。
- When the Enkyu senjimasu (the nation-wide official measure in the Enkyu era) established by the Imperial Court fell out of use as the political power of the court noble government declined, masu began to be manufactured by a variety of different standards around the country, and the negative effects of this situation worsened in the Muromachi period.
- 主に天皇の日常の動向が記述の中心であるが、宮廷行事や任官叙位、下賜進献などの宮中での出来事、皇族や女官の動向等、政治の表舞台には現れないような記事も見られる。
- Although the crux of the description is mainly the emperor's daily activities, the records also include topics that do not appear on the center stage of politics; articles about events in the Imperial court such as court ceremonies, conferrals of rank and office, imperial grants and tribute, and trends among the Imperial family or court ladies, etc.
- そこで1899年に入ると両会派の連携が進み、同年12月に両会派が木曜会や純無所属の議員にも呼びかけて70名の議員によって政党政治に反対する連合組織を結成した。
- Therefore, in 1899 the cooperation between both groups advanced and in December of the same year the members of Mokuyo-kai (Thursday-group) and independents were invited to form a union with 70 members against party politics.
- 弥生時代中期頃から日本列島の各地に政治勢力(筑紫国、吉備国、出雲国、ヤマト王権、毛野氏など)が形成されていき、それら勢力の連合体を中国の諸王朝が倭国と称した。
- Several political forces of local clans (Tsukushi Province, Kibi Province, Izumo Province, Yamato sovereignty, and the Kenuuji clan) in verious areas in the Japanese Islands emerged around the middle of the Yayoi period, and these forces as a whole was referred to as Wakoku by the Chinese dynasties.
- 澤 宣嘉(さわ のぶよし、1836年2月9日(天保6年12月23日 (旧暦)) - 1873年(明治6年)9月27日))は、幕末期の公卿、明治の政治家である。
- Nobuyoshi SAWA (February 9, 1836-September 27, 1873) was Kugyo (high court noble) in the end of the Edo period and a politician in the Meiji period.
- 松方 正義(まつかた まさよし、1835年3月23日(天保6年2月25日 (旧暦)) - 1924年(大正13年)7月2日)は日本の武士(薩摩藩士)、政治家。
- Masayoshi MATSUKATA (March 23, 1835-July 2, 1924) was a Japanese samurai (feudal retainer of Satsuma) and a statesman.
- その後は政界のいわゆるフィクサーとしても活動し、政党政治期(及びその直前期)の1916年と1924年と2度に亘り、対立する政党間の党首会談の仲介などを行った。
- After that, he played an active role as a so called fixer in the political world, and he mediated the meeting between opposing party heads twice in 1916 and 1924 during the period of party government (and its pre-period).
- 三浦 梧楼(梧樓)(みうら ごろう、弘化3年11月15日 (旧暦)(1847年1月1日) - 大正15年(1926年)1月28日)は日本の武士、軍人、政治家。
- Goro MIURA (January 1, 1847 - January 28, 1926) was a samurai, military man and statesman in Japan.
- 伊東 巳代治(いとう みよじ、1857年5月29日(安政4年5月7日 (旧暦)) - 1934年(昭和9年)2月19日)は、明治、大正、昭和期の官僚、政治家。
- Miyoji ITO, who lived from May 29, 1857 to February 19, 1934, was a bureaucrat and statesman during the Meiji, Taisho and Show periods.
- この中で、不安に襲われた自身や困窮する人々を目の当たりにした義材が、「政治に携わるものは常に慈悲の心をもって臨まねばならない」という心境に至ったと述べている。
- In this story, Yoshiki, filled with anxiety at the sight of poverty-stricken people, tells the reader that through his own experiences, he has come to feel that those who are engaged in government must always have pity.
- 板垣とセットで入閣した木戸の発言力も必然的に下がり、さらにこの頃より持病の悪化から表立った政治活動を行いにくくなったこともあり、木戸の政府内での地位も低下した。
- Kido, who had joined the cabinet with Itagaki, inevitably lost his influence, and in addition his chronic illness, which had aggravated around this time, hindered his political activities; thus his position in the government also went down.
- これは議会政治とは全く関係なく、「栄華の巷低く見て」という第一高等学校 (旧制)寮歌「嗚呼玉杯」の一節に代表されるように、超然主義の本来の意味に近いものである。
- Schools being transcendentalist had no relation to the parliamentary politics; their transcendentalism was close to what it originally meant, as represented in the phrase 'Eiga no Chimata Hikku Mite (looking down on the flourishing lower world)' of a dorm song of Dai Ichi (First) High School (of the old-education-system) called 'Aa Gyokuhai.'
- 第4回衆議院議員総選挙の最中に日清戦争が勃発して政治休戦が確立したのを機に、第2次伊藤内閣によって前年に解散に追い込まれた大日本協会復興を模索する動きが現れた。
- As a political truce was called due to the Sino-Japanese war that started during the 4th general elections for the House of Representatives, a move was made to restore the Dainihon Kyoukai (a political association) that had been disbanded by the Second Ito cabinet the previous year.
- しかし、日露戦争後の国際状況の安定と政党政治の成熟により藩閥と軍部の影響力は衰え、1913年(大正2年)には軍部大臣の補任資格を「現役」に限る制度が改められた。
- However, due to the global stabilization and maturity of the party government after the Russo-Japanese War, the domain cliques and the military lost their influence and the system was revised to regulate the military minister's appointing authority to only 'active-duty' in 1913.
- 一方、外国からの開国要求を警戒した江戸幕府により、政治・思想面では抑圧が加わり、シーボルト事件、蛮社の獄などの弾圧事件が起こり、続いて蘭書翻訳取締令が出された。
- On the other hand, the Edo bakufu, on the alert for foreign countries calling for the opening of Japan, started to suppress political and ideological activities, and crackdowns such as Siebold Incident and Bansha no goku (Imprisonment of scholars of Western learning) took place, which were followed by orders to restrict translation of foreign books.
- 政治史の分野においては、幕末の把握に関して、単なる過渡期とするか、あるいはそれ以前以後とは異なった独自の国家状態もしくは国家体制とするかの2つの見方に分かれる。
- In the field of political history, there are two different views on the bakumatsu period, one of which sees it as a normal transitional period, and another which views the period as a unique state of governance, separate from the previous system.
- 平城朝においては観察使制度の設置等政治改革に積極的に取り組み、嵯峨朝を経て旅子を母とする淳和天皇が即位するとその外伯父として累進し、右大臣ついで左大臣に至った。
- During the Emperor Heizei era, FUJIWARA no Otsugu worked on political reforms, including establishment of the system of inspecting local governments, and rose to higher positions during the era of Emperor Junna (emperor after Saga) as uncle of Emperor (mother of Emperor Junna was FUJIWARA no Tabiko, sister of Otsugu), eventually was appointed to Udaijin (Minister of the Right) and Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) in a row.
- 平安後期に、上皇が治天の君(事実上の君主)として君臨し、政務にあたる院政が開始すると、院庁は、治天の政治意思を表明・具現化するための重要な政務機関へと変貌した。
- When Insei that the Retired Emperor reigned as Chiten no kimi, a factual monarch, and performed government affairs started in the late Heian period, In no cho changed to an important political institution to express and embody Chiten's political wills.
- 大乗院日記目録(だいじょういんにっきもくろく)とは、奈良興福寺の門跡寺院である大乗院の、第27代大僧正尋尊が当時の政治・社会・文化・宗教史等について記した書物。
- Daijoin Nikki Mokuroku is the book recording the politics, social events, culture, and the history of religion written by Jinson, the 27th Daisojo (highest ranked priest among Japanese Buddhist monks) of Daijoin-Temple, which is the related temple of the nobility oriented/established Kofuku-ji Temple in Nara Prefecture.
- 桂は斎藤実海相を優詔により留任させると、若槻禮次郎、後藤新平ら自前の官僚勢力、イギリス流政治を信奉する加藤高明(駐英大使)を入閣させて自前の内閣を組織している。
- Katsura organized his Cabinet in his own way by making Makoto SAITO, the minister of the Navy in the former Cabinet, stay in office with the help of an Imperial edict, and inviting some bureaucrats of his influence, such as Reijiro WAKATSUKI and Shinpei GOTO, as well as the espouser of British politics, Takaaki KATO (Japanese Ambassador to Britain).
- 井上 毅(いのうえ こわし、天保14年12月18日 (旧暦)(1844年2月6日) - 明治28年(1895年)3月17日)は、日本の武士、官僚、政治家である。
- Kowashi INOUE (February 6, 1844 - March 17, 1895) was a Japanese samurai, a bureaucrat and a statesman.
- 道長は藤原北家の全盛期を築き、摂関政治の崩壊後も彼の子孫のみが摂関職を代々世襲し、本流から五摂家と九清華家のうち三家(花山院家・大炊御門家・醍醐家)を輩出した。
- Michinaga built the glory days of the Fujiwara Hokke Family, and even after the collapse of the regency government, his descendents alone became Regents and Senior Regents by hereditary succession, and from the main line, the 5 Sekke Families and three families (Kazanin-ke, Oinomikado-ke, Daigo-ke) of the 9 Seigake Families developed.
- 直木孝次郎は何もかも失った大和とは対照的に新羅は唐をも破って朝鮮統一をしてしまったために大和は新羅から先進的な政治体制や文化を学ぶ一方で相当な危機感を持っていた。
- Kojiro NAOKI has pointed out the following; as opposed to Yamato which lost everything, Silla defeated even the Tang and achieved the integration of Korea, so that Yamato had a sense of crisis while it learned about advanced political systems and culture from the Silla.
- 俗に蘇我入鹿が殺された事件のことを指して「大化の改新」と言うこともあるが、厳密にはクーデターである「乙巳の変」の後に行われた一連の政治改革が「大化の改新」である。
- Although the assassination of SOGA no Iruka is sometimes referred to as the 'Taika Reforms,' the series of political reforms carried out after the 'Isshi Incident,' which was a coup d'etat, are the 'Taika Reforms' in a narrow sense.
- しかしながらこの説が主張するように、政治的な粛清に人麻呂があったのなら、当然ある程度の官位(正史に残る五位以上の位階)を人麻呂が有していたと考えるのが必然である。
- If Hitomaro was politically purged as advocated by this view, however, it is logical to consider that Hitomaro had a certain level of official rank (not lower than the Fifth Rank) that should have been recorded in the official history.
- 山田 顕義(やまだ あきよし、1844年11月18日(天保15年10月9日 (旧暦)) - 1892年11月11日)は、日本の武士(長州藩士)、政治家、陸軍軍人。
- Akiyoshi YAMADA (November 18,1844-November 11,1892) was a samurai (a feudal retainer of the Choshu Domain), statesman and army military man.
- 黒田 清隆(くろだ きよたか、天保11年10月16日 (旧暦)(1840年11月9日) - 明治33年(1900年)8月23日)は、日本の武士・薩摩藩士、政治家。
- Kiyotaka KURODA (November 9, 1840 – August 23, 1900) was a Japanese samurai, a feudal retainer of the Satsuma clan, and a politician.
- 井上 馨(いのうえ かおる、天保6年11月28日 (旧暦)(1836年1月16日) - 大正4年(1915年)9月1日)は、日本の武士・長州藩士、政治家、実業家。
- Kaoru INOUE (January 16, 1836 - September 1, 1915) was a Japanese feudal samurai retainer of the Choshu clan, statesman, and businessman.
- 楠本 正隆(くすもと まさたか、天保9年3月20日_(旧暦)(1838年4月14日) - 明治35年(1902年)2月7日)は、肥前大村藩の武士、明治期の政治家。
- Masataka KUSUMOTO (April 14, 1838-February 7, 1902) was a samurai from the Omura Domain, Hizen Province, and a Meiji Period statesman.
- 福岡 孝悌(ふくおか たかちか、天保6年2月5日 (旧暦)(1835年3月3日) - 大正8年(1919年)3月7日)は、幕末期の土佐藩の家老、明治時代の政治家。
- Takachika Fukuoka (March 3, 1835 - March 7, 1919) was a Karo (chief retainer) of the Tosa Domain in the end of the Tokugawa period and a statesman in the Meiji period.
- 源 光行(みなもと の みつゆき、長寛元年(1163年) - 寛元2年2月17日 (旧暦)(1244年3月27日))は、鎌倉時代初期の政治家・文学者・歌人である。
- MINAMOTO no Mitsuyuki (1163 - April 3, 1244) was a politician, literary scholar and poet during the early Kamakura period.
- 『続日本紀』に皇太子である首親王(聖武天皇)の政治参加におなじ用語を使っていることからみると、草壁と匹敵する立場に立ったと理解するのが妥当だと思われる(篠川賢)。
- Considering that 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) contain the same term for describing the entry into politics of Imperial Prince Obito (also known as Emperor Shomu), who was a crown prince, it seems to be appropriate to understand that he stood on an equal footing with Kusakabe (Ken SHINOKAWA).
- 同時期、李鴻章や劉坤一、栄禄といった清朝の実力者が次々と死去するという「幸運」もあって、清朝一の精鋭部隊を率いる袁世凱は、それを政治資本として有効に活用していった。
- At the same time, Yuan Shikai enjoyed 'good fortune' with the consecutive deaths of powerful people of the Qing dynasty such as Li Hongzhang, Liu Kunyi, and Ronglu, so Shikai, who led the Qing dynasty's only elite troops, used this effectively as a political tool.
- 水野のいう「王朝」の拠点が時代により移動していることも政治の中心地が移動しただけで往々にして見られる例であり、必ずしも劇的な権力の交替とは結びつかないとされている。
- What Mizuno says the transfer the base of the dynasties according to times is a common example of simply moving the political center, which does not necessarily linked with the drastic change of the political power.
- 皇居の所在地を都とする見方に照らせば鎌倉は古都とは言えないが、幕府の所在地が実質的政治の中心だったという歴史から東京のマスコミなどでは鎌倉を古都と称する場合が多い。
- Though Kamakura cannot be referred to as an ancient capital when seen from the standpoint that 'an ancient capital' must be a place where Imperial residence existed, the Tokyo media often describe Kamakura as an ancient capital, since Kamakura was once a political center of the Kamakura Shogunate which held the reigns of government.
- 当時の日本では、歴史学界内部に限れば冷静な議論が可能であったが、一歩外に出れば学問の自由は存在せず、政府、政治家、神道家、新聞が、学者の不敬を格好の攻撃材料とした。
- In Japan in those days, calm discussions were possible only within the academic circle of history, but there was no academic freedom outside the circle, and the government, politicians, shintoists and newspapers attacked the impiety of scholars.
- 寛政の遺老(かんせいのいろう)とは、寛政の改革を主導した松平定信失脚後、定信によって取り立てられた松平信明 (三河吉田藩主)ら幕政を主導した政治家たちのことを指す。
- Iro (old retainers) in the Kansei era refers to politicians who led the bakufu such as Nobuaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Mikawa-Yoshida domain), who were chosen by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA after his downfall.
- 中央・地方のウジは、大王との間に隷属・奉仕の関係を結び、それを前提にして氏上は朝廷における一定の政治的地位や官職・職務に就く資格と、それを世襲する権利を与えられた。
- The uji in the capital and local provinces established a relationship with the great king of vassalage and service, and on this premise, they were given the license to take up fixed political standings and government posts/duties along with the right to make them hereditary.
- なぜなら、防衛省の職員は、制服組はもちろん背広組も自衛隊の隊員とされ(自衛隊法2条5項)、隊員は政治的行為が制限されているからである(同法61条、同施行令86条)。
- This is because personnel of the Ministry of Defense, including the uniform team and the sebiro team, are considered as a part of Self-Defense Forces (Self-Defense Forces Act Chapter 2, Article 5), and the Self-Defense Forces are restricted by the political acts (in the same Act; Chapter 61, the same implementation orders; Article 86).
- そして、従来は同じく中国思想であったものが日本化した攘夷論とむすびつき、幕府や幕藩体制を批判する先鋭な政治思想へと展開していき、この思想が明治維新の原動力となった。
- Furthermore, conventional Chinese thoughts were Japanized in the same way, and united with the doctrine of excluding foreigners, developing into a radical political position criticical of the shogunate and its domain system, and as such, this became a driving force for the Meiji Restoration.
- なお、日本書紀によるとこの遷都には民衆から大きな不満があり、昼夜を問わず出火があったという(当時は政治に不満がある時、宮殿へ放火する風習があったと推測されている)。
- According to Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), because the people were extremely unhappy about the moving of the capital, there were fire breakouts regardless of day or night (It is presumed that there was such a custom at that time that they set fire to the palace when the people were unhappy about politics.)
- 1158年に平清盛が大宰大弐になると、平氏政権の基盤である日宋貿易の意図もあり、やがて北九州での政治的中心地は、大宰府から20キロメートル北の博多(福岡市)へ移る。
- In 1158, when TAIRA no Kiyomori became Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General), the political center in Kitakyushu was transferred to Hakata (Fukuoka City), 20 kilometers north of Dazai-fu to promote the trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China, which was the basis of the Taira clan government.
- その左遷もあくまで「政治家から一般の僧侶に戻った」というに過ぎず、仮に女性と通じていたというなら、相手が天皇でなくても戒律を破ったとして僧職を剥奪されるはずである。
- Also, the demotion transfer merely caused him to quit as a politician and return to the normal priesthood, and should it be true that he had fornicated with a woman, who was not necessarily the Empress, he would have been deprived of his priesthood on the grounds of violating the precepts.
- 帰国後は国内で司法省付属代言人(弁護士)の第1号となって活躍し、明治14年(1881年)には自由党(明治)の議員(代議士)となり、政党政治の基礎作りの一翼を担った。
- After returning to Japan, HOSHI became the first lawyer under the Ministry of Justice and actively worked in Japan, and in 1881, he became a councilor (as parliamentarian) of the Liberal Party, and took part in building the foundation of party government.
- 安場 保和(やすば やすかず、男性、天保6年4月17日 (旧暦)(1835年5月14日) - 明治32年(1899年)5月23日)は、近代日本草創期の官僚・政治家。
- Yasukazu YASUBA (May 14, 1835 - May 23, 1899) was a bureaucracy and statesman in the early days of modern Japan.
- 平田東助(ひらた とうすけ、嘉永2年3月3日 (旧暦)(1849年3月26日)- 大正14年(1925年)4月14日)は、日本の明治時代・大正時代期の官僚・政治家。
- Tosuke HIRATA (March 26, 1849 - April 14, 1925) was a government official and politician who lived in the Meiji through Taisho periods.
- 大山 巌(おおやま いわお、天保13年10月10日 (旧暦)(1842年11月12日) - 大正5年(1916年)12月10日)は、日本の武士、政治家、元老、軍人。
- Iwao OYAMA (November 12, 1842 - December 10, 1916) was a Japanese samurai (warrior), statesman, Genro (elder statesman), and military man.
- 元老としても重きをなし、陸軍では山縣有朋と並ぶ大実力者となったが、政治的野心や権力欲は乏しく、元老の中では西郷従道と並んで総理候補に擬せられることを終始避け続けた。
- He was highly esteemed as the elder statesman and became a person of great influence in the army as well as Aritomo YAMAGATA, but lacked in political ambitions and a desire for power, and thereby kept declining to be a candidate of the prime minister together with Tsugumichi SAIGO.
- 秋月 種樹(あきづき たねたつ、天保4年10月17日 (旧暦)(1833年11月28日) - 明治37年(1904年)10月17日)は、幕末・明治期の日本の政治家。
- Tanetatsu AKIZUKI (November 28, 1833-October 17, 1904) was a Japanese politician at the end of the Edo period and in the Meiji period.
- 義元が隠居したため、家督を譲られて当主になったという説があるが、その後も義元は政治・軍事の主導権を掌握していたため、恐らくは形式的な家督相続であったものと思われる。
- One view states that because Yoshimoto retired he was made into the head of the family, but because Yoshimoto continued to hold administrative and military leadership the passing down of the family leadership was presumably only in form.
- 任官についてもっとも纏まった史料ではあるが、平安時代前期における記事の不正確さや政治的な事情から書き直し(遡った期日での任官など)が行われた部分もあるといわれている。
- This is the most coherent historical material on appointment, but some of its part is said to have been rewritten (appointment by retroactive date and so on) due to inaccuracy of the article from the early Heian period and for political reasons.
- 改革の必要があったとはいえ、外様大名の父の圧力、およびそれまで政治的実権を有していなかった朝廷の圧力により改革を強要されたことは、幕府の権威に著しいダメージを与えた。
- Even though there was a need for reform, the fact that the reform was forced under the pressures from the father of a tozama daimyo as well as the imperial court that had had no real power in politics until that time gave a tremendous damage to the bakufu's authority.
- 武家の棟梁であり、実質的な第一執政者である征夷大将軍に、後継者が決まっていないことは国家の一大事であり、無難に嫡男に決まったケース以外は、頻繁に政治問題となっている。
- It was a national crisis that the successor of the Seii taishogun, who was the leader of samurai class and the practically main administrator, was not determined, and it often became a political problem unless the oldest son succeeded the Seii taishogun.
- 藤原四兄弟の子の系統はそれぞれ藤原南家、藤原北家、藤原式家、藤原京家と呼ばれ、それぞれの家に栄枯盛衰はあったものの、その後の政治や学問、文化に大きな足跡を残している。
- Each lineage of descendants of four Fujiwara brothers was called 'Fujiwara Nanke' (the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan), 'FUJIWARA Hokke' (the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan), 'Fujiwara Shikike' (the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan), and 'Fujiwara Kyoke' (the Western House of the Fujiwara clan); although they went through the rise and fall, they left a major mark on later politics, learning, and culture.
- 戦国時代最大の宗教的武装勢力である本願寺勢力と、天下布武を目指す織田信長との軍事的・政治的決戦であり、石山合戦の終結と同時に、各地の一向一揆はその勢いを著しく失った。
- It was the military and political decisive war between Hongan-ji Temple, the largest armed religious power in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), and Nobunaga ODA, on his way to 'Tenkahubu' (the unification of Japan), and with the end of the war, Ikko ikki that had occurred in various areas significantly lost its momentum.
- 当時は天智天皇のもとで政治体制の近代化が進められ、中国の諸制度の積極的な導入が行われており、その根幹となる律令(近江令)が当然に定められたはずと見るのが存在説である。
- People who believe that the code did exist consider that modernization of the government, which had been promoted at that time under the Emperor Tenchi through active introduction of rules and systems from China, would have required a Ritsuryo code (Omi-Ryo) to be enacted as the basis of it.
- 一進会を率い、韓日併合論を説いた宋秉畯らは朝鮮総督府中枢院顧問となり、合併後の朝鮮の政治にも大きく影響を与え続け、その後、その功績により宋秉畯には伯爵位が与えられた。
- Song Byung-joon and others who led Isshinkai and supported the theory as to Japan's annexation of Korea assumed office as adviser of Chusuin (a government office in Korea) of Chosen Sotoku-fu and kept affecting on the Korean politics after the annexation, and later Song Byung-joon was given a title of count for his achievement.
- 蘇我 蝦夷(そが の えみし)は、飛鳥時代に大臣(おおおみ)となり中大兄皇子(後の天智天皇)・藤原鎌足・蘇我倉山田石川麻呂らのいわゆる乙巳の変で自殺した政治家、貴族。
- SOGA no Emishi was an aristocrat and highest officer politician in the Asuka period, who committed suicide in the so-called Isshi no hen (the Murder in the Year of Isshi) led by Prince Naka no Oe no Oji (later the Emperor Tenchi), FUJIWARA no Kamatari, SOGANOKURA-YAMADA no Ishikawamaro, and others.
- 柳沢吉保を免職し、間部詮房・新井白石を登用して文治政治を推進し、荻原重秀に命じて財政改革を試みたが、在職3年後の正徳2年10月14日(1712年11月12日)に死去。
- In an effort to promote the transformation of the feudal government from a military to civilian institution, he dismissed Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA and appointed Hakuseki ARAI, and also gave orders to Shigehide OGIWARA in an attempt to reform the government's financial practices, but Ienobu died on November 12, 1712, three years after he took office.
- 品川 弥二郎(しながわ やじろう、天保14年9月29日 (旧暦)(1843年11月20日)- 明治33年(1900年)2月26日)は、日本の武士(長州藩士)、政治家。
- Yajiro SHINAGAWA (November 20, 1843 - February 26, 1900) was a Japanese samurai (a feudal retainer of the Choshu clan) and statesman.
- 平成11年(1999年)に当時の小野次郎 (政治家)本部長らの提唱で鹿児島県警察本部(鹿児島市)前に銅像が設置されるなど、ようやく地元でも再評価の段階に入りつつある。
- He is now beginning to be reevaluated by local people; in 1999 a bronze statue of KAWAJI, proposed by then Director-General Jiro ONO (statesman), was built in front of the police headquarters in Kagoshima Prefecture.
- 政治的才能には長けていたが、それでも応仁の乱を勃発させて国人層の台頭を招くなど、結果として戦国時代の幕を開くことになった張本人の一人であることは間違いない人物である。
- Although he had high political skills, he was undoubtedly one of the people who started the Onin War, triggered the rise of local samurais and ultimately started the he Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) as a result.
- 平安時代も後期になり、貴族の政治が衰え武士の台頭、僧兵の出現などにより争乱の不安定な時代を迎えるにつれ、民衆の不安感から源信らによる無常観、末法思想が広まっていった。
- In the late Heian Period, the declining aristocracy and the rise of warriors and armed priests threw the nation into turmoil, and the people's anxiety nurtured the Mujokan (Buddhist concept of the impermanence of worldly things) and Mappo-shiso (belief in the 'end of the world') propagated by Genshin and others.
- 本書の対象とした仁明朝は、嵯峨・淳和両朝の後を受けた太平の世であり、「承和の変」以外大きな事件は無かったために、宮中行事などは詳しいが、政治関係の記事は少ないとされる。
- As the reign of Emperor Ninmyo was in a time of peace after the reigns of Emperor Saga and Emperor Junna, and as nothing big occurred except the Jowa Incident, this book is said to have more detailed descriptions of court ceremonies, etc., but less material related to politics.
- だが、鎌倉時代以後朝廷の実権低下に伴って、朝廷における各種公事を維持するための政治的・財政的な裏づけを失っていき、多くの公事が縮小・簡略化され、あるものは廃絶に至った。
- However, as the Imperial Court losing its power after the Kamakura period, the political or financial support to maintain the events of the Imperial Court began to lessen, then, many kuji were downscaled or simplified and some of them were abolished.
- 自賛談のようにみえる章段も、(中略)中宮と中宮を取り巻く人々が失意の時代にあっても、天皇の恩寵を受けて政治とは無縁に美と好尚の世界に生きたことを主張している(上野理)。
- There are some chapters that seem like mere self-praise, but in them the author claimed that the Empress and the people around her received the Emperor's favor and led a life filled with aesthetic sentiment and exquisite taste, living in a world that was cut off from the politics of the time and disappointment. (Osamu UENO).
- 徳川幕府を正当化するために人物評価が偏っていたり矛盾していたりする点をふくめても、日本史に納得できる時代区分を最初に導入し、政治史を書くことを可能とした功績は疑えない。
- Even considering that some of his character evaluations are distorted and inconsistent in order to justify the Tokugawa shogunate, his contributions are undeniable and he introduced a convincing periodization of Japanese history for the first time and made it possible to write a political history.
- 立志社の獄(りっししゃのごく)とは、1877年の西南戦争に乗じて立志社 (政治団体)の林有造や大江卓が元老院議官陸奥宗光らと共謀して高知県にて挙兵を企てたとされる事件。
- The imprisonment of the Risshisha is an incident in which the Yuzo HAYASHI and Taku OE, who were members of the Risshisha (the political society) were thought to form a plot in Kochi Prefecture with Munemitsu MUTSU, a councilor of the senate, to raise an army against the central government during the Satsuma Rebellion (Satswuma War) in 1877.
- 副島 種臣(そえじま たねおみ、文政11年9月9日 (旧暦)(1828年10月17日) - 明治38年(1905年)1月31日)は、日本の武士・佐賀藩士、官僚、政治家。
- Taneomi SOEJIMA (October 17 1828 - January 31 1905) was a Japanese samurai, feudal retainer of the Saga clan, bureaucrat and statesman.
- 郷 純造(ごう じゅんぞう、文政8年4月26日 (旧暦)(1825年6月12日)- 明治43年(1910年)12月2日)は、日本の武士・幕臣、大蔵省官僚、政治家である。
- Junzo GO (June 12, 1825-December 2, 1910) was a Japanese warrior and shogun's retainer, a bureaucrat of Ministry of the Treasury and statesman.
- 西園寺の実弟末弘威麿が学園幹事に就任、同じく実弟の住友財閥当主住友友純が大口の寄付を行うなど、西園寺は自分の持つ政治力、人脈用いて京都法政学校(立命館大学)に協力した。
- Saionji used his political power and network to contribute to Kyoto Hosei School, an evening law school (Ritsumeikan University), including Saionji's biological younger brother, Takemaro SUEHIRO, who became the executive officer of the school, and another biological younger brother, Tomoito SUMITOMO, head of Sumitomo Zaibatsu, who donated large sums to the school.
- しかし政治の実権は父に握られ、父が延徳3年(1491年)に死去した後は、畠山政長の支援を背景に権力の確立を企図するが、管領の細川政元と義政未亡人の日野富子らと対立した。
- However, the real political power was in the hands of his father, and after his father died in 1491, Yoshiki tried to gain full control of the government with the support of Masanaga HATAKEYAMA, but came into conflict with the Kanrei, Masamoto HOSOKAWA, and Yoshimasa's widow, Tomiko HINO.
- 『春秋左氏伝』によれば、魯の襄公29(前543)年に、襄公が国を留守にしているのを幸いと、当時公室で政治を牛耳っていた宰相・季武子が公領となっていた村を襲って私有化した。
- According to 'The Zuo Zhuan' (The Chronicle of Zuo), in 543 BC, Chancellor 季武子, who controlled the politics of the house of lords at that time, attacked a village, a public land, to privatize it, taking advantage of Duke Xiang's absence.
- この説に対して上杉慎吉は天皇機関説天皇機関説前史の立場から批判を行ったが、天皇機関説は議会政治を実現する上での憲法解釈上の大きな根拠として度々取り上げられるようになった。
- This theory was opposed by Shinkichi UESUGI who upheld the stance that the Emperor holds sovereignty but was repeatedly brought to attention as the foundation for interpretation of the Constitution in realizing legislative rule.
- 後藤 新平(ごとう しんぺい、安政4年6月4日 (旧暦)(1857年7月24日) - 昭和4年(1929年)4月13日)は明治・大正・昭和初期の医師・官僚・政治家である。
- Shinpei GOTO (July 24, 1857 - April 13, 1929) is known as a doctor, a high-rank official, and a politician who played active roles in various fields through Meiji, Taisho and early Showa Period.
- 大木 喬任(おおき たかとう、天保3年3月23日 (旧暦)(1832年4月23日) - 明治32年(1899年)6月26日)は、江戸時代後期の佐賀藩士、明治時代の政治家。
- Takato OKI (April 23, 1832 - June 26, 1899) was a feudal retainer of the Saga clan in the late Edo period and a statesman in the Meiji period.
- 江原 素六(えばら そろく、天保13年1月29日 (旧暦)(1842年3月10日) - 大正11年(1922年)5月19日)は、旧幕臣、日本の政治家、教育者、キリスト者。
- Soroku Ebara (born March 10, 1842; died May 19, 1922) was a former retainer of the shogun who subsequently became a Japanese statesman and educator, as well as a Christian.
- 徳川家康が調停したため内乱は回避されたが、この騒動で直家以来の優秀な家臣団や一門衆の多くが宇喜多家を退去することとなり、宇喜多家の軍事的・政治的衰退につながったのである。
- Further internal conflict was avoided because of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's mediation, but due to the troubles many good vassals and family members who had served Naoie left the Ukita family, which resulted in the military and political decline of the Ukita family.
- 中島 信行(なかじま のぶゆき、弘化3年8月15日 (旧暦)(1846年10月5日) - 明治32年(1899年)3月26日)は、明治時代の政治家、初代衆議院議長、男爵。
- Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA (October 5, 1846 - March 26, 1899) was the statesman, the first chairman of House of Representatives and baron in the Meiji period.
- 寺島 宗則(てらじま むねのり、1832年6月21日(天保3年5月23日 (旧暦))- 1893年(明治26年)6月6日)は、江戸時代後期の幕臣、明治時代の政治家である。
- Munenori TERASHIMA (June 21, 1832 - June 6, 1893) was a retainer of shogun during the late Edo period, and a statesman during the Meiji period.
- 東久世 通禧(ひがしくぜ みちとみ、1834年1月1日(天保4年11月22日 (旧暦)) - 1912年(明治45年)1月4日)は、江戸時代末期の公家、明治時代の政治家。
- Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE (January 1, 1834 - January 4, 1912), was a court noble in the end of Edo Period and a politician in the Meiji Period.
- しかし、当時まだ年少だった長皇子・舎人親王等を除けば、血統的に草壁と互角だった大津の政治参加は一応は明確になっていた草壁への皇位継承が半ば白紙化してしまった事を意味した。
- However, Otsu was equal with Kusakabe in line of descent, excluding Naga no miko and Imperial Prince Toneri, and his political participation meant that Kusakabe's right of succession to the Imperial Throne, which had been tentatively certain, was almost lost.
- 貞観の治(じょうがんのち)とは中国唐(618年 - 907年)の第2代皇帝・太宗 (唐)の治世、貞観 (唐)(元年 - 23年)時代(627年 - 649年)の政治を指す。
- Jogan no chi (Glorious Jogan rule) indicates the politics performed during the Jogan era (Tang, 627 - 649) and the reign of the second Emperor Taiso (Tang tai zong) in the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) in China.
- 星野恒の『吾妻鏡考』(1889年)について諸研究書に見る限り、『吾妻鏡』を幕府記録の嚆矢(こうし)であり、武家制度、法令、政治経済を理解する上で必須の史料と位置づけている。
- As various studies say, 'A Study of Azuma Kagami' (1889) written by Hisashi HOSHINO ranks 'Azuma Kagami' as the essential historical material to understand the samurai system, laws, politics and economies, and it was seen as the beginning of the record of shogunate.
- なお、軍人の暴走例としてよく取り上げられる問題ではあるが、そもそも国会議員が政治抗争の手段として、軍内部の争いに油を注ぐ形で持ち出した問題であることには注意するべきである。
- This problem is discussed often as a violate example of the military men, but it should be noticed that originally the Members of the Diet brought up this matter stimulating the conflicts in the army as the means of the political dispute.
- 後藤 象二郎 / 象次郎(ごとう しょうじろう、天保9年3月19日 (旧暦)(1838年4月13日)- 明治30年(1897年)8月4日)は、日本の武士・土佐藩士、政治家。
- Shojiro GOTO (April 13, 1838-August 4, 1897) was a samurai, feudal retainer of Tosa Domain and statesman in Japan.
- さらに天正7年(1579年)頃からは、蒲池氏・草野氏・黒木氏などの筑後国の諸勢力が大友氏の影響下から離れ、また、家督を譲った大友義統とも、二元政治の確執から対立が深まった。
- Various powers in Chikugo Province such as the Kamachi clan, the Kusano clan and the Kuroki clan left from the influence of the Otomo clan after 1579 and the conflict with Yoshimune OTOMO who succeeded to the family estate deepened due to the feud of dualistic politics.
- この時代は、前の天皇、文徳天皇朝で人臣初めて(藤原仲麻呂・道鏡は除く)の太政大臣に就任した藤原良房とその養子(甥)の藤原基経が、初期摂関政治等藤原氏の権勢を固めた時代だった。
- During the period, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, who was the first subject appointed as Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister) in the reign of the former Emperor Montoku (except FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and Dokyo) and his adopted child (nephew) FUJIWARA no Mototsune attained the ascendancy of the Fujiwara clan including early Sekkanseiji (the power of Sekkan, meaning regents and advisers, governs the country) and so on.
- マーティンは『万国公法』刊行後、1865年に設立された同文館という外交における通訳者養成を目的とする公立語学校の英語・国際法・政治学の教師の職に就き、後日校長に昇進している。
- After publication of 'Bankoku Koho,' Martin assumed the job of teacher for English language, international law and politics in Tongwen Guan, which was a public language school established in 1865 with a purpose to bring up interpreters in the field of diplomacy, and, later, he was promoted to the school master.
- 子の田沼意知暗殺や印旛沼干拓事業の失敗、浅間山の噴火・天明の大飢饉発生および後ろ盾であった将軍家治の死などの不運が重なったことにより、田沼が失脚したことで田沼政治は終局する。
- And Okitsugu repeatedly met with misfortunes, such as the assassination of his son Okitomo TANUMA, failure of the reclamation work of Inba-numa Lake, eruption of Mt. Asama, the Tenmei Famine, and the death of the Shogun Ieharu who supported Okitsugu, so he lost his position and his politics came to an end.
- その一方で国内政策においては、貧民労働者の保護と立憲政治・普通選挙の実現を掲げて党内に普通選挙期成同盟会、日本労働協会、小作条例調査会を設置して、機関誌「新東洋」を刊行した。
- For it's domestic policies, the party set up an Association for Promoting Universal Suffrage, the Japan Labor Association and the Research Council on Tenant Farming Ordinance, with the goal of protecting poor laborers and realizing constitutional government and universal suffrage, and also published the party newspaper titled, 'New Orient.'
- 事実、その間に久政は政治の安定化(後述)や先代浅井亮政が武力によって傘下に収めた土豪たちの掌握に努めており、浅井家を戦国大名へと押し上げる基礎を築きあげることに成功していた。
- In fact, Hisamasa succeeded in building up the foundation for the Azai family's rise to a feudal lord while stabilizing political circumstances (mentioned later) and putting effort into taking control of powerful local clans who were forced to be affiliated with the former lord, Sukemasa AZAI, at sword point.
- 藤原 武智麻呂(ふじわら の むちまろ、天武天皇9年(680年) - 天平9年7月25日 (旧暦)(737年8月29日))は、飛鳥時代から奈良時代前期にかけての貴族・政治家。
- FUJIWARA no Muchimaro (680 - August 29, 737) was a noble and a politician from Asuka period to the early Nara period.
- ヨーロッパの貴族社会を参考に、近代日本においても、自分を含めた華族が社会的に優位な地位にあるものとして、政治的・社会的に「皇室の藩屏」としてその役割を果たすことを強く考えた。
- Referring to noble society in Europe, he believed the peerage including him should play a role as hanpei (guarding wall of the imperial family), because the peerage were on the high ground in society.
- また文明 (日本)12年(1480年)に足利義政・足利義尚父子に進物を贈るなど、扇谷上杉氏当主とは別に、独自に幕府と交流を持っていたようであり、その政治的地位の高さも窺える。
- Moreover in 1480, Tomomasa sent a gift to Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA and Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, father and son, and this suggests that he communicated with the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on his own apart from the family head of the Ogigayatsu Uesugi clan, and that he was in politically high position.
- 以後は、陸軍・内務省・宮内省・枢密院などにまたがる「山県系官僚閥」を形成して、陸軍では桂太郎や寺内正毅、官僚では清浦奎吾や平田東助らの後ろ盾となって政治に関与するようになる。
- Eventually, he formed the 'The Yamagata Bureaucratic Faction' across the Army, Ministry of Inner Affairs, Imperial Household Ministry and Privy Council in order to facilitate his involvement in politics by becoming a supporter of Taro KATSURA and Masatake TERAUCHI in the Army as well as of government bureaucrats such as Keigo KIYOURA and Tosuke HIRATA.
- しかし政治的背景を元にした古典文芸の復権があった他、新聞の連載小説形式や活版印刷技術などの登場を機に明治10年頃から合巻が再び脚光を浴びるなど戯作は明治期にも続けられていた。
- However, the restoration of the classic literature based on the political background, the appearances of a serial novel style on newspaper, typographical technology, and so on, brought Gokan to the limelight again from around 1877; Gesaku was still written during the Meiji period.
- 蘇我稲目(いなめ)・蘇我馬子(うまこ)・蘇我蝦夷(えみし)・蘇我入鹿(いるか)と蘇我氏が政治上重要な地位を占めた時代が645年(皇極天皇4年)の乙巳の変までの約半世紀間続いた。
- SOGA no Iname, SOGA no Umako, Soga no Emishi, and SOGA no Iruka, as four members representing the Soga clan, they continued to occupy important political positions until 'Isshi no hen (the Murder in the Year of Isshi)' in '645', for approximately another half century.
- また、当時の朝廷や幕府は政治の実態から離れた有閑無為の生活を余儀なくされており、和歌や連歌の会に参加したり、囲碁・将棋・すごろくなどの賭け事に没頭したりする記述が多く見られる。
- Besides, the Imperial court and bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in those days were not involved in politics deeply, so people there had much time to spend, joining a gathering of waka and renga (linked verse) and being absorbed in playing go (a Japanese game played with black and white stones on a board), shogi (a Japanese board game resembling chess), and gambling like sugoroku (a Japanese backgammon), therefore there were lots of records about them in the diary.
- 、石田友治らによって言論雑誌『第三帝国 (雑誌)』が刊行され、またには東京大学の吉野作造により民本主義による政治が提唱された事を背景に、次第に普通選挙運動が活発になっていった。
- With the publication of the political magazine 'Daisan Teikoku' (The Third Empire) by Tomoji ISHIDA and others and the proposal of government founded on democracy by Sakuzo YOSHINO of Tokyo Imperial University, the movement calling for popular elections began to grow.
- 頼綱が有力御家人の安達泰盛を霜月騒動で滅ぼして恐怖政治を敷いたり、北条高時の時代に長崎高綱(円喜)・長崎高資父子が専横を極めたように、内管領には執権や得宗を凌駕する者も現れた。
- There appeared some Uchi-kanrei whose political power overshadowed the regents and the Tokuso family; for example, Yoritsuna destroyed Yasumori ADACHI, a senior vassal, in the Shimotsuki Incident and unleashed a reign of terror, or Takatsuna (Enki) NAGASAKI and his son Takasuke NAGASAKI ruled with tyranny in the time of Takatoki HOJO.
- 太田道灌が誅殺された後に氏頼は第一の重臣として家中において重きをなしたが、古河公方足利成氏と和議を結びながらすぐにこれを破棄するなど定正の政治手法は家臣の離反を招くようになる。
- After the death of Dokan OTA Ujiyori became the chief vassal with tremendous influence; however, Sadamasa's political style, such as tying a peace accord with Kogakubo Shigeuji ASHIKAGA only to immediately revoke it, began to invite estrangement from his vassals.
- 野田 文一郎(のだ ぶんいちろう、1872年4月12日(明治5年3月5日 (旧暦)) - 1960年(昭和35年)3月9日)は、広島県三次町(後の三次市)出身の裁判官、政治家。
- Bunichiro NODA (April 12, 1872 - March 9, 1960) was a judge and statesman who was born in Miyoshi-cho (later Miyoshi City), Hiroshima Prefecture.
- 森 有礼(もり ありのり、正字体:森有禮、1847年8月23日(弘化4年7月13日 (旧暦)) - 1889年(明治22年)2月12日)は、日本の武士・薩摩藩士・政治家である。
- Arinori MORI (his name is written 森有禮 in orthographic style) (August 23, 1847 - February 12, 1889) was a Japanese samurai as well as a feudal retainer of Satsuma Province and a statesman.
- 内閣制度の仕組みはどのようなものか、議会はどのように運営されているのか、民主政治の先進国イギリスが、長い年月をかけて生み出した知識と知恵の数々をさかんに吸収したあとがみられる。
- The notebooks show that Mutsu absorbed various information and knowledge that had been developed over long years in England, an advanced country of democracy, such as how the cabinet system was structured and how the parliament was operated.
- 沼間 守一(ぬま もりかず、しゅいち、天保14年12月2日 (旧暦)(1844年1月21日) - 明治23年(1890年)5月17日)は、江戸幕臣出身の政治家、ジャーナリスト。
- Morikazu/Shuichi NUMA (January 21, 1844 - May 17, 1890) was a Shogun's retainer-turned- statesman, and a journalist.
- 谷 干城(たに たてき、天保8年2月12日 (旧暦)(1837年3月18日) - 明治44年(1911年)5月13日)は、幕末から明治にかけて活躍した、土佐藩士、軍人、政治家。
- Tateki TANI (March 18, 1837 - May 13, 1911) was a feudal retainer of the Tosa clan, a military man and a statesman who lived from the end of Edo period to the Meiji period.
- 戊辰戦争終結後の政治状況の変化に伴う若干の変更の後、1869年8月15日(明治2年7月8日 (旧暦))に新たに発布された布告(職員令)によって、太政官は二官六省体制に改められた。
- After minor amendments accompanied by the change of political situation after the end of the Boshin War, by the proclamation newly issued on August 15, 1869 (Shikiinryo, the law which stipulated duties of ministries), Dajokan was reformed into Nikan-Rokusho-taisei (the system maintained by two Departments [Jingikan, Dajokan] and six Ministries).
- このため、日宋貿易終焉後、日明貿易成立に至る時期(日本の鎌倉時代後期・南北朝時代 (日本)に相当)も日本と元の間には政治的対立とは全く別に経済的・文化的交流が盛んになっていった。
- Therefore, over the period between the trade between Japan and China's Sung Dynasty ended and the trade between Japan and China's Ming Dynasty was established (between the late Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts in Japan), the economical and cultural exchanges had become active between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty despite of the political tension between the two countries.
- 三大事件建白運動(さんだいじけんけんぱくうんどう)とは、1887年(明治20年)10月に片岡健吉が元老院_(日本)に提出した建白書(「三大事件建白」)をきっかけに起きた政治運動。
- The campaign of the three biggest petitions is a political movement caused by petitions ('The three biggest petitions') submitted to Genroin (the Chamber of Elders) (Japan) by Kenkichi KATAOKA in October 1887.
- 大陸に超大国唐が出現し東アジアの勢力図が大きく塗り変わる中で起きた戦役であり、倭国(日本)も領土こそ取られなかった物の、国防体制・政治体制の変革が起きるなど大きな影響を及ぼした。
- This military campaign took place in the midst of the major transformation of power relationships in East Asia caused by the rise of the super power of the Tang Dynasty in mainland China, and although there were no territorial concessions made from Wakoku (Japan), the event had enough impact to cause substantial changes in Wakoku's defense system as well as its political system.
- 後に枢密顧問官、貴族院議員次いで同副議長などを務めたが、日本が近代的な法制を整えるにつれてその政治的な情熱は影を潜めて、やがて早々と政界を引退して教育界に「第二の人生」を求めた。
- Later, he served as a privy councilor, a member of the House of Peers, and a chairman of the House of Peers, but his political passion faded away as Japan prepared a modern legal system, and he left the political world early and tried to find 'his second life' in education.
- 坂本 龍馬(さかもと りょうま、天保6年11月15日 (旧暦)(1836年1月3日) - 慶応3年11月15日 (旧暦)(1867年12月10日)は、幕末の日本の政治家・実業家。
- Ryoma SAKAMOTO (Jan.3, 1836-Dec.10, 1867) is a Japanese statesman and businessperson in the end of Edo era.
- 空前絶後の支配領域をもったモンゴル帝国、元 (王朝)は再び中国を統一したが、その統治においても、政治上南人(元南宋の民、江南の人士)と漢人(元金の民、華北の人士)は区別されていた。
- The Yuan dynasty, the Mongolian Empire which held the vast territory of all time, reunified China, but it made a distinction between nanjin (people of former Southern Sung, namely people of the Konan area) and kanjin (people of former Jing, namely people of the Kahoku area) in its ruling.
- 日本では、明治維新の後、立憲政治・議会制度の創設が朝野で論議されるなかで、1870年代には福澤諭吉をはじめとする三田派の言論人たちを中心に政党内閣制を採用するように主張され始めた。
- In Japan, after the Meiji Restration, Yukichi FUKUZAWA and other intellecturals from the Mita-ha (Mita faction, named after the place where current Keio University exists) started aruguing in the 1870s that Japan should adopt a party cabinet system, while the establishment of a constitutional government and a parliament system came up for dabate across the county.
- 西郷 従道(さいごう じゅうどう、天保14年5月4日 (旧暦)(1843年6月1日) - 明治35年(1902年)7月18日)は、日本の武士・薩摩藩士、政治家、大日本帝国海軍軍人。
- Tsugumichi SAIGO (June 1, 1843 [old calendar] - July 18, 1902), also called Judo SAIGO, was a Japanese samurai serving as a feudal retainer of Satsuma, politician, and military man of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
- 竹越 与三郎(たけこし よさぶろう、慶応元年10月5日 (旧暦)(1865年11月22日)-昭和25年(1950年)1月12日))は、明治から昭和にかけての歴史家・評論家・政治家。
- Yosaburo TAKEKOSHI (November 22, 1865 - January 12, 1950) was a historian, critic and statesman, who lived during the Meiji to Showa periods.
- また勅命の成功によってそれまで政治的発言を封じられていた少壮公卿もまた発言力を増大させ、中川宮朝彦親王・二条斉敬ら公武合体派と三条実美・姉小路公知はじめとする尊攘派公家が激しく対立。
- The success of the imperial orders caused the young and vigorous court nobles, who had been prohibited from voicing their political opinions, to increase their influence and the group of Kobu gattai led by Imperial prince Nakagawa no miya Asahiko and the group of sonno joi court nobles led by Sanetomi SANJO and Kintomo ANEGAKOJI fiercely confronted.
- この内容はたちまち内外に伝わり、その内容に激昂した浄土宗の宗徒による日蓮襲撃事件を招いた上に、禅宗を信じていた時頼からも「政治批判」と見なされて、翌年には日蓮が伊豆国に流罪となった。
- Nichiren's treatise, which was soon known across Japan, caused Jodoshu Buddhists, who were angry about his arguments, to attack Nichiren; Tokiyori, who believed in Zen Buddhism, also regarded Nichiren's arguments as political criticism; and as a result, Nichiren was sent to Izu Island the following year.
- さらに蝦夷・入鹿の専横は激しくなり、蘇我蝦夷が自ら国政を執り、紫の冠を私用したことや643年聖徳太子の子山背大兄王一族(上宮王家)を滅ぼしたことなど、蘇我氏が政治をほしいままにした。
- Emishi and Iruka became increasingly authoritarian, and the Soga clan usurped political power, using the 'purple crown' for their own purposes (the purple crown was used only for people of the highest rank such as emperors), and exterminating the Yamashirooenoo family (Uetsunomiya royal house) in 643.
- 渡辺 崋山(わたなべ かざん、寛政5年9月16日 (旧暦)(1793年10月20日) - 天保12年10月11日 (旧暦)(1841年11月23日))は、江戸時代後期の政治家・画家。
- Kazan WATANABE (October 20, 1793 to November 23, 1841) was a politician and painter who lived during the late Edo period.
- 鷹司 政通(たかつかさ まさみち、寛政元年7月2日 (旧暦)(1789年8月22日) - 明治元年10月16日 (旧暦)(1868年11月29日))は、江戸時代の公家、政治家である。
- Masamichi TAKATSUKASA (August 22, 1789 - November 29, 1868) was Kuge (court noble) and a statesman of Edo period.
- この一連の辞職に同調して、征韓論・遣韓大使派の林有造・桐野利秋・篠原国幹・淵辺群平・別府晋介・河野主一郎・辺見十郎太をはじめとする政治家・軍人・官僚600名余が次々に大量に辞任した。
- Many other sided with those who resigned, and Yuzo HAYASHI of Seikanron and Kenkan Taishi-ha (supporters for sending both an army and ambassadors to Korea), Toshiaki KIRINO, Kunimoto SHINOHARA, Gumpei FUCHIBE, Shuichiro KONO and Jurota HEMMI, and about 600 other politicians, soldiers and governors resigned one after another.
- 打ちこわしや一揆そのものは生活苦の改善や新規の徴税や徴兵に反対するものが中心であり、思想的・政治的な背景に欠くもので、最終的には幕府・諸藩・明治政府のいずれかの兵に鎮圧されて終わった。
- Having no ideological and political background, most of the destructive riots and uprisings simply aimed at requiring the relief from hardships of life, and demonstrating their displeasure against the taxation and conscription imposed anew, and all of them ceased in the end when suppressed by Edo bakufu, domains, or the Meiji government.
- 発起人であった森有礼は明六社を純粋に学術的な啓蒙団体として構想し、また第30号で「時の政事に係はりて論するか如きは本来吾社開会の主意に非す」と言うように、非政治的であることを旨とした。
- Arinori MORI, the founder, envisaged Meirokusha as a pure academic enlightenment group and had a policy to be nonpolitical as he described that 'Discussing about politics is against the original aim when we established this association' in the 30th issue.
- 12世紀末に鎌倉幕府が成立すると、武家の棟梁である征夷大将軍が独自の政治的権限と政務及年中行事の体系を「公事」(政務としての)として構築し、家臣である御家人に対して「公事」を賦課した。
- In the late 12th century when Kamakura bakufu was founded, Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), a leader of samurai family, built a system of the political authority, government affairs and annual events as 'kuji' (as government affairs), and imposed 'kuji' to gokenin, vassals.
- また、後に衆議院議長を務めた中島の最初の妻は陸奥の実の妹であり、また何の門人でその推挙で大阪で英学校の教師をしていた星亨は何の紹介で陸奥と知り合い、後年政治行動をともにすることになる。
- Also chairman of House of Representatives, Nakajima's first wife was a sister of Mutsu and Toru HOSHI who was ga's disciple and became an English teacher by ga's recommendation in Osaka got to know Mutsu by ga's introduction and later engaged in political activity together.
- 鬼頭清明は『加耶はなぜほろんだか』の中で、安羅の豪族が倭府と称し、伽耶地方や百済の政治決定に重要な関与をしていたことは認めたうえで、貢調徴取の機関でも直接支配の機関でもないとしている。
- Kiyoaki KITO says in 'Kaya wa naze horonda ka' (Why Gaya Collapsed) that a ruling family of Alla called itself Wafu and engaged itself considerably in the political decision making of Gaya region and Baekje, but denies its role as an institution to collect contributions or to directly rule the area.
- しかし、これらは紀州徳川家から将軍に就任した吉宗が側用人政治を嫌う土屋政直ら「援立の臣」らに功績としてどちらかというと形式的なところに着目してなされた一種の配慮とみる見解が有力である。
- However, it's generally understood that Yoshimune from the Kishu Tokugawa family showed his consideration for his 'supportive vassal' Masanao TSUCHIYA who hated the lord chamberlain government, so Yoshimune made changes to Arai's achievements mainly from a formality.
- 井伊大老が試みていた、幕政を雄藩との協調体制から幕閣主導型に回帰させ、朝廷の政治化を阻止する、という路線が破綻したばかりか、幕府の権威も失墜し、幕末の尊王攘夷運動が激化する端緒となる。
- The Ii Tairo's policy to prevent the Imperial Court from taking initiatives in politics by removing the coalition of dominant clans from government in favor of the Shogunate government failed, and, not only that, but the authority of the Shogunate had begun to fade, leading to the escalation of the Sonno Joi Movement (the movement that supported the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners).
- 貴族院は、衆議院における政党政治の防波堤となり、国権主義の保持に寄与するという建前上、院内に政党を置くことはなく、政党に参加した議員は不文律として貴族院議員を辞職することになっていた。
- Because they were the defenders of the party government by the House of Representatives and their role in supporting national sovereignty, they never set up a political party within Kizokuin and members who joined a party had to quit the Kizokuin councilor's position based on unwritten rules.
- 山本は世論を怖れて、桂の二の舞を踏むことを避け、軍部大臣現役武官制を緩和して予備役・後備役でも可とし、政党勢力に譲歩するなど、国民に対して融和的な政治をとることで政局の安定化を図った。
- Afraid of public sentiment, Yamamoto tried to avoid making the same mistake as Katsura by working to stabilize the political situation; he attempted to do this by taking his appeasement policy to the public—which included principles such as the relaxation of the requirement that ministers of the army and navy should be active duty officers by allowing first reservists or second reservists to hold the positions—and seeking to reach compromising deals with the other political parties.
- 義経の政治面での無能さが指摘されるようになり、その一方景時は頼朝の武家政権の確立のために進んで憎まれ役を買った、善人とは言えないまでも優れて官僚的な人物であると評価されるようになった。
- While Yoshitsune's uselessness in politics came to be pointed out, Kagetoki came to be recognized as someone who had volunteered a thankless role to establish Yoritomo's samurai government, and who was efficient and bureaucratic although he couldn't be described as a good person.
- ここまで綱吉が切腹を急いだのは、長矩の処分を断行することで自らの朝廷への恭順の意思を示して綱吉生母桂昌院への従一位下賜がお流れにならないようにしようという政治的意味合いもあったようだ。
- It appears Tsunayoshi made a quick decision with political purpose, he wanted to prevent his real mother Keisho-in's being granted Juichii (Junior First Rank) from being washed out, displaying his allegiance to the Imperial Court by carrying out Naganori's execution.
- 一方、日本以外の国、特に西欧諸国においては、第二次世界大戦以前においても軍部大臣に文官を任用する例も多く、政治の軍事に対する優位を原則とするシビリアン・コントロールの理念が確立している。
- On the other hand, in many countries other than Japan especially in Western Europe, there were examples of civil officers who were appointed to the position of Military Minister even after the World War II, and the Civilian Control philosophy which claims the superiority of military affairs over politics was established.
- 政治制度の改革が進められる一方で、外交面では高向玄理を新羅へ派遣して人質を取る代わりに形骸化していた任那の調を廃止して朝鮮三国(高句麗、百済、新羅)との外交問題を整理して緊張を和らげた。
- While reforms of the political system were carried out, on the diplomatic front, TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro was sent to Silla and, in exchange for a hostage, the tax payment in kind by Minama, which had lost its substance, was abolished to straighten up diplomatic problems with three Korean countries (Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla) and ease the tension.
- 各藩とも藩政改革を推進してその打開を図ったが黒船来航以来の政治的緊張によって多額の財政出費を余儀なくされて、廃藩置県を前に自ら領土の返上を申し出る藩主(藩知事)さえ出てくる状況であった。
- Domains tried to improve the situation by implementing restructuring domain politics, but this required vast expenditures due to the political strain in the wake of the arrival of the Black Ships and some domain lords (hanchiji) wanted to return their territory before haihan-chiken was implemented.
- 766年(天平神護2年)、称徳天皇(孝謙天皇の重祚)と法王に就任した弓削道鏡の下で中納言となり、藤原真楯の薨逝で大納言となった後、右大臣に昇進して、左大臣の藤原永手とともに政治を執った。
- In 766, Makibi was appointed Chunagon (the vice-councilor of state) with the backing of Empress Shotoku (an empress regnant, a second enthronement of Empress Koken) and YUGE no Dokyo (Priest Emperor), and promoted to Dainagon (Major Counselor) upon the death of FUJIWARA no Matate, and Makibi finally assumed the post of Udaijin (Minister of the right) to take the helm of the state in tandem with Sadaijin (Minister of the left), FUJIWARA no Nagate.
- 村田 新八(むらた しんぱち、天保7年11月3日 (旧暦)(1836年12月10日) - 明治10年(1877年)9月24日)は、江戸時代末期(幕末)の薩摩藩士、明治時代の政治家である。
- Shinpachi MURATA (December 10, 1836 - September 24, 1877) was a feudal retainer of the Satsuma clan at the end of the Edo period (the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate came to an end) and statesman in the Meiji period.
- 結果から言えば「妻妾論論争」は、夫婦間の私的な空間における男女平等については積極的な問題提起をしたが、公的な空間における政治的・社会的な男女同権については消極的姿勢に甘んじたと言って良い。
- As a result, it can be said that 'a dispute on wives and concubines' raised questions about the equal between men and women at a private space between husband and wife, but that it was passive against the equal of political and social rights between men and women.
- これは大日本帝国憲法の編纂作業を指揮していた内閣総理大臣である伊藤に対する根拠のない政治的な中傷であったが、こうした風説でも保守派や民権派は第1次伊藤内閣攻撃の材料として積極的に活用した。
- Although it was a simply baseless political aspersion on ITO who conducted the compilation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan as a prime minister, the conservatives or Minkenha (a group for democratic movement) made active use of such rumor as materials for attacks on the First Ito Cabinet.
- 740年、恭仁京への遷都によって平城京は一時的に放棄されるが、745年には、再び平城京に遷都され、その後784年(延暦3年)、長岡京に遷都されるまで74年間都がおかれ政治の中心地であった。
- Although Heijo-kyo was temporarily abandoned due to the transfer of the capital to Kuni-kyo in 740, it was relocated to Heijo-kyo once again in 745 and was the center of the government for 74 years, until it was transferred to Nagaoka-kyo in 784.
- 慶長15年(1610年)には老中に就任し、第2代将軍・徳川秀忠の政権の有力者となり、大御所となった家康が駿府で影響力を行使する二元政治の中、家康重臣である本多正信・本多正純父子と対立する。
- He assumed a post of roju (member of shogun's council of elders) in 1610 and became an influential political person under the second shogun, Hidetada TOKUGAWA, and conflicted with a father and son of Masanobu HONDA and Masazumi HONDA who were senior vassals of Ieyasu in the dual political system where Ieyasu, Ogosho (retired shogun), still had an influential power in Sunpu.
- また、ブルジョワ自由主義・ダーウィニズム的文明史観の立場から私有財産の永続性と個人の自由を人類史の到達点とみなして、社会主義や軍国主義には強く反対して以後の彼の政治活動を規定するに至った。
- He also considered that the perpetual security of private properties and the individual freedom was the final goal in the human history, from the bourgeois liberalism and Darwinian historical view point on the civilization; and after that this view became the basis of his political activity, based on which he was strongly opposed to the socialism and militarism.
- 政治史的立場から見ると、東大寺は、鎮護国家の思いをこめられて創建され、二度の戦乱や羅災などで衰退の危機にあっては、王朝や幕府の力を借りつつも、勧進をするとこによって、その大伽藍を保ってきた。
- Seen from a viewpoint of political history, Todai-ji Temple was founded expecting protection of the nation by belief, and even in crises of decline due to two wars and natural disasters, Todai-ji Temple tried to maintain its large temple complex by soliciting contributions with support from the dynasty and the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 以降、この事件を口実に全ての社会主義者、アナキスト(無政府主義者)に対して取り調べや家宅捜索が行なわれ、根絶やしにする弾圧を、政府が主導、フレームアップ(政治的でっちあげ)したとされる事件。
- The Incident triggered the Japanese government to step up crackdowns on all the socialists and anarchists through investigations and house search and the government even faked treason cases in an effort to eradicate them.
- それまで常に冷徹な政治家であった頼朝の、この最大の失策は父親としての思いからとも、娘を天皇の后に立て自らが外戚になるという、中央貴族の末裔としての意識を捨てきれなかった頼朝の限界とも言える。
- It can be said that this biggest failure of Yoritomo, who had always been a severe politician, was caused by his feeling as a father or showed his limit that he could not put away a hope to become a maternal relative by making his daughter an empress as a descendant of nobles living in the capital.
- 馬子の死後は、子の蘇我蝦夷が大臣を継いで朝政を主導するが、摩理勢も蘇我氏族内の有力一門として発言力を保ち、蘇我氏内部においても朝廷政治においても蝦夷の対抗勢力となり、次第に対立を深めていく。
- After Umako had died, his son SOGA no Emishi became a minister and led the imperial court; at the same time, Marise enlarged his political power as a member of a powerful family originated from the same Soga clan as Emishi; therefore, gradually he came into serious antagonism with Emishi not only in the Soga clan but also in the imperial court.
- 嘉永6年(1853年)にマシュー・ペリー艦隊が来航した直後、将軍家慶が死去し、病弱な13代徳川家定が後を嗣ぎ、翌年の日米和親条約締結に伴う政治的混乱の中で、阿部主導による安政の改革が行われた。
- Shogun Ieyoshi died soon after the fleet of Commodore Matthew Perry came to Japan in 1853, and Ieyoshi's successor Iesada TOKUGAWA (the 13th Shogun) was sickly, so Abe led Ansei Reforms in the midst of political confusion that resulted from conclusion of Treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan in the next year.
- 建武政権の政庁である二条富小路近くの二条河原(鴨川 (淀川水系)流域のうち、現在の京都市中京区二条大橋付近)に掲げられたとされる落書(政治や社会などを批判した文)で、写本として現代にも伝わる。
- Hand written copies (criticizing and satirizing politics and society) have been passed down through the years up until today, and it is said to have been displayed at the Nijo river beach near Nijo Tomikoji Street in the Kamogawa river basin (Yodogawa river system) (near the present day Nijo-Ohashi Bridge, Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto City) where the Kenmu regime's office was.
- 三都は慶長年間には三ヶ津(さんかつ)と呼ばれていた(京は内陸都市で港町ではないが、物流拠点としての意味合いで用いられた)が、江戸の政治的地位の向上に伴い、三都の呼び名も用いられるようになった。
- The three cities were collectively called Sankatsu (three ports) during the Keicho era (although Kyo was not a port town but an inland city, due to its importance as a commercial and distributing center, this term was applied), however, in due course, the term Santo came to be used as well with the increased political presence of Edo.
- 山口 尚芳(やまぐち ますか/なおよし、天保10年5月11日 (旧暦)(1839年6月21日) - 明治27年(1894年)6月12日)は、明治時代の官僚、政治家、もと佐賀藩士(武雄領出身)。
- Naoyoshi/Masuka YAMAGUCHI (June 21, 1839 - June 12, 1894) was a government official, a statesman, and a former feudal retainer of Saga Domain (from Takeo-ryo).
- 政友会の幹部は桂との対抗関係を強調し、西園寺も表向きはその姿勢を見せていたが、桂に「君と僕とにて国家を背負ふて立とうではないか」と言うほどポスト元老世代である2人の政治的な関係は良好であった。
- The executive staff of Seiyu-kai Party emphasized their rivalry, and on the surface Saionji maintained such a position, but he also said to Katsura, 'let you and I stand up and lead the nation,' and there was a good political relationship between the two who both belonged to the post-Genro generation.
- 6番目のコメントは、1961年6月に発行された、政治学者の岡義武による「国民的独立と国家理性」および中国文学者の竹内好による「日本とアジア」(『近代日本思想史講座』、筑摩書房)の中に発見された。
- The sixth comment was found in 'Kokuminteki Dokuritsu to Kokka Risei' (National Independence and Reason of State) by a political scientist Yoshitake OKA and 'Nihon to Asia' (Japan and Asia) ('Kindai Nihon Shiso-shi Koza' [Modern Japanese History of Ideas], published by Chikuma Shobo) by a scholar of Chinese literature Yoshimi TAKEUCHI in June, 1961.
- 1970年代以降には洛東江流域の旧伽耶地域の発掘調査が飛躍的に進み、文献史料の少ない伽耶史を研究するための材料が豊富になってくるとともに、政治的欲求に基づく解釈から解放された議論が盛んとなった。
- After the 1970s, the excavation and research of the former Gaya region in the Nakdong River basin made a remarkable progress, and discussions free from politically-biased interpretations came to prosper at the same time as more materials were discovered for the study of Gaya history, which was little documented.
- この間、唐の律令制を基本に、律と令にもとづいた政治を実施するために、700年(文武4年)に王臣に令文を読習させ、律条を撰定する作業に取りかかり、翌年の701年(文武5年)に大宝律令が制定された。
- In 700, Empress Jito made administrators learn Tang statutes in order to create a political system based on the ritsu (penal law) and ryou (administrative law) codes, following the model of the Tang (China) legal system, and in 701, the following year, the Taiho Code was completed.
- 江戸幕府が本格的な朝廷政治の統制に踏み切ったのは寛永7年7月13日_(旧暦)に後水尾天皇退位を受けて大御所徳川秀忠(新帝明正天皇外祖父)より出された15ヶ条からなる覚書が最初であるとされている。
- The Edo bakufu eventually embarked on the full-fledged control over the imperial court administration on August 21, 1630 when emperor Gomizunoo abdicated the throne, with the memorandum consisting of 15 Articles issued by the retired shogun Hidetada TOKUGAWA, who was a maternal grandfather of the new Emperor Meisho.
- 広沢真臣(ひろさわ さねおみ、天保4年12月29日 (旧暦)(1834年2月7日) - 明治4年1月9日 (旧暦)(1871年2月27日)、正字体は廣澤眞臣)は、日本の武士(長州藩士)、政治家。
- Saneomi HIROSAWA (広沢真臣: February 7, 1834 - February 27, 1871; his name is also written in the prescriptive orthographic style as 廣澤眞臣) was a samurai (a feudal retainer of the Choshu clan) and statesman in Japan.
- 第二に、『自由民権運動』の看板を掲げながら、思想よりはむしろ感情で行動する失業士族の多い当時の日本の国情を踏まえれば、『政党政治の早期断行には「小党分立による国政の迷走」というリスクが伴う』こと。
- Secondly, 'the premature implementation of party government would involve a risk of 'political confusion caused by divisions between small parties,'' if Japan's then situation, in which many unemployed warriors took emotional rather than ideological action under the banner of 'the Movement for Liberty and People's Rights,' were taken into account.
- 6月、父の織田信長が本能寺の変で死去してからは「信長の四男」としての名分を秀吉に政治的に利用され、山崎の戦いでは実兄信孝と共に弔い合戦の旗印とされ、秀吉が主導して行った信長の葬儀では喪主を務めた。
- After his biological father, Nobunaga ODA, died in the Honnoji Incident in June, Hidekatsu, 'the fourth son of Nobunaga', was often used by Hideyoshi politically; in the Battle of Yamazaki, Hidekatsu and his biological older brother, Nobutaka, were used as a banner of a battle of revenge, and also in the funeral ceremony of Nobunaga initiated by Hideyoshi, Hidekatsu took the role of the chief mourner.
- 彼の存命中はもとより現代の政治家でも妾を持つことは珍しいことではないが、女性関係の潔癖さは彼を非難している側でさえも認めざるを得ず、また、家中にいる者は書生を含めて愛情を持って接したと伝えられる。
- Although it is not unusual for politicians in not only his time but also today, to have mistresses, even those who opposed him could not help acknowledging his cleanliness in this respect and it is said that he was affectionate to everyone in his household, including shosei (a student who is given room and board in exchange for performing domestic duties).
- 正親町三条 実愛(おおぎまちさんじょう さねなる、文政3年10月30日 (旧暦)(1820年12月5日)- 明治42年(1909年)10月20日)は、江戸時代後期から幕末の公卿、明治時代の政治家。
- Sanenaru OGIMACHISANJO (December 5, 1820-October 20, 1909) was Kugyo (a Court noble) from the latter part to the end of the Edo period and a politician in the Meiji period.
- これにより、江戸幕府の財政難に拍車がかかったことは否めないが一方で、同時期に出された服忌令、捨子禁止令からも見られるように、道徳観を民衆に扶植することで、文治政治を強化する狙いがあったともいえよう。
- It cannot be denied that this law accelerated financial difficulties of the Edo bakufu, but it was designed to strengthen bunchi seiji by establishing a sense of morality among the common people, as seen in the law of mourning or the prohibition of abandonment of children issued around the same time.
- そして、甲申政変を念頭に置きつつ両国に志士が出て明治維新のように政治体制を変革できればよいが、そうでなければ両国は「今より数年を出でずして亡国と為り」、西洋諸国に分割されてしまうだろう、と予測する。
- Having the Gapsin (Kapsin) Coup in mind, he says that it would be good if noble heroes stood up in both countries to transform their political systems like Japan's Meiji restoration, otherwise 'it is most likely that their empires will fall within a few years' or their land will be split up by the Western countries.
- 鎌倉時代の『明法条々勘録』に引用されている平安時代中期(摂関政治期)の明法家惟宗允亮の著作『政事要略』逸文には、「志与他人之後 専無返領之理」という見解が出現しそれが通規(通説)であると述べている。
- 'Myobojojokanroku' (A Commentary of the Ritsuryo Codes) published in the Kamakura period quotes unknown or lost writings of 'Seiji Yoryaku' (Brief Outline of Government) written by KOREMUNE no Masasuke, a lawyer in the mid-Heian period (Sekkanseiji period [regency period]), which present the view that 'there is almost no reason to return the territory after 'kokorozashi ataeru' to others' as a general rule (prevailing theory).
- それまで京都で大政奉還後の政治的処理を行っていた14代藩主徳川慶勝が帰国し、その日のうちに弾圧の命令が出ていることから、何らかの密命を朝廷より下されたと思われるが、真相はいまだにはっきりしていない。
- The fourteenth shogun Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA returned from Kyoto after political treatments of the Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) and on the day the order of crackdown was issued, which suggests that a sort of secret order was issued from the Imperial Court but the truth is not clear even now.
- 幕府御家人で、元寇後の困窮した御家人の救済を目指した弘安徳政を推進していた安達泰盛と、御内人の利益を重んじ、御内人の中心に位置する得宗の権力強化を目指す頼綱は、政治路線をめぐって激しく対立していた。
- Putting miuchibito's interests first and seeking to reinforce the power of the Tokuso family around whom the miuchibito were organized, Yoritsuna was vehemently and politically opposed to Yasumori ADACHI who vigorously pursued political reform called Koan Tokusei to help the impoverished retainers after the Mongol Invasion.
- また、1891年(明治24年)には、経営が傾いた東京日日新聞(現在の毎日新聞)を買収、在官のまま第3代社長を勤め、日清戦争から日露戦争にいたるまでの日本の政治・外交において、政府擁護の論陣を張った。
- In 1891, he took over Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun (present Mainichi Shinbun) which was having management difficulties, and of which he became the third president while still being in politics; and he argued in defense of the government on the Japanese political and diplomatic fronts from the Sino-Japanese War through the Russo-Japanese war.
- 記述は全体的に辛口であり、実資達小野宮流と対立する九条流、特に実資と同時代の当主道長の政治および人物を痛烈に批判している、55年間の長期の記述であるため摂関時代の社会の状態や有職故実がよく理解できる。
- The tone of his descriptions is dry and harsh overall, and critical of the Fujiwara family's Kujo lineage (rivals of Sanesuke's own Ononomiya lineage) but it is especially scathing in its criticisms of both the political decisions and personal life of Michinaga, the head of the Fujiwara family during Sanesuke's lifetime, and furthermore, because the diary covers a lengthy 55 year span, it is possible to achieve a true understanding of the circumstances and Court/military practices of society during the Fujiwara regency period.
- 一方、資本主義の急速な発展と成長は日本の一般市民に政治的・市民的自由を自覚させ、様々な課題を掲げた自主集団が設立され自由と権利の獲得、抑圧からの解放に対して声高に叫ばれる時代背景ができ上がっていった。
- Simultaneously, Japan's rapid development of capitalism and economic growth raised political and civic awareness in the general public and resulted in the formation of various voluntary groups to address a variety of issues and cultivation of a social climate that encouraged action to win freedom and human rights and to liberate people from suppression.
- 土方 久元(ひじかた ひさもと、天保4年10月12日 (旧暦)(1833年11月23日) - 大正7年(1918年)11月4日))は、江戸時代末期(幕末)から明治・大正期にかけての志士、政治家である。
- Hisamoto HIJIKATA (November 23, 1833 - November 4, 1918) was a shishi (patriot) and statesman from the late Edo period (the last days of Tokugawa Shogunate) to the Meiji and Taisho periods.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると藤原氏の嫡流は近衛家・鷹司家・九条家・二条家・一条家の五摂家に分立し、五摂家が交代で摂政・関白を独占し続け公家社会においては一定の影響力を持ち続けるが、政治の中枢とは隔絶し明治に至る。
- The descendants of the Fujiwara clan split into five different families (Konoe, Takatsukasa, Kujo, Nijo and Ichijo) during the Kamakura period, and these five families continued to monopolize the posts of regent and chief adviser to the Emperor, exercising their influence within the narrow circle of court nobles; however, they remained isolated from mainstream politics until the Meiji period.
- 1875年(明治8年)1月から2月にかけての大阪会議において、明治政府の大久保利通・伊藤博文と、在野の木戸孝允・板垣退助・井上馨らとの間で合意が成立し、木戸・板垣の政府復帰と政治体制の改革が約束された。
- In the Osaka conference held from January to February in 1875, Toshimichi OKUBO and Hirobumi ITO who were working for the Meiji Government reached an agreement with Takayoshi KIDO, Taisuke ITAGAKI, and Kaoru INOUE who were out of power, and it promised the return to the govenment for Kido and Itagak and the reform in political system.
- 中山 忠能(なかやま ただやす、文化 (元号)6年11月11日 (旧暦)(1809年12月17日) - 明治21年(1888年)6月12日)は、江戸時代末期から明治時代前期にかけての公家、政治家である。
- Tadayasu NAKAYAMA (December 17, 1809-June 12, 1888) was a kuge (court noble) and a politician who lived from the end of the Edo period to the early part of the Meiji period.
- この年、「非義勅命は勅命にあらず」という文言で有名な大久保利通の書簡を、長州藩重役に届けるという重大な任務を龍馬が大久保や西郷隆盛に任されている。佐々木克『幕末政治と薩摩藩』(吉川弘文館、2004年)。
- In this year, Ryoma achieved a crucial mission entrusted by Toshimichi OKUBO and Takamori SAIGO to deliver an OKUBO's letter, which is famous for its phrase, 'Unjustifiable Imperial order is not Imperial order,' to the Choshu clan's high-ranking official. 'Politics in the End of Edo Era and Satsuma Clan' by Suguru SASAKI (Yoshikawa kobunkan, 2004).
- だが、当時の日本政治の中央である京都を支配下に置き、室町幕府将軍を傀儡として幕政を掌握し、朝廷も庇護下に置いていたことなどが、同時代における他の戦国大名の地方政権とは大きく異なる中央政権であったといえる。
- However, the facts that the Miyoshi's government governed Kyoto, which was then the center of Japanese politics in Japan, that it controlled the shogunate government by making the shogun of Muromachi Bakufu as puppet, and that it had the Imperial Court under their protection, differentiate it as a central government from other local government of daimyo in the same period.
- 1世紀中葉になると北部九州(博多湾沿岸)にあったとされる倭奴国が後漢へ朝貢している(『後漢書』)が、これは北部九州における倭人の政治集団の統合が進み、その代表として倭奴国が後漢へ遣使したと考えられている。
- In the middle of the first century, 倭奴国, which is thought to have been located in northern Kyushu (the coast of Hakata Bay), paid tribute to the Later Han Dynasty ('Gokanjo' (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty)), which is thought to indicate that Wajin political groups in Northern Kyushu were consolidated and 倭奴国 sent an envoy to the Later Han Dynasty as the representative.
- この制度の提言は、吉宗政権で政治顧問的待遇を受けた酒井忠挙が、京都所司代の松平信庸 (篠山藩主)が自らの領地からの収入だけでは任務に支障が生じていることを見て、吉宗に「重職役料下賜」を提言したことによる。
- The proposal for this system was based on a proposal for 'grant of yakuryo (executive allowance) to a person assuming an important post' given to Yoshimune by Tadataka SAKAI receiving treatments as a political adviser in the Yoshimune government when he saw that Nobutsune MATSUDAIRA (lord of the Sasayama clan) assuming Kyoto Shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy) had difficulties in performing duties only with an income from own territory.
- 東使(とうし)は、関東御使ともいい、鎌倉時代に鎌倉幕府から京都にある朝廷や六波羅探題、関東申次などに派遣された使者の事で、政治的に特に重要な事項に関する幕府側の意向を伝えるために派遣された者を特に称した。
- Toshi, also known as Kanto-onshi, is a messenger dispatched from the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to Imperial Court in Kyoto, to Rokuhara Tandai (the bakufu deputy in Kyoto) or to Kanto-moshitsugi (liaison officer mediating between the bakufu and the Imperial Court), etc. and was employed for communication of the bakufu's opinions of issues of special political importance to Kyoto.
- 特に1942年の翼賛政治会結成には重要な役割を果たし(衆議院の政党とは違い、貴族院の会派は解散を求められなかった)、この功績で東條内閣以後貴族院廃止までの全ての内閣に研究会からの入閣者を出すことになった。
- Kenkyukai played an important role in the formation of Yokusanseijikai in 1942 (unlike political parties in the House of Representative, factions in the House of Peers were not asked to dissolve), and due to the contribution, Kenkyukai sent its members into all the cabinets after TOJO Cabinet till the abolition of the House of Peers.
- もちろん令外の官の成立ははやく九世紀にさかのぼるものであり、また摂関政治を通じて貴族身分内部の再編がおこなわれつづけたのであり、律令体制の質的な変化は院政以前にゆっくりとではあるが進行していたものである。
- Of course, formation of ryoge no kan dates as early as the ninth century and reorganization within nobles continued through regency, and a qualitative shift of ritsuryo system was going along slowly but steadily before cloister governments.
- 国際協定の条文は、事業の目的を現実化への参加極の政治的な約束を確立し、ITERを成功に導くために必要な手段を、直接又は補助的な文書により提供する。この結論として、協定及び関連文書は、とりわけ、下記を含む。
- The terms of the International Agreement would establish the Parties' political commitment to realizing the aims of the project and provide the means, both directly and through subsidiary instruments, necessary to enable ITER to come to fruition. To this end the Agreement and its related instruments would address, inter alia:
- だが、徳川光圀が「大日本史」で親房の主張を高く評価し、また親房からすれば、本来否定されるべき存在である筈の江戸幕府の中にも泰時の例などを引用して「武家による徳治政治」の正当性を導く意見が現れるようになった。
- Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA, however, rated Chikafusa's opinions very highly in his 'Dainihonshi' (History of Greater Japan), and argued in places for the view that even from Chikafusa's perspective, who would likely have criticized the fundamental existence of the Edo bakufu, it was nevertheless possible to achieve a 'virtuous governmental administration under the warrior class,' citing contemporary examples of Yasutoki-like figures within the bakufu.
- また編者三善為康が身近な「反故」を集めたと自ら述べているように、編者が生きた平安時代末期の史料が特に多く収録されていることから、平安時代中紀以降末期にかけての律令政治の実態を伝える貴重な文書集となっている。
- As the editor, MIYOSHI no Tameyasu himself stated that he had collected 'hogo' (scraps of paper), the book, including many historical materials especially in the end of Heian period when he lived, makes itself a valuable collection of monjo that reports realities of government according to the Ritsuryo code from the middle to the end of the Heian period.
- 大政奉還(たいせいほうかん)とは、江戸時代末期の慶応3年10月14日(1867年11月9日)に、江戸幕府第15代将軍徳川慶喜が、統治権返上を明治天皇に上奏し、翌15日に天皇が上奏を勅許した政治的事件である。
- Taisei Hokan is a political incident in which the 15th Shogun of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA reported to the Emperor Meiji that he would return the sovereignty to the Emperor on November 9, 1867 at the end of Edo period, and the Emperor gave the imperial sanction to the report on the next day.
- 文明開化は、江戸時代を通じて連綿と続いてきた封建制色濃い日本文化が鎖国などの事情で飽和状態に達していた所に、政治体制の刷新にも伴い流入した西洋文明によって発生した日本での西洋文明の吸収・取り込み現象である。
- The civilization and enlightenment is the phenomenon of absorption and intake of Western civilization flew into Japan in parallel with the renovation of political system, during the time when the strongly feudalistic Japanese culture that had been unbrokenly continued throughout the Edo period was coming to the limits due to the isolationism and the like.
- 北条得宗家執事の平頼綱は、鎌倉幕府鎌倉幕府の執権一覧北条時宗が死去し、その子北条貞時が9代執権となった翌1285年(弘安8年)、政治路線で対立していた有力御家人安達泰盛や泰盛派の御家人を霜月騒動で討伐した。
- TAIRA no Yoritsuna, who was the steward of the Hojo Tokuso family (main branch of the Hojo family), avenged a senior vassal Yasumori ADACHI and other vassals of Yasumori's faction, with whom he had conflicts in political lines, in the Shimotsuki Incident in 1285, which was a year after Tokimune HOJO, who was one of the regents of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), died and Tokimune's son Sadatoki HOJO became the ninth regent.
- これは宗教的な問題からというよりも、大友家の勢力が衰退する中で寺社勢力が非協力的になった為と家臣に所領として与える土地がなくなった為、寺社領を取り上げて家臣に与えるという政治的理由の方が大きかったとされる。
- It depended on the political reason rather than the religious issue, because of uncooperative power of shrines in the circumstances of the declining power of the Otomo family, the shortage of land provided to vassals as territory and giving temples and shrines accepted by vassals.
- また、文部大臣在任中に教育ニ関スル勅語の改訂を試みるなど昭和初期の国家主義的政治家とは一線を画す言動を散発的に見せるが、軍部の勢力拡大に抵抗したものの、彼だけの力では戦争回避を成し遂げることはできなかった。
- Furthermore, while he was Minister of Education he sporadically showed behavior that clearly distinguished him from nationalistic politicians of the early Showa period, such as making an attempt to revise the Ordinance on Education, but even though he resisted the expansion of military influence, his power alone could not successfully prevent the war.
- 条約励行建議案に対抗するために衆議院解散が行われた同年12月29日、突如集会及政社法の対象となる政治団体の指定を受け、その日のうちに大日本協会は度重なる外国人襲撃事件を理由として解散を命じられることになった。
- On December 29 of the same year, when the House of Representatives was dissolved in opposition of the proposal to rigorously enforce the treaties, the Dai Nihon Kyokai was suddenly designated as a political organization to which the Assembly and Political Association laws applied, and on the same day it was ordered to disband with the attacks on foreigners cited as the reason for the order.
- 鳩山 和夫(はとやま かずお、1856年5月6日(安政3年4月3日 (旧暦)) - 1911年(明治44年)10月3日)は、江戸末期の武士・美作国美作勝山藩士で、明治維新後は政治家、代言人(弁護士)となった。
- Kazuo HATOYAMA (May 6, 1856, to October 3, 1911) was a samurai, a feudal retainer of Mimasaka-Katsuyama Domain, Mimasaka Province, in the late Edo Period, and a statesman and an advocate (lawyer) after Meiji Restoration.
- 12月、危機感を抱いた政府から勅使岩倉具視・副使大久保利通が西郷の出仕を促すために鹿児島へ派遣され、西郷と交渉したが難航し、欧州視察から帰国した西郷従道の説得でようやく政治改革のために上京することを承諾した。
- In December, the Imperial envoy Tomomi IWAKURA and vice envoy Toshimichi OKUBO were sent to Kagoshima by the government, which sensed a crisis and urged Saigo to serve them, and they negotiated with Saigo to that end, but ran into difficulties, and finally persuaded Judo SAIGO, who had come home after inspection of Western countries, to come to Kyoto due to the political turmoil.
- 義教の時代には正長の土一揆や後南朝勢力の反乱など、室町幕府を巡る政治・社会情勢が不穏であり、強力な指導力を持つ将軍の存在が望まれていた武家社会や民衆の要請に沿う形で、義教は幕府権力の強化に一定の成果をあげた。
- Both the political and social conditions associated with the Muromachi shogunate government during Yoshinori's time were unsettled, as seen in events such as the Shocho peasant uprising and the rebellion by forces of the Latter Southern Court, and by reinforcing the shogunate's authority, Yoshinori was meeting the needs of the warrior class and the general public for the presence of a shogun with strong leadership.
- 大阪会議(おおさかかいぎ)は、明治8年(1875年)2月11日に明治政府の要人である大久保利通・木戸孝允・板垣退助らが大阪府に集い、今後の政府の方針(立憲政治の樹立)および参議就任等の案件について協議した会議。
- The Osaka Conference is a meeting which took place in Osaka Prefecture on February 11, 1875 and where the dignitaries of the Meiji government, Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO and Taisuke ITAGAKI, got together to discuss the government's prospective policy (the establishment of constitutional government) and the appointment of Sangi (councillors).
- 津田左右吉は、1930年の『日本上代史研究』において、十七条憲法に登場する「国司国造」という言葉や書かれている内容は推古朝当時の政治体制と合わず、後世すなわち『日本書紀』編纂ごろに作成されたものであろうとした。
- Sokichi TSUDA stated in 'Nippon jodaishi kenkyu'(Research in the ancient history of Japan) published in 1930 that the terms such as 'Kokushi and Kuni no miyatsuko' (provincial governors and the heads of local governments) as well as the contents written in The 17-Article Constitution did not match the political system of the time of the reign of Empress Suiko, and that it was therefore established at a later time, i.e. around the time when the 'Nihonshoki' was compiled.
- 後年は冊子形式を用いているが、これは実隆が政治の実際から離れ、出家した頃(永正13年(1516年))に符合し、実隆が日記を家記としてではなく、備忘録的なものと位置づけるようになったのではないかと推測されている。
- The later years' entries took a form of booklet, and these years corresponded to the years when Sanetaka left politics and became a priest (in 1516), which makes us imagine that Sanetaka came to consider a diary not a family record but a memorandum.
- 徳川 慶勝(とくがわ よしかつ、文政7年3月15日 (旧暦)(1824年4月14日) - 明治16年(1883年)8月1日)は、江戸時代後期の大名(尾張藩(名古屋藩)14代、17代藩主)、明治時代初期の政治家。
- Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (April 14, 1824 - August 1, 1883) was a daimyo (a Japanese feudal lord) (the 14th and 17th lord of the Owari Domain [later the Nagoya Domain]) in the late Edo period and a statesman in the early Meiji period.
- 処刑を待つ身だったが、文久2年(1862年)、住谷寅之助らによる朝廷工作が功を奏し、再度天狗党が藩の政権を奪取したことから、12月、安政の大獄に関わった政治犯の釈放を目的に大赦令が出され、出獄することを許された。
- He was awaiting execution, but in 1862, Toranosuke SUMIYA and others successfully manipulated the Imperial Court and enabled the Tengu-to Party to regain political power in Mito Clan; this, in turn, resulted in Amnesty Order in December that targeted the release of political prisoners who participated in Ansei Purge, and Tsuguji was allowed to leave prison.
- 義満と対立して後小松天皇に譲位していた後円融天皇が1393年(明徳4年)に死去し、自己の権力を確固たるものにした義満は1394年(応永元年)には将軍職を嫡男の足利義持に譲って隠居したが、政治上の実権は握り続けた。
- After Emperor Go-Enyu, who opposed Yoshimitsu and abdicated to Emperor Go-Komatsu, died in 1393, Yoshimitsu established his power, and in 1394, he handed over the post of Shogun to his son, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, and retired, but he continued to hold the real power.
- 長屋王の変で長屋王を追い落とした後、すでに公卿となっていた武智麻呂(大納言)・房前(参議)に加え、官人の推挙により宇合・麻呂も参議となり、9人の公卿の内四兄弟で4人を占め729年から738年の間朝廷の政治を担った。
- After defeating the Prince Nagaya in the Conspiracy of Nagayao, along with Muchimaro (Dainagon [chief councilor of state]) and Fusasaki (Sangi [councilor]) who had already become a court noble, Umakai and Maro also became sangi, and four brothers occupied the power among the nine court nobles and they played a political role in the Imperial Court from 729 to 737.
- 氏姓制度(しせいせいど)とは、古代日本において、中央貴族、ついで地方豪族が、国家(ヤマト王権)に対する貢献度、朝廷政治上に占める地位に応じて、朝廷よりウヂの名とカバネの名とを授与され、その特権的地位を世襲した制度。
- Shisei Seido (the system of clans and hereditary titles) is a system made in ancient Japan in which the Imperial Court gave the nobles living in the capital and the powerful local clans a clan name and a hereditary title according to each person's degree of contribution to the state (Yamato Sovereignty) and the position the person occupies in the Government of the Imperial Court and let them kept the special privilege by the hereditary system.
- 幕政の改革は、鎖国体制から開国への移行に伴う尊王攘夷運動の激化、将軍継嗣問題を巡る一橋派・南紀派の対立などの政治的混乱の中で、薩摩藩主・島津斉彬や越前藩主松平慶永ら、開明的な大名らの間ではつとに必要性を叫ばれていた。
- In the midst of the political turmoil including an intensification of the Sonno Joi movement (the movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) caused by the change from the national isolation to the opening of the country to the world as well as the dispute over shogun's successor between the Hitotsubashi group (which supported Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA) and the Nanki group (which supported Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA), the enlightened and farsighted daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) had been advocating the necessity of the political reform of the bakufu.
- しかし、10月26日に安重根によって伊藤博文が暗殺されたことにより早期併合に反対する有力な政治家がいなくなったこと、および初代首相であり元老のひとりでもあった伊藤を暗殺されたことによって日本の世論が併合に傾いていった。
- However, the Japanese public opinion grew in favor of the annexation, because an influential statesmen objecting to the early annexation disappeared due to the assassination of Hirobumi ITO by An Jung-geun on October 26th, and ITO, who was the first prime minister and one of the elder statesmen, was assassinated.
- しかし一方では権限を越えて条約改正交渉を行おうとしたことによる留守政府との摩擦、外遊期間の大幅な延期、木戸と大久保の不仲などの政治的な問題を引き起こし「条約は結び損い金は捨て 世間へ大使何と岩倉」と狂歌の題材にされた。
- On the other hand, they caused political problems such as a conflict with Rusu-seifu due to their attempt to negotiate for treaty revision which was beyond their authority, long delay of their return from overseas and a quarrel between Kido and Okubo, which became the subject of the kyoka (comic [satirical] tanka) that went like this, 'Failed in signing a treaty, threw out money, how can you explain to the world.'
- しかし時頼は、独裁色が強くなるあまりに御家人から不満が現れるのを恐れて、1249年には評定衆の下に引付衆を設置して訴訟や政治の公正や迅速化を図ったり、大番役の奉仕期間を半年に短縮したりするなどの融和政策も採用している。
- However, Tokiyori adopted political measures for reconciliation (for example, in 1249 he placed assistant judges, called hikitsuke shu, under the Council of State, or Hyojo shu, to ensure fairness and speed up lawsuits and politics while reducing the duration of service by bodyguards (called Oban yaku)) for fear that dictatorial overtones might become extremely strong, whereby dissatisfaction might arise among the immediate vassals of the shogun.
- 摂関政治から院政への過渡期の公卿として、その時代の動きや自身の身辺での出来事、また、重要な人物との接触や、その活動についての自身の意見や評価を日記として残し、その時代をつかむ上で重要な史料を後世に提供した重要人物である。
- As a court noble during the transition period between the era of rule by regents and advisors (Sekkan seiji) into the era of rule by Retired Emperors (the Insei period), he recorded the changes in that period, the events that happened in his immediate circle, and his interactions with famous people of the day, and also noted his own opinions and evaluations of these activities in the diary he left behind, making him a person of great historical significance who recorded his first-person grasp of the period in his diary, a historical record of tremendous value, and passed on that understanding to later generations.
- 洋学校(現・愛知県立旭丘高等学校)、東京大学予備門(のちの第一高等学校 (旧制))を経て、東京大学(のちの東京帝国大学)文学部政治科卒業、文学士(当時は文学士といっても理学に対する文学なので文学を専攻したわけではない)。
- He studied at Yogakko (School of Western Studies) (present-day Aichi Prefectural Asahigaoka High School), Tokyo Yobimon (Preparatory School of the University of Tokyo) (later became Daiichi High School [the first old-education-system high school]), graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (this Arts is just a contrast to Science, meaning he did not necessarily major in Arts) from the Department of Politics, Faculty of Letters of the University of Tokyo (later became Tokyo Imperial University).
- しかし、老中首座の阿部正弘がアメリカの要求に対する対策を諮問してきたときには、「臨機応変に対応すべきで、積極的に交易すべきである」と開国を主張している(ただし、直弼の開国論を「政治的方便」とする説もある(人物・逸話))。
- However, when Masahiro ABE, head of the Roju (the shogun's council of elders), requested advice regarding the demands of America, Naosuke insisted upon the opening of Japan to the West, saying, 'We should take measures appropriate to the situation and should actively trade with foreign nations.' (Some view Naosuke's opinion towards the opening of Japan as 'politically expedient').
- 日清戦争の後、高まりを見せ始めていた労働運動を取り締まるために、それまで自由民権運動を念頭に置いて政治活動の規制を主な目的としていた集会及政社法に、労働運動の規制という新たな役割を付加した上で継承発展させる形で制定された。
- In order to crack down on the labor movements which were rising after Japanese-Shino War, with a new role of regulating them it was enacted as the successor of Shukai oyobi Seisha Ho (the law on assembly and association), the major target of which had been to regulate political activities focusing on the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.
- 三宝院満済を政治顧問に儀礼の形式や訴訟手続きなどを義満時代のものを復活させ、参加者の身分・家柄が固定化された評定衆・引付に代わって、自らが主宰して参加者を指名する御前沙汰を協議機関とすることで管領の権限抑制策を打ち出した。
- He established a policy to restrict the Kanrei's power by appointing Mansai SANPOIN as a political adviser so that ceremonial styles and judicial proceedings that were used during the time of Yoshimitsu would be restored, and also by replacing the 'hyojyoshu' consultative board and 'hikitsuke' judicial board, which accepted individuals of only certain positions or families as participants, with the 'gozensata' advisory council, that he chaired and whose members were chosen by him.
- しかし、一党独裁は日本の国体に相容れないとする「幕府批判論」もあって、会は政治運動の中核体という曖昧な地位に留まり、独裁政党の結成には至らず、10月12日に大政翼賛会の発足式で「綱領も宣言も不要」と新体制運動を投げ出した。
- At the same time however, due to the 'criticism of the Bakufu (feudal government),' which said that one-party rule was incompatible with Japanese politics, and the Association's position at the core political activities remaining unclear, totalitarianism failed to become established and on October 12, at the inauguration ceremony of Taisei-Yokusankai (Imperial Rule Assistance Association), he abandoned the new order movement saying 'neither the program or proclamation is necessary.'
- 鳥羽伏見の戦いにおける「敵前逃亡」などで惰弱なイメージがあったが、大政奉還後に新たな近代的政治体制を築こうとしたことなどが近年クローズアップされ、加えて徳川慶喜 (NHK大河ドラマ)の放送などもあり、再評価する動きもある。
- Even though he has an image of being a spineless coward, because he 'ran away in the face of his enemy' during the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, there has recently been a focus on his attempt at constructing a new, modern political system after Taisei Hokan, and there is a movement to re-evaluate his contributions including airing of 'TOKUGAWA Yoshinobu' (an NHK Taiga Drama).
- 麻呂が藤原四兄弟で一番年下だったこと、兄たちよりも子女の数が少なかった(しかも早世者も多かった)ことに加え、唯一参議に昇った藤原浜成が氷上川継の乱に連座して流罪になったことで、一族全体の政治生命が絶たれてしまったためである。
- The reason is that Maro was the youngest of Fujiwara four brothers and had less number of children (and many of them suffered of premature death), as well as that FUJIWARA no Hamanari, the only person in Kyoke to be appointed to sangi (councilor), was exiled because of his implication in HIKAMI no Kawatsugu's War, which put an end to the political life of the Kyoke family.
- だが、欧米列強との交渉が始まると、日本に民法典が無いことが列強による治外法権を正当化させる理由の一つに挙げられて、幕末から明治初期の日本において、不平等条約条約改正という政治的課題の一つとして民法典の整備が急務とされていた。
- However, when negotiations were started beween Japan and the allied western powers, the fact that Japan lacked Minpoten became one reason to justify exterritoriality of the western powers, so that in Japan from the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period, the preparation of Minpoten was an urgent matter as one of political tasks to revise unequal treaties.
- 淳仁天皇を擁立した仲麻呂は独自な政治を行うようになり、中男・正丁の年齢繰上げや雑徭の半減、問民苦使・平準署の創設など徳治政策を進めるとともに、官名を唐風に改称させるなど唐風政策を推進した(太政官→乾政官、太政大臣→大師など。
- Nakamaro, who backed up the Emperor Junnin, started unique politics by promoting Tokuji policies (ruling a nation by virtue of a sovereign), which included raising the age of chunan (men between 17 to 20 years of age) and seitei (men between 21 and 60 years of age) and halving the amount of zoyo (irregular corvee), and also by adopting more Chinese-style systems such as renaming of the government posts in a Chinese style, (i.e. Daijokan [Grand Council of State] was changed into Kenseikan, and Daijo-daijin [Grand Minister] into Taishi.
- 1367年に基氏が死去、翌年、憲顕が上洛した隙に蜂起した河越直重らの武蔵平一揆武蔵平一揆の乱に対しては政治工作で対抗、関東管領を継いだ犬懸上杉家上杉朝房が幼少の足利氏満を擁して川越城に出陣し鎮圧するのを助けた(1368年)。
- Motouji died in 1367, and a year later when Noriaki proceeded to the capital, the Musashi hei ikki Riot led by Naoshige KAWAGOE took place; Noriaki dealt with the riot in a very political way, i.e., he helped Tomofusa UESUGI of Inukake-Uesugi family, who had taken over Kanto Kanrei, take off to Kawagoe-jo Castle for suppression having young Ujimitsu ASHIKAGA as a nominal leader.
- 西郷 隆盛(さいごう たかもり、文政10年12月7日 (旧暦)〈グレゴリオ暦1828年1月23日・ユリウス暦1828年1月11日〉 - 明治10年〈グレゴリオ暦1877年〉9月24日)は、日本の武士・薩摩藩士、軍人、政治家。
- Takamori SAIGO (December 27, 1828 according to the old calendar (Gregorian calendar: January 23, 1828; Julian calendar: January 1, 1828) - September 24, 1877 of the Gregorian calendar) was a Japanese samurai who served as a feudal retainer, soldier, and statesman of the Satsuma clan.
- 平安時代に入ると、蔵人など後宮出入りの職権を持つ官職が登場するようになると、後宮十二司の役割が低下し、10世紀の中頃には内侍司に他の11司の機能が吸収・統合される形で後宮の機構改革が行われながら摂関政治期を迎えることになった。
- In the early Heian period, job grades such as kurodo that had authority of comings and goings in the kokyu appeared, which lowered the role of the kokyu junishi, and in the middle of the tenth century, while the structural reform of the kokyu was performed in the form of the functions of eleven tsukasa being absorbed/integrated by the Naishino tsukasa, the Sekkanseiji Period (regency period) made a start.
- 当時鎌倉にいた日蓮は立正安国論撰述の前年『守護国家論』を撰述したのに続いて、宗教家としての憂慮から政治・宗教のあるべき姿を当時鎌倉幕府の事実上の最高指導者である北条時頼に提示するために駿河国実相寺 (富士市)に籠って執筆した。
- Out of his concern as a religious leader, Nichiren, who lived in Kamakura at the time, wrote the treatise at Jisso-ji Temple (in present-day Fuji City) in Suruga Province, following his 'Shugo Kokka-ron' (Treatise on the Protection of the Nation) published the previous year, to present his arguments on political and religious ideals to Tokiyori HOJO, who was the actual leader of the Kamakura Shogunate government at the time.
- また三井組の人間などを背景に、自らの政治権力を利用した汚職行為に非常に熱心で、それが原因で一度は官を辞職したが、長州系列の人脈と革命の元勲としての威光でその同藩出身の山県有朋とともに過去の汚職にも関わらず絶大な存在感を示した。
- And he eagerly became involved in corruption using his political power backed by people of Mitsui group, who forced him to resign once, but with his connections with someone related to Choshu and his prestige as a revolutionary genkun (the statesmen who contributed during the Meiji Restoration), he remained as an important figure along with Aritomo YAMAGATA who was from the same domain, for all his past corruption.
- その後、1927年(昭和2年)には旧態依然とした所属会派の研究会_(貴族院)から離脱して木戸・徳川家達らとともに火曜会を結成して貴族院内に政治的な地盤を得るとともに、次第に西園寺から離れて院内革新勢力の中心人物となっていった。
- Then, in 1927, he broke away from the old-fashioned study group of his faction and formed the Kayokai faction with KIDO and Iesato TOKUGAWA, establishing a political base in the House of Peers, and at the same time, he gradually broke away from Saionji, becoming a central figure among the House of Peers' reformers.
- しかし次第に後者のグループ(小野塚喜平次ら)が大勢を占めるようになり、国家学会東大法科(法学部)内部の公法・政治学・経済学の研究者団体(その後さらに経済学プロパーの団体として社会政策学会 (日本 1897年)が分化)に純化した。
- However, the latter faction (Kiheiji ONOZUKA and others) gradually held a majority, and Kokkagakkai was purified into a researcher group in the Todai law school (Faculty of Law) about public law, political science and economics (Later, Society for the Study of Social Policy [Japan, 1897] was differentiated as a group specializing economics).
- 彼の行った諸政策を金権政治の一言で切り捨てる向きもあるが、「贈収賄の蔓延がついて回る重商政策を行わずにどうすれば当時破綻寸前だった幕府財政を立て直せたのか?」との問いに万人を納得させる方法論が未だ提起されていないのが実情である。
- The policies he executed were often criticized as 'money politics,' but so far, no reasonable answer has been provided for the question of how the nearly-bankrupt financial affairs of the shogunate government at the time could have been recovered without carrying out mercantilism policies which resulted in bribery.
- 鳥居は元々幕府の儒学(朱子学)を担う林家の出であり、蘭学者が幕府の政治に介入することを好まなかったし、加えてそもそも崋山や江川も林家(昌平坂学問所)で儒学を学んだこともあり、鳥居からすれば彼らを裏切り者と感じていたともいわれる。
- Torii was originally from the Hayashi family, which traditionally served the shogunate as Confucianist (New-Confucianist) and, given that background, did not like the interference of Dutch scholars in the politics of the shogunate and, according to some interpretations, considered Kazan and Egawa as traitors of Confucianism because they had once studied Confucianism under the Hayashi family (Shoheizaka School).
- 根本的な事実である律令国家体制下の編纂という時代の性質、編纂の主体が置かれていた天皇の臣下という立場の性質、政治的な地位の保全への期待という思想性、それらを無視して百済三書に基づく日本書紀の記述を読むことは全くもって不可能である。
- It is totally impossible to understand the descriptions of Nihonshoki based on the three books of Baekje without regard to the backgrounds such as the period under the system of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, the position as a follower of the emperor who led the compilation, and the expectation to maintain their political status.
- 慶喜としては、まだ年若い明治天皇(当時数え年16歳)を戴く朝廷に政権担当能力はなく、やがて組織されるであろう諸侯会議で自らが議長もしくは有力議員となるなどの手段で、政治的影響力を行使できるはずという目論見の上での政権返上であった。
- Nobuyoshi had an ulterior motive that, even after he returned the administration to the Imperial court, he should be able to exercise his political clout as the chairman or as a powerful councilor of the lords conference which was to be organized later, because the Emperor Meiji was too young (in his 16th year) to have the ability to hold the reins of government, so was the Imperial court.
- 以上のような事情から発足当初の学会は、学外の政治家・官僚との結びつきが強く、会員には学者・大学教官のみならず、伊藤のほか大隈重信・井上馨・井上毅・渋沢栄一など「国家学専門ノ名士ニシテ本会ノ目的ヲ協賛スル」学外著名人も含まれていた。
- Because of this situation, Kokkagakkai at the beginning had close ties with politicians and bureaucrats outside the University, and its members were not only scholars and instructors of the University but also celebrities outside the University who were 'important people specializing in the science of the nation and supported the idea of the group' including Ito, Shigenobu OKUMA, Kaoru INOUE, Kowashi INOUE, Eichi SHIBUSAWA and so on.
- この様な銀相場の高騰は江戸の物価高につながるため、田沼意次の政治を批判する立場であった松平定信を中心に進められた、寛政の改革の一環として、天明8年(1788年)4月に南鐐二朱銀の鋳造を中断し、南鐐二朱銀から丁銀への改鋳が進行した。
- Because such a rise in the price of silver would lead to high cost of living in Edo, Nanryo Nishu Gin was stopped to mint in May 1788 and re-refined into Chogin as a part of the Kansei Reforms carried out mainly by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA judging the Okitsugu TANUMA's politics.
- 家康の政治目標は徳川氏を頂点とした長期的かつ安定した政権をつくることであったとされ、徳川家の主君筋に当たり幕府のヒエラルキー社会では別格的存在となる豊臣家に対し、服属させるか、それが拒絶された場合には処分する事を考え始めたという。
- Ieyasu's political goal was assumed to establish a long-term and firm government led by the Tokugawa clan, therefore, he was said to have begun to think how he could make the Toyotomi Family, which kept a lord-like position to the Tokugawa Family and an exceptional existence in the hierarchy of the bakufu, obey the Tokugawa clan or punish them if they would not obey him.
- こうしたことが民衆に裁判・訴訟に対する不信感を植え付けるとともに、それとともに、支配者の統治・命令の絶対性及び訴願そのものを「恩恵的行為」と捉える政治思想が、日本における「権利」意識や「法」観念の発達に深刻な影響を与えることとなる。
- These things instilled a sense of distrust in people with regard to trials and lawsuits, as well as in the absoluteness of the ruling authority's governance and orders and in the political concept of an appeal being a 'beneficial action'; all of which had a critical impact on the development of the concept of 'rights' and the 'law' in Japan.
- 自由民権運動の流れを汲みこの動きを評価する人々は、1905年に国民倶楽部を結成して「内に立憲主義、外に帝国主義」という標語を掲げて、普通選挙を行って正しい国民の声を政治に反映させることが国家の自主・独立の確立に必要であると主張した。
- The people who valued the movement following the Freedom and People's Rights Movement united the National Club in 1905 and set a slogan which said 'Constitutionalism internally, and imperialism externally', then advocated that it was necessary for the national independence to reflect the right people's voice in politics with a popular election.
- ところが、今度は株持ち酒屋たちと彼らに政治献金を受けている幕閣たちの激しい抵抗が起こり、幕府はみたび文化11年(1828年)、無株者と休株の酒蔵、ならびにこれから新規に酒造りに参入しようと志す者は次の示達あるまで酒造りを禁ずるとした。
- But, this time facing fierce resistance from kabumochi breweries and cabinet officials of the Shobunate who received political donations from them, the bakufu issued the third order in 1828 to forbid mukabumono and yasumikabu breweries and those who were planning to start sake brewing business from brewing sake until the next order would be given.
- 朱子学は政治学、存在論(理・気説)、注釈学(『四書集注』等)、倫理学(「性即理」説)、方法論(「居敬窮理」説)などを全て包括する総合的な哲学大系であって、朱子の偉大さはその体系内にはあっては極めて整合性の取れた論理を展開した点にある。
- Shushigaku is a comprehensive system of philosophy covering political science, ontology (the theories of ri and ki), exegetics ('The Four Books', etc), ethics (theory of 'Sei soku ri'), methodology (theory of 'Kyokei Kyuri'), amongst others, and Zhu Xi was great enough to develop an extremely consistent logic in that system.
- 佐藤進一は「室町幕府論」(『岩波講座日本歴史7』、岩波書店、1963)において、この状態を、主従制的支配権を握る尊氏と統治権的支配権を所管する直義との両頭政治であり、鎌倉幕府以来、将軍が有していた権力の二元性が具現したものと評価した。
- Shin'ichi Sato called such conditions diarchy by Takauji, who held a military power in the lord-and-vassal relationship, and Tadayoshi, who controlled the judicial functions of the regime, in his essay 'Muromachi Bakufu' in 'Iawanami Koza Nihon Rekishi vol.7' (Iawanami Publishing, 1963) and explained that the potentiality of the shogun's dual power which had continued since Kamakura Shogunate, came to appear.
- この桂内閣に対し国民は怒り、また衆議院議員の尾崎行雄や犬養毅らは藩閥政治であるとして桂内閣を批判し、「閥族打破・憲政擁護」を掲げた第一次護憲運動が展開され第三次桂太郎内閣は組閣してからわずか53日で内閣総辞職に追い込まれた(大正政変)。
- The Katsura cabinet angered the Japanese people and drew criticism of oligarchic rule by Yukio OZAKI and Tsuyoshi INUKAI of the Lower House of the Imperial Diet, spurring the first Movement to Protect Constitutional Government aimed at 'doing away with the oligarchy and protecting constitutional rule' and ending with mass resignation of the cabinet after only 53 days (Taisho Political Crisis).
- 一門の朝倉宗滴の補佐を受けて、当時混乱の多かった周辺国加賀国・美濃国・近江国・若狭国らにしばしば出兵・侵攻し、各国の守護家や諸勢力に軍事的優位性、政治的影響力を見せ付け、代々対立してきた加賀一向一揆との和睦をも成立させたと言われている。
- Getting assistance from family member Soteki ASAKURA, Takakage is said to have repeatedly sent troops to invade neighbouring provinces such as Kaga, Mino, Omi, and Wakasa, which were often in chaos, and there displayed his military superiority and political influence over Shugoka (provincial landowning families) and other movements, finally achieving reconciliation with followers of Ikko sect who had been opposed to and staged uprisings against the Asakura family for generations.
- たとえば後者を要約すると、日本人の気風には専制政治を甘んじて受ける「奴隷根情〔ママ〕」が見うけられ、幕末まで美点とされてきた「忠諒易直」(心根が真っ直ぐであること)は、鎖国を国是としない明治の世では「無気無力」の別名に過ぎないとまでいう。
- For example, the latter is summarized as follows; Japanese has a character of 'slave sprit' by which they quietly accept autocracy, and 'Churyoekichoku' (忠諒易直) (simple mind) which had been regarded as the virtue until the end of the Edo period was merely another name of 'apathy and sense of powerlessness' in the Meiji period when national isolation was not a national policy.
- 年齢、キャリアからすれば薩摩閥の中核となるべき人物であったが、財政面以外での政治手腕には欠けるところがあった(2度の内閣がともに閣内分裂が理由であっけなく倒れた)ために軽んじられており、それゆえ派閥をまとめることが出来なかったといわれる。
- In terms of his age and career, he could have been a key figure in Satsuma clique, but he didn't have adequate political skills except finance (his first and second cabinets both collapsed easily because of internal division), which caused him being underestimated, and for that reason, he is said to have failed to hold factions together.
- 大宝律令に続く律令として施行され、古代日本の政治体制を規定する根本法令として機能したが、平安時代に入ると現実の社会・経済状況と齟齬をきたし始め、平安時代には格式の制定などによってこれを補ってきたが、遅くとも平安中期までにほとんど形骸化した。
- This code was enacted as the succeeding fundamental law code to Taiho Ritsuryo Code and functioned as the essential laws and ordinances that prescribed the political system of ancient Japan; however, the code began to reveal the contradictions against the actual social and economic conditions in the Heian period, and even though the Kyakushiki code (amendments and enforcement regulations of the Ritsuryo codes) was also enacted to support it, it had become a mere name by the mid Heian period at the latest.
- 尤も、このような見解についてはそもそも紫式部の当時藤原氏と源氏(あるいはその他の氏族)との政治的な対立は「藤原氏の完全な勝利」ですでに決着しており、当時の政争とは藤原道長とその甥藤原伊周との対立などほぼ全て「藤原氏内部での権力闘争」であった。
- However, regarding these views the conflict between Fujiwara and Genji (or other) clans had already ended with the 'total victory of the Fujiwara clan,' and most of the political disputes in those days were struggles for power among the Fujiwara clan, particularly between FUJIWARA no Michinaga and his nephew, FUJIWARA no Korechika.
- なお、台湾では政治的立場や、歴史認識に対する観点の相違などによって、日本統治時代をそれぞれ日本時代、日治時代、日據時代、日本統治時期あるいは日本殖民時期と呼称しているが、日據時代と表記する場合については日本統治時代に対し批判的な意味合いがある。
- In Taiwan, the period of Japanese rule is called by different names such as '日本時代','日治時代','日據時代','日本統治時期' or '日本殖民時期', depending upon the political positions or historic perspectives, and '日據時代' implies a criticism of Japanese rule.
- 無期徒刑が決定したことを知らせると「いかなる事態になるか判らない」旨の発言をしている(なお、これに対して青木が「自分は伊藤博文に言われて死刑にする事を約束しただけである」と述べたために、伊藤から嫌悪されて政治家としての栄達を絶たれる原因となる)。
- When Schaevitz knew that Tsuda was sentenced life imprisonment, he said 'he didn't know what would happen in retribution' (Aoki, who heard Schaevitz's remark, said 'he just had followed Hirobumi ITO who ordered him to promise Russia the death penalty,' and was banished from a political world by Ito).
- 1962年、水質審議会に渡良瀬川専門部会を設け、毛里田村期成同盟会会長が会長を辞職すれば、この会長を審議会委員に加えてよい、という内容の政治的な妥協がはかられたが、当初、毛里田村同盟会は同盟会の運動の分断を図ろうとするものだとして激しく抵抗した。
- In 1962, the government established Watarase-gawa River Committee in the Council of Water Quality and offered a compromise that they would accept the chairman of the Morita Village Association as a member of the official committee if he resigned as chairman of the association, however, at the beginning the members of the Morita Village Association strongly objected it thinking the government was trying to divide the local association.
- 薩摩藩陰謀説が成り立たないことを政治史的な観点から論証したものに、桐野作人「龍馬遭難事件の新視角-海援隊士・佐々木多門書状の再検討- 第1回・第2回・最終回」(『歴史読本』第51巻第10号・第51巻第11号・第51巻第12号、2006年)がある。
- For a book arguing from the viewpoint of political history that the Satsuma clan's conspiracy theory does not hold true, refer to 'New Angle toward Ryoma's Distress Incident -Review on Letters by a Kaientai Member, Tamon SASAKI- the First, the Second, and the Last' by Sakujin KIRINO ('Rekishi dokuhon' Vol. 51, No. 10, Vol. 51, No. 11, Vol. 51, No. 12, 2006).
- 義持の治世は懐良親王が制圧していた九州を有力大名の大友氏・大内氏・菊池氏が引き継いで統治していたり、関東地方の鎌倉公方は半独立国状態となるなど、不安定要素はいくつも存在したが、政治的には小康状態が続き、室町時代の中では比較的安定した時代であった。
- In the reign of Yoshimochi, there existed a number of unstable factors - the OHTOMO clan, the OHKOUCHI clan and the KIKUCHI clan, as powerful lords, took over and ruled Kyushyu where Prince Kanenaga had conquered, or the Kamakura ministry in Kanto region became a semi-independent state - but politically, a brief period of tranquility lasted and it was relatively stable times during Muromachi era.
- この他、奈良中期の政治実権を握った恵美押勝(藤原仲麻呂)、道鏡の天皇即位を阻止した和気清麻呂、平将門を討伐した藤原秀郷、平氏政権を確立した平清盛、その平氏政権を倒して鎌倉幕府を開いた源頼朝などが、その功績により功田を給与されたと記録に残されている。
- In addition to them, it is recorded that Koden was granted for the great achievements to EMI no Oshikatsu (FUJIWARA no Nakamaro) who assumed the real political power during the middle of the Nara period, WAKE no Kiyomaro who prevented Dokyo from acceding to the throne, FUJIWARA no Hidesato who defeated TAIRA no Masakado, TAIRA no Kiyomori who established the Taira clan government, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who defeated the Taira clan government and established the Kamakura bakufu, and others.
- ただし、大化の改新直後の大化2年(646年)に諸国に対して国の境界についての文書あるいは地図を献上するように命令が出され、律令政治下においては民部省に国境把握の義務があり、図書寮には地図保管の義務があったため、当然政府内で地図が作られていた筈である。
- Nevertheless, in 646 right after Taika no Kaishin (Great Reformation of the Taika Era), an instruction to submit documents concerning province boundaries or maps was issued to all the provinces, and Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) in the government according to the Ritsuryo codes was responsible for the borders, and Toshoryo (Government Library) was responsible for storing maps, and so it is natural to believe that maps were made in the government.
- 東亜同文会はアジア主義的色彩の強い立場に立脚し、中国・朝鮮の保護と日本の権益保護のため、外務省・軍部と密接に提携しながら、1900年(明治33年)に南京同文書院(後の東亜同文書院、その後身愛知大学)を設立するなど対中政治・文化活動の推進を図っていく。
- Toadobunkai stood on the ground strongly influenced by Asianism, and closely cooperated with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the military to protect China, Korea and interests of Japan, then led cultural and political activities related to China including establishment of Nankindobunshoin (a school in Nanjing, later became Toadobunshoin and then Aichi University).
- 梶原景時とともに頼朝の側近として幕政に参与し、弓の達人で和歌にも通じた文武両道の人物として知られた朝光であったが、尊敬していた畠山重忠の死に遭遇してからはより慎ましい生活態度を取るようになり、自ら率先して政治の表舞台に出る事は無かったと言われている。
- Tomomitsu and Kagetoki KAJIWARA participated in the politics of bakufu as close adviser of Yoritomo, he was also the master of archery and excel in waka (Japanese poetry), actually he was a person known for both the literary and military arts; but it was said that after experiencing the death of Shigetada HATAKEYAMA whom he respected, he came to lead more humble life, never taking initiatives in politics again.
- 肥後藩では、教育方針をめぐり3派閥に分かれており、藩校での朱子学教育を中心とする学校党、横井小楠らが提唱した教育と政治の結びつきを重視する実学党、林桜園を祖とする国学・神道を基本とした教育を重視する勤皇党(河上彦斎・太田黒伴雄・加屋霽堅ら)が存在した。
- The Higo Domain was divided into three factions according to their education policies, namely, the Gakko-to party (school party) focusing on education based on the doctrines of Zhu Xi in domain schools, the Jitsugaku-to party (practical learning party) emphasizing the relation between education and politics, advocated by Shonan YOKOI and others, and the Kinno-to party (pro-Imperial party with Gensai KAWAKAMI, Tomoo OGURODA, Harukata KAYA and others) emphasizing education based on the study of Japanese literature and culture and Shintoism, founded by Oen HAYASHI.
- 1881年(明治14年)10月、急進的な議会制度の早急な 実施を求めていた肥前の大隈重信が、明治14年の政変によって明治政府を離脱せざるを得ない事態となり、板垣同様、明治政府の外から明治政府にイギリス的な憲法と議会政治を求める運動を起こす道を歩み始めた。
- In October, 1881, Shigenobu OKUMA from Hizen, who requested the enactment of a radical parliamentary system, had to resign from the Meiji Government because of the political change which happened in the same year, and like Itagaki, he initiated a campaign to seek a constitution and a parliamentary government like those of Great Britain from outside of the Meiji Government.
- しかし、女性の集会の自由を阻んでいた新婦人協会治安警察法第五条改正運動(1922年・大正11)や、女性が弁護士になる事を可能とする、婦人弁護士制度制定(弁護士法改正、1933年・昭和8)等、女性の政治的・社会的権利獲得の面でいくつかの重要な成果をあげた。
- Nevertheless, the campaigns did achieve some important results in acquiring political and social rights for women, for example the New Women's Association's successful campaign for the revision of Article five of the Security Police Law (1922), which banned women from joining political assemblies, and the amendment of the Lawyers Act (1933), whose revision enabled women to become lawyers.
- だが、日本のこの要求はこの列強間の「暗黙の了解」を破棄するものであり、更に清朝が直隷と渤海_(海域)を挟んで向かい合った遼東半島を失う事でその政治的権威が失墜して国内の政情が不安定になるような事態の発生は、各国の対中国政策を根底から揺るがせるものであった。
- Therefore, the Japan's demand for the Liaodong Peninsula broke the 'tacit agreement' among the world powers and also influenced the policy of each country toward China, because if the Qing Dynasty lost the Liaodong Peninsula which was located on the opposite side of the Choku-rei region across Bokkai (marine area), Qing's political power would fall, which might result in a precarious political situation of China.
- 本書はセオドア・ルーズベルト、ジョン・F・ケネディ大統領など米国の政治家のほか、ボーイスカウト創立者のロバート・ベーデン・パウエルなど、多くの海外の読者を得て、逆輸入される形で新渡戸門下生の矢内原忠雄の訳により日本語版が出版され「武士道」ブームを起こした。
- The book was read by a lot of people abroad including American politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt, presiding John F. Kennedy and a founder of Boy Scout Robert Baden-Powell and the Japanese version translated by Tadao YANAIHARA who was a disciple of Nitobe that was published by reimport and created a boom in 'Bushido'.
- さらに、政治学者の丸山眞男は、甲申事変が三日天下に終わったことの挫折感と、日本・清国政府・李氏政権がそれぞれの立場から甲申事変の結果を傍観・利用したことに対する不満から、「「脱亜論」の社説はこうした福沢の挫折感と憤激の爆発として読まれねばならない」と説明する。
- A scholar of political science, Masao MARUYAMA said that, from frustration of the Gapsin Coup being short-lived and disappointment toward Japan, the Chinese government and the Yi government when all of them were just watching the Coup and using the results, 'the editorial of the 'Datsu-A Ron' should be read as an emotional explosion of Fukuzawa's frustration and rage.'
- 1854年の開国以来の混沌とした政治情勢を受けて半ば非常時の体制へ移行したものであるが、その主導者は幕府自身(幕閣)ではなく、薩摩藩主の父・島津久光および朝廷の公武合体派公卿らに主導されて出された勅使による圧力の下、やむを得ず改革を迫られたというのが実情である。
- Although the bakufu shifted to the quasi-emergency regime due to the chaotic political situation since the opening of the country to the world in 1854, such change was not initiated by the bakufu itself (the cabinet officials of the Shogunate) but was forced under the pressure from the imperial envoy dispatched by the initiation of Hisamitsu SHIMAZU who was the father of the the lord of the Satsuma Domain as well as the court nobles supporting Kobu Gattai (an idea of uniting the court and the shogunate), so the reality was that the shogunate had no option but to carry out the reform.
- この時の官軍側には、司令官の谷干城少将(後に農商務大臣)、参謀長の樺山資紀中佐(後に海軍大臣・軍令部長)はじめ、児玉源太郎少佐(後に陸軍大臣・参謀総長)、川上操六少佐(後に参謀総長)・奥保鞏少佐(後に参謀総長・元帥)など、後年の大物軍人・政治家らが参加していた。
- At this time, persons who would later become leading military men and statesmen participated in the government army: Major General Tateki TANI (later, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce) as Commanding Officer, Lieutenant Colonel Sukenori KABAYAMA (later, Navy Minister, Chief of the Naval General Staff) as Chief of Staff, as well as Major Gentaro KODAMA (later, Army Minister, Chief of the General Staff), Major Soroku KAWAKAMI (later, Chief of the General Staff), Major Yasukata OKU (later, Chief of General Staff, General of the Army), for example.
- 鉄道国有化や第3次日韓協約・日露協約・日仏協約の締結など、山縣有朋ら元老や桂の意に沿った政策を遂行する一方で、山縣の支持基盤である内務省 (日本)改革のために郡制の廃止を計画して失敗したり、貴族院議員の入閣を実現させるなど、政党政治実現に向けた努力は続けられた。
- While the cabinet pursued the policy complying with Genro like Aritomo YAMAGATA and Katsura, such as making The Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty, Russo-Japanese Agreement and French-Japanese Agreement, it continued to make efforts in order to realize party politics; in order to reform Ministry of Home Affairs, which was the power base for Yamagata, the cabinet tried to abolish the County system, only to fail; the cabinet succeeded in taking members of Kizokuin (the House of Peers) into the Cabinet.
- なお、神火の発生は蝦夷征討期の東国に特に集中しており、森田悌は蝦夷征討によって東国において軍事的・経済的負担が強まり、政治的不満がこうした事件を引き起こす一因としてあったこと、国司の受領化によって国司と郡司の関係が変化したことが、神火事件減少の原因と推定している。
- And jinka happened especially centering on Togoku during the period of the subjection of indigenous inhabitants in eastern Japan, and for Tei MORITA, military and economical burdens became heavy in Togoku because of the subjection of indigenous inhabitants in eastern Japan and the political dissatisfaction made such incidents happen as one factor, and kokushi became zuryo (provincial governor) and thus the relation between kokushi and gunji changed, which is assumed to have been the cause of decrease of jinka incidents.
- なぜこんな事をしたのかは定かではないが、承久の乱を計画し鎌倉幕府に流罪処分を受けていた最中の後鳥羽天皇の歌が、はじめに発表された「百人一首」にあり、後の「百人秀歌」にない事から、「百人秀歌」は定家の政治的配慮がこめられていた「百人一首」の修正版ではないかとの説がある。
- It is uncertain why Sadaie made such a difference, but one theory pointed out that Hyakunin Issu contained poems by Emperor Gotoba who had been sent into exile by Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) due to his attempt of the Jokyu War, but none was found in Hyakunin Shuka which was published after Hyakunin Issu; therefore, Hyakunin Shuka was the revised version of Hyakunin Issue based on Sadaie's political consideration.
- 水戸のイデオロギー対立、政争に隠れているが、天狗党の多くに水戸藩領以外からも参加がありそれも武士階級以外の階層が含まれている点、政治的な宣伝を行軍中に行っている点など、乱の初期から過酷な行軍の間にかけて意識や思想に何かしらの変容があった可能性も明記しておくべきであろう。
- Although these facts are behind the conflict of ideology and political battle in the Mito Domain, the facts that many people, including samurai and others, joined Tenguto from other domains than Mito and that political campaign was conducted during the march should be noted because it was possible that their awareness and thoughts might have changed from the early stage of the rebellion through the march in the terrible conditions.
- 内容は大きく分けて、天部、歳時部、地部、神祇部、帝王部、官位部、封禄部、政治部、法律部、泉貨部、称量部、外交部、兵事部、武技部、方技部、宗教部、文学部、礼式部、楽舞部、人部、姓名部、産業部、服飾部、飲食部、居処部、器用部、遊戯部、動物部、植物部、金石部の30部門からなる。
- The contents are classified into 30 sections, including sections of Ten (gods of the heavens), Saiji (events throughout the year), Chi (earthy section), Jingi (gods of heaven and earth), Teio (emperors), Kani (official ranks), Horoku (stipend), Seiji (politics), Horitsu (law), Senka (currency), Syoryo (measurement), Gaiko (diplomacy), Heiji (military), Bugi (martial arts), Hougi (technology), Shukyo (religion), Bungaku (literary), Reishiki (code of etiquette), Gaku (dance and music), Jin (personnel), Seimei (surname), Sangyo (industry), Fukushoku (garment), Inshoku (eat and drink), Kyosho (living home), Kiyo (art), Yugi (amusement), Dobutsu (animal), Shokubutsu (plant), and Kanaishi (metal).
- 翌慶応3年(1867年)薩摩藩の西郷・大久保利通らは政局の主導権を握るため雄藩連合を模索し、島津久光・松平春嶽・伊達宗徳・山内容堂(前土佐藩主)の上京を促して、兵庫開港および長州処分問題について徳川慶喜と協議させたが、慶喜の政治力が上回り、団結を欠いた四侯会議は無力化した。
- In 1867, Takamori SAIGO and Toshimichi OKUBO of Satsuma, who groped for the union of major domains to take the initiative in the political situation, urged Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Munee DATE and Yodo YAMANOUCH (the former lord of the Tosa domain) to come to Kyoto to discuss the port of Hyogo and the treatment of Choshu with Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, but the four great members, lacking solidarity, were overwhelmed by Yoshinobu's political smartness, and could not make a respectable showing.
- さらに武田氏が滅亡した後、後北条氏との交渉で徳川方の使者として政治的手腕としての実力を発揮し、家康が武田氏の旧領である信濃国、甲斐国を併合すると、武田家の旧臣達を多数与力に付属され、山県昌景の朱色の軍装を復活させて赤備え(いいのあかぞなえ)と呼ばれる精鋭部隊の大将となった。
- After the fall of the Takeda clan, he showed his political ability as an envoy for Tokugawa by negotiating with the Gohojo clan.
- …抑モ東京ハ帝国ノ首都ニシテ政治経済ノ枢軸トナリ国民文化ノ源泉トナリテ民衆一般ノ瞻仰スル所ナリ一朝不慮ノ災害ニ罹リテ今ヤ其ノ旧形ヲ留メスト雖依然トシテ我国都タル地位ヲ失ハス是ヲ以テ其ノ善後策ハ独リ旧態ヲ回復スルニ止マラス進ンテ将来ノ発展ヲ図リ以テ巷衢ノ面目ヲ新ニセサルヘカラス…
- 'Tokyo is the capital of the empire and the political and economic center, and the source of Japan's culture. Tokyo suffered an enormous disaster this time and can not cling to its old situation, but still holds status as capital of the empire, therefore, it is necessary not only to restore it to what it used to be but also have it undergo a complete new transformation.'
- しかし、恩赦そのものが濫発されたうえ、本来政治とは無関係である寛永寺や増上寺による口添えの存在、しかもその口添えは受刑者の家族しか出来ない事など(独身者には困難である)様々な問題を抱えており、更に個々の受刑者の恩赦の是非は評定所の個別の審議を経たためにその適用基準も曖昧であった。
- This system had various problems, however, including that of pardons granted too frequently; of temples Kanei-ji and Zojo-ji that were supposedly apolitical were allowed to recommend pardons; of recommendations that only the family of a convict were allowed to ask for (thus it was hardly possible for convicts who had no relatives); and of obscure criteria for granting a pardon because the conference chamber discussed the propriety of each case separately.
- しかし、東京時代と言っても大日本帝国憲法下と日本国憲法下では政治体制に大きな違いがある事や、100年以上前と現在を一括した呼称となるだけに違和感を抱かれる事が多いのか、一部の本で近現代(近代と現代)の日本を指す呼称として用いられるケースもあるものの、一般においては全く使われていない。
- However, the term 'Tokyo period' is not used in general, except in some books that use the term to refer to modern or contemporary Japan, probably because there is a big difference in political systems between Japan under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and Japan under the present Constitution of Japan, and because it may seem unnatural to call a period that stretches beyond 100 years with the same name.
- 遺された円如の遺児証如(永正13年(1516年)生まれ、実如死去時10歳)の将来を危惧した実如は蓮淳・蓮悟・実円(三河国本宗寺、実如の4男で現存していた唯一の男子)・蓮慶(蓮綱の嫡子)・顕誓(蓮誉の嫡子)の5人に証如への忠誠と親鸞以来の教義の擁護、既存の政治・宗教勢力との共存を遺言した。
- Worried about the future of Shonyo, a bereaved child of Ennyo (born in 1516, he was 10 when Jitsunyo died), Jitsunyo left the will to instruct five priests, Renjun, Rengo, Jitsuen (at Honso-ji Temple in Mikawa Province; the 4th son of Jitsunyo and the only male child alive), Renkei (Renko's legitimate child), and Kensei (Renyo's legitimate child) to practice loyalty to Shonyo, to protect the doctrine that had been kept since Sinran, and to coexist with the present political and religious powers.
- 薩摩藩と長州藩が薩長同盟を結び倒幕運動を推し進めていた幕末も大詰めの時期、公議政体論を主張し将軍の政権返上を政治路線として考えていた土佐藩は、慶応3年(1867年)10月3日 (旧暦)に(坂本龍馬が発案計画し、後藤象二郎協力)大政奉還の建白書を藩主山内豊信を通じ将軍・徳川慶喜に提出した。
- At the very end of the Edo period when the Satsuma clan and Choshu clan formed Satsuma-Choshu Alliance to promote the movement to overthrow the Shogunate, the Tosa clan, which supported the parliamentary regime theory and the Shogun's returning the sovereignty to the Emperor, submitted a petition for Taisei Hokan (proposed and planned by Ryoma SAKAMOTO in cooperation with Shojiro GOTO) to the Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA through the lord of the domain Toyoshige YAMAUCHI on October 29, 1867.
- 明治十四年の政変(めいじじゅうよねんのせいへん)は、1881年(明治14年)自由民権運動の流れの中、憲法制定論議が高まり、政府内でも君主大権を残すビスマルク憲法かイギリス型の議院内閣制の憲法とするかで争われ、前者を支持する伊藤博文が、後者を支持する大隈重信を政府から追放した政治事件をさす。
- Meiji juyonen no seihen (the failed Meiji-14 coup of 1881) is a politically-motivated incident, which occurred during movement of the Freedom and People's Rights and dispute regarding creation of a constitution in government, especially between Hirobumi ITO, who recommended Bismarck's constitution, which preserves the royal prerogative and Shigenobu OKUMA, who recommended constitution from England, which has parliamentary system of government, as a result of the incident in which Shigenobu OKUMA was banned from government.
- その後も田近陽一郎が『高千穂古文字伝』(1876年)を著すなど一部の研究者はにわかに活気づいたが、教部省主導ということからも伺えるように軍人や政治家の国粋主義宣伝の材料にされてしまい、また原本が学会ではまったく認知されていない神代文字で書かれていたことから、一般の学会ではほとんど無視された。
- After that, Yoichiro TAJIKA wrote 'Takachiho Komoji Den (Takachiho ancient characters history)' in 1876 and some researchers were suddenly fueled, but this was used by military men and statesmen as advertisement of nationalism, as you can see from the introduche, and also because the original book was written in ancient Japanese characters not recognized by the academic society, it was mostly ignored in general academic societies.
- ここでの「悪友」とは、福澤諭吉らの「平等」や「義」や「独立心」を重んずる思想と違って、福澤らから見れば、閨閥、門閥政治、小中華思想(日本蔑視思想)などの旧弊に固執し血なまぐさい権力闘争を繰り返し、事大主義で外交において信義がなく、外交方針がころころ変わる清国や李氏朝鮮という認識で用いられた言葉である。
- Unlike the thought which put a high value on 'Equality,' 'Righteousness' and 'Independence' by Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others, 'Bad friends' in the 'Datsu-A Ron' was the word used meaning the Qing and Joseon Dynasty Korea where, adhering to their old customs of Keibatsu (network by blood connection), lineage government and petit Sinocentrism (idea of disrespect for Japan), bloody strifes over authority were repeated, being Sadaejuui (Loving and admiring the great and powerful) and faithless in diplomacy and diplomatic policies changed so often.
- なお、一説によれば、律令制における田租の原点は、神事の遂行のために在地首長(豪族)へ献上されていた初穂であったとされ、在地首長から政治的・宗教的権限を剥奪した朝廷(律令政府)がその初穂を自己に納めさせたものであり、不動穀化はそれを囲い込むことによって在地首長と田租を切り離す目的があったとも言われている。
- In addition, according to a view, the starting point of the rice field tax of the ritsuryo system was the first crop of the season offered to the head of a province (powerful local clan) for doing a shrine ritual; the Imperial court which was based on the ritsuryo system took away the political and religious power from the powerful local clan and ordered the first crop of the season to be offered to the court and it is said that the system of fudokoku was to separate the rice field tax from the heads of local provinces.
- 大正11年(1922年)に宮内省臨時帝室編修局御用掛に任命され、ほどなく編修官長に転じて『明治天皇紀』編纂の中心的役割を担った(ただし、後に竹越が書いた草稿を読んだ竹越夫人の甥である中村哲 (政治学者)は、最終的に金子堅太郎・三上参次らがまとめた現存の『明治天皇紀』との大きな違いの存在を指摘している)。
- In 1922, he was appointed Goyo-gakari (a general affaires official) of the special Imperial Compilation Bureau, the Imperial Household Ministry, and shortly after that, he was promoted to the chief official of the Compilation Bureau and played a central role in compiling the book 'Meiji Tenno ki' (Chronicle of the Emperor Meiji) (However, the nephew of Takekoshi's wife, Akira NAKAMURA [political scientist] who read the manuscript written by Takekoshi, has pointed out that there is a big difference between the original manuscript and the existing text of 'Meiji Tenno ki' edited by Kentaro KANEKO and Sanji MIKAMI.)
- 東照宮(家康)が御三家を立てられたのはこのような時のためであるから、自分の後は尾張殿に譲り、鍋松が成人した折には尾張殿の心に任せた方が良いか、あるいは鍋松が成人するまで尾張殿には西丸にいて政治を執ってもらい、不幸にして鍋松が死んだ場合に尾張殿に将軍家を継いでもらった方が良いか、この2案のうちどちらが良いか。
- 'Which one of the two plans do you think is better: I should relinquish the shogun's post for Owari dono and let him decide what to do when Nabematsu reaches adulthood because Tosho-gu (Ieyasu) established the three privileged branches specifically for this kind of situation, or; I should ask Owari dono to stay in the western citadel until Nabematsu reaches adulthood to administer the bakufu and ask him to take over the shogun family in case Nabematsu dies by misfortune.'
- 例えば、波多野秀治の件は現在では城内の内紛による落城と考えられており、光秀の母を人質とする必要性は考えられないとされている)、織田信長・豊臣秀吉を英雄とした明治以来の政治動向に配慮し、学問的な論理展開を放棄してきたことが挙げられる(ただし、ルイス・フロイスの記述など、明らかに同時代の資料も存在しない訳ではない)。
- for example, the incident with Hideharu HATANO is now considered to have been a surrender due to internal strife, which does not require Mituhide's mother for a hostage), and academic rationality was put aside in favor of government policy starting in the Meiji Period, when Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI were honored as heroes (although there are some materials from, such as Luis Frois's writings).
- この声明書の中で、「これまでの朝鮮の歴史の悲劇は自分達が招いたことであり、我が国の皇帝陛下と日本天皇陛下に懇願し、朝鮮人も日本人と同じ一等国民の待遇を享受して、政府と社会を発展させようではないか」と、大韓帝国と大日本帝国が新たに一つの政治機関を設立し、大韓帝国と大日本帝国が対等合邦して一つの大帝国を作るように求めた。
- In the statement, it says 'Tragedies in Korean history are our own fault, so we would like to plead to our Emperor and the Emperor of Japan to give Koreans the opportunity to enjoy the same treatment as the first class citizens of Japan. We ask the Japanese to develop our government and society' and suggest the Korean Empire and the Empire of Japan establish a new unified political body together and create a new empire by equal merger of both Empires.
- その後、総理となった犬養毅が軍縮をしようとしたところ、五・一五事件で決起将校に殺害され政党政治が終結を迎え、戦時中には軍の圧力により逼塞状態にあった鳩山一郎が、戦後に総理就任を目前で連合国軍最高司令官総司令部からこの時の事を追及されて、軍部の台頭に協力した軍国主義者として公職追放となるなど皮肉な歴史を辿る事となった。
- Later, ironic histories were repeated, which means that Tshuyoshi INUKAI, who became Prime Minister tried to do disarmament, was killed by an officer who rose in revolt at the May 15th Incident, then the party government came to an end, and Ichiro HATOYAMA who was confined during the war by the military pressure was accused by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers and purged as a militarist cooperated the rise of the military just before the assumption of the Prime Minister after the war.
- そのほか、学問と政治のむすびつきを論じた嘉永5年(1852年)執筆の「学校問答書」、マシュー・ペリーやエフィム・プチャーチンへの対応についての意見書である嘉永6年(1853年)執筆の「夷虜応接大意」、元治元年(1864年)の井上毅との対話の記録「沼山対話」、慶応元年(1865年)の元田永孚との対話の記録「沼山閑話」などがある。
- There are more written materials such as 'Gakko Mondo Sho' written in 1852 discussing about the relationship between academia and politics, 'Iryo Osetsu Taii', an opinion about Matthew (Calbraith) PERRY and Evfimiy Vasil' evich Putyatin, in 1853, 'Shozan Taiwa', the record of dialogue with Kowashi INOUE, in 1864 and 'Shozan Kanwa', the record of dialogue with Nagazane MOTODA, in 1865.
- それでも、犬養毅(立憲国民党非改革派→革新倶楽部)などの様にあくまでも民衆の代表であるという意識から「民党」という言葉に拘る政治家も存在したが、やがて自由党系と伊藤博文系官僚による立憲政友会と立憲改進党系と桂太郎派による立憲同志会(後の憲政会→立憲民政党)の2大政党に収斂されていくにつれて、民党という言葉は過去のものとなっていった。
- Although there were some politicians such as Tsuyoshi INUKAI (a member of the non-reform group in the Constitutional National Party who later found the Club of Innovation) and others who associated the word 'Minto' with representatives of people, but the word 'Minto' faded away as the movement to reorganize political parties concentrated on two major parties called the Constitutional Party of Political Friends consisting of the Liberal Party and government officials under Hirobumi ITO the Constitutional Association of Friends (it became the Constitutional Association afterwards and changed into the Constitutional Democratic Party) with the Constitutional Progressive Party and the group of Taro KATSURA,
- 政治家としては最初は昌泰元年(898年)の讃岐国権掾という下級官人に過ぎなかったが、醍醐天皇即位後はその外戚として重用され、延喜3年(903年)内蔵助に抜擢され、延喜9年(909年)に蔵人、延喜17年(917年)に蔵人頭、延喜21年(921年)に参議、延長_(元号)5年(927年)に従三位権中納言、延長8年(930年)に中納言兼右衛門督に累進した。
- At the beginning of his political career in 898, he only achieved the low-ranking position of a junior third rank official in Sanuki Province, but after Emperor Daigo--to whom he was related by marriage--ascended to the throne he gained appointments of greater importance; in 903 he was appointed Uchikuranosuke (assistant chief of the inner palace warehouses), promoted to Kuroudo (Imperial Secretary Officer) in 909, further promoted to Kurudo gashira (Chief of the Imperial Secretariat) in 917, followed by Sangi (Royal Advisor) in 921, Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), in 927, and finally in 930 held the posts of both Chunagon and Uemon no kami (Chief of the Right Gate Guard).
- このように、商人は「お上」の命に唯々諾々と従う存在であるのだから、政治的基盤が未だ脆弱で「お上」としての権威を十分に持っているとは言えない明治政府が慌てて貨幣改革を行うことによって、万が一命令が行き渡らずに「お上」(=明治政府)に対する「万民の信」の無さと無力ぶりを内外に示すことになっては政権の崩壊につながると考え、通貨改革を不要不急のことと捉えていた。
- Like it says above, merchants were people who obediently followed the Okami (political authorities)'s orders, so OKUBO thought that if the Meiji Government, which was still feeble and did not have enough authority as the 'Okami' (political authorities) reformed the currency in a flurry, by doing so if in the worst case scenario, the orders did not get across, this would reveal the lack of 'people's trust' in the 'Okami' (political authorities) (Meiji Government) and their powerlessness to their own country and foreign countries, which would lead to the collapse of the government, therefore he considered the monetary reform was nonessential and nonurgent.
- またその政治力の欠を補うために後藤象二郎・江藤新平・大木喬任を参議に追加した(ただし、後藤が左院議長、当時の各省の卿の中で江藤・大木のみが現職参議ではない例外の存在であったこと、大久保帰国後に卿と参議を兼務させる方針を改めて打ち出していることなど、必ずしも合理性が無い訳ではない)ことも、国外にいて情報入手が限られていた大久保・木戸の不信感を高めたのである。
- Furthermore, he added Shojiro GOTO, Shinpei ETO and Takato OKI to Sangi (the Councilor) in order to make up the loss of political power (although it was not totally unreasonable because GOTO became chairman of Council of the Left, only ETO and OKI were exceptionally not incumbent councilors among kyo of ministries at that time, and a policy of holding two posts of kyo and sangi concurrently was hammered out after OKUBO returned to Japan), which raised distrust of OKUBO and KIDO as well, who had only limited information while being away from home.
- 政治面においては選挙や言論・集会・結社の自由に関しての運動、外交面においては生活に困窮した国民への負担が大きい海外派兵の停止を求めた運動、社会面においては男女平等、部落差別解放運動、団結権、ストライキ権などの獲得運動、文化面においては自由教育の獲得、大学の自治権獲得運動、美術団体の文部省支配からの独立など、様々な方面から様々な自主的集団による運動が展開された。
- There was a wide range of movements organized by a variety of groups organized voluntarily in various areas of society, such as political movements calling for elections and for freedom of speech, assembly and association, the drive in the area of foreign policy opposing dispatch of troops to other countries that imposed a huge burden on citizens in poverty, movement in society demanding gender equality, liberation and non-discrimination of 'buraku' people, and winning rights of association and labor strikes, and in the cultural sphere movements calling for free education, self-autonomy of universities and independence of art associations from the rule of the Ministry of Education.
- 吉田孝によると、「任那」とは、高句麗・新羅に対抗するために百済・倭国と結んだ任那加羅(金官加羅)を盟主とする小国連合であり、いわゆる地名である伽耶地域とは必ずしも一致しない政治上の概念であり、任那が倭国の軍事力を勢力拡大に利用するために倭国に設置させた軍事を主とする外交機関を後世「任那日本府」と呼んだと主張し、百済に割譲した四県は倭人が移住した地域であったという。
- Takashi YOSHIDA claims that 'Mimana' was a combination of small countries led by Mimana Gaya (Geumgwan Gaya) which cooperated with Baekje and Wa to counter Goguryeo and Silla, and thus a political concept which does not necessarily corresponds to Gaya region, and Mimana, trying to use Wakoku's military power to expand its territory, led Wakoku into establishing a diplomatic institution mainly in charge of military affairs, which was later called 'Mimana Nihon-fu'; the four prefectures of Mimana that Wakoku ceded to Baekje were the area where Wajin had immigrated.
- また、大阪平野には、河内の古市墳群にある誉田御廟山古墳(応神天皇陵)や和泉の百舌鳥古墳群にある大仙陵古墳(仁徳天皇陵)など巨大な前方後円墳が現存することや、15代応神は難波の大隅宮に、16代仁徳は難波の高津宮に、18代反正は丹比(大阪府松原市)柴垣に、それぞれ大阪平野の河内や和泉に都が設置されていることなどから、河内王朝時代に大阪平野に強大な政治権力の拠点があったことがわる。
- In addition, following facts show that a base of the powerful political power was placed in Osaka Plain during Kawachi Dynasty; the current existence of huge keyhole-shaped mounds such as Konda Gobyoyama-kofun Tumulus (the mausoleum of Emperor Ojin) in Furuichi-kofun Tumulus Clusters in Kawachi and Daisenryo-kofun Tumulus (the mausoleum of Emperor Nintoku) in Mozu-kofun Tumulus Clusters in Izumi, and the capitals each established in Kawachi or Izumi in Osaka Plain, such as the Osumi no Miya (Palace) of the 15th Ojin in Naniwa, the Takatsu no Miya of the 16th Nintoku in Naniwa, and the 18th Hanzei in Shibagaki in Tajihi (Matsubara City, Osaka Prefecture).
- また、川路聖謨、江川英龍などの幕府要人、渡辺崋山、桂川甫周などの蘭学者、箕作省吾などの地理学者、司馬江漢、谷文晁ら画家、砲術家 高島秋帆、海外渡航者の大黒屋光太夫、足立左内、潁川君平、中山作三郎ら和蘭通詞、オランダ商館長(カピタン)のスチュルレ(Johan Willem de Sturler)など、当時の政治、文化、外交の中枢にある人々と広く交流を持って洋学界にも大きく寄与した。
- He also greatly contributed to the development of western studies by his wide-ranging exchanges with the central people of that time in politics, culture, diplomacy such as Toshiakira KAWAJI and Hidetatsu EGAWA (key Edo shogunate figures), Kazan WATANABE and Hoshu KATSURAGAWA (Dutch scholars), Shogo MITSUKURI (geographer), Kokan SHIBA and Buncho TANI (painters), Shuhan TAKASHIMA (ballistic specialist), Kodayu DAIKOKUYA (returnee from Russia), Sanai ADACHI, Kunpei EGAWA, Sakusaburo NAKAYAMA (Japanese-Dutch translator), Johan Willem de Sturler (curator of Dutch trading house).
- 現在、日本においては明治維新以後の時代区分を明治時代・大正時代・昭和時代・平成時代と元号を冠して用いるのが一般的であるが、日本の歴史における時代区分において明治維新以前には鎌倉時代・江戸時代などといった政治の中心地から取られて呼称が用いられている(弥生時代、戦国時代 (日本)のようにその中心地が確定できない時代を除く)が通例なのに明治以後は元号で分けるのはおかしいという意見がある。
- Today, the history after the Meiji restoration is generally periodized with the use of gengo (name for an emperor's period of reign), such as the Meiji period, Taisho period, Showa period and Heisei period, but the history before the Meiji restoration is normally periodized with the use of names of political centers, such as the Kamakura period and Edo period (except for the periods for which the political center cannot be ascertained, such as the Yayoi period and Sengoku period); thus there comes up a view that calling the periods after the Meiji restoration with their gengo is inappropriate.
- この事件については歴史書『続日本紀』に詳細が書かれ、道鏡の政治的陰謀を阻止した和気清麻呂が「忠臣の鑑」として戦前の歴史教育においてしばしば取り上げられてきたが、既に江戸時代に本居宣長によって一連の神話的な事件の流れに懐疑的な説が唱えられ、近年には『続日本紀』の記事には光仁天皇の即位を正当化するための作為が含まれている(神託には皇位継承については触れられていない)とする説も存在する。
- The details of this incident are described in the history book 'Shoku Nihongi'; WAKE no Kiyomaro, who prevented a political conspiracy of Dokyo, was often taken up in history education in Japan before the Word War Ⅱas 'a model of royal subject'; however, during the Edo period Norinaga MOTOORI had already expressed his doubts on the credibility of the series of mythical incidents, and in recent years there exist views which advocate that the articles in 'Shoku Nihongi' include artifacts to justify the enthronement of Emperor Konin (the oracle does not touch on the succession to the Imperial Throne).
- 聖徳太子虚構説に対する反論としては、遠山美都男 『聖徳太子はなぜ天皇になれなかったのか』(2000年)、上原和『世界史上の聖徳太子-東洋の愛と智慧』(2002年)、直木孝次郎「厩戸王の政治的地位について」、上田正昭「歴史からみた太子像の虚実」(『聖徳太子の実像と幻像』所収)(2001年)、曽根正人『聖徳太子と飛鳥仏教』(2007年)、森田悌『推古朝と聖徳太子』(2005年)などがある。
- Those opposing the persons insisting that Shotoku Taishi was a fictitious figure include: Mitsuo TOYAMA, who wrote 'Shotoku Taishi ha Naze Tenno ni Narenakattanoka' (Why Shotoku Taishi could not become the emperor) (2000); Kazu UEHARA, who wrote 'Sekaishijo no Shotoku Taishi - Toyo no Ai to Chie' (Shotoku Taishi in the world history - Compassion and Wisdom of the East) (2002); Kojiro NAOKI, who wrote 'Umayatoo no Seijiteki-chii ni Tsuite' (About the political status of Umayatoo); Masaaki UEDA, who wrote 'Rekishi kara Mita Taishi Zo no Kyojitsu' (Fact and Fiction of the figure of Taishi from the historical view) (contained in the 'Shotoku Taishi no Jitsuzo to Genzo' [Fact and Fiction of Shotoku Taishi]) (2001); Masato SONE, who wrote 'Shotoku Taishi to Asuka Bukkyo' (Shotoku Taishi and Asuka Buddhism) (2007); and Tei MORITA, who wrote 'Suikocho to Shotoku Taishi' (the Court of Empress Suiko and Shotoku Taishi) (2005).
- つまり、門閥、閨閥政治や中華思想また小中華思想など民族(人種)差別、日本蔑視思想で、「平等」の精神に真っ向から反する思想、親子(姑、嫁)が血みどろの権力闘争を繰り広げ、そのために事大主義に走り独立心がなく外交の一貫性がないこと、と福澤諭吉らから見れば、そう見える朝鮮王朝政府に対し、「天は人の上に人をつくらず...」(『学問のすゝめ』)とする思想を重んじる立場から「脱亜論」に至ったのだ、という解釈がある。
- For Fukuzawa, the government of the Korean Dynasties appeared to be totally against 'Equality' by discrimination by putting too much value on lineage and Keibatsu blood connection, Sinocentrism or petit Sinocentrism and disrespect for Japan as well as families repeating bloody strife over authority, no intention to be independent with their Sadaejuui policy and no consistency in their diplomacy; these things led him to write 'Datsu-A Ron' with his standpoint of 'ten wa hito no ue ni hito o tsukurazu...' (The heavens do not create Man above his station...) ('Gakumon no Susume' [An Encouragement of Learning]).
- 自由民権運動は政府の弾圧によって衰微し、自由党_(明治)は解党、立憲改進党も休止状態にあったが、1887年にいわゆる三大事件建白運動が発生すると、かつての自由党の領袖である後藤象二郎は自由民権運動各派が再結集して来るべき第1回衆議院議員総選挙に臨み、帝国議会に議会政治の打ち立てて条約改正や地租・財政問題という難題にあたるべきだと唱え、3月に旧自由党・立憲改進党の主だった人々に呼びかけたのがきっかけである。
- The Freedom and People's Rights Movement once declined because of the government's oppression, which led Liberal Party (Meiji Period) to dissolve and the Constitutional Progressive Party to halt its activities, but in 1887, when so called the petition movement of three major events happened, Shojiro GOTO, a leader of former Liberal Party, advocated the reunion of factions of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement to prepare for upcoming of the first House of Representatives election and he called for the establishment of parliamentary government within the Imperial Diet to deal with difficult problems such as treaty revision, a land tax, and financial affairs; in March of the same year, he got principal members of former Liberal Party and the Constitutional Progressive Party to participate, which triggered the movement to unite for a common purpose.
- 「我朝之覚」とは神功皇后の三韓征伐の際の三韓服従の誓約あるいは天平勝宝2年(752年)に孝謙天皇が新羅の使者に伝えた新羅国王の入朝命令と考えられ、この例に倣って高麗(李氏朝鮮)国王は諸大名と同じように朝廷(秀吉)への出仕義務があると考えて、直後に李氏朝鮮に対してその旨の使者を送っている清水紘一「博多基地化構想をめぐって -天正禁教令との関連を中心として-」(藤野保先生還暦記念会編『近世日本の政治と外交』(1993年、雄山閣) ISBN 9784639011954)。
- An ancient example of Imperial Court' is regarded as either the pledge of obligation by three Korean countries at the conquest by Jinguu Empress or the order which Koken Emperor told an emissary of Silla that the King should come to see him in 752; Hideyoshi thought Korean King should serve Japanese Emperor and sent an emissary to Joseon Dynasty to tell this idea (Kouichi SHIMIZU ' About the idea to build a base at Hakata - relate to the forbiddance of Christianity - (Tamotsu Fujino Sexagenarian Memorial Association 'Governance and foreign diplomacy of modern Japan' 1993, Yuhikaku Press, ISBN 9784639011954).