政: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 政元殺害
- The assassination of Masamoto
- 院政期以前
- Pre-insei period (the period of the government by a Retired Emperor)
- 国司苛政上訴
- Kokushi Kasei Joso
- 治承三年の政変
- Jisho Sannen no Seihen (Coup of the Third Year of Jisho)
- 以仁王と源頼政
- Prince Mochihito and MINAMOTO no Yorimasa
- (→公家政権)
- (See Noble administration)
- 建武の新政期の窪所
- Kubodokoro in the Kenmu Restoration Period
- 太政大臣- 40町
- Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state): 40 ha
- 主政・主帳- 2町
- Shusei (third-ranked officials of Gunji) and Shucho (a position in charge of drafting and accepting documents): 2 ha
- 徳政令の要求目的。
- The purpose of these uprisings was for a proclamation of Tokuseirei (ordering the return of sold land and a dissolution of debts).
- 戦後法政大学教員。
- After the war he became a teacher at Hosei University.
- 院政における評定始
- Hyojohajime in the period of Insei (the cloister government)
- 義政の東山殿の会所
- The Kaisho of Higashiyamadono of Yoshimasa
- 細川政元の3人の養子
- The three adopted sons of Masamoto HOSOKAWA
- 藤原師長(太政大臣)
- FUJIWARA no Moronaga, who possessed the title of Daijo-daijin.
- 伊達政宗 - 梵天丸
- Masamune DATE - Bontenmaru
- 別名、正長の徳政一揆。
- It is also known as the Tokusei uprising of the Shocho era.
- これを平氏政権という。
- This is called the Taira clan government.
- 彼は、飛鳥時代の政治家。
- He was a statesman in the Asuka period.
- 政治面では冷戦が終結した。
- In politics, the cold war state ended.
- 平家政権下での更なる不安定さ
- Additional insecurity under the rule of Heike (Taira clan)
- Increased instability under the Heike government
- メジャー路線としての政商・財閥
- Seisho (merchants with political ties) or zaibatsu (company syndicates) as the major business style
- 幕府は徳政令を発して対応する。
- The shogunate government coped with the matter by issuing the Tokuseirei (ordering the return of land sold and the dissolution of debts), but society remained in chaos.
- 死亡者の田は政府へ収公された。
- Meanwhile, when people died, rice land allotted to the people was confiscated by the government.
- 国司苛政愁訴(-しゅうそ)とも。
- It is also called kokushi kasei shuso.
- しかし西郷は政争に敗れ下野する。
- However, Saigo was defeated in a political fight, and retired from public life.
- 戸籍制度・地方行政組織関連の年表
- Chronology of the family registration system and local administration
- 1856年(安政3年):渋染一揆
- 1856: Shibuzome ikki
- 1825年(文政8年):赤蓑騒動
- 1825: Akamino uprising
- 武士政権(ぶしせいけん)とも呼ぶ。
- It is also referred to as 'Samurai government.'
- 寛政異学の禁、蛮社の獄などの弾圧。
- Oppression was a factor, such as in Kansei Igaku no Kin (the prohibition of heterodoxy in the Kansei era) and Bansha no goku.
- 1793年(寛政5年):武左衛門一揆
- 1793: Buzaemon ikki
- その統率者が里長で末端行政を担った。
- Villages were headed by a richo who was responsible for low level administration.
- こうしたことが新政への支持を失わせた。
- That treatment undermined the support for the new administration.
- 結局、室町幕府は徳政令を出さなかった。
- After all, the Muromachi bakufu did not issue Tokuseirei (order for return of land sold and dissolution of debts).
- 7月、細川尹賢が木沢長政に殺害される。
- In August, Tadakata HOSOKAWA was killed by Nagamasa KIZAWA.
- 以仁王の乱、源頼政の挙兵とも呼ばれる。
- Prince Mochihito's uprising is also called the War of Prince Mochihito and MINAMOTO no Yorimasa's uprising.
- 1441年(嘉吉元年):嘉吉の徳政一揆
- 1441: Tokusei uprising in the Kakitsu era
- 細川政賢は自害し、澄元は阿波に撤退する。
- Masakata HOSOKAWA committed suicide, and Sumimoto withdrew to Awa.
- 幕府は大政奉還により権力の温存を図った。
- The bakufu tried to keep its authority through Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor).
- しかし、23日になり政局は大きく変わった。
- However, the political situation changed dramatically on September 5.
- この時期は摂関家による摂関政治が展開した。
- At that time, regency performed by Sekkan-ke developed.
- 朝廷の財政は、地方からの収入によっていた。
- The Imperial Court's finances depended on income from the country.
- 土一揆のほとんどは、徳政の実施を要求した。
- In most tsuchi-ikki, they appealed to the government to enforce tokusei (which literally means 'virtuous rule,' representing cancellations of debts in this case).
- それで、当初は「徳政禁止」の命令も出した。
- Accordingly, the bakufu initially issued orders to forbid tokusei.
- これは、院政の開始へつながる画期となった。
- This became the landmark which led to the start of cloister government.
- そして、翌1月30日までに太政官へ申請した。
- And then, people applied to the Daijokan (Grand Council of State) by next January 30 (old calender).
- これらは太政官の経費や職員給与に充てられた。
- The tax was then used to pay the expenses of the Daijokan or provide for workers.
- 徳政一揆(とくせいいっき)は、土一揆の一種。
- A Tokusei uprising is a type of peasant uprising.
- 基経執政期で特徴的なのが、官田の設置である。
- The Mototsune administration is characterized by the establishment of Kanden (imperial estates).
- そのため、土一揆を徳政一揆ということもある。
- That is why Tsuchi-ikki is sometimes called Tokusei ikki.
- 18世紀に入ると幕府財政が慢性的に悪化した。
- Entering the 18th the century, the finance of the bakufu became chronically deteriorated.
- こうした考えが、政策方針の転回の背景にあった。
- The above intention was the background of the policy change.
- 明使の在日中に明で永楽帝が即位する政変が起る。
- While envoys dispatched from the Ming were staying in Japan, there was a political coup in the Ming, by which the Emperor Yongle ascended the throne.
- 中外抄(ちゅうがいしょう)は、院政期の聞書集。
- Chugaisho is a collection of narrative recordings during the times under cloistered rule.
- 政治を司る太政官の筆頭官も親王らが占めていた。
- Imperial Princes were the heads of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) who carried out policy.
- 忠平期を摂関政治の成立期とするのが通説である。
- Tadahira's administration period is usually considered the time during which the regency was established.
- 時平の死後、弟の藤原忠平が太政官首班となった。
- After Tokihira's death, his younger brother, FUJIWARA no Tadahira, became the chief of Daijokan.
- 念願であった天皇親政である建武の新政を開始する。
- Godaigo launched the Kenmu Restoration, which was the direct imperial rule that Godaigo had long envisioned.
- 当時の政治や社会状況を知る上では重要な歴史資料。
- The diary is important historical material in understanding the politics and social circumstances of the time it was written.
- 後三条の子、白河天皇も積極的に政治に取り組んだ。
- Emperor Shirakawa, a son of Emeror Gosanjo, positively coped with political challenges.
- 寛政の噂が広まり、夷俘の敵意が和らいだためである。
- This was because the rumor of the kansei (sympathetic policies) had spread and thus reduced the Ifu's hostility.
- その後豊臣政権まで約150年間にわたって中断した。
- After this, Chosen Tsushinshi did not come to Japan for 150 years until the era of the Toyotomi government.
- 特に室町幕府財政において主要な財源の1つであった。
- It was the main source of revenue, especially for the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 藩財政の事情によっては、課税が復活した事例もある。
- In some cases, exemption from tax was taken away because of the financial situation of the domain.
- 忠平の死後、10世紀中葉に村上天皇が親政を行った。
- After Tadahira's death, Emperor Murakami conducted direct Imperial rule in the middle of the 10th century.
- 特に院政期についての事情などについては詳細である。
- It describes in detail the Insei period (the period of the Retired Emperor's rule), in particular.
- 以後、平氏政権はますます軍事的な色彩を強めていく。
- From this point onwards, the military color of the Taira clan administration became more prominent.
- しかし、本格的な騒乱は三好氏の政権掌握以降となる。
- However, real turbulence occurred after the Miyoshi clan took over the government.
- この時期、都市町人を中心とする化政文化が花開いた。
- During this era, Kasei culture flourished centered on townspeople in urban areas.
- 11世紀中期までは摂関政治がある程度機能していた。
- Up to the middle of the 11th century, the regency functioned to some extent.
- 時平は、醍醐天皇の前代宇多天皇の政治方針を継承した。
- Tokihira followed the political policy of Emperor Uda, the former emperor of Emperor Daigo.
- 決定は蔵人を通して天皇と摂政または関白に奏聞された。
- The Jin no Sadame made use of Kurodo (Chamberlains) to transmit its decisions to the Emperor and his Sessho (Regent) or Kanpaku (Chief Adviser).
- また、江戸幕府も寛政の改革で「七分積金」を導入した。
- Also, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) implemented 'shichibu tsumikin (70 percent reserve fund)' for the Kansei Reform.
- 12月(地方行政の制度、着任の模様、行政管理の模様)
- December: System of local administration, descriptions of inauguration and government control
- この屈辱と恥辱が、頼政・仲綱父子に謀反を決意させた。
- According to this account, it was the insult and disgrace of this episode which prompted both father and son, Yorimasa and Nakatsuna, to decide to rebel against the government.
- 院政の開始をもって中世の開始とする見解が有力である。
- It is usually interpreted that the initiation of the cloister government signaled the start of the Medieval Age.
- そのため、朝廷(公家政権)は政治実権を失っていった。
- Therefore, the Imperial Court (the Kuge government) started losing its grip on political power.
- 清盛は後白河院政を停止して、自らの政権を打ち立てた。
- Kiyomori put an end to the cloister government and established his own government.
- 具体的な政策として検地、刀狩、海賊禁止令が施行された。
- As specific policy measures, kenchi (land survey), katanagari (sword hunt) and kaizoku kinshirei (ban on piracy) were conducted.
- 荘園の拡大はすなわち、国家財政の収入の減少を意味した。
- The expansion of shoen meant the decline of revenue in the national finance.
- 1869年の版籍奉還で士族は政府に属することとなった。
- The warrior class started to belong to the government due to the return of lands and people to the emperor in 1869.
- (興福寺による徳政令の例として柳生の徳政碑文がある)。
- (Yagyu no Tokusei Hibun (inscription of Tokuseirei) describes Tokuseirei by Kofuku-ji Temple.)
- 初の武家政権となる鎌倉幕府が成立して以降も同様である。
- The situation did not change even after the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as the first military government.
- しばしば為政者により政策のいっかんとしておこなわれた。
- Leaders often applied the practice as a part of their policy.
- それは、頼朝政権の路線確定を表すものと考えられている。
- It is considered to be an indication that the Yoritomo government determined its direction.
- 足利尊氏が反旗を翻すと武家は結集し後醍醐政権を攻めた。
- As Takauji ASHIKAGA rebelled against the restoration, the samurai families banded together and attacked the Godaigo government.
- 一条氏は七守護の3倍強の力を持って土佐政治に関与した。
- The Ichijo clan took part in political affairs in Tosa with the power that was approximately three times of that of nanashugo.
- 行政組織は全て太政官左右弁官局の共同管轄下に置かれた。
- The administrative organization was all under the joint control of daijokan (Grand Council of State) Oversight Department of the Left and Right.
- 藤原保則は武力によらず寛政によって反乱の鎮撫に成功した。
- FUJIWARA no Yasunori succeeded in pacifying the rebellion, not by force but through the use of kansei.
- 朝廷の苛政に対して出羽国の夷俘が蜂起して秋田城を襲った。
- The Ifu in Dewa Province revolted against the misrule by the Imperial Court and attacked Akita-jo Castle.
- 年が明けると義満は元服するが、政治の実務は頼之が行った。
- Even after Yoshimitsu had gone through his genpuku (coming-of-age ceremony) early the next year, all practical aspects of the administration were covered by Yoriyuki.
- また、本書の編纂方針は『政事要略』にも影響を与えている。
- In addition, the policy employed for compiling this document also affected that of 'Seiji Yoryaku.'
- この時点でもまだ頼政の関与は露見していなかったのである。
- Up until this point, Yorimasa's involvement in the plot had still not been discovered.
- 清盛一族はさらに権力を強化し、ついに平氏政権を樹立した。
- The Kiyomori family gained further power and finally established the Taira clan administration.
- (三好長慶から始まる三好政権について、「堺公方」を参照)
- (For information on the government by the Miyoshi clan commenced from Nagayoshi MIYOSHIA, refer to 'Sakaikubo' (the municipal government based in Sakai City).
- これが院政の開始であり、院政を行う上皇を治天の君という。
- This is the beginning of the cloister government, and a retired emperor who organized policy is called 'chiten no kimi.'
- 具体的には奥州藤原氏政権の盛衰との関係が指摘されている。
- In concrete terms, the relationship with the ups and downs of the government of the Oshu-Fujiwara clan has been pointed out.
- 10世紀後期から現れ始め、藤原道長執政期を中心に頻発した。
- It started to appear in the second half of the 10th century and often occurred particularly when FUJIWARA no Michinaga was an administrator.
- 天皇親政を理想に掲げ、鎌倉幕府の打倒を密かに目指していた。
- Emperor Godaigo espoused the ideal of direct administration by the Emperor, but he harbored the aim of overthrowing the Kamakura bakufu.
- 畠山氏は跡目争いから畠山義就と畠山政長が争いを続けていた。
- As for the Hatakeyama clan, Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA and Masanaga HATAKEYAMA had been at war with each other for a dispute over a matter of succession.
- 私徳政の根拠としては「代替わりの徳政」であるとされている。
- Debt cancellations were claimed to be executed 'on the part of authorities.'
- 多大な利益を渤海にもたらした反面、日本側の財政を圧迫した。
- While this was tremendously beneficial to Bokkai, it pressured Japanese finances.
- だが、不正や財政への流用などによって南宋以後には衰退した。
- However, this system weakened due to corruptions and appropriations for public finance after the Southern Sung Dynasty.
- 八代将軍足利義政がきづいた東山殿には、会所がひとつあった。
- The Higashiyamadono built by eighth Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA had one kaisho.
- 一円神領興行法ともいい、徳政の一類型として理解されている。
- It is also known as Ichien-shinryokogyo Law, and understood as a typical pattern of benevolent rule.
- 天皇や将軍の代替わり時は、徳政を行うべき機会と考えられた。
- People considered a change of emperors or shogun as a good occasion to enforce tokusei.
- とはいえ、その後の摂関政治は権門優遇策をとった訳ではない。
- However, the later regency did not adopt a policy which favored influential families.
- 長政と元長が対立するようになるが、細川晴元は長政を寵愛する。
- Although Nagamasa and Motonaga had become opposed to each other, Harumoto HOSOKAWA showed favor for Nagamasa.
- これら諸施策は後代、理想的な政治とされ、延喜の治と呼ばれた。
- These measures and policies were considered ideal in later times, and the then-policy was called Engi no chi (glorious Engi rule).
- 本格的な武家政権は、源頼朝が鎌倉幕府を開いた事により始まる。
- The full-scale military government started when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established the Kamakura bakufu.
- 大政奉還、王政復古 (日本)により江戸幕府が消滅すると解散。
- The organization was dissolved when the Edo bakufu ceased to exist by Taisei Hokan (the Return of Political Power to the Emperor) and Osei Fukko (the Restoration of Imperial Rule).
- 地方の行政機関は、庶民を統制して、租税を収奪する機構である。
- Local administrative bodies were responsible for controlling the common people and collecting taxes.
- また、中世後期の一揆の盟約による政治的共同体が武装していた。
- In the later middle ages, the political community formed by a league of ikki would be armed.
- 中国の一人っ子政策などは人口抑制に大きな役割を果たしている。
- For example, the one-child policy of China has played a significant role for controlling the population.
- 鎌倉幕府が滅亡した後、天皇親政である建武の新政が開始された。
- After the fall of the Kamakura bakufu, the Kenmu Restoration, which was a direct rule by the emperor, started.
- 統一した政治勢力をなさず、次第に日本により征服・吸収された。
- They did not have unified political power and were gradually conquered and absorbed by Japan.
- 保則は備中国、備前国の国司として善政をうたわれた人物であった。
- Yasunori had been known for governing Bicchu and Bizen provinces effectively as their kokushi.
- 陣定(じんのさだめ)は、平安時代摂関政治の朝議の形式のひとつ。
- The Jin no Sadame was a type of privy council in use by regency governments during the Heian period.
- 後に土倉などが徳政令適用除外のためにこれを納めることも認めた。
- The bakufu later also recognized that doso would pay this amount so that Tokuseirei would not be applied to them.
- 伊達政宗15歳(1581年、相馬義胤 (十六代当主)との戦い)
- Masamune DATE, aged 15 (1581, Battle with Yoshitane SOMA (the 16th family head))
- 父は『令集解』の著者惟宗直本、孫は『政事要略』の著者惟宗允亮。
- His father was KOREMUNE no Naomoto who wrote 'Ryonoshuge' (Commentaries on the civil statutes), and KOREMUNE no Masasuke who wrote 'Seiji Yoryaku' (examples of the politics in the Heian period) was his grandson.
- 代わりに、農地の小規模独立経営を推し進める政策が採られていく。
- Instead of that, a policy to facilitate small-scaled independent management over the agricultural land was adopted.
- 頼政はもはやこれまでと念仏をとなえ、渡辺唱の介錯で腹を切った。
- Yorimasa, having realized that this was the end, recited the Nenbutsu (a Buddhist prayer to Amida) and then disemboweled himself, with Tono WATANABE serving as his kaishaku (he who assists by delivering the coup de grace).
- 保元の乱、平治の乱を経て平清盛が台頭し、平氏政権が形成された。
- After weathering two wars, the Hogen and the Heiji wars, TAIRA no Kiyomori rose to the pinnacle of power, and created a governmental adminstration controlled by the Taira clan.
- 冬嗣の子、藤原良房も冬嗣の路線を継承し、開墾奨励政策をとった。
- FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, the son of Fuyutsugu, followed his father's policy and encouraged the development of reclaimed land.
- 1600年には、西笑承兌により、『貞観政要』が出版されている。
- In 1600, Jotai SAISHO published 'Joganseiyo' (a book written about Taiso, the second Emperor of the Tang Dynasty in China).
- 地方政治は藩によって行われ、幕府と合わせて幕藩体制と呼ばれる。
- Local politics were conducted in each domain, which are, together with the bakufu, called the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate.
- 地域国家間の政治的・経済的矛盾は、武力によって解決が図られた。
- Political or economical contradictions among these regional nations were solved through fighting with arms.
- その結果、アジアで最初の普通選挙が実施され政党政治が成立した。
- As a result of this movement, popular election was conducted and party politics were established.
- 鎌倉期に入っても、在庁官人を中心とした国衙行政は継続していった。
- Even during the Kamakura period, the kokuga administration centering on zaichokanjin continued.
- 平安時代以降、解由状に基づいて行政監査を行う勘解由使が置かれた。
- During the Heian period and later, kageyushi conducted administrative audits based on geyujo.
- 特に院政期ごろからこの風習がおこり、盛んに行われるようになった。
- Especially, the custom started in the insei period (period of the government by the Retired Emperor) and became popular.
- それに反発した郡司・百姓層が階級闘争として国司苛政上訴を行った。
- Gunji and farmers who were opposed to Zuryo appealed Kokushi kasei joso as a class struggle.
- そのため、管領細川政元らは、この動きに対して静観の姿勢を取った。
- For that reason, the Shogunal Deputy Masamoto HOSOKAWA and others remained a silent observer of the movement in Yamashiro Province.
- 政府による救済措置として、士族を職につかせる士族授産が行われた。
- As government relief measures, Shizoku jusan was implemented to get them into the workforce.
- 第23条 田の支給は、支給年の正月30日までに太政官へ申請する。
- Article 23: To have a field supplied, its application must be made to Daijokan (Grand Council of State) by the 30th of January of a kubunden-supplying year.
- 平氏政権は人事や荘園の多くを掌握し、恩賞を差配する地位についた。
- The Taira regime took control of many appointments and manors, thereby acquiring the position that enabled them to manage reward grants.
- その後、信長は悪銭と良銭との交換レートを定める政策に改めている。
- Later, however, Nobunaga changed the policy and specified an exchange ratio of low-quality coins to high-quality coins.
- 河内源氏が没落する一方で、摂津源氏の頼政は政権内に留まっていた。
- So even as the Kawachi Genji were destroyed, Yorimasa, of the Settsu Genji, managed to remain part of the inner circle of government.
- 平安時代末期、平清盛が武家としては初めての太政大臣に任じられた。
- At the end of Heian period, TAIRA no Kiyomori was appointed Grand Minister for the first time from a samurai family.
- 江戸時代末期やがて幕府の財政的な傾きと共に尊皇論が広まっていく。
- At the end of the Edo period, with the financial downswing of the bakufu, sonnoron (the thought respecting the Emperors) gradually spread.
- 豊臣政権により徳川氏が関東に転封されると信濃諸豪族も関東へ移る。
- When the Tokugawa clan was shifted to Kanto by the Toyotomi government, gozoku in Shinano also moved to Kanto.
- 豊臣政権時代より領内の騒擾を理由とした大名改易のケースが現れた。
- From the time of the Toyotomi government, cases of daimyo kaieki (punishment of a feudal lordship by seizing its territory) for a riot within the daimyo's territory began to be seen.
- このような行政区画以外にも、東国・坂東と陸奥国・出羽国があった。
- In addition to these administrative areas, there were also Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) and Bando (old Kanto region) as well as Mutsu Province and Dewa Province.
- 米騒動を契機とする大正デモクラシーと呼ばれる政治運動が起こった。
- A political movement called Taisho democracy started with rice riots.
- それに秋田城司による年来の苛政が重なり、夷俘の不満は頂点に達した。
- In addition to this disaster, years of misrule by the lord of Akita-jo Castle had brought the Ifu's frustration to the boiling point.
- これを国司苛政上訴といい、尾張国司藤原元命の事例などが有名である。
- Such cases are called Kokushi kasei joso (peasants' appeals or armed struggles against kokushi), among which the case of FUJIWARA no Motonaga, the kokushi in Owari Province, is well known.
- また、その一部は京庫納として京都に送られて朝廷の財政に宛てられた。
- Part of this was considered Kyokono and sent to Kyoto to supplement the court's finances.
- 「イエ」の概念が生まれるのは、白河天皇の院政時代から徐々にである。
- The notion of a 'house' came out gradually from the insei period of Emperor Shirakawa.
- 一定の政治的意図をもって上から組織される場合(南九州国人一揆など)
- The uprising was organized by top authorities with a certain political intention (e.g. the Kokujin uprising in southern Kyushu).
- 阿衡事件(あこうじけん)は、平安時代前期に起こった政治事件である。
- The Ako Incident was a political incident that occurred in the early Heian period.
- 頼政方は次第に人数が減り、兼綱は討たれ、仲綱は重傷を負い自害した。
- The forces with Yorimasa were gradually worn down, with Kanetsuna struck down and Nakatsuna, having suffered mortal injuries, taking his own life.
- この「御くわい所」とは、足利義政の東山殿にあった会所のことである。
- This 'Gokuwaisho' pointed to kaisho of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA located in Higashiyamadono.
- そこで政府は新たな推進策として743年に墾田永年私財法を発布した。
- Then the government promulgated Konden einen shizai Law (a law allowing farmers who cleared new lands to own them permanently) as a new promotion program in 743.
- このほかにも、行政機関や研究機関による大規模なプロジェクトがある。
- In addition, large-scale projects have been organized by governmental organizations and by research organizations.
- 平安後期の政治・経済史は、この荘園公領制の成立と深く関わっている。
- The political and economic history in the latter half of the Heian period is strongly associated with the establishment of this system.
- 国衙の権力は守護権力へと一元化され、国衙行政は消滅への道をたどった。
- The power of kokuga and that of shugo were unified and the administration of kokuga ceased to exist.
- しかし10世紀中期頃、国衙行政は在庁官人の手で運営されるようになる。
- However, in the middle of the 10th century, zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) started to manage kokuga (provincial government offices).
- 1488年に加賀において守護の富樫政親を追放し、門徒領国を形成した。
- In 1488, the people of Kaga expelled the shugo (provincial constable), Masachika TOGASHI, and formed the monto-ryogoku (territory of followers).
- 現代では政府の人事において賄賂により官職をあてがう場合に用いられる。
- These days, the term, Baikan, refers to gaining a government post by bribe.
- 上記の国政改革と並行して、東国では寛平・延喜東国の乱が発生していた。
- In parallel with the national reformation described above, Kanbyo Engi Togoku War (Disturbance by robberies in Togoku during the eras between Kanbyo [889 to 898] and Engi [901 to 923]) occurred.
- 頼政の軍は宇治橋の橋板を落として待ち構え、川を挟んでの矢戦となった。
- Yorimasa's forces tore down the Uji bridge and waited for the enemy on the far bank, engaging them in a battle of archery across the river.
- 法皇を幽閉して政治の実権を握ったことは、多くの反対勢力を生み出した。
- The act of grabbing hold of power by confining the cloistered emperor led to the birth of many opposition forces.
- 後嵯峨院による院政下の寛元4年(1246年)に院政の改革が行われた。
- Gosagain revised the government by a retired emperor in 1246 during his post-retired government.
- 仁安_(日本)2年(1167年)には清盛は太政大臣にまで登りつめる。
- In 1167, Kiyomori reached the highest position in the country, that of Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state).
- この政策が結実したのが9世紀末~10世紀初頭の寛平・延喜期であった。
- This idea was brought to fruition in Kanpyo and Engi eras, from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century.
- 農業や治水面での不作為が原因で、現地の住民や政府・行政に責任がある。
- It has been caused because no appropriate actions have been taken for farming and controlling water, and the responsibility resides in the residents, governments and administrations concerned.
- 理想主義的な哲人政治を志向したが、書物としての教育論は残していない。
- He intended to conduct idealistic policy based on philosophy, but he left no written theory regarding education.
- 平氏政権の支配に対して、貴族・寺社層から反発が出されるようになった。
- Aristocracy, temples and shrines rebelled against the Taira clan government.
- ほとんどの土一揆は、徳政令の発布を要求する徳政一揆の性格を帯びていた。
- Most peasants' uprisings assumed the character of a Tokusei uprising, which demanded the issuance of Tokuseirei (ordering the return of land sold and the dissolution of debts).
- この文書が各官庁、国衙などの政務機関に送られ、実務上の効力を発揮した。
- These documents were sent to the agencies and Kokuga and became practically effective.
- 令制国ごとに太政官符又は宣旨によって段_(単位)単位で定められていた。
- This was determined by dan (unit) for each ryoseikoku (province) by Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) or Senji (imperial decree).
- 42ヵ国89ヵ所に及ぶ長講堂の膨大な荘園は当初院政の財政基盤となった。
- The Chokodo had eighty-nine shoen in forty-two provinces that were initially the financial base of the Insei (rule by the retired Emperor).
- その同じ研究会で石井進 (歴史学者)も『院政期の国衙軍制』を発表する。
- Susumu ISHI (historian) also announced the 'kokuga forces system during the period of governance by the retired Emperor' in the same study group.
- 摂政・関白が同時に2 - 3か国を知行国とすることが珍しくなくなった。
- It was not rare that Sessho (a regent) or Kanpaku (the top adviser to Emperor) had two or three chigyo-koku provinces.
- 院宮分国と知行国は、ともに院政期(11世紀後葉以降)に急激に増加した。
- Ingu bunkoku provinces and chigyo-koku provinces increased rapidly in the insei period (during the period of the government by the Retired Emperor) (in the latter half the 11th century and later).
- 江戸幕府が倒れた近代以降、明治新政府の下で陸軍省・海軍省が設置された。
- In early modern times following the collapse of the Edo bakufu, the Meiji new government created the Ministries of War and Navy.
- 本宣旨を獲得したことにより、頼朝政権は対朝廷協調路線の度合いを強めた。
- The obtainment of this decree made the Yoritomo government facilitate the trend of a cooperative relationship with the Imperial Court.
- 日本は、応仁の乱や明応の政変を契機として戦国時代 (日本)に突入した。
- Japan plunged into the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) with advent of the Onin War and Meio Incident.
- 以仁王と頼政が反平氏を唱えた挙兵の意思を固めた経緯と動機には諸説ある。
- Theories abound as to the beginnings of and motives behind the stiffening of the resolve of prince Mochihito and Yorimasa to raise an army against the Taira clan.
- 11世紀ごろから、中央政府の有力者へ田地を寄進する動きが見られ始める。
- From around the eleventh century, the rice-field donation to the powerful men in the central government started.
- 鎌倉には建武政権から失脚した後醍醐天皇の皇子護良親王が幽閉されていた。
- In Kamakura, Imperial Prince Morinaga, a prince of Emperor Godaigo, was being confined after he was expelled from the Kenmu Government.
- 同後期に登場した、外戚に藤原氏を持たない後三条天皇は天皇親政を行った。
- Emperor Gosanjo, who had no maternal relatives from the Fujiwara clan, directly ruled the country.
- のち徳川家が国政を管掌する途上において、武士と他の階級を明確に区別した。
- Later, in the process of the Tokugawa family taking control of the national administration, the samurai class and other classes were separated precisely.
- 官軍は苦戦して鎮圧は難航したが、藤原保則が寛政によって鎮撫して終息した。
- The imperial forces faced an uphill battle and had difficulty subduing the rebels, but FUJIWARA no Yasunori pacified the rebels and ended the rebellion through the use of kansei (sympathetic policies).
- 受領の中には任国へ赴任せず、在庁官人へ行政を任せる者も多くなっていった。
- More and more appointed officials did not move to ningoku (place of appointment) and delegated to zaichokanjin.
- 最古の記録は承和_(日本)13年(846年)の太政官符によるものである。
- The oldest record is a Daijokanpu in 846.
- しかし、その政権が仏教の国家宗教化を意図した具体的な政策例は存在しない。
- However, there had been no specific policy that intended to establish Buddhism as the national religion.
- この2路線の相克が、爾後、頼朝政権が退勢を挽回する上で重要となってくる。
- The conflict between these two lines became an important factor thereafter in restoring the declining force of the Yoritomo government.
- 上記の状況下において、頼朝は政治的な窮地に立たされ、危機感を強く抱いた。
- Under the circumstances mentioned above, Yoritomo, who was put in a politically difficult situation, developed a strong sense of crisis.
- 凶党が発生した場合、国衙は即時に中央の太政官へ報告書(国解)を送付した。
- When gangsters started a criminal act, the kokuga sent a report about it (called Kokuge) to Daijokan in the central government.
- 良房の養子、藤原基経もまた、良房路線を継承し土地課税重視の政策をとった。
- FUJIWARA no Mototsune, an adopted child of Yoshifusa, also followed Yoshifusa's policy line, and carried out counting based on the land-based tax system.
- しかし清盛は迅速に対応し、平氏軍は以仁王と頼政をすぐに敗死へ追い込んだ。
- However, Kiyomori acted swiftly and the Taira troops were defeated, and Prince Mochihito and Yorimasa killed.
- 清盛は高倉院政の開始に当たって、高倉とともに安芸国厳島への社参を行った。
- Upon the start of Takakura's cloistered government, Kiyomori attended Takakura to give offerings at Itsukushima in Aki Province.
- これは事実上、軍事力による朝廷の制圧であり後白河院政は完全に停止された。
- This was in actuality, suppression of the imperial Court by military power and the Goshirakawa cloistered government was completely terminated.
- 1488年、加賀国守護 富樫政親を滅ぼすことでその勢力を世に知らしめる。
- In 1488, after the Ikko ikki destroyed the shugo (military governor) of Kaga Province, Masachika TOGASHI, society learned of their great power.
- 織田信長は室町将軍足利義昭を放逐し、室町幕府に代わる畿内政権を樹立した。
- Nobunaga ODA ousted Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, the shogun in Muromachi, and established the Kinai government (the government in the Kinai area - roughly corresponding to the present Kansai region) replacing the Muromachi bakufu.
- この墾田開発は、半ば、仏教興隆を目的とする律令政府が主導したものであった。
- Such development of arable land was promoted by the Ritsuryo code-based government to make Buddhism more prosperous.
- 建武政権は崩壊し、南朝 (日本)に零落し、南北朝時代 (日本)へ突入する。
- The Kenmu government collapsed and came down to the Southern Court (Japan), then it entered into the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- そして、1140年代の事例を最後に国司苛政上訴はほとんど見られなくなった。
- Eventually Kokushi kasei joso became rare after claims in the 1140's.
- 建武の新政期において、その性格が不明な役所である「窪所」が設置されている。
- 'Kubodokoro', a government body whose precise function is unknown, was established during the Kenmu Restoration Period.
- 第27条 政府所有の奴隷(官戸奴婢)の口分田は一般人(良人)に同じとする。
- Article 27: To each slave owned by the government (slaves in the kanko status), the same amount of kubunden as that for an ordinary person (called ryojin) must be supplied.
- この頃は、諸国行政の実権が中央から国衙に大幅に委ねられるようになっていた。
- This was the time when the actual provincial administrative power were drastically passed from the central government to the kokuga.
- 政事要略(せいじようりゃく)は、平安時代の政務運営に関する事例を掲げた書。
- Seiji yoryaku is a written document which gives examples of the governmental management in the Heian period.
- 10世紀後期から両者間の対立が国司苛政上訴という形で顕在化するようになる。
- From the late 10th century, such contradictions became obvious in the form of Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against kokushi).
- 怒った基経は一切の政務を放棄してしまい、そのため国政が渋滞する事態に陥る。
- Mototsune abandoned all state affairs in anger and national administration was delayed.
- 戦国時代_(日本)以後も引き続き設置されたが、豊臣政権下で全廃されている。
- The checkpoints were still in use after the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), but were all abolished under the Toyotomi administration.
- その夜、頼政は自邸を焼き、50余騎を率いて園城寺に入り、以仁王と合流した。
- That night, Yorimasa burned down his own mansion and entered Onjo-ji leading 50 cavalry, joining forces with prince Mochihito.
- 結局、政仁親王への譲位は慶長16年(1611年)まで延ばされることになる。
- Eventually, the Emperor's abdication in favor of Imperial Prince Kotohito was postponed until 1611.
- 最終的には339名が逮捕されることとなり「安政の大獄以来の大獄」となった。
- As many as 339 people were arrested at last, this was 'the largest suppression after Ansei no Taigoku (suppression of extremists by the Shogunate).'
- 百姓らにとって、そうした徳政を要求することは、当然の権利と認識されていた。
- The peasants thought they could appeal to the government to enforce their right of tokusei.
- 源頼朝を首長とする鎌倉幕府は、治承・寿永の乱で勝利して平氏政権を打倒した。
- The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo as its chief defeated the Taira clan government in the Jisho-Juei War.
- そのため、徳川吉宗は幕府権力の再強化と財政再建(享保の改革)を推し進めた。
- Therefore, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA promoted the re-strengthening of the bakufu authority and financial reconstruction (Kyoho Reforms).
- 退位して上皇となった後は天皇家の長という立場で独自の政策を展開していった。
- After the abdication, the retired Emperor Shirakawa developed his own policies from the viewpoint of the head of the Emperor's family.
- 摂関政治で最大の栄華を誇った藤原道長の施策にはむしろ抑制的な面も見られる。
- The policies conducted by FUJIWARA no Michinaga, who himself lived most extravagantly while in power, contained aspects of controlling the influential.
- そのため、遙任ではなく、現地で行政責任を負った国司を受領と呼ぶようになった。
- Therefore, the kokushi who actually lived in his area of responsibility in order to control it directly, not one who lived in Kyoto and remotely controlled responsible area remotely, became called zuryo.
- 国人衆による政治は、国人と農民の対立、また国人同士の対立を生むことになった。
- The self-governance administrated by local samurais created conflicts between local samurais and farmers, as well as conflicts among themselves.
- そして平氏政権は福原に隣接する和田(輪田)の地に「和田京」の造営を計画した。
- The Taira clan administration further planned to establish 'Wada-kyo' in Wada, a territory which bordered on Fukuhara.
- 院庁下文(いんのちょうくだしぶみ)は、平安時代院政期に、院庁が発給した文書。
- In no cho kudashibumi were the documents issued by Incho (Retired Emperor's Office) during the Insei (government by cloistered emperor) during the Heian period.
- 平安末期の平氏政権期には、30数か国が平氏一門の知行国になったとされている。
- It is said that, in the Taira clan government towards the end of the Heian period, thirty plus provinces became chigyo-koku provinces of the Taira clan.
- しかし、もともと財政基盤が脆弱だったうえ、橘氏の没落によって衰退していった。
- However, it grew weak because the financial base of Daigaku-besso was weak to start with and also because the Tachibana clan fell from power.
- これは軍政官を派遣するなどの点で、最初期の武家政権としての性格を有している。
- This administration was characterized as an early samurai administration in terms of dispatch of gunsei (military government) officers.
- 岡山藩や水戸藩、淀藩などの儒教が興隆した藩を中心に神仏分離政策が行なわれた。
- The policy to separate Buddhism and Shintoism was adopted in Domains where Confucianism flourished, such as the Okayama Domain, the Mito Domain, and the Yodo Domain.
- 朝家に政務一般で奉仕する公家と軍事面で奉仕する武家という対比に基づいていた。
- The use of these two terms was based on the comparison of their services to the Imperial Family, namely 'kuge' in charge of general government affairs and 'buke' in charge of military affairs.
- 両乱で大きな勲功のあった平清盛は異例の出世を遂げ、後白河天皇の院政を支えた。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori, who distinguished himself during these two wars, developed his career and supported Goshirakawa's cloister government.
- しかし、実際に延喜期の政務をリードしたのは太政官筆頭の左大臣藤原時平であった。
- However, a person who actually played a leading role attending to government affairs in the Engi period was FUJIWARA no Tokihira, Sadaijin (Minister of the Left), Daijokan hitto (head council of state).
- 受領の恣意的支配が抑制されたため、国司苛政上訴も沈静化した、とする評価である。
- Therefore the post-war evaluation is that the disappearance of Kokushi kasei joso was because Zuryo's arbitrary administration had been controlled.
- 平安中期頃、中央政界からあぶれた武士身分の下級貴族が多数、地方へ下向してきた。
- In around the mid-Heian period, a number of lower-ranking noblemen with samurai status, who were left out of the central political world, went down to the provinces.
- 院政政治についての内容が現存しているが、一年分を完備した年はなく断続的である。
- Still existing are descriptions of the governments ruled by retired emperors, but descriptions that cover events of a whole year do not exist, and are intermittent.
- 本来や政府を経由して官司や寺社に給付された租税を直接搬入させたことに由来する。
- It originated when the government made the tax payers directly transport their land taxes (rice) to the government officials and temples and shrines through the government.
- 治承4年(1180年)2月、3歳の安徳天皇が践祚し、高倉上皇は院政を開始した。
- In February 1180, the three-year-old Emperor Antoku ascended the throne and the Retired Emperor Takakura started his cloistered government.
- 更に豊臣政権の確立を間近に控え、秀吉にそれ相応の官職を与える必要性が出てきた。
- Furthermore, it was necessary for the Imperial Court to designate Hideyoshi, who was on the verge of establishing the Toyotomi administration, in an appropriate official position.
- 中国などの経済発展と密接に関連しており、政治的な対策が鍵を握るとの見方もある。
- Kosa is closely related to economical progress in China and there is a view of considering that political measures to be taken are the key to solving the problem.
- 東北には多賀城(宮城県多賀城市)を置いて、周辺諸国を統率する広域行政を敷いた。
- Taga-jo Castle (Tagajo City, Miyagi Prefecture) in the northeast established a wide area of control which included the surrounding provinces.
- 国際連合教育科学文化機関や平和運動など幅広い活躍を行い、法政大学総長も務めた。
- He was engaged in wide-ranging activities, such as those of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and peace movement, and also served as the president of Hosei University.
- その結果、自社両党による55年体制が崩壊し、非自民・非共産連立政権が成立した。
- As a result, the 1955-system by Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party of Japan collapsed and a coalition government, not including Liberal Democratic Party and Communist Party, was realized.
- 797年(延暦16年)頃に国司交替の際に行政実績を監査する勘解由使が設置された。
- Around 797, kageyushi was introduced to audit results of the administration when a kokushi (provincial governor) was to be replaced.
- 太政官の外記などが有力公卿などである知行国国主に雇われて派遣される場合もあった。
- Moreover, geki of daijokan (secretary of the grand council) might be sent by a chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor), an influential kugyo (top court official).
- しかしそのうち鎌倉市中の一般民事訴訟については問注所ではなく政所が所管していた。
- However, it was Mandokoro, and not Monchujo, which held jurisdiction over general civil suits within the city of Kamakura.
- 各地で借金苦に苦しんだ農民たちが酒屋、土倉、寺院(祠堂銭)を襲い、私徳政を行う。
- Farmers who were troubled with debt attacked liquor stores, pawnbrokers and temples (lenders using donations to a temple) to cancel the debts by force.
- この地発祥と思われる口分田姓もあり、滋賀県野鳥の会名誉会長に口分田政博氏がいる。
- 口分田 is also used as a family name, which is considered to originate in this place, and actually, the name of the honorary chairman of the wild bird society of Shiga Prefecture is 口分田 政博 (Masahiro KUMODE).
- この頃になると日朝双方とも財政難であり、経費節減志向でようやく一致したのである。
- Both Japan and Korea entered an era of financial difficulty at that time, and the timing was finally consented because they came to have the same cost-saving viewpoint.
- 京へ納入され中央政府の主要財源として、官人の給与(位禄・季禄)などに充てられた。
- Delivered to the capital, Cho was allotted to the salary for the government official (Iroku [stipends paid to people who were in the fourth rank and the fifth rank]) and kiroku [salary paid to the officers under the ritsuryo system]), etc. as the main financial resources of the central government.
- 国一揆が形成される要因のひとつとして外部からの政治的圧力の介入などが挙げられる。
- One factor causing an uprising in a province was interference by political pressure from outside.
- 人臣最初の摂政となった藤原良房が白河の地に別業を営んだのが白河別業の開始である。
- FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, who assumed the office of sessho (regent) as the first subject, built a villa on the land of Shirakawa, which was the beginning of Shirakawa betsugyo.
- この追加5か条は、前年の16か条よりはるかに厳しい将軍権力・政治権限規定だった。
- The additional five Articles were much severer limitations of shogun's authority and political power than the sixteen Articles of the previous year.
- 後者は朝廷との連携あるいは朝廷傘下に入ることで東国政権の形成を図る立場であった。
- The latter took the standpoint of forming the Togoku government by cooperation with the Imperial Court or by coming under its jurisdiction.
- 渡河を許したため、頼政は宇治橋を捨てて平等院まで退き、以仁王を逃そうと防戦した。
- Unable to prevent the Taira from crossing the river, Yorimasa abandoned his position by Uji bridge and retreated to Byodoin temple in a fighting withdrawal, trying to give prince Mochihito time to escape.
- 江戸幕府成立以来、京都とその周辺の行政は京都所司代及び京都郡代が管轄していたが、
- Since the establishment of the Edo bakufu, Kyoto Shoshidai and Kyoto Gundai were in charge of administration in Kyoto and the neighboring areas.
- このとき、行政権が委任されたのは現地赴任した国司の筆頭者であり、受領と呼ばれた。
- At that time, administrative authority was delegated to the heads of kokushi who were dispatched to provinces, and they were called Zuryo.
- この時点ではまだ東国中心の地方政権であったが天皇・上皇と並ぶ武家権力が誕生した。
- At this stage, the bakufu was a local government mainly in the eastern countries, but a samurai authority that was comparable to the emperor and the retired emperor was born.
- 白河天皇による院政が始まると、平忠盛は院近臣の郎党となって白河院に接近してゆく。
- When Emperor Shirakawa started the cloister government, TAIRA no Tadamori became roto (retainer) of in no kinshin (retired Emperor's courtier) to approach Shirakawa-in.
- 信長死後その政権を引き継いだ豊臣秀吉は初めて全国的に検地(太閤検地)を実施した。
- After Nobunaga died, his successor, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, carried out the first nation-wide land survey (which is called the 'Taiko Kenchi' because one of Hideyoshi's official titles was 'Taiko').
- 地方は一般に国・郡・里の行政組織に編成され、それぞれ国司・郡司・里長が置かれた。
- The administrative organization of areas generally consisted of provinces, districts and villages and these were headed by kokushi (provincial governors), gunji (district managers) and richo (village chiefs) respectively.
- 植林や農業指導については、非政府組織などの民間団体が関わったプロジェクトもある。
- Concerning planting trees and providing guidance for farming, there also exist projects participated in by private bodies, such as non-government organizations.
- また治安維持を担う政府が形骸化していたために流通業者も武装しなければならなかった。
- Also, as the government that was supposed to take the duties of maintaining security had become useless, distributors also had to be armed themselves.
- しかし鎖国政策が推し進められた結果、遠距離航行をする船舶の必要性は消滅していった。
- However, as a national isolation policy was promoted, the necessity of ships sailing over long distances disappeared.
- そのため、政府は土地(公田)を収取の基礎単位とする支配体制を構築するようになった。
- Therefore the government established a governance system with a tax collection basic unit according to land (or koden, a field administered directly by a ruler).
- 国人や農民が協力し、守護大名畠山氏の政治的影響力を排除し、以後8年間自治を行った。
- Local samurais and farmers cooperated to eliminate the political influence of the shugo daimyo (military governor) of the Hatakeyama clan, and functioned as self-governing community for the succeeding eight years.
- 明が海禁政策を行っている事情から足利将軍家の幕府将軍が「日本国王」として冊封した。
- Because the Ming Dynasty adopted the haijin policy (a ban on maritime activities), the shogun of the Ashikaga Shogun Family was granted the title of 'King of Japan' by the emperor of China.
- 古代の戸籍制度・計帳に基づいて、政府から受田資格を得た貴族や人民へ田が班給された。
- Based on the family registration system and Keicho (the yearly tax registers) in the ancient times, rice land was allotted to nobles and people who had obtained the qualifications for receiving rice land from the government.
- 富豪農民の寄進による既墾地系荘園の増加は、律令体制の財政基盤に深刻な動揺を与えた。
- The expansion of Kikonchi Kei Shoen due to donations from wealthy farmers created serious commotion on the financial base of the Ritsuryo system.
- 山本幸司は、この点に頼朝と義仲を両天秤にかける後白河院の政治的意図があったとする。
- In this respect, there was a political motivation by Goshirakawa-in in making a hedge between Yoritomo and Yoshinaka, according to Koji YAMAMOTO.
- 私鋳銭(しちゅうせん)とは、政府が作った公の銭ではなく、私的に偽造された銭のこと。
- Shichusen refers to privately produced counterfeit money, as differentiated from the official money coined by the government.
- 「徳政」はその路線の上に推進された政策であり、神領興行はそうした政策の一つである。
- Benevolent rule' was a policy principle promoted along this line of thought, and Shinryo Kogyo was one of the policies based on that principle.
- 当時、ヤマト政権内において特定の職務を担当する同族集団、すなわち氏が存在していた。
- At that time, there were uji, or clan-based groups that were in charge of specific tasks under the Yamato administration.
- 荘園領主の中には、中央政府と関係を築き、田租の免除(不輸)を認めさせる者も現れた。
- Among lords of shoen, some established a relation with the central government and made them approve the tax exemption of denso (rice field tax).
- これにより地方行政における国司の役割が強くなり、国司が不輸権を認める荘園も現れた。
- By this transfer, the role of kokushi became stronger in local administration and the shoen, for which the kokushi approved the tax exemption, also appeared.
- 地方の行政組織が全国的規模で動き出したのは天武朝においてであったと推定されている。
- It is assumed that it was during the reign of Emperor Tenmu that the organization of local administration spread throughout the entire country.
- 倭の五王の後、5世紀後葉から6世紀前葉にかけてヤマト王権内部の政治混乱が見られた。
- After the five kings of Wa, political confusion was observed inside the Yamato sovereignty in from the latter half of the fifth century to the first half of the sixth century.
- しばらく倭国は政治的に安定していたが、2世紀後半に倭国大乱と呼ばれる内乱が生じた。
- For a while, Wa stayed stable politically, but a civil war called the Wakoku War broke out in the latter half of the second century.
- 国衙を掌握した守護は、国衙行政の基礎資料である大田文による領国支配を行うようになる。
- Shugo that had controlled the kokuga governed their territories on the basis of Ota bumi (cadastre), a basic material for the kokuga government.
- 天皇の勅旨を奉じた職事蔵人は太政官の陣定に赴いて上卿に対してその内容を口頭で伝えた。
- When the shikiji kurodo received the imperial edict, he took it to the jin no sadame (Council of State deliberation) and verbally conveyed it to the shokei.
- しかし、上卿が常に太政官にいるとは限らず、天皇の側が臨時の勅旨を発する事もあり得た。
- Nevertheless, the shokei was not always present at the Daijokan, which was why the emperor's side could have issued an extraordinary edict.
- 平治の乱以降、平氏は新たな秩序を中央政界においても武士社会においても構築していった。
- Following the Heiji War, the Taira clan established a new order both in the national political arena and the samurai warrior society.
- それも併せて、京の物資・食料は欠乏の一途をたどり朝廷政治の機能不全が生じ始めていた。
- It also made the shortage of materials and foods in the capital go from bad to worse and led to dysfunction in the Imperial Court government.
- 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけての寛平・延喜期になると、抜本的な国政改革が展開した。
- In the Kanpyo to Engi eras, that is to say, from around the end of the 9th century to the early 10th century, the national administration was reformed drastically.
- 一方、朝廷・公家側も室町幕府に対して民衆の要求を拒絶するように政治工作を繰り返した。
- On the other hand, the Imperial Court and nobles repeated political measures to have the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) reject the people's demands.
- 良房は、政治権力の集中化も進めていき、そうした中で応天門の変(866年)が発生した。
- Yoshifusa promoted the concentration of political power, when the Otemon Incident happened (866).
- 貞陸は延徳2年(1490年)より明応7年(1498年)まで室町幕府政所執事を務めた。
- Sadamichi was Mandokoro Shitsuji (chief of Mandokoro, the Administrative Board) of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) from 1490 through 1498.
- そのため、以後の歴史書もこの歴史観に引きずられる形で「平氏政権観」を形成していった。
- Therefore, later historical books were influenced by this historical view and established 'a view towards the Taira clan administration.'
- 大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇が鎌倉幕府を滅ぼし、建武の新政と呼ばれる天皇専制の政治を行った。
- Defeating the Kamakura bakufu, Emperor Godaigo for Daikakuji-to governed the nation autocratically in his so-called Kemmu Restoration.
- その後も体制維持および財政再建の努力は断続的に行われた(寛政の改革、天保の改革等)。
- After that, the efforts to maintain the social system and to reconstruct finance were also made intermittently (Kansei Reforms and Tempo Reforms).
- 日本では、8世紀初頭以来、律令に基づいた土地支配・租税収取が政府によって行われてきた。
- In Japan, land had been controlled by the government under the ritsuryo legal codes in order to collect land taxes since the early eighth century.
- 撰銭を巡る問題は、16世紀の日本に強力な中央政権が存在しなかったことにも起因していた。
- Problems centered on the erizeni act were also generated partially because no strong centralized government existed in Japan during the sixteenth century.
- しかし、それらを実際に支えていたのは現地で人民支配・租税収取にあたる地方行政であった。
- In reality, however, this system was supported by local administrative bodies which were in charge of ruling people/collecting tax in each region.
- そのため、11世紀中期頃から中央政府は財政収入の確保を図って現実的な政策を採り始めた。
- Therefore, since around the middle of eleventh century, the central government began to adopt realistic policies in order to secure its financial revenue.
- 政府や諸官庁に勤めたり、軍人、教員などになる者もいたが、職がなく困窮する例も多かった。
- There were some who started working for the government and government agencies, or who became military men or teachers, but there were many who became impoverished without work.
- また、多くの人から恨みを買いやすい土倉・酒屋はたびたび、徳政一揆で襲撃の対象にされた。
- Doso-sakaya were likely to incur people's hatred and were often the target of attack during the Tokusei Ikki (uprising demanding debt cancellation).
- そうした地方行政の実情を国家体制の基本方針に採用したのが、10世紀初頭だったのである。
- It was early 10th century when the government adopted the actual situation of local administration as the basic policy of the nation.
- 安土へ女はうしゆ御くたし候て、太政大臣か関白か将軍か、御すいにん候て可然候よし被申候。
- It was mentioned (written as '被申候') that an envoy with court ladies should be sent to Nobunaga in Azuchi to inform him that he should be endorsed for Daijo-daijin, Kanpaku, or Shogun.
- この治承三年の政変をもって、武家政権としての平氏政権が初めて成立したとする見解もある。
- This 'Political Change in Jicho 3 (1179)' is considered by some as the initial establishment of the Taira clan administration as a bushi government.
- 平氏政権は清盛という一個人に大きく依存しており、清盛の死から数年のうちに瓦解に至った。
- The Taira clan government relied heavily upon Kiyomori himself, and disintegrated within several years of his death.
- 室町時代には将軍の御所内にもあり、これは、大いに、政治的に、また文化的に、活用された。
- It was also within the gosho (palace) of shogun during the Muromachi period, and this was used for politics as well as cultural purposes.
- ここにおいて名実とともに豊臣政権とその根幹にあった武家関白制は完全に崩壊したのである。
- At this very stage, the Toyotomi administration and its foundation of the Buke Kanpaku sei were completely collapsed, both nominally and actually.
- 和泉監と芳野監は716年頃特別行政区画・行政組織としてそれぞれ河内・大和から独立した。
- Izumi Gen and Yoshino Gen were special administrative areas/administrative organization systems that became independent from Kawachi Province and Yamato Province respectively around 716.
- 康暦元年(1379年)、康暦の政変により幕府の実権を握っていた管領細川頼之が失脚する。
- In 1379, kanrei (shogunal deputy) Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had the actual power in the bakufu, fell from power due to the Koryaku Coup.
- しかし建武政権は武家の支持を得られず、北条一族の残党などは各地で蜂起を繰り返していた。
- However, the Kenmu government failed to gain the support of samurai and the remnants of the Hojo clan repeatedly revolted against the government at various places.
- 秀吉は、信長の畿内政権を母体として東北から九州に至る地域を平定し、統一事業を完了した。
- Based on the Kinai government established by Nobunaga, Hideyoshi conquered the areas from Tohoku to Kyushu, completing the job of unifying the control of Japan.
- 「悪貨は良貨を駆逐する」という表現で知られる16世紀イギリスの財政家Greshamの説。
- Proposed by Gresham, a financier in England in the sixteenth century, this theory is known from the expression; 'low-quality coins expel high-quality coins.'
- 戦後になると、王朝国家体制論のもとで国司苛政上訴に対して根本的に異なる評価が与えられた。
- After the war fundamentally different evolutions were given to Kokushi kasei joso based on the dynastic polity theory.
- このように当初は太政官が郡司・百姓らの主張を認め、国司を解任することが基調となっていた。
- Initially as described above, it was common that Daijokan approved claims of gunji and farmers and dismissed the kokushi.
- 「徳政と号し、酒屋、土倉、寺院等を破却せしめ、雑物等恣に之を取り、借銭等悉く之を破る。」
- They attacked liquor stores, pawnbrokers and temples, and so on, took out pawned goods, and torn due bills, calling for debt cancellation.'
- 続いて律令制の衰退に伴う地方政治の紊乱によって算道に対する需要が減少していくことになる。
- Then, the demand for Sando decreased due to the corruption of local politics posed by the decline of the Ritsuryo system.
- 九司…詳細は不明であるが、『五曹算経』と同様の行政官向けの数学書であったと言われている。
- Kyushi: Details are unknown, but it is said to have been a document on mathematics geared for government officials, similar to 'Gososangyo.'
- 行政官に必要とされた基礎的な数学知識を「田・兵・集・倉・金」の5つの章立てで解説した書。
- The document explained the basic mathematical knowledge deemed necessary for government officials in five chapters: 'Den, Hyo, Shu, So and Kin.'
- また、世界的には財政が窮乏した際の増収策の一貫として官位などが売りに出される例もあった。
- In other parts of the world, government posts were sold in order to increase revenue when governments faced a financial predicament.
- 院評定(いんのひょうじょう)とは、院政において太上天皇あるいは法皇が主宰した議定のこと。
- In-no-hyojo was an agreement presided by the retired emperor or cloistered emperor during his post-retirement government.
- ここで訴訟や政治問題などの処理が行われるとともに、院文殿に記録所の機能が兼ね揃えられた。
- Lawsuits and political issues were processed at the venue, and the venue also served as Kirokujo (Land Record Office) of the in-no-fu-dono.
- 明治には新政府の政策に反対する徴兵令反対一揆や解放令反対一揆、地租改正反対一揆が起こる。
- In the Meiji period, uprisings in objection to the policies of the new government, including choheirei hantai ikki (conscription ordinance objection uprising), kaihorei hantai ikki (edict of Grand Council of State objection uprising), and chiso kaisei hantai ikki (land-tax reform objection reform), occurred.
- 一般によく知られている時代区分は、主として政治センターの所在地に着目した時代区分である。
- According to a well-known period classification based on this theory, a period is classified mainly based on where the political center was located.
- しかし土倉らが持っていた借金の証文が破棄されたために私徳政が行われたのと同じ状態となった。
- However, debts were substantially cancelled since they broke off the bond of the debt, which pawnbrokers kept.
- この後、良房は昇進を重ね、ついに人臣最初の摂政・太政大臣にのぼり、藤原氏繁栄の基礎を築く。
- Then, after building up promotions, Yoshifusa finally achieved the position of the Sessho and Daijo-daijin (regent and grand minister of state) to become the first subject to be officially appointed to the post, laying the foundation of the Fujiwara clan's prosperity.
- この場合には、平安中期(10世紀以降)から平氏政権期まで、もしくは下限を院政期以前とする。
- In this case, the term refers to the period between the mid-Heian period (during and after the 10th century) and the Taira clan's administrative period, or before the Insei period (period of cloistered imperial rule).
- そのため、それを一刻も早く君主が把握する事は、国政の運営上重要な事であると考えられていた。
- Based on that idea, it was considered that the monarch should be informed of such movements as soon as possible because it was vital to the management of the national administration.
- 地方の御家人が守護への補任により勢力を拡大させたり、中央政界に進出するきっかけをも作った。
- Assuring local gokenin as the position of shugo (provincial constable) led them become more powerful and extend their influence to the national politics.
- 一方、独立した東国政権が朝廷へ併合されたのは後退であるとして消極的な評価を与える説もある。
- On the other hand, there is another theory that gives negative evaluation to it regarding it as a regression because it merged the independent Togoku government into the Imperial Court.
- 追捕官符とは、同じく捕亡令に基づくもので、逃亡した者を追捕することを命ずる太政官符である。
- Tsuibu kanpu was a Daijokanpu (official document issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) that ordered the capture of criminals who had fled, based on the same bumo-ryo code.
- 巻九・巻十では「飛駅儀」など政務に付随して行われる行事や、臨時儀式についてが記されている。
- Ceremonies accompanying government affairs such as 'Hiekigi' and other ad hoc rites are stipulated in volumes nine and ten.
- 桓武(781年~806年)以下数代においては、天皇が直接に政治を行う天皇親政の時代だった。
- Emperor Kanmu (from 781 to 806) and several later generations conducted Tenno shinsei (direct rule by emperors).
- 宇多のもとでは藤原時平と菅原道真の両者が太政官筆頭に立ち、協力しながら宇多を補佐していた。
- Under Emperor Uda, FUJIWARA no Tokihira and SUGAWARA no Michizane were the heads of Daijokan, who cooperated with the emperor.
- 11世紀後期からは太上天皇が治天の君(事実上の君主)となって政務に当たる院政が開始された。
- In the latter half of the 11th century, the Cloister Government started, whereby Daijo Tenno (retired Emperor) became the Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) and influenced political affairs.
- 以後の日本は明治政府が統治を行い、大名は華族、他の武士は士族とされ、武家は消滅していった。
- After that, the Meiji Government held sovereignty, and accordingly, daimyo and other samurai were ranked as peerage and warrior class respectively, and samurai families disappeared.
- 平清盛の時代に平氏政権の中心となるが、後に清盛は洛中に「西八条邸」を造営して拠点を移した。
- In the days of TAIRA no Kiyomori, Rokuhara became the center of the Taira clan government, however, Kiyomori later constructed his 'Nishihachijo residence' in central Kyoto and moved his base to this residence.
- その一方、以上の理由で信長の政策に革新性が認められなかったとの意味ではないと思われている。
- On the other hand, it is not thought that the innovation of Nobunaga's policy went unrecognized due to the above reasons.
- それに伴い豪族の土地・民衆支配は否定され、中央政府による統一的な土地・民衆支配が実現した。
- By this, the gozokus' government over the land and people were denied and the unitary government over the land and people by the central government was established.
- 田租に係る権限を有する太政官と民部省が発する符により不輸が承認された荘園を官省符荘という。
- Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), which had the authority concerning denso, issued fu (tally) and the shoen approved for tax exemption by the tally was called Kanshofu sho (a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs).
- 大学寮という公的機関を巡る氏族対立の副産物のような存在で、貴族政治の台頭を背景としていた。
- It seems they emerged from conflicts among clans about Daigakuryo, a public institution in the background of the rise of aristocracy.
- 夷俘は降伏したが朝廷による苛政をくつがえし、力を示したことで一定の成功を収めたと考えられる。
- It is believed that although they had surrendered, the Ifu accomplished their mission to some degree by ending the misrule by the Imperial Court and demonstrating their power.
- そのような状況により、銭の相場が乱高下して経済混乱に拍車をかけ、明の海禁政策の一因となった。
- This situation made the money value fluctuate significantly, accelerating economic turmoil, and causing Kaikin Policy to be employed by Ming.
- 「臣下の得失、政道の奥旨、詩歌の興、大旨此御記に在り」(寛元4年(1246年)閏4月9日条)
- This gyoki includes the interests of subjects, the secrets of politics and the pleasure of poetry (Entry dated on leap month April 9, 1246).
- 鎌倉幕府において雑務沙汰を所管したのは、東国については問注所、鎌倉市中については政所だった。
- In the Kamakura bakufu, monchujo (a court of justice) in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) and mandokoro (Administrative Board) in Kamakura City held jurisdiction over Zatsumusata.
- この1年の間に、細川氏(京兆家)の家督は政元から澄之、澄元、高国とめまぐるしく入れ替わった。
- Within one year, the head of the Hosokawa clan (the Keicho family) changed chaotically from Masamoto to Sumiyuki, then to Sumimoto, and then again to Takakuni.
- 4月(領地の繁栄と為政の心得、市町の経営と諸職業人の招致、商取引の施設と業種、諸国特産品)、
- April: Prosperity of territories, understanding of politics, administration of villages and towns, invitation of various professionals, facilities for commercial trades and types of business, and indigenous local products
- 12世紀終わりに鎌倉幕府政権が樹立すると、関東の9か国が鎌倉殿の知行国 関東御分国となった。
- When the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established towards the end of the 12th century, nine provinces in the Kanto region became chigyo-koku provinces of Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura), or provincial territories belonged to the Kamakura bakufu.
- 更に建武の新政では諸国の本家・領家職が廃され、官社解放令が出されるなど一円化は急速に進んだ。
- Moreover, at the Kenmu Restoration honke shiki and ryoke shiki in various provinces were abolished and Kansha (shrines) kaiho (liberation) edict was issued, therefore the monistical ruling was rapidly advanced.
- 準備不足のために露見して追討を受け、以仁王と頼政は宇治平等院の戦いで敗死、早期に鎮圧された。
- Due to inadequate preparations, however, their plot was discovered, and the Taira clan received an Imperial decree to track them down and kill them; Prince Mochihito and Yorimasa both died at the Battle of Byodo-in temple in Uji, and the rebellion was suppressed while still at an early stage.
- 法皇は鳥羽殿に幽閉され、関白・基房は解任・配流、院近臣39名が解官された(治承三年の政変)。
- Cloistered emperor Goshirakawa was put under house arrest at Toba Palace, while his Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) Motofusa was dismissed from his post and banished, and 39 of his close retainers were relieved of their official duties (in what became known as the Jisho Coup, so named because it occurred in the third year of the Jisho era).
- そして次第に朝廷へ介入し、地頭は国衙領や荘園へ浸食し、武家政権は徐々に全国への支配を強めた。
- The bakufu gradually intervened in the Imperial Court and Jito eroded Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) and Shoen, resulting in acceleration of its nation-wide governance by the military government.
- 京(平城京・平安京ほか)には左右の京職(きょうしき)が置かれ、京内の政務全般をつかさどった。
- The affairs of the capital city (Heijo-kyo, Heian-kyo etc.) were governed by Kyoshiki.
- 新政府は不平等条約の改正を目指し、帝国議会の設置や大日本帝国憲法の制定など国制整備に努めた。
- Aiming at revising unequal treaties, the new government made efforts to establish national systems, such as the establishment of the Imperial Diet and the enactment of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 江戸時代は「侍」でも明治時代には陪臣までも士族に加えると国政が悪化することから、平民とされた。
- In the Meiji period, it was believed that if a baishin (indirect vassal) was ranked as being of the warrior class affairs of state would begin to worsen, so they were treated as heimin (commoners) even though they had been 'samurai' in the Edo period.
- 遣明船は本字号勘合を1号から順次持参し,浙江の布政司(行政府)と北京の礼部で底簿と照合される。
- The Japanese envoy ship dispatched to Ming China brought the Honjigo Kango in order from No.1, and they were compared with the Honji Kango teibo in the executive office in Zhejiang and the Ministry of Civil Administration in Beijing.
- 遣明船には博多や堺などの有力商人も同乗し、明政府の許可を得た商人との間で私貿易が行われていた。
- Powerful merchants in Hakata and Sakai, etc. also got on Kenminsen, carrying on private trades with merchants who had obtained permission from the Ming government.
- また、室町幕府も徳政令が出されると倉役を免除しなければならなかったので財政収入に影響を与えた。
- In addition, the Muromachi bakufu had to make doso-sakaya exempt from the kurayaku tax when Tokuseirei (a debt cancellation order) were issued, which affected financial revenues.
- 小泉政権がすすめてきた医療費削減政策の結果、日本の勤務医の労働環境は悪化の一途をたどってきた。
- As a result of the Koizumi administration's medical expenditure reduction policy, working conditions for public practice physicians grew steadily worse.
- 彼は学芸に優れた才人だったが、平氏政権の圧力で30歳近い壮年でなお親王宣下も受けられずにいた。
- He showed remarkable talent in his literary and artistic accomplishments, but due to pressure from the Taira administration, he still had not received an official proclamation of his status as an imperial prince despite being nearly 30, in the prime of his life.
- 887年に即位した宇多天皇は、その数年後に基経が死去すると天皇主導の政治を展開するようになる。
- Emperor Uda, who ascended the throne in 887, began to develop emperor-centric policies when Mototsune passed away a few years later.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)、後醍醐天皇らが鎌倉幕府を滅ぼして建武の新政を開始し、武家政権は中断する。
- In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Emperor Godaigo and his people destroyed the Kamakura bakufu and started the Kenmu Restoration, and thus the military government was discontinued.
- これが発展し鎌倉を本拠とした地方政権を樹立し、東国を中心に守護と地頭の設置を朝廷に認めさせる。
- Due to development of this system, he established a Kamakura-based local government and convinced the Imperial Court to allow him to deploy provincial constables and lords of manors mainly in eastern countries.
- 並行して室町幕府は地方政権化しそれにより15世紀中期からの国内統治は幕府・守護体制とよばれる。
- In parallel with this, the Muromachi bakufu adopted the local government system, and the administration of the nation after the mid 15th century was called the Bakufu-Shugo System.
- しかし、徳政令を発布すると、土倉が収益を失うために土倉役を免除しなければならない規定があった。
- It was stipulated, however, that the bakufu had to exempt doso from doso-yaku because they would lose their profit when the bakufu enforced a tokuseirei (debt cancellation order).
- さらに、『寛政重修諸家譜』『新編相模国風土記稿』など、幕府の編纂事業も学問所がおこなっていた。
- Gakumonjo also edited documents for Bakufu: 'Kansei Choshu Shokafu (genealogies of vassals in Edo Bakufu)' and 'New edition of Sagamino kuni fudoki,' and so forth.
- 東北地方は関東の騒乱にほとんど巻き込まれることなく、当然中央の政争の影響もほとんど見られない。
- The Tohoku Region was hardly involved in turbulences in the Kanto Region and no trace of influences from political strife in the central part of Japan can be observed.
- 三世一身法・墾田永年私財法などの農地拡大政策もこうした律令制強化の一環だったと考えられている。
- It is considered that the policies to increase arable land, such as Sanze-isshin Law (a law allowing farmers who created new arable lands to own them for a period of three generations) and Konden einen shizai Law (a law allowing farmers who created new arable lands to own them permanently), were for supporting the strengthening the Ritsuryo system.
- 6世紀末、400年ぶりに中国を統一した隋の登場は、東アジア諸国の政治権力の集中化をもたらした。
- Towards the end of the sixth century, the Sui Dynasty unified China in 400 years, centralizing political powers in east Asian nations.
- 律令国家体制は、中央集権的な政治機構に立脚し、個別人身支配を人民支配・租税収取の原則としていた。
- Based on the centralized political structure, Ritsuryo system's basic philosophy for ruling people/collecting tax was the people-based governance.
- こうした旧来の特権は、明治政府が行う四民平等政策や、近代化政策を行うにあたって障害となっていた。
- These old privileges posed an impediment to the Meiji Government's policies like the equality of all people and modernization.
- 特に明応の政変による幕府内部の混乱は幕府有力者達による山城国人衆への切り崩し工作となって現れた。
- The disorder within the bakufu brought by the Coup of Meio prompted the bakufu leaders to wipe out the local samurais of Yamashiro Province.
- 嵯峨上皇による大家父長的支配のもと30年近く政治は安定し、皇位継承に関する紛争は起こらなかった。
- Under the great patriarchal authority-styled command executed by the Retired Emperor Saga, politics enjoyed steadiness for nearly 30 years without dispute concerning the Imperial succession.
- 当初朝鮮政府は日本人には徴税権・検断権も行使出来なかった為、彼等を統制下に置こうと圧力をかける。
- Since the Korean Government was at first unable to exercise on Japanese the right to collect taxes nor the right to judge criminal cases, it pressured them in an attempt to put them under its control.
- 前者は12世紀前半の鳥羽天皇院政前期、後者は12世紀後半の後白河天皇院政の頃の作品とも言われる。
- The former were supposedly works of the early period of Emperor Toba Insei period and the early 12th century, and latter during the Insei period of Emperor Goshirakawa of the late twelfth century.
- 院政期に紀伝道の家学化が進むと、それ以外の氏族は排除されるようになり大学寮外に教育の場が移った。
- When the Kidendo became inherited as hereditary learning during the insei period (the period of the government by the retired Emperor), the clans other than those inherit Kidendo became excluded and the students were taught outside the Daigaku-ryo.
- そこで10世紀前期頃から中央政府は、軍事警察権を国司に委任するという現実的な政策を採用し始めた。
- In order to cope with such situations, the central government started to adopt from the early 10th century a realistic policy, meaning the delegation of military and police authorities to kokushi.
- 鋳銭使はもともと貨幣鋳造のための機関であったが818年に長門国司を廃止して長門国の行政も担った。
- Jusenshi was originally an agency that oversaw the minting of coins but in the year 818 abolished the office of Nagato kokushi and took over the administration of Nagato Province.
- 貴族社会の官職に依存していること、院政と連携して政策推進を行っていたこと、などがその理由である。
- The reason for this was because they relied upon the positions within the aristocracy, and governmental policies were in collaboration with the cloistered government.
- 官物の不輸は太政官・民部省の許可が必要なため、国免荘は基本的に雑役の免除を認めた雑役免田だった。
- Tax exemption for kanmotsu needed the approval from Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and Minbusho and so kokumen sho was basically zatsueki menden which approved the exemption of odd-job tasks.
- また、モンゴル・中国・韓国・日本各国の多数の大学、研究機関、行政機関が研究や観測に関わっている。
- Many universities, research institutes, and government organizations in Mongolia, China, South Korea, and Japan are engaged in the research and observations concerned.
- 秀吉は文禄・慶長の役を実行したが、その最中に死去し、後継者問題も抱えていた豊臣政権は弱体化した。
- Hideyoshi died while the Bunroku-Keicho War he started continued, and the Toyotomi government became weakened because there was a problem of who should succeed his position.
- 平安末期には保元の乱・平治の乱両乱を経て武士が政治に進出していき、その結果、平氏政権が登場した。
- Through the two wars, the Hogen War and the Heiji War, near the end of the Heian period, samurai advanced into the political world, generating the Taira clan government.
- この動きは13世紀後半の元寇によって加速し、幕府の対応策は徳政令発布や得宗専制という形で現れた。
- This move was accelerated due to the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, and the measures taken by the bakufu against this move appeared in the forms of Tokuseirei (ordering the return of land sold and the dissolution of debts) and the tyranny of the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan.
- なお、寛平・延喜の政策を、律令回帰ではなく土地中心体制への転換準備期と位置づける有力説も存在する。
- There is also another widely accepted theory alleging that the policies in Kanpyo and Engi era were not attempts to return to the Ritsuryo system but preparation for the shift towards the system based on land.
- 千葉常胤はこれを回復し、再度伊勢神宮に寄進するが、平家政権になると、佐竹義宗に奪い取られてしまう。
- Tsunetane CHIBA recaptured Soma-mikuriya and donated it again to the Ise-jingu Shrine, but when the Heike government took over the regime, it was captured by Yoshimune SATAKE.
- 江戸時代に入ると幕府は寛永通宝の流通を始め貨幣政策を強化したため、私鋳銭は徐々に姿を消していった。
- In the Edo period, however, as the bakufu enforced its policy on currency by starting to circulate Kanei Tsuho coins, shichusen gradually disappeared.
- 源頼政は源頼光の系譜に連なる摂津源氏で、畿内近国に基盤を持つ京武士として大内守護に任じられていた。
- MINAMOTO no Yorimasa was a member of the Settsu Genji (a branch of the Minamoto clan) and traced his lineage back to MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu; as a warrior aristocrat stationed in the capital, whose power base was the ring of provinces surrounding the Kinai (the capital area), he was appointed the Protector of the Interior.
- それとともに、従前の軍団 (古代日本)に代えて国衙に軍事力の運用権限を担わせる政策をとっていった。
- The Court also made the policy to leave the discretion of military force up to the kokuga (provincial government offices) instead of the previous army group (of ancient Japan).
- 京都市におかれた平安京が、鎌倉幕府が成立するまで政治上の唯一の中心だったことから平安時代と称する。
- The period is named so due to the fact that Heian-Kyo in Kyoto City was the only political center before the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu.
- 南北朝時代_(日本)にも継承されたが、院政の機能が室町幕府に吸収された14世紀末期には形骸化した。
- Although it was still held in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, hyojohajime of Insei became only a name at the end of the 14th century when the Muromachi bakufu took over the government function of Insei.
- 11世紀中後期から12世紀初期にかけて成立し、院政期を通じて発展し、鎌倉時代前後に最盛期を迎えた。
- The Shoen-Koryo system was established in the mid to late 11th century and continued through until the early 12th century, so it was developed through the period of the Cloister government, and peaked around the Kamakura period.
- 治承三年の政変により平氏政権は完成されたかに見えたが、それは平氏と反対勢力の全面衝突をもたらした。
- The Taira clan administration seemed to have become complete by the Jisho sannen no seihen (Coup of the Third Year of Jisho), but it only led to a head-to-head confrontation between the Taira clan and anti-Taira groups.
- しかしこれにより三好氏は京都の掌握はおろか、義輝の臣下として幕府政治機構に組み込まれることなった。
- However, this development not only prevented the Miyoshi clan from ruling Kyoto but also reduced its status to a mere element of the governing mechanism of the bakufu as a subject of Yoshiteru.
- サウジアラビア政府は巡礼地での礼拝時の宗教的興奮において起こると危惧される政治的混乱を恐れている。
- The Saudi Arabian government is wary of political confusion that may occur during times of religious excitement during worship time at pilgrimage sites.
- これによって藤原良房以来700年にわたって継続されてきた藤原氏の摂政関白が中断される事態となった。
- Consequently, the tradition of appointing only the members of the Fujiwara clan to Sessho (regent) and Kanpaku finally came to an end, a tradition which had lasted for seven hundred years since FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa.
- 江戸幕府は、直属の足軽を幕府の末端行政・警備警察要員等として「徒士(かち)」や「同心」に採用した。
- The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) employed the ashigaru under its direct control in administrative and policing roles as kachi (foot guards) and doshin (police constables).
- 土一揆(つちいっき・どいっき)は、室町時代中期から後期にかけて発生した民衆の政治的要求活動をいう。
- The term 'tsuchi uprising' (called tsuchi-ikki or do-ikki in Japanese) refers to political appeals by the masses which had occurred from the middle to the late Muromachi period.
- 12世紀中期の保元の乱・平治の乱は、朝廷内部の政争が軍事衝突によって解決された画期的な事件である。
- The Hogen War and the Heiji War in the middle of the 12th century were noteworthy incidents since political conflicts inside the Imperial Court were resolved by means of military confrontations.
- やがて、豊臣秀吉が惣無事令を発すると、北条氏政は奥州の伊達政宗・三河の徳川家康と同盟して対抗する。
- Later, when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI issued sobuji rei (peace edicts), Uji masa HOJO resisted in alliance with Masamune DATE in Oshu and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in Mikawa.
- 明治政府は、農業収入に課税する年貢制ではなく、全土地に課税する地租を導入し、検地は行わなくなった。
- The Meiji government eliminated the old tax system, which taxed the overall agricultural production, and introduced a new nationwide land tax (based on the total amount--not the productivity--of land owned), and with this, kenchi, with their focus on yield, were no longer conducted.
- 郡は、六世紀の中葉頃の欽明朝に屯倉の設置が拡大されていき、ヤマト政権の地方政治組織となっていった。
- Districts grew from the established miyake during the reign of Emperor Kinmei in the mid-sixth century to become part of the local administration organization of the Yamato Dynasty.
- 郡司は、大領(だいりょう)・少領(しょうりょう)・主政(しゅせい)・主帳(しゅちょう)が置かれた。
- Gunji consisted of dairyo, shoryo, shusei and shucho.
- 施政にあたる人物で、最初に教育に関心を示したといわれるのは、聖徳太子(574年-622年)である。
- Among those who had administrative rights, the first person who was considered to be interested in education was Prince Shotoku (574- 622).
- 摂関政治による諸課題への取り組みに成果が見られ始めたのが、11世紀前期~中期にかけての時期である。
- In the early to middle of the 11th century, the regency's approaches of the various problems began to pay off.
- 両治世は天皇親政が行われ、王朝政治・王朝文化の最盛期となった理想の時代として後世の人々に観念された。
- In both reigns the emperor ruled directly and this era has been considered by succeeding generations as the golden age of government and culture under the dynasty.
- その後、奈良末期~平安初頭にかけて桓武天皇が、律令国家の再構築を目指して大規模な行政改革を実行した。
- Afterwards, aiming at restructuring the nation under the Ritsuryo codes, the Emperor Kanmu carried out a large scale of administrative reform from the late Nara period to the early Heian period.
- 江戸時代以前の大手メジャーは、政商として商圏を国際的に拡大し、多方面にわたる貿易に乗り出していった。
- The major sakaya having existed in the Edo period or before started expanding their business internationally as seisho, advancing into various trade fields.
- しかし当時の老中首座土屋政直が従来どおり来日を招聘すべしと異論を挟んだため、白石も折れた経緯がある。
- However, there was the background that Masanao TSUCHIYA, the head of roju (member of shogun's council of elders) at that time, insisted on inviting Tsushinshi as in the past and Hakuseki had to make concessions.
- 左右近衛府の陣に公卿の座を設定し、大臣以下の公卿と四位の参議以上の議政官が出席して、政務を討議した。
- The council, which was limited to those of Kugyo status (the highest echelon of the court nobility), was established at the camp of the Left and Right Divisions of the Inner Palace Guard, and was open only to those Kugyo (noble) of Daijin (Grand Minister) status or lower and Sangi (Councilors) who held at least the court rank of Shii (Fourth Rank); at council sessions members would debate government affairs and policies.
- 明治時代に入っても、依然として馬による輸送が重視されて「陸運会社」の結成が新政府によって奨励された。
- Even as it became the Meiji period, transportation by horses was still valued, and an establishment of a 'land transportation company' was encouraged by the new government.
- 一門や庶家、縁戚、或いは有力国人や土豪を系譜に持つ有力家臣が大名家の内政を左右することは珍しくない。
- Generally presiding over the politics of a daimyo family were clan members, branch families, relatives, powerful Kokujin and vassals who were descendants of the Dogo.
- 庶民の中には、大商人や藩財政に貢献があったものなどに士分が与えられ、苗字帯刀を許されるものもあった。
- Some commoners who helped domain finances or were wealthy merchants were given Shibun and allowed Myojitaito.
- 平氏政権時代から治承・寿永の乱での東国情勢などについて独自の記事も多く、重要史料として扱われている。
- It has many unique articles on the situation in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan) from the time of the Taira clan's government to the Jisho-Juei War, and is treated as an important historical resource.
- この転換を断行・あるいは企図したために、藩政が混乱して、お家騒動の背景の一つとなることもよくあった。
- Decisive action or proposition of this change often created a disturbance of the domain duties, contributing to the internal squabbles (over headship rights) in a daimyo family.
- 石井進は、本宣旨は頼朝に大きな行政権を与えたのであり、その実質上の効果は極めて大きかったとしている。
- According to Susumu ISHII, this decree gave Yoritomo huge executive power and its substantial effect was extremely profound.
- このうち、特に後段の東国行政権の公認をめぐっては、鎌倉幕府成立の画期として積極的に評価する説がある。
- Especially for the latter part that is the delegation of the administrative authority on the Togoku region to Yoritomo, there is a theory that positively values it as a ground-breaking event for the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 源義仲の入京直後に行われた朝廷の論功行賞では、頼朝による政治交渉が功を奏し、勲功第一は頼朝となった。
- In the grant of honors awarded by the Imperial Court immediately after MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka entered into the capital, Yoritomo was granted the greatest deed of valor, owing to his political negotiation skills.
- ここで頼朝政権内部の状況にも目を向けると、平広常ら有力関東武士層には東国独立論が根強く存在していた。
- At this point, taking a look at the inside of the Yoritomo government, an argument about the independence of the Togoku region deeply rooted among the influential Kanto Samurai, such as TAIRA no Hirotsune.
- 『平家物語』には、頼政方の五智院但馬や浄妙明秀、一来法師といった強力の僧兵たちの奮戦が描かれている。
- The 'Heike monogatari' depicts the fierce fighting of three mighty warrior-monks on Yorimasa's side, GOCHIIN no Tajima, Akihide JOMYO, and Priest Ichirai.
- 忠平執政期ごろに、有力百姓層(富豪層)へ土地経営と納税を請け負わせる名田もしくは負名が開始していた。
- Around the time of Tadahira's administration, Myoden (rice field lots under the control of nominal holders) or Fumyo (tillers of public rice fields) were started; under either system, powerful farmers (the rich class) undertook management of rice fields and tax payments.
- また、橋本政宣は、信長が就任を受けたのは征夷大将軍ではなく、太政大臣であったとする見解を出している。
- Masanobu HASHIMOTO presented that Nobunaga accepted the post of Daijo daijin instead of Seii taishogun.
- 3年前の嘉吉の変以後その政治的影響力が減退していた幕府はこれに屈して北野麹座の独占権の廃止を認めた。
- The bakufu, whose political influence had weakened after the Kakitsu Incident three years before, gave in to Enryaku-ji Temple, and allowed the abolition of the monopoly on Kitano koji za.
- 当然、本所側は反発し、中央政府と幕府の調整の結果、地頭の設置は平氏没官領と謀反人領のみに限定された。
- Naturally the honjo side objected to this and as the result of negotiation between the central government and the bakufu, the set up of jito was limited only to Heishi mokkanryo (land rights confiscated by the Kamakura bakufu from the Taira family) and muhonninryo (land rights confiscated by the Kamakura bakufu from rebels).
- 続く江戸時代は、農業技術の進歩と新田開発の進展、幕府や藩の財政悪化などによりたびたび検地が行われた。
- In the Edo period, which followed on the heels of Hideyoshi's time, land surveys were occasionally conducted, either to take advantage of advances in agricultural techniques or the opening of new rice paddies, or because the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or the domain conducting the survey had fallen into difficult financial straits.
- ヤマト政権は、地方の大首長を国造などに任命し、政治的支配をそのまま認める形で、全国的に支配していた。
- The Yamato Dynasty appointed local leaders as kuni no miyatsuko, and controlled all of the provinces via such political control.
- 岩見隆夫(1958年卒・法学) 毎日新聞社で、政治部記者としてロッキード事件や日韓癒着の取材で活躍。
- Takao IWAMI (class of 1958, law): He was a political reporter for Mainichi Newspaper Co., Ltd., and took an active part in the report on the Lockheed scandal and a collusive relationship between Japan and Korea.
- 元慶の乱は朝廷側の蝦夷に対する懐柔政策が功を奏して、蝦夷は降伏したとするが、これに異を唱える人もいる。
- Some people have disputed the idea that appeasement policy of the imperial side toward the Emishi led to their surrender in the Gangyo War.
- 後醍醐天皇も延喜・天暦期を天皇親政が行われた理想の時代と認識し、武家政治を排して建武の新政を展開した。
- Emperor Godaigo also acknowledged the Engi and Tenryaku eras as the ideal reigns when the direct rule by emperors was carried out and he rejected a samurai government and conducted the Kenmu Restoration.
- また、摂関政治の前提である摂政・関白自体が延喜・天暦期には臨時の職に過ぎなかったことも明らかにされた。
- It was also revealed that, the assumption of a regency government, Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor), was only a temporary post in the Engi and Tenryaku eras.
- そのため、藤原道長期の中央政府はこうした動きを抑制する法令を数々発したが、上記の流れは止まらなかった。
- Therefore, the central government under FUJIWARA no Michinaga promulgated numerous acts to curb such activities but failed to stem the above mentioned tide.
- 受領(ずりょう)とは、国司四等官のうち、現地に赴任して行政責任を負う筆頭者を平安時代以後に呼んだ呼称。
- During the Heian period and onwards, 'zuryo' referred to the head of kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor), who was dispatched to an appointed province with administrative responsibility.
- こうした家人の多くは平安時代の郡司・土豪の系譜をひき、国府の在庁官人として国府行政の一端を担っていた。
- Most Kenin during the Heian period were descendants of a Gunji (local magistrate) or Dogo (local powerful clan) and were engaged in the administration of the Kokufu (provincial government office) as local officials.
- 太政官符により東海道・東山道を対象に架橋と布施屋の設置を命じられた際、長良川をはさんで開設されたもの。
- This Fuseya, which straddled Nagara-gawa River, was established as part of an order of Daijokanpu (official documents issued by the Daijokan, Grand Council of State) to build bridges and establish Fuseya throughout Tokaido and the Tosando area.
- 王朝国家体制論は主として中央政府がいかに租税収取を確保していったか、という観点で議論されることが多い。
- The arguments concerning the Dynastic polity theory are often made from the viewpoint of the central government's tax collection.
- 一方、9世紀後期頃から、富豪百姓層らが経済力や政治力、さらには私兵を擁しての軍事力すらをもつけてきた。
- From the late 9th century, meanwhile, the wealthy peasant class strengthened not only their economic and political power but also military power with private soldiers at their command.
- 別名は、従来の地方行政組織であった郡・郷とは別個に設定され、そのため国-郡-郷という組織体系は崩れた。
- As bechimyo were established independently from existing local administrative organizations, namely gun and go, the governing structure consisted of nation, gun, and go collapsed.
- また東国も、美濃国以東の東海・東山道は源頼朝政権の勢力下におさめられ、北陸道は源義仲の支配下にあった。
- Likewise, in Togoku, the Tokaido and the Tosando areas located east of Mino Province had been put under the influence of the Minamoto no Yoritomo government, and the Hokurikudo was under the control of MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.
- 律令国家が王朝国家へと変質し、朝廷から地方行政(国衙・受領)へ行政権を委任する過程で成立したとされる。
- It is said that this system was established in the process in which the ritsuryo-code-based nation was changed to a dynastic nation and the Imperial Court entrusted its administrative rights to the local administrative organs (kokuga [provincial government offices] and zuryo [the head of the provincial governors]).
- 凶党を捕縛した後は、国衙の検非違使が尋問にあたり、捜査経緯をまとめた報告書を受領から太政官へ進達した。
- After gangsters were captured, the kebiishi (a police and judicial chief) at the kokuga interrogated the criminals, and zuryo sent to Daijokan a report describing how the criminal investigation was conducted.
- また、政治的には京都における幕府の支配力の低下が明らかとなり、京都における有力寺社の影響力も復活した。
- In a political sense, the derogation of the bakufu's power to control Kyoto became apparent, and revived the influence held by powerful temples.
- この京(京職)、条(坊令)、坊(坊長)の行政組織は、国(国司)、郡(郡司)、里(里長)と対応している。
- This capital city (kyoshiki), jo (jorei) and bo (bocho) administrative organization system corresponded to the koku (provincial governor), gun (district manager) and ri (village chief) system.
- 江戸時代、領主と住人の仲介者として宿場町の自治行政を行うと共に問屋場を管理した町役人(宿場役人)の長。
- In the Edo period, as mediators between feudal lords and people, Toiya served as public administrators in Shukubamachi (inn town), and at the same time, were chiefs of Machi yakunin (officials in a post station) who were in charge of Toiyaba (administration office).
- 続いて、数年後に再び政争が軍事衝突によって終結し(平治の乱)、両乱を通じて武士の政治的地位が上昇した。
- Some years later, a military confrontation brought another political fight (the Heiji War) to an end and through these two wars, the warriors'political status rose.
- こうした社会状況を受けて、9世紀前期(藤原冬嗣執政期)から土地課税を重視する傾向が次第に強まっていった。
- In response to these social conditions, since the early part of the ninth century (during the period of administration of FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu), there was a growing tendency to put emphasize on the tax on land.
- 国司苛政上訴は明らかに越訴の形態をとっており、このような越訴が承認されるようになった理由は明らかでない。
- It is not unknown why Kokushi kasei joso, apparently a form of direct appeals, began to be accepted.
- ここに上級貴族や大寺社が派遣した荘官が、行政や徴税を国家から依託される、統治領域としての荘園が成立した。
- Thus, shoen as a governing domain was established, where a shokan (an officer governing shoen dispatched by the senior aristocracy and main temples and shrines) was delegated authority for local administration and tax collection for the nation.
- このような混乱に乗じて、明応の政変で追われた前征夷大将軍足利義稙が大内義興を頼って上洛しようとしていた。
- The former Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the eastern barbarians') Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, who had been expelled in the Coup of Meio, attempted to take advantage of the disorder and go to Kyoto, trusting in Yoshioki OUCHI.
- 天文 (元号)元年(1532年)6月、晴元は本願寺証如や木沢長政と結び、一向一揆に堺の元長を攻めさせる。
- In July of 1532, Harumoto formed an alliance with Shonyo HONGANJI and Nagamasa KIZAWA and had Ikko-ikki (mobs of peasant farmers, monks, Shinto priests and local nobles who rose up against samurai) troops attack Motonaga in Sakai.
- 源頼朝を政治的な基盤は関東武士団だったが、頼朝にとって彼ら関東武士の支持を得ることが最重要課題であった。
- As the basis of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's political power was the Kanto warrior bands, it was of utmost importance for Yoritomo to gain the Kanto samurai's support.
- 仲綱は断ったが、宗盛は平氏の権勢を傘にしつこく要求し、頼政に諭されて、仲綱はしぶしぶ“木の下”を譲った。
- Nakatsuna initially refused to part with Konoshita, but Munemori kept insisting, with the whole weight of the Taira clan's power and authority behind him, until at last, after being admonished by his father Yorimasa, Nakatsuna reluctantly handed Konoshita over.
- 冬嗣から基経まで、権門に有利な政策が実施されてきたが、宇多は権門抑制策そして小農民保護策を進めていった。
- Although policy which was advantageous for influential families had been conducted from Fuyutsugo to Mototsune, Emperor Uda promoted the control of such families and protected the peasants.
- これらの戦国大名の中から強大化した織田信長が室町幕府を滅ぼし、強力な中央集権の基礎(織田政権)を築いた。
- Nobunaga ODA, who grew in strength among these daimyo in the Sengoku period, defeated the Muromachi bakufu and formed the foundation for a strong centralized system (the Oda government).
- 院政期には平正盛が一族のために供養堂を建立し、その子平忠盛が「六波羅館」を置き、ここを武家の拠点とする。
- In the days of Insei (government of cloistered emperors) here, TAIRA no Masamori constructed a memorial hall for his family and son, TAIRA no Tadamori placed 'Rokuhara yakata' and determined this yakata (residence) as a base for warriors.
- これは、武家の棟梁の地位、ひいては軍事貴族の地位が中央政界の動向に制約されていたことの証左とされている。
- This shows that the position of the leader of samurai families, meaning the position of military aristocrats, was tightly linked with the changes in central politics.
- また、応仁の乱直前には都に集結した兵士によって土倉などが荒らされて「私徳政」と称した事件も発生している。
- Immediately before the Onin War, samurai warriors who were assembled in the capital broke into and robbed financial institutions called doso, calling their robberies 'shi-tokusei,' which literally means 'privately declared tokusei.'
- 浦上村宗は播磨赤松氏の重臣であったが、赤松政則の死を機に下克上し赤松領国の播磨国・備前国・美作国を奪う。
- Muramune URAGAMI was a senior vassal of the Akamatsu clan in Harima and on the occasion of Masanori AKAMATSU's death, conducted gekokujo and robbed the Harima Province, Bizen Province and Mimasaka Province from Akamatsu's territories.
- 鎌倉中期の元寇を契機として、幕府権力が西国へも浸透していき、在庁官人による国衙行政は次第に弱まっていった。
- Genko (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) during the mid Kamakura period triggered the invasion of the power of the Kamakura bakufu towards the western regions and the administration of kokuga by zaichokanjin gradually weakened.
- 在庁官人(ざいちょうかんじん)とは、日本の平安時代から鎌倉時代に、国衙行政の実務に従事した地方官僚の総称。
- Zaichokanjin is a general term for a local government official who undertakes the practical business of kokuga (local area) administration from the Heian period to the Kamakura period in Japan.
- 宮方の敗因は義貞の器量不足というよりも後醍醐の失政に失望した有力武士が尊氏に大挙して付いたことに起因する。
- The cause of defeat of the court's side was the selling out of dominant samurai who were disappointed by misgovernment of Emperor Godaigo to Takauji's side rather than Yoshisada's poor leadership.
- 背後を突かれた幕府軍は総崩れとなり鎌倉や切通しなどで大仏貞直、大仏宣政、本間泰宣、金沢貞将などは戦死した。
- Attacked from behind, the Kamakura bakufu forces suffered a total defeat, so Sadanao OSARAGI, Nobumasa OSARAGI, Yasunobu HONMA, Sadayuki KANESAWA were killed in the war at Kamakura on some slope there.
- 国司苛政上訴についても、受領層が私利私欲に溺れ、地方政治が混乱していたことの現れとする評価が一般的だった。
- Kokushi kasei joso was also commonly regarded as evidence of disrupting local governments with Juryoso (career provincial official class) seeking only for their own interests.
- 本来は非公式の会合であり、意思決定も統裁合議制に則って行われていたが、次第に実質上の政策決定期間となった。
- Originally these meetings were informal in nature, and although decisions were made in accordance with the tosai-gogisei (a system under which the role of members was merely to advise the single individual vested with final decision-making power), the Jin no Sadame gradually became a de facto institution for government policy-making.
- が、納銭方に任ぜられるのは土倉・酒屋の中の有力者で、自然と幕府の経済政策に対する影響が大きくなっていった。
- However, powerful owners of doso-sakaya were appointed to Nosenkata and they naturally came to affect the bakufu's economic policy.
- 同じ国衙軍制のテーマであるが、戸田は平安時代初期中期の武士発生段階を、石井はその後の院政期について論じた。
- Although having the same kokuga forces system theme, Toda argued about the state of origin of bushi during the middle of the early Heian period while Ishii argued for the later Insei period (period of a rule by the retired emperor).
- 同年11月、澄元・之長らが摂津国兵庫に上陸、瓦林正頼(別名:河原林政頼)の越水城を落とす(越水城の合戦)。
- During December of the same year, Sumimoto and Yukinaga landed in Hyogo in the Settsu Province and captured Koshimizu-jo Castle, owned by Masayori KAWARABAYASHI (瓦林正頼, also known as 河原林政頼) (The Battle of Koshimizu-jo Castle).
- 本書は、惟宗氏の明法家としての活動の集大成といえる書で、平安時代の政治を理解するうえでの重要な史料である。
- The document can be said to be a great collection of the Koremune clan's activities as scholars of law and is an important historical material for understanding politics in the Heian period.
- 源氏や平氏の棟梁はこうした戦功を勝ち得る中で中央政界における地位と、諸国における武力を確立を図っていった。
- The toryo (leader) of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan thus achieved their standing in the central politics as well as establishing their military power in the countryside through their military achievements.
- 重盛は鹿ケ谷事件で清盛に藤原成親の助命を頼んで聞き入れられず、政治への意欲を失い表舞台に出なくなっていた。
- Shigemori asked for the life of FUJIWARA no Narichika to be spared but was not heard, and he lost interest in politics consequently dissapearing from the center stage of politics.
- 治承4年(1180年)2月、高倉天皇は言仁親王に譲位(安徳天皇)、平氏の傀儡としての高倉院政が開始された。
- Emperor Takakura passed his position over to Imperial Prince Tokihito (Emperor Antoku) in March (February in old lunar calendar) 1180, and the government by the Cloistered Emperor Takakura started as a puppet of the Taira clan.
- このために、関所の設置と廃止が繰り返され、結果的には室町幕府の政治的権威の低下を示すことになってしまった。
- Therefore, the establishment and abolishment of the checkpoints occurred repetedly, which only served to show the reduction in the political authority held by the Muromachi bakufu.
- 頼政はこの時70代半ばを超えた老齢で、念願の三位叙位が叶った翌年には出家して、家督を嫡男の源仲綱に譲った。
- At this point Yorimasa was an old man, well into his mid-seventies, and having received his heart's desire, investiture into the third rank, he took the tonsure and became a priest the following year, bequeathing his inheritance to his eldest son and heir, MINAMOTO no Nakatsuna.
- また、政所執事・山城守護として朝廷との交渉役も務めたことから、公武交渉についての記述についても詳細である。
- The book also describes negotiation between the nobles and soldiers in detail because he was responsible to conduct negotiations with the Imperial Court as Mandokoro Shitsuji as well as the military governor of Yamashiro Province.
- 室町時代、禅宗文化が栄え、茶礼が盛んになったが、上層階級の間では、義政の時代まで闘茶も広く親しまれていた。
- The sarei became popular as the Zen culture became prosperous during Muromachi period, and tocha was widely popular within the upper class people until the time of Yoshimasa.
- そして、あるべき姿=元の所有者へ所有権を戻すことこそ、正しい政治=徳政であるという思想が広く浸透していた。
- Accordingly, there was also a widespread idea that returning the right of ownership to the original owner of that property should be realized in the right governance (or tokusei).
- 8世紀末の桓武天皇は、現状との乖離が大きくなりつつあった律令制を再建するため、大規模な行政改革に着手した。
- At the end of the eighth century, Emperor Kanmu started a large-scale administrative reform in order to reconstruct the Ritsuryo system, which was becoming increasingly distant from the actual conditions.
- 秀吉による天下統一が成り、政治や経済の安定がもたらされると、大名と武士を中心として豪壮な桃山文化が栄えた。
- After Hideyoshi unified control of Japan, stabilizing the politics and economy, the magnificent Momoyama culture flourished centered on daimyo and samurai.
- こうした動きに対し、10世紀後期に登場した花山天皇は権門抑制を目的として荘園整理令などの諸政策を発布した。
- In the latter half of the 10th century, Emperor Hanayama issued several policies including Private estate Regulation Acts in order to control the influential.
- 摂関政治の最大の課題は、負名体制と受領行政との矛盾、そして権門の荘園整理にどう取り組むかという点にあった。
- The largest problems for the regency were how to deal with the contradiction between the Fumyo's tax managing system and the Zuryo administration, and how to restrict shoen owned by the influential.
- これらから、負名体制が本来的に有していた矛盾が国司苛政上訴という形態で現れたと評価する見解が提出されている。
- These views have brought about an opinion that a contradiction intrinsic to the local tax manager system appeared in the form of Kokushi kasei joso.
- 寛治4年(1090年)、堀河天皇の仏神事興行政策の中で上下賀茂社に各600町ずつの荘園が寄進された中の一荘。
- Within the Buddhist and Shinto ritual performance plan by Emperor Horikawa, Kuragaki no Sho was part of the manor donated in 1090 to the Kamigamo-sha and Shimogamo-sha Shrines, each receiving an area of 595 hectares.
- 国司は、中央政府から支配権限の委任を受けた代わりに、当該国から中央への租税納入を負担しなければならなかった。
- In return for being given governing authority by the central government, kokushi were obliged to pay tax to the central government.
- これら功績をあげた最初期の武士たちは、貴種の血統を受けており、武芸をもって朝廷政治への再復帰を目指していた。
- The samurai at the early stage who accomplished the distinguished achievements belonged to honorable blood lines and aimed at returning to the imperial government, based on their military art.
- 園城寺も危険になったため、25日夜、頼政と以仁王は1000余騎を率いて園城寺を脱出し、奈良興福寺へ向かった。
- Because their presence endangered Onjo-ji temple, on the night of the twenty-sixth (twenty-fifth in lunar calendar), Yorimasa and prince Mochihito fled from Onjo-ji leading 1000 troops and headed for Kofuku-ji temple in Nara.
- 彼ら同士の対立や受領に対する不平が叛乱へ発展したのが、忠平執政期の940年前後に発生した承平天慶の乱である。
- However, conflicts among warriors and disaffectedness toward zuryo turned into a rebellion, the Johei-Tengyo War, during Tadahira's administration around 940.
- 慶応3年12月13日 (旧暦)(1868年1月7日)に、明治政府の命令によって京都所司代とともに廃止された。
- On January 7, 1868, it was abolished along with Kyoto Shoshidai by order of the Meiji Government.
- しかし、応仁の乱によって大きく動揺すると明応の政変を契機としてついに崩壊し、戦国時代 (日本)へと移行した。
- However, the system became shaky due to the Onin War and collapsed with Coup of Meio as the turning point, moving history into the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (in Japan).
- そこで政府は11世紀初頭ごろから地方分権的な国家体制改革を精力的に推進し、王朝国家と呼ばれる体制が成立した。
- Therefore, starting in the early eleventh century, the national government actively promoted the reformation of the national system through decentralization, establishing a system called a dynastic nation-state.
- 白河上皇は、自らの政策を企画・遂行するために中流貴族を院司とし、また院独自の軍事力として北面の武士を置いた。
- The retired Emperor Shirakawa, in order to design and carry out his policy, made middle-class aristocracy Inshi (official of the In no cho, or Retired Emperor's Office), and placed Hokumen no Bushi (the Imprerial Palace Guards) as his own military force.
- 元慶の乱が始まる直前に、秋田城の対北海道蝦夷の饗給の増大は、出羽国の財政を圧迫するまでに問題化していたという。
- Immediately before the Gangyo War, the increase in the cost of Akita-jo Castle to appease the Emishi in Hokkaido had become a problem, to the extent that the finances of Dewa Province were put under pressure.
- 『貫首秘抄』に、摂関・蔵人らが天皇の御作法や政治への顧問、幼帝の教育の方法を知るための必見の書と書かれている。
- It is described as a must-read for Sekkan (regents and advisers) and Kurodo (Chamberlain) to learn the Emperor's manners and the way of working as a political advisor and educating young emperors in 'Kanjuhisho' (accounts on the hints on Kurodo, written by FUJIWARA no Toshinori).
- なお二十巻本は古代律令制における行政区画である国・郡・郷の名称を網羅しており、この点でも基本史料となっている。
- The 20-volume book covers the names of provinces, counties and villages, which constituted area units for administrative control in the ancient ritsuryo code-based system, constituting a basic historical document even in this aspect.
- 室町時代中期以後は弱体化した室町幕府や、経済的に貧しくなった朝廷に対しても、酒屋は大きな政治的発言力を持った。
- After the middle era of the Muromachi period when the power of the Muromachi bakufu became weak and the finance of the Imperial Court deteriorated, sakaya came to have a big political influence on the bakufu and the Imperial Court.
- この雑色人が在地支配層と連携し、国司・受領層と対抗したことが国司苛政上訴として現れたとする見解も出されている。
- In other opinions, Kokushi kasei joso appeared as the evidence that these Zoshikinin worked with local influential persons to counter the Kokushi and Zuryo class.
- また、勧学田の拡張や大学教官への職田設定、学生に対する学問料・給料(学資)支給制定などの財政支援策も採られた。
- Daigaku-ryo also promoted financial assistance measures such as the expansion of kangakuden, the offering of shikiden (a rice field provided for dainagon and the higher rank) to professors, and the provision of a study stipend and salary (financial aid) to students.
- そのため、天皇や将軍の代替わり時には徳政を要求した土一揆が頻繁に発生した(正長の土一揆、嘉吉の徳政一揆など)。
- Therefore, the peasants' uprisings demanding tokusei would often occur along with the change in imperial reign or shogunate rule, as exemplified by the peasants' uprising of the Shocho era, the Tokousei uprising in the Kakitsu era, etc.
- 廃刀令以降、1877年の薩摩士族の反乱である西南戦争まで、各地で新政府の政策に不平を唱える士族反乱が起こった。
- Shizoku no hanran (a revolt by families or persons with samurai ancestors) was instigated by families or persons who were the ancestors of samurai and complained about the new government's policies in various parts of the country after the issue of a decree banning the wearing of swords, until 1877 when Seinan War, a revolt by families or persons with samurai ancestors in Satsuma, occurred.
- 平安後期になると、官符よりも簡易な形態の官宣旨(かんせんじ)や院政下での院宣が主流となり、官符は廃れていった。
- In the late Heian period, Kansenji (simplified Kanpu) and Inzen (decree of cloistered government) under Insei (the cloistered government) became popular and Kanpu fell into disuse.
- 律令によれば、政府の最終決定意思は、天皇が裁可した上で、詔勅または太政官符により表示することと規定されていた。
- According to the the Ritsuryo codes, the government's final decision was supposed to be issued as a form of Shochoku (emperor's rescript) or Daijokanpu (documents issued by Department of State).
- 朱雀期以降、律令制的人別支配を前提とする班田収授が実施されていないことなどが、この政策転回の存在を示している。
- This policy change was proven by the fact that the government ceased to conduct handen shuju (a system of periodic reallocations of rice land), whose premise was people-based governance under the Ritsuryo system, since the Suzaku era.
- 一方で院宮王臣家や有力な寺社に荘園を寄進して国府の重税から逃れることで財政負担と朝廷からの干渉・介入を防いだ。
- Meanwhile, they evaded heavy taxes imposed by the Kokufu and prevented intervention by the Imperial Court by donating shoen (manor) to Ingu oshinke (a general term for Imperial families and nobilities) and influential temples and shrines.
- 明応2年(1493年)、管領・細川政元は、10代征夷大将軍・足利義稙を廃立し専制権力を樹立した(明応の政変)。
- In 1493, the kanrei Masamoto HOSOKAWA established a dictatorship after overthrowing Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, the tenth seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (this incident known as the Meio Coup).
- 特に、日蓮は立正安国論の中で盛んにこれを喧伝し、政府による国立戒壇の建立によって国家と人々は救済されると説く。
- Especially, Nichiren energetically spread the thought in 'Rissho Ankoku-ron' and preached that the country and people would be saved by erection of the Kokuritsu kaidan (the establishment of the National High Sanctuary).
- そのため、田堵負名の中には受領を襲撃したり太政官へ訴訟する(→国司苛政上訴)といった対抗手段に出る者も現れた。
- Therefore, some Tato fumyo assaulted zuryo or took the measure of lodging a complaint with Daijokan (Grand Council of State) (refer to an article of Kokushi kasei joso [appeals against kokushi's harsh administration]).
- 『平家物語』では、挙兵の動機は、頼政の嫡男・仲綱と平宗盛(清盛の三男)の馬をめぐる軋轢ということになっている。
- According to the 'Heike monogatari,' the motive for the uprising was that Yorimasa's son and heir Nakatsuna had become embroiled in discord with TAIRA no Munemori (Kiyomori's third son) over a horse.
- 平氏全盛の中、源氏の頼政は地味な立場であり続けたが、治承2年(1178年)に清盛の推挙により従三位に昇進した。
- While the power of the Taira clan was at its zenith, Yorimasa--a Minamoto--continued quietly to maintain his position, and in 1178, on Kiyomori's recommendation, he was promoted to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).
- 応仁の乱後、収入は低迷したものの室町幕府末期まで継続され、変遷を経つつも同様の税制が織田政権以後も継続された。
- Although the tax revenue decreased after Onin war, this tax system was continued until the end of the Muromachi bakufu, and it went through changes but was not abolished even after Nobunaga Oda's administration.
- そのため、国衙機構が戸籍に基づく人別支配をし、なおかつ中央政権の維持に必要な税の徴収を行うことは困難となった。
- Therefore, the system of kokuga executed dominance by person based on the census and it became difficult to collect tax to maintain the central government.
- 藤原種継暗殺と早良親王排除の事情に触れた部分では、政治的理由で消された『続日本紀』の削除文を記して貴重である。
- The section pertaining to the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu and the exile of Imperial Prince Sawara contains valuable text which was deleted from 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) for political reasons.
- 中央政府と地方行政組織を結ぶ日本の古代道路(幅約6~12メートル)が整備され、さらに、関や駅なども整備された。
- The roads (6-12 meters wide) of ancient Japan which linked central government with regional administration organizations were built, and seki (barriers) and umaya (facilities for providing houses, food, etc.) were constructed.
- 史料上の国司苛政上訴の初見は、974年(天延2)に尾張国の百姓らが国守藤原連貞の非法を太政官へ訴えた事例である。
- The first historical record of Kokushi kasei joso was a case in which farmers in Owari Province complained to Daijokan about illegal behaviors of their kokushu, FUJIWARA no Tsurasada in 974.
- また、幕府から同国守護にも補任されていた興福寺が徳政令を認めたために、公式な拘束力をもったものとして施行された。
- Moreover, since Kofuku-ji Temple, which was assigned as Shugo (provincial constable) of the same province by the government, allowed Tokuseirei, it was enforced as an official order.
- 租(そ)は、税(ぜい)と並んで、国家維持に必要な財政を調達するために、政府が徴収する財物・サービスのことである。
- So as well as Zei are the goods and services that the government collect to ensure public finance for the nation.
- 更にこれは半済法でありながら、その内容は室町幕府の所領に関する政策と訴訟に対する姿勢を内外に示した法令であった。
- While this law was categorized as a hanzei law, its contents demonstrated policies concerning territories of the Muromachi bakufu as well as the attitude toward litigation on the inside and outside of the bakufu.
- この制度は王朝国家から初期武家政権に至るまでの税制の基本となり、一国平均役などの賦課基準としても用いられていた。
- This system became the basis of the taxation system from the court government to the early military government, and was also used as the taxation standard for Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen and kokugaryoi (provincial land) in a province.
- ②について、本書と『政事要略』に引用される典籍を比較した場合、本書に引用されない典籍のひとつに『清凉記』がある。
- Concerning (2), compared with the documents referred to in 'Seiji Yoryaku,' one of those not referred to in this document is 'Seiryoki.'
- 『平家物語』では、不遇の身を嘆く和歌を詠み、それを知った清盛が、「頼政を忘れていた」と推挙したことになっている。
- According to the 'Heike monogatari,' it was because he recited a waka (a 31-syllable classical Japanese poem) lamenting his obscure status that, when Kiyomori learned of it, made him realize 'I forgot about Yorimas' and therefore, he recommended him for promotion.
- 良房執政期を中心とした時期は、政治も安定し、開発奨励政策や貞観格式編纂などの成果により、貞観の治と呼ばれている。
- this era is called Jogan no chi (glorious Jogan rule) due to the political situation having become stable and the success of the development support policy and Jogan Kyakushiki Code (Regulations and Procedures of the Jogan Era).
- 近世初頭、豊臣秀吉、徳川政権によって固定的な被差別身分が編成された際に、河原者はその中に組み込まれたと言われる。
- It is said that the Kawaramono were included in a fixed discriminated position when the position was organized by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and the Tokugawa government in the early modern period.
- 足利政権内部の紛争から観応の擾乱が起こると、正平6年(1351)に北朝は南朝との和睦を行い、正平一統が成立した。
- The Kanno Disturbance occurred due to an internal conflict within the Ashikaga government, and in 1351, the Northern and Southern Courts made peace and the Shohei itto (Unification) was established.
- 以後、院政を展開しようとする霊元上皇とこれを阻もうとする近衛基熙や江戸幕府との長い確執が始まる事になるのである。
- There ensued a prolonged feud between the Retired Emperor Reigen, attempting to exercising virtual ruling authority as retired emperor, on one hand and Motohiro KONOE and the Bakufu in Edo trying to obstruct the retired Emperor's intention on the other.
- 軍事貴族は確かに在地有力者との主従関係の構築を進めてきてはいたが、その存立基盤はやはり中央政界にあったのである。
- Although military aristocrats worked on establishment of subordinate-superior relationships with locally powerful individuals, the foundation of their existence was after all in central politics.
- 戦後処理を見てみると、秀吉は阿波に蜂須賀家政、讃岐に仙石秀久、伊予に小早川隆景と信任できるメンバーを集めている。
- As postwar measures, Hedeyoshi appointed reliable members as Iemasa HACHISUKA in Awa, Hidehisa SENGOKU in Sanuki and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA in Iyo.
- 地方官制(ちほうかんせい)は、701年(大宝元)に制定された大宝律令で国・郡・里の三段階の行政組織に編成された。
- The local bureaucratic system was formed into a three-tier administrative organization of kuni (provinces), gun/kori (districts) and ri/sato (villages) under the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) enacted in the year 701.
- しかし、こうした武力行使が一揆なのではなく、これを行使する「盟約に基づく政治的共同体」そのものが一揆なのである。
- A 'political community based on a league' that uses the armed forces constitutes ikki.
- この「寛政異学の禁」の後、学舎が増設され、旗本・御家人だけでなく、藩士・郷士・浪人らも聴講ができるようになった。
- Following this 'Kansei ban on other studies,' the school campus was expanded: not only hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun) and gokenin but also feudal retainers, goshi (country samurai) and ronin (masterless samurai) could listen to the lectures.
- しかし、後世の人々によって、延喜・天暦期の聖代視は意識的に喧伝されていき、平安後期には理想の政治像として定着した。
- However, the Engi and Tenryaku eras were consciously trumpeted by people of succeeding generations and they were firmly fixed as an ideal politic symbol in the latter half of the Heian period.
- 江戸時代になると社会が安定し、支配層となった武士は儒教精神に基づく穏健な支配、すなわち仁政を指向するようになった。
- During the Edo period the society was stabilized, bushis as a ruling class aimed to moderate governance according to the spirit of Confucius, that is, governance by humanity and justice.
- 後醍醐天皇が建武の新政の一環として関東統治を目的に皇子・成良親王を奉じて鎌倉へ下向させて創設した鎌倉将軍府が起源。
- Its origin was the Kamakura shogunfu headed by Imperial Prince Nariyoshi, a prince of Emperor Godaigo, which Emperor Godaigo established, as a part of the Kenmu Restoration, for the purpose of ruling the Kanto region.
- 荘園で紛争が生じたときは、政所などといった本所の家政機関において裁判が開かれ、紛争当事者や本所の関係者が出席した。
- In the event of any dispute arising in the shoen, a trial was held at the honjo's domestic governing institutions such as Mandokoro (Administrative Board), and persons mainly concerned with the dispute and officials of the honjo participated.
- なお、後には院政を行う太上天皇・太上法皇(いわゆる「治天の君」)が太政官に対して命令を発する時も口宣が用いられた。
- Incidentally, a Retired Emperor or a Cloistered Retired Emperor (so-called 'Chiten no kimi') who pulled the strings behind the scenes also used the kuzen for issuing an order to the Daijokan.
- 戦場では主君の前駆をなし、平時は城内の護衛(徒士組)や中間管理職的な行政職(目付、勘定奉行の配下など)に従事した。
- At the battle field, they fought as the forerunners of their lords and in peaceful time, they served as the guards (Kachi-gumi (Kachi teams)) of castles or engaged in administrative jobs (metsuke (police)) or subordinates of kanjo-bugyo (commissioner of finance) as middle class managers.
- 東宮において太政大臣に相当するが皇太子の家政を担当する春宮坊や東宮学士とは独立の関係にあり指揮権限はないに等しい。
- Togu-no-fu was the Grand Minister at Togu's palace and was independent of Togubo (Crown Prince's quarters) members, who were in charge of the domestic economy of the palace, or Togu gakushi (Crown Prince's classics teacher); therefore, he did not have any delegation authority.
- 元木泰雄は、こうした中で義仲が目覚しい活躍をみせたことは、頼朝政権が崩壊する可能性さえもたらしかねなかったとする。
- Yoshinaka's enormously energetic activities in this situation could have created the potential for the collapse of the Yoritomo government, according to Yasuo MOTOKI.
- よって、『政事要略』の年中行事篇に引用される国史は、六国史からの引用と、『類聚国史』からの引用が見られるのである。
- Therefore, in the annual event part of 'Seiji Yoryaku,' citations concerning national history were made from Rikkokushi (six official national histories) and from 'Ruiju Kokushi.'
- 院政期には荘園の一円領域的な集積と国衙領(公領)の徴税単位化が進み、荘園公領制と呼ばれる体制へ移行することとなる。
- During the period of the Cloister Government, many shoen (manors in medieval Japan) were collected together and Kokugaryo formed into a tax unit, which led to the new system dubbed shoen koryo sei (the System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
- 前述のように京都の行政・裁判の他、周辺4ヶ国の裁判・天領の行政及び寺社領の支配(ただし、門跡寺院は除く)を行った。
- As described above, it managed administration and justice in Kyoto, justice in the four neighboring provinces as well as administration of the shogunate demesne, and controlled temple and shrine territories (excluding monzeki temples (temples of high rank where members of imperial family and nobility enter the priesthood)).
- 清盛は、1160年にそれまでの軍事貴族が就きえなかった正三位参議になると、1167年には太政大臣にまで昇り詰めた。
- In 1160, Kiyomori was appointed to shosanmi sangi (senior third rank royal advisor) that no other military aristocrats could be appointed to, and was then appointed to daijo-daijin (Grand Minister of State) in 1167.
- 東四国(阿波国・讃岐国)は近畿に近いだけでなく、細川氏の勢力基盤でもあったから、近畿の政争にしばしば巻き込まれた。
- Eastern Shikoku (the Awa Province and Sanuki Province) was not only close to Kinki, but the bases for power of the Hosokawa clan, it was involved in the political struggle in Kinki.
- 郡の制度は701年(大宝元)施行の大宝令に始まるが、それ以前の地方行政組織は「評」と書かれ、「コオリ」と称された。
- The district system began with the enacting of the Taiho Code in 701 but regional administration organization before this time also consisted of 'kori' which was written using a different character (評).
- 権門層は、荘園を国衙に収公されないよう太政官、民部省や国衙の免許を獲得し、前者を官省符荘といい後者を国免荘という。
- The influential obtained licenses from Daijokan, Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) or Kokuga to prevent Kokuga from confiscating their shoen, (the former was called Kanshofu sho: a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs, and the latter was called Kokumen sho: a shoen allowed exemption from so or other tribute in bempo or binho system).
- 政党政治に代って日本軍が力を持ち、満州を占領して満州国を樹立し、やがて中華民国との日中戦争(支那事変)に発展した。
- The Japanese army came to have power replacing party politics, and occupied Manchuria and established Manchukuo, developing, before long, into the Sino-Japanese war (Shina-jihen) with the Republic of China.
- 平安最末期の治承・寿永の乱において、平氏政権は諸国から兵粮米を賦課しているが、これも一国平均役として認識されていた。
- During the Jisho-Juei War at the end of the Heian period, the Taira administration levied military provisions from many provinces, and this was also considered as ikkoku heikinyaku.
- 更に明の海禁政策や銀と貨幣による通貨体系の確立(銅銭の除外)は銅銭鋳造の必要性を減らし、当然日本への流入も減少した。
- Furthermore, Kaikin Policy (the policy to forbid private people to trade with foreign countries) and the establishment of a currency system based on silver and coins (excluding copper coins) by the Ming Dynasty reduced the necessity of minting copper coins, naturally decreasing the amount of copper coins that were brought into Japan as well.
- 『箋注倭名類聚抄』=文政10(1827年)成立、明治16年(1883年)刊・狩谷エキ斎校訂(底本=京本を諸本で校訂)
- 'Senchu wamyo ruijusho': Completed in 1827, published in 1883 by Ekisai KARIYA (corrections were made with the Kyo book as the base text)
- この見解では、郡司・百姓層が在庁官人として国衙行政に取り込まれていったことにより、国司苛政上訴が消滅したとしている。
- In this opinion, Kokushi kasei joso disappeared because Gunji and farmers became involved in Kokuga government as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods).
- 旧守護クラスの有力武士を抑制することで成立しようとした建武政権は旧守護クラスが擁立した足利尊氏に破れることとなった。
- The Kenmu government which was established by controlling dominant samurai in the rank of former Shugo (provincial constable) came to be defeated by Takauji ASHIKAGA who was backed up by them.
- その対策に苦慮して、後に分一銭を導入して債権額の1/10(後に1/5)を幕府に納入することを徳政令適用の条件とした。
- The bakufu struggled with the situation, later introduced the buichi-sen tax system, and made it a condition of Tokuseirei that one-tenth (later, one-fifth) of the debt amount should be paid to the bakufu.
- ただし、官物の免除は太政官・民部省の許可が必要だったため、国司の認めることができた不輸は原則として雑役の免除だった。
- However, the exemption of Kanmotsu required the consent of Daijokan (Grand Council of State), Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), the exemption that Kokushi could give were in principle only for Zoeki.
- すると、これまで政元政権を支えてきた「内衆」とよばれる京兆家重臣(主に畿内有力国人層)と、阿波勢との対立が深まった。
- This intensified the confrontation between the forces from Awa and the senior vassals of the Keicho family (mainly powerful local lords in and around the capital) called 'uchishu' who had thus far supported Masamoto.
- こうした機関の実務官僚として、現地の富豪層・田堵負名層が採用され、在庁官人として地方行政の実務にあたるようになった。
- Local millionaires and tato fumyo (cultivator/tax manager) were recruited as governmental officials responsible for practical works at these offices and were in charge of local administrative jobs as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods).
- 忠平以降は朝政の中心としての摂関が官職として確立し、忠平の子孫のみが摂関に就任するという摂関政治の枠組みが確定した。
- After Tadahira, Sekkan (regents and advisers) was established as a central post in the government and also the framework in which only descendents of Tadahira were able to become Sekkan was established.
- しかし、応仁の乱により将軍の権力が失墜すると、細川氏は三管領筆頭の斯波氏、畠山氏を圧倒し、幕政を牛耳るようになった。
- However, when the shogun's power was lost in the Onin War, the Hosokawa clan overwhelmed the Shiba clan and the Hatakeyama clan, that were the heads of the three kanrei, and started to control the politics of the bakufu.
- ところが、戦国時代 (日本)における京都の支配は、将軍と対立し幕府政治機構に頼らないまま維持することが困難であった。
- However, during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), it was difficult to maintain rule over Kyoto in opposition to the Shogun without relying on the governing mechanism of the bakufu.
- ところが、このために朝廷は太政大臣である秀吉以外には関白も大臣も不在という異常事態となり、宮中行事も滞る事になった。
- As a result of these incidents, the Imperial Court was in the unusual situation of retaining no Kanpaku or ministers except Dajodaijin Hideyoshi, causing the court to fall behind in court events.
- 同時期には太上天皇が治天の君として政務に当たる院政が開始しており、この時期が古代から中世への画期であるとされている。
- In the same era, insei in which Daijo tenno (a retired emperor) administered the affairs of state as Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) started, and it is said that in this era, ancient times ended and the medieval period started.
- 倭国でも7世紀前半にかけて聖徳太子と蘇我氏により遣隋使派遣・冠位十二階制定・十七条憲法導入などの国政改革が行われた。
- In Wa as well, Prince Shotoku and the Soga clan reformed national politics by sending Japanese envoys to Sui Dynasty China, establishing Kani junikai (twelve grades of cap rank) and introducing a Seventeen-Article Constitution.
- しかし、その後の江戸幕府は禁教政策に加え、西国大名が勢力を伸ばすことを警戒したので海外との貿易を制限するようになった。
- However, after that, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), being afraid that daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) in western Japan would expand their power, and imposed restrictions on foreign trade in addition to the ban of Christianity.
- こうして開発した荘園について、寺院は寺田であると主張し、政府から不輸の権 (日本)(租税免除の権利)を獲得していった。
- Temples insisted that the manors developed in this way constituted jiden fields, acquiring Fuyu no ken (in Japan) (the right of tax exemption).
- 鎌倉時代には、幕府が中央政府からの委任に基づいて、検断権行使の中枢を担っていたが、あくまで建前上の権限は領主にあった。
- During the Kamakura period, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) played an central role to exercise the right based upon a delegation from the central government, but lords continued to have the power in principle at least.
- 田堵負名層が中央政府へ国司の非法を訴える国司苛政上訴は、こうした状況の表れであり、10世紀後期から顕著となっていった。
- Kokushi kasei joso, an appeal made by tato fumyo to the central government against lawless actions of kokushi, was the manifestation of the above situation and became conspicuous after the late tenth century.
- とくに正徳時に老中土屋政直の命令によって大量に作成されたが、対馬藩に残る『正徳度朝鮮通信使行列図巻』はその典型である。
- In particular, many such pictures in the Shotoku era were drawn by an order from Masanao TSUCHIYA, including 'A Scroll of Pictures of a Procession of Chosen Tsushinshi in the Shotoku Era' remaining in the Tsushima Domain that is a typical example.
- こうした風潮は江戸時代前期まで慣習法として継続されるが、文治政治への転換の中で儒学者達からの批判を受けることとなった。
- This tide remained as the common law up to the early part of the Edo period; and when the government changed its policy to bunjiseiji (civil government), it was criticized by Confucians.
- それに対して、中央政府においても当然、王朝国家体制への移行に伴う何らかの行政機構変革があったとする見解が示されている。
- On the other hand, there is a view asserting that some administrative organization reform must have been implemented at the central government in association with the transition to the Dynastic polity.
- 朝廷はこれらの鎮圧のために軍事貴族層を国司として派遣するとともに、国衙に検非違使等を設置するなどの政策をとっていった。
- The Imperial Court sent nobles concerned with military affairs to suppress these activities as kokushi (provincial governors), and in addition, took the measure of placing kebiishi (a police and judicial chief) at kokuga as well.
- しかし8世紀後葉、対新羅外交政策を転換したことに伴い、対外防衛・侵攻のための軍団兵士制も大幅に縮小されることとなった。
- However, the government changed its diplomatic policy against Silla in the latter half of the eighth century, and therefore, the scale of the gundan-soldier system for defense and invasion was reduced drastically.
- 鎌倉府(かまくらふ)とは、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代にかけて、室町幕府が関東を統治するために設置した政庁である。
- The Kamakurafu was a government office which the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) established in the Northern and Southern courts period and the Muromachi period for the purpose of ruling the Kanto region.
- 韓国政府の推定によれば、黄砂の諸影響による同国での経済損失は、年間およそ3兆 - 5兆大韓民国ウォンにも達するという。
- According to an estimate by the South Korean government, the yearly economic loss due to kosa amounts to three to five trillion won.
- この1年4ヶ月にも及ぶ遠征の挙句の敗戦の上、この遠征で養嗣子の大内晴持を失った義隆は以後政治に対する意欲を失ってしまう。
- After this one year and four month long invasion ended in failure with Yoshitaka losing his adopted son Harumochi OUCHI, Yoshitaka completely lost his political ambition.
- すなわち、政府の重要事項については院庁下文で対応し、より即効的または柔軟な対応が必要なときは院宣を発給していたのである。
- In other words, while an innocho kudashibumi was issued for important matters of the government, an inzen was used when immediate and flexible actions are required.
- 鎌倉時代以降の武家政権の時代と比較して、政治の実権が帝王の統治する「王朝」すなわち朝廷にあったことに由来する名称である。
- The term is used to contrast the period with the age of samurai government following the Kamakura period, and the name derives from the fact that political power was held by an imperial dynasty headed by an emperor.
- 土地課税を重視する考えは9世紀前期の藤原冬嗣執政期の頃から存在していたが、個別人身支配の原則を覆すまでには至らなかった。
- Although the idea of emphasizing tax on land existed in the era when FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu was in power during the first half of the 9th century, it stopped short of reversing the principle of people-based governance.
- 室町幕府が京都の支配権を確立するにつれて朝廷の徴収代理から、財政基盤の弱かった幕府独自の土倉への課税を行うようになった。
- As the Muromachi bakufu was establishing authority in Kyoto, deputy collecting officials of the Imperial court took on the task of imposing independent taxes on doso for the bakufu that had a weak financial base.
- ところで明応の政変で追われた前将軍足利義稙(義材、のち義稙)は、明応8年(1499年)以来周防国の大内義興を頼っていた。
- Meanwhile, the former shogun Yoshitada ASHIKAGA (Yoshiki, later known as Yoshitane), who was displaced by the Meio Coup, had been relying on Yoshioki OUCHI in Suo Province since 1499.
- これにより、義昭は実質的に信長の傀儡となり、信長の許可無しでは政治に影響力を保つことすらほとんどできなくなったのである。
- Accordingly, Yoshiaki virtually became Nobunaga's puppet, and he could even hardly keep his political influence without Nobunaga's permission.
- 治承4年(1180年)4月9日、源頼政と謀った以仁王は、「最勝親王」と称し、諸国の源氏と大寺社に平氏追討の令旨を下した。
- On the twelfth day of the fifth month (ninth day of the fourth month in old lunar calendar) of 1180, prince Mochihito, after plotting with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, issued a princely command--under the alias 'Imperial Prince Saisho' (Prince 'Great Victory')--to the Minamoto clan warriors and the great temples and shrines throughout the country to destroy the Taira clan.
- それまで中央行政の経費は地方からの調・庸によっていたが、畿内に設定した官田の収益を行政経費に充てることとしたものである。
- The profit from Kanden in Kinai (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) was used for administrative costs but until that time, the expenditure had depended on the tax collected from the countryside, Cho (tributes) and Yo (labor).
- 時平執政期の902年に発布された班田励行令は、まさに律令回帰を顕著にあらわしているが、これが史上最後の班田実施となった。
- The law to encourage the allotment of farmland, which was issued in 902, was a prominent example of the return to the Ritsuryo system and the law was the last policy to carry out the allotment of farmland.
- 11世紀後半以降、天皇家の家督者は上皇・院という立場で天皇家を支配し、治天の君と呼ばれ政治の実権を握って院政を展開した。
- After the late eleventh century, the predecessors of the Emperor clan took control of the Emperor clan as a Retired Emperor or a Cloistered Emperor, and were called Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power), and held the cloister government by seizing political power.
- 河原者の中で最も著名なのが、室町幕府の八代将軍足利義政に仕えた庭師の善阿弥で、銀閣寺の庭園は彼の子と孫による作品である。
- The most famous Kawaramono was Zenami, a gardener who served the eighth Shogun of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, and the garden of Ginkaku-ji Temple was a work created by his son and grandson.
- 翌年(723年)には開墾推進政策の一環として三世一身法が発布され、期限付きではあるが開墾農地(墾田)の私有が認められた。
- In 723, as a part of the land cultivation promotion program, Sanze-isshin Law (a law allowing farmers who cleared new lands to own them for a period of three generations) was promulgated and the private ownership of newly cultivated land was approved though it had a time limit.
- 1333年の鎌倉幕府滅亡から建武の新政、室町時代初期までの間は、全国的に戦乱が相次ぎ、荘園の所有関係も非常に流動化した。
- From the demise of the Kamakura bakufu in 1333 to the Kenmu Restoration or the early Muromachi period, the maelstrom of war continued and the ownership relationship of shoen were also fluidized.
- しかしながら、武士層の不満が増すと、足利尊氏はそれを背景に新政から離反し、持明院統を擁立して大覚寺統を南の吉野に追った。
- However, with the increasing frustration of samurai, Takauji ASHIKAGA left the new government, supported the Jimyoin-to group, and chased the Daikakuji-to group to Yoshino in the south.
- このことは畿内・山陽・北部九州に並立していた地域政治集団が糾合してヤマト王権を形成したことを表していると考えられている。
- This is considered to be an indication that local political groups had existed in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), the Sanyo region (Inland Sea provinces) and the northern Kyushu area in parallel were rallied to form Yamato sovereignty (ancient Japan sovereignty).
- すると、現地赴任する国司の筆頭者に、様々な責任やそれに伴う権限が集中するようになり、事実上の国衙行政の最高責任者となった。
- As a result, the kokushi, who was actually dispatched to the appointed province, started to assume various responsibilities as well as powers, which made him virtually the highest ranked officer in the kokuga administration.
- 例えば、平安時代において荘園新立の承認を受けるには太政官符及び民部省符が必要とされており、こうした荘園を官省符荘と呼んだ。
- For example, during the Heian period Daijokanpu and Minbushofu (official documents issued by Minbusho [Ministry of Popular Affairs]) was needed to get approval to establish a new Shoen (manor) and these manors were called Kanshofu no sho (government-approved manors).
- 現在の釜山広域市東区子城台に所在し、行政的には北方にある東莱(トンネ)県城、軍事的には西方にある万戸営庁の管理下にあった。
- Located in the present-day Jaseonda, Dong Ward, Busan Metropolitan City, Fuzanho Wakan was administratively under the control of castle of Tongne Prefecture in the north, and militarily under the control of Local naval office in the west.
- 乱後も洞に残った伊達氏の一門や家臣は曾孫の伊達政宗によって仙台藩家臣団として強い主従関係に基づく再編成を受ける事となった。
- Families and vassals of the Date clan who remained in the Utsuro even after the war were reorganized by Tanemune's great-grandson Masamune DATE into a group of vassals in the Sendai Domain, supported by the strict relationship between lord and vassal.
- 時代が下り、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政期には、一時期陸奥国も親王任国とされ、義良親王が陸奥国太守として実際に陸奥国へ赴任した。
- In the Kenmu Restoration period led by the Emperor Godaigo, Mutsu Province was also designated as Shinno-ningoku for a while and Imperial Prince Norinaga actually went to Mutsu Province as the Taishu of Mutsu Province.
- 天長3年9月6日 (旧暦)(826年10月10日)、清原夏野の奏上に基づき制定された(『類聚三代格』:親王任国太政官符)。
- This system was established on October 14, 826 based on sojo (report to the Emperor) made by KIYOHARA no Natsuno ('Ruiju Sandaikyaku': Shinno-ningoku Daijokanpu (the official document issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of the state)).
- 戦国期の公家の生活の情報に富み、細川政元の暗殺や細川澄元の敗死などいわゆる永正の錯乱を巡る畿内の政局をつぶさに見て取れる。
- The diary was full of detailed information on the life of kuge (court noble) during the Sengoku period and described in detail the politics in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) with regard to the Eisho no Sakuran that involved the assassination of Masamoto HOSOKAWA and the death of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA in battle.
- まず、3月7日(4月26日)に外山光輔が捕縛され、10日に東京の久留米藩藩邸が政府に押収されて藩知事有馬頼咸が幽閉された。
- First, Mitsusuke TOYAMA was captured on April 26, while a residence of the Kurume domain in Tokyo was confiscated by the government on April 29, and Yorishige ARIMA, governor of domain, was incarcerated.
- 翌年9月9日(1586年10月21日)には秀吉は豊臣の姓を賜り、続いて後陽成天皇の即位に併せて太政大臣に昇進したのである。
- On October 21, 1586, Hideyoshi was granted the clan name of Toyotomi, and then, was elevated to Dajodaijin when Emperor Goyozei ascended the Imperial throne.
- しかし、室町期以来、村落自治が根付いていたこともあって、江戸幕府及び諸大名は、村落にある程度の自治を付与する民政を選択した。
- Nevertheless, due partly to the fact that self-government had already taken root in village communities, the Edo bakufu government and feudal lords chose to place villages under civil administration, allowing them a certain degree of self-government.
- 戦後、尊氏は対立関係にあった新田義貞の所領を勝手に没収し、建武政権では恩賞方が行う恩賞として分配するなど自立の意思を示した。
- After the battle, Takauji showed his will of independence by confiscating the territory of Yoshisada NITTA who was against him without permission and distributing it as onsho (reward grants) which was granted by Onshokata (office to do desk works of Onsho award) in the Kenmu government.
- こうした施策によって国司苛政上訴は沈静化したものの、雑役免荘園や国免荘などの登場で荘園拡大は必ずしも十分に抑制されなかった。
- Although the cases of Kokushi kasei joso were decreased by the implementation of these policies, the expansion of shoen was not curbed enough due to the advent of zoyakumen (exception from all levies except the regular land tax) shoen or Kokumen sho (a shoen allowed exemption from so or other tribute in benpo or binho system) and so on.
- そして、国司苛政上訴が功を奏し、太政官の政策に影響を与え、国内の税率を固定化する「公田官物率法」が1040年代に制定された。
- Kokushi kasei joso was effective in having an effect on Daijokan's policies, resulting in the enactment of 'Koden kanmotsu rippo' (fixing a limit of 3 to of rice per tan of land) in 1040 for fixing the tax rates in Japan.
- 例えば、『政事要略』の年中行事篇は、本書をそのまま導入し、新たに増補した部分の国史の引用については『類聚国史』を用いている。
- For example, this document was used, as it was, in the annual event part of 'Seiji Yoryaku' and citations about national history in the augmented portion was made from 'Ruiju Kokushi' (a national history compiled by SUGAWARA no Michizane).
- 本書の成立時期について、①『本朝月令』六月同日国忌事条と、②『本朝月令』と『政事要略』に引用される典籍の比較によって分かる。
- When the compilation of this document was completed is known from the following two items: (1) the description of national mourning events on the same day of June, in 'Honcho Gatsuryo,' and (2) a comparison of the documents referred to in 'Honcho Gatsuryo' and those in 'Seiji Yoryaku.'
- 義満の「道有」、「天山」、義教の「雑華室」であり、これらの印がついた宝物は義政のコレクションである「東山御物」へと発展した。
- There were 'Doyu' and 'Tenzan' of Yoshimitsu, 'Zakkeshitsu' of Yoshinori, and these treasures developed into 'Higashiyama gomotsu' (Imperial treasures owned by the Ashikaga family) of the collection of Yoshimasa.
- 嵯峨治世初期は、太政官筆頭だった藤原園人の主導のもと、百姓撫民(貧民救済)そして権門(有力貴族・寺社)抑制の政策がとられた。
- At the beginning of the reign of Emperor Saga, FUJIWARA no Sonohito, the head council of state, lead a policy to rescue farmers (relief of the poor) and control power (influential aristocracy, temples and shrines).
- 織豊政権は戦国大名の統治機構を母体とする強力な中央集権体制であり、その裏づけに天皇・朝廷の権威を利用するという形式を執った。
- The Shokuho government was a strong centralized administrative framework whose parent structure was the governing system of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku Period, and to support the structure, the government took advantage of authorities of the Emperor and the Imperial Court.
- 更にこれを見た非官僚の荘園所有者も政府や官僚との個人的つながりを通じて本来は許されない租税の納付を回避しようとする者もいた。
- Furthermore, considering this, some non-bureaucrats who owned shoens also tried to escape from tax payments, which was not normally allowed, through their personal connections with the government or bureaucrats.
- これに伴い、平安前期の弘仁貞観期(9世紀)には、政府の租税方針も律令が当初想定していた人への課税から土地への課税へと転換した。
- Therefore, in the Konin-Jogan eras in the early Heian period (the ninth century), the taxes policy of the government was converted from taxation on people, which was the initial policy mapped out under the Ritsuryo codes, to the taxation on lands.
- 平安時代末期の後白河院政期に成立した絵巻ものであり、かつてはボストン美術館の吉備大臣入唐絵などとともに若狭・酒井家に伝来した。
- This picture scroll was made during the Goshirakawa Insei period (period of cloistered governments) in the last part of the Heian period, and used to be kept by the Sakai family in Wakasa Province along with Kibidaijin Nitto Emaki (scroll depicting the visit of Minister Kibi to Tang China), which now belongs to the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.
- 9世紀末期~10世紀初頭(寛平の治・延喜の治期)には再び律令制の原則へ回帰する政策が採られたものの、結局それは失敗に終わった。
- Although the policies to return back to the principles of the Ritsuryo system were implemented again from the late ninth century to the early tenth century (during the peaceful era of Kanpyo and the peaceful era of Engi), such policies eventually ended in failure.
- これらの港は当初日本船の入港指定地に過ぎなかったが、やがて多数の日本人が住み着くようになり、朝鮮政府はこれを制止できなかった。
- At first, those ports were nothing more than designated ports to accept Japanese ships, but gradually, many Japanese began living in these areas, and the Korean Government could not stop it.
- しかしながら、実際に在地における行政・司法の権限、すなわち荘務権を掌握していた者が領家などであったとしても本所と呼ばれていた。
- However, even other lords of the manor, such as the ryoke, were also called honjo when they actually assumed the authority of administration and administration of justice at their shoen, or in other words, the right to assert Shomu.
- 永正3年(1506年)、摂津国守護となった澄元が阿波国勢を率いて入京し、その家宰三好之長が政元に軍事面で重用されるようになる。
- In 1506, Sumimoto, who had become the shugo (provincial constable) of Settsu Province, entered the capital leading forces from the Awa Province; upon their arrival, Masamoto gave important military posts to Sumimoto's kasai (main retainer) Yukinaga MIYOSHI.
- 王朝政権の接収・大々的な外交の展開といった清盛の構想が実現したのは、平氏が滅亡してからおよそ200年後、足利義満の時代だった。
- Kiyomori's plan to create the court government and develop major trade and diplomacy was finally realized about 200 years after the Taira clan died out, during the period of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- 高麗の荘園には不輸不入は認められていなかったが、所有者が権勢者であった場合にはその政治的圧力で事実上の不輸不入の状態となった。
- The manors in Goryeo did not approve the right of tax exemption and the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property, but if the owners were powerful men, as a matter of practice, the rights were in effect by political pressure.
- そのため、一揆が原因になることもあるが、政権の転覆を図る反乱、暴動、クーデターなどとは本来ははっきりと区別されるべき語である。
- Therefore, although ikki sometimes caused revolts, riots and coup d'état, all of which occurred through efforts to overturn the regime, the word 'ikki' should essentially be distinguished from those words (revolt, riot, coup d'état).
- 醍醐には大勢の皇子がいたが皇太子になったのは、穏子所生の子のみであり後世の摂関政治の基礎が実はこの時期に形成されたことが分かる。
- Daigo had many princes, but there was only one who became a crown prince and that was the child of Onshi and it turned out that the foundation of the later Sekkan government was in fact made during that time.
- 元弘3年/正慶2年(1333年)鎌倉幕府を打倒して成立した建武政権であったが、現実から乖離した政策の数々に武士は不満を募らせた。
- The Kenmu government was established after toppling the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1333, but samurai aggravated a grievance against many of its unrealistic policies.
- 代わりに派遣された足利政知(義教の子)も上杉氏との確執から伊豆の堀越御所(堀越公方)に根拠を定めたために鎌倉府は事実上消滅した。
- As Masatomo ASHIKAGA (Yoshinori's son), who was appointed in place of Shigeuji, was based at Horikoshi palace (Horikoshi kubo) in Izu Province due to a feud with the Uesugi clan, the Kamakurafu ceased to exist in effect.
- 当時、天皇の代替わりの際に「新政」として荘園整理令が出されたり、また、国衙が荘園を認めずに公領へ編入しようとすることが多かった。
- At that time, Manor Regulation Acts were often enforced as 'a new government' when a new emperor ascended the throne, and the kokuga, who did not admit the shoen, often tried to incorporate the shoen into koryo (an Imperial demesne).
- それでも、やはり利用者がどうしても返せない場合もあり、祠堂銭を運営する寺院が私徳政を求める徳政一揆の攻撃対象となる場合もあった。
- Even so, there were some who were unable to pay for their debts and when temples managing Shidosen sought Private Acts of Virtuous Government, they were sometimes targeted in Tokusei uprisings.
- 地子の割当を受けた令制国では、公田から賃租された地子稲を財源として沽価に基づいて絹や鉄などを調達して中央の太政官厨家に送付した。
- Governors of provinces that were required to submit a land tax quota would use rice collected from koden as a financial resource in order to purchase silk or iron based on koka (selling prices) and sent it to the Daijokan chuke (manager of the kitchen of the Great Council of State) in the central government.
- この時期の王朝国家の変質を示す指標としては、公田官物率法の制定、別名の積極的な設定、所領相論審判権の太政官への集中化などがある。
- What demonstrates the change of Dynastic polity occurred at that time are the establishment of Koden kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu, tribute), active establishment of bechimyo and the centralization of shoryo soron shinpanken (jurisdiction of the disputes concerning the ownership of land) to Dajokan (Grand Council of State).
- 所領相論に係る裁判についても、それまで国・郡に裁判権が認められていたのが、11世紀中期以降は、太政官のみが裁判することとされた。
- Also, jurisdiction of shoryo soron, which was given to both the nation and gun up to then, was centralized to Dajokan from the mid-11th century.
- 地方行政にあたる国司は、郡司・富豪層に着目し、従来の個別人身支配の代わりに郡司・富豪層の在地経営を通じた支配へと転換していった。
- Kokushi (provincial governors) in charge of local administration focused attention on gunji (district managers) and the rich and powerful class, and changed management of the province to control through local management by gunji (district managers) and persons in the rich and powerful class.
- 衛府舎人は大粮米徴収権の既得権を有していたが、朝廷は延喜年間(900年代)に相次いで衛府舎人の既得権を剥奪する政策を打ち出した。
- Efutoneri had the right to collect tairomai (rice as food), but in the Engi era (in the 900s), the Imperial Court announced the key policies of depriving the Efutoneri of their vested rights one after another.
- 平氏政権の崩壊とともに、中央政府である朝廷とは別個に、内乱を収拾して東国の支配権を得た鎌倉幕府が登場し、平安時代は幕を下ろした。
- With the collapse of the Taira clan administration, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) came to power after sorting out the civil wars aside from the Imperial Court, and the central govenment gained the right to rule the Eastern provinces, leading to the end of the Heian period.
- 政治の中枢を藤原氏と源氏が占有し始めたこの時期、栄達の望みがない中下流貴族らは地方官(受領)や特定官庁への補任をきそって求めた。
- During this period, when the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan started to occupy the political nucleus, the middle and lower class nobles who had no hope for fame, competed for assignments in the local official (Zuryo, the head of the provincial governors) or specific bureaucrats.
- だが、室町幕府の征夷大将軍足利義政はこの最中に花の御所を改築し、世事に全く関心を示さず、堪りかねた後花園天皇の勧告をも無視した。
- However, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), had no interest in the real world, renovated the Hana-no-gosho residence, and ignored the advice from the Emperor Gohanazono who became concerned with the situation.
- 反清盛の気運が高まる中、治承4年(1180年)4月には以仁王(後白河の第2皇子)が平氏追討の令旨を発し、源頼政と結んで挙兵した。
- In April 1180, with the anti-Kiyomori movement, Prince Mochihito (Goshirakawa's second son) issued a call for attacking the Taira clan and collaborated with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa to raise forces.
- 『平家物語』や『愚管抄』など同時代の文献は、平氏滅亡後に平氏政権に抑圧されてきた貴族社会や寺社層の視点で描かれてきたものが多い。
- Documents written at the same time period such as 'The Tale of the Heike' and 'Gukansho' (Miscellany of Ignorant Views) are often written after the decline of the Taira clan and from the viewpoint of the aristocracy and temple classes that were suppressed under the Taira clan administration.
- 増え続ける荘園に対抗して、国司は大名田堵を在庁官人に任命し、自らの手元に置き、さらには惣司・郷司・保司として、地方行政官とした。
- In competition with the ever-increasing shoen, the Kokushi assigned Daimyo tato (daimyo cultivators) to Zaicho kanjin (resident public officials) and deployed them on hand; moreover, they had Soji, Goji, and Hoji (all of which were local government officials under the ritsuryo system) appointed as local government officials.
- なお、経営政策の面では、理研コンツェルンを除いて既存の財閥同様に同族運営がなされており、その点で「新興財閥」という言い方もある。
- Regarding the management policy, the emerging zaibatsu in the Showa period (except for the RIKEN conglomerate) were run by families or their kinships, like the existing zaibatsu, and in that sense they can be called 'emerging zaibatsu.'
- 平安時代初期の右大臣藤原園人は、貧民救済を主要政策として精力的に取り組んだが、貧民層の増大が課題となっていたことを物語っている。
- FUJIWARA no Sonohito, Udaijin (Mnister of the Right) in the early part of the Heian period, made positive efforts to rescue the poor, which showed that there was a problematic increase in the number of poor people.
- これに対して保則は出羽国の現状を報告して、寛大な政策をおこなって苛政によって逃亡した夷俘の還住を促すことこそ上策であると意見した。
- In response he reported on the status of Dewa Province and stated the opinion that it would be better to adopt a sympathetic policy to urge the Ifu, who had fled from their homes due to misrule, to return to their homes.
- 守護は、それまで国司が管轄していた国衙行政・国衙領支配にも侵出していき、国衙の在庁官人を被官(家臣)とした(これを被官化という)。
- Shugo started to expand their influence on the kokuga government as well as control over the kokuga's territories, compelling zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) to obey as the hikan (low-level bureaucrat, namely vassal), which was called 'Hikanization.'
- 地方の郡司・百姓らが上京し、大内裏の陽明門(内裏の公門とされていた)前で国司の苛政・非法を太政官へ訴えるという形態が通例であった。
- Gunji or farmers of provinces commonly visited the capital to complain to the Daijokan about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi in front of Yomei-mon gate (the public gate of the Imperial Palace) of Daidairi (the Greater Imperial Palace).
- 院政期という比較的早い時期において成立し、有職故実・公事を中心とする題材を後世の説話集に提供したため、説話に分類されることもある。
- Fukego is sometimes classified as a setsuwa (a collection of anecdotes) because it was written in the earlier period, in the times under cloistered rule, and presented such subjects as yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) and official court events to setsuwa collections of the later period.
- 当時、天皇の代替わりの際に「新政」として荘園整理令が出されたり、また、国衙が荘園を認めずに国衙領へ編入しようとすることが多かった。
- At that time, Manor Regulation Acts were often ordered by a 'new government' upon the change of the emperors, and also in many cases, kokuga did not authorize the ownership of shoen and incorporated them into Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- 更に特定の納銭方に土倉役や酒屋役などの収入を一時的に預けてそこから財政的な支出をさせるという公方御倉の指定も行われるようになった。
- Furthermore, the bakufu also appointed a Kubo-okura (financial branch) and entrusted the revenue, including dosoyaku and Sakaya yaku (taxes imposed on sake breweries by Muromachi bakufu), with selected nosenkata.
- 一方、久保田藩は財政再建のための方策として鉱山開発に着目しており、安永2年(1773年)7月、源内を鉱山技術者として藩に招聘した。
- In the meantime, the Kubota clan, who were focused on mine development as a measure to reconstruct their finances, invited Gennai to be a mine engineer in August of 1773.
- それまでは、受領の権限のもとで地方行政が展開しており、郡司・富豪層らが開発してきた荘園も国衙の承認によって存立していた(国免荘)。
- Until then, local administration functioned under zuryo's authority, and the manors that had been developed by gunji or rich and powerful persons could exist by obtaining approval from the kokuga (kokumensho [the manor whose obligations were exempted by kokushi]).
- 礼銭が賄賂とみなして厳しく禁じられるのは統一的権力を打ちたて、強力な財政基盤と武士道の涵養に尽力した江戸幕府の成立以後の事になる。
- It was not until the establishment of the Edo bakufu, which formed a unified government and was engaged in creating a sound financial footing and the samurai code, that the reisen was considered to be a bribe and strictly prohibited.
- それ以前の藤原良房の時から藤原北家が摂政・関白に就いて執政してきたが、発展段階の摂関政治だったとして初期摂関政治と区別されている。
- Although the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan had conducted policy as a regent or chief adviser to the Emperor since the time of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, their regency is considered to have still been in the developmental stage and was distinguished from the early regency.
- 二卿事件(にきょうじけん)は、明治4年(1871年)、攘夷派の公卿、愛宕通旭と外山光輔が明治政府の転覆を謀ったクーデター未遂事件。
- The Nikyo Jiken was an abortive coup d'etat in which Michiteru OTAGI and Mitsusuke TOYAMA, nobles in joi-ha (supporters of expulsion of the foreigners), attempted to overthrow the Meiji Government in 1871.
- 1977年(昭和52年)の「竹本処分」強行を経て、沢田敏男総長時代には吉田寮など学生寮の閉鎖に向け「学生寮の正常化」政策を進めた。
- After forcing through 'Takemoto shobun' (dismissal of associate professor Takemoto) in 1977, the president Toshio SAWADA implemented the policy of 'normalization of student dormitories' with the aim of abolishing student dormitories including Yoshida dormitory.
- またはそのために盟約、契約を結んで、政治的共同体を結成した集団及び、これを基盤とした既成の支配体制に対する武力行使を含む抵抗運動。
- 'Ikki' can also refer to a group of people that form a political community by entering into an alliance or a contract to achieve an objective and to a resistance movement (which may employ armed force) formed by a group in opposition to the established government.
- 倍増した耕地面積は食糧増産と人口増加をもたらし、村請を通じて幕府財政や藩財政を支えるとともに、全国的な流通経済を大きく発展させた。
- Doubling the arable land increased the population as well as the amount of food produced, supporting the finance of the bakufu and that of each domain through the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) and greatly advancing nation-wide distribution-related economy.
- 国際連盟を脱退し、日本はドイツ、イタリアのファシスト政権と日独伊三国同盟結び、第二次世界大戦(太平洋戦争・大東亜戦争)に突入した。
- Withdrawing from the League of Nations, Japan allied itself with the fascist government of Germany and that of Italy (the alliance of Japan, Germany, and Italy) and entered World War II (the Pacific War/the Greater East Asian War).
- 12世紀中期に鳥羽上皇が没すると、治天の君の座を巡って天皇家・摂関家を巻き込む政争が起こり、軍事衝突によって解決した(保元の乱)。
- After the death of the retired Emperor Toba in the middle of the 12th century, a political fight for the seat of chiten no kimi occurred, which involved the Emperor's family and Sekkan-ke, and was resolved after a military confrontation (the Hogen War).
- 表向きは信長との協調関係は継続していたものの、密かに武田信玄・浅井長政・朝倉義景・顕如らに信長討伐令を発して信長包囲網を結成した。
- Although Yoshiaki officially had a cooperative relationship with Nobunaga, he formed a coalition against Nobunaga by secretly giving an order of subjugation to Shingen TAKEDA, Nagamasa AZAI, Yoshikage ASAKURA and Kennyo.
- 特に7月信濃国で諏訪氏の支援のもと蜂起した北条時行は、各地の反建武政権勢力を吸収し、足利直義を追い出し、鎌倉を占領する勢いを見せた。
- In particular, Tokiyuki HOJO who rose in revolt with the support of the Suwa clan in Shinano Province in July gathered the anti-Kenmu government forces around the country and got enough momentum to remove Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and occupy Kamakura.
- 長徳の変(ちょうとくのへん)とは長徳元年(995年)4月10日 (旧暦)の藤原道隆の死後、藤原道長が内覧の宣旨を得た後に起きた政変。
- The Chotoku Coup, occurred after FUJIWARA no Michinaga received Nairan no senji (an imperial edict to appoint a person to the position of Nairan, who has a right to read and deal with documents before reporting to the Emperor from Daijokan, the Great Council of State), after the death of FUJIWARA no Michitaka on May 17, 995.
- 平安時代後期に院政が始まると、治天の君(院政を行う上皇)は、院宣や院庁下文を発給することで、自らの政治意思を明示・具現化していった。
- As the system of Insei (rule by the Retired Emperor) was enforced in the late Heian period, Chiten no kimi (the Retired Emperor in power) used inzen and innocho kudashibumi to strongly express and achieve his political intentions.
- しかし当時幼い安徳天皇に代わり院政を行なっていた高倉上皇は平安京(京都)を放棄せず、福原には離宮を建て、内裏や八省は必要ないとした。
- However, the retired Emperor Takakura, who was governing by Insei (rule by the retired Emperor) in place of the Emperor Antoku who was still a young child, did not abandon Heian-kyo (ancient Kyoto), but built a rikyu (an imperial villa) in Fukuhara and insisted that a Dairi (Imperial Palace) and Hassho (eight ministries and agencies) were not needed there.
- ただし、藤原道長が政治の表舞台から外れると摂関家における季御読経の回数は減り、続く藤原頼通の時代にはほとんど行われなくなっていった。
- When FUJIWARA no Michinaga stepped out from the political center stage, however, Kinomidokyo by regents and advisors were held less frequently, and by the following era of FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, the service almost never held at all.
- 吏部王記(りほうおうき/りぶおうき)は、醍醐天皇第四皇子重明親王の日記で、平安時代中期の政務や朝儀を理解する上での重要な史料である。
- Rihooki (also referred to as Ribuoki) was the diary of Imperial Prince Shigeakira, the fourth son of Emperor Godaigo, and is regarded as an important historical document for understanding the administrative affairs and rituals of the imperial court during the mid Heian period.
- 在地領主化した武士は、在庁官人となって国衙行政に参画する一方で、婚姻関係を通じて党を組み、武士団と呼ばれる結合関係を構築していった。
- The samurai who became local lords participated in kokuga administration as officers in the kokuga office, and at the same time, also established a relationship called a samurai group, through marital relations.
- 秀吉は忠実な天皇の侍大将として信長より前の室町幕府武家政権としての成果と文書体系をも覆し天皇にひれ伏した。(「武家と天皇」今谷 明)
- Hideyoshi reversed the achievement and document architecture of the military government in the Muromachi bakufu, which was even before the era of Nobunaga, and groveled at the Emperor's feet as a loyal samurai general of the Emperor ('Buke to Tenno'(the Emperor and the Samurai) by Akira IMATANI).
- 同年の平氏一門の知行国25か国、国守29か国にのぼり、伊勢平氏の勢力基盤の西国のみならず、東国にも平氏政権の勢力が及ぶこととなった。
- In the same year, the number of directly governed provinces reached 25 and the number of provinces with governors related to the Taira clan reached 29, which meant the east as well as the west, the power base of Ise Taira clan (Heishi), began to feel the control of the Taira clan administration.
- やがて戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、戦国大名らによる大名領国制のもと楽市・楽座などの経済政策が執られ始めると、供御人は急速に減少した。
- When the Sengoku Period (period of warring states) started later on (in Japan), economic measures like Rakuichi-Rakuza (free markets and open guilds) were taken under the daimyo-ryogoku system (the system where daimyos controlled feudal domains) by those including daimyos (Japanese territorial lords) and, as a result, the number of Kugonin rapidly decreased.
- これに対して家臣の比喜多源二・安木劉太郎らは同情して、明治政府を倒して明治天皇を京都へ連れ帰って攘夷を断行するべきであると進言した。
- His vassals including Genji HIKITA and Ryutaro YASUKI, sympathized with him, and offered to overthrow the Meiji government, bring the Emperor Meiji back to Kyoto and force the expulsion of the foreigners.
- 現在ハッジの希望者数は受け入れ可能人数を超えており、ハッジに参加するにはマッカを管理するサウジアラビア政府の発給する特別査証が必要。
- The number of people who wish to go on Haji has exceeded the number possible and currently a special visa from the Saudi Arabian government who manages the Mecca is required to participate in Haji.
- カザフスタンでは、アラル海の例を見ると分かるように、農業政策の失敗により地下水や湖水をくみ上げすぎるなどして、土地の乾燥化が進んだ。
- In Kazakhstan, as known from the example in the Aral Sea, inappropriate agricultural policies caused underground water and wake water to be pumped excessively, expanding dry areas.
- 江戸時代になると幕府に公認された既存の秩序以外の形で、こうした一揆の盟約による政治的共同体を結成すること自体が禁じられるようになる。
- During the Edo period, people were forbidden to form a political community by concluding an ikki in any form other than that which accorded with the existing order that was officially recognized by the shogunate government.
- 10世紀中期頃、国衙行政は在庁官人の手で運営されるようになり、受領の中には任国へ赴任せず、在庁官人へ行政を任せる者も多くなっていった。
- During the middle of the tenth century, the administration of kokuga came to be managed by zaichokanjins, some of the zuryos did not go to their place of assignment and often left administration to the zaichokanjins.
- 遂に院政期には権力者による合格者の枠配分や大学寮への成功 (任官)(財政支援)によって任官や合格が決まるなどの例も見られるようになる。
- Eventually, during the Insei period (period of cloistered imperial rule), it became more common that influential people arranged the allocation of successful applicants, or that job appointment or success in an entrance exam was decided by applicants' offering of jogo (bribes for appointment) to Daigaku-ryo.
- 当時の社会通念からして、天皇や将軍の代替わりには土地・物品が元の所有者へ返るべきとする思想が広く浸透しており、これを徳政と呼んでいた。
- Under the social conventions of the time, there was the prevalent idea that land or an article should be returned to the original owner concurrent with a change in the reign of the Emperor or the rule of the shogun; this idea was called tokusei (benevolent rule).
- 二つの乱により、それまで京武者のよりどころであった摂関家家政機構の中の武力は解体し、一方の北面武士は平家の一人勝ちにより機能停止する。
- The military power of the political structure of regent families where the samurai in the imperial capital of Kyoto was based, disintegrated after experiencing two wars, and the Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side) terminated its function due to a single victory of Taira family.
- 永正8年(1511年)、澄元は細川政賢・細川尚春らと(芦屋河原の合戦)、また河内守護畠山尚順らと(和泉・深井城深井の合戦)合戦に及ぶ。
- In 1511, Sumimoto engaged in battle with the forces of Masakata HOSOKAWA and Hisaharu HOSOKAWA (The Battle of Ashiyakawara), and then again with the forces of Yoshitaka HATAKEYAMA, the shugo of Kawachi Province (The Battle of Izumi and Fukai).
- 一方、国司請負制により権限が強化された国司は公領を自領のように扱いはじめ、田堵を在庁官人に任命し、郷司、保司等として地方行政官とした。
- In the meantime, kokushi who strengthened their rights by the contracting system of kokushi began to deal with Koryo as if it were their own property and appointed Tato as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) who were such as Goji (a local government of official under ritsuryo system) and hoji (an officer governing koryo, or public land) as their local government officials.
- 治承三年の政変(じしょうさんねんのせいへん)は治承3年(1179年)11月、平清盛が軍勢を率いて京都を制圧、後白河院政を停止した事件。
- The Jisho Sannen no Seihen was an incident where TAIRA no Kiyomori led an army to conquer Kyoto and stalled the government by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa in December (November in old lunar calendar) 1179.
- 鎌倉時代以後、朝廷財政の衰微と荘園の拡大、交通の発達によって、内裏や寺社の修繕のために一定の通行料を取る関所が設置されるようになった。
- After the Kamakura Period, due to the decline of the Imperial Court's finance, expansion of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and progress in transportation, checkpoints were set up to take certain tolls to help in the repair of the Imperial Palace, temples and shrines.
- 平安時代末期、院政の進展に伴って内裏における陣定に代わって、上皇や法皇が自分の御所内において議定を行って重要な決定を行うようになった。
- At the end of the Heian period, with the development of government by a retired emperor, the abdicated emperor and cloistered emperor came to make important decisions after formulating agreements at their own residence, replacing the reign of the emperor at the Imperial Palace.
- 院政においても鎌倉幕府の影響を受けて後嵯峨上皇の院政下である寛元4年(1246年)より院評定が開催されたが、ここでも評定始が開かれた。
- In the period of Insei, the Retired Emperor Gosaga began inhyojo (consultation under the cloister government) in 1246 adopting the Kamakura bakufu's practice, and also held hyojohajime.
- 天正10年5月に至り、朝廷から武田征伐の戦勝祝賀として信長に、太政大臣、関白、征夷大将軍の三職いずれかに推任しようとする動きがあった。
- In June (May in old lunar calendar), 1582, there was a move in the Imperial Court to endorse Nobunaga for one of the three posts, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), or Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') as a reward for his subjugation of Takeda.
- しかし新政は武家への恩賞施策と武家領地を減らし国衙領の復活を目指す後醍醐天皇の独裁と公家優先の政策で、武家の支持を得られずに混乱した。
- However, the restoration was dictatorial and the Court noble-oriented policies of Emperor Godaigo who tried to reduce reward measures and territory of samurai families in order to restore Kokugaryo, were not supported by the samurai families and only served to confuse them.
- その後、豊臣政権から江戸幕府成立の過程において、佐竹氏や里見氏などの旧来の勢力は転封あるいは改易によって関東の地から姿を消す事になる。
- Later, in the process from the Toyotomi government until the formation of the Edo bakufu, old powers such as the Satake clan and Satomi clan, disappeared from Kanto by relocation or being deprived of their territory.
- 朝鮮王朝は恒居倭の倭寇化を恐れ、検断権(警察・司法権)・徴税権といった行政権を行使できず、日本人有力者による自治に任せるままであった。
- Since the Korean Dynasty was afraid that kokyowa might become wako, they hesitated to use their administrative powers such as the police authority, the legal jurisdiction, and the authority of tax collection, and they just left the government of that area to some influential Japanese people.
- 平安中期以降は官人らが政務処理に先例を参照するための歴史資料として『類聚国史』『日本紀略』『百錬抄』やその他各種の年代記が編纂された。
- During the middle era of the Heian period and later, government officials compiled various chronicles, including 'Ruiju Kokushi' (classified national history), 'Nihongi Ryaku' (a summary of Japanese chronologies), and 'Hyakuren sho' (history book from the Kamakura period), as the historical documents that they would refer to in conducting their political operations.
- 保元以前、武力で政争が解決した事例は平安初期の平城上皇の変にまで遡り、三百数十年ぶりの異変だったため、当時の人々に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- These wars astounded people of the time because they had not had a political fight which involved a military force for 300 years and several decades since the War of retired Emperor Heizei, in the early Heian period.
- 明応6年(1497年)には大内義興は少弐政資を滅ぼし、かつては鎮西の覇者であった少弐氏を肥前の一地方勢力に転落させることに成功している。
- Yoshioki OUCHI defeated Masasuke SHONI in 1497 and succeeded in making the Shoni clan, once the hegemony of Chinzei (nickname of Kyushu) demoted to a regional power.
- こうした流れの中で国司行政も、所定の租税(官物・雑役など)の納入のみが求められ、その他は現地赴任の筆頭国司の裁量に任されるようになった。
- In response to this shift of the system, the administration of Kokushi (provincial governors) was required only to pay certain taxes (such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zatsueki (odd-job tasks)) with other tasks left to the discretion of the appointed head of the provincial governors.
- 政府が承認した不輸租田及び荘園は官省符荘のみであったから、荘園整理令の際には公験が揃っていない荘園(特に国免荘田)が整理の対象となった。
- Since the Kanshofu sho was the only fuyusoden and shoen with government approval, shoen without kugen submitted (especially, kokumen shoen) was eliminated for consolidation purposes when Manor Regulation Acts were issued.
- 鎮護国家(ちんごこっか)は、政府が仏教を利用して内政の安定を図ろうとした政策、または、仏教には国家を守護・安定させる力があるとする思想。
- Chingokokka refers to a government policy to stabilize internal affairs using Buddhism or a thought that Buddhism has power to protect and stabilize a country.
- 鳥羽殿は武士が厳しく警護して藤原信西の子(藤原成範・藤原脩範・静憲)と女房以外は出入りを許されず幽閉状態となり、後白河院政は停止された。
- The Toba Dono was heavily guarded by samurai such that only the sons of FUJIWARA no Shinzei (FUJIWARA no Shigenori, FUJIWARA no Naganori, and Joken) and their wives were allowed to go in and out, and it was these conditions that were put to a stop by the government of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
- 天武天皇以来の皇統は、以前より盛んだった天武系皇族間での相次ぐ政争によって継承順で繰り上がった天智天皇系の白壁王(光仁天皇)が継承した。
- Although the imperial line had succeeded from Emperor Tenmu, there had been a string of power struggles and Shirakabe no okimi (Prince Shirakabe), a descendent of Emperor Tenchi became Emperor Konin following the order of succession.
- 10世紀中葉から後期にかけて、ある官職に伴う権限義務を特定の家系へ請け負わせる官司請負制が中央政界でも地方政治でも著しく進展していった。
- From the middle to the end of the 10th century, the government official contract system developed in the national political arena as well as in regional politics: specific family lines were given contracts to have authority and duties associated with certain government posts.
- 幕府は承久の乱で鎌倉の武家権力が朝廷権力に勝利して、旧平家領にも守護地頭を起き支配権を全国に広げ、ついに初の全国統一の武家政権となった。
- The samurai authority in Kamakura defeated the Imperial Court authority in the Jokyu Revolt, and thus the bakufu deployed Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) in the territory of the Taira family, spread their authority across the country, and eventually established the first nationally-standardized military government.
- そして右近衛大将に任じられるがすぐに辞任し鎌倉に戻り翌建久2年(1191年)正月に前右大将として「政所吉書始」を行い家政機関を設置する。
- He was appointed Ukoneno-daisho (a position in the Ritsuryo system) but soon resigned the position, went back to Kamakura, and executed Mandokoro-kissho-hajime (the ceremony announcing the start of new official works) to establish domestic economy organizations as a Sakino-udaisho in February and March 1191.
- この乱は短期間で鎮圧されたが、この渦中に平将門は坂東諸国の国衙機構を掌握して「新皇」を称しており、これを武家政権の先駆とする見方もある。
- During this revolt, which was suppressed in a short period of time, TAIRA no Masakado took control of the system of kokuga in the countries in Bando and called himself 'new emperor,' which is considered to be the beginning of the military government by some people.
- 故に、こうした守護や国人などの家政において中枢を占めた庶家衆の多くは宗家たる主家と同族であることを誇りにし、主家に対する忠誠も厚かった。
- Therefore, many shokeshu who occupied the core in such Kasei by shugo and kokunin were proud of being in the same family as their employer's household, the head of the family, and were also very loyal to their employer's household.
- 13日(5月2日)には政府の命令を受けた熊本藩兵が久留米城を接収して藩幹部を拘束(大楽は直前に逃亡)し、14日には愛宕通旭が捕縛された。
- On May 2, samurai of Kumamoto clan took over Kurume Castle and arrested top officials of the clan (Dairaku escaped in the last minute) under orders from the government, and Michiteru OTAGI was arrested on May 3.
- 三好三人衆は義栄擁立を画策する一方で、旧主三好長慶死後に三好氏の家政を握った松永久秀と対立し、主君三好義継を擁して久秀の排除を画策した。
- The three men of the Miyoshi family, while conspiring to bring Yoshihide to the Shogunate, came to oppose Hisahide MATSUNAGA, who had gained hold of the administration of the Miyoshi clan after the death of former lord Nagayoshi MIYOSHI, and attempted to oust Hisahide under the nominal leadership of incumbent lord Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI.
- 『海東諸国紀』(かいとうしょこくき,)は、李氏朝鮮領議政(宰相)申叔舟(シン・スクチュ)が日本と琉球王国について記述した漢文書籍の歴史書。
- 'Kaito Shokoku-ki' (lit. Record of the Eastern Nations) is a historic book about Japan and the Ryukyu Kingdom written in classical Chinese by Joseon Dynasty minister Suk-ju SHIN.
- 当時朝鮮貿易に大きな利権を持っていた対馬の早田左衛門太郎は1426年、慶尚左右道各地で任意に交易できるようにして欲しいと朝鮮政府に訴えた。
- In 1426, Saemontaro SODA from Tsushima, who had great interests in the foreign trade of Korea at that time, pleaded to the Korean Government for free trade at any place in left and right sided provinces of Gyeongsang.
- 実際、日本の僧尼令では僧尼が私寺を建立することは禁じたものの、その他の私寺に関しては平安時代の延暦年間の太政官符において初めて規制された。
- In fact, although Japanese Soni ryo prohibited erection of private temple by monks and nuns, other private temples were regulated for the first time by Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) in the Enryaku era of the Heian period.
- 建武の新政の際には後醍醐天皇が政治刷新の一環として「過差停止」の宣旨を出しているものの、当時の婆娑羅・風流の風潮を止める事はできなかった。
- At the time of the Kenmu Restoration, although Emperor Godaigo declared an imperial decree of 'interdiction of extravagant behavior' as a part of his administrative reforms, it could not put a stop to the trends of the time, basara (extravagant, madness, and eccentric behavior) and furyu (splendor).
- 尊氏は武家政権の構築に着手するが、後醍醐天皇は叡山に逃れて抵抗しており、8月の豊仁親王(光明天皇)践祚は三種の神器を欠いたままで行われた。
- Takauji started to establish a samurai government, but Emperor Godaigo escaped to Mt. Hiei and continued to rebel, and the accession to the throne of Imperial Prince Toyohito (Emperor Komyo) in September and October was performed without the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family.
- 当時、太政官から発給された「追捕官符」を根拠に、国司が国内の武士を軍事力として編成し、「凶党」の追捕に当たるという国衙軍制が成立していた。
- Around this time, based on the 'charter to send troops' issued by the Daijokan, the kokuga military system had been established in which provincial governors formed forces with provincial samurais to hunt down and catch 'outlaws.'
- 七道は京を中心にして四方にのびる幹線交通路(水路も含む)に沿った行政区分で、東海道・東山道・北陸道・山陰道・山陽道・南海道・西海道である。
- The shichido were administrative areas that followed the main roads (including water channels) which stretched away from the capital in all directions, and consisted of Tokaido, Tosando, Hokurikudo, Sanindo, Sanyodo, Nankaido and Saikaido.
- 9世紀後期~10世紀にかけて、政府は従前から実施してきた人別支配を改め、収取の対象となる土地そのものに対する支配・収取体制を確立していった。
- From the late 9th to 10th century, the government gradually replaced the traditional system of direct rule over individual farmers with a system of rule and taxation of land, which became the source of taxation.
- こうした状況を受け、政府は、従前の個別人身支配に代わって租税収取を確保するための新たな支配体制を構築するため、大きな方針転換を迫られていた。
- Under such circumstances, the government was pressed to build up a new regime, in lieu of the then existing people-based governance, which enabled it to secure tax revenue.
- こうした就学政策に加えて、唐風文化への関心の増大などがあり、平安時代前期に相当する9世紀から10世紀初頭にかけてが大学寮の全盛期にあたった。
- In addition to these school attendance policies, because of a rise in interest in a Tang Dynasty-style culture, Daigaku-ryo saw its heyday between the 9th century and the early 10th century, which corresponds to the first half of the Heian period.
- この年平安京周辺は干害に見舞われており、6月26日に雨乞の実施の是非について醍醐天皇がいる清涼殿において太政官の会議が開かれることとなった。
- Since Heiankyo and its environs suffered drought that year, the conference of Daijokan was to be held in the Seiryoden, Emperor Daigo's living quarters, on July 29 to discuss whether or not to hold a praying-for-rain ceremony.
- 国司苛政上訴がこの時期までに消滅したのは、公田官物率法が国司の課税権限を抑制し、郡司・田堵負名層との利害関係が解消されたからだとされている。
- It is contemplated that the reason why kokushi kasei joso disappeared around that time was because koden kanmotsu rippo restricted kokushi's right to collect tax and conflicts of interest between kokushi and gunji/tato fumyo were resolved.
- これについて佐藤進一は、前段の荘園公領回復令が本宣旨の主文であり、後段の頼朝への東国行政権委任令が付則の形態をとったであろうと推定している。
- Shinichi SATO assumes that the first part that is the order for the restoration of shoen and koryo is the main part of this decree, and the latter part that is the delegation of the authority on the Togoku region to Yoritomo is the additional clause.
- 神領興行(しんりょうこうぎょう)とは、主に鎌倉時代中期以降に、天人相関思想に基づき、天皇、鎌倉幕府が行った神事の興行を図る政策のことである。
- Shinryo Kogyo was a policy implemented by the Emperor and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a Shogun nominally appointed by the Emperor) mainly in the mid-Kamakura period to promote the performance of Shinto rituals on the basis of tenjin sokan shigo (an idea of correspondence between Heaven and Man).
- これにより、まず当時の先進地域だった畿内において、民衆が連帯組織=一揆を形成して、支配者(幕府や守護など)へ政治的な要求を行うようになった。
- In the wake of the change, the masses in the Kinai region (the provinces in the vicinity of the capital which were under direct Imperial rule), which was an advanced area of those days, began to form solidarity organizations (called ikki in Japanese) to make a political appeal to their rulers such as the bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) and their shugo (provincial constables).
- また、保科氏は将軍徳川秀忠の庶子・保科正之が継ぎ、小笠原氏は豊前小倉藩で九州の押えを任じられるなど徳川政権下では重く用いられている家は多い。
- There were many families which were given important positions under the Tokugawa government as seen in the fact that the Hoshina clan was inherited by Masayuki HOSHINA, who was an illegitimate child of the shogun, Hidetada TOKUGAWA, and the Ogasawara clan was given Buzen Kokura to keep an eye on Kyushu.
- 古代の蝦夷(えみし)は、本州東部とそれ以北に居住し、政治的・文化的に、日本やその支配下に入った地域への帰属や同化を拒否していた集団を指した。
- 'Emishi' in ancient times meant a group who lived in the eastern areas of Honshu and to the north, refusing to belong to or assimilate into Japan and regions under the control of the Japanese government, either politically or culturally.
- 平安時代の人々を描いたものとして優れており、特に検非違使の活動を伝えるものであり、史料としての価値も高い(但し、人物は院政期のものとされる)。
- The pictures provide an outstanding depiction of the people of the Heian period and is also an invaluable material on the activities of kebiishi (although the people drawn are thought to be from the time of the period of cloistered governments).
- 内容は、藤原基経の示威事件である阿衡の紛議の顛末といった政治的なことや、父光孝天皇より譲られた黒猫のことなど、天皇の日常や感情の一端が窺える。
- It described a part of the Emperor's daily life and feelings such as political things like how the Ako Controversy, a demonstration of FUJIWARA no Mototsune happened, a black cat which was given by his father, the Emperor Koko and so on.
- なお、『武家名目抄』には「問注所は政所の別庁にて、ともに政事を沙汰する中にも、訴訟の裁判を本務とする所なり」(職名部(ハ)上)と記されている。
- In the 'Buke myomoku-sho' (Compilation of Historical Data of the Warrior Class), it is written (under the entries for the titles of offices of the first volume): 'Monchujo is a government body different from Mandokoro (Administrative Board) but makes political decisions together and functions as a court of justice.'
- このような百姓内の階層分離が進んでいく中で、政府による律令制的支配は徐々に弛緩していき、戸籍・計帳の作成や班田などが実施されなくなっていった。
- As such a class division furthered among the population of peasants, the governmental control based upon the ritsuryo system gradually relaxed, and the bureaucratic procedures such as the household registers (koseki), the yearly tax registers (handen), and allotting of cultivation fields (handen) were no longer carried out.
- 当初、朝廷や幕府は祠堂銭を禁止する姿勢を取ったが、後には仏教保護の一環として反対に祠堂銭を徳政令の対象外とするなど、容認・保護の姿勢に転じた。
- The Imperial Court and the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) banned Shidosen at first, but later on accepted it, protecting Buddhism by exempting shidosen from Tokuseirei (ordering a return of sold land and a dissolution of debts).
- 養老5年(721年)に「節を制し度を謹しみ、奢侈を禁防するは、政を為すに先とする所にして百王不易の道なり」と唱えて位階に応じて蓄馬を規制した。
- In 721, raising horses was regulated according to rank by stating that 'exercising abstention and moderation and prohibiting luxury are the first things for governance and the way how a king keeps his strong authority.'
- 「延喜格」の原文は残されていないが、『類聚三代格』や惟宗允亮の『政事要略』にその多くが引用されており、その相当部分の内容を窺い知る事が出来る。
- Although the original text of Engikyaku is lost, many of its passages are quoted in 'Ruiju Sandaikyaku' (a statute book written in the Heian period) and 'Seiji Yoryaku' (examples of political affairs in the Heian period) written by KOREMUNE no Tadasuke to enable present-day students to guess substantial contents of the text.
- しかし、全国的に藩校が設立されたのは宝暦期(1751年-1764年)以後であり、多くの藩が藩政改革のための有能な人材を育成するために設立した。
- However, it was after the Horeki era (1751-1764) that hanko was established throughout the country; many domains established hanko in order to foster talented human resources for the reformation of domain duties.
- すなわち、継続的に戦闘が行われる戦国期においては、戦国大名はいつでも、迅速に、また長期的に政略的・軍事的要地に精兵を動員できるようにしたかった。
- This means that during the Sengoku period when the battles were conducted continuously, Sengoku daimyo wanted to mobilize their strongest warriors to politically and militarily important places anytime, swiftly and over the long term.
- 宿直の時間割は各官司の判官(太政官では少納言・弁官、八省では大丞・少丞、国司では掾がこれに相当する)が行い、毎日弁官に対してその名簿を提出した。
- The time table for Tonoi was made by jo (inspector (third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period) of each section (which were corresponding Shonagon (lesser councilor of state) and Benkan (officials of the dajokan) in Daijokan (Grand Council of State), Taijo (Senior Secretary) and Shojo (Junior Secretary) in Hassho (eight ministries and agencies), and jo (provincial governor) in local governments) and was submitted to Benkan every day.
- 士族への秩禄支給は大きな財政負担となっており、国民軍の創設などにおいても封建的特権意識が弊害となっていたため、士族身分の解体は政治課題であった。
- Because the supply of chitsuroku (hereditary stipend) to the warrior class was a serious financial burden, and a sense of feudalistic entitlement was detrimental to the establishment of the national army, the disorganization of the warrior class was a political issue.
- 朝鮮では日本が犯した誤りを恨みながらも建国以来の交隣政策の原則に照らし、制限された範囲内での交渉を許した(1609年(光海君2年)、己酉約条)。
- Korea, while resenting Japanese crimes, permitted the negotiations, referring to its basic policy of being friendly to neighbors, within certain limitations (according to Kiyu yakujo (Treaty in 1609)).
- 更に当時の政情不安から信仰に救いを求めた人々からの金銭などの寄進が相次いだこと、同様の理由で防備が頑丈な寺院の倉庫に財物を預ける人々も多かった。
- In addition, due to political instability, a flurry of donations came in from people turning to religion and entrusting their properties to secure, well-built temple warehouses.
- 永正の錯乱(えいしょうのさくらん)は、戦国時代 (日本)の初期にあたる永正4年(1507年)、室町幕府管領・細川政元が殺害された事件を指し示す。
- Eisho Disturbance refers to an incident during the early Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan) where the kanrei (shogunal deputy) for the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) named Masamoto HOSOKAWA was assassinated in 1507.
- かつては10世紀初頭以降の政治状況・社会状況を指して、中央政府が統治権をほとんど放棄し、地方の無秩序状態をきたした状態と評価されたこともあった。
- In the past, political/social situations in the early 10th century was thought of as a society where the central government abandoned almost of its ruling power and invited the state of chaos in the provinces.
- しかし、内裏の焼亡などを契機とした臨時措置として全国的な租税賦課が実施されると、荘園側は、国衙でなく中央の太政官へ免税の申請を行うようになった。
- However, when, starting with the burning-down of dairi (Imperial Palace), the central government levied national taxes as a temporary measure, the manor side came to apply for tax exemption to Daijokan in the central government, instead of kokuga.
- ところが、中川宮を取り込もうとしたところで折りしも発生した広沢真臣暗殺事件の捜査中であった政府側に情報が漏れ、山縣有朋を中心に摘発に乗り出した。
- However, trying to count Nakagawa no miya in, information was leaked to the government that was investigating the assassination of Saneomi HIROSAWA, Aritomo YAMAGATA and others started to investigate what was happenening.
- この斯波氏が朝倉氏との越前回復戦争に敗れ、京都での政争にも敗れると力を失い、遠江は今川氏の侵攻に任され、尾張は守護代・織田氏の傀儡的存在となる。
- This Shiba clan lost their power as it was defeated by the Asakura clan in the war to recover Echizen and also defeated in political struggle in Kyoto and Totomi was invaded by the Imagawa clan and, in Owari, it became a puppet for shugodai, the Oda clan.
- 新政府は天皇大権のもと欧米の諸制度を積極的に導入し、廃藩置県、身分解放、法制整備、国家インフラの整備など明治維新と呼ばれる一連の改革を遂行した。
- Under the Emperor's power, the new government introduced various systems from European countries and the United States, and made a set of reformations called Maiji Restoration, such as Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), abolition of the class system, establishment of the system of law and construction of national infrastructures.
- 律令政府が722年に企画した良田百万町歩開墾計画も、勧農の一形態であり、農業生産を振興することにより、財政収入を増加・確保しようとしたものである。
- The cultivation plan for a million-cho rice field under the ritsuryo government in 722 is a kind of kanno and the government tried to increase and ensure financial revenues by promoting agricultural production.
- 玉造は元慶の乱の時に、政府側についた蝦夷の名字であるため、この915年十和田火山の噴火によって埋没した遺跡との関係があるのではないかと指摘された。
- Tamatsukuri is a family name of the Emishi who had sided with the Imperial government during the Gangyo War, and accordingly it is pointed out that the family might have connected with the site buried by the eruption of the volcano in Lake Towada-ko in 915.
- 風雲急を告げるこの激動の時代に、長州藩・薩摩藩などの反幕府側も、北国諸藩・箱館政権など旧幕府側も、酒屋に頼った情報入手、物資輸送の例は数知れない。
- In this turbulent and critical era, the Choshu domain and Satsuma domain, belonging to the anti-bakufu group, and domains in the northern region and the Hakodate government, belonging to the old bakufu group, relied on sakaya for obtaining information and transporting cargoes on innumerably many occasions.
- 院政期になり北面武士・追捕使・押領使・各地の地方武士団が成立すると、質を重視する院は次第に防人軍団の規模を縮小し、大宰府消滅とともに消えていった。
- When Hokumen no Bushi (Northern Guard), Tsuibushi (Pursuit and Apprehension Agents), Oryoshi (Suppression and Control Agent) and regional samurai groups formed during Japan's period of cloistered imperial rule, the cloistered emperors who emphasized the quality of troops gradually reduced the sizes of sakimori legions, and the system eventually vanished along with the Dazaifu.
- そこで、治天の政務機関として設置された院庁の発給する文書、すなわち院庁下文が、詔勅や太政官符と同等の効力を持つものとして取り扱われるようになった。
- Therefore, In no cho kudashibumi issued by Incho that was established as the de facto government came to be treated as powerful as Shochoku and Daijokanpu.
- それでも不足したために院宮分国制の導入や年爵で推挙できる位階の引き上げ(院政期には公卿である従三位まで推挙可能となる)なども行われるようになった。
- Still, due to the insufficient revenue, Ingu bunkoku sei (provincial allotment system) was introduced and ikai (Court rank) was raised (up to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) for Court nobles during insei period (period of the government by the retired Emperor)).
- 後に公田そのものが官務を世襲した小槻氏の事実上の所領と化して、そこから地子稲及び地子交易で得られた物資が太政官の経費として捻出されるようになった。
- Later on, Koden became territories of the Ozuki clan who took over the official position, and rice taxes from these territories, as well as commodities obtained through Jishi Koeki were spent as expenses for the Daijokan.
- 1872年になると、新しい農業・私法政策に取り組む政府は、旧来から存在していた水呑の呼称の禁止及び身分から解放等を規定した法令を大蔵省から発した。
- In 1872, the government was working for new policies of agriculture and private law and the Finance Ministry announced the law including the prohibition of the name, Mizunomi that had existed conventionally and the emancipation of Mizunomi from the position.
- 以後、院文殿における院評定が院政の中枢機関として活動するようになり、南北朝時代_(日本)末期に室町幕府によってその政治的権限を奪われるまで続いた。
- Since then, the in-no-hyojo at the In-no-fu-dono became the central organization for the government by a retired emperor until its political authority was deprived by the Muromachi bakufu at the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 他に、頼政等摂津源氏は鳥羽上皇直系の近衛天皇、二条天皇に仕える大内守護の任にあったことから、別系統の高倉・安徳天皇の即位に反発したという説もある。
- Another theory holds that as Yorimasa and the rest of the Settsu Genji had served Emperors Konoe and Nijo, who were directly descended from retired emperor Toba, in the capacity of Protector of the Interior, they were bound to oppose the enthronement of Takakura and Antoku, who were from a different imperial lineage.
- しかし、徳川家康が江戸幕府を開いた江戸時代以降、長幼の序を重んじる徳川将軍家により、嫡流の地位は徳川氏の政権下にあって再び重視されるようになった。
- Since the Edo period when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA established the Edo bakufu, however, the position of chakuryu was emphasized again because the Tokugawa Shogun family highly valued choyo no jo (Confucian teaching regarding the relationship between senior and junior).
- 文献史料がある程度残る時代以降は政治センターの所在地に従って、飛鳥時代・奈良時代・平安時代・鎌倉時代・室町時代・安土桃山時代・江戸時代と区分する。
- The era when a certain amount of historical documents remain are classified, based upon where the political center was located, into the Asuka period, the Nara period, the Heian period, the Kamakura period, the Muromachi period, the Azuchi-Momoyam period, and the Edo period.
- また、こうした風潮によって、大学寮のでの儒教教育が一種の行政処理のための「技術」とみなされて、中下流貴族の立身のための機関と考えられるようになった。
- Also, influenced by these trends, the education of Confucianism in Daigaku-ryo was regarded as a kind of 'technique' for the management of administrative jobs, and Daigaku-ryo came to be considered an institution where middle and low ranking nobles made a name for themselves.
- 三浦氏の頼朝挙兵から宝治合戦での滅亡までの間の外戚についても、戦国大名の政略結婚とはまた違った、婚姻関係による共同行動、運命共同体がよく見てとれる。
- The allied activities and a group that shared same fate differed from the political marriage of the Sengoku Daimyo (daimyo of the Warring States Period) the maternal relatives of Miura clan from mobilization call of Yoritomo to its fall in Battle of Hoji could be seen.
- ここで高尾は、王朝国家を田堵農民から生産物地代を収取する貴族たちの連合政権であり、生産物地代を収取する点において封建的な要素を持ち始めているとした。
- In this book, Takao asserted that the Dynastic polity was the coalition government of aristocrats who collected products from tato nomin (cultivating farmers) as land rent and in view of collecting products as land rent, the Dynastic polity had an element similar to that of a feudal nation.
- 絶対王政期には、国王及び貴族の優位性を確立することと重商主義の観点から輸入を抑制して国産品の消費を拡大させるために民衆に対して奢侈禁止令が出された。
- At the time of absolute monarchy, sumptuary laws were issued to the public in order to limit exports and to boost consumption of domestic products, thus enabling Kings and nobles to establish their superiority as well as to promote Mercantilism.
- 凶作(前年からの天候不順)、流行病(三日病)、将軍の代替わり(足利義持から足利義教へ)などの社会不安が高まる中、近江国坂本や大津の馬借が徳政を求める。
- With growing social unrest, such as poor harvest (unseasonable weather from the previous year), epidemic (mikka-yami (three-day disease)), and replacement of the shogun (from Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA to Yoshinori ASHIKAGA), bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) in Sakamoto of Omi Province and Otsu demanded debt cancellation.
- そうなると、人民一人ひとりを収取(課税・徴税)単位としていた人別支配はもはや不可能となり、政府や支配層にとって別の支配体制を構築する必要が生じていた。
- Under such circumstances, controlling each member of the community by imposing and collecting taxes was no longer possible, and the government and the ruling class were becoming aware of the necessity for a new control system.
- 明治になると司法卿の江藤新平らによる司法制度の整備が行われ、1873年(明治6)2月7日、明治政府は第37号布告で『敵討禁止令』を発布し、禁止された。
- By the arrival of the Meiji period, a judicial system was developed by Shihokyo (administrator of Ministry of Justice) such as Shinpei ETO, and on February 7, 1873, Katakiuchi was banned by the Meiji Government through the issuance of 'Katakiuchi kinshirei (ban on revenge)' in Decree No. 37.
- 近衛府、兵衛府は形骸化し、実際には衛門府と、左衛門尉が兼任する検非違使、馬寮、そして滝口、武者所、院政期においては北面下臈(いわゆる北面武士)である。
- Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) and Hyoe-fu (Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards) fell to ruins and they were Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards), Saemon no jo (third-ranking officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) that had additional duties of kebiishi, meryo, Takiguchi, Mushadokoro (place where Samurai of guard of the Imperial Palace is staffed), and hokumen gero (北面下臈)(or so called Northern bushi) during insei period (during the period of the government by the Retired Emperor).
- 鎌倉時代中期以降、元寇に際し神風が吹いたのは神仏の加護によるものであるとの考えから徳政令の一環として寺社の所領を確保する神領興行令が相次いで出された。
- After the mid-Kamakura period, as a part of Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts), shinryokogyorei (a policy to show divine shows based on thoughts of Confucianism in Kamakura period) were issued in succession based on the belief that it was by the grace of gods that kamikaze (divine wind) had blown at the Mongolian invasion attempts against Japan.
- 12世紀末の治承・寿永の内乱(源平合戦)を経て、初期鎌倉幕府政権は、国追捕使の権限を継承した惣追捕使を各国に設置することについて、朝廷から承認を得た。
- After the Jisho-Juei Civil War (the Genpei War) towards the end of the 12th century, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) at its initial stage gained the approval of the Imperial Court to establish Sotsuibushi (government post in charge of police and military roles), inheriting the rights of koku-tsuibushi, in each province.
- これには朝廷内部でも不満を持つものが多く、嘉応2年(1170年)には摂政・松殿基房と平重盛との間で暴力沙汰に発展した紛争が起きている(殿下乗合事件)。
- This state of affairs had aroused resentment among many within the imperial court, until in 1170, the conflict between the Regent Motofusa MATSUDONO and TAIRA no Shigemori escalated into violence (the 'Riding together in His Highness's Carriage' incident).
- このように、戦国時代に入ると主家を打倒或いは追放して主君の座を奪う者、主家から離反し他家に転ずる者、主家を傀儡化し家政を牛耳る者も現れるようになった。
- In this way, when the Sengoku Period started, there emerged even those who usurped the position of the employer's household, by destroying or expelling the employer's household, who resisted and left the employer's household and changed from one employer to another, and who made the employer's household a puppet and controlled the politics of the family.
- 朝鮮半島でも統一新羅の時代より貴族や寺院による小規模な荘園が形成されていたが、本格化するのは武人政権の成立、モンゴル帝国の侵略が続いた高麗後期である。
- Also in the Korean Peninsula, small scaled shoens were formed by the aristocrats or temples from the unified Silla period, but they became fully in progress during the late Goryeo period when the military government was established and the attacks of the Mongolian Empire continued.
- しかし、平安時代に入ると、弘仁年間には議政官にも関わらず職封(封戸)が低かった参議に対して国守との兼務・遥任を認める例が慣例として現れた(参議兼国制)。
- However, entering the Heian period, the following custom began to be employed: When there was a Sangi (councilor) while being a legislator, was awarded with a small number of shikifu (or fuko) (families that the Sangi could control), he was appointed to kokushi as well, with his yonin approved, (called sangikenkokusei - literally, the system in which a Sangi was allowed to assume a kokushi as well).
- しかしこうして10世紀後期以降、受領と田堵負名層との間に紛争がしばしば見られるようになり、受領の施策に不満の田堵負名層が中央政府へ訴え出ることもあった。
- However, from the late 10th century and onwards, there were frequent conflicts between the zuryo and the tato fumyo, and in some cases, the tato fumyo appealed to the central government about measures taken by the zuryo.
- この変化は9世紀末の宇多天皇から醍醐天皇にかけての国政改革で基準国図に登録された公田面積を富豪層に割り当て、この面積に応じて徴税する機構として結実した。
- This change resulted in a mechanism in which an area of a field administered directly by a ruler and registered in the standardized map of provinces in the reform of the national administration from Emperor Uda to Emperor Daigo in the late ninth century was allocated to the rich and powerful class, and the tax was collected according to the area.
- 年料租舂米(ねんりょうそしょうまい)とは、平安時代に太政官符によって、令制国の租の稲穀を精米した白米を中央に貢進させる制度、またその舂米そのもののこと。
- Nenryososhomai was the term for the shomai (milled rice) itself or the system determined by Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) during the Heian period which required the raw grain collected as So in the provinces to be tithed to the central government as refined white rice
- 古代中国においては、天上の星は地上にある国家を象徴しており、その動きに異常があれば、政治的な異変が発生する前兆現象であるととらえられていた(上天思想)。
- In ancient China, it was believed that the stars in the heavens symbolize the nations on the earth and that unusual movements of stars were portent of political upheaval (上天思想.)
- そして義昭は信長を討伐するため、浅井長政や朝倉義景、武田信玄、本願寺顕如、三好三人衆らに信長討伐令を発して信長包囲網を結成し、信長と敵対することとなる。
- In order to defeat Nobunaga, Yoshiaki issued directions to defeat Nobunaga to Nagamasa ASAI, Yoshikage ASAKURA, Shingen TAKEDA, Kennyo HONGANJI, and Miyoshi sanninshu (three chief retainers of the Miyoshi clan) to form a league and lay a siege to Nobunaga, and opposed Nobunaga.
- さて政元には実子は無く、関白・九条政基の末子である細川澄之、細川氏阿波細川氏からの細川澄元、さらに細川氏野州家からは細川高国の3人を迎え養子にしていた。
- As Masamoto did not have a biological child, he adopted three sons: Sumiyuki HOSOKAWA, the youngest child of the kanpaku (chief advisor to the Emperor) Masamoto KUJO, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA from the Awa Hosokawa clan and Takakuni HOSOKAWA from the Yasu family of the Hosokawa clan.
- 元木泰雄は、この時点で頼朝は王権擁護者の地位を得たとし、宣旨による頼朝の最大の成果は、東国行政権というよりも王権擁護者の地位だったとの見解を示している。
- Yasuo MOTOKI presents his view that Yoritomo gained a position as a supporter of the royal authority at this time, and the foremost achievement of Yoritomo gained by the decree was the position of a supporter of the royal authority rather than the administrative authority over the Togoku region.
- 頼朝とその子らの源家は三代で滅びるが、御家人であった北条氏は、摂家から藤原頼経を迎えて将軍へと就任させ以後「宮将軍」を続け、自身は執権として政権を握る。
- Although Yoritomo and his children in the Minamoto family perished in three generations, the Hojo clan, which was gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), took FUJIWARA no Yoritsune from Sekke (line of regents and advisers) and give him the position of Shogun, and thus maintaining the position of miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) and gained administrative power as a regent to the shogunate.
- 平氏政権は、各地の武士を系列化したり、家人の武士を各地へ派遣し、知行国においては国守護人、荘園においては地頭と呼ばれる職に任命して現地支配に当たらせた。
- The Taira clan administration organized the local bushi and sent their retainers to provinces and assigned them as local custodians at provinces and Jito at shoens in order to facilitate local governance.
- 九条兼実が日記『玉葉』に「第一之珍事也」と記しているように、平氏以外の武士が公卿(従三位)となるのは異例で、頼政が清盛に信頼されていたことの証明といえる。
- As recorded in 'Gyokuyo' (Jewelled Leaves), Kanezane KUJO's diary, 'This was the first unusual occurrence,' and indeed for a warrior not of the Taira clan to be promoted into the ranks of Kugyo (Jusanmi) was quite unusual during this period, and proves the extent to which Kiyomori trusted Yorimasa.
- 律令制が本格的に施行された8世紀のうちから、官吏、特に国司交替の手続きに関する法令(詔勅・太政官符)を集成した私撰の「交替式」と呼ばれる書物が存在していた。
- As early as the eight century when the Ritsuryo system was enforced on a large scale, a privately compiled book called 'Kotaishiki' existed, in which the laws and regulations concerning the procedures for replacing government officers, in particular, kokushi (provincial governors) (Shochoku - imperial edicts) and Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) were collected.
- 神祇、帝王、後宮、人事、歳時、音楽、賞宴、奉献、政理、刑法、官制、文学、田地、祥瑞、災異、仏道、風俗、殊俗という18の分類(類聚)ごとにまとめられておいる。
- All entries are classified into 18 categories (Ruiju): gods of heaven and earth, the emperor, consort of the emperor, human affairs, events in the year, music, prize and party, dedication, political affairs, criminal law, organization of government, literature, rice fields, good omen, natural calamity, the teachings of Buddha, manners and customs, and strange customs.
- 院宣は私的な文書としての性格が強く、即応性・柔軟性の高い文書だったのに対して、院庁下文は、詔勅・太政官符のように、重要事項について対応するための文書だった。
- While Inzen took the strong nature of the personal documents of the cloistered emperor and was quickly responsive and flexible, In no cho kudashibumi was to deal with important affairs, as was the case of Shochoku or Daijokanpu.
- 前期王朝国家において、田堵負名層は在庁官人として国衙の行政実務に協力する一方で、しばしば一国単位に結集して朝廷への上訴や受領襲撃といった反受領闘争を行った。
- In the early dynastic nation-state, the tato and fumyo class cooperated with kokuga's administrative affairs as local officials but at the same time, they often gathered country by country to appeal to the Imperial Court or to wage anti-zuryo conflicts such as attacks against zuryo.
- 国内支配に大幅な権限を有した受領と、名経営や私領経営などを通じて経済力をつけてきた郡司・田堵負名層との間には、次第に経済的・政治的矛盾が生じるようになった。
- Gradually, economical and political contradiction became serious between zuryo, who had big authority for ruling provinces, and gunji/tato fumyo class, who had economic power gained through the management of myoden or private estates.
- 王朝国家論が唱えられ、史学的検証が進んでからは、以上に見るとおり、中央政府は積極的に社会実態に適合した統治体制(王朝国家体制)を構築していったとされている。
- As explained above, it is now contemplated, thanks to progress in the study of Dynastic polity and its historical verification, that the central government actively built up the governing structure which could adapt to changing social situation.
- 11世紀40年代ごろから太政官によって制定され始めた公田官物率法は、一国内の税率を固定化する内容を持っており国司に付与された租税収取権に大きな制限を加えた。
- Koden kanmotsu rippo, which was established by Dajokan around 1140, restricted kokushi's right to collect tax since it included the provision which fixed the tax rate in a province.
- 郡司・富豪層は、土地耕作を経営し納税を請け負う田堵負名として国衙支配に組み込まれ、また、各「所」に配属されて在庁官人として国衙行政の一翼を担うようになった。
- Gunji and rich and powerful persons were built in the kokuga control system as Tato fumyo who managed farm operations and collected tax, and in addition, were affiliated with 'the sho' and came to play some roles in the kokuga administration.
- かかる危機に直面した国衙行政と中央財政を再建させるために、院宮王臣家と富豪層の関係を断ち切るとともに、国司へ大幅な支配権限を委譲する改革が行われたのである。
- In the reformation to reestablish the kokuga administration and the finance of the central government, the relationships between Ingu oshinke and rich and powerful persons was broken and much of the control right was transferred to kokushi.
- 武家政権の誕生以前の日本は、天皇親政、摂関政治、院政など、主に皇族や公家から構成される朝廷機構の中枢から、官人身分の国司を全国に派遣して統治が行われていた。
- In the pre-military government era in Japan, the Imperial Court mechanism, which included the Emperor's direct rule, the government of regents and advisers, and the cloister government and were formed mainly with Imperial families and Court nobles, supported the nucleus of the administration, and thus provincial governors who had authorities of government official were sent all over Japan to rule the nation.
- 宇多天皇は、891年(寛平3年)の関白藤原基経の死後摂関を置かず、源能有を事実上の首班として藤原時平と菅原道真、平季長等の近臣を重用し各種政治改革を行った。
- Emperor Uda did not appoint Sekkan (regents and advisers) after the death of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Mototsune in 891, and carried out various political reforms using MINAMOTO no Yoshiari as a virtual leader, promoting trusted vassals such as FUJIWARA no Tokihira, SUGAWARA no Michizane, and TAIRA no Suenaga.
- 平氏の都落ち後、六波羅の地は源頼朝に与えられ、京都守護となった北条時政が京都守護の庁舎を置き(後、一族の北条時定が駐留する)、頼朝や御家人の宿舎が築かれた。
- After the Taira clan was exiled from Kyoto, Rokuhara was given to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and Tokimasa HOJO, who became Kyoto shugo, built buildings there for Kyoto shugo (where Tokisada HOJO of the Hojo clan were later stationed) and residents of Yoritomo and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo period).
- 特に管領 細川政元は征夷大将軍足利義稙を追放し、次期将軍に幼い足利義澄を擁立しこれを傀儡化させ、幕政を牛耳っており、室町幕府は事実上、細川氏の政権となった。
- Especially, Masamoto HOSOKAWA expelled Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), backed up Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA who was still too young to become the next shogun, made Yoshizumi a puppet, and controlled the politics of the bakufu, and the Muromachi bakufu, in fact, became the administration of the Hosokawa clan.
- この反乱は木戸孝允らによって間もなく鎮圧されたものの、大楽は九州に逃亡して攘夷派が藩政を掌握していた久留米藩や熊本藩の河上彦斎らの支援を受けて再起を伺った。
- Although the riot was soon suppressed by Takayoshi KIDO and others, Dairaku escaped to Kyushu and waited for an opportunity to make a comeback supported by Gensai KAWAKAMI and others from the clans of Kurume and Kumamoto, where the joi-ha took control of domain duties.
- 天正10年(1582年)5月、朝廷は安土城の信長に使者を送って征夷大将軍・関白・太政大臣のうちから希望する官職に任じる用意がある事を伝えた(三職推任問題)。
- In May, 1582, the Imperial Court sent an emissary to Nobunaga at Azuchi-jo Castle to inform him of its being ready to award him the position of either Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), Kanpaku, or Dajodaijin (Prime Minister) of his choice (the sanshoku suinin mondai, or the matter over the three recommended positions).
- 開発領主たちは、国司の寄人として在庁官人となって、地方行政へ進出するとともに、本所から下司・公文などといった荘官に任じられ、所領に関する権利の確保に努めた。
- Kaihatsu-ryoshus became zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) as yoriudo of kokushi and advanced to the local administration and were appointed to shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor)) such as geshi (a local official to manage a shoen estate), kumon (a local shoen official below the geshi in rank) and so on by honjo and tried to secure the rights on shoryo (territory).
- 彼らの目的は、強硬な取締りを行った辺将を討取り、朝鮮王朝の行なった交易の制限、恒居倭に対する検断権・徴税権の行使といった倭人抑圧政策の変更を迫る事にあった。
- Their objectives were to defeat Hensho who abused their powers, and to persuade the Korean Dynasties to change their repressive policy over the kokyowa, such as trade restrictions, or the execution of the right to judge criminal cases and the power to levy taxes over the kokyowa.
- 祐子内親王家紀伊、禖子内親王家宣旨(六条斎院宣旨とも)、待賢門院堀河、二条院讃岐、皇嘉門院別当、殷富門院大輔、摂政家丹後(宜秋門院丹後)などは、その例である。
- For example, Yushi Naishinno-ke no Kii, Baishi Naishinno-ke no Senji (as known as Rokujosaiin no senji), Taikenmonin Horikawa, Nijoin no Sanuki, Kokamonin no Betto, Inpumonin no Taifu, and 摂政家丹後 (as known as Gishumonin no Tango) were named in that manner.
- その状態は18歳を迎える永和 (日本)元年(天授 (日本)/1375年)まで継続される(もっとも、名実ともに義満親政が始まるのは康暦の政変以後のことである)。
- These conditions lasted until Yoshimitsu reached the age of 18 years old in 1375 (although it was not until the Koryaku Coup that direct administration of Yoshimitsu was instituted both nominally and virtually).
- 更に土一揆によって徳政令が出された場合には、幕府は土倉役の徴収を停止しなければならず、幕府に欠く事の出来ない財政収入でありながら不安定さとも隣り合わせていた。
- When Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts) was issued due to a peasant uprising, the bakufu had to suspend the collection of dosoyaku, making it an unstable form of revenue even though it was an indispensable form of income.
- これは治天の君が人事権を行使する場合でも同じであり、天皇の命令という体裁を取り、更に太政官に伝えられてそこから実務担当者に命令が届くという複雑な手続を要した。
- That was the same in the case where Chiten no kimi exercised his right of personnel management such that it was required to follow complicated procedures of putting on the appearance of an imperial order, conveyed to the Daijokan and further to the working-level officials.
- 類聚符宣抄(るいじゅうふせんしょう)は、天平9年(737年)から寛治7年(1093年)までの間の太政官符・宣旨・解状を、部目別に分類して編集した法令集である。
- Ruiju fusensho is a collection of official documents where Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State), imperial decrees and gebumi (reports to upper-class persons) from 737 to 1093 were classified and compiled.
- 本論争は直接的には、この動きを信長の強制と見るか否かを争うものであるが、その論を立脚点とした織田政権の将来構想や本能寺の変の背景に対する考察を含むものである。
- The point of the argument is whether the move was forced by Nobunaga or not, while other issues which could be derived from the main argument include considerations to the grand plan of the Oda administration and the background of the Honnoji Incident.
- 将軍の足利義昭が音頭を取り、比叡山、本願寺、武田信玄、上杉謙信、朝倉義景、浅井長政、松永久秀、三好三人衆、毛利輝元ら反信長派が結集して信長包囲網を築き上げた。
- Under the leadership of shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, anti-Nobunaga forces such as Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, Hieizan (Enryaku-ji Temple), Hongan-ji Temple, Shingen TAKEDA, Kenshin UESUGI, Yoshikage ASAKURA, Nagamasa AZAI, Hisahide MATSUNAGA, Miyoshi sanninshu, and Terumoto MORI gathered together and established encircling formation.
- 1790年(寛政2年)老中松平定信は、寛政の改革の一環として、柴野栗山・岡田寒泉を湯島聖堂付きの儒者に登用し、湯島聖堂あずかりの林家に対し朱子学擁護を命じた。
- In 1790, as part of the Kansei Reform, Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, a roju (senior councilor), recruited the Confucians Ritsuzan SHIBANO and Kansen OKADA to teach at Yushima Seido; additionally, he ordered the Hayashi family, who worked for Yushima Seido, to protect Neo-Confucianism.
- 15世紀後期、応仁の乱から明応の政変にかけて、幕府の支配体制が流動化していくと、守護代や有力国人が守護に代わって、領国支配の実権を握る例も見られるようになった。
- With unrest spreading over the ruling system of the bakufu in the period of the Onin War to the Meio Coup in the late 15th century, some shugo-dai and influential kokujin held real power in ruling the territories instead of shugo.
- 大内義隆(義興の子)は宿敵の少弐資元(政資の子)に止めを刺すべく筑前国守護代杉興連に命じて大内方の北九州の諸将を率いさせ、資元の居城肥前国勢福寺城を攻撃させた。
- Yoshitaka OUCHI (a son of Yoshioki) ordered Okitsura SUGI, Shugodai (deputy of Shugo, provincial constable) of Chikuzen Province, to lead the warlords of Kitakyushu in the Ouchi side to attack Seifukuji-jo Castle in Hizen Province, the castle of Sukemoto SHONI (a son of Sukemoto SHONI) in Hizen Province.
- 更に律令制の弛緩は勧学田の荘園化による喪失を招き、これに対して大学寮向けの出挙制度の整備などの措置が取られたものの十分とは言えず、大学寮財政を圧迫する事になる。
- The relaxation of the Ritsuryo system also forced Daigaku-ryo to lose its kangakuden, which was changed into Shoen (manors in medieval Japan), and put a strain on its finances, despite rescue measures targeting Daigaku-ryo, such as the offering of suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through 12th centuries), because they were not sufficient.
- また、遣唐使の廃止による中国文化への関心低下と律令制の弛緩、藤原氏摂関政治の確立による中下流貴族の没落などによって、大学寮の地位も徐々に低下していくようになる。
- Also, the status of Daigaku-ryo gradually declined due to reasons such as a decrease in interest in Chinese culture because of the abolishment of Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China, the relaxation of the Ritsuryo system, and the downfall of low and middle ranking peers owing to the establishment of Fujiwara's Sekkan (regents and advisers) government.
- 朝用分(ちょうようぶん・朝要分)とは、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)に南朝 (日本)が兵粮と財政収入確保のために自己の支配下の寺社領地などに臨時にかけた課税のこと。
- Choyobun refers to the taxation that the Southern Court temporarily imposed on the territories of temples and shrines under their control in order to secure provisions and revenue during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 永禄13年(1570年)1月23日、信長は殿中御掟9か条を制定した後も政治への影響力を保とうとする義昭に対して、殿中御掟追加5か条を突きつけ、これも承認させた。
- On March 9, 1570, Nobunaga issued additional five Articles to denchu on okite to Yoshiaki and made him accept them, because Nobunaga saw that Yoshiaki tried to keep his political influence even after having the nine Articles of denchu on okite established.
- すでに9世紀後期の頃から、実際に租税収取を担当する地方行政の現場では、戸籍・計帳を基盤に置いた課税方式が後退し、土地に対する課税が積極的に行われる傾向にあった。
- As early as from the late 9th century, local administrative bodies, which were actually in charge of tax collection, tended to impose tax on land rather than collecting it based on family registration/keicho.
- 特に治承3年のものは平氏政権の主財源であった宋銭の使用禁止が後白河法皇の意向で提議された事から同年の平清盛による治承三年の政変の原因の一つになったとされている。
- It is considered that the regulation in 1179 among others was one of the causes of the Coup of the Third Year of Jisho staged by TAIRA no Kiyomori because banning the use of Sung money, the main source of the Taira clan government's revenue, was proposed by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa's wishes in the same year.
- 江戸時代末期になり、諸外国が幕府に開国を求めると、尊皇攘夷などの運動が盛んとなり、政情不安の中で、十五代将軍の徳川慶喜は大政奉還を行い、武家政権は終焉を迎えた。
- At the end of the Edo period, as many foreign countries requested the bakufu to open the nation to the world, movements such as Sonno Joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners), and yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, the 15th Shogun, implemented Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) under the unstable political situation, resulting in the end of the military government.
- 足利政権では古代の継体天皇の先例を持ち出し、光厳生母の広義門院を治天とし、8月に三種の神器のないまま光厳皇子の弥仁親王の践祚を行い、後光厳天皇として即位させる。
- The Ashikaga government brought out the previous example of Emperor Keitai and made Kogon's biological mother, Kogimonin the Chiten and made Kogon's prince, Imperial Prince Iyahito ascend the throne as Emperor Gokogon without the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family in September and October.
- 平氏は、後白河の仲介による京への復帰を目指していたが、後白河にすれば平氏が政権に復帰することになれば再び院政停止・幽閉となる危険性があり、和平はありえなかった。
- The Taira clan aimed to return to Kyoto through the intermediation of Goshirakawa, but from Goshirakawa's point of view, having the Taira clan return to the administration had the possibility of termination of the cloistered government or even capture, and so there was no chance for peace.
- 史料によれば、平氏政権は支配地域の勢力を武士として系列化し、知行国・荘園に国守護人・地頭などといった従来あまり見られなかった職を置いて、半軍事的な支配を進めた。
- According to historical documents, the Taira clan administration organized the forces in areas under its control as bushi, and established positions such as Province bakufu officers and Jito in their fiefdom and shoen, and developed a semi-militaristic control.
- 1428年の正長の土一揆、1441年の嘉吉の徳政一揆、1454年の享徳の土一揆、1457年の長禄の土一揆、1478年及び1480年の山城土一揆がなどが知られる。
- Some uprisings are widely known; for example, the peasant uprising of the Shocho era in 1428, the Tokusei uprising of the Kakitsu era in 1441, the peasant uprising of the Kyotoku era in 1454, the peasant uprising of the Choroku era in 1457, the uprising of Yamashiro Province in 1478 and 1480, and so on.
- 将軍家々宰の伊勢貞親は8代将軍足利義政の信任を良いことに、管領家の一つ斯波氏のお家騒動に介入し斯波義敏と斯波義廉の間をとりなして私腹を肥やし、幕政を混乱に陥れた。
- Taking advantage of the trust placed in him by eighth Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA's, shogun family steward Sadachika ISE filled his own pockets and plunged the bakufu into chaos by intervening the internal troubles of the Shiba clan among Kanrei families (families in the position of the shogunal deputy) and by mediating between Yoshitoshi SHIBA and Yoshikado SHIBA.
- 切れ者とはいえ当時中納言で太政官での序列が第6位でしかなかった良房ひとりが中心となってこのような事件を起こす(しかも上位者2人の排斥を含む)ことは不可能であった。
- Furthermore, considering Yoshifusa's post as Chunagon at the time; the sixth highest rank in the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), it is impossible for him to cause such an incident alone (notably, Yoshifusa expulsed two senior people) by taking a leading role, even if he was famous as an able person.
- そして千葉介常胤、上総介広常、三浦義澄、小山朝政などは、国衙の在庁官人でもあり、それを足がかりとして複数の郡、別符の郷、荘園にまたがる勢力を広げた開発領主である。
- Furthermore, Tsunetane of Chibanosuke (vice minister of Chiba Province), Hirotsune of Kazusa no suke (vice minister of Kazusa Province), Yoshizumi MIURA, and Tomomasa OYAMA were Zaichokanjin of kokuga in addition to being the kaihatsu-ryoshu of multiple districts, beppu villages, and manors.
- 幕末の国学の高揚とともに、『大日本史』(一部が刊行されていた)や『日本外史』・『日本政記』・『国史略』など尊皇意識を高める書籍も藩校や一部寺子屋などで採用された。
- With the rising of the standard of learning on ancient Japanese thought and culture during the latter period of the Tokugawa Shogunate, books such as 'Nihon Gaishi,' 'Nihon Seiki,' and 'Kokushiryaku,' which increased the reverence for the Emperor, were adopted in the schools of the clans and in some of the private elementary schools for the common people.
- しかしもう一人の養子・高国は、一族の摂津国分郡守護細川政賢や淡路国守護細川尚春、河内国守護畠山義堯と語らい、細川氏(京兆家)の後継者を澄元とすることで合意をみた。
- The other adopted son Takakuni, however, conspired with his two relatives, Masakata HOSOKAWA, the bungunshugo (a provincial constable of a specially given province in gun unit) of Settsu Province, Hisaharu HOSOKAWA, the shugo of Awaji Province and Yoshitaka HATAKEYAMA, the shugo of Kawachi Province; amongst the four of them, they agreed to make Sumimoto the successor of the Hosokawa clan (the Keicho family).
- 強力な権限を獲得した国司は、国内に自らの行政権をあまねく及ぼすため、行政機能の強化を目的として、国衙に政所(公文所)・田所・税所・検非違使所などの機関を設置した。
- Kokushi who were given great authority established, with the aim of demonstrating their executive power and strengthening administrative function, various organs at kokuga (provincial government offices), including mandokoro (administrative board), kumonjo (administration office), tadokoro, zeidokoro (tax office) and kebiishi dokoro (police and judicial office) etc.
- 王朝国家体制期における中央政治機構や軍制・荘園政策・負名体制に関する研究は著しい進展を見せ、さらには王朝国家に代わる新たな古代-中世移行論が唱えられ始めてはいる。
- The study of central government organization, military systems, shoen policy, and local tax management systems during the Dynastic polity period has marked significant progress and another theory concerning the transition from the ancient times to the medieval age was proposed in lieu of the theory of Dynastic polity.
- 院政期は律令制に代わり、院を頂点とした主従制的関係が形成され、官職や土地を恩給として臣下に与えて奉仕させるようになり、知行国・荘園制度が確立していった時期だった。
- The cloistered government took the place of the Ritsuryo system, developing lord-vassal relationships with the cloistered Emperor at the apex, and making subordinates work in exchange for positions and land as rewards, and was a period when the system of custodial provinces and shoen were established.
- 村上天皇は、946年(天慶9年)に即位した後しばらくは藤原忠平を関白に置いていたが、949年(天暦3年)に忠平が没すると、以後、摂関は置かず天皇親政の形式をとった。
- Although he had placed FUJIWARA no Tadahira as Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) for a while since his accession in 946, he did not appoint any Sekkan (regents and advisers) but took power by himself after Tadahira's death in 949.
- 本来であれば早速通信使来日となるのだが、老中松平定信は、1788年(天明8年)に延期要請の使者を、また1791年(寛政3年)には江戸にかえて対馬での招聘を打診した。
- Normally, Tsushinshi should come immediately, but Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, roju, sent a messenger in 1788 to request the postponement of the arrival, and in 1791, sounded out the Korean side about the possibility of visiting Tsushima instead of Edo.
- それは家と家との政略結婚というよりは個人的であり、配偶者の父、祖父はじぶんの父、祖父にも準ずる、義理の兄弟は兄弟に準ずるという範囲で理解していれば大きくは違わない。
- It was not a political marriage between families, but was for a private purpose, and it did not differ greatly from thinking that a father and grandfather of a partner was at a similar level as one's own father or grandfather, and brother-in-law was at the same level as brothers.
- 鎌倉時代までに様々な正規のルートを通さない命令を発するための公文書が作成されたが、人事に関する命令は詔書・太政官符・位記などの正規の公文書の発給手続が守られてきた。
- Various official documents for orders issued off the regular route were created until the Kamakura period, but exceptionally the documents for orders regarding personnel matters were created by sticking to the steps of issuing such regular official documents as an Imperial Rescript, the documents issued by the Daijokan, and the diploma of court rank.
- この時の設置が実は征夷大将軍足利義政正室である日野富子の収入となっていたことが明らかになると、民衆の不満が爆発し、同年から2年にわたる山城土一揆のきっかけとなった。
- This setup turned out to fund the income for Tomiko HINO, the lawful wife of Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdued the barbarians') Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, and as a result, people vented their frustrations in the form of an uprising in Yamashiro Province which lasted for two years from that very year.
- これに例外はある(義政の東山殿会所)が、その場合は会所の中でも、たとえば将軍の居室として定められたところに接していて、会所の本質たる主室に接するところにはなかった。
- However, there was an exception (Higashidono Kaisho of Yoshimasa) even among Kaisho for it was connected to a place designated as a living quarter for the shogun, and it was not connected to the true nature of Kaisho or the master guest room.
- しかし近年、道真主導による王朝国家体制への転換準備期であったが、時平により道真の政治の記録が抹殺されたため詳細が不明となっていたにすぎないとする意見が出されている。
- Recently, however, there is an opinion that it was a preliminary period to convert it into the system of the dynasty state lead by Michizane, and that details were not known because Tokihira destroyed the political records by Michizane.
- 9世紀後期に至って律令制的な人民支配・租税収取に限界が生じたため、10世紀初頭より、地方政治への大幅な統治委任や個別人身支配から土地課税原則への方針転換が進められた。
- As the limitation of people-based governance/tax collection under the Ritsuryo system became clear in the late 9th century, policy changes, such as substantial delegation of authority to local administrative bodies and the switch from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, were implemented in early 10th century.
- しかし、平安後期に太上天皇が治天の君(事実上の国王)として君臨し、政務を取り仕切る院政が開始すると、詔勅や太政官符に代わる、政治意思の表示方式を確立する必要が生じた。
- However, in the later Heian period, when the Insei political system started, where the retired emperor took power and administered all affairs of state as a de facto emperor, it was required to establish a way to express its own political will instead of Daijokanpu.
- その利害対立は、京の都の近国においては藤原元命に対する「尾張国郡司百姓等解文」で有名な国司苛政上訴として現れるが、多くは武力による衝突までにはならずに調整が図られる。
- Among such conflicts in interest seen in neighboring provinces of Kyoto was the famous 'Owari no kuni Gunji Hyakusho ra no Gebumi' (Letter from a local government official of Owari Province to farmers) sent against FUJIWARA no Motonaga for Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against kokushi - provincial governor taken by farmers), but many did not develop into military conflict, but were rather settled with negotiations.
- その政治権力を背景として、有力貴族らが縁者や係累を特定の国の受領に任命することが徐々に慣例化していき、現地へ赴任した受領の俸料・得分を自らの経済的収益としたのである。
- With their political power as a background, it gradually became a custom that powerful nobles appointed their relatives or dependents to zuryo of specific provinces, and they acquired, as their revenues, the salary and tax gained by the zuryo they sent to the provinces.
- 『延喜式』勘大帳条に「死亡帳」の名がみえ、『政事要略』巻五十七の雑公文事に「郷戸帳」「浮浪人帳」など20ほどの帳簿類が掲げられているなかに「死亡帳」も掲げられている。
- Kandaicho no jo (勘大帳条, The articles of books) of 'the Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) had a description of 'Shibocho,' and miscellaneous public documents of 'Seiji yoryaku' (examples of the politics in the Heian period) Vol. 57 had a description of 'Shibocho' among about 20 registers such as 'Godocho' (record of composite families organizing Go), 'Furonincho' (record of people escaping from their registered domicile) and so on.
- その献上対象も令制国を治める守護大名をはじめとして、朝廷や幕府、守護に影響のある実力者、公家や守護代、奉行衆などの実際の行政・訴訟実務の担当官吏にまで広がっていった。
- The targets for the reisen also widely ranged from Shugo daimyo ruling the ryoseikoku (province), the Imperial Court, the bakufu, powerful figures having influence over Shugo (provincial constable), Court nobles, Shugodai (deputy of Shugo), even to government officials in charge of actual administrative and legal practices such as the bugyoshu (group of magistrates).
- 平城は弟の嵯峨天皇に譲位した後も執政権を掌握し続けようとしたが、それを嫌った嵯峨との間に対立が深まり、最終的には軍事衝突により嵯峨側が勝利した(810年、薬子の変)。
- Although Emperor Heizei tried to keep the ruling power after abdicating the throne to his brother, Emperor Saga did not welcome it, which led to a serious conflict between the two, and finally a military confrontation, in which Emperor Saga won (Kusuko Incident in 810).
- 鎌倉幕府に代わって成立した室町幕府は財政基盤が弱かったためにその軍事力を背景に造酒正・有力寺院の対立に割ってはいる形で京都の酒屋から「酒屋役」を徴収するようになった。
- The Muromachi bakufu, which was established in place of the Kamakura bakufu, had a weak financial base; so, backed up by the military force, the Muromachi bakufu began to collect 'sakaya-yaku' (the tax charged on sake dealers) from Sakaya in Kyoto while intruding into the conflict between miki no kami and influential temples.
- 清盛は、後白河との関係を放棄する一方で高倉天皇との関係を強化し、高倉もまた後白河院政からの独立を志向し、翌治承2年(1178年)、両者は連携して新制17条を発布した。
- Kiyomori dropped his relationship with Goshirakawa, and strengthened his ties with Emperor Takakura, and Takakura was interested in becoming independent of the Goshirakawa cloistered government, leading to a joint issuance of the 17 New Rules in 1178.
- 政府は神道国教化の下準備として神仏分離政策を行なったが、明治5年3月14日 (旧暦)(1872年4月21日)のJ省廃止・教部省設置で頓挫し、神仏共同布教体制となった。
- The government advanced the policy of the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism to prepare to establish Shinto as the state religion, but their intention met with a setback due to the abolition of the Jingisho (Ministry of Divinities) and the establishment of the Kyobusho (Ministry of Religion) of April 21, 1872, and they paved the way to the cooperative system for the propagation of Shintoism and Buddhism.
- 大郡は十六~二十里、上郡は十二~十五里、中郡は八~十一里、下郡は四~七里、小郡二~三里で、下郡には主政が置かれず、小郡では大領・少領を区別せずにただ領一人にを置いた。
- Daigun consisted of 16-20 villages, jogun of 12-15, chugun of 8-11, gegun of 4-7 and shogun of 2-3, among which gegun did not have a shusei, and shogun did not differentiate between dairyo and shoryo but rather there was only a single manager.
- 寛政年間(1690年代)頃から農村や漁村へも広がりを見せ始め、江戸時代中期(18世紀)以降に益々増加し、特に江戸時代後期の天保年間(1830年代)前後に著しく増加した。
- From the 1690s, it spread to agricultural and fishing villages, and became even more widespread after the middle of the Edo period (eighteenth century), especially around the Tenpo era (1830s) during the late Edo period.
- しかし信長は「天下布武」をかかげて自らの天下統一を目指し、一方の義昭は上杉謙信や毛利元就らにも上洛を促して幕府政治の再興を目指すという、両者には考えの食い違いがあった。
- Under the slogan 'tenka fubu' (the realm subjected to military power), Nobunaga intended to unite all of Japan by himself; on the other hand, Yoshiaki also invited Kenshin UESUGI and Motonari MORI to Kyoto with the intention of restoring the shogunate government -- there were discrepancies between their opinions.
- 巡爵とは、太政官において式部・民部・外記・史記など特定の部署に属する六位の官人の中から、1人を年労即ち在職年数に応じて毎月正月の除目において従五位に叙爵することをいう。
- Junshaku is promoting one of the government officials of the sixth rank belonging to the divisions of Shikibu, Minbu (popular affairs), Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State), or Shiki to Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank), in accordance with tenure (the number of years in service), at Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) performed by Daijokan (Grand Council of State) on every New Year's day.
- 同年末、北朝は『建武式目』を発布して武家政権の成立を宣言するが、後醍醐は京都を脱出して吉野に逃れ、北朝方に渡した神器は贋物であると宣言し、吉野朝廷を成立させて対抗する。
- Towards the end of that year (old calendar), the Northern Court issued the 'Kenmu Code' and declared the establishment of a samurai government but Godaigo escaped Kyoto to hide in Yoshino and claimed that the Sacred Treasures he gave to the Northern Court were fake and rebelled by establishing the Southern Court.
- 当初は同業の問屋による私的な集団であり、江戸幕府は当初は楽市楽座路線を継承した商業政策を方針としており、こうした組織が流通機構を支配して幕府に対する脅威になる事を恐れた。
- Originally, it was a private group consisting of peer warehouse merchants and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) feared that this kind of organization would control the distribution system and pose a threat to them because the Edo bakufu adopted the commercial policy inherited the course of rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) at first.
- ただし、後世には太政官の一上(あるいは摂関)が事前に内容を確認して改めて密封を行って天文博士に返却してから改めて陰陽頭に提出する形式となる(『西宮記』・『新儀式』など)。
- In later ages, a procedure was established such that ichinokami (the ranking Council Member) of Daijokan (Grand Council of State or Sekkan - regents and advisers) confirmed the contents in advance, sealed the documents again, and returned them to tenmon hakase, and then the documents were submitted to Onmyo no kami (according to 'Saikyuki' - record of court practices and usage, written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki in Chinese style), 'Shingishiki' (New Procedures in Administration.)
- 以仁王と頼政の挙兵は短期間で失敗したが、その影響は大きく、以仁王の令旨を奉じた源頼朝や源義仲、甲斐源氏、近江源氏などが各地で蜂起し、治承・寿永の乱の幕を開けることになる。
- Prince Mochihito and Yorimasa's uprising was brief and ended in failure, but it had profound effects, with Mochihito's princely command used as justification and rallying cry for local insurrections launched by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, the Kai Genji, and the Omi Genji among others, marking the true beginning of the Genpei War (the Jisho-Juei war between the Minamoto and the Taira).
- また、長年続いた礼銭の観念から賄賂に対する罪悪感は希薄な状態が続き、江戸幕府そして明治政府以後に至るまでこうした賄賂や買収を巡る問題が絶えない一因とも考えられるのである。
- It is also possible to suppose that the issues of bribery and corruption kept appearing from the Edo bakufu through and after the Meiji government because people had been accustomed to the concept of the reisen and not felt so guilty for a long time.
- 院庁下文が、詔勅や太政官符などの政府として最終決定意思を表示する文書と、同等の効力が認められていたのに対し、院宣は形式の面でも効力の面でも、簡易なものとして発給されていた。
- While an innocho kudashibumi, such as Shochoku (imperial edict) and Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State), was a document that expressed the final decision of the government, an inzen was considered a much simpler document from the point of view of its format and efficacy.
- だが、国家財政の逼迫と地方政治の衰微によって収入が減少すると、臨時給や合爵(官職への推挙権を返上する代わりに、より実入りのある年爵を1名分増加させる)などの措置も取られた。
- When the revenue dropped due to the nation's hard-pressed economy and decline of local governments, however, such measures were taken to add a portion for one person to nenshaku.
- これは律令に定められた正統な統治機関は天皇及び太政官であり、法的な根拠を持たない治天の君が命令を行う場合には、こうした非公式な公文書形式を採用せざるを得なかったからである。
- Since legitimate government organs established by the Ritsuryo codes were the Emperor and the Daijokan, Chiten no kimi who had no legal basis had to use such an informal form of official document to issue an order.
- 堀河天皇・鳥羽天皇・崇徳天皇の3天皇(つまり白河・鳥羽院政)時代の朝廷における行事・叙位・修法などの諸儀式について詳細に記述してあり、後世有職故実の書物として重んじられた。
- Various ceremonies such as events, investitures, and incantations that happened during the eras of the three emperors, Emperor Horikawa, Emperor Toba and Emperor Sutoku (in other words, the cloistered government period of Shirakawa and Toba) are described in detail and the document is treasured by researchers as a well-written knowledgeable account.
- 室町幕府第3代征夷大将軍となった足利義満は太政大臣に昇り、更に治天の君の持つ政治的権限を手中にして永徳期以後は自らの手で家門・家領一括安堵を行って公家社会を支配下に置いた。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Muromachi shogun, became Grand Minister with the political authority of a chiten no kimi; after the Eitoku period, he independently approved families and their estates en bloc, and exercised control over the court nobles.
- 鎌倉幕府滅亡後に京都に成立した後醍醐天皇の建武政権から離反した足利尊氏は、持明院統の光厳上皇の院宣を受け、建武3年(1336年)6月に京都を確保すると上皇を奉じて入京する。
- Takauji ASHIKAGA separated from the Kenmu Government set up by Emperor Godaigo in Kyoto after the collapse of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and received an Imperial decree by the Retired Emperor Kogon of the Jimyo-in line, after which he captured Kyoto in July and August 1336 and led the Retired Emperor into Kyoto.
- 一方の武家においては、武士の棟梁として台頭した河内源氏の流れを汲む源頼朝が源氏嫡流を称して、鎌倉幕府を開き、門葉という一族や有力御家人を中心とする武家政治の基礎を形成した。
- Among the samurai class, however, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, a descendant of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) who rose as the leader of samurai, called himself chakuryu of the Minamoto clan, established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and established the basis of samurai government mainly led by the monyo (clans basically connected by blood) of his clan members and prominent gokenin (shogun's vassals).
- 国司苛政上訴(こくしかせいじょうそ)は、日本の平安時代に郡司・田堵・負名・百姓階層が地方官である国司(受領)の苛政・非法を中央政府(太政官)へ訴えた行為、現象または闘争形態。
- Kokushi kasei joso refers to acts and phenomena of appeals and armed struggles by Gunji (local magistrates), Tato (cultivators), Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and the farmer class in order to complain to the central government Daijokan (Grand Council of State) about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi (or Zuryo) (provincial governors), Chihokan (local officials) during the Heian period in Japan.
- 9世紀中期~10世紀頃になると、従来の律令制(編戸制・班田制など)による統治に限界が見られるようになり、中央政府は租税収入を確保するため、社会の実情に即した国制改革を進めた。
- From the mid 9th century to the 10th century, the conventional administration based on the ritsuryo system (such as henko-sei, the organization of the citizens, and handen-sei, the ritsuryo land-allotment system) faced its organizational limit, and the central government promoted a nation-wide reform of the system to reflect the actual social situations in order to maintain the level of the tax revenue.
- また一方では、王朝国家と呼ぶべき政治実態は、鎌倉幕府成立後の朝廷にも見られるとして、13世紀の朝廷による支配体制も王朝国家体制期に含める意見(佐藤進一,1983など)もある。
- On the other hand, some people assert that the ruling system adopted by the Imperial court in 13th century should be included in the Dynastic polity period on the ground that the regime which should be regarded as the Dynastic polity was seen after the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Shinichi SATO, 1983 etc).
- 特に南北朝時代_(日本)によって財政難に拍車がかかると、朝廷が収入を確保するために各官庁に命じて内裏率分関(だいりりつぶんぜき・内裏率分所(だいりりつぶんしょ))を設置した。
- Especially in the Period of Northern and Southern Courts, as financial difficulties became more serious, the Imperial Court commanded each government office to set up Dairi-ritsubunseki (Imperial pro rata checkpoints, also called Dairi-ritsubunsho) in order to ensure their income.
- 同じく鎌倉幕府で政権を掌握した北条氏も一門で幕府の要職を独占したが、執権の職は数例を除いてそのほとんどが得宗により継承され、惣領たる地位を継ぐ嫡流の地位は非常に重んじられた。
- The Hojo clan, who also held the reins of the Kamakura bakufu, dominated the important positions of the bakufu, and yet, the position of Shikken (Chief of Staff to the shogun) was succeeded mostly by the Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan) except for a few examples; the position of the chakuryu used to succeed the position of the soryo was highly valued.
- すなわち公的負担が荘園という権門勢家の家政機関からの出費によっても担われたため、この支配形態を荘園公領制というべき体制であったとする網野善彦の説が現在一般的認識となっている。
- That is, the public burden was eased by the expenditure of the shoen which was the domestic governing institution of the great and powerful, and now the theory by Yoshihiko AMINO is a common view that this governing form should be called shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
- 日本民族(にほんみんぞく)という言葉は、一つには日本の国籍や日本列島にルーツを持つ全ての文化的集団(エスニック・グループ)を統合した政治的共同体(ネーション)を表す概念である。
- The term 'Japanese race' expresses a notion of a political community (nation) which embodies all cultural groups (ethnic groups) that possess a Japanese nationality and/or roots in the Japanese archipelago.
- 釜山倭館に来航した対馬藩家老は1867年、明治新政府の成立を興宣大院君政権に通告したが、朝鮮側は日本の新しい主権者が「皇上」と名乗っていることを理由に国書の受け取りを拒否した。
- In 1867, a Karo (chief retainer) of the Tsushima clan who visited Busan Wakan notified the Heungseon Daewongun administration that the new Meiji government had been established, but the Korean government rejected receipt of the Japanese sovereign's message, saying Japan's new sovereign identified himself as 'Emperor.'
- 清盛の強硬姿勢に驚いた法皇は、静憲(信西の子)を使者として今後は政務に介入しないことを申し入れたため、一時は関白父子の解任で法皇と清盛が和解するのではないかという観測も流れた。
- The cloistered emperor was surprised by the firm attitude of Kiyomori, and used the Joken (the son of Shinzei) as the messenger, and said that he would not interfere with political duties hence forwards, and it was interpreted that the dismissal of Kanpaku father and son from their posts made the cloistered emperor and Kiyomori reconcile temporarily.
- 以仁王の挙兵(もちひとおうのきょへい)は治承4年(1180年)に以仁王(高倉宮・三条宮)と源頼政が打倒平氏のための挙兵を計画し、諸国の源氏や大寺社に蜂起を促す令旨を発した事件。
- Prince Mochihito's uprising was an incident that occurred in 1180 (Jisho 4), when Prince Mochihito (also Prince Takakura and Prince Sanjo), with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, planned to raise an army and overthrow the Taira clan (who were then in power); Mochihito issued a command urging the Minamoto clan warriors in all provinces together with the forces of the great temples and shrines to rise up against the Taira clan.
- これは、この年に豊臣秀吉が内大臣に昇進した事をきっかけとした人事抗争であるが、結果的に当事者の二人を差し置いて秀吉が関白に就任する事になり、豊臣政権にとっては大きな画期となる。
- This was a personnel feud that had arisen from Hideyoshi HASHIBA's promotion to Naidaijin (Inner Minister) in the same year, but, as a matter of fact, Hideyoshi was appointed as Kanpaku before those two people; this marked a turning point for the establishment of the Toyotomi administration.
- 果ては幕府自体が財政難を救うためにあえて一揆を黙認して「分一徳政令」(紛争となった債権額の一割を幕府に納付した紛争当事者が自由に処理できるとした徳政令)を出すに至ったのである。
- Eventually, the bakufu even issued the 'Buichi Tokusei-rei' (Ten Per Cent Debt-relief Edict), in which a party involved in a conflict was allowed to dispose their credit at will if they paid ten percent of the credit amount in dispute to the bakufu, and they acquiesced ikki in order to solve their own financial difficulty.
- 後世、村上治世は天皇親政により理想の政治が行われた時代として聖代視され、同じく天皇親政が行われたとする10世紀前期の醍醐天皇の治世(延喜の治)と併せて、延喜・天暦の治と呼ばれた。
- Later, Emperor Murakami's reign was highly regarded as the ideal of imperial governance and was called Engi, Tenryaku no Chi (glorious Engi and Tenryaku rules) together with another ideal imperial governance taken by the Emperor Daigo (called Engi no Chi) in the early 10th century.
- 貪欲な受領とされることの多い藤原元命だが、当時、花山天皇が即位直後に地方税制の改革など積極的な政策展開を行っており、元命はこの花山新制の方針を遵守したに過ぎないとする見方もある。
- Although FUJIWARA no Motonaga had been often regarded as a greedy Zuryo, some suggest that Motonaga only observed strictly the policy of Kazan shinsei (new laws issued by Emperor Kazan) under the new local tax system Emperor Kazan actively introduced immediately after his enthronement.
- 斎藤実や鳩山文相が当時語っていたように、政府当局が処分を強行した意図は、「大学自治の総本山」と見られていた京大を強力な国家権力のもとに屈服させるという点にあったと考えられている。
- As Minoru SAITO and Minister of Education Hatoyama talked at that time, the reason why the government used force was to place Kyoto University, which was thought to be the 'stronghold of university freedom,' under the power of the government.
- 口宣案(くぜんあん)とは、元来は口宣の案文であり、覚書(メモ)の下書き程度の意味合いでしかなかったが、後には太政官を経由せずに直接実務担当者に勅旨の内容を伝えるために用いられた。
- Kuzen-an' was originally a draft proposal of kuzen, meaning no more than an incomplete version of a memorandum (memo); but later, it came into use as a means of directly conveying the imperial order to working-level officials, bypassing the Daijokan.
- その後、摂津国の国衆で細川澄元派であった池田貞政は討死、阿波国に逃れたようとした芥川豊後守も台風で遭難、近江国からだと徴兵もままならず、細川澄元は八方ふさがりの状態に陥っていた。
- Sumimoto HOSOKAWA was hemmed in on all sides -- Sadamasa IKEDA who was a kunishu from Settsu Province taking the side of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA died in the battle, Akutagawa Bungo no kami (governor of Bungo Province) wrecked in typhoon on his way to Awa Province retreated, and there had been little progress in draft enrollment from Omi Province.
- その後、平氏は西国の諸勢力を組織して戦争に当たっていたが、元暦2年(1185年)3月、関門海峡での最終決戦(壇ノ浦の戦い)で源義経軍に敗れて滅亡し、平氏政権は名実ともに消滅した。
- Later, the Taira clan organized the various forces of the west and continued to battle, but at the final pitched battle at the Kanmon Channel in March 1185, (Battle of Dannoura), they lost to MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune's forces and the Taira clan administration ended in both name and actuality.
- なお、明治維新の官制改革で一旦は廃止されたものの、伊藤博文が進めた「宮中と政府の分離」方針に則って、1884年に宮内省に属する機関として復活し、1947年の同省廃止まで存続した。
- Although this position was abolished with the government system reforms that took place during the Meiji Restoration, in conforming with the plan by Hirofumi ITO to 'separate the court and government,' it was reinstated as an institution within the Imperial Household Ministry in 1884 and continued until the ministry was abolished in 1947.
- その動きは早くは中世から見られるが、一般には江戸時代中期後期以後の儒教や国学 (学問)や復古神道に伴うものを指し、狭義には明治新政府により出された神仏分離令(正式には神仏判然令。
- The earliest movement had already appeared in the Medieval Period, but the Shinbutsu-bunri usually refers to the separation carried out in accordance with the advancement of Confucianism, Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature), and the Fukko-shinto (Reactionary Shintoism) which occurred in and after the mid or late Edo period.In a more limited sense, it refers to the separation carried out throughout the country according to the ordinance issued by the new Meiji government, called Shinbutsu Bunri-rei (officially named Shinbutsu Hanzen-rei, which means the Edict for Separation of Shinto and Buddhism), which was a general term representing a series of official notices issued between April 5, 1868 and December 1, 1868, such as the edict of the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the notification of the Jingikan (Department of Worship), and the notification of the Daijokan.
- 延久宣旨枡(えんきゅうせんじます)は、後三条天皇が延久の荘園整理令など新立荘園整理政策の裏付けとした、1072年(延久4年)に再指定した国家公定枡のことである。単に宣旨枡ともいう。
- An official national measure that was enacted by Emperor Gosanjo in 1072, Enkyu senjimasu (also referred to simply as Senjimasu) was used to implement new manor regulation policies, including a manor regulation ordinance issued during the Enkyu era.
- これらの動きは、中世を通じて社会体制であり続けた荘園公領制の出現を意味するものであり、これと相前後して開始した院政と併せて、11世紀後期には既に中世に入っていたと見ることもできる。
- These movements implies the arrival of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), which was the social structure throughout the medieval age, and based on this fact together with the advent of cloister government, we can consider that the medieval age already arrived in late 11th century.
- 藤原京の頃を頂点として、次第に政事庶務の中心が朝堂院から周辺官衙に移っていき、平安京の頃にはその規模は縮小され、朝賀や即位、饗宴など、主に朝廷の盛典、儀礼に用いられるようになった。
- After the peak period of Fujiwara-kyo (the Fujiwara Palace; the ancient capital of Fujiwara), the center of political and general affairs had gradually shifted from the chodoin to the kanga (government office) around them, and by the time of Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto), the scale of the chodoin had been reduced; as such, the chodoin came to be used mainly for rituals and ceremonies of the Imperial Court such as Choga (New Year's greetings or well-wishes offered by retainers to the Emperor), enthronement and a banquet.
- 21日、平頼盛、平教盛、平経盛(以上、清盛の弟)、平知盛、平重衡(以上、清盛の子)、平維盛、平資盛、平清経(以上、重盛の子)、そして源頼政を大将とする園城寺攻撃の編成が定められた。
- On the twenty-second (twenty-first in lunar calendar), TAIRA no Yorimori, TAIRA no Norimori, and TAIRA no Tsunemori (all three of whom were Kiyomori's younger brothers) as well as TAIRA no Tomomori and TAIRA no Shigehira (both sons of Kiyomori) and TAIRA no Koremori, TAIRA no Sukemori, and TAIRA no Kiyotsune (all three of whom were sons of Shigemori) as well as MINAMOTO no Yorimasa were appointed generals over the force preparing to attack Onjo-ji temple.
- 治承5年(1181年)1月、高倉上皇が死去し、後白河院政が再開されたが、畿内に臨時の軍政を布くべしという高倉の遺志に基づいて、清盛は子の平宗盛を畿内周辺を直接管領する惣官に任じた。
- In January 1181, Retired Emperor Takakura died and the Goshirakawa cloistered government started again, and based on the wish of Takakura to establish a temporary military government in Kinai, Kiyomori named TAIRA no Munemasa as Sokan (a military position with power over the provinces of the Kinai) to directly control the Kinai area.
- 清盛はこれにより京の富裕層から兵粮を徴収すると同時に、伊勢周辺の水軍に動員をかけて、反平氏勢力の追討に意欲を燃やしていたが、同年閏2月に熱病で急死し、平氏政権は大きな打撃を受けた。
- Kiyomori raised taxes from the wealthy class in Kyoto to feed the troops and at the same time, moved the naval forces around Ise, and was energetic about attacking the anti-Taira clan forces, but died suddenly from a febrile disease in February of that year (a leap year), which was a large blow for the Taira clan administration.
- 「貞観格」を継いで貞観_(日本)11年(869年)より延喜7年(907年)までの39年間の詔勅・太政官符のうち編纂当時に実際に行われていた重要なものを取捨選択して各省毎に配列した。
- Succeeding Jogankyaku, Engikyaku is a selected collection of particularly important volumes which had been in actual effect at the time of its compilation out of Jogankyaku, so chosen as to comprise imperial edicts and Daijokanbu (official documents issued by Daijokan, the Grand Council of State) during the 39 years from 869 until 907, while its contents were classified by ministry.
- その後も修史事業は試みられ「新国史」なるものが存在したと伝聞されるが、若干残った逸文から見ると完成奏上に至らなかったとする見解が主流であり、原因としては律令政治の衰退があげられる。
- There were other attempts to compile national histories following Rikkokushi and it is rumored that there was a 'Shinkokushi' (New National History), but the few remaining rare texts have led to the prevailing opinion that they were never completed and reported to the emperor, with the decline of government according to the Ritsuryo codes given as a reason for this.
- そして皮肉な事に荘園整理事務の中心的役割を果たしていた院(上皇・法皇)に対する開発領主からの寄進が相次ぐようになり、この自己矛盾によって荘園整理政策は破綻へ向かう事になるのである。
- And ironically, kaihatsu-ryoshus donated to the cloister (Retired Emperor and Cloistered Emperor) which played a central role of the office work for arranging shoens and this self-contradiction led to the breakdown of the policy for arranging shoens.
- 11世紀中期から12世紀・13世紀初頭にかけて、荘園公領制の成立や院政・武家政治の登場などに対応した中世国家体制が漸進的に構築されていったため、この時期に王朝国家体制は終期を迎えた。
- As the medieval national polity, which corresponded to the establishment of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and the advent of cloister government/samurai government, was progressively built up during the period from the mid-11th century to the 12th century/early 13th century, the period of dynastic polity ended around that time.
- 弘仁元年(810年)の薬子の変をきっかけに蔵人所が設置されると、従来は後宮の内侍司を通して伝えられていた天皇の勅旨の太政官への伝達が、次第に蔵人所の職事によって行われるようになった。
- When the kurodo dokoro was founded after the Kusuko Incident in 810, the shikiji at the kurodo dokoro gradually assumed the role of conveying the imperial edict to the Daijokan -- the order had conventionally been conveyed by naishishi (also referred to as naishi no tsukasa; messengers from the palace attendants) at kokyu (the women's quarters of the Imperial Palace).
- 平安貴族という明確な実態があったわけではないが、平安中期-後期にかけて貴族層による政治的・社会経済的・文化的支配が展開したため、同時期の貴族を表すための用語として使われることが多い。
- Although there was no clear and actual condition of the Heian nobles, since the political, socioeconomic, cultural domination by the nobility was achieved from the mid to late Heian Period, this term is often used to refer to the nobles in this period.
- 永正4年(1507年)6月23日、修験道にとりつかれ、度々奇行のあった細川政元は、魔法を修する準備として邸内の湯屋に入ったところ、澄之を擁する内衆の薬師寺長忠・香西元長らに殺害された。
- On August 11, 1507, when Masamoto, who often behaved peculiarly and was obsessed with Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism that incorporated Shinto and Buddhist concepts) went into the bathhouse on his premises in preparation for acquiring magic, he was assassinated by the uchishu members Nagatada YAKUSHIJI and Motonaga KOZAI, who supported Sumiyuki.
- しかし、延暦17年(798年)の太政官符によれば、令制国が地元特産物を朝廷に納めるために買い上げを行う(交易雑物)時には、和市の価(今日で言う市場価格)で購入するように命じられている。
- But the Daijokanpu issued in 798 (official docments issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) ordered ryoseikoku (province) to buy at Washi price (present-day market price) when purchasing local specialties (trading miscellaneous things) to deliver to the Court.
- 戦前は、平安時代の貴族は天皇から政治実権を奪い、京で遊興にふけった退廃的な存在としてとらえられがちだったが、戦後になり橋本義彦らによって平安期の貴族の実態が次第に明らかとされていった。
- Before the war, the nobles in the Heian Period were regarded to have seized political power from the Emperor and to have pursued a life of pleasure in Kyoto, but after the war, Yoshihiko HASHI
- このように、本書は政務に関するあらゆる事例を掲げたもので、それぞれに関係する律令格式の条文や国史・日記の記事、その他和漢の典籍を正確に引用し、彼自身や父祖先輩の勘文・勘答も収録している。
- Thus, it carries every example of governmental affairs, accurately quotes related articles on laws of codes and ethics (conduct), and related reports from the national history and diaries, in addition to Chinese and Japanese classical books, and also includes not only his own kanmon (written reports for what the imperial court requested) and kanto (written response), but also those of his ancestors and older lawyers.
- 具体的に中央政府機構の変革についてはまだ明確となっていないが、例えば摂関政治の成立、官司請負制の登場などが、王朝国家体制に対応した中央政治の変化を表しているのではないかとする議論がある。
- Although the concrete content of reform in the central government organization is not yet clear, some people assert that the establishment of sekkan-seiji (regency) and kanji ukeoisei (government office contract system) demonstrate the change in the central government corresponding to the Dynastic polity.
- また、天皇親政が行われた治世と評価されたが、摂関不設置は阿衡事件に懲りた宇多天皇が皇族を母とする藤原氏腹でない天皇であったことと、藤原氏藤氏長者時平がまだ若かったことが原因とされている。
- This era was highly regarded due to the direct rule by the emperor, and sekkan were not appointed because Emperor Uda was disgusted with the Ako Incident and was not born from a mother from the Fujiwara family having an imperial mother, and because Tokihira, the head of the Fujiwara family, was still young.
- 受領は、大きな権限を背景として富豪層からの徴税によって巨富を蓄え、また恣意的な地方政治を展開したとされ、その現れが10世紀後期~11世紀中期に頻発した国司苛政上訴だったと考えられてきた。
- It is thought that Zuryo saved a large amount of money by collecting taxes from millionaires, due to their authority and developed arbitrary regional politics, leading to Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against Kokushi) which often happened from the end of the 10th century to the middle of the 11th century.
- 名体制を確立するため、現地支配に当たる国司の筆頭者の権限強化が求められるようになり、10世紀中頃には租税収取・軍事警察などの分野で中央政府から現地赴任筆頭国司への大幅な権限委譲が行われた。
- As strengthening the authority of the head of kokushi, who were responsible for local administration, was required in order to maintain the above system, a big transfer of authority from the central government to the head of kokushi was made in the mid-10th century concerning tax collection and military police.
- 佐藤は、本宣旨により頼朝は既存の国家権力である朝廷から公権(東国行政権 国衙在庁指揮権)を付与され、この公的権力との接触により一つの国家的存在、すなわち東国国家 鎌倉幕府が成立したとする。
- Owing to this decree, Yoritomo was granted the official authority (the administrative authority of the Togoku region and the right to command the local officials of kokuga) by the Imperial Court, which was the then existing national authority, and this contact between Yoritomo and the public authority caused the formation of other national organizations, namely the Togoku state and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), according to SATO.
- また、この以仁王の挙兵には美福門院から八条院に仕えてきた源頼政一族、八条院蔵人の源行家・源仲家、八条院領荘園の在地領主であった源義清 (矢田判官代)・下河辺行平といった武士が関係していた。
- Also involved were: the family of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa who had served Hachijoin since the time of Bifukumonin; Hachijoin's Kurodo (Chamberlain) of MINAMOTO no Yukiie and MINAMOTO no Nakaie; the local lord of the shoen in the Hachijoin-ryo, MINAMOTO no Yoshikiyo (Yada no Hangandai (assistant officer who served an administration organization called Innocho)); and a samurai called Yukihira SHIMOKOBE.
- 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて、巨大な官僚組織と精緻な法令システムを前提とする律令制の維持がもはや不可能となり、一定の行政司法権を地方官や中央官庁へ請け負わせる王朝国家が新たに成立した。
- From the end of the ninth to the beginning of the tenth century, it was no longer possible to keep the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code), based on the huge bureaucratic organization and the sophisticated statutory system, and a dynastic nation-state was newly established, in which certain administrative and legislative authorities were undertaken by the local officials and central bureaucrats.
- 特に戦国時代に入ると、その動きはより顕著となり、庶家の中にも主家に忠実かつ従順な者もいる一方で、主家を圧倒する者や主家の家政を牛耳る者、主家を追放し下剋上を起こす者も登場するようになった。
- When the Sengoku Period started, this movement became more conspicuous, and some shoke were loyal and obedient to the employer's household while some shoke started to overwhelm the employer's household, control the domestic economy of the employer's household, and expel the employer's household and commit Gekokujo (supplanting of a lord by his retainer).
- 更に建武の新政において元弘3年(1333年)、諸国の本家・領家職が廃され、官社解放令が出されるなど一円化が急速に進んだため、室町時代の法令には初発から寺社領、本所領、武家領の表現が現れる。
- Furthermore, under the Kenmu Restoration regime in 1333, as the positions of honke (nominal landowners) and ryoke (virtual landowners) of manors were abolished in various provinces and Kansha Kaihorei (Order to Release Officially Authorized Shrines) was issued, resulting in rapid progress of proprietorship unification, and such expressions as jisharyo (estates of temples or shrines), honsho ryo (estates of honsho) and bukeryo (estates of samurai families) began to be found in the initial forms of these orders of Muromachi period.
- 897年(寛平9年)、宇多天皇は皇太子敦仁親王(醍醐天皇)に譲位し、その2年後に自ら造立した仁和寺で出家し法皇と称したが、病気がちの醍醐天皇に代わって、実際の政務を執っていたいう説もある。
- In 897, Emperor Uda abdicated the throne to Crown Prince Atsugimi (Emperor Daigo), and became a priest in Ninna-ji Temple which he built himself and called himself Cloistered Emperor two years later, but there is an assumption that he in fact managed political affairs in place of the oft-ailing Emperor Daigo.
- 秀吉もこれに賛同して、晴季と玄以は早速先に引退していた信輔の父・近衛前久(元関白・太政大臣)に対して秀吉を前久の猶子として関白を継がせ、将来的には信輔を後継として関白職を譲る案を提示した。
- Hideyoshi agreed with the recommendation, and then, Harusue and Geni proposed to Nobusuke's retired father, Sakihisa KONOE (former Kanpaku and Dajodaijin), that Hideyoshi be adopted by Sakihisa and be appointed to Kanpaku, and that the position of Kanpaku be given in the future to Nobusuke as Hideyoshi's successor.
- 楽市・楽座(らくいち・らくざ)は、日本の近世(16世紀から18世紀ごろまで)において織田信長、豊臣秀吉の織豊政権や各地の戦国大名などにより城下町などの支配地の市場で行われた経済政策である。
- Rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) was an economic policy implemented in the markets of government controlled areas such as castle towns by the Shokuho government (the government of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) during the early modern period (16th century to 18th century) in Japan.
- 室町時代から江戸初期までの社会用語としては、神社勢力が強訴などの要求を行うための武力である僧衆(江戸時代に僧兵と呼ばれる)も含め、中央もしくは地方政権から非公認の武装勢力そのものを指した。
- As a sociological term from the Muromachi period to the Edo period, ikki referred to military forces that had not been officially recognized by the central government or the local government; such forces included monk-soldiers (known in Edo period as sohei, meaning 'armed priests'), who the shrine authorities used to submit claims such as a goso (a petition lodged directly with the Imperial Court or the shogunate government).
- 江戸時代になるとさらにさかんにおこなわれ、享保5年、徳川吉宗は篤行者旌表の規定をもうけ、寛政10年、松平定信は孝子、奇特者のおおがかりな調査をおこない、「孝義録」、「孝義録続編」を刊行した。
- When the Edo period began, the practice was more frequently carried out -- In 1720, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA laid down a provision for awarding those who practiced tokugyo (virtuous conduct); and in 1798, Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA conducted a large-scale survey of koshi and kitokusha (commendable person) and published 'Kogiroku' (the collection of documents about awards given by the bakufu and the daimyo) and 'Kogiroku zokuhen' (Kogiroku, continued).
- しかし、律令制と現実の乖離が大きくなっていき、9世紀末~10世紀初頭ごろ、政府は税収を確保するため、律令制の基本だった人別支配体制を改め、土地を対象に課税する支配体制へと大きく方針転換した。
- However, as the the Ritsuryo system lost touch with reality, the government changed its policy from an individual-based ruling system, which was the base of the the Ritsuryo system to a land-based ruling system in order to secure tax revenue from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century.
- しかし、郡司・百姓層の要求が多分に自利的であることに藤原道長を首班とする太政官も次第に気付き始め、1110年代後期~1120年代にかけて国司解任に至る事例は約5割から約2割へと激減していった。
- However Daijokan headed by FUJIWARA no Michinaga became aware that some claims of Gunji and farmers are rather selfish and thus claims that won dismissal of the Kokushu dramatically dropped from about 50% to 20% during the period between the latter half of the 1110's and the 1120's.
- また現地の港湾からの流通に対する独占的権利を確立して港湾支配を確立したものの、逆に特権によって他者の流通を妨げる存在に成長したために楽市楽座政策によって座とともに解体に追い込まれたものもある。
- There were also some Toimaru which monopolized the rights over the transport business in ports, and there were even some which, under the policy of the 'rakuichi-rakuza' (Free Market, Free Guilds), were forced to dissolve their business and guild that had become far too powerful for the smooth and fair operations of transportation business in the ports.
- 更に天正19年(1591年)に鶴松が病死すると、秀吉は甥の豊臣秀次(内大臣)を養子として関白の地位を譲り関白が豊臣氏の世襲とする意思を改めて表明し、自分は太政大臣在任のまま実権を保持し続けた。
- Furthermore, when Tsurumatsu died of disease in 1591, Hideyoshi adopted his nephew, Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI (Naidaijin), and yielded the position of Kanpaku to him, showing again his determination to relinquish the position of Kanpaku to only the Toyotomi clan and staying in power as Dajodaijin.
- このため、信長がこの問題にどう対応しようとしたのかについて諸説に分かれている(拒絶したとする説、征夷大将軍あるいは太政大臣に就任する事を内諾したとする説、結論が出る前に討ち死にしたとする説)。
- As a result of this, there are a few theories on how Nobunaga tried to deal with this offer: Nobunaga refused to accept any one of the positions, he unofficially agreed to accept the position of either Seii Taishogun or Dajodaijin, or he died in battle before reaching a conclusion.
- 公出挙によって、百姓が疲弊し始めたことを知った律令政府は、720年(養老4)3月、公出挙の利子率の低減(年利50%→30%)、そして養老2年以前に生じた全ての債務の免除を決定し、諸国へ通知した。
- Knowing that peasants gradually became impoverished due to Ku-Suiko, the ancient Japanese government of centralized governance decided in April 720 to reduce the annual interest rate of Ku-Suiko from 50% to 30%, and to forgive all debts born before 718, notifying various districts.
- 近代以前において馬は最も重要な輸送手段であったから、優れた馬(駿馬)は軍事や行政用として用いられるのが常であり、輸送に用いられた駄馬は人を乗せて早く走らせることの出来ない質の良くない馬であった。
- Since a horse was the most important means of transportation before modern times, swift horses (shunme) were usually reserved for military or government use, and the daba used for transportation were poor quality horses that were unable to run fast while carrying a person.
- 上横手は、本宣旨によって、東国政権 鎌倉幕府が朝廷へ軍事的奉仕するという体制が構築され、同じく朝廷に軍事的奉仕する義仲に優越するため、頼朝は源氏嫡宗の地位の公認を得ようとしていたのだとしている。
- According to UWAYOKOTE, this decree established a structure in which the Togoku government and the Kamakura bakufu provided the Imperial Court with military service, and in order to become predominate over Yoshinaka, who also provided the Imperial Court with military service, Yoritomo was anxious for the official approval for the position of the official family lineage to succeed the Minamoto clan.
- かつてのソ連や、中華人民共和国など、共産圏の多民族国家での、分離主義を抑制し、強い政治的統合を意図した用語である、ソヴィエト民族、中華民族といった呼称については、日本語でも民族の語で訳されている。
- Terms such as the 'Soviet race' or the 'Chinese race', which were employed by multiethnic states in the communist bloc such as the former Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China with an intention of suppressing the separatism in order to maintain the tight political integration, are translated into Japanese using the term 'minzoku' which means race.
- 上記史料を総合すると、本宣旨は、東国における荘園・公領の領有権を旧来の荘園領主・国衙へ回復させることを命じる。その回復を実現するため源頼朝の東国行政権を承認するという2つの内容から構成されている。
- Putting the above historical records together, the contents of this decree can be summarized as; the order that required lords of the manor and kokuga (provincial government officers) to restore the territorial rights for shoen and koryo, and the approval of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's administrative authority on the Togoku region in order to make the above restoration come true.
- 朝廷や幕府財政の悪化が深刻になると、段銭・半済などの課役免除や禁制制札の発給、関所の新設廃止、座などの商業上の特権付与、訴訟に対する支持など様々な権利を求める人々に対して礼銭を求めるようになった。
- When the financial conditions of the Imperial Court and the bakufu greatly worsened, to present the reisen was required for those who asked for various kinds of privileged rights such as: tax exemption including the tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan) and the hanzei (tax system in which the Muromachi bakufu allowed Shugo, or military governors, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund); issuance of the kinsei seisatsu (notice of banning orders on a street bulletin board); ban on the construction or abolition of a sekisho (checking station); granting of commercial privileges such as the za (privileged guild); or support for a lawsuit.
- 平氏は、西国の勢力を再編成して軍の再建を進め、瀬戸内沿岸で義仲軍を徐々に押しやり、寿永3年(1184年)1月に義仲が頼朝政権軍(源範頼・源義経軍)に滅ぼされる頃には福原を回復するまでに至っていた。
- The Taira clan reorganized the west forces and reestablished its troops, gradually pushing Yoshinaka away at the Setouchi seacoast, and by the time Yoshinaka was eliminated by the Yoritomo government troops (troops of MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune) in January 1184, they had recovered Fukuhara.
- 武家の棟梁の地位が源氏から平氏へ移動した背景には、中央政界の中心が摂関家から院政を布く治天の君へシフトしたという事情がある(源氏は摂関家の権威を背景に、平家は院の権威を背景に台頭したことによる)。
- The leader of samurai families changed from the Minamoto clan to Taira clan as the center of politics shifted from the regent family to Chiten no kimi who established the cloister government (the Minamoto clan gained power using the power of the regent family, and the Taira clan gained power using the power of the cloister government).
- このような事例を受領層の苛政の表れと評価する意見もあるが、個別の事例を見ると受領が法令どおりに課税した例が圧倒的に多く、むしろ受領の方が遵法的であり、田堵負名層が私益を主張していることが判っている。
- Although there is an opinion that such cases reveal the harsh governance by the zuryo, when each case is looked at closely, clearly a great majority of the zuryo imposed tax according to the regulations, which shows that the zuryo were more law-abiding while the tato fumyo pursued their own interests.
- だが、江戸時代中期以後商品作物の生産が広まってくると都市周辺部の農村など本来は米の生産が可能な地域においてもなし崩しに買納制が行われていき、江戸幕府さえもが事実上の黙認政策を採らざるを得なくなった。
- However, as the production of commercial crops became widely spread during the mid-Edo period, baino-sei was carried out even in suburban villages where rice can be produced, to which the Edo bakufu virtually took an acquiescence policy.
- 当初は民部省に貢進された後で各官司に配分されたが、10世紀に入ると民部省を関与させずに特定の官司に対して特定の国が舂米を直接貢進する形式に替わり、各官司の財政が独立採算制に変わっていく一因となった。
- Originally, it was tithed to the Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) and then distributed to the various Kanji (government official), but in the tenth century, the Minbusho did not intervene, but each province directly tithed shomai to a given Kanji and this became one of the factors that led to each Kanji becoming responsible for their individual finances.
- そのうち、天皇のミウチである藤原氏と源氏が議政官(公卿)をほぼ独占し始め、特に藤原北家嫡流は9世紀後半に天皇の政治決定権を受任・代行しうる摂政・関白の地位を獲得し、その地位を世襲することに成功した。
- Then, the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan, the relatives of the Emperor, almost created a monopoly of the Giseikan (a legislative organ), and it is worthy to note that the direct descent of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan achieved the position of Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor) in the late ninth century, which made them receive and deal with the political discretion of the Emperor; and they were also successful in making the position hereditary.
- 一般には、12世紀後半の源頼朝による鎌倉幕府の設立から、慶応3年(1867年)の徳川慶喜による大政奉還まで、約700年間に渡る武家による政権を指すが、現在は平清盛の平氏政権からとする説が有力である。
- The military government was an administration under the control of samurai, which continued for about 700 years from the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the late 12th century to Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) lead by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA in 1867; however, a theory, in which the start was the Taira clan government ruled by TAIRA no Kiyomori, is now widely accepted.
- 亀山院政下の弘安7年5月20日 (旧暦)(1284年7月4日)、同年6月25日 (旧暦)(8月7日)に鎮西神領興行回復令が元寇に対する恩賞として出され、売却、質入済の旧神領の無償回復が打ち出された。
- On July 4, 1284 when Cloistered Emperor Kameyama had the virtual reins of government, Chinzei Shinryo Kogyo Kaifukurei (Order to Restore Rituals in Shrine Estates in Kyushu) was issued on August 7 in the same year to reward those who had contributed to the victory against Genko, and recovery of former shrine estates already sold or pledged by then was made possible gratis under this order.
- もっとも、検地における土地の評価は担当者の判断に依拠するところが大きく、街道沿いなどの商工業が盛んな地域の田畠では高く見積もられ、政治的・軍事的要地や僻地では民心掌握のために低く見積もられ事があった。
- Evaluations of land in land surveys depended largely on the judgment of the person in charge, and this sometimes resulted in rice paddies and fields in commercial and industrial business areas being given high estimates and those in important political and military areas as well as remote areas being given low estimates in order to attract support from the public.
- 更に寛文8年(1668年)に入ると、京都所司代牧野親成の退任も決まり、これを機に所司代が担当していた京都市中に対する民政部門を統合して京都奉行が成立し、宮崎は初代東町奉行・雨宮は初代西町奉行となった。
- In 1668, Chikashige MAKINO of Kyoto Shoshidai decided to step down, and upon his departure, Kyoto Magistrate was founded by absorbing the civil administration division that had been managed by the Shoshidai, with Miyazaki becoming the first Higashimachi Magistrate and Amemiya becoming the first Nishimachi Magistrate.
- 各ページ5段構成となっており1段目には天皇の略歴、2段目には皇居及び重要な事件、3段目には上皇・東宮・皇子皇女・后妃、4・5段目には摂政・関白・大臣・征夷大将軍・近衛大将などの要職補任が記されている。
- Each page has five columns: the first column has the Emperor's brief biography; the second column has important incidents around the Imperial Palace; the third column has matters about the Retired Emperor, the Crown Prince, the Imperial Prince, the Imperial Princess, and an empress; the fourth and the fifth columns have personnel affairs of important offices such as sessho (regent), kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), a minister, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), and Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards).
- 岩沢の解釈では、「太政大臣、関白、将軍の三職いずれかに推任するのがよい」と言った主体を天皇の意向を受けた晴豊としており、以後もこの解釈を受け、信長はこの天皇の意向を突っぱねたとする説が通説化していた。
- Iwasawa's interpretation of the line 'he should be endorsed for Daijo daijin, Kanpaku, or Shogun' was that it was Haretoyo who said it in line with the Emperor's wish, and later this interpretation prevailed to form a common belief that Nobunaga refused the Emperor's wish.
- また武家権力による天下統一のため農地を基礎とする農本主義を選択せざるを得ず商業の隆盛による前期資本主義的社会の成立に財政徴税などの基本体制が対応できず幕府各藩とも大商人からの借入が拡大し破綻していく。
- Each domain of the bakufu ran into debt from large-scale merchants and eventually went broke because of their dependence on agricultural fundamentalism to rule the nation, in addition, basic systems such as tax collection, did not respond to the establishment of the lower capitalist society made up of flourishing commerce.
- 室町幕府は主に御料所などからの収入で財政を維持してきたが、全国的な内乱のために年貢輸送が途絶えたり、あるいは南朝_(日本)軍に占領されたり、自軍への恩賞に回されたりしてその範囲は小さくなる一方であった。
- The Muromachi bakufu managed to finance its budgets by the income from goryosho (the Imperial or shogunate's estate), whose areas were dwindling because the transportation of nengu (land tax such as rice) was disturbed by civil wars across the country, and some goryosho were occupied by the Southern Court's army which were used to reward their soldiers.
- 嘉禄元年(1225年)、鎌倉幕府に評定衆が設置されて以来、重要な政務は評定によって決定されたが、13世紀後期に年始の行事の一環として毎年1月中旬の1日に執権・連署以下を召集して評定始を行うようになった。
- Important policies had been decided by the council since 1225 when the hyojoshu was set up in the Kamakura bakufu, and in the late thirteenth century, hyojohajime began as a New Year ceremony convened with a regent, rensho (assistant to regents), and other subordinates on a day of mid-January every year.
- 実際には、延喜・天暦期は律令制体制から王朝国家体制へ移行する過渡期に当たっており、様々な改革が展開した時期であり、それらの改革は天皇親政というよりも、徐々に形成しつつあった摂関政治によって支えられていた。
- Actually, the eras of Engi and Tenryaku fell upon the transitional period to the dynasty state from the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and the period when various reforms were carried out and these reforms were supported by not the direct rule by emperors but Sekkan governments which had been gradually formed.
- しかし、ほどなくして、行政の不徹底を防止・監督するため、官人交替のときに前任者と後任者が事務引継ぎを行い、前任の実績に問題がなければ、後任から前任へ事務引継ぎ完了を証明する文書を発給する制度が導入された。
- However, shortly after that, the following system was introduced to supervise administration more thoroughly: When an officer was replaced with another person, the former officer made a document describing matters necessary for continuing office duties and handed it over to the new officer, and the new officer issued a certificate showing that he or she accepted the proper document.
- これは当時の政権が大規模な輸送を行う能力を持っていたことを裏付けている(この徴発によって反乱軍を率いる皇子側は軍馬を確保するとともに、結果的には敵の本拠である大津京への兵糧搬入を妨害したことにもなった)。
- Operations of this size give evidence to support the capability of the government of the time to have large-scale transportation (As a result of this requisition, the rebel troops on the Prince's side gained war-horses while simultaneously interrupting the delivery of provisions to the enemy's base in Otsukyo).
- どの戦国大名も従来の大名に替わって室町幕府に「郡検断」「軍勢催促」「段銭徴収」等の諸権力を公認されることで各地域の中心勢力を形成し、そして新しい中央政権たる豊臣秀吉の奥州仕置によって既得権益を追認された。
- Each sengoku daimyo formed the central power of influence in each region by being authorized to execute various powers such as 'jurisdiction,' 'demand for military assistance,' and 'collection of Tansen (tax on rice fields)' by the Muromachi bakufu in place of the existing daimyo and then had their vested interests confirmed by Oshu-shioki (repression of the Oshu region) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as the new central government.
- こうした状況下で、朝廷は実情に適合した国政改革を進めていき(改革が最も進展したのは900年前後の寛平・延喜期)、地方行政の分野では、国司筆頭官(受領)に対して租税収取権・軍事権などの大幅な権限委譲が行われた。
- Under such a situation, the imperial court practically advanced national administration reform (the reform culminated during the Kanpyo and the Engi period around 900) and authority such as the right of tax collection, military affairs and so on were widely transferred to the leaders of kokushi (zuryo) in the local administration.
- 確かに国民皆兵性のような1戸(行政上の単位、平均30人ぐらい)から1名、年間60日の軍事訓練を受けるという段階では歩兵の比率が高そうに思えるが、騎兵部隊も確認され、軍事力の中核はそちらが担っていたようである。
- Certainly, there seemed to be a higher ratio of foot soldiers by looking at mandatory military service where one member of a family (average of around 30 members for the administrative unit) had to go for less that sixty days of military training and service, but it was the confirmed presence of cavalry that held the central military power.
- 河内祥輔は東国独立論の存在を否定(平広常の個人的意見でしかないと)する立場から、頼朝の立場を平家政権の支配からの独立とそれに代わる朝廷との関係構築を求めて、一貫して後白河法皇との直接交渉を望んだ点を重視する。
- From the standpoint that denies the existence of the argument about the independence of the Togoku region (and regards it as only a personal opinion of TAIRA no Hirotsune), Shosuke KOUCHI focuses on the fact that Yoritomo consistently desired to negotiate directly with the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa seeking independence from the ruling of the Heike government and the relationship building with the Imperial Court in lieu thereof.
- 基本的には大学寮の明経道・紀伝道で採用されている書物が教科書として用いられたが、『群書治要』や『老子道徳経』・『荘子 (書物)』・『白氏文集』・『貞観政要』・『世説新語』などそれ以外の講義も広く行われていた。
- The textbooks used were same as those used at Myogyodo and Kidendo of the Daigaku-ryo, but additional lectures were also given on 'Gunsyochiyo,' 'Roshi Dotokukyo,' 'Soshi,' 'Hakushimonju,' 'Joganseiyo,' 'Sesetsushingo,' etc.
- 従来は中央政府に発兵権があったが、国毎に警察・軍事指揮官として押領使(おうりょうし)を任命し、中央からの「追討官符」を受けた受領の命令で押領使が国内の武士を動員して反乱を鎮圧する体制に移行したとする説がある。
- Formerly, the central government possessed the right of mobilizing military personnel, but according to a theory, the system concerned was changed to the following one: An Oryoshi, a police and military command, was appointed to each province, and when instructed by Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) who received an official document instructing the suppression of a rebellion, the Oryoshi mobilized samurai in the province to suppress the rebellion.
- 後醍醐天皇は元亨2年(1322年)以後、壷役の直轄化と通常課税化を図り、建武新政の開始を機に五条頼元を造酒正に任命して押小路家の権限を取り上げようとしたが、政権の崩壊とともに失敗に終わり、押小路家が復権した。
- From 1322 and onward, Emperor Godaigo executed direct control over tsubo-yaku and had the tax imposed regularly; taking opportunity of the commencement of Kenmu Restoration, the emperor appointed Yorimoto GOJO as miki no kami and tried to deprive the Oshikoji family of the title, but failed to do so due to the collapse of the administration, and the Oshikoji family restored the right.
- 特に公卿にあって内裏の差配を独占した藤原氏は、藤原道長の家系が摂政・関白の座を独占し続けることで摂関家としての地位を獲得し、嫡流の近衛家を筆頭とする、九条家、二条家、一条家、鷹司家の五摂家を形成するに至った。
- The Fujiwara clan, Court nobles who monopolized the management of the dairi (Imperial Palace), assumed the position of the sekkan-ke (family line of regents and chief advisors to the Emperor) by letting the family lines of FUJIWARA no Michinaga monopolize the positions of Sessho (regent) and Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), thus establishing the gosekke (the five sekkan-ke) of the Konoe family, the Kujo family, the Nijo family, the Ichijo family, and the Takatsukasa family led by the Konoe family, the chakuryu of the clan.
- 1767年(明和4年)には『世話料理鱸包丁』(『今織蝦夷錦』)、1789年(寛政元年)には『漢人韓文手管始』、1792年(寛政4年)には『世話仕立唐縫針』など、いずれもこの一件を土台に作成された文芸作品である。
- The following literary works were generated based on this incident: 'Sewaryori Suzuki Bocho' ('Imaori Ezonishiki' [Ezo Brocade in modern fashion]) in 1767, 'Kanjin Kanmon Tekudano Hajimari' (The Han Chinese and Korean letters, the beginningof their tricks) in 1789, and 'Sewajitate Kara no Nuibari' in 1792.
- 後醍醐天皇が建武の新政の開始すると、この問題を解消するために家門管領の権限を持つ家督の移動の際に、本来は関連性のない家領を家門の経営上必要不可欠なものと位置づけて、家領全体の安堵も合わせて行う方針を打ち出した。
- When Emperor Godaigo started the Kemmu Restoration, in order to solve such problems he made the following policy to stabilize the family estate as well: in transferring the family reign, which had the authority to control the family, the family estate was included as an inevitable factor for keeping the family, although originally the estate wasn't associated with the reign.
- 多紀元簡により発見された古写本の現時点の所在は不明であるが、多紀が寛政8年(1796年)に校訂を行って刊行し、6年後に民間にも出された版本が存在する他、古写本を影写した森立之の蔵本が台湾の故宮博物院に現存する。
- The present whereabouts of the old manuscript discovered by Genkan TAKI is unknown, but there still remains the version revised and issued by Taki in 1796, which was also published for the general public six years later, and the National Palace Museum in Taiwan has another version traced from the old manuscript and once possessed by Tatsuyuki MORI.
- しかし、16日、天台座主・覚快が罷免となり親平氏派の明雲が復帰、17日、太政大臣・藤原師長、大納言・源資賢、参議・藤原光能、大宰大弐・藤原親信、越前国守・藤原季能、大蔵卿・高階泰経、陸奥国守・藤原範季らが解官。
- However, Kakukai, who was the head priest of the Tendai sect of Buddhism was dismissed from his post on 23rd (16th in old lunar calendar) and Myoun of the pro-Taira clan party was reassigned, and FUJIWARA no Moronaga, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), MINAMOTO no Suketaka, Dainagon (chief councilor of state), FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi, Sangi (councillor), FUJIWARA no Chikanobu, Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices), FUJIWARA no Sueyoshi, Governor of Echizen Province, TAKASHINA no Yasutsune, Okurakyo (Minister of the Treasury), FUJIWARA no Norisue, Governor of Mutsu Province were dismissed from their court official posts on 24th (17th in old lunar calendar).
- 「武士団」の時代は、主にその院政時代以降であり、その意味では「イエ」による結合、継承は徐々に強まってはいたが、しかし後の世の「嫡流」、「本家」というような「父系家族制度」の概念に捕らわれ過ぎるとこの時代を見誤る。
- The period of 'bushidan' was mainly after that insei period, and the union by 'house' and inheritance became stronger gradually but will be misinterpreted if one is looking too much at 'a direct descendant' and 'honke' (the owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Shoen) and 'paternal family system' notion of later generation.
- 口宣(くぜん)とは、平安時代中期から用いられるようになった非公式な公文書書式で、天皇の勅旨を口頭で受けた蔵人所職事(職事蔵人・蔵人頭もしくは五位蔵人)がその内容を文書化して太政官上卿に伝える目的のために使われた。
- Kuzen was an informal form of official document that came into use from the mid Heian period -- which was used by shikiji (administrative assistant) at kurodo dokoro (the Office of Imperial Household Logistics) (shikiji kurodo, kurodo no to - Head Chamberlain) or goi no kurodo (Chamberlain of the Fifth Rank) in transcribing the verbally received emperor's edict for conveying it to shokei (high-ranking court noble) at Daijokan (Grand Council of State).
- 行政区画は、天皇の権力の及ぶ範囲、畿内(大和・摂津・河内(後、和泉が分立)・山城)と七道(東海・東山・北陸・山陰・山陽・南海・西海)に分け(道制)、その下に66国と壱岐国(いき)嶋、対馬国(つしま)嶋が置かれた。
- Administrative areas were divided between the areas ruled by the emperor, the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara - Yamato, Settsu, Kawachi [Izumi later became separate], and Yamashiro), and the shichido (the seven districts of ancient Japan - Tokaido, Tosando, Hokurikudo, Sanindo, Sanyodo, Nankaido and Saikaido) (called 'Dosei,' a system of administrative areas according to main roads), and 66 provinces were created below these in addition to Iki Province and Tsushima Province.
- 『平家物語』では、頼政が夜半に不遇の以仁王の邸を訪れ、謀反を持ちかけたことになっているが、当時頼政は77歳という高齢であり、皇位への道を断たれて不満を持っていた以仁王の方から頼政に挙兵を持ちかけたという見方もある。
- The 'Heike monogatari' describes Yorimasa visiting the down-on-his-luck prince Mochihito at his mansion in the dead of night and proposing that they overthrow the government, but at this point Yorimasa was 77 years old, which has prompted some to suspect it was the other way around--that it was prince Mochihito, distressed at the disruption of imperial succession, who approached Yorimasa about raising an army.
- その頃、明治政府の参与を免ぜられて京都に引籠もっていた愛宕通旭はかつて廷臣八十八卿列参事件にも加わった事があり、「天皇の藩屏」たる公卿が薩長の下級武士によって政治の中枢から切り離されていくことに苛立ちを感じていた。
- At the same time, Michiteru OTAGI, who had been dismissed from the position of councilor to the Meiji Government and retired to Kyoto, felt irritated that, despite having participated in the demonstration held by 88 retainers of the Imperial Court and been part of 'the protective wall for the emperor', he had now been cut off from the center of politics by lower-ranking samurai from Satsuma and Choshu.
- また、楽市楽座政策をもって彼の先進性と見なす向きもあるが、戦国期に畿内を中心とした土地を大規模な範囲で支配出来たのは信長が最初であるという事情もあり、むしろ経済史の流れに沿っている側面も強いことに注意が必要である。
- The rakuichi-rakuza policy is considered to demonstrate Nobunaga's progressive outlook but there is also the fact that he was the first to achieve wide-reaching territorial control centered around the Kinki region during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), and it is necessary to note that the phenomenon was very important part of economic history.
- 高地では農民の自由が保たれるようになっていた(特に畜産は労働の集約化が弱まったため、農奴の奉仕を必要としなくなっていった)が、他方、ヨーロッパの幾つかの地域では、最も圧政的な荘園支配と呼ばれるような状況も見られた。
- In highlands the freedom of farmers was preserved (especially in livestock raising, the labor intensity was weakened and so the service of serfs was not needed), but on the other hand, the most oppressive governance of shoens was also seen in several areas in Europe.
- 9世紀末~10世紀初年に醍醐天皇及び藤原時平が主導した律令制復活の最後の試みである延喜の治が失敗に終わると、次代の朱雀天皇及び藤原忠平は、個別人身支配を基調とする体制から土地課税基調の体制へと大きな政策転回を行った。
- When the Engi no chi (Reign of the Emperor Daigo), the last attempt for reviving the Ritsuryo system led by the Emperor Daigo and FUJIWARA no Tokihira during the period from the end of the 9th century to the early 10th century, ended in failure, the emperor Suzaku, his successor, and FUJIWARA no Tadahira made a bold policy change from the principle of people-based governance to that of tax on land.
- 個別の国司苛政上訴事案を観察すると、訴えられた国司らは、慣例で免除されていた税目を法令どおりに課税したり、当時よく発令された天皇代替わり新制に伴う地方税制に則った課税を行ったりと、彼らの遵法的な行政姿勢が見て取れる。
- Examining individual cases of Kokushi kasei joso, we can find law-abiding administrative stances of the sued Kokushi; some legally levied tax items not collected by customs or others levied local taxes, often collected in those days under a new system by the change of the emperors.
- だが、江戸時代に入ると、主君である征夷大将軍あるいは大名への土地支配権力の集中や藩中央と家臣の年貢米売却の競合による米価下落に伴う換金収入減少など財政上の都合から、地方知行を止めて蔵米知行に切り替える場合が増加した。
- During the early Edo period, however, more and more lords gave up Jigatachigyo in favor of Kuramaichigyo; this was due to land ruling power being concentrated in the hands of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'); it was also due to financial reasons, such as a decrease in income as a consequence of rice falling in price caused by competition between domains and vassals in annual rice tax sales.
- また、弘長元年(1261年)、同3年(1263年)に出された公家新制においては「神仏尊重」が謳われ、続く亀山天皇親政下、文永10年(1273年)には弘長新制を受け継ぐ形で具体策を掲げた神事仏事の興行が宣言されている。
- Kuge Shinsei (new laws issued by the Imperial Court) in 1261 and 1263 encouraged 'respect for gods and Buddha' and, under the direct rule by Emperor Kameyama that followed, performance of Shinto and Buddhist rituals was declared in 1273 with mention of specific measures in the form of succeeding Kocho Sinsei (of 1261 and 1263).
- 平清盛は、高倉天皇と平家一門の反対を押し切って遷都を強行したが、それは宋 (王朝)との貿易拡大によって海洋国家の樹立を目指したためともいわれ、都市整備が進めば平氏政権による「福原幕府」のようなものになったとも言われる。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori forced through his plan for the transfer of the capital, despite objections from Emperor Takakura and the Taira family, and it is said that he was aiming to establish a maritime state by expanding trade with the Sung (dynasty), and that if the city had been built, a powerful feudal government under the control of the Taira clan, a kind of 'Fukuhara Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)', would have been established.
- 年料別納租穀(ねんりょうべつのうそこく)とは、平安時代に令制国の正倉に納められた租を不動穀とは別に稲穀の形態で現地で保管して、中央において財政が不足した折に太政官符に基づいて位禄・季禄・衣服料として京官に支給したもの。
- Nenryo betsuno sokoku was rice kept as seed at the local level, separate from that of So collected in the Shoso (warehouse) of Ritsuryo provinces as Fudokoku (staples for an emergency), and was given to kyokan (an official of the Capital) as Iroku, Kiroku and Ifukuryo based on the Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) when the central government did not have sufficient funds.
- 保元の乱・平治の乱の記事は欠けているが、治承2年(1178年)の安徳天皇誕生、同4年(1180年)の即位、元暦元年(1184年)の後鳥羽天皇の即位と大嘗会の記事は緻密で、忠親が朝儀や政界の情勢に通じていたことが分かる。
- Although it lacks an article on the Hogen War and Heiji War, the articles on the birth of Emperor Antoku in 1178, his enthronement in 1180, and the enthronement and Daijoe (banquet on the occasion of the first ceremonial offering of rice by the newly-enthroned emperor) of Emperor Gotoba in 1184 are precise, which shows that Tadachika was familiar with chogi (ceremony at the Imperial Court) and the political situation.
- 本来、公家という言葉が「おおやけ」すなわち朝廷及び天皇を指していたが、領主制による私的支配に由来する新たな公権力である武家政権成立後に武家である幕府及び征夷大将軍と区別するために公儀という言葉も用いられるようになった。
- Originally, the word 'Kuge' meant 'Oyake' or the Imperial Court and the Emperor, but after the establishment of the 'Buke', or military administration and the new official authority that arose through private management in the manorial system, the word 'Kogi' was used to differentiate from the 'Buke', the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- だが、貞享4年(1687年)中院通茂が先年の暴言の事実と皇太子への悪意の疑いで追放され(ただし、後年許されて霊元上皇と東山天皇の推挙で幕府から加増を受けている)、直後に朝仁親王(東山天皇)への譲位と院政開始を宣言する。
- However, in 1687, Michishige NAKANOIN was expelled for his abusive remark earlier in the year and was suspected of ill intentions toward the Crown Prince (although he was remitted afterwards and his salaries from the Bakufu were increased at the recommendation of the Retired Emperor Reigen and Emperor Higashiyama), and immediately after that the incumbent emperor declared the abdication of his throne in favor or Imperial Prince Asahito (now Emperor Higashiyama) and the start of his assumption of the virtual reins of the court as retired emperor.
- 醍醐天皇は摂関を置かず、また延喜格式が編纂されるなど、後世の人々から天皇親政による理想の政治が行われた治世と評価され、同じく10世紀中期に天皇親政が行われたとする村上天皇の治世(天暦の治)と併せて延喜・天暦の治と呼ばれた。
- As Emperor Daigo had no Sekkan (regents and advisers) and compiled 'Engi no kyakushiki' (regulations and laws of the Engi era), his reign was considered by succeeding generations as the reign when an ideal politics were carried out by direct rule of the Emperor and his reign was called as Engi and Tenryaku no chi (reign of Emperor Daigo and Murakami) together with the reign of Emperor Murakami (Tenryaku no chi - glorious Tenryaku rule) who also carried out direct rule in the middle of the 10th century.
- こうした武家の棟梁に対する恩賞は、所領を棟梁から家人へ分け与える一方、棟梁自らはさらなる勢力拡大のために収入の多い国の国司職や、中央政界における地位向上につながる位階の昇叙、御所への昇殿などを獲得するよう積極的に運動した。
- While Buke no toryo distributed territories to their kenin, they actively sought to become kokushi, which would provide them both handsome income, or to obtain a higher rank, which would lead higher grade in the central government, or to access to the Imperial Palace to advance their political status in the Imperial Court.
- 「延喜天暦の治」と賞せられる醍醐天皇(延喜の治)・村上天皇(天暦の治)の「善政」とされるものの多くは寛平の治の政策の延長上に過ぎず、従来延喜年間のこととされている奴婢制度廃止令も寛平年中に出された形跡があるとする説がある。
- Most of what was called 'good politics' in the era of Emperor Daigo (Engi no chi) and Emperor Murakami (Tenryaku no chi) and which were highly evaluated as 'Engi-Tenryaku-no-ch' were only extensions of the political measures taken in Kanpyo no chi, and one theory holds that there is evidence that the abolition of slavery was issued in the Kanpyo era, which is generally believed to have been issued in the Enkgi era.
- しかし、忠平の後に実際に政務をリードしたのは太政官筆頭である左大臣藤原実頼であり、村上治世を天皇親政の理想の時代とするのは、11世紀以降に摂関政治で不遇をかこった中下流の文人貴族による意識的な喧伝だったのだと考えられている。
- However, the person who led the governance after Tadahira was the head of Daijokan (Department of State) and also Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) FUJIWARA no Saneyori, and it is thought to have been conscious propaganda to admire Murakami's reign as the ideal of imperial governance by the middle- and lower-ranked literary nobility in and after 11th century.
- 検断とは統治すること・裁判することを意味する言葉であり、中世日本では治安行政と刑事司法とが未分化だったため、統治することが裁判を行うことと密接につながっていたのである(日葡辞書によると、検断は統治・裁判を行う役職、とある)。
- 'Kendan' is a word which means both to govern and judge; since public safety administration and criminal justice were undifferentiated in medieval Japan, the concept of governing was closely associated with the concept of judging (according to a Japanese - Portuguese dictionary, 'kendan' is a role which governs and judges).
- 領主(実際には領主の家政機関である政所・公文所)が作成する算用状は、支配状・下行状・納下状などと呼ばれ、個々の荘園の荘園の年貢の収納状況からその年の収支見通しを立てて支配(下行(げぎょう))の方針を支持するために用いられた。
- The sanyojo drawn up by the ryoshu (practically, ryoshu's general administrative body, mandokoro - administrative board, and kumonjo - administrative office) was called shihai jo, gegyo jo, noge jo, and used for estimating revenue and expenditure for the year based on collection of nengu from the shoen and supporting the management (gegyo) policy.
- ただし、頼朝は六条堀川に河内源氏代々の館を持ち、時政以後の京都守護は公家出身者や京都在住が長い武士が多かったために自己の屋敷を庁舎としており、専ら北条氏のように京都に拠点の無い東国武士が拠点にする場合が多かったとされている。
- However, in Rokujo Horikawa, Yoritomo had a residence which had been handed down through generations in Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), and after Tokimasa the Kyoto shugo had many warriors from court nobles who had long lived in Kyoto and used their own residences as their offices so, the warriors from the eastern provinces, who had no bases in Kyoto like the Hojo clan, often used Rokuhara as their base.
- なお、同詔では漢詩などの文学材料としても用いられていた孔安国の注釈に関しては、天皇及び皇族の教育以外の場では引き続き使用が認められており、この導入が大学寮全体の支持すら得られていなかった政治的なものであったことを裏付けている。
- However, in the Mikotonori, the commentaries by Ko Ankoku that were used as a literary reference, such as in Chinese poetry, were permitted to be continually used in education other than that of Emperors and the Imperial Family, which supports the fact that this adoption was only to seek political advantage and did not even gain support of the whole Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system).
- 天下の儀、何様にも信長に任置かるるの上は、誰々によらず、上意を得るに及ばず、分別次第に成敗をなすべきの事(天下の政治は何事につけてもこの信長に任せ、誰にも限らず、将軍の上意も得ずに信長の分別により成敗を加えることができること)。
- 天下の儀,何様にも信長に任置かるるの上は,誰々によらず,上意を得るに及ばず,分別次第に成敗をなすべきの事 (Since the affairs of tenka (the realm) have in fact been put in Nobunaga's hands, he may take measures against anyone whomsoever according to his own discretion and without the need to obtain the shogun's agreement.)
- その結果、中央財政にも影響を与えるようになり、宋王朝では乾興 (宋)元年(1022年)に官僚荘園を30頃、将吏衙前荘園を15頃に制限する提案が出されたものの失敗し、その後限田免役法を行って免役の範囲や寄進に制約を課そうとしている。
- As a result, the finance of the central government was influenced by this and during the Sung dynasty in 1022, the proposition that the manors owned by a bureaucrat be limited to 30 and shorigozenmaeshoen to 15 was issued but it failed and later the regulations of tax exemptions were promulgated to impose the restrictions on the range of tax exemptions and the donations.
- 1335年(建武 (日本)2年)には、鎌倉時代に関東申次を務め、北条氏と繋がりがあった公家の西園寺公宗や日野氏らが京都に潜伏していた北条高時の弟北条泰家(時興)を匿い、持明院統の後伏見天皇を擁立して政権転覆を企てた陰謀が発覚する。
- In 1335, a conspiracy became apparent in which court noble Kinmune SAIONJI and the Hino clan, who had a relationship with the Hojo clan since they served as kanto moshitsugi (court-appointed liaison with the bakufu) during the Kamakura period, sheltered Yasuie (Tokioki) HOJO, a younger brother of Takatoki HOJO who was in hiding in Kyoto, and attempted to overthrow the government in support of Emperor Gofushimi of the Jimyoin line.
- 宇多天皇の政治(寛平の治と呼ばれる)は、権門(有力貴族・寺社)を抑制し、小農民を保護するという律令制への回帰を強く志向していたが、時平もこの方針を受け継ぎ、例えば時平執政期の902年(延喜2年)には班田を励行する法令が発布されている。
- The politics by Emperor Uda (called Kanpyo no chi - Glorious rule in Kanpyo era) strongly aspired to return to the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based upon the ritsuryo code) which controlled influential families (dominant nobilities, temples and shrines) and protected peasant folks, and Tokihira also followed this policy, for example, by promulgating a law to enforce handen (the allotted farmland) in 902 during his administration.
- 同じころ、伊勢の山田には年寄による自治制度(山田三方)があったほか、伊勢の大湊にも会合衆による自治組織が、また博多は12人の年行司が町を治め、庄内酒田には町政を取り仕切った三十六人衆がいるなど、それぞれの都市に応じた制度で自治が行われた
- In the same period, the elders of Yamada in Ise, headed a self-government system called 'Yamadasanpo,' a form of self-government was also found in Egoshu in Ominato, Ise, while in Hakata, twelve Nengyoji (town officials) were administering the city, and in Shonai Sakata the Sanju-roku-nin shu with thirty-six members were in control of town administration; all these are examples of self-government that was suited to their respective cities.
- 更に頼之の没後、義満は息子足利義持に将軍職を譲って自らは出家するが、幕府の実権を握り続け、表面上引退しているために自らは召集できない公式な評定に代わって自ら主宰する御前沙汰を開いて幕府の政策決定を行い、将軍義持はこれに従う存在となった。
- After Yoriyuki died, Yoshimitsu abdicated the office of shogun in favor of his son Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA and entered the priesthood, yet he kept controlling the bakufu and made bakufu's policy decisions by chairing and holding gozen-sata instead of formal consultations, which nominally retired shogun Yoshimitsu could not convene -- and the shogun Yoshimochi followed the decisions.
- 更に足利義満以後、将軍の親裁が強まり、管領や評定衆の発言力の強い評定よりも自らの主導権が発揮できる御前沙汰に審議の場を移し、形式的な評定始を行った後に改めて御前沙汰始を開いて年始最初の政務とするようになり、応仁の乱以後は全く形骸化した。
- Also, since Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's rein, the shogun decided on most state affairs by having discussions in gozensata (the formal consultation) where he could take the initiative, rather than in hyojo where kanrei and hyojoshu held too much influence against him, so gozensata-hajime (the first gozensata in the New Year) was held as the first work of State in the New Year after having a ritual hyojohajime, which only existed in name after the Onin war.
- 永禄の変(えいろくのへん)は、永禄8年5月19日 (旧暦)(1565年6月17日)、三好三人衆(三好長逸・三好政康・岩成友通)と松永久秀らの軍勢によって室町幕府第13代征夷大将軍・足利義輝が京都・二条御所に襲撃され、討死した事件である。
- In the Eiroku Incident, troops led by the so-called 'Miyoshi Triumvirate' (Nagayuki MIYOSHI, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI) and Hisahide MATSUNAGA attacked and killed Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, the 13th Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), at the then Imperial Palace in Nijo, Kyoto on Eiroku 8, the 19th day of the 5th month (according to the old calendar) (June 17, 1565).
- 朝倉氏に奪われた越前国吉崎御坊を取り戻すため何十回となく大規模な戦を起こしたり(九頭竜川の戦い)、一揆の拡大によって武家政権の基盤を脅かされることを恐れた織田信長や細川晴元ら権力者との争いを展開するなど戦国大名化して覇権を争ってもいる。
- The Ikko ikki initiated dozens of large-scale assaults (including the Battle of Kuzuryu-gawa River) in an attempt to restore their control over Yoshizaki-gobo Temple in Echizen Province, which had been usurped by the Asakura clan, and later, they fought with such powerful men as Nobunaga ODA and Harumoto HOSOKAWA, who had begun to fear that the sheer size of the Ikko riots (ikki) threatened to shake the very foundations of warrior rule; in the end, the Ikko ikki itself became somewhat analogous to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), and fought for hegemony over Japan.
- また、『政事要略』巻30に採録された『宇多天皇御記』仁和4年6月2日条には天皇が以前「卿従前代猶摂政焉、至朕身親如父子、宜摂政耳」と基経に伝えたことに対して基経が「謹奉命旨必能奉」と解答しているのに裏切られたと憤慨する記述が残されている。
- According to the description of June 2, 886 in 'Uda Tenno Gyoki' compiled in volume 30 of 'Seiji Yoryaku,' the Emperor was disappointed and got angry with Mototsune because when the Emperor asked Mototsune by saying 'you have served as acting Sessho so far, but please assume the position of Sessho since we are like father and son,' Mototsune replied by saying 'I was told your order.'
- そのため、平氏政権は、武士に出自しながら旧来の支配勢力と同質化してしまったと批判されたのに対し、在地領主層=武士階級から構成される鎌倉幕府は、旧来の支配階級を打倒した画期的・革新的な存在だとして、階級闘争史観などにより高く評価されていた。
- Therefore, the Taira clan administration was criticized as becoming as one with the conventional control forces even though they were born as bushi, as regards to the Kamakura bakufu, which consisted of the local landowner class (bushi class), and was considered as a novel and significant existence due to their toppling of the conventional control class and was highly rated in the history of class conflict.
- 間もなく山陰道鎮撫総督西園寺公望から丹波に王政復古(日本)の募兵があり、前年末頃から御所警備などの勤王奉仕策を練っていた山国では、平安時代以来の皇室との関係と郷中復古(禁裏御料回復)の願いから、直ちにこれに応じて自弁による農兵隊が結成された。
- Soon after, imperial loyalist (anti-bakufu) troops recruited by Kinmochi SAIONJI, the general placed in charge of pacifying the Sanindo highway and the surrounding area, appeared in Tanba Province, and in Yamaguni, whose inhabitants had been training to serve the imperial cause, for example by standing guard at the imperial palace in Kyoto, since the end of the previous year (1867), they were also hoping for a restoration of their own hamlet along with a resumption of the ties with the imperial house they had held since the Heian period, desires which quickly prompted them to form, at their own expense, a fighting force of farmers.
- 第二次世界大戦後に研究が進むと、潜在的に不満を抱いていた中下流の文人貴族層による過大な評価であることが明らかとなり、またその時期の実際の政策も宇多天皇期及びその後の宇多上皇による事実上の院政下で行われたものの延長でしかないことが明らかになった。
- As further research was done after World War II, it became apparent that the eras were overrated by people in the literary nobility in the middle and lower classes who were potentially frustrated at the system of rule at the time, and the actual policies of that time were merely an extension of the ones by the Emperor Uda era and under Insei (rule by the retired emperor) of consecutive reign by Retired Emperor Uda.
- 戦後では、栄典や顕彰・表彰・人事考課などという概念が一般的となり、公的に恩賞の概念は用いられないが、政権獲得や内閣成立に功績のあった与党政治家の重要役職への就任や入閣があった場合に、論功行賞人事や恩賞人事と揶揄される場合に用いられることもある。
- After the War the notions of honor, public recognition, commendation, and performance review have become common and the concept of onsho (rewards) has not been publicly used, however, when ruling-party politicians who rendered service in the formation of the government or cabinet are appointed to important posts or enter the cabinet, this is sometime ridiculed as onsho or reward-oriented appointments.
- 関係史料が少ないため、平氏政権における国守護人・地頭の設置とそれに伴う支配の深化がどれほど進んでいたかは、必ずしも明らかとなっていないが、学界では、これら国守護人・地頭は、後の鎌倉幕府における守護・地頭の先駆的な存在だと考えるようになっている。
- It is not clear how large an influence the establishment by the Taira clan administration of Jito and Province officers had, or the amount of control they exerted because there are few related historical documents, but the academic field proposes that the Jito and Province officers were like a prototype for Shugo and Jito in the Kamakura bakufu.
- この期間、国内税率を一律固定化する公田官物率法が導入されたり、小規模な名田に並行して広く領域的な別名が公認されるようになったり、大規模事業の財源として一国単位で一律に課税する一国平均役が成立するなど、社会構造に変革を及ぼすような政策がとられた。
- During this period, some policies, which affected the social structure, were developed: the Koden kanmotsu rippo, which fixed the domestic tax rate, was introduced; bechimyo (large territories including mountains and forests) was authorized alongside small-sized Myoden; Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on every private estate in one province) in order to get financial resources for large-scale projects.
- この事件をきっかけに蓑田胸喜ら原理日本社の右翼、および菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)(貴族院 (日本))や宮澤裕(衆議院・立憲政友会所属)らの国会議員は、司法官赤化の元凶として帝国大学法学部の「赤化教授」の追放を主張、司法試験委員であった滝川を非難した。
- Due to this incident, Muneki MINODA and others from the right wing group, Genri Nihonsha, Takeo KIKUCHI (army veteran) (House of Peers (Japan)), Yu MIYAZAWA (House of Representatives, affiliated with Rikken Seiyukai) and other Diet members proposed the exile of 'Red (communist) Professors' in the Faculty of Law in imperial universities as the cause of communist judges and accused Takigawa, who was a member of the bar test board.
- この方針は建武政権崩壊後に成立した北朝 (日本)においても継承され、当主もしくは嫡男・猶子が家督の継承時や新たな治天の君の登場時などに家門と家領の一括安堵を受けることになり、結果的には当主の家督を含めた「家」そのものの安堵の役割を果たすことになった。
- The policy was carried forth in the North Court (Japan), which was established after the fall of Kemmu Restoration; when a family head, a legitimate son or an adopted child inherited the family estate, or when a new chiten no kimi (the retired Emperor who organized politics) appeared, the family reign and estate were approved as a whole; consequently, the 'family' itself, including the headman's estate, was stabilized.
- しかし国司請負制により権限が強化された国司は、自領のように扱いはじめた国衙領を増やすため、天皇の代替わりに際して「新政」として発布された荘園整理令を根拠とし依然として収公を進めることが多く、領家の権威だけでは荘園の所有が維持できないケースが多く見られた。
- Meanwhile, being granted a more powerful authority due to the contract system of kokushi (provincial governors), kokushi often executed confiscation on grounds of the Manor Regulation Act issued as a 'new policy' when the Emperor changed in order to increase kokugaryo (territories governed by the provincial government office) as their own territories; therefore, there were many cases that the authority of ryoke was insufficient to maintain Shoen ownership.
- それでも惣領制は鎌倉時代にはともかくも維持されていたが、鎌倉幕府という重しが消滅し、建武政権が南北に分列し、更に天下三分の形勢となるに及んで、嫡子、庶子の分裂も見られるようになり、更には勝った側についた庶子・庶家(しょけ)が嫡流の宗家を凌駕する事態も訪れる。
- The soryo system was sustained during Kamakura period, but as heavy presence of Kamakura period disappeared, Kenmu government subdivided into south and north as well as the conflict began to rise between the legitimate child and illegitimate child as 天下三分 formed, and illegitimate child and branch family that was on the winning side started to surpassed the head family of the main line.
- なお、寛平の治は菅原道真の主導による王朝国家体制への転換準備期であり、延喜の治は道真の着想を引き継いだ時平による王朝国家体制への移行を意図したものであったが、時平により道真の政治の記録が抹殺されたため詳細が不明となっていたにすぎないとする平田耿二等の説がある。
- There is a theory by Koji HIRATA and others that Kanpyo no chi was a transition and preparatory period for the dynasty state system led by SUGAWARA no Michizane and Engi no chi was intended to transit to the national system ruled by imperial families by Tokihira who took over the idea of Michizane, but the details were unknown because the political records of Michizane were destroyed by Tokihira.
- 検断とは、統治すること・裁判することを意味する用語であり、中世日本では治安行政と刑事司法、さらに軍事までもが未分化だったため、領地・村落内の内政、外交を行い、統治することが裁判を行うことと密接につながっていた(日葡辞書によると、検断は統治・裁判を行う役職、とある)。
- The kendan is the term to mean to rule and to hold a trial, and addressing domestic policies, diplomacies, and governing territories and rural communities were closely connected to holding a trial because security, government, and criminal justice, even the military, were not separated in medieval Japan (according to 'Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam:' Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, published 1603 - 1604), kendan was described as a post to rule and hold a trial).
- ところが、大正政変の際に大正天皇より公家出身の立憲政友会総裁西園寺公望に対して第3次桂内閣への内閣不信任案を撤回させて政友会を内閣に協力させるように勅命が出されたものの、政友会の代議士達は自分達は日本国民の代表であるとして西園寺に突き返させた(1913年2月9日)。
- In the Taisho Political Crisis, Emperor Taisho issued an imperial command that Kinmochi SAIONJI, president of Rikkenseiyukai (a political party originally organized by Hirobumi ITO) should withdraw a parliamentary motion of non-confidence against the cabinet related to the 3rd Katsura Cabinet and urge Seiyukai to collaborate with the Katsura Cabinet, but the parliamentarians of the Seiyukai made Saionji return the imperial command for the reason that the parliamentarians were the representatives of the Japanese nation (February 9, 1913.)
- そこで当時院政を敷いていた後水尾法皇と江戸幕府との間で密かに万が一鷹司房子に男子が生まれないままに天皇が崩御された場合の時には小倉実起の娘(中納言典侍・実名不詳)が生んだ第1皇子である一宮が継承するという合意が出来ており、天皇や摂関家などの有力公家の合意を取り付けていた。
- There had been an agreement between Cloistered Emperor Gomizunoo, then taking the virtual reins of the court, and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a nominally emperor-appointed Shogun) that, if Emperor Reigen died before Fusako TAKATSUKASA delivered a son, the Emperor's oldest son Ichinomiya born to a daughter (an unidentified Chunagon Naishi (a maid of honor to the Vice-Councilor of State)) of Saneoki OGURA would inherit the throne, and this agreement had won consent of the Emperor and influential noble families including Sekkanke (families qualified for appointment as Prince Regent or Chief Advisor to the Emperor).
- ここに至って近衛基熙や江戸幕府は、霊元天皇による四宮擁立の真意が皇子可愛さだけではなく、院政を開始して摂家や幕府の干渉を排して思いのままの政治を行うための長期計画の一環であり、すぐに成人を迎えてしまう年長の一宮に皇位を譲る事が不都合であったからであった事に気付くのである。
- This development made Motohiro KONOE and the Bakufu in Edo realize that the true motive underlying Emperor Reigen's insistence on succession by Shinomiya had not only been love of his own son but part of his long-cherished scheme to assume the virtual reins of the court as retired emperor and exercising ruling authority without allowing interference by the Sekkanke or the Bakufu, to whom handing over the imperial throne to the older Ichinomiya, who would soon become of age, would have been a disadvantage.
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名の一円支配が進み、自検断は表向き次第に消滅もしくは縮小していったが、江戸時代以降も村や町(ちょう)といった公認共同体は事実上それに近い自治権を、あたかも自検断権を放棄しているかのごとき建前に立った、政権との妥協と黙認の上に、保持し続けた。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan), ichien shihai (rule the whole territory) by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) was developed in the Sengoku period and officially Jikendan seemed to disappear and become reduced, however, after the Edo period, authorized communities such as villages and towns (cho) virtually kept possession of their autonomy similar to Jikendan under the compromise and tolerance of the government, standing on the premise that as if they waived their right to judge criminal cases.
- このため、東軍に与して会津攻めに参加していたのだが、石田三成はその田辺城を制圧するために、西軍に与した小野木重次(小野木公郷)・前田茂勝・織田信包・小出吉政・杉原長房・谷衛友・藤掛永勝・早川長政ら、丹波国・但馬国の諸大名を中心とした軍勢、1万5000人に攻撃させたのである。
- Therefore, while Tadaoki HOSOKAWA was joining the army to attack the Aizu Domain as a member of the eastern army, Mitsunari ISHIDA raised an army of 15,000 soldiers mainly consisting of various Daimyo of Tanba Province and Tajima Province, such as Shigetsugu ONOGI (Kimisato ONOGI), Shigekatsu MAEDA, Nobukane ODA, Yoshimasa KOIDE, Nagafusa SUGIHARA, Moritomo TANI, Nagakatsu FUJIKAKE and Nagamasa HAYAKAWA, all of whom were members of the western army, to attack and capture Tanabe-jo Castle.
- そのため、地方の実効支配者としての地位の向上を望む多数の地方武士の利益代表者の位置を十分構築できず、同時多発反乱の中から台頭した源義仲や源頼朝らによって滅ぼされた(ただし、清盛が設置した諸制度の中に後の頼朝政権に引き継がれた組織の萌芽が見られるというのが近年の有力説である)。
- For this reason, the position of beneficial representatives among many local samurai who were hoping to improve their ranks as regional effective controllers was not sufficiently established and the Taira clan was overthrown by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who gained power through many simultaneous revolts (However, a recent theory says that germination of the organizations which were taken over to Yoritomo administration can be seen in the various systems established by Kiyomori).
- 明治維新では昌平坂学問所は新政府に接収され、併設された開成所(天文方の流れを組む)、医学所(種痘所の流れを組む)も共に1869年(明治2年)昌平学校、開成学校、医学校として再開し、同年大学本校、南校、東校となり、のち合わせて大学校となるが、1870年(明治3年)の学制改正で休校。
- Due to the Meiji Restoration, Shoheizaka Gakumonjo was condemned by the new government; Gakumonjo included Kaiseijo (which had a channel of tenmonkata (an astronomer appointed by bakufu)) and Igakusho (which had a channel of shutosho (vaccination institute)); they were reopened as a Shohei school, Kaisei school and medical school in 1869; these three became Daigaku Honko, Nanko and Higashiko in the same year and were later combined to be Daigakko, which was ultimately closed due to the revision of the school system in 1870.
- 事件は、京都帝国大学法学部の瀧川幸辰教授が、1932年10月中央大学法学部で行った講演「『復活』を通して見たるトルストイの刑法観」の内容(レフ・トルストイの思想について「犯罪は国家の組織が悪いから出る」などと説明)が無政府主義的として文部省および司法省内で問題化したことに端を発する。
- The incident started when a lecture, 'Tolstoy's view on penal law through his novel, 'Resurrection'' in October 1932 by Professor Yukitoki TAKIGAWA of the Faculty of Law, Kyoto Imperial University explained in his talk that 'Criminal offenses occur when organization of the national governmental is bad,' which was considered problematic by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Law as being anarchist.
- 例えば1428年(正長元年)派遣の使節に同行した書記官の申叔舟が著した『海東諸国紀』によると、倭寇禁圧要請と併せて倭寇の根拠地の特定、倭寇と守護大名、有力国人、土豪との関係、都市部の発展状況や通貨政策など国力状況の観察、日本での仏教の展開状況をはじめ15項目の調査内容があったという。
- For example, according to 'Kaitoshokokuki' (literally, descriptions of various countries across the sea) written by Sukchu SIN, a secretary of the envoy dispatched in 1428, the survey included 15 items including the following: identifying base-places of wako together with a request of prohibiting wako (Japanese pirates) actions, observing Japan's power, such as relationships among wako, shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), dominant Kokujin (local samurai) and local clans, states of progress in urban areas, and monetary policies, and checking the states of progress of Buddhism in Japan.
- この法令によって意図されたものとしては、今後の室町幕府の土地に関する基本的原則と所領訴訟に対する姿勢が確立して、結果的には守護領国制が事実上公認されたこと、半済から守られることとなった天皇家や摂関家との関係を強化して後年の義満による朝廷・院政支配への道を開いたことの意味の方が大きいと言える。
- Among the goals in the enactment of this law, the following points can be regarded as more significant than others: First, the basic principles of administration of territories and the basic approach toward litigation over territories were established by the Muromachi bakufu, resulting in the de facto recognition of the Shugo-ryogoku system; second, the relationships with the Imperial family and Sekkan-ke, both of which were exempt from hanzei by this law, were strengthened, clearing the way for Yoshimitsu to rule over the Imperial Court and the Retired Emperor in later years.
- そこで佐々木宗雄は、基経の本心は「阿衡」という言葉よりも光孝天皇の時に基経に与えられていた政務の全面委任(王権代行の権限)の授与を示す言葉が2度の詔には明記されなかったために、天皇が自己の政治権限の削除を図っているとの反感を抱いて、光孝天皇の時と同等の権限を求めたのではないかという説を立てている。
- Muneo SASAKI pays attention to the fact that the Japanese word indicating the full delegation of state affairs (authority to act as the Emperor's deputy), to which Mototsune was entitled during the Era of Emperor Koko, was not explicitly used in these two shochokus, and asserts that Mototsune felt antipathy toward the Emperor because he suspected the Emperor might be trying to reduce his political authority, rather than because the term 'Ako' had been used, leading Mototsune to request that he be given the same level of authority as he had held during the era of Emperor Koko.
- また、実恵の師である三筆の1人空海も同族であった)ように、明経道の教員の一員同然となり、酒麻呂の子佐伯豊雄も「以彫虫之小、忝学館之末員」(『日本三代実録』貞観 (日本)3年11月11日条)と評されるように官印の刻印を担当する職務(『延喜式』太政官式・中務省式に規定がある)が主となっていくようになる。
- Jichie's master Kukai, one of the three famous ancient calligraphers of ancient Japan, was also of the same clan), they took on the role of myogyo-do teachers and Sakemaro's son SAEKI no Toyoo also held the position of engraving official seals (regulations under the 'Engishiki' (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) Department of State codes and Ministry of Central Affairs codes) following the statement that 'owing to his fine seal engraving, he was made a member of the Tengaku Kan' ('Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts), December 20, 861).
- 律令制の衰退によって朝廷自体が天皇家の家政機関としての色彩を強めてくると、内蔵頭には蔵人頭や弁官・近衛府を歴任した四位の殿上人が就任するのが慣例となり、更に院政期には財力を有する有力な受領に移り、室町時代初期には山科家の当主が御厨子所別当を兼務して就任するようになると、以後同家の事実上の世襲となった。
- As the Ritsuryo system declined and the court itself started to function as the institution to manage the Emperor's family's household, it became tradition for the position of Kuranokami (the chief of Kuraryo) to be filled by court officials of the fourth rank that had previously been Kurodonoto (the chief of Kurodo Dokoro) or worked in the Benkan (clerical section) or Konoefu (Imperial palace guards), and then in the period of governments by cloistered emperors became a position for prominent Zuryo (head of provincial government) with strong financial power, and in the early Muromachi period, the Yamashina family held the position together with the position, Mizushidokoro Betto (superintendent of the cooking section for the emperor), and it has been essentially their hereditary post ever since.
- 地子稲収入は畿内・伊賀国では正税の補充に、大宰府管内諸国では対馬国・多禰国(後に廃止)の公廨の補充に、陸奥国・出羽国では兵士の兵糧や蝦夷への狄禄の補充に充てられ、他の令制国では中央に近い諸国や沿岸諸国では舂米の形で、それ以外の国々では地子交易を行って軽貨の形で太政官厨家に納入されることが定められていた。
- Jishito revenue was used for replenishment of shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse) in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and Iga Province, and for maintaining public offices for Tsushima Province and Tane Province (abolished later) in provinces within Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), and for replenishment of army provisions for soldiers and for stipends to Ezo (northerners) in Mutsu Province and Dewa Province, and in other provinces under ryoseikoku (province), jishito was paid to Daijokan (Grand Council of State) in the form of shomai (rice made by pounding it in a mortar) in provinces near the central government or sea and in the form of keika (fabrics such as silk or cotton or other local specialties) after doing jishi trade in provinces other than those.
- その職務が過重となってきたために、京都郡代を経済・財政部門を扱う京都代官に改め、今まで京都郡代が担当していた京都とその周辺(山城国・丹波国・近江国・大和国)の裁判及び天領に関する行政の権限については、万治3年11月22日 (旧暦)(1660年12月24日)に小出尹貞が執り行う事になった(『万治日記』)。
- However, due to excessive workload, Kyoto Gundai was reorganized into Kyoto Daikan, responsible for the economic and finance division, and Masasada KOIDE took over judicial power in Kyoto and the neighboring areas (Yamashiro Province, Tanba Province, Omi Province and Yamato Province) as well as administrative power in the shogunate demesne from Kyoto Gundai on December 24, 1660 ('Manji Nikki (Manji Diary)').
- 11世紀以降、非農業民は有力寺社などに生産物を貢納することを理由に、これらに隷属する神人となっていたが、後三条天皇親政下において、内廷経済を充実させるべく山野河海に設定されていた御厨を直轄化するという政策がとられると、蔵人所とその下部組織である御厨所の所管となった御厨の住民が供御人と呼ばれるようになった。
- Since the 11th Century, the non-agricultural people became jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) because they presented their products to the major temples and shrines, however, the residents of Kurodo dokoro and mikuriya (manors of Imperial Family and powerful shrines) which was controlled by mikuriya (the place to cook for Emperor) which was under Kurodo dokoro were called Kugonin when a policy of directly controlling mikuriya which had been set in mountains, fields, rivers, and sea to enrich the economy of the court was taken under the administration of Emperor Gosanjo.
- このため、日本の大名、商人らが朝鮮に通交する者が急増したが、彼らの中には交易に不都合があると倭寇に変貌するような者もいたので、朝鮮政府は1407年頃国防上の見地から興利倭船の入港地を慶尚左道都万戸所在地の東莱県富山浦(現在の釜山広域市)と慶尚右道都万戸所在地の金海府乃而浦(現在の慶尚南道鎮海市)に限定した。
- Therefore, the number of Japanese daimyo (feudal lord) and merchants trading with Korea rapidly increased, but because some of them turned into wako (Japanese pirates) once they found unfavorable terms of trade, the Korean government eventually restricted the port of entry for koriwasen (ship for trading with Korea) only to Busanpo, Tongne Prefecture (present Busan Metropolitan City), the location where Local naval officer of Gyeongsang left-sided Prefecture was, and, Naijiho, Jinhae Prefecture (present, Jinhae City, Gyeongsang-namdo Prefecture), the location where Local naval officer of Gyeongsang right-sided Prefecture was, around 1407.
- 国家権限の委譲とこれによる中央集権の過大な負担の軽減により、中央政界では政治が安定し、官職が特定の家業を担う家系に世襲される家職化が進み、貴族の最上位では摂関家が確立し、中流貴族に固定した階層は中央においては家業の専門技能によって公務を担う技能官人として行政実務を、地方においては受領となって地方行政を担った(平安貴族)。
- The transmission of governmental power and authority reduced the burden of the government, which enabled political stabilization of the central government, and facilitated the transfer of government posts according to heredity: among the aristocracy, the highest became Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), the middle-class carried out administrative affairs based on the specialized skills related with their family businesses in the central government and carried out administration as Zuryo in the local regions (Nobles in the Heian period).
- 室町時代・戦国時代 (日本)の朝廷・室町幕府の財政基盤が大変弱かった事から、官職・役職への補任や継目安堵(将軍の就任に際して引き続き所領安堵の安堵状を得る事)の文書発給条件として謝礼としての礼銭の献上が期待されるようになり、いつしか論理がすり替わって礼銭の献上の多寡によって発給の是非が決定されるようになっていったのである。
- In the Muromachi and Sengoku (warring states) periods, the Imperial Court and the Muromachi bakufu were in severe financial difficulties, and as a result, the reisen as a gratuity was expected to be presented as a condition for receiving the documents of awarding government posts and official positions as well as of the tsugime ando (receiving again the ando-jo, or document to authorize the ownership and control of the shoryo, or territory, in case of appointment of Shogun); before long, the logic was changed, and whether the documents were issued or not came to depend on the amount of the reisen presented.
- これに対して後嵯峨天皇の頃から実際の人事権者である治天の君の人事決定を迅速に人事担当者に伝える必要性から、治天の君(天皇親政の場合は天皇)の命令を受けた職事蔵人が、口宣を上卿に渡す前にあらかじめ下書きを名目としてもう1通案文を口宣と全く同じ様に作成して、この案文に口宣を出した治天の君の院宣(あるいは天皇の綸旨)を添えて実務担当者に渡した。
- But from the tenure of Emperor Gosaga, in order to meet the requirement of conveying personnel change made by the Chiten no kimi -- who had the virtual right of personnel management -- to the official responsible for personnel matters as soon as possible, the shikiji kurodo who received the order issued by the Chiten no kimi (or the Emperor if under the personal rule of the Emperor) drew up a copy of the draft proposal of kuzen on the pretext of making an incomplete version of the kuzen and handed the copy of the draft proposal with inzen (document transcribed a retired emperor's order) of the Chiten no kimi who issued the kuzen (or a document transcribed of the Emperor's order) to the working-level officials, before submitting the kuzen to the shokei.
- 平安時代中期になると、開発領主が自らの土地をこの不輸租田にするために寺社や上級貴族に寄進するようになる(寄進地系荘園)が、不輸租田の指定には勅許とそれに基づく太政官符及び民部省符からなる公験が必要とされており、それらが揃った不輸租田によって構成された荘園を官省符荘、単に国司が承認したために事実上の不輸租田の対象となっていたものを国免荘田と呼ばれた。
- In the mid Heian period, kaihatsu ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) began to donate their land to temples or high-ranking aristocrats in order to make their land fuyusoden (donated-type of shoen [manor]); however, they were required to submit kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi [provincial governor] or Gunji [local magistrate] for transfer of the ownership of private property) consisting of daijokanpu (official document issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) and minbushofu (official document issued by the minister of minbusho) based on the chokkyo (the imperial sanction) to have their land designated as fuyusoden -- Shoen which consisted of fuyusoden with the complete set of documents submitted was called Kanshofu sho (a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs), and shoen which was virtually treated as fuyusoden merely with approval of kokushi was called kokumen shoen (provincially exempted shoen).
- 『日本三代実録』元慶8年7月8日条によれば、同年6月7日に光孝天皇から政務の要請された(通常、これを関白の開始とするが、「関白」という言葉自体は宇多天皇が出した仁和3年の詔が初出であって、太政大臣あるいは摂政としての継続の意味であった可能性もある)際に一旦これを辞退した際の基経の返答に「如何、責阿衡、以忍労力疾、役冢宰以侵暑冒寒乎。」という語句を含めている。
- According to the description of July 8, 884 in 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku,' when Mototsune was requested on June 7 of the same year by the Emperor Koko to assume state affairs (although this request is generally believed to have been the beginning of his tenure of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), it could have been the request to continue to serve as Dajodaijin (grand minister) or Sessho (regent) since the word 'Kanpaku' was used for the first time in the shochoku issued by Emperor Uda in 887), he once declined and used in his reply the phrase of 'I wonder whether I can fulfill Ako's responsibilities even though I work hard regardless of heat and cold.'
- 新制の一環としての寺社興行令は院政期から出されており、職の体系や神人・供御人制を確立したとの評価がある保元元年(1156年)の「保元新制」においても、後白河天皇による神事興行令が出されているが、具体的な施策としては、後嵯峨上皇新制において、建長5年(1253年)官司国司による神事執務怠慢を諌め、神人、供御人の増加を防止する方針が打ち出されたことが最初の事例である。
- Jishakogyo-rei (literally 'law on the performance of temples and shrines') had been issued as part of such new policy systems since the rule by cloistered emperors; under Hogen Shinsei (Hogen new law) of 1156 acclaimed as having established the Shinjin (godlike person) Kugonin (people who presented food and other supplies to the Imperial Court, noble families, temples and shrines) Sei (system), Emperor Goshirakawa promulgated his own Shinji Kogyo Rei (literally 'law on the performance of religious rituals') but as a specific policy action, the first instance is found in the policy advocated under the Shinsei of the Retired Emperor Gosaga in 1156 to admonish government officials and provincial governors against neglect of religious rituals and to prevent Shinjin and Kugonin from increasing in number.
- これによって一見すると守護大名の領域に治外法権地域が生まれる事になり、室町幕府の支配系統に障害が生じたかのように見られるが、実態はそれとは反対で守護領国制の強化によって守護大名による領国一円支配を阻止してその勢力拡大を抑制するとともに、特権を受けた御家人層は幕府権力への依存を強めてこの権利を維持しようと図り、幕府にとっては守護大名に対抗するための政治的・経済的・軍事的な基盤を支える支持の形成に効果があった。
- Although this could have apparently produced a chigaihoken (extraterritoriality) area in the domains of shugo daimyo and seems to have caused an obstacle in ruling systems of the Muromachi bakufu, in fact, contrary to that, by tightening of the shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a shugo dominates a manor), it prevented shugo daimyo from executing ryogoku ichien shihai (ruling the whole region of the territory) and suppressed expansion of his power, and at the same time, the privileged gokenin class tried to maintain this privilege by increasing dependence on the bakufu powers, which helped the bakufu form support for political, economic, and military bases to confront the shugo daimyo.
- 国司は中央政府から検田権を委譲されると、治田(ちでん、田堵の開発した小規模の墾田)や公験(くげん、正式に土地所有を認めた文書)のない荘園・私領(郡司・郷司など在地領主の所領)を次々に没収して国衙領に組み入れ、税収を確保しようとした(この権限が強かったことは、若狭国にあった摂関家の荘園が国司に接収された際に関白藤原頼通が国司に公験不備を指摘されると、国司の判断を妥当とした(『小右記』万寿2年9月1日・13日条)ことでも明らかである)。
- When the right of cadastral surveys was transferred to kokushi from the central government, the shoens and private lands (lands of local lords such as gunji (district managers), goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and so on) without chiden (small scale land already developed by tato) or kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi or gunji (local magistrates) for transfer of the ownership of private property) were confiscated one after another into kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in order for them to secure tax revenue (it is clear that this authority was strong because when the shoen of sekkan-ke in Wakasa Province was confiscated by kokushi and it was pointed out that FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, the chief adviser to the emperor, was wrong in kugen, the judgment of kokushi was justified (in the description on September 1 and 13, 1025 in 'Shoyuki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke)).
- だが、実際に『延喜儀式』が朝廷の儀礼など用いられた事が確認できる記録が無く、逸文の初出も延喜年間より100年以上も経た『北山抄』であり、その後は院政期の書物に限られる事から、延喜年間に編纂されたものの『貞観儀式』(『儀式』)の部分的手直しに過ぎないとする説や、完成したが施行されなかったとする説、未完成に終わったとする説、更には延喜期の編纂ではなく11世紀までに成立した延喜期の儀礼に関する記録が儀式と看做された説などが諸説に分かれている。
- Yet, from the fact that there were no records to prove that 'Engi Gishiki' was practically used in formalities at the imperial court, that its surviving fragment first appeared in 'Hokuzansho' which was written more than one hundred years after the Engi era, and that it only appeared in documents during the period under the rule of Cloistered Emperors, some said that Engi Gishiki was compiled in the Engi era, but just as a partial improvement of 'Jogan Gishiki' ('Gishiki'), some said that it was completed, but did not come into use, some said that it was not completed, and some said that it was not compiled during the Engi era, but records on the formalities in the Engi era established until the eleventh century were considered to be Gishiki.
- 国司のいない国衙は、留守所と呼ばれ、租税収取を所管する部署(税所(ぜいしょ・さいしょ等)、田所(たどころ)、大帳所(だいちょうしょ)、出納所(すいとうどころ)など)や、軍事を所管する部署(健児所(こんでいどころ)、検非違使所(けびいしどころ)、厩所(うまやどころ)など)、所務・雑務を所管する部署(政所(まんどころ)・調所(ちょうしょ)、細工所(さいくどころ)、膳所(ぜんどころ)など)が置かれ、在庁官人はこれらの部署に所属して実務に従事していた。
- Kokuga without kokushi were called 'rusu dokoro,' the department that handled tax collection called 'zeisho,' 'saisho' and so on, 'tadokoro,' 'daichosho' and 'suitodokoro and so on,' the department that handled military affairs was called 'kondeidokoro,' 'kebiishidokoro,' 'umayadokoro' and so on, and the department that oversaw miscellaneous duties was called 'mandokoro,' 'chosho,' 'saikudokoro,' 'zendokoro' and so on, were sent there and zaichokanjins belonged to these departments and performed their duties.
- 従って、後白河法皇が自己の政権維持のために平氏を利用して、高い官職を与え知行国を増やさせてきたという経緯や当時の社会問題に対する貴族社会の対応能力の無さという点には触れず、清盛と平氏一門がいかに専横を振るい、「驕れる者」であったかを強調している(だが、実際には少なくても治承3年以前における平氏の権力は後白河との強い関係の下で行使されたものが大半であり、その段階において清盛及び平氏一門が独裁的権力を有していたという具体的な事実は存在していない)。
- Therefore, they do not mention that the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa used the Taira clan to maintain his government by giving them high positions and increasing the number of provinces that they were custodians of, and the inability of the aristocracy at that time to deal with the social problems that they faced, but instead emphasize the arrogant behavior of Kiyomori and the Taira clan members (whereas in reality, at least up to 1179, the authority of the Taira clan was mostly due to the strong relationship with Goshirakawa and there is no specific evidence that Kiyomori or the Taira clan members had any dictatorial powers).
- 東西それぞれに与力20騎と同心50人が付いていたが、享保年間から元文年間にかけて訴訟の受付と市中警備を担当する番方、闕所された財物の処分を入札監督などを担当する闕所方、制札や各種証明書の発給や宗門改・鉄砲改・浪人改を行う証文方、建築の届出・確認や道路管理などの都市計画を行う新家方、奉行所内外の監察業務を行う目付(後に新家方を統合して目付方とも)、奉行所内の会計・公的な入札業務及び天領の年貢収納を行う勘定方、一般の刑事・行政を扱う公事方、鴨川の管理を行う川方といった担当部門に分離されてそこに与力・同心が配置されるようになる。
- During the Kyoho and Genbun era, 20 yoriki (a police sergeant) and 50 doshin (a police constable), who used to serve for each of the East and West Magistrates, came to be dispatched to separate divisions such as Ban-kata responsible for lawsuit registration and city guard, Kessho-gata responsible for bidding and managing confisticated properties, Shomon-gata responsible for issuing paper bills and various certificates as well as checking the religion, gun-owning and ronin status, Niinomi-gata responsible for urban development including construction registration and checking as well as road management, Metsuke responsible for auditing the Magistrate both internally and externally (later merged with Niinomi-gata to be collectively called Metsuke-gata), Kanjo-gata responsible for the Magistrate's accounting, official bidding and collecting land taxes from the shogunate demesne, Kuji-kata responsible for general criminal investigation and administration, and Kawa-gata responsible for management of the Kamo-gawa River.