改: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 同年改称
- Changed name in the same year:
- 不改常典
- Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten (Irreversible Permanent Code/ Irreversible Eternal Code)
- 改編本系。
- It has been ascribed to the family of the revised versions.
- 律令の改変
- Changes in ritsuryo
- 改元する。
- Era name changed to Wado
- 改革の内容
- The contents of the reform
- Contents of Reform
- 大化改新説
- The Taika Reforms theory
- 諸制度の改革
- Reform of the systems
- 人別改めとも。
- It is also known as the Census (Ninbetsuaratame).
- 改易の主な理由
- Major reasons for applying kaieki
- (大化の改新)
- (The Taika Reform)
- 改革の影響など
- Effect of the reform and others
- ネットワーク改造
- network restructuring
- 五所神社と改称。
- The merged shrines were renamed Gosho-jinja Shrine.
- 別名:兜改めの場
- Alternate name: the scene of Kabuto aratame (examination of the helmets)
- 8月、大永に改元。
- In September the name of the era changed to Daiei.
- 1504年、改給。
- In 1504, Gafu was renewed.
- 琉球処分と分島改約案
- Ryukyu Annexation
- 江戸時代の大名家の改易
- Kaieki applied to Daimyo families in the Edo period
- Kaieki Sanction Imposed on Daimyo Families during the Edo Period
- - 改新の詔を宣する。
- Imperial Court announces reform
- 明治改元の詔ともいう。
- It is also referred to as the imperial decree of changing the name of the era to Meiji.
- 即位詔と不改常典の形式
- Form of Sokui no Mikotonori (imperial edict upon enthronement) and Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten
- 大化の改新から院政まで
- From the Reformation of Taika to Insei (cloistered government)
- のちに憲良と改名した。
- He later changed a Chinese character in the name.
- 観阿弥作、世阿弥改作。
- Written and composed by Kanami, reproduced by Zeami
- 改めて祝宴を張る二人。
- The two start to cerebrate the feast again.
- 憲法改正有限界説との矛盾
- Contradiction with the theory of limitation of constitutional amendment
- 後になり高橋氏と改めた。
- Renamed as the Takahashi clan later.
- 後に智忠親王と改称する。
- Later, he changed his name to Imperial Prince Toshitada.
- 文化度朝鮮通信使の接遇改定
- The change of treatment for Chosen Tsushinshi in the Bunka era (1804 - 1818)
- 正徳度朝鮮通信使の待遇改定
- The change of treatment for Chosen Tsushinshi in the Shotoku era (1711 - 1716)
- 早稲・中稲・晩稲:品種改良
- Selective breeding was performed to create and improve early-, mid-, and late-ripening strains of rice.
- 江戸時代に改易に遭った大名
- Daimyo that were subjected to kaieki during the Edo era
- 元明天皇詔の第二の不改常典
- The second Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten in the Empress Genmei's edict.
- 明治時代に静岡に改称された。
- It was renamed to Shizuoka in the Meiji Period.
- 始め物部、後に藤原に改める。
- First it took the name of Monobe, but later it assumed the new name of Fujiwara.
- 大化改新の典法説 - 本居宣長
- Code of the Taika Reforms theory - by Norinaga MOTOORI
- 国家元首としての天皇と憲法改正
- The Emperor as the head of nation and amendment of the Constitution
- 福山藩は無嗣により改易となる。
- His rank changed due to the extinction of their family line.
- (昭和4年改称)北恵美酒→撞木町
- (Renamed in 1929) Kita Ebisu => Shumoku-machi
- 朱子は大きく『大学』を改訂した。
- Zhu Xi made a substantial revision of 'The Great Learning.'
- 大日本帝国憲法第73条 憲法改正
- Article 73. Provisions of the Constitution
- (「永仁」への改元は同年8月。)
- (The era name was changed to 'Einin' in August of the same year.)
- 次いで元服し、名を好仁と改める。
- Then he went through the genpuku (ceremony of attaining manhood) and changed his name to Yoshihito.
- 同8年(954年) 冷泉院へ改称
- 954: It was renamed Reizeiin (冷泉院).
- これが不改常典研究の初めである。
- This article originated the study on Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.
- 下記のような町名の新設改廃を経た。
- As is shown below, some town names in the area were newly created while others were abolished.
- このため俊次は城の大改修を行った。
- This forced Toshitsugu to renovate the castle on a large scale.
- 関ヶ原合戦で敗れた大名家の改易・減封
- Kaieki or genpo applied to Daimyo families that lost in the Battle of Sekigahara
- Depriving and Diminishing Territories of Daimyo Defeated in the Battle of Sekigahara
- 幼称は七宮といい、後に三宮に改める。
- His childhood name was Shichinomiya and he changed it into Sannomiya later.
- 寛文10年、名乗りを隼人正に改める。
- In 1670, he changed his name to Hayato no kami (the chief of Hayato [the Imperial Guards]).
- 原撰本を増補改編した系統の一本である。
- It belongs to a manuscript family of the enlarged and revised versions of the original text.
- 以下、江戸時代の改易について叙述する。
- Kaieki in the Edo period is described below.
- 戊辰戦争による除封改易はこの一家のみ。
- The punishment of jofu (kaieki) was given only to this family.
- 正慶2年の年号も元弘3年と改められた。
- The name of the era was changed and 'the second year of Seikei' became 'the third year of Genko.'
- 明治12年(1879年)現陵号に改定。
- In 1879, the mausoleum was renamed its current name.
- 孝徳天皇時代には制度が大きく改まった。
- During the reign of Emperor Kotoku, the national system changed drastically.
- 元号は新天皇践祚によって改元されている。
- The era name is changed following the accession (to the throne) by a new Emperor.
- 法名は初め信法と称し、のち覚性と改めた。
- He first referred to himself as homyo (sacred name) Shinho and changed it to Kakusho later.
- 法名は初め良源と称し、のち慈運と改めた。
- His first Buddhist name was Ryogen, later he was renamed as Jiun.
- これに伴い、大伴氏が伴氏と改姓している。
- Consequently, the Otomo clan changed its name to the Tomo clan.
- 宇久純玄はこの年、姓を五島に改名している。
- In this year, Sumiharu UKU changed his family name to Goto.
- 請西藩 - 改易(1万石)、藩重臣は死罪。
- Jozai Domain: kaieki (forfeit of properties and the warrior class), (10 thousand goku); the high-ranking retainers were sentenced to death.
- 信西は改革実現のために、記録所を設置する。
- In order to ensure his reforms would come to fruition, Shinzei created the Kirokusho (Records Office for Shoen Land Deeds).
- 同年、西塩小路石井町を西七条石井町に改称。
- In the same year, Nishi Shiokoji Ishii-cho was changed to Nishi Shichijo Ishii-cho.
- そして御牧藩は改易されてしまったのである。
- As a result, he was punished by being deprived of his fief, and the Mimaki Domain became extinct.
- 1920年(大正9年)8月:山城銀行に改称
- August, 1920: It was renamed Bank of Yamashiro.
- 1920年(大正9年)6月:株式会社に改組
- June, 1920: It became incorporated.
- 「其れ慶応四年を改めて、明治元年と為す。」
- The Keio year four is to change and it is now the start of the Meiji era.'
- 歴史用語としては両方とも不改常典で通じる。
- As a historical term, both are understood as Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.
- ※平氏側では改元以降も寿永を使用している。
- The Taira clan still used Juei eras after the start of the new era.
- そこで作者自身が歌舞伎風の脚本に改訂した。
- The author by himself revised it to Kabuki style.
- 1636年(寛永13年)朝鮮通信使の待遇改定
- The change of treatment for Chosen Tsushinshi in 1636
- 翌1350年、北朝は元号を「観応」に改める。
- In 1350, the Northern Court changed the era name to 'Kanno.'
- 国政改革推進のため、信西は平清盛を厚遇する。
- In order to ensure he could continue to make progress with his political reforms, Shinzei befriended TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- まず李は良知説を改良し、「童心説」を唱えた。
- At first, Li advocated the 'Theory of the Child's Mind' ('tongxin shuo' in Chinese, 'doshin setsu' in Japanease) by reforming the theory of ryochi.
- また、帝国議会に憲法改正の発案権がなかった。
- And also, the Imperial Diet had no initiative of constitutional amendment.
- 角太郎は名を大角と改め、犬士の一人に加わる。
- Kakutaro changed his name into Daikaku and joined the Dog Warriors.
- 閑院氏を名乗り、純仁(すみひと)と改名した。
- He was named Kan in family and then later renamed Sumihito.
- この制度改定は新井白石の主導によるものだった。
- This system change was led by Hakuseki ARAI.
- (昭和4年改称)帯刀→納屋町、山崎→阿波橋町、
- (Renamed in 1929) Tatewaki => Naya-machi, Yamazaki => Awabashi-cho
- その他、以下のような町名の新設・改廃があった。
- In addition, town names were newly established, changed or abolished as follows:
- (平成3年改称)中島→中島町、芝ノ宮→芝ノ宮町
- (the names were changed in 1991) Nakajima=>Nakajima-cho, Shibanomiya=>Shibanomiya-cho
- 屯田兵条例の改正 明治23年(1890年)8月
- Revision of Tondenhei Jorei in August, 1890
- 屯田兵条例の改正 明治22年(1889年)7月
- Revision of Tondenhei Jorei in July, 1889
- 屯田事務係(明治14年(1881年)7月改称)
- Tonden Settlement Jimu-gakari (Bureau) (renamed in July, 1881)
- 屯田兵本部(明治18年(1885年)5月改称)
- Tondenhei Headquarters (renamed in May, 1885)
- 改易後、存続を許された事例も減俸として含めた。
- The cases where a family was permitted to exist after kaieki sanction are included in the list as cases of diminishing territory.
- 明治3年(1870年)宮号を梨本宮に改称する。
- He changed his reigning name to Nashimotonomiya in 1870.
- そこには「不改常典と立て賜った食国法」とある。
- There, the phrase 'the law of the nation's governance legislated as Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' is found.
- 二番目だけ他の不改常典と異なるとする説もある。
- There is also a theory saying that different from the rest of the part, the second part does not refer to Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.
- 還俗して中川宮の宮号を賜り、名を朝彦と改める。
- He returned to a secular life to receive the miya go title of Nakagawa no Miya, he was renamed Asahiko.
- 享保8年(1723年)名乗りを日向守に改める。
- In 1723, he changed his post name to Hyuga no kami.
- 9世紀に入ってもそうした状況は改善されなかった。
- In the 9th century, the situation was not improved.
- この花山新制はかなり大規模な改革を志向していた。
- That new system conducted by Emperor Hanayama aimed to create large-scale reformations.
- 649年(大化5年)冠位十九階に改められている。
- In 649, it was revised to nineteen cap ranks.
- 屯田兵司令部(明治22年(1889年)7月改称)
- Tondenhei Command Center (renamed in July, 1889)
- しかし、大幅に改造されており原形を留めていない。
- But, because of thorough remodeling, it is completely different from the original structure.
- この朱宮御所(音羽御所)を寺に改め林丘寺とした。
- This palace was so called Akenomiya Gosho or Otowa Gosho (Palace of Akenomiya or Otowa), which was later rebuilt into a temple and called Rinkyu-ji Temple.
- 後に屋号の方も「松之鮨」と改めたとのことである。
- The shop reportedly changed its name to 'Matsuno-zushi' later.
- そのため、人工的に品種改良されることもなかった。
- Therefore, they had never selective breeding artificially.
- 明治3年(1870年)に宮号を東伏見宮に改める。
- In 1870 his Miya go title was changed to Higashi Fushimi no Miya.
- ミニエー銃・エンフィールド銃を後装式に改造した銃。
- It was a modified version of Minie and Enfield rifles featuring breech-loading.
- 7月16日 日英条約改正(日英通商航海条約)が実現
- July 16: Anglo-Japanese treaty (the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation) was finally revised.
- また、文武天皇の即位詔に、不改常典への言及はない。
- Also there is no reference to Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten in the imperial edict upon enthronement of Emperor Monmu.
- 観阿弥のオリジナルを世阿弥が改修したと考えられる。
- It is thought that the original version written by Kanami was rewritten by Zeami.
- 同年天文暦道局は東京に移され、星学局と改称された。
- In the same year, the Tenmon Rekido-kyoku was moved to Tokyo and was renamed Seigaku-kyoku.
- また、江戸幕府も寛政の改革で「七分積金」を導入した。
- Also, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) implemented 'shichibu tsumikin (70 percent reserve fund)' for the Kansei Reform.
- 一揆の発生は幕府よりの改易、取り潰しの理由となった。
- The bakufu would demote or expel an official if an uprising broke out.
- 9月25日 (旧暦) 壬生浪士組が新選組に名を改める
- September 25th, name of the group was changed from Mibu Roshi-gumi to Shinsen-gumi.
- 1616年(元和2年)6月改正後の制はつぎのとおり。
- The system after the Revision in June 1616 is as below.
- 同時に信濃から当地に移り、以後、名字も三沢と改めた。
- At the same time, Tamenaga moved his residence from Shinano to this place, after which he changed his family name to MISAWA.
- 「太乙を体して位に登り、景命を膺けて以て元を改む。」
- Having advanced the rank, I have been assigned to change the era name with my heart and soul.'
- しかしすべての即位詔が不改常典に触れるわけではない。
- However, not all of the imperial edicts upon enthronement touch Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.
- 延喜11年(911年)11月28日改名し保明となる。
- The prince changed his name to Yasuakira on December 28, 911.
- 福井登 (従五位上 主計助兼豊後守、後に貞憲と改名)
- 福井登 (Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade), Kazuenosuke (assistant to an accountant) and Bungonokami (the head of Bungo Province - currently Oita Prefecture), later he changed his name to Sadanori).
- 吉田東寮は単に「吉田寮」と改称され、現在に至っている。
- Yoshida East dormitory was renamed 'Yoshida dormitory' and has continued to exist up to the present.
- 当時はアメリカと不平等条約改正を交渉中の最中であった。
- This incident occurred while negotiations to redress an unequal treaty between Japan and the USA were underway.
- 陸軍はその海軍の兵食改革(麦飯支給)に否定的であった。
- The army was skeptical about reforming food for solders (keaping barley rice) like the Navy did.
- その後、同銃は改良を進めながら全軍に支給されていった。
- Improvements were made to the rifles, which were provided to the entire Army.
- 読売新聞憲法改正試案では天皇制は現状維持と述べている。
- Draft of Constitutional revisions by the Yomiuri Shimbun mentions that the Tennosei should maintain its form.
- 同9年(885年)、長男維城(のち敦仁と改名)を産む。
- In 885, she gave birth to her eldest son Korezane (later renamed Atsuhito).
- 名ははじめ躬仁(みひと)、のち實仁(みひと)に改めた。
- His first name was initially Mihito (躬仁), later changed to Mihito (實仁). (same name but different kanji character)
- 安政5年(1858年)6月、寿栄君(すえぎみ)と改名。
- She changed her name to Suegimi in June 1858.
- 715年(霊亀元)里を郷に改め、郷を2・3の里に分ける。
- 715: Ri/sato replaced by go which contain 2 or 3 ri/sato.
- 1891年(明治24年) - 京都御所を京都皇宮と改称。
- 1891: The name of the old imperial palace in Kyoto was renamed the Kyoto Kogu.
- - 田辺町が市制施行・改称し、京田辺市となり郡より離脱。
- According to enforcement of municipal organization and changing the name, Tanabe-cho became Kyotanabe City and seceded from the county.
- 1886年(明治19年)帝国大学令で「帝国大学」と改名。
- The name was changed to Imperial University according to the Order of Imperial University in 1886.
- 幕法(武家諸法度)違反(城郭の違法な増改築、違法婚姻等)
- Breach (illegal extension or reconstruction of castles or illegal marriage) of the Shogunate law (Buke Shohatto [code for the warrior households])
- 慶福は家茂と改名し、江戸城へ入った(将軍就任は10月)。
- Yoshitomi changed his name to Iemochi and moved to Edo-jo Castle, assuming the role of shogun in October.
- これに基づいて、人為的な暦の調整(「改暦」)が行われた。
- These superstitions prompted the manipulation of the calendar (which is called kaireki).
- 「不改常典」の語が現れるのは、孝謙天皇即位詔までである。
- The words 'Fukai-no-Joten' can be only found until the imperial edict upon enthronement of Empress Koken.
- 始め将保親王と称したが、同11年(911年)重明と改名。
- He was first called 将保親王, but renamed Shigeakira in 911.
- 1907年、小学校令が改正されて初めて必須科目となった。
- In 1907 it became a required subject at last with the Revised Elementary School Order.
- 1963年、松竹は文楽から撤退し、文楽座も朝日座と改称。
- In 1963 Shochiku withdrew from bunraku and Bunraku-za changed its name into Asahi-za.
- このときは定子を「皇后宮」と改め、彰子を「中宮」とした。
- In this case, Sadako was re-titled 'Kisainomiya' and Shoshi became 'Chugu.'
- 里は、715年(霊亀元)郷に改め、郷を2、3の里に分ける。
- In 715, villages were replaced by go (townships) which were composed of 2 or 3 ri/sato.
- (1893年(明治26年)2月に京都電燈株式会社に改称。)
- (it was renamed Kyoto Dento Kabushiki Gaisha in February 1893.)
- 鎌倉時代に入ったのちは大幅に改編され、観智院本が作られた。
- After the Kamakura period, it was significantly revised, and a Kanchiin version was made.
- 最初の大幅な改訂は、647年(大化3)の冠位十三階である。
- The first major revision was the thirteen cap rank system in 647.
- 「乃ち元を改めて、海内の億兆と与に、更始一新せむと欲す。」
- That is, to change the era name and I would like to start anew with an almighty and magnificent approach.'
- 不改常典の初見は、文武の次にあたる元明天皇の即位詔である。
- The first reference to Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is found in the imperial edict upon enthronement of Emperor Genmei, successor of Emperor Monmu.
- その後の教育令、改正教育令、小学校令でも必須ではなかった。
- Even under the subsequent Education Order, the Revised Education Order and Elementary School Order, it did not become a required subject.
- 諱ははじめ師仁(もろひと)、のち兼仁(ともひと)に改めた。
- His initial personal name was Morohito, but later it was changed to Tomohito.
- 翌13年に父の隠居により結城藩を相続して、日向守に改める。
- Upon his father's retirement in the following year, 1763 he inherited the Yuki Domain and changed his post name to Hyuga no kami.
- こうした奢侈禁止令の極致が天保の改革の際の一連の禁令である。
- The most strict of the sumptuary laws was the series issued during the Tenpo Reforms.
- 幕府は持明院統の光厳天皇を即位させ、元号を正慶と改めさせた。
- The bakufu enthroned the Emperor Kogen from the Jimyoin line and changed the imperial era name to Shokei.
- 天保の改革の際に株仲間が一時廃止された際に冥加も免除された。
- Myoga was abolished when kabunakama was once abolished in the process of Tenpo Reform.
- いずれも全30章から構成され、後者が改訂版と考えられている。
- Both types of books consists of thirty chapters and the latter is believed to be the revised version.
- 唐の開元元年に雍州は京兆府と改められ、州名としては消滅した。
- In 713 of Tang dynasty, Yong Zhou was renamed as Jingzhaofu and the province name Yong Zhou disappeared accordingly.
- 寛政の改革時に一旦鋳造禁止されたが、程なく発行が再開された。
- The minting was stopped temporarily during the Kansei Reforms but started to issue again soon after that.
- それ以前は人心の一新を目的とする改元もしばしばなされていた。
- Before that, an era name had often been changed to radically change public sentiment.
- 憲法改正案は、再び枢密院に諮られ、10月29日に可決された。
- The constitution revision proposal was consulted with the Privy Council again, and finally adopted on October 29.
- 戦後の皇室典範改正により、皇室服喪令・皇室喪儀令は廃された。
- Both the Imperial ordinance of mourning and the Imperial ordinance of funeral rites were abolished due to the revision of the Imperial Household Law after the war.
- 田村は藤原氏の輔政を定めた口承の法が不改常典であると説いた。
- TAMURA advocated that an unwritten code that set up the assisted government by Fujiwara clan was Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.
- はじめの諱は維城、のちに敦仁(あつぎみ・あつひと)に改めた。
- The first posthumous name was Korezane, but subsequently it was changed to Atsugimi/Atsuhito.
- 弥十郎は僧侶に姿を変え名も合法と改め皐月と敵打ちの旅に出る。
- Yajuro, disguising himself as a Buddhist monk and changing his name to Gappo, sets out with Satsuki on a journey for revenge.
- 法制化に伴い、法律上は法改正による国歌の変更自体が可能である。
- This legislation made it possible to change the national anthem by changes to the law.
- 関野は大化の改新までを、岡倉は平城京遷都までを飛鳥時代とした。
- Sekino proposed that the Asuka Period continued until the time of the Taika Reform, yet Okakura suggested it continued to the time of the relocation of the capital to Heijokyo (close to present-day Nara City).
- 当時の正史である『続日本紀』には何故か改元の記事が漏れている。
- 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), which is an official history in those days, somehow had no article of the name change of an era.
- 徳川家康が徳川氏に改姓するにあたって称した氏は藤原氏であった。
- When Ieyasu TOKUGAWA adopted Tokugawa as his family name, he represented himself as part of the Fujiwara clan.
- その功績により神武天皇から名を改めて道臣と名乗るよう言われる。
- For this achievement, he was recommended by Emperor Jinmu to change the name and called himself 'Michinoomi.'
- また江戸時代において能は式楽として改変があまり行われなかった。
- And in the Edo Period, Noh play was not modified so much as Shikigaku (the music and plays for official ceremonies).
- 1135年(保延元年)藤原忠通によって若宮の社殿が改築された。
- In 1135, the main building of Wakamiya shrine (a shrine sacred to the son of the god of the main shrine) was renovated by Tadamichi FUJIWARA.
- 渋川春海の改暦の功績により貞享元年(1684年)天文方となる。
- The family became Tenmonkata in 1684 thanks to Harumi SHIBUKAWA's contribution to the revision of calendar.
- その後、信長は悪銭と良銭との交換レートを定める政策に改めている。
- Later, however, Nobunaga changed the policy and specified an exchange ratio of low-quality coins to high-quality coins.
- 第二次世界大戦後の民法改正による家制度廃止まで戸籍に記載された。
- It was indicated in the family registries until the Civil Code was amended and the family system was abolished after World War II.
- 天平宝字2年(758年)から8年まで「太史局」と改名されていた。
- It was renamed the 'Taishi department' (Bureau of Divination) between 758 and 764.
- 豊臣政権時代より領内の騒擾を理由とした大名改易のケースが現れた。
- From the time of the Toyotomi government, cases of daimyo kaieki (punishment of a feudal lordship by seizing its territory) for a riot within the daimyo's territory began to be seen.
- 1998年 財団法人化、財団法人大学コンソーシアム京都へ改称する
- 1998: University Center Kyoto turned into a foundation and changed the name to The Consortium of Universities in Kyoto.
- これが完全に廃止されるのは1933年のことであった(廃両改元)。
- It was only in 1933 that the use of this currency was ended completely (the abandonment of the old 'ryo' and its replacement with the 'yuan').
- 新たに即位した孝徳天皇は次々と改革を進めていった(大化の改新)。
- Emperor Kotoku, who had recently ascended to the throne, promoted a succession of reforms which have come to be known as the Taika Reform.
- 明治3年(1870年)閏10月9日に「開拓使東京出張所」と改称。
- Renamed the 'Tokyo detached office of the Hokkaido Development Commission' on Leap October 9, 1870.
- 何度かの法令改正で、兵員の将来と権利を保障する制度が導入された。
- After several act amendments an institution that would guarantee the future and rights of the soldiers was introduced.
- しかし、秀氏父子は徳川家康に赦されて、改易を免れることができた。
- Although the West Army lost, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA (the leader of the East Army) forgave Hideuji and Hirotsuna, and they avoided the punishment of kaieki (forfeiture of status and possession).
- 江戸幕府は、大量に蓄積された金銀を原資に貨幣制度の改革を行った。
- The shogunate government in Edo reformed the currency system using a large amount of accumulated gold and silver.
- 不改常典と定め賜ひ敷き賜へる法 - 元明天皇、聖武天皇、孝謙天皇
- The law established and promulgated as the permanent code - cited by Empress Genmei, Emperor Shomu, and Empress Koken.
- 斬九郎に渡辺謙、おつた改め蔦吉に若村麻由美を配し人気作となった。
- This series, in which Ken WATANABE played the role of Zankuro with Mayumi WAKAMURA as Otsuta, now Tsutakichi, achieved wide popularity.
- 僧兵のいでたちの平教経が復讐に現れるが場を改めての決戦を約する。
- TAIRA no Noritsune who dressed like an armed priest appears to revenge Yoshitsune, but determines that he will come back another time.
- 初演後はすぐに、時代設定・登場人物ともに実録風に改訂されている。
- Shortly after the premiere, the characters and the historical backdrop were revised just like those in a history text.
- また、重伝建の選定は、建造物の増改築などに制約が掛かったりする。
- Likewise, once a districted is selected for national preservation, buildings in the district may be subject to constraints on extension or rebuilding.
- 株仲間構成員の多くは、組合法人格を有さない組合に改組されていった。
- Many members of kabunakama were reorganized into non-juridical organizations.
- 1873年(明治6年)の地租改正により年貢は廃止されることとなる。
- The nengu was abolished by the land-tax reform in 1873.
- 後に転じて正しい方向に改める(新)みことのり(制)の意味とされた。
- In later times, however, it changed its meaning to a reform (shin) in the right direction and an edict (sei) for that purpose.
- 広議所は、同年9月 (旧暦)(同年10月)には集議院に改組される。
- Kogisho was changed into Shugiin October, 1869.
- 東鴻臚館は承和6年(839年)に典薬寮所管の御薬園へと改められた。
- Higashi-no-Korokan was renamed Oyakuen in 839, which was controlled by the Tenyakuryo (the Bureau of Medicine).
- 満州の女真族が建てた後金が国号を清と改め1644年北京に遷都した。
- Kokin established by the Joshin tribe in Manchuria change its name of the country into Qing and transferred the capital to Beijing in 1644.
- 続いて田沼政治を批判した松平定信がに登場し、寛政の改革を推進した。
- Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA who criticized Tanuma's politics subsequently appeared in 1787, and promoted the Kansei Reforms.
- 田沼は、それまでの農業依存体質を改め、重商主義政策を実行に移した。
- Tanuma reformed a conventional structure depending on agriculture, and put a Mercantilism policy into action.
- 1134年 式部大輔藤原敦光の勘申により、名を恂子から統子に改める
- In 1134, renamed from Koko to Muneko in accordance with a report submitted by FUJIWARA no Atsumitu, Shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonies)
- 江戸時代には本居宣長が、不改常典を大化改新時の諸法を指すと解した。
- In the Edo period, Norinaga MOTOORI interpreted that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten means a series of laws formulated during the Taika Reforms.
- 明治時代になり、文学者の中から改革運動(言文一致運動)が起こった。
- With the beginning of the Meiji period some people of letters started a reform movement (genbunicchi movement).
- 1966年(昭和41年)の祝日法改正により国民の祝日に加えられた。
- In 1966, with revisions to the National Holiday Laws, the National Foundation Day was added to national holidays.
- このことも相まって、従業員の服装を西洋式に改める百貨店が増加した。
- From here onwards, more and more department stores adopted uniforms in the western style for their employees.
- 戦後は「四方拝」と名を改め、天皇家の私的な行事として行われている。
- After the war, the ceremony's name was changed to 'Shihohai' and it was conducted as a private function of the Imperial Family.
- 上記の国政改革と並行して、東国では寛平・延喜東国の乱が発生していた。
- In parallel with the national reformation described above, Kanbyo Engi Togoku War (Disturbance by robberies in Togoku during the eras between Kanbyo [889 to 898] and Engi [901 to 923]) occurred.
- 大化改新以後の中央集権的国家の制定した公法を中心とする法体系である。
- It's centered around public law established by the centralized nation after the Taika Reformation.
- 後嵯峨院による院政下の寛元4年(1246年)に院政の改革が行われた。
- Gosagain revised the government by a retired emperor in 1246 during his post-retired government.
- また所領を分割相続することを分封、所領を没収されることを改易という。
- Also, there were measures to divide their territories to succeed ('bunpo'), and to confiscate their territories ('kaieki').
- 不改常典の真の名称と形式は、律令ではないという説で一個の論題になる。
- The argument that the name and form of Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten do not follow the requisites of Ritsuryo (the legal codes of the Nara and Heian periods) itself can be developed as an independent theme of one article.
- 聖武天皇は譲位の際にも、自らの即位の事情に触れて不改常典に言及した。
- When Emperor Shomu abdicated the throne, he touched on the circumstances at the time of his enthronement, and referred to Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.
- 筆頭:山本隨 (従四位下 典薬大允兼大学助兼大和守、後に恭隨と改名)
- The head of the group: 山本隨 (Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade), tenyaku taijo (person in charge of prescribing medicine to Emperor), Daigakusuke and Yamatonokami (the head of Yamato Province - currently Kanagawa Prefecture), later called 恭隨)
- 長男が観世清和、次男が山階弥右衛門(観世芳宏改メ)、三男が観世芳信。
- His eldest son is Kiyokazu KANZE, the second son is Yaemon YAMASHINA (later changed his name as Yoshihiro KANZE), and the third son is Yoshinobu KANZE.
- 文久2年(1862年)の改版が知られ、その後も翻刻が重ねられて来た。
- The reprinting in 1862 is known, and there were repeated reprintings since then.
- 寛政の改革以降流行し、文化文政の頃全盛となり、幕末にかけて衰退した。
- Although it became popular after the Kansei Reforms and its popularity reached the peak during the Bunka and Bunsei eras, it declined around the end of the Edo period.
- 天保6年(1835年)に梶井円融院を相続し、昌仁入道親王と改名した。
- In 1835 he succeeded to Kajii Enyu-in Temple and his name was changed to Nashimoto no Miyain.
- 又、冠位もそれまでの十九階から二十六階に制度改革などを行なっている。
- Moreover, the system of ranking officials was changed from 19 levels to 26 levels.
- 実際の運用においては、養老年間に改訂が行われ、以下の規定が定められた。
- This regulation was, however, revised in the Yoro period, therefore a newly established regulation, which is mentioned below, was applied practically.
- 5代徳川綱吉の時代には廃絶政策は譜代大名に向けられ27家が改易された。
- During the time of the fifth shogun, Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the target of the Daimyo abolishment measure shifted to Fudai Daimyo (a daimyo of a hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), and as a result, 27 families were subjected to kaieki.
- また福島正則は広島城無断修築を咎められた幕法違反により改易されている。
- Also, Masanori FUKUSHIMA was subjected to kaieki for violation of the Shogunate law when he tried to repair Hiroshima-jo Castle without permission.
- 天皇の一覧が現在のものに改編されたのも『大日本史』の影響とされている。
- The present revised list of the emperors is considered to be based upon 'Dai Nihonshi.'
- しかし、牙符改給は義澄・政元による日朝貿易の再統制には繋がらなかった。
- Even with the renewal of Gafu, Yoshizumi and Masamoto could not take control of the Japan-Korea trade.
- この年は12月に正中 (日本)と改元されたので、これを正中の変と呼ぶ。
- Since in December of that year the name of the year was changed to Seichu, so this is called the 'Seichu Incident.'
- (昭和43年改称)向島与五郎町→桃山与五郎町、向島大島町→桃山南大島町
- (Renamed in 1968) Mukaijima Yogoro-cho => Momoyama Yogoro-cho, Mukaijima Oshima-cho => Momoyama Minami Oshima-cho
- 664年(天智3)には更に細分化された、冠位二十六階に改訂されている。
- In 664, it was divided into still smaller pieces and revised to twenty-six cap ranks.
- 以上に見る太政官の組織形態は、唐律令のそれを大きく改変したものである。
- The above-mentioned organization of the daijokan was adapted with many changes from the Tang Ritsuryo system.
- この後、7月17日、現地の裁判所が箱館府に改称した旨を管内に告示した。
- On the following July 17, a district court in Hakodate informed the Hakodate Court that the Hakodate Court was renamed Hakodate-fu.
- この動きは倭国にも伝わり、大化改新最中の倭国内部でも警戒感が高まった。
- The news of their overtures traveled to Wakoku as well, and although Wakoku was in the midst of the Taika Reforms, they grew alarmed.
- 江戸時代の宗門人別改帳に代わり、皇族から平民までを戸を単位に集計した。
- Instead of Shumon-Ninbetsu-Aratame-Cho (The Village People Register of Religious Faith and Relationship) at the Edo period, it was calculated in units of doors from the imperial family to commoners.
- 「日本は朝鮮の独立を保つため朝鮮に改革を勧めて朝鮮もこれを肯諾した。」
- Japan advised Korea to carry out a reform to keep the country independent, and Korea accepted it.'
- しかし、1957年に改修工事が行われた際に3000点の陶片が出土した。
- However, 3000 pieces of earthenware fragments were excavated when repair work was conducted in 1957.
- 不改常典はこの後しばらく言及されないが、桓武天皇の即位詔で再登場した。
- Since then, Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten had not been mentioned for a while, but it appeared again in the imperial edict upon the enthronement of Emperor Kanmu.
- 宮中三殿の改修工事の間、「ご神体」は仮殿にそれぞれ「移御」されていた。
- While there was renovation work on Kyuchu sanden, 'goshintai' (the object of worship in a Shinto shrine) was moved into a temporary Kyuchu sanden.
- その後、明治41年(1908年)の「皇室祭祀令」で改めて法制化された。
- After that, it was given legal force under the 'Koshitsu Saishi Rei' (the Ordinance of Imperial Household Religious Rites) in 1908.
- 朱宮御所は上皇の死後、林丘寺(りんきゅうじ)という寺に改められていた。
- After the death of the Retired Emperor Gomizunoo, Akenomiya Palace was changed into a temple called Rinkyu-ji Temple.
- 宮家は後西天皇の第2皇子有栖川宮幸仁親王が継承し有栖川宮と改称された。
- Miyake was succeeded by Emperor Gosai's second Prince, Arisugawanomiya Imperial Prince Yukihito and named Arisugawanomiya.
- 『平家物語』や謡曲『俊寛』を題材にして、そこに大幅に改編を加えている。
- It is based on ''Heike Monogatari' (The tale of the Heike) and Yokyoku (Noh song), 'Shunkan,' and was significantly reformed.
- 義理人情に翻弄された揚句に自滅するか改心して縛につくというものである。
- Having been the sport of love (ninjo) and duty (giri), they either ruin themselves or reform and surrender themselves to justice.
- 一度は考えを改めた十兵衛だったが、結局は文弥を殺して金を奪ってしまう。
- Jubei, who once gave up the idea, finally killed Bunya to snatch his money.
- この改革は、特に弱体化されることを恐れた上級家臣を中心に反感が強かった。
- This reform provoked high-ranked vassals' antipathy in particular those who were afraid of being weakened.
- このため、さらに万全を期すために、校舎内部の奉安所は金庫型へ改められた。
- Therefore, aiming at a more perfect system, Hoan-sho established inside the schoolhouse was reformed to a strongbox style.
- そのため、桓武天皇は6年1班を12年1班に改め、班田収授の維持を図った。
- Therefore, the Emperor Kanmu strove to maintain the Handen Shuju by adopting a system of Juninen-ippan (reallocations of rice land which were carried out once every 12 year) instead of Rokunen-ippan.
- 後、1897年(明治30年)に京都帝国大学新設により東京帝国大学へ改称。
- Later, in 1897, the establishment of Kyoto Imperial University led to the change of its name to Tokyo Imperial University.
- さらに教科書改訂を行い、教科書執筆責任者である喜田貞吉を休職処分とした。
- Furthermore, the textbooks were revised and the person responsible for writing the textbooks, Sadakichi KIDA, was suspended from his job.
- 定信に事の次第を告げて尊号を断念する代わりに典仁親王の待遇改善を求めた。
- He explained what was happening to Sadanobu and demanded an improvement of conditions in return for renunciation of the honorary title.
- これとは対照的に熊本藩細川重賢は明律研究を参考に大胆な司法改革を行った。
- In contrast, Shigekata HOSOKAWA, of the Kumamoto Domain, drew upon the research on the Ming code to carry out bold judicial reform.
- 憲法改正後は、憲法学者らによって外見的立憲主義、王権神授説的と評された。
- After the amendment, the constitution was criticized as being based on pretended constitutionalism and a doctrine of royal absolutism by constitutional scholars.
- 舞鶴県は廃藩置県により各藩が県と改編されたもので、約3ヶ月だけ存在した。
- Maizuru Prefecture was established under the policy of Haihan-chiken and lasted only three months.
- 行朝は関ヶ原の戦いで西軍に属し敗れ改易され、新宮氏の紀伊支配も終焉した。
- Yukitomo fought on the side of the western force in the Battle of Sekigahara but was defeated and punished by being deprived of samurai rank and properties, and the rule by the Shingu clan ended.
- 同年10月13日の1度目の東幸で江戸城に入城してこれを東京城と改称した。
- On November 26 of the same year, during the first visit to Tokyo, the Emperor entered the Edo-jo Castle, which was renamed Tokyo-jo Castle.
- 由利の草稿では、初めは「万機公議」と書き、後で「万機公論」と改めている。
- In the draft of Yuri it was written first 'banki kogi' (万機公議) and later revised to 'banki koron' (万機公論).
- 第三は、文武天皇の即位を正当する場面で不改常典が引かれていない点である。
- The third criticism is against the fact that in the imperial edict of Emperor Monmu, Fukai-no-Joten/Fukaijoten is not cited at the section to justify his enthronement.
- 1311年(延慶4年)法門に入り、名を尊円と改めて青連院門跡に就任した。
- He went into the Priesthood in 1311 and was renamed Sonen, and became Chief Priest of Shoren-in Temple.
- ならば不改常典は統治に関する法なのであって、皇位継承に関する法ではない。
- Therefore, Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is not a law related to the succession to the Imperial Throne, but it must be a law related to the governance.
- 不改常典が皇太子制を定めたものだとする説は、1993年に森田悌が唱えた。
- The theory that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was formulated to establish the Crown Prince system was presented by Tei MORITA in 1993.
- 上方では同志が与市兵衛の傷を改めている間、勘平の無実が晴れる寸前に行う。
- In Kamigata, Kanpei thrusts a sword while his comrades are checking the wound, in other words, immediately before Kanpei is cleared of suspicion.
- はじめに784年に長岡京を造営するが、794年に改めて平安京を造営した。
- First, Nagaoka-kyo was built in 784, and Heian-kyo was rebuilt in 794.
- 822年、四品の位を受け名誉回復がなされるが、出家し、名を真如と改めた。
- He got his honor back by receiving Shihon (the fourth rank of Imperial Prince's rank) in 822, but he entered into priesthood and changed his name to Shinnyo.
- 今では稲葉幸蔵と名も改め、易者平澤左膳に身を装して鎌倉滑川に潜んでいる。
- Now he changed his name to Kozo INABA, and disguised himself as a fortune-teller Sazen HIRASAWA and lives in Kamakuranamekawa.
- 享保10年、江戸城中において乱心し毛利師就に斬りかかったため改易となる。
- He went mad and attacked Morotaka MORI with a sword in 1725 and was given the sanction of 'kaieki.'
- なお、明法生設置から程なく(時期は不明)、律学博士は明法博士と改称された。
- Soon after the Myoho students were taken (it is unclear when), the doctor of Ritsugaku was renamed the doctor of Myoho.
- 平成6年(1994年)、区画整理に伴い小野蚊ケ瀬を小野蚊ケ瀬町と改称した。
- In 1994 the name of Ono Kagase was changed to Ono Kagase-cho in accordance with the land readjustment project.
- そのため、徳川吉宗は幕府権力の再強化と財政再建(享保の改革)を推し進めた。
- Therefore, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA promoted the re-strengthening of the bakufu authority and financial reconstruction (Kyoho Reforms).
- 桓武天皇は新王朝の創始を強く意識し、自らの主導による諸改革を進めていった。
- Emperor Kanmu was strongly aware of the start of the new dynasty and promoted various reformations.
- 吹替えにより江戸幕府が得た出目(改鋳利益)は1,018,300両であった。
- The Edo bakufu made a profit of 1,018,30 ryo by reminting the coin.
- 明治6年(1873年)2月25日に留萌に移転して「開拓使留萌支庁」と改称。
- The office was moved to Rumoi region and renamed as 'Rumoi branch office of the Hokkaido Development Commission' on February 25, 1873.
- 前述するとおり、憲法の改正は大日本帝国憲法第73条の規定によって行われた。
- As mentioned above, the constitutional amendment was conducted following Article 73 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 不改常典を天智元年制定の近江令とするのは、大正から昭和初期の通説であった。
- Regarding Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten as Omi-Ryo instituted in the first year of the era of Tenchi had been a commonly accepted theory from the Taisho period to the early Showa period.
- その越後には関東管領・上杉家の名跡を継承した長尾景虎改め、上杉謙信がいた。
- In Echigo was Kenshin UESUGI, renamed from Kagetora NAGAO, who succeeded professional name of the Uesugi Family of Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region).
- 難波宮の廃止に伴い793年(延暦12)には摂津職が廃止され、摂津国と改めた。
- Settsu Shiki was abolished in 793 with the abolition of Naniwanomiya Palace and was replaced by Settsu Province.
- その後、信長は悪銭と良銭の交換レートを設定し、流通を滞らせないように改めた。
- Later, Nobunaga set an exchange rate between low-quality coins and high-quality coins to prevent the circulation of money from becoming stagnant.
- 大久保忠隣や本多正純のように幕府内部の権力闘争に敗れて改易された大名もいた。
- Furthermore, there were Daimyo such as Tadachika OKUBO and Masazumi HONDA who were subject to kaieki because they lost the power struggle inside the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 後に一度改給され、新符では日本側が左符を、朝鮮側が右符を保管することになる。
- Later, the sets of tallies were renewed, then the left halves were kept by the Japan side and the right halves were kept by Yi-Dynasty this time.
- 永禄13年4月23日 (旧暦)(ユリウス暦1570年5月27日) 元亀に改元
- In May 27, 1570 the name of the era was changed to Genki.
- (昭和4年改称)堀詰新→堀詰町、朱雀二丁目→東朱雀町、朱雀四丁目→西朱雀町、
- (Renamed in 1929) Horizumeshin => Horizume-cho, 2-chome Shujaku => Higashi Shujaku-cho, 4-chome Shujaku => Nishi Shujaku-cho
- 文政7年(1824年)には改鋳されてほぼ同質の新型の南鐐二朱銀が発行された。
- After the re-mint in 1824, new Nanryo Nishu Gin of similar quality were issued.
- それらの受入れのため、1907年4月1日に鉄道作業局を帝国鉄道庁に改編した。
- In order to accommodate them, on Aril 1, 1907 the Imperial Government Railway was reorganized to the Imperial Railway Agency.
- 1906年(明治39年)3月31日公布、1920年(大正9年)8月5日改正。
- The law was issued on March 31, 1906 and revised on August 5, 1920.
- 一介の地方の城下町から巨大都市への大改造を実現した人物は、徳川家康であった。
- It was Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who transformed a regional castle town into a huge metropolis.
- 701年(大宝元)に官位制に切り替わる間に冠位制は何度か改訂が行われている。
- The cap rank system was revised many times until it was replaced in 701 by the official rank system.
- またこの後の豊後国大友氏の改易事件などとともに, 事件後の処罰は苛烈だった。
- Those who took parts in Umekita Ikki were severely punished, including the Otomo clan of Bungo Province which was deprived of their fief.
- この築堤工事の途中、甲賀衆の担当部分が崩れたため、甲賀衆が改易流罪となった。
- In the middle of this construction of the bank, the part under Kogashu's responsibility broke, so that Kogashu was punished with Kaieki (forfeit rank of Samurai and properties) and exile.
- また、人が歩いて引くのではなくて自転車が引くように改良されたものも見られる。
- There are also some modified jinrikisha which can be pulled by a bicycle, rather than a man.
- そのため元々の1月15日には法律を改正しない限りやってこなくなってしまった。
- Therefore this holiday does not now fall on the original date of 15 January.
- 歴代の天皇の中で諡が改められたのは後鳥羽院のみであり、かなり例外的と言える。
- This is an exception, and there is no other successive Emperor but Go-Toba-in whose posthumous name was changed.
- 烏梅生産末期の明治時代ごろまでは未改良の野性的な品種のウメが栽培されていた。
- Until around the Meiji period when Ubai production came close to an end, unaltered wild plums had been cultivated.
- 元文1年(1736年)父の隠居により結城藩を相続し、名乗りを日向守に改める。
- Upon his father's retirement, he inherited the Yuki Domain and changed his post name ot Hyuga no kami.
- 植民地時代には大和(やまと)町と改称され、現在のソウル特別市中区忠武路である。
- The place was renamed Yamato cho in the Korean colonial era, and now is Chung Mu Ro, Jung Ward, Seoul Special City.
- 改易(かいえき)とは、律令制度では現職者の任を解き新任者を補任することをいう。
- In the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), the term kaieki referred to removing someone from their current post and appointing someone new to that position.
- その国政改革を立案・推進したのが、後白河の側近である藤原通憲(信西)であった。
- The architect and driving force of these political reforms was Goshirakawa's right-hand man, FUJIWARA no Michinori (generally known as Shinzei).
- 万延二朱金は後に明治二朱金と改名して明治2年(1869年)まで鋳造されている。
- Manen nishukin was changed as Meiji nishukin and casted until 1869.
- 彼らの領内にいた多数のキリシタンは、仏教に改宗するか、隠れキリシタンとなった。
- Most of the Christians in their territories converted to Buddhism or became crypto-Christians.
- 4月22日から枢密院において憲法改正案が審査が開始され、6月8日に可決された。
- The Privy Council began debating on the constitution revision proposal on April 22, and adopted it on June 8.
- この詔以降、天智天皇が「初め賜い定め賜える法」になり、「不改常典」の句がない。
- Since this edict, the expression 'the law first conceived and established' by Emperor Tenchi started to be used, while the word 'Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' had disappeared.
- 奈良県の在来種をもとに実生から品種改良したものとして、「やまとみどり」がある。
- A variety obtained by cross-breeding from seedlings based on the local varieties in Nara Prefecture is 'Yamato-midori'.
- この改訂により、序幕に「公平法問諍(きんぴらほうもんあらそい)」が加えられた。
- They added 'Kinpirahomon arasoi' in the opening act..
- 天保6年(1835年)に父の隠居により結城藩を相続し、名乗りを日向守に改める。
- Upon his father's retirement in 1835, he inherited the Yuki Domain and changed the post name to Hyuga no kami.
- しかし、子孫は秀吉の死後江戸幕府を開いた家康に冷遇されまもなく改易処分となった。
- However, his descendants were treated coldly by Ieyasu, who had established the Edo bakufu after Hideyoshi's death, and shortly after that, they were punished by being deprived of their fief.
- 大坂の役以後、戦争が無くなると、世嗣断絶と幕法違反による改易が主なものとなった。
- During the war-free period after the Siege of Osaka, kaieki was mainly applied as punishments for the extinction of a family line or breach of the Shogunate law.
- そして、明治政府の地租改正に伴う土地改革によって寺社領は解体されることになった。
- Under the land reform accompanying the chisokaisei (revision of land-tax) during the Meiji period, the Jisharyo was broken up.
- 明治9年に海軍音楽長である中村祐庸が「天皇陛下ヲ祝スル楽譜改訂之儀」を提出した。
- In 1876, a written report 'Matters related to the revision of the musical score for celebrating the reign of the emperor' was submitted by Suketsune NAKAMURA, who was the Kapellmeister of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
- 7世紀中ごろの大化の改新も権力集中化の動きの一つであり、一定の進展を見せている。
- The Taika Reforms in around the middle of the seventh century was such a move to strengthen powers, achieving a certain level of advancement.
- 以上の基準は、黄砂被害の増加を受けて2007年2月10日に改正されたものである。
- The standards described above were revised on February 10, 2007, based on an increase in the amount of damage due to kosa.
- 明治5年(1872年)には下京1 - 32番組が下京1 - 32区と改められた。
- In 1872, Shimogyo bangumi Nos. 1 to 32 were reorganized into to Shimogyo ward Nos. 1 to 32.
- 寛政12年(1800年)の銀座 (歴史)改革以降、南鐐二朱銀の鋳造が再開された。
- After the Ginza Reform in 1800, the minting of Nanryo Nishu Gin was restarted.
- 民営に委ねた場合に発生する、無用の競争や改良努力の怠慢など8項目の弊害をあげた。
- He pointed out the eight adverse effects including the unnecessary competition and the neglect of improvement efforts that may occur when it was left to the private sectors.
- これに基づき、箱館裁判所も24日に箱館府に改称され、清水谷が府知事に任命された。
- According to this system, the Hakodate Court was renamed as Hakodate-fu on 24th with appointment of SHIMIZUDANI as its first governor.
- 嘉彰親王が固辞したため、閏4月5日に、副総督の清水谷公考を改めて総督に任命した。
- However, Prince Yoshiakira flatly refused the appointment, the already-appointed vice governor of Hakodate Court, Kinnaru SHIMIZUDANI, was reappointed as the governor on leap April 5.
- 政府は、選挙が終了した4月17日に、要綱を条文化した「憲法改正草案」を公表した。
- On April 17, the election was over, and the government revised the draft into article style and announced it as 'the Draft for the Revised Constitution.'
- 文禄4年(1595年)に改易されたが、捨扶持として1000石が義綱に安堵された。
- In 1595, Yoshitsuna was ordered 'kaieki', but he was recognized and guaranteed 1000 koku as Sutebuchi alms.
- 江戸時代中期になると、藩政改革の一環としての藩校開学が各地で行われるようになる。
- In the middle of Edo period, many domain schools were established in various places as one part of domain reform.
- 安政6年(1859年)6月円融院に入り梶井門跡となり、名を昌仁入道親王と改めた。
- He entered Enyu-in in June 1859 to become Kajii monseki priest, and changed his name to Imperial Prince and Monk Shojin.
- 正徳3年(1713年)、父忠直の死により松本藩を相続し、名乗りを出羽守に改める。
- In 1713, he inherited the Matsumoto Domain upon his father, Tadanao's death, and changed his post name to Dewa no kami.
- 酒類販売の規制緩和により酒類小売業者の経営の改善等に関する緊急措置法が廃止された。
- Due to the deregulation of liquor, the emergency measure law concerning the business management of retail liquor shop owners and its improvement was abolished.
- これにより、新政府は江戸以西を掌握することとなり、7月には江戸が東京と改称された。
- As a result, the new government gained control of the region to the east of Edo, and Edo was renamed as Tokyo in September.
- その後の長期にわたる不況は失われた10年と呼ばれ、経済面での構造改革が進められた。
- The sluggish economy having long lasted after that was called the lost decade, and the economical structure was reformed.
- また律令制度の施行に伴って生じた不備などを調整する目的から、慶雲の改革が行われた。
- Consequently, the Keiun Reform was conducted in order to adjust for problems which had occurred with the enforcement of the ritsu and ryou codes.
- 上杉輝虎(上杉政虎が、永禄4年末に、将軍義輝の一字を賜り改名)は川中島に出陣した。
- Terutora (輝虎) UESUGI (awarded a character of shogun Yoshiteru (義輝), Masatora UESUGI changed his name toward the end of 1561) led his forces to Kawanakajima.
- このとき一旦各旅団の名称が改められたが、後29日に再び改称されて次のようになった。
- On this occasion, the name of each brigade was changed, but was altered again as follows later, on March 29:
- 739年(天平11)年末頃から740年(天平12)初めの頃に郷里制を郷制に改める。
- During the period from the end of 736 to the beginning of 740, the Imperial Court revised the go-ri sei (township-neighbourhood system) to go-sei.
- また、1883年には徴兵令を改正し、免役規定中の代人料を廃止して兵員増をはかった。
- In addition, a Conscription Ordinance was revised in 1883 aiming at increasing soldiers by abolishing payment for substitutes to be exempt from conscription provided for in the exemption clause.
- 初めの頃は大倭と書かれ、奈良時代の天平9年から10年間大養徳と字を改めた事がある。
- Initially, it was written as '大倭' but was changed to '大養徳' for ten years from 737 during the Nara period.
- 即位詔の中に不改常典への言及がない例があり、即位詔が今日まで伝わらない天皇も多い。
- Among the imperial edicts upon enthronement, some of them have no reference to Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten, and therefore, many emperors' edicts are not documented today.
- この説によれば、不改常典はその頃まで一般的だった兄弟継承を否定するために作られた。
- According this theory, Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was elaborated in order to reject the succession of the throne from the elder brother to his little brother, which was a form of succession frequently practiced until around that time.
- しかし改元は、慶応4年1月1日(1868年1月25日)に遡って適用されるとした)。
- However the change in era name was decided to date back to January 25, 1868.
- 清氏ははじめ光遠親王といい、宗像神社宮司に就任した際に宗形清氏と改名したとされる。
- Kiyouji was initially called Imperial Prince Koen and he renamed himself MUNAKATA no Kiyouji when he assumed the position of the chief priest of Munakata-taisha Shrine.
- 明治14年(1880年)に維新以来の功労を顕彰され、家格を世襲親王家に改められる。
- In recognition of his distinguished services after the Meiji Restoration, his family rank was changed to hereditary Imperial prince's family in 1880.
- 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけての寛平・延喜期になると、抜本的な国政改革が展開した。
- In the Kanpyo to Engi eras, that is to say, from around the end of the 9th century to the early 10th century, the national administration was reformed drastically.
- 定信も典仁親王に1,000石の加増をする等の待遇改善策を行うことで尊号の代償とした。
- As compensation for the Imperial Prince Sukehito, Sadanobu also conducted an improvement of conditions measure, including an additional 1000-goku.
- 万延二分判と同様、万延小判より純金量が劣る改鋳による出目獲得を目的とした貨幣である。
- As Manen nibuban, it was casted with less purity of gold than Manen koban to earn profit by recasting.
- 閏4月21日に新政府は政体書を発して、各地の裁判所を府または県に改編することにした。
- On April 21, the new government promulgated the Constitution of 1868 which stipulated a transformation of the local courts into fu or ken (prefecture) administrative unit (fu-han-ken tripartite governance system).
- なお、各国の憲法の中には、「憲法改正の限界」を憲法に明記していているものも存在する。
- The 'theory of limitation of constitutional amendment' was clearly stated in some constitutions of other countries.
- 地方においては、朱印状を発行して大名の統治権を改めて認めるという大名知行制を敷いた。
- In local regions, the Toyotomi government established a 'Daimyo chigyo system' (system of giving fiefs to a Daimyo); the government admitted each feudal lord's sovereignty by issuing 'shuinjo' (a vermillion seal letter).
- 特にアジア諸国では明治維新を模範として改革や独立運動を行おうとする動きが盛んになる。
- The reform and independence movement became active in Asian countries especially after the model of the Meiji Restoration.
- 明治中央官制の改革は明治17年(1885年)の内閣制度発足をもってようやく安定する。
- The reform of the organization of the central government was finally settled by the inauguration of the cabinet system in 1885.
- 不改常典における近江令説退場の背景には、ほぼ同時期に唱えられた近江令非存在説がある。
- Recession of the Omi-Ryo theory in the discussion about Fukai-no-Joten was due to the Omi-Ryo nonexistence theory, which was advocated almost at the same moment.
- 豪族の弱体化策として豪族に与えられていた部曲(かきべ)を廃止し、食封制度も改革した。
- In order to weaken Gozoku (local ruling family), he abolished Buqu (a serf) and also reformed the Jikifu system.
- 1966年(昭和41年)6月25日、「建国記念の日」を定める祝日法改正案は成立した。
- On June 25, 1966 the revision of the National Holiday Law was enacted to establish 'National Foundation Day' (建国記念の日).
- 大化の改新(645年)前後を舞台としており、時代設定としては義太夫狂言中かなり古い。
- It is set around the times of the Taika Reforms in 645, rather old times among the plays of Gidayu Kyogen (Kabuki adaptation of the puppet theater).
- 伊東らの遺体はしばらく放置してあしてあったが、光縁寺に埋葬したあと戒光寺に改葬された。
- Their bodies were left for some time, and later buried at Koenji Temple and reburied at Kaikoji Temple.
- 国民的基盤に立った大学改革を唱えて東京工業大学教授を辞職し、朝日新聞論説委員になった。
- He resigned from his post, a professor of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, advocating the need for university reform based on people and became an editorial writer for Asahi Shimbun Company.
- 康和の荘園整理令 1099年(承徳3)堀河天皇 新立の荘園の停止(同年、康和と改元)。
- Kowa-no Shoen Seiri-rei 1099 Emperor Horikawa Suspended the establishment of new manors (name of era changed to Kowa this year).
- その後も、今までは蘇我氏の大臣1人だけの中央官制を左大臣・右大臣・内臣の3人に改めた。
- The emperor reformed the central government system, increasing the number of ministers from one to three, namely the Minister of the Left, the Minister of the Right, and the Minister of the Inside (Uchitsuomi: senior adviser to the emperor).
- この改革案は県令大山綱良の反対と地方の乱の発生により、その大部分が実行不可能となった。
- Opposed by prefectural governor Tsunayoshi OYAMA and triggered local rebellions, the most part of the reform bill cannot be put into effect.
- 中務省陰陽寮に属して、毎年の造暦(暦の作成)と改暦、日食の予測、暦生の教育にあたった。
- The Reki Hakase belonged to the Bureau of Onmyo in the Nakatsukasa Department, and was responsible for the preparation and revision of the annual calendar, forecasting solar eclipses and educating Reki no sho (students of calendar preparation).
- そして、文禄4年(1595年)2月8日、塩谷義綱には豊臣秀吉により改易が言い渡される。
- On March 18 in 1595, Yoshitsuna SHIONOYA was ordered by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI to accept 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties).
- 中世では城郭として活用された古墳もあって、一部改変された古墳(黒塚古墳)などがもある。
- In the Medieval period, some kofun were used as castles and some parts of a kofun were changed (e.g. Kurozuka Kofun).
- 桓武天皇以降は「不改常典」の語がなくなり、「天智天皇が初め定めた法」として言及される。
- In the edicts after Emperor Kanmu, the words 'Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' is not found, but cited as 'the law that Emperor Tenchi established for the first time.'
- 明治3年(1870年)宮号が旧門跡との区別が判然としないとの理由で北白川宮に改称する。
- In 1870, he changed his reigning name to Kitashirakawanomiya because it was hard to distinguish it from the former monzeki (temple formerly led by founder of sect, temple in which resided a member of nobility or the Imperial family).
- 三浦はまた、大化改新から天智天皇の代までの法制のこととも述べて、宣長の説をも包含した。
- MIURA also incorporated Norinaga's theory with his own, advocating that the phrase also means the whole legal system starting from the Taika Reforms to the laws created in the reign of Emperor Tenchi.
- そして大化という元号を制定し、様々な改革を行なった(大化の改新の中心人物、乙巳の変)。
- He established a new era--the Taika--and made many reforms during this period (he was a key person in the Taika reforms and Itsushi no hen).
- 明治には新政府の政策に反対する徴兵令反対一揆や解放令反対一揆、地租改正反対一揆が起こる。
- In the Meiji period, uprisings in objection to the policies of the new government, including choheirei hantai ikki (conscription ordinance objection uprising), kaihorei hantai ikki (edict of Grand Council of State objection uprising), and chiso kaisei hantai ikki (land-tax reform objection reform), occurred.
- 715年(霊亀元)に里は郷(ごう)と改称され、郷は2~3里に分かれ統率者は郷長であった。
- In 715, villages were renamed by go which were composed of 2 or 3 ri/sato and headed by a gocho (township chief).
- 家数人馬改帳とともに封建領主が土地・人民を支配するための基本台帳としての役目を果たした。
- Along with 'iekazu jinba aratame-cho' (the survey register made per village in the Edo period on the number of houses, people, horses, and others), kenchi-cho functioned as the basic register for the feudal lord to rule the land and the people.
- 弘治4年2月28日 (旧暦)(ユリウス暦1558年3月18日) 正親町天皇即位のため改元
- The name of the era was changed in March 18, 1558 due to the ascension of Emperor Ogimachi
- その後、建安18年に州名を古代の九州の通りに改めるとして、雍州・涼州を合併し雍州とした。
- Later, in 213 the names of the provinces were to be renamed as in ancient Jiuzhou, and Yong Zhou and Liang Zhou were merged into Yong Zhou.
- 兵村には、週番所(明治18年(1886年)に中隊本部と改称)、練兵場、射的場が付属した。
- A shubansho (later renamed a chutai-honbu or troop headquarters), a drill court and a rifle range were attached to each heison.
- 在地領主蛎崎氏改め松前氏は安東氏の配下であったが、豊臣秀吉に直接仕え安東氏から独立した。
- The lord in the area, the Matsumae clan, the former Kakizaki clan was originally under the Ando clan, but directly served for Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI., and became independent from the Ando clan.
- 長政は戦場に到着すると直ちに東方の高地に上がって自ら敵情を偵察し、乃ちその隊の部署を改め
- When Nagamasa arrived at the battlefield, he immediately went up the high ground on the eastern side and inspected the enemy's status, whereupon he changed the formation of his troops.
- 戦後景勝は、腹心の直江兼続の弟、樋口与七を養子に入れて強引に小国氏を継がせ、大国と改姓。
- After the war, Kagekatsu had a younger brother of his confidant Kanetsugu NAOE, called Yoshichi HIGUCHI, adopted, whereupon he took on the Oguni clan and changed the name to Okuni.
- やがて早合と呼ばれる弾と火薬を一体化させる工夫がなされ、すぐに装填できるよう改良された。
- A technology called hayago (cartridge) was then invented in which a bullet and gunpowder were set together to be loaded quickly.
- 桓武天皇以降の詔では「改めるまじき」という形容なしに、単に天智天皇が初め定めた法とある。
- In the imperial edicts upon enthronement of Emperor Kanmu and later, it is mentioned as the law that Emperor Tenchi established for the first time, but the adjective phrase, 'which should not be modified,' is omitted.
- この改正に伴い、2008年、民俗技術として最初に「中津川の鉄砲堰製作技術」が選択された。
- Accompanying to the revision, 'Nakatsugawa technique to make a dam to convey wood' was selected first as a folk technology in 2008.
- 朝廷権威の抑制をはかる幕府は干渉を強め、官位の叙任権や元号の改元も幕府が握る事となった。
- The Edo bakufu initiated governmental interference at the Imperial Palace to suppress their authority, the government took control of having the right to appoint official positions and change in era name.
- 翌明治15年(1881年)に、宮号を仁和寺の寺域の旧名小松郷にちなんで小松宮に改称した。
- His Miya go title was changed to Komatsu no Miya in 1881, after the old name of the Ninna-ji Temple area, Komatsugo.
- 明治元年(1868年)に還俗して梶井宮と称し、明治3年(1871年)に梨本宮と改称した。
- In 1868 he returned to secular life and named Kaji no Miya, he was renamed again as Nashimoto no Miya in 1871.
- 裁きを下された仁木弾正は、改心を装って控えの間の渡辺外記に近づき、隠し持った短刀で刺す。
- Having received the judgment, Danjo NIKKI, pretending to be sorry, approaches the Gekizaemon WATANABE in a waiting room and stabs him with a short sword he has secretly brought.
- これらの鎮圧過程で延喜年間に軍制の改革が進められ、国衙の軍事動員に対する規制が緩和された。
- In this process of suppressing the war, the military system was reformed in the Engi (901 - 923) era, making less restrictive the regulation of kokuga mobilizing people for military purposes.
- その後、元慶元年(877年)の陽成天皇の践祚より回数を減じて、春秋の季御読経に改められた。
- It was performed less frequently later on due to Emperor Yozei taking the throne in 877, and Kinomidokyo came to be performed only during the spring and fall.
- 6月5日、高氏が鎮守府将軍に任命され、天皇の諱「尊治」から一字を与えられ「尊氏」と改めた。
- On the fifth day of the sixth month, Takauji was appointed the Chinjufu shogun ('Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North'), and he was awarded one character from out of the Emperor's real name (Takahara), thereby changing the 'Taka (高)' in his own name to the Emperor's own 'Taka (尊).'
- (昭和4年改称)板橋二丁目→下板橋町、東町東組→東組町、新大黒→瀬戸物町、備後→東大手町、
- (Renamed in 1929) 2-chome Itabashi => Shimoitabashi-cho, Higashimachi Higashigumi => Higashi Kumi-cho, Shindaikoku => Setomono-cho, Bingo => Higashi Ote-cho
- その改正は幕府そのものの尊厳を傷つけるものとして拒絶してくる事は目に見えて明らかであった。
- It was obvious that any amendment of this law would get rejected as it would affect the dignity of the Bakufu itself.
- 宗教面では従来の神仏混交が改められ(神仏分離)、仏教弾圧(廃仏毀釈)などの動きも見られた。
- In religion, the syncretism of Shintoism and Buddhism was rejected (separation of Buddhism and Shintoism), and moves to oppress Buddhism (Haibutsu-kishaku) were also observed.
- 5月15日、平氏は以仁王を臣籍降下させ、「源以光」と改めた上で、土佐国への流罪を決定した。
- On the sixteenth day of the sixth month (fifteenth day of the fifth month in lunar calendar), the Taira clan decided to have prince Mochihito expelled from the imperial family and made a private citizen, to change his name to 'MINAMOTO no Mochimitsu' and moreover to banish him to Tosa province.
- ついに翌慶応4年(1868年。9月に明治と改元)正月「討薩表」を掲げ、京へ進軍を開始した。
- Then, in January 1868 (changed the name of an era to Meiji in September), they finally started to march into Kyoto, raising a plan to conquer Satsuma.
- 日本書紀の記述によると、翌年(646年)正月には改新の詔を宣して、政治体制の改革を始めた。
- According to the Chronicles of Japan, in January the following year Emperor Kotoku made an imperial proclamation to enact reform and began restructuring the political system.
- 次の煬帝の代には、その改正である『大業律令』が頒布されたが、『開皇律令』と大差がなかった。
- During the reign of his successor, Emperor Yang, the revised 'Daye Ritsuryo,' which differed only slightly from the 'Kaihuang Ritsuryo,' was promulgated.
- 基本となっているのは冠位四十八階であるが、名称を正一位、従三位などとわかりやすく改訂した。
- This new system was based on the forty-eight cap ranks, but the rank names were revised to ones that were easier to understand, such as Shoichii (Senior First Rank) and Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).
- 不改常典は本当は天智天皇の作ではなく、後に作られて天智制定と偽ったのだとする仮託説もある。
- Another is the pretext theory that presents a hypothesis that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was not established by Emperor Tenchi, but it was posteriorly written under the pretense that it was set up by Emperor Tenchi.
- 第四は、元明天皇の即位詔の中で二番目に出てくる不改常典が、食国法と明記されている点である。
- The fourth is related to the point that in the Emperor Genmei's imperial edict upon enthronement, Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten appeared for the second time is clearly described as the law of the nation's governance.
- また、皇室典範の内容を全面的に「改正」すると共に、皇室祭祀令等戦前の皇室令を全て廃止した。
- Furthermore, they thoroughly 'amended' the contents of Imperial Household Law, and they also abolished all the Imperial Household Orders which were established before the war, including the Koshitsu Saishi Rei.
- これを聞いた三五郎は、女房の兄なら自分の兄と、改めて弥助に挨拶し、家に落ち着くこととなる。
- Knowing that, Sangoro says that his wife's brother is his brother and bows down to Yasuke, then the family decides to stay in Yasuke's row house.
- しかし祭祀は、大正天皇の第三子により継承され、宮号は、その際、ふたたび高松宮と改められた。
- However, the event was handed down by the third child of Emperor Taisho and the name of the court noble was changed to Takamatsu no miya.
- 亀山は院評定制の改革に取り組み、一定の成果を上げて「厳密之沙汰」、「徳政興行」と評された。
- Emperor Kameyama who worked on improving the system of council supervised by a retired emperor; In Hyojo Sei, based upon his achievements, was thought to be an Emperor who exercises 'strict self discipline' and yet, operates a 'benevolent government.'
- 1872年外務丞(外務大臣)・花房義質が釜山に来航し、草梁倭館を接収して日本公館と改称した。
- In 1872, Yoshimoto HANABUSA, Minister for Foreign Affairs, arrived in Busan and confiscated Choryang-dong Wakan to rename it as the Japanese diplomatic mission.
- これ以後は幕藩体制が確立して改易、転封は減少して大名は固定化されるようになり、幕末に至った。
- The shogunate system was established afterwards and accordingly, the application of kaieki and transfers decreased, and the allocation of Daimyo was fixed until the end of the bakufu.
- 寛文12年には編纂事業を本格化させ、駒込別邸の史館を小石川本邸へ移転し、「彰考館」と改めた。
- He began in earnest with the compiling enterprise in 1672 and moved the library from Komagome to a mansion in Koishikawa and named it 'Shokokan.'
- 戦いに勝利した足利義尹が義稙と改名して将軍に復職し、細川高国・大内義興の連合政権が成立した。
- Yoshitada ASHIKAGA, who won the battle, changed his name to Yoshitane and reinstated as Shogun; a coalition government of Takakuni HOSOKAWA and Yoshioki OUCHI was formed.
- 大化の改新以前に、蘇我蝦夷と蘇我入鹿の親子が権勢を示すために丘の麓に邸宅を構えていたという。
- SOGA no Emishi and SOGA no Iruka, a father and a son, are said to have had a residence at the foot of the hill to show off their power before the Taika Reforms took place.
- 新政府は不平等条約の改正を目指し、帝国議会の設置や大日本帝国憲法の制定など国制整備に努めた。
- Aiming at revising unequal treaties, the new government made efforts to establish national systems, such as the establishment of the Imperial Diet and the enactment of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 日露戦争をきっかけに日露関係、英露関係が急速に改善し、それぞれ日露協約、英露協商を締結した。
- Relations between Russo-Japanese, and Anglo-Russian relations rapidly improved as a result of the Russo-Japanese War, leading to the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese Treaty and the Anglo-Russian Entente.
- さらに、天正19年(1591年)に義勝が改易された後、庄内を与えられたのは上杉景勝であった。
- When Yoshikatsu was punished by being deprived of his fief the Shonai district in 1591, the district was given to Kagekatsu UESUGI.
- また、憲法取調局(翌年、制度取調局に改称)を設置するなど、憲法制定と議会開設の準備を進めた。
- And Ito established the constitution interrogation office (its name was changed into the political system interrogation office the next year) so as to prepare for a constitution and a national diet.
- 国家の支配体制がこのように電撃的、かつ画期的に改変されたのは明治維新における奇跡とも言える。
- It can be considered a miracle that the ruling system of Japan was changed quickly and dramatically by the Meiji Restoration.
- 天武天皇がそれ以前の大王という呼称を「天皇」に改めるよう命じたのではないかと見るものもある。
- Some argue that the Emperor Tenmu changed the old name, 'Okimi' (great king) into 'Tenno' (emperor).
- 同改正法では、「建国記念の日 政令で定める日 建国をしのび、国を愛する心を養う。」と定めた。
- The revision states, 'National Foundation Day is designated by a government ordinance to reflect on the establishment of the nation and nourish a love for the country.
- 近代、明治時代には、洋瓦の開発や輸入が行われ始め、また、桟瓦を改良した引掛桟瓦が開発された。
- In the Meiji period, western-style roof tiles have started to be developed and imported, and Hikkake sangawara (hanging tiles), an improved type of pantile have also been developed.
- 2006年の酒税改正により、添加量が制限されており、現在は3倍までは増量できなくなっている。
- As the additive amount was limited by the revision of the Liquor Tax Act in 2006, the volume cannot be tripled at present.
- 相馬郡司の地位と相馬郷を回復した常胤は、8月10日、改めて相馬郡(郷?)を伊勢神宮に寄進した。
- Having recovered the position of Soma gunji and the Soma-go village, Tsunetane donated the Soma-gun (presumably, Soma-go) village again to the Ise-jingu Shrine on September 24.
- 校田は大化改新直後から行われ、班田制の施行とともに班田の前に校田が行われ、校田帳が作成された。
- The koden had been carried out immediately after Taika no Kaishin (the Taika Reforms); and as the handen-sei (Ritsuryo land-allotment system) was enforced, the koden was conducted before the handen, and kodencho (individual registers of the koden) were recorded.
- しかし、それから僅か10年後の794年、桓武天皇は改めて山背国北部に遷都し、平安京が成立した。
- However, in 794, only 10 years after that, Emperor Kanmu relocated the capital to the north of Yamashiro Province, and Heian-kyo was established.
- こうした災害を理由とした改元(長享・延徳・明応)が相次いでいるのもそれを裏付けていると言える。
- The successive changes of the imperial era name (Chokyo, Entoku, and Meio) attributed to these disasters endorse this observation.
- 各旅館とも団体客向けから女性客や家族客などを対象とした改装が相次ぎ、その成果が見え始めている。
- The inns were successively renovated to attract tourists who are females and families but large parties of tourists, and it is coming to fruition.
- 飛鳥京から藤原宮時代の木簡(大化の改新以後~律令制前)には近江国を「近水海」と記載されている。
- In a 'mokkan' (a narrow strip of wood on which an official message is written: made after 'Taika no Kaishin' [Great Reformation of the Taika Era] till the introduction of the Ritsuryo system [a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code]) made in the period from Asuka-kyo place to Fujiwara-kyo palace, Omi Province was described as 'Chikatsu no umi' (近水海).
- 一方、松平忠輝は総大将を務める天王寺合戦で遅参したことが理由の一つとなり、翌年に改易となった。
- On the other hand, Tadateru MATSUDAIRA was given kaieki (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) the next year partly because he arrived late for the Battle of Tenniji in which he was a supreme commander.
- この改革は、律令制の再興を意図したものだったが、これにより律令制は大きく変質することとなった。
- Though aimed at restoring the Ritsuryo system, these reforms, ironically, significantly transformed it.
- 独立した予算を立て、久春古丹にあった公議所を樺太開拓使庁と改称した他は、実質的変化はなかった。
- The independent budget was made, and the Kogisho (the lower house) located in Kushunkotan was changed to the Sakhalin Development Commissioner, but there were no substantial changes.
- 陸軍省のもとで屯田兵の所管組織は屯田兵本部、屯田兵司令部と改称し、一般の部隊の編制に近づいた。
- Under the Ministry of Army the presiding organizations of tondenhei were renamed Tondenhei Headquarters, Tondenhei Command Center and became more similar to the formation of general military units.
- この場合には後継者がいても改易され、捕らえられた場合には「不忠」を理由に処刑される事もあった。
- When this occurred, kaieki was applied even though there was a successor, and when those who had run away were captured, they were sometimes executed because they were 'not loyal.'
- また762年多賀城を改修し、蝦夷への饗給(きょうごう)を行うにふさわしい壮大な施設へと変えた。
- In 762, he renovated Taga-jo Castle into a grand facility suitable for holding feasts for Ezo.
- 「不改常典」は法の正式名称ではなく、この法に言及した即位詔の一節からとられた歴史学用語である。
- Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' is not its formal name, but a historical term derived from one phrase used in the imperial edicts upon enthronement.
- 近江令が平安時代に創作された仮構ならば、奈良時代に言及された不改常典が近江令であるはずがない。
- If Omi-Ryo is a hypothetical creation in the Heian period, Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten, which was referred to in the Nara period, cannot be Omi-Ryo by any means.
- 家の者は大いに驚き、改めてあちこちを回って鼠退治の巧い猫を捜し当て、再び旧鼠に挑むこととなる。
- People in the household were very much surprised, and after poking around various places in search of a cat which was good at killing mice, once again challenged kyuso.
- そして、贅沢を禁じた天保の改革では、200軒あまりのすし屋が手鎖の刑に処せられることになった。
- Under the Tempo Reforms that prohibited luxury, the owners including sushi chefs of more than 200 sushi shops suffered tegusari penalty (confinement to one's residence and restraint in behavior with handcuffs on the wrists).
- また、日本書紀の大化の改新の記述には改竄が認められることから、この説が唱えられるようになった。
- Because there is falsification in the definition of Taika's reform in 'Chronicles of Japan (Nihon Shoki),' this theory has become apparent.
- 佐々木長秀(後に吉田秀長)が宝暦の改暦(宝暦暦)の際に西川正休の息子西川忠喬の作暦手伝となる。
- Nagahide SASAKI (later Hidenaga YOSHIDA) became the assistant of Tadataka NISHIKAWA, a son of Masayoshi NISHIKAWA, at the time of Horyaku calendar revision (Horyaku Calendar).
- 元禄4年(1691年)奥詰に任ぜられ名乗りを中務少輔に改め、後小姓に転任するが1月で辞任する。
- He was first appointed as an okuzume in 1691 and changed the name to Nakatsukasa no Shoyu; later, he was reassigned as the page, however he resigned this position in January.
- 8世紀末から9世紀初頭の桓武天皇による諸改革も上記のような律令制支配の維持強化を目的としていた。
- The reforms carried out by Emperor Kanmu from the late eighth century to the early ninth century also aimed at the above mentioned maintenance and enhancement of the Ritsuryo system domination.
- 譜代・親藩の中には、改易処分のあとに許されて、その子孫が旧知とほぼ同じ待遇で、復帰した例もある。
- Also, there were some cases where Fudai and Shinpan (hereditary daimyo and relatives of the Tokugawa family) were forgiven after receiving the kaieki decision, and their descendents returned to the original positions to receive almost the same stipend.
- これを機に朝廷でも新制が出され、「弘安徳政」と呼ばれる幕府・朝廷共同の政治改革の動きに発展した。
- It galvanized the Imperial court to enact its shinsei and led to the movement of political reform, which is called koan-tokusei (political reforms in the Koan era), carried out by the cooperation between the bakufu and the Imperial court.
- (平成3年改称)奥ノ防→奥ノ防町、林ノ本→林ノ本町、西柿→西柿町、堂田→堂田町、新田泓→新田泓町
- (the names were changed in 1991) Okunobo=>Okunobo-cho, Hayashinomoto=>Hayashinomoto-cho, Nishigaki=>Nishigaki-cho, Doden=>Doden-cho, and Shindenbuke=>Shindenbuke-cho
- 八代将軍徳川吉宗は、江戸の開幕以降最大の幕政改革を行ない、「江戸幕府の中興の祖」と呼ばれている。
- The eighth shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA conducted the largest-scale reformation of the shogunate government since its foundation, thus earning the title 'Restorer of the Edo bakufu.'
- 1907年3月15日に京都競馬会として設立、1910年に改称され1937年5月31日に解散した。
- It was founded as the Kyoto Horse Racing Association on March 15, 1907, and was renamed in 1910 and dissolved on May 31, 1937.
- このような中で、政局を安定させるためにも地方制度改革が必要不可欠であるとの指摘がひろくなされた。
- In such circumstances, it was widely pointed out that reforming the local administrative system was indispensable in order to stabilize to political situation.
- また、20世紀後半に有力化した近江令不存在説にもとづけば、不改常典を近江令とする説は否定される。
- The Omi-Ryo nonexistent theory that has become influential in the latter part of the 20th century denies the theory that identifies Omi-Ryo with Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.
- もし不改常典が直系・嫡系継承法なら、この法は即位の数日前や後に破られたことになり、矛盾をきたす。
- If Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is a direct line imperial succession code or a legitimate child imperial succession code, it conflicts with the facts because the code was broken only a few days before or after the enthronement.
- 登録有形文化財(第57条):、1996年の文化財保護法改正により登録有形文化財制度が創設された。
- Registered Tangible Cultural Properties (Article 57): The system of registered tangible cultural properties was founded owing to the amendment of the Law for the protection of cultural properties in 1996.
- 2005年に施行された改正文化財保護法により、無形の民俗文化財の領域に「民俗技術」が加えられた。
- The 'folk technology' was added to the area of intangible folk cultural properties in the Revised Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, enacted in 2005.
- 2004年の文化財保護法改正においては、登録有形文化財制度の登録の対象に美術工芸品を追加された。
- When the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties was revised in 2004, art craftworks were added to the candidates for registered tangible folk cultural properties.
- その後、大手門跡等に標石を建てたり、二の丸跡の復旧、城内石段の改修や天主・本丸跡の発掘調査を行う。
- Afterwards, Shiga Prefecture erected stone markers at the site of Ote-mon Gate and other places, as well as restored the site of Ninomaru, and excavated and investigated the sites of castle tower and Honmaru.
- 新選組は幕府から、新政府軍の甲府進軍を阻止する任務を与えられ甲陽鎮撫隊へと名を改め出撃するも敗戦。
- Shisen-gumi was given a mission by the shogunate to prevent advancement of the new government's army into Kofu, changed their name to Koyo Chinbutai and set out, but lost the war.
- しかし、版籍奉還後の藩知事にも藩主同様の世襲が認めれていたことから、事実上の改易であったと言える。
- This was generally considered to be kaieki because the governor position could be hereditary like the lord position even after lands and people were returned to the Emperor.
- この時期に編纂されたとされる近江令は、国制改革を進めていく個別法令群の総称だったと考えられている。
- It is believed that the Omi Code, which is said to have been compiled in this period, was a general name for the group of laws enforced for promoting the constitutional reforms.
- 日本では、明治初年に始まる明治維新により、さまざまな改革が行われ、旧来の国制は根本的に変更された。
- After the Meiji Restoration which began in 1868, various reforms were implemented in Japan, and the national polity was radically changed.
- 明治維新後の日本は不平等条約を改正し、欧米列強と対等の関係を築くために近代的憲法を必要としていた。
- After the Meiji Restoration, Japan needed to enact a modern constitution so that they could reform the unequal treaty and build a 50/50 relationship with the allied western powers.
- その後事業地域も京都市内全域に拡がり、1920年(大正9年)に山城銀行(やましろぎんこう)に改称。
- Later, it extended its business area to all of Kyoto City, and was renamed the Bank of Yamashiro in 1920.
- 1888年には従来の内乱鎮圧型の鎮台を改編し、6師団と近衛師団を創設して海外での戦闘能力を高めた。
- In 1888, the conventional garrison --the system effective for claiming domestic conflicts-- was reorganized with the creation of six divisions and Guard Divisions to increase the ability to fight abroad.
- 寺社:清水寺本堂、東寺の五重塔、萬福寺、善光寺本堂、東大寺大仏殿、出雲大社本殿、春日神社本殿の改築
- Temples and shrines: the reconstructions of the main hall of Kiyomizu-dera Temple, the five-story pagoda of To-ji Temple, Manpuku-ji Temple, the main hall of Zenko-ji Temple, the the Great Buddha Hall of Todaij-ji Temple, the main hall of Izumo-taisha Shrine, and the main hall of Kasuga-taisha Shrine
- 天智天皇が「改めるまじき常の典と定め賜ひ敷き賜ひた法」というくだりから、学界で不改常典と呼ばれる。
- Based on the words of Emperor Tenchi that says 'the law established and promulgated as a permanent code that should not be irreversible,' it is referred as Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten (Irreversible Permanent Code/ Ireversible Eternal Code) in academic society.
- 幅50m以上の周濠が巡らされているが、中世に城砦として利用されていたため、部分的に改変されている。
- It is surrounded by a moat with a width of more than fifty meters; however, it was partly renovated in medieval times to be used as a fortress.
- 高橋崇が「不改常典と定めた食国法」という詔文から反対を唱えたものの、多くの学者は岩橋説に賛同した。
- Takashi TAKAHASHI opposed to his theory based on the phrase 'the law of the nation's governance legislated as Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten,' however, many of the scholars agreed with the IWAHASHI's theory.
- 井上内親王派への桓武天皇側の配慮は、この時期2回にわたって行われた井上内親王の改葬にも現れている。
- Emperor Kanmu's political group paid its respects to Imperial Princess Inoue's political group by twice moving Imperial Princess Inoue's remains to another grave site during this time.
- こうした支配体制を改変する動きは、1040年代を中心とする11世紀中期になって非常に顕著に見られる。
- These reforms of governing structure were actively implemented in the mid-11th century, especially around 1040s.
- なお、殿上を退くことをよしとしない者はあえて叙爵を受けず、六位に留まり、改めて最末席の蔵人となった。
- Those who decided not to leave the court made a point of not being ennobled in order to remain at the sixth rank, and restarted a career as kurodo at the lowest rank.
- 714年(和銅7年)これを漢風に改め、四神において南方を守護するとされる朱雀の名を冠したものとした。
- In 714, the gate system was revised into the Chinese style with the south gate being named Suzaku (a Vermilion Bird and a god said to rule over the southern heavens), which was one of the shijin (four gods said to rule over the four directions) that was believed to protect the south.
- 松岡2007では、中国の明代に占術一般の革新が行われ、六壬についても改編があったのだろうとしている。
- In 'Abe no Seimei 'Senji ryakketsu' Shokai,' Hidesato MATSUOKA asserts that Rikujin might have been reorganized in the era of the Ming Dynasty of China in the wake of general reform of divination.
- いずれにせよこの制度改定は、後述の正徳 (日本)度来日の際のような深刻な外交問題には発展しなかった。
- Anyway, this system change did not develop into a serious diplomatic problem as when Tsushinshi came to Japan in the Shotoku era (1711 - 1716), as described later.
- その後、奈良末期~平安初頭にかけて桓武天皇が、律令国家の再構築を目指して大規模な行政改革を実行した。
- Afterwards, aiming at restructuring the nation under the Ritsuryo codes, the Emperor Kanmu carried out a large scale of administrative reform from the late Nara period to the early Heian period.
- 土佐藩などの主張で幕府が朝廷に政権を返上し、諸侯会議により幕政改革を推進する公議政体論が主張された。
- Following the opinion of clans such as Tosa, the Shogunate returned the ruling power to the Imperial Court, and the idea of giving political power to the council of representatives from various clans, which would reform the Shogunate system, was recommended.
- 天皇は同年10月13日に江戸城へ到着、江戸城はその日のうちに東幸の皇居と定められ東京城と改称された。
- The emperor arrived at Edo castle on October 13, 1868 and that was then renamed Tokyo castle and recognized as the east imperial castle.
- だが、その一方でこうした改革は李朝宗親・功臣を所有者とする新たな荘園体制の再編へとつながっていった。
- However, on the other hand, such reforms led to the reorganization of the new manor system, where the owners were the Imperial Family of the Yi Dynasty and meritorious retainers.
- 朝廷はこれに対処するため、受領(現地国司の最高位者)に広範な軍事上の裁量権を認める制度改革を行った。
- In order to handle this issue, the Imperial Court carried out institutional reform to grant a wide range of military discretion to zuryo (highest-rank local governors).
- これを知った前将軍義稙(義材改め)は、大内義興とともに上洛、細川高国の出迎えを受けて将軍位に復した。
- When the former Shogun, Yoshitane (Yoshiki), learned of this internecine struggle in the Hosokawa clan, he marched on the capital together with Yoshioki OUCHI, and after receiving a welcome from Takakuni HOSOKAWA, he reclaimed his former position as Shogun.
- 11月19日の江戸開市と新潟開港の延期通告、28日のロシアとの改税約書締結を行ったのは幕府であった。
- It was the bakufu that notified postponement of the opening of Edo and the Niigata Port on December 14 and that concluded the revised trade agreement with Russia on December 23.
- 新政府は、版籍奉還の後、公卿・諸侯を華族、武士を士族、足軽などを卒族、その他の人民を平民に改組した。
- After Hanseki-hokan, the new government defined new address terms, Kazoku (the peerage) for court nobles and feudal lords, Shizoku (warrior class) for samurai warriors, Sotsuzoku for conscripted foot soldiers, and Heimin (commoner) for other people.
- また京阪電気鉄道藤森駅は開業当初師団前という名称であった(1941年(昭和16年)に現名称に改称)。
- Furthermore, Fuji no Mori Station of Keihan Electric Railway Corporation had the name, Shidan mae (front of division) around the time it was established (it was renamed to the current name in 1941).
- 主な改革としては、学制、地租改正、徴兵令、グレゴリオ暦の採用、司法制度の整備、散髪脱刀令などがある。
- The members of the 'Rusu-seifu' mainly reformed the educational system, the land-tax system, the conscription ordinance, the calendar (they adopted the Gregorian Calendar), the administration of justice, and introduced rules allowing freedom of hairstyle and banning the carrying of swords.
- 大日本帝国 『清国ニ対スル宣戦ノ詔勅』では朝鮮の独立と改革の推進、東洋全局の平和などが唱われている。
- The imperial prescript of Empire of Japan advocates the cause to promote independence and reform of Korea and peace of the entire East.
- 1959年には北山茂夫が、大友皇子と重臣たちが奉じた「天皇の詔」が不改常典であろうとする説を出した。
- In 1959, Shigeo KITAYAMA presented the theory supposing that the phrase 'Emperor's Edict' embraced by Prince Otomo and his senior statesmen could be Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.
- 明和5年(1768年)の百回忌に際して名誉回復が図られて改めて無礙光院宮良純大和尚の諡号が贈られた。
- At the hundredth anniversary of his death in 1768, he was given the new posthumous Buddhist name of 'Mugekoingu Ryojun Daiosho' in order to restore his honor.
- その場合、桓武天皇の即位詔にあらわれる「初め定めた法」は、「不改常典」とは別のものということになる。
- According to this argument, the phrase appeared in the Emperor Kanmu's edict 'the law established for the first time' refers to another one different from 'Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.'
- 旧来の歌舞伎の近代化を図る知識人のグループ「求古会」の要請により、演劇改良運動の一環として書かれた。
- It was written as a part of campaign to improve dramas upon the request of `kyuko kai,' a group of intellectuals that aim to modernize classic kabuki.
- 9代・京極宮公仁親王の歿後、一旦空主となるが、光格天皇の皇子・桂宮盛仁親王が継承して桂宮に改称した。
- After the ninth Kyogokunomiya Imperial Prince Kinhito died, there was no one to succeed the family for a while, so, Emperor Kokaku's Prince, Katsuranomiya Imperial Prince Takehito succeeded and was renamed Katsuranomiya.
- 1855年に松平定信(寛政の改革で有名な老中とは別人)を総奉行として律令制の形式に則って改築された。
- In 1855 this palace was built under Ritsuryo Style (a system of centralized government based on ritsuryo codes) having Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA (he was not the same famous person as a Senior Councilor in the Kansei Reforms) as Sobugyo (Grand Magistrate).
- 菊麿王の後を継いだのが久邇宮朝彦親王の王子、多田(ただ)王で、相続にあたって梨本宮守正王と改名した。
- Kuni no Miya Prince Asahiko's Prince, Prince Tada succeeded after Prince Kikumaro, he was renamed Nashimoto no Miya Prince Morimasa when he inherited the family.
- 日本書紀によれば、646年正月の大化の改新の詔において「初めて戸籍・計帳・班田収授法をつくれ」とある。
- According to Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), an imperial edict issued on the Taika Reforms in the New Year of 646 mentioned, 'Make the family register and Keicho, and enact the Handen Shuju-no-ho for the first time.'
- しかし、改易によって大量の浪人が生じて社会不安につながり、浪人による反乱未遂事件(慶安の変)が起きた。
- Meanwhile, however, there were many ronin because of kaieki, and this caused social unrest to grow and finally resulted in a rebellion (Keian Incident).
- 1184年(寿永3年) - 頼朝が公文所(後に政所と改称)、問注所を設置する(行政・裁判機構の成立)。
- 1184 - Yoritomo established the Kumonjo (later renamed Mandokoro) and Monchujo (the establishment of the system of administration and justice).
- 前年の長徳4年(998年)以来続く疫病に悩まされた朝廷はこの年の1月17日に元号を「長保」と改元した。
- The Imperial Court, annoyed by an epidemic which had continued since 998, the previous year, changed the gengo (an era name) into 'Choho' on January 17.
- 天智天皇による国制改革は全国に及んでおり、令制国と呼ばれる地方行政区画が形成されたのもこの時期である。
- The constitutional reforms led by Emperor Tenji extended throughout the country, with administrative districts called ryoseikoku being formed in this period.
- 前方部が小さく造られている)のようになっているが、これは江戸時代の改修工事によるものとも言われている。
- the square front part is made smaller than the ones made in later times) but this is said to have been formed during repairs that were made during the Edo period.
- 茶筅酒(ちゃせんざけ)の場: 白太夫に名を改めた三つ子の父の70歳の祝いに、三つ子とその妻達が集まる。
- Chasen Zake (literally, tea whisk sake) Act: The triplets and their wives gathered to celebrate their father who turned 70 years old, and changed his name to Shiratayu.
- 1948年、松竹との待遇改善がからみ、文楽界は会社派の「文楽因会」と組合側の「文楽三和会」に分裂した。
- Due to conflict with Shochiku over better treatment, the Bunraku world was divided into 'Bunraku Chinami kai' on the side of the company and 'Bunraku Mitsuwa kai' on the side of the union in 1948.
- 大正8年(1919年):パリ講和会議、関東軍設置、選挙法改正、ベニート・ムッソリーニがファシスト党結成
- 1919: the Paris Peace Conference, deployment of Kwantung Army (Japanese armed forces in Manchukuo), and the formation of Falange by Benito MUSSOLINI
- これは天保年間のことと書いてあるが、天保の大飢饉の影響か、それとも天保の改革のためなのかは不明である。
- The 'Morisadamanko' says that it happened in the Tenpo era, but it is not certain whether the Tenpo Famine or Tenpo Reforms triggered the crackdown.
- 足立信頭が寛政の改暦(寛政暦)のために高橋至時の助手となり、天保6年(1835年)天文方に任じられた。
- Nobuakira ADACHI became the assistant of Yoshitoki TAKAHASHI at the time of Kansei calendar revision (Kansei Calendar) and was appointed to Tenmonkata in 1835.
- 現在のような観音寺城になるまで幾度かの改修が実施されたことが、文献や発掘調査などから明らかになっている。
- According to the literature and the research on the land, it is apparent that the Kannonji-jo Castle has been renovated several times to be the Kannonji-jo Castle today.
- 戊辰戦争後、明治新政府により1家(請西藩)が改易され、会津藩、仙台藩など22家が減封の処分を受けている。
- After the Boshin War, the new Meiji government subjected one family (Jozai clan) to kaieki and 22 families, such as the Aizu and Sendai clans, to genpo.
- 関ヶ原の戦い以降、江戸時代を通じて外様大名127家、親藩・譜代大名121家の計248家が改易されている。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara through the Edo period, a total of 248 families consisting of 127 Tozama Daimyo families and 121 Shinpan and Fudai Daimyo families were subject to kaieki.
- そのために、徳川家康、徳川秀忠、徳川家光の三代の時代に外様大名82家、親藩・譜代大名49家が改易された。
- As a result, during the three Tokugawa generations of Ieyasu, Hidetada, and Iemitsu, 82 Tozama Daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lord) families and 49 Fudai and Shinpan (hereditary daimyo and relatives of the Tokugawa family) families were subject to kaieki.
- 桓武の死後、皇子らは順番に皇位につくこととし、桓武の次代の平城天皇は桓武に劣らぬ積極的な改革を遂行した。
- After the death of Emperor Kanmu, the princes ascended the throne in order; the renovations by Emperor Heizei, the next emperor after Kanmu, were no less positive renovations than Kanmu.
- これは民間で使われる単位が長くなっていったため、時の政権もそれを追認する形で公定尺を改訂したものである。
- The private shaku unit became gradually longer which the government of the time had to confirm, and the official shaku unit was redefine.
- この事件により一時アメリカ上院には条約改正は時期尚早という声が大きくなり、重要な外交懸案が危殆に瀕した。
- After this incident, there were growing opinions that it was still too soon to revise the treaty in the US upper House for a while, bringing Japan to a crisis over important diplomatic issues.
- 646年から孝徳天皇や天智天皇らが進めた政治改革、いわゆる大化の改新において、4つの施策方針が示された。
- In the political reforms known as the Taika Reforms advanced by Emperor Kotoku and Emperor Tenji from 646, four Action Plans were shown.
- 政府は、総司令部と折衝の上、3月6日に「憲法改正草案要綱(3月6日案)」を政府案として、国民に公表した。
- The government announced to the public 'the Outline of the Draft for a Revised [Draft on March 6]' on March 6, which was completed after deliberations with GHQ.
- しかしながら、この説に従えば、次の後継者に弟の天武天皇が立ったとき、不改常典は早々に破られたことになる。
- However, according to this theory, it can be said that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was broken too soon, when Tenchi 's younger brother Emperor Tenmu presented himself to the next heir to the Imperial Throne.
- 近江令説に対する批判としては、大宝律令が施行された後の段階で近江令を「不改常典」と呼ぶ矛盾が指摘される。
- The criticism toward the Omi-Ryo theory points out the contradiction of calling Omi-Ryo 'Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' even after the Taiho Code had been enacted.
- 史料的根拠としては、後に高橋崇があげた元明天皇の即位詔の「不改常典と立て賜わる食国法」という箇所がある。
- The phrase of Empress Genmei's imperial edict to the enthronement that says 'the law of the nation's governance legislated as Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' cited later by Takashi TAKAHASHI is considered as a historically proofed reference.
- 不改常典は天智天皇が作ったものではなく、後に別の人が作って天智制定と偽ったとするのが、後世仮託説である。
- The posterior pretext theory argues that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is not the code created by Emperor Tenchi, but after ages another person made it and lied that it was instituted by Tenchi.
- こういった食器に関する改良は多方面に見られ、先割れスプーンでも「より使いやすい形状」への変更も見られる。
- Like these improvement of eating utensils can be seen in many fields, and there is the spork modified to 'shape easier to use.'
- 初演時の歌舞伎外題は『金門五山桐』(きんもん ごさんのきり)、のちに改称されて現在の歌舞伎外題となった。
- When it was first performed, the gedai was 'Kinmon Gosan-no-kiri' ('kinmon' means 'a golden gate'), and later it was changed to 'Sanmon Gosan-no-kiri' ('sanmon' means 'a two-story front gate of a temple'; 'gosan-no-kiri' is a crest of eleven paulownia flowers divided into three groups as 3+5+3).
- しかし狩谷はこの下総本の本文を「後世の改竄によるもの」と見なし、「諸本の中で最も劣悪」として認めていない。
- However, KARIYA considered the Shimosa book as 'falsification by the posterity,' and rejects it as 'the most inferior one of the various books concerned.'
- そこで元々大覚寺統の離宮であった嵯峨野の亀山殿を禅院に改め、夢窓を開山として天龍寺を創建することを決めた。
- Then, he decided to change Kameyama-dono Palace, Sagano, which was originally a detached palace of Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama), into a Zen temple and found as Tenryu-ji Temple placing Muso as kaisan (a founder of temple as the first chief priest).
- またこの時、勧修寺平田・瀬戸河原・泉玉・東金ケ崎を勧修寺平田町・瀬戸河原町・泉玉町・東金ケ崎町と改称した。
- At this time, the names of Kanshuji Hirata, Setogawara, Sengyoku and Higashikanagasaki were also changed into Kanshuji Hirata-cho, Setogawara-cho, Sengyoku-cho and Higashikanagasaki-cho, respectively.
- 昭和40年(1965年)、当時の京都市内各所に残存していた「字XX」の区域はすべて「XX町」と改称された。
- In 1965 the areas designated 'Aza XYZ,' which had still remained across Kyoto City all became '-cho,' or towns, and were renamed 'XYZ-cho' (XYZ town).
- バブル崩壊の1990年代から観光客が減少、生き残りを図るため1990年代後半から各旅館が改装に乗りだした。
- After the collapse of the '90s bubble, the number of the tourists visiting Ogoto had declined, and the owners of the accommodations started to renovate the buildings to survive from the late 1990s.
- 8世紀末の桓武天皇は、現状との乖離が大きくなりつつあった律令制を再建するため、大規模な行政改革に着手した。
- At the end of the eighth century, Emperor Kanmu started a large-scale administrative reform in order to reconstruct the Ritsuryo system, which was becoming increasingly distant from the actual conditions.
- 李氏朝鮮成立の過程で土地制度の改革が行われ、科田制及び職田制が導入され、多くの既存荘園が没収されていった。
- During the formation process of the Yi Dynasty Korea, the land system was reformed, the rank-land system (kwajonbop) and the 'office land' (chikchon) system were introduced and lots of existing manors were confiscated.
- 幕末の文久2年(1862年)閏8月には、文久の改革の一環として、3年に1回(100日)の出府に緩和された。
- In leap August 1862, daimyo were permitted to serve in Edo for one hundred days once every three years as part of the Bunkyu Reform.
- 大久保は6月25日 (旧暦)(8月11日)に政府人事の大幅改造を断行して参議を西郷と木戸の2人に限定した。
- Okubo reshuffled the cabinet on August 11 and appointed only Saigo and Kido as sangi.
- 確にこの時期に冠位十二階の制定などの国制改革が行われたが、政治・社会体制を大きく変革するものではなかった。
- Constitutional reforms such as the establishment of the twelve cap rank system were carried out during this period, although they were not so influential as to drastically change the political and social systems.
- 明治4年7月14日 (旧暦)(1871年8月29日)に廃藩置県が実施され、同年には太政官官制が改革された。
- On August 29, 1871, Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures) was implemented, and Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was reformed.
- 明治維新後の陰陽寮の廃止とともに暦博士も廃止され、間もなく太陽暦への改暦によってその役目は終わる事になる。
- After the Meiji Restoration, along with the abolition of Onmyoryo (a government office that had jurisdiction over calendar preparation, astronomy, divination, etc.), the post of Reki Hakase was abolished, and soon the official calendar was changed to a solar calendar, signaling the end of the role of Reki Hakase.
- 日朝修好条規締約後の朝鮮では日本の支援による兵制改革で軍人が失職し、残った旧式軍隊にも給与が遅配していた。
- In Korea after Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity was concluded, military system reform with Japanese support left many solders unemployed, and the remaining soldiers in the old-fashioned military force were not paid on time.
- 開始時期については諸説あるが、狭義では明治改元に当たる1868年10月23日(9月8日 (旧暦))となる。
- Although there are various theories about when the Meiji Restoration started, the official date is October 23, 1868 (September 8, 1868 of the lunar calendar).
- そこで、これ以降の「初め定める法」は本来の不改常典から変質したと考える説や、まったく別物だとする説もある。
- Then, some theories argue that 'the law conceived and established for the first time' is a code modified from the original Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten, while others insist that it is a completely different one.
- 明治44年(1911年)には、開国以来の懸案であった条約改正を完了させ、名実共に日本は列強の一員となった。
- In 1911 he completed the revision of a treaty which had been a big headache since Japan opened a country to foreign trade and diplomatic relations, as a result, Japan became a member of the Great Powers.
- 馬車を使用した場合、東京駅(東京駅改装中に付、現在は明治生命本店前)から皇居宮殿御車寄までの道のりになる。
- When an ambassador prefers a carriage, he rides from Tokyo Station (at the time of writing, in front of the Meiji Life Insurance Headquarters as the station is under refurbishment) up to the carriage way of the Main Palace on the grounds of the Imperial Palace.
- それを孝徳が定めたと言わず、天智が定めたというのは、当時の制度改定の主役が中大兄皇子だったためだと考えた。
- MOTOORI thought that, the formulation of the code, nevertheless, was not attributed to the work of Kotoku but to the achievement of Tenchi, because at that time the central role of the system reform was played by Prince Naka no Oe.
- 不改常典が継承方法ではなく天皇のあり方を規定したものとするなら、前代の詔もこれら平安時代の詔も意味が通る。
- If Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is not formulated to rule imperial succession, but to advocate the ideal position of the emperors, the edicts of the former emperors as well as the edicts of these emperors in the Heian period would make sense.
- 『日本書紀』の天智天皇の時代には、改定はあっても初めて定められた法は見当たらないというのがその理由である。
- As its reason, he points out the fact that in the era of Emperor Tenchi, when 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) was written, there were law amendments but no institution of a new law.
- 贈位は原則として従五位以上とされたが、明治2年(1869年)の官位制度改革以後は従四位以上の適用となった。
- As a general rule, ranks for zoi was Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank) or higher, but from the reformation of official rank system in 1869, ranks Jushii (Junior Fourth Rank) or higher were applied.
- 1891年(明治24年)6月、歌舞伎座で上演の際、弟子の河竹新七 (3代目)らによって、大幅に改訂された。
- When it was performed at Kabuki-za in June 1891, it was drastically revised by his disciples such as Shinshichi KAWATAKE (the third).
- また、大化改新直前に藤原鎌足が僧旻より『周易』を習い、更に天智天皇を誘って南淵請安の塾に通ったとされている。
- Also, it is said that FUJIWARA no Kamatari was taught on 'Shueki' (Classic of Changes) by the monk Min just before the Taika Reforms, and also attended the private school of MINABUCHI no Shoan, bringing the Emperor Tenchi along with him.
- 町名は下の例のように、従前の「京北町大字A字B」を「右京区京北A町B」と改称する原則によって命名されている。
- As the following example shows, in principle, town's name of 'Aza B, Oaza A, Keihoku Town' was changed to 'B, Keihoku-A-cho, Ukyo Ward.'
- また、最寄り駅の雄琴駅を「おごと温泉駅」に改称するよう地域が働きかけた結果、2008年3月15日に改名した。
- Also the resort area encouraged the Ogoto Station, the closest station to the area, to change its name, and as the result, it was changed to 'Ogoto onsen Station' on March 15, 2008.
- おりしも宇多天皇、醍醐天皇が菅原道真や藤原時平らを登用して行った国政改革により全国的な騒乱状況が生じていた。
- Then, Emperor Uda and Emperor Daigo implemented a reform of the national administration by recruiting SUGAWARA no Michizane, FUJIWARA no Tokihira, and others and then tumultuous events happened across Japan.
- そこで政府は11世紀初頭ごろから地方分権的な国家体制改革を精力的に推進し、王朝国家と呼ばれる体制が成立した。
- Therefore, starting in the early eleventh century, the national government actively promoted the reformation of the national system through decentralization, establishing a system called a dynastic nation-state.
- 諸戦国大名は産出する金銀の品位改善のために灰吹法や砂鉄による鑪生産などといった新技術の導入を積極的に行った。
- In order to improve the quality of produced gold and silver, sengoku daimyo introduced actively new technologies such as cupellation, and production from iron sand using bellows.
- こういった背景から、現在のところ、砂漠化防止のため、砂漠緑化と農業の改良を中心とした対策が重要視されている。
- Based on these backgrounds, so far it is considered important, to prevent desertification, to take measures centered on planting tress in deserts and improving farming methods.
- 宮内庁は、陵墓の学術調査を規制していたが、2007年1月より陵墓管理の内規を改め、限定的な調査を認めている。
- The Imperial Household Agency used to restrict academic investigations of Imperial mausoleums, but laws of Imperial mausoleum control were altered after January 2007, and limited investigations are presently allowed.
- 6月11日農民軍の弊政改革案を受け入れて全州和約を結び、清および日本の武力介入を避けるべく農民軍は撤退した。
- On June 11, the government accepted the government reform plan proposed by the peasants, and the peasants withdrew to prevent military intervention by the Qing and Japan.
- 例えば天保の改革を行った水野忠邦は中国でアヘン戦争が起こると直ちに無二念打ち払い令を撤回させたようにである。
- For example, Tadakuni MIZUNO who performed the Tenpo Reforms immediately ordered the withdrawal of the edict to repel foreign vessels when the Opium War occurred in China.
- このため武家諸法度違反で相当数の大名が改易・減封処分を受けたが、この処罰は親藩・譜代・外様の別なく行われた。
- Through these inspectors, a great number of feudal lords (daimyo) were punished for violation of Laws Governing Military Households, and deprived samurai status with forfeit of the territories or curtailed their fief, but this punishment was imposed without extenuation of the classification of daimyo, that is, family daimyo (shinpan), hereditary vassal daimyo (fudai daimyo), or outside daimyo (tozama).
- 元正天皇の即位詔の第一の箇所と、聖武天皇即位と譲位の詔では、不改常典が聖武天皇の皇位継承の根拠とされている。
- The first part in question in the Empress Gensho's edict upon enthronement, and the Emperor Shomu's edict upon enthronement as well as his edict upon abdication, referred to Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten as the base of authority that justifies the Emperor Shomu's succession of the Imperial Throne.
- また、岸和田旧市の北町が泉大津より地車を購入し曳き方に合わせ改良を重ねた物が現在の下地車と呼ばれる物である。
- The danjiri that is currently called shimo danjiri has been continuously improved according to the way it was pulled, since Kitamachi, a former city in Kishiwada, purchased it from Izumiotsu.
- 以後、常盤井宮、京極宮、桂宮と改称し、明治14年(1881年)の第12代当主桂宮淑子内親王薨去まで存続した。
- After that, the names were changed to Tokiwainomiya, Kyogokunomiya, and Katsuranomiya, they continued to exist until the twelfth head of the family, Katsuranomiya Imperial Princess Sumiko died in 1881.
- しかし、松本藩主時代の享保10年(1725年)に6代隼人正忠恒が江戸城中で刃傷事件を起こしたため改易となる。
- However in 1725, Hayato no kami Tadatsune, the sixth generation of this family, had a sword fight in the Edo-jo Castle, and was given the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties).
- なお、昭和6年成立の町は「桃山町XX」と称するのに対し、その後新設または改称された町は「桃山XX町」と称する。
- While the towns established in 1931 are named 'Momoyama-cho-----,' the towns newly established or renamed later are named 'Momoyama-----cho.'
- 1935年、この山名に因んで三笠宮が創設される際に、同じ名前では恐れ多いとして山焼きに因んで若草山に改称した。
- When the Mikasanomiya Imperial Household was established and took its name from the mountain in 1935, to humble it and show respect for the Mikasanomiya Imperial Household, it was renamed Mt. Wakakusa after mountain burning.
- 熊本以外の藩でも18世紀末頃から熊本藩を見習って、明律を範とした司法改革を行う藩が次々と登場するようになった。
- Outside Kumamoto, many domains followed the Kumamoto Domain and began carrying out judicial reforms modeled after the Ming code since the end of the eighteenth century.
- 以上のような律令法の特色は、大化改新後の公地公民制に基づく新しい国家組織そのものの必要から生まれたものである。
- The characteristics of ritsuryo law, mentioned above, arose due to a call for a new national organization based upon a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens after the Taika Reformation.
- 兄弟継承の古い慣習に対抗するために不改常典が持ち出されたと考えると、聖武天皇の詔も元明天皇の詔も理解しやすい。
- The edict of Emperor Shomu as well as that of Empress Genmei can be easily understood, if you suppose that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was brought forward in order to cope with the old practice of the brother to brother succession.
- 以後次々に不改常典をめぐる新説が提唱され、論議は非常な活況を呈したが、どれもはっきりした成功をおさめなかった。
- After that, new theories on Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was presented one after another and held active discussions, however, none of them had a relevant success.
- 2004年(平成16年)の文化財保護法改正により、従来の風俗慣習、民俗芸能のほか、新たに民俗技術が加えられた。
- With the revision of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties in 2004, folk techniques were included, in addition to existing manners and customs and folk performing arts.
- 情けない思い、しかし改心しきった長兵衛が、帰り道に吾妻橋にさしかかると、身投げをしようとしている男にでくわす。
- When Chobei, who was so ashamed, but reformed, was about to cross Azuma-bashi Bridge, he ran into a man who was about to fall off the bridge to drown himself.
- 破免率は定まらなかったが、享保12年に5分以上の損毛は破免とし、13年4月に4分以上、19年に3分以上と改めた。
- The rate of hamen was unstable, but the loss of more than 50 percent was approved as hamen in 1727, then the criteria was changed to more than 40 percent in 1728 and more than 30 percent in 1734.
- 757年には中央の制度改革に伴って学生が細分化されて講経生・傅生・医生・針生・天文生・陰陽生・暦算生に分かれた。
- In the wake of the institutional reforms implemented by the central government in 757, students were further segmented into kogyosho (講経生), densho (傅生), isho, harisho (students of acupuncture), tenmon no sho (students of astronomy), onmyo no sho (students of onmyo), and rekisansho (students of mathematics).
- 口分田の祖型は、7世紀中葉の大化の改新頃に始まり、7世紀終盤の律令形成期に口分田制度が確立したと考えられている。
- It is considered that the original kubunden system began to be formed around the Taika Reforms, or in the middle era of the seventh century, and was established towards the end of seventh century when the ritsuryo system was formed.
- しかし、西魏の恭帝元年に北朝がこの地を占領すると、同じ北朝内に雍州を二つ置くわけにいかないため、襄州と改名した。
- While, in 554 of Westerm Wei, after this area was in occupation of Pei-Dynasty, it was renamed Xianzhou, because two Yong Zhou could not exist in the same Pei-Dynasty.
- 眺望、景観を守ることを目的としたものとして、かなり厳しい規制を建築物の新築・増改築に課すことに大きな特徴がある。
- The ordinances have distinct features in terms of considerably strict regulations on the construction of new buildings and the extension and reconstruction of old buildings in order to protect surrounding scenery and vistaed views.
- またこの時期、薩摩藩主の父で前藩主斉彬の弟・島津久光が、亡き兄の遺志を継ぎ、幕政改革を志して兵を率いて上京した。
- In the same period, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, brother of the former lord and father of the current lord of the Satsuma clan, went to Kyoto with his troops, aiming to help the reformation of the government and fulfill the dying wish of his brother.
- 北条氏康は、同盟者の武田信玄(武田晴信が永禄2年に出家して改名)に援助を要請し、信玄はこれに応えて北信濃に侵攻。
- Ujiyasu HOJO requested help of Shingen TAKEDA (Harunobu TAKEDA entered into priesthood in 1559 and changed his name to Shingen TAKEDA), and responding to this request, Shingen invaded the northern Shinano area.
- この一件以後、島津氏は藩政改革を一気に推し進め、また幕府の行う事業や島原の乱への出兵など積極的にこなしていった。
- After that incident, the Shimazu clan rapidly promoted the reformation and worked actively for the bakufu as in performing bakufu enterprises, sending troops in Shimabara War and so on.
- 上記の岩倉使節団は西欧諸制度の調査も目的であったが、条約改正のための下準備という面もあり、実際交渉も準備された。
- The purpose of the Iwakura Mission was not only to do research of the systems of western Europe but to make primary arrangements for revising the treaty, and in fact, the negotiation of the revision was prepared.
- しかし、自由民権運動の高まりや、諸制度の整備による改革の成熟などもあり、1881年に「国会開設の詔」が出された。
- Yet, due to the rising tide of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, and the maturity of the reform resulting from the organized systems, the 'Imperial edict of establishment of the National Diet' was finally submitted in 1881.
- このほか、同年4月12日の布告では、諸藩に対して御誓文の趣旨に沿って人材抜擢などの改革を進めることを命じている。
- Other than those, on the declaration of April 12 in the same year it ordered domains to proceed with reform such as selection for talented people based on the purpose of Charter Oath.
- 明治5年、神祇省の祭祀は宮中に移されることになり、八神殿は宮中に遷座し、八神を天神地祇に合祀して神殿と改称した。
- In 1872, as rituals of the Jingisho were moved to the Imperial Court, the Hasshinden was also transferred to the Imperial Court to enshrine the eight gods with Amatsukami and Kunitsukami, and this shrine's name was changed to Shinden.
- 明治2年(1869年)の版籍奉還に伴う禄制改革によって、大名も含めた全ての地方知行が廃止され、蔵米知行のみとなる。
- Due to reforms in the salary system accompanied by the return of the lands and people from the feudal lords to the Emperor in 1869, all types of Jigatachigyo, including those of the daimyo, were banned and only Kuramaichigyo remained.
- 久光は勅使大原重徳とともに江戸へ赴き、一橋慶喜(徳川慶喜)の将軍後継職就任や、幕府に対して幕政改革などを要求する。
- Hisamitsu toured to Edo with the Imperial Envoy, Shigetoku OOHARA, and demanded that the Shogunate accept Keiki HITOTSUBASHI (Keiki TOKUGAWA) as the successor Shogun and reform the Shogunate.
- 1970年(昭和45年)、地元自治会は堀の改修計画を市に陳情し、堀を埋め立てて公園と駐車場にする計画が立てられた。
- In 1970, the local community association petitioned the municipal government for a plan to renovate the canal, in which the canal was to be filled and turned into a park and parking space.
- 天下統一に先立ち、徳川家康は大判より小型のもので墨書を極印に改め一般流通を想定した通貨を発行する構想を持っていた。
- Before his unification of the whole country, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA had planned to issue a form of currency for general distribution that would be smaller than the oban and would have an engraving instead of ink writing.
- しかし後の貨幣改鋳により含有率や質量の劣る小判が発行されるようになり、質量単位と通貨単位との乖離はさらに拡大した。
- However, Keicho koban with inferiority in the gold content and mass was frequently produced later, which resulted in the further separation of the mass and the face value.
- 1987年(昭和62年)4月1日、日本国有鉄道改革法等施行法(昭和61年法律第93号)第110条の規定により廃止。
- It was abolished on April 1, 1987 by the provision no.110 of Enforcement Law of Japanese National Railways Reform Act (Law no.93 issued in 1986).
- 「これほど的確に当時の政情を物語る文書も珍しい」としながらも、「後世の改ざんかねつ造」との見方を主張し続けている。
- He continued insisting his view that, 'It must be a fabrication or forgery from a later period', while saying that 'It is a very rare document that narrated the political situation of that time with such accuracy.'
- そして1910年には馬政長官からの命令を受け京都競馬倶楽部に改称し、同年6月18日から倶楽部としての競馬を始めた。
- In 1910, it was renamed Kyoto Horse Racing Club by the order of the administrator of Horse Administration, and the club began to host horse racing on June 18 of the same year.
- また金融制度でも旧幕府時代の貨幣制度を改めて、通貨単位として「円 (通貨)」を導入(1871年。新貨条例を参照)。
- The financial system was also revised, changing the currency system of the Shogunate period and adopting the 'yen'as the currency unit in 1871 (refer to the article of the 'New Currency Regulation').
- そのため、継承原理を改変して女系継承を容認すべきとする意見もあったが、時間的余裕がでたのではないか、とされている。
- Therefore, there was an opinion that female-line succession should be approved by revising the principle of succession, however, there is still time to consider such issue.
- そこで、文徳天皇の時に不改常典は皇位継承と解されていなかったのであり、それは桓武天皇の場合も同様であると推定した。
- Then he supposed that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten during the reign of Emperor Montoku was not considered as the code to rule imperial succession and Emperor Kanmu also had a similar understanding.
- 伝承の薄れや途切れというより積極的に、基王の死と孝謙天皇即位、道祖王立太子をもって、不改常典の廃棄とする者もいる。
- Some scholars argue that the degradation or interruption of Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten in the course of its transcendence is unthinkable and it is rather probable that the code had been deliberately carried to cassation with a series of such events as Prince Motoi's death, Emperor Koken's enthronement, and Funado no Okimi's investiture as Crown Prince.
- 末期養子(大名が危篤になってから養子を願い出ること)が禁止されていたため、多くの大名家が世嗣断絶により改易となった。
- Since it was prohibited for a Daimyo to apply for an adoption of a son after becoming seriously ill, many Daimyo families suffered kaieki as a result of the extinction of lineages.
- 倭国でも7世紀前半にかけて聖徳太子と蘇我氏により遣隋使派遣・冠位十二階制定・十七条憲法導入などの国政改革が行われた。
- In Wa as well, Prince Shotoku and the Soga clan reformed national politics by sending Japanese envoys to Sui Dynasty China, establishing Kani junikai (twelve grades of cap rank) and introducing a Seventeen-Article Constitution.
- 一方、三河の松平元康は織田信長の攻略戦に手勢を率いて支援を行いながら三河・遠江の平定を進めて名を徳川家康と改名した。
- On the other hand, Motoyasu MATSUDAIRA in Mikawa, while supporting Nobunaga ODA's battles with his own troops, subjugated Mikawa and Totomi and changed his name to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 以仁王の死後も頼朝は自らの関東支配の大義名分として以仁王の「令旨」を掲げ、寿永改元後も治承年号の文書を発給している。
- Even after prince Mochihito's death, Yoritomo was able to point to his 'princely command' as a just cause to rally the portions of the Kanto region under Yoritomo's own control, and continued to issue documents bearing the Jisho era name even after the era name was changed to Juei (arguing thereby that the current emperor's administration was illegitimate).
- 多くの大名が改易、もしくは仏教か神道への改宗を余儀なくされ(強制改宗)、キリスト教の禁教と迫害の時代に入っていった。
- Many daimyo were forced to relinquish their samurai status and forfeit their hereditary territories, or were compelled to profess faith in Buddhism or Shinto (compulsory conversion), ushering in a period of anti-Christian edicts and persecution of Christianity.
- しかし、唐律令には、日本の社会情勢と適合しない箇所もあったため、多くの箇所で日本の国情に合わせた改変がなされている。
- As the Tang Ritsuryo did not exactly match the social conditions of Japan, alterations were made in a good number of places to match Japanese conditions.
- そのため、当時の桓武天皇はこうした制度を廃止し、別個の簡素かつ実効的な制度に置換するという大規模な行政改革を行った。
- Therefore, the reigning Emperor Kanmu carried out large-scale administrative reforms to replace these systems with simpler and more effective ones.
- これを打開するために藩政改革が18~19世紀にかけて各藩で実施される(早いところでは土佐藩が17世紀中葉に行った)。
- In order to cope with this situation, each domain initiated reforms in the 18th and 19th centuries, (and the first case was Tosa Domain around the middle of the 17th century).
- また小型貨物自動車の荷台の部分を改造したものなど、特種用途自動車の例示のなかの食堂自動車を屋台と捉えることもできる。
- Other stall forms, a store setup in the converted bed of a small motor truck and a special purpose dinning car, are considered street stall vendors.
- 資金難から活発な事業を行えずにいたが、活動強化を目指し、1919年には「財団法人月瀬保勝会」として法人改組している。
- Although financial difficulties kept the association from taking active measures, it was incorporated as 'Tsukigase Hoshokai Foundation' in 1919 in an effort to reinforce its activities.
- また、1932年発刊の『師範漢文改制版・巻二』(明治書院)と題する師範学校の教科書に『月瀬記勝』の一部が使用された。
- Also, a section from 'Tsukigase Kisho' was used in a teachers' college textbook titled 'Revised Chinese Classics for Teachers. Vol. 2' (Meiji-Shoin Publications), published in 1932.
- この頃、清国より伝わった印刷技術書『欽定武英殿聚珍版程式』がもたらされ、木活字印刷の改良が進んだことが背景にあった。
- This stems from the fact that the technical book of wood movable-type printing titled, 'Kintei Bueiden Shuchinbanteishiki,' was introduced from the Qing Dynasty, and the improvement of the wood movable-type printing technique took place.
- しかし、この改新の詔に関する記述には多くの疑義が出されており、このとき班田収授法が施行されたと即断することはできない。
- However, many experts have doubts about the description concerning the imperial edict issued on the Taika Reforms, so that it is difficult to conclude hastily that Handen Shuju-no-ho came into effect at this time.
- 遣明船として遠洋航海用に艤装品を充実させ、外交使節や有力商人などの居室用の屋形を増設するなど大規模改修を行って用いた。
- These rented ships were used for Kenminsen after conducting major renovation such as the installation of hull fittings suitable for ocean navigation and the expansion of cabins for diplomatic envoys or influential merchants.
- 特に中心となった長岡藩は郡奉行河井継之助により、兵制改革が進められ、武装も更新されており、、ガトリング砲も有していた。
- The center of the alliance, in particular the Nagaoka Domain, allowed the county magistrate, Tsugunosuke KAWAI, to carry out army reform and to upgrade military equipment, and even possess Gatling guns.
- それでも、改革は土地の売買による土地拡大の可能性を高めて高麗時代のような暴力的な収奪による土地兼併の可能性を排除した。
- However, the reforms ruled out the possibility of tochikenpei by violent deprivation such as seen during the Goryeo period by heightening the possibility of land expansion by buying and selling lands.
- また、東京への改称とともに町奉行支配地内を管轄する東京府庁が開庁された(1871年、廃藩置県に伴い新・東京府に更置)。
- Along with the renaming of Tokyo to Edo, the Tokyo-fucho (Tokyo prefectural office) was established to govern the town magistrate (In 1871, Tokyo-fu (Tokyo Prefecture) was re-established in accordance with the Haihan-chiken system [Abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures]).
- 2月7日:福井県(石川県と滋賀県に分割されていた旧敦賀県(明治9年(1876年)8月に分割されて廃止)が復活して改称)
- February 7 : Fukui Prefecture (former Tsuruga Prefecture (divided and abolished in August 1876) that had been divided into Ishikawa Prefecture and Shiga Prefecture was revived and renamed)
- 朱引きは明治以降も存続し、数度の改正を経て、最終的には旧墨引に近い形となり郡区町村編制法施行時に旧東京15区となった。
- The practice of 'shubiki' continued into the Meiji Period; After several revisions the shubiki areas assumed a shape similar to those of sumibiki areas, and the administrative boundaries of the fifteen wards of Old Tokyo were finalized in accordance to the promulgation of the County-Ward-Township-Village Organization Act.
- 明治政府は、慶応4年を改めて「明治元年」とするとともに、一世一元の詔で天皇一代につき一元号とする一世一元の制を定めた。
- The Meiji government renamed the fourth year of Keio to the first year of Meiji and set up Isse ichigen no sei, or the system of one era name per Emperor, by the imperial rescript.
- この時豊橋の歩兵第38連隊が新設の第29師団 (日本軍)に編入されることになり、第16師団は三単位制師団に改編された。
- At this time, the Thirty-eighth Infantry Regiment of Toyohashi was incorporated into the new Twenty-Ninth Division (Imperial Japanese Army), and the Sixteenth Division was reorganized into santani-sei Shidan (Shidan comprised of three infantries).
- 冒頭の「上下」は、由利案では「士民」だったが、福岡の回顧によれば「一層意味を広くするために士民を上下に改めた」という。
- High and low' at the beginning was 'shimin' in the Yuri draft, however according to retrospect of Fukuoka 'shimin was changed to high and low to broaden the meaning.'
- 天武13年(684年)10月に旧来の氏姓制度の改革として定められた八色の姓(やくさのかばね)の筆頭が「真人」であった。
- Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) in which the title called Mahito was the highest, was established in November 684 to reform the old system of clans and hereditary titles.
- 2005年(平成17年)の同法改正施行において、重要有形民俗文化財指定制度を補完する登録有形民俗文化財制度が発足した。
- In the revision and enforcement of the law in 2005, a system for registered tangible folk-cultural properties was started to complement the designation system for important tangible folk-cultural properties system.
- 田租は大宝律令では1段につき2束2把、慶雲3年9月10日 (旧暦)(706年10月21日)格式では1束5把に改められた。
- The amount of denso was nitaba-niwa (two sheaves and two bunches) per a dan (about 992 ㎡)of rice field under Taiho Code and it was revised to hitotaba-gowa (one sheaves and five bunches) by Kakushiki (amendment of Ritsuryo Code) dated October 21, 706.
- 建築物を建築等(増改築を含む)する際には、こうした具体的な基準に適合しているかどうか、市長の認定を受けなければならない。
- When constructing (also extending and reconstructing) a building, one is required to have a plan examined to see whether it conforms to these regulations and approved by the mayor.
- また、幕末には、海外での金銀比価が日本国内と大きく異なったため、これを調整しようとして極端に小さな万延小判に改鋳された。
- Also in the end of Edo period, exchange ratio between gold and silver abroad was so different from domestic one that extremely small Manen koban was casted to adjust the gap.
- 1885年までは北海道において令制国の範囲改定が行われたりしていたことから少なくともこの年までは制度上も用いられていた.
- The range of ryosei province in Hokkaido was revised until 1885; this shows ryosei province had been institutionally used at least until this year.
- 更に当時の風習として、「朔旦冬至」の到来や回避を行うため、天体の動きとは無関係に人為的な暦の調整(「改暦」)が行われた。
- It was the custom of the day to manipulate the calendar in order to pretend that 'sakutan toji' came or did not come regardless of the cycle of celestial bodies (which is called 'kaireki').
- こうした中、薩摩藩や長州藩など「雄藩」と呼ばれる有力藩では財政改革に成功し、幕末期の政局で強い発言力を持つことになった。
- Under such circumstances, powerful domains called 'Yuhan,' such as Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain, succeeded in financial reform and began to influence more and more in the political situation during the end of Edo period.
- 文献上の初見は『続日本紀』の慶雲4年(707年)7月壬子(17日)条にある元明天皇の即位詔で、不改常典が2箇所で現れる。
- The first appearance in the materials is found in the imperial edict upon enthronement of Empress Genmei dated on August 22, 707, compiled in the 'Shoku-Nihongi' (Chronicles of Japan II), and the reference to Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten appears in two places.
- これは天智天皇が「天地とともに長く日月とともに遠く、改めない常の典と立て賜い、敷き賜える法」にもとづくのだと元明は言う。
- Genmei says that this was done based on 'the code which should not be modified as long as the universe exists and as long as the sun and the moon shed light.'
- 詔では、天智天皇が「改めない常の典と初め賜い定め賜える法の随に」天日嗣高御座の業を継げと、元正天皇が聖武に命じたという。
- In the edict, Empress Gensho says that Emperor Tenchi ordered her to take the faculty of Imperial Sun Succession (Amatsuhitsugi) to the Imperial Throne (Takamikura) 'based on the spirit of the code firstly conceived and established,' and Empress Gensho ordered Seimu to succeed.
- 最近の皇室典範改正論議で、皇位継承の危機への対策の先例として、欣子内親王の例を取り上げる人も多い(皇位継承問題を参照)。
- There are some people who talk about Imperial Princess Yoshiko as a precedent to avoid the crisis of discontinuation of Imperial succession when there was a recent argument about improving the Imperial Family (Household) Law.
- 不改常典は天智天皇が初め定めたと言われるのに、『日本書紀』が天智天皇の時代には、改定はあっても初めて定めた法が見えない。
- Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is said to be established by Emperor Tenchi for the first time, however, in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), there are only descriptions on legal amendment and no description on a newly instituted law is found.
- 西洋では、旧暦(old calendar / old style)とはグレゴリオ暦に改暦する前のユリウス暦のことである。
- In the West the old calendar (old style) refers to the Julian calendar before the Gregorian reform.
- 後高倉皇統の断絶によって後嵯峨天皇(土御門院皇子)の即位となった仁治3年(1242年)7月、院号が後鳥羽院に改められた。
- Because there was no one to succeed the Imperial Throne from Emperor Go-Takakura's line, Emperor Go-Saga (Prince Tsuchimikado) was enthroned in July 1242; and the suffix -in used in posthumous Buddhist names was changed to Go-Toba-in.
- そのほか、改編本系に属する蓮成院本(転写本は宮内庁書陵部蔵)、西念寺本(転写本は関西大学蔵)があるが、いずれも零本である。
- Apart from these manuscripts, the following manuscripts which also belong to the family of the revised versions are available: The Renjoin (Renjoin Temple's) manuscript (whose duplicate copy is housed in the Imperial Household Archives) and the Seinenji (Seinen-ji Temple's) manuscript (whose transcription is owned by Kansai University) and both are incomplete.
- 『中央公論』『改造 (雑誌)』などの総合雑誌、『大阪朝日新聞』などの新聞は京大を支援し文部省を批判する論説を多く掲載した。
- General opinion magazines such as 'Chuo Koron,' 'Kaizo,' and newspapers such as 'Osaka Asahi Shinbun' supported Kyoto University and published many editorials criticizing the Ministry of Education.
- この事件によって朝廷の久光に対する信望は大いに高まり、久光は公武合体政策の実現(文久の改革)のため江戸へと向かっていった。
- As a result of this incident, Hisamitsu gained more trust from the Imperial Court, and he left for Edo to realize the policy of Kobu-gattai (Reformation in the Bunkyu period, or 文久の改革).
- (昭和4年改称)下大手→西大手町、大宮六丁目→大宮町、聚楽一・二丁目→聚楽町一・二丁目、西塩屋→問屋町、南恵美酒→恵美酒町
- (Renamed in 1929) Shimoote => Nishi Ote-cho, Omiya 6-chome => Omiya-cho, 1-chome and 2-chome Juraku => 1-chome and 2-chome Juraku-cho, Nishi Shioya => Toiya-machi, Minami Ebisu => Ebisu-cho
- 江戸幕府が滅ぶと、駿府は「静岡」と改名され、徳川将軍家が当地に移されて静岡藩が設置され、1871年の廃藩置県まで存続した。
- After the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was overthrown, Sunpu was renamed to 'Shizuoka' and the Tokugawa Shogun family was moved to this place and Shizuoka Domain was set up and continued to exist until Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1871.
- 景虎は、相模国・鎌倉市の鶴岡八幡宮で、上杉家家督相続と関東管領職就任の儀式を行い、名を上杉政虎と改めて越後国へ引き揚げた。
- Kagetora held the ceremony of inheriting the head post of the Uesugi family and that of assuming the Kanto Kanrei post at Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine in Kamakura City, Sagami Province, and changing his name to Masatora UESUGI, returned to Echigo province.
- 令制国は、奈良時代までと明治時代に大きな改廃がなされたが、その間の平安時代から江戸時代までの長期にわたって変更がなかった。
- The rules for Ryosei province were greatly amended before the Nara period and in the Meiji period, but they were not changed in the long term between Heian period and Edo period.
- 第25代石川晴光は、永禄6年(1563年)、伊達晴宗の四男小二郎(後に石川昭光と改名)を養子に受け、家督を譲って隠居した。
- In 1563, Harumitsu ISHIKAWA, the twenty-fifth head of the family, adopted Kojiro (later, he was renamed Akimitsu ISHIKAWA), the fourth son of Harumune DATE and handed over the head of the family to him and retired.
- なお、これにより橘諸兄と改名した葛城王と、のちに皇后となる光明子(光明皇后)とは、三千代を母とする異父同母の兄妹にあたる。
- Prince Katsuragi, who changed his name to TACHIBANA no Moroe as such and Komyoshi (Empress Komyo), who became empress later, were older maternal half-brother and younger maternal half-sister.
- 不改常典は、江戸時代から20世紀前半まで、大化改新の諸法か近江令のことだと考えられていたが、現在この説は支持されていない。
- Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten had been considered as the laws formulated in the Taika Reforms or Omi-Ryo (Omi Administrative Code), from the Edo period to the first half of the 20th century, however at present this theory is not supported.
- 詔書は天皇と公卿全員の意見の一致が必要であり、手続きが煩雑なため、即位、改元など儀式的な事項にのみ用いられるようになった。
- The imperial rescript required a consensus among the emperor and all the Court nobles, and because of its complex procedure, it was used only on the ritual events such as accession and kaigen (changing the name of an era).
- 能を愛好していた彼女の好みにより、座敷の一部は能舞台として使えるように改造がくわえられており、今でもその遺構が残っている。
- Since she loved Noh play, a part of the Japanese-style room was arranged to use as a stage for Noh play, this room is still kept as the way it used to be.
- 不改常典が直系皇位継承を定めていたのなら、それを拠りどころにして文武立太子・即位の正当性を主張することができたはずである。
- If Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten had instituted the direct line imperial succession, he would have alleged the legitimacy for his investiture of the Crown was based on it.
- 皇室行事は神道に則って行われる為、1947年の憲法改正以後初となる昭和天皇の大喪の際には政教分離の原則への配慮がなされた。
- Since Imperial ceremonies are held according to Shinto rules, the separation of religion and politics was taken into consideration when they performed the funeral ceremony for Emperor Showa, which was the first national funeral ceremony after the revision of the Constitution in 1947.
- また『改造』、『キング (雑誌)』、『文藝春秋 (雑誌)』などいった雑誌や岩波文庫や円本と呼ばれる廉価な書籍が刊行された。
- In addition, a number of magazines including 'Kaizo', 'King' and 'Bungei Shunju' were published together with Iwanami bunko series and en-pon (one-yen books - inexpensive books published in the second half of the 1920s and sold for one yen apiece).
- 安政3年 (1856) 江戸森田座初演の、瀬川如皐 (3代目)作『新台いろは書初』の一部を、明治初期に大阪の勝諺蔵が改作。
- A part of 'Shinbutai Iroha no Kakizome' created by Joko SEGAWA (the third), which was performed at the Edo Morita-za Theater in 1856 for the first time, was revised by Genzo KATSU in Osaka in the early Meiji period.
- 57歳の時に蝦夷地測量の功績によって江戸幕府から改めて苗字帯刀の許可を得て佐原以外でも「伊能」姓を名乗ることが許されている。
- At the age of fifty-seven, he was provided with the myojitaito right by the Edo bakufu due to his accomplishments of geographical measuring of the Ezo area, and it was after this that he became able to use the family name of 'INO' outside Sawara as well.
- とくに、元号の改元、天皇の即位、変災の勃発などがあったときに、孝子、順孫、節婦、義僕、力田者(りきでんしゃ)などが賞された。
- Especially at times of a change of era name, enthronement of emperor, or calamity, good examples of koshi (dutiful child), junson (obedient grandchild), seppu (faithful woman), giboku (faithful servant), rikidensha (faithful and earnest farmer) and so forth were awarded.
- 行書・草書は日常的に使われ、楷書は敬意を示すなど改まった時に使用されており、利用者のニーズに対応した変化だったと考えられる。
- Considering the fact that Gyosho and Sosho were used daily and Kaisho was used in formal occasions where one had to express respect, the above change was made in response to the users' demands.
- 大化の改新以後、唐の影響を受けた様々な制度・行事・儀礼が行われるようになり、その際の様々な礼儀作法が定められるようになった。
- After the Taika Reform, various systems, functions, and formalities influenced by Tang models began to be introduced, and various rules and customs began to be prescribed.
- 東北戦争では奥羽同盟に参加した藩の多くが、改革の遅れや財政難から軍備が立ち後れており、新政府軍とは兵力での開きが大きかった。
- In the Tohoku War, many domains of the Ou alliance lagged behind in armaments due to financial difficulties and delay in political reform, and differed greatly in military strength compared with the new government's forces.
- 戦国時代の動乱を最終的に収めた江戸幕府は、このような風潮を改め、家臣の主君への従順を教えるため朱子学の道徳を武士に学ばせる。
- The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), after finally settling this upheaval of the Warring States Period, made samurai learn the Neo-Confucianism ethics, to teach the vassals' loyalty to their lords.
- 1947年改正前の刑法第73条天皇、太皇太后、皇太后、皇后、皇太子又ハ皇太孫ニ対シ危害ヲ加ヘ又ハ加ヘントシタル者ハ死刑ニ処ス
- Article 73 of the Penal Code, before the revision in 1947: Any person who inflicts or attempts to inflict harm on Emperor, grandmother or mother of the Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince, or the heir of the Crown Prince, shall be sentenced to death.
- 新政府にとって、最大の目標は欧米列強に追いつくことであり、そのためにも旧幕府時代に締結された不平等条約の改正が急務とされた。
- The biggest goal for the new government was to catch up with powerful western countries, and for this reason, they had to solve the problem of the unequal treaty signed in the Shogunate era as soon as possible.
- ただし、これらの改革は急激に行われたため矛盾も少なくなく、士族や農民の不満を招いたため、後の征韓論につながったとも言われる。
- However, these rapid reforms had many contradictions and many warrior-class people and farmers were unsatisfied, and it is said that these reforms led to 'Seikanron' (the policy of conquering Korea by military force).
- 大友皇子に関しては、天智天皇10年に大友皇子と五人の重臣が必ず守ると誓った「天皇の詔」を不改常典を指すものと考える説もある。
- There is a theory that advocates that the 'Emperor's Edict,' which Prince Otomo and his five senior vassals made an oath to guard by any means in 671, is Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.
- 河竹新七は、黙阿弥と改名後の明治18年 (1886) に『四千両小判梅葉』を脚色し、実録風の江戸城御金蔵破りを劇化している。
- In 1886, after Shinshichi KAWATAKE changed his name into Mokuami, he wrote 'Shisenryo Koban no Umenoha,' a documentary dramatization of the Edo-jo Castle Gokinzo Yaburi.
- この日に当たらないよう被災者に対して配慮しているためと思われる(改正祝日法施行後の成人の日が1月10日になる年が該当する)。
- There is generally consideration for those who lost loved ones in the earthquake in not celebrating the holiday on this day (years when Coming-of-Age Day falls on January 10 following the enacting of the revised Act on National Holidays are an example).
- 改良によって1枚の板を版とする整版よりも経済的なコストが減少し、簡便になったことにより、小資本・少部数の出版が可能となった。
- With this improvement, Mokkatsuji-ban became more costless and handier than the wood-block printing using one engraving block, so that it made publications with limited capital and small circulation possible.
- 一方、日本では隋の制度を基にして大化の改新の際に導入され、大宝律令賦役令にて定められ親王を除く全人民がその貧富に応じて納めた。
- In Japan, this system was implemented in the Taika Reforms based on the system in the Sui Dynasty and set forth in Fuyaku ryo (tax structure) of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), and all people excluding Imperial princes made contributions according to their levels of wealth.
- 肥料や農具などの改善や米の品種改良の進展などを背景として、畿内や山陽などで二毛作が拡がるなど、農業生産が著しく向上していった。
- With the development of new fertilizers and agricultural tools, along with the improvement of rice varieties through selective breeding, agricultural production increased remarkably as a result of various circumstances, such as the spread of double-cropping in Kinai and Sanyo regions.
- そのため、平安時代初期に再度の改革が行われ、806年には10歳以上の諸王と五位以上の官人の子孫の就学を義務付ける勅が出された。
- Therefore, another reform was implemented in the early Heian period, and an imperial decree was issued in 806, whereby Shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince) aged over 10 and the children or grandchildren of government officials of Goi (Fifth Rank) and above were required to attend Daigaku-ryo.
- 戸籍の族籍記載は1914年(大正3年)に撤廃され、第二次世界大戦後の戸籍法改正で表記しないことに定まったが原本には残っていた。
- The practice of describing one's status in family registers was abolished in 1914, and it was determined not to describe one's status after World War II when the Family Registration Law was amended, but the description of the status remained in original family registers.
- 九州の大名の中には大村純忠のように領民を強制的にキリスト教に改宗させようとしたり、寺社仏閣を破壊した事があったのは事実である。
- It is a absolute fact that Sumitada OMURA, a domain lord in Kyushu, forced the domain people convert to the Christianity and destroyed temples and shrines.
- しかしその一方で、鎌倉仏教の普及や、主要寺社の火災による損壊などから、むしろ鎌倉時代後期は、寺社の新築・改築の必要性が増した。
- In the late Kamakura period, however, there were more needs to newly build or rebuild shrines and temples because of the spread of Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura period) as well as damages to major shrines and temples from fire.
- 天暦の治と呼ばれる改革を進められていた中で、下級官人の華美な服飾華美(過差)を規制・禁止して身分秩序の遵守を図るものであった。
- It was issued in the midst of the reformation called Tenryaku no chi (glorious Tenryaku rule) for the purpose of the regulation and the prohibition on extravagant magnificence or variance of clothing among lower-ranking government officials in order to strictly maintain the order of the social status.
- この間隙を突いて1509年に周防国の大内義興が前征夷大将軍・足利義稙(元の足利義材、後に足利義稙と再度改名)を奉じて上京した。
- Taking advantage of such a situation, Yoshioki OUCHI of the Suo Province came up to the capital accompanied by the former seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), Yoshitane ASHIKAGA (former Yoshiki ASHIKAGA, and later changed again to Yoshitane ASHIKAGA) in 1509.
- しかし、聖徳太子の法律(十七条憲法)・官制改革(冠位十二階)を経て、大化の改新(645年)後、天皇中心の政治へ変換していった。
- But through a law introduced by Prince Shotoku (the Seventeen Article Constitution of the Asuka Period) and government organizational reform (the system of twelve courtly ranks), after the Taika Reform of 645 the political system shifted to an emperor-centered system.
- またロシアに勝利したことは、列強諸国の日本に対する評価を高め、明治維新以来の課題であった不平等条約改正の達成に大きく寄与した。
- Japan's victory over Russia raised the repute of Japan among the great powers and greatly contributed to Japan's objective to revise the unequal treaties which had been a priority issue for the Japanese government since the Meiji Restoration.
- 特にこうした商人が続出した大阪(大坂から改称)は経済的に大打撃を受けて、日本経済の中心的地位から転落する要因となったのである。
- Osaka was particularly hard hit since many such merchants were in Osaka, and it became the cause for Osaka's fall from being in a position as the center of Japanese economy.
- そのため、律令の規定を補足・改正する格(きゃく)や律令や格を実際に施行する上での細則である式(しき)が制定されるようになった。
- Therefore, '格' ('Ge') for supplemental or amendment purposes, and '式' ('Shi') for the actual enforcement of Luli and Ge as their bylaws were also developed and enacted.
- この時代には各国が諸子百家と呼ばれる思想家たちから人材を登用し、騎馬戦術やチャリオットなどの新兵器を導入して軍事改革を行った。
- In this period each country appointed thinkers called Shoshi-hyakka (general term of scholars and schools in China), and they introduced new weapons, such as Cavalry Operations and chariots, and conducted military reforms.
- 帝国議会は法律の協賛(同意)権を持ち、臣民の権利・義務など法律の留保が付された事項は帝国議会の同意がなければ改変できなかった。
- The Imperial Diet had only the right to approve establishment and amendment of laws, so articles related to the rights and duties of the subjects could not be amended without the consent of the Imperial Diet.
- 天皇の裁可を経て、11月3日、大日本帝国憲法の改正は日本国憲法として公布され、翌1947年(昭和22年)5月3日に施行された。
- The amended Constitution of the Empire of Japan was promulgated as the Constitution of Japan when it received the emperor's assent on November 3, and came into effect on May 3, 1947.
- 大名における実例はないものの、一般の武士における改易の理由として多いものに当主・隠居の欠落(出奔・無断脱藩)によるものがある。
- Although we have no examples of Daimyo being subjected to kaieki, one of the most common reasons for the kaieki of ordinary samurai was the running away (flight or escape from one's domain) of the current or former heads of households.
- 不改常典(ふかいのじょうてん)は、707年以降の日本の天皇の即位の詔で度々参照される法で、天智天皇が定めたとされるものである。
- Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten (Irreversible Permanent Code/ Irreversible Eternal Code) is a law frequently referred to in the enthronement address of Japanese successive emperors since the year 707, and is said to have been established by Emperor Tenchi (his name is also pronounced 'Tenji').
- 明治2年(1869年)、東京に遷って東京城(旧・江戸城)を皇居と改称し、6月17日(7月25日)には版籍奉還の上表を勅許した。
- In 1869 the Imperial Palace was moved to Tokyo and it was renamed Tokyo-jo Castle (the former Edo-jo Castle), the Emperor permitted the Imperial sanction of the documents of the return of the han (domain) register to the Meiji Emperor on July 25.
- 律令国家を目指しての政策の一環としてか、天武11年(681年)にはそれまでの日本独自の髪型である角髪を改めるように命じている。
- Probably as a part of the policy to put the Japanese nation under the Ritsuryo codes, he ordered the nation to change the hairstyle to Mizura, which was unique to Japan, in 681.
- 中世になり天皇家の力が衰えると荒れ放題となる陵墓もあり、中には伝安閑陵古墳のように戦国大名の城として改造されたものまであった。
- Some of the mausoleums were left in ruins as the imperial family declined in power during the medieval period, while others, like the tumulus which is believed to the tomb of Emperor Ankan, were converted into castles of Sengoku daimyo (territorial lords in the Sengoku period).
- 後に、天智天皇元年に日本最初の律令として近江令が制定されたと認められると、不改常典とは近江令のことだと考えられるようになった。
- Later, when it was proved that Omi-Ryo was instituted in the first year of the reign of Emperor Tenchi as the first Ritsuryo code, Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten had come to be identified as Omi-Ryo.
- 皇位継承法論者でも、森田悌は、不改常典は複数の内容を持ち、一部に皇位継承に関する法、他に皇位に関する法があったとする説もある。
- Tei MORITA, one of the supporters of the imperial succession code theory, argues that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten includes plural contents and one of them is the law related to the imperial succession, and he also supposed that the code contains another law related to the Imperial Throne.
- 伊勢物語では「筒井筒、井筒にかけしまろがたけ、過ぎにけらしな」と詠われていたところが「生(お)いしけりしな」に改編されている。
- The original verse in the poem from Ise Monogatari is 'Tsutsuizutsu, to the izutsu, my stature, has well passed' – the last line has been changed to 'it has grown taller.'
- 子が欣子内親王のみであったので、急遽、閑院宮家より養子を迎え(閑院宮師仁親王、即位後は兼仁に改名)、光格天皇として即位させた。
- Since his only child was Imperil Princess Yoshiko, the Imperial family adopted a child from the kan-in no Miya family in haste, (Imperial Prince Morohito of kan-in no Miya family, he changed his name to Tomohito after the enthronement), who later succeeded to the throne as Emperor Kokaku.
- 改造社「現代日本文学全集」刊行、「宝塚ホテル」開業、「日本放送協会」設立、「新交響楽団(後のN響)」設立、「アサヒカメラ」創刊
- The first publication of the 'complete collection of modern Japanese literature' by Kaizo-sha, opening of 'Takarazuka Hotel,' the foundation of the 'Japan Broadcasting Corporation,' the foundation of 'The New Symphony Orchestra' (later NHK Symphony Orchestra), and the first publication of 'Asahi Camera'
- 特筆すべきは検索が容易な平安前期の史書で特に先例を調べるのに便宜を図っており、原文主義をとって余計な文章の改変を一切排している。
- It is worth noting that the book provides convenience for referring the precedents in the texts of the early Heian period in particular which are easy for searching, and unnecessary modifications to the text were all avoided true to the original text.
- ただし、改易の処分を受けても後に許され、大名本人または子孫や一族の者が小大名や旗本に取り立てられ家名が存続することも少なくない。
- Note, however, many Daimyo were forgiven after receiving the kaieki decision and continued their family line as they or some of their descendents were appointed as feudal lords or direct vassals of the shogun.
- 信西は、自らの子・成憲と清盛の女(後の花山院兼雅室)の婚姻によって平氏一門との提携を世間に示し、改革は順調に進行するかに見えた。
- Shinzei arranged a marriage between his own son Narinori and Kiyomori's daughter (who later became the wife of Kanemasa KAZANIN), thereby showing society the strong partnership between his own family and the Taira clan,
- 平城上皇が天皇のときに設置した観察使の制度を嵯峨天皇が改めようとしたことから平城上皇がこれを怒り二所朝廷といわれる対立が起こる。
- Since Emperor Saga tried to change the system of kansatsushi (inspectors in charge of surveying the misery of the people) that had been established during Emperor Heizei's reign, it enraged the Retired Emperor Heizei and there occurred a conflict called nisho chotei (two Imperial Courts existing at the same time).
- だが、室町幕府の征夷大将軍足利義政はこの最中に花の御所を改築し、世事に全く関心を示さず、堪りかねた後花園天皇の勧告をも無視した。
- However, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), had no interest in the real world, renovated the Hana-no-gosho residence, and ignored the advice from the Emperor Gohanazono who became concerned with the situation.
- 1897年にもはや清の服属国でなくなったことから改革が実施され、「国号」を「大韓」と改め、高宗が皇帝に即位、大韓帝国が成立した。
- Being no longer a state subject to China, Korea performed a reform in 1897: 'the name of the country' was changed into 'Korea,' Gojong acceded to the throne, and the Korean Empire was founded.
- 公文書の形式で残っているもの(重宝録、享保撰要類集、町奉行支配惣町人人数高之改、天保撰要類集、市中取締類集)以外は信頼度が低い。
- Population figures, unless recorded in official documents such as Choho-roku, Kyoho senyoruishu, Machibugyo Shihaiso chonin ninsukonokai, Tenpo senyoruishu and Shichu Torishimari ruishu, are unreliable.
- 大久保は薩摩藩の藩政改革のために鹿児島市にいた西郷隆盛に政府出仕を促して、新政府そのものの安定と自己の勢力の挽回を図ろうとした。
- Okubo urged Takamori SAIGO, who was staying in Kagoshima in order to reform the politics of Satsuma domain, to serve for the government, tried to stabilize the new government and regain his power.
- 朱子以前より『大学』は文章・字句が並べ間違えられている、あるいは抜けていると言われていたが、それを改めたのが『大学章句』である。
- It was said that, before Zhu Xi, 'the Great Learning' had some sentences and words in the wrong order or that were missing and these errors were corrected in his 'Commentary on the Great Learning'('Daxue zhangju' in Chinese, 'Daigaku shoku' in Japanese).
- 総司令部は、その記事に示された「松本委員会試案」は受け入れ難いと考え、自ら憲法改正案を作成し、日本政府に提示することを決定した。
- GHQ rejected the published 'Matsumoto committee draft' and decided to prepare another draft proposal by themselves and submitted it to the Japanese government.
- が、慶長5年(1600年)9月の関ヶ原の戦いにおいて、三成ら豊臣方(西軍)は敗れ、三成ら主だった者はことごとく処刑、改易された。
- However, at the Battle of Sekigahara in September, in 1600, the Toyotomi-side (the western army) including Mitsunari was defeated, and the main leaders including Mitsunari were executed or punished by being deprived of their domain.
- その代わり、インドに起源を持つ時輪暦を修正した暦が改暦以前から民間や宗教行事で広く使われていて、他国の旧暦に似た位置づけにある。
- Widely used by people and for religious rituals before and after the Gregorian reform, the Mongolian traditional calendar which is a modified version of the Kalacakra calendar that originated in India is recognized as similar in function to the old calendars in other countries.
- この説によると、延喜の班田励行は租税の額の確定を目的としたものであり、来るべき土地への課税を前提とした制度改革であったこととなる。
- According this theory, the enforcement of handen was intended to determine the land tax amount and it was a system reform focused on the coming taxation of land.
- 幕府は両統迭立原則を示して仲裁にあたるとともに内外の危機に対応するために幕府は朝廷に対しても「徳政」と呼ばれる政治改革を要求した。
- The bakufu tried to mediate between both parties, suggesting that a principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accession from two ancestries of imperial families) be adopted; at the same time, the bakufu also urged the Imperial Court to undertake a political reform called 'Tokusei ' (virtuous rule) in order to deal with both the internal and external crises.
- また、台湾国民政府によって、正史としての『清史』(実際は『清史稿』の改訂)が編纂されたが、中華人民共和国政府はこれを認めていない。
- Additionally, the Republic of China government in Taiwan has produced an official history entitled 'History of the Qing' (in fact it is a revised version of the PRC's 'Draft History of the Qing'), but the PRC government refuses to acknowledge this work.
- 家康の死後、二代将軍徳川秀忠は、江戸の北東の守りを確保するため、小石川門の西から南に流れていた平川をまっすぐ東に通す改修を行った。
- After the death of Ieyasu, the second shogun, Hidetada TOKUGAWA ordered the the diversion of the Hirakawa River, which flowed southwards from west side of the Koishigawa-mon gate, to flow eastwards to secure a defensive barrier for Northeastern Edo..
- その後も代々改正が加えられ、玄宗 (唐)朝の開元25年(737年)に頒布された『開元二十五年律令』は、東アジア諸国でも踏襲された。
- The Ritsuryo system was revised during the reign of every successive Tang emperor, and 'Kaigen nijugonen Ritsuryo' distributed in 737 during the reign of Emperor Genso was followed in the East Asian countries.
- また以後6年に一度改編するという規定も大区小区制施行と併せて行われた1回程度で、多くの問題点があった戸籍であったとも言われている。
- In addition, even the regulation to modify it every 6 years after 1871 was observed only once in accordance with the implementation of the large and small divisions system, and it was regarded as the family register with many problems.
- このような危機に対応すべく、家斉死後の、老中水野忠邦が幕府権力の強化のために天保の改革と呼ばれる財政再建のための諸政策を実施した。
- After Ienari died, in order to cope with these crises, Senior councillor Tadakuni MIZUNO implemented various policies called the Tenpo Reforms to reconstruct financial affairs for the purpose of strengthening the power of the shogunate government.
- 藩内改革派と保守派が藩政の主導権を争っていた長州藩では、5月、馬関海峡を航行中の外国船を自藩製の大砲で攻撃して「攘夷」を決行した。
- Choshu Domain, where reformists and conservatives were in a power struggle, carried out the exclusionist policy, bombarding a foreign vessel sailing through the Bakan Straits with home-manufactured cannons in May 1863.
- 近年では使用する道具を改良、従来器具のクッション劣化による危険性の増加を防ぐため、ビニール製の風船構造を持つ器具が使用されている。
- In recent years, the equipments were improved to new ones which were made of vinyl with balloon structure while the old ones had a risk of cushion deterioration.
- 備考:天保の改革のあおりで江戸所払いになった七代目が「幡谷重蔵」(はたや しげぞう)の名で大坂・角の芝居の舞台にたって演じたもの。
- Notes: Danjuro ICHIKAWA VII who was banished from Edo in the Tempo reform performed at the Kado-Za in Osaka by the name of 'Shigezo HATAYA.'
- 山路主住が宝暦の改暦(宝暦暦)の際に渋川則休と西川正休の補暦御用手伝となり、明和元年(1764年)に天文方に任命されたのに始まる。
- Nushizumi YAMAJI became the assistant of Noriyoshi SHIBUKAWA and Masayoshi NISHIKAWA at the time of Horyaku calendar revision (Horyaku Calendar), and he was appointed to Tenmonkata in 1764.
- なお、「令宗」(よしむね)の姓は、惟宗氏全員の改姓ではなく、長保元年(999年)頃、允亮と彼の弟と思われる惟宗允正のみに与えられた。
- By the way, the surname 'Yoshimune' was not another name for all members of the Koremune clan, but was granted around 999 only to Tadasuke and KOREMUNE no Tadamasa, who is thought to be Tadasuke's younger brother.
- 本能寺が史料の通り、天正8年(1580年)年2月に、堀土居を造り厩新設し本堂などの改築で信長宿舎として改造されたことを裏付けている。
- It proved that, as mentioned in historical materials, the Honno-ji Temple was remodeled as the accommodation for Nobunaga in February and March 1580 by constructing moats and mud walls and newly building a stable and reconstructing the main building.
- 上記の紅葉パラダイス、旅亭 紅葉のかつての運営主体の丸玉観光株式会社(京都市)はホテル改装と遊園地の不振などによる負債を抱えていた。
- Marutama Kanko in Kyoto City, the former operating company of the above-mentioned Koyo Paradise and Ryotei Koyo, was in debt due to the renovation of the hotel, the business depression of the amusement park, etc.
- 昭和40年(1965年)、当時の京都市内各所に残存していた「大字○○字XX」の区域はすべて「町」となり、「○○XX町」と改称された。
- In 1965, all places in Kyoto City whose names included the terms 'Oaza' and 'Aza' (the latter meaning a small section of a village) were renamed with the suffix 'cho', therefore, a place called 'Oaza XX Aza YY' would have been renamed 'XXYY-cho'.
- In 1965, in Kyoto City, all the districts the names of which included the terms 'Oaza' and 'Aza' (the latter meaning a small section of a village) were renamed with the suffix 'cho,' so a place called 'Oaza XX Aza YY' would have been renamed 'XXYY-cho'.
- In 1965, in Kyoto City, all the districts whose names included the terms 'Oaza' and 'Aza' ('Aza' means a small section of a village) were renamed with the suffix 'cho', so a place called 'Oaza XX Aza YY' would have been renamed 'XXYY-cho'.
- In 1965, in Kyoto City, all the districts whose names included the terms 'Oaza' and 'Aza' ('Aza' means a small section of a village) were renamed with the suffix 'cho,' so a place called 'Oaza XX Aza YY' would have been renamed 'XXYY-cho.'
- 桓武の改革は律令制の再編成を企図したものであり、その一環として桓武は平城京から長岡京、さらには平安京への遷都(794年)を断行した。
- His reformations were intended to reorganize the Ritsuryo system and as a part of these reformations, he forcibly relocated the capital from Heijo kyo (ancient Nara) to Nagaoka kyo and then from Nagaoka kyo to Heian kyo (in 794).
- 寛永通宝真鍮当四文銭の成功により銀座 (歴史)が潤ったことに対抗し、金座御金改約の後藤三右衛門の発案により高額の銭貨の発行へ至った。
- Opposing the fact that the successful circulation of the Kanei-tsuho shinchu toshimonsen (bronze Kanrei-tsuho equivalent to four mon) made gin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period) affluent, Sanemon GOTO, the Kin-za Okane aratame-yaku (an organizer of kin-za), proposed issuing more coins of higher rates.
- これに対しては、すでに天皇家が長く統治してきた歴史があるのに、改めて皇統君臨の原則を定める必要がどこにあるのかという疑問が出される。
- Toward this, some people pose a question on the reason why the Emperor's family needed to set up anew the principle of dominance by the imperial line, having had enjoyed until then a long history of sovereignty.
- ドイツでは改暦の時期が領邦によりまちまちだったため、スラッシュ(/)で新旧の日付を併記したり日付に都市名を添えたりする習慣が続いた。
- In Germany a different territorium reformed its old calendar at a different time, so that both old and new calendar dates were written side by side or the name of a city was added to a date, and such customs remained for some time.
- 米の品種改良や農業技術の進歩に伴い農作物(特に、江戸時代の税の柱であった米)の収穫量が増え、農民でも現金収入を得る事が容易になった。
- Improvement in rice varieties and development of agricultural technologies had increased crop yields (especially rice which was the mainstay of the tax in the Edo period) and made it easier for peasants to earn cash.
- こうした中で2002年7月1日、市内で局名に「ごじょう」の付く郵便局5局の表記が一斉に「五条→五條」と改訂された(五條郵便局も参照)。
- Under such circumstances, on July 1, 2002, the description of five post offices in the city containing 'Gojo' in their names was revised 'from五条 to五條' in unison (also refer to Gojo Post Office).
- その後、豊臣政権から江戸幕府成立の過程において、佐竹氏や里見氏などの旧来の勢力は転封あるいは改易によって関東の地から姿を消す事になる。
- Later, in the process from the Toyotomi government until the formation of the Edo bakufu, old powers such as the Satake clan and Satomi clan, disappeared from Kanto by relocation or being deprived of their territory.
- 大化の改新は日本書紀に描かれるほどの画期的な改革ではなく、その後、改革への動 きは停滞したとする見解が広範な支持を集めているのである。
- It is now widely held that the Taika Reforms were not so epoch-making as to have been depicted in the 'Nihon shoki' ('Chronicles of Japan') and that the movement toward reform later stagnated.
- 最初の衝背軍は3月18日、長崎を出発して八代に向かった高島鞆之助大佐(後に少将)率いる別働第2旅団(後に別働第1旅団に改称)であった。
- On March 18, the 1st unit of Shohaigun, which was the detached 2nd brigade (later, renamed detached 1st brigade) led by Colonel Tomonosuke TAKASHIMA (later Major General), left Nagasaki toward Yatsushiro.
- 欧米使節から帰国した岩倉や大久保が征韓論を退け、さらに大久保の下に内務省 (日本)が設立されたことで諸改革の整理が行われることになる。
- IWAKURA and OKUBO dismissed the idea of 'Seikanron' when they returned from western Europe, and then these reforms were organized and the government established the Ministry of Home Affairs led by Okubo.
- 明治維新の諸改革は、新たな制度で生じた矛盾をいくらか孕みながらも、おおむね成功を収め、短期間で立憲制度を達成し、富国強兵が推進された。
- The reforms of the Meiji Restoration were more or less successful and the Japanese government established the constitutional government and promoted Fukoku Kyohei (enriching the country and strengthening the military) although there were some contradictions in these reforms.
- また、金銀の備蓄も底が見え始め、の元禄小判元禄丁銀の発行を発端に出目獲得および通貨拡大のため品位を低下させる改鋳が行われるようになる。
- Since stockpiled gold and silver also began to dry up, coins with low content of gold and silver were reminted in order to gain a profit margin and expand currency in circulation, beginning with the issue of Genroku Koban (gold coin) and Genroku Chogin (silver coin) in 1695.
- 不改常典をめぐる諸学説は、直接的には詔の一節の解釈にすぎないが、これを足がかりに当時の政治体制とその変化について異なる理解が開かれる。
- Although the theories surrounding Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten are mere direct interpretation of a paragraph of imperial edicts, they can lead us to different views on the political system during that period and its transition.
- 父・光孝天皇が即位した直後に元慶8年4月13日 (旧暦)(884年5月11日)に二世源氏から一世源氏に改められて左京一条に貫せられた。
- His position was revised from Nisei Genji (second generation of the Minamoto clan) to Issei Genji (Emperor's son who left the Imperial Family and had Genji name) on May 15, 884 soon after his father, Emperor Koko, ascended the throne, and took up his residence in the Sakyoichijo district.
- 不改常典は皇位継承についての規定だが、誰がつくかを指定したものではなく、前天皇が後継者を指名して選ぶことを定めたものだとする説である。
- This is the theory arguing that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is a code to rule imperial succession, however, it does not decide who should take the Throne but establishes the practice in which the former emperor appoints and chooses his successor.
- 後に指揮者朝比奈隆の強い勧めによってソプラノと管弦楽のための作品へと改訂され、1969年の「大阪の秋」国際現代音楽祭で演奏されている。
- On the strong recommendation of a conductor, Takashi ASAHINA, the music was later revised to be for soprano and orchestral music, and it was played at 'Fall in Osaka' International Contemporary Music Festival in 1969.
- グレゴリオ暦への改暦は1582年(フランス、イタリア、ポルトガル、スペイン)から1924年(ギリシア)にかけて各国ばらばらに行われた。
- The Gregorian reform was implemented individually in each country between 1582 (in France, Italy, Portugal and Spain) and 1924 (in Greece).
- 明治17年(1884年)には上述の「山村町外34ヵ町連合」が「直違橋三丁目外34ヵ町連合」に改称されるなど、連合の名称が変更されている。
- In 1884, the names of rengo were changed such as the above 'Rengo of Yamamura town and other 34 towns' being renamed to 'Rengo of Sujikaibashi 3-chome and other 34 towns.'
- 一時期、駿府藩が設置された時期があるが、駿河大納言徳川忠長の改易以後は藩は廃止され、幕府の直轄都市として駿府城代・駿府町奉行が置かれた。
- Although the domain of Sunpu was established and maintained for a certain time period, the domain was abolished after kaieki (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) of Tadanaga TOKUGAWA, Suruga Dainagon (chief councilor of state), and Sunpu Jodai (keeper of castle) and Sunpu machibugyo (town magistrate of Sunpu) were posted as a city under direct control of the bakufu.
- 宗盛はすぐに譲らなかったことが気に入らず、“木の下”の名を“仲綱”と改めて焼印を押し、「仲綱、仲綱」と呼んで引き回したり鞭打ったりした。
- But Munemori, displeased that he had not been given the horse immediately, changed its name from 'Konoshita' to 'Nakatsuna,' branding the new name onto the horse and riding about and whipping the horse while calling out 'Nakatsuna, Nakatsuna.'
- しかしその後、改鋳により含有率、質量とも劣る小判が発行される様になり、質量単位としての両と通貨単位としての両の乖離は拡大することなった。
- After that, however, reminted koban became inferior both in percentage of gold and in weight, then ryo as the weight unit became far apart from ryo as the currency unit.
- まとめてスナイドル銃に改造して、軍による造兵施設の独占と軍用銃の所持を厳しく規制する事で、国民の武装を封じて内乱の再発を防ごうと努めた。
- Then, the government managed to prohibit the possession of arms by the general public to prevent a civil war by converting all of the withdrawn guns into Snider rifles, making the arms factories monopolized by the national Army, and regulating the possession of military guns more strictly.
- この頃桐野は宮崎から鹿児島方面および豊後等の軍を統監していたが、ここを根拠地とするために宮崎支庁を占領し、5月28日に軍務所と改称した。
- KIRINO, who was in command of the troops in the area from Miyazaki to Kagoshima and that in Bungo around this time, seized the branch office of Miyazaki Prefecture to place a base of the Satsuma army there, and on May 28, changed the name to the Office of Military Affairs.
- それ以外にも、財政支出を抑えながら有為な人材を登用する足高制、漢訳洋書禁輸の緩和や甘藷栽培の奨励、目安箱の設置その他の改革をおこなった。
- In addition to the above, he also carried out reforms that included the salary supplements system (tashidaka) for certain key jobs to appoint promising personnel while reining in government spending, deregulating the prohibition of Western books in Chinese version, encouraged the cultivation of sweet potatoes, and established a complaints box as well as other reforms.
- 日本における「道」の成立については大化の改新以前より存在したとする見方もあるが、五畿七道の原型は天武天皇の時代に成立したと言われている。
- Do' apparently came into existence in Japan before the Taika Reform while the archetype of gokishichido was organized in the time of Emperor Tenmu.
- 明治12年(1879年)、京都府に上京区・下京区が設置されると、従来の「区」は、番号はそのままで「組」と改称、下京1 - 32組となる。
- When Kamigyo Ward and Shimogyo Ward were created inside Kyoto Prefecture in 1879, the above-mentioned 'wards' were renamed as 'kumi' without making changes to their numbers, and became Shimogyo kumi Nos. 1 to 32.
- また、欽明から推古、斉明にかけての系譜にも少なからず改ざん・造作が行われたとの説もあり、系譜自体も慎重な検討が必要であるとする説もある。
- There is a theory that a few alternations or falsifications were made to the genealogy during the periods of Kinmei, Suiko, Saimei, and therefore careful examination is required.
- 大きな制度変革は孝徳天皇の代の大化改新であり、それが実質的に天智天皇によって推進されたために、即位詔では天智が定めたと言われたと考えた。
- He thought the code was established by Tenchi in the imperial edicts, because a series of big institutional reforms was promoted by Emperor Tenchi, although these reforms were initiated during the reign of Emperor Kotoku as the Taika Reforms.
- 一同凍りついたが、團十郎は無言で蓋をし「源蔵改めて受取ろう」と返して源蔵を引っ込ませたあと、「のう、玄番殿、主君の首を討つほどでござる。
- Everybody froze, but Danjuro closed the lid without a word, and made Genzo leave with 'we will receive it later Genzo,' and said, 'hey, lord Genbo, it is a grave matter of beheading of your master.'
- 従来9月15日だった敬老の日が、祝日法の改正(いわゆるハッピーマンデー制度)により、2003年から9月第3月曜という移動日に変更された。
- Due to the revision of the Act on National Holidays (so called the 'Happy Monday System'), Respect for the Aged Day which used to be celebrated on September 15 was changed to the third Monday in September from 2003.
- 即位当初は政治に意欲的に取り組み、官司の統廃合や年中行事の停止、中・下級官人の待遇改善など政治・経済の立て直しを行い、民力休養に努めた。
- In the early stage of his reign, he dealt aggressively with politics, trying to combine or remove officials, stopping annual events or improving working conditions for middle- and low-class officials in order to restore the politics and finances as a means to ease ordinary people.
- 2002年7月に大手の販売業者3社が長崎県産の素麺を『三輪そうめん』として販売していたとして、農水省の立入検査と改善の指導を受けている。
- In July, 2002 the ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries operated an on-the-spot inspection to the three major somen manufacturers on charge that they had sold the somen produced in Nagasaki Prefecture as 'Miwa Somen' and instructed them to improve the situation.
- 難船のしらせが来ると、廻船問屋の行司、荷主の総代が改人としてその浦方に出張し、海難の程度を検査し(これを「浦改」(うらあらため)という。
- When there was a news about a shipwreck, gyogi (manager) of kaisen donya (wholesaler in port) and sodai (representative of consignors) were dispatched to the coast near the accident site, where they investigated the extent of damage (this is called 'ura-aratame').
- 72時間連続の当直明け勤務など、労働基準法に違反する長時間労働を強いられている病院の医師が、待遇が改善されずに絶望して辞職することを指す。
- It refers to hospital doctors who, forced to work long hours which violate Labor Standards Law such as working continuous 72 hour shifts, despair at the lack of improvement in working conditions and resign.
- 佐和山城は石田三成が改築した後は「三成に過ぎたるもの…」の一つともいわれたが、直政は、中世的な古い縄張りや三成の居城であったことを嫌った。
- It was said that the castle was one of 'the too good things for Mitsunari' after the rebuilding by Mistunari ISHIDA, but Naomasa disliked its medieval nawabari (castle plan; general term for the layout of a castle and its component structures) and the fact that it had been Mitsunari's castle.
- 「雄琴国際ホテルきくのや」は「暖灯館きくのや」に、「國華荘」は「びわ湖花街道」に、「ロイヤルホテル雄山荘」は「里湯昔話雄山荘」に改称した。
- 'Ogoto International Hotel Kikunoya (雄琴国際ホテルきくのや)' became 'Dantokan Kikunoya (暖灯館きくのや),' 'Kokkaso (國華荘)' became 'Biwako Hanakaido (びわ湖花街道),' and 'Royal Hotel Yuzanso (ロイヤルホテル雄山荘)' became 'Satoyu mukashibanashi Yuzanso (里湯昔話雄山荘).'
- 同年10月25日に試演した翌26日に軍務局長上申書である「陛下奉祝ノ楽譜改正相成度之儀ニ付上申」が施工され、国歌としての「君が代」が改訂。
- After performing for a trial on October 25, 1880, the report by the Chief of the Bureau of Naval Affair 'Report on revision of the musical score for celebrating the reign of the emperor ' was put into effect and 'Kimigayo' as the Japan's National Anthem was revised.
- 天暦5年(951年)空也がこの地に西光寺を創建し、後に中信 (僧)がこの寺を六波羅蜜寺と改名したことから「六波羅」と呼ばれているとされる。
- In 951, Kuya founded Saiko-ji (Seiko-ji) Temple here and it is said that Chushin (a Buddhist priest) later changed the name to Rokuharamitsu-ji Temple and, therefore, the zone was called Rokuhara.
- この時、薩軍は350余名(卒を含めると370余名)となっていたので、編制を小隊(各隊20~30名)に改めた上で以下のように諸隊を部署した。
- At this time, the number of soldiers of the Satsuma army was slightly more than 350 (slightly more than 370, when including low-level samurai), and therefore, platoons (each including 20 to 30 soldiers) were organized newly and were deployed in the following way:
- 憲法発布の勅語に「不磨ノ大典」とあったためか、1947年(昭和22年)の日本国憲法施行まで半世紀以上の間、一度も改正されることはなかった。
- Since the expression 'the constitution never worn thin' was used in the Imperial speech about the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Constitution had not been modified for more than 50 years until it was replaced by the Constitution of Japan in 1947.
- 不改常典は、前代まで一般的だった群臣の協議と推戴という形式を否定し、後継者指名を天皇大権の一部とし、皇位継承抗争を絶とうとしたものである。
- Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is elaborated with the purpose of denying the conventional form of succession practiced until the former dynasty through consultations and recommendations by a group of vassals, and establishing the right to the appointment of the successor within the emperor's authority, and consequently it tried to cut out the struggles related to imperial succession.
- 文武天皇の死によってこの方式での継承が困難になったとき、それまで他言されなかった不改常典を明かし、藤原氏の補佐がない皇族を牽制したとする。
- It is said that when the death of Emperor Tenmu made it impossible to practice this form of succession, the existence of Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten, which had been kept a secret, was revealed to the public, in order to block the movements of the imperial family members that ware not able to count on the support of the Fujiwara clan.
- 高橋至時や間重富が寛政の改暦に従事したのは牛込袋町・浅草時代であり、伊能忠敬が高橋至時の元で天文学・測量学を学んだのも浅草天文台であった。
- Yoshitoki TAKAHASHI and Shigetomi HAZAMA were engaged in Kansei calendar revision at Ushigome Fukuro-cho/Asakusa, and Tadataka INO studied astronomy and surveying from Yoshitoki TAKAHASHI at Asakusa Temnondai.
- それまでの年貢徴収法は、年毎に収穫量を見てその量を決める検見法がとられていたが、これでは収入が安定しないので、享保の改革の一環で導入された。
- Until then, kemi ho (annual crop inspections), in which the amount of tax is determined based on the amount of crop that was produced each year, was adopted as the method of land tax collection, but the income was unstable with this method and jomen ho was adopted as part of the Kyoho reforms.
- 9世紀後期~10世紀にかけて、政府は従前から実施してきた人別支配を改め、収取の対象となる土地そのものに対する支配・収取体制を確立していった。
- From the late 9th to 10th century, the government gradually replaced the traditional system of direct rule over individual farmers with a system of rule and taxation of land, which became the source of taxation.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には大幅な城の改築が行われるが、六角義賢(承禎)・六角義治の頃には浅井氏に敗れる(野良田の戦い)などで衰退することになる。
- Although, the castle was rebuilt during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), in the generation of Yoshikata (Shotei) ROKKAKU and Yoshiharu ROKKAKU, they were defeated in wars such as the Battle at Norada against the Azai clan.
- なお、蘆名家の一門であった針生氏は蘆名家滅亡後に伊達氏に仕え、この系統は延宝4年(1676年)に仙台藩主・伊達綱村の命により蘆名に改姓した。
- Incidentally, after the extinction of the Ashina clan, the Hariu family which was a branch of the Ashina family served the Date clan, and in 1676, had their family name changed to Ashina under orders of Tsunamura DATE, the lord of Sendai Domain.
- 法として機能し始めたのは「新選組」と名を改め近藤・土方を中心とする組織が整ってからで、伊東甲子太郎ら一派の粛清の際にも適用されたといわれる。
- The rules started to function as law when Roshi-gumi changed its name to 'Shinsen-gumi,' and the organization lead by KONDO/HIJIKATA had been well-established, and are said to have been applied when Kinetaro ITO and his group were purged.
- しかし、近江八幡青年会議所は堀を近江八幡の誇りとして蘇らせようと、改修計画の見直しを迫り、八幡堀復活を求めて署名運動・自主清掃活動を行った。
- However, the Omihachiman Youth Chamber of Commerce sought to restore the canal as the pride of Omihachiman and pressed for reconsideration of the plan, organizing a petition drive and volunteer cleaning campaign aimed at the restoration of the canal.
- 帰国した永山が、明治21年(1888年)6月15日に、屯田兵本部長を兼ねつつ北海道庁長官に就任すると、屯田兵の改革・増設計画が急速に進んだ。
- NAGAYAMA, who returned to Japan, assumed the post of governor of the Hokkaido government concurrently serving as Tondenhei Director-general on June 15, 1888, the reformation/expansion program of tondenhei was rapidly improved.
- 元章は国学の影響を受け、「明和の改正」と言われる能の詞章の大変更を行い、新たに謡本を編纂したが、本著はその目録に作者名を注記したものである。
- Influenced by the study of (ancient) Japanese literature and culture, Motoakira undertook a major revision of noh poetry and prose known as the 'Meiwa no Kaitei' (lit. Major Revision during the Meiwa era) and compiled utaibon (books of words and musical notation for noh plays); this book has the names of its writers annotated in the catalogue of the book.
- 政府は、松本委員会が要綱化した案を元に閣議で審議し、1946年(昭和21年)2月8日に「憲法改正要綱(松本試案)」として総司令部に提出した。
- The government discussed issues in a cabinet meeting by reference to draft proposals prepared by the MATSUMOTO Committee, and submitted 'the Outline of Constitution Revision [MATAUMOTO draft]' to GHQ on February 8, 1946.
- まず、明治2年の版籍奉還で旧藩主が自発的に版(土地)・籍(人民)を天皇に返上し、改めて知藩事に任命されることで、藩地と領主の分離が図られた。
- First, in 1869 former governors of feudal domains voluntarily returned their lands and people to the emperor (Hanseki-hokan), and then they were reappointed as governors of domains by the emperor, while feudal lords were separated from their domains.
- そのため、皇室典範を改正し、女子や女系の者にも皇位継承権を与えるか、旧皇族を皇籍に復帰させるなどして男系継承を維持するかの論争が起きている。
- Because of that, disputes have broken out over whether to revise the Imperial House Act and give a female in female line the right of succession to the Imperial Throne, or keep the male line of succession by returning the former Imperial Family as the Imperial Family again.
- 父智仁親王が造営した桂の別荘(桂離宮)は父の没後、しばらく荒廃していたが、智忠親王はこれを改修し、御殿を増築し、庭園を整備することに努めた。
- The villa of katsura (Katsura Imperial Villa), which had been built by his father (Imperial Prince Toshihito), was left in ruins for some time after his father's death, but Imperial Prince Toshitada renovated and extended it to convert it into a palace, while also working to maintain the garden.
- 江戸時代、大名家が改易されると、何らかの重い罪を受けての場合は大名は斬首(島原の乱の松倉勝家)または切腹(元禄赤穂事件の浅野長矩など)となる。
- In the Edo period, when a Daimyo family became subject to kaieki, they were beheaded (Katsuike MATSUKURA in the Shimabara War, for example) or were forced to carry out Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) (Naganori ASANO in the Genroku Ako Incident, for example) if they committed a serious crime.
- しかし、全国的に藩校が設立されたのは宝暦期(1751年-1764年)以後であり、多くの藩が藩政改革のための有能な人材を育成するために設立した。
- However, it was after the Horeki era (1751-1764) that hanko was established throughout the country; many domains established hanko in order to foster talented human resources for the reformation of domain duties.
- 1868年(明治元年)に発せられた江戸ヲ称シテ東京ト為スノ詔書により江戸は東京と改称され、続く天皇の東京行幸により江戸城が東京の皇居とされた。
- In 1868 (the first year of the Meiji Period), Edo was renamed Tokyo in accordance with an imperial edict, and Edo Castle became the Imperial Palace in Tokyo after the Emperor's arrival.
- 伊藤内閣は6月15日、朝鮮の内政改革を日清共同で進める、清が拒否すれば日本単独で指導するという方針を閣議決定し清に通告し、清がこれを拒否した。
- On June 15, the Ito cabinet decided on its policy in the cabinet meeting that both Japan and Qing would jointly reform the internal system of Korea and, if Qing refused, Japan would solely undertake the instructions, and Qing refused when informed of the decision.
- 岩倉、大久保らは、天皇を近代国家の主体的君主として育成するため、宮廷改革を行なって旧習を廃し、天皇親政体制への切り替えと君徳の培養に尽くした。
- Iwakura and Okubo put effort into abolishing the old system of the Imperial Palace and to establish a new system for the Emperor to rule the government directly, and to educate the Emperor to become the sovereign of the modern nation.
- 大化の改新以降、中国(唐)の法令体系である律令を導入することにより、天皇を中心とした政府・国家体制を構築しようとする動きが活発となっていった。
- After the Reformation of Taika, the movement to construct the government and system of the country with the Emperor in the center was activated by introducing Ritsuryo, which is the system of rules and regulations in China (Tang).
- この唄はこれ以後、四代目市村竹之丞改め市村羽左衛門 (8代目)が座元として所有するこの市村座で助六を演じるときのみにしか使われないようになる。
- From this performance, this song was used only when Takenojo ICHIMURA IV changed to Uzaemon ICHIMURA VIII had impersonated Sukeroku at the Ichimura-Za the proprietor of which was Uzaemon ICHIMURA VIII.
- 女房の着物を一枚羽織って角海老へ行ってみると、お久は、身売りをして金を工面し、父に改心してもらいたいので、お角のところへ頼み込んだのだという。
- Chobei put on a piece of Okane's kimono and went to Kadoebi, then he learned that Ohisa had asked Okado to buy her out to earn money so that Chobei would be reformed.
- だが、東山天皇は今まで上皇が全てを握って自分が無力であった事に不満を抱いており、近衛基熙の補佐を得て親政を開始して幕府との関係改善をはかった。
- However, Emperor Higashiyama was frustrated that the Retired Emperor Reigen had all the political power and he did not have any means of control, so he tried to rule the government directly with the help of Motohiro KONOE in order to improve the relationship with the government of Edo.
- 明治維新後、雅楽寮は楽所と統合されるなどの紆余曲折を経て宮内省式部職楽部(がくぶ)に改組され(1908年)、現在の宮内庁にそのまま引き継がれる。
- After the Meiji Restoration, with some bumps and detours such as being integrated into the gakuso, Utaryo was reorganized into Shikibushoku Gakubu (Music Department of Imperial Household Agency) in 1908 and was taken over by the present Imperial Household Agency as it was.
- だが、明治政府は全ての土地から地税を徴収する(免税地を認めない)方針を打ちたて、明治4年(1871年)に地租改正に先立って地子免除が廃止された。
- However, the Meiji government formulated the policy of collecting land tax from every tract of land - in other words, permitted no tax-free land - and in 1871, it abandoned the jishi menkyo before the Land Tax Reform.
- 新政府は天皇大権のもと欧米の諸制度を積極的に導入し、廃藩置県、身分解放、法制整備、国家インフラの整備など明治維新と呼ばれる一連の改革を遂行した。
- Under the Emperor's power, the new government introduced various systems from European countries and the United States, and made a set of reformations called Maiji Restoration, such as Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), abolition of the class system, establishment of the system of law and construction of national infrastructures.
- 定信は寛政の改革によって幕藩体制の再建を進めていく中で、その思想的根幹である朱子学を保護して「寛政異学の禁」や「処士横断の禁」を打ち出していた。
- While Sadanobu was hastening a reformation of the shogunate system through the Kansei Reform, he also set out the 'Kansei Igaku no kin' (the ban of Kansei's illegitimate learning) and 'Shoshiodan no kin' (the ban of non-officer crossing) to protect the Shushi-gaku which was the root of the ideology.
- 朝廷はそれまでの氏姓制度を改め、公地公民制や統一的税制(租庸調制など)を施行し、地方行政機構を改組して中央集権化するなど、律令制の導入を図った。
- The Imperial Court made efforts to introduce a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes by reforming the system of clans and hereditary titles, enforcing the ownership of all lands and serfs by the emperor, and introducing a uniform tax system (taxes in kind or service).
- そしてついに、明治9年(1876年)内務卿大久保利通は、内閣顧問木戸孝允を中心とする長州派の猛烈な提案に押し切られ、鹿児島県政改革案を受諾した。
- At last in 1876, Naimukyo (Secretary of Interior) Toshimichi OKUBO was pushed by vigorous proposition of the Choshu faction led by Naikakukomon (adviser to the Cabinet) Takayoshi KIDO and accepted the Kagoshima prefectural government reform bill.
- しかしながら、この改訂が一宮はどこかと言う事実を追求した成果なのか、あるいは政治的意図があったのかは別の検証が必要であるとも同書では述べている。
- However, 'The Various Lines of Ichinomiya-Ki' also suggests that more research is required to figure out whether the corrections of the mistakes were the result of careful research or the writer had some political intension.
- 1894年5月に朝鮮で、東学教団構成員の全琫準を指導者として民生改善と日・欧の侵出阻止を求める農民反乱である甲午農民戦争(東学党の乱)が起きた。
- In May 1894, the Tonghak Peasant Revolution led by Jeon Bong Jun --a member of the Tonghak religious community-- occurred in Korea, calling for improvement of the people's livelihood and prevention of invasions from Japan and Western countries.
- これらが現在に続いていないのは、王族が滅亡したり、キリスト教に改宗することでそれぞれの神話を捨てたからであり、皇室のケースが特異なわけではない。
- There are not such Royal Families now because some died out or some let go of their mythologies converting to Christianity, not an unusual transformation for the Imperial Family Household.
- 直系・嫡系皇位継承法説を支持する学者の多くは、桓武天皇以降に不改常典は形骸化し、内容が理解されないまま先例を踏襲して書き継がれていったと考える。
- Many of the scholars who support the direct line imperial succession code theory or the legitimate child imperial succession code theory think that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten had become a dead letter after the reign of Emperor Kanmu, and it had continued to be written according to precedent without understanding the contents.
- もっとも、明治以前においても、江戸時代の経済発展に伴い、水運路の整備のため東北地方から九州まで河川改修が進み、物資の流通は飛躍的に伸びてはいた。
- It seems that, even before the Meiji period, rivers were improved in the areas from Tohoku to Kyushu to provide better water transportation routes, corresponding to economic development in the Edo period, and the amount of goods distributed throughout the nation increased greatly.
- 陵墓は従来の仏式葬の石塔から古式に改められ、歴代天皇墓所の泉涌寺内に円墳を模した後月輪東山陵(のちのつきのわのひがしやまのみささぎ)が築かれた。
- The Mausoleum was changed from the existing tombstone style of Buddhist rites to an older style, the round barrow, the Nochinotsukinowa Mausoleum (later called Tsukinowano higashiyamano misasagi) was established within Sennyu-ji Temple of the successive Emperor's Mausoleum.
- だが、農地の生産力向上に伴い、石盛の算定額より実際の収穫量が上回る事が多くなっていくが、算出方法はほぼそのまま明治の地租改正まで引き継がれている。
- As productivity advanced in farmlands, actual harvest yields often exceeded the calculated amount of Kokumori, but this calculating method continued until the land-tax reform during the Meiji period.
- 岡本の考えは、日露和親条約は条約締結権のない徳川家の家臣が結んだものだから、天皇親政の時代には改めて国境を決定しなければならないというものだった。
- OKAMOTO thought that since a vassal of the Tokugawa family without the right of conclusion of a treaty contracted the treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan, the border must be determined anew at the period of direct rule by the emperor.
- さらに1987年の球場外野席改修工事で、破壊されたと考えられていた遺構の一部が良好な状態で発見され、残る遺構も同様に残存している可能性が浮上した。
- Furthermore, some of the ancient structural remnants were discovered in good condition when repair work for the outfield bleachers of the stadium was being conducted in 1987, which raised the expectation that other remnants were remaining.
- 幕府財政は、享保の改革での年貢増徴策によって年貢収入は増加したが、宝暦年間(1751年 - 1763年)には頭打ちとなり、再び行き詰まりをみせた。
- Land income tax increased due to an additional tax collection policy in the Kyoho Reforms, but hit a ceiling in the Horeki era (1751 - 1763), after which, the financial affairs of bakufu started to hit an impasse yet again.
- 仲麻呂は独裁的な権力を手中にし、傀儡(かいらい)として淳仁天皇を擁立し、みずからを唐風に恵美押勝と改名し、儒教を基本とする中国風の政治を推進した。
- Nakamaro used the Emperor Junnin as a puppet to obtain autocratic power, changed his name to EMI no Oshikatsu in the Tang style and promoted Chinese-style administration based on Confucianism.
- 干支年は、後漢の建武 (漢)26年(50年)に三統暦の超辰法をやめ(元和 (漢)2年に正式改暦)以降は60の周期で単純に繰り返しており計算できる。
- After 超辰法 of Santo-reki calendar was abolished in 50, at the time of the Later Han Dynasty (calendar was reformed officially in 1616), eto (Chinese astrological calendar) repeats in a 60-year cycle and can calculate.
- 江戸時代に不改常典(かはるまじきつねののり)に関する学説を示した本居宣長は、『続記歴朝詔詞解』と『続紀宣命問目』で、大化改新の諸法を指すと解した。
- In the Edo period, Norinaga MOTOORI, who presented a theory on Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten (The Irreversible Permanent Code), advocated in his books 'Shokki Rekicho Shoshikai' and 'Shokki Senmyo Monmoku,' that it refers to a series of laws instituted during the Taika Reforms.
- ところが、1910年(同43年)の教師用教科書改訂にあたって問題化し始め、同年に幸徳秋水ら社会主義者が起こしたとされた幸徳事件がこれに拍車をかけた。
- However, this became problematic around 1910 when the textbooks for teachers was revised, and this movement was further fueled by the 'Kotoku Incident,' which is said to have been caused by socialists such as Shusui KOTOKU and others.
- 日本の歴史では通常岡倉案のものを採用しているが、現在でも美術史や建築史などでは関野案のものを使用し、大化の改新以降を白鳳時代として区別する事がある。
- Okakura's proposal is usually adopted in relation to Japanese history, but in the art and architectural worlds, they follow the viewpoint of Sekino and distinguish the period after the Taika Reform from the Asuka Period, using the name of the Hakuho Period.
- 政府は、五箇条の御誓文に示された諸原則を実施するため、同年閏4月21日 (旧暦)(1868年6月11日)、太政官政体書を公布して、統治機構を改めた。
- The government issued Dajokan Seitaisho (the declaration of a new governing system) on June 11, 1868 in order to comply with the rules defined by the Charter Oath of the Five Articles.
- 元明天皇即位の翌年にあたる708年(慶雲5年)正月、武蔵国が銅を献上したのを機に「和銅」と改元され、翌2月には、貨幣の鋳造と都城の建設が開始された。
- In January 708 which was the year after the enthronement of the Empress Genmei, the name of the era was changed to 'Wado' (literally, 'Japanese copper') after the presentation of copper from Musashi Province and, in February next year, production of coins and construction of the capital commenced.
- が、祝日法の改正に伴い、正月中やゴールデンウィーク、お盆等に成人式を開催していた自治体も、1月の成人の日(又はその前日)の開催に戻したところもある。
- But since the Act on National Holidays was revised some local governments have gone back to hold the Coming-of-Age Ceremony during New Year holidays, Golden Week, or Obon.
- 名阪国道の開通や都道府県道・広域農道の整備などにより交通事情が改善したこともあり、1988年には推定観光客10万人以上を見込める観光地となっている。
- The opening of the Meihan Expressway and improved prefectural roads and wide farm roads have contributed to better traffic conditions, Tsukigase has grown to be a tourist destination which expected more than 100,000 tourists in 1988.
- やがて、那須宗久は本領へと引き上げたが、このとき、平家の残党は自分たちへの追討をとりやめ命を救ってくれた宗久への感謝の気持ちから那須姓に改めたという。
- When Nasu no Munehisa returned to his homeland, the remnants of the Taira family changed their surname from Taira to Nasu out of gratitude for Munehisa, who saved their lives by stopping his hunt.
- そのため大化の改新・建武の新政・明治維新が最も重要な改革に位置づけられ、こうした国家主義的な歴史観はとりわけ歴史教育の現場へ積極的に導入されていった。
- Therefore, the Taika Reforms, Kenmu Restoration and Meiji Restoration were positioned as the most important reformations, and these nationalistic views of history had been actively introduced, in particular, into actual education of history.
- 皇位継承法説定説化の状況を覆したのは田村円澄で、1969年に論文「不改常典考」で皇位継承法説を全面的に批判し、藤原氏による輔政体制とする説を発表した。
- It was Encho TAMURA who inverted the trends in which the Imperial Succession theory was going to be an accepted theory, and in his article 'A study of Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' presented in 1969, he criticized the Imperial Succession theory across the board, and presented the theory that it was to establish the assisted government system by the Fujiwara clan.
- 後年、時期は不明ながら、大阪府南河内郡太子町山田にある河内国磯長山田陵(しながのやまだのみささぎ、考古学名としては山田高塚古墳)に改葬された」とある。
- In later years, though not known when, she was reburied in Shinaga no Yamada no Misasagi (the Yamada Imperial tomb in Shinaga; by an archeological term, Yamada Takatsuka Tumulus) located at Yamada, Taishi-cho, Minami Kawachi-gun, Osaka Prefecture.'
- 2004年の文化財保護法改正により、1996年に創設された有形文化財(建造物)の文化財登録制度を拡充し、有形の民俗文化財も登録の対象としたものである。
- When the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties was revised in 2004, the cultural property registration system of the tangible cultural properties (architecture), established in 1996, was expanded and tangible folk cultural properties became subject to registry.
- 1989年の日本囲碁規約改訂では、対局の停止後での「死活確認の際における同一劫での取り返しは、行うことができない」という規定により、これが継承された。
- When the Nihon Ki-in's rule was revised in 1989, the idea was succeeded through the regulation 'forbidding to take back the same ko in the judgment of life-and-death' after the game is finished.
- この変化は9世紀末の宇多天皇から醍醐天皇にかけての国政改革で基準国図に登録された公田面積を富豪層に割り当て、この面積に応じて徴税する機構として結実した。
- This change resulted in a mechanism in which an area of a field administered directly by a ruler and registered in the standardized map of provinces in the reform of the national administration from Emperor Uda to Emperor Daigo in the late ninth century was allocated to the rich and powerful class, and the tax was collected according to the area.
- 宮津藩京極家は改易、丹後田辺藩京極家は但馬へ転封となる中、峰山藩京極家は丹後の所領を幕末まで守り通し、京極高知の丹後藩の伝統を伝える存在として知られた。
- While the Kyogoku clan of the Miyazu Domain was punished by being deprived of their fief and the Kyogoku clan of the Tanabe Domain of Tango Province was transferred to Tajima, the Kyogoku clan of the Mineyama Domain kept their territory until the end of the Edo period, and passed down the tradition of the Tango Domain established by Takatomo KYOGOKU.
- 安土桃山時代に入ると織田信長や豊臣秀吉が当地に拠点を築いて経済改革を行い、また、大規模な手伝普請と城下町形成を行うことで人口の集住と経済発展が見られた。
- In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI built their bases here and carried out economic reforms, and in addition, a concentration of population and economic development were seen by conducting a large-scale engineering works for the shogun (tetsudai bushin) and by forming castle towns.
- そういった国歌の有り様は、1876年(明治9年)に、海軍楽長・中村裕庸が海軍軍務局長宛に出した「君が代」楽譜を改訂する上申書の以下の部分でもうかがえる。
- We can have a glimpse of the plight of the national anthem in the following part of the written report for revising the musical score of 'Kimigayo' submitted to the Chief of the Bureau of Naval Affair in 1876 by Suketsune NAKAMURA, who was the Kapellmeister of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
- これを改める為に、金貨の通貨単位である2朱に相当する銀貨を発行して、金貨と銀貨の為替レートを固定、事実上の通貨統一を果たそうというのが田沼の狙いだった。
- To improve this, Tamura proposed that issuing silver coins with the value of Nishu gold coins, and fixing the exchange rate between silver and gold coins, would eventually unify the currency system.
- しかし、この短い間にポルトガル人によって東南アジアに伝えられた欧州式の瞬発式火縄銃は現地で改良され、マラッカ式と呼ばれる様式の瞬発式火縄銃を生み出した。
- During the short period, however, the European-style instantaneous discharge matchlock introduced to Southeast Asia by the Portuguese was improved and the instantaneous discharge matchlock called Malacca-style was invented.
- なお、絵巻物自体は中世のものと考えられているが、蒙古兵と日本騎馬武者の描写の違いなどから、後世の加筆、改竄、または編纂があったとする説も提唱されている。
- Although the pair of picture scrolls itself is thought to have been made in the Medieval period, some people argue that it was later revised, altered or edited, considering some differences between depictions of Mongolian soldiers and Japanese mounted samurai warriors.
- 明治維新(めいじいしん)は、江戸幕府による幕藩体制から、明治政府による倒幕運動および天皇親政体制の転換と、それに伴う一連の戦争(戊辰戦争)・改革をいう。
- The Meiji Restoration was the historic change from the feudal system of the Edo Shogunate to the system of direct Imperial rule by the Meiji government through the overthrow of the Shogunate, and the accompanying series of wars (the Boshin War) and reforms.
- その後は父・嵯峨上皇の旧宮嵯峨院を大覚寺に改めて済治院(僧尼のための医療施設)を置き、また淳和院を道場にするなど、仏教に篤く帰依して救民に力を尽くした。
- Later, she set up Saichiin (medical facility for monks and nuns) in Daikaku-ji Temple by rebuilding the old palace of Retired Emperor Saga, her father, and made Junnain into a dojo, and devoted her energy to save people who took refuge in Buddhism.
- 12月16日(1月21日)、山本・高階・伊良子と、高階経由の息子・経徳の計4名で改めて拝診した結果、天皇が痘瘡(天然痘)に罹患している可能性が浮上する。
- On January 21, after four people, Yamamoto, Takashina, Irako and 高階経由's son, Tsunenori conducted medical examinations, they came across the possibility that the Emperor might have been infected with smallpox.
- 開元10年(720年)に著された開元始注本と天宝 (唐)2年(743年)に改訂して3年後に頒布した天宝重注本の2種類があるが、現存しているのは後者である。
- There were two kinds of Gyochukokyo, one being 'Kaigenshichubon' (annotated edition by Genso), which was written in 720, and the other being Tenhojuchubon (revised edition of Kaigenshichubon), which was revised in 743 and distributed three years later; however, only the latter remains in existence.
- この時日本は沖縄本島を日本領とし八重山諸島と宮古島を中国領とし、日清修好条規に日本の欧米並みの最恵国待遇を追加する案(分島改約案)を提示し一旦はまとまる。
- Japan proposed a plan during negotiations that the Okinawa main island would belong to Japan and the Yeyma islands and Miyako-jima island to China and that Japan-Qing Treaty of Friendship be revised with an additional clause to grant Japan a most-favored nation treatment (proposal for divisional rule over the islands and a revision to the treaty), and this proposal was once accepted.
- 文武天皇の即位詔で現れないのは当時不改常典がなかったからで、元明天皇即位の時かその直前に、直系(または嫡系)の継承を正当化するために創作されたのだとする。
- This theory argues that the reason why the due description does not appear in the Emperor Monmu's imperial edict upon enthronement is because Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten did not exist at that time, and when the enthronement of Empress Genmei was to be celebrated or just before it, the code was created in order to justify the direct line (or the legitimate child) succession.
- 演劇改良運動の影響を受けた明治時代の後期になって、従来の荒唐無稽な筋書きではなく、近代社会にふさわしい歌舞伎劇を志す文学者が新たな作品を書くようになった。
- In the late Meiji period, when Engeki kairyo undo (theatrical performance improvement movement) was influential, new works were written by literary people who pursued kabuki plays suitable for modern society instead of those with traditional preposterous stories.
- その結果、1743年の江戸人別改によれば男性の町人31万、女性21万5千、そこに武士を足せば100万を超えるほどの人口が江戸に集まることになったのである。
- As a result, Edo Ninbetsu Aratame in 1743 (population survey in the Edo period) shows that Edo was populated by 310,000 male and 215,000 female townspeople and samurai adding up to more than 1 million.
- 地方によっては検見法が行われる所もあり、従前は検見法が行われていた所が願出によって定免法に変更し、また逆に定免法を廃して検見法に改めるなどさまざまであった。
- In some areas, kemi ho was adopted and the areas where once kemi ho was adopted asked for a change to jomen ho and vice versa, it varied in different areas.
- かかる危機に直面した国衙行政と中央財政を再建させるために、院宮王臣家と富豪層の関係を断ち切るとともに、国司へ大幅な支配権限を委譲する改革が行われたのである。
- In the reformation to reestablish the kokuga administration and the finance of the central government, the relationships between Ingu oshinke and rich and powerful persons was broken and much of the control right was transferred to kokushi.
- 明治2年(1869年)、明治維新に伴う官制改革によって廃止されたが、律令制に基づく機関の中では、最後まで設置当初の職掌を名実ともに保った稀有の存在であった。
- In 1869, the Tenyakuryo was abolished during the reform of government institutions that followed the Meiji Restoration, but among all the institutions based on the ritsuryo system, the Tenyakuryo had the rare distinction of having managed to maintain, both in word and in deed, its official functions from when it was founded right up until the moment it was dissolved.
- 三成は大規模な改修工事を行い、山頂に五層(三層説あり)の天守が高くそびえたつほどの城を築き、「三成に過ぎたるもの二つあり、島左近と佐和山の城」と言わしめた。
- Mitsunari launched a large-scale repair project, constructing a towering castle with a five-storey (others claim it was a three-storey) central donjon on the mountain's summit, which lead to the saying 'Mitsunari outdid himself about two things, Sakon SHIMA and Sawayama-jo Castle.'
- 奈良県立橿原考古学研究所には、川底改修の際に出土した木製の樋が保存展示されており、「益田池の堤 附樋管」として奈良県の指定文化財として史跡に指定されている。
- Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, Nara Prefecture preserves and exhibits wooden gutters which were excavated during renovation of the river bed and are designated as cultural property 'Gutter Pipes for the Bank of Masuda-ike Pond'by Nara Prefecture.
- 宇多天皇は、891年(寛平3年)の関白藤原基経の死後摂関を置かず、源能有を事実上の首班として藤原時平と菅原道真、平季長等の近臣を重用し各種政治改革を行った。
- Emperor Uda did not appoint Sekkan (regents and advisers) after the death of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Mototsune in 891, and carried out various political reforms using MINAMOTO no Yoshiari as a virtual leader, promoting trusted vassals such as FUJIWARA no Tokihira, SUGAWARA no Michizane, and TAIRA no Suenaga.
- 慶長小判はこの京目一両の原則に沿っていたが、後世、正徳 (日本)享保期を除き、時代ごとの経済政策により品位(金含有率)・量目ともに改悪されることが多かった。
- Keicho koban was made based on the principle of kyome 1ryo, however, later, due to economic policies of different periods except in Shotoku Kyoho period, it became often made worse both in karat (content rate of gold) and ryome (a weighed value).
- 当初は自発的な参勤であったが、次第に制度として定着していき、3代徳川将軍家・徳川家光の時代の寛永12年(1635年)に武家諸法度の改定によって義務付けした。
- In the beginning, daimyo's sankin-kotai was voluntary, but it gradually became established as a system, and the 1635 edition of Buke Shohatto, issued in the era of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun, made it obligatory.
- 留守政府の元で徴兵令(海陸警備ノ制)・学制(教令率育ノ道)・司法改革(審理刑罰ノ法)・地租改正(理財会計ノ方)といった新しい制度が行われていくことになった。
- Various new systems were implemented by rusu-seifu, including Conscription Ordinance (kairiku keibi no sei), education system (kyoiku sotsuiku no michi), judicial reform (shinri keibatsu no ho) and land tax reform (rizai kaikei no ho).
- 危機感を共有した支配階級は団結融和へと向かい、当時の天智天皇は豪族を再編成するとともに、官僚制を急速で整備するなど、挙国的な国制改革を精力的に進めていった。
- The ruling classes shared the sense of crisis and began to unite and reconcile with each other, while the emperor at the time, Emperor Tenji, energetically pushed forward nationwide constitutional reforms by reorganizing powerful clans and rapidly organizing the bureaucracy.
- その他、8世紀頃に唐周辺に見られた諸国(渤海 (国)や吐蕃王朝)は、自前の律令は制定しなかったが、唐律令制を積極的に受容・改変し、独自の律令制を立てていた。
- Moreover, the neighbouring countries that existed around Tang during the eighth century (ex. Balhae or Tibetan Empire), did not enact Luli that they created from scratch, but positively adapted and altered the Tang Luli to make the Luli System of their own.
- それによれば、かつて元明天皇は元正天皇に譲位したとき、天智天皇が「万世に長く改めない常の典として立てたまい敷きたまえる法」に従って、わが子に授けよと命じた。
- Accordingly, when Empress Genmyo abdicated the throne to Empress Gensho, Emperor Tenchi ordered the investiture based upon 'the lay which is also irreversible like the universe and deemed as the permanent code.'
- 後の方の修飾語なしの「法の随に」については、文脈上不改常典のことと理解すべきだとする説と、他にも見える常套句で特定の法を指したものではないとする説とがある。
- There two theories of interpretation about the phrase 'based on the spirit of the lay' mentioned in the latter part without any adjectives; one advocates that this should be interpreted as Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten according to the context, and the other argues that this phrase is commonly used in other documents as well and it does not mean a certain specific law.
- 女院号は始め北朝 側より礼成門院(れいせいもんいん)と称されるが、のちにそれは廃され、死後に改めて南朝 側より後京極院(ごきょうごくいん)の号を追贈された。
- Her Nyoin go title (nyoin go - a title of respect given to close female relatives of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing) was initially named Reiseimonin from the Northern Court, but later on it was abolished, after she died her title was renamed Gokyogokuin from the Southern Court.
- ただし、昭和23年2月26日の国会での議事録には、祝祭日の改正の議論において明治節を通じて「明治時代を永久に思い出して行きたい」との趣旨の答弁がされている。
- However, according to the Diet Record of February 26, 1948, there was a statement that people should remember what the Meiji period was like forever through the Meiji-setsu, during a discussion about the national holiday system change.
- 侍従・衛門府を歴任して父・光孝天皇が即位した直後に元慶8年4月13日 (旧暦)(884年5月11日)に二世源氏から一世源氏に改められて左京一条に貫せられた。
- After serving as jiju (a chamberlain) and at Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards), his position was revised from Nisei Genji (second generation of the Minamoto clan) to Issei Genji (Emperor's son who went out of Imperial Family and had Genji name) on May 15, 884 soon after his father, Emperor Koko, ascended the throne, and took up his residence in the Sakyoichijo district.
- また、アメリカやヨーロッパでは、尾の短い日本猫を原種としてアメリカで改良・固定されたジャパニーズボブテイルという品種が、愛猫家の間で密かな流行を呼んでいる。
- And in America and Europe, a breed of the Japanese bob-tailed cat which was improved and established in America as a pure strain from the bob-tailed Japanese cat is gaining quiet popularity among cat lovers.
- 明治12(1879年)年、京都府に上京区・下京区が設置されると、前述の「区」は、番号はそのままで「組」と改称、上京1 - 33組、下京1 - 32組となる。
- When Kamigyo Ward and Shimogyo Ward were established inside Kyoto Prefecture in 1879, 'ward' was renamed to 'kumi' with the numbers unchanged, resulting in Kamigyo kumi Nos. 1-33 and Shimogyo kumi Nos. 1-32.
- 古くから土師氏ゆかりの土地であったと言われており、延暦元年(782年)に土師安人の姓が宿禰から朝臣に改められた際に「居住地にちなんで」秋篠安人と改名している。
- It is said that Akishino was a place noted in connection with the Haji clan since older times and, when kabane (hereditary title) of Yasuhito HAJI was changed from Sukune (third highest of the eight hereditary titles) to Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles) in 782, he changed his name to Yasuhito AKISHINO 'in connection with the name of the place of residence.'
- 足利尊氏に鎮守府将軍・左兵衛督の官位を与え、後醍醐天皇の諱「尊治」の一字を賜り、「高氏」→「尊氏」と名を改めさせる(高氏の「高」は北条高時からの偏諱である)。
- Takauji was given the official ranks and titles of Chinjufu shogun and Commander of the Left Inner Palace Guards, and honored by being allowed to use the 'Taka (尊)' character from Emperor Godaigo's own personal name (Takaharu (尊治)), letting him change the meaning of his name Takauji, from 'high lineage/clan' to 'exalted lineage/clan' (the original 'taka' (high (高)) from Takauji's name had been bestowed on him by Takatoki HOJO).
- 彼らは諸大夫層への復帰を賭け、蝦夷の戦術に改良を施して、大鎧と毛抜型太刀を身につけ長弓を操るエリート騎馬戦士として活躍し、最初の武芸の家としての公認を受けた。
- In order to return to the class of shodaibu, they improved the Ezo's fighting tactics, wore oyoroi (big armor) and a sword composed of a blade and a hilt, used chokyu (long bow), flourished as cavaliers and firstly and publicly were authorized as families of military arts.
- 1790年(寛政2年)老中松平定信は、寛政の改革の一環として、柴野栗山・岡田寒泉を湯島聖堂付きの儒者に登用し、湯島聖堂あずかりの林家に対し朱子学擁護を命じた。
- In 1790, as part of the Kansei Reform, Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, a roju (senior councilor), recruited the Confucians Ritsuzan SHIBANO and Kansen OKADA to teach at Yushima Seido; additionally, he ordered the Hayashi family, who worked for Yushima Seido, to protect Neo-Confucianism.
- そのため、国家建設の基盤となった律令制も、中国から移入されたものであり、日本独自の改変も多々あるが、基本的には中国の制度を日本で再現しようとする試みであった。
- For this reason, the Ritsuryo system, on which the construction of the state was based, was introduced from China basically to attempt to reproduce the Chinese system in Japan, although Japan added a lot its own original amendments.
- 系譜に理由の記載は無いが、この2年後に本家である宇都宮氏も改易された事実とあわせて考えると、豊臣政権内の政争に巻き込まれたものと考えられているが定かではない。
- There is no description of the reason in the family tree, but two years later the UTSUNOMIYA clan, a head family, was also ordered 'kaieki', which suggests they were involved in political strife in the TOYOTOMI administration, but this isn't clear.
- この説では天智天皇10年に大友皇子が立太子したとする森田の説によれば、不改常典は複数の内容を含むもので、その一部に皇位継承に関わり皇太子制を定めた箇所がある。
- MORITA's theory advocates that the investiture of Crown Prince Otomo falls on the 10th year of the enthronement of Emperor Tenchi, and according to this theory, Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten compiles plural contents, and a part of them touches on the succession of Imperial Throne with the specific description that institutes the Crown Prince system.
- 天明5年(1785年)の人形浄瑠璃「伽羅先代萩」は歌舞伎「伽羅先代萩」を改作・浄瑠璃化したもので、現行「御殿」に用いる浄瑠璃の詞章はこの作品から取られている。
- The Ningyo Joruri play 'Meiboku Sendai Hagi' performed in 1785 was a Ningyo Joruri adaptation of the Kabuki play 'Meiboku Sendai Hagi', and the passages of Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a shamisen accompaniment) chanted today for the scene 'Palace' are derived from this play.
- 御下知の儀、皆以て御棄破あり、其上御思案なされ、相定められるべき事(これまでに義昭が諸大名に出した命令は全て無効とし、改めて御思案の上でその内容を定めること)。
- 御下知の儀,皆以て御棄破あり,其上御思案なされ,相定められるべき事 (All prior gogeji [shogunal directives] are void; new dispositions shall be made on this basis after careful consideration.)
- 幕藩改革の混乱や、異国船の来航による対外的緊張など政治的混乱がおこると、幕府は秩序維持のため大政委任論に依存して朝廷権威を政治的に利用し、朝廷の権威が復興する。
- When confusion over reform of the shogunate system and political chaos due to tension with foreign countries occurred, the Tokugawa shogunate tried to make use of the authority of the Imperial Court for the maintenance of political order, insisting that its political power was entrusted by the Imperial Court, and through this the authority of the Imperial Court was restored.
- 1573年(天正元年)に豊臣秀吉(豊臣秀吉)が浅井長政攻めの功で織田信長から浅井氏の旧領を拝領した際に当時今浜(いまはま)と呼ばれていたこの地を長浜に改名した。
- When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (Hideyoshi HASHIBA) was given the territory owned by the ASAI clan as a reward for Hideyoshi's contributions to the battle against Nagamasa ASAI, Hideyoshi renamed the region from Imahama to Nagahama.
- 江華島事件後の朝鮮では、急進的欧米化を進めようとする親日的な開化派(独立党)と、漸進的改革を進めようとする親清的な守旧派(事大党)との対立が激しくなっていった。
- In Korea after the Ganghwa Island incident, confrontation escalated between the Enlightenment Party (Independence Party), the pro-Japanese group seeking radial westernization, and the Conservative Party (Serving the Great' Party), the pro-Qing group seeking gradual reforms.
- 奉答書の日付が「慶応四年」となっているが、後の一世一元の詔により慶応四年は1月1日 (旧暦)に遡って明治元年に改められた(大正以降の改元とは異なるので要注意)。
- The date of hotosho was written as the 4th year of Keio era, but by the edict of the practice of assigning one era name to the reign of each emperor, it was changed to the first year of Meiji era, back in January 1 (different from changing the name of an era after Taisho).
- その外、天皇の廃位を唱える見解や昭和天皇の退位と皇太子の即位により元号を改正するのが妥当とする説も、南原繁・佐々木惣一・中曽根康弘らが唱えたが、一部に止まった。
- Other than that, opinion advocating abolishment of the Emperor and theory which states the revision of the name of era by the abdication of Emperor Showa and enthronement of the Crown Prince is appropriate, were advocated by Shigeru NANBARA, Soichi SASAKI, Yasuhiro NAKASONE, and others, but were backed by only some of the people.
- 禎子内親王の誕生は祖父道長と父三条天皇の間がしっくりいかない最中のことであり、それだけに皇子誕生で関係改善を期していた道長は女御子であったことに不機嫌であった。
- Imperial Princess Teishi (Yoshiko/Sadako) was born while the relationship of her grandfather, Michinaga and her father, Emperor Sanjo was not going well, therefore Michinaga was not happy having a baby girl since he was expecting to have baby boy as a future Prince to improve the relationship with the Emperor.
- 贄の貢ぎが史料として現れるのは、日本書紀の大化の改新の詔の其の四のところで、「凡その調の副物の塩と贄(にえ)とは、亦(また)郷土(くに)の出せるに随へ」とある。
- The supply of offerings appeared as historical materials in section 4 of mikotonori (an Imperial edict) in the Taika Reform in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), and it said 'Usually, by-products of the cho (tributes) such as salt and offerings, need to be followed according to local capacity.'
- 更に従来の半済令が期限を「当年一作」、施行地域を「戦乱の国々」としていたのに対して、この法令では期限が「暫く(当分の間)」、施行地域を「諸国」と文面が改められた。
- Additionally, in contrast to the former series of Hanzeirei which defined their time frame as 'this year's crop' and enforced in areas deemed 'provinces in a state of war,' this law defined the time frame as 'for the time being' and the areas as 'various districts.'
- 平重盛の出家、平清盛による大輪田泊の改修、以仁王の挙兵、富士川の戦いなどにおいて、平家物語や源平盛衰記などの軍記物語とは異なる記述があり、史実の相違を示している。
- Its descriptions of TAIRA no Shigemori's entry to the priesthood, the repair of Owada no tomari (Owada port) by TAIRA no Kiyomori, the uprising of Prince Mochihito, the Battle of Fujigawa and so on differ from those in other war chronicles such as Heike Monogatari (The Tale of the Heike) and Genpei Seisui ki (The Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira clans), and it displays differences in historical evidence.
- 明応の政変において足利義材から将軍職を奪った足利義澄・細川政元は、義材を擁する大内義興所有の牙符を無効化しようと図り、1504年、朝鮮王朝に牙符の改給を提案する。
- Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA and Masamoto HOSOKAWA, who deprived Yoshitane ASHIKAGA of the position of shogun in the Meio disturbance, planned to invalidate Gafu owned by Yoshioki Ouchi, who supported Yoshitane, and in 1504, asked the Yi-Dynasty to renew Gafu.
- 一方、丁銀から南鐐二朱銀への改鋳が進行するにつれ、市中における秤量銀貨の不足により銀相場の高騰を招き、天明6年(1786年)には金1両=銀50匁をつけるに至った。
- On the other hand, as Chogin was reformed to Nanryo Nishu Gin, the shortage of silver coins by weight standard in market caused a steep rise in the price of silver, 50 monme of silver per 1 ryo of gold in 1786.
- 江戸末期に老中首座となった水野忠邦は、天保の改革の一環として上知令(江戸城大阪城の十里四方を天領とする)を発令したため、周辺に領地を持つ大名から大きく非難された。
- As a part of the Tempo Reforms, Tadakuni MIZUNO, who became the head of Roju (senior councilors of the Tokugawa Shogunate) at the end of the Edo period, issued Agechi-rei (confiscation command of territory) to turn the area within a radius of 10 ri (one 'ri' is about 3.927km) from the Edo and Osaka Castle into tenryo, and daimyo lords having territories around these castles criticized him severely.
- 天保の改革で水野忠邦は株仲間による流通の独占がインフレーションの原因であるとして、1841年-1842年に掛け、冥加金の上納を停止させ、株仲間の大半の解散を命じた。
- In the Tenpo Reforms, Tadakuni MIZUNO ordered to stop the payment of render from 1841 through 1842 and dissolve most kabunakama, saying that the monopoly of the distribution system by kabunakama was the cause of inflation.
- 江戸幕府は改易、減封によって生じた空白地を天領(直轄地)にし、親藩・譜代大名を新たに配置して、外様大名を遠隔地に転封するなどして幕府権力の絶対優位を確立していった。
- The Edo shogunate gradually established its domination by turning territories that were left unoccupied as a result of kaieki or genpo into shogunate territories and by allocating these territories to the relatives and hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa family and transferring feudal lords unrelated to the family to remote territories.
- 平成6年(1994年)、区画整理による町界変更が実施され、大宅神納・沢・石郡・細田・関生・早稲ノ内を大宅神納町・沢町・石郡町・細田町・関生町・早稲ノ内町に改称した。
- In 1994 town borders were changed in accordance with the land readjustment project, and the names of Oyake Kanno, Sawa, Ishigori, Hosoda, Sekisho and Wasenouchi were changed into Oyake Kanno-cho, Sawa-cho, Ishigori-cho, Hosoda-cho, Sekisho-cho and Wasenouchi-cho, respectively.
- これらの原因は、俘囚らによる処遇改善要求であったと考えられているが、こうした事態に頭を悩ませた朝廷は、897年(寛平9)、移配俘囚を奥羽へ送還する政策を打ち出した。
- It is thought that these rebellions occurred as outcries for improvement of how to treat the Fushu, but the Imperial Court, which did not know how to handle the situation, announced its policy of sending emigrated Fushu back to Ou (Mutsu Province and Dewa Province) in 897.
- 明治初期の刑法典である『改定律例』278条には「違勅罪」という罪名が置かれて違法とされたが、以後天皇の立憲君主化に伴って違勅そのものが罪に問われることは無くなった。
- In Article 278 of 'Kaiteiritsurei', a criminal code in the beginning Meiji Period, a charge named 'Ichokuzai' was established as an illegal act, but in line with the subsequent constitutional monarch of Emperors, accusing a person of Ichoku itself as a crime ceased.
- 松平忠直は、大坂城一番乗りの褒賞が大坂城や新しい領地でもなく「初花肩衝」と従三位参議左近衛権中将への昇進のみであったことを不満としており、後に乱行の末改易となった。
- Tadanao MATSUDAIRA, who made the first invasion into Osaka Castle, was dissatisfied with the incensive award for his achievement, which was neither Osaka Castle nor a new territory, but only 'Hatsuhana-katatsuki' and a promotion to Jusanmi Sangi (councillor in the Junior Third Rank) Sakone gon no chujo: In later years his dissatisfaction led him to kaieki after committing misconduct.
- 明治19年(1886年)壬申式から統一書式を用いた戸籍へと変更が行われ、同年11月より徐々に移行され、明治31年戸籍法によりこの様式は改正原戸籍として取り扱われた。
- The family register in the Jinshin style was changed to that in a uniform format in 1886, and as transferring gradually progressed from November in the same year, this style came to be treated as that of the revised original family register based on the Family Registration Law in 1896.
- しかし、明治4年(1871年)旧11月、岩倉具視特命全権大使一行が欧米各国を歴訪した折、耶蘇教禁止令が各国の非難を浴びて、条約改正の交渉上障碍になるとの報告をした。
- However, because Japan were castigated by the world due to the Edict of the Prohibition of Christianity when they visited Europe and the United States in December, 1871, the members of the Iwakura Mission reported that the prohibition of Christianity could be an obstacle to negotiating the revision of the unequal treaty.
- しかし、中央集権化を進め、改革を全国的に網羅する必要があることから、藩の存在は邪魔となり、また藩側でも財政の逼迫が続いたことから自発的に廃藩を申し出る藩が相次いだ。
- Yet, the existence of domains hindered centralization and reform throughout the country, and many governors of domains voluntarily asked for the abolishment of the feudal domains because of their constant financial difficulties.
- 明治元年(1868年)、京都府の成立とともに、下京の町組は1 - 41番組に編成されるが、翌明治2年(1869年)には町組改正で下京1 - 32番組に再編成された。
- With the establishment of Kyoto Prefecture in 1868, the chogumi of Shimogyo was organized into bangumi (town unit) Nos. 1 to 41, but in the following year in 1869, they were reorganized into Shimogyo bangumi Nos. 1 to 32.
- 元治元年(1864年)徳川慶喜らが還俗を孝明天皇に願い、同年(元号は文久)正月9日伏見宮に復し同18日勅許をもって復飾し改めて親王宣下と共に、山階宮の宮号を賜った。
- Since Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, et al. asked for his return to secular life to Emperor Komei in 1864, he returned Fushiminomiya on February 16 in the same year, returned to the secular life under an imperial sanction on 25 of the same month, and again received the reigning name of Yamashinanomiya along with the title of Imperial Prince by Imperial order.
- もとは『櫻清水清玄』(鶴屋南北作)という脚本であったが、人気作に恵まれず不遇をかこっていた新七が上方下りの人気役者市川小團次 (4代目)のために改訂版として作った。
- The original script of the play was 'Sakura Kiyomizu Seigen' (written by Hyozo KATSU the second), and 'Miyakodori nagare no shiranami' is its revised edition which Shinshichi wrote for a popular actor from Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area), Kodanji ICHIKAWA (the fourth) when Shinshichi was in obscurity without hits.
- 初めにこの箇所に着目した高橋崇は、食国法は統治の法のことであるから、律令に他ならず、天智天皇の定めた律令は近江令のことだから、不改常典とは近江令のことであると論じた。
- Takashi TAKAHASHI, the first person who paid attention to this point, argued that the law of the nation's governance means a law of ruling and therefore, naturally it means nothing, but the Rituryo codes, and the Ritsuryo established by Emperor Tenchi is Omi-Ryo, thus Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is the Omi-Ryo.
- 貞享元年(1684年)佐渡にて小倉実起・公連父子が相次いで病死、さすがの霊元天皇もこれを憐れんで翌年に竹淵季件を赦免して小倉熙季と改名させて小倉家を再興する事を許した。
- In 1684, Saneoki and Kintsura OGURA, father and son, successively died of illness in Sado, a sad enough circumstance to tempt Emperor Reigen to remit Kiken TAKEBUCHI and had him change the name to Hirosue OGURA, who was permitted to restore the Ogura family.
- そこで、伊賀采女を母に持つ大友皇子のために天智天皇が直系のみを条件とせよとする法を作り、元明天皇が藤原氏を母に持つ聖武天皇のためにこれを不改常典としてとり上げたとする。
- Therefore, it is said that for the sake of Prince Otomo, whose mother is Iga no Ume, Emperor Tenchi made a law that dictates the direct line as the prerequisite of succession, and Empress Genmei took it up as Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten for the sake of Emperor Shomu, whose mother was from the Fujiwara clan.
- この法は成文・公布されたものではなかったが、壬申の乱を起こした天武天皇は不改常典に縛られなかったが、天智の娘である持統天皇ら天智の女系子孫が中心になって伝え、守らせた。
- As the code was not codified nor promulgated, Emperor Tenmu, who provoked the Jinshin war/ disturbance, was not obliged to follow Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten, but Empress Jito, a daughter of Emperor Tenji, and other descendents of the female line took the lead in persuading him and made him follow.
- 京都西三条改暦所を通る子午線を本初子午線として経度の基準とし、実測値を元に経度・緯度1度ごとに直交する度線を引いてある(西洋のサンソン図法に近いとされるが異説もある)。
- A meridian which crosses the calendar revision office in Nishisanjo, Kyoto is used as the prime meridian, the basis of longitude, and the lines that cross at right angles to each degree of latitude and longitude are drawn on the basis of actual measured values (Some theories insist that such a method is similar to Sanson projection of the West).
- 7月16日条約改正交渉の結果、領事裁判権を廃止する日英通商航海条約調印を経て、20日大鳥公使は朝鮮政府に清軍の撤退と朝清間の条約廃棄を3日間の期限で回答するよう通告した。
- After the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was signed on July 16 as the result of negotiation over treaty revisions to do away with consular jurisdiction right, Minister Oshima gave notice to the Korean government requesting the withdrawal of Qing troops and the denunciation of Sino-Korean treaties with a response demanded within three days.
- 工事責任者の藤原種継が暗殺され、桓武天皇の弟早良親王が捕まる事態となって、794年(延暦13年)新しい都城を造成し、山背国を山城国と改め、新京を平安京と名づけて遷都した。
- After FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, who was responsible for its construction, was assassinated, and Imperial Prince Sawara, the Emperor Kanmu's younger brother, was arrested, a new capital named Heiankyo was constructed and transferred in 794 and the characters from Yamashiro Province were changed from 山背国 to 山城国.
- 近江令に置かれていたとすれば、日本独特のものとして置かれた規定が、大宝令制定時に除かれたということになり、令から削除して間もない法を「改めるまじき法」と呼ぶ矛盾が生じる。
- If such a provision were included in Omi-Ryo, a uniquely Japanese rule would have been excluded at the time when Taiho Code was established, but if so it is inconsistent with the phrase, 'the law which should not be modified.'
- なお、この一文は1926年発行の『増訂明治事物起源』(p20)にも再録されているが、人名から「氏」が削除されたほか、一部に格助詞の「の」が補われるなどの僅かな改訂がある。
- This passage is rerecorded in the 'Revised and Enlarged Meiji Jibutsu Kigen', in which there are only a few revisions such as deletions of Mr. from personal names and partial adding the case making particle 'no'.
- その改革は、地方官(国司)へ租税収取や軍事などの権限を大幅に委譲するというもので、国司は中央へ確実に租税を上納する代わりに、自由かつ強力に国内を支配する権利を得たのである。
- The reform involved transferring a great part of the power to impose and collect taxes as well as the military power to the local officials (kokushi); in return for the secure payment of taxes to the central government, the kokushi gained the freedom to govern the province at his will.
- 2004年度からは会議の名称が「花粉症に関する関係省庁担当者連絡会議」と改められ、2005年度からは基礎研究などよりさらに踏み込んだ具体的な取り組みがなされるようになった。
- The name of the conference was changed to the 'Pollinosis Liaison Conference for Concerned Government Agencies' in 2004 and since 2005 concrete initiatives have been implemented based on fundamental research.
- ついで元明は王臣・百官人の輔佐で食国天下の政事を行いたいとしてから、「天地と共に長く改めない常の典と立て賜える食国の法も、傾くことなく動くことなく渡り去るように」と述べた。
- In continuation, Genmei expresses his intention to undertake the governance of the nation (Osukuni amenoshita no matsurikoto) counting on the assistance of her grand ministers and hundreds of officials and states 'to hand down the reign by securing the lay of the nation's governance, which is also irreversible like the universe and deemed as the permanent code, without decline nor oscillation.'
- 江戸時代も中頃になると、品種改良や農業技術の進歩により、農家の中に現金収入を得られるものが増え、新たな知識や見聞、物品を求めて旅をしようと思い立つものが現れるようになった。
- In the middle of the Edo period, the variety of improvement and development of agricultural technologies led to an increase in the number of peasants who earned cash and gave rise to those who decided to go on a journey in search of new knowledge, experience, and products.
- 9世紀中期~10世紀頃になると、従来の律令制(編戸制・班田制など)による統治に限界が見られるようになり、中央政府は租税収入を確保するため、社会の実情に即した国制改革を進めた。
- From the mid 9th century to the 10th century, the conventional administration based on the ritsuryo system (such as henko-sei, the organization of the citizens, and handen-sei, the ritsuryo land-allotment system) faced its organizational limit, and the central government promoted a nation-wide reform of the system to reflect the actual social situations in order to maintain the level of the tax revenue.
- 『続史愚抄』によれば、建武5年8月28日 (旧暦)に朝廷で行われた「暦応」改元の決定は幕府側には伝えられず、足利尊氏ら幕府首脳は9月4日 (旧暦)になって初めて知ったという。
- According to 'Zoku Shigusho' (Historical work published in 1791), the decision to change the name of the era to 'Ryakuo' in the Imperial Court on October 19, 1338 was not conveyed to the bakufu, and it was not until October 25 that the seniors in the bakufu, including Takauji ASHIKAGA knew of the change.
- この後幕府は、17世紀中葉までに、武家諸法度の発布や参勤交代の義務化、有力大名の改易などを通して、諸大名との主従制を確固たるものとし、朝廷統制を強め、幕府官僚機構を整備した。
- After this, the bakufu solidified the master-servant relationship with each daimyo by around the middle of 17th century, through enacting Buke shohatto (laws for the military households), making Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) obligatory, and conducting Kaieki operations (forfeiting the rank of samurai and properties) for powerful daimyo, strengthened control of the Imperial Court, and established its government officer system.
- 養老律令以後、日本では律令の編纂は行われなくなり、遣唐使の廃止によって中国律令の導入もなくなったが、当然のことながら中国ではその後も歴代王朝で律令の編纂や改訂が行われてきた。
- Since the Yoro code, there has been no compilation of ritsuryo in Japan, and with the abolition of the Japanese envoy to China in the Tang dynasty, Chinese ritsuryo was no longer being introduced, but naturally, compilation and revision of ritsuryo continued in successive dynasties in China.
- また『吹塵録』の「江戸人口小記」は町方並寺社門前の人口として子午年改の人口をまとめているが、『重宝録』では享保六年十一月の人口を町奉行支配場のみの町人人口として記載している。
- Although, the 'Edo Jinko Shoki' of 'Suijinroku' compile the figures from the hexannual census, whereas the 'Chohoroku' compiles the figures of November 1721 under the name of 'townspeople.'
- 特に寛平7年(895年)に能有が五畿内諸国別当に任じられると、山城国問民苦使に任じられて、権門による土地兼併が激しい同国の実情を調査して地方行政の改革と農民救済策をまとめた。
- When Yoshiari was appointed to the chief officer of Go-kinai (five provinces close to the capital: Yamashiro Province, Yamato Province, Kawachi Province, Izumi Province, and Settsu Province) in 895, he appointed Suenaga as a monminkushi (a position temporarily established to investigate people's demand and discontent) of Yamashiro Province, and he investigated the circumstances in this province, where lands were frequently annexed by influential and powerful families or clans at that time, to make up plans for a reform of the local government and relief of peasants.
- ちなみに、宗茂は9月15日に大津城を開城させた後、軍勢を率いて草津市にまで進出していたが、そこで西軍の壊滅を知って大坂城に退却することを余儀なくされ、戦後に改易されてしまった。
- In fact, after Muneshige had made Takatsugu surrender Otsu-jo Castle on October 21, he and his troops advanced to Kusatsu city, where he knew of the defeat of the West squad and was forced to retreat to Osaka-jo Castle; because of this, after the battle he forfeited the rank of Samurai and his properties.
- 奈良中期の737年(天平9)、令制国の「やまと」は橘諸兄政権下で「大倭国」から「大養徳国」へ改称されたが、諸兄の勢力が弱まった747年(天平19)には再び「大倭国」へ戻された。
- In 737 in the mid Nara period, the ryoseikoku of 'Yamato' was renamed from '大倭国' to '大養徳国' under the TACHIBANA no Moroe government, but when its political force weakened in 747, the name was returned to '大倭国.'
- この指定制度は、1975年の文化財保護法の改正によって実現し、1976年5月4日に第1回として30件が指定されて以来、2009年3月11日現在で、合計264件が指定されている。
- This system of designation was established with the revision of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties in 1975, and since the first round of designations held on May 4, 1976 approved 30 properties, the number of designated properties has increased to a total of 264 as of March 11, 2009.
- 晩年は政治改革と親王時代の住居であったとされる宇多院の近くに勅願寺創建を計画するも実現を見ぬままに終わり、後を継いだ宇多天皇の「寛平の治」及び仁和寺創建に継承されることになる。
- In his final years he aimed to undertake political reform and build a temple (by imperial order) near Uda-in, where he had spent his time during princehood; however, it didn't come true, and it was succeeded to the next Emperor, Uda, to rule 'the peaceful era of Kampyo' and build Ninna-ji Temple.
- 貪欲な受領とされることの多い藤原元命だが、当時、花山天皇が即位直後に地方税制の改革など積極的な政策展開を行っており、元命はこの花山新制の方針を遵守したに過ぎないとする見方もある。
- Although FUJIWARA no Motonaga had been often regarded as a greedy Zuryo, some suggest that Motonaga only observed strictly the policy of Kazan shinsei (new laws issued by Emperor Kazan) under the new local tax system Emperor Kazan actively introduced immediately after his enthronement.
- 唐田令では、成年男子(丁男)に100畝(1項約5ヘクタール)を支給し、うち80畝(約4ヘクタール)を口分田として残りの20畝(約1ヘクタール)を世業田(のち永業田に改称)とした。
- In the field-related ryo code, it is specified that a field of approx. five hectares should be supplied to each adult man (teidan), of which approx. four hectares was supplied as kubunden and the remaining approx. one hectare as segyoden (this term was changed to eigyoden later).
- 宗戸は当時未舗装の県道の改良や補修を日常業務とし、助手2人とリヤカーに土砂を積んで毎日巡回し、くぼみに土砂を埋め、盛り上がっている場所を削って平らにするという作業に携わっていた。
- Muneto was engaged in daily work of improvement and repair of prefectural roads which were not paved at that time and carried out his works with two assistants by patrolling every day with a cart loaded with sand and filling sinkholes with sand and flatten mounds by scraping.
- なお、明治維新の官制改革で一旦は廃止されたものの、伊藤博文が進めた「宮中と政府の分離」方針に則って、1884年に宮内省に属する機関として復活し、1947年の同省廃止まで存続した。
- Although this position was abolished with the government system reforms that took place during the Meiji Restoration, in conforming with the plan by Hirofumi ITO to 'separate the court and government,' it was reinstated as an institution within the Imperial Household Ministry in 1884 and continued until the ministry was abolished in 1947.
- 宗教的には、祭政一致の古代に復す改革であったから、1867年(慶応3年)旧暦1月17日 (旧暦)に制定された職制には神祇を七科の筆頭に置き、3月 (旧暦)には神仏分離が布かれた。
- Since the goal of the religious policy of the Meiji Restoration was to restore the era when Shinto and the state were united, the government put Jingi (the Department of Shinto Affairs) at the top of Seven Departments in the 'Office Organization' law, which was enacted on February 21, 1867, and proclaimed the 'Edict of Separation of Shinto and Buddhism' in April of that year.
- 日本書紀の記述などから少なくともオオササギ王(仁徳天皇)は大阪に本拠を置き河内平野を開発したことが判っており、当時の河川改修痕跡(難波の堀江)や堤防痕跡(茨田堤)も残存している。
- From descriptions in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), it has become clear that at least one ruler, King Osasagi (Emperor Nintoku), made his base in Osaka and developed the Kawachi Plain; evidence of river improvement (the Naniwa-horie canal) and embankments (Manda-no-tsutsumi levee) can still be seen today.
- そして、江戸のように全く新しくあるいはそれに近い都市改造の結果誕生した都市では、初期段階において領主への国役などの負担と引換に新設された町屋敷地を拝領する方式が取られた地域もある。
- In some cities - newborn ones and renewed ones - such as Edo, residents offered 'kuniyaku' (public duties) to the feudal lord at the early stage of the city development, and in exchange, they received the land of the town's residential area that was newly developed.
- 諸藩における年貢米の売り上げ、物品購入代金の管理を任命された両替商、および天領である石見銀山、生野銀山などで産出される上納灰吹銀の量目を掛け改めた役職は掛屋(かけや)とも呼ばれた。
- The name given to money exchangers who were appointed to calculate the revenue from each domain's annual rice tax and to manage money for the purchasing of goods was 'Kakeya'; this name was also used for persons in charge of reapplying the ryome for cupellated silver that had been produced in the Iwami Ginzan and Ikuno Ginzan Silver Mines (which were located in lands owned by the bakufu) and paid to the authorities.
- しかし宋代の学者からすると、これら訓詁の学者は、六経(五経)に込められた聖人(孔子など)の本旨を正しく理解できておらず、改めて聖人の本旨を理解する試みが必要であるとの認識に達した。
- Song Dynasty scholars thought that Kunkogaku scholars did not correctly understand the true aim of the sages (such as Confucius) contained in the Six Classics (or the Five Classics) and they therefore believed it was necessary to attempt to understand the spirit of the sages from the beginning.
- しかしながら、ここを「列侯会議」に限定せずに漠然と「広く会議」に改めたことは、後に起草者たちの意図を離れ、民権論者によって民選議会を開設すべき根拠として拡張解釈されるようになった。
- However the vague revision to 'widely established deliberative assemblies' not restricting 'councils by feudal lords' was extended later by civil rights advocates as the authority to establish popularly-elected parliament, being far from the original intentions of drafters.
- 勘定奉行の小栗忠順は幕府が慶應元年(1865年)に横須賀製鉄所の建設を計画した際、その建設費をこの二分判による改鋳利益で賄おうと企てたため、小栗二分金(おぐりにぶきん)とも言われた。
- When Kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) Tadamasa OGURI planed construction of Yokosuka Iron Factory, he tried to cover the cost by the profit of recasting nibuban, therefore it was also called Oguri nibukin.
- 慶長6年(1601年)に初めて発行され、以後、万延元年(1860年)までに10種類鋳造されたが、江戸幕府および市場の経済事情により時代ごとに品位・量目が小判金と同様に改定されている。
- In 1601, it was issued for the first time and after that since 1860, 10 kinds were casted and according to the economic status of Edo bakufu and the market, the karat and ryome (a weighed value) were revised as koban.
- 1728年(享保13年) - 享保の改革の一環で、幕府鉄炮方の井上左太夫貞高が、鉄炮方役人の銃術鍛練の場として、柳島村(相模川河口)から片瀬村までの海岸に、相州炮術調練場を設置する。
- In 1728, as part of the Kyoho reforms, Sadayu Sadataka INOUE (the government official of Teppo Kata of the Tokugawa shogunate) established Soshu Hojutsu Chorenjo, a shooting practice field for government officers of Bakufu teppo kata (the gun division of the Tokugawa shogunate) in the seashore from Yanajima Village (the mouth of the Sagami-gawa River) to Katase Village.
- 制度取調参与の福岡孝弟は、この由利五箇条に対して第一条冒頭に「列侯会議を興し」の字句を入れるなどして封建的な方向へ後退させ、表題も会盟に改めたため、列侯会盟の色彩が非常に強くなった。
- Because Seido torishirabe Sanyo (Councilor in charge of examining regulations) Takachika FUKUOKA added words 'setting up a council by feudal lords' at the beginning of the first article of the Yuri gokajo (Five Articles designed by Yuri) and the title was changed to 'kaimei' (pledge of feudal lords), it stepped back to feudalistic direction and the mood of pledge of feudal lords deepened.
- 先の内裏をも延焼させた京都大火災によって元号は延宝と改められる事となったが、延宝3年(1675年)11月25日 新たな内裏が完成した矢先に今度は仮御所の近衛基熙邸が火災に見舞われる。
- Due to the great fire in Kyoto which spread to the Imperial Palace, the era name was changed to Enpo, but on November 25, 1675 (Enpo 3) after the new Imperial Court was completed, Motohiro KONOE's residence, the temporary Imperial Court was also hit by fire.
- 皇位継承法説の論者の多くは、この箇所を含む文は「改めてはならない常の典と立てた法が傾くことなく動くことなく続くように働け」という意味で、全体として継承を意識しているとして弁明とする。
- Many of the supporters of the imperial succession code theory explain that the description including this expression means 'work to maintain the law formulated as the irreversible code not declined, stable, and sustained,' and as a whole, the description is conscious of the succession.
- 市制施行40周年を迎えた1997年、市民から表記の混在を少なくしようという運動が起こったため、市は多くの公共機関に対して市名として用いる時の「五条」を「五條」と改めるよう要望を行った。
- In 1997, the 40th anniversary of the enforcement of the municipal organization, the city requested many public organizations to revise '五条' to '五條' when using it as a city name; this is because there was a campaign to reduce the misuse of the descriptions that occurred among the citizens.
- 足利義満が急死すると、4代将軍の足利義持は斯波義将に補佐され、義満に対する太上天皇の追号を辞退し、勘合貿易での明との通商を一時停止するなど義満の政策を否定し幕政を守旧的なものに改める。
- When Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA suddenly died, the fourth Shogun, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, was supported by Yoshimasa SHIBA, and refused to bestow the posthumous name of Emperor Daijo on Yoshimitsu; he also repudiated Yoshimitsu's policies, for example by temporarily halting the tally trade with Ming China, and sought to return the bakufu government to a more conservative stance.
- さらに義満は叙任権、祭祀権や元号の改元、治罰の綸旨の封印など権限を奪っていき治天の権限を代行して天皇・朝廷の権威は史上最も低下した(『室町の王権』、『天皇家はなぜ続いたのか』今谷明)。
- Because Yoshimitsu usurped the Emperor and Imperial Court's authorities, including patronage, the right to hold a festa, change in era name, and sealing of jibatsu no rinji (imperial order to punish enemies), his ability to carry out actions under Chiten authority resulted in the lowest authority by the Emperor and Imperial Court in history ('Muromachi no oken' (regal power of Muromachi) and 'Tenno-ke wa naze tsuduitanoka' (Why has Emperor's family lasted?) by Akira IMATANI).
- 律令法は、大化改新によって支配権を握った畿内および近国の貴族層が、従来のように豪族を媒介として全国を支配するのではなく、官僚機構によって人民の末端にいたるまで統治するための法であった。
- The goal of ritsuryo law was to enable the kizoku (noble) class in Kinai and nearby provinces, who gained power during the Taika Reformation, to govern the people at every level through bureaucracy, instead of ruling the nation through local ruling families like in the past.
- 廃藩置県(はいはんちけん)とは明治維新期の明治4年7月14日 (旧暦)(1871年8月29日)に、明治政府がそれまでの藩を廃止して地方統治を中央管下の府と県に一元化した行政改革である。
- Haihan-chiken was an administrative reform implemented on August 29, 1871 through which the Meiji government abolished feudal domains and established prefectures that were under the control of the central government.
- 大規模な改修工事の末大迫りが装備され、山門が舞台上にその姿を初めて現したのは平成3 (1991) 年の顔見世、十三代目片岡仁左衛門の五右衛門、七代目尾上梅幸の久吉で演じられた時だった。
- Later, after major repairs, an o-zeri was built and 'Sanmon' was performed for the first time in the theatre as the kaomise (opening of the season) of 1991, at that time, Nizaemon KATAOKA (the thirteenth) played Goemon and Baiko ONOE (the seventh) played Hisayoshi.
- ただし徳川家としての武家権力は残るが、やがて鳥羽・伏見の戦いに始まる徳川家を中心とする勢力と改革により復興した西日本の薩長土肥雄藩との内戦は朝廷による官軍となった薩長土肥側の勝利となる。
- The samurai authority remained in the form of the Tokugawa family; however, some civil wars, starting from the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, were held between forces mainly consisting of the Tokugawa family and the Sacchodohi yuhan (the domains of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Higo), a force of the western Japan which was restored by the reform, as a result, the Sacchodohi yuhan, which became a government army formed by the Imperial Court, defeated the forces of the Tokugawa family.
- 各藩とも藩政改革を推進してその打開を図ったが黒船来航以来の政治的緊張によって多額の財政出費を余儀なくされて、廃藩置県を前に自ら領土の返上を申し出る藩主(藩知事)さえ出てくる状況であった。
- Domains tried to improve the situation by implementing restructuring domain politics, but this required vast expenditures due to the political strain in the wake of the arrival of the Black Ships and some domain lords (hanchiji) wanted to return their territory before haihan-chiken was implemented.
- この時、御誓文の写しを貰った木戸孝允は翌日には「かの御誓文は昨夜反復熟読したが、実によくできておる。この御主意は決して改変してはならぬ。自分の目の黒い間は死を賭しても支持する」と語った。
- Takayoshi KIDO was given a copy of Charter Oath at that time and on the next day he said 'I read that Charter Oath carefully more than once and found it remarkable. The main idea shouldn't be changed. I support it with my life as long as I'm alive.'
- なお始めの名称は「冷然院」であったが、たびたび火災による焼失と再建を繰り返したことから「然」の字が「燃」に通じ不吉であるとされて、天暦8年(954年)頃の再建の際に「冷泉院」に改称した。
- The original name was 'Reizenin' (冷然院), and it was renamed 'Reizeiin' (冷泉院) when it was restored around 954, because 'Reizenin' (冷然院) was considered unlucky for the reason that the character of '然' was similar to '燃' which means 'burn'; in fact, it had burned out and been restored a few times.
- 「泰時消息文」によれば、公家法は漢文で記されており難解であるので、武士に分かりやすい文体の法律を作ったとあるが、これは公家法の再構成して武士たちに理解しやすい形態に改めたという意味である。
- According to 'Yasutoki shosokubun' (a letter of Yasutoki HOJO), since the court noble law had been described in Chinese classics and is difficult to be understood, a law written in a style easily understood by samurai was made, meaning that the court noble law was reconstructed and altered to be more understandable for the samurai.
- これは当時、藩主島津忠恒が進めていた藩政改革がうまく行かず、家臣団の統制すらままならなかったからであるが、島津の不参加は一時「島津謀反」の噂を引き起こし、小倉藩の監視を受ける羽目となった。
- That was because Tadatsune SHIMAZU, the lord of the domain, unable to successfully carry out the reformation of domain duties, could not control his vassals as he wished, and as a result, their nonparticipation caused a temporal rumor of 'Shimazu Rebellion' leading to a position carefully supervised by Kokura Domain.
- しかし、律令制と現実の乖離が大きくなっていき、9世紀末~10世紀初頭ごろ、政府は税収を確保するため、律令制の基本だった人別支配体制を改め、土地を対象に課税する支配体制へと大きく方針転換した。
- However, as the the Ritsuryo system lost touch with reality, the government changed its policy from an individual-based ruling system, which was the base of the the Ritsuryo system to a land-based ruling system in order to secure tax revenue from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century.
- この動きを倒幕への準備と見誤った同藩の尊攘派が久光によって鎮圧される事件が発生したものの(寺田屋騒動参照)、久光の朝廷工作により、幕府改革への勅使として大原重徳が遣わされるという事態となる。
- Some members of Hisamitsu's clan who advocated sonjo party (royalists) misunderstood Hisamitsu's action as preparation to overthrow the bakufu, but they were suppressed by Hisamitsu (See the Teradaya incident), and his efforts with the Court worked, and Shigenori OHARA was sent as an imperial messenger to the bakufu.
- 廃藩置県は平安時代後期以来続いてきた特定の領主がその領地・所領を支配するという土地支配のあり方を根本的に否定・変革するものであり、「明治維新における最大の改革」であったと言えるものであった。
- Haihan-chiken fundamentally denied/changed the traditional way of ruling land, under which a specific lord ruled his territory, that had existed since the late Heian period, and was said to be 'the biggest reform implemented in the Meiji Restoration'.
- 同年、江戸は東京と改名され、翌1869年には東京城(江戸城)に東京行幸した明治天皇が入って「皇城」とされて、かつての将軍の居住する都市・江戸は、天皇の行在する都市・東京となった(東京奠都)。
- Shortly after the fall of the Bakufu, Edo renamed Tokyo, and in the following year the Tokyo Castle (formerly, the Edo Castle) was officially recommissioned as the 'Imperial Palace' with the 入居 of the Meiji Emperor-- the metropolis Edo once overseen by the shogun became the 'metropolis Tokyo'-- temporary residence of the Emperor (Tokyo Tento [transfer of the national capital to Tokyo]).
- その後、再建されて藤原頼通から藤原師実に継承されて後冷泉天皇皇后の藤原寛子が居住したが、後に師実が改築して異母兄の藤原定綱に譲り、定綱はこれを師実の子で自分の娘婿でもあった藤原家忠に譲った。
- It was rebuilt and inherited from FUJIWARA no Yorimichi by FUJIWARA no Morozane before being resided in by the Empress FUJIWARA no Kanshi (the wife of the Emperor Goreizei) but it was subsequently renovated by Morozane and given to his older paternal half-brother FUJIWARA no Sadatsuna who gave it to his daughter's husband FUJIWARA no Ietada (a son of Morozane).
- このような改革には積極的に西洋文明の先進制度が取り入れられ、その過程で、「お雇い外国人」と呼ばれる外国人が、技術指導、教育分野、官制・軍制整備など様々な分野で雇用され、近代国家建設を助けた。
- The developed systems of western civilization were positively adopted in this reform, and in this process foreigners called 'Employed Foreigner' were hired in various areas including technical assistance, education, consolidation of the organization of the central government, and military systems, to help Japan build a modern state.
- 明治5年(1872年)の太陽暦改暦以降は新暦9月17日に実施するようになったが、これでは新穀が間に合わないため、明治12年(1879年)以降は月遅れで新暦10月17日に行われるようになった。
- After the change to the solar calendar in 1872, the Kannamesai was also changed to be performed on September 17 on the new calendar, which was too early for the new grain, and therefore it was postponed by one month to be performed on October 17 on the new calendar since 1879.
- かつて、明治時代の改造紙幣にその肖像が用いられ、これが日本における最初の女性肖像紙幣となったが、その原版はイタリア人技術者エドアルド・キヨッソーネが作成したため、西洋風の美人に描かれている。
- The portrait of Empress Jingu was used for a banknote in the Meiji period and she became the first Japanese woman to be featured on the Japanese banknote, however since its original version was made by an Italian engineer, Edoardo Chiossone, she was portrayed as a beautiful woman in western style.
- 別とする説の根拠としては、統治法とされていることの他に、もともと不改常典は法の名称ではなく形容語の一部だということがあり、二番目のものに天智天皇制定という語がついていないことも根拠とされる。
- The argument that the two parts in question refer to different things is supported based upon the following facts: first, the word Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is not a name of a concrete law by its nature, but part of an adjective; secondly, the second part is not specified with the word, 'established by Emperor Tenchi.'
- 1871年に陸軍や官僚の制服を西洋風に改めることを定めた天皇の勅諭(太政官布告399号「爾今禮服ニハ洋服ヲ採用ス」)が発せられた以後、警官・鉄道員・教員などが順次服装を西洋化することになる。
- After the imperial instruction to change the uniforms for the army and bureaucrats into western style uniforms (edict of Dajokan [Grand Council of state] Number 399 'the western clothes shall be used as formal wear') was issued in 1871, the clothes of police officers, railway employees, and teachers were also westernized sequentially.
- 上皇になると殿上人を整理(旧来は天皇在位中の殿上人はそのまま院の殿上人となる慣例であった)して院政機構の改革を行うなどの積極的な政策を採って、台頭する鎌倉幕府に対しても強硬的な路線を採った。
- Once he became the retired emperor, he made an active effort to become a (high-ranking) courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace, as a court noble (traditionally, people who served an emperor would stay with him after his reign) in order to reform the system of the cloister government; he was ready to take forceful action against the Kamakura government, which had started to behave conspicuously.
- 和宮が埋葬された増上寺の徳川家墓所は現在の東京プリンスホテルの場所にあったが、1950年代に同地がコクドに売却されたため、和宮をはじめ、歴代将軍及びその正側室の墓所と遺骸も発掘・改葬された。
- The Tokugawa family's cemetery where Kazunomiya was buried was located where the current Tokyo Prince Hotel was, since this land was sold to Kokudo Corp in 1950, Kazunomiya's cemetery and the successive Shogun and their wives cemeteries and remains were excavated, relocated, and re-buried.
- 実家の佐竹氏に戻った義広は名を「蘆名盛重」と改めて、常陸江戸崎城主となる(江戸崎藩)が、関ヶ原の戦いの際には、旗幟を鮮明にしなかった実兄・佐竹義宣 (右京大夫)と行動を共にしたために改易した。
- Yoshihiro returned to his parents' family, renamed himself Morishige ASHINA and became the lord of Edosaki-jo Castle (in the Edosaki Domain), but he was deprived of his territory because he acted in concert with his elder brother, Yoshinobu SATAKE (also known as Ukyo Daibu), without taking a clear stand during the Battle of Sekigahara.
- なお、文禄元年への改元は12月8日(グレゴリオ暦1593年1月10日)に行われたため、4月12日の釜山上陸で始まった戦役初年の1592年のほとんどの出来事は元号的には天正20年の出来事である。
- As the name of era changed to 'Bunroku' on December 8 (January 10, 1593 by the Gregorian calendar), almost all events in 1592, the first year of the War, that began with landing at Busan on April 12, occurred in Tensho 20 as far as name of the era is concerned.
- こうした成果をうけて幕府は残虐刑を減らして「過料」「敲(たたき)」「入墨」などの新しい刑罰を導入したが、「享保の改革」自体が保守的な要素をもっていたため、幕府法の全面的な改訂には至らなかった。
- Such achievements led the bakufu to reduce cruel punishments and to introduce new punishments such as 'correctional fines,' 'beating,' and 'tattooing,' but due to the conservative factors of 'Kyoho-no-kaikaku (Kyoho reform)' itself, it did not lead to an overall revision of the bakufu law.
- 更に天正19年(1591年)に鶴松が病死すると、秀吉は甥の豊臣秀次(内大臣)を養子として関白の地位を譲り関白が豊臣氏の世襲とする意思を改めて表明し、自分は太政大臣在任のまま実権を保持し続けた。
- Furthermore, when Tsurumatsu died of disease in 1591, Hideyoshi adopted his nephew, Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI (Naidaijin), and yielded the position of Kanpaku to him, showing again his determination to relinquish the position of Kanpaku to only the Toyotomi clan and staying in power as Dajodaijin.
- 安政年間から引換回収された寛永通寳一文銅銭2,114,246,283枚の内、1,420,200,000枚を文久永寳に改鋳したとされ、文久永寳の総鋳造高は891,515,631枚との記録もある。
- Among the 2,114,246,283 Kanei-tsuho do ichimonsen coins recalled, 1,420,200,000 were recast as Bunkyu-eiho coin; also, according to a record, the total number of Bunkyu-eiho coins cast was 891,515,631.
- しかし伊丹で奈良流に改良が加えられ伊丹酒大量生産方式が確立されたことや、奈良が地理的に大消費地である江戸への輸送に適していなかったことなどから、奈良流そのものは商業的に隆盛することはなかった。
- Nara-ryu itself, however, did not commercially succeed because Itami-zake came to be produced in a large volume through the development of mass production technology and also because Nara was located inconveniently to Edo, the then greatest market for sake.
- 同附則3項は「内閣総理大臣は、改正後の第2条に規定する建国記念の日となる日を定める政令の制定の立案をしようとするときは、建国記念日審議会に諮問し、その答申を尊重しなければならない。」と定めた。
- Article 3 of its supplementary provision also states, 'Prime minister shall consult Council for National Foundation Day and respect its report when planning to establish an ordinance to designate the date of National Foundation Day as stipulated in Article 2 of the revised National Holiday Law.'
- 1875年(明治7年)に地租改正により、農家が納める税金は米から金に変わり、農家では収量を重視するようになり、米の品質が落ちてきたが、一方で、酒の需要が増加し、蔵本では酒米を確保しようとした。
- Because of the land-tax reform in 1875, the tax paid by farmers changed from rice to money, and farmers began to make a point of the harvest volume to reduce the quality of rice while demand for sake increased to have Kuramoto endeavor to secure rice for brewing sake.
- 箱館裁判所 (はこだてさいばんしょ) は、慶応4年(9月8日から改元して明治元年) (1868年) の短時日に、蝦夷地を統治するために箱館(現在の函館市)に設けられた裁判所 (地方制度)である。
- The Hakodate Court was established quickly as a local administrative organ in Hakodate (present-day, Hakodate City) in 1868 to govern Ezo (a northern island of Japan inhabited by Ainu indigenous people).
- 忠邦はまた、阿片戦争における清の敗北により、従来の外国船に対する異国船打払令を改めて薪水給与令を発令して柔軟路線に転換する一方、江川英龍や高島秋帆に西洋流砲術を導入させて、近代軍備を整えさせた。
- In response to the defeat of Qing Dynasty in the Opium Wars, Tadakuni shifted his foreign policy to more flexible one by amending the conventional edict to repel foreign vessels to the law to provide water and fuel for foreign ships, while he ordered Hidetatsu EGAWA and Shuhan TAKASHIMA to introduce the western style gunnery and the modern military buildup.
- しかし、同じ詔の中で「月日とともに長く、天地とともに変わらず、改めてはならない法として立てられた」とほぼ同じに長々しく形容されている二つの法が別のものを指すというのは不自然だと考える学者が多い。
- However, many scholars consider that it is unnatural to think that the two different laws are similarly modified by the excessively long adjective phrase that means 'established as the irreversible and eternal code, which should not be modified as long as the universe exists and as long as the sun and the moon shed light' could exist in the same edict.
- 草文二分判(そうぶんにぶばん)は文政11年(1828年)11月27日と真文と同じ文政年間発行であり、量目も真文二分判と同等であるが、品位はさらに下げられた改鋳による出目獲得を目的としたものである。
- Sobun nibuban was issued on January 2, 1829 during the Bunsei era as Shinbun, the ryome was also same as Shinbun nibuban, however the karat was even lower to earn profit by recasting.
- なお能流派では、宝生流の大後援者であった加賀藩主前田氏が菅原道真の子孫と称していたことに遠慮して、道真の霊が雷神となって内裏を暴れまわるところを改作し、朝廷を寿いで舞を舞うという筋にして上演する。
- The lord of Kaga Domain, the Maeda clan who were the big supporters of Hosho-ryu school said that they were descendants of Michizane SUGAWARA and, taking into account this fact, the noh schools perform the story changing the scene in which the ghost of Michizane becomes raijin, a thunder god, and rushes around wildly to a scene in which the ghost dances to celebrate the Imperial Court.
- これを受けて亀山上皇は1286年(弘安9)12月に院評定を徳政沙汰と雑訴沙汰に分割、続いて伏見天皇は1293年(正応6)6月に記録所組織の改革を行って、政治組織の刷新を行って円滑な政務遂行を図った。
- In response to this, Retired Emperor Kameyama divided In no hyojo (consultation under the government by the retired Emperor) into tokusei-sata (dealing with problems related to religious matters and official appointments) and zasso sata (litigation investigation) and the Emperor Fushimi reformed the organization of Kirokusho (government agency of lawsuits) in June 1293 and aimed for the smooth implementation of government duties by the renewal of political system.
- しかし、実際に人口調査の体裁が整えられてたのは、徳川吉宗によって子午改(6年毎)の全国人口調査が開始された享保六年(1721年)以降であり、大岡忠相から有馬氏倫へ提出した書類の形式で伝えられている。
- However, the census system was only formally put into place after hexannual national census surveys were implemented by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA in 1721 (year) and formalized in the document presented by Tadasuke OOKA to Ujinori ARIMA.
- 戦後改革により皇室が自らこの差額を調達することは不可能となり、長年固定されていた皇室費を一挙に数倍に増額することは、敗戦直後の極度に逼迫した財政のもとではとうてい合理的な説明がつかなかったのである。
- After the postwar reform, it became impossible for the Imperial Family to manage their finances, increasing expenses several times could not have been practically accepted, especially under the tight financial situation just after the War.
- 具体的な行政機構としては、太政官と神祇官を置き、太政官の下に各省を置く律令制が模写されたものの、その後も民部省から工部省が分離したり、刑部省から司法省への改組など幾多の改変を必要とし、安定しなかった。
- Although the government copied the Ritsuryo system, which had Dajokan (Grand Council of State) and Jingikan (the Officer in charge of the Shinto ceremony) as specific administrative organizations, the system was unstable because it needed continuous reforms thereafter, such as dividing the Ministry of Industry from the Ministry of Popular Affairs, and changing the Ministry of Criminal Punishments to the Ministry of Justice.
- 天皇や時平は「延喜の治」と呼ばれる自らが主導するの政治改革を目指すものの、変からわずか8年後に時平が急死、続いて醍醐天皇も病気がちとなり、政治権力の中心は再度宇多法皇と藤原忠平の手中に帰する事になった。
- The Emperor and Tokihira planned political reforms to put themselves in direct leadership roles for the new administration, which was called 'Engi no chi' (the (glorious) government during the Engi era), but only eight years after the coup, Tokihira died suddenly, and moreover Emperor Daigo became more and more prone to illness, which allowed de facto political power to shift back again under the control of Cloistered Emperor Uda and FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- 社会規範を規定する刑法的な律と社会制度を規定する行政法的な令が中心的な位置を占め、律令の不足を補う改正法としての格および律令と格の施行細則としての性格を持つ式が一つの法体系、即ち律令法典を構成していた。
- The Ritsuryo codes were organized as a legal system centered on 'ritsu,' a criminal code defining social standards, and 'ryo,' an administrative code defining the social system, with 'kyaku,' or amendments, for supplementing ritsu and ryo, and 'shiki' as provisions for enacting ritsu, ryo, and kyaku.
- 一世一元の詔(いっせいいちげんのみことのり)は、慶応4年9月8日 (旧暦)(グレゴリオ暦1868年10月23日)、慶応4年を改めて明治元年とするとともに、天皇一代に元号一つという一世一元の制を定めた詔。
- The imperial decree of the practice of assigning one era name to the reign of each Emperor is an imperial decree established on October 23, 1868 (the Gregorian calendar) at the same time of changing Keio year 4 to Meiji gannen (Year of 1868) and it is a system for assigning one era name for each Emperor's reign.
- 2004年の文化財保護法改正によって民俗文化財の登録制度が発足し、国または地方公共団体の指定を受けていない有形民俗文化財のうち、保存と活用が特に必要なものを登録有形民俗文化財として登録することになった。
- When the Act on Protection of Cultural Properties was revised in 2004, a registration system for folk-cultural properties was introduced, enabling tangible folk-cultural properties that require special preservation and utilization among those not designated by the Government or the local public bodies as such to be registered as registered tangible cultural properties.
- この改正に伴い2006年(平成18年)に、最初の民俗技術として「津軽海峡及び周辺地域における和船製作技術」(青森県)、「上総掘りの技術」(千葉県)、「別府明礬温泉の湯の花製造技術」(大分県)が指定された。
- Following this revision, the 'Japanese-style boat building technique of Tsugaru-kaikyo Strait and surrounding areas' (Aomori Prefecture), 'kazusa-bori (traditional Japanese drilling) technique' (Chiba Prefecture), and 'technique for producing yunohana natural bath salts at Beppu Myoban-onsen Hot Spring' (Oita Prefecture) were designated as the first folk techniques.
- そして必修である『論語』『孝経』の他に最低二経を学習した明経生は明経試(後に明経得業試に改められた)に受験・合格してから叙位・任官するのが原則だったが、明経試を経ないで叙位・任官するケースも多かったらしい。
- Although it was a general rule that students needed to study at least two books other than the two compulsory books 'Rongo' and 'Kokyo' and pass the Myogyoshi (the Myogyo examination - later revised into the 'Myogyo Tokugyoshi') before being appointed and conferred a rank, there were many reported cases of students receiving their rank and appointment without taking the test.
- これにより皇室制度は、プロイセン式の立憲君主制を採ったが、大日本帝国憲法と同時に制定された皇室典範は、内閣や国会も改廃できない「皇室の家法」とされ、皇室制度は国民統治の神権的機関として利用されるようになる。
- With this, the system of the Imperial Household adopted a Prussian style constitutional monarch, but the Imperial House Act, which was established at the same time with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, was considered as 'the family codes of the Imperial Household,' that could not be changed nor abandoned by the cabinet or the Diet, and the system of the Imperial Household began to be used as a system of divine right to reign over the people.
- この他にも、後に村田銃の開発で有名になった村田経芳が、旧幕府から引き継がれたシャスポー銃を、スナイドル銃とは別の金属薬莢を用いる弾薬用に改造しようと計画するなど、更に補給を混乱させかねない事態が進行していた。
- In addition, matters that might further confuse the army in supplying ammunition were proceeding such that Tsuneyoshi MURATA, who later became famous for developing Murata rife, was planning to convert Chassepot rifle, which had been handed down from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), into a model using metal cartridge case other than that for Snider rifle.
- 江戸幕府による大政奉還を受け、王政復古 (日本)によって発足した明治新政府の方針は、天皇親政(旧来の幕府・摂関などの廃止)を基本とし、諸外国(主に欧米列強国を指す)に追いつくための改革を模索することであった。
- The aim of the Meiji government, which was created by the restoration of Imperial rule after Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the emperor) from the Edo Shogunate, was to establish the basis of direct Imperial rule by the emperor by the abolition of the Shogunate and the positions of Regent and Chief advisor to the emperor, and to investigate ways to reform and catch up with foreign countries (mainly, powerful countries in Western Europe and North America).
- ちなみに、敬老の日と秋分の日の両祝日及び国民の休日について今後祝日法が改正されない限り、このケースが最初に発生するのは2009年、次いで2015年の見込である(ともに敬老の日が9月21日で秋分の日が23日)。
- It is also expected that the first year when the above case can be applied will be 2009 and next year will be 2015 (in both years, the Respect for the Aged Day will be September 21 and the Autumnal Equinox Day will be September 23), unless the Act on National Holidays regarding the both holidays (the Respect for the Aged Day and the Autumnal Equinox Day) and the national holiday will be revised in the future.
- 冷泉天皇の時に摂政藤原伊尹が亡くなると、弟の藤原兼通が関白となることになったが、未だ中納言の官で関白就任の要件を満たしていなかったために、一旦内覧・内大臣に任じられて後日内大臣の資格で改めて関白に任じられた。
- When the Regent, FUJIWARA no Koretada died while Emperor Reizei was in power, Koretada's younger brother, FUJIWARA no Kanemichi, was to become Chancellor, but he was still in the position of Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) and this did not satisfy the requirements to become Chancellor, once he was appointed to Nairan, Naidaijin (the Minister of the Interior), he was then appointed to the Chancellor, after having the Naidaijin rank.
- 昭和37年6月21日、折からの大学管理制度改革(文部大臣(当時)による国立大学の学長選任権及び監督権を強化する内容が含まれていた)に対して反対するデモが、京都府学生自治会連合(京都府学連)の主宰により行われた。
- On June 21 in 1962, the student union of Kyoto Prefecture organized the demonstration against the reform of university management because it included more authority of the Ministry of Education (at the time) to assign and control the presidents of the national universities.
- 室町時代の『康富記』(嘉吉4年正月6日条)に勅命によって“補任”“歴名”と呼ばれる記録の校訂を行った記述が見られ、『親長卿記』(文明7年2月1日条)にも外記に代わって「補歴」の改訂を行ったとする記述が見られる。
- It is recorded that a revision of the record called 'Bunin' (directory of the succession) or 'Ryakumyo' (record list) by an Imperial order was conducted in 'Yasutomi ki' (Diaries of NAKAHARA Yasutomi – entry for February 3, 1444) and other descriptions of revision of 'Bureki' (directory or record list) was also conducted on behalf of Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State), in 'Chikanaga kyo ki' (diary of Chikanaga KANROJI – entry for March 17, 1475).
- その編纂年代については、貞観14年12月13日に決定された荷前山陵の改定が反映されていることから、貞観15年(873年)以後、同19年(877年、この年に「元慶」と改元される)のうちに編纂されたと考えられている。
- It is considered that Jogan gishiki was compiled between 873 to 877 (the fifteenth to the nineteenth year of the Jogan era (the name of era was revised to Gangyo era during this year)) because the revision of Nosaki sanryo decided on January 18, 873 was reflected on its content.
- 宗家である宮津藩の京極氏はほどなく改易され、丹後田辺藩(舞鶴藩)の京極家も但馬国豊岡藩へ転封となったため丹後一国を領した京極高知の所領も、結果的にはこの峰山藩の1万3,000石だけが丹後に残るだけとなってしまった。
- Soon kaieki (change of rank) was made to the Kyogoku clan, the head family in the Miyazu domain, and the Kyogoku family in the Tanabe (Maizuru) domain of the Tango province was also transferred to the Toyooka domain of Tajima province, and thereby only this 13,000 goku in the Mineyama domain remained in Tango among the territories of Takatomo KYOGOKU who possessed the entire Tango province.
- こうして、アジアでは初の本格的な立憲君主制・議会制民主主義国家が完成した(正確にはオスマン帝国のタンジマート改革における1876年ミドハト憲法公布がアジア初の立憲制ではあるが、同国は直後に君主専制に回帰している)。
- Thus, a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy was completed for the first time in Asia (precisely speaking, the Midhat Constitution in 1876 of Tanzimat Reform in the Ottoman Empire was the first Asian constitutional monarchy, but the country returned to a monarchy in the same year).
- 皇国史観の下では忠臣の誉れが高く、日本銀行券の肖像にも、改造壹圓券(1889年)・甲五圓券(1899年発行)・丙五圓券(1916年発行)・丁貳百圓券(1942年発行)・壹圓券(1943年発行)の5種類に採用された。
- He is highly regarded as a faithful retainer from the emperor-centered historical viewpoint, and his portrait was used on five different banknotes issued by the Bank of Japan - one-yen bill issued in 1889, type-A five-yen bill issued in 1899, type-C five-yen bill issued in 1916, type-D one-hundred-yen bill issued in 1942 and one-yen bill issued in 1943.
- アジア諸国の西欧列強による植民地化と日本による朝鮮王朝の開国と干渉に刺激された結果、清国と朝鮮の関係を伝統的な宗属関係から近代的な宗主国と属国の関係(宗主国と植民地の関係)に改めて朝鮮を自勢力下に留めようとした戦争。
- As western powers colonized Asian countries and Japan forced Korea to open the country to the world and intervene in it, Qing, as a result, was spurred into using this war to try to transform the conventional relationship between Qing and Korea based upon a concept of a family with the same origin into a modern suzerain-dependency relationship (suzerain-colony relationship) and keep Korea under control.
- 20世紀後半に入ってから、ヨーロッパの君主国のほとんどが男系女子や女系(父は臣民でもよい)にも王位継承資格を与えるようになったが、このような改革の多くは「男女平等」をその理由とし、必ずしも男系男子の不足とは関係がない。
- After the latter half of the twentieth century, a male-line female or a female-line male/female (his/her father can be a subject) is entitled to succeed the throne in most European monarchies; such reform was carried out for `Equality of the Sexes,' so, not always connected to shortage of male-line male.
- この原因として韓国の「小中華思想」の他、朝鮮が清国の冊封体制から自立した後、大韓帝国と改称して憚りなく皇帝を称するようになったのに日本により再び「皇帝」から「王」に格下げされたことに対する報復であると指摘する説もある。
- There is a theory stating that the reason for this naming is not only because of 'little Sino-centrism,' but also because of retaliation for being demoted from 'Kotei' to 'O' (King) once again by Japan even after they came to call themselves the Korean Empire and held the title of Emperor without hesitation after the independence from the Sakuho system of Qing.
- 大韓帝国内でも李氏朝鮮による旧体制が維持されている状況では独自改革が難しいと判断した進歩会は日韓合邦を目指そうと鉄道敷設工事などに5万人ともいわれる大量の人員を派遣するなど、日露戦争において日本への協力を惜しまなかった。
- The Shinpo-kai, which determined that the pursuit of reforms was difficult under systems of the former Yi Dynasty sought political union with Japan and voluntarily collaborated in support of Japan during the Russo-Japanese War; for instance, it reportedly deployed 50,000 people to construct railways.
- 戸籍は、律令制の諸制度を実施するために必要な要素であり、最初の戸籍がこの時期に作成されているという事実は、班田収授制が大化の改新時に始まったのではなく、天智天皇以後に始まったことの反映であるとする見解が有力となっている。
- As the family register was an essential element for implementing various elements of the Ritsuryo system, the widely-accepted view is that the rice field allotment system was started after Emperor Tenji's reign and not at the time of the Taika Reform.
- そうした中で新しい国家体制、すなわち律令制の構築が精力的に進められていき、7世紀最末期には新国家体制を規定する大宝律令の編纂がほぼ完了したが、同律令施行直前の701年前後に国号が倭・倭国から日本へ改められたとされている。
- Amid this, the construction of a new state system, the Ritsuryo system steadily advanced and by the very end of the seventh century, Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) which defined the new form of government was completed, and in or around 701just before the enforcement of the ritsuryo, Wa or Wakoku was renamed Nippon or Nihon.
- 関ヶ原の戦いの戦後処理により石田三成(近江)、小西行長(肥後)、宇喜多秀家(備前岡山)、長宗我部盛親(土佐)を始め西軍についた88の大名家が改易され、毛利氏(毛利輝元)、上杉氏(上杉景勝)など5大名家が大幅な減封を受けた。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara, 88 Daimyo families that joined the West army, such as Mitsunari ISHIDA (Omi), Yukinaga KONISHI (Higo), Hideie UKITA (Bizen Okayama), and Morichika CHOSOKABE (Tosa), were subjected to kaieki, and also, 5 Daimyo families such as the Mori clan (Terumoto MORI) and Uesugi clan (Kagekatsu UESUGI) were subjected to a severe genpo.
- 「徳政(とくせい)」とは天人相関思想に基づき、代替わり或いは災害などに伴い改元が行われた際に天皇が行う貧民救済活動や神領興行(儀式遂行とその財源たる所領等の保障)、訴訟処理などの社会政策のことであり、「新制」とも呼ばれる。
- Tokusei' (acts of Virtuous Government), also called 'Shinsei' (new system), are social policies that the Emperor initiated upon ascending to the throne or when the name of the era was changed because of natural disasters, etc. and were based on the theory of correlation between heaven and man and entailed activities to save the poor, 'Shinryo-kogyo' (conducting ceremonies and securing property for revenue) and court case processing.
- 日本の防人は、大化の改新の後、663年に朝鮮半島の百済救済のために出兵した倭軍が白村江の戦いにて唐・新羅の連合軍に大敗したことを契機に、唐が攻めてくるのではないかとの憂慮から九州沿岸の防衛のため設置された辺境防備の兵である。
- In Japan, sakimori was deployed for the defense of outlying territories such as the coast of Kyushu due to the fear of a possible invasion by Tang Dynasty China after the major defeat suffered by Japanese troops, who had been dispatched to aid Baekje on the Korean peninsula, by the allied forces of Tang Dynasty China and the Silla Kingdom at the Battle of Baekgang in 663.
- 令制の国が何時成立したについての定説はまだないが、『日本書紀』には、645年の大化の改新の際に、東国に国司を派遣したという記事があり、飛鳥から出土した木簡削片に「伊勢国」「近淡□(海)」などと書かれていることが分かっている。
- There is no established explanation when ryousei provinces were established, but in 'Nihonshoki' (the Chronicles of Japan), there is an article in which at the times of the Taika Reform in 645, they sent provincial governors to eastern provinces, and it is known that on the narrow strips of wood unearthed at Asuka, the words 'Ise Province', 'Omi Province' and so on were written.
- なお、七条村西塩小路は大正7年下京区に編入され、西塩小路石井町、西塩小路久保町の2町となったが、昭和35年に西塩小路石井町は西七条石井町に改称(既述)、西塩小路久保町は同年廃止された(「久保」の地名は西七条東・西久保町に継承)。
- Nishi Shiokoji in Shichijo village was incorporated into Shimogyo Ward in 1918 and became Nishi Shiokoji Ishii-cho and Nishi Shiokoji Kubo-cho; in 1960, however, Nishi Shiokoji Ishii-cho was changed to Nishi Shichijo Ishii-cho (described above) and Nishi Shiokoji Kubo-cho was abolished in the same year (the name 'Kubo' was succeeded by Nishi Shichijo Higashikubo-cho and Nishi Shichijo Nishikubo-cho).
- 続いて設立された立憲政友会を与党とする山本権兵衛内閣は軍部大臣現役武官制の廃止など陸海軍の内閣への発言力を弱める改革に着手したが、海軍高官の贈賄事件(シーメンス事件)の影響により再び国民の怒りを買いに内閣総辞職を余儀なくされた。
- The next administration led by Prime Minister Gonbei YAMAMOTO, with Rikken Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government) as mainstream party, worked on reform to curb the influence of the Imperial Army and Navy in civilian government, including the abrogation of the law requiring military-related ministers to be active-duty military officers, but was forced into mass resignation in face of public ire over the corruption scandal involving high-ranking navy officers (Siemens Scandal).
- 1996年の文化財保護法改正により、従来の文化財指定制度を補完するものとして、近代の文化財等を保護するため、届出制と指導・助言・勧告を基本とする緩やかな保護措置を講じて、所有者の自主的な保護に期待する文化財登録制度が創設された。
- Based on the revision of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties in 1996, the cultural property registration system was established to complement the previous system; in order to protect a modern cultural property etc., a property owner's autonomous protection is expected through the liberal protection measures based on reporting, instruction, suggestion and recommendation.
- この様な銀相場の高騰は江戸の物価高につながるため、田沼意次の政治を批判する立場であった松平定信を中心に進められた、寛政の改革の一環として、天明8年(1788年)4月に南鐐二朱銀の鋳造を中断し、南鐐二朱銀から丁銀への改鋳が進行した。
- Because such a rise in the price of silver would lead to high cost of living in Edo, Nanryo Nishu Gin was stopped to mint in May 1788 and re-refined into Chogin as a part of the Kansei Reforms carried out mainly by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA judging the Okitsugu TANUMA's politics.
- しかしながら、皇族男子は秋篠宮文仁親王以来、40年間誕生せず、皇太子徳仁親王の第一子も内親王である敬宮愛子内親王であったことから、女性天皇や女系天皇を認めるように皇室典範を改正しようとする動きが見られていた(皇位継承問題を参照)。
- However there were no male Imperial successors born into the family since Imperial Prince Akishinonomiya Fumihito, for forty years, in addition to this, the Crown Prince, Imperial Prince Naruhito's first child was the Toshinomiya Imperial Princess Aiko, there was a movement to revise the Imperial House Act to allow female Emperors or Emperors in female lineage to succeed to the Imperial Throne. (Please refer to the issue of Imperial Succession)
- 今後の課題としては、地表の水分量や植生の状態、作物の種類や分布、家畜の分布、地下水の取水状況などの継続した調査や、観測機器の整備、観測データの常時共有化、黄砂の定義や分類の統一、黄砂の予測技術の改良、対策の評価などが挙げられている。
- The following are considered as future problems to be tackled: Continuing surveying the water amount and state of flora on the earth surface, the kinds and distribution of crops, the distribution of livestock, and the continuous survey of the state in which underground water is taken up, deploying advanced observation instruments, enabling observed data to be shared anytime, unifying the definitions and classifications of kosa, improving kosa-forecasting technologies, and evaluating the measures taken.
- 更に足利義満以後、将軍の親裁が強まり、管領や評定衆の発言力の強い評定よりも自らの主導権が発揮できる御前沙汰に審議の場を移し、形式的な評定始を行った後に改めて御前沙汰始を開いて年始最初の政務とするようになり、応仁の乱以後は全く形骸化した。
- Also, since Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's rein, the shogun decided on most state affairs by having discussions in gozensata (the formal consultation) where he could take the initiative, rather than in hyojo where kanrei and hyojoshu held too much influence against him, so gozensata-hajime (the first gozensata in the New Year) was held as the first work of State in the New Year after having a ritual hyojohajime, which only existed in name after the Onin war.
- 一方江戸幕府は御定相場として慶長14年(1609年)に、金1両は、銀50匁(約187グラム)、銭4貫文(4,000文 (通貨単位))に等価と布告し、後の元禄13年(1700年)に、金1両は、銀60匁(約225グラム)、銭4貫文と改正した。
- Meanwhile, Edo bakufu set the mint par of exchange, proclaiming in 1609 that 1 ryo of gold was equalized to 50 monme of silver (about 187 grams), or to 4 kanmon (or 4000 mon) of copper, then later in 1700, proclaimed again that 1 ryo of gold became 60 monme of silver (about 225 grams), or 4 kanmon of copper.
- 義綱は、改易となった後、慶長2年(1597年)正月2日より常陸国の佐竹義宣 (右京大夫)に仕え、慶長7年(1602年)に佐竹氏が出羽国に転封となると、これに従い、出羽国平鹿郡横手に移り十二所城代を務め、子孫は、佐竹氏の家老職などを務める。
- After Yoshitsuna was ordered 'kaieki', he served Yoshinobu SATAKE (Ukyo no daibu (Master of the Western Capital Offices)) in Hitachi Province from February 18, 1597 and when, in 1602, the SATAKE clan was ordered to change its territory in Dewa Province, he followed this and moved to Yokote, Hiraka County, Dewa Province and served as Jodai (the keeper of the castle) of Junisho-jo Castle and his offsprings served as Karo (chief retainer) of the SATAKE clan and so on.
- 綱吉は小倉の勅命違反の事実を重視して小倉実起と嫡男の小倉公連、その弟の竹淵季件を佐渡国へと流刑を命じ、藪家や中園家といった小倉家の同族に対しても逼塞を命じた(なお、この処分が決定する直前に天和への改元が以前からの予定通りに実施されている)。
- Taking Ogura's failure to obey the imperial command seriously, Tsunayoshi ordered to banish Saneoki OGURA, his legitimate son Kintsura OGURA and Kintsura's younger brother Kiken TAKEBUCHI to Sado Province, and relatives of Ogura including the Yabu and Nakazono families under house arrest (incidentally, immediately before these punishments, the imperial era name had been changed to Tenwa as scheduled beforehand).
- これは、鎌倉殿による地頭に対する土地支配権の承認(安堵)が荘園の持つ不安定な法的地位を改善したために、地頭側が、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、下地進止権の獲得を通じた一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていったためと考えられている。
- The background behind the above is considered to be the fact that jito began to pursue the unified ruling of land by annulling the multi-layered land ruling system and obtaining Shitaji shinshi ken (the right to shitaji) since the legal status of shoen became stable thanks to the Kamakura Bakufu's authorization of jito's right to rule the land (ando).
- 安政二分判(あんせいにぶばん)は安政3年(1856年)5月から鋳造が始まり、同年6月28日より発行され、量目は天保小判の1/2であるが、金品位は1/3強に過ぎず低品位金貨としては一朱金に次ぐものであり、改鋳による出目獲得を目的としたものである。
- Ansei nibuban was started to be casted from June, 1856 and issued from July 29 of the same year and the ryome was 1/2 of Tenpo koban, however the karat was only over 1/3, low karat gold coin next to isshukin to earn profit by recasting.
- なお、「朱子学は憶測にもとづく虚妄の説にすぎない」と朱子学批判をおこなった荻生徂徠が頃に吉宗に提出した政治改革論『政談』には、徂徠の政治思想が具体的に示されており、これは日本思想史のなかで政治と宗教道徳の分離を推し進める画期的な著作でもあった。
- In addition, around 1726 a political reform theory, 'Discourse on Government' (Seidan) was submitted to Yoshimune by Sorai OGYU, who criticized the doctrines of Zhu Xi, saying that 'the doctrines of Zhu Xi was only a delusional theory based on speculations,' and this book not only demonstrated Sorai's political philosophy concretely but stood out as an epoch-making work in Japanese history of thought which promote the separation of politics from religious morals.
- 米国は国内世論の高まりなどを受けて協議に復帰したが、現在の枠組みに反発し条約改正を視野に交渉に臨む日本・米国・ロシア・オーストラリアなどと、既存の枠組みを進め先進国主導の削減を訴える EU などとの間の対立構造が形成されつつあると指摘されている。
- America has come back to the conference because of the upsurge of domestic public opinion, however, the following issue of conflict between America and other developed countries is pointed out: America, while objecting to the present framework, opposes to Japan, Russia, Australia and so on, which negotiate for the treaty revision, and also opposes to EU, which aims to promote the present framework and to reduce the emissions led by developed countries.
- モンゴルから国号を改めた元 (王朝)は、1274年(文永11)10月に九州北部を襲撃したが、数日で撤退した(今日では、文永の役における元軍の撤退理由が暴風雨、いわゆる神風が吹いたためとする説は信憑性が低いとされ、威力偵察が主目的であったとされる)。
- The Yuan Dynasty which developed from the Mongol empire, attacked northern Kyushu in October 1274, but retreated after a few days (today, there is little credibility to the account that the reason for the retreat of the Yuan army during the Bunei War was a severe storm, the kamikaze (divine wind), and it is considered that the main reason for the attack was a reconnaissance of military strength).
- その際、木戸孝允は、福岡案第一条の「列侯会議を興し」を「広ク会議ヲ興シ」に改め、「徴士」の任用期間を制限していた福岡案第五条を削除して木戸最終案第四条を新たに組み込み、五箇条の順序を体裁良く整え直すなどして大幅に変更を加え、より普遍的な内容にした。
- At that time, Takayoshi KIDO changed 'setting up a council by feudal lords' in the first article of Fukuoka's draft to 'setting up deliberative assemblies widely' and deleted the article 5 which restricted the term of 'choshi' (official) and added newly the article 4 of Kido's final draft and put the order of the whole five articles in proper order and the contents became more universal by those big changes.
- 15世紀から16世紀にかけて、渡党を統一することで渡島半島南部の領主に成長していった蠣崎氏は豊臣秀吉・徳川家康から蝦夷地の支配権、交易権を公認され、名実共に安東氏から独立し、江戸時代になると蠣崎氏は松前氏と改名して大名に列し渡党は明確に和人とされた。
- From the fifteenth century to the sixteenth century, the Kakizaki clan, who was growing to become the feudal lord of the southern Oshima Peninsula by unifying Watari-to, was recognized as to the right of dominion and trade in the Ezo territory by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and thus became independent from the Ando clan in both name and reality; and the Kakizaki clan changed its name to Matsumae and was elevated to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), by which Watari-to became Japanese in Edo period.
- 当時使われない文法や不自然な敬語の使い方など内容に疑問があるため後世の改ざん・偽作とする見方もあるが、増田長盛・長束正家等が家康に送った書状や『鹿苑日録』の記録から、承兌が受け取った兼続の返書が存在し、それにより家康が激怒したことは確かのようである。
- Though, in later years, it is acknowledged that they were falsified and forged due to the questionable content such as grammar that was not used in those days and unnatural use of honorific expressions, it is possible that Kanetsugu's reply received by Jotai really existed and Ieyasu was outraged by that based on the letter sent from Nagamori MASHITA, Masaie NAGATSUKA, and others to Ieyasu and the record of 'Rokuon-nichiroku Diary'.
- 表高は江戸幕府公認の検地によって算定された石高だが、実際の藩内では17世紀に進んだ新田開発や、農業技術(農機具・肥料等)の革新による生産力の増大に基づいた藩内検地、専売制による特産品の税高改定などによって、多くの藩では内高は表高を上回って増大していた。
- Omote-daka was calculated based on the land survey officially recognized by the Edo bakufu; however, in many domains the actual uchi-daka was higher than omote-daka and also increasing, thanks to the progress of development of new field in 17th century, the land survey within domains that was based on the increased productivity by innovation of agricultural technique (farming equipments, fertilizer), and tax reform by monopolization of indigenous products.
- 天保の改革最中の天保13年(1842年)9月の御触書には「百姓の余技として、町人の商売を始めてはならない」という文があり、併せて農村出身の奉公人の給金に制限を設けているが、これはこうした風潮が農業の衰退に繋がる事を危惧した幕府の対応策であったと考えられる。
- An official announcement issued in October and November 1842 in the midst of the Tempo Reforms contained the following sentence: 'peasants must not start business of the townsman as a sideline' and set a ceiling on wages paid for employees who came from farming villages, all of which must have been countermeasures taken by the bakufu for fear that such tendencies would lead to a decline in agriculture.
- 徳川家康は関ヶ原の戦いの翌年、慶長6年(1601年)に築城を始めた膳所城を皮切りに伏見城・二条城・彦根城・篠山城・亀山城 (丹波国)・名古屋城の再建・造営や江戸城・駿府城・姫路城・上野城などの大改修など、諸大名を動員した建築事業、いわゆる天下普請を行った。
- The next year of the Battle of Sekigahara, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA carried out so-called Tenkabushin (Construction Order by the Tokugawa Shogunate: he ordered all daimyo to participate in construction projects including the construction of Zeze-jo Castle in 1601 as a starter, followed by the rebuilding and construction of Fushimi-jo Castle/Nijo-jo Castle/ Hikone-jo Castle/Sasayama-jo Castle/Kameyama-jo Castle (Tanba Province)/Nagoya-jo Castle and the great renovation of Edo-jo Castle/Sunpu-jo Castle/Himeji-jo Castle/Ueno-jo Castle.
- また744年(天平16年)を境に、宮名が「信楽宮」(続日本紀では「紫香楽宮」)から「甲賀宮」へと変化しており、これは単なる離宮から甲賀寺と一体の都とされたことにより宮名が改められたか、離宮の紫香楽宮とは別に宮町遺跡の地に甲賀宮が造営されたものとも言われる。
- In addition, after 744, Miya (palace) name was changed from `信楽宮' (Shigaraki) to `甲賀宮' (Koka no miya), it is said that the Miya (palace) name was revised as the detached palace was united with Koga-ji Temple to become a capital, or Koka no miya was built and operated in the palace town of palace ruins apart from Shigaraki no miya in the detached palace.
- 『新撰姓氏録』は、平安京および畿内に住む1182氏を、その出自により「皇別」・「神別」・「諸蕃」に分類してその祖先を明らかにし、氏名(うじな)の由来、分岐の様子などを記述するものであるが、主として氏族の改賜姓が正確かどうかを判別するために編まれたものである。
- For the 1182 clans that lived in Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in the current Kyoto) and the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), 'Shinsen Shojiroku' describes the origin of their family names, how the pedigrees branched and other information by classifying the clans, based on the place of origin, into 'Kobetsu' (clans that branched out from the Imperial Family), 'Shinbetsu' (clans the branched out of the family of god) and 'Shoban' (clans coming from foreign lands) to clarify their ancestors; however, it was compiled mainly to determine whether the changed family names of the clans were accurate.
- 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
- Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
- 1464年12月24日(寛正5年11月26日)、義尋は、義政が『今後男子が生まれても僧門に入れ、家督を継承させることはない』と起請文までしたため、再三、将軍職就任を説得したことから、意を決して還俗し名を足利義視と改めると勝元の後見を得て今出川邸に移ることにした。
- On December 24, 1464, Yoshihiro made up his mind to return to secular life as Yoshimasa had even prepared a written oath 'Even if a son is born to me, I will make him become a Buddhist priest and not allow him to succeed the headship of the family' and tried to persuade Yoshihiro once again to inherit the office of Shogun; renaming himself Yoshimi ASHIKAGA, the younger brother decided to move to the Imadegawa residence under the guardianship of Katsumoto.
- また、維新政府は西洋の諸制度を研究するため岩倉具視を正使、大久保利通・木戸孝允・伊藤博文らを副使とする岩倉使節団を欧米へ派遣するが、「留守政府」と呼ばれた日本残留組の西郷隆盛・井上馨・大隈重信・板垣退助・江藤新平・大木喬任らの手によって、次々と改革は進んでいった。
- Also, the restoration government dispatched the 'Iwakura Mission,' of which Tomomi IWAKURA was the chief envoy, and Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO, and Hirobumi ITO were the vice envoys, to Europe and the United States, whereas the members of the 'Rusu-Seifu' (the temporary government while heads of the government were away) like Takamori SAIGO, Kaoru INOUE, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO, Takato OKI, advanced many reforms one after another.
- しかし欧米や日本の研究者の中には、欧州の瞬発式メカが日本に伝えられて改良発展したものが、オランダによって日本から買い付けられて東南アジアに輸出され、それらが手本となって日本式の機構が東南アジアに広まったとする説をとる者も少なくなく、宇田川説を否定的にみる意見も多い。
- On the other hand, other researchers in Japan, Europe and America doubt UDAGAWA's theory, pointing out that the instantaneous mechanism of European guns was first introduced to and improved in Japan and then Dutch purchased and exported Japanese guns to Southeast Asia, resulting in the spread of the Japanese-style mechanism in Southeast Asia.
- 「倅清舟承れ。人間最期の一念によって、輪廻の生を引くとかや。忠義に死する汝が魂魄、君父の影身に付き添うて、朝敵退治の勝ち戦を、草葉の陰より見物せよ。今雛鳥と改めて、親が許して尽未来まで、変わらぬ夫婦。忠臣貞女の操を立て、死したる者と高声に、閻魔の庁を名乗って通れ。」
- Listen, my son Kiyofune (Koganosuke's real name). What your soul is at your death decides what your next life will be. Dying for fidelity, let your soul accompany your lord and father and witness the victory over the emperor's enemy. Now, we have permitted you and Hinagiku to marry each other forever. You shall pass through the palace of Enma (the King of Hell who passes judgement on the dead) introducing yourselves aloud as ones who have died for fidelity and virtue.'
- 明治の歴史学界では、南北朝時代に関して「太平記」の記述を他の史書や日記などの資料と比較する実証的な研究がされ、これに基づいて1903年(明治36年)及び1909年(同42年)の小学校で使用されている国定教科書改訂においては南北両朝は並立していたものとして書かれていた。
- The academic field of history during the Meiji period conducted evidence-based research comparing the 'Taiheiki' with other documents such as historical books and diaries, and based on this, the 1903 and 1909 revisions of national textbooks for elementary schools depicted both the Southern and the Northern Court as being concurrent.
- やがて良仁親王が後西天皇として即位することになるが、これは先代後光明天皇の養子・識仁親王(後の霊元天皇)が幼少であったための中継ぎであり、後西天皇は自分の皇子・有栖川宮幸仁親王に高松宮を継がせて、宮号を有栖川宮(幸仁親王の別荘所在地である京都・有栖川に由来)に改めた。
- Since the former Emperor Go-Komyo's adopted son, Prince Satohito (later called Emperor Reigen) was too young to succeed to the Imperial Throne, Prince Nagahito was soon enthroned as Emperor Gosai for the meantime; the Emperor ordered his Prince Arisugawa no miya Yukihito to take over Takamatsu no miya so that his original name as a court noble was changed to Arisugawa no miya (the name came from Prince Yoshihito's temporary palace in Arisugawa, Kyoto).
- その後一時期臨済宗に改まるものの、3代目にあたる法住(応永4年(1397年)-文明_(日本)12年(1480年))・明顕(4代目、文安2年(1445年)-永正6年(1509年))親子が、浄土真宗に復帰して本願寺に属すると、本願寺8世蓮如からの厚い信任を受けるようになった。
- In spite of some priests' temporarily conversion to the Rinzai sect, Honpuku-ji Temple was deeply trusted by Rennyo, the eighth chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple because Hoju (1397 to 1480) and his son, Myoken (1445-1509), the third and fourth head of the family, respectively, returned to the Jodo Shinshu sect and decided to work for Hongan-ji Temple.
- 明治維新では昌平坂学問所は新政府に接収され、併設された開成所(天文方の流れを組む)、医学所(種痘所の流れを組む)も共に1869年(明治2年)昌平学校、開成学校、医学校として再開し、同年大学本校、南校、東校となり、のち合わせて大学校となるが、1870年(明治3年)の学制改正で休校。
- Due to the Meiji Restoration, Shoheizaka Gakumonjo was condemned by the new government; Gakumonjo included Kaiseijo (which had a channel of tenmonkata (an astronomer appointed by bakufu)) and Igakusho (which had a channel of shutosho (vaccination institute)); they were reopened as a Shohei school, Kaisei school and medical school in 1869; these three became Daigaku Honko, Nanko and Higashiko in the same year and were later combined to be Daigakko, which was ultimately closed due to the revision of the school system in 1870.
- そのため、慶安元年(1648年)から寛文10年(1670年)にかけて6回もの禁令が出されるなど規制の対象としていたが、享保の改革において商業の統制を図るために組織化された方が望ましいとする方針の下に公認が与えられ、冥加金(上納金)を納める代わりに、販売権の独占などの特権を認められた。
- Thus, the bakufu regulated kabunakama by six interdicts between 1648 and 1670, however, it was officially approved under the policy that such organization was preferable to control the commerce and it was granted special privileges such as exclusive distributorship in exchange for render.
- 1975年~1978年には、阪急西宮スタジアム開催分の日本選手権シリーズ中継(全て関西テレビ放送製作・フジネットワーク)の全試合のスポンサーにつき、イニングの合間等に前述のCMソング使用のコマーシャルメッセージが流された(但し3番の歌詞であり、「センプクと白くま」と改題されている)。
- From 1975 to 1978, it became a sponsor of all the broadcasting of the Japan Series held at Hankyu Nishinomiya Stadium (Kansai Telecasting Corporation, Fuji Network System) and the commercial song was played between innings (the words of the third verses were used and the title was changed to 'Sempuku to Shirokuma' [literally, Sempuku and a polar bear]).
- 明治になって、勅令によって褒章条例がさだめられ、人命救助者、孝子、順孫、義僕、精励実業家、発明改良家、教育、衛生、社会事業、防疫の諸事業、道路、河渠、堤防、橋梁の修築、学校、病院の建設、田野の墾闢などにつくして公衆の利益をはかり、成績のすこぶる顕著なものにたいして褒章をあたえることにした。
- In the Meiji period, an ordinance for granting rewards was prescribed by imperial edict -- such that rewards were to be granted to the most conspicuous among: those who saved a life; koshi; junson; giboku; hard-working businessman; a person who involved in invention and innovation; and those who served the public interest by devoted themselves to education, hygiene, social service, projects to prevent epidemics, repair and construction of road, alveus, bank, and bridge, construction of school and hospital, and development of farms and fields.
- 近年の研究では、従来から言われていた894年(寛平6年)の遣唐使廃止や896年(寛平8年)の造籍、私営田抑制、滝口の武士の設置等に加え、国司に一国内の租税納入を請け負わせる国司請負や、位田等からの俸給給付等を民部省を通さずに各国で行う等、国司の権限を強化する改革を次々と行ったとされている。
- According to recent studies, in addition to the abolition of Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) in 894, register of population, restriction of the private land, and deployment of Takiguchi no Bushi (the guards of the Imperial Palace who were in charge near the palace waterfall) in 896, he seems to have continuously carried out reforms to strengthen the power of kokushi (provincial governors), such as kokushi ukeoi to make kokushi collect all local taxes in their provinces, and making each province pay the salary directly from iden (fields given based on ikai, the court rank) without going through the minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs).
- が、結果的には他の学科が学科名と博士の称号の合致を見ている(明経道=明経博士、算道=算博士、明法道では当初律学博士という呼称が用いられたものの後に明法博士と改称された)ことから、明治以後に文章道と紀伝道が別々に存在したのが紀伝道が文章道に併合されたという誤った解釈を流布させる原因となった。
- However, as all other subject names and titles of hakase corresponded with each other (myogyo hakase for myogyodo, san hakase (professor of mathematics) for sando and myobo hakase for myobodo in which once the title of ritsugaku hakase (professor of the law in the Ritsuryo system) was used but changed to myobo hakase later on), it left room for misunderstanding after the Meiji period that monjodo and kidendo existed separately and kidendo was absorbed into monjodo.
- 神道国教化政策との絡みや、キリスト教を解禁しても直ちに欧米が条約改正には応じないとする懐疑的な姿勢から来る、政府内の保守派の反対のみばかりでなく、宗教界や一般民衆からも「邪宗門」解禁に反対する声が強く紛糾したものの、明治6年(1873年)2月24日禁制の高札を除去し、その旨を各国に通告した。
- The conservatives in the government opposed it because they thought that allowing Christianity could be an obstacle to establishing Shinto as a state religion, and because they doubted Europe and the United States would accept a revision of the unequal treaty immediately even if they lifted the ban on Christianity, but also because the religious world and people opposed it because they considered Christianity as 'Heresy,', but in any case the government lifted the ban on Christianity and announced it to foreign countries on February 24, 1873.
- ただ、この機に乗じて宣教師に危害を加えたものは処罰すると言い渡しており、強制的にキリスト教への改宗をさせる事は禁止しているが、個人が自分の意思でキリスト教を信仰する事は規制しておらず、一定の領地を持つ大名がキリスト教信者になるのも認可制(秀吉の許可が必要)とされたが、これも禁止されてはいない。
- However, he threatened to punish those seizing the opportunity to harm missionaries and did not prohibit any one from believing Christianity in accordance with one's own will, but prohibited forcing conversion to Christianity, and also a domain lord with a certain amount of domain should submit to the approval system when converting to Christianity (Hideyoshi's permission is required) so, even this is not prohibited.
- そして2年後、秀頼は右大臣に昇ったものの、この年に家康は将軍職も2年後に息子徳川秀忠に譲って将軍職の世襲の意思を表し、同じ年に九条兼孝に代わって一連の問題の発端となった近衛信尹(信輔改め、慶長6年(1601年)左大臣還任)が相論発生以来21年目にして関白に任命されて五摂家による持ち回りが復活した。
- Two years later, Hideyori was elevated to the position of Udaijin, and yet, Ieyasu yielded the position of Shogun to his son, Hidetada TOKUGAWA, showing his determination to pass down the position by hereditary succession; in the same year, in place of Kanetaka KUJO, Nobutada KONOE (whose name had changed from Nobusuke and who had been reinstated to Sadaijin in 1601) was appointed to Kanpaku for the first time in twenty-one years since he had started the soron, having caused a series of troubles thereafter; here, the tradition of rotating the position of Kanpaku among the five sekke was restored.
- 貴族や官人の官職及び官位を改廃する権限、令外官(りょうげのかん)の設置権、官人の叙位および任用権限、五衛府(ごえふ)や軍団兵士に対するすべての指揮命令権、罪刑法定主義を原則とする律の刑罰に対して勅断権と大赦権、外国の使者や外国へ派遣する使者に対する詔勅の使用などの外交権、皇位継承の決定権などである。
- The authority to establish and abolish government posts and official court ranks for nobles and officials, the right to appoint Ryoge no kan (a new governmental post), the authority to bestow court rank and to appoint officials, all rights of leadership and command towards army corps, soldiers and goefu (Palace guards), the right to make imperial judgment and right to grant general amnesty with respect to punishments under ritsu codes - these were based on the principle of legality, diplomatic rights such as right to use shochoku (the Imperial edict) on envoys to and from foreign countries and right to decide on succession to the Imperial Throne.
- 同宣言には「日本国政府ハ日本国国民ノ間ニ於ケル民主主義的傾向ノ復活強化ニ対スル一切ノ障礙ヲ除去スベシ」「言論、宗教及思想ノ自由並ニ基本的人権ノ尊重ハ確立セラルベシ」等と定められたため、ダグラス・マッカーサー率いる連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ/SCAP)は、大日本帝国憲法の改正を日本政府に求めた。
- According to the sentences of the declaration, 'the Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people' and 'Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established,' the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) led by Douglas MACARTHUR demanded modification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- また、法の名称そのものではなく、何か名前が出てこない法の形容部分である「かけまくもかしこき近江の大津の宮にあめのしたしらしめし大倭根子天皇の天地とともに長く日月とともに遠く改めるまじき常の典と立てたまひ敷きたまへる」というような長い形容の中から、現代の学者が一部を抜き出して使う語が「不改常典」である。
- The word 'Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' is not the name of the code itself, but the word extracted by present scholars from a part of a long adjective phrase qualifying a certain code whose name is not mentioned, as follows: '[the code] that His majesty Oyamatoneko no Sumera Mikoto (referring to an emperor), who resides in the highly respectable and noble Omi-no-Otsu-no-Miya Palace, established as the irreversible and eternal code, which should not be modified as long as the universe exists and as eternal as the sun and the moon shed light.'
- その職務が過重となってきたために、京都郡代を経済・財政部門を扱う京都代官に改め、今まで京都郡代が担当していた京都とその周辺(山城国・丹波国・近江国・大和国)の裁判及び天領に関する行政の権限については、万治3年11月22日 (旧暦)(1660年12月24日)に小出尹貞が執り行う事になった(『万治日記』)。
- However, due to excessive workload, Kyoto Gundai was reorganized into Kyoto Daikan, responsible for the economic and finance division, and Masasada KOIDE took over judicial power in Kyoto and the neighboring areas (Yamashiro Province, Tanba Province, Omi Province and Yamato Province) as well as administrative power in the shogunate demesne from Kyoto Gundai on December 24, 1660 ('Manji Nikki (Manji Diary)').
- 応神天皇の遊興の地となり、654年には離宮として吉野宮(宮滝遺跡)がおかれたとされ、大化の改新後の古人大兄皇子、または壬申の乱の直前の大海人皇子(天武天皇)及びその妻・鸕野皇女(持統天皇)の隠遁地、持統天皇の行幸の地として記されている吉野は、現在の吉野町の宮滝付近にあった離宮・吉野宮を指すものと思われる。
- Yoshino which was recorded as the place of the Emperor Ojin's pleasure, places of Yoshino no miya (Miyataki ruins) as a detached palace established in 654, a place for seclusion for Furuhito no Oe no Miko after Taika no Kaishin (Great Reformation of the Taika Era) or Oama no Miko (later, Emperor Tenmu) and his wife, Uno no Himemiko (later, Empress Jito) immediately before Jinshin War, and the destination for imperial visit of the Empress Jito is considered to mean the detached place, Yoshino no miya, which was located in the vicinity of Miyataki of present Yoshino-cho.
- 建武の新政は表面上は復古的であるが、内実は蒙古的な天皇専制を目指し、武家を排除した公家中心の政権運営を敷き、性急な改革、土地訴訟への対応の不備や恩賞の不公平、大内裏建設計画などその施策の大半が各方面、特に武士勢力の不満を呼び、また有名な二条河原の落書に観られるようにその無能を批判され、権威を全く失墜した。
- The Kenmu Restoration appeared to be a reactionary movement, but was in fact an old and ignorant imperial dictatorship, and most of the measures introduced, such as aristocracy-centered political management that excluded the samurai, sudden reforms, inability to handle lawsuits for land, inequality in rewards, and the unreasonable Daidairi Construction Plan, caused discontent in various sectors, especially in the samurai class. As a consequence, criticism of the government for its incompetency grew, as was evidenced in the famous Nijogawara Graffiti, and the government completely lost power over the public.
- 更に『吾妻鏡』建久2年正月15日条に書かれた職制においても、政所と侍所については行を改めて別当以下を記載しているのに対して、問注所については政所の項目の最後に「問注所執事」と1行で記されていることから、初期の問注所は政所に属する1機関であり、後に政所から分離して独立した機関となったとする説もある(佐々木文昭説)。
- Furthermore, in the entry about the titles of office written on January 15, 1191 in 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), while the betto (the assistant chief officer) and other officers of Mandokoro and Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) were each inserted at the start of a new paragraph, the 'head of Monchu-dokoro' is described in the last line of the paragraph concerning Mandokoro, which may explain, according to Fumiaki SASAKI, that the Monchu-dokoro in the beginning might have been a body belonging to the Mandokoro but later become a separate and independent body.
- 両書を比較した場合、成立が後となる『大日本国一宮記』が記載を改めたとすると、同一社の神名を書き換えている神社19社の内14社が『延喜式神名帳』の記載神名に基づいて訂正されており、また卜部宿禰奥書『諸国一宮神名帳』では陸奥国一宮と豊後国一宮に式外社が記載されていたものが『大日本国一宮記』では式内社へ変更されている。
- 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' corrected mistakes of 19 shrines' names in the copy of 'Shokoku Ichinomiya Jinmyocho' (only if the writer had known the copy), and based on 'Engi-shiki Jinmyocho' (the Catalogue of High-Ranking Shrines collected in 'Engi-shiki') made the 14 corrections of those mistakes; besides it re-categorized some shrines of Mutsu Province and Bungo Province, which the copy of 'Shokoku Ichinomiya Jinmyocho' had categorized into Shikigaisha (shrines which hadn't been listed in 'Engi-shiki Jinmyocho), into Shikinaisha (time-honored shrines which had been listed in 'Engi-shiki Jinmyocho').
- 現段階から米国が参加しても、温度上昇を 2100年までに0.15セルシウス度改善したり、2.5センチメートル の海面上昇を抑えたりする程度の効果であり「地球温暖化を 6年程度遅らせるほどの効果である」「京都議定書が保守的に守られた仮定でも効果は限定的」との指摘もあるものの、一定の成果であるといった評価がされている。
- Even if America joins now, some point out that, the temperature increase issue will improve only by 0.15 degrees Celsius by 2100, a sea surface elevation of only 2.5 centimeters will be prevented, that is, 'the effect is such that global warming is slowed by about six years,' and 'the effect is limited if Kyoto Protocol is conservatively observed;' however, the Kyoto Protocol is considered to be a valuable achievement to some extent despite the above harsh comments.
- 饅頭(まんとう)は伝承によれば、3世紀の三国志の蜀の宰相・諸葛亮が孟獲との南征の帰途、川の氾濫を沈めるために川の神へと人身御供を立てて、人の首を川に沈めるという風習を改めさせようと小麦粉で練った皮に羊・豚の肉を詰めそれを人間の頭に見立てて川に投げ込んだところ川の氾濫が静まった故事からこの料理が始まったという説がある。
- According to the lore, the dish of mantou originated in the historical fact that a flood subsided after a kneaded flour dough stuffed with mutton and pork, which imitated a human head was thrown into a river in order to change the custom of sinking a human head into a river for human sacrifice to stop floods when Zhuge LIANG, the prime minister of Shu in the Sanguo Zhi (History of the Three Kingdoms) was on his way back from southern expedition to attack Meng HUO in the third century.
- 延宝4年(1676年)6月には神武天皇から後醍醐天皇までの本紀が清書され、天和 (日本)年間には『新撰紀伝』104巻として完成するが、光圀は南北朝合一の後亀山天皇期まで扱う必要性と内容上の不備を感じ、同年には彰孝館に総裁を置いて機構を改革し、新館を新築して史館員も増員させ、国史以外にも詩文集など編纂事業が拡大していった。
- Honki from the Emperor Jinmu to Go-Daigo was written in June, 1676 and the book was completed as 'Shinsenkiden,' the 104 volumes, between 1681 and 1683 but Mitsukuni felt it was necessity to cover the reign of the Emperor Go-Kameyama and he was dissatisfied with its insufficient contents, so he reformed the compiling organization, created a post for president in Shokokan, built a new building, increased the number of staff and expanded its work to compiling collections of poems.
- 天保二朱判(てんぽうにしゅばん)は天保3年(1832年)9月3日から鋳造が始まり同年10月24日より発行され、天保小判天保丁銀発行前のことであり、文政小判文政丁銀の系統に属するものであり、量目は新文字小判(文政小判)の1/8につくられているが、金品位は48%削減されており、甚だ低いもので改鋳による出目獲得を目的としている。
- Tenpo nishuban was casted from September 26, 1832 and issued from November 16 of the same year before the issue of Tenpo koban Tenpo chogin and belonged to the line of Bunsei koban Bunsei chogin having 1/8 ryome of Shinmoji koban (Bunsei koban) and 48% less karat to earn profit by recasting.
- 明治6年(1873年)に征韓論を巡って政府部内が紛糾した明治六年政変では、勅旨をもって西郷隆盛の朝鮮派遣を中止させてこれを収め、明治7年(1874年)から明治8年(1875年)にかけて続いた自由民権運動では、立憲政体の詔(漸次立憲政体樹立の詔)を発して政体改革を進めるなど、天皇は政府内部の政治的対立を調停する役割を果たした。
- In 1873 when politics became complicated with the issue of the drastic theory against Korea, and political change occurring in Meiji 6, the Emperor worked as a mediator to stop the conflict within the government, by stopping Takamori SAIGO's armed force from going to Korea by issuing the Emperor's official order, and he proceeded to issue an Imperial rescript to establish a gradual constitutional government while there was a Freedom and People's Rights Movement between 1874 and 1875.
- 後嵯峨上皇の下で記録所が再建され、続く亀山上皇院政下の1286年(弘安9年)には、院評定を徳政沙汰(人事・寺社などの行政問題)と雑訴沙汰(所領・金銭などの一般的な訴訟)に分割するなどの改革を行い(「弘安徳政」)、1293年(正応6年・永仁元年)には伏見天皇(のち上皇)が記録所を徳政推進の機関として充実を図った(「永仁徳政」)。
- The Retired Emperor Gosaga re-established Kirokusho and in 1286, the Retired Emperor Kameyama cloistered government promoted reforms ('Koan-Tokusei,' political reforms in the Koan era) such as dividing In-hyojo into Tokusei-sata (governmental issues related to personnel and temples/shrines) and Zasso-sata (ordinary court cases related to property, money, etc.) and in 1293, Emperor Fushimi (later the Retired Emperor) enhanced Kirokusho as the organization for promoting tokusei ('Enin-Tokusei,' political reforms in the Enin era).
- 房前大臣(藤原房前)が、幼少のころに亡くした母は讃岐国志度津の人と聞かされ、菩提を弔うためその地をたずねると、その浦の海女が登場、自分が房前の母であり、龍宮に奪われた「面向不背の珠」をとりかえした経緯を物語る前段、その土地の住人が前段のストーリーを改めて語る間狂言部分、房前が妙法蓮華経で母の追善供養をしていると、龍女に姿をかえた母があらわれ供養を謝す後段からなる。
- The first part tells the story of Fusasaki no Otodo (FUJIWARA no Fusasaki) who, on hearing that his mother he had lost during childhood had come from Shidotsu, Sanuki Province, visits there to perform religious rites for the repose of her departed soul; there, he meets a female diver from the area who tells him that she is his mother and how she had retrieved 'Menko huhai no tama' (an oval treasure that shows the frontal figure from any angle) which was stolen by the Palace of the Dragon King; this is followed by the aikyogen (comic interlude) where an inhabitant of Shidotsu recounts the story that was told in the first part; and in the latter part Fusasaki's mother appears as Ryunyo (a form that a woman must turn into in order to rest in peace) and thanks Fusasaki for the memorial service featuring the Myohorenge-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra) he is performing in honor of her.
- 幕末の期間に関する厳密な定義はないが、嘉永6年(1853年)の黒船つまりアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー率いるアメリカ海軍のサスケハナ、サラトガ号、ポーハタン号、ミシシッピ号による艦隊の来航から、慶応3年(1867年)に徳川慶喜が大政奉還をおこなって幕府が日本の全国政権としての地位を失い、翌1868年に明治天皇が即位して元号が「明治」と改元されたときまでとするのが、一般的である。
- Though the duration of the Bakumatsu is not strictly defined, it generally refers to the period from 1853, when the squadron, called the Black Ships, led by Commodore Matthew Perry, consisting of the four US Naval ships Susquehanna, Saratoga, Mississippi, and Plymouth, arrived off the shore of Uraga near Edo (current Tokyo), to 1867, when Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA returned power to the Emperor, ending the central governance under the Tokugawa shogunate, allowing the start of the Meiji period in 1868.
- しかしながら公家は実権は失っていたものの茶道・俳諧等の文化活動においてその嫡流たる天皇の権威高揚に努め、天皇は改元にあたって元号を決定する最終的権限を持っていたこと(元号勅定の原則)を始め、将軍や大名の官位も、儀礼上全て天皇から任命されるものであり、権威の源泉として重要な意味を持つ存在であった(これに対しても幕府が元号決定や人事への介入を行い、その権威の縮小・儀礼化を図っている)。
- However, even though Kuge had lost their actual power, they strived to elevate the authority of the Emperor as the main branch of a family in cultural activities such as sado (tea ceremony) and haikai (seventeen-syllable verse), and starting with the final authority to decide the name of era when changing it, all official court ranks of shogun and daimyo were ceremoniously granted by the Emperor, and the Emperor was an existence having important meaning as the source of authority (against this fact, the bakufu also tried to reduce the Emperor's authority to being ceremonious by intervening in changing the name of the era and personal matters).
- だが、藩主が非世襲の知藩事に変わり(ただし、実際には事実上の改易処分を受けた福岡藩などの例外を除いては、世襲の後継者がそのまま後任とされている)、陪臣である藩士も知藩事と同じ朝廷(明治政府)の家臣(「王臣」)とされる事で、朱子学に基づいた武士道(近代以後の「武士道」とは違う)によって位置づけられてきた主君(藩主)と家臣(藩士)の主従関係を否定することになるものであり、諸藩の抵抗も予想された。
- However, the lord of a domain changed to a non-hereditary Chihanji, (note that in fact, apart from the Fukuoka domain, whose rank changed by the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) successors were of heredity) and since feudal retainers of the domain, who were baishin (indirect vassals) were also considered vassals (vassas of the king)of the Imperial Court (Meiji government), which are the same as Chihanji, it contradicted the relationship between the lord and vassal that was established by Bushido (the way of the samurai) based on Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) so resistance by domains were expected.
- 中には会社組織として営業無尽をするものが多く現れるようになったものの、これらの事業者には脆弱な経営、詐欺的経営や利用者に不利な契約をさせる者も多かったが、当時は、これを規制する法令がなかったため、業界団体無尽集会所などを中心に規制する法律の制定が求められるようになり、1915年に旧・無尽業法が制定され、免許制となり、悪質業者は排除されていった(注:現在の「無尽業法」は1931年に改めて制定)。
- Though many Mujin dealers operated as a company organization and they often had fragile or fraudulent management or concluded contracts unfavorable to users, there was no law to regulate them in those days, therefore, enactment of a regulation law was demanded mainly by industrial groups, Mujin meeting places, and others, and thereby the old Mutual Loan Business Act was enacted in 1915 to make it a licensing system (note: the current 'Mutual Loan Business Act' was newly enacted in 1931).
- また安政年間頃から寛永通寳銅一文銭、鉄一文銭、および真鍮四文銭などの通用において額面からの乖離が著しくなり、文久永宝の発行に至り相場は混乱し、文久2年(1862年)12月に幕府は改めて天保通寳を100文で通用させるよう通達を出したが、実際に100文銭としての通用は困難との申し出もあり、幕府は慶応元年(1865年)閏5月に、鉄一文銭=1文および天保通寳=100文の基準に対し以下のような増歩通用を認めざるを得なくなった。
- Furthermore, under the significant deviations from the face value since around Ansei era (1854 to 1859) in circulating the Kanei-tsuho do ichimonsen (copper Kanei-tsuho equivalent to one mon), the tetsu ichimonsen coins, and the shinchu shimonsen coins, and so on, the issuance of Bunkyu-eiho (a coin first minted in Bunkyu era [1854 to 1859]) brought the disorder of the exchange market; therefore in January 1863, the bakufu reordered to fix the rate of the Tenpo-tsuho by 100 mon, however, by reports that this rate was impossible and others, in June 1865, the Edo bakufu had to accept to circulate it by the fair market price not by the face value as follows with the standard of the tetsu ichimonsen coin equivalent to one mon and the Tenpo-tsuho equivalent to 100 mon:
- 当初、こうした政策は元寇などによって混乱する社会秩序の回復を図りたい鎌倉幕府の政策と軌を一にするもの(安達泰盛による幕政改革も「弘安徳政」と呼ばれている)であったが、やがて徳政の本格化とともに朝廷の威信回復の考えが旧体制(鎌倉幕府以前への)復帰を模索する動きに結び付けられるようになると、鎌倉幕府は皇位継承における両統迭立政策を名目とした政治介入を行い、亀山・伏見両上皇の院政停止を行った事から朝幕間に緊張状態を生み、やがて後醍醐天皇の親政に至ってついに鎌倉幕府に対する討幕運動へと転化することになったのである。
- Initially, these reforms were in agreement with the Kamakura bakufu's policies to recover public order after confusion due to Mongolian attempts to invade Japan, etc. (the bakufu reforms by Yasumori ADACHI are also called 'Koan-Tokusei'), but when the scale of tokusei was enlarged and consideration of reversion to the old system (before the Kamakura bakufu) became linked with the idea of recovering the authority of the Imperial Court, the Kamakura bakufu used Ryoto tetsuritsu policies for the Imperial succession as a reason to intervene politically and terminated the cloistered governments of Retired Emperors Kameyama and Fushimi, causing tension between the bakufu and the Imperial Court, leading to Emperor Godaigo's direct governance, which eventually transformed into the movement to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.