支: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 人民支配
- The control over people
- 国衙支配
- The control over kokuga
- 国人支配
- The control over kokujin
- 十干十二支
- Jikkan (The Ten Stems) and Junishi (the Twelve Signs of the Chinese Zodiac)
- 終末細気管支
- terminal bronchiole
- 十二支の陰陽
- Inyo (cosmic dual forces) of junishi (the 12 signs of the Chinese zodiac)
- 荘園公領支配
- The control over shoen (manor) and koryo (public land)
- 干支がしめす数
- The number which kanshi (the Oriental zodiac) stands for
- 開拓使樺太支庁
- Sakhalin branch office of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 開拓使函館支庁
- Hakodate branch office of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 開拓使浦河支庁
- Urakawa branch office of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 開拓使宗谷支庁
- Soya branch office of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 開拓使根室支庁
- Nemuro branch office of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 学内外の支援運動
- Support from within and outside the university
- 山科家:四条支流。
- The Yamashina Family: a side line of Shijo
- 課を支に変換する規則
- The rule to convert ka to shi
- 与保呂川支流砂防堰堤
- Sand control dam of side stream in the upper reaches of Yohorogawa River
- 札幌本庁と支庁の時代
- Sapporo head office and branch offices
- 飛鳥井家:難波支流。
- The Asukai Family: a side line of Nanba
- 岸谷川上流支流砂防堰堤
- Sand control dam of side stream in the upper reaches of Kishitanigawa River
- 安倍氏による天文道支配
- The Abe Family's Monopoly over Tenmondo
- 5歳以下には支給しない。
- No kubungen should be supplied to a person of five years old or younger.
- 旧岸谷川上流支流取水堰堤
- Former side stream water intake dam in the upper reaches of Kishitanigawa River
- - 日田市(日田支配所)
- Hita City (Hita shihaisho)
- - 倉敷市(倉敷支配所)
- Kurashiki City (Kurashiki shihaisho)
- - 大田市(大森支配所)
- Ota city (Omori shihaisho)
- - 高山市(高山支配所)
- Takayama City (Takayama shihaisho)
- 企業支配または経営発言力
- The power to control the business or influence management
- 五行、十干、十二支が表す色
- The respective colors which gogyo, jikkan, and junishi stand for
- これを支持する学説もある。
- Some theories support this.
- 十二支にも五行が配されている。
- The Wu Xing (The Five Elements) are also applied to the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac.
- 九州支配と外交の役目を果たす。
- This office was effectively utilized for ruling the Kyushu area as well as for diplomacy.
- 冷泉家(下冷泉):御子左支流。
- The Reizei (Shimo-Reizei) Family: a side line of Mikosa
- アセンブラマクロ変換支援プログラム
- assembler macro conversion aid
- 支給対象:日本は男女、唐は男子のみ
- The persons eligible for the supply: both males and females in Japan, and males alone in the Tang
- 第21条 田は6年に1回支給する。
- Article 21: The field should be supplied every six years.
- 町奉行支配下の町方・寺社方町人人口
- Population of townspeople and clerical personnel (Machi-gata and Jisha-gata) residing in areas administered by the machi-bugyo (the town magistrate's office).
- 寺社門前町支配下の農民、町人の人口
- Population of peasants and townspeople in temple/shrine towns
- また干支から名をとって癸亥約定とも。
- It was also called Kigai yakujo, named after the Oriental zodiac.
- 以下大監から史生まで2町~1町を支給
- For other lower posts from Daikan (inspector [third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period] in Dazai-fu to Shisho [a person doing miscellaneous duties about documents], one to two ha rice land was allotted each.
- 院政を支えたのは中級貴族層であった。
- It was the middle rank of nobles who supported the Cloister government.
- 在位9年、衰微する南朝政権を支えた。
- During the nine years on the throne, Emperor Gokameyama supported the declining government of the Southern Court.
- こうしたことが新政への支持を失わせた。
- That treatment undermined the support for the new administration.
- 功田・賜田は支給面積の基準はなかった。
- There was no standard for the size of the allotted land in Kuden and Shiden.
- このような一元的支配を一円知行という。
- Such unified control was called ichien chigyo.
- 百姓門徒については荒木が支配すること。
- Peasant followers (believers) of Hongan-ji Temple should be governed by ARAKI.
- 支城に和田山城、佐生城、箕作城等がある。
- The subsidiary castles were Wadayama-jo Castle, Saso-jo Castle, and Mitsukuri-jo Castle.
- 熊本隊は奮戦したが、支えきれずに撤退した。
- Although the Kumamoto-tai troop fought bravely, it could not withstand the government army and retreated.
- 祭神は比自岐神であり、比自支氏の祖らしい。
- The enshrined deity is Hijiki no kami, and it may be the ancestor of the Hijishi Clan.
- これにより成立した支配体制を王朝国家という。
- The control system established in this way was called a dynastic nation.
- その支配・経営は国家権力に強く依存していた。
- The governance and management of Shoki Shoen was strongly dependent on the national authority.
- 開化派を支援しており、重大な内政干渉である。
- This was an assistance to the Enlightenment Party and a serious interference in internal affairs.
- 「えと」は本来、十干ないし干支の呼称だった。
- Eto' was originally the name of the Ten Stems or the Oriental zodiac.
- 足利氏の支流である戸賀崎氏の分家といわれた。
- The Ina clan was said to be a branch family of the Togasaki clan, which was a branch of the Ashikaga clan.
- 現在も皇室支持層からは忌避される表現である。
- Even now the expression is something that supporters of the imperial family would rather try to avoid.
- (天皇を)元首と言って差し支えないと考える。
- We think it is correct to call the Emperor, the head of the country.
- 正親町家は洞院家の支流にあたる閑院流の名家。
- The OGIMACHI family was an important family on the Kanin line (one of the FUJIWARA clique) which was a branch of the TOIN family.
- このとき土地支配の基礎となったのが名田である。
- In this process, myoden became the basis of the administration of the land.
- 名田を基礎とする支配・収取体制を名体制という。
- The governance and tax collection system based on a myoden is called myo-taisei (the local tax management system based on rice fields).
- 各季節に十二支を配すると、次のようになります。
- The twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac are divided into seasons as follows.
- 後白河院の真の狙いは国衙支配の回復であったろう。
- Presumably, the real purpose of Goshirakawa-in was to recover the ruling on kokuga.
- さらに津軽・渡嶋の蝦夷も蜂起した蝦夷を支援する。
- Moreover, the Emishi in Tsugaru and Watarishima supported the Emishi in revolt.
- 守護大名はこれを利用して領国支配の浸透に努めた。
- The Shugo daimyo made use of these taxes to spread their dominion over their territories.
- しかし、近代以後も富士川游らが佐藤説を支持した。
- From the modern age, however, Yu FUJIKAWA and others have supported the theory suggested by Hojo SATO.
- 支給が済んだ後は、境界(四至)を明確にすること。
- After kubunden was supplied, its boundaries (Shishi (the northern, southern, eastern, and western boundaries of a tract of land)) should be clarified.
- 守護は一国全体の領域的な支配を確立したのである。
- Shugos established the territorial governance of the whole of one province.
- 清は賠償金2億両(銀両:約3億円)を金で支払う。
- Qing agrees to pay to Japan as a war indemnity the sum of 200 million Kuping taels (Silver Tael: about 300 million yen) in gold.
- 山家藩は、明治時代まで谷氏13代の支配が続いた。
- The Yamaga Domain was controlled by the Tani family until its thirteenth generation during the Meiji period.
- 海上の土豪たちに領主の支配に服することを命じた。
- And he ordered the local clans on the sea to be put under the control of the local lords.
- 当時は女王が支配し、南シナ海交易の要港であった。
- Ruled by a queen at that time, the Patani Kingdom was the location of an important trading port in the South China Sea.
- この説は土屋文明などによって広く支持されている。
- His argument has been widely supported by many literati including Tsuchiya BUNMEI.
- 辛酉とは干支のひとつで中国では革命の年とされる。
- Kanototori is one of the zodiac signs in Chinese astrology and is said to be the year of revolution in China.
- 井沢元彦も『逆説の日本史』でこの説を支持している。
- Motohiko IZAWA also supported this theory in his book, 'A Paradox of Japanese History.'
- 編製年の干支「壬申」から「壬申戸籍」と呼び慣わす。
- From the Oriental zodiac 'Jinshin' of its compiled year, it is called a 'Jinshin-koseki.'
- 同年…頼朝が侍所を設置する(武士支配機構の成立)。
- The same year - Yoritomo established Samurai-dokoro (the establishment of samurai governing system).
- 秀吉は光秀討伐の功労者であり、長秀らの支持を得た。
- Hideyoshi, who had played a lively part in the subjugation of Mitsuhide, acquired the support from Nagahide.
- 同時に封建された貴族は君主の名目的な支配下に入る。
- At the same time, the authorized nobility falls under the control of the monarchy.
- 出羽国庄内地方は大宝寺大宝寺氏が代々支配していた。
- The Daihoji Muto clan had ruled the Shonai district of Dewa Province for generations.
- 観音寺城に数多くの支城があるのが特徴の一つである。
- The existence of many subsidiary castles is one of the characteristics of Kannonji-jo Castle.
- ことから、乎非王を指すと考えて差し支えないだろう。
- Furthermore, Oi no Okimi was another written expression for Prince Oi, 'so we can safely indentify 'Shi (or Oi) no Okimi' in those historical books as Prince Oi.'
- 後に室町幕府によって京都の土倉は幕府の支配下に入る。
- Afterward, the Muromachi bakufu put the doso in Kyoto under its administration.
- 租を納めねばならず、律令支配体制から脱却していない。
- Land taxes applied to the reclaimed fields, indicating that they were still under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 死んだ場合は、支給年がきたとき、あらためて収授する。
- When a person dies, its kubunden should be confiscated when the kubunden-supplying year arrives.
- また預かり地として大名に支配を委託したものもあった。
- Some of those territories were placed in charge of Daimyo lords as deposit places.
- 一連の戦いの後も北信濃の支配権は武田氏が握っていた。
- Even after the series of battles, the Takeda clan continued to dominate over the northern Shinano area
- (日本を)立憲君主制と言っても差し支えないであろう。
- It is correct to call Japan a constitutional monarchy.
- “国家権力と結び、国家の保護・支配下におかれた仏教。'
- This is the Buddhism that was connected to national power and was put under national protection and control.
- 火災は、京都経済を支えてきた町衆に大きな打撃を与えた。
- The fire dealt a serious blow to townspeople who had been supporting the economy in Kyoto.
- その後、同銃は改良を進めながら全軍に支給されていった。
- Improvements were made to the rifles, which were provided to the entire Army.
- 陸軍はその海軍の兵食改革(麦飯支給)に否定的であった。
- The army was skeptical about reforming food for solders (keaping barley rice) like the Navy did.
- 旧日本銀行京都支店〔京都市中京区三条通高倉西入菱屋町〕
- Former Kyoto Branch of the Bank of Japan [Hishiya-cho, Sanjodori Takakura Nishi-iru, Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto City]
- 東北地方北部以北は依然として律令国家の支配外であった。
- However, the northern part of the Tohoku region and further northwards were out of the ritsuryo kokka's control.
- 京都府もやはり天皇支配を周知すべく告諭を行なっている。
- In Kyoto Prefecture, they also announced the imperial reign.
- 以後これが通説化されており、所功らがこれを支持している。
- Since then, his view has been commonly accepted and Isao TOKORO etc. support it.
- 主に院司が受領に任じられて任国に下って知行国を支配した。
- Officials of the retired emperor's office were usually appointed to zuryo then travelled down to the province and took control of it.
- 鎌倉時代において、幕府は惣領制を御家人支配の基盤とした。
- The Soryo system (the eldest son system as the succession of the head of the family) was made as a base to rule over gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) by bakufu during the Kamakura period.
- ただし、衣料の材料として布・真綿が支給されることもある。
- However, cloth and cotton as raw material for clothes were sometimes supplied.
- 日本では、史学界で階級闘争史観が支配的だった時代がある。
- In scientific field of Japanese historical research, a view based on the history of class struggle was once predominant.
- 松前藩の収入のほとんどは北方貿易によって支えられている。
- The Matsumae Domain derived most of its income from the trade between the northern part of Japan and the Northern Song Dynasty China.
- 人民支配のための本格的な古代の戸籍制度作りも開始される。
- The beginning of the establishment of a full family register at this time was an attempt to control the population.
- 8月、莵田の地を支配する兄猾(えうかし)と弟猾を呼んだ。
- In August, Iwarehikono Mikoto called Eukashi and Otokashi who ruled the land of Uda.
- しかし、後南朝を支持する吉野の民によって神璽を奪還された。
- But the Shinji was later recaptured by the people of Yoshino who supported the Gonancho.
- 支給面積:日本は約16 - 24アール、唐は約5ヘクタール
- The size of the land area supplied: approx. 16 to 24 ares in Japan, and approx. five hectares in the Tang
- ここに至り、勧農権は現地の実効支配を意味するようになった。
- At this stage, the right of kanno meant the practical governance over local regions.
- 開化派は日本公使の支援を利用して事大派政権打倒を計画した。
- The Enlightenment Party planed to use the support of the Japanese minister to overthrow the government led by Serving the Great Party.
- 長尾景虎が北信濃国人衆を支援して、初めて武田晴信と戦った。
- Kagetora NAGAO fought Harunobu TAKEDA for the first time, supporting samurai land owners in the northern Shinano area.
- 松本十郎:明治5年(1872年)10月から根室支庁と兼務。
- Juro MATSUMOTO: doubled as chief magistrate of the Nemuro branch office since October 1872.
- また、九州の諸大名にも島津氏を支援するため出陣を要請した。
- He also asked the various feudal lords in Kyushu to support the Shimazu clan.
- 家系は清和源氏のひとつ河内源氏の名門 足利氏の支族の一つ。
- The family was one of the branch families of the Ashikaga clan, a distinguished family among the Kawachi-Gen clan, which was one of the Seiwa-Genji (Seiwa Gen clan).
- 10世紀初頭の朱雀期になって初めて個別人身支配が放棄された。
- The principle of people-based governance was finally abandoned in the Suzaku era, early 10th century.
- 清国は、戦争賠償2億両(約3億円 (通貨))を日本に支払う。
- Qing pays 200 million taels (about 300 million yen [currency]) as war reparations to Japan.
- 明治7年(1874年)5月14日に浦河支庁の管区をあわせる。
- The jurisdiction for Urakawa branch office was incorporated on May 14, 1874.
- 明治8年(1875年)3月12日に留萌支庁の管区をあわせる。
- The jurisdiction for Rumoi branch office was incorporated on March 12, 1875.
- 「神の代」に属す日本の支配者33人がリストアップされている。
- It has a list of 33 Japanese rulers thought to have existed during the ages of gods.
- この地を支配する長髄彦が軍衆を集めて孔舎衛坂で戦いになった。
- Nagasunehiko who ruled this area gathered his force and started the war in Kusaezaka.
- まず毛利側は「尼子十旗」と呼ばれる支城の一つ、白鹿城を攻めた。
- First, the Mori forces attacked Shiraga-jo Castle, one of the 'Amago Jikki' (ten subsidiary castles to protect the main Amago castle, Gassan Toda-jo Castle).
- 同年8月1日には京都に侵攻して細川澄之とその支持者を討ち取る。
- On September 17 of that year, he invaded Kyoto and caught Sumiyuki HOSOKAWA and his supporters.
- そこで荘園領主は現地の名主と結びついて一円支配の確立に努めた。
- Under such circumstances, lords of Shoen strived for the establishment of ichien-shihai (complete rule over people and land of Shoen) in collusion with local myoshu (owner of the rice fields).
- 問屋の収入は、取次の引受けに対して委託者が支払う手数料である。
- The income of Toiya are charges for the service, paid from consignors for Toiya undertaking commissions.
- こうした支配・権利関係は、大きく2種類に区分することができた。
- These dominant, right-related relationships were roughly divided into two types.
- それにともない室町時代には守護による守護領国制支配が進行した。
- Along with it, in the Muromachi period, the territory (fief) system of shugo made progress.
- 租・庸・調の税制が整備され、国家財政が支えられるようになった。
- As for the tax system, taxes in kind or service were adopted and state finances started to become more stable.
- 明治11年(1878年)8月7日に得撫島以北を根室支庁に移管。
- The jurisdiction north of the Uruppu Island was transferred to the Nemro branch office on August 7, 1878.
- 地侍たちは一揆の結束を武器に、守護の支配を排して自治を行った。
- Jizamurai got rid of the control of Shugo and built autonomy by a bond of ikki.
- 源義光(新羅三郎義光)を祖とする河内源氏支流の甲斐源氏の一族。
- This is a family of Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan), a branch family of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) founded by MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu (Shinra-SaburoYoshimitsu).
- 地方の支配体制を明確にするために地方の行政組織づくりが進んだ。
- In order to enforce the domination of rural areas, in which he started establishing administration organizations.
- 支給年齢:日本は6歳以上(死ぬまで)、唐は成年のみ(59歳まで)
- The ages eligible for supply: Six years old or older in Japan (until one dies), and only adult men in the Tang (until the age of 59 is reached)
- 史の支配の及ぶ土地と人間の総体を指して「コオリ」と呼んだらしい。
- It appears to be the case that land and people under the control of a shi (clerk) was collectively called a 'kori.'
- 時行勢は逃げる直義を駿河国手越河原で撃破し、鎌倉を一時支配した。
- Tokiyuki's force defeated Naoyoshi at Tegoshigawara, Suruga Province and occupied Kamakura for a while.
- 1つは、いずれも領主による所領支配を表していたとする考えである。
- One is that each of them indicated territorial control by a ryoshu.
- 日本による台湾統治は武力による支配という様相を強めることとなる。
- Japanese governance over Taiwan, in effect, took on the aspect of military control.
- その後、ヤマト王権の支配権が及ぶ範囲をヤマトと呼ぶようになった。
- Subsequently, the areas governed by the Yamato Kingdom also came to be called Yamato.
- 宮郷の精神的支柱だった日前宮は社殿を破却され、社領を没収された。
- The Hinokuma-gu Shrine, which was the spirit of miyago, had the main building destroyed and the territory seized.
- トンガを支配する王朝もまた、神話に繋がる万世一系の王朝とされる。
- The Tongan dynasty is also unbroken and has lasted since mythological ages.
- 大衆の支持を基盤にした戦後の天皇制を大衆天皇制と呼ぶこともある。
- This Tennosei based on the people's support after World War II is called Taishu Tennosei (People's Emperor System).
- 律令制の個別人身支配が弛緩していくと、在地社会の階層分化が進んだ。
- As the control of individual persons in the ritsuryo-code-based system became weak, the hierarchical level of local societies advanced.
- 口分田を班給する代わりに租税を賦課するという支配体制をとっていた。
- The government had a ruling system that imposed tax on people who received hankyu (allotment) of Kubunden.
- その結果、律令制の人別支配への回帰は完全に放棄されることとなった。
- As a result, the attempt to go back to the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system was utterly-abandoned.
- なお、支給対象者は給料学生(きゅうりょうがくせい)と呼ばれている。
- Those who were granted Gakumonryo were called Kyuryo gakusei.
- 一方、在地領主・富豪・有力百姓らが新たな支配層として台頭していた。
- Meanwhile, resident landholders, rich people, influential farmers and others had gained power as the new ruling class.
- このように、惣村は支配者側との交渉を通じて各種権利を獲得していく。
- Thus, the soson acquired various rights through negotiation with their rulers.
- 11月、平城宮予定地のため移転させられる民家に穀物、布を支給した。
- In November, she provided grain and cloth to families who were forced to move from the site of Heijo-kyu Palace.
- 支配を貫徹するために、末端の近くまで官僚が体系的に配置されていた。
- To thoroughly rule the people, bureaucrats were deployed near the smallest administrative units.
- そのため諸藩や団体・個人に呼びかけて北海道の分領支配し開拓させた。
- Therefore, the central government called for feudal domains, organizations and individuals to reclaim a portion of lands in Hokkaido and gave them the control over such areas in return.
- 最終的に勝頼は昌幸よりも、一族の信茂が支配する岩殿行きを決意する。
- Finally, Katsuyori rejected Masayuki's proposal and chose to go to Iwadono, which was ruled by Nobushige, a member of his own clan.
- こうした急速な近世的支配に対する反動が土豪一揆という形で噴出した。
- A reaction against such a rapid rule of recent times brew out in the form of the riot of a powerful local clan.
- 連行途中、犯人は隙を見て逃走、在日本朝鮮人連盟の支部に逃げ込んだ。
- On his way to being taken to the police station, the suspect escaped and ran into the branch of the Association of Korean Residents in Japan.
- 動機は、朝鮮出兵への反発とも、秀吉の支配に対する反発ともいわれる。
- His motivation was said to be his objection to the Korean invasion and/or against the Hideyoshi's rule.
- 「皇太子妃が病気の今、家族が皆で、支えていくのは当然のことです。」
- It is a matter of course for all family members to support the sick Crown Princess (Masako).'
- 朝廷が求めていた東国における国衙支配の回復は宣旨の前段にて示された。
- The recovery of the ruling on kokuga in Togoku which had been demanded by the Imperial Court was presented in the first part of the decree.
- 大内方は細川方を襲撃し遣明船を焼き払い、明の官憲は細川方を支援した。
- The Ouchi faction attacked the Hosokawa faction, burning their ship, and Ming officials supported the Hosokawa faction.
- 本家・領家のうち、荘園の実効支配権を持つ者が本所(ほんじょ)である。
- Among the honke and ryoke, the lords of a manor that had effective dominion over the shoen, were called honjo.
- ついには唐をも朝鮮半島から排除して,朝鮮半島の統一的支配を確立する。
- The Silla Kingdom also eliminated the Tang Dynasty from the Korean peninsula finally, ensuring the unified domination over the Korean peninsula.
- 後北条氏末期には北条氏政が直接支配して太田氏や千葉氏を統率していた。
- During the later years of the Gohojo clan, HOJO Ujimasa seized direct control over the castle and led the Ota clan and the Chiba clan.
- 道灌の死後、扇谷上杉氏の衰亡と共に、江戸城は後北条氏の支城となった。
- After the death of Dokan and the collapse of the Ogigayatsu-Uesugi clan, the Edo Castle was taken over by the Gohojo clan and used as its subsidiary castle.
- 幕府は大坂城の跡地に新たな大坂城を築き、西国支配の拠点の一つとした。
- The bakufu constructed New Osaka-jo Castle where Osaka-jo Castle was, and made it one of footholds to rule Saigoku.
- 辺見と野村忍介が援兵を送り熊本隊を支援したが、官軍は守備を突破した。
- HENMI and Oshisuke NOMURA supported the Kumamoto-tai troop with reinforcements, but government army broke through the defense.
- 分領支配の実績は各地各様であったが、経験不足から低調な所が多かった。
- The efficiency of land allocation varied with places, but most did not work well due to the lack of experience.
- 朝廷内では二条家を含む五摂家には他の公家衆に対しての支配力があった。
- In the Imperial Court, the Gosekke (the five regent families) including the Nijo family had control over other Kugeshu.
- 十二支の陰陽は、子から数えていき、奇数番目は陽、偶数番目は陰となる。
- In yin and yang of the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac, counting begins with ne (子), and odd-numbers are regarded as yang whilst even-numbers are regarded as yin.
- 頼綱政権は、この機関を通じて西国の荘園・公領への支配を強めていった。
- The Yoritsuna administration came to strengthen the governance of shoen and public territories in Saigoku through this institution.
- これにより、頼朝は東海・東山両道の支配権を間接的ではあるが獲得した。
- It was through this that Yoritomo indirectly secured power over Tokai-do and Tosan-do.
- 室町期守護は、守護請を通じて国内の荘園・国衙領への支配を強めていった。
- In the Muromachi period, Shugo strengthened the control over shoen and Kokugaryo in the country through Shugouke.
- このことから、国衙支配の回復が重要な外交カードになっていたと指摘する。
- Therefore, the recovery of the ruling on kokuga played an important role as a diplomatic card.
- 均田制に基づく田地の支給に対して、粟(穀物)2石を納める義務を負った。
- In return for the provision of rice fields based on the Equal-field system, people were put under an obligation to present about 360 litters of millet.
- 本家・領家のうち、荘園の実効支配権を持つ者を本所(ほんじょ)と呼んだ。
- Specifically, the honke and ryoke who had effective dominion of shoen were called Honjo.
- Among honke and ryoke, the families that had effective dominion over shoen were called honjo (proprietors or guarantors of a manor).
- 日本軍の明石元二郎大佐による革命運動への支援工作がこれに拍車をかけた。
- Colonel Motojiro AKASHI's support of the revolutionary movements in Russia spurred the aforementioned situation.
- 幕府直轄の各領地には代官処がつくられ、郡代や代官・遠国奉行が支配した。
- Daikan-sho (Office of Local Governor) were established in each of the territories that were under the direct control of the Shogunate, and gundai (intendant of a region), daikan (local governor), or ongoku-bugyo (the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period) governed those territories.
- これは、律令国家による人民支配が非常に徹底していたことを物語っている。
- This shows that the nations that followed the Ritsuryo codes completely ruled the people.
- 発行当初は、真鍮四文銭の代わりに差支えなく通用するよう通達が出された。
- At first, the government ordered people to circulate Bunkyu-eiho coins as a substitute for shinchu shimonsen coin.
- 鎌倉殿が御家人の所領支配を保障し、又は新たな土地給与を行うことを言う。
- The Kamakura-dono guaranteed the governance of territories by gokenin and supplied them with new land.
- 秀吉の実力を良く知る毛利氏は秀吉との和睦を維持し、その覇業を支援した。
- Well aware of how powerful Hideyoshi was, the Mori clan kept peace with him and assisted in his struggle for supremacy.
- 文章生の中でも優秀者は給料学生と呼ばれて穀倉院より学問料が支給された。
- Excellent students among monjosho were granted gakumonryo (the scholarship for Monjosho who study at Daigakuryo in the Heian period) from the Kokusoin (Imperial Granary) and were called Kyuryo gakusei (students who were selected for Kyuryo (scholarship)).
- 高砂 当時ゼーランディア城を拠点にオランダ人が支配していた台湾である。
- Taiwan was ruled by the Dutch, who had their base at Fort Zeelandia, and was called Paiwan at the time,
- このような一元的支配を一円知行といい、東国を中心に地頭請が行われ始めた。
- Such centralized ruling of lands refers to ichien chigyo (monistic ruling), and establishment of the jitouke system (the contract system where the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) started in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region).
- 戦国時代 (日本)の戦国大名は、守護大名以上に、地域支配を強めていった。
- Sengoku-daimyo during the Sengoku period strengthened the regional governance more than shugo-daimyo did.
- そのため、ヤマト王権の支配権もそれらの地域を中心としていたと考えられる。
- It is thought that the Yamato Kingdom also exerted its hegemony mainly in these regions.
- 賠償金の支給はまた中国の民衆に大きい負担になり、中国は更に貧弱になった。
- The payment of the reparations imposed a heavy burden on Chinese citizens, which pushed the nation into further poverty.
- 薩摩藩が琉球王朝を攻略、支配したことで、琉球を通じての貿易が認められた。
- Having conquered and ruled the Ryukyu Dynasty, the Satsuma Domain was allowed to carry on trade via Ryukyu.
- これにより、武田氏の信濃国支配が室町幕府により正当化されることになった。
- In this way, the control of Shinano Province by the Takeda clan became authorized by the Muromachi bakufu.
- ただし、支配階層には皇族・華族・士族の称号が付与され、戸籍に明記された。
- Exceptionally, the ruling classes were granted titles of kozoku (the Imperial Family), kazoku (the peerage), and shizoku (samurai family) which they put on their family register.
- 中国王朝でおこなわれた封建制は君主が貴族に領域支配を名目的に認める制度。
- In the Hoken system operated under Chinese dynasties, a monarchy nominally authorizes the nobility to rule the domain.
- 要するに天王寺苧座は越後-畿内間の青苧流通を完全に支配していたのである。
- In short, Tennoji so-za monopolized the distribution network of aoso from Echigo Province to the 'Kinai region' (the five provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).
- 以降は紀伊は秀吉の直轄地となり、代官増田長盛が大和郡山から支配を行った。
- After that, the Kii Province became a directly controlled land of Hideyoshi and a local governor Nagamori MASUDA ruled it from the office at Yamatokoriyama.
- 行朝は関ヶ原の戦いで西軍に属し敗れ改易され、新宮氏の紀伊支配も終焉した。
- Yukitomo fought on the side of the western force in the Battle of Sekigahara but was defeated and punished by being deprived of samurai rank and properties, and the rule by the Shingu clan ended.
- また、西園寺の名字を名乗った有力な支流として伊予国の武家西園寺氏がある。
- There was a samurai family--the Saionji clan in Iyo-no-kuni--as a major offshoot that used the Saionji surname.
- しかし、個別人身支配と郡司の首長権が崩壊すると両制度とも機能しなくなった。
- However, these systems became non-functional after the people-based governance system and chieftaincy of gunji collapsed.
- その中で、様々な主体が担っていた所領支配は、武士の手中へと収まっていった。
- In such a trend, territorial control, having been carried out by persons in various social statuses, became conducted by samurai alone.
- しかし、鎌倉幕府が各地に配置した地頭は、在庁官人の支配範囲へ侵出していく。
- However, jito (management post of shoen or public domain) located in various regions by the Kamakura bakufu began to penetrate the dominion of zaichokanjin.
- 一つの権利主体として、支配者に対し権利の要求を行うことがしばしば見られた。
- They often demanded their rights from rulers as one group.
- また人民の支配も彼らを通じて行うことに高い効率性を見出していったのである。
- They also found it very efficient to rule the people through the tato.
- これにより、天皇を頂点とした、貴族・官僚による中央集権支配体制が完成した。
- As a result of the completion of the Taiho Code the centralization of the government system by aristocrats and bureaucrats with the Japanese emperor as the top was accomplished.
- 明治6年(1873年)2月25日に留萌に移転して「開拓使留萌支庁」と改称。
- The office was moved to Rumoi region and renamed as 'Rumoi branch office of the Hokkaido Development Commission' on February 25, 1873.
- 設置の当初は戊辰戦争の最中で、新潟、佐渡、箱館は新政府の支配の外にあった。
- When these local courts were installed, Japan was in the middle of the Boshin War, and Niigata, Sado and Hakodate did not fall under the control of the new government yet.
- 時頼は、病のため執権職を北条氏支流の北条長時に譲ったが、実権を握り続けた。
- Because of illness, Tokiyori ceded the position of shikken to Nagatoki HOJO, member of a branch of the Hojo clan, but he continued to hold the real power.
- 斜面や崖に張り出して造られ、床の一部が長い柱で支えられた建物を懸造と呼ぶ。
- Kake-zukuri (overhang method of construction) is a style of a building that was constructed on a slope or cliff, and part of its floor was supported by a long pole.
- そして南北朝時代 (日本)以後には守護が令制国の支配権を得るようになった。
- Then, after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Shugo came to take control of the provinces.
- 秀吉は島津氏に従属する筑前国の秋月種実の支城・岩石城を4月1日に落とした。
- On May 8, Hideyoshi took control of Ganjaku-jo Castle, which was a subsidiary castle of Tanezane AKIZUKI of Chikuzen Province, which was a vassal province of the Shimazu clan.
- 永正4年(1507年)、為景が越後守護上杉房能を殺害する際に支援している。
- The Takanashi clan helped Tamekage assassinate Fusayoshi UESUGI, the governor of Echigo, in 1507.
- 生産力の高い濃尾平野を早い時期に統一的に支配できたことが大きな要因である。
- The main factor for this is that he succeeded in bringing the productive Nobi Plain under a unified rule.
- その一方で、幕府は摂政・関白並びに摂家に対する公然・非公然の支援を行った。
- On the other hand, the bakufu offered official and unofficial support for the regent, chief advisor to the Emperor and the sekke.
- また、本家・領家のうち、荘園の実効支配権を持つ者を本所(ほんじょ)と呼んだ。
- And among ryoke and honke, the ones who had the right of effective dominion were called honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor).
- 以降、田染荘は、宇佐神宮の神官の子孫が田染氏を名乗り、支配することとなった。
- The descendents of the priest of Usa-jingu Shrine subsequently became the 'Tashibu clan' and controlled Tashibu Manor.
- 幕府はその惣領と御恩・奉公による主従関係を結び、間接的には庶子をも支配した。
- The soryo made a master and servant relationship with bakufu through favor and service, and indirectly ruled over illegitimate children.
- 社会的混乱から諸国では悪党の活動が活発化し、幕府は次第に支持を失っていった。
- That activated Akuto (a villain of the medieval times) in the respective provinces, and gradually the bakufu lost support.
- 口分田(くぶんでん)とは、律令制において、民衆へ一律に支給された農地である。
- Kubunden indicates a field supplied uniformly to common people in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 彼らは、自分の支配地域における課税を行うための資料として土地の調査を行った。
- Some such daimyo began to conduct land surveys, which provided the data they needed in order to set up systems of taxation within their own domains.
- 徳永信一(1985年卒・法) 大阪HIV訴訟弁護団の一人として裁判を支えた。
- Shinichi TOKUNAGA (class of 1985, law): He supported Osaka HIV-tainted blood litigation as a member of the defense lawyers.
- そのため、惣村は支配者の信頼に応えるため、年貢納入の確実な履行に努めていた。
- To prove worthy of such trust, the soson tried to ensure the execution of the nengu payment.
- その状況を立て直したのが、織田信長の上洛をいち早く支持した二条晴良であった。
- Haruyoshi NIJO, who supported the entering of Nobunaga ODA into Kyoto from the start, ameliorated the situation of the residence.
- 北魏はまず、人民を体系的に支配するために三長制という地方行政制度を実施した。
- At first, Northern Wei implemented a local administration system called the sanchang system to systematically govern the people.
- 受領の恣意的支配が抑制されたため、国司苛政上訴も沈静化した、とする評価である。
- Therefore the post-war evaluation is that the disappearance of Kokushi kasei joso was because Zuryo's arbitrary administration had been controlled.
- 私的所有に伴う罪を自覚するようになった豪族個人の新たな精神的支柱が求められた。
- The local ruling family started to become aware of the guilt owing private property and sought a new personal emotional prop.
- 安田元久らの学説では「武士」と「兵」の違いは「領地」の支配形態にもとめられた。
- The academic theories by Motohisa YASUDA sought the difference between 'bushi' and 'tsuwamono' as the ruling formation of the 'estate'
- これは江戸幕府による支配が安定し、経済制度の整備が進められた事を反映している。
- This reflects the situation that the rule by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) became steady and the economic system was established and expanded.
- 代々の支配者たちは、社会構造を固定することにより帝国経済の維持を図っていった。
- Successive rulers tried to maintain the imperial economy by fixing the social structure.
- これらは、土地の支配関係を明らかにし、武士以外の武装権を剥奪するものであった。
- These measures were to clearly define the relation of land holding and to deprive the citizens other than samurai of the right to bear arms.
- このような経緯を経て、次第に地頭が荘園・公領への支配を強めていくこととなった。
- Through these processes, jitos gradually strengthened their dominance over shoen and koryo.
- 一般市民の身分制度は士農工商と呼ばれる階級制であり、武士が民衆を支配していた。
- The class system of common people was the hierarchy of soldiers (samurai), farmers, artisans, and merchants, called shinokosho, and the samurai controlled the others.
- 支えきれなくなった村上義清は、葛尾城を捨てて越後国へ逃れ、景虎に支援を願った。
- Becoming unable to hold Katsurao-jo Castle, Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI abandoned the castle and fled to Echigo Province, seeking Kagetora's support.
- 結果として両者共に目的を果たせなかったが、武田氏の支配地は着実に北上している。
- Neither side was able to accomplish its own aim, but the Takeda clan steadily expanded its territory into the northern direction
- 尊皇攘夷運動の支柱である水戸学には朝廷権威により幕府専制を抑える思想があった。
- The Mito School, which was at the heart of the Sonnojoi Movement, held a belief that the authority of the Imperial Court should suppress the rise of autocratic Shogunate.
- 根来・雑賀衆は畠山貞政を名目上の盟主に立て、さらに紀南の湯河氏の支援も受けた。
- Negoro and Saiga shu worked respectfully for Sadamasa HATAKEYAMA as a nominal master and also received the support of the Yukawa clan in Kinan (southern part of Wakayama Prefecture).
- また各地に蔵入地(政府直轄地)を設定して遠隔支配するような仕組みを整えている。
- Hideyoshi also established 'kurairechi' (the land directly controlled by the government) in various places and formed a system of remote control.
- 筑前国の少弐頼尚がこれを支援し、九州は幕府、直冬、南朝3勢力の鼎立状態となる。
- Yorinao SHONI in Chikuzen Province supported Tadafuyu, and consequently Kyushu turned out to be a three-way struggle between the bakufu, Tadafuyu, and the Southern Court.
- こうして国内支配に大きな権限を有する国司、すなわち受領層が出現することとなった。
- As a result, kokushi who had great authority in the governance of provinces, namely zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), appeared.
- ただし、同条に父・古人の侍読の功績によると記されており、その後の支給の例もない。
- However, the description is also seen in the above book saying Gakumonryo was granted in reward for their father Huruhito's achievement as Jidoku (imperial tutor) and none were rewarded thereafter.
- 具体的には支配者層が在地社会において直接把握の対象とした社会階層が百姓とされた。
- Specifically, the social class directly ruled by the ruling class in the local societies was referred to as a hyakusho.
- だが、公家社会の中に支持皇統による派閥が生じるようになるなど混乱を引き起こした。
- That led to disruption among the Imperial nobles, by which they became factionalized according to the supporting imperial lines.
- 宗氏は当初恒居倭を掌握しておらず、自身の支配下にある対馬への送還に熱心であった。
- At the beginning, since the So clan did not have a command of kokyowa, they actively sent kokyowa back to Tsushima, which was the place under the control of the clan.
- 室町時代には、守護の権限が強化され、守護による荘園・公領支配への介入が増加した。
- During the Muromachi period the authority of the shugo (provincial constable) was strengthened, and the intervention by the shugo in the governance of the manor and public land increased.
- 政府の財政を窮乏させる原因となったのは、西南戦争による過大な戦費の支出であった。
- It was the vast war spending of Seinan War that aggravated the government's finance.
- 米・大豆価格の高騰と地方官の搾取、賠償金支払いの圧力などが農村経済を疲弊させた。
- The rural economy was becaming exhausted because of the soaring rice and soybean prices, exploitation of local officials and pressure to pay compensation.
- 江戸時代は征夷大将軍徳川氏を中心として、武士階級が支配していた封建社会であった。
- The Edo period was a feudal society where the soldier class (samurai) ruled with the barbarian-quelling generalissimo, or the shogun, the Tokugawa clan as the central figure.
- また田と民は国家のものとされる公地公民制を取り入れ、戸籍により班田が支給された。
- Kochi Komin system, under which rice fields and people belonged to the nation, was adopted and handen (allotted farmland) was provided in accordance with the family register.
- 唐は百済の旧領を郡県制支配の下に置いたが、すぐに百済遺民による反抗運動が起きる。
- The Tang Dynasty put the old territories of Kudara under the county and prefecture system, but an uprising by the surviving members of Kudara soon took place.
- 陸軍省大日記 明治10年 「大日記 砲兵本支廠工兵各方面 1月木 陸軍省第1局」
- In 1877: The Diary of the Department of War: '大日記 砲兵本支廠工兵各方面 1月木 陸軍省第1局'
- この私的政権は、朝廷から承認されることによって、支配権の正統性を獲得していった。
- The private government acquired legitimacy of its right of control by gaining approval from the Imperial Court.
- その威光を背景に対外勢力の侵略を防いだり、自らの支配権の正当化が図られたのである。
- In this case, they protected themselves from outside enemies or justified their ruling authority based on their positions.
- 水田による班田が原則でありながら、水田の不足より陸田が混ぜられて支給されたりした。
- Although paddy fields should have basically been supplied as handen, fields with no water supply available were sometimes supplied because paddy fields available were limited.
- 武士化した荘官は、次第に領家を軽視するようになり、領家の支配権は蚕食されていった。
- Gradually, these armed shokan had come to disregard ryoke, encroaching their dominion.
- まず開発拠点を設置して、開発費用を支出して労働力である内外の浪人や百姓を誘致した。
- First, setting up the development base, they paid development expenses to recruit ronin (masterless samurai) and peasants as workforce inside and outside of their provinces.
- 中世を通して、所領支配を指して知行・領知・領掌・進止などと呼ぶ慣習は続いていった。
- The custom of calling territorial control as chigyo, ryochi, ryosho, or shinshi continued throughout the medieval period.
- また、支配者である守護の家臣の国外退去を要求した土一揆も見られた(播磨の国一揆)。
- A peasants' uprising demanding the deportation of a vassal of Shugo, who was a ruler, also occurred in Harima Province.
- そのため、政府は土地(公田)を収取の基礎単位とする支配体制を構築するようになった。
- Therefore the government established a governance system with a tax collection basic unit according to land (or koden, a field administered directly by a ruler).
- 聖は、寺院において学問をむねとする学徒に対し、寺院経済を支える禅徒の立場にあった。
- The hijiri were in charge of money related to students who attended temples for study.
- この堀が再び神田川に接続され、神田川支流の日本橋川となるのは明治時代のことである。
- It was not until the Meiji Period that this moat was reconnected to Kanda-gawa River and renamed Nihon-bashi River-- a branch of the Kanda-gawa River.
- よって、享保十一年、元文三年、延享元年の数字も町奉行支配場町人人口として扱った。)
- In this chart, the census figures for 1721 (Kyoho 11), 1738 (Genbun 3), and 1743 (Enkyo 1) only represent townspeople.
- 銭貨は新都の造営にやとわれた人びとへの支給銭など宮都造営費用の支払いに利用された。
- The coins were used to pay costs involved in building the capital, such as construction workers' wages.
- このように敗戦後の初期には支配層は五箇条の御誓文は民主主義の原理であると主張した。
- As the example above, shortly after the war, the ruling class claimed that Charter Oath of Five Articles was the principle of democracy.
- 699年に三野城・稲積城が築かれ、律令国家は軍事力を背景とした支配を進めはじめる。
- In 699, Mino-jo Castle and Inazumi-jo Castle were constructed and ritsuryo kokka began to apply control backed by military force.
- 同年、村上義清の支城の戸石城を攻めるが、一方的とも言える大敗を喫する(砥石崩れ)。
- The Takeda clan attacked Toishi-jo Castle, a branch castle of Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI, but was routed almost one-sidedly (called Toishikuzure).
- 寺院・神社に納められる雑役は、古くは国家からの実物による支給によって賄われていた。
- Zatsueki, provided to temples/shrines, was originally provided by the nation as an allowance in kind.
- 荘園制において荘園領主が土地・人民を支配するための基本台帳としての役目を果たした。
- They functioned as residents' ledgers in order for the shoen owners to manage their lands and people.
- そして朝田は、三木、塚本を田中支部から除名するも、府連執行委員会はこれを否決する。
- Then Asada expelled Miki and Tsukamoto from the Tanaka Branch but the Kyoto Federation executive committee rejected it.
- この一点を除けば、『古事記』の天皇没年干支から倭の五王が推測できるとも考えられる。
- It may be possible to conjecture the five kings of Wa from the Oriental zodiac of the years they died recorded in 'Kojiki', except for this inconsistency.
- 近世にはいると刀狩りによる名主層の否定など、農地に対する重層支配が否定されていった。
- In the early-modern times, the stratified ruling over agricultural land was negated, as exemplified by the rejection of Nanushi (village headman) hierarchy by Sword hunt (to confiscate the weapons of the enemies of the new regime in order to secure the position of a new ruler).
- そして彼らを説得し、田堵負名として国衙支配に組み込んだ功労者が実は藤原純友であった。
- The largest contributor of having incorporated them into the control of kokuga as Tato fumyo was FUJIWARA no Sumitomo.
- この結果、次第に他家の学生を圧迫して、藤原氏による官界支配を強化する原動力となった。
- As a result, these students oppressed the students of other families and became the motive power to strengthen Fujiwara clan's reign over the bureaucracy.
- 室町幕府では、幕府のお膝元である山城国が有力守護の支配下に入る事を望んでいなかった。
- The Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) did not wish Yamashiro Province, which had been put under the direct jurisdiction of the government, to be taken over by and to be put under the direct control of an influential feudal lord.
- 私有奴隷(家人奴婢)の口分田は、地域の寛狭に応じ、並びに一般人の3分の1を支給する。
- To each privately-owned slave (called keninnuhi), a field whose area is one-third of that of an ordinary person, or an area dependent on the availability of land in the area, should be supplied.
- また当時朝鮮を訪れていた日本の地方支配者(大名)使節の接遇方法も詳細に記されている。
- It also records details of how envoys from Japanese regional rulers (daimyo) which visited Joseon were received.
- 同じく、領主の承認や慣習的な支払なくして、土地を第三者へ譲渡することもできなかった。
- Likewise, without the lords' approval or customary payment, the serfs could not sell the lands to a third party.
- しかし上述したように必ずしも国人層・百姓層などを厳格に支配していたわけではなかった。
- However, as mentioned above, the shugo-ryogoku system did not always control strictly the kokujin stratum and the peasant stratum.
- いずれも守護の支配を受けていた反面、その独立性をある程度、守護から認められてもいた。
- While all of the unions were controlled by shugo on the one hand, they were allowed to be independent to some extent on the other hand.
- 領主は所領に対して支配権を行使することで、年貢・公事・夫役といった収益を得ていった。
- Ryoshu came to acquire incomes of nengu (land tax), kuji (public duties) and buyaku (labor service) through execution of the right to control areas he managed.
- 国衙を掌握した守護は、国衙行政の基礎資料である大田文による領国支配を行うようになる。
- Shugo that had controlled the kokuga governed their territories on the basis of Ota bumi (cadastre), a basic material for the kokuga government.
- 経済力を獲得した一般百姓は、名田を購入するなどし、名主の支配から次第に逃れていった。
- Having accumulated considerable wealth, these peasants purchased myoden and other properties, thereby gradually achieving freedom from the control of myoshu farmers.
- 江戸幕府の支配下、各藩大名に対して参勤交代を強いたり、築城・治水工事を命じたりした。
- Under the control of the Edo bakufu, all daimyo were obliged to participate in Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) and to engage in castle construction and flood prevention works.
- ベトナムは長らく中国王朝の支配を受けており、形式上は中国王朝の律令が適用されていた。
- Vietnam was under the ruling of Chinese dynasties for a long time, and Chinese Luli was applied as a formality.
- そうした分国支配の一環として、領国内の武士・領民を規制するために分国法が定められた。
- As part of control over one county, Bunkokuho was established to control warriors and farmers within its county.
- 一般に「荘園領主」と呼ばれる階層は複数の職の体系による重層的支配の下に成立している。
- A class called 'lord of the manor' was established on the basis of stratified ruling structures composed of Shiki systems (Shiki is a unit or an agency of sharing revenues and rights commended by landowners or name holders in Shoen system).
- 良民の半額に当たる口分田(40畝支給)の規定があり婚姻は同一身分間でのみ認められた。
- Regulations dictated that they were provided with state-distributed fields (koufentian) of 40-mu (approximately 26,666 m²), which was half the value of those allocated to members of the liangmin (lit. good citizen) upper class, and marriage was only recognized between individuals of the same social status.
- 1868年(慶応4年)閏4月28日 (旧暦)、旧久美浜支配地を統括する久美浜県が発足
- June 18, 1868: Kumihama Prefecture was established to rule the former Kumihama dominated area.
- このときから薨去まで、高市皇子は皇族・臣下の筆頭として重きをなし、持統政権を支えた。
- From that time until his Kokyo (death of a man of upper than Third Rank), Prince Takechi was held in high respect as the head of the Imperial family and the vassals, and supported the Jito administration.
- こうして恩賞を差配する地位につくことでその権力を強固なものとし、諸国の武士を支配した。
- They thus strengthened their power and ruled over the samurai in the provinces.
- 10世紀前期ごろから、人民百姓を戸籍・計帳により把握する律令制的な人別支配が崩壊した。
- Around the former half of the 10th century, the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system was destructed in which people and farmers were controlled with family register and keicho (the yearly tax registers).
- しかし、それらを実際に支えていたのは現地で人民支配・租税収取にあたる地方行政であった。
- In reality, however, this system was supported by local administrative bodies which were in charge of ruling people/collecting tax in each region.
- 上記の本所から転じて中世後期(室町時代)には座の支配権者も本所と呼ばれるようになった。
- Deriving from the above meaning of honjo, a person who assumed control over za (trade association) also came to be called honjo during the later medieval period (the Muromachi period).
- しかし建武政権は武家の支持を得られず、北条一族の残党などは各地で蜂起を繰り返していた。
- However, the Kenmu government failed to gain the support of samurai and the remnants of the Hojo clan repeatedly revolted against the government at various places.
- さらに、鎌倉時代前期には、受領支配が有名無実化したため、受領の解由状も消滅していった。
- Furthermore, in the first half of the Kamakura period, control by zuryo became existent in name only and geyujo for zuryo went out of existence as well.
- 日本では、8世紀初頭以来、律令に基づいた土地支配・租税収取が政府によって行われてきた。
- In Japan, land had been controlled by the government under the ritsuryo legal codes in order to collect land taxes since the early eighth century.
- 室町期には守護による一円支配(守護領国制)が強まっていき、名主の権限は弱まっていった。
- During the Muromachi period, shugo (military governors of provinces) gradually established control over different regions (known as shugo ryogoku system), thereby weakening the authority of myoshu.
- 皇子は皇位に就かず称制し、朴市秦造田來津(造船の責任者)を司令官とし全面的に支援した。
- The Prince did not take the throne, but assumed imperial affairs, and appointed Echi no Hata no Miyatsuko (in charge of ship building) as the commander by fully backing him.
- ロシアは東清鉄道の内、旅順-長春間の南満洲支線と、付属地の炭鉱の租借権を日本へ譲渡する
- Russia shall transfer the leases of the South Manchuria branch line between Lushun-Changchun of Chinese Eastern Railway and the coal mine of an attached place to Japan.
- 織田信長は観音寺城の支城のあった安土山に建造する安土城の総普請奉行に丹羽長秀を据えた。
- In 1576, Nobunaga ODA appointed Nagahide NIWA to the Sofushin Bugyo (head of shogunate administrator concerned with the construction works) involved in the construction of Azuchi-jo Castle on Mt. Azuchi, where the subsidiary castles of Kannonji-jo Castle had been situated.
- 一定の領地と観念的に結びついた爵位が授与されるが、それが土地支配権を伴うとは限らない。
- Peerage which conceptually linked to a certain domain was given, but that did not necessarily involve the right of control over the land.
- 1868年(慶応4年)4月19日 (旧暦)、旧生野代官支配地を統治する府中裁判所が設置
- May 11, 1868: The Fuchu Court was established to rule the land formally dominated by the Ikuno magistrate's office.
- May 11, 1868: Fuchu Court was established to rule the area formerly dominated by Ikuno magistrate's office.
- というより、不比等・三千代夫妻の推挙によって夫人となったと考えて差し支えないであろう。
- Perhaps, it can be understood that she became a wife under the recommendation of Fuhito and Michiyo.
- 『日本書紀』は年月日は全て干支で記しており、即位年月日は「辛酉年春正月庚辰朔」とある。
- In Nihonshoki, all years, months and dates were written in the Oriental zodiac, and it is recorded that the date of his enthronement was 'kanototorinotoshi harusyogatsu kanoetatunotuitachi.'
- これらの天皇は実在せず後に創作された架空のものだとする考えが戦後史学界で支配的である。
- It is widely accepted among scholars in the post-war period that these emperors did not in fact exist but are imaginary characters created at later times.
- 文治2年(1186年)に鎌倉幕府は地頭として惟宗忠久(島津忠久)を差し向けて支配させた。
- In 1186, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed Tadahisa KOREMUNE (Tadahisa SHIMAZU) to administer the manor as jito (manager and lord of manor).
- これらの神宮寺は雑密系の経典を中心とし、地域の豪族層の支援を受けて確立しようとしていた。
- Such Jingu-ji Temples were led by the Zo-mitsu Buddhist scripture and tried to settle with the support of the local ruling families.
- 本来、京官の給与は租庸調から支出されたが、庸調の未進が相次いで財源に事欠くようになった。
- Originally, the salary of Kyokan were paid from Soyocho, but yocho was not collected and income gradually dwindled.
- また幕府や本所の支配に従わない悪党や海賊などの横行によって荘園・公領からの収入も滞った。
- The Shogunate's revenue from the shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and koryo (an imperial demesne) decreased because of rampancy of akuto (a villain in the medieval times) and pirates who did not obey the control of the government and honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a manor)
- 江戸時代になっても、太閤検地による村落支配体制はほぼそのまま継承され、村請制がとられた。
- The control system of villages based on the Taiko kenchi and the murauke system was continued throughout the Edo period.
- 室町時代になると、守護に強力な権限が付与され、国衙は守護の支配下に置かれることとなった。
- During the Muromachi period, the strong authority was assigned to shugo (local military commander) and kokuga were put under the governance of shugo.
- これは、院政が摂関家を牽制するため、受領層を主な支持基盤としていたこととも無縁ではない。
- This is not completely unrelated as the cloistered government used the class of zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) as its main support base in order to supervise the sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents).
- 家数人馬改帳とともに封建領主が土地・人民を支配するための基本台帳としての役目を果たした。
- Along with 'iekazu jinba aratame-cho' (the survey register made per village in the Edo period on the number of houses, people, horses, and others), kenchi-cho functioned as the basic register for the feudal lord to rule the land and the people.
- ただし、全国の主要金山・銀山を支配していたため、財政的には豊臣氏が徳川氏を圧倒していた。
- However, as the Toyotomi clan owned the major gold and silver mines, they financially overpowered the Tokugawa clan.
- 江戸時代、尊皇家は天皇への尊崇と支持を高めるため、天皇家の大変な古さと不変性を強調した。
- During the Edo period, people with reverence for emperors emphasized the long duration and consistency of the Imperial family so as to enhance respect and increase support for emperors.
- 均田制は、民衆へ一律に田地を支給する代わりに、納税と軍役を義務づけることを目的としていた。
- The objective of the equal-field system was to supply a field uniformly to the common people, in order to make them pay taxes and to make them work for military purposes.
- 守護の人民支配は、段銭・棟別銭や守護役などの課役を国内一律に賦課することによって行われた。
- Shugo controlled people nationwide by uniformly imposing taxes and duties such as tan-sen and munabechi-sen as well as shugo-yaku (service duty under shugo) on them.
- これらによって守護は、各地の荘園・国衙領の下地進止権(土地支配権)を主張し、獲得していく。
- Thereby, requesting the right to appropriate the land (called Shitaji-shinshi-ken or Tochi-shihai-ken [land ruling right]) of the shoen and the territories of kokuga nationwide, shugo gradually attained land.
- 支配階層を武士として、それ以外の農民、職人、商人はその下に入る階層として厳密に区別された。
- The social class in Japan was precisely divided into four classes, putting the samurai at the top as the ruling class and farmers, craftsmen, and merchants into lower classes in order to put them under the samurai class.
- 一方、家臣を城下に集中させれば、それ以外の者が武力をもつことは安定した支配への脅威となる。
- On the other hand, if the lords gathered their vassals and had them live around the castles, the citizens' armament besides their soldiers would be a threat to the lords.
- 一方で、守護支配下に入ることを嫌い、独自性を持った国人として存続を図った旧在庁官人もいた。
- On the other hand, to avoid becoming under the control of shugo, some old zaichokanjin tried to struggle to maintain an independent existence as kokujin.
- 惣村が支配者や近隣の対立する惣村へ要求活動を行うときは、強い連帯、すなわち一揆を結成した。
- When making a request to a ruler or a neighboring rival soson, the soson achieved strong solidarity or, in other words, an uprising.
- その中で、支配層は農民を育成するため、年貢による収奪だけでなく、様々な勧農施策を実施した。
- Meanwhile, the ruling class not only exploited farmers by nengu, but also implemented several measures of kanno to cultivate farmers.
- 南アジアおよび清に権益を持つイギリスは、日英同盟に基づき日本への軍事、経済的支援を行った。
- England which held substantial interests across South Asia and Qing China offered military and economic support to Japan in accordance to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
- 室町時代中期の時点でも守護畠山氏の紀伊支配は寺社勢力の協力なしには成り立たない状況だった。
- Even in the middle of the Muromachi period, the Hatakeyama clan, who was Shugo (provincial constable), could not control Kii Province without cooperation of temple and shrine powers.
- ここに寺社勢力は消滅し、惣国一揆は潰え、圧倒的な武家の軍事力による一元支配の近世が始まる。
- This was the end of the temple and shrine powers and sokoku ikki and the beginning of the recent times when overwhelming military force of samurai family unified the governance.
- 信長は京都支配を重要視し、村井貞勝を京都所司代として、朝廷に対する交渉や監視を任せている。
- Nobunaga placed importance on the rule of Kyoto, and appointed Sadakatsu MURAI as the Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy) for negotiation and surveillance.
- 一品親王には位田80町・品封800戸(『拾芥抄』では600戸)・資人160人が支給された。
- For Ippon Shinno, 793,360 m2 of iden (fields given according to the court rank), 800 households of honpu (a vassal household allotted to Ippon) (600 households according to 'Shugaisho' [Compendium of fragments, attributed to Kinkata TOIN]) and 160 shijin (lower-rank officers provided to the imperial or noble families and used as a guard or miscellaneous services) were provided.
- 分割相続とは言っても、惣領はその一族の庶子に対してある程度の支配権は持っていると見なされる。
- Although it was called a divided succession, soryo had some level of control toward that illegitimate child of a clan.
- 租を納める農民の個人負担によったが、後に民部省格式によって官による運送費の支給が定められる。
- The costs of milling and transport was paid by the farmer who paid So, but later the transport costs were paid by the government according to the Kyakushiki (regulations) of the Ministry of Popular Affairs.
- また、本所が支配した土地を「本所」と称することもあり、日本各地の本所地名の由来となっている。
- Besides, some places governed by the honjo were also called 'Honjo,' and this is the reason why there are places named Honjo throughout Japan.
- 守護が荘園領主から年貢徴収を請け負う守護請も活発に行われ始め、守護による荘園支配が強まった。
- Shugouke, where shugos undertook the collection of nengu from lords of shoen, started to be done actively and shugos' governance of shoens was strengthened.
- 京大法学部の学生は教授会を支持し、全員が退学届けを提出するなど処分に抗議する運動を起こした。
- The students of the Faculty of Law in Kyoto University supported the board of professors and started a movement to protest the punishment by having all students submitting a leave from studies.
- 知行(ちぎょう)とは、日本の中世・近世において、領主が行使した所領支配権を意味する歴史概念。
- Chigyo is a history-related concept indicating a territory-controlling right executed by territorial lords during the medieval period and early-modern times in Japan.
- この間の264年間を「江戸時代」もしくは「徳川時代」と呼び、徳川家が実質的に日本を支配した。
- The 264 years of the Edo bakufu are referred to as the 'Edo period' or 'Tokugawa period,' and the Tokugawa family took a significant amount of control over Japan.
- 国家の支配体制がこのように電撃的、かつ画期的に改変されたのは明治維新における奇跡とも言える。
- It can be considered a miracle that the ruling system of Japan was changed quickly and dramatically by the Meiji Restoration.
- これにより松前藩が和人地を直接支配領域とし、あわせて蝦夷地との交易をも管理することになった。
- Due to this reason, the Matsumae clan placed Wajinchi under its direct control area, and besides, came to manage the trade with the Ezo area.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に戦乱が全国に及ぶと、守護大名の力が増大し、国衙も支配するようになった。
- In the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, when disturbances of war spread throughout the country, shugo daimyo (military governors) increased their power and started to govern Kokuga.
- 武田家壊滅後の川中島は織田の家臣森長可によって支配されたが本能寺の変で後ろ盾を失い撤退する。
- After the Takeda family was annihilated, Kawanakajima was controlled by Nagayoshi MORI, a retainer of the Oda family, but losing Oda's support after the Honnoji Incident, he retreated from there.
- 以後、翌年までおこなわれた一連の内戦を1868年の干支である戊辰をとって「戊辰戦争」と呼ぶ。
- A series of battles fought in many parts of Japan from this point to the next year is called 'the Boshin War' (the word Boshin comes from the name of the year 1868 designated in the oriental zodiac).
- また美濃部達吉は天皇機関説を提唱し、国家が統治権の主体であるべきと主張し政党内閣を支持した。
- In addition, Tatsukichi MINOBE proposed the 'Emperor-as-organ' theory, arguing that the nation should be the body holding sovereignty, and supported cabinet formation by political parties.
- 一時期は近衛家が親薩摩、鷹司家が親長州となっていたものの、この頃には徳川家支持に傾いていた。
- Although the Konoe family had been pro-Satsuma and the Takatsukasa family had been pro-Choshu for a while, they had turned to support the Tokugawa family by that time.
- しかし、このような強権的な支配では各地域の動きは抑えられず、次第に矛盾が大きくなっていった。
- However, such an despotic governance could not suppress the movements in various areas and the conflicts became increasingly larger.
- 寺社の境内の境界や一円支配が確立した荘園の排他的権利の及ぶ範囲を示す境界線として立てられた。
- It was put up in order to show a boundary of the precincts of temples/shrines or that of the land where shoen (manor), which accomplished ichienshihai (complete rule over the land), could exert its exclusive right.
- 豊臣秀吉死後激化したこの二派の対立に五大老の一人である徳川家康が介入(武断派に支持された)。
- Following the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, a bitter rivalry between the two factions developed and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who was one of the Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) and received the support from the Budan ha interfered in this conflict.
- また、明の朝鮮支援軍が駆けつけると、辺りに散らばる首の殆どが朝鮮の民であったと書かれてある。
- It was written that, when the Ming army supporting Korea rushed forward and arrived, almost all heads which were scattered were those of Korean people.
- 慶長4年(1599年)には、秀頼の後見人として豊臣政権を何とか支えていた前田利家が死去する。
- In 1599, Toshiie MAEDA, who managed to support the government as Hideyori's guardian, passed away.
- さらに同年、越前・加賀国で信長に反逆した一向宗徒を根絶やしにし、同地を支配下に置くに至った。
- In the same year, Nobunaga also eradicated the Ikko sect followers who rebelled against him in the Echizen and Kaga Provinces to take control of the area.
- 阿米久爾意斯波留支比里爾波乃弥己等(あめくにおしはるきひろにわのみこと)- 『中宮寺文化財』
- Amekunioshiharukihiro no Mikoto-mentioned in the book, 'Cultural Properties of Chugu-ji Temple'
- 『古事記』の没年干支を正しいとすれば讃=仁徳、珍=反正、済=允恭、興=安康、武=雄略となる。
- Assuming that the Oriental zodiac recorded in 'Kojiki' is correct, 'San'=Nintoku, 'Chin'=Hanzei, 'Sai'=Ingyo, 'Ko'=Anko, and 'Bu'=Yuryaku.
- 具体的な計算方法は明かにされていないが、当時の説明では「干支に相より簡法相立て」としている。
- Although the specific method of calculation has not been revealed, they explained that '干支に相より簡法相立て' at the time.
- 国家的行事や寺社の造営など、臨時の支出が必要な時に地域を限定(多くは国ごと)し、臨時に課する。
- This was a temporary tax imposed on specific regions (usually by provinces) to fund national events or construction of shrines and temples.
- しかし、頼朝の回答は荘園領有権の回復に言及しているのみであり、国衙支配の回復には触れていない。
- However, Yoritomo's reply referred to nothing but territorial rights for shoen and did not touch on the recovery of the ruling on kokuga.
- 元木泰雄は、頼朝の実効支配地は南関東周辺のみであり、宣旨の効力はさほど発揮されなかったとする。
- Yasuo MOTOKI insists that the decree was not so effective because Yoritomo's effectively dominated areas were limited to around the south Kantou area.
- その中で次第に家臣団が支配下の領主群から、大名家の奉公集団への性格を強めることになっていった。
- Under these circumstances, the nature of Kashindan changed from a group of ryoshu (feudal lords) to a group of employees serving a daimyo family.
- 永正7年(1510年)、高国らが近江に侵攻したが、澄元方を支持する国人の反抗もあって大敗した。
- In 1510, Takakuni's forces invaded Omi but suffered a crushing defeat due to the resistance they met by local lords who supported the Sumimoto side.
- 地域の慣習法(郷土法)によって支給面積を削減されたり、遠方に口分田を与えられるケースもあった。
- There were the following cases as well: Based on the common law of the area (or area-dependent law), a field smaller than the one specified was actually supplied, or kubunden was supplied at a far away place.
- しかし、戦乱を経て地方に荘園や国衙領という枠を超えた一円に支配権を確立する戦国大名が成長する。
- But eventually there arose the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), who by weathering countless wars and riots were able to establish their total authority over all the land within their domains, thereby rendering the system of public and private estates obsolete.
- 御恩の具体的な内容は、主人が従者の所領支配を保障すること、又は新たな土地給与を行うことである。
- Specifically, goon indicated that a master guaranteed control of an area by his servant or that a master awarded an area newly to his servant.
- しかし、鎌倉後期ごろから室町前期にかけて、名(みょう)システムによる支配体型が崩壊していった。
- However, the ruling structure based on the myo (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) system deteriorated from the late Kamakura period to the early Muromachi period.
- しかし、室町時代には守護領国制の進展にともなって、名田はゆるやかに守護の支配下へ組み込まれた。
- As the shugo-ryogoku system (the system of domination by a governor) grew in the Muromachi period, however, the myoden fields were gradually integrated into the government of shugo (a provincial governor).
- 一円進止(いちえんしんし)、一円管領(いちえんかんれい)、一円支配(いちえんしはい)ともいう。
- It is also called ichien shinshi, ichien kanrei, or ichien shihai.
- さまざまな国籍・形式のものが混在してしまい、弾薬の補給やメンテナンス面でも支障をきたしていた。
- Consequently different types made in different nations were mixed, hindering the proper supply of ammunition and maintenance of weapons.
- 将軍は大名に対して朱印状を与えてその知行を保障し、大名は当該知行内に藩を形成し、支配していた。
- Shogun gave shuinjo (licenses for foreign trade) to daimyo (feudal lords) and guaranteed their status as feifs, while the daimyo formed a domain within their given feifdom and controlled it.
- 黒田三左衛門曰く「先鋒がもし敗れたならば我が本軍もまた恐らくは支え難からん是れ吾が死所なり。」
- Sanzaemon KURODA said, 'If the advance troops lost, our main troops will probably not hold, so this is to be my last stand.'
- 豊臣秀吉の命により中村一氏が1585年(天正13年)、甲賀郡の支配の拠点として築き、入城した。
- Under the orders of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Kazuuji NAKAMURA built the castle as the headquarters from which to rule the Koka-gun district, and became the lord of the castle in 1585.
- しかし幕府方の本多忠政・稲葉正成などにより阻止され、被害は行軍に支障をきたす程度にとどまった。
- However, it was prevented by Tadamasa HONDA, Masashige INABA and others of the bakufu only to give a little trouble to their advances.
- このため、景虎は残る長尾方の北信濃国人衆への支配を強化して、実質的な家臣化を進めることになる。
- Therefore, Kagetora strengthened the control of the remaining local samurai landowners in the northern Shinano area, and became to make efforts to make them retainers of the Nagao family.
- 多勢に無勢の状況を支えきれず勝家の軍勢は総崩れし、ついに勝家は越前・北ノ庄城に向けて退却した。
- Vastly outnumbered by Hideyoshi's forces, Katsuie's forces could not hold out and were routed, eventually forcing Katsuie to retreat to Kitanosho-jo Castle in Echizen.
- 1183年(寿永2年) -頼朝が寿永二年十月宣旨により朝廷から間接的に土地支配権を認められる。
- 1183 - Yoritomo was approved to have the control of lands indirectly by Imperial Court according to Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji.
- 同年…頼朝が朝廷から守護・地頭の設置を認められる(文治の勅許:軍事・警察・土地支配権の確立)。
- The same year - Yoritomo received approval from the Imperial Court to appoint Shugo and Jito (the Bunji imperial sanction: the establishment of the military, police and control of lands).
- 山背国造・山代国造(やましろのくにのみやつこ・やましろこくぞう)は山城国南西部を支配した国造。
- Yamashiro no Kuni no Miyatsuko (also known as Yamashiro Kokuzo, written as 山背国造 or 山代国造) was a kuninomiyatsuko (provincial governor) who ruled the south-west part of Yamashiro Province.
- 秋月種実は秀吉に各個撃破されることを恐れて支城の益富城を破却して全軍で古処山城に立て籠もった。
- For fear of individual fortresses being attacked by Hideyoshi, Tanezane AKIZUKI abandoned and destroyed Masutomi-jo Castle, which was one of his branch castles, and all of his armed forces were besieged in Koshosan-jo Castle.
- 8世紀末から9世紀初頭の桓武天皇による諸改革も上記のような律令制支配の維持強化を目的としていた。
- The reforms carried out by Emperor Kanmu from the late eighth century to the early ninth century also aimed at the above mentioned maintenance and enhancement of the Ritsuryo system domination.
- 従って、菅原清公兄弟の時代には別箇に学問料の支給を必要とする事情が存在しなかったと見られている。
- Therefore, it is considered that there was no need to grant Gakumonryo separately during the era of the brothers of SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi.
- 前将軍義稙の養子・足利義維(義晴の弟)を擁する晴元・元長は堺に進出し、京の支配を行う(堺公方)。
- With Yoshitsuna ASHIKAGA, the former shogun Yoshitane's adopted son and a younger brother of Yoshiharu on their side, Harumoto and Motonaga advanced to Sakai and governed the capital (Sakaikubo [the municipal government based in Sakai City]).
- 大粮(たいろう)とは、古代律令制において、中央官司のもとで働く仕丁・衛士・采女らに支給した食料。
- Tairo was the food supplied to Jicho (unpaid workers), Eji (guards) and Uneme (court ladies) working at the central government offices in the ancient Ritsuryo system.
- 本所は、荘園の実効支配権を有しており、荘園の運営に当たって、独自の裁判権を行使するようになった。
- The honjo, which had maintained effective dominion over the shoen, came to exercise its own jurisdiction over the management of the shoen.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、戦国大名による一円支配が強まり、惣村の自治権が次第に奪われていった。
- In the Sengoku period (the Warring States period), the governance of entire region by the warring lords became stronger, and gradually the soson's autonomy was usurped.
- 嵯峨上皇による大家父長的支配のもと30年近く政治は安定し、皇位継承に関する紛争は起こらなかった。
- Under the great patriarchal authority-styled command executed by the Retired Emperor Saga, politics enjoyed steadiness for nearly 30 years without dispute concerning the Imperial succession.
- 国司は、完全に名目だけの官職となり、戦国大名が領国支配の正当性を主張するために欲するようになる。
- The post of provincial governor became perfectly the nominal, and warlords came to want that post in order to insist the legitimacy of controlling their territories.
- 十干と十二支が組み合わさるとき、陰と陽の組み合わせはなく、陽と陽、陰と陰の組み合わせのみとなる。
- When the ten stems and the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac are used together, yin and yang cannot be combined, however any combination of yin and yin or yang and yang is possible.
- 秦の始皇帝は中国を統一すると全国全てを郡と県に分け、中国全土を完全な中央集権的郡県制で支配した。
- After unifying China, Shikotei, the first Qin Emperor, divided the state into gun and ken, and ruled the whole state with the completely centralized system of gun and ken.
- こうした所領には御家人が守護・地頭として宛がわれてその軍事力を背景に強力な支配体制が構築された。
- To those shoryo, gokenin (personal retainers of the shogun) were appointed as shugo (protectors, or military governors) or jito (stewards), and a strong system of government was constructed based on their military forces.
- 家康の関東入国に従って代官頭(関東郡代の前身)となり、徳川氏の関東領国支配の中心的役割を担った。
- When Ieyasu entered the Kanto region, Tadatsugu followed him to become daikangashira (head of Edo-period prefectural governorship (magistrate, bailiff)), the predecessor of Kanto gundai (a magistrate of the Kanto region), playing a leading role in Tokugawa's rule of their Kanto territory.
- 犬上郡のみならず近江支配の重要拠点であり、16世紀の末には石田三成が居城としたことでも知られる。
- It was a key strongpoint that controlled not only Inukami County but all of Omi Province, and is famous for being the seat of power of the daimyo Mitsunari ISHIDA at the end of the sixteenth century.
- 城郭、出城としての役割を果たした城もあれば、居館程度の城など様々な支城があったと推定されている。
- There were probably many kinds of subsidiary castles, and some acted as castles and branch castles, and some acted just as residences.
- しかしその支配が地域的であったことや鐚銭を排除しようとする民衆が多く、満足な結果は得られなかった。
- However, since the control was local and many of the general public wanted to eliminate Bitasen (low-quality coins whose surfaces were worn away), the results were not satisfactory.
- 自らは荘官として土地の実効支配権を持ちながら、一定の税を寄進先の受領層に納めた(職権留保付寄進)。
- Then, these kaihatsu ryoshu paid a certain amount of tax to the zuryo while holding the right to control those donated lands as shokan, or officers governing shoen (donation while retaining authority).
- 武家政権の長は自己の軍事力によって政権を獲得して、封建制度的な土地所有と法律による支配を実施した。
- The head of the military government gained the administrative power by his own military force and governed according to feudalism land ownership and law.
- また、家学でも一子相伝の閉鎖的なものもあれば多数の弟子を抱えて宗家を支える構造を取るものもあった。
- Furthermore in some cases kagaku was so closed, it was transmitted only to a single pupil while in other cases it utilized a system whereby the head family was supported by having many pupils.
- 直務(じきむ)とは、荘園領主(本所・領家)が荘務権を直接執行して荘園の直接支配(所務)を行うこと。
- Jikimu refers to immediate dominance of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) by the lord of the manor (honjo [the administrative headquarters of a shoen] and ryoke [virtual proprietor of manor]), executing Shomuken (the authority of the jurisdiction and the administration of Shoen).
- こうして荘官、郡司、郷司、保司の資格のもと、武士が在地領主として国内百姓の支配を行う形が確立する。
- Consequently, there emerged an established scheme in which with the qualifications of shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji, samurai dominated local hyakusho as a resident landlord.
- この時点で俘囚3人が陣営に来て、雄物川以北を朝廷の直接支配が及ばない「己地」となすことを要求した。
- At that point three Ifu visited the base of the imperial forces and demanded that the regions to the north of the Omono-gawa River be out of the direct influence from the Imperial Court and be called 'kochi (己地).'
- このような事情と、幕府の支配体制が一応の完成を見たことから、慶安4年、幕府は末期養子の禁を解いた。
- For the circumstance described above, and together with the fact that the control system of the shogunate was considered complete and secure for the time being, in 1651, the shogunate lifted the ban on Matsugo yoshi.
- 国司は、中央から天皇のミコトモチ(御言持)として交替で赴任し、郡司を指揮して国内の支配に当たった。
- Kokushi were appointed from central government on an alternate basis as mikotomochi (a court official dispatched to a provincial post by imperial order) of the emperor, and were responsible for governing the province by serving as commanders of gunji (district managers).
- しかし、15世紀末から社会体制の流動化が顕著になると、より強固な支配体制を領国に布く必要が生じた。
- With the social system becoming remarkably unstable in the end of the 15th century, it became necessary to apply stricter control system to territories.
- このように、地頭の中には下地と上分の両方を獲得し、所領の一円支配を実現していく者が現れたのである。
- As described above, some jito acquired both shitaji and jobun to realize ichien control of shoryo (territories).
- 国内的には中央集権的な支配を確立するとともに、東夷の小「中華帝国」を目指したものに他ならなかった。
- Domestically, its aims were simply consolidation of centralized control and creation of a little 'Chinese-style empire' by eastern barbarians.
- 幕府の官学である朱子学との関係については、幕府は朱子学を支配原理として採用し、儒教思想が定着した。
- The Tokugawa shogunate adopted the teachings of Zhu Xi (a Chinese philosopher of the twelfth century) as the principle of controlling people and Confucian philosophy took hold.
- 律令制が事実上崩壊してからも、鎌倉時代においては、依然として各国に国衙が置かれ、国を支配していた。
- In Kamakura period, even after the Ritsuryo system virtually collapsed, Kokuga (administrative organ) was still placed in each province and controlled it.
- 1929年には渡辺世祐がはじめて五戦説を提唱し、戦後には小林計一郎以来この五回説が支持されている。
- In 1929, Yosuke WATANABE proposed the five-battles theory for the first time, and after the end of the war, this theory was supported by Kiichiro KOBAYASHI first, followed by others.
- これらの現象は地上にある国家やその支配者(国王・皇帝・天皇)に重大な影響を与えると考えられてきた。
- These phenomena were thought to significantly influence nations on earth and their rulers (kings and emperors).
- 地頭たちは荘園・公領において、勧農の実施などを通じて自らの支配を拡大し、領主との紛争が多く発生した。
- Jito enhanced their ruling power at shoen/koryo through their activities of encouraging agriculture and as a result, disputes with the lords of shoen frequently occurred.
- こうした支配体制を改変する動きは、1040年代を中心とする11世紀中期になって非常に顕著に見られる。
- These reforms of governing structure were actively implemented in the mid-11th century, especially around 1040s.
- 「職」(しき)とは、元来土地支配上の職務のことであるが、職権に伴う一定の収益権限も「職」と呼ばれた。
- Shiki' originally meant the duty concerning land ruling, but a certain amount of authority on earnings associated with shiki authority was also called 'shiki.'
- そこで荘園領主が直接あるいは自己の直臣より任命した代官(直務代官)を派遣して現地を直接支配を行った。
- Then, the lord of the manor sent a local governor (jikimu daikan), who was assigned directly or by his own great vassal, and held direct rule for the site.
- これに対して朝廷も、僧位・僧官の昇進権を媒介に上級僧侶を組織して、宗教界への支配を強化しようとした。
- On the other hand, the Imperial Court tried to organize the upper-ranked Buddhist monks through the promotion to Soi (rank of Buddhist priests) and Sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by the Imperial Court) to strengthen their control over the religious world.
- 土豪(どごう)とは、広義には広域を支配する領主や在地の大豪族に対して、特定の「土地の小豪族」をさす。
- In a broad sense, dogo refers to 'specific small local clans' as opposed to large regional clans which control wide territories.
- 守護による国衙支配は、特に東国で顕著であり、15世紀初頭までに守護による国衙掌握がほぼ完了していた。
- Shugo's control over kokuga was so remarkable in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) that shugo had almost finished gaining control over the kokuga by the beginning of the 15th century.
- 支払決済の現場では、鐚銭は一般の銭貨よりも低価値とされたり、受け取り拒否されることも少なくなかった。
- These bitasen coins were evaluated less than ordinary ones in payments, and it sometimes happened that these coins were not accepted.
- こうした社会情勢の中で、従前、名主の支配・管理下で生産に従事していた一般百姓が経済力をつけていった。
- Under these social conditions, ordinary peasants, who had been engaged in farming under the rule and control of myoshu farmers, gradually gained economic power.
- 守護領国制(しゅごりょうごくせい)とは、室町時代の守護大名による一円的な領国支配体制を指す歴史概念。
- The shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a shugo [a provincial military governor] dominates a territory) is a historical concept indicating a comprehensive control system of a territory by the shugo-daimyo (shugo that became daimyo, Japanese feudal lords) in the Muromachi period.
- 勧農(かんのう)とは、主として支配者が農業を振興・奨励するために実施する行為全般を指す日本史の用語。
- Kanno is a general term in the history of Japan for the overall acts by which the rulers typically promoted and encouraged agriculture.
- 仏教は、幕府の宗教政策の一貫として民衆支配の方策として用いられたために(檀家制度)一概に不振だった。
- Buddhism was not so popular in general because it was used by the shogunate government as a ruling measure of people (the parishioner system) as a part of religious policies.
- さらに岩崎山に陣取っていた高山右近を攻撃、右近も支えきれずに退却し、木ノ本の豊臣秀長の陣所に逃れた。
- They further attacked Ukon TAKAYAMA, who had taken up his position on Mt. Iwasaki; he was also unable to withstand the attack and retreated to the camp of Hidenaga TOYOTOMI at Kinomoto.
- この一報に驚いた吉川元春は弟の毛利元康を出兵させ、多数の支援部隊を送り込んでただちにこれを回復した。
- Surprised to hear about this, Motoharu KIKKAWA made his brother, Motoyasu MORI, dispatch a great number of support troops, and promptly recovered the castle.
- 六角高頼軍は、山内政綱、伊庭貞隆、伊庭行隆を観音寺城やその支城、周辺の砦に配置し、交戦状態になった。
- Takayori ROKKAKU deployed Masatsuna YAMANOUCHI, Sadataka IBA and Yukitaka IBA to Kannonji-jo Castle, the subsidiary castles and surrounding fortresses to resist.
- 特に戦国時代においては、自給自足体制の崩壊とともに支配階層の貨幣に対する需要が高まった事から普及する。
- Especially during the Sengoku period, the system of kandaka became more widespread, since the demand for money increased as a result of the collapse of the self-sufficient structure of society.
- また東国も、美濃国以東の東海・東山道は源頼朝政権の勢力下におさめられ、北陸道は源義仲の支配下にあった。
- Likewise, in Togoku, the Tokaido and the Tosando areas located east of Mino Province had been put under the influence of the Minamoto no Yoritomo government, and the Hokurikudo was under the control of MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.
- こうした荘官、領家、本家と重層的になった土地支配の構造において、各主体の保有する権利を「職」と呼んだ。
- In the structure of stratified land ruling by shokan, ryoke and honke, the right held by each subject is called 'shiki.'
- 明応の政変以来の義稙の支持者である河内畠山氏(尾州家)の畠山尚順も当然義稙方であったと思われるが不明。
- The Kawachi Hatakeyama clan (the Bishu family) who had supported Yoshitane since the Coup of Meio was also thought to be with Yoshitane; however, the fact is unknown.
- やがて、菅原・大江氏の分掌支配が確立するにつれて、氏族ごとに所属する曹が固定されるようになっていった。
- As the division of duties was established between the Sugawara clan and the Oe clan, the so to belong was fixed for each clan.
- 財源は租庸調として令制国から徴収された米・塩・布・綿などであり、民部省より支給されることとなっていた。
- The income was rice, salt, cloth and cotton collected from Ritsuryo provinces as Soyocho (a tax system, corvee) and was supplied from the Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs).
- 安土桃山時代に実施された太閤検地により、一つの土地に対する重層的な支配・権利関係がほぼ全て解消された。
- As a result of the Taiko kenchi (the nationwide land survey done by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) carried out in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, the complicated pattern of control and rights over the land were almost entirely dissolved.
- 先代(北条氏)と後代(足利氏)との間にあって、一時的に鎌倉を支配したことから中先代の乱と呼ばれている。
- It is called the Nakasendai War based on the fact that Tokiyuki HOJO temporarily occupied Kamakura during the period between the former administration (Hojo clan) and the subsequent administration (Ashikaga clan).
- また、支配者からの一定の検断権を排除(拒否)する代わりに、惣村独自の検断権を行使する必要も生じていた。
- Moreover, in order to refuse a certain right to judge criminal cases of the rulers, people of the soson needed to exercise their own.
- これは、西郷が廃藩置県推進派の木戸と協力して新政府を支える意図があるのかどうかを確かめる目的もあった。
- They also intended to confirm whether Saigo intended to support the government in cooperation with Kido, a person who was pushing through haihan-chiken.
- 実施してから向こう10年間、対象寺社の拝観者は窓口で大人50円、小人30円を拝観料にプラスして支払う。
- For ten years after the enforcement of the act, visitors to the temples and the shrines subject to the tax had to pay an additional fee of 50 yen (for adults) or 30 yen (for children) as the tax imposed on the entrance fee.
- このため、 越後の守護でもあった関東管領上杉氏との戦いでは、先々代高梨政盛から多大な支援を受けていた。
- Therefore, in the battle with the Uesugi clan, who was Shugo (provincial constable) of Echigo as well as Kanto Kanrei (the shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), the Nagao family was significantly supported by Masamori TAKANASHI, the head of the Takanishi family two generations back.
- 更に永正の乱によって長尾氏が守護上杉氏を完全に傀儡化すると、青苧座に対しても支配を及ぼすようになった。
- And after the Eisho War, the Nagao clan made the Uesugi clan (the Shugo of Echigo Province) its puppet, and it also began to exert its control over aoso-za.
- これに対して真田方は約1200人であったと言われ、昌幸は上田城に、長男の信幸は支城の戸石城に篭城した。
- They say that Sanada's side was about 1200 strong, and Masayuki was besieged in Ueda-jo Castle, and his oldest son Nobuyuki was besieged a branch castle Toishi-jo Castle.
- このような領家の持つ、荘園領主としての支配権や地子、公事等の収益権(作合(さくあい))を領家職といった。
- These rights to profit from ryoke (sakuai or each shiki's share of collected taxes) such as the right to control, collect jishi, and impose labor services as shoen ryoshu (lord of the manor) were called ryoke shiki (economic rights as a lord of the manor).
- 源頼朝を政治的な基盤は関東武士団だったが、頼朝にとって彼ら関東武士の支持を得ることが最重要課題であった。
- As the basis of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's political power was the Kanto warrior bands, it was of utmost importance for Yoritomo to gain the Kanto samurai's support.
- しかし、9世紀前期までには、百姓の逃亡・浮浪が著しく増大し、律令制の人別支配は根幹から動揺し始めていた。
- However, by the first half of the ninth century, the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system began to crumble from the ground up because a significant increase in the number of farmers escaping or going missing.
- 職の体系(しきのたいけい)とは、日本の歴史上、中世日本における、重層的土地支配構造を指し示す用語である。
- The shiki system is the term to indicate the stratified ruling structure in medieval Japan.
- それは、根本私領だけでなく、郡司としての自分の支配、取り分を固定化しようとする行為と考えると解しやすい。
- This is easy to understand if considered as an action to stabilize not only their original private land but also their domination and share as gunji.
- 対馬からの歳遣船は毎年50隻を上限とし、代わりに歳賜米200石を朝鮮王朝から支給されることが確認された。
- With this trade agreement, it was confirmed that 50 saikensen (ship to dispatch an envoy to Korea) be permitted from Tsushima per year, and 200 koku of rice per year be given out from the Korean Dynasties in return.
- 荒木村重は波多野氏の支族と言われており、37万石 (単位)の所領で織田信長より摂津国守護を拝命している。
- It is said that Murashige ARAKI was from the branch family of the Hatano clan and his territory was 370,000 koku and he was appointed by Nobunaga ODA to Settsu no Kuni Shugo (Provincial Constable of Settsu Province).
- 何であれ中華思想に基づいた律令国家にとっては、「自らの支配下の外側にある人々という概念でしかな」かった。
- Whatever they may have been, for the ritsuryo kokka based on Sinocentrism, Ezo was 'simply a concept of people who were out of their control.'
- そのことは当時の支配層にとっては大変な脅威であり、日本列島の各地に防衛施設を造り始めるきっかけとなった。
- The defeat in the Korean peninsula was a serious threat to the governing class in Japan and led to the building of defense facilities in various places in Japan.
- 2月16日、武田勢は鳥居峠 (長野県)で信長の命を受けた織田一門衆らの支援を受けた義昌勢に敗北を喫した。
- On February 16, the Takeda army was defeated in the battle of Torii-toge Pass (in Nagano Prefecture) by Yoshimasa's army, which was supported by a group of Oda retainers who were ordered to defend Yoshimasa by Nobunaga.
- また、相互に一揆の盟約を結んで団結して、領主の支配に対して大きな抵抗力を持つ存在ともなっていたのである。
- They also possessed a large quantity of arms, and multiple soson were united to form an ikki league which would resist the lord of the land.
- 崩壊の最も大きな原因は、均田制および府兵制を支える主戸(戸籍に登録された戸)が急速に減少したことにある。
- The main reason for the collapse was the rapid decrease in the number of shuko (families registered in the family registry) that sustained the equal-field system and the divisional militia system.
- その時代に中国を支配した唐王朝に湯沐邑はなかったので、日本の「湯沐邑」は漢代の制度からとったと思われる。
- Because the Tang Dynasty, which conquered China at the age, had no Tomokuyu, Japanese 'Tomokuyu' seems to have been introduced from a system in the age of the Han dynasty.
- それぞれの職の保有する取り分を作合(さくあい)といい、このような重層的な土地支配体系を「職の体系」という。
- The share that each shiki had for taxes was called sakuai, and the stratified land ruling like this is called the 'shiki system.'
- このため、3カ条の回答で皇位継承を含めた現状の朝廷秩序を支持するとともに暗に義仲討伐の許可を求めたとする。
- Therefore, with his reply consisting of three articles, he indirectly called for the approval for subjugation of Yoshinaka as well as supported the order of the imperial court.
- しかし、早くも8世紀後期頃から百姓の偽籍・浮浪・逃亡が見られ始め、個別人身支配体制にほころびが生じていた。
- However, as early as from late 8th century, the regime of people-based governance started to fray at the edges as the case of peasants' false registration, vagrancy and escape increased.
- 鎌倉時代後期になると、宇佐神宮による支配が緩み、一時は小田原氏などの関東の御家人が領有するところとなった。
- In the latter half of the Kamakura period, control by Usa-jingu Shrine was relaxed and the area temporarily came into the possession of Kanto region gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) such as the Odawara clan.
- こうした歴史学の影響で百姓はすなわち農民であり、封建的遺制のもとで収奪される被支配民という概念が生まれた。
- Due to such history, an idea emerged that hyakusho were peasants and ruled people who were exploited under the feudal system.
- そのため、支配者(幕府、大名、旗本ら)は百姓の逃散を厳しく禁ずるとともに、移住も原則として認めなかった。
- Therefore, the rulers (bakufu [feudal government headed by a shogun], feudal lords and direct vassals of the shogun) strictly forbade the chosan and generally did not recognize migration.
- 反対に支配者側も惣村の了解が得られない限り、勝手に惣村への法令・規制を発布できない状況も生まれていた。
- Moreover, rulers could no longer issue a statute and regulation for a soson without consent.
- また、こうした悪銭は良質な「精銭」とくらべ低価値に設定されたり、支払時に受け取り拒否されることが多かった。
- Also, the akusen was sometimes set to lower price compared to 'Seisen' (refined coins) of good quality, or often refused to be accepted.
- 日朝修好条規締約後の朝鮮では日本の支援による兵制改革で軍人が失職し、残った旧式軍隊にも給与が遅配していた。
- In Korea after Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity was concluded, military system reform with Japanese support left many solders unemployed, and the remaining soldiers in the old-fashioned military force were not paid on time.
- 松本の辞職で初期の開拓使の高官はほぼいなくなり、かわって黒田を頂点にした薩摩国藩閥政治が開拓使を支配した。
- With the resignation of MATSUMOTO, there remained almost no senior officials from the early era of the Hokkaido Development Commission, and a government dominated by the Satsuma Domain, with KURODA positioned as its head, took control of the Commission.
- 本所法(ほんじょほう)とは、本所が自己が持つ荘園を支配するために荘務権の一環として制定・行使した法のこと。
- Honjo low was enacted and enforced by honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) for the purpose of ruling over their privately owned Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) as part of their Shomuken (the authority of the jurisdiction and the administration of Shoen).
- ただし、現実的には荘園を寄進した者あるいは荘園支配の実務を行った荘官の中には在庁官人を兼ねる者も多かった。
- Nevertheless, as a matter of practice, among donators of Shoen or officers called shokan who practically administered Shoen, many served concurrently as zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods).
- 守護の支配さえ名目に過ぎなかったのがいきなり豊臣秀長領、次いで秀吉直轄領となり、天正検地や刀狩が行われた。
- Although it had been ruled by Shugo in name only, it suddenly became the land of Hidenaga TOYOTOMI and the directly controlled land of Hideyoshi next, and the land survey in the Tensho era and Sword hunt (to confiscate the weapons of the enemies of the new regime in order to secure the position of a new ruler) were implemented.
- 室町時代には出雲国を支配していた山名氏の傘下に入り、1391年には出雲守護山名満幸に従って明徳の乱に出陣。
- During the Muromachi period, the Misawa clan became affiliated with the Yamana clan, then ruler of Izumo Province, and accompanied Mitsuyuki YAMANA, who was a provincial constable of Izumo Province, to fight in the Meitoku War in 1391.
- 天皇制は昭和天皇の各地への行幸や明仁結婚などのイベントを通して大衆に浸透し、一定の支持を得るに至っている。
- People accepted the Tennosei through events such as the Emperor Showa's visits to various places and Akihito's wedding ceremony and the Tennosei is receiving reasonable support.
- こうした周囲の混乱を横目に2代の天皇の国母となった姞子は、実家である西園寺家の支援もあり内外の崇敬を得た。
- With only a side glance at the trouble around her, Kitsushi, who became the empress dowager for two generations, gained reverence both internally and externally, also due to the support from her own birth family, the Saionji family.
- この場合、郷司は郷司職、保司は保司職と呼ばれ、実際の現地支配において荘園と公領の区別は外見上ほぼなくなった。
- In this case, Goji were called Goshi shiki (sub district headships) and Hoji were called Hoshi shiki (executive officer of an Imperial demesne), and the difference between the shoen and koryo on actual local land ruling apparently almost disappeared.
- そして、室町期守護は 守護大名という立場へと成長していき、国内に守護領国制と呼ばれる支配体制を布いていった。
- Thus, in the Muromachi period, the Shugo grew into the status of Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), and a ruling system called Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor) was instituted.
- 国司は、中央政府から支配権限の委任を受けた代わりに、当該国から中央への租税納入を負担しなければならなかった。
- In return for being given governing authority by the central government, kokushi were obliged to pay tax to the central government.
- ただし奥書において『天元六年』には『歳次己卯』が付せられており、この干支によれば979年(天元2年)である。
- However, in okugaki, '歳次己卯' is appended to the year; thus according to the Oriental zodiac, it is in 979.
- 農奴は法的権利を主張し、地域の慣習に従い、(領主の副収入でもある)法廷料を支払えば訴訟に訴えることもできた。
- The serfs could demand their legal rights or file a suit if paying the fee for the court (the supplementary income for the lords) and following the regional custom.
- もしくは、それらが何らかの主張のもと既成の支配体制に対して武力行使を含む抵抗運動を展開している状態を指した。
- Ikki also referred to a state in which the uncertified military forces would carry out a resistance movement, including the use of armed forces, against the existing regime based on a claim.
- ただし、この当時、領主が行使し得た支配権は決して一様ではなく、領主の地位・身分などによって大きな差があった。
- However, the control right that a ryoshu could execute was not necessarily the same, being largely different depending upon rank and social status.
- 明治維新を迎えると、国家近代化の中で、武士による土地・収取支配は廃止され、知行の概念も消滅することとなった。
- During the Meiji period, the control of land and of collecting taxes by samurai was abolished in the trend of modernizing the nation, and the concept of chigyo disappeared.
- 日本側では、この提案では朝鮮が事実上ロシアの支配下となり、日本の独立も危機的な状況になりかねないと判断した。
- Japan judged that the Russian proposal would effectively place Korea under the control of the Russians, and would inevitably pose a threat to the Japanese sovereignty.
- しかし支配への抵抗も強く、特に720年には7年前に新設された大隅国の国守陽侯麻呂が殺害される事件が起こった。
- However, resistance against such control was also strong and in 720, YAKO no Maro, the Governor of Osumi Province established seven years previously, was killed.
- この2つは帯刀・禄の支給という旧武士最後の特権を奪うものであり、士族に精神的かつ経済的なダメージを負わせた。
- These two edicts damaged the warrior class both mentally and economically, since the edicts deprived them of their last privileges as former samurai such as wearing a sword and receiving a stipend.
- 永禄7年(1564年)、飛騨国の三木良頼と江馬時盛の争いに、信玄が江馬氏を、輝虎が三木氏を支援して介入する。
- Both Shingen and Terutora intervened in a conflict between Yoshiyori MITSUKI and Tokimori EMA in Hida Province in 1564, with Shingen supporting the Ema clan and Terutora the Miki clan.
- 紀伊国の新宮地方には新宮姓を名乗る一族が存在し、南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代 (日本)まで支配を続けた。
- Families that had the Shingu family name in the Shingu district of Ki Province ruled the area from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Sengoku (Warring States) period.
- そして関ヶ原の戦後処理により、豊臣氏は摂津国・河内国・和泉国の3カ国、65万石を支配する一大名へと転落した。
- The post-war reorganization degraded the Toyotomi clan down to one feudal lord who owned three Provinces, the Settsu, Kawachi and Izumi provinces, with 650,000 koku (approximately 117 million liters of crop yield).
- 一連の事件は山部親王の立太子を支持していた藤原式家による他戸親王追い落としの陰謀であるとの見方が有力である。
- It is generally understood that the series of incidents was a conspiracy implemented by Fujiwara Shikike (a sub branch of Fujiwara family) who supported Imperial Prince Yamanobe assuming Crown Prince.
- 近江源氏と呼ばれた佐々木氏の四家に分かれた家のうちの一つで、鎌倉時代より守護として南近江一帯を支配していた。
- The Rokkaku clan is one of four branch families of the Sasaki clan called Omi-Genji (Omi Gen clan), and had ruled the entire area of Minami Omi as the shugo (guard) since the Kamakura era.
- そしてついに、鎌倉期の地頭請と同様に、守護が一定額の年貢納入と荘園支配を請け負う守護請が行われるようになった。
- Eventually, Shugouke was introduced, and under the system similar to Jitouke in the Kamakura period, Shugo shouldered the responsibility for paying a fixed amount of land tax and managing shoen.
- このような一元的支配を一円知行といい、一円内の年貢を地頭が荘園領主や国司に対して請け負う地頭請が行われ始めた。
- Such a monistical land ruling was called Ichien chigyo (monistical ruling), and the Jitouke that jito undertook to collect nengu in place of shoenryoshu (lord of manor) or kokushi began.
- 以後、守護は国内の所領紛争へ介入する権限を獲得することとなり、次第に国内の荘園・国衙領への支配を強めていった。
- Since then, the Shugo acquired the right to intervene in disputes over territory within their province and gradually increased their domination over shoen (manor) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- この雑色人が在地支配層と連携し、国司・受領層と対抗したことが国司苛政上訴として現れたとする見解も出されている。
- In other opinions, Kokushi kasei joso appeared as the evidence that these Zoshikinin worked with local influential persons to counter the Kokushi and Zuryo class.
- 朱雀期以降、律令制的人別支配を前提とする班田収授が実施されていないことなどが、この政策転回の存在を示している。
- This policy change was proven by the fact that the government ceased to conduct handen shuju (a system of periodic reallocations of rice land), whose premise was people-based governance under the Ritsuryo system, since the Suzaku era.
- また、勧学田の拡張や大学教官への職田設定、学生に対する学問料・給料(学資)支給制定などの財政支援策も採られた。
- Daigaku-ryo also promoted financial assistance measures such as the expansion of kangakuden, the offering of shikiden (a rice field provided for dainagon and the higher rank) to professors, and the provision of a study stipend and salary (financial aid) to students.
- 本文は「日本国紀」、「琉球国紀」、「朝聘応接紀」に分かれ、それぞれの歴史、地理、支配者、言語などを詳細に記す。
- The main body of the book consists of 'Nihonkoku-ki' (chronicle of Japan), 'Ryukyukoku-ki' (chronicle of the Ryukyu Kingdom) and 'Chohei Osetsu-ki' (chronicle of the Joseon envoy's reception), each of which records details of history, geography, rulers and language.
- 領主の経済生活は、自らが保有する直営地からの収入と、支配下におく農奴からの義務的な貢納によって支えられていた。
- The economical life of the lord consisted of the revenue from the directly managed land of his possession and the obligatory tributes from the subject serfs.
- それと同時に、国衙領と在庁官人の所領を支配下に入れ、自らの直轄地 - 守護領(しゅごりょう)を形成していった。
- At the same time, dominating the territories of kokuga and those of the zaichokanjin, shugo formed direct control territory called shugo-ryo (shugo's territory).
- しかし15世紀に入ると、徐々に守護請の実施や在庁官人の被官化を通じて、守護による国衙の実効支配が進んでいった。
- However, through the implementation of 'shugo-uke' and 'Hikanization' of zaichokanjin, shugo came to control the kokuga effectively in the beginning of the 15th century.
- 後者には異論も出されているが、この見解に従えば、中世期の支配・収取のあり方をより具体的に理解することができる。
- Opinions denying the latter were proposed, but according to the latter opinion, the state of the national control and tax-collecting systems during the medieval period could be understood more concretely.
- 歌舞伎や浄瑠璃の一ジャンルとして「仇討狂言」という物が存在するほど、敵討を主題とした作品は広く支持されてきた。
- Works on the subject of Katakiuchi have been widely supported, so much so that there is a genre called 'Adauchi kyogen' (comic drama on Adauchi) in Kabuki and Joruri.
- この寺子屋が増えていったことで日本の識字率が高まっていき、幕末から明治にかけての近代化を支える原動力となった。
- The increase of such private elementary schools (terakoya) contributed to raise the literacy rate of Japan, which became a driving force to support modernization from the end of the Edo to the Meiji period.
- 朝廷の威信は文字どおり地に落ち、幕府は朝廷監視のために六波羅探題を置き、朝廷に対する支配力を強めることとなる。
- The prestige of the Imperial Court was in tatters and the bakufu appointed Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) to monitor the Imperial Court and strengthened its governance over the Imperial Court.
- 一つは信長・秀吉の天下統一事業に代表される、強大な権力者を頂点とする中央集権体制、いわば「タテの支配」である。
- One was the centralized administrative framework in which an enormously powerful person was at the top such as Nobunaga and Hideyoshi's project to unify the country, what was called 'a vertical control.'
- 秀吉はまず播磨国に進出し、小寺氏・屋塩赤松氏・龍野赤松氏を服従させ、反抗する佐用赤松氏を滅ぼし、支配を固めた。
- First, Hideyoshi broke into Harima, reducing the Kodera clan, the Akamatsu clan in Okishio, and the Akamatsu clan in Tatsuno to obedience, and destroyed the opposing Akamatsu clan in Sayo, to consolidate its dominance.
- その後の南条氏は行松氏を背後から支援する形で西伯耆における毛利氏支配に揺さぶりをかける行動を行うようになった。
- Subsequently, the Nanjo clan began to make actions to affect Mori's domination over the west Hoki by backing up the Yukimatsu clan from behind.
- 豊臣氏の所領(蔵入地)も、全国合わせて222万石と、家康が関東で支配していた250万石に及ばない石高であった。
- The Toyotomi clan's territory (directly-controlled land) was 2,220,000 koku in total and was less than Ieyasu's territory in the Kanto region, which was 2,500,000 koku.
- 公営田の収穫の中から、中央へ納入すべき調・庸や耕作百姓への食料・報酬(佃功という)、溝池修理料などが支弁された。
- From the harvest from Kueiden, Cho and Yo were paid to the Central Government, food and reward (called tsukudako) to the cultivators, and charges for repairing rivers and ponds were also paid.
- これに対して、短陌を用いずに銅銭100枚をもって支払うことを中国では「足銭」、日本では「長銭」・「調陌」と呼ぶ。
- A payment made with 100 copper coins instead of tanhaku is called '足銭' in Chinese and 'chosen' (長銭) or 'chohaku' (調陌) in Japanese.
- これによって体制は国衙が支配する公領と荘園が対等な権利主体として境界設定などで抗争する後期王朝国家へと変化する。
- The system was thereby changed to the late dynastic nation-state in which koryo (an Imperial demesne) dominated by kokuga and shoen as equal actors of right struggled in border settings and the like.
- それに伴い、民衆に対する司法権・警察権の行使(検断沙汰)も支配者である荘園・国衙領領主や地頭武士に限られていた。
- Therefore, only the rulers, such as the lord of a manor and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) and the lord-of-a-manor samurai, could exercise the jurisdiction and police powers (criminal cases) to the general public.
- 東へ張り出した尾根の先端に築かれており、谷を挟んだ南側の尾根には望月支城、南東には杉谷砦、北方には杉谷城がある。
- Built on a mountain ridge overhanging eastward, the castle was surrounded by its branch castle at the southern mountain ridge across a valley, Sugitani-toride Fort in the southeast, and Sugitani-jo Castle in the north.
- 律令制に基づく律令国家から請負統治に依拠する王朝国家(前期王朝国家)へ転換したとする見解が広範な支持を得ている。
- It is widely maintained that the Ritsuryo-based state changed into an Imperial Court state (the earlier Imperial Court state) that relied on a form of contracted out government.
- その後、執権職は貞時に代わって北条氏支流の4人が次々に受け継いだが、貞時は得宗として幕府を実質的に支配し続けた。
- After this, when Sadatoki left the position of Shikken (regent), he was succeeded by four men from the branch line of the Hojo clan in succession; Sadatoki himself retained the position of Tokuso (patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), however, which means that he held the real power to control the bakufu.
- さらに大友氏の重鎮立花道雪の死により大友氏の支配が緩んだ筑後国の諸国人衆も傘下に収め、九州統一を目前にしていた。
- Having also conquered the territories of local lords in Chikugo Province, where the domination by the Otomo clan had weakened as the result of the death of Dosetsu TACHIBANA, a powerful leader of the Otomo clan, the Shimazu clan was just about to establish its rule over the entire island of Kyushu.
- 藩鎮の総数は50を超え、首都長安・副都洛陽の周辺部を除いた全ての地域が藩鎮の支配下に置かれるようになるのである。
- The total number of hanchin amounted to more than 50, and all the districts except for the areas around the capital Changan and the sub-capital Luoyang were placed under hanchin's control.
- 遺言により、管領細川頼之が新将軍足利義満を支える体制となった(このできごとをもって『太平記』の物語は終焉する)。
- According to his will, kanrei Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA took on a role to support new shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (the story of 'Taiheiki' ended with this event).
- 更に室町幕府が荘園の一円支配を認める権限を獲得したことで却ってその代行者である守護の荘園への介入の口実を作った。
- In addition, the Kamakura bakufu acquired the right to approve the domination over the whole region of Shoen, which rather allowed provincial constables to intervene into Shoen as the representatives of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 名主百姓はさらに小百姓、小作人、間人(もうと)といった領内下層民に対する支配権である名主職を有し、これを世襲した。
- Nanushi hyakusho also had myoshu-shiki, which were the rights to dominate local lower-class people, such as hyakusho who owned little plow land, tenant farmers, and moto (new comers in a community), and the myoshu-shiki was transferred by heredity.
- 班田収授法(はんでんしゅうじゅのほう)とは、古代日本において施行された農地(田)の支給・収容に関する法体系である。
- 'Handen Shuju-no-ho' (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land) was a legal system related to provision and expropriation of agricultural land (rice land), enforced in ancient Japan.
- 室町時代末期、日朝・日明貿易の実権が大名に移り、力を蓄えさせたと共に、室町幕府の支配の正当性が薄れる結果になった。
- Towards the end of the Muromachi period, the real power of the trade between Japan and Korea and that between Japan and the Ming moved to daimyo, making daimyo gain power and making weaker the validity of the control by the Muromachi bakufu.
- こうした租税制度は、古代の戸籍制度・計帳の整備や国郡里(郷)制といった緻密な人民支配システムに大きく依存していた。
- Such a taxation system greatly depended on systems which closely controlled the populace, such as the ancient systems used to maintain the koseki (household registers) and keicho (yearly tax registers), as well as the Koku-gun-ri (-go) system (an administrative system used to divide lands and regions).
- そのため、宗氏は通交権益の知行化を通じて有力庶家の掌握や地侍の被官化を行い、領国支配を推し進めていた(宗氏領国)。
- Therefore, the So clan established their dominance over the territory by obtaining the revenue arose from the trade with Korea in order to have a command of influential families and place local samurai under the clan's order (this is called the Territory of the So clan).
- このようにして、平安中期ごろには、富豪層による地域支配が徐々に拡がり始めていき、これが中世の萌芽へつながっていく。
- Thus, the regional rule by the rich stratum gradually extended in around the mid Heian period, which led to their prosperity in medieval Japan.
- 一方、旧天領や旗本支配地等は政府直轄地として府と県が置かれ中央政府から都道府県知事(知府事・知県事)が派遣された。
- On the other hand, bakufu-owned land and hatamoto (bakufu's direct retainer) territory became land directly controlled by the central government and prefectural governors (chifuji/chikenji) were dispatched from the central government.
- これは、一律に耕作地を支給し一律の基準で徴税を行うというもので、これにより律令制の基礎形成が完了したとされている。
- These systems were for allocating cultivated land to the people and collecting taxes from them on a uniform basis, and with this, the basics of the Ritsuryo system are considered to have been complete.
- この裁判所は、江戸幕府の奉行所と郡代支配所の機能を引き継ぎ、当座の行政の空白を埋める必要から設けられたものである。
- The local courts were originally created in response to the need to fill a temporary administrative vacuum created by the establishment of the new government, and they took over the functions of Bugyosho (a magistrate's office) and Gundai-shihaijo (an administrative office for each county), both administrative offices during the Edo bakufu feudal government.
- なお、鎌倉幕府は、ある一時期をもって成立したと見るのではなく、徐々に数段階を経て成立したとする見解が支配的である。
- Kamakura bakufu is not considered to have been established at one specific time, rather it is the dominant view that the bakufu was gradually established in several stages.
- しかし覇者の性格については定説がなく、あらたに台頭した後進地域の指導者あるいは異民族支配者であるとする見方もある。
- However, there is no established view on the nature of Hasha, and according to one theory, Hasha means a local leader or an ethnic ruler.
- 戦国時代(日本)には浅井氏の支城となり、元亀年間には浅井氏の家来である城主磯野員昌が織田信長らと激戦を繰り広げた。
- During the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), the castle fell under the control of the Asai clan; during the Genki era (1570-1573), the retainer of the Asai clan and lord of the castle, Kazumasa ISONO, began a fierce conflict with Nobunaga ODA.
- 受領は、自らの判断で国内支配することが許されたため、郡司・田堵・負名・百姓層から苛烈な収奪をすることが可能となった。
- The Zuryo was entitled to control over his own province at their own discretion, allowing them to collect taxes strictly from Gunji (local magistrates), Tato, Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and farmers.
- ここに、律令国家体制期が終わり、土地課税を基本原則とする新たな支配体制、すなわち王朝国家体制が出現することとなった。
- At that time, the system of the nation under the Ritsuryo codes ceased to exist and the new regime which adopted the principle of tax on land, namely Dynastic polity, was established.
- 従前の軍事制度は、個別人身支配を前提とする軍団 (古代日本)及び地方有力者(郡司層)に依存する健児を柱としていた。、
- The pillars of the former military system were corps (ancient Japan), whose premise was people-based governance, and the kondei system (regular soldiers guarding kokubu (ancient provincial offices) or sekisho (checking station)), which was dependent on locally influential people (gunji).
- すると、これまで政元政権を支えてきた「内衆」とよばれる京兆家重臣(主に畿内有力国人層)と、阿波勢との対立が深まった。
- This intensified the confrontation between the forces from Awa and the senior vassals of the Keicho family (mainly powerful local lords in and around the capital) called 'uchishu' who had thus far supported Masamoto.
- しかし、鎌倉時代後期頃から、主に地頭によって、重層的な関係を解消し、一元的な支配体系が指向されるようになっていった。
- Around the latter half of the Kamakura period, the multi-tiered relationship disappeared mainly due to the appearance of jito, and it was oriented so as to introduce a unified control system.
- また彼らは古代以来の首長層に替わって、出挙を通じて公民を隷属下に収めていき、地方の人民支配の主体ともなりつつあった。
- Also, they took the place of the ruling-class since ancient times, forced the public into a servile position through suikyo (land lease at interest) and became dominant local governors of the people.
- ヤマト王権による支配が強まり、壮大な古墳(前方後円墳・円墳)が盛んに作られ、古代国家の基礎が整えられた時期にあたる。
- The period is marked by a strengthening of Yamato royal authority and control, the frequent construction of grand burial mounds (round burial mounds, and those square at one end and rounded at the other), and the settlement of the basis of the ancient Japanese state.
- 朱子学は支配イデオロギーとなったが、それ故に体制擁護としての作用が肥大化し、かつての道徳主義の側面が失われていった。
- As Shushigaku became the dominant ideology, its function of protecting the regime became increasingly emphasized, and as a result, the element of moralism was getting lost.
- 地頭たちは荘園・公領において、勧農の実施などを通じて自らの支配を拡大していったため、荘園領主との紛争が多く発生した。
- The jitos operated the kanno (encouragement of agriculture) in shoen and koryo and expanded their dominance and so many disputes with the lords of shoens happened.
- このように、地頭の中には下地と上分の両方を獲得し、所領の一円支配を実現し、在地領主としての性格を強めていく者が現れた。
- Accordingly, some of the jito achieved ichien shihai (complete ruling) of their territory by obtaining the right to both shitaji and jobun and started to take on the character of zaich-ryoshu (local lord).
- 総長と法科の対立は激化し、翌1914年1月になって法科教授・助教授は抗議の連帯辞職を敢行し、学生たちも教官を支持した。
- When confrontation intensified between the president and the law school, professors/assistant professors of the law school jointly resigned from their posts in January 1914, and students also supported them.
- 高国は近江坂本に逃走するが、近江の六角定頼・京極高清、丹波の内藤貞正らの支援を得て5月、京に侵攻し、澄元・之長を破る。
- Takakuni fled to Sakamoto in Omi, but in May he invaded the capital, defeating Sumimoto and Yukinaga after gaining support in Omi from Sadayori ROKKAKU and Takakiyo KYOGOKU and Sadamasa NAITO from Tanba.
- 1493年(明応2年)には自ら自治を放棄する集会を開き惣国は解体され、新しい守護の伊勢貞陸の支配下に入ることになった。
- In 1493, the sokoku held a meeting to abandon its autonomy and the organization was dismantled; the community was then put under the rule of Sadamichi ISE, a newly appointed shugo.
- 荘園の所有を巡る紛争が発生しても、それを裁定しうる機関が存在しないため、実力を有する者が支配するようになったのである。
- Even if the disputes over the ownership of shoens happened, there did not exist the authority which could settle them, and thus those who had the power came to govern the shoens.
- 平安時代中期ごろに律令制が崩壊し、荘園・国衙領を支配単位とする体制が確立していくと、勧農の内容も次第に変質していった。
- Around the middle of the Heian period, the ritsuryo governmental system collapsed, a system whereby shoen and kokuga region were governing units was established and the contents of kanno gradually changed.
- また、東京への改称とともに町奉行支配地内を管轄する東京府庁が開庁された(1871年、廃藩置県に伴い新・東京府に更置)。
- Along with the renaming of Tokyo to Edo, the Tokyo-fucho (Tokyo prefectural office) was established to govern the town magistrate (In 1871, Tokyo-fu (Tokyo Prefecture) was re-established in accordance with the Haihan-chiken system [Abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures]).
- しかし、慶喜は将軍職も辞任せず(24日に辞職)、幕府の職制も当面残されることとなり、実質上は幕府支配は変わらなかった。
- However, Yoshinobu did not immediately resign from the position of shogun (he resigned on October 24), as governance by the shogunate still remained the same with the administrative system still in effect for the time being.
- 明治4年(1871年)8月20日に分領支配は廃止され、開拓使が館県(旧松前藩領)を除く全域を直轄統治することになった。
- The land allocation system was terminated on August 20, 1871 and the Hokkaido Development Commission was established to directly govern the island except Date Prefecture (the former Matsumae domain).
- 検注目録(けんちゅうもくろく)は、検注帳の明細にあたる文書で荘園領主の元で保管されて土地支配や徴税の際の参考にされた。
- Kenchu mokuroku was an accounting document in the kenchucho which was kept by the manor owners for the purpose of governing their lands and imposing taxes.
- 荘務(しょうむ)とは、荘園内部の勧農・検断・徴税など、在地における実際の支配・管理を行うこと、またはその権限を持つ者。
- Shomu refers to the actual practice of control and administration over kanno (encouragement of agriculture), trials, and the collection of taxes within shoen (the manor); it also refers to the individuals who were authorized to practice shomu.
- 当時実権を握っていた徳川家康は、主君は反逆した家臣を成敗できるとして忠恒の行為を支持し、その結果忠恒は島津邸へ戻った。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who held the real political power at that time, supported Tadatsune's actions by approving a lord's punishing his vassal who rebelled, and as a result, Tadatsune returned to the Shimazu residence.
- また、秀吉は関白の立場を明確に示す形になり、いわば、天下統一は惣無事令で成り立ち、豊臣政権の支配原理となったのである。
- It also worked to show the status of Hideyoshi as Kanpaku (the chief adviser to the Emperor); that is to say, sobuji-rei enabled Hideyoshi's project of Tenkatoitsu (the unification of the whole country), and it also acted as the principle of control for the Toyotomi administration.
- 最終的には太閤検地により、土地には直接の耕作者の権利しか認められなくなり、以前までの重層的支配構造は名実共に解消された。
- Eventually, by taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi), only the right of direct cultivator was admitted to the land, and the previous stratified ruling structure disappeared both in name and reality.
- 免税特権を獲得した荘園は領域が統合される一円化の措置などを通じて拡大する傾向を示し、国衙が支配する国衙領を蚕食し始めた。
- The manors, acquired tax exemption privilege, started enlarging their territories through the unification of their territorial control and encroaching on the kokugaryo territories controlled by kokuga.
- 個人を課税対象として把握する個別人身支配において、偽籍・逃亡が頻発すると課税対象である個人を把握することはできなくなる。
- Under the principle of people-based governance, the government imposes tax on individuals, but it becomes impossible to grasp the name of taxable people if the case of false registration and/or escape occurs frequently.
- 土地課税を重視する考えは9世紀前期の藤原冬嗣執政期の頃から存在していたが、個別人身支配の原則を覆すまでには至らなかった。
- Although the idea of emphasizing tax on land existed in the era when FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu was in power during the first half of the 9th century, it stopped short of reversing the principle of people-based governance.
- 金銭で支払われることが多かったために、冥加金(みょうがきん)・冥加永(みょうがえい、「永」=永楽通宝)とも呼ばれている。
- Since it was usually paid in cash, it was also called Myogakin/Myogaei (ei means Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins)).
- 彼らもまた、小さい単位ながら、農民を支配する側の荘園下級役職者であると同時に、小規模ながら、その「村郷」の領主であった。
- They were also the estate owners of that 'village' at the same time they were lower ranking officers of Shoen that ruled over peasants despite being in a small scale unit.
- 室町幕府が京都の支配権を確立するにつれて朝廷の徴収代理から、財政基盤の弱かった幕府独自の土倉への課税を行うようになった。
- As the Muromachi bakufu was establishing authority in Kyoto, deputy collecting officials of the Imperial court took on the task of imposing independent taxes on doso for the bakufu that had a weak financial base.
- そのため、開発領主の多くは、中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ荘園を寄進することで、荘園の支配権・管理権を確保するようになった。
- Consequently, many Kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to retain their dominion and the right to manage shoen by donating their shoen to the powerful central nobility, temples, and shrines.
- This made many kaihatsu-ryoshu donate their shoen to dominant nobles, temples or shrines in central capital in order to secure the dominion and the management rights over the shoen.
- 名田(みょうでん)は、日本の平安時代中期から中世を通じて見られる、荘園公領制における支配・収取(徴税)の基礎単位である。
- The term 'myoden' (rice field lot manage by a nominal holder) refers to a basic unit of the governance and (tax) collection in the shoen-koryo system (the system of public lands and private estates), and this existed from the mid-Heian period, throughout the Middle Ages in Japan.
- 類義語として家道・家業が挙げられるが、家職には国家などの公権力からの特権の承認と支配、それに対する奉仕という要素がある。
- Similar terms are Kado, Kagyo, but Kashoku has the national or official approval and control of the privilege and had an aspect of voluntary work for the authority.
- この時代には各地から青苧購入のために訪れる諸国の船に対しても課税を行って越後-畿内間の青苧流通の支配権を獲得していった。
- During his reign, he imposed the tax on the merchants who came by sea to Echigo Province from other provinces for aoso, thereby gaining control over the distribution network of aoso from Echigo Province to the Kinai region.
- 秀吉は自身が任命する領主が領地の隅々まで直接支配を行う体制を目指し、その障害となる住民による地域自治を破壊したのである。
- Hideyoshi aimed to establish the framework that the lord he assigned directory controlled all parts of the territory and destroyed local government by people which could prevent it.
- 新宮氏(しんぐうし)は、鎌倉時代~室町時代初期にかけて陸奥国(後の岩代国)耶麻郡新宮荘(福島県喜多方市)を支配した氏族。
- The Shingu clan ruled Shingu-sho, Yama-gun (present-day Kitakata City, Fukushima Prefecture), Mutsu Province (later Iwashiro no kuni) from the Kamakura period to the early part of the Muromachi period.
- 現在の歴史学界では、継体が応神の5世孫かどうかは不明とするが、中央豪族の支持を得て即位したのは事実とする説が有力である。
- Widely-accepted theory in the present Japanese historical community is that Keitai was enthroned with the approval of central ruling families, while the question of his origin as the fifth generation descendant of Emperor Ojin remains unsolved.
- 在地の地頭・国人・荘官らには、守護の被官となる者もおり、荘園領主の支配権(荘務権)は守護に侵害される傾向にあったのである。
- Some local jito, kokujin (local samurai) and shokan (an officer governing shoen) were hired as low-level bureaucrats by Shugo, and the lords' authority (hegemony over estates) was vulnerable to violation.
- 鎌倉幕府の成立に従い、主に東国の武士は鎌倉幕府に奉公する、御家人となり地頭に補任され、所領の支配権が鎌倉幕府に保証された。
- By the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun), in most cases samurai in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) became gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) to serve Kamakura bakufu and were appointed jito with their rights to rule their shoryo (territory) guaranteed by Kamakura bakufu.
- 頼朝に対して、東国における荘園・公領からの官物・年貢納入を保証させると同時に、頼朝による東国支配権を公認したものとされる。
- It is believed that the decree officially recognized the dominion of Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo as well as made him guarantee the payment of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and nengu (land tax) from shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and koryo (an Imperial demesne) in the Togoku.
- が、8世紀後期ごろから租税負担を回避するために逃亡・浮浪する百姓らが増加していくなど、律令制支配に行き詰まりが生じていた。
- However, from the latter eighth century, more farmers began to leave their land to become wanderers in order to avoid paying tax and the ritsuryo system was confronted with some change.
- 佐藤進一は1965 年の『南北朝の動乱』 の中で、武士を「武芸をもって支配階級に仕える職能人もしくは職能集団」と言い切る。
- Shinichi SATO firmly stated in 'A disturbance of Northern and Southern Courts' published in 1965 that bushi was 'the vocational individual or group that served the ruling class with martial arts.'
- 記録上は、8世紀=奈良時代を通じて順調に農地の支給(班田)が行われているが、800年の記録を最後に班田は行われなくなった。
- According to the records available, fields were supplied to people (called handen) steadily throughout the eighth century (or the Nara period), but the supply of fields stopped after 800.
- 皮肉にもこれを維持できたのは大学寮からの給料を必要としない大学別曹保有氏族出身の学生の増大による大学寮支出の減少であった。
- Ironically, the reason why Daigaku-ryo could be maintained was that the spending of Daigaku-ryo was reduced due to an increase in students from clans that possess Daigaku-besso, who did not need a salary from Daigaku-ryo.
- 領地(demesne:領主の直轄地)は、領主により直接支配された地区であり、領主の一族・郎党の利益のための収奪が行われた。
- The demesne (the land of the direct rule of the lords) were the areas directly-governed by the lords and deprivation was done for the sake of the lords' families or the roto (retainers).
- 『中央公論』『改造 (雑誌)』などの総合雑誌、『大阪朝日新聞』などの新聞は京大を支援し文部省を批判する論説を多く掲載した。
- General opinion magazines such as 'Chuo Koron,' 'Kaizo,' and newspapers such as 'Osaka Asahi Shinbun' supported Kyoto University and published many editorials criticizing the Ministry of Education.
- このとき、領主が行使した支配権は、知行(ちぎょう)・領知(りょうち)・領掌(りょうしょう)・進止(しんし)などと呼ばれた。
- The control right that ryoshu executed here was called chigyo, ryochi, ryoshu, or shinshi.
- 被官国人らへの軍役について見ると、本領分・給分ごとに課せられた例も散見され、国人支配がまだ一元化していなかったことを表す。
- Concerning the military service assigned to the vassalized kokujin, there were several cases that the service was imposed considering the scale of territory and kyubun (bonus), which suggests that the control over the kokujin had not yet been unified.
- 広範な権限を与えられた国司は、現地の有力者を登用したり、代理人(目代という)を派遣したりして、現地支配を行うようになった。
- Given wide-ranging rights, kokushi came to control his assigned province through the local powerful persons he employed or his deputy (called mokudai) that he sent to the province.
- 618年、隋に変わって中国を統一した唐は、大帝国をきずき、東アジアに広大な領域を支配して周辺諸地域に大きな影響をあたえた。
- The Tang Dynasty, who took over from the Sui Dynasty and unified China in 618, built a large empire and controlled a vast territory in East Asia, exerting a strong influence on the neighboring areas.
- 通し柱を用いず、各階ごとに積み上げられた天守は、三層三階地下一階の複合式望楼型で「ごぼう積み」と云われる石垣で支えられる。
- The tenshu (with three layers, three stories and a basement) built without using toshi bashira (through pillar) belongs to the multi-layered borogata style (a type of castle tower for lookout on the building with a gabled, hipped roof) and is supported with stone walls called gobozumi (a method of piling up stone wall, piling up with deep stones of which bonder side faces front).
- また、南信濃では義昌に続いて家康の支援を受けた小笠原貞慶が旧領である深志(現在の松本市)に入り他の領主らも徳川氏についた。
- In southern Shinano, Sadayoshi OGASAWARA, who was supported by Ieyasu, followed Yoshimasa and entered his former territory, Fukashi (present-day Matsumoto City); other lords also took the side of Ieyasu.
- 上級兵士たちは気に入らない藩師を実力をもって追い出し、自らが支持する人物を藩師に立ててこれを朝廷に認めさせるようになった。
- By force, high-ranking soldiers got rid of the hanshi they did not like, and they set up the ones they supported as their hanshi, and they made the imperial court accept it.
- だが、足利義満の時代に室町幕府が京都市中の支配権を完全に掌握すると、検非違使は事実上廃止されて地奉行に権限が一本化された。
- But once the Muromachi bakufu took total control of the city of Kyoto in Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's day, the post of kebiishi was virtually abolished and the authority was granted to jibugyo exclusively.
- 古代ヤマト王権の時代には、日本の水軍を支えたのは安曇氏(あずみべ)や海人部(あまべ)、津守氏といった海の氏族たちであった。
- During the period of the Yamato dynasty, it is the marine clans such as Azumi clan, Amabe clan, and Tsumori clan that supported Japan's suigun.
- だが、その息子西園寺公衡以後は、大覚寺統が幕府から距離を置くようになると今度は持明院統を支援して大覚寺統との対立を深めた。
- However, since the generation of Sanekane's son Kinhira SAIONJI, the Saionji Family this time supported the Jimyoin-to genealogy when the Daikakuji-to genealogy started to keep a distance from the bakufu, thereby deepening the conflict with the Daikakuji-to genealogy.
- これを機に一色範氏は少弐頼尚を攻めたが、頼尚に支援を求められた菊池武光は針摺原の戦い(福岡県太宰府市)で一色軍に大勝する。
- This triggered Noriuji ISSHIKI to attack Yorinao SHONI, but Takemitsu KIKUCHI, who was asked to support Noriuji, won a great victory over the Isshiki forces in the Battle of Harisurubaru (Dazaifu City, Fukuoka Prefecture).
- 不改常典は、江戸時代から20世紀前半まで、大化改新の諸法か近江令のことだと考えられていたが、現在この説は支持されていない。
- Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten had been considered as the laws formulated in the Taika Reforms or Omi-Ryo (Omi Administrative Code), from the Edo period to the first half of the 20th century, however at present this theory is not supported.
- 冥加(みょうが)とは、江戸時代に山野河海などを利用したり、営業などの免許の代償として江戸幕府や藩に対して支払った租税の1種。
- Myoga means a kind of tax in the Edo period that was paid to the Edo bakufu or domains in consideration for the use of mountains/fields/rivers/seas or to grant a business license
- 大学別曹は元々一族の学生に対する学問及びその生活の支援に重きを置いていたことから、これを奨励する意図から学問料が支給された。
- As Daigaku-besso focused on supporting the study and living of the students of their families, Gakumonryo was granted in order to encourage these students.
- こちらが後の永業田の資源と考えられ、人間だけでなく牛も30畝の田地支給を受けていた(ただし4頭まで4年までという説もある)。
- It is considered that this was the origin of hereditary fields, and in addition to human beings, each head of cattle was also supplied a field of approx. 1.2 hectares (however, it is also said that these fields might have been supplied up to four heads of cattle for four years).
- 本所(ほんじょ)は、日本荘園の荘園領主である本家および領家のうち、荘務を行う権限、すなわち荘園の実効支配権を有した者をいう。
- Among honke and ryoke, both of which are the lords of the manor of Nihon-shoen (manor in medieval Japan), honjo was the lord that had the right to assert Shomu (management and control of encouragement of agriculture, taxes and so on in shoen), or in other words, had the effective dominion over the shoen.
- 出版社の欄外の解説には、この役は、1506年(永正3年)のことで、鉄砲はこのときないとして、『鉄炮記』の記述を支持している。
- The publisher comments that this battle was in 1506 and guns could not have been used at this time, supporting 'Teppoki'.
- 銀数十匁にもなる丁銀は日常生活には高額過ぎ、豆板銀と異なり包封していない裸銀として支払いに用いられることはほとんど無かった。
- Chogin, which had a value that was several dozens of times higher than that of monme, were too high in value to be used in everyday life, so unlike Mameitagin, they were hardly ever used as they were for payment unless they were sealed in the form of Hogin.
- しかし、富国強兵を目的とする近代国家建設を推進するためには、中央集権化による政府の地方支配強化は是非とも必要なことであった。
- However, the government desperately needed strong control over the provinces in order to develop the construction of modern state, to enrich the country and to strengthen the military.
- 一方、武田軍の支隊が安曇郡の信越国境近くの小谷城(おたりじょう、長野県北安曇郡小谷村)を落とし、別方面から長尾軍を牽制する。
- On the other hand, a branch troop of Takeda's forces took Otari-jo Castle (located in Otari Village, Kita-Azumi County, Nagano Prefecture) in Azumi County, located near to the border between Shinano Province and Echigo Province, indirectly holding the movements of Nagao's forces in check from another direction.
- 義昌もその一人であるが、勝頼の側も秋山支援に動かなかったため義昌に不信感を抱いており、両者の関係は急速に冷却化しつつあった。
- Yoshimasa was one of his followers who were disappointed in Katsuyori; Katsuyori also distrusted Yoshimasa, who took no action to defend Akiyama, and the relationship between Yoshimasa and Katsuyori deteriorated quickly.
- 3月23日以降25日以前に、上方勢は畠山氏の支城鳥屋城(現有田川町)を攻め落とし、さらに本拠の岩室城(現有田市)も陥落した。
- In the period from April 22 to 24, the Kamigata army captured Toya-jo Castle (present Aridagawa-cho), a branch castle of the Hatakeyama clan, and furthermore, the headquarter, Iwamuro-jo Castle (present Arida City).
- 朱印状を携帯する日本船は当時日本と外交関係があったポルトガル、オランダ船や東南アジア諸国の支配者の保護を受けることができた。
- Japanese ships that carried Shuinjo (shogunate trade license) were protected by Portugal and Dutch ships and the rulers of Southeast Asian countries that had diplomatic relations with Japan at the time.
- その結果、刈田狼藉取締権・使節遵行権・半済給付権・闕所地処分権・段銭徴収権などを得た守護は、国内に領域的な支配を及ぼしていく。
- As a result, the Shugo who acquired the following rights came to control the province territorially: the right to control Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the right to send a delegate for executing the bakufu's order, the right to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund, the right to confiscate land property from criminals or if it is left derelict, and the right to collect temporary special tax levied on arable land.
- この時期、荘園や公領を支配・収取の単位とする体制、すなわち荘園公領制が確立したが、名主は荘園公領制の基盤を支える階層といえた。
- A system composed of manors and government territories as basic units of administration and taxation, known as the manorial public territory system (called shoen koryo sei in Japanese), was established during this period, with myoshu farmers forming the basis of the system.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、戦国大名による強固な領国支配(大名領国制)が布かれるようになり、一層、名主の権限は薄まっていった。
- During the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) established absolute control over their regions (known as daimyo ryogoku system), causing a further weakening of the authority of myoshu.
- そのため、潅漑用水を開発したり、自らの私営田を一般百姓に耕作させるなどの勧農行為をとおして、在地に対する支配力を強めていった。
- For this reason, they developed an irrigation plan and strengthened the governance over the local regions through the kanno acts which made ordinary farmers cultivate their own private rice fields and so on.
- さらに支配・制圧が日本列島の大半(東北地方南部から九州南部まで)にまで及ぶに至り、それらを総称して大和と呼ばれるようになった。
- When most of the Japanese Islands (from the south of the Tohoku region to the south of Kyushu) were ruled and controlled, these areas were collectively called Yamato.
- 5世紀末ごろから徐々に大和王権の影響が浸透していたが、大宝律令が施行された時点でも依然として律令制的支配の及ばない地域だった。
- Since around the end of the fifth century, influence of the Yamato (ancient Japanese) sovereignty gradually penetrated, but it was an area which the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) could not cover even after the enforcement of the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code).
- しかしながら、反面、各藩の借金および士族への俸禄の支払い義務を受け継ぐことになり、家禄支給は歳出の30%以上となってしまった。
- However, the government had to take over the obligation of paying the debt of each domain and the salary of persons in the warrior class so that the amount of the salary payment reached more than 30% of the annual government expenditure.
- 「御恩」には所領支配を保障する本領安堵(ほんりょうあんど)と新たな土地給与である新恩給与(しんおんきゅうよ)の2種類があった。
- Favors consisted of both honryo-ando (acknowledgment of inherited estates) and shinon-kyuyo (the granting new domains).
- 平安末期における地方官人と荘園との対立に端を発する事件は、荘園を国衙の支配下に置こうと企てた官人が配流となることで幕を閉じた。
- The incident stemmed from the confrontation between local officials and shoen in the late Heian period ended with banishment of official who attempted to place shoen under the rule of kokuga.
- 蔵田氏は越後の苧商人を統括するとともに長尾氏(上杉氏)御用商人として長尾景虎(上杉謙信)の軍事活動を経済的な面から支えていた。
- The Kurata clan unified the aoso merchants in Echigo Province, and backed up the military activities of Kagetora NAGAO (Kenshin UESUGI) in economy as its purveyor.
- また、統一以前の時期にはまだ政権による地方支配が完成されておらず、実際の検地内容を反映しているか問題が残されている場合がある。
- Before the standardized form was established, the central regime had yet to bring all local provinces under control, so in some cases, it was doubtful whether the register was based on the survey result.
- 重範の死後、足助氏は南北朝時代 (日本)には南朝 (日本)の宗良親王を支援していたが、後に足助を離れて全国に散り散りとなった。
- After Shigenori's death, the Asuke clan supported Imperial Prince Muneyoshi (of the Southern Court) in the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan), but later the people left the Asuke clan and scattered throughout the country.
- 天正元年(1573年)9月に浅井氏が滅亡すると、秀吉は浅井郡・坂田郡の支配権を与えられ、本拠地として長浜城 (近江国)を築城。
- After the AZAI clan was destroyed in October 1573, Hideyoshi, who was given control of Azai County and Sakata County, built Nagahama-jo Castle in Omi Province as his base.
- 地頭は、下地中分や地頭請などを通じて、下地進止権を手中に収めるのみならず、上分の支配権(上分知行という)も徐々に簒奪していった。
- Through Shitaji chubun and Jito-uke, jito obtained not only Shitaji shinshi ken but also the right to control jobun (also called jobun chigyo) gradually.
- 11・12世紀ごろには城塞の建設に伴っての家門形成が顕著であり、このころ形成された多くの家門の名が支配地や城塞を起源としている。
- In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, many families were formed with the establishment of castles; the names of the families that formed during this period were derived from their territorial lands or castles.
- 戦国時代に入り、戦国大名による一円支配が強化されるに従って、惣村の自治的性格が薄まっていき、土一揆の発生も次第に減少していった。
- The Sengoku period was one in which, along with the strengthening of governance of the entire region by the warring lords, the soson's predisposition toward self-government was weakened, and gradually the occurrence of peasants' uprisings decreased.
- これらは、本来、農民による生産を促進・拡大を意図したものだったが、一方では、支配者にとって租税収入を確保するという側面もあった。
- These were originally intended to promote and enhance production of farmers, and also ensued tax collection for the rulers.
- その後、大和王朝が奈良盆地一体や河内方面までを支配するようになると、その地域(後の近畿・畿内)もまた大和とよばれるようになった。
- When the Yamato Dynasty ruled the Nara Basin and the Kawachi side, that area (later Kinki and Kinai regions) was also called Yamato.
- 公文書の形式で残っているもの(重宝録、享保撰要類集、町奉行支配惣町人人数高之改、天保撰要類集、市中取締類集)以外は信頼度が低い。
- Population figures, unless recorded in official documents such as Choho-roku, Kyoho senyoruishu, Machibugyo Shihaiso chonin ninsukonokai, Tenpo senyoruishu and Shichu Torishimari ruishu, are unreliable.
- 幕府の各大名の支配方法として、参勤交代と御手伝いの義務のほか、将軍の娘をもらったり息子を養嗣子としたり、お金を貸し与えたりした。
- The shogunate government controlled feudal lords (daimyo) by various means, such as the alternate-year residence system in Edo (sankinkotai) and compulsory service in construction work, but in another occasion through the marriage with a daughter of the shogun or adoption of a son of the shogun and loaning.
- 5月、村上義清は北信濃の国人衆と景虎からの支援の兵5000を率いて反攻し、八幡の戦い(現千曲市八幡地区、武水別神社付近)で勝利。
- In May, Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI fought back Takeda's forces, leading the samurai land owners in northern Shinano and a support troop of 5,000 soldiers from Kagetora, and won the Battle of Hachiman (around present Takemizuwake-jinja Shrine in the Yawata area of Chikuma City).
- この地域には栗田氏や市川氏、屋代、小田切、島津などの小国人領主や地侍が分立していたが、徐々に村上氏の支配下に組み込まれていった。
- The Kurita clan, the Ichikawa clan, samurai owning small-sized land, such as Yashiro, Odagiri and Shimazu, and local samurai existed independently in this area, but they became to be integrated gradually into the control of the Murakami clan.
- こうして唐以降、正史は王朝の支配の正統性を明らかにする道具となり、王朝が成立すると滅亡した前王朝の正史を編纂させるようになった。
- Therefore, beginning in the Tang and continuing thereafter, the official histories became a tool to display the legitimacy of the current dynasty's rule, so before long, whenever a new dynasty arose it would act to compile an official history of the dynasty that had just collapsed.
- 5月27日には柴田勝家らの北国勢の支援のために信越国境を越えて、春日山城を指呼の間に望む越後国の二本木(上越市)辺りまでに乱入。
- On May 27, 1582, Nagayoshi crossed the border between Shinano and Echigo Provinces to support the armies of northern provinces, including Katsuie SHIBATA's army, and invaded into the area around Nihongi (present-day Joetsu City) in Echigo Province, from where Kasugayama-jo Castle could be seen at a short distance.
- 唐が滅亡した後も唐の正朔を奉じ続けた呉 (十国)に見られるように、唐全体の経済を支える江南地域は比較的朝廷に対して恭順であった。
- As it can be seen in Wu (Ten Kingdoms) that continued to respect Tang's calendar even after the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Jiangnan area, which supported the overall economy of Tang, was relatively obedient to the imperial court.
- しかし、実際には奉行のうち最低1名は御内人から選ばれており、得宗及び執権による支配が鎌倉市中にまで浸透していたと考えられている。
- However, in reality, at least one bugyo was selected from Miuchibito (private vassals of the Tokuso, the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), and it is considered that control by the Tokuso and the regent spread even to the city of Kamakura.
- この結果、守護大名をはじめとする各地の武士によって自己の所領の全一的支配が確立され、その影響は室町幕府の御料所にも及んでいった。
- As a result, each of the bushi throughout Japan including shugo daimyo (great feudal lord) established an integral rule over his own shoryo, which influenced the goryosho of the Muromachi bakufu.
- また一面では、本来太田城を守る存在であった水を使って城を攻めることで、水をも支配する自らの権力を誇示しようとしたとも考えられる。
- In another aspect, it can be also thought that he tried to show his power which could also control water by attacking Ota-jo Castle with water which had fundamentally guarded the castle.
- そしてもう一方に、加賀一向一揆や紀伊雑賀などの惣国一揆を代表とする大名の支配を排した地域自治体制、いわば「ヨコの連帯」があった。
- Another was the local government framework which eliminated the daimyo's rule such as the Kaga Ikko ikki Revolt and sokoku ikki including Kii Saiga, what was called 'a sideways solidarity.'
- しかし1571年(元亀2年)2月に磯野は降伏し、代わって織田氏配下の丹羽長秀が入城し、近江国犬上郡および若狭国支配の拠点とした。
- But in the second month of 1571, the Isono clan surrendered, and Nagahide NIWA, a vassal of the Oda clan, occupied the castle, taking the place of the Asai clan, controlling Inukami County Omi Province as well as Wakasa Province from there.
- 本能寺の変後、清洲会議で長浜の支配権を獲得した柴田勝家の甥の柴田勝豊が入城するも、まもなく勝家と対立した秀吉に攻められ落城した。
- After the incident at Honno-ji Temple, Katsutoyo SHIBATA, a nephew of Katsuie SHIBATA who gained the right to rule Nagahama at the Kiyosu Meeting, became the lord of the castle, but was attacked by Hideyoshi who clashed with Katsuie, and had to abandon the castle.
- しかし、逆に言えば、そのような意見が出てくるということは、それだけ旧宮家復活には国民の支持を得ることが困難だということでもある。
- Conversely, however, the fact that such an opinion is presented also means that it is difficult to obtain public support for restoration of Miyake.
- 分割された土地については、両者互いに完全支配を認め合ったので、地頭は自分側の土地については、法的にも完全な領主となることとなった。
- As both parties involved in Shitaji chubun agreed to mutually respect the other party's open-end right to rule the divided land, jito became the legal and perfect owner of their land.
- 更に特定の納銭方に土倉役や酒屋役などの収入を一時的に預けてそこから財政的な支出をさせるという公方御倉の指定も行われるようになった。
- Furthermore, the bakufu also appointed a Kubo-okura (financial branch) and entrusted the revenue, including dosoyaku and Sakaya yaku (taxes imposed on sake breweries by Muromachi bakufu), with selected nosenkata.
- 特に京都の土倉は延暦寺及びその傘下であった祇園社の支配を受けていたため、両者からの徴税を度々受けた他、朝廷からも臨時徴税を受けた。
- Due to the fact that doso in Kyoto were under the control of Gion-sha Shrine, which was affiliated with Enryaku-ji Temple, they were often taxed by both and also subject to extraordinary taxation by the Imperial court.
- またはそのために盟約、契約を結んで、政治的共同体を結成した集団及び、これを基盤とした既成の支配体制に対する武力行使を含む抵抗運動。
- 'Ikki' can also refer to a group of people that form a political community by entering into an alliance or a contract to achieve an objective and to a resistance movement (which may employ armed force) formed by a group in opposition to the established government.
- 守護は、それまで国司が管轄していた国衙行政・国衙領支配にも侵出していき、国衙の在庁官人を被官(家臣)とした(これを被官化という)。
- Shugo started to expand their influence on the kokuga government as well as control over the kokuga's territories, compelling zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) to obey as the hikan (low-level bureaucrat, namely vassal), which was called 'Hikanization.'
- 当時、欧米列強の支配下にあり、後に独立した国々の指導者達の回顧録に下記のような、植民地時代における感慨の記録が数多く見受けられる。
- Many of the memoirs written by the leaders of countries formerly colonized by western countries refer to the Russo-Japanese War with great excitement.
- 分国法には、先行武家法である御成敗式目および建武式目の影響が見られるが、一方では、自らの分国支配の実情を反映した内容となっている。
- Bunkokuho was influenced by Goseibai Shikimoku and Kenmu Shikimoku while its contents reflected the actual conditions of control over one county.
- フューダリズム(Feudalism)とは歴史学において中世ヨーロッパ社会特有の支配形態を指した用語であり、「封建制」と訳出される。
- Feudalism is a historical term referring to the system of government unique to medieval European society, and is translated as 'Hoken System.'
- 甲斐では、岡崎へ逃れた徳川家康が、光秀討伐の軍を起こすと同時に秀隆を支援するという名目で家臣を甲斐に派遣し、梅雪遺領の掌握を図る。
- In Kai, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had escaped to Okazaki, dispatched his vassals to Kai in an effort to seize the property inheritance of Baisetsu in the name of mobilizing a punitive force against Mitsuhide and supporting Hidetaka at the same time.
- その直後の富士川の戦いで平氏軍に勝利した頼朝は、自分を支持する関東武士団の意向を受け、関東内部の平定・経営に重点を置くこととした。
- Immediately after this, Yoritomo defeated the Taira clan army in the Battle of Fujigawa and focused on the stabilization and management of the Kanto region at the wish of the Kanto Samurai Group which supported him.
- 新宮行栄の代で堀内氏(新宮堀内家)との抗争に敗れ、その後、新宮は堀内氏が支配したが、堀内氏善の子が新宮姓を称し新宮行朝と名乗った。
- In the generation of Yukihide SHINGU, they were defeated in struggles with the Horinouchi clan (Shingu Horinouchi family); subsequently the Horinouchi clan ruled the Shingu clan, but a son of Ujiyoshi HORINOUCHI used the Shingu family name and gave himself the name Yukitomo SHINGU.
- 朱印船(しゅいんせん)は、16世紀末から17世紀初頭にかけて日本の支配者の朱印状(海外渡航許可証)を得て海外交易を行った船を言う。
- The Shuinsen was a ship that carried out foreign trade by receiving the Shuinjo (the permit to travel to foreign countries) of the Japanese ruler between the end of the sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century.
- 丹後国、丹波国、但馬国、播磨国、美作国5ヶ国の久美浜代官所、生野奉行支配地および但馬、丹波の旗本領の926ヶ村23万石を管轄した。
- It had control over the Kumihama and Ikuno magistrate's office-dominated land in the five provinces of Tango, Tanba, Tajima, Harima and Mimasaka, and Hatamoto domain in Tajima and Tanba, which amounted to 926 villages and 230,000 koku.
- これに対して日本の切捨御免には支配階層である武士の名誉と威厳を守る事によって武士を頂点とした当時の社会秩序が防衛されると考えられた。
- On the other hand, it was considered that helping to protect warriors' honor and dignity by Japanese Kirisutegomen kept the social order, of which warriors were at the top.
- 頼朝が本宣旨で目的としたのは、東国支配権の確立よりも、義仲に優越して京武者や地域的軍事権力の担い手を組織化することだったとしている。
- What Yoritomo aimed at with this decree was to organize the samurai in the imperial capital and the bearers of regional military authority to keep superior position to Yoshinaka rather than to establish dominion over Togoku, according to MOTOKI.
- 特に7月信濃国で諏訪氏の支援のもと蜂起した北条時行は、各地の反建武政権勢力を吸収し、足利直義を追い出し、鎌倉を占領する勢いを見せた。
- In particular, Tokiyuki HOJO who rose in revolt with the support of the Suwa clan in Shinano Province in July gathered the anti-Kenmu government forces around the country and got enough momentum to remove Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and occupy Kamakura.
- しかし受領による国内支配の強化への妥協と見る説と、郡司層が旧来の権利を失った代替として越訴権が与えられたとする見解が提出されている。
- However, some have suggested it was accepted as a compromise measure against Zuryo's growing control over entire Japan, while others have suggested that the Gunji class (local magistrates) was given the right to direct appeals in exchange for their lost conventional rights.
- つぎに自由貴族においても官職や位階、領地を基盤として家門形成が進み、中世盛期には下級貴族や都市の支配階級においても家門が形成された。
- In the world of noblemen, a family formation developed based on government positions, court ranks and territorial lands; during the prime of the medieval ages, families were formed among lower-ranking nobles and the ruling class in cities.
- しかし、弘文院を大学別曹ではなく一種の図書館であったとする説もあり、和気広世個人が和気氏の氏上としての立場から支給した可能性もある。
- However, some people asserts that Kobun-in was a kind of library, not Daigaku-besso, and there is a possibility that WAKE no Hiroyo personally granted as the chief of the Wake clan.
- モンゴル国、中国、大韓民国などでは住民の生活や経済に多大な支障が出る場合があり、黄砂への対策や黄砂の防止が社会的に重要となっている。
- In Mongolia, China, and the Republic of Korea, kosa sometimes causes significant damage to activities of the people and the economy in these areas, and it becomes socially important to take measures against kosa and to prevent kosa from occurring.
- 守護は大田文に基づいて、国衙領・荘園への支配を強化することが可能となり、ひいては荘園公領制の解体・崩壊が一層進んでいくこととなった。
- The Ota bumi enabled shugo to strengthen the control over the territories of kokuga and the shoen, which resulted in the further dissolution and collapse of the shoen-koryo-sei (the system of public lands and private estates).
- その後政府は蝦夷の首長を郡司に任命して部族集団の間接的な支配を行い、また個別に服属してきた者は俘囚として諸国に移民させられたりした。
- Later, the government appointed the chief of Ezo as a gunji (region manager) in order to indirectly control tribal groups, and forced people individually picked out for subjugation to migrate to other countries as fushu (barbarians).
- 上記のとおり日本の1里と中国の1里は長さが大きく異なるため、日本の文献内で中国の里のことを『支那里』と呼んで区別していた時代もある。
- There was a period when Chinese ri was called 'shinari' (Chinese ri, approximately 500 meters) in Japanese literature for distinction because 1 ri in Japan and in China had quite different length as mentioned above.
- 後に主流となった頼信の嫡流が東国の武士団を支配下に置いて武家の棟梁としての地位を固め、源頼朝の代に鎌倉幕府を開き武家政権を確立した。
- The direct descendants of Yorinobu, who later became the mainstream, solidified their position as the head of the samurai family with the eastern samurai groups under their control, and in the era of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, they founded the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and established the samurai government.
- 中世日本の公家社会における「家」においては経済的基盤である家領と並んで社会的基盤とも呼ぶべき家門が家の存立を支える重要な存在であった。
- In a 'family' in the court nobles' society of medieval Japan, the following two factors were important to support the existence of the family: its territory, which constituted the economic base; and the family, which could be called its social base.
- 遂に院政期には権力者による合格者の枠配分や大学寮への成功 (任官)(財政支援)によって任官や合格が決まるなどの例も見られるようになる。
- Eventually, during the Insei period (period of cloistered imperial rule), it became more common that influential people arranged the allocation of successful applicants, or that job appointment or success in an entrance exam was decided by applicants' offering of jogo (bribes for appointment) to Daigaku-ryo.
- 室町期の守護は、半済などを通じて、鎌倉期の地頭以上に土地支配の一円化を実施していき、守護領国制の形成と守護の守護大名化が進んでいった。
- Through hanzei (the system in the Muromachi period where the Muromachi bakufu allowed shugo to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military funds), shugo in the Muromachi period realized wider and stronger ichien control of lands than jito of the Kamakura period, and as a result, the Shugo-Ryogoku system (the system wherein a shugo dominates a manor) was established and shugo became shugo daimyo (military governors).
- そして地頭は、下地中分や地頭請などを通じて、下地進止権を手中に収めるのみならず、上分の支配権(上分知行という)も徐々に簒奪していった。
- Jito, then, through shitaji chubun (physical division of the land) and jitouke (the contract system wherein the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs), not only acquired the shitaji-shinshi ken but also gradually took the right to control jobun (jobun chigyo (right to control the profit)).
- また、第一次エチオピア戦争で、エチオピア帝国がイタリア王国に勝利した先例があるが、 これは英仏の全面的な軍事的支援によるものであった。
- Although there was a precedent set by the Ethiopian Empire when it defeated the Kingdom of Italy in the First Italo–Ethiopian War, they succeeded in ousting the Italian with the full military support of England and France.
- 大化の改新は日本書紀に描かれるほどの画期的な改革ではなく、その後、改革への動 きは停滞したとする見解が広範な支持を集めているのである。
- It is now widely held that the Taika Reforms were not so epoch-making as to have been depicted in the 'Nihon shoki' ('Chronicles of Japan') and that the movement toward reform later stagnated.
- 元亀2年(1571年)9月比叡山焼き討ちの後、宇佐山城の城主であった明智光秀に対して、織田信長は滋賀郡の支配を命じ坂本城を築城させた。
- In September, 1571 Nobunaga ODA ordered Mitsuhide AKECHI, who had been the lord of Usayama-jo Castle, to govern Shiga County and to build Sakamoto-jo Castle.
- 当初は朝鮮は戦後には支配下に繰り入れられるべき領土であり、日本の国内戦同様に非戦闘員である民衆は保護の対象であり殺戮は禁止されていた。
- At the beginning, it was understood that Korea was a territory that should be included in the territories under control of Japan and, same as a war in Japan, common people who were noncombatants should be the object of protection and it was prohibited to kill them.
- 生野代官所支配地を中心に分離運動が高まり、1869年(明治2年)、但馬(但馬北部の一部除く)、播磨、美作3ヶ国を生野県として分離した。
- As separatist movements was mounted in places dominated by the Ikuno magistrate's office, three provinces of Tajima (except for a part of northern Tajima), Harima and Mimasaka were separated from Kumihama Prefecture and formed Ikuno Prefecture in 1869.
- これによって、公家社会においては家領の単独相続への移行と「家」そのものの安堵を行う権限を有した治天の君による公家支配の拡大につながった。
- For the noble families of the court, this led to the single succession of an estate; moreover, it expanded the authority of the chiten no kimi, who had the power to stabilize a 'family' and thereby control the court nobles.
- ただし、負所の荘園領主は不作の年でも一定の得分を確保する特権を有する代わりに得分そのものが反別一斗程度と低く、下地支配権を持たなかった。
- However, while the lords of such Shoen had the privilege to gain a pre-fixed profit even in the year of poor harvest, such pre-fixed profit was low, itto (about 18L) per tan (an area), and they didn't have shitaji-shihaiken (the right to rule the land).
- 支配単位である荘園や公領(郷・保など)の範囲で、複数の惣村がさらに結合する惣荘(そうしょう)・惣郷(そうごう)が形成されることもあった。
- Within range of the manor or public land (Go, Ho, etc.) which was a governing unit, sosho (the autonomous village community) and sogo (a village community), which were formed by unifying more than one soson, sometimes appeared.
- もう1つは、中世史料を詳細に検討した結果、進止の語が土地支配を意味するのに対し、知行の語は土地からの収益処分を指すものとした見解である。
- The other is as follows; As a result of detailed investigations of historical materials concerning the medieval period, it is considered that the term of shinshi indicated land control, but that of chigyo the right of obtaining profits from land.
- 田堵と名田は荘園単位、また公領では郡・郷・保単位で把握され、荘園領主に任命された荘官、国衙に任命された郡司、郷司、保司らの支配を受けた。
- The tato farmers and the myoden fields were administered on a manor basis and supervised by a shokan (a manor officer) appointed as the lord of the manor, while the Imperial demesnes were administered on a gun (district), go (village), or ho (settlement) basis, and gunji (a district officer), goji (a village officer), and hoji (a public land officer) supervised respective lands.
- 日本の戦況優勢を見て、東学党の系列から一進会が1904年に設立され、大衆層での親日的独立運動から、日本の支援を受けた合邦運動へ発展した。
- Recognizing that Japan had the upperhand in the war, the Iljinhoe was established from the Donghak Party in 1904, developing from a grass-roots pro-Japanese independence movement into an pro-annexation movement that received support from Japan.
- それ以外にも、財政支出を抑えながら有為な人材を登用する足高制、漢訳洋書禁輸の緩和や甘藷栽培の奨励、目安箱の設置その他の改革をおこなった。
- In addition to the above, he also carried out reforms that included the salary supplements system (tashidaka) for certain key jobs to appoint promising personnel while reining in government spending, deregulating the prohibition of Western books in Chinese version, encouraged the cultivation of sweet potatoes, and established a complaints box as well as other reforms.
- 幕府は江戸、大阪、京都に町奉行・所司代を置き重要視したが、その他伊豆国・日田市・長崎市・新潟県・飛騨国や重要鉱山に代官を配置し支配した。
- The shogunate government regarded Edo, Osaka and Kyoto as important, and established town magistrates (machi bugyo) and local governors (shoshidai), while governed Izu Province, Hita City, Nagasaki City, Niigata Prefecture, Hida Province and primary mines by placing administrative officials (daikan).
- この頃桐野は宮崎から鹿児島方面および豊後等の軍を統監していたが、ここを根拠地とするために宮崎支庁を占領し、5月28日に軍務所と改称した。
- KIRINO, who was in command of the troops in the area from Miyazaki to Kagoshima and that in Bungo around this time, seized the branch office of Miyazaki Prefecture to place a base of the Satsuma army there, and on May 28, changed the name to the Office of Military Affairs.
- 明治政府の成立後、国家統治機構の近代化と人材登用を標榜して、公家の官職世襲によって支えられてきた朝廷のシステムを「悪しき遺制」と捉えた。
- After the establishment of the Meiji government, with the aim of the modernization of national management systems and utilizing human resources, the court system of hereditary positions held by the aristocracy was considered as an 'evil old custom.'
- 従来、律令体制と連動してきた尾張国の猿投窯が、11世紀以後、購買層を支配者層から庶民層へとうつし、実用的な無釉の山茶碗の生産を開始した。
- The Sanage kilns of Owari Province had been linking to the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and after the 11th century, there was a change in buyers, from the ruling class to the common people class, and unglazed Yamajawan (bowl) began to be manufactured.
- 各種の世論調査では、象徴天皇制の現状維持を主張する意見が多数であり、現在のところ象徴天皇制は日本国民に支持されている制度であると言える。
- According to various opinion surveys, most people insist on the preservation of the current state of the Tennosei which has the Emperor as the symbol of the unity of the people and this is the system supported by Japanese nationals.
- だが、正安2年(1300年)には得宗北条貞時の御内人5名が越訴を担当するように命じられるなど、越訴を含めた得宗の訴訟権限支配が模索された。
- However, Tokuso tried to control lawsuits including direct appeals; for example, five Miuchibito (private vassals) of Tokuso Sadatoki HOJO were ordered to take charge to a direct appeal in 1300.
- 荘園に対する収税についても守護使不入を勝ち得た荘園には介入の余地がなく、非合法で横領する他はこれらを支配下に組み入れることは困難であった。
- In terms of tax collection as well, taxes could not be collected from Shoen after they obtained the right of Shugoshi funyu (a right to reject the entrance of a Shugo) and they had no way to collect money without embezzling illegally.
- 撰銭(えりぜに、えりせん、せんせん)とは、日本の中世後期において、支払決済の際に、劣悪な銭貨(鐚銭・悪銭とも)を忌避・排除したことをいう。
- Erizeni (also called erisen or sensen) indicates the act of not accepting low-quality coins (called bitasen coins or akusen coins) in payments, carried out in the latter half of the medieval period in Japan.
- しかし、戦国大名による一円支配が伸展するにつれて、惣村の自治権も剥奪されていき、惣掟も消滅するか、自治色を薄めた内容へと変質していった。
- However, as Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) started to rule the entire region, the autonomy of the soson was divested, and the autonomy of the so-okite thinned out or disappeared.
- 儒学のモデルであり、当時の憧れの対象であった中国では明が滅び、清に支配されて「畜類の国」となれば、もはや規範とすべき国とはいえなくなった。
- In China, the model for Confucianism and the object of admiration, the Ming dynasty went to ruin and the country came to be controlled by the Ching dynasty; China was said to have been reduced to 'a country of beasts' and no longer acted as a standard to emulate.
- また寛永期を過ぎると金銀の産出に陰りが見え始めたのに対し、人口が次第に増加し経済が発展して幕府の支出が増大したため財政難に陥るようになる。
- As the outputs of gold and silver began to decline after the Kanei era, in spite of the increase of expenditure due to the economic development and the population growth, the shogunate government got into financial trouble.
- 10月9日、後白河は頼朝を本位に復して赦免、14日には寿永二年十月宣旨を下して、東海・東山両道諸国の事実上の支配権を与える(『百錬抄』)。
- Goshirakawa pardoned Yoritomo by reinstating him in his previous position on November 2, and gave Yoritomo the virtual right to rule the provinces along Tokai-do Road and Tosan-do Road by issuing Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji (the imperial decree issued to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo) on November 7 ('Hyakuren sho').
- 荘園領主・知行国主らは収入を確保するため、地頭に一定額の年貢納入を義務づける代わりに現地の荘園・公領の支配を任せる地頭請を行うようになった。
- Lord of the manor and chigyo-kokushu introduced Jitouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrusts a jito (manager and lord of manor) to manage his manor and pay the customs) in order to secure income by obliging a jito to pay a fixed amount of land tax in exchange for entrusting him with the management of the local shoen and koryo.
- より後方支援的な職種である工兵(金堀衆、黒鍬、小普請組)、主計(納戸方、右筆)、調理人(台所方)、医者、僧侶(陣僧)などといったものを含む。
- It included additional supporting personnel of kohei (military engineer) (mine development specialists, kurokuwa (construction workers), kobushin gumi (samurai without official appointments who received small salaries)), accountant (nandokata clerk, yuhitsu (secretary)), cooks (kitchen workers), physicians and monks (monks accompanying samurai to war).
- 本家(ほんけ)は、日本の荘園における重層的土地支配構造(荘園公領制、職の体系を参照)上、最上位に位置づけられる土地の名義上の所有権者である。
- Honke is a nominal owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Japanese Shoen (refer to the Shiki system in the shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) section).
- 家門の創設に当たっては王位や官職、あるいは一定の支配権の獲得、領地の取得、城塞や館の建設など歴史的な事件となりうる行為をもっておこなわれる。
- In establishing a kamon (family), a deed that can be considered a historical incident is necessary: ascension to the throne, obtaining a government post or a certain mastermanship, or a territorial land or building such as a castle or a manor.
- 更に領主権力の許可が必要とされる鉱山労働や鯨などの捕獲など領主が支配する山野河海から何らかの利益を得た者にからも冥加を徴収するようになった。
- Further, they imposed Myoga on people who gained profit from business that required a license from the domain, such as mine workers, as well as people who gained profit from mountains/fields/rivers/seas that were under the rule of the lords, such as whale fishermen.
- これにより、まず当時の先進地域だった畿内において、民衆が連帯組織=一揆を形成して、支配者(幕府や守護など)へ政治的な要求を行うようになった。
- In the wake of the change, the masses in the Kinai region (the provinces in the vicinity of the capital which were under direct Imperial rule), which was an advanced area of those days, began to form solidarity organizations (called ikki in Japanese) to make a political appeal to their rulers such as the bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) and their shugo (provincial constables).
- 大気中の黄砂の濃度が比較的薄いならば、多少の黄味を帯びた霞が発生し、普段よりも視程が悪くなる程度で、日常生活に大きな支障が出るほどではない。
- When the density of kosa in the air is relatively low, slightly yellowish mist is generated and visibility is affected slightly, but everyday lives are not affected seriously.
- そのため町奉行支配下の町人人口として計上されている寺社門前地の人口には、農地に点在する農民、一部町人の人口が含まれていないとする解釈がある。
- For the abovementioned reason, there are those who interpret that the population of temple towns that have been accounted for in the population of townspeople, do not include peasants living in such farm lands and some other townspeople inhabiting the shuinchi.
- 豊後・日向方面は4月末から5月末にかけて、野村忍介が率いる奇兵隊とそれを後方から指揮・支援する池上とその部隊の働きで薩軍の支配下におかれた。
- From the end of March to the end of April, the Bungo and the Hyuga areas were placed under the control of the Satsuma army, due to the efforts of Kiheitai led by Oshisuke NOMURA, of IKEGAMI, who commanded and supported KIHEITAI from the rear, and of the troop led by IKEGAMI.
- 当時、悪党と呼ばれる新興勢力が現れ、寺社の強訴が相次いでいたが、長崎高綱・安達時顕が支える得宗政権は、これらの動きに高圧的な姿勢で対処した。
- In those days, local outlaws known as Akuto emerged as a powerful force, and one after another of the temples and shrines began to appeal directly to the bakufu for help; however, the Tokuso administration, which was supported by Takatsuna NAGASAKI and Tokiaki ADACHI, responded to these appeals in a high-handed manner.
- 11世紀中頃以後、不入の権 (日本)の拡大とともに一円支配が確立され、荘園内に居住するものは全て荘民として荘園領主に帰属されることになった。
- After the middle of the 11th century, together with the expansion of Funyu rights (Japan), Ichien shihai (reigning of whole regions) became established and all those who lived within a shoen were under the rule of the shoen landowner as shomin.
- この見解は直木孝次郎らによって支持されているが、これに対しては曽倉岑・荒井秀規らに反論があり、荒井は「穿ちすぎであろう」と疑義を示している。
- YOSHINAGA's argument is supported by historians including Kojiro NAOKI, but it is questioned by Takeshi SOKURA and Hideki ARAI, who claims that YOSHINAGA is 'too inquisitive.'
- また信濃十六牧の筆頭とされる「望月の牧」を支配した望月氏の支流は、飼養牧のあった甲賀の地で甲賀五十三家(甲賀流忍者)筆頭の近江望月氏となる。
- Also, the offshoot of the Mochizuki clan which ruled 'Mochizukinomaki', a Maki thought to have been the head of Juroku (one of the Noh drama masks which features a boy) Maki, became Omimochizuki clan, the head of Koga Gojyusanke (Koga 53 families)(Koga ninja families).
- 坂本の議論は広範な支持を得るところとなり、その後の10世紀・11世紀史研究は坂本論を中心に展開し、坂本論の深化・批判という形で行われていった。
- Sakamoto's theory received support from many researchers and since then, the study of the 10th and 11th centuries has been conducted in the form of deepening/criticizing it with Sakamoto's theory as a starting point.
- 8世紀後期頃から始まった古代の戸籍制度の崩壊は、平安時代に入っても止まらず、平安時代中期には、国家による直接の人民支配はもはや不可能になった。
- The collapse of the ancient family registration that had begun in the end 8th century did not stop in the early Heian period and the direct control of people by the central government became impossible in the mid Heian period.
- 特に明徳4年(1393年)には幕府は土倉に対して年間6,000貫文の納付と引き換えに寺社等が持つ一切の支配権を否定して臨時課役の否認を認めた。
- Particularly in 1393 when, in return for an annual payment of 6,000 kanmon paid by doso to the bakufu, all control rights held by temples and shrines were negated and special taxes were repudiated.
- このような百姓内の階層分離が進んでいく中で、政府による律令制的支配は徐々に弛緩していき、戸籍・計帳の作成や班田などが実施されなくなっていった。
- As such a class division furthered among the population of peasants, the governmental control based upon the ritsuryo system gradually relaxed, and the bureaucratic procedures such as the household registers (koseki), the yearly tax registers (handen), and allotting of cultivation fields (handen) were no longer carried out.
- しかし、鎌倉時代に入り、地頭が荘園・公領支配に進出してくると、現地の地頭(又はその代官)に年貢徴収を請け負わせる地頭請が行われるようになった。
- However, after entering into the Kamakura period, as jito (manager and lord of manor) extended their control over the shoen and koryo (an Imperial demesne), jitouke, which awarded the local jito (or the deputy) the contract to collect the nengu, came to be put into practice.
- 1つは、土地や百姓らから産み出される収益(年貢・公事など)の上分(じょうぶん)であり、もう1つは、支配する土地そのものの下地(したじ)である。
- One was called jobun, which was the profit (from nengu (land tax) and kuji (public duties)) generated from land or by farmers, and the other was called shitaji, which was the land under control.
- 鎌倉時代後期には、異国警固などの出費が増大しただけでなく、貨幣経済の浸透や分割相続制によって幕府を支える中小御家人の零細化・疲弊が進んでいた。
- In the late Kamakura period, middle and small classes of gokenin who supported the Shogunate not only had to increase their expenditures for military service in the Kyushu area to provide against the invasion of the Yuan Dynasty, but also became gradually insignificant and impoverished due to the penetration of the money economy and divided succession.
- 1903年8月からの日露交渉において、日本側は朝鮮半島を日本、満洲をロシアの支配下に置くという妥協案、いわゆる満韓交換論をロシア側へ提案した。
- In the negotiation with Russia from August 1903, Japan proposed that the Korean Peninsula under the Japanese control and Manchuria under the Russian control, in a compromise known as the Manchuria-Korea Trade-off.
- これは、幕府や藩などの媒介なしに、天皇の下にある中央政府が直接に土地と人民を支配し、統治権(立法権・行政権・司法権)を行使することを意味する。
- This meant that the central government, on behalf of the emperor, could directly rule land and people, and exercise ruling powers (legislative power, executive power, and judicial power).
- 名主は領主・地頭から名田の耕作を請け負いながら、屋敷を構え、下人や所従などの下層農民を支配し、屋敷近くに佃(つくだ)と呼ばれる良田を所有した。
- Myoshus built their houses, governed low-ranking farmers such as genin (servants who served to their masters as slaves) or shoju (retainers) and so on and owned good rice fields called tsukuda (directly-managed rice fields by a lord or an officer of shoen) near their houses, undertaking the cultivation of myoden from local lords and jitos.
- これが世界最大級の産銅量を誇る鉱山に成長し、重要な輸出品として日本を支えることとなると共に約280年にもわたって住友の重要な事業の柱となった。
- This developed into a mine that boasted the world's greatest copper production, supporting Japan as an important export item and serving as the major Sumitomo business for approximately 280 years.
- そのため安土桃山時代においては、豊臣秀吉による太閤検地によって、知行高は支給される米の容積による「石 (単位)」(石高)で表されるようになった。
- In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, chigyodaka (a stipend in terms of rice production of the fief) was represented by the volume of rice to be supplied; that is to say, by the unit of 'koku' (also called kokudaka), which was organized during the Taiko kenchi (the cadastral survey of Taiko) conducted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 逆に守護大名の段階において領国の一円支配を一応は完成させていた武田氏や今川氏、新興の外来勢力である後北条氏・里見氏には見られない現象でもあった。
- By contrast, this phenomenon was not seen in the Takeda and Imagawa clans, which had achieved ichien shihai (integrated rule over whole territory) when they were still in the stage of Shugo daimyo; nor was it seen in the Gohojo and Satomi clans which were a newly emerged foreign power.
- 雑役免田は定免田化されると給主の権利が強まり、官物の不輸や国使入部を拒否する不入権を獲得することで、給主の一円支配を認めた荘園に転化していった。
- The Jyomenden of Zoeki Menden strengthened the rights of the Kyunushi and led to the Funyuken (right to refusal of entry of Kokushi), or exemption of tax, changing into the overall control of the Kyunushu of Shoen.
- 士族への秩禄支給は大きな財政負担となっており、国民軍の創設などにおいても封建的特権意識が弊害となっていたため、士族身分の解体は政治課題であった。
- Because the supply of chitsuroku (hereditary stipend) to the warrior class was a serious financial burden, and a sense of feudalistic entitlement was detrimental to the establishment of the national army, the disorganization of the warrior class was a political issue.
- こうした変化に対応できた守護もしくは守護を放伐した守護代・国人らは、守護不入権などを否認して強力かつ一元的に領国を支配する戦国大名へと成長した。
- Denying various disadvantageous terms such as the right of shugo-funyu, shugo that had successfully coped with these changes, as well as shugo-dai and kokujin that had ousted shugo, grew into Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period [period of warring states]) controlling their territories strongly and uniformly.
- それまで分散して居住し特に連帯してこなかった百姓らが、新たに集住して村落をつくり、強い自治意識と連帯意識に支えられた惣村を形成するようになった。
- The peasants who had lived individually, started to live in a new village and form a soson community with strong autonomous concerns and sense of common bonds.
- このことから、当時の実態はヤマト王権が他の首長より優越はしているが強い支配関係にはなく、ヤマトと他地域の連合政権的な性格だったと考えられている。
- From these records, it is thought that although the Yamato Kingdom was superior to other chiefs, it was not a strongly dominant relationship, but rather more like a coalition government.
- 実際には幕府も内高を調査しある程度把握していたが、軍役などの大名・旗本の義務的支出に関わる家格や軍役の算出に用いられる基準はあくまで表高とした。
- In fact, although bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) investigated uchi-daka and they kept the track of it to some degree, omote-daka was still used as the standards for calculating kakaku (family status) and military service that would determine compulsory expenditure of daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) or hatamoto.
- 義平は変装して平清盛一族(平家)の支配する京都に密かに潜入し、京都に潜む父義朝のかつての郎党と共に清盛暗殺を企てるが失敗し捕らえられて殺される。
- Yoshihira in disguise sneaked into Kyoto which was ruled by the family of TAIRA no Kiyomori (Taira clan) and tried to assassinate Kiyomori with the help of the former followers of his father Yoshitomo hidden in Kyoto, but he failed, and was captured and killed.
- 一方神社では社家が荘園を分割支配して安定した収入確保を図ろうとするが、次第に自己の家領として私物化して場合によっては第三者に譲渡する例も現れた。
- On the other hand, in the shrines, shake (hereditary priest at a shrine) divided and ruled the shoen to secure stable income, but gradually privatized the shoen as its own karei (hereditary land), even sold the shoen to the others in some cases.
- 朝廷は租税収入を確保するために、諸国の国衙領を名田という単位へ分割し、在地の富豪層(田堵)へ名田経営と租税納入を請け負わせる支配体制へと移行した。
- To ensure yields of tax, the Imperial Court introduced a new ruling system where Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in provinces were divided into units of myoden (rice field lots in charge of nominal holders) so that land lords of the wealthy class (Tato (cultivators)) undertook the management of myoden and land tax payment.
- 8世紀から本格的に開始した日本の律令制は、戸籍・計帳によって人民百姓を把握し、口分田を班給する代わりに租庸調を租税として収取する支配体制であった。
- The Ritsuryo system of Japan, which was officially inaugurated in the eighth century, was an administrative system based on the control over people and farmers by koseki (the household registers) and keicho (the yearly tax registers) and the collection of land tax by Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), which was imposed in exchange for hankyu (allotment) of kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).
- つまり、本来その任にあたる検非違使とは別に、天皇から、武官以外には禁止されていた弓箭を帯びての招集を受け、その任務の間、馬寮より官馬が支給される。
- In other words, being apart from original Kebiishi duty, they were summoned wearing Kyusen (Bow and arrow) that was forbidden for others except for military officers and military horses were supplied by Meryo during their duty.
- 一方でそれら守護や国人の支配権は無条件に強固になったわけではなく、被官が他の守護に寝返ったり、他の国人と一揆を結んで守護の干渉を防ぐこともあった。
- On the other hand, strengthening the ruling power of a Shugo or Kokujin was not necessarily accomplished smoothly, due to vassals often changing loyalty to other Shugo or rebelled against a Shugo in an alliance with another Kokujin.
- そのほかに1778年9月『画法綱領』、『画図理解』という日本最初の西洋画論ともいえる理論書を執筆しており、これは秋田蘭画の理論的支柱となっている。
- In addition, he also wrote the first books on theories of Western-style painting in Japan, such as 'Gaho Koryo' (Summary of Painting Laws) and 'Gazu Rikai' (Understanding Painting) in September of 1778, which became the theoretical fulcrum point of Akita Ranga.
- 一方、高宗や両班などの旧李朝支配者層は日本の影響力をあくまでも排除しようと試み、日露戦争中においてもロシアに密書を送るなどの外交を展開していった。
- On the other hand, Emperor Gojong and the yangban elite of the former Yi Dynasty insisted on the removal of Japanese influence, and carried out diplomatic maneuvers such as sending secret letters to Russia during the Russo-Japanese War.
- 均田制の根幹となる百姓への耕作地の支給は、次第に実施されなくなり、それに伴って租庸調制が立ち行かなくなったため780年に税制は両税制へと移行した。
- Allotment of cultivated lands to the peasants which had been the basis of the equal-field system, was gradually neglected, leading to the zuyongdiao system becoming neglected and, in 780, being replaced with the liangshui system.
- 樺太は江戸幕府がロシア政府と結んだ日露和親条約で日露混住の地とされ、王政復古 (日本)の後は箱館裁判所と箱館府の支配を経て、開拓使の管轄となった。
- Sakhalin, where the Japanese and the Russians lived under the treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan signed between Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Russian government, was initially controlled by Hakodate District Court and Hakodate-fu after the Restoration of (Japanese) Imperial Rule, and later, by the Hokkaido Development Commissioner.
- そして、両特権の拡大によって、荘園における土地・人民の私的支配はいっそう強まり、荘園を整理しようとする国司と荘園領主とのあいだでも対立が深まった。
- Consequently, due to the expansion of the two privileges, private dominance of land and people in shoen further grew, and the confrontation between kokushi who tried to reorganize shoen and lords of shoen intensified.
- 干支年は、後漢の建武 (漢)26年(50年)に三統暦の超辰法をやめ(元和 (漢)2年に正式改暦)以降は60の周期で単純に繰り返しており計算できる。
- After 超辰法 of Santo-reki calendar was abolished in 50, at the time of the Later Han Dynasty (calendar was reformed officially in 1616), eto (Chinese astrological calendar) repeats in a 60-year cycle and can calculate.
- 日本国における古代・中世の荘園や荘園公領制下の村落の領主である権門勢家や在地の地頭たちは、その領域 (国家)を明確にして支配の正統性を主張していた。
- In the ancient and medieval periods of Japan, shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or feudal loads of the villages under the system of public lands and private estates, such as the great and powerful or the local jito (manager and lord of manor) set bounds on their territories (states) and insisted the justice of their domination over such territories.
- また、個別人身支配を受けるべき個々の民は、かつてのように地域首長層の末裔たる郡司の首長権への精神的服従意識によって統率された存在ではなくなっていた。
- Further, individuals who were supposed to be subject to people-based governance were no more the people who were led by mental obedience consciousness to the chieftaincy of Gunji, the descendants of the chiefs of village communities.
- 開発領主は国衙よりも権威のある中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ開発田地を寄進して(寄進型荘園)、国衙の圧力を断ち切ることで支配権・管理権を確保していった。
- Therefore, kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to secure their dominion and management rights by donating their developed fields to major central nobility, temples, and shrines, that were more powerful than kokuga, to eliminate the pressure from kokuga (those shoen were specifically categorized as donated shoen).
- ただ、現実には百姓層の階層分化が著しく進んでおり律令制的な人別支配はもはや不可能な段階に至っていたため、延喜の治は必ずしも成功したとは言えなかった。
- However, in reality, Engi no chi was not necessarily successful as the rank differentiation of the farmer class was significantly accelerated so, the rule over people based on the Ritsuryo system had reached the stage no longer being possible.
- しかし、史料から見る実際の名田は、あくまで領主が支配しており、田堵や名主らは領主への租税納付機関として働いていたに過ぎないことが明らかとなっている。
- Historical materials clearly show, however, that the myoden fields were actually governed by lords, and tato and myoshu just functioned as a tax payment agency for lords.
- 氏は同税は住民に対する税金ではなく、京都市内の寺社建物へ支払う拝観料へ課税し文化財を保護する市への協力を拝観者へ依頼するものと市議会へ説明している。
- According to his explanation to the City Assembly, the tax was imposed not on the citizens but on the entrance fee paid to the temples and the shrines in Kyoto city, with the intention of eliciting cooperation with the city from the visitors in protecting its cultural properties.
- 抜け道もいくつか存在し、薩摩藩の支配下にあった琉球を通じた中国、東南アジアとの仲介貿易、松前藩を介したアイヌ・ロシアとの交易などがおこなわれていた。
- There were several loopholes, for example, intermediary trade with China and Southeast Asia through Ryukyu under the control of Satsuma Domain and trade with Ainu and Russia through the Matsumae Domain.
- 発症者が増えた原因の第一は、花粉飛散量が増え、それに曝露された者が増えたためであることは明らかである(上記の地域別有症率との相関もこれを支持する)。
- It is clear that increases in airborne pollen levels and the number of individuals exposed to this pollen are the main reasons for the increase in the number of patients developing symptoms (this is supported by the above correlation with symptom prevalence rate by area).
- 安倍氏の分裂状態は室町幕府の支援を受けた安倍有世(泰親の子孫)の元で統一が図られ、土御門家 (安倍氏)と号して天文道・陰陽道を統括する立場となった。
- The divided Abe clan was reunited under ABE no Ariyo (a descendent of Yasuchika), who was backed by the Muromachi bakufu (a Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); they named themselves the Tsuchimikado family (the Abe clan), and acquired a position from which they could supervise both tenmondo and onmyodo.
- などから、この元慶の乱は事実上蝦夷側の要求が通り、雄物川以北は蝦夷側の支配する地区となり、朝廷が手を出せなくなってしまったのではないかとする人もいる。
- For these reasons, some even assume that in the Gangyo War the request of the Emishi side was practically granted, and that the Emishi took over the reins of the region to the north of the Omono-gawa River, which even the Imperial Court could no longer touch.
- この土地支配の単位を名田と呼ぶが、この頃、郡司、土着国司などを出自とする田堵と呼ばれた富豪層は、名の経営を請け負い、負名と呼ばれるようになっていった。
- The unit of the medieval land ruling is called myoden (rice field lots in the charge of a nominal holder), and at that period the wealthy class called Tato (cultivators) that came from gunji (local magistrates) and native provincial governors undertook the management of myo and came to be called Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field).
- これは農民が領主が支配する田畑で労働行為(耕作)を行って年貢を納める代償として領主からの庇護を受けるという関係をその他の領民に拡大したものとも言える。
- In a sense, the above was modeled after the relation between lords and farmers under which farmers worked at farmlands (cultivation) that were under the rule of lords and pay nengu while being protected by the lords.
- 学問料(がくもんりょう)とは、平安時代に大学寮紀伝道の学生である文章生から選抜されて支給された奨学のための費用であり、給料(きゅうりょう)とも称した。
- The term Gakumonryo is a scholarship for Monjosho (students who study poetry and history) who studied Kidendo (the study of history) at Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) during the Heian period and it was also called Kyuryo.
- 領主の支出面を見てみると、荘園管理は大きな出費を伴うものであり、小規模な荘園では農奴保有に依存しない傾向があったのも、このためだったと考えられている。
- As for the expense of the lords, the management of shoens cost a lot and that was why the small-scaled shoens were not likely to depend on the ownership of serfs.
- 時代が経過すると名による支配体制が崩れて、多くの一般百姓(地下人じげにん)が経済的に自立していったため、これらの地下人も惣村の構成員に加わっていった。
- With the change of the times, since the governing system by myo collapsed and many general peasants (jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility)) attained economic self-sufficiency, such jigenin came to be recognized as members of soson.
- つまり、鎌倉期の地頭は、在地領主として勧農を実施することで、現地の実効支配権をも主張したのであり、このようにして地頭による荘園侵略が行われたのである。
- That is, jito during the Kamakura period insisted on their effective authority by practicing the kanno as local landlords and in this way the jito's invasion of the shoens was completed.
- しかし、西郷によって推挙された大蔵大丞・安場保和が大隈弾劾の意見書を提出したために大隈やこれを支持する江藤新平・後藤象二郎らが結束してこれに対抗した。
- When Yasukazu YASUBA, Okura Taijo (senior secretary of the Minister of the Treasury) who was recommended by Saigo, voiced his opinioin that Okuma should be impeached, Okuma and his supporters, including Shimpei ETO and Shojiro GOTO, uniformily opposed the move.
- 実際、人民の負担が増加傾向にあるにもかかわらず、肝心の支配層、すなわち貴族階級は贅沢を続け政治から遠ざかっていくようになる、と教えられる時期も有った。
- In fact, it was taught that the burden on the people increased, while the ruling class, i.e., the noble class, continued living luxuriously and had less to do with the politics.
- 更にその中で上位の者は領主や地侍としての地位を獲得して荘園領主の支配から脱却したり、荘園内外にて独自の経営地及び独自の小作関係の形成を行うようになる。
- Further, there were those of the upper-class who attained the position as a landlord or a jizamurai (local samurai) which enabled them to break away from the rule of the manor owners and to establish their own business managing and renting their lands to local peasants.
- こうして兵力と補給に余裕が出てきたことにより朝鮮南部の支配を既定事実とするため、朝鮮南部へ布陣した諸将を動員して第二次晋州城攻防戦で晋州城を攻略した。
- Thus, as they could gain some leeway both in troop strength and supplies, in order to control southern Korea an established fact, commanders camped in southern Korea were called up to attack Jinju Castle (the second Siege of Jinju).
- イタリアの都市国家では支配階層であり貴族層の権力伸張を抑える手段として用いられ、続いて女性の発言力増加を危惧してこれを抑圧するための手段として出された。
- Italian city-states used this kind of law as a means to restrain the extension of power of the nobles who were then the ruling class and to suppress the increasing influence of women, which was becoming a concern of the country.
- 別名とは、田堵負名を含む在地領主層に対して、名田よりも遥かに広域で、未墾地や山野を含む領域の支配を認める代わりに、一定の官物納入を義務づけるものである。
- The bechimyo was the system in which the central government put local lords including tato fumyo under a obligation to pay a certain amount of kanmotsu instead of admitting their domination over the area that was far more vast than myoden and included uncultivated lands, fields and mountains.
- 「国の兵共」が、「譜第図」や「胡簗注文」などの台帳に記載されるということ自体が、彼らが国衙支配下の開発領主達の中で特種な存在であったことを物語っている。
- The fact that 'soldiers of the province' was recorded in registers such as 'Fudaizu' and 'Yanagui chumon' (a list of warriors) said that they had a special existence among the kaihatsu-ryoshu under the Kokuga rule.
- 第二に親書に記載される年紀の表記を干支から日本の年号に変更するということ、第三に使者の名称を朝鮮側が回答使兼刷還使から通信使に変更するというものである。
- The second point was to use Japanese-style year names instead of the Oriental zodiac in letters of each sovereign, and the third was that the Korean side should change the name of the envoy from Kaitoshi-ken-sakkanshi to Tsushinshi.
- 荘園領主は、現地の有力農民(田堵など)を名主に任じ、荘園の現地経営を安定させると同時に、直属の預所を現地へ派遣するなどして、荘園支配の強化維持に努めた。
- Shoen owners appointed the local leading farmers (such as tato who managed the rice fields in shoen or kokuga domain) as myoshu (the class entrusted to manage myoden, rice field as a basic unit for tax levying), sent the direct subordinate azukari dokoro (appointed local shoen manager) to the local region as well as stabilized the local management of shoen and they did their best to strengthen and maintain the governance of shoen.
- 律令制とは、古代中国から理想とされてきた王土王民(王土王臣とも)、すなわち「土地と人民は王の支配に服属する」という理念を具現化しようとする体制であった。
- The Ritsuryo system was a system for embodying the idea known in Japanese as odo omin (or odo oshin) and meaning 'the sovereign's land, the sovereign's people,' where 'the land and the people are placed under the rule of the emperor,' which had been had been held as an ideal since ancient times in China.
- 魏は、戦乱によって耕作者がいなくなった田地を人民に支給して軍糧を徴収する屯田制と、兵役義務を持つのは兵戸であり他の一般戸と区別する兵戸制を採用していた。
- Wei adopted the tuntian system, where farmland deserted during the war was granted to people and the crop collected as military provisions, and the binghu military household system, where only military households were required to do military service, separating them from general households.
- 1523年には惟長父子に堅志田城を奪われ甲佐町・砥用町・中山も支配下におかれるが1543年に堅志田城を奪還し、30年に及ぶ内部分裂に事実上終止符を打つ。
- In 1523, Koretoyo lost control of Katashida-jo Castle to Korenaga and his son, and they even took over control of Kosa Town, Tomochi Town, and Nakayama; however, Koretoyo regained control over the castle in 1543, finally ending the internal conflicts that had continued for 30 years.
- この場合、おおよそ古代の奴隷制が生産力の進歩によって覆され、領主が生産者である農民を農奴として支配するようになったと解釈される社会経済制度のことを示す。
- In this case, it means the socio-political system considered to have been established after the overturn of ancient slavery with the improvement of productivity, under which feudal lords ruled productive peasants as serfs.
- 奉公衆の湯河氏らも応仁の乱前後から畠山氏の内乱に参戦することが増え、畠山氏の軍事動員に応じ、守護権力を支える立場へと変化していった(教興寺の戦いなど)。
- Around the Onin War, hokoshu such as the Yukawa clan increasingly joined the internal insurrection of the Hatakeyama clan and changed into a position supporting Shugo's power, accepted with the military mobilization of the Hatakeyama clan (the Battle of Kyoko-ji Temple and so on).
- こうした大規模な土木工事が可能になったということは、技術の発達とともに、多くの労働力を使えるだけの権力をもち、広範囲に支配を広げた王権の成立を意味する。
- The fact that such large-scale public works were possible implies the development of work skills and the establishment of the royal authority which not only had the power to mobilize a large workforce but also the control over a wide-ranging area.
- 形態は新聞社であったが、社会主義者と社会主義支援者らのセンターの役割を担い、事実上、社会主義協会 (1900年)とともに社会主義運動の中心組織であった。
- Although it was a newspaper company in its appearance, it was in reality the central organization of socialistic movements playing the role of the center for socialism and socialism supporters together with the Socialist Association (in 1900).
- 聖武天皇の皇女・不破内親王の夫で塩焼王自身も天武天皇の皇孫であることや豊成・永手といった藤原氏内部からの支持もあった塩焼王には皇位継承の可能性があった。
- There was a possibility that Prince Shioyaki would succeed to the Imperial Throne in view of the facts that he was the husband of Imperial Princess Fuwa, a Princess of Emperor Shomu, that Prince Shioyaki himself was a grandchild of Emperor Tenmu, and that he was supported by such members of the Fujiwara clan as Toyonari and Nagate.
- 中には土佐の一条氏(土佐一条氏)のように、荘園領主である中央貴族が荘園支配を維持するため、荘園へ下向し、そのまま土着して戦国大名となってしまった例もある。
- Among them, like the Tosa Ichijo clan, some central aristocrats who were the lords of shoen went to the shoen to maintain the governance of shoen and were indigenized there to become Sengoku-daimyo.
- 中世前期(平安時代~鎌倉時代)までは、民衆(百姓など)を規制する法令は、律令・公家法・本所法・武家法など支配者により定められたものしか存在していなかった。
- Before the early medieval period (from the Heian to Kamakura periods), the general public (peasants etc.) were regulated only by the laws established by rulers, such as the Ritsuryo codes, court noble law, honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) law, and samurai law.
- 天正3年(1575年)、長篠の戦いの後、武田氏の外戚である木曾義昌(武田信玄の娘・真理姫の夫)は武田勝頼より秋山信友が守る美濃国岩村城の支援を命じられた。
- In 1575, after the Battle of Nagashino, Yoshimasa KISO (who was married to Marihime, Shingen TAKEDA's daughter), a maternal relative of the Takeda clan, was ordered by Katsuyori TAKEDA to support Nobumoto AKIYAMA in defending Iwamura-jo Castle in Mino Province.
- 12世紀に入る頃から、荘園領主である寺社は経営安定化のために雑役免系荘園の一円支配を目指し、寺田・神田などの封戸と同様に官物徴収権も獲得するようになった。
- From the beginning of the twelfth century, some of temples/shrines, the lord of shoen, began to seek ichienshihai (complete rule of the land) of Zoyakumen kei shoen and eventually obtained the right to collect kanmotsu as with the case of fuko (lands allotted to temples/shrines) called jiden (land allotted to temples) or shinden (land allotted to shrines).
- しかしそれが無い場合には神木を興福寺金堂に移し、石上神宮・吉野勝手明神両社に神輿の派遣を要請、更に場合によっては東大寺などの南都七大寺にも支援を要請する。
- If not, they transferred shinboku to 'Kondo-hall' (the main hall) of Kofuku-ji Temple, asked both Isonokami-jingu Shrine and Yoshino-katte-myojin Shrine to send 'mikoshi' (portable shrines carried in festivals), and occasionally called for help to seven large temples of 'Nanto' (southern capital, referring to Nara), including Todai-ji Temple.
- この幽閉劇は、毛利氏による旧尼子家臣団への締め付けと出雲国の支配強化が狙いであり、三沢氏同様、旧尼子家臣団でもあった三刀屋久扶も追放の憂き目にあっている。
- This dramatic confinement was designed by the Mori clan to increase its pressure on the retainers of the old Amago clan and strengthen its lordship over Izumo Province, such that Hisasuke MITOYA who had been a member of the old Amago's retainer group also suffered exile in the same manner as those of the Misawa clan.
- その後、信長は伊勢国の北畠具教、河内国の三好義継、大和国の松永久秀ら、畿内における諸大名をことごとく支配下に置き、畿内に一大勢力圏を築くに至ったのである。
- After that, Nobunaga subjugated all daimyos (Japanese feudal lord) in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) such as Tomonori KITABATAKE of Ise Province, Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI of Kawachi Province and Hisahide MATSUNAGA of Yamato Province, and gained control over the majority of the Kinai region.
- 幕府が学問に儒学の朱子学を採用したことから、覇者である徳川家より「みかど」が正当な支配者であるという尊王論が水戸徳川家(水戸藩)を中心として盛んになった。
- Because the Bakufu chose Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) as the academic subject to be studied, Sonnoron (Imperialism), which placed 'Mikado' (the Emperor) as the legitimate ruler rather than a hegemon of the Tokugawa clan, became popular among people such as the Mito-Tokugawa family (Mito Domain).
- この制度上、その支配する収益権のある土地自体を、土地や百姓らから産み出される収益(年貢・公事など)を指す上分(じょうぶん)に対して、下地(したじ)と呼んだ。
- Under this system, lands from which proceeds (nengu (tribute) and kuji (public service) etc) were gained were called shitaji while the proceeds which were gained from lands/peasants were called jobun.
- かかる危機に直面した国衙行政と中央財政を再建させるために、院宮王臣家と富豪層の関係を断ち切るとともに、国司へ大幅な支配権限を委譲する改革が行われたのである。
- In the reformation to reestablish the kokuga administration and the finance of the central government, the relationships between Ingu oshinke and rich and powerful persons was broken and much of the control right was transferred to kokushi.
- 郡司・富豪層は、土地耕作を経営し納税を請け負う田堵負名として国衙支配に組み込まれ、また、各「所」に配属されて在庁官人として国衙行政の一翼を担うようになった。
- Gunji and rich and powerful persons were built in the kokuga control system as Tato fumyo who managed farm operations and collected tax, and in addition, were affiliated with 'the sho' and came to play some roles in the kokuga administration.
- 国内支配に大幅な権限を有した受領と、名経営や私領経営などを通じて経済力をつけてきた郡司・田堵負名層との間には、次第に経済的・政治的矛盾が生じるようになった。
- Gradually, economical and political contradiction became serious between zuryo, who had big authority for ruling provinces, and gunji/tato fumyo class, who had economic power gained through the management of myoden or private estates.
- 算用状(さんようじょう・散用状)とは、中世の荘園において、荘園領主と現地の荘官との間で交わされた個々の荘園の年貢・公事などに関する年間の収支決算報告のこと。
- Sanyojo (算用状 or 散用状) was the annual settlement of accounts for nengu (annual land tax) and kuji (miscellaneous tax) in each shoen (estate) exchanged between shoen ryoshu (the estate proprietary lord) and shokan (the estate manager) in the medieval shoen system.
- 支配体制のいまだ確立していない江戸時代初期には特に顕著で、幕府の成立から三代征夷大将軍徳川家光の治下にかけて、嗣子がないために取り潰される大名家が続出した。
- During the early Edo period when the control system had not been established yet, especially the period between the foundation of the bakufu and the regime of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, many daimyo families became extinct due to the lack of an heir.
- しかし、鎌倉後期ごろになると、地頭が荘園・公領支配へ進出していったことにより、名を中心とした生活経済は急速に姿を消していき、従来の荘園公領制が変質し始めた。
- However, in the late Kamakura period, since Jito (a manager and lord of the manor) moved into the governance of the manor and public land, the livelihood and economy that had been dependent on the myo rapidly disappeared, and the conventional shoen koryo sei began to change.
- 在地領主は、平安中期~後期を通じて、名田経営により富を蓄積し、周辺田地や開発墾田を集積するとともに、それらの田地内の一般百姓を支配下に置こうと指向していた。
- During the middle and late of the Heian period, the local landlords accumulated fortunes by the management of myoden, amassed neighboring or cultivated rice fields, and aimed to govern ordinary farmers in these rice fields.
- 一揆の際には農村側に立って先導するような百姓側の代表としての意識の強いものと、支配機構の末端をになう下級官吏の面が強く一揆などの際に標的となる場合もあった。
- Some headmen (nanushi or shoya) had a strong sense of being a representative of the peasants, who led riots on farmers' side, while others became a target in uprisings because of their being the rank and file of the government in direct contact with the public.
- 危機感を共有した支配階級は団結融和へと向かい、当時の天智天皇は豪族を再編成するとともに、官僚制を急速で整備するなど、挙国的な国制改革を精力的に進めていった。
- The ruling classes shared the sense of crisis and began to unite and reconcile with each other, while the emperor at the time, Emperor Tenji, energetically pushed forward nationwide constitutional reforms by reorganizing powerful clans and rapidly organizing the bureaucracy.
- 律令制では、王土王民および一君万民の理念のもと、人民(百姓)に対し一律平等に耕作地を支給し、その代償として、税・労役・兵役が同じく一律平等に課せられていた。
- Under the Ritsuryo system, based on the ideas of odo omin and ikkun banmin, cultivated land was granted equally to the people (peasants) who, in return, had to provide taxes, labor, and military service.
- その中でも伊勢平氏は平氏政権樹立の過程で各地の知行国や荘園を獲得して経済的基盤を形成し、最盛期には30ヶ国以上の知行国と500ヶ所以上の荘園を支配していた。
- Among others, the Ise Heishi formed its economic foundation by receiving chigyokoku and shoen throughout Japan in the process of establishing the Taira administration, which culminated in ruling of thirty or more chigyokoku and 500 or more shoen.
- 明は日本と国交を結ばないまま滅亡し、明に代わって中国を支配するようになった清は、すでに日本が鎖国を取ったため貿易は行うが、正式な国交を持とうとはしなかった。
- Ming was ruined without having diplomatic relations with Japan and Qing, which began to control China after Ming, because Japan adopted a national isolation policy, conducted only trade, but had no official diplomatic relations.
- 一方、朝鮮の両班階層(支配層)の間では明の援軍のおかげにより朝鮮は滅亡を免れたのだという意識(「再造之恩」)が強調され、明への恩義を重視する思想が広まった。
- On the other hand, among yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea) (ruling class) of Korea, understanding that Korea could narrowly avoid ruin thanks to reinforcements from Ming ('再造之恩') was underscored and the thought to attach importance to gratitude towards Ming spread widely.
- 欽明天皇治世(540年 - 571年)には戊午の干支年が存在しないため、最も近い戊午年である538年(書紀によれば宣化天皇3年)が有力と考えられている。)。
- During the reign of Emperor Kinmei (540-571), since there was no year of the horse (the Oriental zodiac), 538, the year closest to his period of reign, is often considered when Buddhism was introduced to Japan.
- さらに戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名による一円支配の強化とともに名田の解体が急激に進み、最終的には安土桃山時代の太閤検地によって、名田は完全に消滅した。
- In the Sengoku period (the period of warring states in Japan), the collapse of the myoden system rapidly proceeded accompanying the enhancement of the unified government by Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period), and eventually, it completely disappeared due to the taiko-kenchi (cadastral surveys instituted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) in the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
- そして、奇兵隊1個中隊を宮崎に、奇兵隊2中隊を美々津に、奇兵隊3中隊を細島に、奇兵隊3個中隊を延岡に配置して、政府軍がまだ進出していない日向を支配下に置いた。
- Then, the Satsuma army deployed a company of Kiheitai in Miyazaki, the 2nd company of Kiheitai in Mimitsu, the 3rd company of Kiheitai in Hososhima, and three companies of Kiheitai in Nobeoka and occupied Hyuga where the government army had not advanced yet.
- 同時に当時の神祇に関する宗教思想のあり方を知ることができる点や、平安後期における院による熊野三山への支援を知ることができる点において、重要な史料となっている。
- At the same time, Chokan-kanmon is a precious historical material by which we can well understand the religious philosophy of Jingi (gods of heaven and earth) at the time as well as the reality of the Retired Emperors' support for Kumano sanzan in the late stage of the Heian period.
- 在家を下人・所従と同様の従属民とする見方もあるが、在家の位置づけは地域によって異なっている上に、実際に領主の人格的支配が在家にまで及んでいたとする記録はない。
- Zaike could be categorized as slaves similar to genin (the base) and shoju (followers); but, zaike was considered differently in each region, and besides, there was no record indicating that ryoshu in fact controlled zaike.
- 源義親の子である塩谷頼純が大治 (日本)5年(1130年)頃、下野国塩谷郡に下り塩谷荘司として塩谷姓を創始したのがはじまりで、塩谷荘三十三郷三万八千町を支配。
- In or around 1130, Yorizumi SHIONOYA, a son of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, went down Shioya County, Shimotsuke Province, adopted the name SHIONOYA and governed SHIONOYA manor, with its thirty-three go thirty-eight thousand cho.
- これらの軍事支出と皇帝万暦帝の奢侈は明の財政を悪化させ、17世紀前半の女真の強大化に耐え切れないほどの、明の急速な弱体化の重要な原因となったと考えられている。
- Such military expenditure and extravagance by the emperor, Banreki, worsened the financial conditions of Ming and it is considered to be a serious cause of rapid weakening of Ming that could not bear growth of Jurchen during the first half of the seventeenth century.
- 真田氏はその後豊臣政権に臣従しており、上田合戦に至るまでの諸勢力との外交や数カ郡を支配する勢力拡大は、真田氏が小領主から大名化していく過程であると指摘される。
- The Sanada clan later served the Toyotomi government, and it is indicated that diplomatic relations with various influences and expansion of power to control several districts was the process of the Sanada clan growing from a small feudal lord to daimyo (major territorial lord).
- この頃、個別人身支配から土地課税への転換に伴って、従来からあった租庸調・正税・雑徭・交易物などの税目が消え、新たに官物・臨時雑役などといった税目が出現していた。
- In the wake of the transition from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, former taxes, such as Soyocho, shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse), zoyo (irregular corvee) and trading goods, were abolished and new items of taxation, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and rinji zoyaku (general term for odd-job tasks), were introduced.
- そして、実際には「封建王」的存在として朝廷すら支配していた徳川将軍でさえ、将軍宣下と上洛参内の時には天皇を「王」、将軍を「覇者」とする秩序に従っていたのである。
- Moreover, Tokugawa Shogun, who existed as 'feudal king' and even controlled the Imperial Court, however, followed the order calling himself 'supreme ruler' and the Emperor 'king' when he paid a visit to the Imperial Palace.
- 算用状(結解状)は、領主側と荘官側の間において遣り取りされる収支決算資料を指すため、領主側と荘官側の間で別箇の趣意を持った算用状(結解状)が作成される事となる。
- Since sanyojo (Kechigecho) were documents regarding the settlement of accounts exchanged between the ryoshu and the shokan sides, they respectively drew up sanyojo (kechigecho) for individual purposes.
- 安定な状態を、確実なものにしようと、荘園の寄進を行うが、その段階で、自分の直接支配地だけでなく、郷の単位ぐらいに、周辺の公領も切り取って規模を拡大して立荘する。
- A donation of shoen was made to secure its stable state, and on this occasion, the area of the shoen was defined by inclusion of not only their regions of direct influence but also nearby public land cut off by about a village unit to increase the area.
- 朝用分(ちょうようぶん・朝要分)とは、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)に南朝 (日本)が兵粮と財政収入確保のために自己の支配下の寺社領地などに臨時にかけた課税のこと。
- Choyobun refers to the taxation that the Southern Court temporarily imposed on the territories of temples and shrines under their control in order to secure provisions and revenue during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 農奴(serf又はvilleinという)の保有地は、領主へ納入する労役や生産物・現金といった貢納(保有地に付随する慣習とされていた)を支えるための土地であった。
- The land owned by serfs (also called villein) were the lands which supported tributes to the lords, such as labor services, products, and cash money (the custom was supposed to accompany the owned lands).
- また、荘園領主・国司と請負契約を結び、収入の中から領主・国司へ年貢納入する一方で、実質的に荘園・国衙領を支配していく守護請(しゅごうけ)も行われるようになった。
- Moreover, making a contract with the landholders of shoen and the kokushi (provincial governors) to pay them nengu from income, shugo virtually dominated the shoen and the territories of kokuga, which were called 'shugo-uke' (the work undertaken by shugo).
- こうした支配体制を名体制(みょうたいせい)または王朝体制(おうちょうたいせい)などというが、これにより、国司は一定の租税収入を確保することができるようになった。
- Such a control system was called myotaisei or ochotaisei, and with this system, kokushi able to secure a certain amount of tax income.
- さらに、こうした統一的な支配を遺漏なく実施するために、高度に体系的な法令、すなわち律令と格式が編纂され、律令格式に基づいた非常に精緻な官僚機構が構築されていた。
- Furthermore, in an attempt to extend a more unified system of control over the populace, highly systematic codes, namely the Ritsuryo and Kyakushiki codes, were compiled; their promulgation created a very sophisticated bureaucratic organization whose basis lay in legal and ethical codes.
- こうして、名実ともに東国の支配権を確立していった頼朝は、1184年、行政を担当する公文所(後の政所)と司法を担当する問注所を置いて、政権の実態を形成していった。
- Thus Yoritomo established the right of government over Togoku in reality and in name, and in 1184 he set up the Kumonjo (later Mandokoro) in charge of administration and Monchujo in charge of justice to form actual government.
- 帰国後の南条氏は、毛利氏に属したままだった八橋城回復のため奔走、尾高城の奪還を目指す行松氏を支援するなどした結果、天正13年の春には念願の八橋城回復に成功した。
- Back home, the Nanjo clan made a great effort to recover Yabase-jo Castle, which was still in the territories of the Mori clan, and supported the Yukimatsu clan who were aimed at recovering Odaka-jo Castle, resulting in successfully recovering the long-sought Yabase-jo Castle by the spring of 1585.
- 1938年(昭和13年)1月から北支那方面軍隷下徐州会戦に参戦し、同年7月再び第2軍隷下となり武漢作戦攻略戦に参戦、12月には第11軍 (日本軍)に編入された。
- It participated in the Japanese Northern China Area Army to fight in the Battle of Xuzhou from January 1938 and followed the Second Army again in July of the same year to fight in the Battle of Wuhan and was incorporated into the Eleventh Army (Imperial Japanese Army) in December.
- その象徴的な出来事がハーグ密使事件であり、朝鮮に対する日本の支配を排除するため、その不合理を国際社会に訴えたが、これが頓挫した上、日本との関係をより悪化させた。
- One symbolic episode is the Hague Secret Emissary Affair, in which Korea tried to exclude Japanese rule by demonstrating its illegitimacy to the international community, but the trial failed and the Korea-Japan relationship deteriorated.
- そのため、軍団兵士制を支えてきた戸籍制度を維持する必要性も低下していき、9世紀初頭以降、律令制の基盤となっていた戸籍を通じた個別人身支配が急速に形骸化していった。
- Therefore, the necessity of maintaining the family registration system having supported the gundan-soldier system diminished, and the control of individual persons through the family register, which constituted the base of the ritsuryo-code-based nation, rapidly became a dead letter in early ninth century.
- 滝川の休職処分と同時に、京大法学部は教授31名から副手に至る全教官が辞表を提出して抗議の意思を示したが、大学当局および他学部は法学部教授会の立場を支持しなかった。
- At the same time as Takigawa's suspension, all law faculty staff, from 31 professors to the technicians, submitted their resignation as a sign of protest, but the University itself and other faculties did not support the stance of the board of law faculty professors.
- 世論が沸き起こること自体、幕藩体制が堅牢なころには起こり得ないことであったが、この「世論」の精神的支柱として、京都の天皇帝(みかど)の存在がクローズアップされる。
- Public opinion itself had never been a concern when the shogunate system was stable, but with this 'public opinion' as an emotional prop, the existence of the Emperor in Kyoto came to the fore.
- しかし、行基のように禁令にそむいて民間への布教をおこない、弾圧されたものの灌漑設備や布施屋の設置、道路建設などの社会事業に尽力し、民衆の支持を集める僧侶もあった。
- On the other hand, there were monks such as Gyoki who violated these restrictions and preached to the general public, and, although he was suppressed, he was also supported by general public for his efforts in social work such as provision of irrigation systems and fuseya (aid station or rest house) as well as road construction.
- このうち、国司には中央から派遣されたが、郡司・里長はかつての在地首長である地域の豪族層が終身官として任命され、実質上自分の支配地域を行政単位として認められていた。
- The provincial governor was sent from the central government, whereas the local magistrate or village chief was appointed for life from local powerful clans who had ruled the area, which virtually meant that they were approved to govern the areas they originally ruled as administrative districts of the central government.
- その後、上杉謙信の支援を受けて一時的に所領を取り返したが、その後武田と長尾(上杉)の対立(川中島の戦い)の中で他の北信濃国人衆と共に上杉家の家臣化が進んでいった。
- After that, Kenshin UESUGI helped the Takanashi clan to get the manor back, but the Takanashi clan as well as other local lords in northern Shinano became retainers of the Uesugi family during the conflict between Takeda and Nagao (Uesugi) (Kawanakajima War).
- 尾張の織田信長が足利義昭を擁して上洛の大軍を興すと六角氏は敵対し、9月13日に信長に支城の箕作城を落とされると、六角義賢・六角義治は観音寺城から逃げ無血開城した。
- The Rokkaku clan fought against the great army that Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, as the Shogun, and Nobunaga ODA, who was from Owari Province, formed in order to go to Kyoto, and after the defeat of the subsidiary castle - Mitsukuri-jo Castle on September 13, Yoshikata ROKKAKU and Yoshiharu ROKKAKU fled Kannonji-jo Castle without any resistance.
- これまでの経緯からすれば、この新券は既に久安2年の時点で無効になったと考えられるが、親盛の娘は平重盛の側室であり、平氏側の支援を期待して提示したとも考えられている。
- In view of the past history, it is considered that the deed was already invalidated in 1146, but it is also considered that since Chikamori's daughter was a concubine of TAIRA no Shigemori, the deed was presented in an expectation of support from the Taira family.
- このため、後世紀伝道において主導的な立場に立った菅原氏が大学寮における自家の功績を顕彰するために、平安時代中期以後の学問料支給とこの史実を結び付けたと言われている。
- Therefore, it is said that the Sugawara clan, which later got the leading position in Kidendo, associated this historical fact with Gakumonryo of the mid-Heian period aiming to demonstrate the family's achievement at Daigaku-ryo.
- 農奴の保有財産は、名目上は領主と借地人(農奴)との合意に基づくものとされていたが、実際には、ほぼ強制的に世襲させられていた(相続時に領主への支払が課せられていた)。
- The estate owned by serfs was notionally based on the agreement between the lords and the tenants (serfs), but in fact was obligatorily succeeded by heredity (on succession, the payment to the lords were imposed).
- 大名屋敷が再建され、参勤交代のために多くの武士が滞在するようになると、彼らの生活を支えるため江戸の町は急速に復興するが、もはや外堀内の江戸の町は狭すぎる状態だった。
- The town of Edo recovered as daimyo reconstructed their residences and as an ever increasing number of samurai migrated to the city in accordance to the Sankinkotai system, the town of Edo rapidly recovered to support their needs; but in practical terms, the town of Edo could not longer be contained within its outer moat.
- 聖たちは、山林修行や諸国遊行を主としながらも造寺・造塔、写経、供養、鋳鐘、架橋や道路・港湾建設の勧進などの多彩な活動を通じて、民衆からの尊崇と支持を獲得していった。
- While the hijiri mainly underwent training in mountain forest, or wandered among various provinces, they obtained respect and support from common people, through various activities including building temples, pagodas, copying of a sutra, kuyo (a memorial service for the dead), casting bells, promoting the building of bridges, roads, and harbors.
- しかし、その後北部では家康に従う依田信蕃が戦死し、武田旧臣で、一時は織田政権に臣従した真田昌幸が新たに築城した上田城に拠り、上杉氏の援助を得て徳川氏の支配を拒んだ。
- Subsequently, however, Nobushige YODA, who was on Ieyasu's side, was killed in battle in the northern region, and Masayuki SANADA, a former vassal of Takeda who had also served under Nobunaga ODA, resided in the newly built Ueda-jo Castle, resisting the rule of the Tokugawa clan with the support of the Uesugi clan.
- 幕府が政治的に影響力を及ぼすことができたのは、当初は将軍任国である関東と将軍所領のみであったが、次第にその範囲は拡大し、承久の乱で全国的な支配権を確立するに至った。
- The regions over which the Kamakura Bakufu could exert a political influence were at first only the ningoku (place of appointment) of shogun, which was the Kanto region and the territories of the shogun, but gradually the regions expanded and after the Jokyu War, nationwide sovereignty was established.
- 更に江戸時代の土御門泰福の時代には賀茂氏宗家の断絶後、賀茂氏庶流の幸徳井家と争っていた暦道の地位も奪って、安倍氏流土御門家による陰陽寮支配が確立されることとなった。
- Later in the Edo period, at the time of Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADO, the soke (the head family or house) of the Kamo clan died out and the Abe clan took the position of rekido, over which they had fought with the Kotokui Family, a branch family of the Kamo Clan; in this way, they established the dominance of the Abe Clan's Tsuchimikado family in the Onmyoryo.
- やがて田染荘は九州に2万町歩を超す荘園を有する屈指の荘園主であった宇佐神宮に支配されるようになり、宇佐神宮の「本御荘十八箇所」と呼ばれる荘園のひとつとして重視された。
- Tashibu Manor eventually came under the control of Usa-jingu Shrine which possessed manors of more than 20,000 hectares in Kyushu, and was a valued as one of the manors known as 'Hongosho Juhakkasho' (lit. the 18 real manors).
- 源義朝が相馬御厨を寄進しえたということは、単なる書類上のことだけではなくて、現地での徴税の請負の意味をもっていた以上、事実上の在地支配を離れて可能であったはずはない。
- He also discusses that since the fact that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo could donate Soma-mikuriya, it was not just a piece of paper and indicated a contract for the local collection of tax, and the donation could not have been made independently from the de facto land ruling.
- 日本の律令では、口分田として男性へ2段(720歩約24アール)、女性へはその3分の2(480歩約16アール)が支給され、その収穫から徴税(租)が行われるとされていた。
- It is said that, in the ritsuryo code in Japan, a field of approx. 24 ares was supplied to each male as kubunden, and a field of approx. of 16 ares to a female as kubunden, and tax was collected from the crops from these fields.
- 国人となった在庁官人は、その多くが守護の被官に組み込まれ、在庁官人の管理していた国衙領は守護の支配する守護領へ再編成されていき、守護領国制の確立へとつながっていった。
- Many zaichokanjin who became kokujin were incorporated into the bureaucracy of shugo, kokuga regions managed by zaichokanjin were reorganized into the shugo regions governed by shugo and led to the establishment of shugo ryokoku sei (governmental system by shugo).
- しかしながら、有力な支配下豪族や他国の領主との外交においては、有力家臣を「取り次ぎ役」することは当時としては一般的であり、単なる伝令とするのは事実誤認との指摘もある。
- However, at that time, it was ordinary to have a powerful retainer play the role of the 'messenger,' in negotiations with powerful local clans under control or with lords of other provinces, and therefore, it is pointed out as well that it would not be correct to consider him simply as an orderly officer.
- また、安芸国の小早川氏、伊予国の越智氏や河野氏、三浦半島の三浦氏、津軽地方の安東氏などは、陸の武士であると同時に支配下の沿海土豪からなる水軍を擁した海賊衆でもあった。
- And the Kobayakawa clan in Aki Province, the Ochi and Kono clan in Iyo Province, the Miura clan in the Miura Peninsula and Ando clan in Tsugaru region were not only samurai on land, but also Kaizoku shu (pirates) that held suigun navies made up of coastal local ruling clans.
- 閑院宮邸は京都・公家町南西にあり、明治に入り閑院宮家が東京に移ってからは宮内省京都支庁・厚生省管理事務所などを経て近年は環境庁京都御苑管理事務所として利用されていた。
- The residence of Kaninnomiya was located at southwestern Kugemachi in Kyoto, but after the family moved to Tokyo in the Meiji Period, it was used as the Kyoto Branch Agency of Imperial Household Ministry, then Administration office of Ministry of Health and Welfare, and recently it was used as Kyoto Gyoen National Garden Office, the Environment Agency.
- 昭和維新を標榜した一連の変革運動でも、君民一体の思想から、天皇による直接支配こそ社会の閉塞をうちやぶるものであり、「君側の奸」がそれを妨げているという主張がなされた。
- In a series of transformative movements which shaped the Showa Restoration, activists insisted from the viewpoint that the Emperor was the symbol of the unity of people, Emperor's direct reign of Japan could open a closed society, but 'Wily vassals surrounding the Emperor' caused criticism against it.
- しかし将門は、敵対勢力への対応に忙殺されて翌年には討たれているためその政治目的は不明瞭であるが、独自に諸国受領などの文武百官を任命するなど支配機構の確立も行っている。
- However, Masakado was busy dealing with the enemy forces and he was avenged the following year so the political aim is unclear but he established the ruling organization by assigning Bunbu Hyakkan such as Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) in various districts in his own accord.
- 戦前彼の著書は不敬であるとして発禁処分とされたが、戦後になって天皇制のタブーが解かれると、多くの歴史学者によっておおむね妥当な推論であるとして支持されるようになった。
- Although his books had been banned for sale in the prewar time as the books lacking respect for the emperor, many historians came to support his books as an approximately reasonable assumption when the taboo against discussion of the Emperor system was removed after World War II.
- 学連はまたたくまに会員1600名を擁する大組織に成長し、マルクス主義の普及・研究を標榜するとともに労働争議や労働者教育運動(京都労働学校など)への支援を積極的に行った。
- The Gakuren expanded rapidly to have 1600 members, advocated diffusion and studies of Marxism, as well as actively supported labor dispute and educational movement for laborers (Kyoto Rodo Gakko [Kyoto Labor School]) and so forth.
- 複数の郡、荘園にまたがる広大な領地を知行する「豪族的領主」は、その下に郡や別府の郷、そして荘園、更にその下の村郷に支配が及び、それぞれの段階が小規模な「武士団」である。
- The 'gozoku-style lord' that owned a great estate that spanned over multiple counties and manors also ruled over counties, villages of beppu, manors and villages under it and each step consisted of small 'bushidan.'
- 日本の税体系は,10世紀頃の籍帳支配崩壊に伴う公地公民制の崩壊をうけて,課税が個別的人身賦課方式から土地賦課方式へ転換されるまで,人頭税を財源の中心とするものであった。
- Jintozei (primitive taxes which were imposed individually) were the core financial resources in the tax system of Japan until around the 10th century, when the taxation system was converted from an individual tax imposition system to a land tax imposition system: this conversion was triggered by the collapse of the system of complete state ownership of land and citizens, after the managing system based on the family register and Keicho (the yearly tax registers) had collapsed.
- 幕府は守護大名庶家や足利氏譜代から奉公衆を編成し、在京奉公を課したが、一方で守護大名は国内の在地領主(国人)に対する支配を強め、その所領に応じた軍役を課すようになった。
- The Muromachi bakufu formed the military guard of the shogunate from branch families of the territorial lords as provincial constable and hereditary vassals of Ashikaga clan and imposed service in Kyoto on them; on the other hand, the territorial lords as provincial constable tightened control over the local lords in their provinces and imposed military services on them according to their territories.
- 伊藤博文は、ヨーロッパでは議会制度も含む政治体制を支える国民統合の基礎に宗教(キリスト教)があることを知り、宗教に替わりうる「機軸」(精神的支柱)として皇室に期待した。
- Hirobumi ITO realized that, in Europe, there was a religion (Christianity) at the base of the unified nation supporting the political system including the parliamentary system, so he expected the Imperial Family to become the 'axis' (mental support) to replace religion.
- 当初は同業の問屋による私的な集団であり、江戸幕府は当初は楽市楽座路線を継承した商業政策を方針としており、こうした組織が流通機構を支配して幕府に対する脅威になる事を恐れた。
- Originally, it was a private group consisting of peer warehouse merchants and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) feared that this kind of organization would control the distribution system and pose a threat to them because the Edo bakufu adopted the commercial policy inherited the course of rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) at first.
- しかし、この記事が、ヤマト王権において、服属させた周辺の豪族を県主として把握し、県主によって支配される領域を県(アガタ)と呼んでいたことを伝えていると考えることはできる。
- However, it can be thought that these articles refer to the fact that, during the Yamato Dynasty, powerful families of areas loyal to the court were controlled by being appointed agatanushi and that the areas ruled by agatanushi were called agata.
- 負名を通して、田堵と他の百姓との間に債務関係が発生するようになり、これによって田堵は他の百姓への私的支配を強めるようになるとともに、名田経営者として専門性を高めていった。
- The fumyo caused debtor-creditor relations between tato farmers and other peasants, and this allowed the tato to become powerful enough for unofficial governance over other peasants and to increase their special skills of myoden management.
- 当時、「一円」の語は、一元的または完全を意味しており、一円的に支配されている土地を一円地(いちえんち)・一円領(いちえんりょう)・一円荘(いちえんのしょう)などと呼んだ。
- The term 'ichien' at the time meant entirety or completeness, and lands that were under ichien control were called ichienchi (ichien land), ichienryo (ichien territory), or ichien no sho (ichien manor).
- 戦国時代には戦国大名の一部は自身の居城の城下町に服属した武士を集めるようになり、豊臣秀吉が大坂城・聚楽第・伏見城で支配下に服した大名に屋敷を与え、そこに妻子を住まわせた。
- During the Sengoku Period, some Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) allowed their subjects to reside in their castle towns and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI set up the residences near Osaka Castle, Jurakudai, Fushimi Castle for his subjects and their families.
- 続いて行われた検地・刀狩も、その目的には兵農分離、すなわち体制の一部として天下人に従う武士と、単なる被支配者である農民とに国人・地侍を分離し、解体することが含まれていた。
- The following land survey and Sword Hunt included the aims of heinobunri, that is, the separation and dissolution of kokujin and jizamurai into the warrior class who followed tenkabito as a part of the framework and the farmers who were merely ruled.
- 縁戚関係にある北畠親房とともに、東北地方支配を目的に、義良親王(後村上天皇)を長とし、親房の子の北畠顕家を陸奥国に任じて補佐させる形の陸奥将軍府設置を進言して実現させる。
- He and Akiie KITABATAKE, his relative, advised the emperor on the establishment of Mutsu Shogunfu (local institution of the Kenmu government) with Imperial Prince Norinaga (later Emperor Gomurakami) as a head assigning Akiie KITABATAKE, a child of Chikafusa to Mutsu Province to assist Norinaga with the intention of ruling the Tohoku region.
- 自領が公領に収公されることを防ぐため、その土地を荘園として受領層に寄進し、自らは荘官として土地の実効支配権を持ちながら、一定の税を寄進先の受領層に納めた(職権留保付寄進)。
- And in order to avoid one's domain being confiscated into Koryo (an Imperial demesne), they donated their land as shoen (manor in medieval Japan) to Juryoso (career provincial class) and paid a certain amount of tax to Juryoso, maintaining effective dominion on the land as shokan (an officer governing shoen), which is called contribution with reserving authority.
- 室町幕府第3代征夷大将軍となった足利義満は太政大臣に昇り、更に治天の君の持つ政治的権限を手中にして永徳期以後は自らの手で家門・家領一括安堵を行って公家社会を支配下に置いた。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Muromachi shogun, became Grand Minister with the political authority of a chiten no kimi; after the Eitoku period, he independently approved families and their estates en bloc, and exercised control over the court nobles.
- その改革は、地方官(国司)へ租税収取や軍事などの権限を大幅に委譲するというもので、国司は中央へ確実に租税を上納する代わりに、自由かつ強力に国内を支配する権利を得たのである。
- The reform involved transferring a great part of the power to impose and collect taxes as well as the military power to the local officials (kokushi); in return for the secure payment of taxes to the central government, the kokushi gained the freedom to govern the province at his will.
- 三国干渉および北清事変後中国東北部(満州)を勢力圏としていたロシア帝国による朝鮮半島への南下(朝鮮支配)を防ぎ、日本の安全保障と半島での利権を確保することを目的とした戦争。
- It was a war to protect the sovereignty of Japan and secure Japanese rights and interests in the peninsula by preventing the southward expansion of the Russian Empire (the domination of Korea), which established a presence in Northeastern part of China (Manchuria) after the Triple Intervention and the Boxer Rebellion.
- また、江戸城は徳川氏の征夷大将軍の居城であり、江戸は幕府の政庁が置かれる行政府の所在地であると同時に、自身も天領を支配する領主である徳川氏(徳川将軍家)の城下町でもあった。
- The Edo Castle was the residence of successive Tokugawa shoguns, or Seii taishogun (literally, 'the great general who pacifies barbarians'), and the city of Edo was both the site of bakufu administrative organs and the personal castle town of the Tokugawa Clan that ruled over the shogunal domain.
- 吉原 (東京都)は1657年の明暦の大火の際に江戸郊外に作られた居住地区であったが、安政元年よりも前は町奉行の支配下に入っておらず、江戸御府内人口の統計から除外されてきた。
- Although the Yoshiwara (Tokyo Prefecture) was initially constructed as a residential in a suburb of Edo after the Great Fire of Meireki in 1657, it remained outside the control of the town magistrate's office and was excluded from the census taken within Edo Prefecture.
- 分国とは中世における一国単位の知行を指す語であり、知行国に始まる概念であるが、室町時代中期以降に守護大名や国人一揆による一国単位の領国化が進み、分国支配が形成されていった。
- Bunkoku is a term for lordship (chigyo) over one county in the middle ages and was originated from chigyo-koku, which developed into the control of one county by shugo daimyo or kokujin.
- 持統朝においては彼の事績は伝わらないが、黒岩重吾は持統天皇に嫌われ、不遇をかこっていた所を藤原不比等の入知恵で甥の文武天皇擁立を支持し、漸く政界復帰したものと主張している。
- There is no precise historical records about the achievement of the Prince Osakabe during the reign of the Empress Jito, but Jugo KUROIWA argues that Fujiwara no Fuhito suggest the prince, who was lamenting over his misfortune since the empress disliked him, to support the enthronement of the Emperor Monmu, the nephew of the Prince Osakabe, then he finally could return to political world.
- また一方では、王朝国家と呼ぶべき政治実態は、鎌倉幕府成立後の朝廷にも見られるとして、13世紀の朝廷による支配体制も王朝国家体制期に含める意見(佐藤進一,1983など)もある。
- On the other hand, some people assert that the ruling system adopted by the Imperial court in 13th century should be included in the Dynastic polity period on the ground that the regime which should be regarded as the Dynastic polity was seen after the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Shinichi SATO, 1983 etc).
- また『吹塵録』の「江戸人口小記」は町方並寺社門前の人口として子午年改の人口をまとめているが、『重宝録』では享保六年十一月の人口を町奉行支配場のみの町人人口として記載している。
- Although, the 'Edo Jinko Shoki' of 'Suijinroku' compile the figures from the hexannual census, whereas the 'Chohoroku' compiles the figures of November 1721 under the name of 'townspeople.'
- 12月10日になって、慶喜は自らの新たな呼称を「上様」とすると宣言して、征夷大将軍が廃止されても「上様」が江戸幕府の機構を生かしてそのまま全国支配を継続する意向を仄めかした。
- On December 10, Yoshinobu declared his new title 'Uesama' (the upper lord), suggesting his intention to continue ruling the country using the mechanism of the Edo Shogunate even though the Shogun himself had been abolished.
- 嘉靖34年(日本の弘治 (日本)2年/1556年)に琉球を経由して日本の豊後国に入国したが、当時同国を支配していた大友氏に捕えられて臼杵市の海蔵寺龍宝庵に幽閉されてしまった。
- In 1556, Cheng Shun-kung came over to Japan through ryukyu and entered Bungo Province, where he was arrested by the Otomo clan, the ruler of the province in those days, and confined in Ryuho-an of Kaizo-ji Temple, Usuki City.
- そして天正15年(1587年)には九州を席捲しつつあった薩摩国の島津義久を惣無事令に違反したとして討ち秀吉の前に遂に屈服させ(九州平定)、西国は完全に豊臣氏の支配下に入った。
- In 1587, Hideyoshi attacked and captured Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, who was going to control Kyushu, by condemning him for having broken 'Ou Sobujirei' (peace edict for Ou region) (the subjugation of Kyushu), which meant the western part of Japan was completely under Hideyoshi's control.
- 図書寮で紙製造を扱っていた紙屋院は、原料貢進不足から新しい紙を漉くことが困難となり、宿紙を専門とするようになり図書寮が陰陽寮に暦に堪えうる料紙を支給することが困難になってきた。
- Kamiyain, who had been making paper in Toshoryo, had difficulty making paper because of the shortage of material, and therefore, began to make recycled paper called shukushi, and this made it difficult for Toshoryo to supply good quality paper for calendar to Onmyoryo.
- だが、南北朝時代 (日本)を経て、室町幕府が京都を支配して朝廷・院庁の政治機能を吸収するようになると、形骸化していくようになり、有職故実の学問として命脈を保つに過ぎなくなった。
- However, after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi bakufu dominated Kyoto and took over the government function of the Imperial Court and Innocho, and Myohodo became a mere name and survived only as a study of historical precedents.
- 蔵米知行(くらまいちぎょう)とは、蔵米給与(くらまいきゅうよ)とも呼ばれ、江戸幕府や藩が家臣に対して、俸禄として知行地の代わりに蔵米(幕府の場合は特に廩米とも)を支給すること。
- Kuramaichichigyo, also known as Kuramaikyuyo, was a system in which the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and domains provided kuramai (written as 蔵米 or in the case of the bakufu as 廩米 - rice preserved in a depository) to their vassals as horoku (salary) instead of chigyo-chi (territory).
- 土着国司やその子孫は中央では身分が比較的低い軍事貴族として摂関家などに仕え、また旧郡司層は健児として地方軍事力を支えてきた存在であり、ともに国司へ軍事力を提供する主体であった。
- Local kokushis and their offspring served sekkan-ke (five top court noble families of FUJIWARA family's offspring) as comparatively low-ranking military aristocrats, old gunshi class supported the local military forces as kondei (local military army), and both provided kokushis with the military forces.
- また、北海道条例・国法においては「法務局及び地方法務局の支局及び出張所設置規則」において、支庁や法務局およびその下部組織の所管区域を示す規定中に令制国が示されているものもある。
- Further, regarding the national law and Hokkaido ordinance, in the 'establishment rule for branch offices of the legal affairs bureau and the local legal affairs bureau', some rules provide the expression of ryosei province in the stipulation which showed presiding areas of subprefecture, the legal affairs bureau and its lower organizations.
- また、平季長と紀長谷雄は将来国家を支える大器になるだろうと予測し、両名を重用するように求めている(ただし、平季長は御遺誡が出されてからわずか19日後に突然の病で死去している)。
- TAIRA no Suenaga and KI no Haseo were predicted to be great talents and Kanpyo no goyuikai requested that they should be given important posts (TAIRA no Suenaga, however, died suddenly of an illness just 19 days after it was issued).
- 1965年12月19日、三木らは中央本部からの中止勧告を無視する形で日本共産党の支持のもとに第13回府連大会の開催を強行し、三木を委員長とする府連体制(三木府連)を築き上げた。
- On December 19, 1965, supported by the Japanese Communist Party, Miki and others forced the 13th Kyoto Federation meeting, ignoring the recommendation for cancellation by the Headquarter, to establish the Kyoto Federation system (Miki Furen, Miki faction's Federation) with Miki as a chairman.
- 唐後半から在地の地主や有力者が行政事務の末端を引き受け重要な役割をになうようになり 形勢戸と呼ばれ官戸と併せて官戸形勢戸あるいは形勢官戸として地域社会における支配勢力となった。
- In the latter part of the Tang Dynasty, resident landowners and people of influence who came to undertake important roles in administrative affairs were called xingshihu (rich local families), and the role combined with guanhu to form the position of 'guanhu xinhshihu' or' xingshihu guanhu' who governed regional communities.
- 更に、戸田芳実は石母田正や安田元久らの、武士階級は農村から権門など古代階級を打ち破る階級として生まれるとする見解に対して、武士は初めから農民と対立する支配者側であったと主張する。
- In addition, Yoshimi TODA argued that bushi was on the ruling side in opposition to the peasants from the start in contrast to the argument by Tadashi ISHIMODA and Motohisa YASUDA stating that the bushi class formed by breaking free from ancient social class of peasants as influential families.
- 唐田令では、成年男子(丁男)に100畝(1項約5ヘクタール)を支給し、うち80畝(約4ヘクタール)を口分田として残りの20畝(約1ヘクタール)を世業田(のち永業田に改称)とした。
- In the field-related ryo code, it is specified that a field of approx. five hectares should be supplied to each adult man (teidan), of which approx. four hectares was supplied as kubunden and the remaining approx. one hectare as segyoden (this term was changed to eigyoden later).
- 開港以後は、国学 (学問)の発展によって強化されつつあった日本は神国であるというナショナリズムの発想である尊皇論と結びつき、尊皇攘夷論となって諸藩の志士や公卿によって支持された。
- After the opening of the port, the theory of Joi was related to the Sonno ron (theory of 'Revere the Emperor'), which was becoming prevalent due to the development of kokugaku (the study of Japanese literature and culture) and was transformed into Sonno joi ron (the theory of Sonno joi); the Sonno ron believed that Japan was the country of god and became origin of the thought of nationalism, and was supported by patriots of various domains and kugyo (court nobles).
- 平安時代には武士の支配を法的に保証するのは荘園領主たる「領家」「本所」であり、開発領主たちはその所領を孜々として寄進し、名簿(みょうぼ)を奉って子弟を近侍させ、猟官活動を行った。
- During the Heian period, the lord of the manor called 'ryoke' or 'honjo' legally warranted samurai the control over the manor; on the other hand, the local notables who actually developed the land did office-seeking by assiduously contributing their territory, offering a certificate given to the leader with the retainer's name on it and had his sons be retainers.
- 宗族制度がいつごろ活期を迎えたかについては定説がないが、春秋あるいは戦国初期のころには原始共同体が完全に解体され、邑を中心として貴族支配が確立されていたとする見方が一般的である。
- There is no accepted theory on when the Sozoku system reached its zenith, but the generally accepted view is that the system broke down in the Chunqiu or Zhangguo period and rule by nobility was established with Mura at its core.
- 天正13年の7月、毛利氏の四国征伐に伴う出兵で西伯耆の軍勢が手薄になっている隙に南条元続支援の行松氏は1000余騎を率いて福頼元秀の守る汗入郡の河原山城を攻撃、これを落城させた。
- Seeing the lack of Mori's troops in the Conquest of Shikoku in July of 1585, the Yukimatsu clan, who were in support of Mototsugu NANJO, led a thousand-plus horses to attack Kawarayama-jo Castle in Aseri County governed by Motohide FUKUYORI, finally achieving the fall of the castle.
- また「貴方が今又、単独講和と再軍備の日本でかつてと同じような戦争イデオロギーの一つの支柱としての役割を果たそうとしている」と、天皇の戦争責任や政治利用というタブーにも言及していた。
- Further, they also mentioned the Emperor's wartime responsibility as well as the political exploitation of the Emperor, which were taboo, by saying 'You are now playing a role of propping up war ideology as you did in the past under the situation where Japan is planning to conclude separate peace treaties and rearm itself.'
- 露仏同盟を結びロシアへ資本を投下していたフランスと、ヴィルヘルム2世 (ドイツ皇帝)とニコライ2世とが縁戚関係にあるドイツは心情的にはロシア側であったが具体的な支援は行っていない。
- France which invested capital into Russia under the Franco-Russian Alliance and Germany whose Emperor Wilhelm II (the Kaiser) was a relative of Nicholai II were sympathetic of Russia, but offered no specific assistance to Russia.
- また、長州藩の大楽源太郎による反乱やその支持者によると言われる広沢真臣暗殺、公家の愛宕通旭・外山光輔による新政府転覆計画発覚(二卿事件)など新政府内部は更に混乱の様相を見せ始めた。
- The new government began to experience turmoil due to the revolt of Gentaro DAIRAKU of Choshu domain, the assassination of Masaomi HIROSAWA that was said to have been done by the supporters of Gentaro DAIRAKU, and the plot to overthrow the new government that was attempted by court nobles Michiteru OTAGI and Mitsusuke TOYAMA (Nikkyo Jiken).
- 「砲第五号 砲兵支廠鹿児島属廠設置之スナイトル弾薬器械其廠ヘ備附其廠ニ於テ製作可致此旨相達候事但入費之儀ハ其廠額金之内ヲ以取計 追而不足之節可申出事 十年一月八日 陸軍卿山県有朋」
- 砲第五号 砲兵支廠鹿児島属廠設置之スナイトル弾薬器械其廠ヘ備附其廠ニ於テ製作可致此旨相達候事但入費之儀ハ其廠額金之内ヲ以取計 追而不足之節可申出事 十年一月八日 陸軍卿山県有朋'
- 同様に公家の最高位と言える摂関においても藤原北家九条流更にその中の御堂流によって世襲的に継承され、藤氏長者の地位やそれに付随する勧学院・殿下渡領なども独占的に支配するようになった。
- In the same way, the highest position for the aristocrats, Sekkan, was hereditarily passed among the Mido branch within the Fujiwara clan, Northern house, Kujo branch and this branch monopolized the position as the chief of the Toshi and associated Kangakuin and denka no watari-ryo (the land which the Fujiwara family hereditarily succeeded).
- 1580年代、急速に領土を拡大していた山形城主最上義光の攻勢がついに庄内にも及ぶようになると、尾浦城主大宝寺義氏は父・大宝寺義増の代からの盟友本庄繁長の支援を受けてこれに対抗した。
- During the 1580s, when the lord of Yamagatajo Castle, Yoshiaki MOGAMI, who was rapidly expanding his territory, launched an attack on the Shonai district, the lord of Ourajo Castle, Yoshiuji DAIHOJI, confronted Mogami's troops with the help of Shigenaga HONJO, who had been an alliance from the days of his father Yoshimasu DAIHOJI.
- 証如の子、第11代顕如のとき、事実上、自立した大名権力となっていた本願寺教団は、畿内に進出し、宗教勢力から領主権力を奪って統一支配を確立しようとする織田信長と対立することとなった。
- At the period of the eleventh generation, Kennyo, who was a child of Shonyo, the Honganji Buddhist sect that became a virtually independent feudal lordship, expanded its influence into Kinai, which led to the confrontation with Nobunaga ODA, who tried to establish unified control by seizing seigniory from the religious power.
- 荘園公領制では、本家-領家-荘官・地頭らの関係に見られるように、土地や百姓に対する支配関係、また土地からの収益に関する権利関係が重層的に絡み合っており、著しく複雑な様相を呈していた。
- Under the stratified land ruling structure of shoen koryo sei, the right to rule lands/peasants and the right to the proceeds of lands were very complicated because these were entangled in a multi-layered way, as seen in the structure of honke (official/nominal owner of shoen (manor)) - ryoke (lord of shoen) - shokan/jito (officer of governing shoen/manager of shoen).
- 律令制の導入により社会構造が変化し、豪族らが単なる共同体の首長から私的所有地を持つ領主的な性格を持つようになるに伴い、共同体による祭祀に支えられた従来の神祇信仰は行き詰まりを見せた。
- As the social structure changed by introducing the system of the ritsuryo legal codes, local ruling families, who were simply the head of a community, became like feudal-lords with private property, and the conventional Jingi belief supported the religious service by a community was in a deadlock.
- 確かに徳川氏の記録が伝えるように、後北条氏時代の江戸城は最重要な支城とまではみなされず城は15世紀の粗末なつくりのまま残されていたが、関八州の首府となりうる基礎はすでに存在していた。
- As the records of the Tokugawa clan reveal, the Edo Castle was not regarded as a vital branch-castle in the time of the Gohojo clan and its modest structure that was constructed in the 15th century remained; However, it should be noted that the foundations that would enable Edo to develop into the capital of eight provinces had already been laid.
- 途中仙台で会津戦争で敗走した伝習隊、旧新選組や彰義隊の残党を吸収し、北上、森町 (北海道)に上陸し、各地を平定、五稜郭を攻略し、府知事清水谷公考を敗走させ、蝦夷全島を支配下に置いた。
- On the way, in Sendai, he merged the remnants of Denshutai (Edo shogunate's army) which was put to rout in the Aizu War, Old Shinsengumi and Shogitai, then reached Kitakami and Morimachi (Hokkaido) where he suppressed each region, captured Goryokaku, got the Prefectural Governor, Kinnaru SHIMIZUDANI, on the run and put the whole Ezo Island under his control.
- 延暦寺は、配下においていた八坂神社が京の鴨川の東側に大きな境内(領地)を持っていたこと、興福寺は大和国一国の荘園のほとんどを領して中世を通してその経済力で京に大きな支配力を及ぼした。
- The Enryaku-ji Temple owned a large keidai (land) on the east side of the Kamo-gawa River in Kyoto through Yasaka-jinja Shrine that was under the control of Enryaku-ji Temple, and Kofuku-ji Temple owned most of the shoen (manor in medieval Japan) in Yamato Province; they had a large influence on Kyoto through their economic power throughout the middle ages.
- 一方で15世紀後半以降、畠山氏の分裂と抗争が長期間続いたことが大きく響き、また複数の強力な寺社勢力の存在もあって、武家勢力の中から紀伊一国を支配する戦国大名が成長することはなかった。
- On the other hand, the split and conflicts among the Hatakeyama clan had lasted for a long time after the latter part of the 15th century, and there were some strong temple and shrine powers, so that any samurai powers could not grow up to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who controlled the whole Kii Province.
- 徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任ぜられたのは1603年だが、美術史上の区分では、大坂の役で豊臣氏が滅亡し、江戸幕府の支配体制が確立した1615年を桃山時代と江戸時代の区切りとすることが多い。
- Though it was in A.D. 1603 when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians), the boundary between the Momoyama period and the Edo period is commonly thought to have been in A.D. 1615, when the Toyotomi clan fell in Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka) and the ruling system of the Edo bakufu was established.
- これに対しては、即位詔という公式の宣言の中で天皇を無視し、天皇の権威よりも皇太子のほうが優越していたという事実を是認することは穏当ではないとする批判があり、現在では支持されていない。
- Toward this theory, some scholars criticized that it is not appropriate to admit the fact that the dominance of the crown prince over the emperor's authority was advocated in the official oath like the imperial edict, ignoring the presence of the emperor, and nowadays, this theory is not supported.
- その一方で半済令を盾に所領を占拠してその年貢収入の全てを握っていた武家に対してもその半分の支配権が公に認められた代わりに残り半分に相当する年貢を必ず本所に供出する義務を負う事となった。
- Samurai families who had occupied territories and monopolized income from nengu, on the other hand, were obliged to contribute half of their income to the honjo without question in exchange for official approval of their supremacy over the remaining half of their territories.
- また、国王の土地に対する支配権が確立され、バラモンやクシャトリヤに土地を与えることが行われるようになり、彼らはダーサと呼ばれる従属民などを用いて大土地所有者としての地位を確保してきた。
- And the king's governance of the land was established and the land could be given to Brahman or Ksatriya and they secured the status of large land holders by using the subservient people called Dasa.
- ところが大航海時代以降世界に進出、支配領域を拡大したヨーロッパ、続く帝国主義の波に乗ったアメリカ合衆国によるアフリカ・アジア進出・侵略・植民地化は、東アジア各国にとっても脅威となった。
- However, European countries which started to explore the world after the Age of Geographical Discovery to expand their areas of dominance and the USA which rode on the wave of continuous Imperialism and made a foray into Africa and Asia for incursions and colonization became a threat for East Asian countries.
- このような状況の中で、1911年(宣統3年 干支 辛亥)に清の四川省で発生した鉄道国有化の反対運動をきっかけとして、先述の中国革命同盟会が独立を宣言して中華民国を建国した(辛亥革命)。
- It was under such conditions that an uprising broke out in 1911 ('Xinhai Year' in the sexagenary cycle of the Chinese calendar) in Szechwan Province, opposing railway nationalization by the imperial government, and led to the declaration of independence and establishment of the Republic of China by the aforementioned Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Xinhai Revolution).
- この時、住友家総理人広瀬宰平と大阪本店支配人伊庭貞剛は、友親の妻・登久に14代目吉左衛門を襲名させる一方、友忠の妹・満寿の婿養子として清華家の徳大寺隆麿を迎え、住友家の命脈をつないだ。
- At that time the sorinin of the Sumitomo Family, Saihei HIROSE, and the manager of the Osaka main office, Teigo IBA, decided that Tomochika's wife Toku would succeed to the name of the fourteenth-generation Kichizaemon on one hand and that Takamaro TOKUDAIJI, from the Seiga Family, would be adopted as son-in-law to marry Tomotada's younger sister Masu, whereby the bloodline of the Sumitomo Family could be successfully maintained.
- 神武天皇の即位年の「辛酉年」は『日本書紀』の歴代天皇在位年数を元に計算すると西暦紀元前660年に相当し、即位月は「春正月」であることから立春の前後であり、即位日の干支は「庚辰」である。
- When the year of Emperor Jimmu's enthronment 'the year of kanototori' is calculated on the basis of the period of reign of successive emperors, it falls on 660 B.C., and the month of his enthronment was 'harushogatsu,' which is around the first day of spring, and the date of the enthronment (eto) was 'Kanoetatsu.'
- 九鬼嘉隆指揮の織田水軍は、石山本願寺支援のため大坂湾に入った毛利水軍と木津川口で海戦となり、織田軍の6隻の鉄甲船に搭載された大筒・大鉄砲の火力の前に毛利水軍・村上水軍600隻は惨敗した。
- The Oda navy led by Yoshitaka KUKI encountered the Mori navy which entered into Osaka Bay to support Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and had a naval battle with them, then 600 ships of the Mori navy and the Murakami navy suffered a crushing defeat before the power of ozutsu and odeppo loaded onto the Oda navy's six armored warships.
- 日本の歴史上の領主はヨーロッパの農奴制における領主のように無制限に所領の土地と人民を私有財産として所有したのではなく、徴税権・支配権にかかわる一定の権利義務の体系を所持した存在であった。
- Territorial lords in Japanese history were not like those under the serf system in Europe who owned the land and people in his or her territory as his or her private property without any restrictions, but possessed a system of certain rights and responsibilities concerning tax-collecting and territory-control.
- 土豪とは広義には、広域を支配する領主や在地の大豪族に対して、特定の「土地の小豪族」、その地域の「在地の小豪族」という意味もあり、その場合は、地侍の主筋になる在地領主も含まれるからである。
- It is because, compared to Ryoshu and large Gozoku (powerful families) who govern wide regions, Dogo in a broader sense has a meaning of 'small Gozoku specific in the regions,' in which case Dogo includes Zaichi Ryoshu, the lord of the manors of Ji-zamurai.
- この時、御誓文の写しを貰った木戸孝允は翌日には「かの御誓文は昨夜反復熟読したが、実によくできておる。この御主意は決して改変してはならぬ。自分の目の黒い間は死を賭しても支持する」と語った。
- Takayoshi KIDO was given a copy of Charter Oath at that time and on the next day he said 'I read that Charter Oath carefully more than once and found it remarkable. The main idea shouldn't be changed. I support it with my life as long as I'm alive.'
- だが、この見解も日本の律令制社会をヨーロッパ的な発展史観に当て嵌め、欧米列強がかつて行った植民地支配の実態と重ね合わせているだけで、本末転倒な見方とする意見が現在では多くなってきている。
- Recently, the most popular current theory is that the above-mentioned view emphasizes the wrong points because it adapts Japanese society based on the Ritsuryo system to the historical view of European development, merely to match that Japanese society with the realities of the Western powers' colonial rule.
- 時連には5人の兄がおり、長兄・猪苗代経連は猪苗代氏、次兄・広盛は北田氏、三兄・盛義は金上氏、四兄・蘆名光盛は蘆名氏、五兄・盛時は加納氏の祖となり、それぞれの子孫は会津各地を分割支配した。
- Tokitsura had five elder brothers, among whom the eldest brother Tsunetsura INAWASHIRO originated the Inawashiro clan; the second elder brother, Hiromori originated the Kitada clan; the third elder brother, Moriyoshi, originated the Kanakami clan; the fourth elder brother, Mitsumori ASHINA, originated the Ashina clan; and the fifth elder brother, Moritoki, originated the Kano clan; their descendants divided the Aizu region and ruled the area.
- 名体制を確立するため、現地支配に当たる国司の筆頭者の権限強化が求められるようになり、10世紀中頃には租税収取・軍事警察などの分野で中央政府から現地赴任筆頭国司への大幅な権限委譲が行われた。
- As strengthening the authority of the head of kokushi, who were responsible for local administration, was required in order to maintain the above system, a big transfer of authority from the central government to the head of kokushi was made in the mid-10th century concerning tax collection and military police.
- 「牧」が「武者=騎馬武者」の拠点であり、優良な「牧」のほとんどが官牧・御牧であった時、院庁の御厩別当は、多くの武士団を公的に支配下に置き、更には私的にも従属させてゆく重要なポストであった。
- The 'maki' was the base of 'Musha (warrior)=a mounted warrior' (busha=cavalry busha) and the high quality 'maki' was mainly for the pasture of court officers or imperial court Kanboku (state-owned stock farm) and Mimaki that Mimaya-Betto of in no cho had the important post of publicly putting many bushidan under its control as well as sending them for private matters.
- 楽市・楽座(らくいち・らくざ)は、日本の近世(16世紀から18世紀ごろまで)において織田信長、豊臣秀吉の織豊政権や各地の戦国大名などにより城下町などの支配地の市場で行われた経済政策である。
- Rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) was an economic policy implemented in the markets of government controlled areas such as castle towns by the Shokuho government (the government of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) during the early modern period (16th century to 18th century) in Japan.
- 中世期の特徴は、土地の支配権および収益権をめぐって、中央貴族や有力寺社、在地領主・地頭・名主など様々な主体が入り組みながら重層的な権利関係を形成している点にあった(これを職の体系という)。
- A feature of the medieval period was that, concerning land-controlling rights and tax-collecting rights, persons in various social statuses, such as nobles in Kyoto, powerful temples and shrines, local ryoshu, jito and nanushi, were related with each other and formed multi-tiered right oriented relationships (this structure called shiki-no-taikei (literally, a job system)).
- しかし、9世紀・10世紀ごろになると、律令制を支えていた人民把握システム(古代の戸籍制度・計帳の作成や班田収授法の実施など)が次第に弛緩していき、人別的な人民支配が存続できなくなっていた。
- In the ninth and the tenth centuries, however, the citizen management system (including the ancient family registration system, the creation of the yearly tax registers, and the implementation of the law of periodic reallocations of rice fields) which supported the ritsuryo system began to collapse, so that the governance on a single-person basis became difficult to maintain.
- これに加えて、各藩が出していた藩札の回収・処理を行って全国一律の貨幣制度を実現する必要性もあった(藩札も最終的には発行元の藩がその支払いを保証したものであるから、その藩の債務扱いとなる)。
- In addition, it was required to call in hansatsu (bills usable only in a particular domain) issued by each domain and introduce a uniform monetary system throughout the country (hansatsu constituted a part of domain's debts since the domain guaranteed its repayment as the issuer).
- これに替わって平安時代中期以後に不輸の権 (日本)などを獲得した寄進地系荘園を経営基盤として現地に預所を派遣するとともに、現地の有力者や農民を荘官・名主に任命して国衙からの支配に対抗した。
- Replacing the systems, after the mid Heian period, the government dispatched azukari dokoro (estate custodian) to the local estates based on shoen that consisted of donated lands that had been granted Fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption) or the like as a business foundation, and also appointed the local magnate or influential farmer to shokan (estate officer) or myoshu (local landowner and cultivator) to oppose the rule of kokuga (provincial government office).
- 公式の編年誌にこれほどの手がかりが見いだされることは、6世紀までの日本で、王朝が次々と交代したか、いくつもの王朝が異なる地方を同時期に並列して支配していたことを示唆しているのかもしれない。
- Given that many evidences are found in official chronicles, it is said that until the 6th century, Japanese dynasties were changed so often, or that many dynasties existed at the same time and ruled different areas respectively.
- 国人領主制(こくじんりょうしゅせい)とは、中世後期の日本(南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代・戦国時代 (日本))の体制を、直接農民層を支配していた国人領主の動向から把握すべきであるとする考え。
- Kokujin-ryoshu sei was a thesis concerning the structure of Japan during the late medieval period (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi period, and the Sengoku period - period of warring states) -- accordingly, the structure should be comprehended through research of movement of kokujin-ryoshu (local samurai lords) who directly ruled the farmers.
- また、理研コンツェルンは理化学研究所の活動資金調達のために成立したユニークなコンツェルンであり、同族支配が行なわれず、「農村工業化」などを打ち出して新潟県柏崎市などで地方の工業化につとめた。
- The RIKEN conglomerate, however, was a unique Konzern established in order to procure capital for the activities of RIKEN (a major natural-science research institute in Japan); it was not managed by members of a single family but instead worked out a policy of 'industrialization of rural areas' and strived for that purpose in rural areas such as that of Kashiwazaki City, Niigata Prefecture.
- 大本営陸軍部の大本営組織をつとめる石黒忠悳(軍医総監・陸軍省医務局)や軍医部長の一人森鴎外医学功績と脚気問題から見た再評価(森鴎外)などが科学的根拠がないとして、麦飯の支給に強硬に反対した。
- Tadanori ISHIGURO responsible for the entire system of the Army of the Imperial headquarters (surgeon general of Medical department of Ministry of Army) and one of directors of army surgeons, Ogai MORI and other surgeons were strongly opposed to supplying barley rice; suggesting that reevaluation in view of medical achievements and beriberi Ogai MORI) lacks scientific evidence.
- ManorismやSeigneurialismの語は、それぞれ、農村において代々相続される伝統的な支配地域を表すmanors、seigneuries(日本語では荘園と訳される)に由来している。
- The words 'manorism' or 'seigneurialism' respectively originate from the words 'manors' or 'seigneuries' (they are translated into 'shoen' in Japanese) which express the traditionally dominated region by heredity in villages.
- また現地の港湾からの流通に対する独占的権利を確立して港湾支配を確立したものの、逆に特権によって他者の流通を妨げる存在に成長したために楽市楽座政策によって座とともに解体に追い込まれたものもある。
- There were also some Toimaru which monopolized the rights over the transport business in ports, and there were even some which, under the policy of the 'rakuichi-rakuza' (Free Market, Free Guilds), were forced to dissolve their business and guild that had become far too powerful for the smooth and fair operations of transportation business in the ports.
- しかし、11世紀に荘園公領制が成立すると、多くの武士は荘司、郡司、郷司、保司に任命され、荘園、または公領の郡、郷、保を確固たる所領とするようになっていき、田堵負名を自らの支配下に置いていった。
- Once the shoen-koryo system was established in the 11th century, however, many samurai were appointed shoji (also known as shokan), gunji, goji, or hoji, and they began to own some manors or the Imperial demesnes such as gun, go, and ho as their settled territories and to have tato and fumyo under their control.
- そのため、事前に予測可能な現象は予報を出してこの日に国家行事などを行う事を避け、突発的な現象に対しては、天文現象を観測してその意味を占いによって解釈して支配者に報告して対策を練る必要があった。
- Therefore, advance warning was given for predictable phenomena, so that these days could be avoided when holding national events, while unforeseen incidents needed to be observed, interpreted by divination and reported to the rulers so that they could respond appropriately.
- しかし、血縁が遠すぎて皇位継承者として国民の支持が得られないと反対派から批判された「旧皇族」に代えて、彼ら「皇別摂家」から皇位継承者を迎えてはどうかとの意見が男系維持論者の一部から提起された。
- However, some advocates of male-lineage succession suggested that members of the Kobetsu Sekke be selected as successors to the imperial throne instead of members of the 'former imperial family', because some people opposed the selection of the latter as successors since their more distant kinship to the imperial family means they would not enjoy public support.
- こうした守護の動きに対し、荘園領主らも幕府から守護使不入権の承認を得るなどの対応を取ったが、荘園領主らの大部分は京都に在住しており、遠方にある荘園へ強い支配力を及ぼすことはほとんど困難であった。
- Trying to deal with these trends, the lords of manors obtained the right of non-entry of Shugo, but it was almost impossible for them to exert strong influence on the distant shoen because most of them lived in Kyoto.
- 豆板銀については持ち運び可能な銀秤(ぎんばかり)により随時秤量しての支払いが可能であり、また現金を銭緡(ぜにさし)で持ち歩くよりも携帯に便利で、適宜両替商で銭貨に替えて使用するなど、重宝された。
- Mameitagin were used widely, as they enabled each payment by weighing them with a portable Ginbakari (scale for silver) and were exchanged into silver coins at money changers as needed because they were easier to carry than cash in Zenisashi (a string to bundle coins).
- 対して、古墳時代に入ると規格化された前方後円墳が奈良盆地に発生し、急速に九州から東北まで普及していることから各地の政治勢力に一定の支配力を及ぼしうる政治権力が奈良盆地に成立したと考えられている。
- However, as it has been found that standardized keyhole-shaped mounds first appeared during the Kofun period in the Nara basin and then spread to Kyushu and Tohoku, it is thought that the political power that had influence over those of other areas was established in the Nara basin.
- 官軍は6月17日、八代で大口方面に対する作戦会議を開き、別働第二旅団は小林攻略と大口方面での官軍支援、別働第三旅団は大口攻略後、南の川内・宮之城・栗野・横川方面を攻略するという手筈が整えられた。
- On June 17, the government army held a council of war in Yatsushiro to discuss the strategy in the Oguchi area and decided that the detached 2nd brigade should seize Kobayashi and support the government army in the Oguchi area, and that the detached 3rd brigade should seize Oguchi and then seize the areas of Sendai, Miyanojo, Kurino, and Yokogawa in the south.
- そうした状況の中で、伊豆国に流罪となっていた源頼朝は、同年8月に挙兵し石橋山の戦いで敗れたが、逃亡先の安房国から上総・下総を行軍する間に、関東一円の平氏系の武士団(坂東平氏)らの支持を獲得した。
- It was to be in these circumstances that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who had been exiled to Izu Province raised an army in August of the same year was defeated in the Battle of Ishibashiyama but while marching from Awa Province, to which he had fled, to Kazusa Province and Shimousa Province, he gained the support of a Taira clan lineage samurai group (Bando-Heishi clan) active throughout the Kanto region.
- この死亡帳は、「去年7月」から「今年6月」までの一年間について、秋田城の支配領域(秋田郡周辺)の民について記載したもので、当時の出羽国国府(9世紀初頭に移転)に清書したものを提出したと考えられる。
- This Shibocho described citizens in the area (around Akita County) controlled by Akita-jo Castle for one year from 'July of the previous year' to 'June of this year,' and was considered to be a transcript submitted to the provincial office of Dewa Province at that time (transferred in early ninth century).
- 平安京に勤務する貴族・官人でも原則として年料別納租穀を受ける場合には現地で支給を受けることになっていたが、延喜式には中国_(令制国)以上の国家からの位禄の輸送費用は官で負担する規定が存在していた。
- In principle, even aristocrats and bureaucrats living in Heiankyo were expected to receive Nenryo betsuno sokoku at the local area, but Engishiki states that transport fees of Iroku from countries further than Chugoku (Ritsuryo province) were to be compensated by the government.
- この概念が登場した背景として、1970年代以降、王朝国家論を巡る議論の中で、在地の農民層から武士が生まれて貴族の荘園支配を打倒していったとするそれまでの解釈への批判が強まったことがあげられている。
- One of the commonly understood reasons for the rise of this concept was the increasing criticism in the 1970's and onwards of the conventional understanding that local farmers were the foundation of the samurais who overthrew shoen (manors in medieval Japan) control by aristocrats.
- そして武士は京の貴族から生まれた、つまり騎馬と弓箭を中心とした武芸が、奈良・平安時代を通じて、支配階級である都の貴族とその周辺に面々と受け継がれ、それが中世の武士に引き継がれたと言うことを強調した。
- In addition, he stressed that bushi originated from aristocrats in Kyo (Kyoto), and martial arts that centered mostly around cavalry and archery passed down through aristocrats of the ruling class and their surrounding members during the Nara and Heian periods down to the medieval bushi.
- 反乱は拡大して秋田城下の12村(上津野、火内、榲淵、野代、河北、腋本、方口、大河、堤、姉刀、方上、焼岡)が夷俘の支配に落ち、出羽北部ではわずか3村(添河、覇別、助川)の俘囚だけが出羽国に属していた。
- The rebellion spread, and the 12 villages near Akita-jo Castle (Kazuno, Hinai, Sugibuchi, Noshiro, Kawakita, Wakimoto, Katakuchi, Okawa, Tsutsumi, Aneto, Katagami and Yakeoka) were occupied by the Ifu; in northern Dewa only the Fushu (assimilated Emishi) in the three villages of Soekawa, Habetsu and Sukekawa belonged to Dewa Province.
- 中世の荘園公領制では、本家-領家-開発領主-荘官-地頭らの関係に見られるように、土地や百姓に対する支配関係、また土地からの収益に関する権利関係が重層的に絡み合っており、著しく複雑な様相を呈していた。
- As seen in relationships among honke (head family), ryoke (lord of the manor), kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notable who developed the land), shokan (officer governing shoen), and jito (manager and lord of manor), dominance relationships involving lands and farmers and also relationships involving rights such as land and profit were related to each other in multiple ways; therefore, the Shoen Koryo system of the Middle Ages was extremely complicated.
- JR京都駅の烏丸口(北口)側にある関西電力京都支店の建物(鉄筋コンクリート造8階建)は、京都の近代建築の一つであるが、もともとは1937年(昭和12年)に、京都電燈の本社として建設されたものである。
- The eight storey reinforced concrete building of the Kyoto branch of the Kansai Electric Power, which stands in front of the Karasuma Exit (North Exit) of JR Kyoto Station, is one of the most modern buildings in Kyoto and was originally built as the headquarters of Kyoto Dento in 1937.
- 本願寺は依然として雑賀衆などの支援を集めつつ強勢を保ったが、次第に敵中に孤立していき、1580年、ついに正親町天皇の勅命を引き出した信長に屈して石山本願寺を退去し、領主権力としての本願寺は消滅した。
- Hongan-ji Temple retained its predominance by gaining support from Saikashu, but gradually it was isolated in the midst of enemies, ultimately succumbing to Nobunaga, who withdrew imperial command from the Emperor Ogimachi and left Ishiyama Honganji Temple in 1580, whereby Hongan-ji Temple as seigniory was extinguished.
- しかし建武の新政は武士の支持を得られず、建武 (日本)2年(1335年)に北条時行らが中先代の乱を起こし鎌倉を占拠すると、道誉は尊氏に従い討伐へと向かい、相模川で時行軍の背後を奇襲し勝利に寄与する。
- However, the Kenmu Restoration of the imperial government could not draw support from samurai warriors, and in 1335 when Tokiyuki HOJO and others staged the Nakasendai War and occupied Kamakura, Doyo followed Takauji and went out and made a sneak attack from behind the Tokiyuki army in the Sagamigawa River and contributed to the victory.
- 水野は、6、7世紀には大王一人が君臨する体制ではなく、大王を含めた支配グループが共同あるいは分業で統治する体制があったと想定し、天智天皇はこのような大王(天皇)のあり方を変えようとしたのだと考えた。
- MIZUNO supposed that in the 6th and 7th century, there was a ruling system in which the country was not reigned by only one Okimi (great king) but was ruled by a group of rulers including Okimi, based on the division of domains, and that Emperor Tenchi tried to change such a function of Okimi (emperor).
- この背景には、大学制度の範を唐の制度に求めたものの、儒教による国家統治の原則が確立していた唐とは違い、仏教や古来からの神道が儒教と並立した日本の支配階層においては、儒教理念が唐よりも重視されなかった。
- The reason is that although Daigaku-ryo was modeled on the university system in Tang Dynasty China, unlike in Tang Dynasty China where the rule that a nation should be governed based on Confucianism was already established, in Japan Confucianism coexisted with Buddhism and traditional Shintoism, and the ruling classes in Japan did not pay heed to the philosophy of Confucianism as much as those in the Tang Dynasty did.
- その後の多田荘は、多田源氏の庶流や累代の家人たちによって構成される多田院御家人によって在地支配がなされ、多田源氏直系の子孫は多田氏や能勢氏などとなったとされるが、その詳しい動向は明確でなくなっている。
- After that, Tada Manor was ruled directly by the Tada-In gokenin, a group consisting of collateral branches of the Tada-Genji or retainers that had served the Tada-Genji for generations, while direct descendants of the Tada-Genji apparently broke away to form new clans such as the Tada clan and Nose clan; however, further details concerning these developments are no longer known.
- 四道将軍の説話は単なる神話ではなく、豊城入彦命の派遣やヤマトタケル伝説などとも関連する王族による国家平定説話の一部であり、初期ヤマト王権による支配権が地方へ伸展する様子を示唆しているとする見解がある。
- According to one explanation, the story of Shido-shogun is not merely a myth but a part of a narrative of conquest of a country by members of the royal family associated with the dispatch of Toyokiirihikono-mikoto and the legend of Yamato Takeru, thus suggesting how the royal power of the early Yamato dynasty had expanded its hegemony.
- 源満仲は、安和の変などの印象から、藤原氏本流に臣従していたイメージが強いが、天皇を始めとして臣、公卿などに必要に応じて起用されていた、つまり支配階級全体に奉仕する傭兵部隊としての色彩がここから感じられる。
- There was an impression that MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka served under the main branch of the Fujiwara clan since the Anna Incident, but it could be interpreted from this that mercenary army that served all ranked ruling people was mobilized as needed by the emperor, minister, and kugyo (court noble).
- 実際には、延喜・天暦期は律令制体制から王朝国家体制へ移行する過渡期に当たっており、様々な改革が展開した時期であり、それらの改革は天皇親政というよりも、徐々に形成しつつあった摂関政治によって支えられていた。
- Actually, the eras of Engi and Tenryaku fell upon the transitional period to the dynasty state from the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and the period when various reforms were carried out and these reforms were supported by not the direct rule by emperors but Sekkan governments which had been gradually formed.
- しかし4世紀後葉になると、東北(仙台平野・会津地方など)から南九州(日向・大隅など)まで前方後円墳の分布が急速に拡大しており、ヤマト王権の支配権がそれらの地域へ伸展していったことの表れだとする見方がある。
- However, during the latter half of the fourth century, keyhole-shaped mounds spread rapidly from Tohoku (Sendai plain and Aizu Region) to southern Kyushu, which is seen as evidence of the Yamato Kingdom extending its hegemony in other areas.
- 商人や職人に自由に利潤追求を許せば、その経済力によって支配階級が脅かされ、農民が重労働である農業を嫌って商工に転身する事により穀物の生産が減少して飢饉が発生し、ひいては社会秩序が崩壊すると考えたのである。
- The thought was that if merchants and artisans were allowed to freely pursuit profits, their wealth would threaten the ruling class and farmers would give up the hard labor of agriculture start new careers as sho or ko, decreasing agricultural output, leading to famine, and resulting in the collapse of the social order.
- 日本の領主の封建制は「税の徴収権」に過ぎず(参照→職の体系)、つまり西欧に見られるような領地の私有と領民への農奴としての隷属的支配権は存在しなかったので、本当の意味の封建制は存在しなかったとする説もある。
- There is a view that the Hoken system in its true sense did not exist in Japan, because the Hoken system of feudal lords was just 'the right to collect taxes' (see Shiki system), and there was no private ownership of land and rights of control over the people as serfs in the domain, which were commonly seen in the West.
- 各地の大名によって城下町等に布告されたが、なかでも織田信長は、自分自身が美濃国・加納、近江国・安土町、近江国・金森 (守山市)に楽市・楽座令を布いただけでなく支配下の諸大名に伝達され、各城下町で実施された。
- Rakuichi-rakuza were proclaimed by daimyo throughout Japan, and these included not only those proclaimed by Nobunaga ODA himself in Kano, Mino Province; Azuchi-cho, Omi Province; and Kanamori, Omi Province (Moriyama City); but the practice was also conveyed to all daimyo under his control and rakuichi-rakuza came to be established in various castle towns.
- イングランドで1086年に編纂された統計大鑑ドームズデイ・ブックに残された記録から推計してみると、国王が直接支配した荘園は全体の17%を占め、さらに大きな割合(4分の1以上)を主教職や修道院が保有していた。
- Estimated from the records remaining in the great statistical survey book Domesday Book edited in 1086 in England, the shoens which the king directly dominated occupied 17 % and the larger ratio (more than one-fourth) was owned by bishops or monasteries.
- これらの支配力は単に一都市に限らず、京都所司代は山城国・丹波国・近江国など、大阪町奉行は西日本諸国の天領の采配がそれぞれ許されるなど、管轄地の諸大名を監察する役目もあった(京都所司代は朝廷も監視していた)。
- This shogunate agency grasped control of not merely to the appointed city, but also of the surrounding areas, so the governor of Kyoto (Kyoto Shoshidai) controlled Yamashiro Province, Tanba Province, Omi Province and so on (as well as put the imperial court under its surveillance, and the town magistrate of Osaka (Osaka machi-bugyo) was allowed to manage the shogunate demesne in the western Japan.
- また、朝鮮半島南部を中心にいくつもの倭独特の前方後円墳が発見されており、中国の史書からも倭への朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める記述があることから朝鮮半島南部(任那)は大和王権が統治していた地と有力視されている。
- Furthermore, from the discovery of keyhole-shaped mounds, a feature unique to Wakoku, together with descriptions in Chinese historical sources of Wa controlling the southern Korean Peninsula, it is regarded that the Yamato Kingdom governed southern Korea.
- しかし、室町時代に入ると、室町幕府は守護に対して刈田狼藉取締権をはじめ、使節遵行権・半済給付権・闕所地処分権・段銭徴収権など、国内の荘園・公領へ統治的・経済的支配を及ぼしうる様々な権限を付与するようになった。
- But early in the Muromachi period, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) granted various authorities to Shugo, which would enable them to exert a range of administrative and economic influences on shoen and koryo in the country, such as the right to control Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the right to enforce the bakufu judicial decisions in land disputes (Shisetsu jungyo), the right to permit hanzei (half payment of tax), the right to confiscate property from criminals or if it is left derelict, the right to collect tansen (a tax on arable land).
- 河内祥輔は東国独立論の存在を否定(平広常の個人的意見でしかないと)する立場から、頼朝の立場を平家政権の支配からの独立とそれに代わる朝廷との関係構築を求めて、一貫して後白河法皇との直接交渉を望んだ点を重視する。
- From the standpoint that denies the existence of the argument about the independence of the Togoku region (and regards it as only a personal opinion of TAIRA no Hirotsune), Shosuke KOUCHI focuses on the fact that Yoritomo consistently desired to negotiate directly with the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa seeking independence from the ruling of the Heike government and the relationship building with the Imperial Court in lieu thereof.
- このため、穀倉院領となった旧勧学田を大学寮に返還することは、財政政策上採るところではなかった朝廷はその代償として、穀倉院から一部学生への学問料支給を行うことで大学寮側からの不満の緩和に努めたと考えられている。
- Under such circumstances, the Imperial court couldn't return the former kangakuden, which was then the territory of Kokuso-in, to Daigaku-ryo and intended to ease the dissatisfaction of Daigaku-ryo by getting Kokuso-in to grant Gakumonryo to selected students in return.
- 古代の戸籍制度・班田収授法などによる律令制的な人別支配の維持が困難となっていた当時、国司は公田を名田という単位へ再編するとともに、有力農民層(田堵という)へ名田の経営と名田からの租税徴収を請け負わせていった。
- At that time, it became difficult to maintain control over each person like in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), based on a family registration system and Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land), and therefore, kokushi (provincial governors) reorganized Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) into myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) and came to entrust the work of managing myoden and collecting taxes from there to powerful farmers (called tato).
- 「本所」とは複数ある職のうち、荘園内において荘務すなわち、司法・行政・警察活動を行う権限を有して法的支配を行使した者を指す(領家・本家の別称としての「本所」という語も存在するが、本来の意味での使用ではない)。
- Among a variety of shiki, 'Honjo' exercised legal control over Shoen with the authority to carry out Shomu (management and control of encouragement of agriculture, taxes and so on in Shoen) or judicial, administrative and police activities (The word, 'Honjo' is also used when referring to Ryoke and Honke, but it is not the original meaning of the word.).
- 2005年に北海道十勝支庁管内の上士幌町が避花粉地として名乗りをあげたほか、続いて2006年には鹿児島県の奄美諸島も療養や保養目的の観光客(花粉症患者)誘致を始め、これは国交省がモニターツアーの募集を行った。
- In 2005 the Hokkaido town of Kamishihoro-cho under the jurisdiction of the Tokachi subprefectural claimed to be area unaffected by pollen and in 2006 the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture began to attract tourists (pollinosis patients) for the purpose of recuperation with the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism taking applications and operating the trips on a trial basis.
- かつての通説によると、鎌倉幕府は、1192年(建久3年)に源頼朝が征夷大将軍(以下、将軍)に任官されて始まったとされていたが、頼朝の権力・統治機構はそれ以前から存続しており、現在ではこの説は支持されていない。
- According to an old popular theory, the Kamakura Bakufu was thought to have started in 1192, when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (hereinafter, shogun), but the power and governing system of Yoritomo had existed before that and now this theory is not believed.
- また、領内に比叡山が存在することもあって、室町時代を通じてその支配は安定せず、六角満綱、六角持綱父子は家臣の反乱により自害に追いやられ、それを継いだ六角久頼は京極氏との対立の末、心労により自害して果てている。
- Partly because Mt. Hiei-zan was within the territory, the regional rule had not been stabilized during the Muromachi era, and Mitsutsuna ROKKAKU and his son Mochitsuna ROKKAKU were forced to commit suicide due to the vassals' rebellion; thereafter, Hisayori ROKKAKU, who had inherited Mitsutsuna and Mochitsuna, committed suicide due to the strain of grief after the conflict with the Kyogoku clan.
- しかし総州家支持の国人にも遊佐氏の一派が存在したことが判明していることと、この合戦の後、尚順が義英に対し政治的に優勢に立ち、義英は没落に追い込まれていることから、遊佐河内守は順盛とは別人であると考えられている。
- However, it is thought that Nobumori was not Yusa, the Governor of Kawachi Province, because it has become clear that there was a group of the Yusa clan among Kokujin who supported the Soshu family, and because Hisanobu was politically dominant over Yoshihide after the battle, driving Yoshihide into ruin.
- 日本書紀の記述から、5世紀後半には吉備や播磨、伊勢などの首長がヤマト王権へ対抗するなどの動きがあったと推測されており、そうした中で登場したワカタケル王は強化した軍事力をもとに各地の首長への支配力を強めていった。
- From descriptions in the 'Nihonshoki', it is believed that the chiefs of Kibi, Harima, and Ise rebelled against the Yamato Kingdom sometime around the latter half of the fifth century and it was during this period that King Wakatakeru appeared and strengthened the political power of the Yamato Kingdom over the regional chiefs with its increased military strength.
- この時代は兄弟継承から父子直系の継承へと皇位継承方法が切り替わる時期にあたっており、相次ぐ早逝によって危ぶまれた天武・草壁・文武・聖武という男子直系の継承が、持統・元明・元正という中継ぎ女帝によって支えられた。
- At this time, the way of imperial succession was to change from the form of elder brother to little brother succession to the form of father to son succession, and when the practice of succession between the direct line male children, from Tenmu to Kusakabe, Monmu, and Shomu, had faced with difficulties due to a series of young successors' deaths, it was sustained by the substitutional empresses, Jito, Genmei, and Gensho.
- 高地では農民の自由が保たれるようになっていた(特に畜産は労働の集約化が弱まったため、農奴の奉仕を必要としなくなっていった)が、他方、ヨーロッパの幾つかの地域では、最も圧政的な荘園支配と呼ばれるような状況も見られた。
- In highlands the freedom of farmers was preserved (especially in livestock raising, the labor intensity was weakened and so the service of serfs was not needed), but on the other hand, the most oppressive governance of shoens was also seen in several areas in Europe.
- また、楽市楽座政策をもって彼の先進性と見なす向きもあるが、戦国期に畿内を中心とした土地を大規模な範囲で支配出来たのは信長が最初であるという事情もあり、むしろ経済史の流れに沿っている側面も強いことに注意が必要である。
- The rakuichi-rakuza policy is considered to demonstrate Nobunaga's progressive outlook but there is also the fact that he was the first to achieve wide-reaching territorial control centered around the Kinki region during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), and it is necessary to note that the phenomenon was very important part of economic history.
- それは、国衙が支配する土地(公田)を名田(みょうでん)という単位に再編し、当時、経済力をつけていた田堵と呼ばれる富豪層(有力百姓層)に名田経営を請け負わせることで、租税収入を確保する体制(名体制という。)であった。
- The government established the system of rule (known as myo taisei) aimed at ensuring the collection of tax revenues by reorganizing government land (public farmland) into units called myoden and by hiring influential farmers called tato, who had accumulated considerable wealth during the period, to manage the myoden.
- また、徳川家に服する諸大名の屋敷が設けられ、江戸に居住する大名の家臣・家族や、徳川氏の旗本・御家人近世の御家人などの武士が数多く居住するようになるとともに、彼らの生活を支える商人・職人が流入し、町が急速に拡大した。
- Also, residences of many daimyo (feudal lords serving the Tokugawa family) were built, and a large number of daimyo's vassals and families, and shogunal bannermen and retainers moved in, followed by the influx of merchants and craftsmen who supported the lives of those people, all of which contributed to the rapid expansion of the town.
- フランシスコ・ザビエルの日本来航以来、スペインやポルトガルの宣教師の熱心な布教によって、また戦国大名や江戸時代の藩主にもキリスト教を信奉する者が現れたため、キリスト教徒いわゆる切支丹の数は九州を中心に広く拡大した。
- After Francis Xavier came to Japan, the number of Christians increased in Kyushu and other regions due to missionaries from Spain and Portugal ardently propagating Christianity, as well as a number of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) and feudal lords during the Edo period becoming followers of Christianity.
- しかし、延喜年間になると諸国の国衙はそれまでの国内公田(口分田・乗田など)の直接支配から、その公田を名(みょう)という単位に分割し、それぞれの名の経営を当時「富豪の輩」と呼ばれていた田堵に請け負わせる体制に移行した。
- In the Engi era, however, kokuga in various provinces shifted the system from the conventional direct control over koden (field administered directly by a ruler, such as kubunden or joden) in the territory to a new system in which the koden was divided into units called myo, and the administration of each myo was contracted out to tato that was called 'rich class' in those days.
- 9世紀末~10世紀初年に醍醐天皇及び藤原時平が主導した律令制復活の最後の試みである延喜の治が失敗に終わると、次代の朱雀天皇及び藤原忠平は、個別人身支配を基調とする体制から土地課税基調の体制へと大きな政策転回を行った。
- When the Engi no chi (Reign of the Emperor Daigo), the last attempt for reviving the Ritsuryo system led by the Emperor Daigo and FUJIWARA no Tokihira during the period from the end of the 9th century to the early 10th century, ended in failure, the emperor Suzaku, his successor, and FUJIWARA no Tadahira made a bold policy change from the principle of people-based governance to that of tax on land.
- 当時、農民層を直接支配していたのは、地頭・荘官などの階層から在地の領主として成長していった国人領主層であり、彼らが守護大名の被官となることでその軍事力を支え、室町幕府や守護大名の動向を規定していったとするものである。
- It asserted that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who had been raised from the classes of jito (manager and lord of manor) or shokan (an officer governing manor) to the local lord, that directly ruled the farmers class in those days, and that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who, by becoming low-level bureaucrat of the shugo daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), supported their military power and came to define the movement of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the shugo daimyo.
- だが、江戸時代に入ると、主君である征夷大将軍あるいは大名への土地支配権力の集中や藩中央と家臣の年貢米売却の競合による米価下落に伴う換金収入減少など財政上の都合から、地方知行を止めて蔵米知行に切り替える場合が増加した。
- During the early Edo period, however, more and more lords gave up Jigatachigyo in favor of Kuramaichigyo; this was due to land ruling power being concentrated in the hands of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'); it was also due to financial reasons, such as a decrease in income as a consequence of rice falling in price caused by competition between domains and vassals in annual rice tax sales.
- しかし、1170年以降、マネーサプライの増大とそれがもたらしたインフレーションの結果、貴族たちは、賃貸していた土地や財産を取り戻すとともに、文字どおり減退してしまった現金支払の固定価値と同等の労役を再び課していった。
- However, after 1170, money supply increased and thus inflation happened and as a result, the aristocrats came to impose the same labor service as the fixed value of paying cash which was literally diminished as well as regaining the leased lands and assets.
- 年料別納租穀(ねんりょうべつのうそこく)とは、平安時代に令制国の正倉に納められた租を不動穀とは別に稲穀の形態で現地で保管して、中央において財政が不足した折に太政官符に基づいて位禄・季禄・衣服料として京官に支給したもの。
- Nenryo betsuno sokoku was rice kept as seed at the local level, separate from that of So collected in the Shoso (warehouse) of Ritsuryo provinces as Fudokoku (staples for an emergency), and was given to kyokan (an official of the Capital) as Iroku, Kiroku and Ifukuryo based on the Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) when the central government did not have sufficient funds.
- このように、土地資本を基盤とする反面、土地所有者ではない支配者層という独自な立場に立たされた武士の生活の安定と、安定成長政策とは必ずしも上手く融合できずに、金融引き締め的な経済圧迫政策がを打ち出されて不況が慢性化した。
- As noted above, while the economy was founded on land capital, samurai soldiers as the ruling class have no land ownership, and this peculiar situation made it almost impossible to secure a steady livelihood of samurai in harmony with the national stable growth polity, so that the tight monetary policy lying hard on the economy resulted in chronic recession.
- 8月26日、鎌倉に義経から信兼の子息3人を宿所に呼び寄せて誅した事、信兼が出羽国国司を解官されたとの報告が届き、9月9日、信兼以下平氏家人の京都における所有地を、義経の支配とするよう頼朝から書状が出された(『吾妻鏡』)。
- A report from Yoshitsune stating that he had summoned Nobukane's three sons to his accommodation and killed them and that Nobukane had been dismissed from Dewa no kuni Kokushi (the governor of Dewa Province) reached Kamakura on October 9, and on October 22 a letter was sent out from Yoritomoto to put the land of Nobukane and the men of the Taira clan in Kyoto under Yoshitsune's control ('Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East)).
- 九州制覇を目指す島津義久は、天正14年(1586年)に入ると豊後侵攻 (島津氏)を開始し、12月には戸次川の戦いで豊臣・大友連合軍を撃破し、大友義統は島津氏の勢威を恐れて豊前国に逃亡し、豊後はほぼ島津氏の支配下に入った。
- Aiming to conquer Kyushu, Yoshihisa SHIMAZU launched an invasion of Bungo in 1586 and defeated the Toyotomi and Otomo allies in the Battle of Hetsugigawa in January 1587, on which occasion Yoshimune OTOMO fled to Buzen Province in fear of the power of the Shimazu clan, virtually leaving Bungo in control of the Shimazu clan.
- 南側、つまり楽市や六角氏の居館があった方向から攻め上ろうとすると、そこには強固な石垣がある平井丸、池田丸があり、また山裾の平地部分に部隊を展開しようとすると、観音寺城の支城、箕作城、長光寺城があり挟撃される可能性がある。
- If enemies attacked the castle from the south where the Rakuichi and the residences of the Rokkaku clan were located, the Hiraimaru (Kuruwa) and Ikedamaru (Kuruwa) areas were there with strong stone walls to block them; and if enemies tried to send troops to the flatland at the skirt of the mountain, there was a possibility of a pincer drive by the armies from Mitsukuri-jo Castle and Chokoji-jo Castle, the subsidiary castles of Kannonji-jo Castle.
- 室町・戦国時代 (日本)の混乱時代、農業生産高は爆発的に増加したが、各地にモザイクのように存在する割拠勢力はそれぞれ消長を繰り返し、また支配下にも多くの自立領主がいるため、自領の実質総農業生産高を把握するのも困難であった。
- In the tumultuous years of the Muromachi period and the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), there was a tremendous increase in agricultural production, but because all Japan had become a jigsaw puzzle made up of nodes of local authority who went through an endless cycle of prosperity and decline, and because the period also saw many feudal lords begin to declare their independence, it became extremely difficult to keep track of the true total agricultural productivity even on the land within one's own jurisdiction.
- 過去の人口推定値として海外でしばしば引用されるTertius Chandler(1987年)は、町奉行支配下の町人人口の3/8程度を武士人口とし、18万8千人(1701年)から約21万5千人(1854年)と見積もっている。
- Tertius Chandler, whose estimates for historical populations are frequently cited in other countries, estimated that three-eighths of the population of townspeople were samurai, and approximated the demographic shift from 188,000 in 1701 to 215,000 1854.
- 朝貢を行った理由・背景は明確にはなっていないが、おそらく朝鮮半島南部諸国(任那・伽耶)に於ける利権争いへの参入を有利に進めるためであろうと考えられており、実際に中国史書には倭へ朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める内容を記している。
- Although the reasons for and the background to these tributes by Wakoku remain unclear, it is thought they may have been to provide an advantage in the competition over interests and rights in the kingdoms of the southern Korean Peninsula (the Gaya Confederacy) and in fact, Chinese sources mention Wakoku's hegemony over the southern Korean Peninsula.
- この体制は尊皇攘夷・長州藩への対抗を通じて形成され、八月十八日の政変以降、尊皇攘夷派が退潮し、さらに公武合体論に基づく有力諸侯による参預会議が崩壊したのち、王政復古の大号令による倒幕派クーデタまでの京都政界をほぼ支配した。
- At first the group had been formed to counter the group of Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the Choshu clan; after the Sonno Joi group had been purged by the August 18 Coup (the Bunkyu Coup of 1863), the powerful lords including the three of the Ichikaiso Government participated in the Sanyo-kaigi (the Councilor Council in the Court) which had been set up so that the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Imperial Court cooperate on dealing with impending matters; although the Sanyo-kaigi was unraveled soon, the three politicians had maintained their power and dominated over the politics in Kyoto until the Overthrow of the Shogunate and the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule (1867).
- これは、先に徳川・北条間で結ばれた和議の条件に、信濃は徳川が、上野は北条がそれぞれ支配するという内容が盛り込まれていたことによるが、信濃の他に上野の沼田市にも領地を持つ昌幸が、自領が失われることを恐れたためといわれている。
- This was because the conditions of the pacification between Tokugawa and Hojo included an article that Tokugawa should rule Shinano and Hojo should rule Kozuke, and it is also said to be because Masayuki--who had territories in Numata City, in Kozuke, in addition to Shinano--was afraid of losing his own territory there.
- 戦後初期の第一線の中世史の研究者が「武士」を問題とするとき、その対象は鎌倉幕府成立の基盤としてとらえられた「武士団」であり、それが中世的な在地支配の形態とセットで、「中世の成立」と不可分なものとして研究されてきた経緯がある。
- The front running historian specialized in medieval history immediately after World War II considered 'bushi' as 'bushidan' when studying 'bushi' since bushidan formed the basis of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and paired it with the form of medieval estate control as something crucial for the 'formation of the medieval era.'
- なお、旧幕府時代、名目上は独立国でありながら実質上薩摩藩の支配下にあった琉球王国に関しては、廃藩置県の際に「琉球藩」が設置されて日本国家内に取り込まれることとなり、1879年(明治12年)に沖縄県として正式に県に編入された。
- In addition, the Ryukyu Kingdom, which was nominally an independent country but actually was under the control of Satsuma Clan in the Shogunate period, belonged to Japan when Ryukyu domain was established at the time of Haihan-chiken, and then Ryukyu was formally incorporated into Japan as Okinawa prefecture in 1879.
- ところが1980年代に入り、継体の出自を伝える『上宮記』の成立が推古天皇朝に遡る可能性が指摘(黛弘道「継体天皇の系譜について」『律令国家成立史の研究』吉川弘文館、1982年)されて、傍系王族説が再び支持を集めるようになった。
- But in the 1980s, the possibility that the creation of 'Joguki' which records the origin of Keitai would go back to the reign of Empress Suiko (Hiromichi MAYUZUMI 'A Denealogical Study of Emperor Keitai' 'Ritsuryo kokka seiritsushi no kenkyu'[Study of the establishment of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes] Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. 1982), was brought to light and the collateral line royal family theory regained momentum.
- なお、同詔では漢詩などの文学材料としても用いられていた孔安国の注釈に関しては、天皇及び皇族の教育以外の場では引き続き使用が認められており、この導入が大学寮全体の支持すら得られていなかった政治的なものであったことを裏付けている。
- However, in the Mikotonori, the commentaries by Ko Ankoku that were used as a literary reference, such as in Chinese poetry, were permitted to be continually used in education other than that of Emperors and the Imperial Family, which supports the fact that this adoption was only to seek political advantage and did not even gain support of the whole Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system).
- 身分制度については、江戸幕府下の「士農工商」の別を廃止し、旧武士階級を士族、それ以外を平民とし、「四民平等」を謳う一方、旧公家・大名や一部僧侶などを新たに華族として特権的階級とすると同時に、宮内省の支配の下に置くことになった。
- Regarding the class system, the government advocated equality of all people, abolishing the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants under the Edo Shogunate, and changing former samurai class to the warrior class and the rest of classes to commoner class, whereas they gave the privileges of nobility to former court nobles, feudal lords, and some of the Buddhist monks so as to put them under the control of the Ministry of the Imperial Household.
- 荘園は度重なる寄進によって重層的な支配構造となっていたが、実際に直接あるいは雑掌などを派遣して、荘園内の在地勢力(荘官及び荘民)に対して諸権限を行使しえたのは荘務権を持っている職の体系であり、本来本所とは荘務権を持つ職を指した。
- Shoen was often placed under the complicated control system due to repeated donations; the honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a private estate) originally referred to the individuals who held the shomuken, and those who were in the position to hold the shomuken could administer various authorities against the local power within shoen, such as shokan (an officer governing shoen) and shomin (people of the manor), by personally going to the shoen himself or by sending a zassho (a person in charge of miscellaneous tasks) there.
- 例えば、明応7年(1498年)、越後国守護上杉房能は、越後国内において守護使不入の主張を認めない事を宣言し、永正年間には駿河国守護今川氏親が幕府の許可を得ずに遠江国守護斯波氏を追って同国を支配して守護使不入地に対しても検地を行った。
- In 1498, for example, Fusayoshi UESUGI, the Governor of Echigo Province, declared that he would not approve to claim shugoshi funyu within Echigo Province, and during the Eisho era (1504-1521) Ujichika IMAGAWA, the Governor of Suruga Province, expelled the Shiba clan, the Governor of Totomi Province, without permission of the bakufu, ruled the province, and conducted a land survey even in the territories specified as shugoshi funyuchi.
- 歴史家アンリ・ピレンヌは、イスラム圏への征服活動が、ヨーロッパ中世経済の著しい農村化をもたらし、また多様な農奴階級が支える地域権力ヒエラルキーという伝統的な封建様式を引き起こしたとする説を展開している(ただし異論も少なからずある)。
- The historian Henri Pirenne presented the argument that the conquest activities of the Islamic world caused the significant villagization of the economy in medieval Europe and the traditional feudal system which was the local power hierarchy supported by the class of serfs (however, many people have different opinions).
- 文化厚生会館事件(ぶんかこうせいかいかんじけん)とは、部落解放同盟京都府連合会が、朝田善之助を委員長とし、同盟中央が認めた組織(朝田府連)と、三木一平を委員長とし、日本共産党が支援する組織(三木府連)に分裂したことに端を発した紛争。
- The Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall Affair is a conflict that started with the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation being divided into two groups, one (Asada Furen, Asada faction's Federation) with Zennosuke ASADA as a chairman, approved by the Headquarter of the Buraku Liberation League and the other (Miki Furen, Miki faction's Federation) with Ippei MIKI as a chairman, supported by the Japanese Communist Party.
- こうした状況の中で、12世紀~13世紀ごろになると、荘園領主や国衙、さらにこれらから在地支配を任された武士も田堵の力を認めざるを得なくなり、田堵に名田の永代保有権を付与する代わりに、年貢・公事の納付請負を確約させるようになっていった。
- Under such circumstances, around the 12th and the 13th centuries, lords of manors, kokuga, and samurai warriors who were appointed as the local supervisors by lords or kokuga had to recognize the tato's influence, and they gave the tato permanent tenure of myoden in exchange for the firm land tax payment and the undertaking of public duties.
- 北魏では、15歳以上の男子に露田(耕田)40畝(約1.87ヘクタール)と麻田10畝(約0.47ヘクタール)を、女子には同じく20畝(約0.93ヘクタール)と麻田5畝(約0.23ヘクタール)を支給し、59歳になったときに返すとされていた。
- The system in Northern Wei was as follows: A bare field (arable field) of approx. 1.87 hectares and a field for hemp of approx. 0.47 hectares were supplied to each of the males at the age of 15 or older, and a bare field of approx. 0.93 hectares and a field for hemp of approx. 0.23 hectares to each female, and these fields had to be returned when the age of 59 was reached.
- 日本軍に大きく後れを取った李氏朝鮮であったが、釜山を基点として支配領域を広げていた日本軍後方部隊のうち、海岸移動を行っていた船団に対して李舜臣率いる朝鮮水軍が4月と5月の二回の出撃で積極的に攻撃を加え、備えのない日本船団は被害を受けた。
- Although Yi Dynasty Korea had been beaten by the Japanese army, the Korean navy headed by Yi Sun-sin attacked, twice in May and June, actively fleet of ships that had been moving along the coast among troops at the rear of the Japanese army that had been expanding the area under its control based at Busan, and the Japanese fleet of ships that had not prepared for the damages suffered.
- 周の時代には中国的な封建制度は活期を迎えたと考えられており、各地に邑を基盤とした血族共同体が広汎に現れ、周はこれらと実際に血縁関係をむすんだり、封建的な関係をむすぶことによって擬制的に血縁関係をつくりだし、支配下に置いたと考えられている。
- It is considered that the Chinese Hoken system was at its peak in the Zhou period, and blood relative communities based on Mura (large village) broadly emerged in many places, and Zhou formed fictitious blood relations to control them by making actual blood relations or feudalistic relations with them.
- 例えば、後に佐竹義宗が強引に相馬御厨全域を支配したとき、その『源義宗寄進状』には「常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉、是背法令、大非常之上、大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也」と、上総介常澄、千葉介常胤、が共に反抗していることが伺える。
- For example, when Yoshimune SATAKE aggressively dominated the entire region of Soma-mikuriya later, he stated in 'MINAMOTO no Yoshimune's letter of donation' that '常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉,是背法令,大非常之上,大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也,' indicating that Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi and Chiba no suke Tsunetane both rebelled.
- また江戸時代には、対外的には長崎出島での中国・オランダとの交流と対馬藩を介しての李氏朝鮮との交流以外は外国との交流を禁止する鎖国政策を採った(ただし、実際には薩摩に支配された琉球による対明・清交易や渡島半島の松前氏による北方交易が存在した)。
- In the Edo period, as a foreign policy, the shogunate government adopted the national seclusion policy which banned interactions with foreign countries other than those with China and the Netherlands in Dejima island in Nagasaki and Yi Dynasty of Korea through the Tsushima Domain, (although actually Ryukyu under the control of the Satsuma Domain commerced with Ming and Qing, and the Matsumae clan in Oshima Peninsula traded with the Ainu).
- なお第十二章と十三章の本来の章題は「五行相刑法第十二」、「五行相破法第十三」で、章題に「五行」の字句を含んでいるが、どちらも相生相剋とは無関係に、十二支に特殊な相互関係である「十二支ニ支の相互関係」と「十二支ニ支の相互関係」の説明となっている。
- Although the titles of Chapter 12 and Chapter 13, 'Gogyosokeiho daijuni' and 'Gogyosohaho daijusan' respectively, include the term 'Gogyo, the explanations are related not to Sojo Sokoku (compatibility between the cosmic dual forces) but to 'the mutual relationship between junishi and nishi,' the specific mutual relationship of junishi.
- 川中島の戦い(かわなかじまのたたかい)は、日本の戦国時代 (日本)に、甲斐国(現在の山梨県)の戦国大名である武田信玄(武田晴信)と越後国(現在の新潟県)の戦国大名である上杉謙信(長尾景虎)との間で、北信濃の支配権を巡って行われた数次の戦いをいう。
- The Battle of Kawanakajima indicates the battles over the control of the Northern Shinano area, fought between Shingen TAKEDA (Harunobu TAKEDA), the warring daimyo (lord) in Kai Province (present Yamanashi Prefecture) and Kenshin UESUGI (Kagetora NAGAO), the warring daimyo in Echigo Province (present Niagara Prefecture).
- 家元制度は家学宗家の権威を高める一方で家元である宗家当主は門人を免許の発給を通じて家学を支配していく役目に転化していったため、勿論家元に相応しい技能を有した宗家当主も存在したものの、それに相応しい能力を有しない継承者の隠蔽の役割も果たすことになった。
- While the iemoto system enhanced the authority of the head family of the iemoto, because the role of the family head changed into the one ruling kagaku through issuing a license to the pupils, the family head also assumed the role in hiding the successor who was not competent even though some family heads themselves were not competent to the iemoto.
- ところが、時代が下ると、名田を経営する百姓身分に属する一般の田堵負名の中からも、自らが経営請負をする名田の属する荘園公領を所領とする武士に、軍役を申し出て武士身分の一角に食い込み、名田の支配権を確固としたものにして所領としていこうとする動きが生じた。
- However, in later periods, some ordinary farmers called tato and fumyo who managed myoden began to attempt to make inroads into the samurai class by offering military service for samurai who governed manors or Imperial demesnes containing the myoden managed by the tato or fumyo, so that they could consolidate their hold over their myoden to own it as their territories.
- また、記紀の史料批判により、継体天皇以前の編年は到底正しいとは言えず、このころの王家内部では文字による記録が常時取られていたとは考えがたいことから、記紀に伝えられた干支や系譜を元に倭の五王を推定するという試み自体をあまり意味がないとする意見も根強い。
- In agreement with the criticism on 'Kiki''s credibility as historical material and from the fact that the chronology before Emperor Keitai is far from truth, and that it is hard to believe that the Imperial family kept written records on a steady basis, some people strongly deny the meaning of the attempt to presume the five kings of Wa from the Oriental zodiac and the genealogy in 'Kiki'.
- 中国においては、『周礼』の司徒属人條にて周が「委積法」を行ったことに由来しているとされているが、記録の上で明白なのは、隋の開皇8年(585年)に度支尚書長孫平が定義したもので、諸侯から民衆まで一定額の粟・黍を納めさせて州県に設置された義倉に納められた。
- In China, Shito zokunin jo (司徒属人條, an article of Shito zokunin) in 'Rites of Zhou' talks about its origin that Zhou applied 'Ishi-ho' (委積法, literally, method of goods), and according the definition Sonhei CHO, Takushi shosho (account office) made in the Sui Dynasty (in 585), that was obvious on record, people from the domains to ordinary people were forced to provide a certain amount of foxtail and proso millet and those millets were stored in giso warehouses which were constructed in prefectures.
- そもそも「国王」称号や「干支」の使用は中華秩序における冊封体制の残滓であり、中華帝国を頂点として周辺諸国を従属国視する、伝統的東アジア外交秩序そのものであり、いまこそ、その体制から離脱を図り、かつ朝鮮側にもそれを認知させようとしたのだ、という論である。
- One opinion is as follows: Use of the title of 'King' and the 'Oriental zodiac' was a residue of the China-centered sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system, indicating the traditional eastern Asian diplomatic order with China placed at the top and nations around it considered dependent on China, and it was time to try separating from such a system and to make such a situation acknowledged by the Korean side as well.
- 津田は記紀の成立過程に関して初めて本格的な文献批判を行い、神話学、民俗学の成果を援用しつつ、神武天皇は弥生時代の何らかの事実を反映したものではなく、主として皇室が日本を支配するいわれを説明するために述作された日本神話の一部として理解すべきであると断じた。
- TSUDA was the first person who criticized literature regarding the process of coming into existence of the kojiki and Nihonshoki in earnest, and concluded that the Japanes had to understand that description concerning Emperor Jimmu did not reflect any fact in the Yayoi period, but were mostly written as part of Japanese Mythology in order to justify the ruling of Japan by the Imperial Family, taking advantage of mythology and folklore.
- 鎌倉幕府において初めての成文法形式の武家法である御成敗式目が定められ、以後室町幕府の建武式目、戦国大名の分国法、江戸幕府の武家諸法度及び諸藩の藩法に継承され、武家政権における日本全国の支配及び地方政権における領国内の封建体制と地域秩序の維持の基本となった。
- The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was the first government to enforce the bukeho in the form of statutory law, the Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai), which was inherited by the Kenmu Code enforced by Muromachi bakufu, the bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) enforced by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period, and the Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households) as well as the hanpo (code for regional domains) enforced during the time of the Edo bakufu; the bukeho thus became the prototype of codes for the military government to control the nation and for the regional administrations to maintain the feudal system and the regional order within their domains.
- 小野篁の後裔といわれているが、安田元久は諸系図の精査や世代間の年数の計算、当時の国司の任命状況から見て後世の作為で、実際は在地の開発領主の末裔であろうと推測し、太田亮の『姓氏家系辞典』での所見である武蔵国造の末裔ではないかという見解を消極的に支持している。
- It is generally believed that the party were descendants of ONO no Takamura; however, Motohisa YASUDA carefully examined family trees, and calculated the number of years among generations, and studied appointments of kokushi (provincial governors) at that time, and consequently thought that this was contrived by later generations, and the party were actually descendants of kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land), and passively supported a view that the party may have been descendants of Musashinokuni-no-MIYATSUKO, which is a view found in the 'Seishi Kakei Jiten' (Dictionary of Family Names and Lineages in Japan) by Akira OTA.
- 天皇や太上天皇・太上法皇(いわゆる治天の君)の意思あるいは公卿の会議「陣定」の結果を統裁・決定した事項は、蔵人から支持の伝達を受けた上卿(陣定の首席大臣)が陣定において発する口頭形式による命令(宣)を通じて、弁官・外記の手によって文書化されて相手に通達される。
- The emperor or the emperor Daijo/Cloistered emperor Daijo (the so called Chiten no kimi)'s intentions, or the results matters of the Court noble's meeting 'Jin no sadame' that had been governed and decided were issued in Jin no sadame by Shokei (the leading minister) receiving the notification of the instructions from Kurodo (imperial archives keeper) issued the command in the oral format, and were documented by benkan (Oversight Department:division of the daijokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) and gaiki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) and notified to the targeted people.
- スナイドル弾薬の調達を担当した陸軍省の西郷従道と原田一道は、大量の弾薬を調達すべく、海軍省から弾薬製造設備を借り受けたり、外国商人から空薬莢500万個の購入を計画したり、あるいは清国から弾薬を借り受けるなど、前線で戦う兵士達の火力を支える弾薬調達に東奔西走した。
- Tsugumichi SAIGO and Ichido HARADA of the Army Ministry, who were responsible for supplying Snider Ammunition, rushed about frantically busy supplying ammunition to support firepower of soldiers fighting in the front line by taking every possible measures like obtaining permission to use the facilities to produce ammunition from the Navy Ministry, planning to purchase 5 million empty cartridge cases from a foreign merchant, and borrowing ammunition from the Qing dynasty in order to supply a great deal of ammunition.
- 『日本後紀』にある広世の父・和気清麻呂の薨条(延暦18年2月乙未(21日)条)に、広世が式部少輔と大学別当(大学頭)を兼務し、父・清麻呂の遺志を継いで大学寮の南側にあった私邸を弘文院として内外の経書数千巻を集め、また墾田40町を寄付して学問料を支給したと記されている。
- The entry for the date when Hiroyo's father WAKE no Kiyomaro died (April 4, 799) in 'Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan) contains the description that -- Hiroyo concurrently assumed the offices of Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonies) and Daigaku Betto (Chancellor of the University) (Daigaku no kami; Director of the Bureau of Education), and, as his father Kiyomaro had wished, located his private residence south of the daigaku-ryo the Kobunin where he collected thousands of Chinese classics from inside and outside Japan, and donated 0.4 square kilometers of new rice fields for awarding scholarship funds.
- これらの内、鉄銭は明治6年(1873年)12月25日に、天保通寳は明治24年(1891年)末をもって通用停止となったが、文久永寳などの銅銭は昭和28年(1953年)末の「小額通貨の整理及び支払金の端数計算に関する法律」により廃貨措置がとられるまで法的に通用力を有した。
- Among these coins, Tetsusen coin was abolished on December 25, 1873, and Tenpo Tsuho coin in 1891, however, bronze coins such as Bunkyu eiho coins were still legally valid until they were demonetarized by the enactment of the 'Small Currency Disposition and Fractional Rounding in Payments Act' (Shogaku tsuka no seiri oyobi shiharaikin no hasukeisan ni kan suru horitsu).
- 後円融上皇の死後、わずかに残っていた朝廷の政治的権力も足利義満の手でほとんどすべて幕府に接収され、貴族たちも多くは室町殿と主従関係を結んで幕府に従属し、院政は支配する対象自体を失い、朝廷も政府としての機能を失い、天皇を中心とする貴族たち(公家)の利益共同体に転落する。
- After the death of Retired Emperor Goenyu, almost all of the few political powers left in the Imperial Court were requisitioned to bakufu by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, many nobilities also subordinated to Bakufu by forming lord and vassal relationships with Muromachi-dono (the head position of Muromachi Bakufu inherited by Ashikaga family), Insei lost the objective to rule, the Imperial Court lost its functions as a government, and the position fell into a profitable community by nobilities (Kuge) with the Emperor in center.
- 中世において成立した収取体制においては、雑役系の公事・夫役は名田を収取単位として租税の賦課が行われていたが、名田が十分に確立されていない地域や供御人・神人など荘園・公領の支配体系に属しない人々(主に非農業民)から公事・夫役を収取するために在家を単位として賦課したのである。
- Under the tax collection system established in the Medieval period taxes relating to public duties and labor services, which were kinds of zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks), were assessed for myoden (rice field lots) as a collection unit; on the other hand, taxes relating to public duties and labor services were collected in regions where myoden had not sufficiently established or from people who did not belong to the ruling system of shoen (manor) and koryo (mainly non-cultivators) (mostly non-farmer), such as kugonin (groups of producer-merchants) or jinin (shrine dependents) by assessing for zaike as a collection unit.
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名の一円支配が進み、自検断は表向き次第に消滅もしくは縮小していったが、江戸時代以降も村や町(ちょう)といった公認共同体は事実上それに近い自治権を、あたかも自検断権を放棄しているかのごとき建前に立った、政権との妥協と黙認の上に、保持し続けた。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan), ichien shihai (rule the whole territory) by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) was developed in the Sengoku period and officially Jikendan seemed to disappear and become reduced, however, after the Edo period, authorized communities such as villages and towns (cho) virtually kept possession of their autonomy similar to Jikendan under the compromise and tolerance of the government, standing on the premise that as if they waived their right to judge criminal cases.
- その後、届出額の半数以上が天保年間以前の債務に由来するまたは幕府債務として無効を宣言されて総額で3486万円(うち、新公債1282万円、旧公債1122万円、少額債務などを理由に現金支払等で処理されたものが1082万円)が新政府の名によって返済されることになった(藩債処分)。
- Thereafter, more than half of the above amount was declared void as the debts made before the Tempo era or the debts of bakufu, and the total amount of 34.86 million yen (shin-kosai: 12.82 million yen, kyu-kosai : 11.22 million yen, small amount debts that were repaid in cash: 10.82 million yen) were repaid by the new government (hansai-shobun (the policy on the disposition of the debts of feudal domains)).
- だが、荘園公領制が解体する14世紀に入ると、生産力の上昇や農民層の抵抗、更に荘園内部でも上級層の没落と下級層の上昇などが発生し、更にその中で上位の者は領主や地侍としての地位を獲得して荘園領主の支配から脱却したり、荘園内外にて独自の経営地及び独自の小作関係の形成を行うようになる。
- However, during the fourteenth century, many factors, such as the improvement of productivity, the resistance of the class of peasants, and the downfall of the upper-class together with the advancement of the lower-class, contributed to the demise of the shoen-koryo sei. Further, there were those of the upper-class who attained the position as a landlord or a jizamurai (local samurai) which enabled them to break away from the rule of the manor owners and to establish their own business managing and renting their lands to local peasants.
- 鎌倉幕府は元寇に伴う対外的危機を通じて、一円支配が確立した本所領の住人を動員することには成功したが、それでも検断権などを本所領に対しては及ぼすことが出来ず、却って寺社興行法などで御家人の権利よりも寺社領の権限を保護する政策を取って神仏の加護よる対外危機の克服を期待する有様であった。
- The Kamakura bakufu succeeded in calling the residents in the honjoryo, in which the bakufu established a ruling throughout the land, to arms through the external crisis accompanying Genko (Mongol Invasion), but still cannot exercise kendanken (provincial policing authority) and so forth on the honjoryo -- On the contrary, the bakufu prayed for divine protection and expected god and Buddha to support the bakufu to overcome the external crisis, and took a policy to protect not the right of the gokenin (the top of the warrior-class hierarchy) but the right of the jisharyo by issuing the jishakogyoho (Shrine restoration policy).
- しかし、前述の菅原氏や大江氏など優秀な学者を代々輩出した一族や給料学生以外の学生でも勧学院より同じような学問料が支給された藤原氏(主として藤原北家日野流・藤原南家・藤原式家)などによる文章博士や文章生の世襲や文章博士による門人の推挙による一種の学閥化の風潮が次第に見られるようになった。
- However, there came the trend of forming kinds of academic cliques as the families which produced excellent scholars, such as the above mentioned Sugawara clan as well as the Oe clan and families like the Fujiwara clan (mainly Hino Line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan and the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan), which were able to receive similar education at Kangakuin (educational institutions) despite their not being kyuryo gakusei, started to pass down monjo hakase and monjosho and monjo hakase began recommending their followers to the positions.
- やがて広大な領土支配のため北部と西部方面の辺境地域を藩部とし南のネパール、ビルマ、シャム、越南(ベトナム)、東の朝鮮及び琉球(なお琉球は日本側とも冊封関係にあった)を冊封して清を中心とする国際秩序をアジアに構築、北辺ではシベリアに進出したロシア帝国との間に条約を締結して国境を漸次確定した。
- The dynasty soon established an international order in Asia with Qing as the center by joining northern and western remote regions as its provinces and had its vassal system with Nepal, Burma, Siam, and Vietnam in the south and Korea and Ryukyu Islands (although ryukyu had also a peerage relationship with Japan) in the east, and temporarily defined its northern border by concluding a treaty with the Russian Empire that had advanced into Siberia.
- この法令によって意図されたものとしては、今後の室町幕府の土地に関する基本的原則と所領訴訟に対する姿勢が確立して、結果的には守護領国制が事実上公認されたこと、半済から守られることとなった天皇家や摂関家との関係を強化して後年の義満による朝廷・院政支配への道を開いたことの意味の方が大きいと言える。
- Among the goals in the enactment of this law, the following points can be regarded as more significant than others: First, the basic principles of administration of territories and the basic approach toward litigation over territories were established by the Muromachi bakufu, resulting in the de facto recognition of the Shugo-ryogoku system; second, the relationships with the Imperial family and Sekkan-ke, both of which were exempt from hanzei by this law, were strengthened, clearing the way for Yoshimitsu to rule over the Imperial Court and the Retired Emperor in later years.
- 享保三年十二月、享保七年三月、享保八年五月、享保九年七月、享保十年九月、享保十六年四月、享保十七年十一月の数字を仮に町方並寺社門前の人口として扱ったが、公文書では少なくとも享保十年六月までは町方支配場の人口のみしか集計しておらず、そもそもこれらのほとんどにアナグラム的な数字の誤記が見受けられる。
- In this chart, the figures of seven censuses (December 1718, March 1722, May 1723, July 1724, September 1725, April 1731 and November 1732) provisionally treated represent the combined population of the townspeople and those around Jisha-Monzen (Literally translated as area in front of temples and shrines); However, according to official documents, censuses up to the June 1725 (Year 10 Kyoho) only take account of townspeople, but even these records include numerical errors.
- しかし、纏向遺跡に搬入された土器特徴から、考古学的にはおそくとも弥生時代末期までには、纏向遺跡の地を支配する勢力を中心に東海地方から北陸・近畿・阿讃瀬戸内・吉備・出雲ならびに北部九州までの各地の政治勢力がなんらかの形で参加したヤマト王権の原型ともいえる緩やかな政治連合が形成されていたことになる。
- However, from features observed in pottery from the Makimuku sites, it is believed that by the end of the Yayoi Period at the latest, regional political powers from the Tokai region down through Hokuriku, Kinki, Asan Setouchi, Kibi, Izumo to northern Kyushu participated in the central polity located in the Makimuku sites, forming a loose political alliance that is thought to have been the foundation of the Yamato Kingdom.
- すなわち「八宗九宗」の中にキリシタンを加えているのも含め、イエズス会を本願寺や金剛峯寺と同様に、信仰の保護と所領の給付と引換に秀吉による政治的支配に服属させる意図があったと考えられており、歴史学者の安野眞幸は「キリスト教のイデオロギーと秀吉政権の統一思想との衝突」が原因ではなかったかと述べている。
- That is, including Christians in the addition of 'eight schools and nine schools,' it was probably intended to place the Society of Jesus under Hideyoshi's political dominance in exchange for protection of faith and grant of a domain as in the case of Hongan-ji Temple and Kongobuji Temple, and Historian Masaki ANNO said that the cause could be 'a conflict between the Christian ideology and the unification concept of the Hideyoshi regime.'
- その後の三国干渉による遼東半島の代償の3000万両(112万kg)を上乗せして合計800万kg(現在価値で銀1kgが5,000円程度なので、4000億円前後。当時価格で日本の国家予算8,000万円の4倍強の3億6000万円前後)以上の銀を日本は中国に対して3年分割でイギリス・ポンド金貨にて支払わせた。
- With 30 million taels (1.12 million kg) added as a compensation for the return of the Liaodong Peninsula due to the Triple Intervention, Japan forced China to pay the total amount of over 8 million kg of silver (equivalent to around 400 billion yen according to the present value where a kilogram of silver is converted to about 5,000 yen, or equivalent to around 360 billion yen according to the value of that time, meaning over four times the then Japanese state budget, 80 million yen) by the British pound gold in three-year installments.
- 日本の達成が難しいと囁かれ始めた 2007年頃になって、京都議定書自体が欧米諸国による政治的な圧力であるという陰謀論(そもそも根拠が示されていない、既に支持を失った議論を蒸し返しているなどの理由により懐疑論にもなり得ていないもの)が、一部評論筋や個人の論評などで、にわかに唱えられはじめるようになった。
- Around 2007 when it was whispered that it seemed unlikely for Japan to achieve the goal, some critics or individuals began to claim a conspiracy theory that Kyoto Protocol itself was a political pressure from Western countries (it is a groundless theory and is far from even being skepticism because it is based on the issue which was once discussed and consequently lost its supporters).
- この理由については、従来幕府による朝廷権力の掣肘であるとする見解が主流であったが、近年では亀山が西園寺実兼との不和に加え、霜月騒動で失脚した安達泰盛と親しかった事や、「新制」に対し熱心であった態度が東国のみならず全国へ実効支配を広げようとする得宗勢力の不審を呼んだのではないかとする説が有力となっている。
- Conventionally, it was believed in general that interference in the authority of the imperial court from the bakufu resulted in the above circumstances; but recently it is widely believed that, in addition to the friction between Kameyama and Sanekane SAIONJI, Kameyama's intimacy with Yasumori ADACHI who fell during the Shimotsuki Incident, as well as his ambition for 'Shinsei' (law reconstitution) produced suspiciousness among the Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan) family who aimed to control not only the eastern part, but the entire country.
- しかし、18世紀の末頃から江戸幕府が蝦夷地の直接支配に乗り出し始めると次第に拡大し、東は1800年には野田追(のだおい、現八雲町)、1864年には同長万部(おしゃまんべ、現長万部町)など、後の胆振国山越郡にあたる地域に広がり、西では1865年に後の後志国小樽郡に相当する小樽内(おたるない、現小樽市)に達した。
- But from the end of 18th century, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) began to control directly the Ezo area, Wajinchi expanded gradually, and in the eastern area, the scope of Wajinchi reached Nodaoi (present Yakumo town) in 1800, and Oshamanbe (present Oshamanbe town, later Yamakoshi County, Iburi Province) in eastern area of Ezo in 1864, and within Otaru area corresponding to later Otaru County, Goshi Province (present Otaru City) in western area in 1865.
- クリーン開発メカニズム (CDM Clean Development Mechanism) とは、先進国が開発途上国に技術・資金等の支援を行い温室効果ガス排出量を削減、または吸収量を増幅する事業を実施した結果、削減できた排出量の一定量を先進国の温室効果ガス排出量の削減分の一部に充当することができる制度である。
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a mechanism in which developed countries support developing countries in fields such as technology and finance so as to reduce the amount of emissions of greenhouse gases and/or carry out activities to increase the amount of carbon dioxide absorption; and a certain amount of the consequently reduced emissions can be used partly as an amount of emissions of greenhouse gases in the developed countries.
- そもそも、これらの歴史的事件を評価するときに念頭に置いておかなければならないのは、受領層に対して闘争を行った百姓層とは決して受領の収奪にあえぐ零細な農民などではなく、隷属民や私兵を多数擁して地域支配や産業において莫大な利権を持ち、国衙と負名契約を結んでいた、農業など諸産業の大規模経営者であったということである。
- In evaluating these historical events, we should keep in mind that the farmer class refers not to poor farmers suffering from heavy taxes Zuryo collected but to large-scale managers of agriculture and other industries who had vested rights in the local community and industries with many subordinate people and private solders and had a contract with kokuga over fumyo.
- これに対して南インドでは伝統的な村落共同体の影響が強いために、農民の従来通りの土地所有を前提としてより緩やかなライーヤトワーリー制が導入されたものの、5-6割の地租の前に未納を理由とした官の没収もしくは納税のための借金のかたに領主・地主層からなる金融業者の差押を経て北インドと同様の土地支配体制が広がっていった。
- In contrast to this, the influence of the village community was strong in the south of India and though the more loose Raiyatowari system was introduced there on the premise of traditional farmers' landownership, the lands were confiscated by government officials because of non-payment of 50 to 60 percent of land tax, or the lands were seized by money brokers who consisted of the lords and landowners because of tax payments for debts and through these, the land government system spread as in the north of India.
- 財閥(ざいばつ)とは、財閥解体以前の非常に大きい独占的な資本家または企業の事であるが、一般的には、家族または同族によって出資された親会社(持株会社)が中核となり、それが支配している諸会社(子会社)に多種の産業を経営させている企業集団であって、大規模な子会社はそれぞれの産業部門において寡占的地位を占めると定義される。
- The word Zaibatsu means a tremendous exclusive capitalist or enterprise of the pre-disposition of the era of financial cliques, but generally it is defined as a business group in which a parent company (holding company) capitalized by a family or its kinship forms the core of the group and has its subsidiaries run a variety of businesses, some of which hold monopoly positions in their respective fields or industries.
- しかしこの宣言は、戦前戦中に「修身」の教科書などで国民が意識していた“日本国民は優秀な民族であり、世界の支配者たるべき立場にある”という概念を否定する文脈にあること、詔書の冒頭において「五箇条の御誓文」を掲げていることに見られるように、かならずしも従来の天皇のありかたそのものを否定するものでは無かったとする説もあった。
- There was a theory stating that this declaration, seen as denying that, 'Japanese people are a perfect race in position to rule the world,' which was promoted to the people before and during the war through textbooks of 'Shushin' (moral training), etc., and having a 'Charter Oath of Five Articles' declared at the beginning of Shosho (Imperial edict), not necessarily denied completely the way the Emperor existed in the past.
- 1613年(慶長18年)に、セバスティアン・ビスカイノの協力でサン・フアン・バウティスタ号を建造した仙台藩が、ルイス・ソテロや支倉常長等の慶長遣欧使節団をヌエバ・エスパーニャ経由でスペインに派遣し、常長等は1615年1月にマドリードでフェリペ3世 (スペイン王)に、同年11月にはバチカンでローマ教皇パウルス5世 (ローマ教皇) に謁見する。
- In 1613, with the help of Sebastian VIZCAINO, the Sendai clan built a ship named San Juan Bautista and dispatched the Keicho era mission to Europe including Luis SOTELO and Tsunenaga HASEKURA to Spain via Nueva Espana, and Tsunenaga and others were presented to Felipe the Third (King of Spain) in Madrid in January of 1615 and in November of the same year, they were presented to the Pope Paulus the Fifth at the Vatican in Rome.
- 政治面においては選挙や言論・集会・結社の自由に関しての運動、外交面においては生活に困窮した国民への負担が大きい海外派兵の停止を求めた運動、社会面においては男女平等、部落差別解放運動、団結権、ストライキ権などの獲得運動、文化面においては自由教育の獲得、大学の自治権獲得運動、美術団体の文部省支配からの独立など、様々な方面から様々な自主的集団による運動が展開された。
- There was a wide range of movements organized by a variety of groups organized voluntarily in various areas of society, such as political movements calling for elections and for freedom of speech, assembly and association, the drive in the area of foreign policy opposing dispatch of troops to other countries that imposed a huge burden on citizens in poverty, movement in society demanding gender equality, liberation and non-discrimination of 'buraku' people, and winning rights of association and labor strikes, and in the cultural sphere movements calling for free education, self-autonomy of universities and independence of art associations from the rule of the Ministry of Education.
- しかし、日本では新たに植林をする場所がほとんどない上、むしろ森林所有者の管理放棄(特に人工林)や、相続税支払いのために売却・宅地転用 を余儀なくされる山林や農地の増加、さらに生産緑地地区農地課税の扱いが異なる自治体を施行したり、保安林維持予算の縮減・林野庁職員の大幅減員を行うなど政府与党の政策はむしろ逆行しているため、このままでは当初見込まれた吸収量を達する可能性が薄いと考えられており、達成できるかどうかは微妙な情勢である。
- However in Japan, there is little land for newly tree planting, and the mountain forests and farmlands increase, in which management has been abandoned by the forest owners (especially artificial forests) and/or disposition or diversion to building lots has been inevitably done in order to complete the inheritance tax payment; furthermore, the policies of the ruling party put a clock back, such as the enforcement of autonomous bodies where the taxations on productive green area farmlands are differently dealt with, the reduction of budget for keeping conservation forests, the large reduction of the staff in Forestry Agency and so on; therefore, it is considered to be difficult to achieve the absorption target initially expected.
- また、元々頒暦が官庁に備え付ける暦であり、貴族や僧侶は自らの日記を執筆するために用いる具注暦をそれぞれが暦博士や暦生に依頼して制作もしくや書写の便宜を受けるのが慣例となっていた(藤原実資は予め(陰陽寮職員である)陰陽師に料紙を支給して暦を注文を行い、完成後に代金として絹1疋を支払っていたことが知られ(『中右記』長和3年10月2日条)、摂関家に至っては暦博士側から具注暦を献上してくることが慣例化していた(『後二条師通記』・『殿暦』・『玉葉』)。
- Hanreki was originally a calendar to be distributed to government offices, nobles and monks made it a practice to ask rekihakase or rekisei to make or transcribe guchureki in order to write their own diary (on this point, it is known that FUJIWARA no Sanesuke ordered calendars to an onmyoji (practionner in the Onmyoryo) by paying for paper and paid one hiki of silk when the calendar was completed (according to the article of 'Chuyuki' (diary written by FUJIWARA no Munetada) dated on October 2nd, 1014) and the line of regents and advisers made it rule that rekihakase presented guchureki to them (according to 'Gonijo Moromichi ki' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Moromichi), 'Denryaku' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Tadazane) and ''Gyokuyo' (The Diary of Kanezane KUJO)).
- その後の裁判例においては、第二の見解に立つものが続いたが、最高裁平成20年4月15日第二小法廷決定(事件番号平成19(あ)839)は、本判決について、「警察官による人の容ぼう等の撮影が、現に犯罪が行われ又は行われた後間がないと認められる場合のほかは許されないという趣旨まで判示したものではない」と述べた上で、公道上及びパチンコ店内において被告人の容ぼう等をビデオ撮影した捜査活動を適法と判断しており、少なくとも裁判例においては、第二の見解が支配的になったといえる。
- In subsequent cases, judgments proceeded from the second opinion, but Decision of the Second Petty Bench of the Supreme Court dated on April 15, 2008 (case number 2007 (A) No. 839) stated 'it does not go so far as to mean, as argued by the accused, that photographing of a person's appearance, etc. by police officials should not be permitted except in cases where it is found that the crime is currently being committed or has just been committed' and 'videotaping operations such as videotaping the defendant's appearance, etc. on the public road and in the pachinko parlor can be recognized as legal Investigation activities', which means that the second opinion has been dominant, at least in precedents.
- この追放令が出た背景には諸説あり、秀吉が有馬の女性を連れてくるように命令した際にキリシタンであることを理由に住民が拒否し秀吉が激怒したとも、九州征伐に向かった秀吉の目の前で、当時の日本イエズス会準管区長でもあったコエリョがスペイン艦隊が自分の指揮下にあるごとく誇示した事が原因とも、九州の有馬氏や大村氏などのキリシタン大名が寺社仏閣を破壊すると同時に、僧侶にも迫害を加えたり教会へ莫大な寄進を行っていた事が理由とも、また織田信長から継承した旧来の寺社領を解体して統一政権の支配下におく政策をイエズス会領である長崎にも適用しようとしてイエズス会側が従わなかったとも、宣教師の一部が人身売買(日本人を奴隷商品として国外へ売り払う)を行っていた事が原因とも言われている。
- There are various theories about the issuing of this Expelling edict and the cause could be that Hideyoshi was furious at the residents rejecting his order to bring a woman of Arima because she was Christian, that Coelho, Vice-Provincial of the Society of Jesus in Japan at that time boasted as if the Spanish Armada was under his command in front of Hideyoshi during the expedition to Kyusyu, that the Christian feudal lords such as ARIMA and OMURA in Kyushu destroyed shrines and temples as well as persecuted monks and made huge donations to the churches, and that the Society of Jesus did not obey when he tried to apply the policy to Nagasaki, the domain of the Society, they dissolved the old domains of temples and shrines inherited from Nobunaga ODA and place them under a unified regime, and that some of the missionaries conducted human trafficking (selling the Japanese to outside Japan as slaves).