Honyaku Star - Search: 指す

指す: 1000 Terms and Phrases

指す
to point
to nominate
to select someone
to specify some person
to identify
to indicate
to point out
to play (shogi)
to extend one's arm straight ahead (in dance)
relate

名指す
to name
to nominate
to call by name
name names

目指す
to aim at
to have an eye on
start something with a certain intention

を指す
indicate

掌を指す
to be obvious
to be obviously correct
to point to one's palm

釘を指す
to remind someone of something

後指を指す
to talk about someone behind their back
to backbite

将棋を指す
to play shogi

図星を指す
to hit the nail on the head
to guess exactly right

方向を指す
to point to a direction

～を目指す
be aim at ~

文字を指す
point the letter

後ろ指を指す
to talk about someone behind their back
to backbite

戦死を指す散華
Sange as a metaphor of death in battle.

女性を指す俗語
slang term for a woman

行商人を指す古語
archaic term for an itinerant peddler

人を指す別の言葉
another word for person

父親を指す略式語
an informal term for a father

警官を指す侮蔑語
uncomplimentary terms for a policeman

犬を指す口語表現
informal terms for dogs

黒人を指す差別語
offensive term for Black people

風向計は北を指す
The weather vane points North

または的場を指す。
Or it refers to matoba which houses a dirt hillock and targets.

以下の事柄を指す。
It includes the following.

天台山を目指すが…
Attempt to reach Mt. Tiantai

特に政府高官を指す
especially for government officials

英国貴族を指す言葉
a term of address for an English lord

ラテン語で妻を指す
the Latin word for wife

衣服を指す口語表現
informal terms for clothing

時計の、秒を指す針
hand marking seconds on a timepiece

年配女性を指す用語
a term of address for an elderly woman

両性愛者を指す俗語
slang term for a bisexual person

それを全員が目指す。
All of us strive for this goal.

主として住宅を指す。
These buildings were mainly used as residences.

欧米の使用人を指す。
It corresponds to the title of employee in Europe and the US.

磁石の針は北を指す。
Compass needles point to the north.

つま先が下に指す湾足
talipes in which the toes are pointed downward

ユダヤ人を指す差別語
offensive term for a Jew

男女が性交を指す例え。
This is an analogy referring to a sexual activity between a man and woman.

和服の一部分を指す名称
Names of Wafuku parts

この一連の事件を指す。
These events are together called the Genroku Ako Incident.

狭義ではこの道を指す。
In the narrow sense it means this road.

漢直とは倭漢氏を指す。
Ayanoatai means people of the Yamatonoaya clan.

人を指すのは失礼です。
It is rude to point at people.

黒人の子供を指す差別語
offensive term for a Black child

貧しい白人を指す差別語
an offensive term for White people who are impoverished

（若い）女性を指す口語
informal terms for a (young) woman

核軍縮を目指す大衆運動
a grassroots movement for nuclear disarmament

主に瞬間的な喜びを指す。
It generally refers to an instantaneous delight.

一般的には、下記を指す。
In general, it indicates below:

現在では天照大神を指す。
Nowadays the term refers to Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess).

ドイツ系の人を指す差別語
offensive term for a person of German descent

英国の警察官を指す略式語
an informal term for a British policeman

東洋人の女性を指す差別語
offensive term for an Asian woman

特にストローブマツを指す
especially the eastern white pine

２チームが世界一を目指す。
Two teams aim to become the best in the world.

ランクが上の学校を目指す。
I'm aiming for one of the top-ranked schools.

及び、その期間の事を指す。
Ango also refers to the period of the ascetic practice.

オカリナを指すこともある。
It sometimes refers to an ocarina.

日本で作られた茶入を指す。
It is a tea canister made in Japan.

もしくは政府のことを指す。
It also refers to the government.

特に聖学を指す場合がある。
It sometimes particularly refers to Seigaku (religious studies).

その他、以下のことも指す。
Other than this, utamakura also has the following meanings.

後指を指すのはやめたまえ。
Don't talk about people behind their backs.

「また船長を目指すのかい？
'standing for cap'n again?

メキシコ系の人を指す差別語
offensive term for a person of Mexican descent

アメリカ原住民を指す差別語
offensive term for Native Americans

アジア人の男性を指す差別語
offensive term for an Asian man

仏教寺院そのものを指す通称。
The term is also commonly used to refer to Buddhist temples in general.

インド発祥の塔のことを指す。
It refers to the tower that originated in India.

久遠實成本師釈迦牟尼仏を指す
It refers to Kuon Jitsujo Honshi Shakyamuni butsu.

満年齢を特に指す言葉はない。
There is no word to indicate the Western style of calculating age.

京都御所の周囲の地区を指す。
It indicates an area around the Kyoto Imperial Palace.

「有司」とは政府官僚を指す。
'Yushi' refers to governmental officials.

一般にいう堺本はこれを指す。
Sakaibon in general refers to this.

文脈により指す対象が異なる。
Its meaning differs depending on contexts.

他人を指すのは失礼な事です。
It's not polite to point at others.

男性を指す親しみを込めた言葉
a familiar term of address for a man

イタリア人の子孫を指す差別語
offensive term for a person of Italian descent

オーストラリアで仲間を指す語
Australian term for a pal

ジャーナリストを指す口語表現
informal terms for journalists

知識の振興を目指す学術的施設
a learned establishment for the advancement of knowledge

お客様に親しまれる店を目指す。
I strive to create a store that will be popular with customers.

また、その撒く水のことを指す。
It also means water to be used for watering.

今日、草餅といえば蓬餅を指す。
The term kusamochi now refers to yomogimochi.

神鏡そのものを指すこともある。
Sometimes it can mean the divine mirror itself.

特に緑釉陶器を指す場合がある。
In some cases, nenryo zakki referred specifically to ryokuyu toki (green-glazed ware).

そのため、添山はソウルを指す。
Therefore, Soriyama refers to Seoul.

父の意向で法学部進学を目指す。
He tried to enroll in the faculty of law at university following his father's wish.

＆という記号は、ａｎｄを指す。
The sign '&' stands for 'and'.

90度を指す基本的な羅針盤方位
the cardinal compass point that is at 90 degrees

ある種類のものすべてを指す名詞
a noun that denotes any or all members of a class

台湾の完全な政治的独立を目指す
seeking complete political separateness for Taiwan

市長が福祉のまちづくりを目指す。
The mayor aims to develop a welfare city.

われわれは日本一の企業を目指す。
We aim to be the top company in Japan.

単に位牌といえば、順修牌を指す。
Ihai usually means Junshu-hai.

脂質の含量が高い腹部の身を指す。
It refers to tuna meat cut from the ventral part, and contains high fat.

弾丸重量が六匁程度のものを指す。
It refers to the one with a weight of about six monme.

弾丸重量が十匁程度のものを指す。
It refers to one with a weight of about ten monme.

租のみを限定して指す場合もある。
In some cases it is a term restricted to So.

病態解明を目指す基礎医学研究拠点
COE Formation for Genomic Analysis of Disease Model Animals with Multiple Genetic Alterations

『十誦律』では、受戒の師を指す。
In 'Jujuritsu' it indicates the ordaining master.

180度を指す基本的な羅針盤方位
the cardinal compass point that is at 180 degrees

ゲームが行われる水平の場所を指す
a specially marked horizontal area within which a game is played

場所、方向、人、または物事を指す
indicate a place, direction, person, or thing

270度を指す基本的な羅針盤方位
the cardinal compass point that is a 270 degrees

「米」を指すネパール語の別の言葉
the different Nepali words for `rice'

単に随心院流のみを指す場合もある。
In other cases it indicates only Zuishinin-ryu.

一般的に、質素で静かなものを指す。
In general, it refers to a simplicity and serenity.

しかし、往々にして飯のそれを指す。
However, it usually means the scorching of cooked rice.

安政6年から明治45年ごろを指す。
From 1859 to around 1912.

一般には本土空手を指す場合が多い。
Generally, it is often the case that dentoha karate refers to 'hondo karate' (karate on the Japanese mainland).

現在は、新暦の12月31日を指す。
Today, under the solar calendar, Omisoka refers to December 31.

弾丸重量が三匁半程度のものを指す。
It refers to the one whose weight is about three monme (1 monme = 3.75g) and the half.

卒業後は美容師の資格取得を目指す。
His aim is to obtain the license of a beautician after graduation.

様々な形態で調理されるものを指す。
It may be cooked in a wide variety of ways.

特に詩吟に合わせて舞うことを指す。
Especially it refers to dancing to shigin (a form of Japanese poetry, which is usually chanted).

『古事記』の中・下巻を指すという説
A theory that it indicates vol. 2 of the 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters)

但し、藩士＝士分を指すことが多い。
However, in many cases, Hanshi refers to the samurai class.

株仲間の公認は、願株の公認を指す。
Official approval of kabunakama means that of negaikabu.

日本で明治政府の国策の基本を指す。
It is a basic national policy of the Meiji government in Japan.

謙信流においては、武者詰所を指す。
In the Kenshin style, gakunodo indicated a tsumesho (a station) for warriors.

この12寺がどこを指すのかは不明。
The twelve temples to which this refers is unclear.

なお「国意」とは日本の精神を指す。
Kokui' means Japanese spirit.

大いに名のとどろく者のことを指す。
It signifies a person whose name is very famous.

成人男性を親しみを込めて指す略式語
a friendly informal reference to a grown man

（本城に付属する城を指す場合もある）
(Sometimes also indicates a castle ancillary to main castle)

他力とは阿弥陀仏の働き（力）を指す。
'Tariki' means the work or power of Amidabutsu.

漬け込む方法のことを指す場合もある。
Sometimes it refers to the way of pickling.

水分20パーセント以下の菓子を指す。
It refers to a sweet with a moisture content of 20 % or less.

酒と甘味の両方を好む人のことを指す。
This term represents a person who loves both alcohol and sweets.

転じて、影から裏方に徹する人を指す。
By extension, kurogo also mean persons who do backroom work.

主に日本の皇族の身分及び地位を指す。
Specifically, it indicates a social status and a position of the Japanese Imperial family.

またその山麓の地域を指すこともある。
Also, the name sometimes refers to the region on the foot of the mountains.

近世の蝦夷（えぞ）はアイヌ人を指す。
'Ezo' of recent years refers to the Ainu.

本来の儀式はこうした礼儀作法を指す。
Gishiki meant the rules and customs in their original sense.

この場合儒教や仏教を指すこともある。
In this sense, this term sometimes refers to Confucianism or Buddhism as well.

巻名は五節舞の舞姫を指す歌語に因む。
The title comes from a poetical word that means the Gosechi dancers.

「墨蹟」は禅宗高僧の筆跡を指す用語。
The word 'bokuseki' means the writing of a Zen high monk.

通常「内侍」と言えばこの掌侍を指す。
Normally, 'Naishi' means Naishi no jo.

特にその官職及び官職にある者を指す。
It indicates a person in a government post.

院や東宮の昇殿を許されたものも指す。
Tenjobito included those who were permitted to enter the retired emperor's residence and the crown prince's residence.

その言葉は大人だけでなく子供も指す。
The word refers to not only adult but also children.

若者または男性を指す口語の英国の用語
an informal British term for a youth or man

私はプロのイラストデザイナーを目指す。
I want to be a professional illustration designer.

住居を指す町家という語は比較的新しい。
The history of the term '町家,' which means a residence,' is not very long.

まず、本音とは真実の感情・欲求を指す。
First, honne is the term to indicate one's real feelings and desires.

南蛮筒：海外より伝来した火縄銃を指す。
Imported matchlock gun: It refers to a hinawaju introduced from abroad.

中国では「正月」は太陰暦の1月を指す。
In China, 'zheng-yue' (Chinese reading of the Chinese characters for shogatsu) refers to January in the solar calendar.

また、その技法のことを指す場合もある。
Also, this term sometimes refers to production techniques of such products.

院号（いんごう）とは以下のことを指す。
Ingo means followings.

広く一般的に知られる中間はこれを指す。
This refers to chugen who were widely and generally known.

転じて境界そのものを指すようになった。
Later, it became the term that referred to a boundary itself.

融合的移植再生治療を目指す国際拠点形成
Establishment of International COE for Integration of Transplantation Therapy and Regenerative Medicine

昔話など、特別な謂われのある木を指す。
Shinboku refers to a tree which has a special episode such as an old tale.

なお、名跡とは通常、フルネームを指す。
Myoseki usually indicates a full name.

アジア人の不熟練労働者を指す差別な名前
an offensive name for an unskilled Asian laborer

官職に任命されたものを指す侮蔑的な言葉
a disparaging term for an appointee

サービス開始後三年で年商一億円を目指す。
We are aiming to generate one million yen in annual sales within the first year of inception.

当社は進学を目指す全ての人を応援します。
We support all those continuing their education.

だが、人間的な疑心暗鬼を指すともされる。
However, it may also refer to a humanly suspicious mind.

通説に基づけば、鎌倉新仏教とは次を指す。
Based on the common view, Kamakura New Buddhism refers to the following.

薄物で仕立てた細長の袍を指す場合もある。
Sometimes it refers to hosonaga no ho made of thin material.

酒造りにおいては、通常は出芽酵母を指す。
In sake brewing, it usually means budding yeast.

単にタデと言う場合は、ヤナギタデを指す。
When you simply say tade, it indicates a water pepper.

しかし今日では生姜入りの佃煮全般を指す。
However, it means the whole tsukudani cooked with ginger nowadays.

中トリ：仲入り（休憩）直前の演者を指す。
Nakatori' refers to a storyteller who performs just before 'nakairi' (intermission).

剣詩舞という場合、主に剣舞のことを指す。
Kenshibu mainly refers to Kenbu (literally, 'sword dance').

主に作られてから５０年未満のものを指す。
It mainly refers to clothes produced within the last 50 years.

転じて上位の吉原遊女を指す言葉となった。
Then 'oiran' became the word used to refer to a high- ranking courtesan in Yoshiwara.

熊野古道とは、主に以下の6つの道を指す。
Kumanokodo Road mainly refers to the following six pilgrimage routes.

独立した作戦行動を採れる基本単位を指す。
It refers to a basic unit that can execute independent operations.

通常、単に「尺」と言えば曲尺の尺を指す。
Generally, 'shaku' simply means the kane-jaku in Japan.

転じて、そのような商売をする商人を指す。
It has changed its meaning to merchants running such a business.

領地のある美濃国を目指す途上で死去した。
Shigesada died while he was fleeing to Mino Province where he had his own territory.

同一のサーバーを指す外部リンクを登録する
Register external links pointing to same server

頭から紙袋をかぶせたくなるような女性を指す
single bagger

広義では同様の屋根をもつ建物のことを指す。
In a broad sense, it also refers to buildings which have this type of roof.

大仏（だいぶつ）は、巨大な仏像を指す通称。
Daibutsu is a popular name meaning a large statue of the Buddha as a Buddhist image.

悟りと呼ぶ場合はこのどれも指すようである。
Enlightenment seems to refer to each respective stage.

なお「小書（こがき）」とは特殊演出を指す。
Moreover, small characters denote special performing.

また広義には、千利休系統の茶道全体を指す。
It also represents all styles of tea ceremonies based on the SEN no Rikyu style in a broad sense.

漢語「簪」は中国で使用された髪留めを指す。
A Chinese character '簪' (kanzashi) refers to hair ornaments used in China.

田舎では錦絵といえばこれを指すほどの主流。
They were so prevalent in the countryside that Nishikie virtually meant shunga.

草双紙と言えば合巻のことを指すこともある。
When talking of kusazoshi style illustrated pulp books, 'Gokan' picture books are also singled out.
Sometimes Kusazoshi refers to the Gokan.

本来「櫃」は蓋付きの大きな木箱一般を指す。
The Chinese character '櫃' represents a large wooden box with a lid.

広義にはイセエビ科の数種を指す（近縁種）。
In a broad sense, it indicates several kinds of Ise ebi that belong to Parimuridae (related species).

陶磁器を焼く際の予期しない色の変化を指す。
The latter means an unexpected change in color during a firing of pottery.

※「重要文化財」は国指定の重要文化財を指す
Note that 'Important Cultural Properties' means Important Cultural Properties designated by the national government.

1558年から1569年までの期間を指す。
It points to the period from 1558 to 1569.

屯食が何を指すかについては諸説紛々である。
What Tonjiki was has been controversial.

ここでいう剣は両刃、刀は片刃の刃物を指す。
In this context, a sword means a double-edged cutting instrument, and a blade refers to a single-edged cutting instrument.

日本では同じ面積を指す坪という単位がある。
Tsubo is also a unit of area in Japan and one tsubo is equal to one bu.

実際、「道学」と言えば、それは儒学を指す。
Actually, the term '道学' (learning of Do) directly refers to Confucianism.

が通常「大島本」という時はこの写本を指す。
But when people talk about 'the Oshima-bon,' it usually refers to this one.

五畿七道の一つで、本州の瀬戸内海側を指す。
One of the Goki-Shichido, referring to a region of Honshu along the Seto Inland Sea

幕府の要職に就任する資格のある大名を指す。
Fudai daimyo were those who were eligible for a key post of the shogunate.

一般的に農村に居住する下級武士の者を指す。
In a general sense, the term `goshi` came to refers to lower-ranking samurai residing in rural villages.

経済の安定はすべての政府の目指すところだ。
A stable economy is the aim of every government.

現在では差別語とされる、米国で黒人を指す語
a United States term for Blacks that is now considered offensive

スコットランド語でイングランド人を指す言葉
the Scots' term for an English person

本城を指す根城に比して枝城などとも呼ばれた。
It was called an 'edajiro' (branch castle) to distinguish it from 'nejiro' (root castle) which indicates the main castle.

方丈（ほうじょう）は、1丈四方の面積を指す。
Hojo is a word expressing an square area with one jo (an unit of length: 1 jo = 3.03 meters) on each side.

他者が浄土真宗、ことに本願寺教団を指す呼称。
A name used by others to indicate the Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism), especially the Hongan-ji school.

一般的には2つの大きく異なった調理法を指す。
In general, it refers to two very different methods of cooking.

醤は、広義には「食品の塩漬け」のことを指す。
Hishio refers to 'salted food' in a broad sense.

また一方、建前とは公に表す行動・意見を指す。
On the other hand, the term tatemae refers to one's behaviors and opinions to be expressed officially.

「夜飯」、「夜御飯」は夕食を指すこともある。
Yoru meshi' and 'yoru gohan' may refer to dinner.

一般に平氏といえば桓武平氏を指すことが多い。
This is the reason why the Taira clan generally refers to the Kanmu-Heishi lineage.

吉良氏は三河国の支配を目指す徳川家康と対立。
The Kira clan opposed to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was aiming to become the ruler of Mikawa Province.

- 伏見稲荷大社東方の稲荷山付近を指す地名。
This is a place name for Mt. Inari and the surrounding area to the east of Fushimi Inari Taisha Shrine.

やがて河原者・無宿者などを指すようになった。
Later, Kawaramono and homeless wanderer were referred as Hinin.

『雨月物語』などの戯作までを指す場合もある。
Moreover, light literary works such as 'Ugetsu Monogatari' (Tales of Moon and Rain) can be included, too.

義朝に従う頼朝ら8騎は、本拠の東国を目指す。
Eight horsemen, such as Yoritomo, followed Yoshitomo heading to Togoku where they were headquartered.

（天皇を指す場合には「あきつみかみ」と読む。
(When the word '明神' is used to describe Emperors, it is pronounced as 'Akitsumikami.'

神社整理というと一般にはこの頃の事業を指す。
The reorganization of shrines generally refers to the project that was carried out at this time.

一般的には、豊臣秀吉の母、仲（なか）を指す。
Usually, omandokoro refers to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's mother, Naka.

公主（こうしゅ）とは、中国で皇帝の娘を指す。
Koshu (公主) indicates the daughters of the Chinese Emperors.

それが指すか、動く何かに沿う方向の空間的関係
the spatial relation between something and the course along which it points or moves

球団との主張の食い違いから大リーグ入りを目指す
Nomo Hideo

シン英国からのアイルランド完全独立を目指す政党
Sinn Fein

文化庁の示す「復元」とは、木造復元のみを指す。
The Agency for Cultural Affairs-indicated 'Restoration' refers only to wooden restoration.

広義には当該屋根形式をもつ建築物のことを指す。
In a broad sense, this term indicates a building with any roof of this style.

会話を持たず「武力」をもって解決を目指す状態。
A state of trying to solve a problem using 'military force' without conversation.

一般的には「ツェン」と呼ばれる楽器が箏を指す。
Generally, a musical instrument called 'tzen' refers to Soh.

元々「ハマ」は競技に用いられる的のことを指す。
The target used in the event was originally called 'Hama.'

cf.杵や臼の大きさは尺貫法の寸で直径を指す。
cf. The sizes of the pestle and the mortar is represented by their diameters in sun (Japanese inch) under the Japanese old measuring system.

「イセエビ」は厳密にはその中の1種だけを指す。
Strictly speaking, 'Ise ebi' indicates only one species among them.

のどの気管が通っている部分、または喉仏を指す。
The part of throat where the trachea passes, or the Adam's apple.

廻し、六尺褌、九尺褌、晒一反を指す場合もある。
In some cases, the word 'shimekomi' may indicate mawashi, roku-shaku fundoshi, kyu-shaku fundoshi and sarashi ittan.

桧枝岐産の蕎麦（前述の「裁ちそば」等）を指す。
Soba made in Hinoemata (such as 'Tachi soba' mentioned above) is referred to as Hinoemata soba.

現在では、米を炊いた物を指すのが一般的である。
Nowadays, it generally refers to rice that has been cooked.

ただし、一部では蕎麦がきを指すとする説もある。
Some scholars say 'kahimochihi' referred to soba-gaki (a warm dish made with a paste of buckwheat flour).

鋳掛屋（いかけや）とは、鋳掛を行う職人を指す。
Ikakeya indicates the craftsman who does the work of ikake (repairing pots and rice cookers).

現在は近鉄奈良駅（大宮通り）の北側一帯を指す。
Today, the Nara Kitamachi area refers to the overall area of north side of Kintetsu Nara Station (Omiya-dori Street).

なお、ヤマトは奈良盆地全体を指すこともあった。
Yamato also referred to the whole of the Nara Basin.

ここで「おかげ」とは「お蔭参り」のことを指す。
The word 'okage' in this context specifically indicates 'okagemairi' (massive return visit to the Ise- jingu Shrine).

「かんなぎ」と言う場合は、特に日本の巫を指す。
The term of 'kannagi' refers particularly to such a profession in Japan.

教育はテストに合格することを目指すべきでない。
Education shouldn't be aimed at passing a test.

磁北を指す指標（磁針として）に基づいたコンパス
compass based on an indicator (as a magnetic needle) that points to the magnetic north

投票者が、公職を目指す候補者を直接選ぶ予備選挙
a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

もはや科学的には使用されない、食中毒を指す用語
a term for food poisoning that is no longer in scientific use

データなどの最先端機能の統合を目指すネットワーク
full services network

広義には当該形式の屋根をもつ建築物のことを指す。
In a broader sense, this term also indicates a building with a roof of this type.

現代の分類では、刃長が90cm以上のものを指す。
In modern classification, those with a blade length of 90cm or longer.

雪・月・花という自然の美しい景物を指す語である。
'Setsugetsuka (snow, the moon, and flower)' is a collective word to refer to beautiful objects of nature.

転じて、時期を逸して価値のなくなった状態を指す。
By extension, the two phrases are used metaphorically when a thing becomes useless because a good chance was missed.

もともとハレとは、折り目・節目を指す概念である。
Originally, hare was a concept that referred to specific changes or milestones.

赤飯もおこわに含まれ、狭義では赤飯のことを指す。
Sekihan (glutinous rice steamed with red beans) is also included in okowa, and okowa represents sekihan in a narrow sense.

笛（ふえ）は気流によって音を出す器具一般を指す。
The term 'fue' generally refers to instruments which produce sound with an air current.

福島県でゆべしと言うと、こちらを指す場合が多い。
In Fukushima Prefecture, 'yubeshi' often refers to this type.

また、伝える行為や伝えられる事柄そのものを指す。
'Kuden' also means the act or the matter itself of transmitting information.

本来、末広とは銀杏の葉のような扇（中啓）を指す。
Originally, Suehiro means a chukei (ceremonial folding fan) in ginkgo leaf shape.

城の跡から出現し、西へと飛んで行く火の玉を指す。
It refers to a fire ball which appears from a castle ruin and flies to the west.

※説明中の「重要文化財」は国の重要文化財を指す。
Important Cultural Property' in the following sentences refers to the national important cultural property in Japan.

転じて准太上天皇となって以降の源氏のことも指す。
Later the meaning changes slightly, being used to refer to Genji himself after he is appointed Jun Daijo Tenno (a position equal to that of a retired emperor).

その場合は、叙事的な内容のものを指すことが多い。
In this sense, monogatari often are epical content.

さらなる転用例として仕事上の伴侶的な相手を指す。
Moreover, it sometimes indicates a partner in business.

これが墨絵や金屏風のことを指すのかどうかは不明。
It is unclear whether it is indicating the Sumie (Ink painting) and the gilded folding screen.

正藩合一による大政奉還および新国家建設を目指す。
He sought to restore imperial rule and build a new nation-state through the alliance of the royalist domains.

「闇」は谷間を、「高」は山の上を指す言葉である。
The word 'yami' (darkness) refers to valley and 'taka' (high) refers to mountaintop.

現在では単に「神道」という場合、神社神道を指す。
Today, 'Shinto' refers to Shrine Shinto.

後には祭祀の際に琴を弾く者を指すようにもなった。
Later, this word also came to indicate a person who plays koto (a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings) in religious service.

御家門（ごかもん）は、名のある家柄の一族を指す。
Gokamon refers to a family with distinguished family lineage.

アップロードのナビゲーション用リンクが指すURL
URL for the upload navigation link

磁石が自由にぶら下げられるときに南を指す磁石の棒
the pole of a magnet that points toward the south when the magnet is suspended freely

一番上の醗酵泡で作られたビールを指す一般的な名称
a general name for beer made with a top fermenting yeast

要塞化された場所（特に軍隊の一番前の場所を指す）
a fortified position (especially one marking the most forward position of troops)

磁石が自由に懸垂されたとき、北の方を指す磁石の極
the pole of a magnet that points toward the north when the magnet is suspended freely

以前は、単純過去時制を指す場合に使われていた用語
a term formerly used to refer to the simple past tense

取引計器用変圧変流器（正式には計量装置一式を指す）
MOF Metering OutFit

平入りは上述の「平」の側に出入口があるものを指す。
A building with its main entrance on the 'Hira' side is called a Hirairi style building.

座主は、中国の科挙における試験官を指す言葉である。
Zasu refers to an examiner in Kakyo, Chinese higher civil service examinations.

中世以後には後者の行為を指すことが一般的となった。
Since the middle ages, Kanjin has generally meant the latter.

日常的な喧嘩から国家間の戦争に至るまで全般を指す。
It encompasses everything from a general quarrel to a war between nations.

単純に「日本刀」と言った場合、打刀を指す事が多い。
Simply mentioning 'Japanese Swords' mostly indicates Uchigatana.

かかし、鳴子 (楽器)、その中でも特に添水を指す。
It includes scarecrows, clappers and especially, sozu (water-filled bamboo tube in a Japanese garden that clacks against a stone when emptied.)

普通、「天一」と言えば、「こってり」のことを指す。
Ten-ichi' usually specializes in the 'thick type.'

現在も使われる、燗をつけた酒を移し入れる器を指す。
This is a container used to pour warmed sake used even today.

その他の地域の場合、大抵は豚肉を使用したのを指す。
In areas other than the Kansai region, 'tanin-don' usually refers to the donburimono using pork.

石川県においての番茶は茶の茎をほうじた棒茶を指す。
In Ishikawa Prefecture, 'bancha' refers to bocha, which is roasted tea stems.

「四ツガケ」と言えば堅帽子で控え付きのものを指す。
Yotsugake' refers to kataboshi with a hikae.

日本でカレーといえばカレーライスを指す場合が多い。
In Japan, when people say 'curry' it often means 'curry and rice.'

上にも述べたが黒以外の地色で染められたものを指す。
As mentioned above, Irotomesode is made of the cloth with a background color other than black.

「俳名」は、歌舞伎役者が持つ異名を指すことが多い。
Haimyo often refers to another name of a Kabuki actor.

海苔巻とも呼ばれるが、広義には巻き寿司全体を指す。
This is also called Norimaki (sushi roll), but refers to all sushi rolls in the broad sense.

関東などでは、天かす（揚げ玉）をのせたものを指す。
In the areas such as the Kanto region, Tanuki soba means a bowl of noodles in hot soup with tenkasu (crunchy bits of deep-fried tempura batter produced as a byproduct of cooking tempura) on top.

平安時代中期の古筆（仮名書）だけを指す場合もある。
It sometimes indicates only the ancient calligraphy (kana calligraphy) in the mid Heian period.

素材は木綿を指すのが一般的で、麻 (繊維)もある。
Its material is usually cotton, but some are made of hemp thread as well.

種を植えてから実を収穫できるまでの期間を指す民謡。
This is a traditional folk song that shows the time from planting to harvesting for various fruits.

皇室祭祀令により定められた大祭日及び小祭日を指す。
Ritual days refer to the days of major or minor religious rites specified by Imperial Household Religious Rites Ordinance.

ことから、乎非王を指すと考えて差し支えないだろう。
Furthermore, Oi no Okimi was another written expression for Prince Oi, 'so we can safely indentify 'Shi (or Oi) no Okimi' in those historical books as Prince Oi.'

一般的には第1回の遣渤海使はこのときの遣使を指す。
In principle, this was the very first Kenbokkaishi.

一般的に武士で「源氏」という場合、この系統を指す。
The samurai 'Genji' generally means this school

なお単に寄生地主制と言った場合は日本の制度を指す。
The term 'parasitic landlord system' used without the frills refers to the system in Japan.

こちらは長年使って来た筆を供養して埋めた塚を指す。
Fudezuka is a mound in which brushes that have been used for many years were buried as an expression of gratitude

一般的には米を除いた日常品の価格を指す場合が多い。
In most cases shoshiki indicated the prices of daily commodities other than rice.

再入京を目指すも摂津国豊島河原に敗れて九州へ走る。
When he attempted to reenter the city, he was defeated in Teshimagawara, Settsu Province and fled to Kyushu.

仏像を指す「大仏様（だいぶつさま）」は大仏を参照。
For the Buddha statue known as 'Daibutsu-sama', please refer to 'Daibutsu'.

今日、単に「神道」といった場合には神社神道を指す。
Nowadays, when speaking of 'Shrine Shinto' alone, it means Shrine Shinto.

「何故（なぜ）貴方は他所（よそ）を指すのですか。」
`Why do you point away?'

通常はオックスフォード大学とケンブリッジ大学を指す
usually refers to Oxford University or Cambridge University

立って、鼻先で指すことによって、存在を示す（獲物）
indicate the presence of (game) by standing and pointing with the muzzle

ヨーロッパの警官隊の間での効率と協力の改善を目指す
aims to improve effectiveness and cooperation among European police forces

非実用的な完璧さが特徴の、または完璧さを目指すさま
characterized by or aspiring to impracticable perfection

個人が法的救済を求める裁判手続きを総括的に指す言葉
a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy

思わず予備の紙袋を持ち歩きたくなるほど醜い女性を指す
triple bagger

屋根の形式を指す場合には、単に寄棟ということも多い。
When referring to the style of roof itself it is often abbreviated to 'yosemune'.

自己の意思はともかく「行動」そのものを指すとされる。
It refers to the 'action' itself, regardless of one's intention.

後に転じて旅人の懐を狙う盗人全般を指すようになった。
Later, this phrase came to mean the thieves who attempt to steal the purses of travelers.

広義には同様の手法を用いて作製した陶磁器全体を指す。
In sensu lato, it indicates entire ceramic ware made in the same way.

現在では通常は三曲合奏といえば尺八が入るものを指す。
At present, sankyoku ensembles almost always include the shakuhachi.

または、その酛を用いて造る、酒の製法そのものを指す。
The term also refers to the sake brewing method which uses this moto.

他の語に冠して用いる、本式でないもののことを指す語。
It is a prefix to indicate informality.

- これは謝肉祭としてその期間に行われる祭りを指す。
This refers to a festival held as carnival during that period.

現在、観世流において「分家」といえば銕之亟家を指す。
At present, a 'branch family' refers to the Tetsunojo family in Kanze school.

なかでも特に、人々のあいだで流行している服装を指す。
Among them, it especially refers to clothes that are trendy among people.

白毫寺と大安寺の墓地から出現する2つの火の玉を指す。
It refers to the two fire balls which appear from graves of Byakugo-ji Temple and Daian-ji Temple.

大内裏（だいだいり）とは、平安京における宮城を指す。
Daidairi is an Imperial Palace in the ancient capital of Heian.

皇太子は、必ずしも今上天皇の長男を指すとは限らない。
Crown prince does not always refer to the first son of the present emperor.

もともと、織田（越前ではオタと読む）姓は地名を指す。
The family name of Oda (read as Ota in Echizen Province) refers to a place name.

北近畿（きたきんき）とは、近畿地方の日本海側を指す。
Kitakinki refers to Japan sea coastal areas.

また一つの山名が場合により異なる山を指すこともある。
Also, in some cases, the same mountain name may refer to a different mountain.

中世以後の蝦夷は、アイヌを指すとの意見が主流である。
The mainstream theories say that 'Ezo' after the Medieval period means 'Ainu.'

おおよそ3世紀後半から6世紀半ば頃までの期間を指す。
Roughly speaking, the Kofun period refers to the time that ranged from the later third century to the middle of the sixth century.

その後明智光秀は坂本城を拠点に近江国の平定を目指す。
Later Mitsuhide AKECHI aimed to suppress Omi Province based on Sakamoto-jo Castle.

天文異変とは、普段では見られない天文現象の事を指す。
Extraordinary astronomical events are astronomical phenomena which are seen only rarely.

また、室町時代において鎌倉府が支配した国々をも指す。
Kanto Gobunkoku also included the provinces ruled by the Kamakura regional government, installed by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the Muromachi period.

転じて、姓氏や氏族集団の発祥の地を指すようになった。
This was extended to indicate the birthplace of the family name or the clan.

落胤（らくいん）とは父親に認知されない私生子を指す。
Rakuin is an illegitimate child who is not recognized by his or her father as his child.

五畿七道の一つで、本州太平洋側の中部を指す行政区分。
One of the Goki-Shichido, an ancient administrative area, on the Pacific Ocean side of central Honshu.

「だれと指すと、その人の名誉に関係するから云えない。
'If I point out the name, it would reflect on the honor of that person, so I can't mention it.

アイランド（ワイト島にある刑務所を指す）での3ヶ月。
Three months on the Island was

そう、だから目指すメロンはまちがいなくわかると思った
Yes, I felt pretty sure of my melon

特に植物の汁を吸うアブラムシを指す、数種の小さい昆虫
any of several small insects especially aphids that feed by sucking the juices from plants

南西を指す羅針盤の方位のいずれかの1点に対応する方角
the direction corresponding to the southwestward compass point

詩を書く人（通常、この言葉は優れた詩を書く人を指す）
a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)

風変わりだが愉快な老人を指すのに愛情のこめて使われる
used affectionately to refer to an eccentric but amusing old man

地質学者を目指す人は誰もが風の洞窟を訪れるでしょう。
All aspiring geologists will have the time of their lives in the Cave of the Winds.

妻壁（つまかべ）とは、妻側の妻梁以上の外装の壁を指す。
A gable wall is an exterior wall above the gable beam of a building.

日本では、一般に『仏説阿弥陀経』（鳩摩羅什訳）を指す。
In Japan, it usually refers to 'Bussetsu Amida-kyo Sutra' (translated by Kumaraju).

坐禅のとき、修行者の肩ないし背中を打つための棒を指す。
It refers to a stick to strike the meditator's shoulders or back during zazen (sitting meditation).

ちなみに花というと平安期以前は梅を指すことが多かった。
Note that 'flowers' meant Japanese apricot blossoms in the Heian and earlier periods.

目指す酒質によって、麹造りには以下のような方法がある。
Depending on the target sake quality, a method for producing koji is chosen from the following:

近畿地方では、単に納豆と言えば甘納豆を指す場合もある。
In the Kinki region, the use of the word 'natto' can sometimes refer to ama natto.
In the Kinki area, amanatto can be simply called natto.

特に、販売される駅や鉄道路線、地域に限定の弁当を指す。
Specifically, Ekiben means a box lunch sold exclusively in specific stations, railways or regions.

いずれも文章を指す用語が絵を指すように転じたとされる。
Both theory explain that a word meaning texts changed to mean pictures.

単に海苔巻といった場合は細巻きのカンピョウ巻きを指す。
Nori-maki ordinarily refers to the thin sushi roll version of kanpyo-maki (pickled gourd roll).

毎年6月7日に佐保川の橋の上へ訪れる2つの人魂を指す。
It refers to the two spirits which visit a bridge over Saho-gawa River on June 7 every year.

これらは天皇を直接名指すのをはばかった婉曲表現である。
These are euphemistic expressions hesitating to call the Emperor directly.

皇胤（こういん）とは、広く天皇の子孫を指す言葉である。
The term Kouin refers to Imperial descendants.

京都で戦後という場合の「戦」とはこの乱を指す事が多い。
In the language of Kyotoites, the 'war' in postwar often means this war.

また、そこから生まれた外交関係における孤立状態を指す。
National isolation also refers to the isolated condition in diplomatic relations resulting from the policy.

多くは尊皇攘夷の思想を持って政治運動を行った者を指す。
The term was frequently used for the political activists who held to ideal of 'Sonno-joi (Reverence of the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners)'.

なお、単に「弾正」と称した場合には弾正台の職員を指す。
In addition, when it is called simply 'danjo', it means the officials of danjodai.

八十一御妻（宝林、御女、采女。正六品～正八品）を指す。
Fourth, there were eighty-one mime (the wife of a person holding high status) (27 Baolin [保林], 27 Imperial Woman [御女], and 29 Cainus [采女]: Sixth to eighth grade ranking).

日本では「恩賜」と単に言えば天皇から賜ったものを指す。
In Japan, if you merely say 'onshi', it means something presented by the emperor.

党の誰を指すのかは不明だが、次の項には家長が出てくる。
Although it is not clear who was close to Kanemitsu HIGUCHI in the clan, there is the mention of Ienaga in the following section.

一般的には荘園支配の上層部に立つ本家・領家などを指す。
The word Shoen-ryoshu was a commonly used term to indicate the honke (patron) and the ryoke (proprietor), the highest classes that governed Shoen.

長老は、唯一の聴衆に指すような目線を向け、こう言った。
continued the Elder, fixing his angry eyes upon his single hearer,

子供を生んだ女性（また人の母親を指す言葉にも使われる）
a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

子供たちや大人のスラングとして使われる「馬」を指す言葉
a word for horse used by children or in adult slang

白人を指す侮蔑語（北米インディアンが使用したとされる）
a derogatory term for a white person (supposedly used by North American Indians)

今日、それは適正手続きにふさわしい裁判の基本原理を指す
today it refers to fundamental principles of justice commensurate with due process

『tiddler（ちびっこ）』は子供を指す英国の言葉だ
`tiddler' is a British term for youngster

これは仏が思惟（瞑想）に入っていることを指す印相である。
This indicates that the Buddha is absorbed in contemplation (meditation).

寺院法（じいんほう）とは、寺院に関連した法制全般を指す。
'Jiin-ho' is a name for laws regarding Buddhist temples.

洪州宗（こうしゅうしゅう）とは、唐代の禅宗の一派を指す。
The Koshu sect (Hongzhou-zong) was a sect of the Zen sect (Chan-zong) in the Tang Dynasty.

食品として指す場合などには昆布やこんぶの表記が好まれる。
Kelp is called 'Konbu' in Japanese, mainly written as '昆布' or 'こんぶ' when kelp is recognized as foodstuffs.

具材の汁（つゆ）を多めに盛りつけた状態のことを指す符丁。
It is a jargon referring to the bowl with more sauce of ingredients than usual.

現在では、豪雪地帯・寒冷地での相手を気遣う手紙等を指す。
Today, it means letters caring about others in a heavy snowfall area and a cold area.

- これはその他の宗教的な祭りや商業的な催しものを指す。
This refers to other religious festivals and commercial events.

この語が猿楽の滑稽な物まね芸を指す言葉として転用された。
The Buddhist term had gradually come to be used in a different manner as a word to indicate the comic and mimic performance in Sarugaku.

最近では同じギャグ・ボケを繰り返すボケを指すことが多い。
Recently, it often means a repetition of the same gag or boke (acting stupid).

現代日本では通常、「お茶碗」と言った場合、飯茶碗を指す。
Now in Japan, normally 'ochawan' means meshijawan.

また、同様の条件を満たした「開田そば」を指すこともある。
Kirishita soba sometimes also means 'Kaida soba' (buckwheat noodles of Kaida plateau in Kisomachi) which satisfies the similar conditions of the former.

本来は、特に詩吟に合わせて日本刀を抜いて舞うことを指す。
Originally it refers to dancing especially to shigin (a form of Japanese poetry, which is usually chanted) with a sword drawn.

さらにそこから転じて、大酒家や赤いものを指すこともある。
And by the influence of those performing arts, sometimes it refers to heavy drinkers and red things.

なお「ちゃんこ」とは本来、力士の食事そのものの事を指す。
Originally, the term 'chanko' refers to a sumo wrestler's meal itself.

食事全般を指す場合は、米飯を含まない食事にも用いられる。
When it is used to refer to a meal in general, it can also be used for meals that do not involve cooked rice.

または、授けられた身位、称号のことを指す（親王号とも）。
It also means the received rank or title (otherwise known as Shinnougou)

一般的に京阪神と言えば、京阪神大都市圏を指すことが多い。
Generally speaking, the term Keihanshin often indicates the Keihanshin Metropolitan area.

遠つ飛鳥は、奈良盆地の東南の飛鳥を指すと考えられている。
It is considered that Totsu Asuka refers to Asuka in the eastern south of Nara Basin.

最小では吉野山或いは吉野宮（宮滝遺跡）を指す場合もある。
By the narrowest definition, it means Mt. Yoshino and Yoshino no miya (Miyataki ruins) sometimes.

つまり藩籍を有する者全てを指す方が正しいとする説がある。
In other words, it may be correct to say that the Hanshi refers to all people who owned Hanseki (domain registers).

日本においては当初は中国と同じ天下万民を指す語であった。
In Japan, the original meaning of the term was also common people, as in China.

門葉（もんよう）とは、一般的に血縁関係がある一族を指す。
The term 'monyo' generally referred to families that were related by blood.

尺貫法と言った場合、狭義には日本固有の単位系のみを指す。
In the narrow sense, Shakkanho exclusively refers to the unit system indigenous to Japan.

天領（てんりょう）とは江戸幕府の直轄領のことを指す通称。
Tenryo is commonly known as a name for territories that were under the direct control of the Edo Shogunate.

広義に室町時代を中心とした中世小説全般を指すこともある。
It is sometimes used broadly to indicating medieval novels centering around the Muromachi era.

現在でも、観世流において「分家」といえば銕之亟家を指す。
Even today, the 'branch family' means the family of Tetsunojo in the Kanze school.

また、占いの名手でもあり「指すの御子」とも呼ばれていた。
He was also excellent in fortune-telling, and he was called 'sasu no miko.'

この「天照御魂神」がどの神を指すのかについては諸説ある。
There are various theories as to which kami the name 'Ameterumitamano-kami' refers.

1922年それらを移築して現在地での復興を目指すが失敗。
In 1922, these structures were relocated attempts were made to revive the temple once again but these failed.

掾（じょう）とは、日本の律令制四等官のうち三等官を指す。
Jo was the third official among Shitokan under the Japanese ritsuryo system.

目（さかん）とは、日本の律令制四等官のうち四等官を指す。
Sakan was the fourth among the four official ranks of Shitokan under the ritsuryo legal code system.

現在の作業ディレクトリを指す #line 指示を生成する
Generate a #line directive pointing at the current working directory

裳階平面が方形、中央部平面が円形のものを指す（例外あり）。
As viewed from above, the mokoshi is square and the pagoda is circular in the middle (although there are some exceptions).

四聖とは、天台宗において六道に付加された4つの世界を指す。
Shisho means the four worlds added to Rokudo in the Tendai sect.

合併以前は、寺号の金剛峯寺は高野山全体を指す名称であった。
Before the merger, the temple name of Kongobu-ji Temple was the name for the entire Koyasan (Mt. Koya).

現代の分類では、刃長30cm以上60cm未満のものを指す。
In modern classification, those with a blade length from 30cm to 60cm.

単に「ミカン」と言う場合も、普通はウンシュウミカンを指す。
When it is simply called 'mikan,' it usually means unshu mikan.

一般的にお猪口と呼ばれるものより大きいサイズのものを指す。
Usually, it denotes a sake cup with a bigger size than one called ochoko (or choko).

石川県では「棒茶」、「番茶」といえばこれを指すことが多い。
In Ishikawa Prefecture, 'bocha' and 'bancha' often mean Kaga-bocha.

通常、単に宮参り（お宮参り）というと初宮参りのことを指す。
In general, miyamairi ((the custom of) taking one's baby to a shrine (to pray for blessing)) refers to Hatsumiyamairi.

「図星」とは「星を正確に指す」意味でこれも射的から生じた。
The term 'zuboshi' means 'to point hoshi precisely' and it also comes from target practice.

近畿での呼び方の「かちん」とは、「餅」を指す女房言葉から。
Chikara Udon is called 'Kachin Udon' in the Kinki region, because the term 'Kachin' refers to 'mochi' in court-lady language.

上前は、左の前身頃、左の衽、そして左の襟の一部を指す言葉。
Uwamae indicates the left-hand Maemigoro, the left Okumi, and the left part of the collar.

下前は、右の前身頃、右の衽、そして右の襟の一部を指す言葉。
Shitamae indicates the right-hand Maemigoro, the right-hand Okumi, and the right part of collar.

特にリード (楽器)エアリード構造のものを指すことが多い。
The term 'fue' often refers specifically to musical instruments which have reed.

ジャンルによっては「笛」だけで特定の楽器を指すことがある。
The word 'fue' alone sometimes refers to a specific musical instrument in some genres of music.

なお、生寿司を「なまずし」と読んだ場合は通常の寿司を指す。
The Chinese characters for kizushi are also read 'namazushi,' in which case it refers to the ordinary sushi.

強訴（ごうそ）とは強硬な態度で相手に訴えかける行動を指す。
'Goso' refers to an act of petition in a firm attitude.

和蹔は和蹔原（和射見が原）のことで、後の関ヶ原盆地を指す。
Wazami refers to Wazamigahara which later came to be called Sekigahara basin.

御所（ごしょ）とは主に天皇家の住居または天皇のことを指す。
The Gosho generally refers to residences of the Imperial Family or the Emperor himself.

また、それに伴う得分（所務職（しょむしき））のことを指す。
It also meant the income from management (shomu shiki).

一つの村落に対し複数の領主が割り当てられている状態を指す。
It refers to a state where multiple feudal lords are assigned to one village.

またそのような写本によって伝えられる本文を指すこともある。
It also refers to the text of such manuscript.

やがて個人間でも下位身分のものが上位身分で出す文書も指す。
Later, it also referred to documents issued even between individuals, when from a person of humble status to a more well-placed person.

あるいはそのような解釈・再編成の動きを指す学術用語である。
It is also an academic term that refers to the above-mentioned reinterpretation and revision movement.

しかし、武家の相続では名跡とは苗字・家名のみの継承を指す。
However, in the case of inheritances in samurai families, Myoseki `names` indicated only the transfer of the surname or family name.

すなわち、五位以上の男性官吏を指す称号であるといってよい。
In other words, it refers to male government officials of Goi or higher.

「'[$1]'」はいくつかのページを指す可能性があります:
'[$1]' may refer to several pages:

そしてわたしの目指すものは、ほかの方向性とはちがっている。
and that my inclination is so much opposed to all other pursuits,

（この場合の「左」「右」は中尊から見た「左」「右」を指す。）
(The 'left' or 'right' in this case is the direction as seen from Yakushi-Nyorai).

門徒（もんと）とは、一門のともがらのことを指す呼び方である。
Monto is a name one uses for comrades of the same sect.

中国・日本に於いては、特に修験道を行う者を指すようになった。
In China and Japan, 'gyoja' came to mean a person who is in charge of Shugendo (ascetic and shamanistic practice in mountainous sites).

その状狸（山猫を指すと考えられる）の如く、白い首、名は天狗。
It looks like a raccoon dog (this is considered to indicate a wildcat) with a white neck, whose name is Tengu.

以下のうち、一般に「日本舞踊」とは歌舞伎舞踊・上方舞を指す。
Of the following, 'Nihon Buyo' is generally referred to as the Kabuki buyo (Kabuki is a type of traditional Japanese drama which follows highly-stylized forms and takes up stories with popular appeal) and Kamigata Mai (a type of dance which was popular in the Kansai region in the mid to late Edo Period).

だが、これは「コショウ」ではなく「トウガラシ」のことを指す。
Although the word 'kosho' normally refers to black pepper, it doesn't mean 'black pepper' but in this case means 'chili pepper.'

現代では単に胡弓といった場合、むしろこれらを指すことも多い。
Nowadays, when the term of Kokyu is used without any context, it often means these instruments rather than Japanese Kokyu.

現在、小袖は和服の長着を指す言葉であるといわれることが多い。
These days, Kosode is used to indicate Nagagi of Wafuku.

どちらも、1月1日のことを指すが、時間帯によって呼称が違う。
Both words refer to January 1, but they are used for different hours of the day.

絵羽模様とは、裁ち目のところで模様がつながっている物を指す。
Eba-moyo is the patterns which were drawn with special technique so that the patterns don't lose the figures at sewing points (back, side, and collar).

寿司ネタで「えんがわ」といえば、「ヒラメのえんがわ」を指す。
When people say 'engawa' for a sushi topping, it usually means 'engawa of flatfish.'

世界共通語となった「sushi」は主にこの江戸前ずしを指す。
'Sushi,' used throughout the world today, mainly refers to this Edomae-zushi.

中国における画讃とは、人物画にちなんで制作された文章を指す。
In China, a 'gasan' is a text produced in relation to a portrait.

髪に指す部分が金属でできた彩色した象牙細工の花簪を髪に飾る。
Kokei was decorated using hana-kanzasi, an ornamental hairpin with a flower-shaped accessory, made of colored ivory having a portion to be inserted into the hair made of a metal.

就任順に宗尊親王、惟康親王、久明親王、守邦親王の4人を指す。
It refers to the four Imperial Princes; Imperial Prince Munetaka, Imperial Prince Koreyasu, Imperial Prince Hisaaki, Imperial Prince Morikuni, in order of assumption.

内侍司を指す場合もあり、天皇の母を大御息所と呼ぶ例もあった。
It sometimes meant Naishi no Tsukasa (female palace attendants), and there was a precedent that the Emperor's mother was called Grand Miyasundokoro.

しかし同年後は本格的な領国化を目指す動きが盛んになっていた。
After the appointment of the Hatakeyama clan, however, a movement to become a fully independent territory started to intensify.

現在、「棚田」といえば「急傾斜の山間地の階段状棚田」を指す。
At present 'Tanada' means 'rice fields arranged in a staircase pattern on a very steep slope on a mountain.'

そもそも、「天文」とは、天に現れた変化を記録することを指す。
Originally, 'Tenmon' meant to record the changes that appeared in the sky.

- '徳川家光に仕えた土井利勝・青山忠俊・酒井忠世を指す。'
refers to Toshikatsu DOI, Tadatoshi AOYAMA, and Tadayo SAKAI, who served Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.

能吏（のうり）とは政治的手腕、行政的手腕に優れた人物を指す。
Nori means a person with high political or administrative skill.

併合の記載があるまで、以後の記述は、九州・四国・本州を指す。
The statements below refer to Kyushu, Shikoku, and Honshu until annexation.

再入洛を目指す足利軍を摂津国豊島河原（大阪府池田市）で破る。
He defeated the Ashikaga troops which intended to come back to Kyoto at Teshimagawara in Settsu Province (Ikeda City, Osaka Prefecture).

また単に「吉田キャンパス」でこの吉田南構内を指すこともある。
Or more simply, 'Yoshida Campus'.

また、四千石以上の旗本・御家人近世の御家人を指す場合もある。
Additionally,vassals with a stipend of not less than 4,000 koku were sometimes referred to as shomyo.

性的嗜好を明かさないことを選んだ同性愛の男性を指す否定的表現
a negative term for a homosexual man who chooses not to reveal his sexual orientation

一般的にカナダ人を、特にフランス系カナダ人を指す非公式の用語
informal term for Canadians in general and French Canadians in particular

2つの表現が同じ物または人を指す場合、それらは同一指示である
two expressions are coreferent if they denote the same object or individual

「飛鳥京跡」といえば上記の宮殿遺構を指すことが一般的ではある。
Generally, the 'Asuka capital site' points out the palace sites mentioned above.

（この場合の「左」「右」とは中尊から見た「左」「右」を指す。)
(The 'left' and 'right' here refers to the 'left' and 'right' seen from the Chuson.)

中国では、この禅定による修行を廃し頓悟を目指す禅宗が成立した。
The Zen sect, which abolished Zenjo practices and pursued Tongo (prompt enlightenment), was established in China.

通常、四菩薩といえば、この密教における四菩薩を指す場合が多い。
Usually, 'shibosatsu' means this combination of Bosatsu in Esoteric Buddhism.

転じて、リズムが合わずめちゃくちゃで大袈裟な身振りや様を指す。
Accordingly, it indicates an exaggerated gesture or state that is out of rhythm and therefore insane.

現在では「小袖」というと束帯や十二単など宮廷装束の下着を指す。
Today, 'kosode' means undergarment of a court costume like sokutai and junihiote.

ただし「串カツ」と呼ばれる料理が指すものは地域によって異なる。
Kushikatsu' refers to different dishes, though, depending on the regions.

当時は染物と言えば辻ヶ花を指すほどに一般的であったと言われる。
In those days, tsujigahana was almost synonymous with the dyeing technique, they say.

主力も軒並み残留し、1年でのJ1復帰を目指すシーズンとなった。
Furthermore, all the leading players also stayed behind, so it was a season where the club had to aim to return to J1 after a year.

狭い定義では、日本独特の料理法を用いた日本独特の料理群を指す。
Narrowly, nihon-ryori indicates a category of dishes specific to Japan in which Japan-specific cooking methods are used.

一般に天かす（揚げ玉）を散らしたうどんのことを指す場合が多い。
In general, Tanuki Udon refers to Udon noodles topped with Tenkasu.

梨園（りえん）とは、歌舞伎の世界もしくは歌舞伎そのものを指す。
Rien refers to the theatrical world of Kabuki and/or Kabuki itself.

ここでいう音程は、西洋音楽の音名ではなく、指と息の操作を指す。
The pitch which is mentioned here is not the pitch name in Western music, but refers to fingering and breathing.

そのため日本で単に「明楽」と言えば、もっぱら魏氏の明楽を指す。
Therefore, when the term of 'Mingaku' is used in Japan, it usually indicates the Mingaku by the Gi clan.

日本では皇族女性、特に内親王が非皇族（臣下）に嫁ぐ場合を指す。
In Japan, koka refers to the case of marriage between a woman from Imperial family, especially an Imperial Princess, and a man from a non-imperial family (a subject).

巡礼（じゅんれい）は、聖地を巡るという宗教的行為のことを指す。
A pilgrimage is a religious act of traveling to holy places.

「供侍何名」などという場合の「侍」とは、この若党のことを指す。
In the expression 'number of accompanying samurai' 'samurai' means wakato.

幕府の組織である公文所・政所・問注所・侍所に属する職員を指す。
It indicates the staff that worked at bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) organizations such as Kumonjo (administration office), Mandokoro (administrative board), Monchujo (court of justice), and Samuraidokoro (board of retainers).

また日本国内でも一部の保守派に絶対君主制を目指す動きがあった。
Even in Japan, some conservative activists aimed at an absolute monarchy.

現代では主に、空港などで外貨の両替を行う店舗および窓口を指す。
In modern times the money changer mainly refers to stores and windows at airports that handle foreign money exchange.

また、直弼を指す隠語として「赤鬼」という語を用いる場合がある。
Naosuke was also occasionally and privately referred to as simply 'Akaoni' ('Red Ogre').

箱根・竹ノ下の戦いでは父・義助の大手軍に属し、足柄峠を目指す。
In the Battle of Hakone and Takenoshita, he belonged to the Ote army led by his father Yoshisuke and headed for the Ashigara-toge mountain path.

現在は「京奈和自動車道」という場合はこの区間を指すことが多い。
Today, when people say 'Keinawa Jidoshado Highway,' they generally refer to this section.

「墨蹟」は筆跡一般を指すとともに、特に禅宗高僧の書を指す用語。
The word 'bokuseki' means writing, especially that of an eminent Zen monk.

通常単に「一宮」といった場合は、令制国の一宮を指すことが多い。
The term 'Ichinomiya' ordinarily refers to highest ranking Shinto shrine in each of the old provinces of Japan.

漢字の「籬」は垣根のことであり、「籬」は竹で作られた物を指す。
A kanji letter '籬' refers to a fence, especially the one made of bamboo.

上級の官庁に附属する下部機関ないしその官僚を指す概念であった。
They indicated the concept of those lower ranked bureaucrats attached to senior level bureaucrats.

すると、守護に従属する国人の地位を指す概念としても用いられた。
With this, the term 'hikan' was also used to generally refer to the status of the populace of a province who were subordinate to the shugo.

無位無官の公民、すなわち庸と調を負担した正丁・老丁男子を指す。
It refers to male citizens with no special rank or title, that is, seitei (adult man) and rotei (old man at the age of 61 to 65, later changed to 60 to 64 under ritsuryo system) who rendered yo (tax in kind in lieu of labor) and cho (tax on product).

政府や社会がよりよい条件に進歩することを目指す人々の政治的方針
the political orientation of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and society

個々の門跡寺院に固有の称号ではなく、その時々の住持の出身を指す。
It was not an inherent title of each monzeki temple but instead indicated the descent of the chief priest.

また、天国と地獄を超越した場所として、モクシャを指す場合もある。
It sometimes means a place beyond Paradise and Hell.

六道とは、主に人間の内面において繰り返される（輪廻）世界を指す。
Rokudo indicates the (reincarnated) worlds repeated mainly within a human.

三乗とは、声聞・縁覚・菩薩のために説いた3つの各々の乗教を指す。
Sanjo indicates three teachings told for shomon (or shomon-jo, vehicle of the hearers), engaku (or engaku-jo, solitary-buddha vehicle), and bosatsu (or bosatsu-jo, enlightenment-bound vehicle).

これは、国指定の有形文化財のみを指す用語である点に注意を要する。
Instead, the term refers only to nationally designated tangible cultural properties, so please be aware of this point.

東山文化（ひがしやまぶんか）とは、室町時代中期の文化を指す用語。
Higashiyama culture is a term which refers to the culture in the middle of the Muromachi Period.

ここで説明するのは、あくまでもいわゆる料理屋（割烹料亭）を指す。
Explained here is the so-called kappo-ryotei (fancy restaurant serving mainly Japanese cuisine).

ただし多くの場合、開花した桜の木の下で行われる宴会のことを指す。
However, hanami almost always means a party to be held under cherry trees with blooming flowers.

ちりめんじゃこは関西での呼び名で比較的良く乾燥させたものを指す。
Chirimenjako is the name for relatively well dried fish in Kansai region.

つゆと呼ぶと、つけ麺などに用いる調味料を指すことが一般的である。
In general, the term 'Tsuyu' indicates the seasoning used for eating 'Tsukemen' (noodles eaten with dipping broth) and so on.

広義では戸隠産の良質なソバやそば粉やそれで作った戸隠そばを指す。
On the other hand, in a broad sense, it means good quality buckwheat grown in the Togakushi region, buckwheat flour made from Togakushi-grown buckwheat and buckwheat noodles made from that buckwheat flour.

主に善光寺表参道周辺で営業している蕎麦屋やそこが出す蕎麦を指す。
Zenkoji soba in large part means soba restaurants around omote-sando (front approach) of Zenko-ji Temple and the soba that they serve.

「大相公」については、足利義持を指すと見るのが定説となっている。
It is generally believed that 'Daishoko' refers to Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA.

「青鷺」とあるが、これはアオサギではなくゴイサギを指すとされる。
Although it reads 'Aosagi', it is not aosagi (grey heron) but is said to indicate goisagi (young night heron).

だが、二人は実の兄弟であり目指す仇が同じ大学之助とは気付かない。
But they do not realize that they are real brothers and have the same enemy Daigakunosuke.

田中卓は、第一の箇所と第二の箇所は別の法を指すという説を唱えた。
Takashi TANAKA presented the theory that the first description and the second one are referring to different laws.

元明天皇の詔の第二の箇所だけが、他と異なり大宝律令を指すという。
The second citation in the edict of Empress Genmei specifically refers to Taiho code, unlike the other parts.

皇子（みこ、おうじ）とは、皇帝または天皇の男子を指す呼称である。
Miko, also referred to as Oji is the naming of the sons of Kotei or Tenno (emperor).

福知山市全域と、綾部市全域、京丹波町の一部、丹波市の一部を指す。
The urban area covers the entire areas of the cities of Fukuchiyama and Ayabe, a part of Kyotanba-cho, and a part of Tanba City.

飛鳥（あすか）は、現在の奈良県高市郡明日香村辺りを指す地域の名。
Asuka is the name of a region located in vicinity of present day Asuka Village, Takaichi County, Nara Prefecture.

また、学生の一部には得業生として大学に残り博士を目指す者もいた。
In addition, some students stayed in Daigaku-ryo as Tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars) and aspired to a career as a hakase.

戦国期には、郎党の中の新しい者、若い者を指すのが、由来とされる。
This word referred to new or young people among the roto (retainers) in the Sengoku Period.

しかし、江戸時代前期以後には貢租の占める割合を指すようになった。
However, after early Edo period, it came to be used to indicate the rate of Koso.

皇族は、戦後の制度にも名をとどめており、天皇及びその親族を指す。
Kozoku, which still appeared in the systems after the war, indicates the Emperor and his relatives.

広義では、畿内を初めとする近畿地方一帯を指す語としても使われる。
In a broad sense, it is also used to refer to the Kinki area including Kinai.

（ただし、まれに朝廷など京方面から鎌倉への使者を指す事もある。）
(However, the term could also be used on messengers dispatched by the Imperial Court to the bakufu in Kamakura.)

しかし、幕府再興を目指す将軍・足利義輝との対立はその後も続いた。
However, the conflicts with the shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, who aimed to restore the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Japanese feudal government, continued.

通説では飛鳥京のこととされているが、大宰府を指すとする説もある。
The city is observed as Asuka-kyo in prevailing view, but there is another opinion that the city means Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region).

「小右記」とは小野宮右大臣（実資のことを指す）の日記という意味。
The name 'Ouki' means 'the Record (Diary) of Ononomiya, the Udaijin (Minister of the Right)' (a reference to Sanesuke).

長禄の変で神器奪回を目指す赤松氏遺臣に敗れ、父の正理は討ち死に。
In the Choroku Conspiracy, his father Masamichi was killed by surviving retainers of Akamatsu clan who aimed for recapture of the Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family.

さらに輝虎は奥州進出を目指す常陸の佐竹氏とも対立するようになる。
Moreover, Terutora came to conflict with the Satake clan in Hitachi Province who aimed at invading Oshu (Mutsu Province).

確証はないものの、年代や通称などから国能を指すと比定されている。
Although it has not been confirmed, the person has been identified as Kuniyoshi through the date and common name.

当時の文献でただ「和尚」といえば牧谿のことを指すほど親しまれた。
According to the documents at the time, he was so loved by people that a term 'osho' (Buddist monk) refered to Mokkei.

また、フィクションでは西洋宗教などにおける神職を指すこともある。
In novels, the term 'miko' refers to the priests of Western religions.

源氏長者（げんじちょうじゃ）は、源氏一族全体の氏長者の事を指す。
'Genji choja' means the head of the Minamoto clan.

犯罪者を刑務所などの施設に入れず、一般社会で処遇することを指す。
Probation means to send the criminals back to community under a special supervision instead of putting them in the facilities such as prisons.

官人（かんにん、かんじん、つかさびと）とは官吏・役人を指す言葉。
Kannin (also known as Kanjin, Tsukasabito) means an official and a civil servant.

僕にできるのは、とにかく目指す方向へと歩みをとめないことだった。
it was all I could do to guide myself even roughly towards my destination;

現在では、魅惑的だが危険なもの（性衝動など）を指すときに使われる
it is now used to refer to anything that is tempting but dangerous (as sexuality)

単に旅館と言う場合には、このうちの旅館営業を行う施設のことを指す。
'Ryokan' means an establishment which performs any of these types of ryokan business.

また、三重県（旧伊勢国）にも同名の城があり、下記のいずれかを指す。
In addition, Mie Prefecture (former Ise Province) had another castle of the same name; thus, Taka-jo Castle indicates one of the following castles.

力（りき）とは「力用」（りきゆう）のことであり、働きのことを指す。
The second character 力, which is pronounced as 'riki,' of 他力本願 means 力用 'rikiyu' and indicates work.

浄土（じょうど）とは、仏教における概念で、清浄で清涼な世界を指す。
Jodo (Pure Land) is a Buddhist concept which pointed to a world clean and pure.

素拍子（しらびょうし）とも書き、この場合は無伴奏の即興の舞を指す。
It is also written as 'plain rhythm' and in this case, it means an improvised dance without any accompaniment.

米の品種や、目指す酒質によって、浸漬時間も数分から数時間と幅広い。
The time used for soaking widely ranges from several minutes to several hours depending upon the variety of rice and the targeted quality of sake.

通例は頭（かしら）、麹屋（こうじや）、酛屋（もとや）のことを指す。
Kashira (a headman), koji-ya (a koji supplier), and moto-ya (a yeast mash maker) are generally included in san-yaku.

ヨーロッパ語圏では、manga は日本の漫画のみを指す言葉である。
In European countries, the word 'manga' means only Japanese comics.

現在の一般的な日本語では、服飾とは、衣類と装身具を指す総称である。
The word Fukushoku in commonly used Modern Japanese collectively indicates clothing and accessories.

盤双六は幕末に廃れ、現在では、双六と言えばほぼ確実に絵双六を指す。
The board Sugoroku died out in the end of the Edo period, now the word Sugoroku almost certainly signifies the picture Sugoroku.

利休七哲（りきゅうしちてつ）は、千利休の高弟七人を指す呼称である。
The term 'Rikyu shichitetsu' means the seven leading disciples of Rikyu.

江戸時代には本居宣長が、不改常典を大化改新時の諸法を指すと解した。
In the Edo period, Norinaga MOTOORI interpreted that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten means a series of laws formulated during the Taika Reforms.

ともあれ、即位後は飛鳥浄御原令の制定を命じ律令国家の確立を目指す。
Anyway, the Emperor Tenmu, after ascending the throne, enacted the Asukakiyomihararyo (a legal code of Japanese ancient state) and tried to put the Japanese nation under the Ritsuryo codes.

「儲嗣」もしくは「皇嗣」は、いずれも最も嫡系に近い皇族男子を指す。
Both 'Imperial Heir' and 'Crown Prince' refer to a legitimate son of the imperial family.

武家（ぶけ）とは、幕府権力の総称、将軍家、または武士一般を指す語。
The word 'buke' refers to the collection of various powers which support the authority of a bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and this word sometimes also refers to a Shogun family or general samurai.

現在では貝殻から作られる、炭酸カルシウムを主成分とする顔料を指す。
Now it refers to pigments which are made from shells and consist primarily of calcium carbonate.

転じて、国を冊封された諸侯一般、およびその領地を指すようになった。
Later, Han came to refer to the lords and their territories, whose country was in a vassal relationship with the Chinese empire.

しかしながら、方針を隠忍自重し、徳山藩再興を目指すことを決定した。
However, they agreed on a policy to be patient to restore the Tokuyama domain.

源氏は装いを凝らして訪れ、歌を詠みかけて目指す姫君を見つけ出した。
He appeared there in carefully chosen dress, read a poem to a lady whose face he cannot see through a screen, and found the lady he was searching for.

茜指す紫野行き標野行き野守は見ずや君が袖振る（巻1・20・額田王）
As you ride back and forth through the fields of gromwell plants, As you ride back and forth through the Imperial hunting fields marked off with sacred ropes, will not the field-watchers have seen your waving of the sleeves at me? (Vol. 1: 20, composed by Nukata no Okimi)

奥州とは一般的には陸奥国（青森県、岩手県、宮城県、福島県）を指す。
Oshu generally refers to Mutsu Province (the Prefectures of Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima).

現東北地方である両国をまとめて指す場合は奥羽と呼ぶのが通常である。
Ou is usually used to refer to the two provinces which are now called Tohoku region.

西国を目指す途上暴風雨に会い、船団は難破、一行は散り散りになった。
They encounter a rainstorm on the sea route to Saigoku and the party was broken up as the fleet was shipwrecked.

日本語における「神」という言葉は、元々神道の神を指すものであった。
The word 'kami' in the Japanese language was originally a word used to indicate a deity in the Shinto religion.

大東亜戦争（第二次世界大戦）後は殉職自衛官のものを指すこともある。
Since the Greater East Asia War (Second World War), it has sometimes been used to refer to the spirits of Self-Defense Force officials who have died in the line of duty.

西欧語に借用された shogun は、特に日本の征夷大将軍を指す。
Shogun borrowed by Western languages point exclusively to Seii taishogun of Japan.

庄屋、組頭（年寄）、百姓代という村政を担う3種の村役人全体を指す。
Jikatasanyaku meant the three officers of a village, shoya (nanushi [a village headman]), kumigashira (toshiyori [a head of the group]) and hyakushodai (a village headman) who conducted village government in accordance with instructions from the official agents.

その民主主義者は、自分の目指すことを達成させようと一人で努力した。
The democrat endeavored to accomplish his aim by himself.

ハードリンクをたどる; それらが指すファイルをアーカイブしてダンプ
follow hard links; archive and dump the files they refer to

（なお、この場合の「左」「右」とは中尊から見た「左」「右」を指す。)
(The 'left'or 'right' in this case is the direction seen from Amida-Nyorai.)

古代インドの悪鬼神の類を指すが、仏法に帰依して護法善神となったもの。
It shows the evil fierce gods of ancient India, who came to believe in Buddhism and became Goho Zenshin (good deities protecting dharma).

単に禅という場合は一般に禅宗を指すが、文脈や場合によって禅那を指す。
The term Zen generally refers to the Zen sect, but also refers to zenna (a practice to attain enlightenment on the truth with calm emotion and clear mind) depending on a context or a case.

日本では、普通に「金剛頂経」と言う時は『初会金剛頂経』のことを指す。
In Japan, 'Kongocho-kyo' usually refers to 'Shoe Kongocho-kyo.'

鹿背の中でも、特に鉄分が多く、よりくっきりと紅色が見えるものを指す。
It indicates pottery with kase patterns, such as earthenware containing clear red spots caused from particularly abundant iron present in the.

細長の袍（闕腋（けってき）の袍の少年版、袴は表袴）を指す場合もある。
It sometimes refers to hosonaga no ho (ketteki no ho for boys, and hakama is ue no hakama).

現在では単に「納豆」と言えば、糸引き納豆の事を指すのが一般的である。
Today, when we simply say 'natto' it generally refers to itohiki-natto (sticky natto).

現在では、納豆と言えば、納豆菌を発酵させたいわゆる糸引き納豆を指す。
Today, if we mention natto we refer to the so-called itohiki-natto (sticky natto), which is produced by fermenting bacillus subtilis natto.

また、関東圏では単に〝カツ〟と呼ぶ時には、トンカツを指すことが多い。
In the Kanto area, when someone simply states 'Katsu,' it often refers to tonkatsu.

特に、正月に備えて年明けまでに用意されるお祝いの料理（献立）を指す。
Specifically, it refers to festival foods (menus) prepared by New Year's Eve for the New Year's holidays.

醤油や酒などを作る際、樽内をかき混ぜるために使用する棒のことを指す。
It refers to a bar used to stir in a tank when soy-sauce or sake is produced.

しかしながら、一般に「蒲焼」といえば「ウナギの蒲焼」を指すことが多い
But 'Kabayaki' generally refers to 'eel kabayaki.'

歌舞伎における女形は、次のような種類の役を専門的に演じる役者を指す。
The onnagata of kabuki refers to actors who expertly act the following roles.

四ノ切（しのきり）は一般に本作の四段目の切場、河連法眼館の段を指す。
Shinokiri (literally cut into four parts) generally indicates the fourth section of kiriba (one part of gidayu), Kawatusra Hogen yakata (Scene of Kawatsura Hogen's palace) of this work.

渡海屋の段　九州を目指す義経一行は、摂津国大物浦で船出を待っていた。
Section of Tokai-yaYoshitsune and his party head to Kyushu and wait for a boat at Daimotsu-ura in Settsu Province.

直宮家（じきみやけ）とは宮家のうち天皇の子供が創設した宮家を指す。
Jikimiyake refers to a Miyake (family allowed to have the status of Imperial family) which was established by a child of an emperor.

峠には金比羅山へ続く登山道があり、そこを目指す人が多く利用している。
Part of the pass is for a path up mountain leading to Mt. Konpira, and is used by those who head to the mountain.

出挙（すいこ）は、古代～中世の日本に見られた利子付き貸借を指す用語。
Suiko (government loans made to peasants) was a term that indicated the loans carrying interest observed in ancient and medieval Japan.

そのため、百姓の語は '天下万民・民衆一般' を指す意味に転化した。
Thus, the meaning of the term 'hyakusho' changed into 'all common people.'

以後は旧領奪還を目指す石川氏と結城氏の間で激しい争いが繰り返された。
Thereafter, fierce battles were repeated between the Ishikawa clan, which aimed to recover the former fief, and the Yuki clan.

ここでの「知」（良知）とは端的に言えば認識を、「行」とは実践を指す。
Here, the word 'chi' (ryochi) means 'recognition' and 'gyo' means 'practice'.

「事」とは心の動きである「意」の所在であって、「知」とは良知を指す。
Affairs' means the place where 'yi' (will), which is the activity of one's mind, exists, and 'chi' means ryochi.

後に複数の皇后が立てられた際は、2番目以後の者を指すことが多かった。
In case there were several empresses later, a chugu mostly referred to all empresses chosen from the second wife downward.

目指す創造する世界とはかけ離れた長靴を履き辛い水仕事を1年ほどする。
Far from the world of creativity to which he had aspired, he spent one year wearing wellington boots and doing a tough job as scrubbing and washing.

江戸時代には、単に例幣使と言えば日光例幣使を指すことの方が多かった。
During the Edo period, the mere mention of reiheishi often referred to Nikko reiheishi.

狭義においては幕府に詰めて征夷大将軍及び御所の警固にあたる者を指す。
In a more limited sense, it refers to a person stationed in an office of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) who stood guard for the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and his palace.

多い場合は十数人付けられたらしいが、通常はそのうちの筆頭家老を指す。
As many as more than ten persons were sometimes appointed to the post, but ordinarily this term was used for indicating the head of these karo.

上のレベルを目指すよりも、今のレベルを保つ事の方が大事だと思います。
Before we try to move up to the next level, I think we need to focus on keeping what we have.

冷蔵庫のなかにひとつしかないんだったら、目指すメロンはすぐにわかる。
If there were only one melon in the ice-box I could be fairly sure it was the one I wanted.

単に和様（わよう）とも呼ばれた場合には和様建築のことを指す場合もある。
The name 'Wayo' sometimes refers to Wayo Architecture.

戒壇（かいだん）とは仏教用語で、戒律を授ける（授戒）ための場所を指す。
The term kaidan (ordination platform) is a Buddhist term that refers to a place for giving the precepts of Buddhism.

食欲、睡眠欲・性欲・物欲・支配欲など、欲望のままに行動する状態を指す。
It refers to a state in which one acts based on desires such as appetite, a desire for sleep, sexuality, cupidity, the lust to dominate and so forth.

舞妓（まいこ）は年少芸妓、芸子（芸妓）の見習い、修行段階の者を指す。
The term 'Maiko' refers to a young geisha or a geisha apprentice.

一部地域を除いて単に「カツ丼」と呼んだ場合は、この卵とじカツ丼を指す。
With the exception of some regions, the 'katsudon' simply means tamagotoji katsudon.

狭義には宋 (王朝)、元 (王朝)、明時代の美術作品を指す場合もある。
In a narrow sense, it sometimes refers to the art products during the Sung (dynasty), the Yuan (dynasty) and the Ming periods.

寝るときの敷物は「褥」という文字を使い、ベッドパッドなどのことを指す。
A kanji (Chinese character) '褥' (shitone) is used to mention a cushion to lie on, which refers to a bed pad, etc.

多様な種が知られているが、一般的にタコといえばマダコを指す場合が多い。
Though various species are known, the term octopus usually refers to a common octopus.

本来の意味の笛とは異なるが、古くから単に「笛」でこれを指すこともある。
Although the above differs from the original meaning of fue, the term 'fue' has long been used to refer to nodobue.

ふぐ鍋は、魚の切り身鍋を指す「ちり」をつけて「ふぐちり」とも呼ばれる。
Fugu nabe is also called 'fugu chiri' as 'chiri' means a hot pot with sliced fish.

通常「三つ葉葵」といえば徳川氏の「丸に三つ葉葵」の紋を指すことが多い。
The term 'Mitsuba-aoi,' in many cases, refers to the crest design of the 'Maru ni Mitsuba-aoi' (three leaves of hollyhock in a circle), which indicates the Tokugawa clan.

多くの国ではグレゴリオ暦が現行暦のため、グレゴリオ暦の前の暦法を指す。
The old calendar in many countries refers to the one used before the Gregorian calendar which is now currently used.

しかし奈良時代以前に「花」といえば、むしろ梅を指すことの方が多かった。
Before the Nara period, however, when people referred to 'flowers', they almost always meant Japanese plum.

一夫多妻制のもとでは、天皇や皇帝の複数の妻のうちの正妃（正妻）を指す。
Under the polygamy system, empress is the legally wedded wife of the emperor, out of the multiple wives.

皇女（ひめみこ、おうじょ、こうじょ）とは、天皇の女子を指す呼称である。
Himemiko (also referred to as Ojo or Kojo) is the naming of daughters of Tennoo (emperor).

文禄・慶長年間以後に成立した家々（ほぼ江戸時代のそれと重なる）を指す。
Shinke refers to families established after the Bunroku and Keicho periods (i.e. a period roughly corresponding to the Edo period).

ただし、観光地としては嵐山から小倉山に沿った社寺の立ち並ぶ地域を指す。
However, Sagano, as a tourist destination, refers to an area where many shrines and temples line along Mt. Ogura from Arashiyama.

また、それが行われる場所（結政所（かたなしどころ））を指す場合もある。
It sometimes was the term used to designated the place where it was conducted (Katanashi-dokoro)

室町幕府が滅亡した1573年から、徳川政権が確立するまでの時代を指す。
The Momoyama period refers to the period that ranged from when the Muromachi bakufu fell in A.D. 1573, to when the Tokugawa bakufu was established.

ちなみに願人坊主とは、物乞いをする坊主、または髪の毛の伸びた僧を指す。
The term 'gannin priest' refers to a priest who begs, or a priest with long hair.

特にそのうちの出挙本稲（元本部分）の部分のみを限定して指す場合もある。
Sometimes it refers to only the part of suiko honto (rice equivalent to principal of suiko [government loans made to peasants]) of them.

題の物産とは、天然に産するものの意で、人工の生産物を指すものではない。
The Bussan in the title means something naturally produced, not artificial products.

現在において「山陽道」と呼んだ場合には、「山陽自動車道」のことを指す。
When people say 'Sanyodo' today, they are generally referring to the Sanyo Jidoshado Highway.

これが何を指すのかについて、国学が興った江戸時代以降、議論されてきた。
There have been a discussion on what this term refers to since the Edo Period when the study of Japanese classical literature rose.

そのため、日本において単に国史と言えば、六国史のことを指す場合がある。
Therefore, if people simply say Kokushi in Japan, they could mean Rikkokushi.

足で大地を踏みしめて呪文を唱えながら千鳥足様に前進して歩く呪法を指す。
It refers to a method of incantation in which an onmyoji walks forward with a swaying gait while stamping the feet on the earth and chanting a charm.

また、寺社や宮司に与えられた特権を指す用語のひとつとしても用いられる。
Furthermore, it was also used as a term to express a special privilege given to temples, shrines or guji (chief priests).

大夫（たゆう）は2.から転じて江戸時代以降、浄瑠璃の語り部を指す用語。
Derived from No.2, Tayu refers to the storyteller of Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) after the Edo period.

一般的には平安時代に活躍した空海・橘逸勢・嵯峨天皇の三人のことを指す。
Generally, Sanpitsu means Kukai, TACHIBANA no Hayanari, and the Emperor Saga; they were active in the Heian period.

羅針盤の方位点を指すかのように茎状に配置された葉を持つ数種の植物の総称
any of several plants having leaves so arranged on the axis as to indicate the cardinal points of the compass

主として（しかし排他的ではない）男性または男性と分類される対象を指す性
a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to males or to objects classified as male

主として（しかし排他的ではない）女性または女性と分類される対象を指す性
a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to females or to objects classified as female

悟りという場合、ニルヴァーナの世界をかいま見る神秘体験を指す場合がある。
Sometimes enlightment refers to a mysterious experience of having a glimpse of the world of Nirvana.

またそれによって心身ともに動揺することがなくなった、安定した状態を指す。
It also means the stability attained through Zenjo under which neither one's mind nor body is unsettled by anything.

つまり煎茶（狭義）のほかに、玉露、番茶、ほうじ茶、玄米茶など全般を指す。
In other words, it means Gyokuro, Bancha, Hojicha (roasted green tea), Genmaicha (tea with roasted rice) and so on, other than Sencha (in a narrow sense).

特に明治以降、関西の大歌舞伎（の一座・劇壇）を指す言葉として用いられた。
Since the Meiji period in particular, it has been used as an expression to mean daikabuki (Kabuki performance or troupe) in the Kansai region.

しかし元来、「ぜんざい（善哉）」の語は関西などでつぶしあんの汁粉を指す。
However, the word 'Zenzai' originally meant shiruko (sweet red-bean soup with pieces of rice cake) prepared with coarse sweet red-bean jam.

白酒（しろざけ）とは、雛祭りにおいて祝いのために出される酒のことを指す。
Shirozake refers to a sake served to celebrate the Hinamatsuri (the Doll's Festival).

醤油の生産高の約9割はこれを占め、通常、単に「醤油」というとこれを指す。
It makes up about 90% of soy-sauce output; generally, the term of 'soy-sauce' refers to koikuchi soy-sauce.

「祀り」は、神・尊（みこと）に祈ること、またはその儀式を指すものである。
The Japanese term 'matsuri' (祀り) refers to a prayer for gods and Mikoto (personal god), or its ceremony.

洋食（ようしょく）とは、日本国内で供される西洋風の料理を指す用語である。
The term 'Yoshoku' refers to western food served in Japan.

単に朝食・昼食・夕食（ないし晩飯）以外の間食全般を指すようになっている。
At present, it generally means a snack between meals, which does not correspond to a breakfast, lunch or dinner (or an evening meal).

頻繁に上演されるため歌舞伎の世界では、「四の切」といえばこの場面を指す。
Since this section is often performed, in the world of Kabuki, 'Shinokiri' indicates this scene.

両丹（りょうたん）は、丹後国と丹波国を一体的に指すときに用いられる用語。
Ryotan is a term to refer to the area combining Tango Province and Tanba Province.

家人（けにん）とは、日本の歴史上、身分のある者の家臣・従者等を指す用語。
Kenin refers to a vassal, a servant, etc. of high-ranked people in Japanese history.

士分（しぶん）とは、江戸時代の武士のうち正規の武士身分を持った者を指す。
Shibun was the term for persons with the full social rank as bushi (warrior) class among the bushi during the Edo Period.

このため、単に「天明の大火」と称した場合には、この火災を指す場合が多い。
It is for this reason that references to simply the 'Temmei no Taika' (The Great Fire of the Temmei Era) often refer to this fire.

また衣服の肩から裾までの長さや、スカート・ズボンなどの長さのことを指す。
Furthermore, it means the clothes length from the shoulder to the base or the length of skirts and trousers.

一般に「川中島の戦い」と言った場合にこの戦いを指すほど有名な戦いである。
This battle is so famous that the term of 'the Battle of Kawanakajima' indicates this one when used generally.

関東制圧を目指す政虎にとって、背後の信越国境を固めることは急務であった。
For Masatora who was aiming to conquer Kanto, it was urgent to secure the border of Shinano and Echigo Provinces behind them.

船の積み荷や石材を量る場合には一辺1尺の立方体の体積（1立方尺）を指す。
When sai is used as a unit for weighing a load of a ship or a building stone, 1 sai is deemed to have the cubic volume of 1 shaku on a side (1 shaku is about 30.3 centimeters).

これは北京人文科学研究所・上海自然科学研究所・東方文化学院の設立を指す。
This applied to the establishment of Beijing Institute for the study of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shanghai Natural Science Laboratories, and Academy of Oriental Culture.

そして茨木童子と出会い、彼と共に京都を目指すようになったといわれている。
According to this version of legend, he then met Ibaraki Doji and they decided to go up to Kyoto together.

一貫齋と号し、一般に「国友藤兵衛」と云えば、この一貫齋を指すことが多い。
He was named Ikkansai and 'Kunitomo Tobei' generally means Ikkansai.

平安京の富小路にあたるが、現在の富小路通は麩屋町通の一本西の通りを指す。
The street was called Tominokoji Street in Heian-kyo, however, the name Tominokoji Street is used for the street one block to the west of Fuyacho-dori Street today.

その勢力は南都北嶺（興福寺と延暦寺の僧兵を指す）にも劣らないといわれた。
Their power was said to be as strong as counterparts of Nanto Hokurei (the Buddhism of the temples of Nara and Mt. Hiei) (that refer to armed priests of Kofuku-ji Temple and Enryaku-ji Temple).

本来の意味は、出家して受戒した僧侶が、日常親しく教えを受ける教師を指す。
The original meaning was a teacher who regularly gave instruction to a priest who has been ordained and entered the priesthood.

すなわち、無形文化財とは芸能、工芸技術等の無形の「わざ」そのものを指す。
In other words, intangible cultural property refers to certain 'art,' such as arts and crafts or performing arts.

「掾」の文字は国司の三等官（中央政府における「判官」に相当する）を指す。
The letter '掾' (Jo) indicates the third official of the provincial governor Kokushi, corresponding to '判官' (Jo) in the central government.

「目」の文字は国司の四等官（中央政府における「主典」に相当する）を指す。
The letter '目' for Sakan indicates the fourth rank of Kokushi, which corresponded to '主典' in the national government.

シンボリックリンクをたどる; それらが指すファイルをアーカイブしてダンプ
follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they point to

専門的には肩と肘の間の上肢の部分、しかし普通上肢全体を指すのに用いられる
technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limb

内燃エンジンを潤滑にする方法でポンプが強制的にエンジンにオイルを指すもの
mechanical system of lubricating internal combustion engines in which a pump forces oil into the engine bearings

その後、法華堂は皇族や貴族などの墓所などに立てられる堂を指すようになった。
Later, Hokke-do changed to mean a hall that is built in graveyards of the Imperial family and nobility.

これは、現在でいう枯山水が指すものと同じものを指す言葉であると考えられる。
It is thought to be mean what we called karesansui nowadays.

現在、茶道は先発の抹茶道と後発の煎茶道があり、単に茶道というと前者を指す。
Currently, sado has the forerunning macchado (art of maccha (green powdered tea) ceremony) and the later senchado (art of sencha (simmered tea) ceremony), and it refers to the former if one mentions just about sado.

「大篳篥」と「小篳篥」の2種があり、一般には篳篥といえば「小篳篥」を指す。
There are 'O-hichiriki' and 'Ko-hichiriki,' but the hichiriki flute usually indicates 'Ko-hichiriki.'

- 膾は細かに切り刻むことから、転じて大勢で人を滅多打ちにすることを指す。
As namasu is shredded, this figuratively means that a man is beaten violently by many people.

多くの場合おかしみのある部分だが怪談などの結末も指すため一概には言えない。
In many cases, it is a funny part, but the term can be used for an ending of ghost stories and others, so that it cannot be said definitely.

主に変な服装・格好・メイク、あるいは裸・裸に近い格好で登場することを指す。
It usually means entering the stage weraing funny clothes or make-up or with funny appearance, or coming onstage naked or nearly naked.

堀内家の庵号は長生庵（ちょうせいあん）といい、利休形二畳台目の茶室を指す。
The ango (name of hermitage) of the Horinouchi family was Choseian, which stands for the Rikyu-type 'nijo daime' tearoom which is two and three-quarters tatami mats in size.

観光圏の整備計画とその実施を目指す地域は所管する大臣に申請し認定を受ける。
The area aiming toward the development and implementation of a sightseeing area applies to the ministry having jurisdiction over the business in question for such a designation.

また、律令回帰を目指す法令群である延喜格式が編纂されたのもこの時期である。
In addition, in this era, Engi no kyakushiki (regulations and laws of the Engi era), which were aimed at a return to the Ritsuryo system, were made.

荘民（しょうみん）とは、公領内の住民である公民に対して荘園内の住民を指す。
Shomin refers to the people who belonged to shoen (manors) which were differentiated from the people who lived within koryo (public lands).

黒鍬（くろくわ）は戦国時代 (日本)や江戸時代に土木作業を行う者達を指す。
Kurokuwa (黒鍬) (a construction worker) refers to people engaged in civil engineering in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) and Edo period.

日本の畝（せ）は単純に坪（坪）の倍量単位となっており、30歩のことを指す。
Se as the Japanese unit is simply a unit of multiples of tsubo (bu) and 1 se is equal to 30 bu.

主に江戸幕府初期の、徳川家康から徳川家光までが行った政治姿勢のことを指す。
It usually refers to a government ruled by shogun from Ieyasu TOKUGAWA to Iemitsu TOKUGAWA in the early Edo period.

なお、それに先駆け、独眼竜とは旧陸軍第一師団長・陸軍中将・山地元治を指す。
Before this nickname was applied to Masamune, the name Dokuganryu had referred to Motoharu YAMAJI, the lieutenant general of the Imperial Japanese Army and the divisional commander of the 1st Army Division.

「宝塔」は、円筒形の塔身に宝形造（四角錐形）の屋根を付した形式の塔を指す。
The term 'Hoto' (treasure tower) refers to a cylindrical type of pagoda with a hogyo-zukuri style roof (all the roof ridges gathering at the center) in quadrilateral structure.

さらには、そのような初物の代わりとして献じられる金銭をも指すようになった。
In addition, hatsuho later represents the money offered in place of primeur.

人間国宝は、重要無形文化財保持者として各個認定された人物を指す通称である。
Living National Treasure is a term for those designated as holders of Important Intangible Cultural Property.

外様大名とは、関ヶ原の戦い前後に徳川氏の支配体系に組み込まれた大名を指す。
Tozama daimyo were daimyo who were incorporated into the ruling system of the TOKUGAWA clan before and after the Battle of Sekigahara.

放免（ほうめん）とは日本の令外官である検非違使の下部（しもべ）を指す名称。
Homen was the name of Shimobe (miscellaneous servants and attendants) of Kebiishi (a official with judicial and police power) which was Ryoge no kan (a post outside the original Ritsuryo code created by Imperial edicts) in Japan.

「なにかを指すことばがわからなくなったら、フランス語でしゃべってみるように
`Speak in French when you can't think of the English for a thing

(j)文字または数字による暗号（最後に探偵が解読したもののことを指す）。
(j) The cipher, or code letter, which is eventually unraveled by the sleuth.

普通足全体を指すために使われるが、専門的には膝から足首の間の部分のみを指す
commonly used to refer to a whole limb but technically only the part of the limb between the knee and ankle

アジア人を指す差別語（特に、ベトナム戦争で北ベトナムの兵士を指して用いた）
a disparaging term for an Asian person (especially for North Vietnamese soldiers in the Vietnam War)

「経典」という場合、狭義には「経」のみを指すが、広義には仏教典籍全般を指す。
Buddhist sutra' means only 'sutra' in a narrow sense, but in a broad sense it means all Buddhist scriptures.

転じて、路線番号や道路の通称名を表す道路標識案内標識のことを指すこともある。
Sotoba, as derived from this tablet, occasionally refers to any of the traffic signs or the direction signs set up on roads in Japan, showing the road number or its common name.

激しい闘争の行われている場所、あるいはそのような場所を連想させる状況を指す。
It refers to the place where fierce fighting is going on or the situation associated with such a place.

書院における豪華な茶の湯に対し、四畳半以下の茶室を用いた簡素な茶の湯を指す。
It represents a simple tea ceremony performed in a 4.5 tatami-mat tea room or less, compared to the more gorgeous tea ceremony performed in a shoin room (formal reception room).

庵号は燕庵（えんなん）といい、織部の考案による相伴席付三畳台目の茶室を指す。
The tea house, based on a design by Oribe, is called Ennan and is 6.19 square meters (3 tatami mats and one daimedatami mat) with seats for participants.

的矢は的と矢のことを指すが、敵や獲物ではなく的を対象とした矢のことでもある。
Matoya (target practice) means a target and an arrow and also means an arrow which is shot at a target instead of an enemy or used in a game.

的弓は的と弓のことを指すが、敵や獲物ではなく的を対象とした弓のことでもある。
The word matoyumi refers to a bow used to shoot a target instead of the enemy or used as a game.

昨今は社会・生活背景などもあって、暦の上での大寒の前後に行われる稽古を指す。
Under the current social/daily life situation, it refers to the trainings conducted around the time of daikan (one of the twenty-four divisions of four seasons, and the coldest period in winter).

なお、北海道、東北地方において「番茶」とは「ほうじ茶」全般を指すことが多い。
Moreover, the word 'bancha' often refers to 'hojicha' in Hokkaido and the Tohoku region.

祭礼時に幸、不幸の別でそれを執り行う部屋の畳の敷き込みを変えていた事を指す。
These terms refer to the custom of changing the layout of tatami mats at celebrations (shugijiki) or condolences (bushugijiki).

酒部は部署の名称だけでなく、今日の杜氏（とうじ）にあたる醸造技術者をも指す。
Sakabe was not only a name of a department but also an expert of brewing which corresponds to today's toji (a sake brewer).

裾（すそ）衣服の袖以外の部分における裾は、衣服の、地面に最も近い端を指す言葉
Suso: Suso of a garment without the sleeve parts is the hem of the garment closest to the ground.

鼓（つづみ）は日本特有の伝統的な楽器のひとつで、もっとも狭義には小鼓を指す。
Tsuzumi (hand drum) is a traditional instrument unique to Japan, and refers to Kotsuzumi (small hand drum) in a narrow sense.

また、「煎」も、中国では薬を煎じるという意味ではなく、鉄板で焼くことを指す。
Similarly, '煎' (sen) in China means to grill something on a hot iron plate, and does not mean to decoct medicinal herbs as it does in Japan.

今日では「外郎売」と言えばその劇中に出てくる外郎売の長科白を指すことが多い。
Today, in many cases, the term 'Uiro uri' refers to the medicine peddler's long speech in the play.

銀杏髷（いちょうまげ）とは江戸時代を通して最も一般的だった男性の髪形を指す。
Ichomage is the most popular men's hairstyle through the Edo period.

御物（ぎょぶつ）は、日本の皇室の私有品である絵画、書跡、刀剣などを指す用語。
Gyobutsu refers to the collection of pictures or written records and sidearms that belonged to the Japanese Imperial Family.

「東山」とは一つの山系の名ではなく、京都の中心部から見て東に見える山を指す。
'Higashiyama' means the mountains that can be viewed in the east from the central Kyoto, not a name of specific mountain range.

日本三景は以下の3つの名勝地を指す（番号は上掲されている画像の数字と対応）。
Nihon Sankei refers to the following three scenic spots (each number corresponds to the number of image shown above.)

京都市、大阪市、神戸市、および、これら3市の衛星都市を合わせた都市圏を指す。
It indicates an urban area including Kyoto City, Osaka City and Kobe City along with their surrounding satellite smaller cities.

その後蝦夷共和国の成立を目指す榎本武揚らに合流し、二股口の戦い等で活躍する。
Subsequently, they joined Takeaki ENOMOTO and others who were aiming to establish the Republic of Ezo, and actively fought in the Battle of Futamataguchi.

が、特に平安時代前期（9世紀）に大宰府管内で導入された公営の田地制度を指す。
Kueiden especially meant the public land system introduced in Dazaifu in the former Heian period (the 9th century).

酒屋（さかや）とは、鎌倉時代に始まった、日本酒を醸造し、販売する業者を指す。
Sakaya indicates an operator of the sake-producing/selling business that started in the Kamakura period.

朝廷の官衙である和歌所・御書所・記録所・院文殿・後院などにおける職員を指す。
It indicates the staff that worked in Kanga (government office) of the Imperial Court such as Wakadokoro (office of waka), Goshodokoro (office to maintain books in the Imperial Court), Kirokujo (land record office), Infumidono (the retired emperor's documents bureau), Goin and so on.

賎民（せんみん）とは、通常の民衆よりも下位に置かれた身分またはその者を指す。
Senmin indicates a rank or a person of such rank who is placed lower than the common person.

西の脇庵の砦（城将は西方院覚心）……茶臼山城（現紀の川市（旧那賀町））を指す
The Fort of West Wakian (脇庵) (the commander was Kakushin of Seiho-in Temple) which referred to Chausuyama-jo Castle (Kinokawa City at present [former Naga Town])

更に北上し蠅帽子峠を越えて越前国に入り、大きく迂回して京都を目指す事とした。
They decided to take a detour and go through the Haeboshi-toge to enter the Echizen Province and head to Kyoto.

和辻倫理学（わつじりんりがく）は、和辻哲郎の展開した倫理学の体系を指す呼称。
Watsuji Rinrigaku is the name of the ethical theory developed by Tetsuro WATSUJI.

謡曲とは、能における節と詞（ことば）、または能の脚本（謡本）そのものを指す。
Yokyoku means staves and words for Noh or playbook for Noh itself (Utai-bon (chant book)).

また、新酒が出来たことを知らせる酒屋の杉玉を指す「さかばやし」を詠み込んだ。
He also wrote haiku relating to 'sakabayashi' meaning sake shop sugitama (a large ornamental ball made with cedar leaves), which announced that new sake had been made.

（二重門とは2階建て門で、1階と2階の境目にも屋根の出をつくるものを指す。）
(Niju-mon refers to a two-story gate, having a roof protrusion at the boundary between the first and second floors, too)

第二次大戦後、社格がなくなってからは、広く一般の神社の長を指すようになった。
After WWII, when shrine ranking became a thing of the past, Guji became the title for chiefs of all shrines.

また田楽と同義にも使われおでんと読んだ場合は一般に料理のおでんのことを指す。
It is also used for a synonym for dengaku and when it is read as oden, it generally means oden (a Japanse dish containing al kinds of ingredients cooked in a specal broth of soy sauce) of dishes.

米国のある地域では、エールは、（法により）容量において4％以上の醸造酒を指す
in some of the United States an ale is (by law) a brew of more than 4% alcohol by volume

地中海東側の地域を指す昔の名前で、現在はレバノンとシリアとイスラエルが占める
the former name for the geographical area of the eastern Mediterranean that is now occupied by Lebanon, Syria, and Israel

ビャクシン属の植物の小球状の実で、特にセイヨウビャクシンの小球状の球果を指す
berrylike fruit of a plant of the genus Juniperus especially the berrylike cone of the common juniper

方角に限らず、場所、時間帯や特定の教科などを指すこともあり、その用途は幅広い。
It refers not only to the direction, but also to places, time zones, or particular subjects, and the range of its use is wide.

｢うら｣は心を指す古語であり、｢うらやす｣で心中の平穏を表す語であるとされる。
Ura' is an ancient Japanese word meaning mind or heart; 'urayasu' therefore means supposedly 'peace of mind.'

滓下げ（おりさげ）とは、上槽を終えた酒の濁りを取り除くために、待つことを指す。
Orisage means to wait in order to remove turbidness of the sake that just came out from the process of joso.

芸道（げいどう）は、芸能・技芸を日本独自のかたちで体系化したもののことを指す。
Geido refers to the performance of arts and handicrafts in a systematized way that is uniquely Japanese.

「みそか」が29日を指す月には30日は存在しないので、混乱が起こることはない。
Since there is no 30th day in the month when 'misoka' refers to the 29th day, confusion is not expected.

英語で Kimono Sleeves という、洋服の袖の様式を指す言葉がある。
In English, 'Kimono Sleeves' indicates a form of sleeves of Western clothing.

生蕎麦は現在では、二八蕎麦、十割蕎麦、五割蕎麦他の「蕎麦屋の蕎麦全般」を指す。
Nowadays, kisoba means 'soba served at soba restaurants in general' such as nihachi soba, juwari soba, and gowari soba.

衣・食・住・聖・性・真・善・美など、人生の諸相にあらわれる価値のすべてを指す。
It refers to every value of life such as food, clothing, housing, holiness, nature, truth, virtue and beauty.

単に「行幸啓」といった場合は、天皇と皇后が一緒に外出することを指す場合が多い。
When just saying; 'Gyokokei,' it often means the Emperor and the Empress going out together.

特に天皇を元首又は象徴とする近代以降の国家体制（近代天皇制）を指すこともある。
It sometimes specifically indicates the state system after the Meiji period (modern Tennosei) when the emperor acted as the head or symbol of the state.

「書跡」は宸翰、和漢名家筆跡、古筆、墨跡、法帖等で日本の書道史上の遺品を指す。
Calligraphy work' refers to Imperial letters, examples of handwriting by well-known calligraphers of Japan and China, ancient writings, ink calligraphy, calligraphy copybooks, and any other written works (in Japan) of historical significance by deceased calligraphers.

なお、「官」とは役所そのものを指し、「役所の職員」を指す現在の用法とは異なる。
Kan' indicated a government office itself, and is different from present usage as a 'government officer.'

第3党路線を採って「三党鼎立」を目指すが、党勢不振により1899年に解党した。
The Kokumin Kyokai sought to realize the 'tripartite factions' in the Diet by remaining to be a third party, but the association ended up dissolving itself in 1899 as it failed to extend the political power.

『時慶卿記』より遡るものとして次の記録があり、これらも阿国を指す可能性がある。
The following records are older than the Tokiyoshi Kyoki, and may also refer to Okuni.

なお「鳥形山」は寺の北東、飛鳥坐神社（あすかにいますじんじゃ）のある山を指す。
Torigatazan' is the name of a mountain to the northeast of the temple where Asukaniimasu-jinja Shrine is located.

狭義の徳川家譜代は、代々松平家に仕えた家や、徳川家康に取り立てられた家を指す。
Narrowly-defined TOKUGAWA fudai consisted of the families that had been in hereditary vassalage to the MATSUDAIRA family, and the families that were promoted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.

このため、「正倉院」は東大寺大仏殿北西に所在する宝庫を指す固有名詞と化している。
Therefore, the name of 'Shosoin' is now a proper noun that specifically means the treasure house located in the northwest of Daibutsu-den Hall, Todai-ji Temple.

故事来歴の意味に用いて、神社寺院の沿革や、そこに現れる功徳利益などの伝説を指す。
It is also used to mean origin and history, and it shows the histories of shrines and temples, as well as the legends of merits appearing in those shrines and temples.

中陰（ちゅういん）、中有（ちゅうう）とは、仏教で人が死んでからの49日間を指す。
Chuin and chuu refer to the period of mourning lasting seven weeks in Buddhism.

今日における狭義では、日蓮を宗祖とする諸宗派の最大宗派「宗教法人日蓮宗」を指す。
In a narrow sense, today it refers to 'Religious Corporation Nichiren sect,' the largest sect among the sects saying Nichiren was their founder.

特に、小烏造りは刀身の二分の一以上が両刃になった擬似刀と呼ばれる剣の造りを指す。
Especially Kokarasu-zukuri indicates a style of a sword called a false sword that has a double edge in more than half of the blade.

山車は「出し物」全般を指すが、車の字がついていることから曳き山を指すことが多い。
'Dashi' refers to the whole 'pageant' but often indicates a single Hikiyama (pulled-type float) by adding kanji for Kuruma (vehicle) to Yama (mountain).

灯籠と言った場合、神社寺や旧街道などに多く存在する屋外の固定式を指すことが多い。
Toro refers in many cases to such fixed lanterns for outdoor use as often seen in Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines.

集落各所に焚かれたかがり火の中を、氏神が松明を持って練り歩いて神社山門を目指す。
The Ujigami (ancient ancestral or tutelary deity of a clan or family) heads for the main gate of the shrine, parading with pine torches and watch fires are made here and there in the town.

また、派生としてサケの刺身または鮭フレークとイクラをのせたものを指すこともある。
Also, as it is a derivative of oyakodon, the term is sometimes used to refer to a dish with raw salmon or salmon flake and salmon caviar.

日本の伝統的な芸能、芸道において、その流儀の最高権威伝承者またはその家系を指す。
These family lines or their heads are the highest authority on traditional Japanese arts.

- 農林水産のいずれかが基幹産業である場合が多く、その付帯施設や基盤整備を指す。
Mura fushin refers to the development of facilities and infrastructures in villages where the key industries include agriculture, forestry and fishing.

京都では細切りの油揚げを載せて、くずあんを掛け、おろし生姜を添えたうどんを指す。
Meanwhile, in Kyoto, Tanuki Udon refers to Udon noodles topped with deep-fried bean curd cut into strips, thick starchy sauce and grated ginger.

おやつ（片仮名でオヤツとも）とは、八つ時（午後2時頃）に食べる間食のことを指す。
The term 'oyatsu' (おやつ), also written in katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries) as オヤツ, refers to an afternoon snack that was originally eaten at yatsudoki (approximately 2 p.m.) according to the old Japanese way of counting time.

食用菊（しょくようぎく）とはキクの一種で、特に食品として栽培されている菊を指す。
Shokuyo-giku is a kind of chrysanthemum which is especially grown as food.

たとえば、沖縄で単に「そば」と言えば通常、ソーキそばなどで有名な沖縄そばを指す。
For example, if one simply mentions 'soba' in Okinawa, it is generally referred to as Okinawa-style noodles such as the famed Soki soba (Okinawa noodles made from wheat flour).

狭義の「日本髪」は安土桃山時代後期から幕末までの日本人女性に結われた結髪を指す。
The Japanese coiffure' by a narrow definition refers to the keppatsu (hairdressing) practiced by Japanese women from the late Azuchi-Momoyama Period to the end of the Edo Period.

皇族軍人（こうぞくぐんじん）とは、大日本帝国陸軍・海軍の将官となった皇族を指す。
Ko-zoku Gunjin refer to the members of the imperial family who became general officers of the Imperial Japanese Army or Imperial Japanese Navy.

彼らはむしろ英語で農場経営者を指す語である farmer と訳すのがふさわしい。
A proper English translation of the free-hold farmer is farmer, which means the person who manages a farm.

また、「水呑無高」と併記されることも多く、水呑と無高が別の内容を指す場合もある。
Also 'Mizunomi Mutaka' (water drinking people without harvesting land) was often put down with it; moreover there were cases that Mizunomi and Mutaka referred to different things respectively.

ただし、一般的に目安箱といえば江戸時代に徳川吉宗が設置したものを指すことが多い。
However, generally speaking, meyasubako means the system established by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA in the Edo period.

徳川家康の功臣のうち,特に武勇に秀でた3人,本多忠勝・榊原康政・井伊直政を指す。
refers to Tadakatsu HONDA, Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, and Naomasa II, the three meritorious retainers of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who had outstanding military prowess.

徳山藩再興を目指す奈古屋里人らは初め村々から百姓を集め、萩藩に直訴しようとした。
Initially, Satondo NAGOYA and others, who sought to restore the Tokuyama domain, gathered farmers from villages and tried to appeal to the Hagi domain directly.

神の住む天上世界である高天原と対比して、人間の住む日本の国土を指すと考えられる。
It is thought to refer to Japanese soil in which human beings live, in contrast to the celestial world Takamanohara in which gods live.

翌1336年（建武3年）1月 (旧暦)、再度の入京を目指す尊氏を摂津国で破った。
In January of the following year, 1336, he defeated Takauji in Settsu Province, while he was attempting to go to Kyoto again.

主に京大受験を目指す学生向けに独自の大学情報本も毎年発行していたが、現在は休刊。
It was also publishing its own university information book every year mainly for students aiming for the Kyoto University entrance examination, but the publication is currently suspended.

二つの魂が十分に発達した状態を「二徳」といい、一徳の次は二徳を目指すことになる。
The condition in which two souls have grown well is called having 'two virtues.'

江戸時代には主に一万石以上の所領を江戸幕府から与えられた武家を指す言葉となった。
In the Edo period the word specified a lord who was granted a territory of 10,000 koku or more from the Edo Shogunate.

関ヶ原の戦い（関ヶ原の合戦）以前より、徳川氏に臣従して取り立てられた大名を指す。
Fudai daimyo were the daimyo, whom the TOKUGAWA clan had promoted from among the TOKUGAWA vassals at the service from before the Battle of Sekigahara (Sekigahara no Kassen).

抱席（抱入（かかえいれ）とも）はそれ以降に新たに御家人身分に登用された者を指す。
`Kakaeseki` (also called kakaeire) families were those families had been newly promoted to the status of Gokenin.

源氏将軍とは、狭義には鎌倉幕府を開いた源頼朝、源頼家、源実朝の三代の将軍を指す。
In a narrow sense, the Genji Shoguns are identified as three generations of Shoguns that commenced with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (who set up the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)), MINAMOTO no Yoriie and MINAMOTO no Sanetomo.

しかしながら、一般に町奉行とのみ呼ぶ場合は幕府の役職である江戸町奉行のみを指す。
However, when just mach-bugyo was used, it generally indicated the Edo machi-bugyo that was the governmental post in the bakufu.

平安時代以降は賀茂神社の斎王（斎院）と区別するため、斎王のことも指すようになった。
From the Heian period, it also began to signify Saio herself to distinguish her from Saio serving at the Kamo-jinja Shrine (called Saiin).

仏教用語における座主とは、一般に日本の天台宗のトップ、天台座主（管長）の事を指す。
Zasu in Buddhism term generally refers to the top priest of the Japanese Tendai Sect, Tendai-zasu (chief abbot).

「宝塔」は歴史的用語としては「塔」の美称であり、特定の建築形式を指すものではない。
Historically, the term 'hoto' has been used in reference to pagodas eulogistically, but it doesn't specify a certain architectural style.

宿善が大切であると説き「信心決定（弥陀に救われること）」を目指すとする主張をする。
It preaches the importance of shukuzen (good from past lives), and claims the pursuit of 'shinjin ketsujo (salvation by Amida).'

よって、「柔術」というと江戸時代以前から伝わる伝統的な柔術を指す場合が多くなった。
Therefore, 'jujutsu' has come to mean, in many cases, 'koryu jujutsu' (the old-style jujutsu) handed down from before the Edo period.

鼻緒はもと、緒の先端部で足指がかかるところであったが、緒の全体を指すようになった。
Hanao used to indicate a top of O which was pinched by toes, but came to indicate the entire of O.

威勢ばかりで中身の伴わないことを指す「張子の虎」ということわざの語源となっている。
It is used as the root of an expression, 'hariko no tora' (papier-mache tigers of which neck swing), which means a person who is in high spirits but superficial.

九州地方では、「天ぷらうどん」と称する場合、この丸天うどんのことを指すことがある。
In the Kyushu region, the title 'Tempura Udon' sometimes refers to this Maruten Udon.

一般には、炊飯や湯沸し用の金属製の道具を指すことが多く、主に鋳造されたものが多い。
In general, it refers to metallic devices used to cook rice or boil water, many of which are casted.

その後、幕末頃には「生蕎麦」の指す範囲は拡大し、二八蕎麦にも使われるようになった。
The scope of the term 'kisoba' subsequently expanded to be used in conjunction with nihachi soba by the end of the Edo period.

しかし、「明清楽」という呼称は、事実上清楽だけを指す場合も多いので、注意を要する。
However, caution is needed because the term 'Min-Shingaku' is often used to indicate Shingaku alone.

清楽や現代中国の「月琴」と名前は同じでも、実際は違う楽器を指すので、注意を要する。
Caution is needed, however, because this Gekkin is an instrument that differs from the Gekkin in Shingaku and that of the modern China, although the same term is used.

久田家の庵号は半床庵（はんしょうあん）といい、3代宗全による二畳中板の茶室を指す。
The ango (pen name ending with the character 'an') of the Hisada family is Hanshoan, which is the name of the tea house called Nijo nakaita-no-seki (two tatami mats with a board in between) of the third generation Sozen.

また、折り上げられた作品そのものや、折り紙用に作られた正方形の専用紙のことも指す。
It also refers to a folded paper model itself or a piece of square paper used exclusively for origami.

なお溷六と書くと、急性アルコール中毒状態にある酔っ払いの事を指す別の言葉にもなる。
The term 溷六 also means a drunken man in acute alcohol poisoning.

「新造」とは武家や町人の妻を指す言葉であったが、後に未婚の女性も指すようになった。
'Shinzo' used to refer to the wife of a samurai or a merchant, but later it was also used to refer to any unmarried woman.

一般的に「絵本太功記」といえば暗黙に10段目を指すほど、この段は非常に有名である。
Generally speaking of 'Ehon Taikoki,' the 10th act represents 'Ehon Taikoki' because this act is such famous.

奈良きたまち（なら-）は、奈良県奈良市のならまちより北側の古い市街地を指す地域。
Nara Kitamachi is the area which refers to the old urban district to the north of Naramachi in Nara City, Nara Prefecture.

親王任国（しんのうにんごく）とは、親王が国司に任じられた令制国及びその制度を指す。
The term Shinno-ningoku means provinces to which imperial princes were appointed as kokushi (provincial governor) as well as such systems.

平安時代の荘園における特定の形態のもとで荘園領主（本家）の使役を受けた人々を指す。
It indicates the people who worked for the shoen landlord (honke [the head family]) under a special agreement within the shoen during the Heian period.

初期農耕文化の時代であり、おおよそ紀元前3世紀から紀元後3世紀頃までの期間を指す。
The Yayoi period falls under the age of the early agrarian culture, and ranged from about the third century B.C. to about the third century A.D.

贋作は来歴に関する虚偽を含まない模倣本、便乗本などを指す、と区別されることもある。
A gisaku is differentiated from a gisho, in that a gisaku refers to an imitation book which does not have falsified origin or opportunistic book.

だが、この場合の「施し」というものが具体的にどのような痕跡を指すのかが問題である。
The question is, however, what the 'marks' specifically refer to.

後に転じて天皇の寵愛を受けた女官や、皇太子・親王の配偶者のことも指すようになった。
Later, a miyasudokoro changed the meaning and referred to the nyokan who received an emperor's favor, and a consort of a Prince or Imperial Prince.

将軍専制権力の確立を目指す義満は統制が困難だった有力守護大名の弱体化を狙っていた。
At that time, Yoshimitsu wanted to make the shogunate an autocratic power, and thus he aimed to weaken major shugo clans, whom he had trouble to control.

和与とは、当事者双方の合意に伴って財物や所領、所職などの権利を移転する行為を指す。
Wayo (compromise) is an action of transferring such rights as properties, territories, and positions between the parties in question based on their agreement.

『隋書』の「俀王姓阿毎字多利思北孤號阿輩雞彌」は聖徳太子を指すとする説がある。
There is a theory that the description of 'a king of wa' in 'Zuisho' (the Book of the Sui Dynasty) refers to Prince Shotoku.

「科学者を目指す若者に中等教育で最も励んで欲しいのは数学、特に平面幾何学である。」
'The thing that I want young people who want to be scientists to study most in secondary education is mathematics, especially plane geometry.'

祈願所（きがんじょ）は神社、寺院の1つで、特に人々が神仏に願い事を行う寺社を指す。
The term kiganjo refers to a Buddhist temple or Shinto shrine at which worshipers pray for favors.

この他、神社の所有地、民間の所有地であて民間伝承などの特別な謂われのある木を指す。
In addition, shinboku refers to a tree which is in a site owned by a shrine or a private land and which has a special history such as an oral tradition.

神の三位一体を構成するもののいずれか、特に、神と人間の性格を併せもつキリストを指す
any of the three persons of the Godhead constituting the Trinity especially the person of Christ in which divine and human natures are united

ただし単に外堀と言った場合は、総構え堀を指す場合と本城の外側の堀を指す場合とがある。
However, when the term, outer moat, was simply used, this might refer to the sogamae moat itself or the outward moat of the castle.

中国で鬼（グウェイ）という場合、死霊、死者の霊魂中国の宗教（道教など）のことを指す。
In China, Oni (Guei) indicates a ghost, the spirit of a dead person and Chinese religion (Taoism).

日本ではかき氷にシロップをかけたものを指す事が多く、かき氷と同一のものとなっている。
In Japan, it usually refers to shaved ice with syrup, and it became the same as shaved ice flavored with syrup.

狭義には、「寸止め」ルールを採用する全空連の空手およびその参加流派を指す場合が多い。
In a narrower sense, it refers to karate as associated with the JKF, which adopts sundome rules, as well as organizations affiliated with JKF.

一般的には、御節料理とは、献立すべてを指すのではなく、重箱詰めされた料理のみを指す。
The term 'osechi-ryori' commonly refers only to the foods packed in a nest of lacquered boxes instead of referring to the entire menu.

本来、日本古来のものを指すが明治時代に西欧からももたらされたタオルを含むこともある。
Originally, a Tenugui towel means a traditional Japanese towel but sometimes it includes a towel which comes from Western Europe.

元々は鎌倉時代に禅寺で採られていた、質素倹約を重視した食事の形式を指す言葉であった。
Ichiju-issai originally meant a meal style emphasizing simplicity and frugality that had been taken in Zen temples in the Kamakura period.

または鉄板を用いて調理した料理を客に供する飲食店や「料理」そのものを指すこともある。
It may also mean a restaurant which serves foods cooked by using an iron plate or mean the food itself.

砂張（さはり）：銅を主とする合金であるが、特に東南アジア系統の製品を指すことがある。
Sahari: Refers to mainly copper mixed metals, but sometimes refers especially to Southeast Asian group products.

魚肉練り製品の一つとして、ゴボウを魚のすり身で包み、油で揚げたものを指すことがある。
As a boiled fish-paste product, it may refer to burdock root that is wrapped in minced fish and is fried in oil.

このときの筒井軍の行動が後世に脚色され、日和見的態度を指す「洞ヶ峠」の由来となった。
The act of Tsutsui's forces at this time was dramatized years later to become the origin of 'Horaga-toge Pass,' the term to indicate opportunism.

狭義には、比叡山を含めず山中越の南の大文字山（京都市左京区）から南を指すこともある。
In a narrower sense, it may refer to the southern area of Mt. Daimonji (Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City) to the south of Yamanakagoe (a main road called Shimogamo-Otsu Line toda), excluding Mt. Hiei.

半済（はんぜい）は、室町幕府が荘園・公領の年貢半分の徴収権を守護に認めたことを指す。
'Hanzei'means that the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) gave the power of collection of half of the customs or taxes on production from manors and lands under the control of the feudal government to the provincial constables.

武将（ぶしょう）とは軍人、武士など軍事に携わる人々のうち頭立った者を指す言葉である。
Busho refers to those who stood out among people engaged in military affairs, such as a military officer and a samurai.

その後岡豊城で一領具足を交えて軍議を開き、その結果阿波の完全制圧を目指す事となった。
After that, having a council of war including ichiryo gusoku, the self-made rural samurai, they aimed to take complete control of Awa Province.

当初の寸は親指の幅を指す身体尺であったと考えられている（これはインチも同様である）。
Sun is thought to have originated from an anthropomorphic unit for showing the breadth of a thumb (just the same as inch).

「天下」とは、天子の統治する地域を指す古代中国の概念で、日本でも古代から用いられた。
The term 'Tenka' (the realm) refers to a concept in ancient China, which showed an area governed by an emperor, and was often used also in Japan.

19世紀末の移民によってアメリカ合衆国に渡った人々とその子孫のことを指すことが多い。
It often refers to the Japanese people who immigrated to the U.S. in the 19th century and their descendants.

また、出生地主義国のアメリカで生まれた子は自動的にアメリカ国籍になった子供達も指す。
Also it refers to the children who automatically became U.S. citizens because they were born in the U.S., which has adopted the principle of birthright citizenship.

伊達政宗の功臣のうち,特に功績の大きかった3人,片倉景綱・伊達成実・茂庭綱元を指す。
refers to Kagetsuna KATAKURA, Shigezane DATE, and Tsunamoto MONIWA, the three men of the meritorious retainers of Masamune DATE who made the greatest achievements.

その為、その地域を指す京都府北部・兵庫県北東部を目的地としている列車名に用いられた。
Therefore, this name was used for the train whose destination was the area covering the northern part of Kyoto Prefecture and the northeastern part of Hyogo Prefecture, this being the area indicated by the name.

これらは、神神習合が起こる前の各部族での「カミ」を指す呼び名であったとも考えられる。
These can also be thought to be the names that each of the tribes called their respective 'kami' before the fusion of the kami.

漢字だけが日本に入ってきたが、その文字が指す実体は日本にはなかったということになる。
It means that these Chinese characters were imported to Japan where the entity of these characters did not exist.

相殿（あいどの。合殿とも書く）とは、主神を含めて複数の神が祀られた社殿のことを指す。
Aidono (相殿, also written as 合殿) is a building in a Shinto shrine which enshrines several deities, including the Shushin.

一定の独立性を持った主従君臣関係未満の半従属化された者を指す概念としても用いられる。
The term was also used to refer to the general concept of those who were somewhat subordinate but not satisfying a fully independent master-servant relationship.

ある先行詞を指す関係詞節を導く（『that』『which』『who』のような）代名詞
a pronoun (as `that' or `which' or `who') that introduces a relative clause referring to some antecedent

なお「勅封」という言葉は本来「天皇の署名入りの紙を鍵に巻きつけて施錠すること」を指す。
The word 'Chokufu' (Imperial seal) originally meant to lock by twisting paper with the emperor's signature around a key.

この背景として、日蓮宗管長・新井日薩らによる「全日蓮門下の統合」を目指す画策もあった。
There was a background that the chief abbot of the Nichiren Sect, Nissatsu ARAI, and others aimed to 'unify the whole Nichiren discipline.'

標準的な風水の観点では、船岡山を玄武を伝ってやってくる山龍が目指す星峰と解釈している。
In the standard viewpoint of feng shui, Mt. Funaoka is interpreted as Seiho, to which Sanryu, a dragon of mountains, is headed via Genbu.

近代以降では、神社などで行われる祭り(露店などが多く出る)の日のことを指す場合も多い。
Since the modern era, ennichi has also often indicated the days when festivals (with many street stalls) are held at places such as shrines.

立冬から立春にかけての3ヶ月間（11月・12月・1月）に行われるものを指す場合が多い。
Winter festivals often indicate the festivals celebrated during the three months (November, December and January) from ritto (the first day of winter in the Japanese calendar) through risshun (the first day of spring in the Japanese calendar).

「茶屋」とは「茶屋染」という江戸時代の初期（寛文年間）頃に発明された染色の一種を指す。
The term 'Chaya' refers to a dye technique called 'Chaya-zome' (Chaya-dyed) invented in the early Edo period (Kanbun era).

その後、用語の意味は変遷して「茶屋辻」に染められていた模様そのものを指すようになった。
Thereafter, the definition of the term Chayatsuji changed, and it started to refer to the pattern itself rather than the style of kimono.

出作（でさく/でつくり）とは、ある地域の住民が別の地域にある田畑を耕作することを指す。
Desaku, also referred to as Detsukuri (literally, going out to plow) means that inhabitants in a region cultivate fields in other regions.

アパレルメーカーなどによって製造された製品を、商品として店頭に並べ販売する小売を指す。
It refers to retail sellers displaying and selling products manufactured by apparel makers in store.

しかしながら、今では「鉄砲」というとワサビ入りのカンピョウ巻きのことを指す場合が多い。
However, nowadays, the term 'teppo' is mostly used for indicating the kanpyo-maki with wasabi.

西日本の各地の風習としての三社参りは、正月の初詣として、三つの神社を詣でることを指す。
Sanshamairi which is a custom at various places in western Japan means visits to three Shinto shrines for hatsumode (new year's visit to a shrine) on New Year's Holidays.

このため、地方政治の分野で「京都」と呼んだ場合、京都市ではなく、京都府を指す事も多い。
Therefore, when 'Kyoto' is said in the field of politics, it often refers to Kyoto Prefecture, not Kyoto City.

堀之内（ほりのうち）は中世日本における武士・在地領主の館（たち・たて）を指す歴史用語。
Horinouchi is historical jargon that indicates a town developed in the vicinity of the residence (called 'tachi' or 'tate') of samurai (warriors) and landholders in the medieval Japan.

日明貿易（にちみんぼうえき）は、日本の室町時代に日本が中国の明王朝に行った貿易を指す。
The Japan-Ming trade indicates the trade carried on between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China in the Muromachi period.

家職（かしょく）とは、家によって世襲された職務や職能、官職（及びその昇進次第）を指す。
Kashoku was a hereditary job or position or official post (and progression pass).

間は、中国において一般的な建物の柱と柱の間隔を指す長さの単位として生まれたものである。
Ken was originally generated in China as the unit of length to measure the interval between pillars.

ここに明らかなように、テングリは天界であるとともに、天神として人格神を指すこともある。
As shown by the above, while Tenguri refers to Tenkai (the heavens), it sometimes refers to a humanized god as Tenjin (heavenly gods).

前漢の高祖劉邦に仕えた功臣のうち、特に功績の大きかった3人、蕭何・張良・韓信を指す。
refers to Xiao He, Zhang Liang, and Han Xin, the three who made the greatest achievements of the meritorious retainers who served Gaozu (first emperor) of the Former Han Dynasty, Liu Bang.

内容より転じて、「仲の良い幼馴染みの男女（が恋心を育て、ついに実らせること）」も指す。
Based on the content, it developed to imply 'a boy and a girl who were friends since their childhood (growing affectionate to each other and getting married).'

貞世は懐良親王を指すとされている「日本国王良懐」を冊封するために派遣された明使を抑留。
Ryoshun interned an envoy from Ming who was sent to confer peerage of '日本国王良懐' (King of Japan Ryokai); because 'King of Japan Ryokai' seemed to be Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi.

会社側もやがて観光鉄道を目指すようになり、グッズ類の販売等にも力を入れるようになった。
Soon the company came to make efforts, such as sales of train-related goods, to make itself an attractive railway.

かつては単に大社（おおやしろ）といえば一般的には出雲大社（島根県出雲市）のことを指す。
It was once the case that the characters of the word 'Taisha,' pronounced 'Oyashiro,' referred specifically to Izumo Taisha Shrine (Izumo City, Shimane Prefecture).

自らの身に「神おろし」をして神の言葉（神託）を伝える役目の人物を指すことが通例である。
It commonly refers to a person who had the responsibility of conveying a divine message (oracle) after having 'gods fallen' into his or her own body.

一上（いちのかみ）とは、筆頭の公卿（一ノ上卿）という意味で、通常は左大臣のことを指す。
Ichinokami was the head of the Kugyo (top court officials) and usually referred to the Minister of the Left.

「有志連合」とは、イラク戦争でイラクを相手に協力して戦った国々のことを指す言葉である。
The 'Coalition of the Willing' is a phrase that refers to the countries that fought together against Iraq in the Iraq War.

いくつかの分類法ではニオイベンゾインと他の植物を指すが、しばしばクロモジ属に含められる
used in some classifications for the American spicebush and certain other plants often included in the genus Lindera

教会一致運動の教理で、異なった宗教の協力と理解を進める：キリスト教の普遍的統一を目指す
the doctrine of the ecumenical movement that promotes cooperation and better understanding among different religious denominations: aimed at universal Christian unity

一般的には住宅の集合体を指し、工業団地のように製造業等の事業所の集合体を指す場合もある。
The term generally refers to a cluster of residential buildings but may also refer to a collection of facilities for manufacturing and related activities exemplified by 'kogyo danchi・'

唐揚げ（からあげ、空揚げ）とは、揚げ油を使用した調理方法、またその調理された料理を指す。
The term 'Karaage' refers to a method of food preparation using frying oil, or the food that is prepared using this method.

ただし、番茶をほうじて飲用することが一般的な地方では、番茶＝ほうじ番茶を指すことが多い。
In areas where bancha leaves are usually roasted to be consumed, the term bancha often refers to hojicha.

上記の意味から転じて、日本武術の指導者のこと（必ずしも家元にあたる者を指すとは限らない）
From above meaning, Shike also implies leader of Japanese martial art (not necessary the head family).

紙に絵を描いてさいころを振って絵の上のマスの中にある駒を進めて上がりを目指すものである。
On the picture drawn on paper, the players roll a dice to move pieces forward to the goal.

寛永年間を中心として、慶長あるいは元和 (日本)から寛文年間の約80年前後の時期を指す。
It refers to the culture that prospered during the period of about 80 years from Keicho/Genna era to Kanei era.

今上天皇（きんじょうてんのう）は、その時点において天皇として在位している人物を指す呼称。
Kinjo Tenno (the present emperor) is the name indicating the person who is on the throne at the time.

また、この山の北側山腹にある標高230mの老ノ坂峠（おいのさかとおげ）を指す場合がある。
It sometimes indicates Oino-saka-toge Pass, which is 230 meters high, located on the north-side slope of this mountain.

第一次産業（農林漁業）に従事する者が多く、家屋の数と密集度が少ない地域を指す名称である。
It indicates an area where a small number of houses are sparsely scattered.

大股集落から急坂を登り、萱小屋（かやごや）跡と呼ばれる廃屋跡を通り過ぎて、尾根を目指す。
In this section, from Omata Village the road ascends a steep slope, passes through a ruin of an old house called 'Kaya-goya-ato,' and goes to the ridge.

後に、擬似的な血縁関係で編成された家臣団での格式を指す名称としても使用されることもある。
Later, it was also used for the rank name in reference to a social status among vassals who were related by similar blood.

院近臣（いんのきんしん、院の近臣）とは、院政を行う治天の君の側近及びその集団の事を指す。
In no Kinshin refers to the close associates or the group of close associates of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) who carried out Insei (rule by the retired emperor.)

景初四年（年号は正始_(魏)に変わり存在しないが西暦240年を指す。）三角縁盤龍鏡2面。
Two Sankakubuchi Banryu Mirrors in 240 (4th Year of Jingchu [the name of an era had changed and it no longer exists but it is 240 in Western calendar system]).

古墳時代（こふんじだい）とは、一般に3世紀半ば過ぎから7世紀末までの約400年間を指す。
In general, the 'Kofun period' (tumulus period) refers to the period ranging from the middle of the third century to the later part of the seventh century, approximately 400 years.

足利幕府は、古代のような統治者としての天皇権力の完全復活を目指す南朝に対抗して成立した。
The Ashikaga shogunate was founded in opposition to the Southern Court which was in favor of the restoration of the Emperor's power to rule as in ancient times.

「悪七兵衛」の「悪」は悪人という意味ではなく、「悪党」と同様に勇猛さを指すものとされる.
It is assumed that 'Aku' (bad) of 'Aku shichibe' doesn't refer to a bad person, but to a valiant person in the same manner as a 'villain.'

「吉野山」とは、1つの峰を指す名称ではなく、これらの社寺が点在する山地の広域地名である。
'Mt. Yoshino' is not a name for a mountain ridge but for an extensive area where these shrines and temples are scattered.

この「子嶋神祠」は現在、高取町下子島（子嶋寺の南方）にある小島神社を指すものと思われる。
This 'Kojima Shrine' seems to indicate present-day Kojima Shrine located in Shimokojima, Takatori-cho (the south of Kojima-dera).

祭神（さいじん）とは、ある神社について、そこに祀られている神 (神道)を指す言葉である。
Saijin is a Shinto term that signifies a deity enshrined in a Shinto shrine.

神社の造営に当たってその木材となる植林または自生する特別に伐採された木を指す場合もある。
Shinboku sometimes refers to trees which are grown by forestation, have naturally grown and which are specially cut down to be used for building a shrine.

シンボリックリンクを辿る (リンクをコピーする代わりにリンクが指すファイルをコピーする)
Dereference symbolic links (copy the files that they point to instead of copying the links).

特定の地域社会で共有される自然資源を指す概念として「ローカル・コモンズ」という言葉がある。
There is a word 'local commons,' which is a concept referring to the natural resources shared in a certain community or communities.

663年の白村江の戦いにおいて、百済復興を目指す倭国（後の日本）は新羅・唐連合軍に敗れた。
In the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663, Wakoku (later known as Japan) aiming at a revival of Paekche was defeated by Silla-Tang allied forces.

贖命重宝とは、命を贖（あがな）う重宝の意で、天台大師・智顗が定めた『涅槃経』の教えを指す。
Zokumyojyuho means treasured heirloom to atone life and indicates the teachings in 'Nehan-gyo Sutra' (The Sutra of The Great Nirvana) defined by Tendai Daishi Chigi.

そのためこのころ「かんざし」と呼べば髪飾り一般を指す名称で、飾り櫛や笄のこともさしていた。
At that time, therefore, the term 'kanzashi' referred to hair ornamentation in general and referred to comb decorations and kogai (ornamental hairpin) also.

精米歩合とは磨かれて残った割合を示すものであり、数値が低い程磨きがかかっていることを指す。
The polishing ratio shows the ratio of the part that remains after polishing: the smaller the value, the greater the degree of polishing.

日本食ブームとは、日本以外の諸国・地域において日本食が現地の人々に持て囃される状態を指す。
The Japanese foods boom indicates the situation that Japanese food is extolled by foreigners living in countries and regions other than Japan

京都ではくずあんを掛けて細切りの油揚げを載せたものを指し、大阪では前述のきつね蕎麦を指す。
In Kyoto, Tanuki soba means a bowl of soba in soup thickened with arrowroot starch topped with thinly sliced fried tofu, whereas, in Osaka, it means the soba dish which is known as Kitsune soba in the foregoing.

明楽は江戸時代の中期には衰退したため、明清楽と称しても、事実上、清楽だけを指すことも多い。
Mingaku was on the decline in the middle of the Edo period, so Minshingaku substantially means - in many cases - Shingaku.

青井戸 - 釉に青みがかかるものを指すが、釉調は「大井戸」に近いものもありさまざまである。
Aoido (literally, 'blue well'): refers to bowls with a slight blue glaze, but there are various tones, including one which is similar to 'oido.'

アンティーク着物とは昭和初期以前に作られた着物（和服）のことで、特に状態の良いものを指す。
Antique Kimono refers to Kimono made before the beginning of the Showa period and particularly in good condition.

糸や生地から衣服を製品として製造するアパレルメーカーや、そのほか、服飾製品の製造業を指す。
It refers to the apparel makers that produce clothes from yarns and fabrics or manufacturers of other garments.

歌詞をその音楽と分けずに言及する言葉であり、朗読する詩歌に対して歌う詩歌を指す言葉である。
It is a term that refers to lyrics and its music together, and the term of poetry for singing in contrast with poetry for reciting.

ほかにも倉敷美観地区などが有名で、単に「美観地区」というとこの倉敷美観地区を指す事が多い。
Other than this, Kurashiki Bikan Chiku (Kurashiki beautiful sight area) is famous, and in many cases 'aesthetic area' means Kurashiki Bikan Chiku.

「みかど」とは本来御所の御門のことであり、禁裏・禁中・内裏は御所そのものを指す言葉である。
Mikado' originally means the gate of the Imperial Palace, and Kinri, Kinchu, and Dairi mean the Imperial Palace itself.

山城地区（やましろちく）とは、京都府南部の山城国のうち、宇治市以南にある12市町村を指す。
Yamashiro Province in Kyoto Prefecture, represents the twelve cities, towns and villages located in the south of Uji City.

若しくは、京都府船井郡以南と滋賀県湖南地方と奈良盆地を併せた地域のことを指す呼び名である。
It also refers to the areas south of Funai County in Kyoto Prefecture, Konan region in Shiga Prefecture, and Nara Basin.

単に落人と言った場合、治承・寿永の乱に敗れた伊勢平氏の郎党およびその末裔を指すことが多い。
When the term of ochudo is used with no additional explanation, it mostly means roto (retainers) of the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) defeated in Jisho-Juei War and their descendants.

徒士（下士）は公的に騎乗を認められない下層武士であり、卒は歩卒を原義としており足軽を指す。
Kachi (Kashi) were lower class bushi who were not officially allowed to ride horses, and Sotsu were in principle foot soldiers, and this was the term for Ashigaru (common foot soldier).

政治的な中心である江戸に対し、古くからの文化的な中心地・先進地域を指す語として用いられた。
Edo was the political center while Kamigata was the ancient cultural center or culturally developed area.

宮崎市定、宇都宮清吉、島田虔次、川勝義雄、谷川道雄らの京都大学系の東洋史学者の一派を指す。
It includes a group of scholars for East Asian history in Kyoto University line, such as Ichisada MIYAZAKI, Kiyoyoshi UTSUNOMIYA, Kenji SHIMADA, Yoshio KAWAKATSU, Michio TANIGAWA, and others.

大抵の場合において「相性が良い/悪い」という場合は、予め関係しあった結果を指す傾向にある。
In most cases, when someone is said to have a 'good/bad aisho' with another person, it expresses the result of an already established relationship.

8月5日、東国に国司（くにのみこともち）を遣わし、新政権の目指す政治改革を行うこととした。
On September 3, Kokushis (provincial governors) were sent to eastern provinces and the new regime decided to carry out political reforms it aimed at.

題名の「五代」とは、後堀河天皇・四条天皇・後嵯峨天皇・後深草天皇・亀山天皇の各天皇を指す。
The word 'Godai' included in the title refers to the Emperor Gohorikawa, the Emperor Shijo, the Emperor Gosaga, the Emperor Gofukakusa, and the Emperor Kameyama.

またそれを拡張した島根、鳥取、広島、岡山、山口県を纏めて指す中国地方の語源と位置付ける説。
The second theory is that Ashihara no nakatsukuni (described as 葦原中国 in Japanese) is the origin of the word 'the Chugoku region' (described as 中国地方 in Japanese) including Shimane, Tottori, Hiroshima, Okayama and Yamaguchi Prefectures.

「寺」「院」「精舎」「蘭若」などと同様、仏教寺院（私寺）を指す一般名詞として使われていた。
Like words such as 'tera,' 'in,' 'shoja' and 'ranny,a' the word 'tosho' was used as a general noun to identify Buddhist temples (including private temples).

後に神社の造営や徴税を行う者のことになり、さらに祭祀を行う神職者のことを指すようになった。
Later, the job of the Guji was changed to a position engaging in the construction of shrines and tax collection, which was further changed to a position for those who served the gods and were in charge of court rituals.

もっとも有名なのは2代藩主徳川光圀であり、通常「水戸黄門」と言った場合は光圀のことを指す。
The most famous is Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA, the second head of the clan, and 'Mito Komon' generally refers to Mitsukuni.

より広義には、大名家・執政機関の最高責任者群を指す（豊臣政権の五大老などがよく知られる）。
In a broad sense, this term was used for indicating the highest responsible persons in a daimyo family or in an administrative body (Gotairo [Council of Five Elders] in the Toyotomi government were well known).

品官（ほんかん）とは、日本の律令制において各官司の四等官の体系に属しない官職の総称を指す。
Honkan was a general term of government posts which did not belong to the system for shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks) of each government official in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code [historical law system]) of Japan.

ある話題の公開討論のための会議や協議会で、特に参加者が聞き手となって、発表を行うものを指す
a meeting or conference for the public discussion of some topic especially one in which the participants form an audience and make presentations

｢よどんだ水に髪の毛のかたまりのようにできている緑色の藻｣のこと･とくに｢アオミドリ｣を指す
pond scum

仏舎利（ぶっしゃり）とは、入滅した釈迦が荼毘に付された際の遺骨及び棺、荼毘祭壇の灰塵を指す。
Buddha's sariras refer to the cremated ashes of Buddha's bones as well as the remains of the coffin and altar that were used for the cremation of Buddha when he passed away.

血脈相承（けちみゃくそうじょう）は、仏教で師から弟子へと法 (仏教)が伝えられることを指す。
According to Buddhism, Kechimyaku Sojo means the handing down of law (dharma) from a mentor to a disciple.

現代日本の各寺院では、写経と言えば、『般若心経』を写経することを指すのが一般的になっている。
For today's Japanese temples, shakyo generally means the practice of copying the Heart Sutra.

これに対し、方丈建築の近傍に設けられるものを小庫裏といい、住持の内侍や客院などの厨房を指す。
On the contrary, one set of architecture around the abbot's chambers is called Koguri (small Kuri), which refers to the kitchen of Uchi-saburai (office for samurai) or a guest room of the chief priest.

仏法に限らず、哲学・文学・物理学、さらには大衆娯楽や子供の戯言に至るまで「学ぶ」状態を指す。
It encompasses the state of 'learning' not only Buddhism but also philosophy, literature, physics, and even mass entertainment and children's nonsense.

念仏講（ねんぶつこう）とは、日本の仏教において、在家信者が念仏を唱える講中を指す言葉である。
Nenbutsu-ko means kochu, which is the gathering for nenbutsu chanting by lay believers of Japanese Buddhism.

燈史（とうし,新字灯史）は、一般的に仏教界における歴史書、とりわけ禅宗史書を指す用語である。
Toshi is a term generally used to represent history books of the Buddhism, specifically, that of the Zen Sect.

現在は矢鱈と書くがこれは明治時代に夏目漱石によって作られた当て字で、本来は雅楽の拍子を指す。
It is written as 矢鱈 in Chinese characters today, which is a phonetic equivalent Soseki NATSUME made, but this originally indicates a beat of Gagaku.

お焦げとは、食品を調理して焦がした部分、あるいはそれによって多少焦げ付いた食品のことを指す。
Okoge refers to a portion of cooked food that is scorched or food that gets burned.

また、その植物の、野外で見られる大木の姿を、鉢の上に縮尺して再現することを目指すものである。
Furthermore, it seeks to recreate in these plants the shape of large trees that can be seen outdoors on a smaller scale in a pot.

株式市場や各農林水産関係の市場や初売りまたは、祭りでの縁起物の売買などでも行われる事を指す。
It also refers to the first sale of the year at the stock market and at forestry and fisheries-related markets as well as the purchase and sale of good luck charms at festivals.

広義には愛称としての銘を備えた道具の全てを指すが、一般的には名物記などに登場する道具を指す。
While in a broad sense, meibutsu indicates all good tea utensils which have nicknames, and generally refers to utensils selected and is listed on records such as Meibutsuki (Record of specialty).

格式（きゃくしき）とは、律令の補完の為に出された法令あるいはそれらを纏めた法令集の事を指す。
Kyakushiki refers to laws and ordinances which were passed in complement to the Ritsuryo codes, or law codes which were the collections of those codes.

宮将軍（みやしょうぐん）とは、鎌倉時代に征夷大将軍に任じられた4人の親王をまとめて指す言葉。
Miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) refers to the term that specifies four imperial princes who were assigned to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') during the Kamakura period.

愛宕山を望む田辺城 (丹後国)（舞鶴城）の城下町と、加佐地区を合わせた舞鶴市の西半分を指す。
Nishi-Maizuru refers to the western half of Maizuru City that constitutes the castle town of Tanabe-jo Castle (Tango Province) (Maizuru-jo Castle) having a fine view of Mt. Atago as well as Kasa area.

大和（やまと）とは、古代から明治初期まで、現在の奈良県域を指すとともに、日本の別名でもある。
Yamato refers to the current region of Nara Prefecture in ancient times to the early Meiji period and is also another name of Japan.

幕政改革（ばくせいかいかく）は、江戸幕府で行われた、財政および政治制度その他の諸改革を指す。
Reformation of the shogunate government refers to the reforms of the financial, political, and other systems implemented under the Edo 'bakufu' (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

部隊は馬立場を目指すが午前3時半ごろに鳴沢付近でゴルジュに迷い込み、崖をよじ登ることになる。
The troops started toward Umatateba, however, they were lost in a gorge near Narusawa around 3 a.m., forced to climb the cliff.

家集（か-しゅう）は王朝和歌の世界において、個人または一家の和歌をまとめて収めた歌集を指す。
In the world of dynastic poems, 'kashu' is a collection of waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) compiled from personal or family poems.

また、この頃から『天下布武』の朱印を用いるようになり、本格的に天下統一を目指すようになった。
In addition, he used the red seal of 'Tenka-fubu' (a slogan that means that the samurai govern the whole world) around this time, he began to aim at unifying the whole country.

各地に同名の寺院があるが、一般には浄土真宗（真宗）の本山の一つである本願寺を指すことが多い。
There are some temples with the same name, Hongan-ji, throughout Japan, but the name usually indicates the Hongan-ji Temple which is one of the head temples of Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) (Shinshu sect).

これは特定の神の名前ではなく、神社の主祭神の妻や娘、あるいは関係の深い女神を指すものである。
This is not the name of a specific god, but refers to the wife or daughter of the shusaijin of the shrine or a goddess with strong ties.

商家における番頭（ばんとう）とは、主に江戸時代、商家使用人の内で最高の地位にあるものを指す。
The banto in a mercantile family held the highest position among employees, especially during the Edo Period.

大夫（たゆう）は2.から転じて江戸時代、江戸吉原_(東京都)や京都嶋原の最高位の遊女を指す。
Derived from No.2, Tayu refers to the highest rank Yujo (a prostitute) in Yoshiwara in Edo (Tokyo Prefecture), and Shimabara in Kyoto, in the Edo period.

また記録を目指すばかりの欲望的な男に対しては圧力をかけ、新しい記録をださせないようにする。」
while all those who come after them are made to work harder for the same old pay.'

特定の目的を達成することを目指す幾つかの関連した作戦（通常、地理的そして時間的制約をうける）
several related operations aimed at achieving a particular goal (usually within geographical and temporal constraints)

※「重要文化財」とあるものは、文化財保護法に基づき国（日本国政府）が指定した重要文化財を指す。
Note: 'Important Cultural Property' means this item is designated as Important Cultural Property by the nation (Japanese Government) in accordance with the Law for Protection of Cultural Properties.

それは大王を他の有力豪族からも隔絶した支配者とみなし、中央集権国家の樹立を目指すものであった。
It was to declare the king as the top ruler different from other local powerful lords of clans, with the aim of establishing a nation of centralized governance structure.

「自然との調和」を目指すけいはんな学研都市の理念を象徴しており、所在地も都市のほぼ中心にある。
Symbolizing the concept of the Keihanna science city aiming at 'harmony with nature,' it is located almost in the center of the city as well.

写経（しゃきょう）とは、仏教において経典を書写すること、またはその書写された経典のことを指す。
Shakyo is a Buddhist practice to copy Buddhist scriptures, and it also means Buddhist scriptures that have been copied.

なお、ここでいう三部とは、『無量義経』、『妙法蓮華経』、『仏説観普賢菩薩行法経』の三経を指す。
Furthermore, threefold refers here to the three sutras: 'Muryo gikyo' (Sutra of Immeasurable Meanings), 'Myoho-renge-kyo' (the Lotus Sutra) and, 'Bussetsu Kanfugen bosatsu Gyoho-kyo' (Sutra of Meditation on the Bodhisattva Universal Virtue).

特に、他を守るためや救うために犠牲となるような形(結果はともあれ形式上)で戦死することを指す。
In particular, it refers to someone who sacrifices his/her life to save others in battle (regardless of the result).

沖縄で天ぷらと言うとこの食品を指すことが多いが、上述のような一般的な天ぷらももちろん存在する。
In Okinawa, the term 'tempura' is often referred to as Okinawa tempura, but there is of course the regular tempura described above.

「唐絵」とは中国から日本へ舶載された絵画のみならず、日本人の手になる「中国風」の絵画をも指す。
The term 'Kara-e' refers to not only paintings imported from China to Japan, but also ones in 'Chinese style' drawn by Japanese.

ロシア語ではキャビアもたらこもすべてイクラであるが、日本ではサケ類の卵をばらした物のみを指す。
In Russian, caviar and cod roe are also called 'ikra' however in Japan ikura refers only to salmon roe.

エスニック料理が普及した現在の日本でも、たんにカレーと呼ぶときはカレーライスを指す場合が多い。
Even today when ethnic foods have become common in Japan, 'curry' in this country mostly refers to curry and rice.

中国のもので、矢の他に砲弾や石も発射できる床弩のことであるが、特に城壁に固定してある物を指す。
This is the Shodo made in China which can shoot cannonballs and stones as well as arrows, and especially refers to one fixed on a castle wall.

相撲では爪先立ちで踵（かかと）の上に尻を載せて腰をおろし、膝を開いて上体を起こした状態を指す。
For sumo, it means squatting with the buttocks on the raised heels, the knees apart, and the upper body straight.

吹き込みを鋭く、装飾音を控え、簡素で力強い表現を目指すのが特色で、譜の構造は他流と大きく違う。
The remarkable features of this school are shrill blasts, modest grace notes, and simple and powerful expression, and the structure of their music scores is totally different from those of other schools.

従って、幕末関連の文書で「帥宮様」「帥宮御方」などと書かれているのは全て熾仁親王のことを指す。
Thus persons described as 'Sochi no Miya' 'Sochi no Miya onkata' in the historical books related to the last days of the bakufu means Imperial Prince Taruhito.

宮（みや）とは、元々、天皇並びに皇族の邸の事を指し、転じて住んでいる皇族のことを指すに至った。
Miya originally means the Emperor's or Imperial family's palace, later on it changed to mean; the family who lives in the Imperial Palace.

惣村（そうそん）は、中世日本における百姓の自治的・地縁的結合による共同組織（村落形態）を指す。
A soson meant a community (in the form of a village) organized through autonomous, territorial connections among peasants in medieval Japan.

免（めん）とは免合/免相（めんあい）とも呼ばれ、江戸時代における石高に対する貢租の割合を指す。
Men or Menai means the rate of Koso (an annual tax) to the Kokudaka (the annual yield of a land) in the Edo period.

興利倭船（こうりわせん）とは、室町時代、日本から朝鮮へ交易のみを目的に訪れた商船のことを指す。
Koriwasen meant a merchant ship that operated a service from Japan to Korea only for the purpose of trade during the Muromachi period.

平安時代後期以降は、謀反と謀叛の区別はなくなり、両方とも主君や君主への敵対を指すようになった。
After the latter part of the Heian period, a scheme of disobedience and a scheme of countering were no longer distinguished and both of them came to mean the opposition to one's lord and monarch.

編年体（へんねんたい）とは歴史の記述法の一つで、起こった出来事を年代順に記してゆく方法を指す。
'Hennentai' is one of descriptive methods of history, whereby historical affairs are described in chronological order.

木材、特に貴重材の体積（材積）については、一寸角で長さ1間（地方によっては2間）の体積を指す。
When sai is used as a unit for weighing lumber (especially valuable lumber), 1 sai is deemed to have the volume of 1 sun square multiplied by 1 ken length or by 2 ken length in some regions of Japan (1 sun is about 3.03 centimeters, and 1 ken is about 1.8182 meters).

両親・祖父母に対する傷害・殺人、伯叔父母・外祖父母（母方の祖父母）・兄・姉に対する殺人を指す。
It refers to the wounding or killing of the parent(s)/ grandparent(s) or the killing of uncle(s)/ aunt(s), maternal grandparent(s)/elder brother(s)/elder sister(s).

陸奥外交（むつがいこう）とは、明治中期第2次伊藤内閣における陸奥宗光外務大臣の外交政策を指す。
Mutsu diplomacy means a foreign policy of a Minister of Foreign Affairs Munemitsu MUTSU under the Second Ito cabinet in the Middle Meiji Period.

伺方（うかがいかた）とは、江戸幕府の職名で勘定所の一部門及びそこに属する職員（勘定衆）を指す。
'Ukagaikata' indicates the name of a government post in Kanjosho (the department in charge of financial and public affairs) of the Edo bakufu or officers (called kanjo-shu) of that department.

防御に向かった北面の武士が上洛を目指す興福寺大衆と衝突して流血の惨事が起こるなど失態が続いた。
His errors were compounded when Hokumen samurai protecting him aimed to visit the capital and confronted the general public at Kofuku-ji Temple, leading to tragic bloodshed.

現代日本では巫女は神社に勤務し、主に神職の補助、また神事において神楽・舞を奉仕する女性を指す。
In the modern age, miko are women who work for shrines mainly through the role of routinely supporting priests and occasionally performing kagura (Shinto music) and mai (Shinto dance).

黄は、五行思想で、土を表象しており、それゆえに、地下を指すために黄という文字を使ったのである。
The Japanese kanji for 'yo' (黄) in 'Yomi' (黄泉) symbolizes earth in the concept of the five elements and was used when describing things that were underground.

従って最広義の旗本とは、大名及び、大名の扱いを受ける者以外で、将軍に謁見の資格をある者を指す。
Therefore, in the broadest sense, the hatamoto indicated those who were entitled to have an audience with the shogun, excluding daimyo and those who were treated as daimyo.

アメリカでは「アニメ」といえば日本製品だけを指すもので、単数形も複数形も同じ「Anime」だ。
In America, 'anime' specifically refers to the Japanese product, and is used for both the singular and the plural.

支城（しじょう）とは、本城を守るように配置された補助的役割を持つ出城・砦・陣屋などのことを指す。
Shijo refers to an outer citadel, fort or fortification built to protect the main castle and perform a backup role.

外観復元天守は、鉄骨鉄筋コンクリート構造などを用いて、外観だけを往時のように再現したものを指す。
Externally restored Tenshu refers to Tenshu which were restored to their state of the bygone days only externally in the steel framed reinforced concrete structure and so on.

なお「有ろじ（有漏路）」とは迷い（煩悩）の世界、「無ろじ（無漏路）」とは悟り（仏）の世界を指す。
The 'treacherous path' refers to the world of confusion (distracting thoughts), while the 'safe path' refers to the world of enlightenment (Buddha).

現在では、追善供養のために経典などを書き、墓の脇に立てる塔の形をした木片のことを指すことが多い。
However, it generally means a pagoda-shaped wooden tablet set up by the tomb, on which phrases from a sutra or the like are written for the repose of the soul of the deceased.

そんな関西歌舞伎の復興を目指す人々の熱意と大阪市の助成金やの協力もあり、興行側も重い腰を上げた。
Because of the enthusiasm of people who sought to restore Kansai Kabuki, a subsidy from Osaka City and cooperation from Minrokyo (liaison conference of private sector labor union), the promoter also got moving.

英語の Milky Way （ミルキーウェイ）は文脈によって「天の川」と「銀河系」の両方を指す。
'The Milky Way' implies 'the Garaxy' or 'the galactic system,' depending on the context.

香川県はお好み焼き屋で「玉入り」と言えばそばではなく、ほぼ讃岐うどんの玉入りのモダン焼きを指す。
When you say 'tama iri' in the okonomiyaki shops in Kagawa Prefecture, it mostly refers to the modanyaki that includes a pack of Sanuki udon (udon noodles from Kagawa Prefecture).

特に江戸時代以降は立春（毎年2月3日ごろ、うるう年は2月4日ごろ）の前日のことを指す場合が多い。
Particularly since the Edo period, the term setsubun (or sechibun) has been often used to specify the day before risshun (the first day of spring, around February 3 of every year except February 4 for leap years).

アミの塩辛セウジョとも呼ばれるがチョッカルと言えば通常これを指す、キムチ、豚肉料理に使われる
salted mysid shrimp: sometimes called seujo but usually referred to as chokkaru, and it is used in kimchi or pork dishes.

現在では「歳暮」「お歳暮」といった場合、この贈答品、または贈り物の習慣を指すことが一般的である。
Present day, 'seibo' or 'oseibo' generally means this kind of gift or the custom to give it.

損得関係なく商取引において、景気付けの縁起担ぎとして、一年の始まりなどに高値で取引する事を指す。
This term is used to describe the high prices caused by people making deals with no regard for profit or loss for good luck on the first business day of the New Year.

右記に示すとおり、性格・能力・品性もしくはそうした性質そのものを指す極めて広い概念・用語である。
As indicated above, it is a very broad term and concept, which denotes personality, ability, character, and so on.

多くの場合日本国内で行われるものを指し、なかでも、7月上旬から8月下旬頃のものを指すことが多い。
In many cases, it means a festival held in Japan mostly from the beginning of July through the end of August.

正月に見る獅子舞や神楽での獅子舞をはじめ、一般に獅子舞というとこの系統の獅子舞を指すことが多い。
Mostly, 'shishimai' performances, including those shown at New Year's or in 'kagura,' are this school's.

そのため、日本全国で同じ曲や楽器構成を指すのではなく、一つの起源に遡ることができるものでもない。
For that reason, it does not refer an identical nation-wide repertoire or use of instruments, nor is it possible to trace its roots back to one sole source.

1814年の葛飾北斎の北斎漫画により、「漫画」は戯画風のスケッチを指す意味の言葉として広まった。
The word 'manga' was spread as a word meaning a sketch like a caricature by Hokusai Manga (Hokusai's sketches) which was painted by Hokusai KATSUSHIKA in 1814.

古典落語（こてんらくご）とは、落語の演目のうち、一般に江戸時代から明治時代に作られたものを指す。
Classical rakugo generally includes programs of Rakugo which were created from the Edo to Meiji eras.

その内の一種 Anguilla japonica （英名：enJapanese eel）を指す。
It also refers to one species among them, Anguilla japonica (Japanese eel in English).

中国や韓国にも、日本の影響から洋食の流れをくむ料理が広まっており、これらを含めて指すこともある。
It sometimes includes western food in China and Korea, which has been spread through Japan's influence.

喫茶の普及と共に「茶碗」という言葉も広まり、喫茶用途以外の磁器も指す磁器の代名詞として使われた。
Along with the spread of the tea drinking habit, the word 'chawan' has also spread and it has become a pronoun for porcelain used for other purposes also.

多くの場合、飲食店を指すが、その他玩具などを売る場合もあり、その場合露店（ろてん）とも呼ばれる。
In many cases, this street stall is a mobile restaurant; some stores exclusively sell toys and other goods, and this type of street vendor stall is also known as a Roten.

「チャンバラ」という語は、時代劇映画などの剣戟シーンを真似て行う子供の遊びをも指すようになった。
'Chanbara' also refers to a children's play imitating swordplay scenes of historical movies.

洋装化（ようそうか）とは、西欧以外の民族が、民族衣装の日常着用を棄て、洋服を採用することを指す。
The adoption of western clothing refers to when people other than westerners stop wearing indigenous clothing on a day-to-day basis and instead begin wearing Western clothing.

狭義では、京都府北部（旧丹波国の大半、旧丹後国）と兵庫県北部（旧但馬国、旧丹波国の一部）を指す。
It is narrowly defined as an area that covers the northern Kyoto Prefecture (former Tango Province and most parts of former Tanba Province) and northern Hyogo Prefecture (former Tajima Province and a part of Tanba Province).

奈良盆地（ならぼんち）とは、日本の奈良県北西部に位置する標高100メートル以下の断層盆地を指す。
Nara Basin is a fault basin which has an altitude of below 100 meters and is located in the northwestern area of Nara Prefecture in Japan.

組織のトップが公的地位を去り、なおも執行部に対して決定的な影響を常時与える形態を指す比喩である。
It is a simile for the condition where, although the head of an organization leaves his position, he still continues to exercise decisive influence over executives.

幕府（ばくふ）は、武家政治の政庁や武家政権そのものを指す（平氏政権・織豊政権などの例外はある）。
Bakufu refers to the government office of military rule or samurai government itself; however, there are some exceptions, such as, the Taira clan government and the Shokuho government (the government of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI. 'Shoku' and 'ho' are the initial letters of Oda and Toyotomi).

家門（かもん、独Geschlecht）とは歴史学における男子直系を根幹とした血縁集団を指す用語。
A kamon (family) (in German, Geschlecht) refers to a kinship group based on the male direct line in historical science.

落人（おちゅうど、おちうど）は、戦闘に敗れて僻地に隠遁したもの、およびその末裔を指す言葉である。
Ochudo (or ochiudo) indicates persons who were defeated in a fight and escaped to and lived in a remote rural area or the person's descendants.

ただし、近代の事件を指して謀反の語を使うことはまれであり、基本的に前近代の事件を指す言葉である。
It is unusual to use this term to refer to incidents in the modern times (basically the term can be used for incidents in the premodern times).

今日ではこの時代か、より狭く江戸時代末期にかけて日本に来航した船を指す歴史用語として用いられる。
The term is presently used to refer to ships that came to Japan during the late Edo Period.

国衙（こくが）は、日本の律令制において国司が地方政治を遂行した役所が置かれていた区画を指す用語。
Kokuga is a term for describing the section in which a government office, a Kokushi (provincial governor) executed the local government functions of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan, used to be located.

通例では1909年9月4日に締結された「満州及び間島に関する日清協約」、別名「間島協約」を指す。
Commonly it is referred to 'the Sino-Japanese Agreement on Machuria and Kando' or 'the Kando Agreement' which was concluded on September 4, 1909.

自らの政治力強化を目指す後白河は、清盛の協力により憲仁親王（後の高倉天皇）の立太子を実現させた。
Aiming to enhancing his own political power, with support of Kiyomori, Goshirakawa was able to have Prince Norihito (who later became Emperor Takakura) formally installed as Crown Prince (rittaishi).

奏者番は幕閣の出世コースのスタートであり、さらなる出世を目指すためには、相応の出費が必要となる。
The position of sojaban was a starting point as an elite in the cabinet officials of the Shogunate, and if one were to seek more promotions, it required a certain amount of expenditure.

日本における鉄道とは、狭義には鉄道事業法に基づいた国土交通省鉄道局の管轄のもとにあるものを指す。
Japan's railway, in a limited sense, means railways under the control of Railway Bureau of MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) based on the Railway Business Act.

「山王」とは、霊山を守護する神霊のことであり、ここでは比叡山の地主神である大山咋神のことを指す。
Sanno' generally means a divine spirit that protects a divine mountain and, in this case, is Oyamakui no kami, the tutelary deity of Mt. Hiei.

徳川氏により取り立てられた大名のうち、親藩及び、外様大名と、その支藩（分家）を除いたものを指す。
Fudai daimyo were the daimyo, whom the TOKUGAWA clan had promoted, except shinpan (TOKUGAWA's blood relatives), tozama daimyo and their branch domains (branch families).

淀城はこの中州の西部を指すが、中州自体が大きな水堀であり、古代中国の都城のような構造を持っていた。
Yodo-jo Castle occupied the west part of this island, which contained a huge moat making this castle town look like a walled city in ancient China.

中国における城とは、本来城壁のことを意味し、都市や村など居住地全周を囲む防御施設を指すことが多い。
A castle in China originally meant a castle wall and referred to the defense facilities surrounding residences, such as cities and villages.

浄土教諸宗において「無量寿経」といえば、特に注意書が無い場合は、康僧鎧訳の『仏説無量寿経』を指す。
In the Jodo sect group, 'Muryojukyo' refers to 'Bussetsu Muryojukyo,' as translated by Sogi Kosogai, if there is no advisory.

鎌倉仏教（かまくらぶっきょう）とは、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代にかけて発生した仏教変革の動きを指す。
Kamakura Bukkyo (Kamakura Buddhism) refers to the movement for Buddhist reform developed from the end of the Heian period to the Kamakura Period.

上述のように、法令・行政用語としての「重要文化財」は国の指定を受けた文化財全般を指す用語ではない。
As described above, 'important cultural properties' as a legal and administrative term is not a general reference to all nationally designated cultural properties.

「雪月花の時」は、この詩においては、それぞれの景物の美しいとき、すなわち四季折々を指す語であった。
The original meaning of the phrase 'time of setsugetsuka' in the poem was the time when snow, the moon, or flowers are beautiful, that is, different seasons of a year.

特に現代では近世に発達した俗箏による音楽を指す場合が多く、大きく生田流箏曲と山田流箏曲に分かれる。
The word is often used to refer to zokuso (recently developed koto music) which is broadly divided into two schools, the Ikuta school and the Yamada school.

山西省では、「稀粥」というと粟粥を指し、「稠粥」または「乾粥」というとご飯のように炊いた粟を指す。
In Shanxi Province 'xi zhou' (thin congee) means awagayu, and 'chou zhou' (thick congee) or 'gan zhou' (dry congee) refer to millet that has been boiled like rice.

よって、この記事では原品種を指すときは「亀ノ尾」、その子孫一般を指すときには「亀の尾」と表記する。
Accordingly, in this article, 'Kameno-o' is described as '亀ノ尾' to indicate original cutivar and as '亀の尾' to indicate its descendant varieties in general.

「着物を着なさい」の「着物」が衣服と和服のどちらを指すのかは、世代・方言によって違う可能性がある。
Whether the word Kimono in 'Wear Kimono' means clothing or traditional Japanese clothing might depend on the listener's generation, and the dialect the listener uses.

現在では京都・香川県などで、「うどん卓袱うどん（しっぽくうどん）」の麺を蕎麦に代えたものを指す。
Nowadays in areas such as Kyoto and Kagawa Prefecture, Shippoku soba means 'Shippoku udon' (chilled udon noodles topped with various foodstuffs such as cooked shiitake mushrooms, kamaboko (steamed fish paste), yuba (dried tofu skin), ita-fu (baked gluten sheets) and mitsuba (Japanese herb)) made with soba substituting for udon.

その手間から作る人や店が減少したことによって津軽地域で食べられる通常のそばを指すことも多くなった。
Due to the extra time and effort required, the number of soba chefs and shops that make Tsugaru soba has subsequently decreased whereby it has become common to refer to the ordinary soba eaten in the Tsugaru region as Tsugaru soba.

小井戸 - 「大井戸」よりも形、特徴がともに小振りのものを指すとされるが、「古井戸」の意ともいう。
Koido (literally, 'small well'): considered to refer to bowls of smaller shape and characteristics than 'oido' although it is also said to mean 'old well.'

その後、足利尊氏は武家を軽視する建武政権と袂を分かち、武家の支持を集めながら武家政権設立を目指す。
Later, Takauji ASHIKAGA broke away from the Kenmu Government which treated Samurai families lightly and aimed at establishing a Samurai government while receiving support from the Samurai families.

荒田（こうでん）とは、古代・中世において、何らかの理由をもって耕作が放棄されて荒廃した田地を指す。
Koden (run-down field) is the term indicating fields that had been cultivated but have been abandoned for some reason during the ancient times and middle ages.

その後、今日まで意味が大きく変化することはなく、現在中国でも老百姓といえば、一般庶民のことを指す。
The meaning of the term did not change significantly from then until today, and the term 'lao bai xing' in modern Chinese indicates common people.

医道（いどう　醫道）とは、日本律令制における医療そのものあるいはそのための教育（医学教育）を指す。
'I-do' refers to the medical service under the Japanese 'Ritsuryo system' (system of centralized regime based on the ritsuryo code), or the education of the youth to make them offer services.

なお、ここで言う「住宅」は城郭の御殿、社寺の書院、客殿などを指し、「民家」は町屋、農家などを指す。
The term 'public residences' is used to refer to the palaces in castles, to the shoin (studies) in shrines or temples, to reception halls, and so forth, whereas 'private homes' refers to merchant or farmer houses.

永正6年（1509年）、京都奪還を目指す澄元・之長らは京都に侵攻するが敗退（如意ケ嶽の戦い）する。
In 1509, Sumimoto and Yukinaga, aiming to take back Kyoto, invaded Kyoto but lost (Battle of Nyoigatake).

が、後においては一定の年数を経過した後に発生した法律効果のことも指すようになったと考えられている。
However it is believed that later it also referred to a legal effect which would result after a certain period had passed.

星は、積極財政をすすめて地域への利益誘導をはかり、支持獲得を目指す積極主義という政治手法をとった。
HOSHI took a positive political approach in which he promoted an expansionary fiscal policy to develop pork barrel politics, trying to obtain appropriations for his own district, with an aim to gain support.

そのため、百万遍交差点が京都大学を指すように、広小路は立命館大学を意味して使われていたこともある。
Due to this, as Hyakumanben Intersection indicated its use for heading to Kyoto University, Hirokoji-dori Street indicates going to Ristumeikan University.