Honyaku Star - Search: 指す

指す: 1860 Terms and Phrases

指す
to point
to nominate
to select someone
to specify some person
to identify
to indicate
to point out
to play (shogi)
to extend one's arm straight ahead (in dance)
relate

名指す
to name
to nominate
to call by name
name names

目指す
to aim at
to have an eye on
start something with a certain intention

を指す
indicate

掌を指す
to be obvious
to be obviously correct
to point to one's palm

釘を指す
to remind someone of something

後指を指す
to talk about someone behind their back
to backbite

将棋を指す
to play shogi

図星を指す
to hit the nail on the head
to guess exactly right

方向を指す
to point to a direction

～を目指す
be aim at ~

文字を指す
point the letter

後ろ指を指す
to talk about someone behind their back
to backbite

戦死を指す散華
Sange as a metaphor of death in battle.

女性を指す俗語
slang term for a woman

行商人を指す古語
archaic term for an itinerant peddler

人を指す別の言葉
another word for person

父親を指す略式語
an informal term for a father

警官を指す侮蔑語
uncomplimentary terms for a policeman

犬を指す口語表現
informal terms for dogs

黒人を指す差別語
offensive term for Black people

風向計は北を指す
The weather vane points North

または的場を指す。
Or it refers to matoba which houses a dirt hillock and targets.

以下の事柄を指す。
It includes the following.

天台山を目指すが…
Attempt to reach Mt. Tiantai

特に政府高官を指す
especially for government officials

英国貴族を指す言葉
a term of address for an English lord

ラテン語で妻を指す
the Latin word for wife

衣服を指す口語表現
informal terms for clothing

時計の、秒を指す針
hand marking seconds on a timepiece

年配女性を指す用語
a term of address for an elderly woman

両性愛者を指す俗語
slang term for a bisexual person

それを全員が目指す。
All of us strive for this goal.

主として住宅を指す。
These buildings were mainly used as residences.

欧米の使用人を指す。
It corresponds to the title of employee in Europe and the US.

磁石の針は北を指す。
Compass needles point to the north.

つま先が下に指す湾足
talipes in which the toes are pointed downward

ユダヤ人を指す差別語
offensive term for a Jew

男女が性交を指す例え。
This is an analogy referring to a sexual activity between a man and woman.

和服の一部分を指す名称
Names of Wafuku parts

この一連の事件を指す。
These events are together called the Genroku Ako Incident.

狭義ではこの道を指す。
In the narrow sense it means this road.

漢直とは倭漢氏を指す。
Ayanoatai means people of the Yamatonoaya clan.

人を指すのは失礼です。
It is rude to point at people.

黒人の子供を指す差別語
offensive term for a Black child

貧しい白人を指す差別語
an offensive term for White people who are impoverished

（若い）女性を指す口語
informal terms for a (young) woman

核軍縮を目指す大衆運動
a grassroots movement for nuclear disarmament

主に瞬間的な喜びを指す。
It generally refers to an instantaneous delight.

一般的には、下記を指す。
In general, it indicates below:

現在では天照大神を指す。
Nowadays the term refers to Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess).

ドイツ系の人を指す差別語
offensive term for a person of German descent

英国の警察官を指す略式語
an informal term for a British policeman

東洋人の女性を指す差別語
offensive term for an Asian woman

特にストローブマツを指す
especially the eastern white pine

２チームが世界一を目指す。
Two teams aim to become the best in the world.

ランクが上の学校を目指す。
I'm aiming for one of the top-ranked schools.

及び、その期間の事を指す。
Ango also refers to the period of the ascetic practice.

オカリナを指すこともある。
It sometimes refers to an ocarina.

日本で作られた茶入を指す。
It is a tea canister made in Japan.

もしくは政府のことを指す。
It also refers to the government.

特に聖学を指す場合がある。
It sometimes particularly refers to Seigaku (religious studies).

その他、以下のことも指す。
Other than this, utamakura also has the following meanings.

後指を指すのはやめたまえ。
Don't talk about people behind their backs.

「また船長を目指すのかい？
'standing for cap'n again?

メキシコ系の人を指す差別語
offensive term for a person of Mexican descent

アメリカ原住民を指す差別語
offensive term for Native Americans

アジア人の男性を指す差別語
offensive term for an Asian man

仏教寺院そのものを指す通称。
The term is also commonly used to refer to Buddhist temples in general.

インド発祥の塔のことを指す。
It refers to the tower that originated in India.

久遠實成本師釈迦牟尼仏を指す
It refers to Kuon Jitsujo Honshi Shakyamuni butsu.

満年齢を特に指す言葉はない。
There is no word to indicate the Western style of calculating age.

京都御所の周囲の地区を指す。
It indicates an area around the Kyoto Imperial Palace.

「有司」とは政府官僚を指す。
'Yushi' refers to governmental officials.

一般にいう堺本はこれを指す。
Sakaibon in general refers to this.

文脈により指す対象が異なる。
Its meaning differs depending on contexts.

他人を指すのは失礼な事です。
It's not polite to point at others.

男性を指す親しみを込めた言葉
a familiar term of address for a man

イタリア人の子孫を指す差別語
offensive term for a person of Italian descent

オーストラリアで仲間を指す語
Australian term for a pal

ジャーナリストを指す口語表現
informal terms for journalists

知識の振興を目指す学術的施設
a learned establishment for the advancement of knowledge

お客様に親しまれる店を目指す。
I strive to create a store that will be popular with customers.

また、その撒く水のことを指す。
It also means water to be used for watering.

今日、草餅といえば蓬餅を指す。
The term kusamochi now refers to yomogimochi.

神鏡そのものを指すこともある。
Sometimes it can mean the divine mirror itself.

特に緑釉陶器を指す場合がある。
In some cases, nenryo zakki referred specifically to ryokuyu toki (green-glazed ware).

そのため、添山はソウルを指す。
Therefore, Soriyama refers to Seoul.

父の意向で法学部進学を目指す。
He tried to enroll in the faculty of law at university following his father's wish.

＆という記号は、ａｎｄを指す。
The sign '&' stands for 'and'.

90度を指す基本的な羅針盤方位
the cardinal compass point that is at 90 degrees

ある種類のものすべてを指す名詞
a noun that denotes any or all members of a class

台湾の完全な政治的独立を目指す
seeking complete political separateness for Taiwan

市長が福祉のまちづくりを目指す。
The mayor aims to develop a welfare city.

われわれは日本一の企業を目指す。
We aim to be the top company in Japan.

単に位牌といえば、順修牌を指す。
Ihai usually means Junshu-hai.

脂質の含量が高い腹部の身を指す。
It refers to tuna meat cut from the ventral part, and contains high fat.

弾丸重量が六匁程度のものを指す。
It refers to the one with a weight of about six monme.

弾丸重量が十匁程度のものを指す。
It refers to one with a weight of about ten monme.

租のみを限定して指す場合もある。
In some cases it is a term restricted to So.

病態解明を目指す基礎医学研究拠点
COE Formation for Genomic Analysis of Disease Model Animals with Multiple Genetic Alterations

『十誦律』では、受戒の師を指す。
In 'Jujuritsu' it indicates the ordaining master.

180度を指す基本的な羅針盤方位
the cardinal compass point that is at 180 degrees

ゲームが行われる水平の場所を指す
a specially marked horizontal area within which a game is played

場所、方向、人、または物事を指す
indicate a place, direction, person, or thing

270度を指す基本的な羅針盤方位
the cardinal compass point that is a 270 degrees

「米」を指すネパール語の別の言葉
the different Nepali words for `rice'

単に随心院流のみを指す場合もある。
In other cases it indicates only Zuishinin-ryu.

一般的に、質素で静かなものを指す。
In general, it refers to a simplicity and serenity.

しかし、往々にして飯のそれを指す。
However, it usually means the scorching of cooked rice.

安政6年から明治45年ごろを指す。
From 1859 to around 1912.

一般には本土空手を指す場合が多い。
Generally, it is often the case that dentoha karate refers to 'hondo karate' (karate on the Japanese mainland).

現在は、新暦の12月31日を指す。
Today, under the solar calendar, Omisoka refers to December 31.

弾丸重量が三匁半程度のものを指す。
It refers to the one whose weight is about three monme (1 monme = 3.75g) and the half.

卒業後は美容師の資格取得を目指す。
His aim is to obtain the license of a beautician after graduation.

様々な形態で調理されるものを指す。
It may be cooked in a wide variety of ways.

特に詩吟に合わせて舞うことを指す。
Especially it refers to dancing to shigin (a form of Japanese poetry, which is usually chanted).

『古事記』の中・下巻を指すという説
A theory that it indicates vol. 2 of the 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters)

但し、藩士＝士分を指すことが多い。
However, in many cases, Hanshi refers to the samurai class.

株仲間の公認は、願株の公認を指す。
Official approval of kabunakama means that of negaikabu.

日本で明治政府の国策の基本を指す。
It is a basic national policy of the Meiji government in Japan.

謙信流においては、武者詰所を指す。
In the Kenshin style, gakunodo indicated a tsumesho (a station) for warriors.

この12寺がどこを指すのかは不明。
The twelve temples to which this refers is unclear.

なお「国意」とは日本の精神を指す。
Kokui' means Japanese spirit.

大いに名のとどろく者のことを指す。
It signifies a person whose name is very famous.

成人男性を親しみを込めて指す略式語
a friendly informal reference to a grown man

（本城に付属する城を指す場合もある）
(Sometimes also indicates a castle ancillary to main castle)

他力とは阿弥陀仏の働き（力）を指す。
'Tariki' means the work or power of Amidabutsu.

漬け込む方法のことを指す場合もある。
Sometimes it refers to the way of pickling.

水分20パーセント以下の菓子を指す。
It refers to a sweet with a moisture content of 20 % or less.

酒と甘味の両方を好む人のことを指す。
This term represents a person who loves both alcohol and sweets.

転じて、影から裏方に徹する人を指す。
By extension, kurogo also mean persons who do backroom work.

主に日本の皇族の身分及び地位を指す。
Specifically, it indicates a social status and a position of the Japanese Imperial family.

またその山麓の地域を指すこともある。
Also, the name sometimes refers to the region on the foot of the mountains.

近世の蝦夷（えぞ）はアイヌ人を指す。
'Ezo' of recent years refers to the Ainu.

本来の儀式はこうした礼儀作法を指す。
Gishiki meant the rules and customs in their original sense.

この場合儒教や仏教を指すこともある。
In this sense, this term sometimes refers to Confucianism or Buddhism as well.

巻名は五節舞の舞姫を指す歌語に因む。
The title comes from a poetical word that means the Gosechi dancers.

「墨蹟」は禅宗高僧の筆跡を指す用語。
The word 'bokuseki' means the writing of a Zen high monk.

通常「内侍」と言えばこの掌侍を指す。
Normally, 'Naishi' means Naishi no jo.

特にその官職及び官職にある者を指す。
It indicates a person in a government post.

院や東宮の昇殿を許されたものも指す。
Tenjobito included those who were permitted to enter the retired emperor's residence and the crown prince's residence.

その言葉は大人だけでなく子供も指す。
The word refers to not only adult but also children.

若者または男性を指す口語の英国の用語
an informal British term for a youth or man

私はプロのイラストデザイナーを目指す。
I want to be a professional illustration designer.

住居を指す町家という語は比較的新しい。
The history of the term '町家,' which means a residence,' is not very long.

まず、本音とは真実の感情・欲求を指す。
First, honne is the term to indicate one's real feelings and desires.

南蛮筒：海外より伝来した火縄銃を指す。
Imported matchlock gun: It refers to a hinawaju introduced from abroad.

中国では「正月」は太陰暦の1月を指す。
In China, 'zheng-yue' (Chinese reading of the Chinese characters for shogatsu) refers to January in the solar calendar.

また、その技法のことを指す場合もある。
Also, this term sometimes refers to production techniques of such products.

院号（いんごう）とは以下のことを指す。
Ingo means followings.

広く一般的に知られる中間はこれを指す。
This refers to chugen who were widely and generally known.

転じて境界そのものを指すようになった。
Later, it became the term that referred to a boundary itself.

融合的移植再生治療を目指す国際拠点形成
Establishment of International COE for Integration of Transplantation Therapy and Regenerative Medicine

昔話など、特別な謂われのある木を指す。
Shinboku refers to a tree which has a special episode such as an old tale.

なお、名跡とは通常、フルネームを指す。
Myoseki usually indicates a full name.

アジア人の不熟練労働者を指す差別な名前
an offensive name for an unskilled Asian laborer

官職に任命されたものを指す侮蔑的な言葉
a disparaging term for an appointee

サービス開始後三年で年商一億円を目指す。
We are aiming to generate one million yen in annual sales within the first year of inception.

当社は進学を目指す全ての人を応援します。
We support all those continuing their education.

だが、人間的な疑心暗鬼を指すともされる。
However, it may also refer to a humanly suspicious mind.

通説に基づけば、鎌倉新仏教とは次を指す。
Based on the common view, Kamakura New Buddhism refers to the following.

薄物で仕立てた細長の袍を指す場合もある。
Sometimes it refers to hosonaga no ho made of thin material.

酒造りにおいては、通常は出芽酵母を指す。
In sake brewing, it usually means budding yeast.

単にタデと言う場合は、ヤナギタデを指す。
When you simply say tade, it indicates a water pepper.

しかし今日では生姜入りの佃煮全般を指す。
However, it means the whole tsukudani cooked with ginger nowadays.

中トリ：仲入り（休憩）直前の演者を指す。
Nakatori' refers to a storyteller who performs just before 'nakairi' (intermission).

剣詩舞という場合、主に剣舞のことを指す。
Kenshibu mainly refers to Kenbu (literally, 'sword dance').

主に作られてから５０年未満のものを指す。
It mainly refers to clothes produced within the last 50 years.

転じて上位の吉原遊女を指す言葉となった。
Then 'oiran' became the word used to refer to a high- ranking courtesan in Yoshiwara.

熊野古道とは、主に以下の6つの道を指す。
Kumanokodo Road mainly refers to the following six pilgrimage routes.

独立した作戦行動を採れる基本単位を指す。
It refers to a basic unit that can execute independent operations.

通常、単に「尺」と言えば曲尺の尺を指す。
Generally, 'shaku' simply means the kane-jaku in Japan.

転じて、そのような商売をする商人を指す。
It has changed its meaning to merchants running such a business.

領地のある美濃国を目指す途上で死去した。
Shigesada died while he was fleeing to Mino Province where he had his own territory.

同一のサーバーを指す外部リンクを登録する
Register external links pointing to same server

頭から紙袋をかぶせたくなるような女性を指す
single bagger

広義では同様の屋根をもつ建物のことを指す。
In a broad sense, it also refers to buildings which have this type of roof.

大仏（だいぶつ）は、巨大な仏像を指す通称。
Daibutsu is a popular name meaning a large statue of the Buddha as a Buddhist image.

悟りと呼ぶ場合はこのどれも指すようである。
Enlightenment seems to refer to each respective stage.

なお「小書（こがき）」とは特殊演出を指す。
Moreover, small characters denote special performing.

また広義には、千利休系統の茶道全体を指す。
It also represents all styles of tea ceremonies based on the SEN no Rikyu style in a broad sense.

漢語「簪」は中国で使用された髪留めを指す。
A Chinese character '簪' (kanzashi) refers to hair ornaments used in China.

田舎では錦絵といえばこれを指すほどの主流。
They were so prevalent in the countryside that Nishikie virtually meant shunga.

草双紙と言えば合巻のことを指すこともある。
When talking of kusazoshi style illustrated pulp books, 'Gokan' picture books are also singled out.
Sometimes Kusazoshi refers to the Gokan.

本来「櫃」は蓋付きの大きな木箱一般を指す。
The Chinese character '櫃' represents a large wooden box with a lid.

広義にはイセエビ科の数種を指す（近縁種）。
In a broad sense, it indicates several kinds of Ise ebi that belong to Parimuridae (related species).

陶磁器を焼く際の予期しない色の変化を指す。
The latter means an unexpected change in color during a firing of pottery.

※「重要文化財」は国指定の重要文化財を指す
Note that 'Important Cultural Properties' means Important Cultural Properties designated by the national government.

1558年から1569年までの期間を指す。
It points to the period from 1558 to 1569.

屯食が何を指すかについては諸説紛々である。
What Tonjiki was has been controversial.

ここでいう剣は両刃、刀は片刃の刃物を指す。
In this context, a sword means a double-edged cutting instrument, and a blade refers to a single-edged cutting instrument.

日本では同じ面積を指す坪という単位がある。
Tsubo is also a unit of area in Japan and one tsubo is equal to one bu.

実際、「道学」と言えば、それは儒学を指す。
Actually, the term '道学' (learning of Do) directly refers to Confucianism.

が通常「大島本」という時はこの写本を指す。
But when people talk about 'the Oshima-bon,' it usually refers to this one.

五畿七道の一つで、本州の瀬戸内海側を指す。
One of the Goki-Shichido, referring to a region of Honshu along the Seto Inland Sea

幕府の要職に就任する資格のある大名を指す。
Fudai daimyo were those who were eligible for a key post of the shogunate.

一般的に農村に居住する下級武士の者を指す。
In a general sense, the term `goshi` came to refers to lower-ranking samurai residing in rural villages.

経済の安定はすべての政府の目指すところだ。
A stable economy is the aim of every government.

現在では差別語とされる、米国で黒人を指す語
a United States term for Blacks that is now considered offensive

スコットランド語でイングランド人を指す言葉
the Scots' term for an English person

本城を指す根城に比して枝城などとも呼ばれた。
It was called an 'edajiro' (branch castle) to distinguish it from 'nejiro' (root castle) which indicates the main castle.

方丈（ほうじょう）は、1丈四方の面積を指す。
Hojo is a word expressing an square area with one jo (an unit of length: 1 jo = 3.03 meters) on each side.

他者が浄土真宗、ことに本願寺教団を指す呼称。
A name used by others to indicate the Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism), especially the Hongan-ji school.

一般的には2つの大きく異なった調理法を指す。
In general, it refers to two very different methods of cooking.

醤は、広義には「食品の塩漬け」のことを指す。
Hishio refers to 'salted food' in a broad sense.

また一方、建前とは公に表す行動・意見を指す。
On the other hand, the term tatemae refers to one's behaviors and opinions to be expressed officially.

「夜飯」、「夜御飯」は夕食を指すこともある。
Yoru meshi' and 'yoru gohan' may refer to dinner.

一般に平氏といえば桓武平氏を指すことが多い。
This is the reason why the Taira clan generally refers to the Kanmu-Heishi lineage.

吉良氏は三河国の支配を目指す徳川家康と対立。
The Kira clan opposed to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was aiming to become the ruler of Mikawa Province.

- 伏見稲荷大社東方の稲荷山付近を指す地名。
This is a place name for Mt. Inari and the surrounding area to the east of Fushimi Inari Taisha Shrine.

やがて河原者・無宿者などを指すようになった。
Later, Kawaramono and homeless wanderer were referred as Hinin.

『雨月物語』などの戯作までを指す場合もある。
Moreover, light literary works such as 'Ugetsu Monogatari' (Tales of Moon and Rain) can be included, too.

義朝に従う頼朝ら8騎は、本拠の東国を目指す。
Eight horsemen, such as Yoritomo, followed Yoshitomo heading to Togoku where they were headquartered.

（天皇を指す場合には「あきつみかみ」と読む。
(When the word '明神' is used to describe Emperors, it is pronounced as 'Akitsumikami.'

神社整理というと一般にはこの頃の事業を指す。
The reorganization of shrines generally refers to the project that was carried out at this time.

一般的には、豊臣秀吉の母、仲（なか）を指す。
Usually, omandokoro refers to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's mother, Naka.

公主（こうしゅ）とは、中国で皇帝の娘を指す。
Koshu (公主) indicates the daughters of the Chinese Emperors.

それが指すか、動く何かに沿う方向の空間的関係
the spatial relation between something and the course along which it points or moves

球団との主張の食い違いから大リーグ入りを目指す
Nomo Hideo

シン英国からのアイルランド完全独立を目指す政党
Sinn Fein

文化庁の示す「復元」とは、木造復元のみを指す。
The Agency for Cultural Affairs-indicated 'Restoration' refers only to wooden restoration.

広義には当該屋根形式をもつ建築物のことを指す。
In a broad sense, this term indicates a building with any roof of this style.

会話を持たず「武力」をもって解決を目指す状態。
A state of trying to solve a problem using 'military force' without conversation.

一般的には「ツェン」と呼ばれる楽器が箏を指す。
Generally, a musical instrument called 'tzen' refers to Soh.

元々「ハマ」は競技に用いられる的のことを指す。
The target used in the event was originally called 'Hama.'

cf.杵や臼の大きさは尺貫法の寸で直径を指す。
cf. The sizes of the pestle and the mortar is represented by their diameters in sun (Japanese inch) under the Japanese old measuring system.

「イセエビ」は厳密にはその中の1種だけを指す。
Strictly speaking, 'Ise ebi' indicates only one species among them.

のどの気管が通っている部分、または喉仏を指す。
The part of throat where the trachea passes, or the Adam's apple.

廻し、六尺褌、九尺褌、晒一反を指す場合もある。
In some cases, the word 'shimekomi' may indicate mawashi, roku-shaku fundoshi, kyu-shaku fundoshi and sarashi ittan.

桧枝岐産の蕎麦（前述の「裁ちそば」等）を指す。
Soba made in Hinoemata (such as 'Tachi soba' mentioned above) is referred to as Hinoemata soba.

現在では、米を炊いた物を指すのが一般的である。
Nowadays, it generally refers to rice that has been cooked.

ただし、一部では蕎麦がきを指すとする説もある。
Some scholars say 'kahimochihi' referred to soba-gaki (a warm dish made with a paste of buckwheat flour).

鋳掛屋（いかけや）とは、鋳掛を行う職人を指す。
Ikakeya indicates the craftsman who does the work of ikake (repairing pots and rice cookers).

現在は近鉄奈良駅（大宮通り）の北側一帯を指す。
Today, the Nara Kitamachi area refers to the overall area of north side of Kintetsu Nara Station (Omiya-dori Street).

なお、ヤマトは奈良盆地全体を指すこともあった。
Yamato also referred to the whole of the Nara Basin.

ここで「おかげ」とは「お蔭参り」のことを指す。
The word 'okage' in this context specifically indicates 'okagemairi' (massive return visit to the Ise- jingu Shrine).

「かんなぎ」と言う場合は、特に日本の巫を指す。
The term of 'kannagi' refers particularly to such a profession in Japan.

教育はテストに合格することを目指すべきでない。
Education shouldn't be aimed at passing a test.

磁北を指す指標（磁針として）に基づいたコンパス
compass based on an indicator (as a magnetic needle) that points to the magnetic north

投票者が、公職を目指す候補者を直接選ぶ予備選挙
a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

もはや科学的には使用されない、食中毒を指す用語
a term for food poisoning that is no longer in scientific use

データなどの最先端機能の統合を目指すネットワーク
full services network

広義には当該形式の屋根をもつ建築物のことを指す。
In a broader sense, this term also indicates a building with a roof of this type.

現代の分類では、刃長が90cm以上のものを指す。
In modern classification, those with a blade length of 90cm or longer.

雪・月・花という自然の美しい景物を指す語である。
'Setsugetsuka (snow, the moon, and flower)' is a collective word to refer to beautiful objects of nature.

転じて、時期を逸して価値のなくなった状態を指す。
By extension, the two phrases are used metaphorically when a thing becomes useless because a good chance was missed.

もともとハレとは、折り目・節目を指す概念である。
Originally, hare was a concept that referred to specific changes or milestones.

赤飯もおこわに含まれ、狭義では赤飯のことを指す。
Sekihan (glutinous rice steamed with red beans) is also included in okowa, and okowa represents sekihan in a narrow sense.

笛（ふえ）は気流によって音を出す器具一般を指す。
The term 'fue' generally refers to instruments which produce sound with an air current.

福島県でゆべしと言うと、こちらを指す場合が多い。
In Fukushima Prefecture, 'yubeshi' often refers to this type.

また、伝える行為や伝えられる事柄そのものを指す。
'Kuden' also means the act or the matter itself of transmitting information.

本来、末広とは銀杏の葉のような扇（中啓）を指す。
Originally, Suehiro means a chukei (ceremonial folding fan) in ginkgo leaf shape.

城の跡から出現し、西へと飛んで行く火の玉を指す。
It refers to a fire ball which appears from a castle ruin and flies to the west.

※説明中の「重要文化財」は国の重要文化財を指す。
Important Cultural Property' in the following sentences refers to the national important cultural property in Japan.

転じて准太上天皇となって以降の源氏のことも指す。
Later the meaning changes slightly, being used to refer to Genji himself after he is appointed Jun Daijo Tenno (a position equal to that of a retired emperor).

その場合は、叙事的な内容のものを指すことが多い。
In this sense, monogatari often are epical content.

さらなる転用例として仕事上の伴侶的な相手を指す。
Moreover, it sometimes indicates a partner in business.

これが墨絵や金屏風のことを指すのかどうかは不明。
It is unclear whether it is indicating the Sumie (Ink painting) and the gilded folding screen.

正藩合一による大政奉還および新国家建設を目指す。
He sought to restore imperial rule and build a new nation-state through the alliance of the royalist domains.

「闇」は谷間を、「高」は山の上を指す言葉である。
The word 'yami' (darkness) refers to valley and 'taka' (high) refers to mountaintop.

現在では単に「神道」という場合、神社神道を指す。
Today, 'Shinto' refers to Shrine Shinto.

後には祭祀の際に琴を弾く者を指すようにもなった。
Later, this word also came to indicate a person who plays koto (a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings) in religious service.

御家門（ごかもん）は、名のある家柄の一族を指す。
Gokamon refers to a family with distinguished family lineage.

アップロードのナビゲーション用リンクが指すURL
URL for the upload navigation link

磁石が自由にぶら下げられるときに南を指す磁石の棒
the pole of a magnet that points toward the south when the magnet is suspended freely

一番上の醗酵泡で作られたビールを指す一般的な名称
a general name for beer made with a top fermenting yeast

要塞化された場所（特に軍隊の一番前の場所を指す）
a fortified position (especially one marking the most forward position of troops)

磁石が自由に懸垂されたとき、北の方を指す磁石の極
the pole of a magnet that points toward the north when the magnet is suspended freely

以前は、単純過去時制を指す場合に使われていた用語
a term formerly used to refer to the simple past tense

取引計器用変圧変流器（正式には計量装置一式を指す）
MOF Metering OutFit

平入りは上述の「平」の側に出入口があるものを指す。
A building with its main entrance on the 'Hira' side is called a Hirairi style building.

座主は、中国の科挙における試験官を指す言葉である。
Zasu refers to an examiner in Kakyo, Chinese higher civil service examinations.

中世以後には後者の行為を指すことが一般的となった。
Since the middle ages, Kanjin has generally meant the latter.

日常的な喧嘩から国家間の戦争に至るまで全般を指す。
It encompasses everything from a general quarrel to a war between nations.

単純に「日本刀」と言った場合、打刀を指す事が多い。
Simply mentioning 'Japanese Swords' mostly indicates Uchigatana.

かかし、鳴子 (楽器)、その中でも特に添水を指す。
It includes scarecrows, clappers and especially, sozu (water-filled bamboo tube in a Japanese garden that clacks against a stone when emptied.)

普通、「天一」と言えば、「こってり」のことを指す。
Ten-ichi' usually specializes in the 'thick type.'

現在も使われる、燗をつけた酒を移し入れる器を指す。
This is a container used to pour warmed sake used even today.

その他の地域の場合、大抵は豚肉を使用したのを指す。
In areas other than the Kansai region, 'tanin-don' usually refers to the donburimono using pork.

石川県においての番茶は茶の茎をほうじた棒茶を指す。
In Ishikawa Prefecture, 'bancha' refers to bocha, which is roasted tea stems.

「四ツガケ」と言えば堅帽子で控え付きのものを指す。
Yotsugake' refers to kataboshi with a hikae.

日本でカレーといえばカレーライスを指す場合が多い。
In Japan, when people say 'curry' it often means 'curry and rice.'

上にも述べたが黒以外の地色で染められたものを指す。
As mentioned above, Irotomesode is made of the cloth with a background color other than black.

「俳名」は、歌舞伎役者が持つ異名を指すことが多い。
Haimyo often refers to another name of a Kabuki actor.

海苔巻とも呼ばれるが、広義には巻き寿司全体を指す。
This is also called Norimaki (sushi roll), but refers to all sushi rolls in the broad sense.

関東などでは、天かす（揚げ玉）をのせたものを指す。
In the areas such as the Kanto region, Tanuki soba means a bowl of noodles in hot soup with tenkasu (crunchy bits of deep-fried tempura batter produced as a byproduct of cooking tempura) on top.

平安時代中期の古筆（仮名書）だけを指す場合もある。
It sometimes indicates only the ancient calligraphy (kana calligraphy) in the mid Heian period.

素材は木綿を指すのが一般的で、麻 (繊維)もある。
Its material is usually cotton, but some are made of hemp thread as well.

種を植えてから実を収穫できるまでの期間を指す民謡。
This is a traditional folk song that shows the time from planting to harvesting for various fruits.

皇室祭祀令により定められた大祭日及び小祭日を指す。
Ritual days refer to the days of major or minor religious rites specified by Imperial Household Religious Rites Ordinance.

ことから、乎非王を指すと考えて差し支えないだろう。
Furthermore, Oi no Okimi was another written expression for Prince Oi, 'so we can safely indentify 'Shi (or Oi) no Okimi' in those historical books as Prince Oi.'

一般的には第1回の遣渤海使はこのときの遣使を指す。
In principle, this was the very first Kenbokkaishi.

一般的に武士で「源氏」という場合、この系統を指す。
The samurai 'Genji' generally means this school

なお単に寄生地主制と言った場合は日本の制度を指す。
The term 'parasitic landlord system' used without the frills refers to the system in Japan.

こちらは長年使って来た筆を供養して埋めた塚を指す。
Fudezuka is a mound in which brushes that have been used for many years were buried as an expression of gratitude

一般的には米を除いた日常品の価格を指す場合が多い。
In most cases shoshiki indicated the prices of daily commodities other than rice.

再入京を目指すも摂津国豊島河原に敗れて九州へ走る。
When he attempted to reenter the city, he was defeated in Teshimagawara, Settsu Province and fled to Kyushu.

仏像を指す「大仏様（だいぶつさま）」は大仏を参照。
For the Buddha statue known as 'Daibutsu-sama', please refer to 'Daibutsu'.

今日、単に「神道」といった場合には神社神道を指す。
Nowadays, when speaking of 'Shrine Shinto' alone, it means Shrine Shinto.

「何故（なぜ）貴方は他所（よそ）を指すのですか。」
`Why do you point away?'

通常はオックスフォード大学とケンブリッジ大学を指す
usually refers to Oxford University or Cambridge University

立って、鼻先で指すことによって、存在を示す（獲物）
indicate the presence of (game) by standing and pointing with the muzzle

ヨーロッパの警官隊の間での効率と協力の改善を目指す
aims to improve effectiveness and cooperation among European police forces

非実用的な完璧さが特徴の、または完璧さを目指すさま
characterized by or aspiring to impracticable perfection

個人が法的救済を求める裁判手続きを総括的に指す言葉
a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy

思わず予備の紙袋を持ち歩きたくなるほど醜い女性を指す
triple bagger

屋根の形式を指す場合には、単に寄棟ということも多い。
When referring to the style of roof itself it is often abbreviated to 'yosemune'.

自己の意思はともかく「行動」そのものを指すとされる。
It refers to the 'action' itself, regardless of one's intention.

後に転じて旅人の懐を狙う盗人全般を指すようになった。
Later, this phrase came to mean the thieves who attempt to steal the purses of travelers.

広義には同様の手法を用いて作製した陶磁器全体を指す。
In sensu lato, it indicates entire ceramic ware made in the same way.

現在では通常は三曲合奏といえば尺八が入るものを指す。
At present, sankyoku ensembles almost always include the shakuhachi.

または、その酛を用いて造る、酒の製法そのものを指す。
The term also refers to the sake brewing method which uses this moto.

他の語に冠して用いる、本式でないもののことを指す語。
It is a prefix to indicate informality.

- これは謝肉祭としてその期間に行われる祭りを指す。
This refers to a festival held as carnival during that period.

現在、観世流において「分家」といえば銕之亟家を指す。
At present, a 'branch family' refers to the Tetsunojo family in Kanze school.

なかでも特に、人々のあいだで流行している服装を指す。
Among them, it especially refers to clothes that are trendy among people.

白毫寺と大安寺の墓地から出現する2つの火の玉を指す。
It refers to the two fire balls which appear from graves of Byakugo-ji Temple and Daian-ji Temple.

大内裏（だいだいり）とは、平安京における宮城を指す。
Daidairi is an Imperial Palace in the ancient capital of Heian.

皇太子は、必ずしも今上天皇の長男を指すとは限らない。
Crown prince does not always refer to the first son of the present emperor.

もともと、織田（越前ではオタと読む）姓は地名を指す。
The family name of Oda (read as Ota in Echizen Province) refers to a place name.

北近畿（きたきんき）とは、近畿地方の日本海側を指す。
Kitakinki refers to Japan sea coastal areas.

また一つの山名が場合により異なる山を指すこともある。
Also, in some cases, the same mountain name may refer to a different mountain.

中世以後の蝦夷は、アイヌを指すとの意見が主流である。
The mainstream theories say that 'Ezo' after the Medieval period means 'Ainu.'

おおよそ3世紀後半から6世紀半ば頃までの期間を指す。
Roughly speaking, the Kofun period refers to the time that ranged from the later third century to the middle of the sixth century.

その後明智光秀は坂本城を拠点に近江国の平定を目指す。
Later Mitsuhide AKECHI aimed to suppress Omi Province based on Sakamoto-jo Castle.

天文異変とは、普段では見られない天文現象の事を指す。
Extraordinary astronomical events are astronomical phenomena which are seen only rarely.

また、室町時代において鎌倉府が支配した国々をも指す。
Kanto Gobunkoku also included the provinces ruled by the Kamakura regional government, installed by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the Muromachi period.

転じて、姓氏や氏族集団の発祥の地を指すようになった。
This was extended to indicate the birthplace of the family name or the clan.

落胤（らくいん）とは父親に認知されない私生子を指す。
Rakuin is an illegitimate child who is not recognized by his or her father as his child.

五畿七道の一つで、本州太平洋側の中部を指す行政区分。
One of the Goki-Shichido, an ancient administrative area, on the Pacific Ocean side of central Honshu.

「だれと指すと、その人の名誉に関係するから云えない。
'If I point out the name, it would reflect on the honor of that person, so I can't mention it.

アイランド（ワイト島にある刑務所を指す）での3ヶ月。
Three months on the Island was

そう、だから目指すメロンはまちがいなくわかると思った
Yes, I felt pretty sure of my melon

特に植物の汁を吸うアブラムシを指す、数種の小さい昆虫
any of several small insects especially aphids that feed by sucking the juices from plants

南西を指す羅針盤の方位のいずれかの1点に対応する方角
the direction corresponding to the southwestward compass point

詩を書く人（通常、この言葉は優れた詩を書く人を指す）
a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)

風変わりだが愉快な老人を指すのに愛情のこめて使われる
used affectionately to refer to an eccentric but amusing old man

地質学者を目指す人は誰もが風の洞窟を訪れるでしょう。
All aspiring geologists will have the time of their lives in the Cave of the Winds.

妻壁（つまかべ）とは、妻側の妻梁以上の外装の壁を指す。
A gable wall is an exterior wall above the gable beam of a building.

日本では、一般に『仏説阿弥陀経』（鳩摩羅什訳）を指す。
In Japan, it usually refers to 'Bussetsu Amida-kyo Sutra' (translated by Kumaraju).

坐禅のとき、修行者の肩ないし背中を打つための棒を指す。
It refers to a stick to strike the meditator's shoulders or back during zazen (sitting meditation).

ちなみに花というと平安期以前は梅を指すことが多かった。
Note that 'flowers' meant Japanese apricot blossoms in the Heian and earlier periods.

目指す酒質によって、麹造りには以下のような方法がある。
Depending on the target sake quality, a method for producing koji is chosen from the following:

近畿地方では、単に納豆と言えば甘納豆を指す場合もある。
In the Kinki region, the use of the word 'natto' can sometimes refer to ama natto.
In the Kinki area, amanatto can be simply called natto.

特に、販売される駅や鉄道路線、地域に限定の弁当を指す。
Specifically, Ekiben means a box lunch sold exclusively in specific stations, railways or regions.

いずれも文章を指す用語が絵を指すように転じたとされる。
Both theory explain that a word meaning texts changed to mean pictures.

単に海苔巻といった場合は細巻きのカンピョウ巻きを指す。
Nori-maki ordinarily refers to the thin sushi roll version of kanpyo-maki (pickled gourd roll).

毎年6月7日に佐保川の橋の上へ訪れる2つの人魂を指す。
It refers to the two spirits which visit a bridge over Saho-gawa River on June 7 every year.

これらは天皇を直接名指すのをはばかった婉曲表現である。
These are euphemistic expressions hesitating to call the Emperor directly.

皇胤（こういん）とは、広く天皇の子孫を指す言葉である。
The term Kouin refers to Imperial descendants.

京都で戦後という場合の「戦」とはこの乱を指す事が多い。
In the language of Kyotoites, the 'war' in postwar often means this war.

また、そこから生まれた外交関係における孤立状態を指す。
National isolation also refers to the isolated condition in diplomatic relations resulting from the policy.

多くは尊皇攘夷の思想を持って政治運動を行った者を指す。
The term was frequently used for the political activists who held to ideal of 'Sonno-joi (Reverence of the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners)'.

なお、単に「弾正」と称した場合には弾正台の職員を指す。
In addition, when it is called simply 'danjo', it means the officials of danjodai.

八十一御妻（宝林、御女、采女。正六品～正八品）を指す。
Fourth, there were eighty-one mime (the wife of a person holding high status) (27 Baolin [保林], 27 Imperial Woman [御女], and 29 Cainus [采女]: Sixth to eighth grade ranking).

日本では「恩賜」と単に言えば天皇から賜ったものを指す。
In Japan, if you merely say 'onshi', it means something presented by the emperor.

党の誰を指すのかは不明だが、次の項には家長が出てくる。
Although it is not clear who was close to Kanemitsu HIGUCHI in the clan, there is the mention of Ienaga in the following section.

一般的には荘園支配の上層部に立つ本家・領家などを指す。
The word Shoen-ryoshu was a commonly used term to indicate the honke (patron) and the ryoke (proprietor), the highest classes that governed Shoen.

長老は、唯一の聴衆に指すような目線を向け、こう言った。
continued the Elder, fixing his angry eyes upon his single hearer,

子供を生んだ女性（また人の母親を指す言葉にも使われる）
a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

子供たちや大人のスラングとして使われる「馬」を指す言葉
a word for horse used by children or in adult slang

白人を指す侮蔑語（北米インディアンが使用したとされる）
a derogatory term for a white person (supposedly used by North American Indians)

今日、それは適正手続きにふさわしい裁判の基本原理を指す
today it refers to fundamental principles of justice commensurate with due process

『tiddler（ちびっこ）』は子供を指す英国の言葉だ
`tiddler' is a British term for youngster

これは仏が思惟（瞑想）に入っていることを指す印相である。
This indicates that the Buddha is absorbed in contemplation (meditation).

寺院法（じいんほう）とは、寺院に関連した法制全般を指す。
'Jiin-ho' is a name for laws regarding Buddhist temples.

洪州宗（こうしゅうしゅう）とは、唐代の禅宗の一派を指す。
The Koshu sect (Hongzhou-zong) was a sect of the Zen sect (Chan-zong) in the Tang Dynasty.

食品として指す場合などには昆布やこんぶの表記が好まれる。
Kelp is called 'Konbu' in Japanese, mainly written as '昆布' or 'こんぶ' when kelp is recognized as foodstuffs.

具材の汁（つゆ）を多めに盛りつけた状態のことを指す符丁。
It is a jargon referring to the bowl with more sauce of ingredients than usual.

現在では、豪雪地帯・寒冷地での相手を気遣う手紙等を指す。
Today, it means letters caring about others in a heavy snowfall area and a cold area.

- これはその他の宗教的な祭りや商業的な催しものを指す。
This refers to other religious festivals and commercial events.

この語が猿楽の滑稽な物まね芸を指す言葉として転用された。
The Buddhist term had gradually come to be used in a different manner as a word to indicate the comic and mimic performance in Sarugaku.

最近では同じギャグ・ボケを繰り返すボケを指すことが多い。
Recently, it often means a repetition of the same gag or boke (acting stupid).

現代日本では通常、「お茶碗」と言った場合、飯茶碗を指す。
Now in Japan, normally 'ochawan' means meshijawan.

また、同様の条件を満たした「開田そば」を指すこともある。
Kirishita soba sometimes also means 'Kaida soba' (buckwheat noodles of Kaida plateau in Kisomachi) which satisfies the similar conditions of the former.

本来は、特に詩吟に合わせて日本刀を抜いて舞うことを指す。
Originally it refers to dancing especially to shigin (a form of Japanese poetry, which is usually chanted) with a sword drawn.

さらにそこから転じて、大酒家や赤いものを指すこともある。
And by the influence of those performing arts, sometimes it refers to heavy drinkers and red things.

なお「ちゃんこ」とは本来、力士の食事そのものの事を指す。
Originally, the term 'chanko' refers to a sumo wrestler's meal itself.

食事全般を指す場合は、米飯を含まない食事にも用いられる。
When it is used to refer to a meal in general, it can also be used for meals that do not involve cooked rice.

または、授けられた身位、称号のことを指す（親王号とも）。
It also means the received rank or title (otherwise known as Shinnougou)

一般的に京阪神と言えば、京阪神大都市圏を指すことが多い。
Generally speaking, the term Keihanshin often indicates the Keihanshin Metropolitan area.

遠つ飛鳥は、奈良盆地の東南の飛鳥を指すと考えられている。
It is considered that Totsu Asuka refers to Asuka in the eastern south of Nara Basin.

最小では吉野山或いは吉野宮（宮滝遺跡）を指す場合もある。
By the narrowest definition, it means Mt. Yoshino and Yoshino no miya (Miyataki ruins) sometimes.

つまり藩籍を有する者全てを指す方が正しいとする説がある。
In other words, it may be correct to say that the Hanshi refers to all people who owned Hanseki (domain registers).

日本においては当初は中国と同じ天下万民を指す語であった。
In Japan, the original meaning of the term was also common people, as in China.

門葉（もんよう）とは、一般的に血縁関係がある一族を指す。
The term 'monyo' generally referred to families that were related by blood.

尺貫法と言った場合、狭義には日本固有の単位系のみを指す。
In the narrow sense, Shakkanho exclusively refers to the unit system indigenous to Japan.

天領（てんりょう）とは江戸幕府の直轄領のことを指す通称。
Tenryo is commonly known as a name for territories that were under the direct control of the Edo Shogunate.

広義に室町時代を中心とした中世小説全般を指すこともある。
It is sometimes used broadly to indicating medieval novels centering around the Muromachi era.

現在でも、観世流において「分家」といえば銕之亟家を指す。
Even today, the 'branch family' means the family of Tetsunojo in the Kanze school.

また、占いの名手でもあり「指すの御子」とも呼ばれていた。
He was also excellent in fortune-telling, and he was called 'sasu no miko.'

この「天照御魂神」がどの神を指すのかについては諸説ある。
There are various theories as to which kami the name 'Ameterumitamano-kami' refers.

1922年それらを移築して現在地での復興を目指すが失敗。
In 1922, these structures were relocated attempts were made to revive the temple once again but these failed.

掾（じょう）とは、日本の律令制四等官のうち三等官を指す。
Jo was the third official among Shitokan under the Japanese ritsuryo system.

目（さかん）とは、日本の律令制四等官のうち四等官を指す。
Sakan was the fourth among the four official ranks of Shitokan under the ritsuryo legal code system.

現在の作業ディレクトリを指す #line 指示を生成する
Generate a #line directive pointing at the current working directory

裳階平面が方形、中央部平面が円形のものを指す（例外あり）。
As viewed from above, the mokoshi is square and the pagoda is circular in the middle (although there are some exceptions).

四聖とは、天台宗において六道に付加された4つの世界を指す。
Shisho means the four worlds added to Rokudo in the Tendai sect.

合併以前は、寺号の金剛峯寺は高野山全体を指す名称であった。
Before the merger, the temple name of Kongobu-ji Temple was the name for the entire Koyasan (Mt. Koya).

現代の分類では、刃長30cm以上60cm未満のものを指す。
In modern classification, those with a blade length from 30cm to 60cm.

単に「ミカン」と言う場合も、普通はウンシュウミカンを指す。
When it is simply called 'mikan,' it usually means unshu mikan.

一般的にお猪口と呼ばれるものより大きいサイズのものを指す。
Usually, it denotes a sake cup with a bigger size than one called ochoko (or choko).

石川県では「棒茶」、「番茶」といえばこれを指すことが多い。
In Ishikawa Prefecture, 'bocha' and 'bancha' often mean Kaga-bocha.

通常、単に宮参り（お宮参り）というと初宮参りのことを指す。
In general, miyamairi ((the custom of) taking one's baby to a shrine (to pray for blessing)) refers to Hatsumiyamairi.

「図星」とは「星を正確に指す」意味でこれも射的から生じた。
The term 'zuboshi' means 'to point hoshi precisely' and it also comes from target practice.

近畿での呼び方の「かちん」とは、「餅」を指す女房言葉から。
Chikara Udon is called 'Kachin Udon' in the Kinki region, because the term 'Kachin' refers to 'mochi' in court-lady language.

上前は、左の前身頃、左の衽、そして左の襟の一部を指す言葉。
Uwamae indicates the left-hand Maemigoro, the left Okumi, and the left part of the collar.

下前は、右の前身頃、右の衽、そして右の襟の一部を指す言葉。
Shitamae indicates the right-hand Maemigoro, the right-hand Okumi, and the right part of collar.

特にリード (楽器)エアリード構造のものを指すことが多い。
The term 'fue' often refers specifically to musical instruments which have reed.

ジャンルによっては「笛」だけで特定の楽器を指すことがある。
The word 'fue' alone sometimes refers to a specific musical instrument in some genres of music.

なお、生寿司を「なまずし」と読んだ場合は通常の寿司を指す。
The Chinese characters for kizushi are also read 'namazushi,' in which case it refers to the ordinary sushi.

強訴（ごうそ）とは強硬な態度で相手に訴えかける行動を指す。
'Goso' refers to an act of petition in a firm attitude.

和蹔は和蹔原（和射見が原）のことで、後の関ヶ原盆地を指す。
Wazami refers to Wazamigahara which later came to be called Sekigahara basin.

御所（ごしょ）とは主に天皇家の住居または天皇のことを指す。
The Gosho generally refers to residences of the Imperial Family or the Emperor himself.

また、それに伴う得分（所務職（しょむしき））のことを指す。
It also meant the income from management (shomu shiki).

一つの村落に対し複数の領主が割り当てられている状態を指す。
It refers to a state where multiple feudal lords are assigned to one village.

またそのような写本によって伝えられる本文を指すこともある。
It also refers to the text of such manuscript.

やがて個人間でも下位身分のものが上位身分で出す文書も指す。
Later, it also referred to documents issued even between individuals, when from a person of humble status to a more well-placed person.

あるいはそのような解釈・再編成の動きを指す学術用語である。
It is also an academic term that refers to the above-mentioned reinterpretation and revision movement.

しかし、武家の相続では名跡とは苗字・家名のみの継承を指す。
However, in the case of inheritances in samurai families, Myoseki `names` indicated only the transfer of the surname or family name.

すなわち、五位以上の男性官吏を指す称号であるといってよい。
In other words, it refers to male government officials of Goi or higher.

「'[$1]'」はいくつかのページを指す可能性があります:
'[$1]' may refer to several pages:

そしてわたしの目指すものは、ほかの方向性とはちがっている。
and that my inclination is so much opposed to all other pursuits,

（この場合の「左」「右」は中尊から見た「左」「右」を指す。）
(The 'left' or 'right' in this case is the direction as seen from Yakushi-Nyorai).

門徒（もんと）とは、一門のともがらのことを指す呼び方である。
Monto is a name one uses for comrades of the same sect.

中国・日本に於いては、特に修験道を行う者を指すようになった。
In China and Japan, 'gyoja' came to mean a person who is in charge of Shugendo (ascetic and shamanistic practice in mountainous sites).

その状狸（山猫を指すと考えられる）の如く、白い首、名は天狗。
It looks like a raccoon dog (this is considered to indicate a wildcat) with a white neck, whose name is Tengu.

以下のうち、一般に「日本舞踊」とは歌舞伎舞踊・上方舞を指す。
Of the following, 'Nihon Buyo' is generally referred to as the Kabuki buyo (Kabuki is a type of traditional Japanese drama which follows highly-stylized forms and takes up stories with popular appeal) and Kamigata Mai (a type of dance which was popular in the Kansai region in the mid to late Edo Period).

だが、これは「コショウ」ではなく「トウガラシ」のことを指す。
Although the word 'kosho' normally refers to black pepper, it doesn't mean 'black pepper' but in this case means 'chili pepper.'

現代では単に胡弓といった場合、むしろこれらを指すことも多い。
Nowadays, when the term of Kokyu is used without any context, it often means these instruments rather than Japanese Kokyu.

現在、小袖は和服の長着を指す言葉であるといわれることが多い。
These days, Kosode is used to indicate Nagagi of Wafuku.

どちらも、1月1日のことを指すが、時間帯によって呼称が違う。
Both words refer to January 1, but they are used for different hours of the day.

絵羽模様とは、裁ち目のところで模様がつながっている物を指す。
Eba-moyo is the patterns which were drawn with special technique so that the patterns don't lose the figures at sewing points (back, side, and collar).

寿司ネタで「えんがわ」といえば、「ヒラメのえんがわ」を指す。
When people say 'engawa' for a sushi topping, it usually means 'engawa of flatfish.'

世界共通語となった「sushi」は主にこの江戸前ずしを指す。
'Sushi,' used throughout the world today, mainly refers to this Edomae-zushi.

中国における画讃とは、人物画にちなんで制作された文章を指す。
In China, a 'gasan' is a text produced in relation to a portrait.

髪に指す部分が金属でできた彩色した象牙細工の花簪を髪に飾る。
Kokei was decorated using hana-kanzasi, an ornamental hairpin with a flower-shaped accessory, made of colored ivory having a portion to be inserted into the hair made of a metal.

就任順に宗尊親王、惟康親王、久明親王、守邦親王の4人を指す。
It refers to the four Imperial Princes; Imperial Prince Munetaka, Imperial Prince Koreyasu, Imperial Prince Hisaaki, Imperial Prince Morikuni, in order of assumption.

内侍司を指す場合もあり、天皇の母を大御息所と呼ぶ例もあった。
It sometimes meant Naishi no Tsukasa (female palace attendants), and there was a precedent that the Emperor's mother was called Grand Miyasundokoro.

しかし同年後は本格的な領国化を目指す動きが盛んになっていた。
After the appointment of the Hatakeyama clan, however, a movement to become a fully independent territory started to intensify.

現在、「棚田」といえば「急傾斜の山間地の階段状棚田」を指す。
At present 'Tanada' means 'rice fields arranged in a staircase pattern on a very steep slope on a mountain.'

そもそも、「天文」とは、天に現れた変化を記録することを指す。
Originally, 'Tenmon' meant to record the changes that appeared in the sky.

- '徳川家光に仕えた土井利勝・青山忠俊・酒井忠世を指す。'
refers to Toshikatsu DOI, Tadatoshi AOYAMA, and Tadayo SAKAI, who served Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.

能吏（のうり）とは政治的手腕、行政的手腕に優れた人物を指す。
Nori means a person with high political or administrative skill.

併合の記載があるまで、以後の記述は、九州・四国・本州を指す。
The statements below refer to Kyushu, Shikoku, and Honshu until annexation.

再入洛を目指す足利軍を摂津国豊島河原（大阪府池田市）で破る。
He defeated the Ashikaga troops which intended to come back to Kyoto at Teshimagawara in Settsu Province (Ikeda City, Osaka Prefecture).

また単に「吉田キャンパス」でこの吉田南構内を指すこともある。
Or more simply, 'Yoshida Campus'.

また、四千石以上の旗本・御家人近世の御家人を指す場合もある。
Additionally,vassals with a stipend of not less than 4,000 koku were sometimes referred to as shomyo.

性的嗜好を明かさないことを選んだ同性愛の男性を指す否定的表現
a negative term for a homosexual man who chooses not to reveal his sexual orientation

一般的にカナダ人を、特にフランス系カナダ人を指す非公式の用語
informal term for Canadians in general and French Canadians in particular

2つの表現が同じ物または人を指す場合、それらは同一指示である
two expressions are coreferent if they denote the same object or individual

「飛鳥京跡」といえば上記の宮殿遺構を指すことが一般的ではある。
Generally, the 'Asuka capital site' points out the palace sites mentioned above.

（この場合の「左」「右」とは中尊から見た「左」「右」を指す。)
(The 'left' and 'right' here refers to the 'left' and 'right' seen from the Chuson.)

中国では、この禅定による修行を廃し頓悟を目指す禅宗が成立した。
The Zen sect, which abolished Zenjo practices and pursued Tongo (prompt enlightenment), was established in China.

通常、四菩薩といえば、この密教における四菩薩を指す場合が多い。
Usually, 'shibosatsu' means this combination of Bosatsu in Esoteric Buddhism.

転じて、リズムが合わずめちゃくちゃで大袈裟な身振りや様を指す。
Accordingly, it indicates an exaggerated gesture or state that is out of rhythm and therefore insane.

現在では「小袖」というと束帯や十二単など宮廷装束の下着を指す。
Today, 'kosode' means undergarment of a court costume like sokutai and junihiote.

ただし「串カツ」と呼ばれる料理が指すものは地域によって異なる。
Kushikatsu' refers to different dishes, though, depending on the regions.

当時は染物と言えば辻ヶ花を指すほどに一般的であったと言われる。
In those days, tsujigahana was almost synonymous with the dyeing technique, they say.

主力も軒並み残留し、1年でのJ1復帰を目指すシーズンとなった。
Furthermore, all the leading players also stayed behind, so it was a season where the club had to aim to return to J1 after a year.

狭い定義では、日本独特の料理法を用いた日本独特の料理群を指す。
Narrowly, nihon-ryori indicates a category of dishes specific to Japan in which Japan-specific cooking methods are used.

一般に天かす（揚げ玉）を散らしたうどんのことを指す場合が多い。
In general, Tanuki Udon refers to Udon noodles topped with Tenkasu.

梨園（りえん）とは、歌舞伎の世界もしくは歌舞伎そのものを指す。
Rien refers to the theatrical world of Kabuki and/or Kabuki itself.

ここでいう音程は、西洋音楽の音名ではなく、指と息の操作を指す。
The pitch which is mentioned here is not the pitch name in Western music, but refers to fingering and breathing.

そのため日本で単に「明楽」と言えば、もっぱら魏氏の明楽を指す。
Therefore, when the term of 'Mingaku' is used in Japan, it usually indicates the Mingaku by the Gi clan.

日本では皇族女性、特に内親王が非皇族（臣下）に嫁ぐ場合を指す。
In Japan, koka refers to the case of marriage between a woman from Imperial family, especially an Imperial Princess, and a man from a non-imperial family (a subject).

巡礼（じゅんれい）は、聖地を巡るという宗教的行為のことを指す。
A pilgrimage is a religious act of traveling to holy places.

「供侍何名」などという場合の「侍」とは、この若党のことを指す。
In the expression 'number of accompanying samurai' 'samurai' means wakato.

幕府の組織である公文所・政所・問注所・侍所に属する職員を指す。
It indicates the staff that worked at bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) organizations such as Kumonjo (administration office), Mandokoro (administrative board), Monchujo (court of justice), and Samuraidokoro (board of retainers).

また日本国内でも一部の保守派に絶対君主制を目指す動きがあった。
Even in Japan, some conservative activists aimed at an absolute monarchy.

現代では主に、空港などで外貨の両替を行う店舗および窓口を指す。
In modern times the money changer mainly refers to stores and windows at airports that handle foreign money exchange.

また、直弼を指す隠語として「赤鬼」という語を用いる場合がある。
Naosuke was also occasionally and privately referred to as simply 'Akaoni' ('Red Ogre').

箱根・竹ノ下の戦いでは父・義助の大手軍に属し、足柄峠を目指す。
In the Battle of Hakone and Takenoshita, he belonged to the Ote army led by his father Yoshisuke and headed for the Ashigara-toge mountain path.

現在は「京奈和自動車道」という場合はこの区間を指すことが多い。
Today, when people say 'Keinawa Jidoshado Highway,' they generally refer to this section.

「墨蹟」は筆跡一般を指すとともに、特に禅宗高僧の書を指す用語。
The word 'bokuseki' means writing, especially that of an eminent Zen monk.

通常単に「一宮」といった場合は、令制国の一宮を指すことが多い。
The term 'Ichinomiya' ordinarily refers to highest ranking Shinto shrine in each of the old provinces of Japan.

漢字の「籬」は垣根のことであり、「籬」は竹で作られた物を指す。
A kanji letter '籬' refers to a fence, especially the one made of bamboo.

上級の官庁に附属する下部機関ないしその官僚を指す概念であった。
They indicated the concept of those lower ranked bureaucrats attached to senior level bureaucrats.

すると、守護に従属する国人の地位を指す概念としても用いられた。
With this, the term 'hikan' was also used to generally refer to the status of the populace of a province who were subordinate to the shugo.

無位無官の公民、すなわち庸と調を負担した正丁・老丁男子を指す。
It refers to male citizens with no special rank or title, that is, seitei (adult man) and rotei (old man at the age of 61 to 65, later changed to 60 to 64 under ritsuryo system) who rendered yo (tax in kind in lieu of labor) and cho (tax on product).

政府や社会がよりよい条件に進歩することを目指す人々の政治的方針
the political orientation of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and society

個々の門跡寺院に固有の称号ではなく、その時々の住持の出身を指す。
It was not an inherent title of each monzeki temple but instead indicated the descent of the chief priest.

また、天国と地獄を超越した場所として、モクシャを指す場合もある。
It sometimes means a place beyond Paradise and Hell.

六道とは、主に人間の内面において繰り返される（輪廻）世界を指す。
Rokudo indicates the (reincarnated) worlds repeated mainly within a human.

三乗とは、声聞・縁覚・菩薩のために説いた3つの各々の乗教を指す。
Sanjo indicates three teachings told for shomon (or shomon-jo, vehicle of the hearers), engaku (or engaku-jo, solitary-buddha vehicle), and bosatsu (or bosatsu-jo, enlightenment-bound vehicle).

これは、国指定の有形文化財のみを指す用語である点に注意を要する。
Instead, the term refers only to nationally designated tangible cultural properties, so please be aware of this point.

東山文化（ひがしやまぶんか）とは、室町時代中期の文化を指す用語。
Higashiyama culture is a term which refers to the culture in the middle of the Muromachi Period.

ここで説明するのは、あくまでもいわゆる料理屋（割烹料亭）を指す。
Explained here is the so-called kappo-ryotei (fancy restaurant serving mainly Japanese cuisine).

ただし多くの場合、開花した桜の木の下で行われる宴会のことを指す。
However, hanami almost always means a party to be held under cherry trees with blooming flowers.

ちりめんじゃこは関西での呼び名で比較的良く乾燥させたものを指す。
Chirimenjako is the name for relatively well dried fish in Kansai region.

つゆと呼ぶと、つけ麺などに用いる調味料を指すことが一般的である。
In general, the term 'Tsuyu' indicates the seasoning used for eating 'Tsukemen' (noodles eaten with dipping broth) and so on.

広義では戸隠産の良質なソバやそば粉やそれで作った戸隠そばを指す。
On the other hand, in a broad sense, it means good quality buckwheat grown in the Togakushi region, buckwheat flour made from Togakushi-grown buckwheat and buckwheat noodles made from that buckwheat flour.

主に善光寺表参道周辺で営業している蕎麦屋やそこが出す蕎麦を指す。
Zenkoji soba in large part means soba restaurants around omote-sando (front approach) of Zenko-ji Temple and the soba that they serve.

「大相公」については、足利義持を指すと見るのが定説となっている。
It is generally believed that 'Daishoko' refers to Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA.

「青鷺」とあるが、これはアオサギではなくゴイサギを指すとされる。
Although it reads 'Aosagi', it is not aosagi (grey heron) but is said to indicate goisagi (young night heron).

だが、二人は実の兄弟であり目指す仇が同じ大学之助とは気付かない。
But they do not realize that they are real brothers and have the same enemy Daigakunosuke.

田中卓は、第一の箇所と第二の箇所は別の法を指すという説を唱えた。
Takashi TANAKA presented the theory that the first description and the second one are referring to different laws.

元明天皇の詔の第二の箇所だけが、他と異なり大宝律令を指すという。
The second citation in the edict of Empress Genmei specifically refers to Taiho code, unlike the other parts.

皇子（みこ、おうじ）とは、皇帝または天皇の男子を指す呼称である。
Miko, also referred to as Oji is the naming of the sons of Kotei or Tenno (emperor).

福知山市全域と、綾部市全域、京丹波町の一部、丹波市の一部を指す。
The urban area covers the entire areas of the cities of Fukuchiyama and Ayabe, a part of Kyotanba-cho, and a part of Tanba City.

飛鳥（あすか）は、現在の奈良県高市郡明日香村辺りを指す地域の名。
Asuka is the name of a region located in vicinity of present day Asuka Village, Takaichi County, Nara Prefecture.

また、学生の一部には得業生として大学に残り博士を目指す者もいた。
In addition, some students stayed in Daigaku-ryo as Tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars) and aspired to a career as a hakase.

戦国期には、郎党の中の新しい者、若い者を指すのが、由来とされる。
This word referred to new or young people among the roto (retainers) in the Sengoku Period.

しかし、江戸時代前期以後には貢租の占める割合を指すようになった。
However, after early Edo period, it came to be used to indicate the rate of Koso.

皇族は、戦後の制度にも名をとどめており、天皇及びその親族を指す。
Kozoku, which still appeared in the systems after the war, indicates the Emperor and his relatives.

広義では、畿内を初めとする近畿地方一帯を指す語としても使われる。
In a broad sense, it is also used to refer to the Kinki area including Kinai.

（ただし、まれに朝廷など京方面から鎌倉への使者を指す事もある。）
(However, the term could also be used on messengers dispatched by the Imperial Court to the bakufu in Kamakura.)

しかし、幕府再興を目指す将軍・足利義輝との対立はその後も続いた。
However, the conflicts with the shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, who aimed to restore the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Japanese feudal government, continued.

通説では飛鳥京のこととされているが、大宰府を指すとする説もある。
The city is observed as Asuka-kyo in prevailing view, but there is another opinion that the city means Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region).

「小右記」とは小野宮右大臣（実資のことを指す）の日記という意味。
The name 'Ouki' means 'the Record (Diary) of Ononomiya, the Udaijin (Minister of the Right)' (a reference to Sanesuke).

長禄の変で神器奪回を目指す赤松氏遺臣に敗れ、父の正理は討ち死に。
In the Choroku Conspiracy, his father Masamichi was killed by surviving retainers of Akamatsu clan who aimed for recapture of the Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family.

さらに輝虎は奥州進出を目指す常陸の佐竹氏とも対立するようになる。
Moreover, Terutora came to conflict with the Satake clan in Hitachi Province who aimed at invading Oshu (Mutsu Province).

確証はないものの、年代や通称などから国能を指すと比定されている。
Although it has not been confirmed, the person has been identified as Kuniyoshi through the date and common name.

当時の文献でただ「和尚」といえば牧谿のことを指すほど親しまれた。
According to the documents at the time, he was so loved by people that a term 'osho' (Buddist monk) refered to Mokkei.

また、フィクションでは西洋宗教などにおける神職を指すこともある。
In novels, the term 'miko' refers to the priests of Western religions.

源氏長者（げんじちょうじゃ）は、源氏一族全体の氏長者の事を指す。
'Genji choja' means the head of the Minamoto clan.

犯罪者を刑務所などの施設に入れず、一般社会で処遇することを指す。
Probation means to send the criminals back to community under a special supervision instead of putting them in the facilities such as prisons.

官人（かんにん、かんじん、つかさびと）とは官吏・役人を指す言葉。
Kannin (also known as Kanjin, Tsukasabito) means an official and a civil servant.

僕にできるのは、とにかく目指す方向へと歩みをとめないことだった。
it was all I could do to guide myself even roughly towards my destination;

現在では、魅惑的だが危険なもの（性衝動など）を指すときに使われる
it is now used to refer to anything that is tempting but dangerous (as sexuality)

単に旅館と言う場合には、このうちの旅館営業を行う施設のことを指す。
'Ryokan' means an establishment which performs any of these types of ryokan business.

また、三重県（旧伊勢国）にも同名の城があり、下記のいずれかを指す。
In addition, Mie Prefecture (former Ise Province) had another castle of the same name; thus, Taka-jo Castle indicates one of the following castles.

力（りき）とは「力用」（りきゆう）のことであり、働きのことを指す。
The second character 力, which is pronounced as 'riki,' of 他力本願 means 力用 'rikiyu' and indicates work.

浄土（じょうど）とは、仏教における概念で、清浄で清涼な世界を指す。
Jodo (Pure Land) is a Buddhist concept which pointed to a world clean and pure.

素拍子（しらびょうし）とも書き、この場合は無伴奏の即興の舞を指す。
It is also written as 'plain rhythm' and in this case, it means an improvised dance without any accompaniment.

米の品種や、目指す酒質によって、浸漬時間も数分から数時間と幅広い。
The time used for soaking widely ranges from several minutes to several hours depending upon the variety of rice and the targeted quality of sake.

通例は頭（かしら）、麹屋（こうじや）、酛屋（もとや）のことを指す。
Kashira (a headman), koji-ya (a koji supplier), and moto-ya (a yeast mash maker) are generally included in san-yaku.

ヨーロッパ語圏では、manga は日本の漫画のみを指す言葉である。
In European countries, the word 'manga' means only Japanese comics.

現在の一般的な日本語では、服飾とは、衣類と装身具を指す総称である。
The word Fukushoku in commonly used Modern Japanese collectively indicates clothing and accessories.

盤双六は幕末に廃れ、現在では、双六と言えばほぼ確実に絵双六を指す。
The board Sugoroku died out in the end of the Edo period, now the word Sugoroku almost certainly signifies the picture Sugoroku.

利休七哲（りきゅうしちてつ）は、千利休の高弟七人を指す呼称である。
The term 'Rikyu shichitetsu' means the seven leading disciples of Rikyu.

江戸時代には本居宣長が、不改常典を大化改新時の諸法を指すと解した。
In the Edo period, Norinaga MOTOORI interpreted that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten means a series of laws formulated during the Taika Reforms.

ともあれ、即位後は飛鳥浄御原令の制定を命じ律令国家の確立を目指す。
Anyway, the Emperor Tenmu, after ascending the throne, enacted the Asukakiyomihararyo (a legal code of Japanese ancient state) and tried to put the Japanese nation under the Ritsuryo codes.

「儲嗣」もしくは「皇嗣」は、いずれも最も嫡系に近い皇族男子を指す。
Both 'Imperial Heir' and 'Crown Prince' refer to a legitimate son of the imperial family.

武家（ぶけ）とは、幕府権力の総称、将軍家、または武士一般を指す語。
The word 'buke' refers to the collection of various powers which support the authority of a bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and this word sometimes also refers to a Shogun family or general samurai.

現在では貝殻から作られる、炭酸カルシウムを主成分とする顔料を指す。
Now it refers to pigments which are made from shells and consist primarily of calcium carbonate.

転じて、国を冊封された諸侯一般、およびその領地を指すようになった。
Later, Han came to refer to the lords and their territories, whose country was in a vassal relationship with the Chinese empire.

しかしながら、方針を隠忍自重し、徳山藩再興を目指すことを決定した。
However, they agreed on a policy to be patient to restore the Tokuyama domain.

源氏は装いを凝らして訪れ、歌を詠みかけて目指す姫君を見つけ出した。
He appeared there in carefully chosen dress, read a poem to a lady whose face he cannot see through a screen, and found the lady he was searching for.

茜指す紫野行き標野行き野守は見ずや君が袖振る（巻1・20・額田王）
As you ride back and forth through the fields of gromwell plants, As you ride back and forth through the Imperial hunting fields marked off with sacred ropes, will not the field-watchers have seen your waving of the sleeves at me? (Vol. 1: 20, composed by Nukata no Okimi)

奥州とは一般的には陸奥国（青森県、岩手県、宮城県、福島県）を指す。
Oshu generally refers to Mutsu Province (the Prefectures of Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima).

現東北地方である両国をまとめて指す場合は奥羽と呼ぶのが通常である。
Ou is usually used to refer to the two provinces which are now called Tohoku region.

西国を目指す途上暴風雨に会い、船団は難破、一行は散り散りになった。
They encounter a rainstorm on the sea route to Saigoku and the party was broken up as the fleet was shipwrecked.

日本語における「神」という言葉は、元々神道の神を指すものであった。
The word 'kami' in the Japanese language was originally a word used to indicate a deity in the Shinto religion.

大東亜戦争（第二次世界大戦）後は殉職自衛官のものを指すこともある。
Since the Greater East Asia War (Second World War), it has sometimes been used to refer to the spirits of Self-Defense Force officials who have died in the line of duty.

西欧語に借用された shogun は、特に日本の征夷大将軍を指す。
Shogun borrowed by Western languages point exclusively to Seii taishogun of Japan.

庄屋、組頭（年寄）、百姓代という村政を担う3種の村役人全体を指す。
Jikatasanyaku meant the three officers of a village, shoya (nanushi [a village headman]), kumigashira (toshiyori [a head of the group]) and hyakushodai (a village headman) who conducted village government in accordance with instructions from the official agents.

その民主主義者は、自分の目指すことを達成させようと一人で努力した。
The democrat endeavored to accomplish his aim by himself.

ハードリンクをたどる; それらが指すファイルをアーカイブしてダンプ
follow hard links; archive and dump the files they refer to

（なお、この場合の「左」「右」とは中尊から見た「左」「右」を指す。)
(The 'left'or 'right' in this case is the direction seen from Amida-Nyorai.)

古代インドの悪鬼神の類を指すが、仏法に帰依して護法善神となったもの。
It shows the evil fierce gods of ancient India, who came to believe in Buddhism and became Goho Zenshin (good deities protecting dharma).

単に禅という場合は一般に禅宗を指すが、文脈や場合によって禅那を指す。
The term Zen generally refers to the Zen sect, but also refers to zenna (a practice to attain enlightenment on the truth with calm emotion and clear mind) depending on a context or a case.

日本では、普通に「金剛頂経」と言う時は『初会金剛頂経』のことを指す。
In Japan, 'Kongocho-kyo' usually refers to 'Shoe Kongocho-kyo.'

鹿背の中でも、特に鉄分が多く、よりくっきりと紅色が見えるものを指す。
It indicates pottery with kase patterns, such as earthenware containing clear red spots caused from particularly abundant iron present in the.

細長の袍（闕腋（けってき）の袍の少年版、袴は表袴）を指す場合もある。
It sometimes refers to hosonaga no ho (ketteki no ho for boys, and hakama is ue no hakama).

現在では単に「納豆」と言えば、糸引き納豆の事を指すのが一般的である。
Today, when we simply say 'natto' it generally refers to itohiki-natto (sticky natto).

現在では、納豆と言えば、納豆菌を発酵させたいわゆる糸引き納豆を指す。
Today, if we mention natto we refer to the so-called itohiki-natto (sticky natto), which is produced by fermenting bacillus subtilis natto.

また、関東圏では単に〝カツ〟と呼ぶ時には、トンカツを指すことが多い。
In the Kanto area, when someone simply states 'Katsu,' it often refers to tonkatsu.

特に、正月に備えて年明けまでに用意されるお祝いの料理（献立）を指す。
Specifically, it refers to festival foods (menus) prepared by New Year's Eve for the New Year's holidays.

醤油や酒などを作る際、樽内をかき混ぜるために使用する棒のことを指す。
It refers to a bar used to stir in a tank when soy-sauce or sake is produced.

しかしながら、一般に「蒲焼」といえば「ウナギの蒲焼」を指すことが多い
But 'Kabayaki' generally refers to 'eel kabayaki.'

歌舞伎における女形は、次のような種類の役を専門的に演じる役者を指す。
The onnagata of kabuki refers to actors who expertly act the following roles.

四ノ切（しのきり）は一般に本作の四段目の切場、河連法眼館の段を指す。
Shinokiri (literally cut into four parts) generally indicates the fourth section of kiriba (one part of gidayu), Kawatusra Hogen yakata (Scene of Kawatsura Hogen's palace) of this work.

渡海屋の段　九州を目指す義経一行は、摂津国大物浦で船出を待っていた。
Section of Tokai-yaYoshitsune and his party head to Kyushu and wait for a boat at Daimotsu-ura in Settsu Province.

直宮家（じきみやけ）とは宮家のうち天皇の子供が創設した宮家を指す。
Jikimiyake refers to a Miyake (family allowed to have the status of Imperial family) which was established by a child of an emperor.

峠には金比羅山へ続く登山道があり、そこを目指す人が多く利用している。
Part of the pass is for a path up mountain leading to Mt. Konpira, and is used by those who head to the mountain.

出挙（すいこ）は、古代～中世の日本に見られた利子付き貸借を指す用語。
Suiko (government loans made to peasants) was a term that indicated the loans carrying interest observed in ancient and medieval Japan.

そのため、百姓の語は '天下万民・民衆一般' を指す意味に転化した。
Thus, the meaning of the term 'hyakusho' changed into 'all common people.'

以後は旧領奪還を目指す石川氏と結城氏の間で激しい争いが繰り返された。
Thereafter, fierce battles were repeated between the Ishikawa clan, which aimed to recover the former fief, and the Yuki clan.

ここでの「知」（良知）とは端的に言えば認識を、「行」とは実践を指す。
Here, the word 'chi' (ryochi) means 'recognition' and 'gyo' means 'practice'.

「事」とは心の動きである「意」の所在であって、「知」とは良知を指す。
Affairs' means the place where 'yi' (will), which is the activity of one's mind, exists, and 'chi' means ryochi.

後に複数の皇后が立てられた際は、2番目以後の者を指すことが多かった。
In case there were several empresses later, a chugu mostly referred to all empresses chosen from the second wife downward.

目指す創造する世界とはかけ離れた長靴を履き辛い水仕事を1年ほどする。
Far from the world of creativity to which he had aspired, he spent one year wearing wellington boots and doing a tough job as scrubbing and washing.

江戸時代には、単に例幣使と言えば日光例幣使を指すことの方が多かった。
During the Edo period, the mere mention of reiheishi often referred to Nikko reiheishi.

狭義においては幕府に詰めて征夷大将軍及び御所の警固にあたる者を指す。
In a more limited sense, it refers to a person stationed in an office of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) who stood guard for the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and his palace.

多い場合は十数人付けられたらしいが、通常はそのうちの筆頭家老を指す。
As many as more than ten persons were sometimes appointed to the post, but ordinarily this term was used for indicating the head of these karo.

上のレベルを目指すよりも、今のレベルを保つ事の方が大事だと思います。
Before we try to move up to the next level, I think we need to focus on keeping what we have.

冷蔵庫のなかにひとつしかないんだったら、目指すメロンはすぐにわかる。
If there were only one melon in the ice-box I could be fairly sure it was the one I wanted.

単に和様（わよう）とも呼ばれた場合には和様建築のことを指す場合もある。
The name 'Wayo' sometimes refers to Wayo Architecture.

戒壇（かいだん）とは仏教用語で、戒律を授ける（授戒）ための場所を指す。
The term kaidan (ordination platform) is a Buddhist term that refers to a place for giving the precepts of Buddhism.

食欲、睡眠欲・性欲・物欲・支配欲など、欲望のままに行動する状態を指す。
It refers to a state in which one acts based on desires such as appetite, a desire for sleep, sexuality, cupidity, the lust to dominate and so forth.

舞妓（まいこ）は年少芸妓、芸子（芸妓）の見習い、修行段階の者を指す。
The term 'Maiko' refers to a young geisha or a geisha apprentice.

一部地域を除いて単に「カツ丼」と呼んだ場合は、この卵とじカツ丼を指す。
With the exception of some regions, the 'katsudon' simply means tamagotoji katsudon.

狭義には宋 (王朝)、元 (王朝)、明時代の美術作品を指す場合もある。
In a narrow sense, it sometimes refers to the art products during the Sung (dynasty), the Yuan (dynasty) and the Ming periods.

寝るときの敷物は「褥」という文字を使い、ベッドパッドなどのことを指す。
A kanji (Chinese character) '褥' (shitone) is used to mention a cushion to lie on, which refers to a bed pad, etc.

多様な種が知られているが、一般的にタコといえばマダコを指す場合が多い。
Though various species are known, the term octopus usually refers to a common octopus.

本来の意味の笛とは異なるが、古くから単に「笛」でこれを指すこともある。
Although the above differs from the original meaning of fue, the term 'fue' has long been used to refer to nodobue.

ふぐ鍋は、魚の切り身鍋を指す「ちり」をつけて「ふぐちり」とも呼ばれる。
Fugu nabe is also called 'fugu chiri' as 'chiri' means a hot pot with sliced fish.

通常「三つ葉葵」といえば徳川氏の「丸に三つ葉葵」の紋を指すことが多い。
The term 'Mitsuba-aoi,' in many cases, refers to the crest design of the 'Maru ni Mitsuba-aoi' (three leaves of hollyhock in a circle), which indicates the Tokugawa clan.

多くの国ではグレゴリオ暦が現行暦のため、グレゴリオ暦の前の暦法を指す。
The old calendar in many countries refers to the one used before the Gregorian calendar which is now currently used.

しかし奈良時代以前に「花」といえば、むしろ梅を指すことの方が多かった。
Before the Nara period, however, when people referred to 'flowers', they almost always meant Japanese plum.

一夫多妻制のもとでは、天皇や皇帝の複数の妻のうちの正妃（正妻）を指す。
Under the polygamy system, empress is the legally wedded wife of the emperor, out of the multiple wives.

皇女（ひめみこ、おうじょ、こうじょ）とは、天皇の女子を指す呼称である。
Himemiko (also referred to as Ojo or Kojo) is the naming of daughters of Tennoo (emperor).

文禄・慶長年間以後に成立した家々（ほぼ江戸時代のそれと重なる）を指す。
Shinke refers to families established after the Bunroku and Keicho periods (i.e. a period roughly corresponding to the Edo period).

ただし、観光地としては嵐山から小倉山に沿った社寺の立ち並ぶ地域を指す。
However, Sagano, as a tourist destination, refers to an area where many shrines and temples line along Mt. Ogura from Arashiyama.

また、それが行われる場所（結政所（かたなしどころ））を指す場合もある。
It sometimes was the term used to designated the place where it was conducted (Katanashi-dokoro)

室町幕府が滅亡した1573年から、徳川政権が確立するまでの時代を指す。
The Momoyama period refers to the period that ranged from when the Muromachi bakufu fell in A.D. 1573, to when the Tokugawa bakufu was established.

ちなみに願人坊主とは、物乞いをする坊主、または髪の毛の伸びた僧を指す。
The term 'gannin priest' refers to a priest who begs, or a priest with long hair.

特にそのうちの出挙本稲（元本部分）の部分のみを限定して指す場合もある。
Sometimes it refers to only the part of suiko honto (rice equivalent to principal of suiko [government loans made to peasants]) of them.

題の物産とは、天然に産するものの意で、人工の生産物を指すものではない。
The Bussan in the title means something naturally produced, not artificial products.

現在において「山陽道」と呼んだ場合には、「山陽自動車道」のことを指す。
When people say 'Sanyodo' today, they are generally referring to the Sanyo Jidoshado Highway.

これが何を指すのかについて、国学が興った江戸時代以降、議論されてきた。
There have been a discussion on what this term refers to since the Edo Period when the study of Japanese classical literature rose.

そのため、日本において単に国史と言えば、六国史のことを指す場合がある。
Therefore, if people simply say Kokushi in Japan, they could mean Rikkokushi.

足で大地を踏みしめて呪文を唱えながら千鳥足様に前進して歩く呪法を指す。
It refers to a method of incantation in which an onmyoji walks forward with a swaying gait while stamping the feet on the earth and chanting a charm.

また、寺社や宮司に与えられた特権を指す用語のひとつとしても用いられる。
Furthermore, it was also used as a term to express a special privilege given to temples, shrines or guji (chief priests).

大夫（たゆう）は2.から転じて江戸時代以降、浄瑠璃の語り部を指す用語。
Derived from No.2, Tayu refers to the storyteller of Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) after the Edo period.

一般的には平安時代に活躍した空海・橘逸勢・嵯峨天皇の三人のことを指す。
Generally, Sanpitsu means Kukai, TACHIBANA no Hayanari, and the Emperor Saga; they were active in the Heian period.

羅針盤の方位点を指すかのように茎状に配置された葉を持つ数種の植物の総称
any of several plants having leaves so arranged on the axis as to indicate the cardinal points of the compass

主として（しかし排他的ではない）男性または男性と分類される対象を指す性
a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to males or to objects classified as male

主として（しかし排他的ではない）女性または女性と分類される対象を指す性
a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to females or to objects classified as female

悟りという場合、ニルヴァーナの世界をかいま見る神秘体験を指す場合がある。
Sometimes enlightment refers to a mysterious experience of having a glimpse of the world of Nirvana.

またそれによって心身ともに動揺することがなくなった、安定した状態を指す。
It also means the stability attained through Zenjo under which neither one's mind nor body is unsettled by anything.

つまり煎茶（狭義）のほかに、玉露、番茶、ほうじ茶、玄米茶など全般を指す。
In other words, it means Gyokuro, Bancha, Hojicha (roasted green tea), Genmaicha (tea with roasted rice) and so on, other than Sencha (in a narrow sense).

特に明治以降、関西の大歌舞伎（の一座・劇壇）を指す言葉として用いられた。
Since the Meiji period in particular, it has been used as an expression to mean daikabuki (Kabuki performance or troupe) in the Kansai region.

しかし元来、「ぜんざい（善哉）」の語は関西などでつぶしあんの汁粉を指す。
However, the word 'Zenzai' originally meant shiruko (sweet red-bean soup with pieces of rice cake) prepared with coarse sweet red-bean jam.

白酒（しろざけ）とは、雛祭りにおいて祝いのために出される酒のことを指す。
Shirozake refers to a sake served to celebrate the Hinamatsuri (the Doll's Festival).

醤油の生産高の約9割はこれを占め、通常、単に「醤油」というとこれを指す。
It makes up about 90% of soy-sauce output; generally, the term of 'soy-sauce' refers to koikuchi soy-sauce.

「祀り」は、神・尊（みこと）に祈ること、またはその儀式を指すものである。
The Japanese term 'matsuri' (祀り) refers to a prayer for gods and Mikoto (personal god), or its ceremony.

洋食（ようしょく）とは、日本国内で供される西洋風の料理を指す用語である。
The term 'Yoshoku' refers to western food served in Japan.

単に朝食・昼食・夕食（ないし晩飯）以外の間食全般を指すようになっている。
At present, it generally means a snack between meals, which does not correspond to a breakfast, lunch or dinner (or an evening meal).

頻繁に上演されるため歌舞伎の世界では、「四の切」といえばこの場面を指す。
Since this section is often performed, in the world of Kabuki, 'Shinokiri' indicates this scene.

両丹（りょうたん）は、丹後国と丹波国を一体的に指すときに用いられる用語。
Ryotan is a term to refer to the area combining Tango Province and Tanba Province.

家人（けにん）とは、日本の歴史上、身分のある者の家臣・従者等を指す用語。
Kenin refers to a vassal, a servant, etc. of high-ranked people in Japanese history.

士分（しぶん）とは、江戸時代の武士のうち正規の武士身分を持った者を指す。
Shibun was the term for persons with the full social rank as bushi (warrior) class among the bushi during the Edo Period.

このため、単に「天明の大火」と称した場合には、この火災を指す場合が多い。
It is for this reason that references to simply the 'Temmei no Taika' (The Great Fire of the Temmei Era) often refer to this fire.

また衣服の肩から裾までの長さや、スカート・ズボンなどの長さのことを指す。
Furthermore, it means the clothes length from the shoulder to the base or the length of skirts and trousers.

一般に「川中島の戦い」と言った場合にこの戦いを指すほど有名な戦いである。
This battle is so famous that the term of 'the Battle of Kawanakajima' indicates this one when used generally.

関東制圧を目指す政虎にとって、背後の信越国境を固めることは急務であった。
For Masatora who was aiming to conquer Kanto, it was urgent to secure the border of Shinano and Echigo Provinces behind them.

船の積み荷や石材を量る場合には一辺1尺の立方体の体積（1立方尺）を指す。
When sai is used as a unit for weighing a load of a ship or a building stone, 1 sai is deemed to have the cubic volume of 1 shaku on a side (1 shaku is about 30.3 centimeters).

これは北京人文科学研究所・上海自然科学研究所・東方文化学院の設立を指す。
This applied to the establishment of Beijing Institute for the study of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shanghai Natural Science Laboratories, and Academy of Oriental Culture.

そして茨木童子と出会い、彼と共に京都を目指すようになったといわれている。
According to this version of legend, he then met Ibaraki Doji and they decided to go up to Kyoto together.

一貫齋と号し、一般に「国友藤兵衛」と云えば、この一貫齋を指すことが多い。
He was named Ikkansai and 'Kunitomo Tobei' generally means Ikkansai.

平安京の富小路にあたるが、現在の富小路通は麩屋町通の一本西の通りを指す。
The street was called Tominokoji Street in Heian-kyo, however, the name Tominokoji Street is used for the street one block to the west of Fuyacho-dori Street today.

その勢力は南都北嶺（興福寺と延暦寺の僧兵を指す）にも劣らないといわれた。
Their power was said to be as strong as counterparts of Nanto Hokurei (the Buddhism of the temples of Nara and Mt. Hiei) (that refer to armed priests of Kofuku-ji Temple and Enryaku-ji Temple).

本来の意味は、出家して受戒した僧侶が、日常親しく教えを受ける教師を指す。
The original meaning was a teacher who regularly gave instruction to a priest who has been ordained and entered the priesthood.

すなわち、無形文化財とは芸能、工芸技術等の無形の「わざ」そのものを指す。
In other words, intangible cultural property refers to certain 'art,' such as arts and crafts or performing arts.

「掾」の文字は国司の三等官（中央政府における「判官」に相当する）を指す。
The letter '掾' (Jo) indicates the third official of the provincial governor Kokushi, corresponding to '判官' (Jo) in the central government.

「目」の文字は国司の四等官（中央政府における「主典」に相当する）を指す。
The letter '目' for Sakan indicates the fourth rank of Kokushi, which corresponded to '主典' in the national government.

シンボリックリンクをたどる; それらが指すファイルをアーカイブしてダンプ
follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they point to

専門的には肩と肘の間の上肢の部分、しかし普通上肢全体を指すのに用いられる
technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limb

内燃エンジンを潤滑にする方法でポンプが強制的にエンジンにオイルを指すもの
mechanical system of lubricating internal combustion engines in which a pump forces oil into the engine bearings

その後、法華堂は皇族や貴族などの墓所などに立てられる堂を指すようになった。
Later, Hokke-do changed to mean a hall that is built in graveyards of the Imperial family and nobility.

これは、現在でいう枯山水が指すものと同じものを指す言葉であると考えられる。
It is thought to be mean what we called karesansui nowadays.

現在、茶道は先発の抹茶道と後発の煎茶道があり、単に茶道というと前者を指す。
Currently, sado has the forerunning macchado (art of maccha (green powdered tea) ceremony) and the later senchado (art of sencha (simmered tea) ceremony), and it refers to the former if one mentions just about sado.

「大篳篥」と「小篳篥」の2種があり、一般には篳篥といえば「小篳篥」を指す。
There are 'O-hichiriki' and 'Ko-hichiriki,' but the hichiriki flute usually indicates 'Ko-hichiriki.'

- 膾は細かに切り刻むことから、転じて大勢で人を滅多打ちにすることを指す。
As namasu is shredded, this figuratively means that a man is beaten violently by many people.

多くの場合おかしみのある部分だが怪談などの結末も指すため一概には言えない。
In many cases, it is a funny part, but the term can be used for an ending of ghost stories and others, so that it cannot be said definitely.

主に変な服装・格好・メイク、あるいは裸・裸に近い格好で登場することを指す。
It usually means entering the stage weraing funny clothes or make-up or with funny appearance, or coming onstage naked or nearly naked.

堀内家の庵号は長生庵（ちょうせいあん）といい、利休形二畳台目の茶室を指す。
The ango (name of hermitage) of the Horinouchi family was Choseian, which stands for the Rikyu-type 'nijo daime' tearoom which is two and three-quarters tatami mats in size.

観光圏の整備計画とその実施を目指す地域は所管する大臣に申請し認定を受ける。
The area aiming toward the development and implementation of a sightseeing area applies to the ministry having jurisdiction over the business in question for such a designation.

また、律令回帰を目指す法令群である延喜格式が編纂されたのもこの時期である。
In addition, in this era, Engi no kyakushiki (regulations and laws of the Engi era), which were aimed at a return to the Ritsuryo system, were made.

荘民（しょうみん）とは、公領内の住民である公民に対して荘園内の住民を指す。
Shomin refers to the people who belonged to shoen (manors) which were differentiated from the people who lived within koryo (public lands).

黒鍬（くろくわ）は戦国時代 (日本)や江戸時代に土木作業を行う者達を指す。
Kurokuwa (黒鍬) (a construction worker) refers to people engaged in civil engineering in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) and Edo period.

日本の畝（せ）は単純に坪（坪）の倍量単位となっており、30歩のことを指す。
Se as the Japanese unit is simply a unit of multiples of tsubo (bu) and 1 se is equal to 30 bu.

主に江戸幕府初期の、徳川家康から徳川家光までが行った政治姿勢のことを指す。
It usually refers to a government ruled by shogun from Ieyasu TOKUGAWA to Iemitsu TOKUGAWA in the early Edo period.

なお、それに先駆け、独眼竜とは旧陸軍第一師団長・陸軍中将・山地元治を指す。
Before this nickname was applied to Masamune, the name Dokuganryu had referred to Motoharu YAMAJI, the lieutenant general of the Imperial Japanese Army and the divisional commander of the 1st Army Division.

「宝塔」は、円筒形の塔身に宝形造（四角錐形）の屋根を付した形式の塔を指す。
The term 'Hoto' (treasure tower) refers to a cylindrical type of pagoda with a hogyo-zukuri style roof (all the roof ridges gathering at the center) in quadrilateral structure.

さらには、そのような初物の代わりとして献じられる金銭をも指すようになった。
In addition, hatsuho later represents the money offered in place of primeur.

人間国宝は、重要無形文化財保持者として各個認定された人物を指す通称である。
Living National Treasure is a term for those designated as holders of Important Intangible Cultural Property.

外様大名とは、関ヶ原の戦い前後に徳川氏の支配体系に組み込まれた大名を指す。
Tozama daimyo were daimyo who were incorporated into the ruling system of the TOKUGAWA clan before and after the Battle of Sekigahara.

放免（ほうめん）とは日本の令外官である検非違使の下部（しもべ）を指す名称。
Homen was the name of Shimobe (miscellaneous servants and attendants) of Kebiishi (a official with judicial and police power) which was Ryoge no kan (a post outside the original Ritsuryo code created by Imperial edicts) in Japan.

「なにかを指すことばがわからなくなったら、フランス語でしゃべってみるように
`Speak in French when you can't think of the English for a thing

(j)文字または数字による暗号（最後に探偵が解読したもののことを指す）。
(j) The cipher, or code letter, which is eventually unraveled by the sleuth.

普通足全体を指すために使われるが、専門的には膝から足首の間の部分のみを指す
commonly used to refer to a whole limb but technically only the part of the limb between the knee and ankle

アジア人を指す差別語（特に、ベトナム戦争で北ベトナムの兵士を指して用いた）
a disparaging term for an Asian person (especially for North Vietnamese soldiers in the Vietnam War)

「経典」という場合、狭義には「経」のみを指すが、広義には仏教典籍全般を指す。
Buddhist sutra' means only 'sutra' in a narrow sense, but in a broad sense it means all Buddhist scriptures.

転じて、路線番号や道路の通称名を表す道路標識案内標識のことを指すこともある。
Sotoba, as derived from this tablet, occasionally refers to any of the traffic signs or the direction signs set up on roads in Japan, showing the road number or its common name.

激しい闘争の行われている場所、あるいはそのような場所を連想させる状況を指す。
It refers to the place where fierce fighting is going on or the situation associated with such a place.

書院における豪華な茶の湯に対し、四畳半以下の茶室を用いた簡素な茶の湯を指す。
It represents a simple tea ceremony performed in a 4.5 tatami-mat tea room or less, compared to the more gorgeous tea ceremony performed in a shoin room (formal reception room).

庵号は燕庵（えんなん）といい、織部の考案による相伴席付三畳台目の茶室を指す。
The tea house, based on a design by Oribe, is called Ennan and is 6.19 square meters (3 tatami mats and one daimedatami mat) with seats for participants.

的矢は的と矢のことを指すが、敵や獲物ではなく的を対象とした矢のことでもある。
Matoya (target practice) means a target and an arrow and also means an arrow which is shot at a target instead of an enemy or used in a game.

的弓は的と弓のことを指すが、敵や獲物ではなく的を対象とした弓のことでもある。
The word matoyumi refers to a bow used to shoot a target instead of the enemy or used as a game.

昨今は社会・生活背景などもあって、暦の上での大寒の前後に行われる稽古を指す。
Under the current social/daily life situation, it refers to the trainings conducted around the time of daikan (one of the twenty-four divisions of four seasons, and the coldest period in winter).

なお、北海道、東北地方において「番茶」とは「ほうじ茶」全般を指すことが多い。
Moreover, the word 'bancha' often refers to 'hojicha' in Hokkaido and the Tohoku region.

祭礼時に幸、不幸の別でそれを執り行う部屋の畳の敷き込みを変えていた事を指す。
These terms refer to the custom of changing the layout of tatami mats at celebrations (shugijiki) or condolences (bushugijiki).

酒部は部署の名称だけでなく、今日の杜氏（とうじ）にあたる醸造技術者をも指す。
Sakabe was not only a name of a department but also an expert of brewing which corresponds to today's toji (a sake brewer).

裾（すそ）衣服の袖以外の部分における裾は、衣服の、地面に最も近い端を指す言葉
Suso: Suso of a garment without the sleeve parts is the hem of the garment closest to the ground.

鼓（つづみ）は日本特有の伝統的な楽器のひとつで、もっとも狭義には小鼓を指す。
Tsuzumi (hand drum) is a traditional instrument unique to Japan, and refers to Kotsuzumi (small hand drum) in a narrow sense.

また、「煎」も、中国では薬を煎じるという意味ではなく、鉄板で焼くことを指す。
Similarly, '煎' (sen) in China means to grill something on a hot iron plate, and does not mean to decoct medicinal herbs as it does in Japan.

今日では「外郎売」と言えばその劇中に出てくる外郎売の長科白を指すことが多い。
Today, in many cases, the term 'Uiro uri' refers to the medicine peddler's long speech in the play.

銀杏髷（いちょうまげ）とは江戸時代を通して最も一般的だった男性の髪形を指す。
Ichomage is the most popular men's hairstyle through the Edo period.

御物（ぎょぶつ）は、日本の皇室の私有品である絵画、書跡、刀剣などを指す用語。
Gyobutsu refers to the collection of pictures or written records and sidearms that belonged to the Japanese Imperial Family.

「東山」とは一つの山系の名ではなく、京都の中心部から見て東に見える山を指す。
'Higashiyama' means the mountains that can be viewed in the east from the central Kyoto, not a name of specific mountain range.

日本三景は以下の3つの名勝地を指す（番号は上掲されている画像の数字と対応）。
Nihon Sankei refers to the following three scenic spots (each number corresponds to the number of image shown above.)

京都市、大阪市、神戸市、および、これら3市の衛星都市を合わせた都市圏を指す。
It indicates an urban area including Kyoto City, Osaka City and Kobe City along with their surrounding satellite smaller cities.

その後蝦夷共和国の成立を目指す榎本武揚らに合流し、二股口の戦い等で活躍する。
Subsequently, they joined Takeaki ENOMOTO and others who were aiming to establish the Republic of Ezo, and actively fought in the Battle of Futamataguchi.

が、特に平安時代前期（9世紀）に大宰府管内で導入された公営の田地制度を指す。
Kueiden especially meant the public land system introduced in Dazaifu in the former Heian period (the 9th century).

酒屋（さかや）とは、鎌倉時代に始まった、日本酒を醸造し、販売する業者を指す。
Sakaya indicates an operator of the sake-producing/selling business that started in the Kamakura period.

朝廷の官衙である和歌所・御書所・記録所・院文殿・後院などにおける職員を指す。
It indicates the staff that worked in Kanga (government office) of the Imperial Court such as Wakadokoro (office of waka), Goshodokoro (office to maintain books in the Imperial Court), Kirokujo (land record office), Infumidono (the retired emperor's documents bureau), Goin and so on.

賎民（せんみん）とは、通常の民衆よりも下位に置かれた身分またはその者を指す。
Senmin indicates a rank or a person of such rank who is placed lower than the common person.

西の脇庵の砦（城将は西方院覚心）……茶臼山城（現紀の川市（旧那賀町））を指す
The Fort of West Wakian (脇庵) (the commander was Kakushin of Seiho-in Temple) which referred to Chausuyama-jo Castle (Kinokawa City at present [former Naga Town])

更に北上し蠅帽子峠を越えて越前国に入り、大きく迂回して京都を目指す事とした。
They decided to take a detour and go through the Haeboshi-toge to enter the Echizen Province and head to Kyoto.

和辻倫理学（わつじりんりがく）は、和辻哲郎の展開した倫理学の体系を指す呼称。
Watsuji Rinrigaku is the name of the ethical theory developed by Tetsuro WATSUJI.

謡曲とは、能における節と詞（ことば）、または能の脚本（謡本）そのものを指す。
Yokyoku means staves and words for Noh or playbook for Noh itself (Utai-bon (chant book)).

また、新酒が出来たことを知らせる酒屋の杉玉を指す「さかばやし」を詠み込んだ。
He also wrote haiku relating to 'sakabayashi' meaning sake shop sugitama (a large ornamental ball made with cedar leaves), which announced that new sake had been made.

（二重門とは2階建て門で、1階と2階の境目にも屋根の出をつくるものを指す。）
(Niju-mon refers to a two-story gate, having a roof protrusion at the boundary between the first and second floors, too)

第二次大戦後、社格がなくなってからは、広く一般の神社の長を指すようになった。
After WWII, when shrine ranking became a thing of the past, Guji became the title for chiefs of all shrines.

また田楽と同義にも使われおでんと読んだ場合は一般に料理のおでんのことを指す。
It is also used for a synonym for dengaku and when it is read as oden, it generally means oden (a Japanse dish containing al kinds of ingredients cooked in a specal broth of soy sauce) of dishes.

米国のある地域では、エールは、（法により）容量において4％以上の醸造酒を指す
in some of the United States an ale is (by law) a brew of more than 4% alcohol by volume

地中海東側の地域を指す昔の名前で、現在はレバノンとシリアとイスラエルが占める
the former name for the geographical area of the eastern Mediterranean that is now occupied by Lebanon, Syria, and Israel

ビャクシン属の植物の小球状の実で、特にセイヨウビャクシンの小球状の球果を指す
berrylike fruit of a plant of the genus Juniperus especially the berrylike cone of the common juniper

方角に限らず、場所、時間帯や特定の教科などを指すこともあり、その用途は幅広い。
It refers not only to the direction, but also to places, time zones, or particular subjects, and the range of its use is wide.

｢うら｣は心を指す古語であり、｢うらやす｣で心中の平穏を表す語であるとされる。
Ura' is an ancient Japanese word meaning mind or heart; 'urayasu' therefore means supposedly 'peace of mind.'

滓下げ（おりさげ）とは、上槽を終えた酒の濁りを取り除くために、待つことを指す。
Orisage means to wait in order to remove turbidness of the sake that just came out from the process of joso.

芸道（げいどう）は、芸能・技芸を日本独自のかたちで体系化したもののことを指す。
Geido refers to the performance of arts and handicrafts in a systematized way that is uniquely Japanese.

「みそか」が29日を指す月には30日は存在しないので、混乱が起こることはない。
Since there is no 30th day in the month when 'misoka' refers to the 29th day, confusion is not expected.

英語で Kimono Sleeves という、洋服の袖の様式を指す言葉がある。
In English, 'Kimono Sleeves' indicates a form of sleeves of Western clothing.

生蕎麦は現在では、二八蕎麦、十割蕎麦、五割蕎麦他の「蕎麦屋の蕎麦全般」を指す。
Nowadays, kisoba means 'soba served at soba restaurants in general' such as nihachi soba, juwari soba, and gowari soba.

衣・食・住・聖・性・真・善・美など、人生の諸相にあらわれる価値のすべてを指す。
It refers to every value of life such as food, clothing, housing, holiness, nature, truth, virtue and beauty.

単に「行幸啓」といった場合は、天皇と皇后が一緒に外出することを指す場合が多い。
When just saying; 'Gyokokei,' it often means the Emperor and the Empress going out together.

特に天皇を元首又は象徴とする近代以降の国家体制（近代天皇制）を指すこともある。
It sometimes specifically indicates the state system after the Meiji period (modern Tennosei) when the emperor acted as the head or symbol of the state.

「書跡」は宸翰、和漢名家筆跡、古筆、墨跡、法帖等で日本の書道史上の遺品を指す。
Calligraphy work' refers to Imperial letters, examples of handwriting by well-known calligraphers of Japan and China, ancient writings, ink calligraphy, calligraphy copybooks, and any other written works (in Japan) of historical significance by deceased calligraphers.

なお、「官」とは役所そのものを指し、「役所の職員」を指す現在の用法とは異なる。
Kan' indicated a government office itself, and is different from present usage as a 'government officer.'

第3党路線を採って「三党鼎立」を目指すが、党勢不振により1899年に解党した。
The Kokumin Kyokai sought to realize the 'tripartite factions' in the Diet by remaining to be a third party, but the association ended up dissolving itself in 1899 as it failed to extend the political power.

『時慶卿記』より遡るものとして次の記録があり、これらも阿国を指す可能性がある。
The following records are older than the Tokiyoshi Kyoki, and may also refer to Okuni.

なお「鳥形山」は寺の北東、飛鳥坐神社（あすかにいますじんじゃ）のある山を指す。
Torigatazan' is the name of a mountain to the northeast of the temple where Asukaniimasu-jinja Shrine is located.

狭義の徳川家譜代は、代々松平家に仕えた家や、徳川家康に取り立てられた家を指す。
Narrowly-defined TOKUGAWA fudai consisted of the families that had been in hereditary vassalage to the MATSUDAIRA family, and the families that were promoted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.

このため、「正倉院」は東大寺大仏殿北西に所在する宝庫を指す固有名詞と化している。
Therefore, the name of 'Shosoin' is now a proper noun that specifically means the treasure house located in the northwest of Daibutsu-den Hall, Todai-ji Temple.

故事来歴の意味に用いて、神社寺院の沿革や、そこに現れる功徳利益などの伝説を指す。
It is also used to mean origin and history, and it shows the histories of shrines and temples, as well as the legends of merits appearing in those shrines and temples.

中陰（ちゅういん）、中有（ちゅうう）とは、仏教で人が死んでからの49日間を指す。
Chuin and chuu refer to the period of mourning lasting seven weeks in Buddhism.

今日における狭義では、日蓮を宗祖とする諸宗派の最大宗派「宗教法人日蓮宗」を指す。
In a narrow sense, today it refers to 'Religious Corporation Nichiren sect,' the largest sect among the sects saying Nichiren was their founder.

特に、小烏造りは刀身の二分の一以上が両刃になった擬似刀と呼ばれる剣の造りを指す。
Especially Kokarasu-zukuri indicates a style of a sword called a false sword that has a double edge in more than half of the blade.

山車は「出し物」全般を指すが、車の字がついていることから曳き山を指すことが多い。
'Dashi' refers to the whole 'pageant' but often indicates a single Hikiyama (pulled-type float) by adding kanji for Kuruma (vehicle) to Yama (mountain).

灯籠と言った場合、神社寺や旧街道などに多く存在する屋外の固定式を指すことが多い。
Toro refers in many cases to such fixed lanterns for outdoor use as often seen in Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines.

集落各所に焚かれたかがり火の中を、氏神が松明を持って練り歩いて神社山門を目指す。
The Ujigami (ancient ancestral or tutelary deity of a clan or family) heads for the main gate of the shrine, parading with pine torches and watch fires are made here and there in the town.

また、派生としてサケの刺身または鮭フレークとイクラをのせたものを指すこともある。
Also, as it is a derivative of oyakodon, the term is sometimes used to refer to a dish with raw salmon or salmon flake and salmon caviar.

日本の伝統的な芸能、芸道において、その流儀の最高権威伝承者またはその家系を指す。
These family lines or their heads are the highest authority on traditional Japanese arts.

- 農林水産のいずれかが基幹産業である場合が多く、その付帯施設や基盤整備を指す。
Mura fushin refers to the development of facilities and infrastructures in villages where the key industries include agriculture, forestry and fishing.

京都では細切りの油揚げを載せて、くずあんを掛け、おろし生姜を添えたうどんを指す。
Meanwhile, in Kyoto, Tanuki Udon refers to Udon noodles topped with deep-fried bean curd cut into strips, thick starchy sauce and grated ginger.

おやつ（片仮名でオヤツとも）とは、八つ時（午後2時頃）に食べる間食のことを指す。
The term 'oyatsu' (おやつ), also written in katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries) as オヤツ, refers to an afternoon snack that was originally eaten at yatsudoki (approximately 2 p.m.) according to the old Japanese way of counting time.

食用菊（しょくようぎく）とはキクの一種で、特に食品として栽培されている菊を指す。
Shokuyo-giku is a kind of chrysanthemum which is especially grown as food.

たとえば、沖縄で単に「そば」と言えば通常、ソーキそばなどで有名な沖縄そばを指す。
For example, if one simply mentions 'soba' in Okinawa, it is generally referred to as Okinawa-style noodles such as the famed Soki soba (Okinawa noodles made from wheat flour).

狭義の「日本髪」は安土桃山時代後期から幕末までの日本人女性に結われた結髪を指す。
The Japanese coiffure' by a narrow definition refers to the keppatsu (hairdressing) practiced by Japanese women from the late Azuchi-Momoyama Period to the end of the Edo Period.

皇族軍人（こうぞくぐんじん）とは、大日本帝国陸軍・海軍の将官となった皇族を指す。
Ko-zoku Gunjin refer to the members of the imperial family who became general officers of the Imperial Japanese Army or Imperial Japanese Navy.

彼らはむしろ英語で農場経営者を指す語である farmer と訳すのがふさわしい。
A proper English translation of the free-hold farmer is farmer, which means the person who manages a farm.

また、「水呑無高」と併記されることも多く、水呑と無高が別の内容を指す場合もある。
Also 'Mizunomi Mutaka' (water drinking people without harvesting land) was often put down with it; moreover there were cases that Mizunomi and Mutaka referred to different things respectively.

ただし、一般的に目安箱といえば江戸時代に徳川吉宗が設置したものを指すことが多い。
However, generally speaking, meyasubako means the system established by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA in the Edo period.

徳川家康の功臣のうち,特に武勇に秀でた3人,本多忠勝・榊原康政・井伊直政を指す。
refers to Tadakatsu HONDA, Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, and Naomasa II, the three meritorious retainers of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who had outstanding military prowess.

徳山藩再興を目指す奈古屋里人らは初め村々から百姓を集め、萩藩に直訴しようとした。
Initially, Satondo NAGOYA and others, who sought to restore the Tokuyama domain, gathered farmers from villages and tried to appeal to the Hagi domain directly.

神の住む天上世界である高天原と対比して、人間の住む日本の国土を指すと考えられる。
It is thought to refer to Japanese soil in which human beings live, in contrast to the celestial world Takamanohara in which gods live.

翌1336年（建武3年）1月 (旧暦)、再度の入京を目指す尊氏を摂津国で破った。
In January of the following year, 1336, he defeated Takauji in Settsu Province, while he was attempting to go to Kyoto again.

主に京大受験を目指す学生向けに独自の大学情報本も毎年発行していたが、現在は休刊。
It was also publishing its own university information book every year mainly for students aiming for the Kyoto University entrance examination, but the publication is currently suspended.

二つの魂が十分に発達した状態を「二徳」といい、一徳の次は二徳を目指すことになる。
The condition in which two souls have grown well is called having 'two virtues.'

江戸時代には主に一万石以上の所領を江戸幕府から与えられた武家を指す言葉となった。
In the Edo period the word specified a lord who was granted a territory of 10,000 koku or more from the Edo Shogunate.

関ヶ原の戦い（関ヶ原の合戦）以前より、徳川氏に臣従して取り立てられた大名を指す。
Fudai daimyo were the daimyo, whom the TOKUGAWA clan had promoted from among the TOKUGAWA vassals at the service from before the Battle of Sekigahara (Sekigahara no Kassen).

抱席（抱入（かかえいれ）とも）はそれ以降に新たに御家人身分に登用された者を指す。
`Kakaeseki` (also called kakaeire) families were those families had been newly promoted to the status of Gokenin.

源氏将軍とは、狭義には鎌倉幕府を開いた源頼朝、源頼家、源実朝の三代の将軍を指す。
In a narrow sense, the Genji Shoguns are identified as three generations of Shoguns that commenced with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (who set up the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)), MINAMOTO no Yoriie and MINAMOTO no Sanetomo.

しかしながら、一般に町奉行とのみ呼ぶ場合は幕府の役職である江戸町奉行のみを指す。
However, when just mach-bugyo was used, it generally indicated the Edo machi-bugyo that was the governmental post in the bakufu.

平安時代以降は賀茂神社の斎王（斎院）と区別するため、斎王のことも指すようになった。
From the Heian period, it also began to signify Saio herself to distinguish her from Saio serving at the Kamo-jinja Shrine (called Saiin).

仏教用語における座主とは、一般に日本の天台宗のトップ、天台座主（管長）の事を指す。
Zasu in Buddhism term generally refers to the top priest of the Japanese Tendai Sect, Tendai-zasu (chief abbot).

「宝塔」は歴史的用語としては「塔」の美称であり、特定の建築形式を指すものではない。
Historically, the term 'hoto' has been used in reference to pagodas eulogistically, but it doesn't specify a certain architectural style.

宿善が大切であると説き「信心決定（弥陀に救われること）」を目指すとする主張をする。
It preaches the importance of shukuzen (good from past lives), and claims the pursuit of 'shinjin ketsujo (salvation by Amida).'

よって、「柔術」というと江戸時代以前から伝わる伝統的な柔術を指す場合が多くなった。
Therefore, 'jujutsu' has come to mean, in many cases, 'koryu jujutsu' (the old-style jujutsu) handed down from before the Edo period.

鼻緒はもと、緒の先端部で足指がかかるところであったが、緒の全体を指すようになった。
Hanao used to indicate a top of O which was pinched by toes, but came to indicate the entire of O.

威勢ばかりで中身の伴わないことを指す「張子の虎」ということわざの語源となっている。
It is used as the root of an expression, 'hariko no tora' (papier-mache tigers of which neck swing), which means a person who is in high spirits but superficial.

九州地方では、「天ぷらうどん」と称する場合、この丸天うどんのことを指すことがある。
In the Kyushu region, the title 'Tempura Udon' sometimes refers to this Maruten Udon.

一般には、炊飯や湯沸し用の金属製の道具を指すことが多く、主に鋳造されたものが多い。
In general, it refers to metallic devices used to cook rice or boil water, many of which are casted.

その後、幕末頃には「生蕎麦」の指す範囲は拡大し、二八蕎麦にも使われるようになった。
The scope of the term 'kisoba' subsequently expanded to be used in conjunction with nihachi soba by the end of the Edo period.

しかし、「明清楽」という呼称は、事実上清楽だけを指す場合も多いので、注意を要する。
However, caution is needed because the term 'Min-Shingaku' is often used to indicate Shingaku alone.

清楽や現代中国の「月琴」と名前は同じでも、実際は違う楽器を指すので、注意を要する。
Caution is needed, however, because this Gekkin is an instrument that differs from the Gekkin in Shingaku and that of the modern China, although the same term is used.

久田家の庵号は半床庵（はんしょうあん）といい、3代宗全による二畳中板の茶室を指す。
The ango (pen name ending with the character 'an') of the Hisada family is Hanshoan, which is the name of the tea house called Nijo nakaita-no-seki (two tatami mats with a board in between) of the third generation Sozen.

また、折り上げられた作品そのものや、折り紙用に作られた正方形の専用紙のことも指す。
It also refers to a folded paper model itself or a piece of square paper used exclusively for origami.

なお溷六と書くと、急性アルコール中毒状態にある酔っ払いの事を指す別の言葉にもなる。
The term 溷六 also means a drunken man in acute alcohol poisoning.

「新造」とは武家や町人の妻を指す言葉であったが、後に未婚の女性も指すようになった。
'Shinzo' used to refer to the wife of a samurai or a merchant, but later it was also used to refer to any unmarried woman.

一般的に「絵本太功記」といえば暗黙に10段目を指すほど、この段は非常に有名である。
Generally speaking of 'Ehon Taikoki,' the 10th act represents 'Ehon Taikoki' because this act is such famous.

奈良きたまち（なら-）は、奈良県奈良市のならまちより北側の古い市街地を指す地域。
Nara Kitamachi is the area which refers to the old urban district to the north of Naramachi in Nara City, Nara Prefecture.

親王任国（しんのうにんごく）とは、親王が国司に任じられた令制国及びその制度を指す。
The term Shinno-ningoku means provinces to which imperial princes were appointed as kokushi (provincial governor) as well as such systems.

平安時代の荘園における特定の形態のもとで荘園領主（本家）の使役を受けた人々を指す。
It indicates the people who worked for the shoen landlord (honke [the head family]) under a special agreement within the shoen during the Heian period.

初期農耕文化の時代であり、おおよそ紀元前3世紀から紀元後3世紀頃までの期間を指す。
The Yayoi period falls under the age of the early agrarian culture, and ranged from about the third century B.C. to about the third century A.D.

贋作は来歴に関する虚偽を含まない模倣本、便乗本などを指す、と区別されることもある。
A gisaku is differentiated from a gisho, in that a gisaku refers to an imitation book which does not have falsified origin or opportunistic book.

だが、この場合の「施し」というものが具体的にどのような痕跡を指すのかが問題である。
The question is, however, what the 'marks' specifically refer to.

後に転じて天皇の寵愛を受けた女官や、皇太子・親王の配偶者のことも指すようになった。
Later, a miyasudokoro changed the meaning and referred to the nyokan who received an emperor's favor, and a consort of a Prince or Imperial Prince.

将軍専制権力の確立を目指す義満は統制が困難だった有力守護大名の弱体化を狙っていた。
At that time, Yoshimitsu wanted to make the shogunate an autocratic power, and thus he aimed to weaken major shugo clans, whom he had trouble to control.

和与とは、当事者双方の合意に伴って財物や所領、所職などの権利を移転する行為を指す。
Wayo (compromise) is an action of transferring such rights as properties, territories, and positions between the parties in question based on their agreement.

『隋書』の「俀王姓阿毎字多利思北孤號阿輩雞彌」は聖徳太子を指すとする説がある。
There is a theory that the description of 'a king of wa' in 'Zuisho' (the Book of the Sui Dynasty) refers to Prince Shotoku.

「科学者を目指す若者に中等教育で最も励んで欲しいのは数学、特に平面幾何学である。」
'The thing that I want young people who want to be scientists to study most in secondary education is mathematics, especially plane geometry.'

祈願所（きがんじょ）は神社、寺院の1つで、特に人々が神仏に願い事を行う寺社を指す。
The term kiganjo refers to a Buddhist temple or Shinto shrine at which worshipers pray for favors.

この他、神社の所有地、民間の所有地であて民間伝承などの特別な謂われのある木を指す。
In addition, shinboku refers to a tree which is in a site owned by a shrine or a private land and which has a special history such as an oral tradition.

神の三位一体を構成するもののいずれか、特に、神と人間の性格を併せもつキリストを指す
any of the three persons of the Godhead constituting the Trinity especially the person of Christ in which divine and human natures are united

ただし単に外堀と言った場合は、総構え堀を指す場合と本城の外側の堀を指す場合とがある。
However, when the term, outer moat, was simply used, this might refer to the sogamae moat itself or the outward moat of the castle.

中国で鬼（グウェイ）という場合、死霊、死者の霊魂中国の宗教（道教など）のことを指す。
In China, Oni (Guei) indicates a ghost, the spirit of a dead person and Chinese religion (Taoism).

日本ではかき氷にシロップをかけたものを指す事が多く、かき氷と同一のものとなっている。
In Japan, it usually refers to shaved ice with syrup, and it became the same as shaved ice flavored with syrup.

狭義には、「寸止め」ルールを採用する全空連の空手およびその参加流派を指す場合が多い。
In a narrower sense, it refers to karate as associated with the JKF, which adopts sundome rules, as well as organizations affiliated with JKF.

一般的には、御節料理とは、献立すべてを指すのではなく、重箱詰めされた料理のみを指す。
The term 'osechi-ryori' commonly refers only to the foods packed in a nest of lacquered boxes instead of referring to the entire menu.

本来、日本古来のものを指すが明治時代に西欧からももたらされたタオルを含むこともある。
Originally, a Tenugui towel means a traditional Japanese towel but sometimes it includes a towel which comes from Western Europe.

元々は鎌倉時代に禅寺で採られていた、質素倹約を重視した食事の形式を指す言葉であった。
Ichiju-issai originally meant a meal style emphasizing simplicity and frugality that had been taken in Zen temples in the Kamakura period.

または鉄板を用いて調理した料理を客に供する飲食店や「料理」そのものを指すこともある。
It may also mean a restaurant which serves foods cooked by using an iron plate or mean the food itself.

砂張（さはり）：銅を主とする合金であるが、特に東南アジア系統の製品を指すことがある。
Sahari: Refers to mainly copper mixed metals, but sometimes refers especially to Southeast Asian group products.

魚肉練り製品の一つとして、ゴボウを魚のすり身で包み、油で揚げたものを指すことがある。
As a boiled fish-paste product, it may refer to burdock root that is wrapped in minced fish and is fried in oil.

このときの筒井軍の行動が後世に脚色され、日和見的態度を指す「洞ヶ峠」の由来となった。
The act of Tsutsui's forces at this time was dramatized years later to become the origin of 'Horaga-toge Pass,' the term to indicate opportunism.

狭義には、比叡山を含めず山中越の南の大文字山（京都市左京区）から南を指すこともある。
In a narrower sense, it may refer to the southern area of Mt. Daimonji (Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City) to the south of Yamanakagoe (a main road called Shimogamo-Otsu Line toda), excluding Mt. Hiei.

半済（はんぜい）は、室町幕府が荘園・公領の年貢半分の徴収権を守護に認めたことを指す。
'Hanzei'means that the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) gave the power of collection of half of the customs or taxes on production from manors and lands under the control of the feudal government to the provincial constables.

武将（ぶしょう）とは軍人、武士など軍事に携わる人々のうち頭立った者を指す言葉である。
Busho refers to those who stood out among people engaged in military affairs, such as a military officer and a samurai.

その後岡豊城で一領具足を交えて軍議を開き、その結果阿波の完全制圧を目指す事となった。
After that, having a council of war including ichiryo gusoku, the self-made rural samurai, they aimed to take complete control of Awa Province.

当初の寸は親指の幅を指す身体尺であったと考えられている（これはインチも同様である）。
Sun is thought to have originated from an anthropomorphic unit for showing the breadth of a thumb (just the same as inch).

「天下」とは、天子の統治する地域を指す古代中国の概念で、日本でも古代から用いられた。
The term 'Tenka' (the realm) refers to a concept in ancient China, which showed an area governed by an emperor, and was often used also in Japan.

19世紀末の移民によってアメリカ合衆国に渡った人々とその子孫のことを指すことが多い。
It often refers to the Japanese people who immigrated to the U.S. in the 19th century and their descendants.

また、出生地主義国のアメリカで生まれた子は自動的にアメリカ国籍になった子供達も指す。
Also it refers to the children who automatically became U.S. citizens because they were born in the U.S., which has adopted the principle of birthright citizenship.

伊達政宗の功臣のうち,特に功績の大きかった3人,片倉景綱・伊達成実・茂庭綱元を指す。
refers to Kagetsuna KATAKURA, Shigezane DATE, and Tsunamoto MONIWA, the three men of the meritorious retainers of Masamune DATE who made the greatest achievements.

その為、その地域を指す京都府北部・兵庫県北東部を目的地としている列車名に用いられた。
Therefore, this name was used for the train whose destination was the area covering the northern part of Kyoto Prefecture and the northeastern part of Hyogo Prefecture, this being the area indicated by the name.

これらは、神神習合が起こる前の各部族での「カミ」を指す呼び名であったとも考えられる。
These can also be thought to be the names that each of the tribes called their respective 'kami' before the fusion of the kami.

漢字だけが日本に入ってきたが、その文字が指す実体は日本にはなかったということになる。
It means that these Chinese characters were imported to Japan where the entity of these characters did not exist.

相殿（あいどの。合殿とも書く）とは、主神を含めて複数の神が祀られた社殿のことを指す。
Aidono (相殿, also written as 合殿) is a building in a Shinto shrine which enshrines several deities, including the Shushin.

一定の独立性を持った主従君臣関係未満の半従属化された者を指す概念としても用いられる。
The term was also used to refer to the general concept of those who were somewhat subordinate but not satisfying a fully independent master-servant relationship.

ある先行詞を指す関係詞節を導く（『that』『which』『who』のような）代名詞
a pronoun (as `that' or `which' or `who') that introduces a relative clause referring to some antecedent

なお「勅封」という言葉は本来「天皇の署名入りの紙を鍵に巻きつけて施錠すること」を指す。
The word 'Chokufu' (Imperial seal) originally meant to lock by twisting paper with the emperor's signature around a key.

この背景として、日蓮宗管長・新井日薩らによる「全日蓮門下の統合」を目指す画策もあった。
There was a background that the chief abbot of the Nichiren Sect, Nissatsu ARAI, and others aimed to 'unify the whole Nichiren discipline.'

標準的な風水の観点では、船岡山を玄武を伝ってやってくる山龍が目指す星峰と解釈している。
In the standard viewpoint of feng shui, Mt. Funaoka is interpreted as Seiho, to which Sanryu, a dragon of mountains, is headed via Genbu.

近代以降では、神社などで行われる祭り(露店などが多く出る)の日のことを指す場合も多い。
Since the modern era, ennichi has also often indicated the days when festivals (with many street stalls) are held at places such as shrines.

立冬から立春にかけての3ヶ月間（11月・12月・1月）に行われるものを指す場合が多い。
Winter festivals often indicate the festivals celebrated during the three months (November, December and January) from ritto (the first day of winter in the Japanese calendar) through risshun (the first day of spring in the Japanese calendar).

「茶屋」とは「茶屋染」という江戸時代の初期（寛文年間）頃に発明された染色の一種を指す。
The term 'Chaya' refers to a dye technique called 'Chaya-zome' (Chaya-dyed) invented in the early Edo period (Kanbun era).

その後、用語の意味は変遷して「茶屋辻」に染められていた模様そのものを指すようになった。
Thereafter, the definition of the term Chayatsuji changed, and it started to refer to the pattern itself rather than the style of kimono.

出作（でさく/でつくり）とは、ある地域の住民が別の地域にある田畑を耕作することを指す。
Desaku, also referred to as Detsukuri (literally, going out to plow) means that inhabitants in a region cultivate fields in other regions.

アパレルメーカーなどによって製造された製品を、商品として店頭に並べ販売する小売を指す。
It refers to retail sellers displaying and selling products manufactured by apparel makers in store.

しかしながら、今では「鉄砲」というとワサビ入りのカンピョウ巻きのことを指す場合が多い。
However, nowadays, the term 'teppo' is mostly used for indicating the kanpyo-maki with wasabi.

西日本の各地の風習としての三社参りは、正月の初詣として、三つの神社を詣でることを指す。
Sanshamairi which is a custom at various places in western Japan means visits to three Shinto shrines for hatsumode (new year's visit to a shrine) on New Year's Holidays.

このため、地方政治の分野で「京都」と呼んだ場合、京都市ではなく、京都府を指す事も多い。
Therefore, when 'Kyoto' is said in the field of politics, it often refers to Kyoto Prefecture, not Kyoto City.

堀之内（ほりのうち）は中世日本における武士・在地領主の館（たち・たて）を指す歴史用語。
Horinouchi is historical jargon that indicates a town developed in the vicinity of the residence (called 'tachi' or 'tate') of samurai (warriors) and landholders in the medieval Japan.

日明貿易（にちみんぼうえき）は、日本の室町時代に日本が中国の明王朝に行った貿易を指す。
The Japan-Ming trade indicates the trade carried on between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China in the Muromachi period.

家職（かしょく）とは、家によって世襲された職務や職能、官職（及びその昇進次第）を指す。
Kashoku was a hereditary job or position or official post (and progression pass).

間は、中国において一般的な建物の柱と柱の間隔を指す長さの単位として生まれたものである。
Ken was originally generated in China as the unit of length to measure the interval between pillars.

ここに明らかなように、テングリは天界であるとともに、天神として人格神を指すこともある。
As shown by the above, while Tenguri refers to Tenkai (the heavens), it sometimes refers to a humanized god as Tenjin (heavenly gods).

前漢の高祖劉邦に仕えた功臣のうち、特に功績の大きかった3人、蕭何・張良・韓信を指す。
refers to Xiao He, Zhang Liang, and Han Xin, the three who made the greatest achievements of the meritorious retainers who served Gaozu (first emperor) of the Former Han Dynasty, Liu Bang.

内容より転じて、「仲の良い幼馴染みの男女（が恋心を育て、ついに実らせること）」も指す。
Based on the content, it developed to imply 'a boy and a girl who were friends since their childhood (growing affectionate to each other and getting married).'

貞世は懐良親王を指すとされている「日本国王良懐」を冊封するために派遣された明使を抑留。
Ryoshun interned an envoy from Ming who was sent to confer peerage of '日本国王良懐' (King of Japan Ryokai); because 'King of Japan Ryokai' seemed to be Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi.

会社側もやがて観光鉄道を目指すようになり、グッズ類の販売等にも力を入れるようになった。
Soon the company came to make efforts, such as sales of train-related goods, to make itself an attractive railway.

かつては単に大社（おおやしろ）といえば一般的には出雲大社（島根県出雲市）のことを指す。
It was once the case that the characters of the word 'Taisha,' pronounced 'Oyashiro,' referred specifically to Izumo Taisha Shrine (Izumo City, Shimane Prefecture).

自らの身に「神おろし」をして神の言葉（神託）を伝える役目の人物を指すことが通例である。
It commonly refers to a person who had the responsibility of conveying a divine message (oracle) after having 'gods fallen' into his or her own body.

一上（いちのかみ）とは、筆頭の公卿（一ノ上卿）という意味で、通常は左大臣のことを指す。
Ichinokami was the head of the Kugyo (top court officials) and usually referred to the Minister of the Left.

「有志連合」とは、イラク戦争でイラクを相手に協力して戦った国々のことを指す言葉である。
The 'Coalition of the Willing' is a phrase that refers to the countries that fought together against Iraq in the Iraq War.

いくつかの分類法ではニオイベンゾインと他の植物を指すが、しばしばクロモジ属に含められる
used in some classifications for the American spicebush and certain other plants often included in the genus Lindera

教会一致運動の教理で、異なった宗教の協力と理解を進める：キリスト教の普遍的統一を目指す
the doctrine of the ecumenical movement that promotes cooperation and better understanding among different religious denominations: aimed at universal Christian unity

一般的には住宅の集合体を指し、工業団地のように製造業等の事業所の集合体を指す場合もある。
The term generally refers to a cluster of residential buildings but may also refer to a collection of facilities for manufacturing and related activities exemplified by 'kogyo danchi・'

唐揚げ（からあげ、空揚げ）とは、揚げ油を使用した調理方法、またその調理された料理を指す。
The term 'Karaage' refers to a method of food preparation using frying oil, or the food that is prepared using this method.

ただし、番茶をほうじて飲用することが一般的な地方では、番茶＝ほうじ番茶を指すことが多い。
In areas where bancha leaves are usually roasted to be consumed, the term bancha often refers to hojicha.

上記の意味から転じて、日本武術の指導者のこと（必ずしも家元にあたる者を指すとは限らない）
From above meaning, Shike also implies leader of Japanese martial art (not necessary the head family).

紙に絵を描いてさいころを振って絵の上のマスの中にある駒を進めて上がりを目指すものである。
On the picture drawn on paper, the players roll a dice to move pieces forward to the goal.

寛永年間を中心として、慶長あるいは元和 (日本)から寛文年間の約80年前後の時期を指す。
It refers to the culture that prospered during the period of about 80 years from Keicho/Genna era to Kanei era.

今上天皇（きんじょうてんのう）は、その時点において天皇として在位している人物を指す呼称。
Kinjo Tenno (the present emperor) is the name indicating the person who is on the throne at the time.

また、この山の北側山腹にある標高230mの老ノ坂峠（おいのさかとおげ）を指す場合がある。
It sometimes indicates Oino-saka-toge Pass, which is 230 meters high, located on the north-side slope of this mountain.

第一次産業（農林漁業）に従事する者が多く、家屋の数と密集度が少ない地域を指す名称である。
It indicates an area where a small number of houses are sparsely scattered.

大股集落から急坂を登り、萱小屋（かやごや）跡と呼ばれる廃屋跡を通り過ぎて、尾根を目指す。
In this section, from Omata Village the road ascends a steep slope, passes through a ruin of an old house called 'Kaya-goya-ato,' and goes to the ridge.

後に、擬似的な血縁関係で編成された家臣団での格式を指す名称としても使用されることもある。
Later, it was also used for the rank name in reference to a social status among vassals who were related by similar blood.

院近臣（いんのきんしん、院の近臣）とは、院政を行う治天の君の側近及びその集団の事を指す。
In no Kinshin refers to the close associates or the group of close associates of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) who carried out Insei (rule by the retired emperor.)

景初四年（年号は正始_(魏)に変わり存在しないが西暦240年を指す。）三角縁盤龍鏡2面。
Two Sankakubuchi Banryu Mirrors in 240 (4th Year of Jingchu [the name of an era had changed and it no longer exists but it is 240 in Western calendar system]).

古墳時代（こふんじだい）とは、一般に3世紀半ば過ぎから7世紀末までの約400年間を指す。
In general, the 'Kofun period' (tumulus period) refers to the period ranging from the middle of the third century to the later part of the seventh century, approximately 400 years.

足利幕府は、古代のような統治者としての天皇権力の完全復活を目指す南朝に対抗して成立した。
The Ashikaga shogunate was founded in opposition to the Southern Court which was in favor of the restoration of the Emperor's power to rule as in ancient times.

「悪七兵衛」の「悪」は悪人という意味ではなく、「悪党」と同様に勇猛さを指すものとされる.
It is assumed that 'Aku' (bad) of 'Aku shichibe' doesn't refer to a bad person, but to a valiant person in the same manner as a 'villain.'

「吉野山」とは、1つの峰を指す名称ではなく、これらの社寺が点在する山地の広域地名である。
'Mt. Yoshino' is not a name for a mountain ridge but for an extensive area where these shrines and temples are scattered.

この「子嶋神祠」は現在、高取町下子島（子嶋寺の南方）にある小島神社を指すものと思われる。
This 'Kojima Shrine' seems to indicate present-day Kojima Shrine located in Shimokojima, Takatori-cho (the south of Kojima-dera).

祭神（さいじん）とは、ある神社について、そこに祀られている神 (神道)を指す言葉である。
Saijin is a Shinto term that signifies a deity enshrined in a Shinto shrine.

神社の造営に当たってその木材となる植林または自生する特別に伐採された木を指す場合もある。
Shinboku sometimes refers to trees which are grown by forestation, have naturally grown and which are specially cut down to be used for building a shrine.

シンボリックリンクを辿る (リンクをコピーする代わりにリンクが指すファイルをコピーする)
Dereference symbolic links (copy the files that they point to instead of copying the links).

特定の地域社会で共有される自然資源を指す概念として「ローカル・コモンズ」という言葉がある。
There is a word 'local commons,' which is a concept referring to the natural resources shared in a certain community or communities.

663年の白村江の戦いにおいて、百済復興を目指す倭国（後の日本）は新羅・唐連合軍に敗れた。
In the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663, Wakoku (later known as Japan) aiming at a revival of Paekche was defeated by Silla-Tang allied forces.

贖命重宝とは、命を贖（あがな）う重宝の意で、天台大師・智顗が定めた『涅槃経』の教えを指す。
Zokumyojyuho means treasured heirloom to atone life and indicates the teachings in 'Nehan-gyo Sutra' (The Sutra of The Great Nirvana) defined by Tendai Daishi Chigi.

そのためこのころ「かんざし」と呼べば髪飾り一般を指す名称で、飾り櫛や笄のこともさしていた。
At that time, therefore, the term 'kanzashi' referred to hair ornamentation in general and referred to comb decorations and kogai (ornamental hairpin) also.

精米歩合とは磨かれて残った割合を示すものであり、数値が低い程磨きがかかっていることを指す。
The polishing ratio shows the ratio of the part that remains after polishing: the smaller the value, the greater the degree of polishing.

日本食ブームとは、日本以外の諸国・地域において日本食が現地の人々に持て囃される状態を指す。
The Japanese foods boom indicates the situation that Japanese food is extolled by foreigners living in countries and regions other than Japan

京都ではくずあんを掛けて細切りの油揚げを載せたものを指し、大阪では前述のきつね蕎麦を指す。
In Kyoto, Tanuki soba means a bowl of soba in soup thickened with arrowroot starch topped with thinly sliced fried tofu, whereas, in Osaka, it means the soba dish which is known as Kitsune soba in the foregoing.

明楽は江戸時代の中期には衰退したため、明清楽と称しても、事実上、清楽だけを指すことも多い。
Mingaku was on the decline in the middle of the Edo period, so Minshingaku substantially means - in many cases - Shingaku.

青井戸 - 釉に青みがかかるものを指すが、釉調は「大井戸」に近いものもありさまざまである。
Aoido (literally, 'blue well'): refers to bowls with a slight blue glaze, but there are various tones, including one which is similar to 'oido.'

アンティーク着物とは昭和初期以前に作られた着物（和服）のことで、特に状態の良いものを指す。
Antique Kimono refers to Kimono made before the beginning of the Showa period and particularly in good condition.

糸や生地から衣服を製品として製造するアパレルメーカーや、そのほか、服飾製品の製造業を指す。
It refers to the apparel makers that produce clothes from yarns and fabrics or manufacturers of other garments.

歌詞をその音楽と分けずに言及する言葉であり、朗読する詩歌に対して歌う詩歌を指す言葉である。
It is a term that refers to lyrics and its music together, and the term of poetry for singing in contrast with poetry for reciting.

ほかにも倉敷美観地区などが有名で、単に「美観地区」というとこの倉敷美観地区を指す事が多い。
Other than this, Kurashiki Bikan Chiku (Kurashiki beautiful sight area) is famous, and in many cases 'aesthetic area' means Kurashiki Bikan Chiku.

「みかど」とは本来御所の御門のことであり、禁裏・禁中・内裏は御所そのものを指す言葉である。
Mikado' originally means the gate of the Imperial Palace, and Kinri, Kinchu, and Dairi mean the Imperial Palace itself.

山城地区（やましろちく）とは、京都府南部の山城国のうち、宇治市以南にある12市町村を指す。
Yamashiro Province in Kyoto Prefecture, represents the twelve cities, towns and villages located in the south of Uji City.

若しくは、京都府船井郡以南と滋賀県湖南地方と奈良盆地を併せた地域のことを指す呼び名である。
It also refers to the areas south of Funai County in Kyoto Prefecture, Konan region in Shiga Prefecture, and Nara Basin.

単に落人と言った場合、治承・寿永の乱に敗れた伊勢平氏の郎党およびその末裔を指すことが多い。
When the term of ochudo is used with no additional explanation, it mostly means roto (retainers) of the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) defeated in Jisho-Juei War and their descendants.

徒士（下士）は公的に騎乗を認められない下層武士であり、卒は歩卒を原義としており足軽を指す。
Kachi (Kashi) were lower class bushi who were not officially allowed to ride horses, and Sotsu were in principle foot soldiers, and this was the term for Ashigaru (common foot soldier).

政治的な中心である江戸に対し、古くからの文化的な中心地・先進地域を指す語として用いられた。
Edo was the political center while Kamigata was the ancient cultural center or culturally developed area.

宮崎市定、宇都宮清吉、島田虔次、川勝義雄、谷川道雄らの京都大学系の東洋史学者の一派を指す。
It includes a group of scholars for East Asian history in Kyoto University line, such as Ichisada MIYAZAKI, Kiyoyoshi UTSUNOMIYA, Kenji SHIMADA, Yoshio KAWAKATSU, Michio TANIGAWA, and others.

大抵の場合において「相性が良い/悪い」という場合は、予め関係しあった結果を指す傾向にある。
In most cases, when someone is said to have a 'good/bad aisho' with another person, it expresses the result of an already established relationship.

8月5日、東国に国司（くにのみこともち）を遣わし、新政権の目指す政治改革を行うこととした。
On September 3, Kokushis (provincial governors) were sent to eastern provinces and the new regime decided to carry out political reforms it aimed at.

題名の「五代」とは、後堀河天皇・四条天皇・後嵯峨天皇・後深草天皇・亀山天皇の各天皇を指す。
The word 'Godai' included in the title refers to the Emperor Gohorikawa, the Emperor Shijo, the Emperor Gosaga, the Emperor Gofukakusa, and the Emperor Kameyama.

またそれを拡張した島根、鳥取、広島、岡山、山口県を纏めて指す中国地方の語源と位置付ける説。
The second theory is that Ashihara no nakatsukuni (described as 葦原中国 in Japanese) is the origin of the word 'the Chugoku region' (described as 中国地方 in Japanese) including Shimane, Tottori, Hiroshima, Okayama and Yamaguchi Prefectures.

「寺」「院」「精舎」「蘭若」などと同様、仏教寺院（私寺）を指す一般名詞として使われていた。
Like words such as 'tera,' 'in,' 'shoja' and 'ranny,a' the word 'tosho' was used as a general noun to identify Buddhist temples (including private temples).

後に神社の造営や徴税を行う者のことになり、さらに祭祀を行う神職者のことを指すようになった。
Later, the job of the Guji was changed to a position engaging in the construction of shrines and tax collection, which was further changed to a position for those who served the gods and were in charge of court rituals.

もっとも有名なのは2代藩主徳川光圀であり、通常「水戸黄門」と言った場合は光圀のことを指す。
The most famous is Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA, the second head of the clan, and 'Mito Komon' generally refers to Mitsukuni.

より広義には、大名家・執政機関の最高責任者群を指す（豊臣政権の五大老などがよく知られる）。
In a broad sense, this term was used for indicating the highest responsible persons in a daimyo family or in an administrative body (Gotairo [Council of Five Elders] in the Toyotomi government were well known).

品官（ほんかん）とは、日本の律令制において各官司の四等官の体系に属しない官職の総称を指す。
Honkan was a general term of government posts which did not belong to the system for shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks) of each government official in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code [historical law system]) of Japan.

ある話題の公開討論のための会議や協議会で、特に参加者が聞き手となって、発表を行うものを指す
a meeting or conference for the public discussion of some topic especially one in which the participants form an audience and make presentations

｢よどんだ水に髪の毛のかたまりのようにできている緑色の藻｣のこと･とくに｢アオミドリ｣を指す
pond scum

仏舎利（ぶっしゃり）とは、入滅した釈迦が荼毘に付された際の遺骨及び棺、荼毘祭壇の灰塵を指す。
Buddha's sariras refer to the cremated ashes of Buddha's bones as well as the remains of the coffin and altar that were used for the cremation of Buddha when he passed away.

血脈相承（けちみゃくそうじょう）は、仏教で師から弟子へと法 (仏教)が伝えられることを指す。
According to Buddhism, Kechimyaku Sojo means the handing down of law (dharma) from a mentor to a disciple.

現代日本の各寺院では、写経と言えば、『般若心経』を写経することを指すのが一般的になっている。
For today's Japanese temples, shakyo generally means the practice of copying the Heart Sutra.

これに対し、方丈建築の近傍に設けられるものを小庫裏といい、住持の内侍や客院などの厨房を指す。
On the contrary, one set of architecture around the abbot's chambers is called Koguri (small Kuri), which refers to the kitchen of Uchi-saburai (office for samurai) or a guest room of the chief priest.

仏法に限らず、哲学・文学・物理学、さらには大衆娯楽や子供の戯言に至るまで「学ぶ」状態を指す。
It encompasses the state of 'learning' not only Buddhism but also philosophy, literature, physics, and even mass entertainment and children's nonsense.

念仏講（ねんぶつこう）とは、日本の仏教において、在家信者が念仏を唱える講中を指す言葉である。
Nenbutsu-ko means kochu, which is the gathering for nenbutsu chanting by lay believers of Japanese Buddhism.

燈史（とうし,新字灯史）は、一般的に仏教界における歴史書、とりわけ禅宗史書を指す用語である。
Toshi is a term generally used to represent history books of the Buddhism, specifically, that of the Zen Sect.

現在は矢鱈と書くがこれは明治時代に夏目漱石によって作られた当て字で、本来は雅楽の拍子を指す。
It is written as 矢鱈 in Chinese characters today, which is a phonetic equivalent Soseki NATSUME made, but this originally indicates a beat of Gagaku.

お焦げとは、食品を調理して焦がした部分、あるいはそれによって多少焦げ付いた食品のことを指す。
Okoge refers to a portion of cooked food that is scorched or food that gets burned.

また、その植物の、野外で見られる大木の姿を、鉢の上に縮尺して再現することを目指すものである。
Furthermore, it seeks to recreate in these plants the shape of large trees that can be seen outdoors on a smaller scale in a pot.

株式市場や各農林水産関係の市場や初売りまたは、祭りでの縁起物の売買などでも行われる事を指す。
It also refers to the first sale of the year at the stock market and at forestry and fisheries-related markets as well as the purchase and sale of good luck charms at festivals.

広義には愛称としての銘を備えた道具の全てを指すが、一般的には名物記などに登場する道具を指す。
While in a broad sense, meibutsu indicates all good tea utensils which have nicknames, and generally refers to utensils selected and is listed on records such as Meibutsuki (Record of specialty).

格式（きゃくしき）とは、律令の補完の為に出された法令あるいはそれらを纏めた法令集の事を指す。
Kyakushiki refers to laws and ordinances which were passed in complement to the Ritsuryo codes, or law codes which were the collections of those codes.

宮将軍（みやしょうぐん）とは、鎌倉時代に征夷大将軍に任じられた4人の親王をまとめて指す言葉。
Miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) refers to the term that specifies four imperial princes who were assigned to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') during the Kamakura period.

愛宕山を望む田辺城 (丹後国)（舞鶴城）の城下町と、加佐地区を合わせた舞鶴市の西半分を指す。
Nishi-Maizuru refers to the western half of Maizuru City that constitutes the castle town of Tanabe-jo Castle (Tango Province) (Maizuru-jo Castle) having a fine view of Mt. Atago as well as Kasa area.

大和（やまと）とは、古代から明治初期まで、現在の奈良県域を指すとともに、日本の別名でもある。
Yamato refers to the current region of Nara Prefecture in ancient times to the early Meiji period and is also another name of Japan.

幕政改革（ばくせいかいかく）は、江戸幕府で行われた、財政および政治制度その他の諸改革を指す。
Reformation of the shogunate government refers to the reforms of the financial, political, and other systems implemented under the Edo 'bakufu' (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

部隊は馬立場を目指すが午前3時半ごろに鳴沢付近でゴルジュに迷い込み、崖をよじ登ることになる。
The troops started toward Umatateba, however, they were lost in a gorge near Narusawa around 3 a.m., forced to climb the cliff.

家集（か-しゅう）は王朝和歌の世界において、個人または一家の和歌をまとめて収めた歌集を指す。
In the world of dynastic poems, 'kashu' is a collection of waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) compiled from personal or family poems.

また、この頃から『天下布武』の朱印を用いるようになり、本格的に天下統一を目指すようになった。
In addition, he used the red seal of 'Tenka-fubu' (a slogan that means that the samurai govern the whole world) around this time, he began to aim at unifying the whole country.

各地に同名の寺院があるが、一般には浄土真宗（真宗）の本山の一つである本願寺を指すことが多い。
There are some temples with the same name, Hongan-ji, throughout Japan, but the name usually indicates the Hongan-ji Temple which is one of the head temples of Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) (Shinshu sect).

これは特定の神の名前ではなく、神社の主祭神の妻や娘、あるいは関係の深い女神を指すものである。
This is not the name of a specific god, but refers to the wife or daughter of the shusaijin of the shrine or a goddess with strong ties.

商家における番頭（ばんとう）とは、主に江戸時代、商家使用人の内で最高の地位にあるものを指す。
The banto in a mercantile family held the highest position among employees, especially during the Edo Period.

大夫（たゆう）は2.から転じて江戸時代、江戸吉原_(東京都)や京都嶋原の最高位の遊女を指す。
Derived from No.2, Tayu refers to the highest rank Yujo (a prostitute) in Yoshiwara in Edo (Tokyo Prefecture), and Shimabara in Kyoto, in the Edo period.

また記録を目指すばかりの欲望的な男に対しては圧力をかけ、新しい記録をださせないようにする。」
while all those who come after them are made to work harder for the same old pay.'

特定の目的を達成することを目指す幾つかの関連した作戦（通常、地理的そして時間的制約をうける）
several related operations aimed at achieving a particular goal (usually within geographical and temporal constraints)

※「重要文化財」とあるものは、文化財保護法に基づき国（日本国政府）が指定した重要文化財を指す。
Note: 'Important Cultural Property' means this item is designated as Important Cultural Property by the nation (Japanese Government) in accordance with the Law for Protection of Cultural Properties.

それは大王を他の有力豪族からも隔絶した支配者とみなし、中央集権国家の樹立を目指すものであった。
It was to declare the king as the top ruler different from other local powerful lords of clans, with the aim of establishing a nation of centralized governance structure.

「自然との調和」を目指すけいはんな学研都市の理念を象徴しており、所在地も都市のほぼ中心にある。
Symbolizing the concept of the Keihanna science city aiming at 'harmony with nature,' it is located almost in the center of the city as well.

写経（しゃきょう）とは、仏教において経典を書写すること、またはその書写された経典のことを指す。
Shakyo is a Buddhist practice to copy Buddhist scriptures, and it also means Buddhist scriptures that have been copied.

なお、ここでいう三部とは、『無量義経』、『妙法蓮華経』、『仏説観普賢菩薩行法経』の三経を指す。
Furthermore, threefold refers here to the three sutras: 'Muryo gikyo' (Sutra of Immeasurable Meanings), 'Myoho-renge-kyo' (the Lotus Sutra) and, 'Bussetsu Kanfugen bosatsu Gyoho-kyo' (Sutra of Meditation on the Bodhisattva Universal Virtue).

特に、他を守るためや救うために犠牲となるような形(結果はともあれ形式上)で戦死することを指す。
In particular, it refers to someone who sacrifices his/her life to save others in battle (regardless of the result).

沖縄で天ぷらと言うとこの食品を指すことが多いが、上述のような一般的な天ぷらももちろん存在する。
In Okinawa, the term 'tempura' is often referred to as Okinawa tempura, but there is of course the regular tempura described above.

「唐絵」とは中国から日本へ舶載された絵画のみならず、日本人の手になる「中国風」の絵画をも指す。
The term 'Kara-e' refers to not only paintings imported from China to Japan, but also ones in 'Chinese style' drawn by Japanese.

ロシア語ではキャビアもたらこもすべてイクラであるが、日本ではサケ類の卵をばらした物のみを指す。
In Russian, caviar and cod roe are also called 'ikra' however in Japan ikura refers only to salmon roe.

エスニック料理が普及した現在の日本でも、たんにカレーと呼ぶときはカレーライスを指す場合が多い。
Even today when ethnic foods have become common in Japan, 'curry' in this country mostly refers to curry and rice.

中国のもので、矢の他に砲弾や石も発射できる床弩のことであるが、特に城壁に固定してある物を指す。
This is the Shodo made in China which can shoot cannonballs and stones as well as arrows, and especially refers to one fixed on a castle wall.

相撲では爪先立ちで踵（かかと）の上に尻を載せて腰をおろし、膝を開いて上体を起こした状態を指す。
For sumo, it means squatting with the buttocks on the raised heels, the knees apart, and the upper body straight.

吹き込みを鋭く、装飾音を控え、簡素で力強い表現を目指すのが特色で、譜の構造は他流と大きく違う。
The remarkable features of this school are shrill blasts, modest grace notes, and simple and powerful expression, and the structure of their music scores is totally different from those of other schools.

従って、幕末関連の文書で「帥宮様」「帥宮御方」などと書かれているのは全て熾仁親王のことを指す。
Thus persons described as 'Sochi no Miya' 'Sochi no Miya onkata' in the historical books related to the last days of the bakufu means Imperial Prince Taruhito.

宮（みや）とは、元々、天皇並びに皇族の邸の事を指し、転じて住んでいる皇族のことを指すに至った。
Miya originally means the Emperor's or Imperial family's palace, later on it changed to mean; the family who lives in the Imperial Palace.

惣村（そうそん）は、中世日本における百姓の自治的・地縁的結合による共同組織（村落形態）を指す。
A soson meant a community (in the form of a village) organized through autonomous, territorial connections among peasants in medieval Japan.

免（めん）とは免合/免相（めんあい）とも呼ばれ、江戸時代における石高に対する貢租の割合を指す。
Men or Menai means the rate of Koso (an annual tax) to the Kokudaka (the annual yield of a land) in the Edo period.

興利倭船（こうりわせん）とは、室町時代、日本から朝鮮へ交易のみを目的に訪れた商船のことを指す。
Koriwasen meant a merchant ship that operated a service from Japan to Korea only for the purpose of trade during the Muromachi period.

平安時代後期以降は、謀反と謀叛の区別はなくなり、両方とも主君や君主への敵対を指すようになった。
After the latter part of the Heian period, a scheme of disobedience and a scheme of countering were no longer distinguished and both of them came to mean the opposition to one's lord and monarch.

編年体（へんねんたい）とは歴史の記述法の一つで、起こった出来事を年代順に記してゆく方法を指す。
'Hennentai' is one of descriptive methods of history, whereby historical affairs are described in chronological order.

木材、特に貴重材の体積（材積）については、一寸角で長さ1間（地方によっては2間）の体積を指す。
When sai is used as a unit for weighing lumber (especially valuable lumber), 1 sai is deemed to have the volume of 1 sun square multiplied by 1 ken length or by 2 ken length in some regions of Japan (1 sun is about 3.03 centimeters, and 1 ken is about 1.8182 meters).

両親・祖父母に対する傷害・殺人、伯叔父母・外祖父母（母方の祖父母）・兄・姉に対する殺人を指す。
It refers to the wounding or killing of the parent(s)/ grandparent(s) or the killing of uncle(s)/ aunt(s), maternal grandparent(s)/elder brother(s)/elder sister(s).

陸奥外交（むつがいこう）とは、明治中期第2次伊藤内閣における陸奥宗光外務大臣の外交政策を指す。
Mutsu diplomacy means a foreign policy of a Minister of Foreign Affairs Munemitsu MUTSU under the Second Ito cabinet in the Middle Meiji Period.

伺方（うかがいかた）とは、江戸幕府の職名で勘定所の一部門及びそこに属する職員（勘定衆）を指す。
'Ukagaikata' indicates the name of a government post in Kanjosho (the department in charge of financial and public affairs) of the Edo bakufu or officers (called kanjo-shu) of that department.

防御に向かった北面の武士が上洛を目指す興福寺大衆と衝突して流血の惨事が起こるなど失態が続いた。
His errors were compounded when Hokumen samurai protecting him aimed to visit the capital and confronted the general public at Kofuku-ji Temple, leading to tragic bloodshed.

現代日本では巫女は神社に勤務し、主に神職の補助、また神事において神楽・舞を奉仕する女性を指す。
In the modern age, miko are women who work for shrines mainly through the role of routinely supporting priests and occasionally performing kagura (Shinto music) and mai (Shinto dance).

黄は、五行思想で、土を表象しており、それゆえに、地下を指すために黄という文字を使ったのである。
The Japanese kanji for 'yo' (黄) in 'Yomi' (黄泉) symbolizes earth in the concept of the five elements and was used when describing things that were underground.

従って最広義の旗本とは、大名及び、大名の扱いを受ける者以外で、将軍に謁見の資格をある者を指す。
Therefore, in the broadest sense, the hatamoto indicated those who were entitled to have an audience with the shogun, excluding daimyo and those who were treated as daimyo.

アメリカでは「アニメ」といえば日本製品だけを指すもので、単数形も複数形も同じ「Anime」だ。
In America, 'anime' specifically refers to the Japanese product, and is used for both the singular and the plural.

支城（しじょう）とは、本城を守るように配置された補助的役割を持つ出城・砦・陣屋などのことを指す。
Shijo refers to an outer citadel, fort or fortification built to protect the main castle and perform a backup role.

外観復元天守は、鉄骨鉄筋コンクリート構造などを用いて、外観だけを往時のように再現したものを指す。
Externally restored Tenshu refers to Tenshu which were restored to their state of the bygone days only externally in the steel framed reinforced concrete structure and so on.

なお「有ろじ（有漏路）」とは迷い（煩悩）の世界、「無ろじ（無漏路）」とは悟り（仏）の世界を指す。
The 'treacherous path' refers to the world of confusion (distracting thoughts), while the 'safe path' refers to the world of enlightenment (Buddha).

現在では、追善供養のために経典などを書き、墓の脇に立てる塔の形をした木片のことを指すことが多い。
However, it generally means a pagoda-shaped wooden tablet set up by the tomb, on which phrases from a sutra or the like are written for the repose of the soul of the deceased.

そんな関西歌舞伎の復興を目指す人々の熱意と大阪市の助成金やの協力もあり、興行側も重い腰を上げた。
Because of the enthusiasm of people who sought to restore Kansai Kabuki, a subsidy from Osaka City and cooperation from Minrokyo (liaison conference of private sector labor union), the promoter also got moving.

英語の Milky Way （ミルキーウェイ）は文脈によって「天の川」と「銀河系」の両方を指す。
'The Milky Way' implies 'the Garaxy' or 'the galactic system,' depending on the context.

香川県はお好み焼き屋で「玉入り」と言えばそばではなく、ほぼ讃岐うどんの玉入りのモダン焼きを指す。
When you say 'tama iri' in the okonomiyaki shops in Kagawa Prefecture, it mostly refers to the modanyaki that includes a pack of Sanuki udon (udon noodles from Kagawa Prefecture).

特に江戸時代以降は立春（毎年2月3日ごろ、うるう年は2月4日ごろ）の前日のことを指す場合が多い。
Particularly since the Edo period, the term setsubun (or sechibun) has been often used to specify the day before risshun (the first day of spring, around February 3 of every year except February 4 for leap years).

アミの塩辛セウジョとも呼ばれるがチョッカルと言えば通常これを指す、キムチ、豚肉料理に使われる
salted mysid shrimp: sometimes called seujo but usually referred to as chokkaru, and it is used in kimchi or pork dishes.

現在では「歳暮」「お歳暮」といった場合、この贈答品、または贈り物の習慣を指すことが一般的である。
Present day, 'seibo' or 'oseibo' generally means this kind of gift or the custom to give it.

損得関係なく商取引において、景気付けの縁起担ぎとして、一年の始まりなどに高値で取引する事を指す。
This term is used to describe the high prices caused by people making deals with no regard for profit or loss for good luck on the first business day of the New Year.

右記に示すとおり、性格・能力・品性もしくはそうした性質そのものを指す極めて広い概念・用語である。
As indicated above, it is a very broad term and concept, which denotes personality, ability, character, and so on.

多くの場合日本国内で行われるものを指し、なかでも、7月上旬から8月下旬頃のものを指すことが多い。
In many cases, it means a festival held in Japan mostly from the beginning of July through the end of August.

正月に見る獅子舞や神楽での獅子舞をはじめ、一般に獅子舞というとこの系統の獅子舞を指すことが多い。
Mostly, 'shishimai' performances, including those shown at New Year's or in 'kagura,' are this school's.

そのため、日本全国で同じ曲や楽器構成を指すのではなく、一つの起源に遡ることができるものでもない。
For that reason, it does not refer an identical nation-wide repertoire or use of instruments, nor is it possible to trace its roots back to one sole source.

1814年の葛飾北斎の北斎漫画により、「漫画」は戯画風のスケッチを指す意味の言葉として広まった。
The word 'manga' was spread as a word meaning a sketch like a caricature by Hokusai Manga (Hokusai's sketches) which was painted by Hokusai KATSUSHIKA in 1814.

古典落語（こてんらくご）とは、落語の演目のうち、一般に江戸時代から明治時代に作られたものを指す。
Classical rakugo generally includes programs of Rakugo which were created from the Edo to Meiji eras.

その内の一種 Anguilla japonica （英名：enJapanese eel）を指す。
It also refers to one species among them, Anguilla japonica (Japanese eel in English).

中国や韓国にも、日本の影響から洋食の流れをくむ料理が広まっており、これらを含めて指すこともある。
It sometimes includes western food in China and Korea, which has been spread through Japan's influence.

喫茶の普及と共に「茶碗」という言葉も広まり、喫茶用途以外の磁器も指す磁器の代名詞として使われた。
Along with the spread of the tea drinking habit, the word 'chawan' has also spread and it has become a pronoun for porcelain used for other purposes also.

多くの場合、飲食店を指すが、その他玩具などを売る場合もあり、その場合露店（ろてん）とも呼ばれる。
In many cases, this street stall is a mobile restaurant; some stores exclusively sell toys and other goods, and this type of street vendor stall is also known as a Roten.

「チャンバラ」という語は、時代劇映画などの剣戟シーンを真似て行う子供の遊びをも指すようになった。
'Chanbara' also refers to a children's play imitating swordplay scenes of historical movies.

洋装化（ようそうか）とは、西欧以外の民族が、民族衣装の日常着用を棄て、洋服を採用することを指す。
The adoption of western clothing refers to when people other than westerners stop wearing indigenous clothing on a day-to-day basis and instead begin wearing Western clothing.

狭義では、京都府北部（旧丹波国の大半、旧丹後国）と兵庫県北部（旧但馬国、旧丹波国の一部）を指す。
It is narrowly defined as an area that covers the northern Kyoto Prefecture (former Tango Province and most parts of former Tanba Province) and northern Hyogo Prefecture (former Tajima Province and a part of Tanba Province).

奈良盆地（ならぼんち）とは、日本の奈良県北西部に位置する標高100メートル以下の断層盆地を指す。
Nara Basin is a fault basin which has an altitude of below 100 meters and is located in the northwestern area of Nara Prefecture in Japan.

組織のトップが公的地位を去り、なおも執行部に対して決定的な影響を常時与える形態を指す比喩である。
It is a simile for the condition where, although the head of an organization leaves his position, he still continues to exercise decisive influence over executives.

幕府（ばくふ）は、武家政治の政庁や武家政権そのものを指す（平氏政権・織豊政権などの例外はある）。
Bakufu refers to the government office of military rule or samurai government itself; however, there are some exceptions, such as, the Taira clan government and the Shokuho government (the government of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI. 'Shoku' and 'ho' are the initial letters of Oda and Toyotomi).

家門（かもん、独Geschlecht）とは歴史学における男子直系を根幹とした血縁集団を指す用語。
A kamon (family) (in German, Geschlecht) refers to a kinship group based on the male direct line in historical science.

落人（おちゅうど、おちうど）は、戦闘に敗れて僻地に隠遁したもの、およびその末裔を指す言葉である。
Ochudo (or ochiudo) indicates persons who were defeated in a fight and escaped to and lived in a remote rural area or the person's descendants.

ただし、近代の事件を指して謀反の語を使うことはまれであり、基本的に前近代の事件を指す言葉である。
It is unusual to use this term to refer to incidents in the modern times (basically the term can be used for incidents in the premodern times).

今日ではこの時代か、より狭く江戸時代末期にかけて日本に来航した船を指す歴史用語として用いられる。
The term is presently used to refer to ships that came to Japan during the late Edo Period.

国衙（こくが）は、日本の律令制において国司が地方政治を遂行した役所が置かれていた区画を指す用語。
Kokuga is a term for describing the section in which a government office, a Kokushi (provincial governor) executed the local government functions of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan, used to be located.

通例では1909年9月4日に締結された「満州及び間島に関する日清協約」、別名「間島協約」を指す。
Commonly it is referred to 'the Sino-Japanese Agreement on Machuria and Kando' or 'the Kando Agreement' which was concluded on September 4, 1909.

自らの政治力強化を目指す後白河は、清盛の協力により憲仁親王（後の高倉天皇）の立太子を実現させた。
Aiming to enhancing his own political power, with support of Kiyomori, Goshirakawa was able to have Prince Norihito (who later became Emperor Takakura) formally installed as Crown Prince (rittaishi).

奏者番は幕閣の出世コースのスタートであり、さらなる出世を目指すためには、相応の出費が必要となる。
The position of sojaban was a starting point as an elite in the cabinet officials of the Shogunate, and if one were to seek more promotions, it required a certain amount of expenditure.

日本における鉄道とは、狭義には鉄道事業法に基づいた国土交通省鉄道局の管轄のもとにあるものを指す。
Japan's railway, in a limited sense, means railways under the control of Railway Bureau of MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) based on the Railway Business Act.

「山王」とは、霊山を守護する神霊のことであり、ここでは比叡山の地主神である大山咋神のことを指す。
Sanno' generally means a divine spirit that protects a divine mountain and, in this case, is Oyamakui no kami, the tutelary deity of Mt. Hiei.

徳川氏により取り立てられた大名のうち、親藩及び、外様大名と、その支藩（分家）を除いたものを指す。
Fudai daimyo were the daimyo, whom the TOKUGAWA clan had promoted, except shinpan (TOKUGAWA's blood relatives), tozama daimyo and their branch domains (branch families).

淀城はこの中州の西部を指すが、中州自体が大きな水堀であり、古代中国の都城のような構造を持っていた。
Yodo-jo Castle occupied the west part of this island, which contained a huge moat making this castle town look like a walled city in ancient China.

中国における城とは、本来城壁のことを意味し、都市や村など居住地全周を囲む防御施設を指すことが多い。
A castle in China originally meant a castle wall and referred to the defense facilities surrounding residences, such as cities and villages.

浄土教諸宗において「無量寿経」といえば、特に注意書が無い場合は、康僧鎧訳の『仏説無量寿経』を指す。
In the Jodo sect group, 'Muryojukyo' refers to 'Bussetsu Muryojukyo,' as translated by Sogi Kosogai, if there is no advisory.

鎌倉仏教（かまくらぶっきょう）とは、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代にかけて発生した仏教変革の動きを指す。
Kamakura Bukkyo (Kamakura Buddhism) refers to the movement for Buddhist reform developed from the end of the Heian period to the Kamakura Period.

上述のように、法令・行政用語としての「重要文化財」は国の指定を受けた文化財全般を指す用語ではない。
As described above, 'important cultural properties' as a legal and administrative term is not a general reference to all nationally designated cultural properties.

「雪月花の時」は、この詩においては、それぞれの景物の美しいとき、すなわち四季折々を指す語であった。
The original meaning of the phrase 'time of setsugetsuka' in the poem was the time when snow, the moon, or flowers are beautiful, that is, different seasons of a year.

特に現代では近世に発達した俗箏による音楽を指す場合が多く、大きく生田流箏曲と山田流箏曲に分かれる。
The word is often used to refer to zokuso (recently developed koto music) which is broadly divided into two schools, the Ikuta school and the Yamada school.

山西省では、「稀粥」というと粟粥を指し、「稠粥」または「乾粥」というとご飯のように炊いた粟を指す。
In Shanxi Province 'xi zhou' (thin congee) means awagayu, and 'chou zhou' (thick congee) or 'gan zhou' (dry congee) refer to millet that has been boiled like rice.

よって、この記事では原品種を指すときは「亀ノ尾」、その子孫一般を指すときには「亀の尾」と表記する。
Accordingly, in this article, 'Kameno-o' is described as '亀ノ尾' to indicate original cutivar and as '亀の尾' to indicate its descendant varieties in general.

「着物を着なさい」の「着物」が衣服と和服のどちらを指すのかは、世代・方言によって違う可能性がある。
Whether the word Kimono in 'Wear Kimono' means clothing or traditional Japanese clothing might depend on the listener's generation, and the dialect the listener uses.

現在では京都・香川県などで、「うどん卓袱うどん（しっぽくうどん）」の麺を蕎麦に代えたものを指す。
Nowadays in areas such as Kyoto and Kagawa Prefecture, Shippoku soba means 'Shippoku udon' (chilled udon noodles topped with various foodstuffs such as cooked shiitake mushrooms, kamaboko (steamed fish paste), yuba (dried tofu skin), ita-fu (baked gluten sheets) and mitsuba (Japanese herb)) made with soba substituting for udon.

その手間から作る人や店が減少したことによって津軽地域で食べられる通常のそばを指すことも多くなった。
Due to the extra time and effort required, the number of soba chefs and shops that make Tsugaru soba has subsequently decreased whereby it has become common to refer to the ordinary soba eaten in the Tsugaru region as Tsugaru soba.

小井戸 - 「大井戸」よりも形、特徴がともに小振りのものを指すとされるが、「古井戸」の意ともいう。
Koido (literally, 'small well'): considered to refer to bowls of smaller shape and characteristics than 'oido' although it is also said to mean 'old well.'

その後、足利尊氏は武家を軽視する建武政権と袂を分かち、武家の支持を集めながら武家政権設立を目指す。
Later, Takauji ASHIKAGA broke away from the Kenmu Government which treated Samurai families lightly and aimed at establishing a Samurai government while receiving support from the Samurai families.

荒田（こうでん）とは、古代・中世において、何らかの理由をもって耕作が放棄されて荒廃した田地を指す。
Koden (run-down field) is the term indicating fields that had been cultivated but have been abandoned for some reason during the ancient times and middle ages.

その後、今日まで意味が大きく変化することはなく、現在中国でも老百姓といえば、一般庶民のことを指す。
The meaning of the term did not change significantly from then until today, and the term 'lao bai xing' in modern Chinese indicates common people.

医道（いどう　醫道）とは、日本律令制における医療そのものあるいはそのための教育（医学教育）を指す。
'I-do' refers to the medical service under the Japanese 'Ritsuryo system' (system of centralized regime based on the ritsuryo code), or the education of the youth to make them offer services.

なお、ここで言う「住宅」は城郭の御殿、社寺の書院、客殿などを指し、「民家」は町屋、農家などを指す。
The term 'public residences' is used to refer to the palaces in castles, to the shoin (studies) in shrines or temples, to reception halls, and so forth, whereas 'private homes' refers to merchant or farmer houses.

永正6年（1509年）、京都奪還を目指す澄元・之長らは京都に侵攻するが敗退（如意ケ嶽の戦い）する。
In 1509, Sumimoto and Yukinaga, aiming to take back Kyoto, invaded Kyoto but lost (Battle of Nyoigatake).

が、後においては一定の年数を経過した後に発生した法律効果のことも指すようになったと考えられている。
However it is believed that later it also referred to a legal effect which would result after a certain period had passed.

星は、積極財政をすすめて地域への利益誘導をはかり、支持獲得を目指す積極主義という政治手法をとった。
HOSHI took a positive political approach in which he promoted an expansionary fiscal policy to develop pork barrel politics, trying to obtain appropriations for his own district, with an aim to gain support.

そのため、百万遍交差点が京都大学を指すように、広小路は立命館大学を意味して使われていたこともある。
Due to this, as Hyakumanben Intersection indicated its use for heading to Kyoto University, Hirokoji-dori Street indicates going to Ristumeikan University.

境内は狭く、塔以外に目だった建築物がないことから、「八坂の塔」は、寺自体を指す通称ともなっている。
The name 'Yasaka Pagoda' has come to refer to the temple itself as the small temple precincts have no buildings that stand out other than the pagoda itself.

なお「鳥見（登美）」は、長弓寺の位置する生駒山東麓を指す古い地名で、神武天皇東征神話にも登場する。
Incidentally, the word 'Tomi (鳥見 or 登美),' which is the old place name indicating the eastern mountain foot of Mt. Ikoma where Chokyu-ji Temple is located, appears in the myth of Jinmu tosei (Eastern expedition of Emperor Jinmu).

日本では、神仏習合により、神仏の霊を迎えて祈願することを指すようになり、後に現在の意味に変化した。
In Japan, after the syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism it started to mean summoning the spirit of Shinto and Buddhist deities for praying and later it gradually changed to the current meaning.

ですから、誰でも内面的で霊的な生活を目指す人は、イエスとともに、群衆から離れなくてはなりません。
He, therefore, that seeketh to reach that which is hidden and spiritual, must go with Jesus 'apart from the multitude.'

秘仏（ひぶつ）とは、信仰上の理由により非公開とされ、厨子などの扉が閉じられたまま祀られる仏像を指す。
Hibutsu are Buddhist images that are normally withheld from public view for religious reasons; they are enshrined in zushi (miniature shrines in temples) with the doors closed.

または家督に限らず、それまであった立場などを他人に譲って、自らは悠々自適の生活を送ることなどを指す。
Not limited to the reign of the family, it means to give his or her position to another person and live a leisurely life.

スルメとほぼ同義の言葉としても使われているが、現述のものは加工されて切断されていないもののみを指す。
Given that it is also used as a virtual synonym for surume (dried cuttlefish), noshiika only refers to squid that has not undergone the shredding-process.

弓道と同じように最後まで気を抜かず、手先足先まで神経を行渡らせ区切りの「お仕舞い」まで踊る事を指す。
It suggests not losing concentration until the end as in kyudo, and performing the dance until the 'oshimai', or the end of a section in the dance, by straining every nerve up to fingers and toes.

差火点火式･地上設置型である通常の大筒と異なり、銃床とカラクリを用いた火縄銃の体裁を持つものを指す。
Different from a usual big barrel which is ignited by adding fire and positioned on the ground, it refers to one in the form of hinawaju using the gunstock and karakuri (mechanism).

Kimonoは、日本の和服だけではなく、東アジア圏全般で見られる前合わせ式の服全般を指すこともある。
Kimono sometimes generally indicates a form of clothing the sides of which overlap in front that is widely seen in East Asia as well as indicating Japanese Wafuku.

アンサンブルは、和服の正式な用語としては、同じ布地で縫製した長着と羽織のセットを指す言葉だとされる。
In the terminology of Wafuku, the ensemble means a set of Nagagi and Haori made of the same cloth.

もともとは、皇族・貴族が集い和歌（短歌）を披露しあう「歌会」のうち、その年の始めに行なうものを指す。
It originally refers to 'Utakai' in which the Imperial Family and the nobility read waka (traditional Japanese poems of thirty-one syllables) at the beginning of the New Year.

狭義には、インターカラー（インターカラー）や日本ファッション協会という団体が選定した色のことを指す。
In a narrow sense, it refers to the color selected by the Intercolor (International Study Commission for Color) or the Japan Fashion Association.

また伯母ヶ峰山の一本だたらは、猪笹王（いのささおう）というイノシシの霊が化けた鬼神を指すこともある。
Moreover, Ippon-datara of Mt. Obagamine sometimes refers to a fierce god called Inosasa-o (King Inosasa) which is transformed from the spirit of a wild boar.

后位（こうい）とは、先代あるいは当代の天皇の嫡妻に与えられた地位である太皇太后・皇太后・皇后を指す。
Koi (the Position of Empress) indicates Grand Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager or Empress that was the position given to a legitimate wife of the present or previous retired Emperor.

しかし、公家一党の支配確立を目指す、後醍醐天皇の政治が様々な混乱を呼ぶとともに武家の不満が集積した。
However, Emperor Godaigo's policy which aimed at political primacy of the Court nobles caused various confusion, resulting in the accumulation of discontent among samurai families.

親藩（しんぱん）は、江戸時代の藩の分類の一つで、徳川家康の男系男子・子孫が始祖となっている藩を指す。
Shinpan is one of the classifications of clans during the Edo period, that distinguished the clans forefathers as male descendants through a line of males from Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.

その他にも皇族、大臣、将軍の住居またはその人、その直系または傍系の子弟・子孫のことを指す場合もある。
The Gosho may also refer to members of the Imperial Family, ministers, and shogun themselves as well as their residences and direct or collateral children and descendants.

京都平野（みやこへいや）とは、主に福岡県行橋市の中心部から京都郡東部・築上郡北部に広がる平野を指す。
Miyako Plain refers to a plain that spreads from the center of Yukuhashi City, Fukuoka Prefecture to the eastern part of Miyako County and the northern part of Chikujo County.

またその儀式自体である宮中の年中行事を指し、任官した者を列記した帳簿そのものを指す（除書ともいう）。
It also refers to an annual event in the Imperial Court, a ceremony for appointing officials itself, as well as a book listing the names of appointed officials (also referred as Josho).

しかし王朝時代には律令国家体制期も含むために王朝国家の指す時代的概念が異なることに注意を必要とする。
However, the term 'Dynastic period' is used to describe a period of Japanese history that also includes the Ritsuryo regime, so it is necessary to keep in mind that the concept of 'dynasty' was different for each national regime.

勧農（かんのう）とは、主として支配者が農業を振興・奨励するために実施する行為全般を指す日本史の用語。
Kanno is a general term in the history of Japan for the overall acts by which the rulers typically promoted and encouraged agriculture.

守護領国制（しゅごりょうごくせい）とは、室町時代の守護大名による一円的な領国支配体制を指す歴史概念。
The shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a shugo [a provincial military governor] dominates a territory) is a historical concept indicating a comprehensive control system of a territory by the shugo-daimyo (shugo that became daimyo, Japanese feudal lords) in the Muromachi period.

年官(ねんかん)とは、日本の古代・中世前期において、皇族及び貴族が保有していた官職推薦権を指す用語。
The term Nenkan means the right to recommend a person to an official post that was granted to Imperial families and court nobles in the ancient/early medieval period in Japan.

「院宮王臣家」の「院」とは太上天皇、「宮」とは三宮(皇后・皇太后・太皇太后)・東宮(皇太子)を指す。
Engu oshinke is written in Chinese characters as '院宮王臣家' and the character '院' refers to the Daijo Tenno (retired Emperor), the character '宮' refers to the Sangu (Empress, Empress Dowager and Great Empress Dowager) and the Togu (Crown Prince).

狭義には710年から784年（延暦3年）に桓武天皇によって長岡京に都が移されるまでの74年間を指す。
In the strict sense, it lasted only 74 years from 710 to 784 when the Emperor Kanmu transferred the capital to Nagaokakyo.

特に、江戸城を中心とする現在で言う東京特別区中心部（東京都千代田区・中央区 (東京都)周辺）を指す。
It refers to an area centered around Edo Castle that encompasses the center of present day Tokyo Special Ward (Chiyoda and Chuo Wards and their surrounding areas).

上記のごとく、マルコ・ポーロのジパングが日本のことを指すという見方が現在一般的であるが、異説もある。
As mentioned above, at the present day, it is generally believed that Zipangu told by Marco Polo referred to Japan, but there are some different opinions.

関東御分国（かんとうごぶんこく）とは、日本の鎌倉時代において将軍家(鎌倉殿）が支配した知行国を指す。
Kanto Gobunkoku was the group of provinces ruled and administered by Shogun families (Kamakuradono) during the Kamakura period.

時代によって地域によって言葉が指す内容（社会関係上の立場や就業形態や排他的業務など）は大きく異なる。
Depending on time or region, the contents (positions, employment forms and exclusive duties on social affiliation) indicated by the term Hinin are greatly different.

- 戦国時代 (日本)を終結させた現在の愛知県出身の3人の武将、織田信長・豊臣秀吉・徳川家康を指す。
refers to Nobunaga ODA, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the three busho (Japanese military commander) from present-day Aichi Prefecture, who brought the Sengoku period to an end.

そのことから、芭蕉の俳諧を指すことばとして用いられるようになり、蕉風俳諧とも書かれるようにもなった。
Therefore the word Shofu-haikai came to be used as a word that means Haikai of Basho, and the Chinese character for 'sho' of Shofu was sometimes written as 'sho' of Basho.

作り物語（つくりものがたり）は、王朝物語のうち架空の人物を主人公として展開される小説的な作品を指す。
Among the Ocho Monogatari (tales from the Heian and Kamakura periods), Tsukuri monogatari refers to the fictitious works in which a story unfolds with a fictitious person as the main character.

以降、近衛は、彼らグループの中心として、親ソ的な現在の陸軍首脳部を追うことで終戦を目指すようになる。
After that, Konoe, as the central figure in their group, aimed to end the war by ousting the then pro-Soviet leaders of the Army.

画風は、現存作品から見る限りでは漢画（大和絵に対して中国風の画を指す）系の水墨画法によるものが多い。
Judging from existing works, many of his pieces were done in the Kanga style (Chinese style painting, as opposed to the colorful Yamato-e Japanese style paintings) using the suiboku ink-wash method.

元々の講は「講義」「講読」の「講」であり、平安時代に仏典を講読・研究する僧の集団を指すものであった。
The term ko originally represents 'kogi (lecture)' or 'ko-doku (reading),' and referred to a group of monks living in the Heian period who read and studied Buddhist scriptures.

例えば英語でこれに当たる語には、、、などがあり、後二者はキリスト教における職位を指す用語である。
In English, for example, it corresponds to butler, chamberlain, archdeacon and deacon etc., and the latter two are job titles used in Christianity.

もの自体の名を直接に指す代わりにその属性や特徴を示す名をあげる表現方法（『彼らは頭数を数えた』など）
substituting the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (as in `they counted heads')

森鴎外の用法に擬西洋造（まがいせいようづくり）とあるが、言葉の指す範囲は上記の説明とは一致していない。
Novelist Ogai MORI used 'Magai-seiyo-zukuri' (擬西洋造) (a quasi-Western structure), but his definition of the term was different from that mentioned above.

不動産取り引きの通称として、構造的な区分からは木構造 (建築)、軽量鉄骨造、で建築された建築物を指す。
In the real-estate business, the name 'apart' is commonly used for the construction that has a timber structure (construction) or a light-gauge steel (LGS) structure.

住宅団地の場合、日本では日本住宅公団（現・都市再生機構）や地方公共団体が建築したものを指す場合が多い。
Residential danchi are very often constructed by the Japan Housing Corporation (now the Urban Renaissance Agency) or local governments.

その際の掛軸とは、浄土真宗の本山から取り寄せた掛軸を指す（浄土真宗では本山から取り寄せた掛軸を祀る）。
In this regard, hanging scrolls are specified to be those ordered from the head temple of Jodo Shinshu Sect (because followers of Jodo Shinshu Sect must enshrine such hanging scroll as sent for from the head temple).

特に浄土真宗本願寺派や真宗大谷派などでは、門主（門首、法主）の座が親鸞の子孫に受け継がれることを指す。
In the Hongan-ji School and Otani School of the Jodo Shinshu, the word particularly refers to the hand-over of the position of the chief of the school to a descendant of Shinran.

日本においては6世紀半ばの欽明天皇期、百済から倭（古代日本）への仏教公伝のことを指すのが一般的である。
In Japan, it generally refers to the official introduction of Buddhism from Baekje to Wa (ancient Japan) in the era of the Emperor Kinmei which was in the middle of the sixth century.

織女や牽牛という星の名称は春秋戦国時代の『詩経』が初出とされているが、どの星を指すかは定かではない。
Although the names of star Shokujo and Kengyu firstly appeared in 'Shikyo' (Chinese poetry book) compiled in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, it is not clear which stars these two pointed to.

現在は「香橙（xiāngchéng）」が柚子を指す言葉であり、なぜその語彙が変化したのかは不明である。
Currently, '香橙' (pronounced 'xiāngchéng' in Chinese) indicates the yuzu citron, but it isn't known why the word has changed.

そして近世には民政上の拠点を指す意味が強くなり、幕藩体制における政庁兼居所・蔵を意味する言葉となった。
In early-modern times a jinya indicated more a base of civil administration and became a word meaning a government office and residence or warehouse under the shogunate system.

沖縄県では「ぜんざい」の語は汁粉の一種でなく、主に砂糖で煮たインゲンマメの上に氷を盛ったかき氷を指す。
In Okinawa, 'zenzai' is not a type of shiruko but means a shaved ice made of shaved ice topped with haricot beans stewed mainly with sugar.

特に風流踊は室町時代後期から江戸時代初期にかけて大流行となり、風流と言えば風流踊を指すほどにもなった。
Furyuodori especially became extremely popular from the late Muromachi period to the early Edo period, so much so that 'Furyu' came to mean 'Furyuodori.'

狭義には大いに発展した江戸時代の関孝和以降のそれを指すが、西洋数学導入以前の数学全体を指すこともある。
In a strict sense, wasan refers to mathematics developed by Takakazu SEKI that flourished during the Edo period, but in a wider sense, it refers to mathematics in general practiced and studied in Japan before the introduction of mathematics from Europe.

また、日本では素人作りの田舎じみた竹の横笛（篠笛）を指す場合がある（草競馬、草野球などと同様の用法）。
In Japan, it sometimes refers to a rustic bamboo yokobue (shinobue) produced by an amateur (as is the case for the use of the 'kusa' prefix in kusayakyu [sandlot baseball] or kusakeiba [local horse race]).

「剣鍔文様付き円型きんつば」は、考案当時の円形を留めていて剣鍔の文様がついているきんつばのことを指す。
The 'Kentsuba-monyo-tsuki enkei Kintsuba' refers to kintsuba cakes which have the original round shape and a 'katana tsuba' (also called ken-tsuba, which is a round or squarish guard at the end of the grip of a bladed Japanese weapon such as a 'katana' samurai sword) pattern on the surface.

正方形の日本の伝統的な紋や模様が入っているものを指す場合が多く、特に和紙で作られたものを千代紙と呼ぶ。
Chiyogami often refers to square sheets of paper with Japanese traditional crests or patterns, and especially those made of Japanese paper are called 'chiyogami.'

里内裏（さとだいり）は、平安時代以降、平安宮内裏以外の邸宅を天皇の在所（皇居）として用いたものを指す。
Satodairi means residences of the Emperor (imperial palaces) except for the dairi (the Emperor's residential compound) in Heian-kyu palace, used after the Heian period.

皇太子（こうたいし、Crown Prince）は、皇位継承（帝位継承）の第一順位にある皇子を指す称号。
Kotaishi' (Crown Prince) is the Japanese word used to refer to the prince that is next in line to the imperial throne in Japan.

なお、中皇命ついては中大兄そのひとを指すのではないかとする東野治之や大平聡らの説も近年提出されている。
Recently Haruyuki TONO and Satoshi OHIRA have presented the new opinion that Naka no Oe no Oji was identical to Nakatsusumera Mikoto.

白河（しらかわ・白川）とは、かつて京都洛外、山城国愛宕郡に属していた白川 (淀川水系)流域を指す名称。
Shirakawa (白河 or also written as 白川) is the name referring to the Shira-kawa River basin (Yodo-gawa River System) which was once included in Otagi County, Yamashiro Province, the Rakugai of Kyoto (outside of the capital Kyoto).

大和三山（畝傍山・耳成山・天香久山の三山を指す。2005年（平成17年）7月14日、国の名勝に指定。）
The Three Mountains of Yamato, designated a national site of scenic beauty on July 14, 2005, consists of Mt. Unebi, Mt. Amano Kaguyama and Mt. Miminashi.

雑役免（ぞうやくめん/ぞうえきでん）とは、中世の荘園及び国衙領において雑役納入を免除された名田を指す。
The term 'Zoyakumen' (or Zoekiden) means myoden (rice fields named after the local land lords who developed the land in question) which were exempted from zatsueki (levies other than land tax) under the system of shoen (manor) and kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government) during the medieval period.

「国宝」という語の指す意味は文化財保護法施行（1950年（昭和25年））以前と以後とでは異なっている。
The definition of the term 'national treasure' (kokuho) changed in 1950 when the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties came into force, and as such the pre- and post-1950 meanings of the term differ.

脱亜論（だつあろん）とは、明治18年(1885年)3月16日、「時事新報」紙上に掲載された社説を指す。
Datsu-A Ron was an an editorial published in the Japanese newspaper 'Jiji Shinpo' on March 16, 1885.

永銭とは、室町時代から、江戸幕府による貨幣制度が整う江戸時代初期まで全国的に流通した永楽通寶銭を指す。
Eisen referred the Eiraku-tsuho coins (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) that were used throughout the nation from the Muromachi period to the early Edo period when the currency system by the Edo bakufu was established.

また、広義においては江戸幕府及び諸藩が一般民衆をも含めて対象とした各種の交通法規を総称したものを指す。
In a broad sense, Dochu Shohatto is a collective term for various kinds of traffic regulations issued by the Edo bakufu and domains to people (including common people).

ただし、その中でも日常的に和歌・短歌を作り、何らかの手段でそれを発表している人を指す場合が普通である。
However, it is usually used to mean poets who are actively engaged in writing and publishing their works by some means.

また、駅周辺や交差点を指す場合、地元では「しちじょう京阪」ではなく「ななじょう京阪」と呼ぶことが多い。
Again, when referring to the vicinity of the station or intersection, locals frequently say 'Nanajo Keihan' instead of 'Shichijo Keihan.'

「金峯山」および「大峯山」とは単独の峰を指す呼称ではなく、信仰および修行の場としての山々の総称である。
Kinpusen' and 'Ominesan' do not refer to individual mountains but are collective terms for mountains that are places of religious belief and ascetism.

学部や学科の名称から仏教」の文字を外す傾向があるなかで、「仏教研究の核になる大学」を目指すとしている。
Contrary to a trend to remove 'Buddhism' from the names of faculties and departments, it declares itself to be 'the center of the University for the study of Buddhism.'

神馬（しんめ、あるいは、じんめ）は、日本の神社に奉納されたウマ、あるいは祭事の際に使用される馬を指す。
Shinme (or Jinme, sacred horse) is a term used to refer to a horse that is dedicated to a Japanese shrine or one used in rites and festivals.

まれびと、マレビト（稀人・客人）は、時を定めて他界から来訪する霊的もしくは神的存在を指す折口学の用語。
Marebito is a term in Orikuchiism that refers to a spiritual or deity-like being who visits from the afterworld at a specified time.

軍事とは、戦時の従軍参加はもちろんのこと、平時においての京都・鎌倉の大番役や異国警護役などの役を指す。
In addition to joining the ranks of the army during wartime, military service also included serving as obanyaku in Kyoto and Kamakura or guard service in other provinces.

しかしながら、転じて禅宗以外の宗派や政治家・芸能人などの言行などを収録した言行録一般を指すようになった。
However, the term has become used to generally indicate a collection of what a priest in religious sects other than Zen, a politician or an entertainer said.

主にアズキを煮詰めた豆沙餡（小豆餡）を指すことが多く、後に他の豆などを煮た物も餡と呼ばれるようになった。
Although 'an' usually refers to azuki bean paste made from boiled azuki beans, pastes made using other types of boiled beans are now also called 'an'.

今日、「華道」といえば江戸時代後期、文化 (元号)文政の時代に流行した生花、挿花のことを指すことが多い。
Today, 'Kado' often refers to flower arrangement that prevailed in the Bunka-Bunsei era during the late Edo period.

昭和に製作された刀の全てを指すわけではなく、主に軍刀向けとして作られた兵器用の刀「模造刀」を指している。
This does not necessarily indicates all the swords made in the Showa era, but it mainly indicates 'Imitation swords,' weapon swords made as military swords.

水を用いない築山山水、海乃景を指して使っており、現在でいう枯山水が指すものと同じものであると考えられる。
This word refers to artificial hill landscape or seascape where water is not used, thus it is thought to refer to the same thing that we call karesansui (dry landscape) nowadays.

なお、西日本において「だし」と表記する場合は、上記の意味ではなくうどん用のつゆそのものを指す場合も多い。
Incidentally, in western Japan it isn't rare for the Japanese word 'dashi' to mean not the above-mentioned soup stock but the very sauce for udon (Japanese wheat noodles).

「武道」という言葉は江戸時代には武士道のことを指したが、江戸時代後期頃から武術のことも指すようになった。
The word 'budo' referred to the Bushido (Japanese chivalry) in the Edo period, but late in the Edo period it also became a reference to bujutsu (martial arts).

古くは特別な日に模様される鉄火場（賭け事を行う場所）でも胴元が普段より支払い率を多く設定することも指す。
It is also used for the former custom of 'domoto' (bookmakers) at 'tekkaba' (gambling dens) raising the payment rate on special days.

有識とは過去の先例に関する知識を指し、故実とは公私の行動の是非に関する説得力のある根拠・規範の類を指す。
Yusoku' means a knowledge about past precedents, while 'kojitsu' means a convincing basis and norms for the rights and wrongs of public and private acts.

美人画（びじんが）は、一般に女性的な容姿や内面の美しさ、いわゆる女性美をモチーフにした絵画のことを指す。
Bijinga is a general term for paintings that are in the motif of so-called feminine beauty, or feminine looks and inner beauty.

また、おむすびは「むすぶ」という言葉に、霊を包み込む、土地を守る産土神（うぶすな）を指すという説もある。
Another theory for omusubi is that the word 'musubu' (tie) indicates ubusuna (a god) who embraces spirits and protects the earth.

「油かす」の名称は、一般的には西日本の同和地区を中心に流通する牛馬の大腸や小腸を原料とした保存食を指す。
The name 'aburakasu' generally means preservative food products whose raw materials are small or large intestines of cattle and horses, mainly distributed in dowa chiku (areas where the Buraku people live) of western Japan.

転じて漫才などにおける自身のコンビ役を指す言葉として用いられ、そこから恋人について相方と呼ぶこともある。
By extension, the term has come to be used for one's duo partner in manzai (a comic dialogue), which has led some people to refer to their girlfriend/boyfriend by the term aikata.

故に源氏の嫡流といっても、それは源氏全体の嫡流ではなく、特定の源氏の、それも特定の系統を指すことが多い。
Hence the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan often refers to a specific lineage within a specific Minamoto family, rather than to the direct descendant among all of the Genji families.

鳶職（とびしょく）（曳き屋、遣り方と同じ）とは、一般的に建設業で、高い所での作業を専門とする職人を指す。
Tobishoku (same as hikiya [a workman who moves a whole building without demolishing] and yarikata [a workman who make a rough design before building]) generally means a workman specializing in working in high places in the construction industry.

現行の皇室典範では、天皇から直系で三親等以上離れた皇族男子を指す（傍系でなく直系尊属の天皇から数える）。
In the present Imperial House Law, it refers to sons of the Imperial family who are in the direct line and in the three or more degree of kinship from the emperor (not in collateral line and counted from the emperor who is a direct ancestor).

国府（こくふ）は、日本の奈良時代から平安時代に、令制国の国司が政務を執る施設が置かれた場所や都市を指す。
'Kokufu' is a place and city at which facilities were established for Kokushi (provincial governors in the nation's governing system in old days) to administer governmental affairs during the Nara and Heian periods.

ちなみに、ここで言う上層とは、厳密には発生期の武士と同様に、騎馬戦闘の権利資格を有する階層の武士を指す。
Strictly speaking, upper class bushi indicates the class of bushi who had the right to fight on horseback, which had been used to define bushi since the beginning of the bushi class.

兵農分離（へいのうぶんり）とは、安土桃山から江戸時代にかけて推し進められた武士階級以外の武装解除を指す。
Heinobunri indicates the disarming of the classes pushed forward during the period from the Azuchi-Momoyama through Edo periods except for the samurai (warrior) class.

主に戦国時代 (日本)の合戦で用いられた言葉であるが、現代社会においても最初に手柄をあげた人の事を指す。
Although it was primarily used in reference to battles during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), in modern society it refers to the first person to distinguish themselves.

一般的には天正5年（1577年）の信長による雑賀攻め、同13年（1585年）の秀吉による紀伊攻略を指す。
It generally refers to the attack on Saiga by Nobunaga in 1577 and the capture of Kii by Hideyoshi in 1585.

ここにおける「無」は単なる存在としての有無ではなく、既成の善/悪の観念・価値からは自由であることを指す。
And it should also noted that the character 'mu (無)' used in the first sentence, which usually indicates 'nothing', 'denying the presence', indicates 'being free from the conventional concept and value of good and evil.'

もっとも、貴族院議員の性質上、再選を目指す必要がない議員も多く、大半の場合、院内会派の拘束力は弱かった。
As most Kizokuin councilors did not need to worry about re-election, the bond between the members within the Innai groups was weak.

三国志における蜀の皇帝劉備に仕えた忠臣のうち、特にその功績が大きかった3人、諸葛亮・関羽・張飛を指す。
refers to Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei, the three men who made the greatest achievements of the loyal subjects who served Liu Bei, Emperor of Shu of Sangokushi (The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms).

中世においては、律令法とも現代のものとも違い、父母（祖父母）側より子（孫）に対して関係を絶つ行為を指す。
In the Middle Ages, unlike Ritsuryo law and the modern law, it referred to the disownment of children (grandchildren) by their parent(s) (or grandparent(s)).

そして、しばらくしてから酒呑童子と茨木童子は互いの存在を知り、共に都を目指すようになったといわれている。
Whoever he was, according to legend he came to know Shuten Doji and agreed to go to Kyoto together.

その「性如禅尼」は妓王の事を指すとされており、承安2年（1172年）8月15日に亡くなったとされている。
It is believed that '性如禅尼' refers to Gio and she died on September 4 of 1172.

現代において「東海道」と言うときには、江戸時代の東海道の道筋と、その頃の東海道に属した諸国の範囲を指す。
When people say 'Tokaido' today, they refer to its route in the Edo era and the areas that belonged to the region of Tokaido in those days.

執事（しつじ）は、一般に事務を管轄する者を意味し、高位の人物の家や寺社で家政・事務を執りしきる者を指す。
A term 'Shitsuji' generally means a person who oversees a clerical job, and in the case of prestigious families or temples/shrines, it means a person who presides over household affairs or administration.

当初は責任者である公卿以下の官人を指したが、後には実務を担当する蔵人・弁官・外記などを指すようになった。
At first it was used to refer to an officer whose rank was below court noble, but later on came to be used for other responsible parties in charge of practical affairs, such as a Kurodo (Chamberlain), Benkan (Oversight Department - a division of the 'daijokan' which was responsible for controlling central and provincial government offices), and Geki (the Secretary of the Grand Council of State).

御家人（ごけにん）は、征夷大将軍の家人である武士の身分を指す語であるが、中世と近世では意味合いが異なる。
Gokenin is a word used to describe the samurai retainers of the shogun but its meaning differed between the middle ages and early modern period.

日本国内における法律上の意味としては、都市計画上工業地域・住宅地などを新たに計画して建設されたものを指す。
According to the Japanese legal definition, the word refers to industrial and residential estates that are newly planned and constructed as an aspect of urban planning.

京都丹後地方等で、法事や墓参の際、使用するヒサカキ等、華道で言うところの、いわゆる「枝もの」常緑樹を指す。
It refers to the evergreen tree for what is referred to as 'Edamono' (an evergreen tree which brings out the beauty of flowers) in Kado flower arrangement such as Eurya japonica which is served at the time of memorial services (Buddhist services) and visits to graves in the Tango region, Kyoto and other regions.

日本では、しだいに供養（追善供養）のことを指すようになり、その後一般的に死者を弔う儀式をさすようになった。
In Japan, it gradually started to refer to kuyo (tsuizen kuyo: a memorial service for the repose of someone's soul), and later, it came to refer to a ceremony to mourn for the dead in general.

「文化財」とは、国や地方自治体の指定・選定・登録の有無に関わらず有形無形の文化的遺産全般を指す用語である。
The term 'cultural properties' refers to all of those different cultural heritages (regardless of whether or not they are tangible) as designated, selected or registered by the nation or by a local government.

醤油だんごは、神社や神棚への供物、すなわち神饌に由来し、串に5つの団子を指すのも人間の五体を表すとされる。
A soy sauce dumpling originated as offerings to a shrine or a household Shinto altar, i.e., offerings to the gods, and it is said that five dumplings on a skewer expresses a man's whole body.

採用する酵母は、多種多様な清酒酵母から、造り手が目指す酒質に適すると考えるものが通常は一種類だけ選ばれる。
Usually, only one type of yeast, which is considered best suiting the sake quality targeted by the sake manufacturer, is chosen from various sake yeasts.

北海道室蘭市、函館市及び渡島支庁・檜山支庁では焼き鳥というと豚肉を用いた焼きトン（豚串）を指すことが多い。
In Muroran City and Hakodate City, and the Oshima Subprefectural Office jurisdiction and the Hiyama Subprefectural Office jurisdiction in Hokkaido, the term 'yakitori' is often used to mean 'yakiton' (grilled pork).

年少芸妓とはまだ芸妓としては一人前でない若い芸妓、または芸妓見習いとして花街のお座敷に出ている少女を指す。
Nensho geigi refers to a young geigi (a woman who gives fun with a song, dance or music instrument at a feast; geisha) who is not yet a full-fledged, or a girl who appears in ozashiki (banquets in which guests are attended by geisha) in hanamachi (geisha districts) as a geigi apprentice.

本来、「家道」とはその家が治まるためにその構成員が家の中で守るべき道徳や家政、家計の類を指す言葉であった。
Originally Kado meant morals, household management and a family budget which should be maintained by the family members in a house to manage the family.

8世紀以降、上半身を覆う服を指す言葉として「衣」よりも「袍」の字のほうが次第に多く書物に現れるようになる。
After the eighth century, '袍' gradually began to appear more frequently than '衣' in documents as the word indicating clothing for the upper half of the body.

周山街道の別名を持つ国道162号において京都から若狭を目指す場合、最も初めに越えなければならない峠である。
Mikyozaka is the first pass crossed by National Route 162, also known as Shuzan-kaido Road, when traveling from Kyoto to Wakasa.

太政官奏（だいじょうかんそう）とは、律令制において太政官から天皇に奏上を行うこと、あるいはその文書を指す。
'Daijokan-so' meant for Daijokan (the Grand Council of State) to submit its reports to the Emperor, or the relevant reports, which were operative within the framework of Ritsuryo system (a centralized government system under the Ritsuryo Code).

和歌は広義には長歌・短歌・旋頭歌・片歌及び仏足石歌の総称だが、狭義には31音を定型とする短歌のことを指す。
In a broad sense, Waka means Choka (long poem), Tanka (short poem), Sedoka (head-repeated poem), Katauta (half poem), and Bussokusekika (Buddha's footprint stone poem), but in a narrow sense it designates only Tanka of 31 syllables.

のちに足利将軍を指す呼称となり、政庁を兼ねた将軍邸は後に歴史用語として「室町幕府」と呼ばれることになった。
Later, 'Muromachi-dono' became the designation for the ASHIKAGA Shogun, and his government office-cum-residence was called 'Muromachi Bakufu,' which has been used ever since as a historical term to indicate Muromachi Shogunate.

直後に同地で配流の身であった源頼朝が挙兵するとその麾下に入り、父祖の仇敵である平家討滅を目指すこととなる。
Immediately after this incident, when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who had been banished to Izu Province, raised an army, Aritsuna joined the army under Yoritomo, so as to destroy his grandfather's enemy, the Taira clan.

前述のとおり、浄土教において四十八願のうち第十八願を本願として重要視することから、もっとも得意なことを指す。
As mentioned above, since the eighteenth wish among the 48 wishes in Jodo-kyo is seen to be the most important, Ohako (i.e., the eighteenth) means one's favorite stunt.

鎌倉時代以降は位階の高い寺院そのもの、つまり寺格を指すようになり、それらの寺院を門跡寺院と呼ぶようになった。
Since the Kamakura period it has come to mean the high-class temple itself, or in other words the status of the temple, and those temples have come to be called Monzeki temples.

逆に同じ名称ながら、流派によって実際には違う道具のことを指す場合も少なくないため、呼称には注意が必要である。
Vice versa in many cases, utensils that have the same name are completely different depending on the school, so careful attention should be paid to names.

突き・蹴りのみならず、投げ技・組技・寝技なども取り入れ、いわゆる総合格闘技に近い形での試合を行う流派を指す。
Sogo karate refers to karate organizations and circles that adopt mixed martial arts-style games, which incorporate not only striking and kicking arts but also throwing, sparring and grappling techniques.

「御節」とは、中国大陸から伝わった暦上の節目、季節の変わり目などにあたる節日（せちにち、節句）のことを指す。
Osechi was originally a term used in reference to Sechinichi or Sekku (seasonal festivals) corresponding to special occasions on the calendar, the change of seasons, etc., which were imported from the Chinese continent.

なお、「柏」の字は本来はヒノキ科の針葉樹コノテガシワを指す漢字で、コノテガシワは柏餅に使う葉とは全く異なる。
In addition, the kanji '柏' (pronounced kashiwa) originally indicated conifer oriental arbor vitae (konotegashiwa) of the Cupressaceae, and it is completely different from the leaf used for kashiwamochi.

基本的には食事の最中、卓上に食器類や食べ物が乗っている状態でこれらをまとめてひっくり返す事を指すものである。
Basically it refers to flipping a chabudai and all the tableware and food on it suddenly in the middle of dinner.

「大和」は本来、奈良地方を指すが、同時に日本全体を示す古い言葉でもある（この場合、古くは「倭」とも書いた）。
The term 'Yamato' (大和 in kanji (Chinese character) itself originally referred to the Nara district, and at the same time, it is an old word indicating the whole of Japan (in this case, the kanji '倭' was used in old times).

主に「三阿弥」と称された水墨画絵師であった能阿弥、芸阿弥、相阿弥および、彼らの画風に影響を受けた絵師を指す。
It mainly refers to Noami, Geiami and Soami, who were Suibokuga (ink-wash painting) painters and called 'Sanami' (three great artists of the Ami school), and the painters influenced by their painting style.

鯨肉（げいにく）とは、食品として扱われるクジラ目や、その小型種の一部の総称であるイルカの可食部全般を指す。
Whale meat is defined as the edible parts of cetaceans and of smaller-sized cetaceans called dolphins, which are used for food.

七殿五舎（しちでんごしゃ）とは、平安京内裏の紫宸殿や仁寿殿の後方に位置し、主に天皇の后妃の住まう殿舎を指す。
Shichidengosha refers to the palace buildings located behind Shishinden (The Throne Hall) and Jijuden (literally, hall of benevolence and longevity) in the dairi (inner palace grounds) of the Heian Palace, which were mainly used as the residence of the empresses of the emperors.

この流派は他の流派のように統一した画風を表わすものではなく、あくまで巨勢金岡に始まる家系・一門の画系を指す。
This school does not represent a single style of painting like other schools, but the various painting styles created by KOSE no Kanaoka and his descendants and pupils.

一般に、クリーン開発、排出量取引、共同実施の 3つのメカニズムを指すが、これに吸収源活動を含めることもある。
In general, it refers to three mechanisms: Clean Development, International Emissions Trading, and Joint Implementation, but it sometimes includes activities for sinks.

南鐐二朱銀（なんりょうにしゅぎん）とは、江戸時代に流通した銀貨の一種で、初期に発行された良質の二朱銀を指す。
Nanryo Nishu Gin was a type of silver coin circulated in the Edo period and was high-quality Nishu (1/8 of 1 Ryo) gin issued in the early Edo period.

曲尺とは元々は大工が使用する指矩（さしがね）のことであるが、それに目盛られている尺のことも指すようになった。
While kane-jaku is originally the carpenter's square scale used by carpenters, it became to refer the shaku unit marked with the scale.

倭（わ、やまと）は、紀元前から中国各王朝が日本列島を中心とする地域およびその住人を指す際に用いた呼称である。
倭 (Wa or Yamato) was the name used by Chinese dynasties to refer to the area centering the Japanese Archipelago and people living there since the days before Christ.

その後中世から近世にかけても、中国から大和民族を指す場合には「倭」と呼ぶことがあった（→例えば倭寇を参照）。
Afterward from the middle ages to the early-modern times, '倭' was sometimes used to refer to the Yamato race by Chinese (please refer to 'wako' (Japanese pirates) as an example).

田荘（たどころ）とは古墳時代に設けられた土地や人民の支配制度の一つで、豪族たちが支配した私有地のことを指す。
Tadokoro was one of the systems that were established during the Kofun period (tumulus period) to control people and land, which also referred to the private property controlled by Gozoku (local ruling family).

菩提寺（ぼだいじ）は、仏教に於いて、もともと菩提を弔う寺院の事を指すが、先祖代々の墓所がある寺院の事も指す。
The word bodaiji originally referred to Buddhist temples that were established to pray for souls in the afterlife but it also refers to a temple housing the graves of successive generations of a family.

緋袴（ひのはかま/ひばかま）は、紅袴（くれないのはかま）とも呼ばれ、深紅色など赤系統の色をした袴の事を指す。
Hinohakama (scarlet hakama (divided trouser-like skirt)) (also known as 'hibakama') is also called 'Kutenai no hakama' (Red hakama) because of its deep scarlet color and to indicate the red thread used in the hakama.

｢七シコブチ｣とは、京都府と滋賀県を流れる安曇川流域固有の信仰神である｢しこぶち神｣を祀る主要な7社を指す。
Seven Shikobuchi' means major seven shrines which enshrine 'Shikobuchi gods,' which are the gods of belief native to Ado-gawa River basin, runs Kyoto Prefecture and Shiga Prefecture.

例えば、願書類の宛先が「老中」とある場合、個別領主の家老なのか、幕府の老中を指すのか、史料批判が必要になる。
For example, when it is found that 'Roju' was written in an application form, it is necessary to conduct historical investigations to determine whether it indicated Karo under a lord or Roju at the bakufu.

集会（しゅうえ/しゅえ）とは、中世日本の寺院において僧侶達が寺院内部の意思決定のため行う合議・自治機関を指す。
Shue refers to the council or self-governing body for decision-making of the Buddhist priests in the temples in medieval Japanese temples.

狭義には、太陰太陽暦（旧暦）の8月15日 (旧暦)（十五夜）と9月13日 (旧暦)（十三夜）の夜の月見を指す。
In a limited sense, it implies Tsukimi on the nights of August 15 (the fifteenth night) and September 13 (the thirteenth night) of the lunar calendar (old calendar).

官休庵（かんきゅうあん）は現在では、(1)武者小路千家の茶室を指す場合と(2)財団法人官休庵を指す場合がある。
Kankyuan refers to either; 1) the tea ceremony house of Mushanokoji-senke or 2) Zaidan Hojin Kankyuan (the Kankyuan Foundation).

前者は若衆歌舞伎までを言い、流行の歌に合わせた踊り（若衆歌舞伎はアクロバットなども見せていたとされる）を指す。
Kabuki Odori lasted until the time of Wakashu-kabuki, and it showed dances matched to the popular songs of those days; Wakashu Kabuki is said to have shown even acrobatics.

一般には土用の丑の日といえば夏を指すが、土用は春、夏、秋、冬の年4回あり、土用の丑の日は年に数回ある事になる。
Generally speaking, the Ox day during the doyo indicates the summer one, but as the doyo comes around four times in a year, the day also comes around several times in a year.

昔の七草とは、これ以下の「春の七種　（はるのななくさ）」や「秋の七種　（あきのななくさ）」と異なることを指す。
The old-time Nanakusa is different from the following 'the seven herbs of spring (Haru no Nanakusa)' or 'the seven flowers of autumn (Aki no Nanakusa).'

このため、御節料理とは、前年の大晦日までに作られる、翌年の正月のための料理（正月料理）のみを指すようになった。
Therefore, today's osechi-ryori only refers to the foods for New Year's Day that are prepared by New Year's Eve (foods for the New Year's holidays).

初宮参り（はつみやまいり）とは、赤ちゃんが無事に生誕1ヶ月目を迎えたことを産土神に感謝して報告することを指す。
Hatsumiyamairi (a Shinto rite of passage for newborns) is to thankfully report to Ubusunagami (guardian deity of one's birthplace) that a baby safely had the one month anniversary.

洋服の袖丈は肩の付け根から手首までの寸法を指すが、和服ではその寸法は下に述べる袖幅になるので注意が必要である。
It requires special care as Sodetake, the length of a sleeve, for western clothing means the length between the shoulder joint to the wrist, whereas Sodetake, the sleeve depth, for Wafuku means the width shown below.

また「ちゃんこ」は中国そのものを指す言葉だという説もあるが、これは「鍋」と「国」は中国語で似た音だからである。
There is another view that 'chanko' refers directly to China because 'guo (pot) (on the first tone)' and 'guo (country) (on the second tone)' have a similar sound to each other in Chinese.

一般に「有形文化財」といった場合には、地方公共団体が文化財保護条例により指定した有形の文化財を指すことが多い。
Generally, when something is referred to as 'Tangible cultural properties', it frequently means tangible cultural properties that the local public entities designated under the Regulation for the Protection of Cultural Properties.

しかし、次第に大王 (ヤマト王権)の子弟を指すようになり、天皇の成立とともに皇子の字があてられるようになった。
However, it gradually came to refer to the children and younger brothers of Okimi (great king) of the Yamato sovereignty, and upon the establishment of the emperor, 皇子, the character of Miko, started to be used for the naming.

なお、この項目においての荘園・公領とは、それぞれ荘園公領制の土台となった寄進地系荘園・国衙領を指すものとする。
Note that the shoen and lands under the control of the koryo described here mean kishinchi-kei-shoen and Kokugaryo (provincial lands), which became the base of the Shoen-Koryo system.

転じて本来なら役職上、現地に下向して執務しなければならない人物の代理として派遣された代官などの役人の事を指す。
It turned into a government official position, such as a local governor, sent in behalf of an officer who was supposed to leave the capital and work at the place.

水呑百姓（みずのみびゃくしょう）は、江戸時代以降、在方の人別に加わりつつ、石高を所持しない無高の者を指す呼称。
Mizunomi Byakusho (water drinking peasant) refer to those who did not have their own harvesting lands, although they were in the census register, since the Edo period.

1589年、奥州統一を目指す伊達政宗に摺上原の戦いで大敗した蘆名義広は常陸国に逃走し、ここに蘆名氏は没落する。
In 1589, Yoshihiro ASHINA was soundly defeated in the Battle of Sekigahara by Masamune DATA, who strived to unify the Oshu region, and fled to Hitachi Province, bringing an end to the Ashina clan.

大正デモクラシーとは、日本の大正時代に現れた政治・社会・文化の各方面における民主主義、自由主義的な運動を指す。
Taisho Democracy refers to the movements that emerged in Japan's Taisho period, urging for greater freedom and democracy in politics, society and culture.

なお、「古都保存法」が指す「古都」とは客観的な視点によるものではなく、あくまでも各都市の自称の「古都」である。
Meanwhile, 'an ancient capital' under 'Koto Hozon ho' is a self-designated ancient capital and is not objectively confirmed.

- 倒幕・明治維新に尽力した藩士・諸士のうち、特に功績の大きかった3人、木戸孝允・西郷隆盛・大久保利通を指す。
referst to Takayoshi KIDO, Takamori SAIGO, and Toshimichi OKUBO, the three men who made the greatest achievements of the feudal retainers of domain and shoshi who made contributions to the overthrowing of the Shogunate and the Meiji Restoration.

他に武田四天王(武田四名臣とも。信玄・勝頼を支えた馬場信春、内藤昌豊、山県昌景、高坂昌信の4人を指す）も有名。
Apart from The Twenty-Four Generals, the big four of the Takeda clan (also referred to as four wise retainers of Takeda. Refer to Nobuharu BABA, Masatoyo Naito, Masakage YAMAGATA, Masanobu KOSAKA, who served Shingen and Katsuyori) is famous.

中国・宋代の禅僧・密庵咸傑（みったんかんけつ）の現存唯一の墨蹟とされる（「墨蹟」は禅宗高僧の筆跡を指す用語）。
Believed to be the only surviving work of calligraphy by Chinese Song Dynasty Zen monk Mi'an Xianjie ('Mittan Kanketsu' in Japanese) ('bokuseki' refers to the handwriting of a high-ranking Zen priest).

神幸祭は「神の行幸」の意味で、広義には行幸の全体を、狭義には神社から御旅所などの目的地までの往路の過程を指す。
Shinko-sai Festival' means an 'imperial visit by god' and broadly refers to the entire imperial visit; narrowly conceived it refers to the process of the outward trip from the shrine to the destination such as otabisho.

義詮時代には領域的な支配機構を司る引付衆の役割を縮小して執事職の権限を強化し、一元化な統治機構の確立を目指す。
In the period of Yoshiakira the role of Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court) who administered regional governing authorities was reduced and the power of the stewards was strengthened, with the aim of establishing a centralized governing authority.

後に広く武将を指す語ともなり、平安時代から鎌倉時代初期にかけては官職ではなく私称として用いる場合も散見された。
It later became a word referring to military commanders in general and was used as an unofficial title rather than a bureaucratic rank in some instances during the Heian period to the early Kamakura period.

白丁（はくちょう、はくてい）とは中国と日本の律令制において、公の職を持たない無位無冠の良民の男子のことを指す。
Hakucho is a term referring to male ryomin (ordinary people) with no special rank or title and no public employment in the Chinese and Japanese ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).

「道が分かれて、道しるべがそれぞれ別の方向を指すようになったら、かたがつくでしょう」とアリスはつぶやきました。
`I'll settle it,' Alice said to herself, `when the road divides and they point different ways.'

これらが慣例化してやがて、「門跡」自体が「貴族」出身者によって継承される特定の院家・寺院を指す称号へと変化した。
This became a custom, and soon 'Monzeki' itself was changed to mean the title of the specific temples to which people from the 'nobility' succeeded.

なお、この集団を指す「安居院唱導教団」という語は、現代の歴史学上の用語であり、当時そう呼ばれていたわけではない。
Further, the word 'Agui Shodo Kyodan,' indicating this group of people, is a historical term in the present day, since they weren't referred to that way during their own time.

歴史上、天皇から下賜された大師号は全27名におよぶが、一般的に大師 (僧)と言えばほとんどの場合弘法大師を指す。
In history, a Daishi-go title was granted by emperors up to 27 persons, but it almost always indicates Kobo Daishi when the term of Daishi is used generally.

雲水が、その修行中に規矩（雲水が守るべき規則）を破ってしまった際、文字通り「罰」として警策で打たれることを指す。
It refers to being struck with the kyosaku (keisaku) literally as 'batsu (punishment)' when an unsui (wandering monk) breaks kiku (rules that the unsui should observe).

しかし「雪月花」は日本の詩和歌においては、これら三種を一度に取り合わせたものを指すものとしてしばしば用いられる。
In Japanese poetry, on the other hand, 'setsugetsuka' is sometimes used to describe scenery or an object which contains all three natural elements, snow, the moon, and flowers, at the same time.

特に他と区別して「かけうどん」と呼んだ場合のみ、つゆだけをかけたもの（関西で言う「素うどん」と同じもの）を指す。
When the term 'Kake Udon' was specifically used to distinguish it from other Udon noodles, it indicated Udon noodles in hot soup broth without toppings (the same Udon noodles as 'Su Udon' in the Kansai region).

プエルルス幼生はフィロソーマ幼生の時に蓄えた脂肪をエネルギーにし、脚で水をかいて泳ぎながら沿岸部の岩礁を目指す。
The Puerulus larvae swim toward the shore reefs on the coast by paddling with their legs using the saved fat as the energy from when they were Phyllosoma larvae.

食事に際して調理するのではなく、作り置きの常備菜的なものを指すことが多く、商品化された市販品の種類も豊富である。
It is not cooked just before eating as it is normally in the pre-cooked form and there are various kinds of commercialized products already on the market.

馬術（ばじゅつ）はウマに騎乗して運動の正確さ、活発さ、美しさなどを目指すスポーツ、技術体系、また競技種目である。
Equestrianism (called 'bajutsu' in Japan) refers to recreational activities and competitive sports and a system of technique of riding or driving horses and aiming at accuracy, activity, beauty, and so on.

散茶女郎：元々は太夫・格子より下位の遊女であったが、後に太夫・格子がいなくなったため高級遊女を指す言葉になった。
Sancha joro: originally lower than tayu and koshi, but due to the disappearance of tayu and koshi, the words 'sancha joro' later referred to a high class courtesan.

尺時計とは、短冊形をした箱の上部に取り付けられたおもりが箱の中の機械を動かし、おもりに付いた針が箱の目盛を指す。
Shaku-dokei is a clock whose weight attached to the upper part of the reed-shaped box moves machines in the box, and whose clock hands attached to the weight show scale.

後に女御、更衣を指して御息所という呼称が用いられることはなくなり、次第に皇太子妃や親王妃を指す語として定着した。
Later, the meaning of Miyasundokoro which was nyogo and koi faded out, and then Miyasundokoro became the name for crown princess and Imperial Princess.

単に「大逆事件」と呼ばれる場合は、その後の歴史にもっとも影響を与えた1910年の幸徳事件を指すのが一般的である。
Generally, 'Taigyaku Jiken' refers to the Kotoku Incident in 1910, which was the most influential among such cases on later history.

文明開化（ぶんめいかいか）とは、明治の日本に西洋の文明が入ってきて、制度や習慣が大きく変化した現象のことを指す。
The civilization and enlightenment occurred during the transitional phase of Japan in Meiji period, seeing drastic changes in various systems, organizations and cultural customs of Japan as the results of the Westernization.

ここでいう給人地とは、地方知行制で云う給人地（＝領地）を指すのではなく、家格に応じて支給される田畑のことである。
Here, Kyujin-chi differs from that of the Chiho-chigyo system (in which the right to land control was given to Hatamoto or others), in that farm land was supplied depending the social status of the family.

九条流（くじょうりゅう）は、藤原北家の中でも藤原師輔の子孫を指す呼称及び同一族に伝えられた有職故実の流派を指す。
The Kujo-ryu school refers to the descendants of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, especially, FUJIWARA no Morosuke and to the school of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) handed down the FUJIWARA no Morosuke family.

この戦いを通じて国内の安定のために奥羽全域の平定を目指す方向に路線転換をしたために王民化を促進するためとする説。
A third theory is that the government's aim during this war changed to controlling the Ou area for the sake of the stability of the nation, and there were attempts to bring Fushu under the Emperor's rule.

この高安が何処を指すかについては、奈良県生駒郡斑鳩町高安 (斑鳩町)と大阪府八尾市高安 (八尾市)の2説がある。
There are two theories regarding the location of Takayasu, one claiming it is Takayasu, Ikaruga-cho, Ikoma-gun, Nara Prefecture, and the other claiming it is Takayasu, Yao City, Osaka Prefecture.

「祖霊」という場合には、死後かなりの時間が立ち、生前の個性を失ったもの、およびその集合体のことを指すことが多い。
In many cases, the word 'sorei' refers to a soul or collective of souls whose bodies died quite long time ago and individualities in life were lost.

しかし、元々「鎮魂」の語は「（み）たましずめ」と読んで、神道において生者の魂を体に鎮める儀式を指すものであった。
However, the word 'chinkon' was originally read as 'mitamashizume', and indicated a Shinto ritual performed to repose the soul of a living person in the person's body.

こちらも元は単なる総称だったが、これが秀吉の生母・大政所（なか）に贈られてからは専ら彼女のことを指す語となった。
This term had been a generic one as well, but after the title was given to the mother (Naka) who gave birth to Hideyoshi, the term came to be used for indicating her alone.

インド時代の仏教に於いて、僧侶が集団生活する建物群の事を僧堂と呼んでいるが、これは寺院や僧院の事を指す言葉である。
During the Indian age of Buddhism, the collection of buildings in which monks lived was called so-do but this definition is now covered by the words a temple or monastery.

あまり酵素が出すぎると目指す酒質にならないため、米の溶け具合がちょうどよいところで止まるように麹を造る必要がある。
As the target quality of sake cannot be obtained if too much enzyme is produced, it is necessary to produce koji in such a way that the degree of melting rice stops at the appropriate point.

この影響で日本の新聞も漫画を掲載するようになり、時事的テーマを扱う漫画を指す「ポンチ」という言葉が流行語となった。
Due to this, Japanese newspapers also started to place comics and the word 'ponchi' meaning the comics which deal with topical themes became a vogue word.

風流事を称して「花鳥風月」というが、平安時代以後の日本において、単に「花」といえばサクラのことを指すようになった。
While refined and tasteful things have been called 'Kachofugetu' (flowers, birds, wind and moon), since the Heian period 'flower' has naturally referred to cherry blossoms in Japan.

和服そのものを指す語としては「和服」「着物」に比べ使用頻度は低いが、和服を扱う店は「呉服屋」と呼ばれることが多い。
The shops that deal with Japanese clothing is generally called 'Gofuku-ya,' although the word Gofuku is not specifically used to indicate Japanese clothing. as frequently as Wafuku and Kimono.

しかしながら、その後、鉄火肌と相俟って、男気（おとこぎ）のある「弱気を助け強気を挫く」ような者を指すようになった。
Later, however, the meaning of tekka denbo was combined with that of tekka hada to describe manly men who help the weak and crush the powerful.

崩御（ほうぎょ）は、天皇、皇帝、国王、太皇太后、皇太后、皇后、その他君主等の死を婉曲的に、かつ敬意を込めて指す語。
Hogyo refers to the death of emperors, czar, kings, grand empress dowagers, empress dowagers, empresses, and other monarchs euphemistically and respectfully.

上記の「事績」に記した中では、日本書紀編纂から筑紫大宰までの各々について、どちらの人物を指すのか説が分かれている。
There are different views for which Mino no Okimi made the abovementioned achievements from Nihonshoki compilation to Tsukushi no Omikotomochi no Tsukasa.

室町時代（むろまちじだい、1336年 - 1573年）は、室町幕府が存在した時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
The Muromachi period (1336-1573) is a period of Japanese history spanning the length of time the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was in existence.

武士団（ぶしだん）とは主に平安時代後半から、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代 (日本)を中心に室町時代までの武士の集団を指す。
Bushidan (warrior bands) refers to the group of bushi (samurai) that existed mainly from the late Heian, Kamakura, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (Japan), and lasted until the Muromachi period.

美術史上の飛鳥時代は、6世紀半ば、日本へ仏教が公式に伝来した時期から、7世紀後半の天智天皇の治世あたりまでを指す。
From the perspective of art history, the Asuka period ranged from the middle of the sixth century, when Buddhism was officially introduced into Japan, to the later seventh century, around when Japan was under the Emperor Tenchi's reign.

これは、手首に親指を当てて脈拍を計る様子を形取ったものであり、そこから親指の幅を指す現在の寸の意味になったという。
This represents the shape that a thumb is counting somebody's pulse by feeling the wrist, which is said to lead to the character's present meaning of the breadth of a thumb.

三都（さんと）とは、江戸時代に江戸幕府直轄都市であった都市のうち、その規模が極めて大きかった京・大坂・江戸を指す。
Santo is a corrective term referring to the three largest cities, namely, Kyo, Osaka and Edo, out of those controlled under the direct administration of the shogunate during the Edo period.

一般的には日本の文献が残されている時代、すなわち飛鳥時代 - 奈良時代を指すが、単に奈良時代以前を指す場合もある。
Generally it refers to the period during which literature remains, namely, from the Asuka period to the Nara period, sometimes to the pre-Nara period.

また、表記の解釈は同様で、「鏡王の女（むすめ）」とは額田王自身のことを指すのではないかという新説も提出されている。
A new hypothesis derived from the same assumption states that '女 (daughter of) 鏡王' might actually have been Nukata no Okimi herself.

また、現代において巫女という場合、単に神道における神職を補佐する女性の職の人々を指す言葉として使われることが多い。
Today, the word 'miko' is usually used to refer simply to the female assistants of Shinto priests.

これらは、その主体となっているものにおいて、始まりの場所であったり、最終目標の場所を指す場合に使われることが多い。
These often indicate a starting point or a finishing goal to the person in question.

元々は祭祀に用いる鏡を表す一般名詞であったものが、後に三種の神器の一つである鏡を指す固有名詞になったと考えられる。
Yata no Kagami is thought to have originally been a common noun signifying a mirror used in Shinto rituals, then later becoming a proper noun to specify the mirror of the Three Imperial Regalia.

「国人」という呼称は、「在地に居住した惣領を中心に独自の勢力を持つ武士」を指す言葉として、鎌倉時代から散見される。
The name 'kokujin' is found here and there, since the Kamakura period, as a word referring to 'samurai with their own power centered around a chief residing in the area.'

戦国大名（せんごくだいみょう）は、日本の戦国時代 (日本)に数郡から数カ国規模の領域を一元的に支配した大名を指す。
The term sengoku daimyo refers to a daimyo who exercised unitary control over several districts or provinces during Japan's sengoku (warring states) period.

日本語では印契(いんげい)、あるいは単に印(いん)とも言い、おもに仏像が両手で示す象徴的なジェスチャーのことを指す。
In Japanese terms, it has the same meaning as the term ingei (印契) or its simplified form in (印), referring mainly to the symbolic gesture of a Buddhist statue.

「大和絵」とはどのような絵画を指すかを明確に定義付けすることは困難であり、時代によって意味・用法が微妙に異っている。
It is difficult to define what kind of paintings the term 'Yamato-e' refers to clearly, and its sense and usage are subtly different depending on the period.

台湾では「紅豆餅」や「車輪餅」と呼ば伝統的なお菓子のひとつとなっている（中国語では漢字の「餅」は、焼き菓子を指す）。
In Taiwan, imagawa-yaki is called 'red bean waffle' or 'charyunbyon' and is a traditional sweet (a Chinese character '餅' represents baked pastry).

琳派（りんぱ）とは、俵屋宗達、尾形光琳ら江戸時代に活躍し、同傾向の表現手法を用いる美術家・工芸家らを指す名称である。
The Rinpa school refers to artists and craftsmen in the Edo period who used a similar style, including Sotatsu TAWARAYA and Korin OGATA.

ただし、これらの伝統芸能のうち、視覚的要素をのぞく聴覚的要素のみを指す言葉としても、“音曲”という言葉は用いられる。
However, 'ongyoku' is now used as an indication to solely auditory elements of those traditional arts excluding their visual elements.

むしろ実物を目にする機会が少なくなっているため、走馬灯という単語はこの現象そのものを指すものと誤用される場合が多い。
It becomes rare for the public to see the real somato, so the word somato is often misunderstood to indicate the phenomenon itself.

子守唄の歌詞に「でんでん太鼓に笙の笛」というものがあるが笙は市井の楽器ではないためこれは別のものを指すと考えられる。
The phrase 'denden-daiko ni sho no fue' (a small toy drum and sho flute) is seen in a lullaby, but this is considered to be a different instrument because sho was not a musical instrument for common people.

さらに大名物（おおめいぶつ）と中興名物（ちゅうこうめいぶつ）に対して、千利休時代に著名であった道具を指す場合もある。
Further, in some cases, Meibutsu is limited to utensils that were famous during the time of SEN no Rikyu against O-meibutsu (explained below) and Chuko-meibutsu (explained below).

舞働のうち、特にシテとツレまたはワキが一対一で闘争する場面を主にしたものを指す（『舎利 (能)』『龍虎 (能)』）。
It especially refers to the scenes in which mainly shite and tsure or waki play one-on-one battle among maibataraki ('Shari' [Noh], 'Ryoko' [Noh]).

明治元年1月1日 (旧暦)（1868年1月25日）から明治45年（大正元年、1912年）7月30日までの期間を指す。
The Meiji era is the period between January 1 of the first year of the Meiji era (or January 25, 1868 by the solar calendar) and July 30 of the 45th year of Meiji or 1912.

五大紋（ごだいもん）は、日本の家紋のうち、一般的に特に多く分布する藤、桐、鷹の羽、木瓜、片喰の5つの紋のことを指す。
Godaion refers to the five family crest designs that are especially widely used throughout Japan, and they are fuji (wisteria), kiri (paulownia), takanoha (feathers of hawks), mokko (cross-section of a gourd), and katabami (yellow sorrel).

だが、テレビ東京がテレビ大阪の京都府および兵庫県への放送対象地域拡大を目指すと表明しており、今後の動向が注目される。
However, TV TOKYO announced that it would expand its broadcasting area of TV Osaka to Kyoto Prefecture and Hyogo Prefecture, attracting attention about future development.

それがさらに広まり、テレビ、ラジオの番組や、各種イベントなどにおいて、割り当てられた時間のことを指すようにもなった。
By further extension, it became to refer the time allotted in programs of TV or radio, various events, and so on.

それは、6世紀の終わり頃から8世紀初頭にかけて飛鳥に宮・都が置かれていた時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つである。
It overlaps with the last part of the Kofun Period (the Tumulus Period).

これらは天武の子大津皇子を指すと解釈されており、同時出土の他の木簡から天武10年(681年）のものと考えられている。
These are thought to refer to Tenmu's child, Prince Otsu, and from other excavated mokkan, it is thought that these were from 681.

銅鏡は各時代に製作されたが、歴史・考古学用語としては中国、朝鮮、日本の遺跡から発掘される青銅製の鏡を指すことが多い。
Although it was made in various periods, as a historical and archaeological term, it often refers to the bronze mirror excavated from the remains in China, Korea and Japan.

7月蛤御門の変で牢を破り一番槍を目指すが窪田伴治に続き飯河小膳とともに二番槍の功名を挙げるも越後国蒲原郡津川で謹慎。
At the time of the Hamaguri Gate Incident in July, he broke out of jail and tried to be Ichiban-yari (the spearmen who beat enemy first in the battle), and then he came joint-Niban-yari (the second spearman who beat enemy) with Kozen IIKAWA, but he was ordered to stay in Tsugawa, Kanbara County, Echigo Province.

つまり、生きていたころの彼を指す場合は「中臣鎌足」を用い、「藤原氏の祖」として彼を指す場合には「藤原鎌足」を用いる。
In other words, 'NAKATOMI no Kamatari' is used to refer to Kamatari when he was alive, but 'FUJIWARA no Kamatari' is used to refer to him as the 'founder of the Fujiwara clan.'

巫（ふ、かんなぎ）は、巫覡（ふげき）とも言い、神を祀り神に仕え、神意を世俗の人々に伝えることを役割とする人々を指す。
The fu or kannagi, also called 'fugeki,' refers to those who worship and serve gods and take responsibility for conveying gods will to secular people.

あなたが神を喜ばすことと隣人の益となることだけを求め、それを目指すのであれば、あなたは心の自由を楽しむことでしょう。
If thou reachest after and seekest, nothing but the will of God and the benefit of thy neighbour, thou wilt entirely enjoy inward liberty.

この「人間の思考の圏域」を表す用語は、ギリシャ語の「nous」、つまり精神や意志、息などを指す単語から生まれている。
this term for ``the sphere of human thought'' derives from the Greek `noos' meaning `mind', `intelligence', or `perception'.

車両の進行・後退する方向（ナンバープレート (自動車)の付いている前後やストップランプの付いている側）にある壁を指す。
Gable walls are the walls at the front and rear (where the number plates and brake lights are located) of vehicles.

それが日本に伝わり、宗旨によって考え方は様々であるが、人は死後、魂を清めて仏になる為に中陰の道を歩き、あの世を目指す。
The idea was imported to Japan and, although there are differences among sects, it is generally believed that a person dies, walks through the path of chuin in order to purge his/her soul, and turns into Buddha, aiming at the other world.

輿であるから通常は担ぎ上げて移動するものを指して言うが、それを台車に乗せて曳くものなど、別形態のものを指すこともある。
Since it is a litter, it usually refers to an object that is carried on the shoulders of bearers to be moved but, it also refers to the other objects of different shapes that are placed on a float and pulled by people.

広義には、出来合いの市販品としてカップ入りのアイスクリームと同様の器に細かく砕いた氷と各種シロップを混ぜたものも指す。
In a broad sense, shaved ice covers a ready-made product available on the market that is mixture of finely crushed ice and various syrups in containers similar to ice cream in a cup.

俗箏（ぞくそうまたはぞくごと）とは、雅楽の楽箏に対し、近世、八橋検校によって始められた箏曲以降の箏、および箏曲を指す。
Zokuso (zokugoto) is the koto or the koto music from the time Yatsuhashi Kengyo reformed the koto music in the early modern ages of Japan, and his koto contrasts with gakuso (the koto used in gagaku [ancient Japanese court music and dance]).

アメリカで一般的に食べ物でナポリタンというとアイスクリームの一種を指す（wNeapolitan ice cream）。
In American food, Napolitan suggests a type of ice cream called Neapolitan ice cream.

少女が掛ける赤い半襟から一人前の女性の白い半襟へ襟を掛け替える習慣を言い、半玉、舞妓などの雛妓が芸妓となることを指す。
It means the practice of changing red haneri of young girls for white haneri of adult women, and in karyukai, it refers the promotion from hinakko, such as hangyoku (child geisha) and maiko (apprentice geisha), to geigi (geisha).

ここで言う沙弥とは、出家してもまだ正式な僧侶になっていない男子を指し、長老とは当時の僧侶の最高峰である国師長老を指す。
Shami which is mentioned here means men who have not become Buddhist monk even if they have become a priest, and choro means Kokushichoro who were the greatest of all Buddhist monks at the time.

風物詩の範囲は幅広く、俳句の季語として限定されたものと違って、日本の季節を現代人の我々の心に訴えかけているものを指す。
Fubutsushi covers a wide range of things and differs from words restricted as kigo (a season word) for haiku (Japanese seventeen-syllable poem) in that Fubutsushi refers to things with which a season in Japan appeals to the mind of our modern people.

女形・女方（おやま・おんながた）とは、歌舞伎において若い女性の役を演じる役者、職掌、またその演技の様式そのものを指す。
Oyama or Onnagata refers to the actor who acts the role of a young woman, the duty of the actor, or the pattern of acting itself, in Kabuki.

ただし、狭義においては戦国時代 (日本)の平田職定（職国12代目の子孫）の子平田職清及びその養子平田職忠の系統を指す。
In a narrow meaning, the Suino family refers to the family line descended from the twelfth generation descendant of Motokuni, Motosada HIRATA who lived during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States)--Motosada's son Motokiyo--Motokiyo's adopted son Mototada.

一般に「京阪」といえば、上記のような地域名よりも、同社および同社を中核とする京阪グループの各社を指す場合のほうが多い。
In general, the word 'Keihan' more often refers to Keihan Electric Railway and each company in the Keihan Group centering on the railroad company than the names of the areas mentioned above.

歴史を取り扱ったテレビ番組で本来の意味での百姓身分を指す場合ですら '農民' という言葉に置き換えることが通例である。
In TV programs taking up a historical issue, it is common to replace the term with 'peasant' even when the term indicates its original meaning which is the hyakusho rank.

特に武力・軍事力を動員して反乱を起こすことを指すことが多いが、少人数で君主・主君を暗殺する行為を謀反ということもある。
The word usually refers to an armed or militarized rebellion, but 'assassinating one's master by a small group' can be defined as 'muhon' as well.

超然主義を取って議会との対立を続けるよりも自らが目指す近代国家の方向性を実現させるための政党結成に乗り出す事を考えた。
He started to think of forming a new political party that would lead a modern nation that he wished to create instead of supporting transcendentalism and continuing to have a conflict with the Diet.

文久の改革（ぶんきゅうのかいかく）は、文久2年（1862年）に江戸幕府で行われた一連の人事・職制・諸制度の改革を指す。
The Bunkyu Reform was a series of policy changes covering personnel affairs, office organization and various rules and regulations carried out by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1862.

国際法における主権とは、対外的に独立し、対内的には至高の権力を有し、それ以外からの干渉を排することができることを指す。
Sovereignty in international law means that the nation is independent externally, has the supreme power internally and can reject any interference from something other than them.

地方改良運動（ちほうかいりょううんどう）とは、日露戦争後に荒廃した地方社会と市町村の改良・再建を目指す官製運動のこと。
Movement to Improve Rural Areas was government-regulated movement which aimed to improve and reconstruct regional societies, cities, towns and villages which had been devastated after the Russo-Japanese War.

三種の神器（みくさのかむだから、さんしゅのじんぎ）とは、天孫降臨の時に、天照大神から授けられたとする鏡・剣・玉を指す。
The Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family refer to a mirror, a sword and a jewel that are believed to have been granted by Amaterasu Omikami (also known as Tensho daijin or the 'Sun Goddess') to her grandson Ninigi during 'Tensonkorin' when he descended from heaven to rule over the country.

太政官厨家（だいじょうかんちゅうけ）は、本来は太政官に付属する厨房を指すが、古代においてはこれを管理する官司を指した。
The Daijokan chuke essentially indicated the kitchen that belonged to the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), but in ancient times the term referred to the government officials who administered the Daijokan kitchen.

太政官（だいじょうかん、おおいまつりごとのつかさ）とは、日本の律令制における司法・行政・立法を司る最高国家機関を指す。
Daijokan 太政官 (also known as Ooimatsurigotonotsukasa) was the highest organ of state power controlling jurisdiction, administration, and legislation of Japan under the Ritsuryo legal code system.

明治時代以降になっても「大身」は政府高官や財閥の当主、華族などを指す語として、第二次世界大戦の昭和期ごろまでは残った。
Even after the Meiji period, 'Taishin' remained as a word referring to a high government official, a head of Zaibatsu (a financial clique or group, or company syndicate), and the peerage until the time of World War II in the Showa period.

これに対し、マンションは鉄筋コンクリート造、鉄骨鉄筋コンクリート造、鉄骨造、もしくはその他の構造で建築されたものを指す。
On the other hand, 'mansion' refers to a construction that has a reinforced concrete structure, steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) structure, steel-framed structure or the architecture that has some other structure.

このころより内藤ジョアンこそ城主とすべき派と、内藤国貞の実子、千勝丸（後の内藤貞勝）の擁立を目指す一派とで内争となった。
Around this time, infighting began between the group aiming to install Joan NAITO as a lord of the castle and the group backing the birth child of Kunisada NAITO, Senshomaru (later known as Sadakatsu NAITO).

狭義では、小野流内の流派、醍醐三流（理性院流・三宝院流・金剛王院流）と勧修寺三流（随心院流・安祥寺流・勧修寺流）を指す。
In a narrow sense it indicates Daigo-san-ryu (Rishoin-ryu, Sanpoin-ryu and Kongooin-ryu) and Kajuji-san-ryu (Zuishinin-ryu, Anshoji-ryu, Kajuji-ryu).

勧進帳（かんじんちょう）とは、勧化帳（かんげちょう）とも呼ばれており、勧進の目的について書かれた巻物形式の趣意書を指す。
Kanjin cho, or kange cho, refers to a rolled book that describes the objectives of kanjin.

廃仏毀釈（はいぶつきしゃく、廢佛毀釋）とは仏教寺院・仏像・経巻を破毀し僧尼など出家者が受けていた特権を廃するなどを指す。
Haibutsu-kishaku (廃仏毀釈 in Chinese characters) means a movement to destroy Buddhist temples, Buddhist statues and Buddhist scriptures as well as to abolish the privileges entitled to Buddhist priests/nuns.

醤油味の汁のおでんについては「関東煮（かんとに）」と呼び、おでんといえば味噌おでんや味噌田楽を指す場合が珍しくなかった。
Oden with a soy sauce-flavored soup was called 'Kanto ni;' hence, 'Oden' mostly referred to Miso Oden or Misodengaku

しかし、現在、文楽といえば一般に日本の伝統芸能である人形劇、人形浄瑠璃（にんぎょうじょうるり）を指す代名詞的存在である。
At present, however, it is synonymous with ningyo joruri, one of Japan's traditional performing arts.

室町時代には南白河においては、「岡崎」の呼称が定着し、「白河」という地名は白川の北側の「北白川」を指すようになっていく。
During the Muromachi period, 'Okazaki' was established as a name for Minami Shirakawa, whereas 'Shirakawa' became to refer to Kita Shirakawa, the area on the north side of the Shira-kawa River.

地子（じし/ちし）とは、日本の古代・中世から近世にかけて、領主が田地・畠地・山林・塩田・屋敷地などへ賦課した地代を指す。
Jishi, also called chishi, (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) referred to the land rent which feudal lords imposed on rice fields, fields (for fruits, vegetables, etc.), mountains and forest, salt fields, or residential areas from ancient and medieval periods to the early-modern times.

荘園・公領における租税（年貢・公事・夫役）収取単位（在家役）としても用いられ、その負担者である住民のみを指す場合もある。
It was also used as a unit (Zaikeyaku) for collecting taxes (land tax, public duties, labor services) within shoen (landed estates) or koryo (public lands).

幕府は一橋慶喜が京都へ赴き、大政委任の確認させるなど運動するが、尊攘派は天皇の大和行幸による王政復古 (日本)を目指す。
Keiki HITOTSUBASHI, representing the Shogunate, went to Kyoto to have the Entrustment of Political Power confirmed but the Sonjo Group aimed for the restoration of imperial rule by having the Emperor tour throughout Japan.

江戸時代（えどじだい、～、徳川時代とも）とは、江戸幕府によって日本が統治されていた時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
The Edo period (also known as the Tokugawa period) refers to a period in Japanese history where Japan was governed by the Edo shogunate government.

清のとき、二十四書が正史として再度選ばれ、「二十四史」と呼ばれるようになったので、中国の正史といえば普通二十四史を指す。
During the Qing period, twenty-four books were again selected as official histories and began to be referred to simply as 'the twenty-four histories', so in general the term 'official histories of China' is taken to be referring to these twenty-four books.

三好三人衆（みよしさんにんしゅう）は日本の戦国時代 (日本)に畿内で活躍した、三好長逸・三好政康・岩成友通の三人を指す。
The Miyoshi Triumvirate consists of Nagayuki MIYOSHI, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI who stood out in the history of Japan's warring period for their activities in the Kinai region.

一般的には、大日本帝国憲法発布後、帝国議会開設から大正時代初期頃までにおいて、藩閥・官僚から成る政府が採った立場を指す。
In Japan, in general, transcendentalism is often referred to a political position taken by the government consisting of han (domain) cliques and bureaucrats during the period between the establishment of the Imperial Diet followed by the issuance of Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the beginning of the Taisho period.

日本神話にて、神産み（かみうみ）とは、イザナギ・イザナミが島々を生んだ（国産みの）後、神々を生み出していったことを指す。
In Japanese myths, Kami-umi refers to Izanagi and Izanami's giving birth to numerous gods after they gave birth to various islands (Kuni-umi [a myth about the birth of the land of Japan]).

そもそも「妹」とは、かつては「いも」と読み、男性からみた同腹の女性の他、恋人や妻などの親しい女性全般を指す言葉であった。
Originally, '妹' was pronounced 'Imo' and referred to women of close relationships at large, including sisters, lovers and wives.

そして義朝・義平・朝長・頼朝の親子と家人の鎌田政清以下の8騎になって東国を目指すが、伊吹山の山道に入ると雪も深くなった。
Aiming for the Eastern provinces, Yoshitomo, Yoshihira, Tomonaga, Yoritomo, their wives and children, and retainer Masakiyo KAMATA now had fewer than 8 horses; however, dense clouds closed in when they entered the mountain road at Mount Ibuki.

明治8年（1875年）11月、博覧会を企画、開催（同年には長野博覧会・飯田博覧会があり、このどちらを指すものかは不明）。
In November 1875, he planned and executed an exhibition (There were Nagano and Iida Expositions in same year, and it was uncertain as to which it pointed to).

また宇多法皇在命中の間は、法皇自身を指す人称として、日本紀略をはじめとして著名な大宮人らの日記、歌集等に広く記されていた。
During the lifetime of Cloistered Emperor Uda, the word 'Teiji-no-in' was widely used to refer to the cloistered emperor in the diaries and poetry collections written by famous courtiers, as well as in 'Nihongi Ryaku' (Summary of Japanese Chronologies).

「銀河」は本来天の川を指す言葉であるが、現在では一般的な天体としての銀河（galaxy）全般を表す言葉として使われている。
The Galaxy' means the Milky Way, while 'galaxy' is a term used to apply generally to other similar heavenly bodies.

ほうじ茶（ほうじちゃ、あるいは焙じ茶とも）とは、日本の緑茶の一種であり、茶葉を焙（ほう）じて飲用に供するもの一般を指す。
Hojicha (written as ほうじちゃ or 焙じ茶) is a type of Japanese green tea, generally referring to tea made with roasted tea leaves.

決まり字（きまりじ）とは、百人一首で札の取り合いをする際に、そこまで読まれればその札だと確定できるという部分のことを指す。
Kimariji is a term used for Hyakunin Isshu play cards (a game based on a famous poetry anthology, One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets); when a card of the first half of a poem is read out, players compete to take a matching card of the last half, and Kimariji means the first several letters of poems with which players can be sure which card to take.

この選択無形民俗文化財という名称は、この規定にもとづいて選択された無形の民俗文化財を指す通称であり、法律上の用語ではない。
The selected intangible properties of folk culture is a common name, which indicates the intangible folk cultural properties selected based on the regulation, and is not a legal term.

旧皇族（きゅうこうぞく）とは、1947年（昭和22年）に皇籍離脱した11宮家51名の皇族及びその男系子孫を指す俗称である。
The former Imperial Family is the colloquial term of Imperial Family members who ceased to be a member of the Imperial Family in 1947, consisted of 51 members of 11 Miyake (house of an imperial prince) and their male descendants.

大阪都市圏（おおさかとしけん）は、大阪府大阪市を中心とする経済地域で、大阪市と周辺の衛星都市とをまとめて指す呼び名である。
Osaka Metropolitan Area is a name used to describe the economic area centered on Osaka city, expanding to its surrounding satellite cities.

京都都市圏（きょうととしけん）は、京都府京都市を中心とする経済地域で、京都市と周辺の衛星都市とをまとめて指す呼び名である。
Kyoto urban area, which is the designation of Kyoto City and its peripheral satellite cities collectively, means an economic zone surrounding Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.

今日の日本では曲尺（かねじゃく。単に「尺」と言えばこちらを指す）とその1.25倍の長さの鯨尺（くじらしゃく）が残っている。
Two kinds of units with the shaku remain in Japan of today, one is kane-jaku (generally called 'shaku' simply) and the other is kujira-jaku whose unit length of the shaku is 1.25 times longer than that of the kane-jaku.

特に1853年、浦賀沖に来航したアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー率いるアメリカ海軍艦隊の事を指す（黒船来航を参照のこと）。
The term is mostly associated with the fleet of United States Navy ships, led by Matthew PERRY, that arrived off the coast of Uraga in 1853.

近代日本では大日本帝国憲法第11条が定めていた天皇大権のひとつである大日本帝国陸軍や、大日本帝国海軍への統帥の権能を指す。
In modern Japan, it means capacity and power of supreme command to the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) which are one of the Emperor's powers under the provision of the Article 11 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.

御所となった正光寺は、放生津城に隣接する石丸（高岡市石丸）にあった光正寺（現在は射水市本町へ移転）を指すと考えられている。
Shoko-ji Temple, which became the Imperial Palace, is considered to mean Kosho-ji Temple which was at Ishimaru (Ishimaru, Takaoka City) next to Hojozu-jo Castle and has now moved to Hon-machi, Imizu City.

（英）労麟賜著・林学知訳『万国公法要略』全四巻、広智書局（「労麟賜」とは、原著改定に携わっていたW.B.ローレンスを指す）
'Bankoku Koho Yoryaku' by (英)労麟賜, four volumes, translated by 林学知, published by 広智書局 ('労麟賜' means W. B. Lawrence who was involved in revision of the original article.)

しかし、近代的な中央集権国家を目指すべく出された改正掛の提言が、その後の近代国家の建設に大きな影響力を与えることとなった。
However, proposals by Kaiseigakari which were made to build a modern centralized government had great effect on building a modern state after that.

銭匁札とは、銀単位（匁・分・厘）の額面の札でありながら、時の銀-銭相場に従って銭で兌換することが明記されている紙幣を指す。
Senme-satsu was paper money with the following features: The face value was written in the unit of silver (monme, bu, or rin; each a monetary unit at that time) on it, but it was also written there that the money would be exchanged into zeni based on a certain gin (silver coin)-zeni exchange rate.

諸蕃（しょばん）とは、古代日本においていわゆる「三韓」と呼ばれた朝鮮半島の国々及びそこに出自を持つ渡来人系氏族を指す言葉。
In ancient Japan, the term 'Shoban' meant three countries in the Korean Peninsula called 'Sankan' as well as the clans of settlers originally from there.

「物語」といった場合、最も狭義には『竹取物語』にはじまり、鎌倉時代の擬古物語に至る古典の物語文学作品そのもののことを指す。
Monogatari' in the narrowest sense refers to the classical monogatari works which began with 'Taketori Monogatari' (the Tale of Bamboo Cutter) and ended with Giko monogatari (pseudo-classic monogatari) in the Kamakura period.

第二次世界大戦前は神社神道とは近代になって政府による統制の加わった神社における儀礼・思想・組織を指す言葉であったのである。
Before World War II, Shrine Shinto signified rituals, thought and organization in shrines that were brought under government control with the arrival of the modern age.

一般的に神勅といえば、『日本書紀』の天孫降臨の段で天照大神が孫のニニギらに下した以下の3つの神勅（三大神勅）のことを指す。
In general, Shinchoku refers to following three shinchoku (Three Great Shinchoku) that were given by Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess) to her grandson Ninigi (God of the Harvest) in the passage of Tensonkorin (the descent of the Sun-Goddess's grandson) recorded in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).

上卿（しょうけい）は、主に平安時代において、公卿が関わる組織、役目の中の筆頭の者を指すが、通常現れるのは次ぎの２つである。
The Shokei, mainly in the Heian period, referred to a person of the highest rank in an organization or a function that nobles were involved in, but the Shokei commonly served in the following two posts:

この明細書全体を通して、用語「排除」及び「抽出」は、装置の層間界面に適用される場合、装置の活性層に対する界面の性質を指す。
Throughout this specification, the terms "excluding" and "extracting", when applied to interfaces between layers in a device, indicate the nature of the interface with respect to the active layer of the device.

具体的には、大日如来、宝幢（ほうとう）如来、開敷華王（かいふけおう）如来、無量寿如来、天鼓雷音（てんくらいおん）如来を指す。
Concretely, the five Buddhas are Dainichi Nyorai (Mahavairocana Tathagata), Hoto Nyorai (Ratnaketu Tathagata), Kaifukeo Nyorai (Samkusumitaraja Tathagata), Muryoju Nyorai (Amitabha Tathagata) and Tenkuraion Nyorai (Divyadundubhimeghairghosa Tathagata).

漢語における豆腐の「腐」は腐る意味ではなく、チーズのように凝固した食品（英語のカード (食品) curd にあたる）を指す。
The character '腐' in Chinese word tofu doesn't mean 'to go bad'; instead, it refers to curdled food such as cheese (corresponding to 'curd' in English).

三道（さんどう）とは、日本における、「茶道」、「華道」、「香道」の三つを指すことが多いが、これに「書道」を加えることも多い。
Sando (three ways) often means 'Sado' (tea ceremony), 'Kado' (flower arrangement) and 'Kodo' (traditional incense-smelling ceremony), and also it often includes Shodo (calligraphy).

「みそか」は本来は「三十日」の古い表現（ふつか、みっか、…と続く先にある言葉）だが、実際の日付にかかわらず月の最終日を指す。
Misoka,' was originally an old way of saying '三十日,' literally means the 30th day, but it came to mean the last day of the month regardless of its actual date.

「餅」という字は、もともと中華人民共和国では主に小麦粉、アワ、リョクトウなどの粉を水で練って、平たく成形した食品全般を指す。
The original meaning in the People's Republic of China of the character '餅' (which, in Japan, is read as 'mochi' or 'hei' or 'bei' depending on use and means a rice cake) is the whole range of foods made by mixing with water the flour of wheat, millet, mung beans and the like, then being kneaded and formed into a flat shape.

歌舞伎に本来流儀はないが、「歌舞伎市川流」とした場合には、特に市川宗家が代々継承してきた荒事や歌舞伎十八番を指すこともある。
Kabuki is intrinsically free from any styles, but 'Kabuki Ichikawa-ryu school' sometimes refers especially to aragoto (Kabuki play featuring exaggerated posture, makeup, and costume) and Kabuki Juhachiban (eighteen best plays) passed down from generation to generation by the head of the Ichikawa family.

嵯峨天皇の離宮であった大覚寺を再興しそこで院政を執ったため、大覚寺殿と称され、のちには亀山・後宇多の皇統を指す語にもなった。
Since he restored Emperor Saga's imperial villa, the Daikaku-ji Temple, and ruled the cloistered government from there, it was called Daikaku-ji dono, later on that name represented Emperor Kameyama and Gouda's Imperial line.

大友皇子に関しては、天智天皇10年に大友皇子と五人の重臣が必ず守ると誓った「天皇の詔」を不改常典を指すものと考える説もある。
There is a theory that advocates that the 'Emperor's Edict,' which Prince Otomo and his five senior vassals made an oath to guard by any means in 671, is Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.

当初は存命中に譲位した天皇を指すものであったが、在位中に崩御した天皇に対しても追号として院号を贈る慣例が出来るようになった。
At first, Ingo indicated an emperor who left his throne while he was alive, but it became a custom to confer Ingo as a posthumous title on the Emperor who passed away during his reign.

但し、天皇の女子一般を皇女と呼ぶ習慣は残り、第一皇女、第二皇女というように、天皇との続柄を指す場合に多用されるようになった。
But, it remained as the customs to generally call the emperors' daughters Himemiko, which became to be often used to refer to their relationship with the emperors as the first Himemiko, second Himemiko.

旧大名・旧公家を除いた家々の事であり、特に明治維新で活躍した元勲の家とその後の国家への功労によって華族に加えられた家を指す。
Shinke refers to families which were not daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) or former court nobles but were allowed to join the nobility as a reward for their contribution at the Meiji Restoration (families of the so-called genkun) or for services to the nation thereafter.

一般的には百姓名主や在家住人を指すが、後世には荘民から排除されていた一色田や散田の作人や所従・下人なども含まれる例も現れる。
Although shomin generally referred to hyakusho-myoshu (the cultivators/owners of rice fields) or zaike-jumin (lay believers/practioners of Buddhism), in the later generations, the term also included the cultivators of isshikiden (partially exempt fields) or sanden (deteriorated rice fields) as well as shoju (retainers) and genin (servants who served their masters as slaves).

士農工商（しのうこうしょう）とは、儒教において社会を構成する主要な身分（官吏・百姓・職人・商人）の上下関係を指す概念である。
Shi-no-ko-sho was a Confucian concept of societal ranking (government official, farmers, artisans, merchants) that accounted for the main part of the society.

日本史で言う藩は、江戸時代に1万石以上の領土を保有する封建領主である大名が支配した領域と、その支配機構を指す歴史用語である。
Han in terms of Japanese history is a historical term that refers to the territories ruled by daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) who possessed a domain of 10,000 or more goku crop yields in the Edo period and the governance structure.

諸藩や商家など民間でも用いられたが、狭義においては江戸幕府から派遣された代官が勘定所に報告するために作成した各種帳簿を指す。
Kanjocho were also used by domains, merchants and other citizens, but in a more limited sense they mean a variety of account books prepared by local governors dispatched from the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for reports to be submitted to kanjosho (financial offices).

また、源氏物語（総角 (源氏物語)の巻）には、『在五が物語』（在五は、在原氏の第五子である業平を指す）という書名が見られる。
'The Tale of Genji' (the chapter on Agemaki of 'Genji Monogatari') cites the title called 'Zaigo ga Monogatari' (the Tales of Zaigo, who refers to Narihira who was the fifth son of the Ariwara clan).

「山内首藤系図」は『続群書類従』に収録されているものを指すが、そこでは義通の子俊通に「相模国に住み、山内滝口を号す」とある。
The 'Yamanouchi-Sudo family tree' refers to the one recorded in 'Zoku Gunsho Ruiju' (The Collection of Historical Sources, second series), in which there is a description that Toshimichi, a son of Yoshimichi, 'lived in the Sagami Province and used the name of Yamanouchi Takiguchi as his go (byname).'

猪隈関白記の「飲水の病」とは水を欲しがる病であり糖尿病を指すとするが、そのような症状があったという記録はなく、可能性は低い。
Water-drinking disease' described in 'Inokuma kanpaku ki' is a disease where one wants to drink water and it is said to mean diabetes mellitus, but there is no record of such symptom, so that the possibility is low.

五条通の東端部分の別名であり、東大路通（五条坂交差点）から清水寺へ向かって清水道（松原通の東端部分の別名）までの坂道を指す。
Gojo-zaka is another name for the eastern section of Gojo-dori Street, referring to a slope heading toward Kiyomizu-dera Temple from the Higashioji-dori Street (Gojozaka crossing) to Kiyomizu-michi (Matsubara-dori Street).

南都七大寺（なんとしちだいじ）は、奈良時代に平城京（南都・奈良）及びにその周辺に存在して朝廷の保護を受けた7つの大寺を指す。
Seven Great Temples of Nanto are the seven major temples that existed in Heijo-kyo (Nanto, Nara) and its surrounding areas in the Nara period and were protected by the Imperial Court.

政所とは、本来親王や三位以上の公卿に設置が許された家政機関（家庭や邸宅に関する私的な諸事を司る事務所）のことを指す語だった。
Originally, Mandokoro indicated a household-handling organization (an office handling private affairs concerning the family and residence) whose establishment was permitted only for imperial princes and kugyo (top court officials) who held the rank of Sanmi (the third rank) or higher.

しかし、将軍ないし大将軍という場合には幕府の主宰者を指す性格が強くなり、征夷大将軍以外の用例としては次第に使われなくなった。
However, the titles shogun and daishogun were used more increasingly to refer to the head of the shogunate and were used is declining frequency, except in the case of 'seii taishogun.'

また、日本以外にも嵩山少林寺のように僧兵として武装集団を組織する仏教僧の集団がおり、広義には武装した宗教集団を指すこともある。
As there were Buddhist priests' groups outside of Japan that organized priests into armed groups, such as Suzan Shorin-ji Temple (Mountain Sung Shaolin Temple), the term Sohei sometimes refers to such armed religious groups in broad terms.

また、祭礼や縁日や市などの寺社の参道や境内や門前町・鳥居前町において参詣者に授与・販売する歴史的、文化的背景のあるものを指す。
Engimono also means something to be sold or offered to visitors at sando (an approach to the temple), temple or shrine grounds, Monzen-machi (a temple town) and Toriimae-machi (town in front of torii [Shinto shrine archway]) on the day of festivals and fairs, based on the historical and cultural backgrounds.

このような場合、その祭が行われる地域名と、祭礼の行事の内容や、出し物の名前を指す名称を、組み合わせた名前で呼ばれることが多い。
In this case, the matsuri is often called by combining the name of region where the matsuri is held, details of event held in the rite and festival, and name of attraction.

現在では日本の漫画および日本風の漫画を指す“Manga”や、“Tankōbon”（単行本）といった語は世界各国に広まっている。
Today, the words such as 'Manga' and 'Tankobon' which refer to Japanese comics and Japanese style comics are widespread all over the world.

薄茶器（うすちゃき）は茶器の一種で、特に濃茶を入れる陶器製の茶入を濃茶器と呼ぶことに対して、抹茶を入れるのに用いる容器を指す。
Usuchaki is a kind of chaki (tea utensil), used to hold powdered tea, and the term is used in contrast to koichaki, which refers to a ceramic chaire specially used to contain the powdered tea for thick tea.

治天の君（ちてんのきみ）は、日本の古代末期から中世において、天皇家の家督者として政務の実権を握った太上天皇又は天皇を指す用語。
Chiten no Kimi was the word for the retired emperor or emperor who took control of politics as the head of Imperial Family from ancient times to the Medieval period.

1355年（正平10年 / 文和4年）、再び南朝に帰順した足利直冬を立てて京の奪回を目指すが、尊氏・義詮の軍に敗れて頓挫する。
They tried to regain Kyoto putting forward Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA, who had again submitted to the Southern Court, but were defeated by the forces of Takauji and Yoshiakira, which foiled the attempt.

鎌倉時代（かまくらじだい、1185年頃-1333年）は、日本史で幕府が鎌倉に置かれていた時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
The Kamakura period (1185-1333, called 'Kamakura jidai' in Japanese) describes one distinct period in Japanese history in which the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was located in the city of Kamakura.

時代が下って武士階層の裾野が広がり、侍身分より下の地侍なども武士の扱いを受けるようになると、侍は上層の武士を指すようになった。
As time passed, the range of bushi class was expanded and jizamurai (local samurai) with positions lower than samurai were also considered bushi while the term samurai began to indicate upper class bushi.

特に日本が明治期以降の近代に入り、江戸時代が最も近い前近代の「歴史」となってからは、一揆は「百姓一揆」を指すような印象がある。
Significantly, after Japan entered the modern era following the Meiji period, and the Edo period became the latest 'history' before the modern era, it is assumed that ikki began to mean 'hyakusho ikki' to a certain extent.

遥任（ようにん、旧字体で遙任と表記することもある）とは、日本の奈良時代・平安時代などに、国司が任国へ赴任しなかったことを指す。
遥任 (yonin) (the expression of 遙任 was also used sometimes) indicates that the person who was appointed to a kokushi (governor) of a province did not live in the province.

殖産興業（しょくさんこうぎょう）とは、明治政府が西洋諸国に対抗し、産業、資本主義育成により国家の近代化を推進した諸政策を指す。
Shokusan-kogyo is the policies in which the Meiji government accelerated modernization of the nation by encouraging industry and nurturing capitalism in order to compete with Western countries.

この場合、樺太とは樺太の内、ポーツマス条約により日本へと編入された50度線以南の地域（いわゆる南樺太）及びその付属島嶼を指す。
In this case Karafuto means the region and attached islands south of the fifty northern latitude on Sakhalin (so-called Southern Sakhalin), which was incorporated into Japan through the Treaty of Portsmouth.

今日、勲等に叙す慣例がなくなり勲章の授与を叙勲と称することになったことで、叙勲は勲章を授与すること自体を指す意味が強くなった。
Since the institution of bestowal of the medals for merit has been abolished and bestowal of the decoration is called 'the bestowal of the medals for merit' instead, 'the bestowal of the medals for merit' has increasingly come to mean the bestowal of the decoration.

インドや東南アジアに拠点を持たないアメリカ合衆国は、西欧との競争のためには、清を目指するうえで太平洋航路の確立が必要であった。
The United States, however, with no foothold in Southeast Asia, was in need of a route to China through the Pacific in order to compete with Europe.

そして義経の兵略と声望が法皇の信用を高め、武士達の人心を集める事は、武家政権の確立を目指す頼朝にとって脅威となるものであった。
Moreover, as Yoshitsune's military tactics and reputation elevated the Cloistered Emperor's credibility, the Cloistered Emperor attracted the warriors, and this fact became a threat for Yoritomo who was trying to establish a military government.

安政3年（1856年）12月9日には異例の太閤の称号を孝明天皇から贈られる（本来「太閤」は関白職を子弟に譲った前関白を指す）。
On December 9, 1856, Emperor Komei unprecedentedly conferred the title of Taiko on Masamichi (usually the term 'Taiko' refers to the last chancellor who was succeeded to the post by his son).

「白兎」（はくと）・・・目的地である鳥取県東部の令制国（いわゆる旧国名）を指す因幡国（いなばのくに）の神話「因幡の白兎」から。
Hakuto': It's named after 'Inaba no shirousagi' (the hare of Inaba), a legend in Inaba Province, which is the old name of the area located in eastern Tottori where this train has its destination.

総大将とは、およそ日本の平安時代から戦国時代_(日本)にかけての合戦史上において全軍を率いた武将を指す場合に用いる概念である。
Sodaisho is a concept used to refer to a busho (military commander) who lead an entire army within the battle history from the Heian to the Sengoku Period (period of warring states).

もともと「天下」とは、世界の全体を指す抽象概念であり、古代中国の思想概念だったものが、日本でも古代から用いられるようになった。
'Tenka' is a concept, which originated in China that referred to the entire world; it has been used in Japan since ancient times.

「禅」あるいは「定」という言葉は、インドにその起源を持ち、それが指す瞑想体験は、仏教が成立した時から重要な意義が与えられていた。
The word 'Zen' or 'Jo' was originated from India and its experience of mediation had an important meaning after the establishment of Buddhism.

最近では、失伝した技を他の武術から取り入れて補う形で、総合的な体術への回帰、あるいは新たな総合武道へ発展を目指す流派も存在する。
Recently, karate has also seen the rise of circles that aspire to a return to comprehensive 'taijutsu' (a method of using the body for self-defense) by incorporating skills adopted by other martial arts to compensate for lost karate techniques, as well as circles that promote karate's development into a new, comprehensive martial art (a mixed martial art).

「朝貌の花」が何を指すかについては、アサガオ、ムクゲ（むくげ）、キキョウ、ヒルガオなど諸説あるが、桔梗とする説が最も有力である。
There are various theories as to what 'Asagao no Hana' would indicate; some say it refers to the morning glory, the rose of Sharon, the California rose and the balloon flower, but the most widely held theory is the one supporting the possibility of the balloon flower.

「弓は三つ物」という言葉は騎射三物のことであり「武士（もののふ）の嗜み（たしなみ）としてこの三つが大切である」という意味を指す。
The expression 'a bow is mitsumono (three things)' means Kisha-Mitsumono and means 'these three were important as the accomplishments of samurai.'

東京で掻き揚げと言えばシバエビ、小柱（バカガイの閉殻筋）、ミツバをごま油で揚げたものを指すが、具材の組み合わせは多種多様である。
Kakiage in Tokyo indicates a mixture of shiba shrimp, pillaret (adductor of a surf clam), and mitsuba (Japanese honewort) deep-fried with sesame oil, but the combination of ingredients vary widely.

からくりは元々は機械全般をあらわす言葉だが、現代ではからくり人形など娯楽性のある日本の伝統的機械装置を指す場合に使うことが多い。
Originally, karakuri was the general term for mechanical objects, and today, it mostly refers to the Japanese traditional mechanical devices intended for amusement, such as karakuri ningyo (a mechanical doll).

一般的には中華まんを指すが、北海道では小麦粉、砂糖、卵を原料とするパンケーキ状の生地（中花種）で餡を挟んだ菓子を指すことがある。
Although it generally refers to chuka-man (Chinese steamed bun), in Hokkaido, it refers to a sweet with bean paste filling wrapped in the pancake-like dough (chukadane '中花種' in terms of Japanese traditional confectionery) made from flour, sugar and egg.

フランスでは工芸菓子としての砂糖菓子一般を指す言葉としてシュクルダール（Sucre DArt）があり、飴細工もこの中に含まれる。
In France there is the word Sucre Dart which refers to sugar confectionery in general as kogyo gashi (decorated sweets) and amezaiku is also included in this.

女系天皇（じょけいてんのう）とは、日本において母のみが皇統に属する天皇を指す呼称であり、また、「母系天皇」と称されることもある。
The term 'Female-line Emperor' (Jokei Tenno) refers to an Emperor of Japan who is a descendent of the imperial line only on his/her mother's side; such an emperor may also be referred to as a `Mother-line Emperor.'

（「君」とは）「日本国憲法下では、日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴であり、その地位が主権の存する国民の総意に基づく天皇のことを指す」
'Accoding to the Constitution of Japan, 'Kimi' indicates the Emperor, who is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people, and whose position is derived from the consensus-based will of Japanese citizens, with whom sovereign power resides.'

公家は、広い意味では殿上人が許された家である堂上家と許されていない地下家の2つに分けられるが、一般的に公家と言えば堂上家を指す。
Kuge can be classified into two ranks in a broader sense - 'Toshoke' (the hereditary lineage of court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) which refers to a family allowed to be tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) and Jigeke (family status of non-noble retainers who are not allowed into the Emperor's living quarters in the Imperial Palace) which refers to a family otherwise, but generally speaking, kuge refers to Toshoke.

中丹（ちゅうたん）とは京都府の丹波地方北部と丹後地方南部を指す呼称で、行政区分として舞鶴市、福知山市、綾部市の3市の地域をいう。
Chutan indicates an area extending from the northern part of Tanba region to the southern part of Tango region in Kyoto Prefecture, where three cities of Maizuru, Fukuchiyama and Ayabe exist as an administrative province.

いわゆる「清凉寺式釈迦如来像」の典型作で、京都・清凉寺にある三国伝来の釈迦像（「三国」はインド、中国、日本を指す）の模刻である。
It is a representative work of so-called 'statues of Shakanyorai in Seiryoji style' and an imitation of sangokudenrai (literally, transmitted in three countries; 'sangoku' means India, China and Japan) statue of Shakyamuni in Seiryo-ji Temple in Kyoto.

年爵（ねんしゃく）とは、日本の古代・中世前期において、治天の君及び三宮（太皇太后、皇太后、皇后）が保有していた叙位権を指す用語。
The term Nenshaku means the right to confer a court rank on a person that was granted to chiten no kimi (the Retired Emperor in power) and sangu (the Three Empresses : Great Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager and Empress) in Japan's ancient/early medieval period.

国衙軍制（こくがぐんせい）とは、日本の古代末期から中世初頭にかけて（10世紀 - 12世紀）成立した国家軍事制度を指す歴史概念。
The kokuga forces system indicates a historical concept of a national military system established in the period from around the end of ancient times to the early medieval period of Japan (the 10th century to the 12th century).

百姓(ひゃくしょう/ひゃくせい/おおみたから）とは、元は百(たくさん）の姓を持つ者たち、すなわち有姓階層全体を指す漢語であった。
The term 'hyakusho,' which can also be pronounced 'hyakusei' or 'omitakara,' was originally a word of Chinese origin that indicates all people with a hundred (many) surnames, i.e., all the social class with surnames.

天又一丁銀（てんまたいちちょうぎん）：文禄2年（1593年）鋳造で山奉行、天野又衛門および周防国の「一の坂銀山」を指すとされる。
Tenmataichi Chogin: These Chogin are thought to be made in 1593 by Yamabugyo (manager of a mountain) Mataemon AMANO and from 'Ichinosaka Silver Mine' in the Suo Province.

特に江戸幕府13代将軍徳川家定の後継を巡って生じた安政年間の件が著名で単に「将軍継嗣問題」と呼んだ場合、この件を指すことも多い。
The political strife of succession to the 13th shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA of the Edo bakufu in the Ansei era was very famous, and the 'problem of heir of Shogun' usually refers to this strife.

御代始（みよはじめ）とは、前の君主の死去・隠居に伴う、新君主の就任初期に新治世の統治の一環として行われる一連の施策・政策を指す。
Miyohajime refers to a series of measures and the policies that are performed as part of the rule of the new reign of the new monarch at the beginning of his assumption after the death or retirement of the previous monarch.

1470年（文明 (日本)2年）の京極持清の病没から始まり、1505年（永正2年）の孫・京極高清の領国統一までの34年間を指す。
The battle broke out after Mochikiyo KYOGOKU's death of illness in 1470 and continued for 34 years until Takakiyo KYOGOKU, his grandson, united the territory in 1505.

JR東海がジェイアール式マグレブとして自力で建設する意向を示しており、2025年に首都圏 - 中京圏間の開業を目指すとしている。
JR Tokai expresses the intentions to construct this Shinkansen line by itself with the JR-Maglev system and to start its operation in 2025 between the Tokyo metropolitan area and the Chukyo metropolitan area.

一般的に神社神道の神社、神宮の境内にある神体としての木や神聖視される木、その周りを囲む鎮守の森や、伐採をしないとされる木を指す。
In general, shinboku refers to a tree as an object of worship or a tree considered to be holy, in the precincts of a shrine or a high-class shrine of Jinja-Shinto; a forest surrounding a shrine to protect the shrine; or a tree that is not cut down.

与力・寄騎は、鎌倉時代には単に加勢する人のことを指したが、その後、大名または有力武将に従う下級武士のことを指すことが多くなった。
In the Kamakura period, both 与力 and 寄騎 were used simply refer to back-up soldiers, but later, these terms came to be more often used for indicating the lower-class samurai who followed daimyo or influential millitary commanders.

末寺（まつじ）とは、本山の支配下にある寺院のことを指すが、江戸時代の本末制度成立以前においては今日とはやや違った意味を持っている。
Matsuji is a reference to temples under the control of Honzan (head temple), but it had a different purpose when Honmatsu seido (the system of head and branch temples) was established, compared to the present day.

これは明治政府の文明国の上流、中流階級が観劇するにふさわしい演劇の成立を目指す目論見ともかさなり、政治家を巻き込んだ運動となった。
Politicians became involved in this campaign, because the campaign coincided with the Meiji Government's purpose of establishing a theater suitable for the upper & middle classes of a civilized country to watch.

「本醸造」の条件は、大豆、麦、米等の穀物を蒸煮し、麹菌を用いて作成した麹に、塩水または生揚げを混合して発酵・熟成させたものを指す。
The condition of 'honjozo' includes that rice malt which was created using Aspergillus oryzae after steaming crops including soybeans, wheat and rice, is mixed with salt water or kiage (raw soy sauce) for ferment and maturation.

カレー南蛮の「南蛮」は唐辛子のことではなく「なんば」が転じたもので、ネギ（長ネギ）のことを指す（「鴨南蛮」「かしわ南蛮」に同じ）。
The term 'Namban' means red peppers in Japanese, but Curry namban came from 'namba,' which indicates a long green onion (similar to 'Kamo namban' or noodles with slices of duck in the broth, and 'Kashiwa namban' or noodles with pieces of chicken in broth).

上表（じょうひょう）とは、東宮以下の皇親・百官より庶民に至るまでが天皇に対して文書（表）を奉ること、またその文書（表）自体を指す。
Johyo (memorial to the emperor) was an act of handing Monjo (written material) (or Hyo [letters]) or the Monjo itself to the Emperor from any Koshin (Emperor's family) including Togu (crown prince), all the officials or general public.

鳥羽（とば）とは、かつて京都洛外、山城国紀伊郡に属していた鳥羽郷（とばごう）・鳥羽荘（とばのしょう）などと呼ばれた地域を指す名称。
Toba refers to a name of an area which was called Tobago, Toba no sho (Toba manor) and so on that once belonged to Kii County, Yamashiro Province located in the outskirts of Kyoto.

狭義では、武力で倒すことを目的とした討幕運動を指すが、広義では、軍事衝突を回避した政権移譲を目指す政治工作も含めて倒幕運動と呼ぶ。
In a narrow sense, it refers to the Tobaku movement that aimed at an overthrow through the exercise of military power, but in a broad sense the meaning includes political maneuvers targeting the transfer of political power without military conflict.

守護請（しゅごうけ）は、日本の室町時代において、守護が荘園領主や知行国主から荘園・国衙領（公領）の年貢納入を請け負ったことを指す。
Shugouke is a system during the Muromachi period in Japan under which Shugo (provincial constable) undertook to pay the land tax on shoen (Manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) (koryo (an Imperial demesne)) for the lord of the manor and chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor).

「事実上の政権 Authorities De Facto」とは、占領を完了し、相当に安定し、ほとんど国家の体裁を具えたものを指す。
Authorities De Facto' means the one which has completed occupation, settled down sufficiently and nearly formed a country.

道教（どうきょう、Dàojiào、英語 Taoism）は、中国三大宗教（三教と言い、儒教・中国の仏教・道教を指す）の一つである。
Dokyo is one of the Sankyo, (Japanese word translates as 'three religions'), the three great religions in China, including Confucianism, Chinese Buddhism and Dokyo.

なお、「切（きれ）」とは、元来、冊子本や巻物であった和歌集、漢詩集などの写本を、後世鑑賞用に切断して掛軸などに仕立てたものを指す。
Kire' (literally 'cut') originally referred to hanging scrolls or other items of appreciation which were made from the manuscript collections of waka poetry or Chinese poetry in the shape of a book or a scroll, after cutting them out.

しかし、司法権の独立とは、単に政治部門（立法、行政）は裁判所の判断に干渉できないという司法権の外部からの独立のみを指すのではない。
However, independence of the judicature does not simply mean the independence of judicature from the outside, that is, it does not mean that the court decision should not be interfered by the governing section (legislation and administration).

江戸には、「また出たと坊主びっくり貂の皮」（「貂の皮」は脇坂を指す、謂については脇坂安治の項参照のこと）という落首が出回った。
There was a lampoon which went around Edo saying, 'Monks were shocked to see marten again' ('marten' means Wakisaka, please refer to the chapter of 'Yasuharu WAKISAKA' for the reason.)

「三間三戸」は門の正面柱間が3間で、3間すべてが通路になっているものを指す（日本の禅宗寺院の三門は一般的には「五間三戸」である）。
Three bays and three entrances' means that all three of the front bays serve as entrances (Japanese Zen Buddhist temples usually have a Sammon gate with 'five bays and three entrances').

御田(おた、みた、おみた、おんた、おんだ、おでん)とは、寺社や皇室等が所有する領田のこと、またその領田で行われる行事のことも指す。
Onda (ota, mita, omita, onta, onda, oden) refers to the territories owned by temples, shrines and the Imperial family and it also refers to the rites and festivals held there.

このページでは江戸町奉行および江戸町奉行所について記述する（以後、特別断りが無い場合、奉行とは町奉行、奉行所とは町奉行所を指す）。
On this page, descriptions are made about the Edo machi-bugyo and the Edo machi-bugyo-sho office (the office for machi-bugyo) (hereafter, bugyo and bugyo-sho office indicates machi-bugyo and machi-bugyo-sho office, respectively, if not specifically mentioned).

ただし、いずれも幕末期における奉行所の位置を指すものであり、文化_(日本)2年（1812年）以後に固定化された場所に相応している。
However, either of them is the site where it existed towards the end of the Edo period, or in 1812 and later.

里山（さとやま）とは、集落、人里に接した山、あるいはこうした地形において人間の影響を受けた生態系が存在している状態を指す言葉である。
Satoyama is a word referring to the state in which there exists an ecosystem that is influenced by peoples in the hills and mountains adjacent to a settlement or habitat, or similar geographical conditions.

大寺院の内部においてその一郭を占めて、寺院本体とは別に独自の所領・組織を保有した別院を構成する塔頭及びそこに止住する僧侶集団を指す。
This can refer to the sub-temples that occupy space within the precinct of a large temple with their own territory and organizational structure, or to the monks who reside within such sub-temples.

また、日本仏教の宗派の一つである浄土真宗の教義の根幹を指す用語であり、親鸞の信心の特徴をあらわすもっとも端的にまとまった用語である。
In addition, this term denotes the doctrinal basis of the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism), one of the traditional schools of Japanese Buddhism, and highlights Shinran's religious faith most succinctly.

磨崖仏（まがいぶつ）は、そそり立つ岩壁や岩壁を龕状に彫った内側に刻まれるなど、自然の岩壁や露岩、あるいは転石に造立された仏像を指す。
The term 'Magaibutsu' refers to Buddha statues which were carved into the natural rock face or bare rock or the rock scattered on mountains including an alcove of rock face.

目指す仕上がりへ持っていくためには、アルコール度数の高さでごまかせないため、造り手にとってはある意味でいっそう難しい味ともいわれる。
In order to obtain a targeted final product, it is said that umakuchi is more difficult to create for a brewer as it cannot be falsified with high alcohol content.

日本食レストランはJapanese Restaurantの日本語訳で、日本以外の諸国・地域において日本食を提供するレストランを指す。
'Nihon-shoku restaurant' is a Japanese equivalent of English 'Japanese Restaurant,' which refers to the restaurant serving Japanese foods in countries and regions other than Japan,.

「霧下そば」について、狭義では戸隠そばの中でも昼夜の気温差が激しく霧の発生する場所で獲れたソバやそば粉やそれで作った蕎麦だけを指す。
With respect to 'Kirishita soba,' in the narrow sense, it is a type of it means buckwheat produced in the foggy area where there is a large temperature difference between morning and night in the Togakushi region, buckwheat flour made from the buckwheat, and buckwheat noodles made from buckwheat flour.

「あちめ」とは、男神と考えられている安曇磯良を指すといわれ、「お～お～お―」とは、安曇磯良が返答している声との説（太平記等）がある。
One theory is that 'Achime' refers to 'Azumi no Isora,' a male god, and 'Oh, Oh, Oh' is Azumi no Isora's response (in Taiheiki [The Record of the Great Peace] and others).

鉄が赤く焼けている様や鍛冶仕事の火花でもあるが、そこから鍛冶の中でも神事や武士との繋がりが強い、刀鍛冶・鉄砲鍛冶を指すようになった。
Tekka originally meant the state of red hot iron as well as sparks generated by the forging process, and it came to refer particularly to teppo kaji (gun smithery) and also to katana kaji (sword smithery), latter of which has been closely related to Shinto rituals and samurai warriors.

侍従（じじゅう）とは、広義では（しばしば高貴な立場の）ある人物に付き従い、身の回りの世話などをする行為、または従う者そのものを指す。
The term 'chamberlain' refers to a person who serves another person (generally a noble person) to take care of his or her personal affairs, and its Japanese equivalent term 'jiju' also represents a chamberlain's service itself in a broad sense.

『万葉集』に「中皇命（「なかつすめらみこと」の訓が一般的）」とある人物が間人皇女のことを指すのではないかとする説が荷田春満以来ある。
Meanwhile, KADA no Azumamaro argued that Hashihito no Himemiko was identical to a person named 'Nakatsusumera Mikoto' appearing in 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves).

また、旧丹波国域も1965年頃から亀岡市など南丹地区は京都市との結びつきが強くなり、現在では船井郡以南を南部と指すのが一般的である。
In addition, the Nantan area of former Tanba Province, such as Kameoka City, has become closely related to Kyoto City since around 1965, and now it is customary that, when the term of 'the south area' is used, Funai-gun and its southern areas are included in it.

京阪神（けいはんしん）は、京都市・大阪市・神戸市の3市の総称、あるいは、これら3市を中心とした近畿地方の主要部を指す地域名称である。
Keihanshin is both a collective name for the cities of Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe, and an area name indicating the main part of the Kinki region centered around these three cities.

本来の律令法における趣旨は勅の手続に違う者に対して適用される罪であったが、後に勅の内容あるいは勅使に抵抗する行為を指すようになった。
Based on the Ritsuryo law, the original purpose of the Ichoku was to apply the Charge of Ichoku to individuals who went against the procedures contained in an Imperial command, but in later years, the Ichoku changed to mean an act or behavior which signified resistance against an Imperial command or an Imperial envoy.

例えば、日食や月食、流星や彗星の出現、月と星の（見かけ上の）異常接近、惑星同士の（見かけ上の）異常接近、赤気、光暈、白虹などを指す。
These include, for example, solar and lunar eclipses, shooting stars, comets, (the appearance of) abnormal closeness between the moon and stars, or between planets, low-latitude auroras, halation and white rainbows.

前者は3尺×6尺（90.9cm×181.8cm）、後者は4尺×8尺（121.2cm×242.4cm）の大きさの板材を指すことが多い。
Therefore, the former usually indicates the sawn timber with the size of 3 shaku times 6 shaku (90.9 centimeters times 181.8 centimeters), while the latter indicates the sawn timber of 4 shaku times 8 shaku (121.2 centimeters times 242.4 centimeters).

そのためか、歴史学や考古学的な文脈においても、飛鳥時代あたりの飛鳥を指すのに「飛鳥京」という名称が必ずしも使われているわけではない。
Maybe because of the ambiguity of the term, the name 'Asuka-kyo' is not always used to mean the Asuka area in the Asuka period in historical and archaeological contexts.

縫司（ぬいのつかさ）は、後宮十二司の一つで、衣服の裁縫、組紐を編むことをつかさどり、また女官の出仕・朝参のことを管理した役所を指す。
Nuinotsukasa was one of 12 offices in the Ladies Quarters, and responsible for sewing garments, braiding plaited cords, and also managed the court ladies' serving and entering the Imperial Court.

女房三十六歌仙（にょうぼうさんじゅうろっかせん）は、鎌倉時代中期に成立した「女房三十六人歌合」に歌を採られた女性歌人三十六人を指す。
The term 'Thirty Six Immortal Women Poets' refers to the thirty-six female poets whose poems were selected for the 'Poetry Contest of the Thirty Six Lady Poets,' which was established in the middle of the Kamakura period.

蝦夷は蝦夷と同じ漢字であるため、これは蔑称であり、毛人が本名との説があるが、「蝦夷」も「毛人」も同じ対象を指すことを考慮していない。
Because Emishi and Ezo (northerners) use the same Chinese characters (蝦夷), some people believe that the name 蝦夷 (Emishi) was a derogatory term and his real name was 毛人 (Emishi), but 蝦夷 and 毛人 do not refer to the same thing.

蘇我氏には蘇我入鹿が鞍作という別名をもっていた例があるので、赤兄と舎人の場合もそうだとみることもできるが、別人を指すとみる説もある。
Since the SOGA clan had a precedent that SOGA no Iruka had another name, Kuratsukuri (saddle makers), also in the case of Akae Toneri (palace servant) could be Akae's another name, but there is another theory that Toneri refers to a different person.

年代は不明であるが平安時代の中頃、「伯州河村東郡司」（現在の湯梨浜町全域を指す）として伯耆へ入国、そのまま土着して在地領主となった。
Although the exact date is unknown, around the mid Heian period, Taneyori arrived at Hoki Province as a 'Gunji (the local magistrate)' of Kawamura Higashi, Hoki Province (the whole area of the present Yurihamacho), lived there and became a local lord.

これは朱雀大路東、三条大路の北一町を占め、住居を与えて大学寮を目指す子弟を教育したもので、当時は藤原氏の勧学院と並んで著名であった。
Shogakuin occupied a town that was located to the east of Suzaku-oji and the north of Sanjo-oji and was used to provide residences to and educate children who wanted to enter daigakuryo and it was well known together with Kangakuin of the Fujiwara clan.

また、芸術系の学科を持つ工科大学として、有機的な教育カリキュラムによる『科学と芸術の融合』を掲げ、感性豊かな国際的工科大学を目指す。
And, having the departments related to art, KIT tries 'the fusion of science and art' through its organic education curriculum, attempting to become an international, sensibility-rich institute.

後に仏典の講読を中心とする仏事（講会）を指すようになり、さらに各種の仏教儀式一般に講という名称をつけるようにもなった（報恩講など）。
It later came to mean 'ko-kai,' a Buddhist event focused on the reading of Buddhist scriptures, and the use of the term spread to a wide variety of Buddhist rituals (such as Hoon-ko (a memorial service for Shinran)).

そのため、きわもの売りやまがい物を売る者という意味を持つようになり、蓮の葉の言葉の意味が際物（きわもの）やまがい物を指すようになった。
Therefore, the meaning of persons dealing with seasonal articles or mocks was added, and the term 'lotus leaf' also came to be used in reference to seasonal articles or mocks.

浄土三曼荼羅（じょうどさんまんだら）とは、日本において伝統的な浄土曼荼羅（正しくは浄土変相図）のうち主要な三種の構図を指す言葉である。
Jodo Sanmandala is a term representing the 3 leading types of compositions among the traditional Jodo Mandala (Pure Land Mandala) (or Jodo Henso-zu [Pictures of Amitabha's Paradise] to be precise) in Japan.

明治時代に日本に導入された油絵を「洋画」と呼ぶのに対して、油彩に依らず、それまでの日本の伝統的な技法や様式の上に育てられた絵画を指す。
While oil painting, which was introduced to Japan in the Meiji period, is called Yo-ga (foreign style painting), Nihon-ga refers to paintings which utilize traditional Japanese techniques and styles and rather than being reliant on oil paint.

広義にはいわゆる仕舞と舞囃子を含めたものを指すが、一般的には舞囃子とは異り、囃子を伴わず、舞事・働事などの部分を略した短い素舞を指す。
In a broad sense, it indicates performances that include Shimai and Maibayashi (an abbreviated style of Noh); however, in contrast with Maibayashi, Shimai generally indicates a short dance without being accompanied by music, in which mai-goto (instrumental dances) and hataraki-goto (descriptive pieces) are abbreviated.

帝紀とは上記の特定の書物だけを指すとする説の他に、特定の書物だけを指すのではなく天皇家の系譜の伝承を記した書物全般を帝紀と呼ぶとする説
Besides a theory that says the Teiki indicated only a specific book of Ancient Japanese Literature, there is a theory that says the Teiki indicated not only a specific book but also the whole books which record the tradition of the genealogy of the Imperial Family

但し、天皇の男子一般を皇子と呼ぶ習慣は残り、第一皇子、第二皇子、第一皇女というように、天皇との続柄を指す場合に多用されるようになった。
But it remained as customs to generally call the emperors' sons Miko, and then the naming became often used to refer to their relationship with the emperors such as the first Miko, the second Miko, or the first Himemiko.

京滋（けいじ）とは京都府もしくは京都市（以下、「京都」と表記）と滋賀県（以下、「滋賀」と表記）をあわせた地域のことを指す呼び名である。
Keiji refers to the area made up of Kyoto Prefecture or Kyoto City (hereinafter, collectively written as 'Kyoto') and Shiga Prefecture (hereinafter, written as 'Shiga').

しかし新政は武家への恩賞施策と武家領地を減らし国衙領の復活を目指す後醍醐天皇の独裁と公家優先の政策で、武家の支持を得られずに混乱した。
However, the restoration was dictatorial and the Court noble-oriented policies of Emperor Godaigo who tried to reduce reward measures and territory of samurai families in order to restore Kokugaryo, were not supported by the samurai families and only served to confuse them.

室町時代には室町幕府および将軍家を指すようになったが、江戸時代には幕府・将軍家のみならず諸大名や上層武士も武家と呼ばれるようになった。
In the Muromachi period, the term 'buke' indicated the Muromachi bakufu and the Shogun family, while in the Edo period, the term came to cover not only the bakufu and the Shogun family but also various daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and high-ranked samurai.

古代山城（こだいさんじょう）は、飛鳥時代から奈良時代にかけて築かれた古代の山城のうち、朝鮮半島からの影響が指摘されるものを一般に指す。
Kodai Sanjo generally refers to ancient mountain castles built in the historical period from Asuka to Nara, which were influenced by the Korean Peninsula.

仲麻呂一族は八男の藤原辛加知が国司の越前国を目指すが、官軍が越前国衙へ急行して、まだ事変を知らぬ辛加知を斬り、国境の関を固めてしまう。
The Nakamaro family moved toward Echizen Province, where his 8th son, FUJIWARA no Sakachi served as Kokushi, but the Imperial army rushed to Echizen Kokuga and killed Sakachi, who still hadn't known about the incident, and deployed forces on the barrier of the border.

この時に武道と呼ばれた内容は、現代武道、伝統武術の区別はなかったが、伝統武術のみを指す場合は「古武道」・「古流」などと呼ばれる事が多い。
In this case, the martial art called 'budo' didn't distinguish the modern budo from the traditional one, but as a reference only to the traditional one it is often called 'kobudo' (old budo) or 'koryu' (old style), etc.

的屋（てきや）とは、祭礼（祭り）や市や縁日などが催される、境内、参道や門前町において屋台や露天で出店して食品や玩具等を売る小売商を指す。
Tekiya are merchants who sell items such as food or toys on the street or stalls set up in the ground of shrines or temples, on the approach to them or in temple towns during festivals, markets, and fairs.

しかし、アメリカ合衆国などでは”teriyaki”とはテリヤキソース(teriyaki sauce)を用いて下味付けをした肉料理を指す。
In countries such as the United States, however, 'teriyaki' means dishes of meat seasoned with teriyaki sauce before grilling.

無常（むじょう、サンスクリットanitya）は、この現象世界のすべてのものは消滅して、とどまることなく常に変移しているということを指す。
Mujo (anitya in Sanskrit) points out that all beings in the present world disintegrate and are in constant transition without being stationary.

近年ではテレビなどの影響により、特に大阪府岸和田市の祭礼（岸和田だんじり祭）が有名であるため、この祭に登場する地車の事を指すこともある。
Recently, television broadcasts and others have made the Kishiwada Danjiri Festival (the festival held in Kishiwada City, Osaka Prefecture) so famous that danjiri sometimes refers to the float that appears in this festival.

701年の『大宝律令』と718年の『養老律令』の「衣服令」では、上半身を覆う服を指す言葉として「袍」よりも「衣」のほうを多く使っていた。
In 'the clothing codes' included in 'the Taiho Ritsuryo Code' promulgated in 701 and 'the Yoro Ritsuryo Code' promulgated in 718, '衣' was more frequently used than '袍' as the word indicating clothing for the upper half of the body.

千秋楽（せんしゅうらく）は「千穐楽」、「千龝楽」などとも表記され、複数日にわたって同じ演目を行う興行において、「最終日」を指す業界用語。
千秋楽 (senshuraku) is also written as 千穐楽 or 千龝楽, and, being an industrial term, indicates the last day, when plays on the same program are performed repeatedly every day for two or more days.

皇族における女王（じょおう/にょおう）とは、皇室典範では天皇からみて直系で三親等以遠の女子を指す（傍系でなく直系尊属の天皇から数える）。
A queen (of imperial family) is a female who is in the direct line and in the third or more degree of kinship from the emperor (not in a collateral line, and counted from the emperor who was a direct ancestor) according to the Imperial House Law.

皇別（こうべつ）もしくは王孫（おうそん）とは、王家や帝家、とりわけ日本の天皇家の一門の中で臣籍降下した分流・庶流の氏族を指す言葉である。
Kobetsu or oson is a term that refers to shizoku (clan, family), a branch family of a royal family or imperial family, especially a family which has seceded from Japanese Imperial Family.

村（むら、そん）とは、集落や基礎自治体の一種で、第一次産業（農林漁業）に従事する者が多く、家屋の数と密集度が少ない地域を指す名称である。
Many residents of 村 engage in primary industry (agriculture, forestry and fishery).

問屋（といや、とんや）とは、現代における一般的意味としては卸売業者を指すが、歴史用語及び法律用語として用いられる場合は異なる意味を持つ。
Toiya (Tonya) refers to a wholesale agent as a general meaning used today; it has different meanings, however, if it is used in the context of history or the law.

もう1つは、中世史料を詳細に検討した結果、進止の語が土地支配を意味するのに対し、知行の語は土地からの収益処分を指すものとした見解である。
The other is as follows; As a result of detailed investigations of historical materials concerning the medieval period, it is considered that the term of shinshi indicated land control, but that of chigyo the right of obtaining profits from land.

一般的に日本で神祇信仰と仏教との間に起こった現象を指すが、広義では、世界各地に仏教が広まった際、土着の信仰との間に起こった現象をも指す。
Although it generally refers to the syncretism of Japanese faith in Jingi (gods of heaven and earth) and Buddhism, in a broad sense, it may refer to a syncretism of an indigenous belief and Buddhistic that had happened in various parts of the world as Buddhism was spread.

一般的には4世紀頃から6世紀頃までを指すが、時に飛鳥時代（6世紀後半 - 7世紀）をも含め、弥生時代の後、奈良時代の前をいうこともある。
In general, this term refers to a period of Japanese history lasting from the 4th century to the 6th century, but it can sometimes refer to a period lasting from after the Yayoi Period to just before the Nara Period, including the Asuka Period (from the latter half of the 6 century to the 7 century).

「三年」とされるのは京に合戦が伝わった応徳3年（1086年）の沼柵の戦いから、義家が陸奥守を解任された寛治2年（1088年）までを指す。
The word 'Three Years' refers to the period from 1086, when the battle at Numanosaku occurred, to 1088, when Yoshiie was dismissed as Mutsu no kami (the governor of Mutsu Province).

勅撰集（ちょくせんしゅう）は帝王の命によって編纂された書物、もしくは帝王が記した書物のうち特に公式のものとして認められているものを指す。
Chokusenshu is an anthology collected by Imperial command, or a book which was designated as an official writing among the ones written by the Emperor.

神幸祭・還幸祭と同じ意味の言葉に渡御祭（とぎょさい）・還御祭（かんぎょさい）という言葉があり、渡御祭も広義には行幸（渡御）の全体を指す。
The Togyo-sai Festival and Kangyo-sai Festival mean the same thing as the Shinko-sai Festival and the Kanko-sai Festival, and the Togyo-sai Festival also refers to the entire imperial visit (togyo) in a broad sense.

それを目指す者の中で何人かの者だけが、ある段階で天下取りへの意欲を持つようになり、そのうちのまた何人かが成功したというのが実情であろう。
Few people truly had the will to do so and even fewer actually succeeded in accomplishing this goal.

現在の報道メディアでは、多数派である8月中旬（3.）を「お盆」と称するため、「お盆」というと月遅れのお盆を指すことが全国的になりつつある。
These days, the media refer to the the most common period, the middle of August, (3), as 'Obon,' so this use is taking hold nationwide.

なお、上記の如く女性天皇とは単に女性の天皇を指す、個々の天皇の性別についての言葉であるが、語句の類似性から女系天皇と混同されることが多い。
By the way a female emperor simply means female emperor, but sometimes the word, female emperor can be understood as emperor of the female line since it has a similar meaning.

広義の意味では室町時代から江戸時代にかけてのもの全部を指すが、一般に朝鮮通信使と記述する場合は狭義の意味の江戸時代のそれを指すことが多い。
In a broader sense, the term of Chosen Tsushinshi is used for indicating all of the Korean envoys that came to Japan in the Muromachi period to the Edo period, but in a narrow sense, this term is used mostly for indicating those in the Edo period.

現在は一般に、警察が被疑者を真犯人か否か検証するために目撃者に被疑者の面相を確認させる行為（面通し）を指す俗語として用いられることが多い。
Currently in general, when the police endeavor to identify if a suspect is actually a criminal, eye-witnesses act to verify the identity of suspects; the colloquial term 'Kubi jikken' is widely used when referring to a 'line up.'

72時間連続の当直明け勤務など、労働基準法に違反する長時間労働を強いられている病院の医師が、待遇が改善されずに絶望して辞職することを指す。
It refers to hospital doctors who, forced to work long hours which violate Labor Standards Law such as working continuous 72 hour shifts, despair at the lack of improvement in working conditions and resign.

鉄砲伝来（てっぽうでんらい）とは、15世紀にヨーロッパから東アジアへ火縄銃型の銃が伝わったこと、狭義には日本の種子島に伝来した事件を指す。
The term 'Teppo Denrai' (introduction of firearms) generally refers to the introduction of matchlock guns from Europe into East Asia in the 15th century, and in a more limited sense it means the introduction of matchlock guns into Tanegashima Island, Japan.

法令中では外地の定義・範囲は明かではないが、外地官署とはすなわち台湾総督府、朝鮮総督府、関東局、樺太庁、南洋庁を指すものとして運用された。
Although the definition and scope of the term Gaichi were not clarified, the law were put into effect assuming Gaichi offices indicated Chosen Sotoku-fu, Taiwan Sotoku-fu, Kwantung Agency, and Nanyo-cho.

城柵（じょうさく）とは古代日本の律令制下、現代の新潟県北部及び東北地方を支配下に治めるために設置した防御施設を備えた官衙を指す歴史学用語。
Josaku is a historical term for a government office with defending facilities that was located to govern the north part of present-day Niigata Prefecture and the Tohoku region under the ritsuryo system during the ancient Japan.

ここでいう「非マーティン版」とは、ヘンリー・ホイートン本を原著とするものの、直接翻訳するなどして、マーティン本を経由していないものを指す。
'Series not originated from Martin version' means those books which are directly translated and not translations of Martin version but originated from the book written by Henry WHEATON.

「六代」とは高倉天皇・安徳天皇・後鳥羽天皇・土御門天皇・順徳天皇・後堀河天皇（「当今」）の各天皇を指す（九条廃帝〈仲恭天皇〉は含まない）。
'Rokudai' refers to six emperors of Takakura, Antoku, Gotoba, Tsuchimikado, Juntoku, and Gohorikawa (togin [the emperor reigning at that time]) but does not include the dethroned Emperor Kujo (Emperor Chukyo).

中国の言葉でまじめでまっすぐな人柄を指すときに使う言葉の音に似た姓名を皇帝より下賜されたのではないかと主張し、日本名に関しては不明と主張。
He argued that Shinsei SEI might have been given the surname which has similar sound of a word meaning earnest and honest in Chinese by Emperor, but he said that his Japanese name was unknown.

別の構造体を指すポインタを含むような C 構造体があったとするでしょ、そしたらたとえば PRINT *$.next みたいなことができて、
If you have any kind of C structure that contains a pointer to another one, you can do something like ``PRINT *$.next'',

また文化的価値が高い「茅葺き屋根」の新築を可能にすることによって、田舎暮らしを目指す人々を石巻市内に呼び込む道を開いたものとして注目される。
It also is attracting attention because it would induce people who wish to live in rural areas to live in Ishinomaki City by allowing new buildings with thatched roofs, which are of high cultural value.

隠れ念仏（かくれねんぶつ）は、権力から禁止された浄土真宗（一向宗）の信仰を、権力の目から逃れて信仰すること、或いはそれを行う者や集団を指す。
Kakure Nenbutsu (Hidden Buddhist Invocation) refers to the individuals or groups of people who secretly practiced or believed in the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) (Ikko Sect), which was banned by powerful rulers.

涅槃とは、ニルヴァーナの訳語であり、迷妄のなくなった心の境地を指す言葉であったが、この場合には、釈迦が亡くなったという意味で用いられている。
Nehan is a translation of Nirvana, which originally referred to the state of mind free of illusion, but in the context of Nehan-e, it refers to the death of Shakyamuni.

英語で用いられる象徴（）は抽象な図案を指し、紋章（）は視覚な図案を指すが、日本の家紋は「兜飾り」の意味から、といった英語で表現されている。
While the term 'symbol' in English means an abstract design and 'emblem' means visual design, 'Kamon' in Japan is expressed as ' ' in English in the sense of 'Kabutokazari (兜飾り).'

「幸（さち）」が「弓矢・釣竿と釣針」を示したり、狩りの獲物や漁の獲物を指す「山の幸・海の幸」を表す謂れとなる物語の海幸彦と並ぶ主人公である。
He and Umisachihiko are the central characters of the story which showed that 'Sachi' meant 'fishing rods, hooks, bows and arrows,' and which resulted in expressions such as 'Yama no Sachi' and 'Umi no Sachi' meaning the prey of hunting or fishing respectively.

日本でおにぎりと言えば三角に握ったものというイメージが強く、「おにぎり型」というように三角形をした物のことを指す代名詞としてよく例えられる。
In Japan, onigiri has a strong image of triangle and 'onigiri-shaped' is a good example of the pronoun to indicate the things triangle.

ウースターソース - たんにソース (調味料)と呼ばれるとこれを指すことが多く、醤油と同じように日本の欠かせない調味料のひとつになっている。
Worcester sauce: When the term of sauce (seasoning) is used generally, it mostly indicates Worcester sauce, and this sauce has become a seasoning essential to Japanese dishes as soy sauce.

古くは「すきもの」とは和歌を作ることに執心な人物を指した様であるが、室町時代には連歌が流行し、特に「数寄」が連歌を指すようになったとされる。
In ancient times, it seems 'sukimono' referred to someone who was infatuated with creating waka (a 31-syllables Japanese poem), but it is said that 'suki' gradually changed to refer to renga (linked poem) as it became popular in the Muromachi period.

もち米に米以外の材料を混ぜて炊いたご飯を、「おこわ（こわめし）」「おこわ」と呼ぶが、これらの語は色付けにアズキをいれた赤飯を指す場合が多い。
A rice dish cooked with glutinous rice mixed with ingredients other than rice is called 'okowa' or 'kowameshi,' but these words often refer to sekihan (red rice) that uses azuki beans to add color (red).

土豪という用語は、室町・戦国期に頻出する歴史用語であるが、大和朝廷時代の歴史用語として、地方首長である国造層を指す語としても使用されている。
Dogo is a historical term that frequently appears in relation to the Muromachi period and the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) but when used in reference to the period of Yamato dynasty, it refers to kuninomiyatsuko (provincial governor) class of local heads.

例えば戦後の荒廃時は、民主主義国として再構築を目指す中、日本に残る独特な封建的な制度・習慣がアメリカや西欧諸国と比較され批判的に検証された。
For example, in the desolated days after the war, while Japan was aiming at reconstruction as a democratic nation, unique feudal system and custom left in Japan were critically inspected, being compared with those in the U.S. and the Western European countries.

大政所というのは本来「大北政所」の略で、摂政・関白職にある者の母親への尊称であるが、現代では彼女一人を特定して指すことが主である（従一位）。
Omandokoro is the abbreviation of the original term 'okitamandokoro,' and a honorific title given to a mother with a child serving as the sessho or kanpaku, and in a modern era, it is common to refer her (Juichii - Junior First Rank).

後代には近臣としての伺候を許されたものを指すようになるが、いずれも天皇や院、東宮の一代限りであり、代替わりにあたっては殿上人の身分を失った。
Later, Tenjobito began to mean those who were permitted to wait on the emperor as trusted vessel; whichever the meaning, the privilege was untransferable and only effective until the emperor, the retired emperor or the crown prince changed.

夏だけでなく冬も行うようになり（冬安居）、安居の回数が僧侶の仏教界での経験を指すようになり、その後の昇進の基準になるなど、非常に重要視された。
Ango came to be conducted not only in summer, but also in winter (toango), and the number of conducted ango was counted towards one's career in the Buddhism world, giving it much significance and making it a criterion for future promotion.

「幸（さち）」が「弓矢・釣竿と釣り針」を示したり、狩りの獲物や漁の獲物を指す「山の幸・海の幸」を表す謂れとなる物語の海幸彦と並ぶ主人公である。
He was the central character of the tale with Umisachihiko in which the word 'sachi' (happiness) meant 'Yumiya and fishing rod and hook,' and the word 'Yama no sachi and Umi no sachi' came to show games of hunting and fishing in later ages.

広義にはマダラ（真鱈）等の物や生の物も含むが、狭義においては特に真子（スケトウダラ（助党鱈・介党鱈）の卵巣）を塩漬けにしたものを限定して指す。
In a broad sense, tarako includes roes of Pacific cod and fresh raw cod roes while in a narrow sense, it means exclusively salted 'mako' (ovary of Walleye pollack).

働事（はたらき-ごと）は、能において、演者の所作と、能囃子によって構成される部分のうち、その所作が一定の表意的・具象的な要素を持つものを指す。
Hataraki-goto refers to shosa (conduct) that has certain ideographical and representational elements in the parts that consist of performers' shosa and Noh-hayashi (percussion ensemble) in Noh plays.

頭に鍍金した唐草模様の宝冠（雅楽では、山形の額飾りと側頭部に二本の剣形の飾りを備えた金属製のヘッドバンドを指す）をつけ、二本の桜の枝をはさむ。
They wear gold-plated crowns with an arabesque design on their heads (in Gagaku, dancers put mountain shape tiaras on their forehead and metal headbands with two sword-shaped ornaments on their temporal region), and stick two sprays of cherry blossoms under each crown.

稲荷山古墳出土金象嵌鉄剣銘に見える「斯鬼宮（しきのみや・磯城宮）」も朝倉宮を指すと言われる（別に河内の志紀（大阪府八尾市）とする説もある）。
The inscription 'Shikinomiya Palace' (described as 斯鬼宮or 磯城宮) on the iron sword inlaid with gold from the Inariyama-kofun Tumulus is supposed to indicate Asakura no Miya Palace (yet there is another theory to regard this as Shiki (志紀) in Kawachi region (Yao City, Osaka Prefecture)).

しかし、長棟の長男の長時の時代になると塩尻峠の戦いで信濃の領国化を目指す甲斐の武田信玄に大敗し、長時は信濃から追われて府中小笠原氏は滅亡する。
However, in the period of Nagatoki, the eldest son of Nagamune, it was defeated by Shingen TAKEDA from Kai who was aiming to territorialize Shinano, at the Battle of Shiojiritoge, and Nagatoki was exiled from Shinano and the Fuchu-Ogasawara clan went to ruin.

周防・長門・石見・豊前・和泉・紀伊の6カ国の守護を兼ね貿易により財力を有する強大な大内氏の存在は将軍専制権力の確立を目指す義満の警戒を誘った。
The Ouchi clan had become so powerful - simultaneously shugo of six provinces, Suo, Nagato, Iwami, Buzen, Izumi, and Kii, and possessing great wealth thanks to their trade - that they were bound to put Yoshimitsu, who was aiming to establish a system of despotic rule by the Shogun, on his guard.

また文化史的な時代区分として、主として宮廷を舞台として栄えた平安時代の国風文化を特に強調する場合、これがもっぱら行われた期間を指すこともある。
When used to define a period of cultural history, it is also used to refer particularly to period of nationalistic culture of the Heian period which prospered mainly within the Imperial Court.

藤原四兄弟（ふじわらしきょうだい、ふじわらよんきょうだい）は、奈良時代前半の天平年間に政権を握った藤原不比等の4人の息子を指す歴史用語である。
Fujiwara shi kyodai/Fujiwara yon kyodai (Four Fujiwara Brothers) was the historical term that refers to the four sons of FUJIWARA no Fuhito who held the reins during the Tenpyo era (729-748) in the early Nara period.

田部（たべ）とは、日本の古墳時代に設けられた土地や人民の支配制度の一つで、ヤマト王権が直接支配した人民のうち屯倉（みあけ）で耕作した方を指す。
Tabe was one of the systems that were established during the Kofun period (tumulus period) to control people and land, which also referred to people who cultivated miyake under the direct control of Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty).

大正政変（たいしょうせいへん）は、1913年（大正2年）2月、前年末から起こった憲政擁護運動（第1次）によって第3次桂内閣が倒れたことを指す。
Taisho Seihen' refers to the collapse of the third Katsura Cabinet in February 1913, which resulted from the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitution (the first) that started at the end of the year before.

親政確立を目指す経宗・惟方だったが、信頼らとともに信西殺害の首謀者であったことは誰の目にも明らかであり、やがてその責任を追及されることになる。
Although Tsunemune and Korekata aimed to establish direct administration by the emperor, it was obvious to everybody that, together with Nobuyori, etc., they were the ringleaders of killing of Shinzei and later they were blamed for their responsibility in the matter.

8歳の時に母が亡くなり、父と共に旅公演に出たが、この間に独学で読み書きを覚え、小説家、劇作家を目指すほどの読書家となり、戯曲の執筆をはじめる。
His mother passed away when he was eight, and so he went on tour with his father, giving performances around Japan; during this period, he also taught himself to read and write, becoming quite a bookworm in an effort to become a novelist or playwright; he soon began writing his own plays.

四天柱4本－四天柱（仏壇周囲に立つ4本の柱を指す）にも、金剛界曼荼羅の諸仏や、十二天、迦陵頻伽などの絵画が残っているが、剥落・褪色が甚だしい。
4 shitenbashira (the four pillars placed around the Buddhist altar): Paintings depicting images such as Buddhist deities of the Vajradhatu mandala, the twelve celestials and Kalavinka remain on the shitenbashira but have undergone severe peeling and fading.

日本では勲等と並び位階勲等と称され、主に律令法（律令制）によって定められたものを指す(主に明治時代から昭和前期までは金鵄勲章功級も含まれた)。
Combined with Kunto (order of merit) it was also called 'Ikai Kunto' in Japan, and generally referred to what was stipulated by the Ritsuryo codes (the Ritsuryo System, a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code). (Particularlly from the Meiji to the early Showa periods, the Order of the Golden Kite was included.)

特に日本の場合、貴族とは明治以降は華族とほぼ同義で、上は皇族と区別され、下は士族と区別されるある身分階層（公侯伯子男）を指すのが一般的である。
In Japan in particular, the term Kizoku and that of Kazoku were used for almost the same meaning during the Meiji period and later, to generally indicate a social status class (Koshaku (公爵), Koshaku (侯爵), Hakushaku (伯爵), Shishaku (子爵), and Danshaku (男爵)) that was differentiated from Kozoku (the Imperial family) on the upper side and from Shizoku (the warrior class) on the lower side.

木造復元天守は、現存した当時の図面・文書記録・遺構などを元に当時使われていた材料（木材の種類）・構法・工法によって忠実に原状に復したものを指す。
Restored wooden Tenshu refers to Tenshu which were accurately restored to their original state with the same materials (kinds of wood), configuration type, and construction methods on the basis of then-surviving drawings, written records, ancient structural remnants, and so on around that time.

文字通り間口が小さな店が多く、飴などに代表される小間物（細かい、小さい物の事を指す。反対の言葉として荒物がある）を扱う事からもこの様に呼ばれる。
As the name implies, these are small stalls that sell candy and other small items (collectively known as 'komamono,' or 'tiny things; the opposite is 'aramono').

現在の日本においては通常、その中でも、小倉百人一首と通称される、藤原定家撰による新古今期までの代表的な歌人百人について作られた私撰和歌集を指す。
Presently, it usually refers to 'Ogura Hyakunin Isshu,' one of shisen wakashu (personal collection of poetry) compiled by FUJIWARA no Teika (Sadaie), gathering a hundred tanka (classical Japanese poem in 31 syllables) by a hundred outstanding poets from the 600s until about 1205 when 'Shinkokin Wakashu' (New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) was compiled.

皇子・皇女を生んだ女御、更衣を指すという説もあるが、一般的には天皇に寵愛を受けた女御、更衣など女官を除いた後宮の女性を指す呼称として用いられた。
In one theory, it means nyogo or koi who was a mother of Prince and Princess, but it is generally accepted that it was the name of ladies at the inner palace who were loved by the Emperor, such as nyogo and koi except for serving ladies.

梅雨の晴れ間のことを五月晴れ（さつきばれ）というが、この言葉は最近では「ごがつばれ」とも読んで新暦5月初旬のよく晴れた天候を指すことの方が多い。
Sunny spells during baiu is called 'satsukibare' (literally, sunny spells in May), but, in recent years, it is more popular that this expression is read as 'gogatsubare' and means fine weather in the beginning of May by new calendar (solar calendar).

給主側では、散在している免田を一箇所に集め、浮免を固定して定免田（じょうめんでん）化することで、土地と耕作権者の一体的な把握を目指すようになる。
The Kyunushi side collected the scattered Menden in one place and fixed the Ukimen to become Jyomenden (stationary concession) and aimed for a unified control of the land and person who had the cultivation rights.

日本統治前期の抗日活動は台湾を制圧し清朝への帰属を目指すものであり、台湾人としての民族自覚より清朝との関係の中で発生した武装闘争であると言える。
The anti-Japanese movement in the early days of the Japanese rule aimed at gaining control of Taiwan and coming under the jurisdiction of the Qing dynasty and it could be regarded as the armed resistance occurred in the connection with the Qing dynasty rather than the one happened due to heightened nationalism.

法然においては、道綽と善導の考えを受けて、浄土に往生するための行を称名念仏を指す「正」とそれ以外の行の「雑」に分けて正行を行うように説いている。
Being influenced by the teaching of Doshaku and Zendo, Honen distinguished the Right Practices, in which one recites Buddha's name in order to be born in the Pure Land, from Miscellaneous Practices, which include all the rest, and he encouraged the exercising of Right Practices.

百済復興を目指す旧百済軍は指導者を求めて、603年、倭国（日本国）に人質として派遣されていた百済の王子、扶余豊（扶余豊璋）の帰国を倭国に求めた。
In 603, the former Baekje army that was working on the Baekje revival thought they would need a leader for the movement and requested Wakoku (Japan) to send back the Baekje Prince, Buyeo Pung (Hosho FUYO), who had been sent there as a hostage.

御家人は将軍直参の武士の身分を示す用語としてしばしば用いられ、戦国時代 (日本)には転じて戦国大名の家臣を指す言葉として使用されることもあった。
It is frequently used to refer to those samurai who were direct vassals of the shogun, but also came to be used to refer to retainers of daimyo (feudal lords) during the Warring States period (Japan).

このテンプレートを使っているページで、そのページを指すプロパティをもつすべての記事を列挙するためには、該当のプロパティを以下に指定してください:
To list, on any page using this template, all of the pages that have a certain property pointing to that page, specify the appropriate property below:

違法コピーを人を誘拐したり殺害したりする行為と同じだと考えたくないならば、違法コピーを指すのに「海賊行為」という言葉を用いなければよいのです。
If you don't believe that illegal copying is just like kidnaping and murder, you might prefer not to use the word ``piracy'' to describe it.

魔境（まきょう）とは、禅の修行者が中途半端に能力を覚醒した際に陥りやすい状態で、意識の拡張により自我が肥大し精神バランスを崩した状態のことを指す。
'Makyo' refers to an unbalanced mental condition of ego-swelling that results from excessive self-consciousness, into which an ascetic of the Zen Sect of Buddhism tends to fall when halfway awakened.

餡（あん）あるい餡子（あんこ）とは、饅頭などの中に入れる具のことで、アズキをはじめとする材料を甘く煮た具や、でん粉を糊化した素材を指すことが多い。
Bean paste ('an' or 'anko') is an ingredient in manju (buns filled with bean paste) and usually indicates azuki beans or other ingredients boiled with sweeteners or ingredients gelatinized with starch.

武士の表芸とされたことから「弓馬」は武芸一般や戦そのものを指すようになり、「弓馬の家」とは武士の家柄を、弓馬の道とは武士の守るべき道徳を意味した。
Kyuba (archery and equestrianism)' came to mean general military art and fighting itself because it was considered to be a profession of the Samurai, and 'Kyuba-no-ie (samurai family)' meant family lineage of Samurai and 'Kyuba-no-michi (the spirit of the samurai)' meant the morals for Samurai be faithful to.

すなわち、御料鵜飼とは皇室御用の鵜飼であり、狭義には毎年5月11日から10月15日まで行われる漁のうち特に宮内庁の御料場で行われる8回の漁を指す。
Therefore, 'Goryo Ukai' is the Ukai patronized by the Imperial Family, and in a narrow sense it refers to fishing done at the fishing grounds for the Imperial Household Agency eight times from May 11 to October 15 every year.

江戸期には、武蔵国豊島郡 (武蔵国)小石川村のみならず、神田上水の現・水道橋駅界隈から白山 (文京区)あたりまでを含む広い地域を指す呼称であった。
In the Edo period, Koishikawa included areas not only around the Koishikawa Village in Toshima County, Musashi Province but also the areas from the Kanda Josui (Kanda water supply), which is the current Suidobashi Station area, to Hakusan (Bunkyo Ward).

現在「留袖」と言われているのは、化政文化華やかな頃、江戸で芸者から流行が広がった江戸褄（えどづま）と呼ばれる下半身部にのみ模様の入った着物を指す。
The type of kimono called 'tomesode' today refers to the kimono having patterns woven only in the lower body part of the kimono called 'edozuma', which were worn by geisha (Japanese professional female entertainer at drinking party) at first and became popular among women in Edo.

江戸時代に不改常典（かはるまじきつねののり）に関する学説を示した本居宣長は、『続記歴朝詔詞解』と『続紀宣命問目』で、大化改新の諸法を指すと解した。
In the Edo period, Norinaga MOTOORI, who presented a theory on Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten (The Irreversible Permanent Code), advocated in his books 'Shokki Rekicho Shoshikai' and 'Shokki Senmyo Monmoku,' that it refers to a series of laws instituted during the Taika Reforms.

なお、この時代はまだ「幕府」という名称は武家政権を指す言葉としては定着しておらず、当時の人々は室町政権を「室町幕府」という名詞で呼んだことはない。
In actuality, the term 'bakufu' to indicate a military government had not yet been established during this period, meaning that no one during the Muromachi period actually called the Muromachi government the 'Muromachi bakufu.'

「○○大将」「○○奉行」「組頭」「番頭」「物頭」（○○には士、侍、足軽、鉄砲、槍、弓等が入る）…備の指揮官やその指揮下にある各部隊の指揮官を指す。
Such and such daisho' (general), 'such and such bugyo,' 'kumigashira' (captain), 'ban gashira' (head of a group) 'mono gashira' (military commander) ('such and such' is replaced by samurai, samurai, ashigaru, teppo, yari, yumi, and so on) refer to commanders of the sonae or the captains of various troops under the commanders.

大宝律令（701年）によって、九州の大宰府は政府機関として確立したが、他の大宰は廃止され、一般的に「大宰府」と言えば九州のそれを指すと考えてよい。
By Taiho Ritsuryo (701), Dazai-fu in Kyushu was established as a government agency, but other Dazai were abolished, so it is correct to think that 'Dazai-fu' in general refers to the one in Kyushu.

しかしながら、もっとも知られているものは江戸幕府の直轄地（天領）を大名・旗本・幕府の遠国奉行らに預けて統治を代行させた土地を指す（「預所」とも）。
However, it was more commonly used to refer to land that was in the direct territories of the Edo bafuku (called Tenryo) but whose control was actually entrusted to Daimyo (feudal lords), Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) or ongoku-bugyo (Edo bakufu government officers placed outside Edo), who were otherwise called Azukari-dokoro.

このため、重治への感謝の気持を忘れないために黒田家は家紋に竹中家の家紋を用いた（この家紋とは黒餅の事を指す。黒餅とは石高の加増を願う家紋である）。
To remember their gratitude towards Shigeharu, the Kuroda family consequently adopted the family crest of the Takenaka family as theirs (this family crest refers to Kuromochi. Kuromochi is a family crest to hope for an increase in the amount of koku).

大和魂（やまと-だましい）は、外来の学問・知識を日本に採り入れる際に必要な判断力・能力、または情緒（もののあはれ）を理解する心などを指す用語・概念。
Yamato-damashii is a term and concept referring to the judgment and ability that are necessary in accepting foreign scholarship and knowledge in Japan, as well as the heart to appreciate feelings (mono no aware), etc.

「一列」は意味不明だが、「一月」（日露開戦直前の1904年1月に最後の交渉が決裂したことを指す）の転訛とも、「日列」（＝日本対列強）の転訛ともいう。
Although it is unclear what 'ichiretsu' refers to, some say that it is a corruption of the ichigatsu (January, when the last negotiation failed in January, 1904 immediately before the start of the Russo-Japanese War), or a corruption of 'nichiretsu' (referring to nichi (Japan) verses rekkyo (powerful countries).

しかし龍池会の重要なブレーンであったフェノロサは、狩野芳崖を通じて和洋折衷の新しい日本画の創出を目指すようになり、龍池会の内部での対立を生み出した。
However, Fenollosa, who was the brain of the Ryuchikai, began to aim for the creation of new Japanese paintings in combination of Japanese and Western-styles by the help of Hogai KANO, which brought clashes inside of the Ryuchikai.

また、本来厚額の別名であった透額だが、同じく平安時代末期以降は薄額の上部に半月形もしくは弦月形の穴を開けて羅あるいは紗を張ったものを指す様になった。
Atsubitai was also known as toobitai, but after the end of the Heian period, the term 'toobitai' began to represent a Court cap which had a half-moon or crescent-shaped hole on the top of a usubitai covered by ra or silk gauze.

東海道五十三次（とうかいどうごじゅうさんつぎ）は、江戸時代に整備された五畿七道のうち、東海道を通る幹線道路（街道）「東海道」にある53の宿場を指す。
The '53 stations' of the Tokaido Road refers to 53 stations in 'Tokaido Road,' which is the major road running through the Tokaido region and is among five provinces and seven circuits(Gokishichido).

中富川の戦い（なかとみがわのたたかい）は、1582年（天正10年）、四国統一を目指す土佐国の長宗我部元親と阿波国の十河存保との間で起きた一戦である。
The Battle of the Nakatomi-gawa River, in 1582, was a battle between Motochika CHOSOKABE, a lord of Tosa Province, who intended to integrate the Shikoku region, and Masayasu SOGO, a lord of Awa Province.

特に一般には1910,1911年（明治42,43年）に社会主義者幸徳秋水らが天皇暗殺計画を企てたとして検挙された事件を指す（幸徳事件ともいわれる）。
Generally, Taigyaku Jiken especially refers to the so-called Kotoku Incident in which Shusui KOTOKU, a socialist, was prosecuted for trying to kill then-Emperor in 1910 and 1911.

しかし、倒幕を目指す大久保利通、岩倉具視の画策で、12月には王政復古の大号令が出され、慶喜には「辞官納地」（内大臣辞職と徳川領の奉納）が命ぜられた。
However, because of the anti-Shogunate activists Toshimichi OKUBO and Tomomi IWAKURA's scheme, there was a command to revive the political power of the Imperial Court in December, and Yoshinobu was ordered 'Jikan Nochi' (to resign from his position as Naidaijin and surrender the Tokugawa territory).

四等官である守 (国司)（かみ）、介 (国司)（すけ）、掾（じょう）、目 (国司)（さかん）等を指す（詳細は古代日本の地方官制も併せて参照のこと）。
The four ranks of the kokushi system were known as the shitokan, with the individual ranks being kami (governor), tsuke (vice-governor), jo (secretary) and sakan (clerk) (for more information, refer to 'the local government system in ancient Japan').

Kimono Sleeves を直訳すると「着物の袖」だが、洋服の袖の様式を指す言葉の Kimono Sleeves は、和服の袖を指す言葉ではない。
Kimono Sleeves' literally means 'sleeves of kimono' but this word indicates a form of sleeves of Western clothing and not the sleeves of Wafuku.

袂（たもと）現在の日本語の意味とは違い、江戸時代よりも前の時代の日本では、「袂」は袖のうち肘から手首までを覆う部分（別の言葉で言うと「袖先」）を指す。
Tamoto: Unlike the meaning in the modern Japanese, Tamoto meant the part from the elbow to the wrist of the sleeve, which is called Sodesaki, in Japan before the Edo period.

主として歌舞伎で用いられ、安価な席にたびたび通ってくる見巧者の客（歌舞伎座が設けている幕見席とは、そうした客のための席だったともいえるだろう）を指す。
The term, o-muko is used for mainly the audience of kabuki, and it often refers to 'migousha' (connoisseur) who takes those cheaper seats to come to the theatre very often; Kabuki-za Theatre might have set up 'maku-mi-seki' (seats on the highest balcony for a single act) originally for those connoisseurs.

臨時発兵とは、群盗海賊の発生に際し、国司からの奏上に応じて「発兵勅符」を国司へ交付し、国司は勅符に基づき国内の兵を発して群盗海賊を制圧する方式を指す。
Rinji-hatsuhei indicated the following system: When an act of robbery or piracy occurred, the Imperial Court issued 'hatsuhei-chokufu' (an imperial order authorizing the mobilization of soldiers) corresponding to a request from a kokushi, and the kokushi sent soldiers in the province to combat the robbers or pirates.

「老荘」と、「5世紀に歴史的に形成された道教」は伝統的な中国では《道家》、欧米では'Taoism'と呼ばれ、道教と道家は同じものを指すと言われている。
Ro-So' and 'the Dokyo that was formed in the fifth century as part of a historical process,' are called 'Doka' in traditional China, and 'Taoism' in Europe and the United States, and Dokyo and Doka are thought of as one and the same thing.

しかし、京都市全体の財政難なども問題となっていたことから、行政による運行は困難であると判断し、住民の手により自主的に運行をする形を目指すこととなった。
However, it was considered that the government would have difficulty running the bus because of its financial condition, so the local people decided they would run thebus route independently.

金鐘寺には、8世紀半ばには羂索堂、千手堂が存在したことが記録から知られ、このうち羂索堂は現在の法華堂（＝三月堂、本尊は不空羂索観音）を指すと見られる。
From records it is known that by the mid eighth century, Kensaku-do Hall and the Senju-do Hall were already built in Kinshu-ji Temple, and the Kensaku-do Hall is believed to be the predecessor of the current Hokke-do Hall (= Sangatsu-do Hall; the principal image there is the Fukukenjaku Kannon [Amoghapasa] [manifestation of Amalokitesvara]).

逆に外国において、神道の神を指す場合は「Kami」と略されて一般的な神とは区別されることが多く、英語版Wikipediaの項目名も「Kami」である。
Controversely, in other countries, when the kami of the Shinto religion are discussed, in many cases they are grouped together as 'Kami', and distinguished from other deities, and the corresponding English language page on Wikipedia is also entitled, 'Kami'.

これによって「滝口の武者」は朝廷が公式に認める「武士」となり、それを勤めて実績を積み、六位程度の六衛府の武官を目指すのが平安時代後期の武士の姿だった。
This led the 'Takiguchi soldiers' to become 'warriors' officially admitted by the Imperial court, and it was the ideal of samurai warriors in the late period of the Heian period to earn some achievements by serving as a Takiguchi warrior, and aspire to become a military attache of Rokuefu (Six guard divisions) with a position equal to Rokui (Sixth Rank).

人間国宝（にんげんこくほう）は、日本の文化財保護法に基づき同国の文部科学大臣が指定した重要無形文化財の保持者として各個認定された人物を指す通称である。
Living National Treasure is a Japanese popular term for individuals certified as Preservers of Important Intangible Cultural Properties by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology based on the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties.

平家物語では熊谷直実が源平合戦における平家方の武将である平敦盛を指して大将軍と呼んでいるなど、身分の高い武将を指す語として用いられた例も見受けられる。
There are also instances of the title being used to refer to a military leader of high rank, such as the reference in 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike) by Naozane KUMAGAI of TAIRA no Atsumori of the Heike clan as Daishogun in the Genpei War.

主に戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代初期にかけて、琉球（沖縄県）と蝦夷地（北海道）の大半を除く日本全土を自らの支配下に置き、日本全土を統一した者を指す。
It refers to the people who unified and controlled the whole of Japan, except Ryukyu (Okinawa prefecture) and most areas of Ezochi (Hokkaido), from the Sengoku period to the early Edo period.

民家（みんか）とは、一般の庶民が暮らす住まいのことだが、特に建築史や民俗学で、伝統的な様式で造られた農家、町家の類を指す（年代の古いものは古民家とも）。
Minka are houses lived in by ordinary people, but in architectural history or in ethnology, minka means noka or machiya that are built with traditional designs (old ones are also called kominka) in particular.

本来「内裏雛」とは雛人形の男雛と女雛の一対を指すが、男雛を「お内裏様」、女雛を「お雛様」と呼ぶ誤りは童謡「うれしいひなまつり」の歌詞から一般化している。
The dairi-bina (literally, Imperial Palace's dolls) originally indicated the pair of the Hina-matsuri dolls, the obina and mebina; however, the mistakes of calling the obina 'Odairi-sama' and the mebina 'Ohina-sama' became a common practice due to the lyrics of the children's song 'Ureshii Hinamatsuri' (Happy Hina-matsuri).

茶入（ちゃいれ）とは、広義には抹茶を入れるのに用いる茶器全体を指し、狭義には棗 (茶器)に代表される木製茶器（薄茶器参照）に対する陶磁器製の茶器を指す。
Chaire, in its broadest sense, means chaki (tea utensils) in general into which powdered green tea is poured, and in a more limited sense means ceramic tea utensils, in contrast with wooden tea utensils (see 'usuchaki' (tea utensils for a light tea)) as typified by natsume (a container for powdered tea).

1.伝統的な（ガス窯や電気窯、先端産業のセラミック焼成用のローラーハースキルン等に対して）連房式登窯を象徴的に指す言葉として用いる場合（狭義の登り窯）。
1. The term 'Noborigama' is used for the traditional Renboshiki-noborigama (multi-chambered climbing kiln), as opposed to gas-fueled kilns, electric kilns and the Roller Hearth Kiln, used for producing advanced industrial ceramics ('Noborigama' in the narrow sense).

「致良知」の「良知」とは『孟子』の「良知良能」に由来することばで、「格物致知」の「知」を指すが、「致良知」はそれを元に王陽明が独自に提唱した概念である。
Ryochi' in 'chiryochi' originated from 'Ryochi ryono,' meaning synderesis, used in 'The Mengzi' to indicate 'chi' (knowledge) in 'kakubutsu chichi,' but 'chiryochi' itself is a concept originally advocated by Wang Yangming based on that.

などがあり、すでに動作しているパーツやドライバが原因の可能性も考えられ、この状態に陥ると、解決を目指すよりも、諦めて構成を変更したほうが良い場合が多い。
And, it is also possible that some operating parts and drivers are the cause and when the computer falls into such a state, it is often better to change the configuration rather than trying to solve the problem.

義和団が近代的な国家概念を有していたかどうか、「扶清滅洋」や「掃清滅洋」といったスローガンにおける「清」とは具体的に何を指すのかという点で一致を見ない。
There was no agreement concerning whether the Boxers held the concept of national modernism or the exact implication of 'Qing' used in 'Support Qing, destroy the foreigners' or 'Overthrow Qing, destroy the foreigners' slogans.

奈良街道と大和街道は、いずれも奈良（大和国）に向かう街道を指す名称であるが、京都府内では、この「奈良街道」と「大和街道」は違いを持ちながら使われている。
Nara-kaido and Yamato-kaido are both road names that refer to roads that lead to Nara (Yamato Province), however, the two names are used differently in Kyoto Prefecture.

なお、「国家神道」は、特に、1868年の王政復古 (日本)から第二次世界大戦終結までの日本における、国家の支援のもとにおこなわれた神道を指す名称である。
Particularly, 'State Shinto' was a name of a denomination of Shinto religion which was supported by the state in Japan from the Restoration of Imperial Rule of 1868 (Japan) to the end of World War II.

日本の神道に関しては、古文献に神職（神社の祭祀や事務に従事する者）を指す語として用いられる例が散見され、現在も日常語では神職の通称として用いられている。
As for Shinto religion in Japan, old materials show several cases in which shinkan was used as a term designating a Shinto priest (a person involved in religious services and office work in a shrine), and it is still used as common name for Shinto priests in everyday talk.

足利直義が引付衆を再編して所領問題を扱う専門部局して内談方を置いて以後、内談方の構成員を指すようになり、更に直義の失脚で引付方が復活した後も継承された。
After Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA reorganized the hikitsukeshu to set up naidankata(judges) in departments which exclusively handled territorial problems, naidan came to refer to a member of the naidankata, which was continued even after Tadayoshi lost his position and the hikitsukekata were restored.

コード '[$1]' は特定の言語を指すわけではなく、言語の集合、すなわち[[wikipedia:[$2] language|[$3]群]]を指します。
The code '[$1]' does not refer to a specific language, but to a collection of languages, namely the [[wikipedia:[$2] language|'[$3]' languages]].

「舎利」は遺骨または遺体を意味する梵語シャリーラ(śarīra)の音写（śarīra शरीरの本義は単に「肉体」の意で、英語body同様に死体も指す）。
The term 'sarira' (śarīra), a word borrowed from Sanskrit, means the skeletal remains or body (the term śarīra शरीर originally means 'body' in Sanskrit and also refers to 'dead body' as in English).

和様建築（わようけんちく）とは、鎌倉時代に中国から伝わった建築様式（大仏様、禅宗様）に対して、それまで日本で寺院建築に用いられてきた寺院建築の様式を指す。
Wayo Architecture refers to a temple architectural style which had been used in temple architecture in Japan as contrasted with the architectural style (Daibutsu-yo (Buddhist architecture style), Zenshu-yo (Zen-sect-style architecture)) that was introduced from China in the Kamakura period.

古民家の定義に、どの時代に建てられたものか、あるいは建造され何年を経たものを指すかの定義はないが、通常戦前以前のもの、特に大正以前のものをさす場合が多い。
Kominka are not defined by the period they were built or how old they are, but usually the term is used when referring to houses built before the World War II, and especially to those built before the Taisho Period.

法主（ほうしゅ/ほっす）とは、仏教においてその教義を護持してその教えの要となるべき人を指し、転じて宗派・宗門・教団の最高指導者（首長）を指すようになった。
The word 'hoshu' (also referred as 'hossu') refers to a person who keeps the creed of Buddhism and plays a central role in its teaching, and turns to refer to the supreme leader (head) of the school, sect and religious community.

1941（S18）年、醍醐寺にて出家の大法である金胎両部伝法灌頂を法畢し、大阿闍梨となるが、醍醐寺の座主を目指すことなく自身の教団運営と教法の確立に専念。
In 1941, at Daigo-ji Temple, he completed the teachings of Kintai-ryobu denpo-kanjo, Daiho (great traditions of Esoteric practices) for priests to become Great Ajari, but he devoted himself to the management of his own religious sect and the establishment of his own teachings without aiming to become zasu (temple's head priest) of Daigo-ji Temple.

燈史は、師から弟子、そのまた弟子へと、まるで聖火リレーのように燈（仏法）を伝えるという、仏法の継承の流れを指し、その伝承の歴史が書かれた歴史書の事も指す。
Toshi represents the process of handing down the teachings of Buddhism from a teacher to his students and from those students to their students in the manner similar to that of the Olympic Torch Relay, and also means history books describing the history of that tradition.

今日「合気道」と言えば、一般的には植芝盛平の興した合気道を指すが、実は「合気道」の名を用いたのは盛平が最初ではなく、これとは別系統の「合気道」が存在する。
Today, 'aikido' generally refers to aikido as founded by Morihei UESHIBA, but in fact Morihei wasn't the first to use the name 'aikido,' and another line of 'aikido' exists.

なお、「すすりだんご」と称するものは現在でも大分県等に残っており、トウモロコシ粉団子の汁粉を指したり、団子を野菜と煮たすいとんのような料理を指す事もある。
The food referred to as 'susuridango' still remains in existence in some areas including Oita Prefecture, where the susuridango sometimes means shiruko with corn flour dumplings or a dish like suiton (a dish made of dumplings stewed with vegetables).

- 『続日本紀』に「大祓、宮中にしきりに、妖怪あるためなり」という記述があり、同様になにかの物を指すのではなく、怪奇現象を表す言葉として妖怪を用いている。
In 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), there is a description that 'Shinto purification is held because yokai appears very often in the Imperial Court,' and the word yokai is used in a similar manner, not to refer to some object, but to describe an unnatural phenomenon.

流行に左右されないテーラードスーツやトレンチコートなどのベーシックなデザイン、または用いられているウールやカシミアなどの素材を用いたものを指すことが多い。
It often refers to the clothes with a basic design, which are not affected by trends, such as tailored suits or trench coats, or traditional materials that are used in clothes, such as wool or cashmere.

言文一致（げんぶんいっち）とは、明治時代に、今までの文語文にかわって日常語を用いて口語体に近い文章を書くことを主張し、実践した運動と、書かれた文章を指す。
Genbunicchi (unification of the written and spoken language) refers to the movement in the Meiji period that asserted that writers should write in a style close to the colloquial style Japanese, using everyday expressions instead of the previous literal style Japanese and practiced it, and to the works written in that style.

後醍醐に仕えたのは、学問や芸能、信仰などを通じて後醍醐と個人的なつながりのあった者や、新たに名家の家柄への上昇を目指す低い家格の家系の出身者が中心だった。
Those who worked for Godaigo were people who had a personal relationship with him through study, arts, religion, etc., and were mainly people who were descended from lower class families who wanted their family lines to become premier lineages.

清和源氏における「多田源氏」が指す一族の解釈は必ずしも定まったものではなく、今日に至るまで以下のような用い方が流布しているがいずれも誤りではないといえる。
There are various interpretations on 'Tada-Genji' of Seiwa-Genji as follows today, and all interpretations have good reasons.

ちなみにダービーマッチとは本来、地元を同じくするチーム同士の試合をいうが、日本では因縁があったり特別盛り上がる試合を指すこともあり、川中島ダービーは後者。
By the way, the term of a Derby match is originally used for indicating a match between teams whose hometowns are the same, but in Japan, is sometimes used also indicating a match that becomes especially excited due to a special historical reason, and the Kawanakajima Derby is a typical example of the latter type.

城米（じょうまい）とは、本来は江戸幕府直轄地（いわゆる「天領」）からの年貢米を指すが、後に兵糧米のために幕府・譜代大名藩などに備蓄された米のことを指した。
Jomai originally means the annual rice tax from Edo bakufu directly controlled land (so-called 'tenryo'), but later, it means the rice stocked by the bakufu or fudai daimyo domain (a domain of a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) as provisions of rice for the army.

儀鳳暦とは、唐の李淳風（りじゅんほう）がつくって高宗の麟徳（りんとく）二年（天智天皇4年665年）から用いられはじめた麟徳暦のことを指すと考えられている。
It is thought that Giho reki refers to the Linde Calendar which was devised by Ri junho in the Tang and began to be used since 665.

「御男子の故を以て名付け玉へるは、北御方（正夫人の意、ここでは愛姫を指す）の御腹に嗣君誕生し玉はん事をあらかじめ祝し玉ふと云云」（「伊達治家記録」より）。
They say they gave the child a boy's name because they were anticipating celebrating kitanokata (legitimate wife; here, Yoshihime) giving birth to an heir' (from 'Date Jige Kiroku').

その一方で最近では、観光ガイドブックやグルメガイドなどで「河原町エリア」などといった用法で、この付近一帯を指す名称として「河原町」が用いられることが多い。
On the other hand, recent tourist guidebooks or gourmet guides often refer to this area as 'Kawaramachi area' or 'Kawaramachi.'

古語で蛇を「ミヅチ（御づち）」とするように「ヅチ」は蛇を指すことから、「脚無し蛇」「手無し蛇」という手足を持たない蛇の造形を示した蛇神を示しているとする説
Still others argue that since the word 'zuchi' in old Japanese referred to a snake, as in the word 'mizuchi,' the names of these gods represent serpent gods named 'Ashi-nashi-zuchi' (or a serpent without feet) and 'Te-nashi-zuchi' (a serpent without hands).

この月番制は、民事訴訟の受付を北と南で交替で受理していたことを指すものであり、民事訴訟の受理以外の通常業務（職権開始の刑事訴訟を含む）は当然行われていた。
This monthly rotation system indicated that civil suits were accepted by the kita (north) office or by the minami (south) office alternatively, and ordinary jobs of the office except for the acceptance of civil suits (including criminal suits whose examinations were underway) were conducted naturally.

「自性輪身」（如来）は、宇宙の真理、悟りの境地そのものを体現した姿を指し、「正法輪身」（菩薩）は、宇宙の真理、悟りの境地をそのままわかりやすく説く姿を指す。
Jishorinjin (Nyorai)' means the figure that embodies the universal truth and the state of enlightenment itself, while 'Shoborinjin (Bosatsu)' means the figure that preaches the universal truth and the state of enlightenment in an easily understood manner.

「裏千家」の語は、家元とその家族らで構成される宗家を指すことも、財団法人裏千家今日庵などの法人組織を指すことも、弟子・門下生を含む流派組織を指すこともある。
The word 'Urasenke' refers either to Soke (the legitimate family of the original house) composed of the head of the school and his family, or to such a legal entity as the foundation Urasenke-Konnichi-an, or the school itself as an organization including its disciples and descendants.

『義経千本桜』の四段目の切りは派手な演出で有名な人気の場面で、これが上演されることが特に多かったことから、ただ「四ノ切」と言えばこの場面を指すようになった。
The Kiri in Section 4 of 'Yoshitsune Senbonzakura' was popular for its showy performances, and the scene was performed so frequently that 'Shino-kiri' became the synonym for the scene above.

現在、「醤油だんご」との名称で『みたらし団子』を指す場合もあるが、ここでは、『みたらし団子』出現以前の古い製法に則ったものを「醤油だんご」と言うことにする。
Although 'soy sauce dumpling' may mean 'mitarashi dango' nowadays, here, 'soy sauce dumpling' are made in accordance with the old recipe before the appearance of 'mitarashi dango.'

本来は、五番目の能が鬼畜物など祝言性を持たない曲目であった場合に、一日の演能をめでたく舞いおさめる意味で、さらに一番、祝言の曲を追加して上演したことを指す。
Originally it meant performing further an additional celebratory number in order to finish dancing the en-noh of the day happily when the fifth noh was an uncelebratory number such as a play featuring kichiku (brute).

加地子（かじし）は、日本の中世において、荘園領主・国衙（国司）へ納入する年貢・地子の他に、名主などの在地領主に対して納入した米（作得米）を指す租税の一形態。
The term Kajishi (加地子) means rice (sakutokumai) delivered as a tax to a resident land-owner like myoshu (owner of rice fields) in the Japanese medieval period on top of nengu (customs)/jishi (land tax) for the lord of shoen (manor)/kokuga (provincial government officials) (kokushi (provincial governor)).

この制度上、その支配する収益権のある土地自体を、土地や百姓らから産み出される収益（年貢・公事など）を指す上分（じょうぶん）に対して、下地（したじ）と呼んだ。
Under this system, lands from which proceeds (nengu (tribute) and kuji (public service) etc) were gained were called shitaji while the proceeds which were gained from lands/peasants were called jobun.

このような場合でも、ただ「出雲」や「長門」とだけ言えば出雲国や長門国を指すことになるので、その市町村を指すときには常に「市」や「町」を付けなければならない。
When the old provincial names are adopted, 'city' or 'town' must be attached to avoid misunderstanding; for example, if someone just says 'Izumo,' or 'Nagato,' these names mean Izumo Province and Nagato Province respectively; therefore, if the speaker means Izumo City or Nagato City, he needs to speak the entire name without omitting 'city.'

が、やがてそういった枠組みを受容するだけではなく、人間という中身も変革（雑誌のことばでいえば「民心の一新」）することを目指す啓蒙思想 (日本)が興ってきた。
However, the enlightenment thought (Japan), which aimed not only to accept such schemes but also to reform people's mind (by the words in the bulletin, 'Refurbishing of people's mind'), soon appeared.

また京都市の公式サイト上にも「（地下鉄は）洛西ニュータウンまでの整備を目指すが、財政状況を考慮し、まずは段階的に二条～天神川間から整備する」と表現している。
Incidentally, the official website of Kyoto City states, 'We shall aim to complete the subway line up to Rakusai New Town; however, given our financial condition we should establish the section between Nijo and Tenjingawa as the first step in this direction.'

続いて『続日本紀』大宝 (日本)2年（702年）12月の記事には、「四大寺」という文言が見られ、これは前述の3寺に薬師寺を加えた4寺を指すと考えられている。
The phrase 'four dai-ji temples' can be seen in the article for the 12th month of the year 702 (December, 702) of 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) and this is thought to refer to the three above-mentioned temples and Yakushi-ji Temple.

また「くそと」と読み、「と」は祝詞（のりと）の「と」と同じく呪的行為を指すとして、本来は肥料としての糞尿に呪いをかけて作物に害を与える行為であるとの説もある
Another theory states, on the other hand, that it should be read as 'kusoto,' in which 'to,' as in 'norito,' refers to a magical act, and kusoto is an act to pollute the crops by cursing the manure.

文字は、決して都合よく一つの読みで意味を指すわけでなく、色々な意味を併せ持つと考えなくてはならない事を思うと英霊とは、言い得て妙な言葉だと見ることができる。
Taking into account that one reading of a character never conveniently refers to one thing and that a character has a variety of meanings, eirei can be seen as a perfect word.

准摂政（じゅんせっしょう）は日本の律令制下において、関白または大臣が摂政に準じて国政を統べることを天皇から許されること、またはその権限を与えられた者を指す。
Jun-Sessho refers to the permission given by the Emperor to a Kanpaku (Chief Advisor to the Emperor) or minister to govern affairs of state as a Sesshu (regent) under the Ritsuryo system, and it also refers to the person who received this permission.

しかし、横大路では新スタジアムの建設は困難であるとの判断となり、現実問題として京都市西京極総合運動公園陸上競技場兼球技場の改修を目指す方向で検討が進んでいる。
But they eventually concluded that it was difficult to build a new stadium in Yokooji and the more realistic idea of renovating Kyoto Nishikyogoku Athletic Stadium is now being studied.

この時期に制作された水墨画の画題としては、上述の頂相、祖師像のほか、道釈画（道教および仏教関連の人物画）、四君子（蘭、竹、菊、梅を指す）などが主なものである。
The subjects of Suiboku-ga at that time were mostly Doshaku-ga (portrait of person related to Buddhism or Taoism) and Shikunshi (orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum and plum) as well as the above mentioned Chinzo and Soshi-zo images.

今日では一般に、専任の板前を抱え、座敷があり芸妓を上げるような料理屋のことを指すことが多いが、芸妓衆のもてなしを主として、酒以外の料理は主に仕出しでまかなう。
Today, in general, it is referred to as a Japanese style restaurant where tables or rooms are for reservation and a professional full-time chef is employed to prepare cuisine other than sake, a geisha delivers the cuisine to the reception room, and other geisha are performing entertainment.

その他、国際的に柔術（Ju-jitsu）というと、ヨーロッパ柔術とも呼ばれるJJIF柔術（Ju-jitsu）・IJJF柔術（Jujitsu）を指す場合も多い。
Besides, Ju-Jitsu in foreign countries often indicates that of Ju-Jitsu International Federation (JJIF), or that of International Jujitsu Federation (IJJF), and both of them are also called European Ju-Jitsu.

普請（ふしん）とは、普く（あまねく）請う（こう）とも読み広く平等に奉仕（資金・労力・資金の提供）を願う事であり、社会基盤を地域住民で作り維持していく事を指す。
Fushin (普請), where fu (普) means widely and shin (請) means asking for help, refers to a request for widespread and equal community service (monetary support, labor support, financial assistance), where a whole community is asked to build and maintain public infrastructures.

一円知行（いちえんちぎょう）とは、日本の中世で使用された用語で、荘園公領制の重層的に入り組んだ支配・権利関係の中で、ある者が一元的に土地を支配することを指す。
Ichien Chigyo was a term used during the Japanese Middle Ages to mean that a particular individual has integrated control over lands in complicated and multi-layered relationships of dominance and rights of the Shoen Koryo (public lands and private estates) system.

総勢3万余の大軍が瀬戸内海を渡り新居郡内の御代島・沢津（共に現新居浜市）の二手に分かれて上陸し現地の城を破り進軍、新居の総大将金子元宅率いる金子城を目指す。
Huge numbers of troops totaling more than 30,000, crossed the Seto Inland Sea and landed from two directions, at Miyoshima and Sawatsu in Nii County (both of them are situated in what is now Niihama City), and, after destroying the castles there, the troops proceeded to Kaneko-jo Castle, which was dominated by Motoie KANEKO, the commander general in Nii County.

政商（せいしょう）とは、政治家や政府高官との結びつきを利用して経済活動上の特権的利益を得たり、政策を自己の利益に有利な方向に誘導した事業家、企業のことを指す。
Seisho (Political Merchants) refers to businessmen and companies who obtain exclusive economic benefits and guide certain policies to serve their own interests by taking advantage of their connections with politicians and high-ranking government officials.

義朝は子や一族郎党30余騎で京を落ち再挙すべく東国を目指すが、大原（現京都市左京区大原）の竜下越で落ち武者狩りの比叡山の僧兵が行く手を遮ったため合戦となった。
Yoshitomo, with children, family, and retainers on more than 30 horses, had to make another attempt to slip out of Kyoto aiming for the Eastern provinces; however, at Ryugegoe in Ohara (present day Ohara in Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City), a battle ensued upon his encounter with fleeing troops (soldier-monks of Mount Hiei) who were blocking the way.

<package> と一致するパッケージ全てを削除します(通常は <package> が複数のパッケージを指す場合はエラーになります)
remove all packages which match <package> (normally an error is generated if <package> specified multiple packages)

駅構内で販売される実用的な食事という枠を飛び越え地域の特産品などを盛り込んだ郷土色溢れる弁当としての発展を目指す、という方向性が駅弁のひとつの流れとなっている。
Ekiben business has changed its strategy aimed at the development as a box lunch enriched with the local color by adding local specialties, with eliminating the concept that Ekiben is a practical meal sold within station precincts.

- 的屋とは基本的には祭礼や縁日や時節や年中行事で、寺社の参道や境内または門前町を主に、人出が見込まれる場所を渡り歩き商売をする、日本古来の伝統的な生業を指す。
Tekiya is basically a traditional ancient Japanese vocation in which one travels looking for business in locations where a large number of people are expected, mainly around the sando (an approach to the temple) or precincts of temples and shrines, for rites and festivals, fairs, and annual events.

こうした、従来の「画家」「イラストレーター」という言葉では捉えられないような活動をする人たちを指す言葉として、「絵師（萌え絵師）」が広く用いられるようになった。
The term 'eshi' or more specifically 'moe eshi' (a painter who draws pictures of cute, young female characters to whom one forms a strong attachment) is now widely used to refer to painters whose activities are beyond the range of traditional painters or illustrators.

なお、大阪（特に南部から堺、和歌山にかけて）のうどん店で単に「かす」というと、天かすではなく「油かす」（牛脂を絞った残りかすを油で揚げたもの）を指すことがある。
一原文一訳文の例外対処

私領も国家租税である官物の賦課対象であったが、領主は、私領から私的な得分を収取することについて国衙の承認を受けており、地子の語はこの私的得分を指すようになった。
Although private lands were also objects for imposition of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), the national land tax, feudal lords obtained the recognition of kokuga to the right to collect profit personally and the term of jishi referred to this personal profit.

算用状（結解状）は、領主側と荘官側の間において遣り取りされる収支決算資料を指すため、領主側と荘官側の間で別箇の趣意を持った算用状（結解状）が作成される事となる。
Since sanyojo (Kechigecho) were documents regarding the settlement of accounts exchanged between the ryoshu and the shokan sides, they respectively drew up sanyojo (kechigecho) for individual purposes.

帰国後の南条氏は、毛利氏に属したままだった八橋城回復のため奔走、尾高城の奪還を目指す行松氏を支援するなどした結果、天正13年の春には念願の八橋城回復に成功した。
Back home, the Nanjo clan made a great effort to recover Yabase-jo Castle, which was still in the territories of the Mori clan, and supported the Yukimatsu clan who were aimed at recovering Odaka-jo Castle, resulting in successfully recovering the long-sought Yabase-jo Castle by the spring of 1585.

2は後鳥羽院より藤原秀能まで、新古今期以降鎌倉時中期までの代表的歌人三十六人を挙げ、その秀歌を十首ずつ選んだものであり、通常「新三十六歌仙」といえばこれを指す。
Generally speaking, 'new thirty-six major poets' refers to the latter ones which cover the representative thirty-six poets after Shin Kokin (New Collection of Ancient and Modern Poetry) until the middle of the Kamakura period such as Gotoba in and FUJIWARA no Hideyoshi/Hideto, and each poet's ten excellent poems were selected.

自分の罪が天の神様によって赦されたということを、疑わずに堅く信じて受け取るのです。〔訳注：滅罪とは罪が完全に赦されたことの祝福を指す（『信仰要義』p.58）〕
without doubting it, but believing firmly that his sins are forgiven by God in Heaven through it.

五明とは、声明（音韻学・文法学）・工巧明（工芸・技術論）・医方明（医学）・因明（倫理学）・内明（自己の宗旨の学問、仏教者の場合は仏教学）の5種類の学問分野を指す。
Gomyo refers to five academic fields - Shomyo (phonology and grammar), Kugyomyo (technics and technology), Ihomyo (medical science), Inmyo (ethics) and Naimyo (study of a scholar's religion, as in Buddhism for a Buddhist).

これによって大学寮に残って博士などの教官職を目指す者以外にとっては卒業は任官の必須の要件ではなくなり、大学寮の試験そのものが形骸化・簡略化されるきっかけとなった。
As a result, for students other than those who stayed in Daigaku-ryo and aspired to a teaching career such as hakase (professor), graduation was no more a prerequisite for job appointment, and this prompted Daigaku-ryo's examinations to lose substance and to become simplified.

広く一般的に知られる中間は上記どおりだが、藩に正式に採用されてる家(世襲で藩に仕え、苗字帯刀が許されてるもの)や幕末に特殊な事例に用いて採用されたりした物を指す。
Widely and generally known chugen were as mentioned above, but this special type of chugen refers to those from families who served domains by heredity and had the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword during the Edo period, or those who were formally employed by domains or recruited for special occasions at the end of Edo period.

『続日本紀』には、養老4年（720年）1月11日に民忌寸于志比（うしひ）が従五位下から従五位上になったとあり、これが小鮪のことを指す可能性があるが、確実ではない。
'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) says TAMI no Imiki no Ushihi was promoted from Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) to Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Higher Grade), which could be referring to Oshibi but truth is unknown.

奈良華族（ならかぞく）は、明治維新後に下記に述べるような特殊な事情によって公家社会に復帰し、そのために後に華族となることを得た家系及びその家系に属する人々を指す。
The Nara Peerage refers to a family line and its people, who returned to the court noble society and entitled to be the peerage after the Meiji Restoration due to the special circumstances described below.

広義には、仏を祀る壇全般を指し、寺院の仏堂において仏像を安置する壇（須弥壇）も含まれるが、現代日本語で「仏壇」と言えば、通常上記のように家庭内に安置するものを指す。
In contemporary Japanese, the term 'butsudan' generally indicates a household Buddhist altar installed at home as mentioned above, although in a broad sense it means the entire range of alters dedicated to Buddha including platforms (shumidan (An altar made of fine timber, generally with paneling)) to install Buddhist images in the hall of a temple.

怨念（おんねん）とは、その超自然的存在のもつ、あるいはその超自然的存在そのものである、「祟りの結果として表面化し、相手に影響を及ぼすに至る」とされる「思念」を指す。
Onnen indicates a feeling held by a supernatural being that results in a curse that affects another person.

文化財保護法で言う「伝統的建造物群」とは、城下町、宿場町、門前町、寺内町、港町、農漁村などの、周囲の環境と一体をなして歴史的風致を形成している伝統的建造物群を指す。
The Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties defines 'a group of historic buildings' as that which forms a historic landscape in unison with its surrounding environments such as towns formed around castles, posts (shukuba), Shinto shrines, Buddhist temples, ports, and/or farming or fishing villages.

吉野山といえば吉野大峯ケーブル自動車吉野山駅付近の「下千本」と呼ばれる地域から南方向の吉野水分神社あたりの「上千本」呼ばれる地域一帯を指すのが一般的であるといえる。
Mt. Yoshino usually refers to the entire region from the area called 'Shimosenbon' near the Yoshinoyama Station of Yoshino-oomine-ke-buru bus corporation to the area called 'Kamisenbon' surrounding the Yoshino Mikumari-jinja Shrine, which is located south of Shimosenbon.

元来は有力貴族や諸大夫に仕える位階六位どまりの下級技能官人層（侍品さむらいほん）を指すが、次第にその中でも武芸を職能とする技能官人である武士を指すことが多くなった。
Originally, this was a term for the class of low-ranking technical palace officials up to the sixth rank who worked for aristocracy and Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo), but eventually was used to define the bushi, who were technical palace officials with military skills.

また、「鴨川」は、河川法により一級河川淀川水系鴨川に指定された河川を指すため、通例としては賀茂川または加茂川と表記されている部分（高野川との合流点より以北）を含む。
Since 'Kamo-gawa River (鴨川)' is commonly considered to indicate the rivers which are designated by River Act as 'the class A river Yodo-gawa River system Kamo-gawa River', it is supposed to include the north area of the meeting of Kamo-gawa River and Takano-gawa River as well, although the river of the area is written as '賀茂川' or '加茂川' (the pronunciations are the same as '鴨川').

なお、この時（宝亀元年8月21日）の白壁王の令旨に「道鏡が皇位をうかがった」とする文言があるものの、具体的に道鏡のどのような行動を指すのかには全く触れられていない。
In the official address Prince Shirakabe made when he became the Crown Prince (on September 18, 770), there were following words: 'Dokyo was looking for the opportunity to ascend the Imperial Throne'; however, there was absolutely no mention of concrete action in terms of the Dokyo's side.

これは立憲君主制への移行・軍の近代化・経済振興・科挙廃止を視野に入れた教育改革を目指すもので、方向性は数年前西太后が取り潰した康有為らの戊戌変法と同じものであった。
The aims included transition toward a constitutional monarchy, modernization of the army, economic advancement, and reformation of education through the abolishment of Kakyo (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats), pointing in the same direction as the Hundred Day's Reform of Kang Youwei that Empress Dowager crushed several years ago.

寛政の遺老（かんせいのいろう）とは、寛政の改革を主導した松平定信失脚後、定信によって取り立てられた松平信明 (三河吉田藩主)ら幕政を主導した政治家たちのことを指す。
Iro (old retainers) in the Kansei era refers to politicians who led the bakufu such as Nobuaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Mikawa-Yoshida domain), who were chosen by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA after his downfall.

日本では、古来「花」の一語が、特に俳句や和歌の世界においては「サクラ」を意味する例が見られ、とくに「花吹雪」といった場合には、満開の桜が吹雪のように散る様子を指す。
In Japan, the word 'hana (flower)' traditionally refers to cherry blossom especially in haiku (seventeen-syllable poem) and waka (thirty-one-syllable poem), so 'hanafubuki' specifically refers to cherry blossoms in full bloom falling like a snowstorm.

その説によれば、神武東征によって大和国に移ったことによって「日高見国」が大和国よりも東の地方を指すようになり、最後には北上川流域を指すようになったということになる。
According to this theory, the Jimmu tosei (eastern expedition of the Emperor Jinmu) moved the capital to Yamato Province and 'Hitakami no kuni' started to be referred to as the region to the east of Yamato Province, so it finally came to be referred to as the Kitakami-gawa River basin.

1336年（建武 (日本)3年）に頼尚は足利勢とともに筑前国多々良浜の戦い（福岡市東区 (福岡市)）で菊池氏らを撃破し、再び京都を目指す尊氏に従い畿内まで従軍する。
In 1336, Yorinao was part of the Ashikaga force that crushed the army of the Kikuchi clan in the battle of Tatarahama in Chikuzen Province (modern-day Higashi Ward, Fukuoka City), and accompanied Takauji--who had once again set his sights on recapturing the capital of Kyoto--on his campaign into the Kinai (the region around Kyoto).

後に紀伝道を兼修して省試及第を目指すが落第を重ねた（後年、『続千字文』跋詩の中で大学寮の紀伝道教育が漢詩を弄るだけの昇進のための道具となったと痛烈に批判している）。
After that, he learned Kidendo (the study of history) at the same time and aimed to pass Shoshi (an examination held by Shikibu-sho for determining whether applicants are employable), but failed several times (Later, he severely criticized the education of Kidendo in Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) for being only a tool for promotion by playing with Chinese poetry in the ending poem of 'Shoku-senzimon' (Chinese poetry written by Tameyasu).

江戸時代には、御家人は知行が1万石未満の徳川将軍家の直参家臣団（直臣）のうち、特に御目見得以下（将軍に直接謁見できない）の家格に位置付けられた者を指す用語となった。
During the Edo period the term 'Gokenin' came refer to immediate retainers of the Tokugawa Shogun family who held lands of less than 10,000 koku (1 koku = 4.96 bushels): in particular, individuals lacking the rank to be granted a direct audience with the shogun.

七堂伽藍が何を指すかもまた時代や宗派によってまちまちだが、鎌倉時代の『古今目録抄』では金堂、塔、講堂、鐘楼、経蔵、僧坊、食堂となっており、これが一般的に知られている。
Even though what is included in the shichido garan varies from sect to sect and era to era, according to the 'Kokon-mokuroku-sho' in the Kamakura period, it includes a kondo (main hall or golden hall), a pagoda, a lecture hall, a belfry, a kyozo (scriptural depository, library), a sobo (monks' living quarters) and a refectory, which are the commonly known elements.

もともとは旃檀林（せんだんりん：栴檀（せんだん）という木の林）の略で、寺院のことをいったが、時代を経るにしたがって僧侶を養成する寺院、学問所のことを指すようになった。
Danrin was originally an abbreviation of Sendanrin, which means a grove of trees called Sendan, for indicating a temple, but as times went by, Danrin began to indicate a temple for training monks, i.e., a Buddhist school.

葬式仏教（そうしきぶっきょう）とは、葬式や法事においては仏教の方式で執り行うが、実生活においては仏教の活動・教義とほとんど関わらない信仰のありかたを指す言葉である。
Soshiki-Bukkyo' (literally, 'funeral Buddhism') refers to a way of belief in which people conduct Buddhist funerals and Buddhist memorial services while being rarely involved in Buddhist activities and in Buddhist doctrines in their daily lives.

ただし、一般的には茶道は抹茶を用いる抹茶道を指すことから、急須等を用いて煎茶や玉露などの茶葉に湯を注いで飲む形式を採る煎茶道は、茶道とは別のものとして捉えられている。
However, while sado generally means art of maccha (green powdered tea) tea ceremony which uses maccha, sencha-do tea service which uses tea leaves such as green tea leaves (of middle grade) and gyokuro leaves (refined green tea) and takes the way to serve tea by pouring hot water into kyusu (small teapot) where tea leaves are placed, is regarded as something different.

また、最近ではメディア (媒体)への露出の機会が多いことなどから、単に「柔術」というとこの日本の柔術ではなく、ブラジリアン柔術（Jiu-jitsu）を指す場合も多い。
And nowadays, when we simply say 'jujutsu,' it often indicates not the Japanese one, but Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, partly because Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu often appears on the media.

文化という言葉は、芸術や学問など人間が生み出した高い達成度を持つもの（ハイカルチャー）を指すとともに、人間の社会が長年にわたって形成してきた慣習や振舞いの体系を指す。
The term 'Culture' refers to anything including art and learning, which was generated by people and has a high level of achievement (high culture), and also refers to a system of custom or behavior which has been formed by a human society over the years.

サクラ（桜、櫻）は、バラ科サクラ属の植物のうち、ウメ、モモ、アンズなどを除いた総称であり、一般にはサクラ亜属 (Subgen. Cerasus) に属するものを指す。
Sakura is the generic name of the Genus Cerasus of Rosaceae, excluding apricots and peaches, and refers to plants belonging to Subgenus Cerasus.

語句の類似から、単に女子の天皇を指す女性天皇と混同されることも多いが、天皇家の血筋についての「女系天皇」と、天皇個人の性別についての「女性天皇」とは異なる概念である。
Since the Japanese terms for 'Female-line Emperor' (女系天皇) and 'Female Emperor' (女性天皇) are somewhat similar in wording, the meaning of 'Female-line Emperor' is often confused with that of 'Female Emperor;' given that the term 'Female-line Emperor' is related to imperial bloodline while the term 'Female Emperor' is related to gender, their concepts are quite different.

戦国時代最大の宗教的武装勢力である本願寺勢力と、天下布武を目指す織田信長との軍事的・政治的決戦であり、石山合戦の終結と同時に、各地の一向一揆はその勢いを著しく失った。
It was the military and political decisive war between Hongan-ji Temple, the largest armed religious power in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), and Nobunaga ODA, on his way to 'Tenkahubu' (the unification of Japan), and with the end of the war, Ikko ikki that had occurred in various areas significantly lost its momentum.

韓国併合（かんこくへいごう）は、1910年8月22日、日韓併合条約に基づいて日本が大韓帝国（今日の大韓民国と朝鮮民主主義人民共和国に相当する地域）を併合した事を指す。
The annexation of Korea refers to the Japanese annexation of the Korean Empire (which currently corresponds to the area of the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea), based on the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty on August 22, 1910.

室町幕府は御家人制度を採らなかったが、御家人は将軍直参の武士の身分を示す用語としてしばしば用いられ、戦国時代 (日本)には転じて一部の戦国大名の家臣を指す言葉となる。
The Muromachi bakufu did not adopt the gokenin (samurai retainer) system but the word 'gokenin' was frequently used for those samurai who were immediate followers of the shogun, and was a term used to refer to retainers of some daimyo (feudal lords) during the Warring States period.

また、一向宗とも呼ばれる（ただし、「一向宗」という言葉には浄土真宗と別宗派を指す用法もある）ように、彼らは信仰の下に団結していて、旧来の守護大名の勢力を逼迫していった。
Moreover, under the name 'Ikko sect' (although 'Ikko sect' can also refer to sects other than the Jodo Shinshu sect) and united by faith, they reduced the power of the traditional shugo daimyo.

武射系と言えば日置流系統の射を指し（この場合は歩射・堂射が含まれている）、礼射系と言えば、小笠原流騎射・歩射から儀礼・儀式的なものを加味されつつ発展した射の系統を指す。
When it comes to the busha group, it refers to the Heki school system (in this case, it includes walking archery and long-range archery), and when it comes to the reisha group, it refers to the shooting system developed from Ogasawara school's riding archery and walking archery, but gradually implemented with ceremonial elements.

俗にいう「かまとと」（かまとと振り）とは「かまぼこのことを『これは魚（とと）か』と聞く」ということから、無知・世間知らずを装ってかわいらしく見せる人（特に女性）を指す。
So-called 'kamatoto' (kamatoto-buri, or feigning kamatoto) refers to the person (especially a woman) who tries to look cute by pretending to be ignorant or naïve, where he/she sees kamaboko and asks, 'Is this fish (toto)?'

古くは羽織を略したもののみを特に着流しと称し、袴をつけなくとも羽織を着ていれば礼装にかなうとされていたが、現在では羽織の有無にかかわらず袴を着けない様を指すことが多い。
In days gone by, only the style in which one omitted haori (a Japanese half-coat) was particularly called kinagashi, and if only he had haori on, he could be considered to be in a formal costume even if he didn't have hakama on, but now kinagashi often indicate the style without hakama, whether he had haori on or not.

なお、隅田八幡宮（和歌山県橋本市）蔵の隅田八幡宮人物画像鏡（443年説と503年説）に見える「孚弟王（男弟王?）」は継体天皇を指すとする説がある（詳細は異説にて後述）。
One theory says that '孚弟王 (Oto no kimi ?)' inscribed on Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror in Sudahachiman-jinja Shrine (Hashimoto City, Wakayama Prefecture) (there are two theories about its year of creatoin: 443 and 503) indicates Emperor Keitai (details of this theory will be mentioned later in 'Heresy').

しかし信長は「天下布武」をかかげて自らの天下統一を目指し、一方の義昭は上杉謙信や毛利元就らにも上洛を促して幕府政治の再興を目指すという、両者には考えの食い違いがあった。
Under the slogan 'tenka fubu' (the realm subjected to military power), Nobunaga intended to unite all of Japan by himself; on the other hand, Yoshiaki also invited Kenshin UESUGI and Motonari MORI to Kyoto with the intention of restoring the shogunate government -- there were discrepancies between their opinions.

渡来人（とらいじん）とは、広義には、海外から日本に渡って来た人々を意味するが、狭義には、中国大陸から南西諸島・朝鮮半島などを経由して、古代日本に渡来帰化した人々を指す。
Toraijin refers to people who came to Japan from abroad in a broad sense, but it also refers to people who became naturalized citizens of Japan from the Chinese continent via the Nansei Islands or the Korean Peninsula in ancient times in a limited sense.

近衛らは日米諒解案による交渉を目指すも、この内容が三国同盟を骨抜きにする点に松岡洋右は反発し、松岡による修正案がアメリカ合衆国に送られたが、アメリカは修正案を黙殺した。
Konoe also hoped for negotiations with the U.S. based on the draft of a mutual understanding plan but Yosuke MATSUOKA, who objected to the parts that watered down the tripartite alliance, proposed an amendment version which was sent to the United States of America, where it was ignored.

その他にも、第一種軍装を詰襟からイギリス式のダブルに変更する案が出たが、「この服（詰襟を指す）で、日本海海戦に勝ちました」との東郷の一言で、変更の話は立ち消えになった。
Another one was that the idea of changing a stand-up collar of the first official military dress into a double-breast jacket in English style but this was scrapped by the words of TOGO who said 'The Imperial Japanese Navy won the victory in the Battle of Tsushima wearing this military dress.'

1336年（建武7年/延元元年）に兄の正成は九州から京都目指す足利尊氏の軍に対して新田義貞の指揮下で戦う事を命じられ、湊川の戦い（兵庫県神戸市）において戦って敗北する。
In 1336, his elder brother, Masashige was ordered to fight against the army of Takauji ASHIKAGA who was heading from Kyushu to Kyoto under the command of Yoshisada NITTA, but was defeated in the Battle of Minato-gawa River (Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture).

営業最高速度は、HS1上で140マイル毎時 (225km/h)、在来線では70mph (112km/h) で、将来的には時速170mph (275km/h) を目指す。
The maximum speed in business operation is 140 miles/h (225 km/h) on the HS1 line and 70 miles/h (112 km/h) on existing railway lines, with 170-mph (275-km/h) operations aimed at in the future.

中世以降は、主に各地において民間で個人的に占術・呪術・祭祀を行う非官人の者を指すようになり、現代においては民間で私的祈祷や占術を行う神職の一種として定義付けられている。
After the medieval period, Onmyoji referred mainly to non-bureaucrats who performed divination, magic, and religious services independently among the civilian population in various locations, today, they are a type of Shinto-priest who recite prayers and perform divination in the private sector.

幕府や守護大名が定める奉行職は中堅幹部や吏僚としての性質が強かったが、国人領主における奉行職の場合は主に領主を補佐し、家政を総覧する宿老や家老級の地位を指す場合が多い。
The post of bugyo established by the bakufu and Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) was a kind of middle-ranking executive or official, but when the same post was set up by a kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord) it was often referred to a position equivalent to chief vassal or chief retainer who was the main assistant of a lord and supervised the domestic economy.

戦国時代 (日本)には、国人等の独立的軍団を構成している幕下層（家臣ではないが臣下の礼をとり軍事的に従属）とは別に、主君の指揮下に属する直属部隊の家臣を指す場合もある。
In the Sengoku period (Japan), this term sometimes indicated the retainers who were under direct control of a lord, to separate them from the makusita-so samurai belonging to an independent military service such as kokujin (who were not retainers of the lord but were subordinated to the lord militarily).

神籠石（こうごいし）または神籠石式山城（こうごいししきやましろ）とは古代に築造された山城で、「日本書紀」「続日本紀」に記載がなく、遺構でしか存在の確認できないものを指す。
Kogo-ishi or kogo-ishi style mountain castles were castles built on mountains in ancient times, and because there is no description of them in the 'Nihon shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) or 'Zoku Nihon shoki' (the sequel to Chronicles of Japan) they can be identified only through remains.

訓読すれば「餓鬼に施す」と読めることからも分かるように、六道輪廻の世界にある凡夫の中でも、死後に特に餓鬼道に堕ちた衆生のために食べ物を布施し、その霊を供養する儀礼を指す。
As it can be read as 'feeding hungry ghosts' in the kun-doku (the word-for-word translating method from Chinese to Japanese), it means the rites to feed living things who fell into Gaki-do (world of hungry ghosts) specially after their death among Bonpu (unenlightened persons) in the worlds of Rokudo rinne (Rebirth in the Six Worlds) and holding a mass for their spirits.

「正月」とは、本来1月の別名だが、現在は1月1日から1月3日まで（三が日＝さんがにち）、または「松の内」（元々は1月15日まで、現在は一部では7日まで）を指すことが多い。
Although 'shogatsu' is originally another name for January, shogatsu often refers to a period from January 1st to January 3rd (sanganichi) or 'matsu-no-uchi (this period is originally through January 15th, but currently through January 7th for some people.)

御食国（みけつくに）は、日本古代から平安時代まで、贄（にえ）の貢進国、すなわち皇室・朝廷に海水産物を中心とした御食料（穀類以外の副食物）を貢いだと推定される国を指す言葉。
Miketsukuni indicated the supply provinces making offerings, namely the province that was assumed to supply food (secondary diet component except for grain), mainly marine products, to the Imperial family and Imperial court, from ancient Japan to the Heian period.

だが、中世以降次第に百姓の本分を農とすべきとする、実態とは必ずしも符合しない農本主義的理念が浸透・普及し、明治時代以降は、一般的に農民の事を指すと理解されるようになった。
However, a principle of agricultural fundamentalism stating that the sphere of hyakusho should be agriculture, which did not always match the reality, was gradually passed through and spread since the medieval period, and the term was begun to be understood generally as a person engaged in agriculture.

天文密奏（てんもんみっそう）とは、古代の東アジアにおいて、異常な天文現象が観測された場合に、その観測記録と占星術による解釈（占言）を内密に君主に対して上奏することを指す。
Tenmon misso was a practice in ancient East Asia whereby observation of unusual astronomical phenomenon was confidentially reported to the monarch along with observations and astrological divination (prediction.)

国友（くにとも）は、戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代末期まで「堺市」と並び称せられた鉄砲生産地、近江国坂田郡国友村（現、滋賀県長浜市国友町）及び工人の「国友鍛冶」を指す語。
The word 'Kunitomo' referred to Kunitomo Village in Sakata County, Omi Province (present-day Kunitomo-cho, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture), which was renowned for its production of firearms along with Sakai City during the Warring States period through to the end of the Edo period, and also to gunsmiths who worked in Kunitomo Village (called 'Kunitomo Kaji' in Japanese).

なお、江戸時代の裁判・訴訟においては、裁判・訴訟一般を指す「公事」と次節における民事訴訟を意味する「公事」の2種類が同時に用いられる場合も存在しており、注意を必要とする。
In addition, the use of the term 'kuji' requires special attention with regard to trials or lawsuits in the Edo period because there were two kinds of 'kuji'—one meaning a general trial or lawsuit and the other meaning a civil trial (explained in a later section)—and these terms were sometimes used simultaneously.

これと同じように、それ以前は「摂政関白の正室」という総称でしかなかった「北政所」も、秀吉の正室であった高台院にこれが贈られた後は、専ら彼女のことを指す語になったのである。
Similarly, 'Kitano Mandokoro' which was the generic term for 'the legally wedded wife of Sessho or Kanpaku' came to be used only for indicating Kodain, the legally wedded wife of Hideyoshi, after the title was given to her.

一方、詔勅・宣命などの公文書作成にあたる内記（中務省内記局）を含む用例や外記局を除いて少納言・弁官のみを指す用例、反対に外記及び史以下の官人に限定する用例なども存在する。
On the other hand, there are also examples contradicting the term as stated above, such as one that includes the post of Naiki (Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs) in charge of producing official documents like Shochoku (imperial rescripts) and Senmyo (imperial edicts) as a Jokan; an example that Jokan only indicates the Shonagon and Benkan but not the Geki; and a contrasting example showing that the term is limited to Kanjin lower in rank than Geki and Shi.

「もろみ味噌」と分類される一群の食品は、「味噌のもろみ」ではなく、醤油のもろみに近似したものを、最初から「もろみ」そのものを食べることを目的として造るものを指すことが多い。
A group of the food classified as 'moromi miso' is often produced in order for the 'moromi' itself to be eaten directly, which is not a 'moromi of miso' but is similar to moromi of soy sauce.

貞観元年（859年）、両目を患い隠棲した場所が諸羽山の麓、現在の京都府京都市山科区四ノ宮（四ノ宮と言う地名は、仁明天皇の第四皇子であった親王を指すとする説が一般的）である。
In 859, he went into secluded life in the current Shinomiya, Yamashina Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture, at the top of the Mt. Moroha, after he got an eye disease (there was a common theory that the name of Shinomiya meant Emperor Ninmyo's fourth Prince).

綸旨とは本来は「綸言の旨」の略であり、天皇の意そのものを指していたが、平安時代中期以後は天皇の口宣を元にして蔵人が作成・発給した公文書の要素を持った奉書を指すようになった。
Rinji ('綸旨' in Chinese characters) originally stood for 'Ringen no Mune' ('綸言の旨' in Chinese characters), and meant the Emperor's intention itself; however, in and after the mid Heian period, Rinji came to mean hosho (a document for informing lower rank people of the decision of upper people such as an emperor or shogun) which contained elements of an official document created and issued by Kurodo based on an imperial decree given orally by the Emperor.

しかし、秀吉は全権を譲らず、太閤（※本来、太閤とは子弟に関白を譲った人物を指す）と呼ばれつつ豊臣宗家直轄領と軍権を掌握しつづけたので、次第に二重政権の矛盾が表面化してきた。
However, Hideyoshi did not hand over all of his authorities, and he continued to rule the direct control territory of the head family of Toyotomi and the military power although he became to be called Taiko (father of the Imperial adviser) (*Taiko refers to the person who passed over his position of Kanpaku to his successor), and consequently, the contradictions derived from this dualism of power came up to the surface.

上京区内の東の堀川通から西の七本松通、北の鞍馬口通から南の中立売通あたりまでの範囲の中を指すが、住所としては存在せず、どこからどこまでかは正確に定められているわけではない。
To be precise, it refers to the area between the Horikawa-dori Street in the east and the Shichihonmatsu-dori Street in the west and between the Kuramaguchi-dori Street in the north and the Nakadachiuri-dori Street in the south of Kamigyo Ward; however, the exact location of Nishijin is not officially specified because Nishijin is not a real address.

南丹（なんたん）とは、京都府の丹波地方南部を指す呼称で、行政区分として京都府中央部の亀岡市、南丹市、船井郡京丹波町の3市町の地域（旧船井郡・旧北桑田郡・旧南桑田郡）をいう。
Nantan refers to the southern part of the Tanba area of Kyoto Prefecture, and administratively includes the two cities and one town of Kameoka City, Nantan City and Kyotanba-cho of Funai-gun (former Funai-gun, former Kitakuwada-gun and former Minamikuwada-gun), all of which are located in the central part of Kyoto Prefecture.

周代から春秋時代には、特に古来の '姫' や '姜' といった族集団名でもある '姓' を持つ卿士大夫層(宋代の科挙試験エリートではなく、古代の族長層）を指す用語であった。
From the Zhou period to the Chunqiu period, the term indicated the Keishitaifu class (not the Kakyo [Imperial examination] elite in the Song period but the patriarch class in the ancient times) having a 'surname,' which was also a clan name of ancient times such as 'Ji' and 'Jiang.'

分国とは中世における一国単位の知行を指す語であり、知行国に始まる概念であるが、室町時代中期以降に守護大名や国人一揆による一国単位の領国化が進み、分国支配が形成されていった。
Bunkoku is a term for lordship (chigyo) over one county in the middle ages and was originated from chigyo-koku, which developed into the control of one county by shugo daimyo or kokujin.

貞観の治（じょうがんのち）とは中国唐（618年 - 907年）の第2代皇帝・太宗 (唐)の治世、貞観 (唐)（元年 - 23年）時代（627年 - 649年）の政治を指す。
Jogan no chi (Glorious Jogan rule) indicates the politics performed during the Jogan era (Tang, 627 - 649) and the reign of the second Emperor Taiso (Tang tai zong) in the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) in China.

並びの巻（ならびのまき）とは、平安時代の王朝文学に現れる現象で、複数巻にわたる作品のうち、ある巻を別の巻の「並びの巻」と呼ぶこと、またはそのように呼ばれる巻々のことを指す。
Narabi no maki (parallel chapters) is a name for a chapter which is parallel to another chapter in a work consisting of several volumes, or the chapters themselves called as such.

「仏殿」という名称は、『日本書紀』にも見え、仏堂一般を指す語として用いられる場合もあるが、日本では主に禅宗寺院の本尊（多くは釈迦如来）を安置する堂の名称として使われている。
The name 'butsuden' (also meaning 'Buddha hall') is recorded in 'Nihon Shoki' (The Chronicles of Japan) and is used as an alternative name for 'butsudo,' but in Japan is mainly used in the context of the halls that enshrine the principal object of Zen sect temples (often Buddha Shakyamuni).

1894年に公布された高等学校令に基づいて第三高等中学校は第三高等学校 (旧制)（以下、本記事において「第三高等学校」は特に断りのない限り、旧制第三高等学校を指す）となる。
Under the Ordinance of High School, proclaimed in 1894, Third Advanced Junior High School was transformed into Third High School (under the old system) (In this article, 'Third High School' indicates Third High School under the old system, if there's no particular explanation).

高位の貴族の着るものを「狩衣」（模様有り、袷仕立て、ただし、室町以降夏物には裏地なし）それ以外を布衣（ほい/「ほうい」と呼ぶと狩衣全体を指す/無紋、裏地なし）と呼び分けた。
Therefore, clothes worn by higher-ranking nobles were called 'kariginu' (with patterns and lined garment; kariginu for summer was made without lined garment after the Muromachi period), and others were called 'hoi' ('houi' refers to kariginu as a whole; without patterns and lined garment).

木活字版（もっかつじばん）とは、木製活字で印刷された出版物を指すが、狭義においては江戸時代中期から明治時代初期にかけて出版された木製活字印本（近世木活字版）を指す場合がある。
Mokkatsuji-ban is the generic term for wood movable-type prints; however, it is sometimes narrowly interpreted as printed books of wood movable-type printing published from the mid Edo to the early Meiji periods (Kinsei [the early modern times] Mokkatsuji-ban).

諸蕃氏族は、さらに5分類され、「漢」として163氏、「百済」として104氏、「高麗」（高句麗を指す）として41氏、「新羅」として9氏、「任那」として9氏がそれぞれ挙げられる。
The clans of Shoban are further divided into five types: 'Han,' which includes 163 clans; 'Kudara,' which includes 104 clans; 'Goryeo' (meaning Goguryeo), which includes 41 clans; 'Silla,' which includes nine clans; and 'Mimana,' which also includes nine clans.

日朝修好条規（にっちょうしゅうこうじょうき）は、1876年（明治9年、朝鮮暦高宗 (朝鮮王)13年）に日本と李氏朝鮮との間で締結された条約とそれに付随した諸協定を含めて指す。
The Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity refers to the treaty between Japan and the Joseon Dynasty concluded in 1876 and all agreements subsidiary to it.

当時の清国が列強の侵略下にあり、朝鮮がその清の冊封国であるという現状を踏まえて、まず三国が完全に独立を果たす、次いで三国の同盟を目指すという形で将来の東アジア像を描いていた。
At the time, Qing was being invaded by such powerful countries, and he had a vision of the future of East Asia that included, first, the three countries complete independence, then, in consideration of the current situation of Korea with regard to the Sakuho-koku (countries to confer peerage with a Saku paper), and then aimed for the tripartite alliance of Japan, Qing and Korea.

通常に用いられるのは「舎利弗問経」を基本に、「法華経」や「金光明最勝王経」などの説により、天部衆、龍衆、夜叉衆、乾闥婆衆、阿修羅衆、迦楼羅衆、緊那羅衆、摩睺羅伽衆の8つを指す。
Usually it means the following eight deities based on mainly 'Sharihotsumon-kyo Sutra,' and 'Hoke-kyo Sutra' and 'Konkomyo Saisho-kyo Sutra' as well; Tenbushu (Deities who reside in a heavenly realm, one of the six realms in which the souls of living beings transmigrate from one to another), Ryushu (Pre-Buddhist snake or dragon deities), Yashashu (a class of semi divine usually considered to be of a benevolent and inoffensive disposition but sometimes also classed with malignant spirits), Kendatsubashu (Gandharva), Karurashu (Garuda), Kinnarashu (Kinnara) and Makoragashu (Mahoraga).

これは『無量寿経仏説無量寿経』にある「一向専念無量寿仏」から、阿弥陀仏の名号を称えることと解釈され、そこから「一向宗」が他の宗派より親鸞を開祖とする浄土真宗を指す呼称となった。
Since it was described 'Ikko Sennen Muryo Jubutsu' (一向専念無量寿仏) in the sutra 'Muryoju-kyo Bussetsu Muryoju-kyo' (無量寿経仏説無量寿経), '一向' Ikko was understood as chanting of the Amitabha's name, from which '一向宗' became a designation used by other sects to refer to the Jodo Shinshu sect founded by Shinran.

負所（おっしょ）とは、中世の荘園において、本来は国衙に納めるべき雑役（場合によっては官物の一部を含む）を免除を受け、その分を自己に収めることが出来る荘園領主及びその土地を指す。
The term 'Ossho' means the lords of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) were exempted from and allowed to collect Zatsueki (a kind tax under the Ritsuryo system) (sometimes inclusive of the portion of Kanmotsu (tribute goods -supposed to be paid to Kokuga (provincial government offices) as well as the land of such Shoen.

永禄11年（1568年）、足利義昭を奉じて上洛した織田信長は、やがて幕府政治の復活を目指す義昭と対立するようになり、義昭は信長討伐のため、義景にしきりに御内書を送るようになる。
Nobunaga ODA, who went to the capital to serve Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA in 1568, came to conflict with Yoshiaki who tried to recover a government by the shogunate, and Yoshiaki started to frequently send Gonaisho (official documents) to Yoshikage to suppress Nobunaga.

蘇我入鹿暗殺後、脱出した古人大兄皇子が述べた「韓人（からひと）、鞍作（入鹿）を殺しつ」（「韓人殺鞍作臣」）の韓人は、先祖にその名を持つ、蘇我倉山田石川麻呂を指すという説もある。
One theory states that Furuhito no Oe no Miko's statement 'Karahito killed Kuratsukuri (Iruka)'('韓人殺鞍作臣') which he gave when he escaped after the assassination of SOGA no Iruka implies that Karahito indicates SOGANOKURA-YAMADA no Ishikawamaro since his ancestor had shared the name Karahito.

分祀という言葉は、ある神社に複数の祭神が祀られている場合に、そのうち一部の祭神のみを他所に移して祀ることを指す分遷の語義で使われる場合もある（「分遷」の例：伊太祁曽神社歴史）。
The word of 'bunki' may include the meaning of 'bunsen,' in which one deity from a number of enshrined gods is moved to a different place (An example of 'bunsen': Itakiso-jinja Rekishi (History of Itakiso-jinja Shrine).

「マンダラ」という語は、英語ではヒンドゥー教やその他の宗教のコスモロジー（宇宙観）も含め、かなり広義に解釈されているが、日本語では通常、仏教の世界観を表現した絵画等のことを指す。
Although the term 'mandala' is broadly interpreted in English as the cosmology in Hindu and other religions, it usually means paintings, and so on, that express the world view of Buddhism in Japanese.

加えて、仏教を専修念仏を行う浄土門とそれ以外の行を行う聖道門に分け、浄土門を娑婆世界を厭い極楽往生を願って専修念仏を行う門、聖道門を現世で修行を行い悟りを目指す門と規定している。
In addition, he divided Buddhism into Gateway of the Pure Land that practices senju-nenbutsu and Gateway of the Holy Path that uses other practices, and he prescribed the Gateway of the Pure Land as the gateway by which one engages in senju-nenbutsu with a wish to escape the humanly world and to be born in the Pure Land, and the Gateway of the Holy Path as the gateway by which one aims for enlightenment by training in this world.

「法隆寺金堂の壁画」といえば、金堂外陣（げじん）の土壁に描かれていた12面の壁画を指すことが多いが、これらの他に内陣小壁の飛天の壁画20面と、外陣小壁の山中羅漢図18面があった。
The murals in the Kondo of Horyu-ji Temple' often refers to the 12 murals on the mud walls of the Kondo gejin (part of the main sanctuary outside the innermost sanctum of a shrine), however, there were additional murals as follows: 20 murals of Hiten (a flying Apsaras, a flying Buddhist angel playing music) on kokabe (the wall between the kamoi [a generic term for a head jamb, normally have tracks for sliding doors or partitions] and the ceiling) of the naijin (inner sanctuary of a shrine or temple), and 18 murals of Sanchu Rakan zu (painting of Arhat in mountain) on the kokabe of the gejin.

父の天竺人（この天竺がどこを指すかは不明。インド、ジャワもしくはアラビアの可能性もあり）の商人・ヒジリは足利義満の時代に来日し、京都の相国寺に居住して絶海中津の庇護を受けていた。
His father, who was a foreigner possibly from India, Java or Arabia, came to Japan as a merchant in the days of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and lived in Shokoku-ji Temple, Kyoto, under the aegis of Chushin ZEKKAI.

現在では京都・奈良間の街道を指す汎称として「奈良街道」という呼称が用いられるが、小倉堤上に築かれたバイパス部分を指して言う場合は、かつての呼称からもっぱら「大和街道」と呼ばれる。
At present, the name 'Nara-kaido' is used to refer collectively to roads between Kyoto and Nara, however, the historical name 'Yamato-kaido Road' is used for the bypass built over Ogura-zutsumi bank.

正倉院文書（もんじょ）に天平宝字7年（763年）12月20日付けの「造円堂所牒」（ぞうえんどうしょちょう）という文書があり、この「円堂」は栄山寺八角堂を指すものと考証されている。
There exists a document known as 'Zoendoshocho (造円堂所牒)' dated December 20, 763 in Shosoin Monjo (documents retained in Shosoin), and the word 'Endo (円堂)' in this document is considered to refer to Hakkakudo of Eisan-ji Temple.

本来は仏教寺院において衆僧を束ねられる程の力量を持った僧や住持の事を指すが、後に延暦寺においてトップの僧を座主と呼ぶようになり、天台宗全体を統括するため、朝廷の承認が必要となった。
While this term originally referred to priests or chief priests who had the ability to unite many priests, later it came to mean the top priests in the Enryaku-ji Temple, which required the approval from the Imperial court in order to control all of the Tendai Sect.

「吸い地」はどのような具材にも合うという意味で「吸い地八方（すいじはっぽう）」ともいう（ただし、「吸い地八方」は椀種に予め味付けするために多少濃く味付けしたものを指すこともある）。
Suiji is also called 'suiji happo' (literally, all-purpose soup stock) in that its taste matches well with any solid ingredient; however, 'suiji happo' refers in some cases to soup stock seasoned somewhat strongly that is used to season wandane.

一般に黒川能と呼ばれるのは、山形県櫛引町大字黒川の春日神社の「王祗祭」で演じられる能のことを指すが、他にも3月23日の祈年祭、5月8日の例祭、11月23日の新穀感謝祭でも舞われる。
Kurokawa-Noh, as it is called in general, refers to the Noh performed at 'Ogi-sai' (Ogi festival) at Kasuga-jinja Shrine in Oaza Kurokawa, Kushibiki-machi, Yamagata Prefecture, but it is also performed at Kinen-sai (a festival for bountiful harvests) of March 23, Rei-sai (an annual festival for the shrine) of May 8, and Shinkoku-kansha-sai (a festival for the harvest of the year) of November 23.

豊臣政権時から江戸時代後期に至るまでは、この戦役が日本が明の征服を目指す途上の朝鮮半島で行われたものであることから唐入り・唐御陣、あるいは高麗陣・朝鮮陣などの呼称が用いられていた。
From the time of the Toyotomi Government to the late Edo period, as Japan carried out this war on the Korean Peninsula on the way to conquer Ming, it was called 'karairi' (literally, entering China), 'karagojin' (literally, China war), or 'Korai jin' (the Goryeio war), and 'Chosen jin' (literally, Korea wa).

18代門主として尊性法親王（後高倉院皇子）が入寺してからは門跡寺院としての地位が確立し、近世末期に至るまで歴代門主の大部分が法親王（皇族で出家後に親王宣下を受けた者を指す）である。
The temple was established as a Monzeki Temple when Cloistered Imperial Prince Sonsho (a prince of Gotakakurain) served at the temple as the 18th chief priest, and the majority of the successive chief priests until the end of the early modern period were Cloistered Imperial Prince (an individual awarded the rank of 'Imperial Prince' after leaving the Imperial family to enter the Buddhist priesthood).

イーター理事会の尽力により解決できないこの協定の解釈あるいは適用に関する両締約者間のいかなる紛争も、締約者の要請により、イーター協定第二十六条に規定される手続きに従い解決を目指す。
Any dispute between the Parties concerning the interpretation or application of this Agreement which is not settled by the good offices of the ITER Council, may, at the request of the Parties, be presented for settlement in accordance with the procedures set out in Article 25 of the ITER Agreement.

纒向遺跡または纏向遺跡（まきむくいせき）は、奈良県桜井市、御諸山（みもろやま）とも三室山（みむろやま）とも呼ばれる三輪山の北西麓一帯に広がる弥生時代末期〜古墳時代前期の遺跡群を指す。
Makimuku Remains ('纒向遺跡' or '纏向遺跡') is a series of remains located at the north-west foot of Mt. Miwa ('三輪山.'also called Mt. Mimoro, '御諸山' or Mt. Mimuro '三室山') in Sakurai-City, Nara Prefecture, which existed during the period of the last stage of the Yayoi period to the early Tumulus period of ancient Japan.

江戸で「人形」と言えば市松人形を指すほどだったが、子供のおもちゃとしては壊れやすいことから、次第にセルロイド製の人形やソフトビニール製の人形に追われ、観賞用へと用途が変化していった。
When people referred to 'doll' in Edo, they almost always meant Ichimatsu ningyo, but it was gradually replaced by dolls made of celluloid and soft vinyl and came to be used for ornamental purpose.

欠史十代（けっしじゅうだい）とは、『古事記』において、系譜のみが記され、その事績は記されていない第24代仁賢天皇から第33代推古天皇までの10人の天皇のこと、あるいはその時代を指す。
Kesshi-Judai refers to the ten Emperors from the twenty-fourth Emperor Ninken to the thirty-third Empress Suiko, who only have their genealogy and not their achievements recorded in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), or to this period of time.

後南朝は、嘉吉の乱で滅亡した赤松氏の再興を目指す赤松遺臣によって、1457年（長禄元年）に南朝後裔の自天王・忠義王なる兄弟が殺害され、神璽が奪還されることによって、実質的に滅亡した。
But in 1457, the gonancho forces were essentially ruined when they were betrayed by the surviving retainers of the AKAMATSU clan, who were seeking to restore the clan after their annihilation in the Kakitsu rebellion; the Southern Court descendants, the brothers Jitenno and Chugio, were assassinated, and the Grand Jewels were restolen.

平安時代（へいあんじだい、794年-1185年頃）とは、794年に桓武天皇が平安京（京都）に都（首都）を移してから、鎌倉幕府の成立までの約390年間を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
The Heian period denotes a period of Japanese history spanning roughly 390 years, from 794 when Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Heian Kyo (ancient Kyoto) to the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1185.

ヨーロッパにおける荘園制(Manorialism or Seigneurialism)は、中世の西ヨーロッパ農村及び中央ヨーロッパの一部農村に見られた経済・社会構造を指す用語である。
Manorialism or Seigneurialism in Europe is the word which refers to the economical and social structure as seen in the villages in west European villages or some villages in central Europe in medieval times.

狭義の意味では、「駅弁」とは、社団法人日本鉄道構内営業中央会（以下「中央会」と略す）に加盟している業者が調製し、駅構内で販売しており、なおかつ米飯が入っている弁当のみを指すこともある。
In the narrow sense, 'Ekiben' only indicates a box lunch satisfying the following conditions: 'it contains cooked rice,' 'it was produced by a company joining the Central Committee of the Japanese Association of Railroad Station Concessionaires (hereafter, 'Center Committee'), ' and 'it is sold within station precincts.'

スルメといえば現在では基本的にイカの乾燥させたものを指すが、墨を吐く群を「墨群（すみむれ）」と呼んでいたところから転訛したという説があり、かつては乾燥させたタコもスルメと呼ばれていた｡
Today, surume basically means dried squid but there is an opinion that it is a corrupted pronunciation of 'sumimure,' which once was a generic term for schools of ink-spurting creatures and dried octopus used to be referred to as surume as well.

天下統一（てんかとういつ/てんがとういつ）は、主に日本の戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代初期にかけて、日本全土（琉球と蝦夷の大半を除く）を、自らの支配下に置き日本全土を統一する事を指す。
Tenka-toitsu (or Tenga-toitsu) refers to the act of putting the whole country of Japan (except for most parts of Ryukyu and Ezo [inhabited area of Ainu]) under own control and unifying it, mainly during the period from the Seongoku Period (Period of Warring State) to the early Edo period.

都城とは広義には城壁で囲まれた都市全般を指すが（→城郭都市）、狭義には「条坊制」に則って設計・建設された首都あるいは副都（陪都）で、「羅城」と呼ばれる城壁で市域を囲郭されたものをいう。
In a broad sense, Tojo refers to city at large surrounded by walls (walled city) and, in a more limited sense, it refers to a capital or secondary capital city (Baito) designed and constructed in conformity with 'jobosei' (street plan of ancient capital) whose city area was surrounded by walls called 'Rajo'.

元信の作品は、漢画（大和絵に対して中国風の画を指す）系の水墨画を基礎としつつ、大和絵系の土佐派の様式を取り入れ、書院造建築の装飾にふさわしい日本的な障壁画様式を確立した点に特色がある。
Motonobu's works are notable for melding the Tosa school style of Yamato-e painting onto the ink-wash painting method of the Kanga style (typically monochrome, Chinese style paintings), and establishing a particularly Japanese style of partition wall painting, suitable for the decoration of buildings of the traditional Shoin-zukuri architectual style.

元亀元年（1570年）　天下統一を目指す織田信長が、一大勢力である浄土真宗門徒の本拠地でありかつ西国への要衝でもあった環濠城塞都市石山からの退去を命じたため、戦いに発展する（石山合戦）。
In 1570, Nobunaga ODA, whose goal was the integration of Japan, ordered Hongwan-ji Temple to withdraw from the moated castle city Ishiyama, a the headquarters of the Jodo Shinshu sect's lay follower groups and a strategic point against western Japan, which led to a war (the Ishiyama War).

- 屋台とは商売の方法ではなく、簡易の屋根と売り台を持って商売をする形態であり、的屋などもこの形態を用いる者もあるが、一般的には日本各地に見られる屋台街といわれる屋台の飲食店などを指す。
Yatai is not a method of business, but the use of a simple roof and counter, and while some tekiya conduct business in this way the word generally refers to yatai restaurants called yatai-gai seen all over Japan.

このため丁寧語として「御座布団」と呼ぶ事も在るが、この場合の御座布団では、宗教的行事などにおいて僧侶等が座る際に用いるための、特別に弾力性に富んでいたり装飾が施された物を指す場合がある。
As a result, they are sometimes referred to in the honorific 'go-zabuton', although in this case the term 'go-zabuton' sometimes indicates zabuton used by priests in religious rites and these are decorated and have special elasticity.

従来の荒唐無稽な歌舞伎脚本やうわべだけの近代化に終わった活歴物と違う、新しい歌舞伎劇を目指すべく、1893年（明治26年）論文『我が邦の史劇』を発表、その実践例としてこの作品を創作した。
Aiming at creating a new kabuki drama unlike traditional unrealistic scripts or historical drama modernized only on the surface, he published a paper titled 'Wagakuni no Shigeki (Japan's historical drama)' in 1893 and put his theory into practice by creating this work.

ただし歌舞伎の世界では通常「九代目」といえば市川團十郎 (9代目)のことを、「六代目」といえば尾上菊五郎 (6代目)のことを指すので、「九代目」「六代目」という声が掛かることはまずない。
Among audiences of kabuki, 'Kyu-daime' (the ninth) usually refers to the ninth Danjuro ICHIKAWA, 'Roku-daime' (the sixth) usually refers to the sixth Kikugoro ONOE, therefore, at present, 'Kyu-daime' and 'Roku-daime' are rarely used for the other actors.

もともとは、因果や道理に違背・違逆して、人間の倫理に反する言動や行為により仏道に違背することであるが、後に仏法を誹謗したことが逆に縁となって、仏法に帰依するような場合も指すようになった。
The gyaku-en originally meant the act of opposing Buddhism by defying fate and order as well as by making unethical remarks and committing unethical acts; subsequently, however, the word also began to indicate cases where criticizing Buddhism triggered inversely one to become a monk.

広義では、朝廷または国衙が伽藍の造営・維持のための費用その他を拠出している寺院を指し、狭義では食封や墾田保有権（荘園私有の権利）を国家から与えられて、運営が行われている寺院のことを指す。
In a broad sense, the term refers to temples for which the imperial court or provincial government offices provided the construction and maintenance costs as well as other funds, and in a narrow sense refers to temples that were self-managed but for which jikifu (a vassal household allotted to courtier, shrines and temples) and cultivated land ownership rights (the right to hold a manor) were provided by the state.

しばしば、天守代用と呼ばれている建造物は、主に「事実上の天守」を指すことが多く、その規模や意匠によっては、天守として扱うこともある（久留米城巽三重櫓、福井城三重櫓など）多重櫓のことである。
In many cases, the structures often called Tenshu substitutes indicate 'Virtual Tenshu,' and multiple-story Yagura, which are sometimes treated as Tenshu depending on their scale and design (Kurume-jo Castle tatsumi three-story turret, Fukui-jo Castle three-story turret and so on).

安土桃山時代（あづちももやまじだい、1568年 - 1603年）とは、織田信長と豊臣秀吉が天下人として日本の統治権を握っていた（織田政権・豊臣政権）時代を指す、日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
The Azuchi Momoyama period (1568 - 1603) is one of the age classifications in Japan, referring to the period in which Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI held the right to rule Japan (Oda government, Toyotomi government).

細川澄元、三好之長軍は3千名前後しかおらず、この戦力で京都奪還を目指すというのは、戦上手である三好之長が立案するとは考えにくく、戦局の打開、阿波国へ逃げ帰る事が目的であったとも思われている
With such limited armies of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI around three thousand strong, Yukinaga MIYOSHI who was proficient in directing a war could not have devised a strategy aimed at retaking Kyoto -- They might have aimed at turning the tide of the war and retreating back to Awa Province.

奈良盆地を指す令制国の名称が、三野が美濃国、尾治が尾張国などと好字をもって二字の国名に統一されたのと同じく、和銅初年（701年）には「倭国」を「大倭国」と書くようになったと考えられている。
The name of ryoseikoku (province) that indicated the Nara Basin was considered to be changed from '倭国' to '大倭国' in 701 in the same way as 三野 was changed to 美濃国 and 尾治 was changed to 尾張国 by using koji (letters signified good meaning and often used for person's name or place name).

開拓使官有物払下げ事件（かいたくしかんゆうぶつはらいさげじけん）は、北海道開拓使長官の黒田清隆が開拓使の官有物払下げを決定したところ、世論の厳しい批判を浴び、払下げ中止となった事件を指す。
The scandal over the sale of the property owned by the Hokkaido Development Agency was the incident that the decision to sell the property owned by the Agency made by Kiyotaka KURODA, the director of the Hokkaido Development Commission, was cancelled due to the heavy criticism from the public.

そのため西欧では、19世紀後半に両方を指す語としてタオイズム（Tao-ism）の語が造られ、アンリ・マスペロを筆頭とするフランス学派の学者たちを中心に両者の間に因果関係を認める傾向がある。
Therefore, in Europe in the latter half of the 19th century, the term of Tao-ism was created for indicating both of the religions, and a French academic school, headed by Henry MASPERO, went as far as to point to a causal relationship between the two religions.

だが、これに反対する成身院光宣とその一族である筒井氏がこれに抵抗し、嘉吉4年（1444年）に大和の国人を結集させて筒井順永の討伐を命じるが敗れ、逆に奈良の支配を目指す筒井順永の攻撃を受ける。
But the opposition forces, Joshinin Kosen and his relatives the Tsutsui clan, were against this and gathered people from Yamato Province to kill Junei TSUTSUI in 1444, however after failing in this they were instead attacked by Junei TSUTSUI who was aiming to govern Nara Province.

源氏物語にも種々の笛が登場するが、単に笛という場合は龍笛（竜笛）を指すことが多く、そのほかは「さくはちのふえ」（尺八）、「さうのふえ」（笙）、「こまぶえ」（高麗笛）などのように限定している。
Various fue also appear in Genji Monogatari (The Tale of Genji), but the word fue usually refers to ryuteki when used alone and others are specifically called 'sakuhachi no fue' (shakuhachi), 'sau no fue' (sho [笙]) or 'komabue.'

番組小学校（ばんぐみしょうがっこう）は、明治維新後の1869年（明治2年）、京都の町衆たちの手によって、当時の住民自治組織であった「番組（町組）」を単位として創設された、64の小学校を指す。
Bangumi elementary schools refer to the sixty-four elementary schools established by the towns people in Kyoto in 1869, two years after the Meiji Restoration, based on the then extant municipal-level autonomous administrative unit known as the 'bangumi' (a neighborhood unit).

文明開化、欧化思想の中で武術そのものが『時代遅れ』とされ、弓術もその例に漏れず衰退の一途をたどり、大衆の意識では『弓』と言えば賭け弓等の娯楽・性風俗の弓を指す程までにかつての弓術は影を潜める。
In the middle of civilization and enlightenment and Europeanized thought, martial arts were considered to be 'out of fashion' and Kyujutsu also declined like other martial arts so much that the 'bow and arrow' came to mean entertainment and sex culture such as Kakeyumi among the feelings of the common people.

また、重要美術品等認定物件は、分野的には、刀剣、浮世絵、古筆（主として平安～鎌倉期の筆跡を指す）、宸翰（しんかん：天皇の筆跡）など、いくつかの特定分野の物件の認定が際立って多いのも特色である。
Another distinctive feature of the properties accredited as an important art object is that the accreditation of the properties in several particular fields markedly stands out in number, namely swords, ukiyo-e pictures, ancient Japanese writing (mainly the calligraphy of the Heian and Kamakura periods) and Imperial letters (the calligraphy of emperors).

野生酵母（やせいこうぼ）とは、もともと空気中、土壌、植物をはじめ自然界に存在しているすべての酵母を意味するが、日本酒の醸造過程においては目指す酒質を得るための酵母以外のすべての酵母を意味する。
Yasei-kobo (wild yeast) refers to all kinds of yeast which originally live in the nature including the air, the soil, and plants while, in the fermentation process of Japanese sake, refers to all kinds of yeast other than those that are used to obtain the desired sake quality.

一般的には、「三局」と称された少納言局・弁官局・外記局を率いる少納言・弁官・外記と三局に属した史 (律令制)・史生以下の下級官人（反対に考えると、公卿・議政官を除く全ての太政官官人）を指す。
Jokan was a broadly used term to indicate government officials such as the Shonagon (lesser councilor of state), Benkan (controller) and Geki (secretary of the Grand Council of State), who were the three directors of the Sankyoku (an assortment of three bureaus: the Shonagon bureau, Benkan bureau and Geki bureau, respectively), the Shi (an official in charge of records), the Shisho (an official in charge of miscellaneous documents) and lower ranking Kanjin (government officials) affiliated with the Sankyoku, or in other words, Jokan indicates all of the officials of the Daijokan except the Kugyo (top court officials) and the Giseikan (Legislature).

もともとは、ヤマト王権の時代に有力豪族の子弟をさして広く「みこ」と称されており、しかし、次第に大王 (ヤマト王権)の子弟を指すようになるにつれ、大王の女子を「ひめみこ」と呼称するようになった。
Originally, the children of Gozoku (local ruling family) were widely called 'Miko' in the period of Yamato sovereignty, and while the naming came to refer to the children of Okimi (great king of Yamato sovereignty), the daughters of Okimi came to be called 'Himemiko.'

譜代下人（ふだいげにん）とは、譜代奉公人（ふだいほうこうにん）とも呼ばれ、近世農村において主家に人身的な隷属にあり、譜代として永代・世襲的に労役を提供する形によって奉公した下人・奉公人を指す。
Fudai genin were also called Fudai hokonin (servant and hereditary vassal) and meant genin (servants who served their masters as slaves) and hokonin (a servant) who were in personal slavery and served their master by providing roeki (labor service) as Fudai permanently and patrimonially in the agricultural community of modern times.

頭に鍍金した唐草模様の宝冠（雅楽では、山形の額飾りと側頭部に二本の剣形の飾りを備えた金属製のヘッドバンドを指す）をつけて二本の山吹の枝をはさみ、図画資料では髪は下の輪のみの角髪に結うことが多い。
They wear hokan (crown) (in gagaku [ancient Japanese court dance and music]), it refers to a metal band for hair with a mountain-like ornament on the front and two sword-like ornaments on each side of the band), with arabesque, plated with gold, guilt on their head, and clip two yamabuki (bright yellow) branches, and lower ring of their hair was often set in mizura, tsunogami style.

しかし、同じ詔の中で「月日とともに長く、天地とともに変わらず、改めてはならない法として立てられた」とほぼ同じに長々しく形容されている二つの法が別のものを指すというのは不自然だと考える学者が多い。
However, many scholars consider that it is unnatural to think that the two different laws are similarly modified by the excessively long adjective phrase that means 'established as the irreversible and eternal code, which should not be modified as long as the universe exists and as long as the sun and the moon shed light' could exist in the same edict.

〔凡例〕単なる訳語と書名を区別するため、以後『万国公法』と書く場合は書名を意味し、「万国公法」と書く場合は国際法の訳語および'International Law'としての国際法を指すものとする。
[Remark] In order to distinguish between the translated term and the name of book, hereinafter, 'Bankoku Koho' means the name of the book, and bankoku koho means translation of kokusaiho (international law) and international law itself.

最後の遣唐使として唐に留学するが、もともと請益僧（短期の入唐僧）であったため目指す天台山へは旅行許可が下りず（短期の入唐僧の為日程的に無理と判断されたか）、空しく帰国せねばならない事態に陥った。
He was the last of kentoshi to study in China but, since he was shoyakuso (a monk who stayed in Tang for a short period), he was not given a travel permit to Mt. Tiantai (perhaps because it was considered impossible due to his limited schedule) and he had no choice but to go back to Japan.

建前、棟上とは普請を生業にする職人がいる地域では、棟梁（大工）が中心になり大工の作成した番付表（組み立て手順書の様な物）を見て鳶職が軸組みの組み立てを行い一番高い棟木を設置する一連の作業を指す。
In regions that have construction craftsmen, tatemae and muneage mean a series of processes for scaffolding men to construct the framework by reviewing a banzuke hyo (a kind of the construction procedure manual) made by the head carpenter and to place a ridgepole on the top.

英とは、エイ・ヒデなどとも読み、秀でたものを指すように思われがちだが、実際には、ハナ・ハナブサとも読まれるわけで、これは、花（ハナ）のことを表し、特に実を付けぬ花、即ち｢雄花｣のことを意味する。
More often than not, the character 英 (pronounced 'ei' or 'hide') is considered to mean excellence or things that are superior, but in reality it is also pronounced 'hana' or 'hanabusa,' indicating flowers (hana), especially those that don't bear fruit, namely 'male flowers.'

さらに、招宝七郎とは道元和尚が帰国する際に、白蛇に化けて随伴し来たった護法善神で、陶弘景のことを指すのではないか、と可考した上で、大権修利と同体であると言う者も多いが疑わしい、と疑義を呈している。
He then added that Shoho Shichiro was Goho Zenjin (deity protecting dharma) who accompanied Dogen osho (high priest) in the shape of an albino Japanese rat snake when he was returning to Japan, and Shoho Shichiro might refer to Tao Hong-jing; and also said it was doubtful that Shoho Shichiro was the same god as Daigen shuri, although many people supported this theory.

こうした事態を憂慮した伊藤は初代内閣総理大臣就任とともに引き続き初代宮内大臣を兼ねて天皇の意向を内閣_(日本)に伝えることで天皇の内閣への不信感を和らげ、伊藤の目指す立憲国家建設への理解を求めた。
Concerned about this, Ito told the Cabinet (Japan) of the emperor's intention once he had been appointed to serve as the first Prime Minister while also serving as the Minister of the Imperial Household at the same time in order to quell the emperor's distrust of the Cabinet and gain his acceptance for the constitutional government Ito sought to implement.

同類身分として「下人」があり、「下人・所従」と総称されることが多いが、下人は「百姓下人」などと上層農民に付属する隷属民を指すのに対し、所従は「地頭所従」などと主に武家の隷属民を指すことが多かった。
There existed 'Genin' (underlings) as a close parallel to Shoju and two of them were often used in pair as 'Genin - Shoju'; generally, Genin meant the slaves of upper class farmers and were called 'Hyakusho Genin' (Genin of farmers), while Shoju meant the slaves of a military family and was called 'Jito Genin' (Genin of jito - manager and lord of manor.)

その後、青木信光 (子爵)・水野直ら若手議員を中心にこれまでの路線を見直して政友会との連携や他会派との合併・世襲・勅撰・多額納税者議員の勧誘による更なる拡大を目指す「大研究会」構想などが浮上した。
Later, young members such as Mitsunobu AOKI (viscount) and Naoshi MIZUNO reviewed existing policies and brought up a plan called 'Dai Kenkyukai' (Great Kenkyukai) aiming at further expansion of the faction through cooperation with Seiyu-kai Party, coalition with other factions and inviting hereditary, nominated and large-tax-paying members to join the faction.

地元の住民は、当駅付近一帯を呼称する時にはあくまでも四条通と河原町通の交差点名である「四条河原町」と呼ぶことが多く、ここを指す地名として「河原町」や「（阪急）河原町駅前」と呼ぶことはほとんどない。
Locals usually refer to the area near the station as 'Shijo-Kawaramachi,' which is the name of the Shijo-dori Street and Kawaramachi-dori Street intersection; they almost never call it 'Kawaramachi' or '(Hankyu) Kawaramachi Station-front area.'

しかし、明治34年（1901年）に空手が沖縄県で学校の体育科に採用された頃から、唐手表記のまま、読み方が「トゥーディー」から「からて」へ改められ、意味も「手」も含めた琉球拳法一般を指すようになった。
However, beginning in around 1901, when schools and colleges in Okinawa adopted karate as a subject of gymnastics classes, the pronunciation was changed from 'toudee' to 'karate,' and karate came to represent Ryukyu kenpo in general, including 'te.'

蹲う（つくばう）には平伏・平身低頭する意味、踞む（こごむ）は屈み込んだ状態を指し、腰をかけたり中腰の状態の踞ぐ（しりうたぐ）を指すことから転じて貴人が通行する際にしゃがんだ状態で礼をするさまを言う。
蹲う (Tsukubau) means bowing to the ground and 踞む (Kogomu) means bending down, sitting down or crouching, and therefore the combination of these two characters can represent the posture of bowing politely with one's body bended down that is taken to show respect toward any person of high rank passing by.

応仁の乱に際しては義敏も義廉も領国に下ってその一円支配を目指すものの、遠江国を今川氏に、越前国を朝倉氏に奪われて領国の大半を失い、尾張国で義敏の子孫が守護代の織田氏に推戴されて存続するのみとなった。
During the Onin War, Yoshitoshi and Yoshikado went down to their own territories to reign the whole region; however, the Shiba clan lost most of its own territories after Totomi Province was captured by the Imagawa clan and Echizen Province by the Asakura clan, and only a descendant of Yoshitoshi remained in Owari Province as recommended by the Oda clan, which was Shugodai.

今日、一般的に大峰山（大峯山）といえば山上ヶ岳を指すが、大峯奥駈道でいう「大峯」とは、吉野から山上ヶ岳を経てさらに奥の山々、そして最終的には熊野三山に至る大峰山脈を縦走する修行の道全体を指している。
Today, generally speaking of Mt. Omine, it refers to Mt. Sanjogatake, however 'Omine' in Omine Okugake-michi refers to the area from Yoshino through Mt. Sanjogatake to the far deeper mountains, and all the paths for asceticism that course longitudinally through the Omine mountains which eventually lead to Kumano Sanzan.

一般には、12世紀後半の源頼朝による鎌倉幕府の設立から、慶応3年（1867年）の徳川慶喜による大政奉還まで、約700年間に渡る武家による政権を指すが、現在は平清盛の平氏政権からとする説が有力である。
The military government was an administration under the control of samurai, which continued for about 700 years from the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the late 12th century to Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) lead by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA in 1867; however, a theory, in which the start was the Taira clan government ruled by TAIRA no Kiyomori, is now widely accepted.

中世の経済的利益は座・問丸・株仲間によって独占され既得権化していたが、戦国大名はこれを排除して絶対的な領主権の確立を目指すとともに、税の減免を通して新興商工業者を育成し経済の活性化を図ったのである。
Economic benefits in Japan during the middle ages were monopolized by za (guilds), toimaru (specialized wholesale merchants) and kabunakama (trade associations) but Sengoku daimyo abolished these and, as well as attempting to establish absolute feudal rights, aimed to stimulate the economy by fostering emerging merchants and tradesmen via the reduction and exemption of taxes.

幕府御家人で、元寇後の困窮した御家人の救済を目指した弘安徳政を推進していた安達泰盛と、御内人の利益を重んじ、御内人の中心に位置する得宗の権力強化を目指す頼綱は、政治路線をめぐって激しく対立していた。
Putting miuchibito's interests first and seeking to reinforce the power of the Tokuso family around whom the miuchibito were organized, Yoritsuna was vehemently and politically opposed to Yasumori ADACHI who vigorously pursued political reform called Koan Tokusei to help the impoverished retainers after the Mongol Invasion.

古神道の神籬（ひもろぎ）・磐座（いわくら）信仰の御神木や夫婦岩や、霊峰としての富士山などを、神奈備（かんなび）ともいい、現世（うつしよ）において神が常に鎮座するまたは隠れ住む（居る）場所や物を指す。
The sacred tree or the meotoiwa (a pair of rocks in two sizes, the larger one is thought to be the husband, the smaller the wife) in the himorogi belief and the iwakura belief in the Ancient Shinto, and Mt. Fuji as a sacred mountain are also called a kannabi which means the place or object where a quieted god always dwells or secretly lives (stays) in utshushiyo.

『each』、『every』、『either』、『neither』、『none』が分配的、つまり集団の中の1つのものを指すのに対し、『which of the men』の『which』は分離的である
whereas `each,' `every,' `either,' `neither,' and `none' are distributive or referring to a single member of a group, `which' in `which of the men' is separative

また『総見記』によると天正年間（1573年-1592年）明智光秀が八上城攻めの中継基地として「本目の城」を使った、との記載が見受けられるが、両文献に記載される本目城とは神尾山城を指すと推定されている。
On the other hand, 'Sokenki' describes that Mitsuhide Akechi used the 'Castle of Honme' as a transit base from which to attack Yagami-jo Castle during the Tensho era (1573-1592), and it is supposed that the 'Honme Castle' described in both writings refers to Kannoosan-jo Castle.

重要文化財（じゅうようぶんかざい）とは日本に所在する建造物、美術工芸品等の有形文化財のうち、文化史的・学術的に特に重要なものとして文化財保護法に基づき日本国政府（文部科学大臣）が指定した文化財を指す。
Important cultural properties are tangible cultural heritage (such as constructions, buildings and the art craft articles) in Japan that are designated as being culturally, historically or academically important under the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties by the Japanese government (or the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology).

予祝芸能（よしゅくげいのう）とは、伝統芸能を信仰の面からとらえたときの、萬歳や春駒など新春をことほぐ芸能や、農作業のあらましをあらかじめ一通り演じて順調に稲が実るように祈願する田遊び・御田などを指す。
In seeing the traditional perfuming arts from a religious point of view, Yoshuku Geino refers to various performing arts for celebrating the New Year such as Manzai (a traditional celebratory chant-like song) or Harukoma (a dance in which a performer carries a wooden horse's head), and Ta asobi or Onda, a performance mimicking the processes of rice production to pray for a good harvest before farm work starts.

普く（あまねく）人々に請う（こう）ことであり、禅宗の信者が力を合わせて作業に従事するという意味であったが、後には寺社普請としてまたは、集落において受益者が合意して作業に従事することも指すようになった。
Fushin (普請), generally meaning (普) asking (請) people for help, referred to group projects by believers of Zen Buddhism, and later, came to include work done by the beneficiaries of jisha or a community.

この事件は一般に「忠臣蔵」の名でも知られているが、この名称は本件を題材とした人形浄瑠璃と歌舞伎の『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の通称、およびそこから派生したさまざまな作品群の総称であり、本件自体を指す語ではない。
This incident is also commonly known as 'Chushingura' (The treasury of Loyal Retainers); however, the name does not indicate the actual event, since it came from a ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) play as well as a kabuki (traditional performing art) play called 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers) and the general term for other related materials.

王朝物語（おうちょうものがたり）は、平安時代後期から室町時代前期ごろにかけて作られた小説・物語群のうち、和文と平仮名表記をもっぱらとし、王朝期の風俗や美意識・文学観念に依拠しつつ製作されたものを指す。
Among the novels and tales written from the late Heian period to the early Muromachi period, Ocho Monogatari refers to the ones that are characterized by having Japanese sentences written in Hiragana (the Japanese syllabaries), and having been created on the basis of the customs, aesthetic sense, and the concepts of literature during the period of Court rule.

武田氏方の小杉左近から「家康に過ぎたるものは二つあり、唐のかしらに本多平八」との狂歌の落書をもって賞賛されたことが有名である（「唐のかしら」は家康が趣味で集めていたヤクの尾毛を飾りに使った兜を指す）。
There is a famous story about Sakon KOSUGI from the Takeda clan praising Tadakatsu with a rakusho (anonymous letter) of kyoka (comic and satirical poem) where he said 'Ieyasu has two things too good for him: Kara no kashira (the Chinese heads) and Heihachi HONDA' ('Kara no kashira' refers to helmets with tail hair of Yak which Ieyasu gathered for enjoyment.)

そして人間は神々からの直接の警告としてのあらゆる自然の事象の前で震えており、また苦痛が永遠に続くものと予想されていると考えると、ルクレティウスが目指す自由は、おそらく確固とした善行なのかもしれません。
and considering that men trembled before every natural event as a direct monition from the gods, and that everlasting torture was also in prospect, the freedom aimed at by Lucretius might perhaps be deemed a positive good.

「物語絵巻」は『源氏物語』のような「王朝物語」系の作品の絵画化したものを指すのが通例であり、ストーリー性のあるものでも『宇治拾遺物語』などに取材したものは『説話絵巻』として別に分類することが普通である。
Monogatari-emaki' (an illustrated scroll of tales) is usually understood to cover pictorial works based on the line of 'Ocho-monogatari' (stories of dynasties) such as 'Genji Monogatari' (the Tale of Genji), and, therefore, even such illustrated stories as those based on 'Uji Shui Monogatari' (collection of tales from Uji) are usually classified into 'setsuwa emaki' (illustrated scroll of preaching stories).

これらは解釈が難しい所であるが、大日本帝國憲法においては明確に「統治權ヲ總攬（第4条）」とあるので主権は君主が有する（第4条での統治権は「總攬」が政治の掌握の意であり、すなはち国家の最高決定権を指す）。
Interpreting these issues are difficult, however, since the Constitution of the Empire of Japan clearly describes as 'combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them (Article 4),' sovereign power resides with monarch (in Article 4, sovereignty means the highest right to decide in the nation since 'combining' means seizure of politics).

傍流の日野有光らは南朝復興を目指す後南朝と結んで嘉吉3年（1443年）に京都御所へ乱入し、三種の神器の一部を奪う禁闕の変を起し、有光らは比叡山延暦寺の根本中堂に立て篭もり朝廷から追討令が出ると討たれる。
Arimitsu HINO, of the side line of the Hino Family, tied up with Go-Nancho (of the Late Southern Dynasty), which aimed for the restoration of the Southern Dynasty, broke into Kyoto Imperial Palace in 1443 and staged the Kinketsu Incident in order to take part of the three sacred imperial treasures; subsequently, Arimitsu and his group locked themselves into the Kompon-Chudo hall of Enryaku-ji Temple, Mount Hiei, but they were defeated when the Imperial Court issued an order to hunt down and kill them.

天皇や時平は「延喜の治」と呼ばれる自らが主導するの政治改革を目指すものの、変からわずか8年後に時平が急死、続いて醍醐天皇も病気がちとなり、政治権力の中心は再度宇多法皇と藤原忠平の手中に帰する事になった。
The Emperor and Tokihira planned political reforms to put themselves in direct leadership roles for the new administration, which was called 'Engi no chi' (the (glorious) government during the Engi era), but only eight years after the coup, Tokihira died suddenly, and moreover Emperor Daigo became more and more prone to illness, which allowed de facto political power to shift back again under the control of Cloistered Emperor Uda and FUJIWARA no Tadahira.

明治天皇に政権を返上した（＝大政奉還）後、公武合体を目指すが、王政復古 (日本)後の鳥羽・伏見の戦いでは、旧幕府軍を残したまま大坂城から江戸城へ戻り、朝廷から追討令を受けて謹慎し、江戸城を無血開城した。
After he returned his right to administer government to Emperor Meiji (Taisei Hokan), he worked aiming to unite the nobles and samurai (Kobu Gattai); however, during the Battle of Toba-Fushimi that took place after the Restoration of Imperial Rule (Osei Fukko), he left the Shogunate army behind at Osaka-jo Castle and returned to Edo-jo Castle; thereafter, he received a subjugation order from the Imperial Court and entered into disciplinary confinement which led to the Bloodless Surrender of Edo-jo Castle.

ただし、京都以外で言うところの「あっさり系」とは異なる（通常、あっさり系ラーメンとは中華料理店などで出される汎用鶏ガラスープを使った、いわゆる「中華そば」、もしくは鶏ガラ+魚介系の東京風ラーメンを指す）。
However, it is different from the 'plain type' in other areas than Kyoto (normally, a plain type ramen means what is called 'Chinese noodle' using a general chicken bone broth as served in a Chinese restaurant or the like, or Tokyo-style ramen using chicken broth + seafood broth).

その場合、中国や朝鮮半島に由来しながらも主題や様式において日本的特徴を持つものを意味するのか、あるいは油彩技法が到来する以前に日本で制作された図画一般まで指すのか、定義があいまいなまま使われることも多い。
In that case, the term 'Nihon-ga' is used loosely and it is unclear whether it refers to those drawings having origins in China or the Korean peninsula but with themes and styles that have Japanese characteristics, or those drawings in general which originated in Japan before the arrival of the oil painting technique.

明楽は清楽に押されて早くに衰退したこともあり、日本で単に「月琴」と言えば、清楽で使う月琴(写真参照)を指す(阮咸(明楽の月琴)と清楽の月琴の形状の差異については、清楽の頁の「明清楽器」の図を参照のこと)。
As Ming-era Chinese music declined early under the pressure of Xing-era Chinese music, if they simply mention 'gekkin,' it means gekkin used for Xing-era Chinese music (refer to photographs) (For the difference in appearance between 'ruanxian'(gekkin for Ming-era Chinese music) and gekkin for Xing-era Chinese music, refer to figures of 'Ming and Xing-era musical instruments' on the page for Xing-era Chinese music.)

浄土曼荼羅－浄土（清らかな国土）とは、それぞれの仏が住している聖域、理想的な国土のことで、弥勒仏の浄土、薬師如来の浄土などがあるが、単に「浄土」と言った場合は、阿弥陀如来の西方極楽浄土を指すことが多い。
Jodo Mandala - Jodo (pure land) means the sanctuary or perfect land where each Buddha resides, such as jodo of Miroku Buddha (Maitreya) and jodo of Yakushi Nyorai (the Healing Buddha), but when simply referring to 'jodo,' it usually means Saiho Gokuraku Jodo of Amida Nyorai.

これは盆栽のようなものを指す言葉と考えられ現在の「枯山水」が指すものとは別のものを指す言葉と考えられるが、これがたとえば龍安寺の石庭など盆石風庭園の流れの元になっているのかもしれず、繋がりはわかっていない。
This was a word thought to refer to something like bonsai (dwarfed tree in a pot), different from what 'karesansui' refers to nowadays; for example, it may have become the origin of the garden style of miniature landscapes on a tray like the rock garden of Ryoan-ji Temple, however, the connection is not understood.

- 行商とは一般的には固定客への訪問販売によって商売をする者を指すが、郊外や商圏の規模の小さい所では物売りであっても、固定客が主な客層である場合もあり、特に豆腐や納豆や野菜や魚の物売りなどがこの傾向にある。
Gyosho generally refers to those who do business through door-to-door sales with regular customers, but in suburbs or areas with a small trade-area, the main customers of monouri may also be regular customers, and tofu, natto (fermented soybeans), vegetables, and fish monouri tend to fall under this category.

だが、やがて「天下布武」を唱えて新秩序形成を目指す信長と旧来の将軍・幕府中心の秩序の再建を目指す義昭は敵対し、1573年に義昭は信長によって京都を追放されて幕府組織は信長の築いた政治機構に解体・吸収された。
But eventually, Nobunaga, who aimed to create a new system of government consistent with his motto of 'Tenka fubu' (warriors rule all under heaven), and Yoshiaki, who was trying to revitalize the old system of Shogun and bakufu, were bound to become enemies, and in 1573 Yoshiaki was driven out of Kyoto by Nobunaga, and with this, the bakufu system was dismantled and absorbed into a new governmental system created by Nobunaga.

この靺鞨国については、津田左右吉をはじめ水本浩典、熊田亮介、石井正敏などが、北海道北部の粛慎日本（あしはせ）を指すとしているが、鳥山喜一、酒寄雅志、森田悌、関口明などが渤海のことであるとしており定説はない。
There is some deliberation in Japan about Makkatasu Province. While Sokichi TSUDA, Hironori MIZUMOTO, Ryosuke KUMATA and Masatoshi ISHII argue that it is a province in Northern Hokkaido, Japan called Ashihase, Kiichi TORIYAMA, Masashi SAKAYORI, Tei MORITA and Akira SEKIGUCHI argue that it is Bokkai, but there is no established theory.

流儀とは、一言でいえば、あるものをどう行うか（敵とどう戦うか、ある戯曲をどう演じるか）ということについて個人の一代の技能でなく、ある一定の技術論に基づく技術が、集団的、伝統的に共有されている技能共同体を指す。
To put it simply, ryugi is not one person's techniques for doing a certain thing (such as how to fight against enemies and how to perform a play) which last only in his lifetime, but fellowship in which a group of people traditionally share techniques based on a certain art theory.

「本所」とは複数ある職のうち、荘園内において荘務すなわち、司法・行政・警察活動を行う権限を有して法的支配を行使した者を指す（領家・本家の別称としての「本所」という語も存在するが、本来の意味での使用ではない）。
Among a variety of shiki, 'Honjo' exercised legal control over Shoen with the authority to carry out Shomu (management and control of encouragement of agriculture, taxes and so on in Shoen) or judicial, administrative and police activities (The word, 'Honjo' is also used when referring to Ryoke and Honke, but it is not the original meaning of the word.).

江戸幕府による大政奉還を受け、王政復古 (日本)によって発足した明治新政府の方針は、天皇親政（旧来の幕府・摂関などの廃止）を基本とし、諸外国（主に欧米列強国を指す）に追いつくための改革を模索することであった。
The aim of the Meiji government, which was created by the restoration of Imperial rule after Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the emperor) from the Edo Shogunate, was to establish the basis of direct Imperial rule by the emperor by the abolition of the Shogunate and the positions of Regent and Chief advisor to the emperor, and to investigate ways to reform and catch up with foreign countries (mainly, powerful countries in Western Europe and North America).

当該政策に基づく行政上の一連の行為の実施により国民生活若しくは社会経済に相当程度の影響を及ぼすこと又は当該政策がその実現を目指す効果を発揮することができることとなるまでに多額の費用を要することが見込まれること。
It is expected that administrative act pursuant to the Policy has considerable impact on the lives of people and/or society and the economy, or a large amount of expense is incurred before the aims of the said Policy are achieved.

中華料理では小麦粉などで作った皮の中身として包みこまれる具を指すが、一般的な菓子で使われているものについては、仏教寺院などで肉食禁があるため、アズキを煮たものを他の具の代用にし、それが広まったからとされている。
In Chinese cooking 'an' refers to ingredients wrapped in a cake made of flour, but the practice of using boiled azuki beans in common cakes in place of other ingredients is thought to have spread from Buddhist temples, which forbade the eating of meat.

それが叶わないとみるや今度は洲本を中心に淡路を徳島本藩から分藩独立させて稲田氏を藩主とする稲田藩（洲本藩）の設立を目指す(そうすれば自分達は士族になる)ようになり、明治新政府にも独立を働きかけていくようになる。
When they found that would not be granted, in turn, they moved to spin off Awaji with Sumoto as its center from the Tokushima Honpan and aimed to establish the INADA Domain, of which the leader would be the INADA clan (so that they would become warrior class), and also worked on the new Meiji Government for their independence.

嘉吉3年（1443年）に南朝 (日本)復興を目指す後南朝の日野氏などが京都の御所から三種の神器の一部を奪う禁闕の変が起こると、一味は根本中堂に立て篭もり、朝廷から追討令が出たことにより幕軍や山徒により討たれる。
In 1443 when the Hino clan of Gonancho, seeking the restoration of the Southern Court, stole some of the Three Sacred Treasures from the Imperial Palace in Kyoto in the Kinketsu Incident, the gang hid out in the Komponchudo Hall until the Imperial Court issued a warrant and they were killed by the Shogun's army and monk warriors.

1443年（嘉吉3年）年に南朝 (日本)復興を目指す後南朝の日野氏などが京都の御所から三種の神器の一部を奪う禁闕の変が起こると、一味は根本中堂に立て篭もり、朝廷から追討令がでた事により幕軍や山徒により討たれる。
In 1443, when the former Southern Dynasty's Hino clan, among others with the aim of restoring the Southern Dynasty, sparked the Kinketsu Coup by stealing part of the Three Sacred Treasures of Japan from the Imperial palace in Kyoto, the conspirators held up in Konpon Chudo and were besieged by the Shogunate army and warrior monks after the imperial order was given to track them down and kill them.

ユーラシア大陸の古代インドで活躍し肉体を持ったゴータマ・シッダルタ（釈迦）を指すのではなく、インドで肉体を持って生誕した前の悠久の昔から存在し、入寂の後も遥か将来まで存在して行くという信仰上の釈迦牟尼世尊である。
This does not mean the historical Gautama Siddhartha (Shaka), who flourished in ancient India on the Eurasian Continent, but instead it means the religious Shakamuni-seson, who has existed from ancient times before he was born in India and continues to exist in the future after his nirvana.

そして、極真出身の大道塾空道に代表されるような、打撃技に特化された現在の空手へのアンチ・テーゼとして、空手に関節技や投げ技を取り入れて、かつての空手がそうであった総合武道の姿へと復元を目指す流派などもあらわれた。
Also, as represented by Daido Juku Kudo (derived from the Kyokushin Kaikan), there emerged organizations and circles that, while serving as the antithesis of the modern karate that concentrates on the striking art, sought the return to a comprehensive martial art like the traditional Okinawan karate, by incorporating grappling and throwing techniques into karate.

一般に「単独で設立された宗教法人」の意味と理解されているが、一説に寺院の僧堂内にある各僧侶1人1人のスペースを「単」といい、そこから1寺院を単になぞらえ、宗派という集団から独立した状態を指すようになったともいう。
In general, the term Tanritsu is understood as 'a religious corporation that is set up independently,' however, one theory holds that they linked one temple to 'Tan,' the space that every priest has in a meditation hall at a temple, to create the term Tanritsu to express a condition in which one is independent from a religious school.

江華島事件以来、当時の朝鮮は、朝鮮は清朝の冊封国（または冊封国）としての朝鮮のままであるべきであるという「守旧派」（事大党ともいう）と、現状を憂い朝鮮の近代化を目指す「開化派」（独立党ともいう）とに分かれていた。
In Korea at the time, the government had been divided between two factions even since the Ganghwa Island incident: the 'Conservative Party' (also known as the Sadaedang, or 'Serve the Great' Party) which advocated that Korea should remain a vassal state of Qing China and 'the Gaehwadang' (Progressive Party, also called the Independence Party) that was anxious about the current situation and hoped to modernize Korea.

主君押込（しゅくんおしこめ、単なる「押込」とも）は鎌倉時代から武家社会に見られた慣行で、特に江戸時代の幕藩体制において、行跡が悪いとされる藩主を、家老らの合議による決定により、強制的に監禁（押込）する行為を指す。
Shukun oshikome (or simply called 'oshikome') is a practice seen in the samurai society beginning in the Kamakura period, and it especially refers to the forcible confinement of the allegedly misbehaving lord based on the decision made by Karo (chief retainers) and others after consultation.

全ての人が例外なく自分自身の内面に本来そなえている仏性を再発見するために、坐禅と呼ぶ禅定の修行を継続するなかで、仏教的真理に直に接する体験を経ることを手段とし、その経験に基づいて新たな価値観を開拓することを目指す。
It aims to develop a new concept of values based on experience to access the truth of Buddhism directly through continuous ascetic practices called mediation, in order to rediscover the Buddhahood which is fundamentally equipped in all people's minds without exception.

一般的には小者と大差がないイメージだが、江戸期、旗本に使えている家臣(大名であれば藩士)を指す場合や城代家老の家臣などに、若党の呼称を用いることがあり、その場合は、武士身分の人物を指すわけだから、注意すべきである。
Generally, it is little different from komono, but in the Edo period the word was sometimes used to refer to vassals who served hatamoto (direct vassals of the shogun) or vassals of the castle keeper of the Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), and in these cases the name refers to people of samurai status.

後述）を抱いたままこの世に留まり、自らを死に至らしめた相手を呪い、時にはその相手を死にまで至らしめることによって、自らの仕返しの思いを遂げるという、（一部の）宗教上あるいは心霊上での概念やその超自然的存在自体を指す。
the spirit may curse the person who caused their death and in some cases drive that person to death, and in this way seek retaliation.

しかしながら、玄人の家や素人の入門者の数が相対的に多いシテ方は別として、三役（「ワキ方」「囃子方」「狂言方」）の玄人を目指す者の数は非常に少なく、上述のような伝統的な育成システムの行き詰まりは昭和期には明白となった。
However, while the number of Kuroto families and amateur pupils of Shitekata is relatively large, only a very few people aspire to Kuroto of Sanyaku ('Wakikata,' 'Hayashikata,' and 'Kyogenkata'), and it became obvious already in the Showa period that the traditional training system described above was no longer effective.

なお、交差点名は慣例として「四条烏丸」が普通の呼び方となっているが、交差点から南北へ向かった場所（烏丸通り沿線）を指す場合は「烏丸四条」（からすましじょう）と呼ぶ（通り名と呼び方の関わりについては京都市地理を参照）。
It is customary to call the crossing as 'Shijo Karasuma,' but, to indicate the area in the north-south direction of the crossing, 'Karasuma Shijo' is used (for how to name a street, refer to the geography of Kyoto).

幕府とは、そもそも将軍の陣所を指す概念であり、源頼朝が右近衛大将に任官したことで、その居館　大倉御所を幕府と称されたことがあるが、それは私邸を指す言葉であり頼朝の開いた武家政権としての鎌倉幕府を指す概念ではなかった。
Bakufu was originally a concept which referred to a shogun's camp and when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to Ukone no daisho, his house, the Okura palace, was called bakufu, but it was not a word for Kamakura bakufu as a samurai government established by Yoritomo, but a word for the private house.

奈良時代（ならじだい、710年-794年）は広義には710年（和銅3年）に元明天皇が平城京に都を移してから、794年（延暦13年）に桓武天皇によって平安京に都が移されるまでの84年間を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
The Nara period was a period in Japan's history which, broadly speaking, lasted 84 years from 710 when the Empress Genmei transferred the capital to Heijokyo to 794 when the Emperor Kanmu transferred the capital to Heiankyo.

密教においては、大日如来等の諸仏を指すことがあるが、一般には衆僧の模範となるべき高位の僧侶の称号で、日本では天台宗および真言宗において高貴な身分の僧や、天皇の関わる儀式において修法を行う僧に特に与えられる職位である。
In esoteric Buddhism, it sometimes refers to Vairocana and the other Buddhas, but in general it is a title for priests in a high position who should be an example for the other monks; in Japan in the Tendai and Shingon sects, it is a position given to noble monks, especially to those who conduct rites in ceremonies involving the emperor.

高原奪還を目指す薩軍は7月17日、堀与八郎を全軍指揮長とし雷撃隊・鵬翼隊・破竹隊などの9個中隊を正面・左右翼・霞権現攻撃軍（鵬翼三番隊）の4つに分け、深夜に植松を発ち、正面・左右翼軍は暁霧に乗じて高原の官軍を奇襲した。
On July 17, the Satsuma army, aiming at taking back Takahara, appointed Yohachiro HORI to Commander of all the forces and divided the nine companies from the troops including the Raigeki-tai troop, the Hoyoku-tai troop, and the Hachiku-tai troop into four units of the front, left, and right flanks, and the troop to attack Kasumi-gongen (the 3rd troop of the Hoyoku-tai troop), dispatched them from Uematsu in the midnight, and made the front, left and right flank troops launch a surprise attack on the government army in Takahara by taking the opportunity of the fog at the dawn.

九州制覇を目指す島津義久は、天正14年（1586年）に入ると豊後侵攻 (島津氏)を開始し、12月には戸次川の戦いで豊臣・大友連合軍を撃破し、大友義統は島津氏の勢威を恐れて豊前国に逃亡し、豊後はほぼ島津氏の支配下に入った。
Aiming to conquer Kyushu, Yoshihisa SHIMAZU launched an invasion of Bungo in 1586 and defeated the Toyotomi and Otomo allies in the Battle of Hetsugigawa in January 1587, on which occasion Yoshimune OTOMO fled to Buzen Province in fear of the power of the Shimazu clan, virtually leaving Bungo in control of the Shimazu clan.

時代が下って、戦国時代 (日本)の終わりに豊臣秀吉が関白となり、彼がその職を甥に譲って太閤となると、それまでは単に「その職を子弟に譲った前関白」を指す語でしかなかった「太閤」が専ら秀吉のことのみを指す語になってしまった。
Towards the end of the Sengoku period (period of warring states) that was long after the period described above, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI became Kanpaku, then became Taiko after he handed over the Kanpaku postion to his nephew, and the term of Taiko, 'which had indicated ex-Kankaku who handed over the position to his son or brother,' came to indicate Hideyoshi alone.

支城網（しじょうもう）とは日本の主に戦国時代 (日本)に発達した、各地域の拠点や本拠となる本城と、それを守るように周囲に補助的役割の支城・枝城・端城などと呼ばれる城・砦・陣屋群を張り巡らせた防衛及び統治ネットワークを指す。
Shijo-mo (branch castle network) refers to a defense or governing network of castles, forts and fortifications called branch castles (shijo, edajiro, hajiro) performing a support function and scattered around a main castle which is the stronghold or base in each region developed mainly in the Sengoku Period (Japan).

主に文学部史学科の教員が運営に携わっているが、展示活動等に学生・大学院生を中心としたボランティア・スタッフが参加しているのも特徴のひとつで、学芸員などを目指す学生が実物に触れながら実践的に学ぶことができる場ともなっている。
Although the museum is mainly operated by history teachers in literature department, volunteers centered on undergraduate and graduate students also participate in activities, like exhibitions, providing students aiming at becoming curators an opportunity of learning practical curators' work through in fact handling real artifacts and documents.

「盆暮れ（ぼんくれ）」などと時季を指す言葉としての使用や、「盆と正月が一緒に来たよう」という"とても忙しいこと"または"喜ばしいことが重なること"のたとえ（慣用句）としての使用がそれである。
It is used in expressions such as 'Bonkure (Bon and year-end)', meaning a period of time, and 'it is like Bon and New Year's day have arrived together' to mean a series of very busy or happy events.

慶応4年3月13日 (旧暦)（1868年4月5日）から明治元年10月18日 (旧暦)（1868年12月1日）までに出された太政官布告、神祇官事務局達、太政官達など一連の通達の総称）に基づき全国的に公的に行われたものを指す。
This Ordinance meant collectively a series of notifications issued by the Meiji government between April 5, 1868 and December 1, 1868, which included edicts of Daijokan (the Grand Council of State), and notifications of Jingikan (the Department of Worship) and Daijokan.

また、広義では、総本山根来寺を総本山とする新義真言宗、智積院を本山とする真言宗智山派、長谷寺を本山とする真言宗豊山派、室生寺を本山とする真言宗室生寺派などを含むが、狭義では、根来寺を本山とする宗派である「新義真言宗」を指す。
The broad definition of 'Shingi Shingon sect' includes Shingi Shingon sect which considers its Grand Head Temple as Grand Head Temple Negoro-ji Temple, Shingon sect Chisan school with its Head Temple at Chishakuin Temple, Shingon sect Buzan school with its Head Temple at Hasedera Temple, Shingon sect Muro-ji school with its Head Temple at Muro-ji Temple, but the narrow definition indicates the group, 'Shingi Shingon sect' which considers its Head Temple as Negoro-ji Temple.

従来の観光地と呼ばれる狭い地域だけが取り組んだ観光振興では目指す目的の達成に限界があるとされ、このことから広域の圏と呼ぶその地域の創意工夫を生かした主体的な取組を総合的かつ一体的に推進するため観光圏と呼ぶものを設定している。
The conventional development of tourism addressed only by a narrow region called kanko-chi (tourist site) is said to pose limitations to the achievement of objectives, and therefore the areas called Kanko-ken are arranged to promote an individual approach exerting the originality and ingenuity of the area referred to as a 'wide area' in a comprehensive, integrated manner.

「ちらし寿司」という名称では、主に東日本では江戸発祥の、握り寿司のネタ用の刺身などを寿司飯の上に並べた寿司と指し、西日本では生物を使わず、様々な具材を細かく切ったものを酢飯に乗せた寿司あるいは混ぜ込んだ寿司を指す傾向がある。
In eastern Japan, the term 'chirashizushi' tends to mean a type of sushi comprising of vinegared rice topped with sashimi slices, i.e. ingredients for nigirizushi (sushi shaped by hand) which originated in the Edo period, while it generally refers in western Japan to a kind of sushi that is made of vinegared rice either mixed with or topped with finely chopped ingredients of various kinds excluding raw foods.

その後も京都奪回を目指すが、南朝の力は既に弱体化しており、足利義満征夷大将軍就任後の1368年（正平23年 / 応安元年）3月11日 (旧暦)に御座所にしていた住吉大社宮司の津守氏の住吉行宮（大阪市住吉区）にて崩御（死去）。
They continued trying to recover Kyoto, but the Southern Court's power was already weakened, and on April 6, 1368 (old calendar), the Emperor demised at an Imperial chamber, Sumiyoshi-Angu (Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City) of Tsumori clan, the chief priest of Sumiyoshitaisha Shrine.

1566年永禄9年11月28日に月山富田城が開城し、尼子家が滅びた後、尼子家家臣である山中幸盛・立原久綱達が尼子家再興を目指すため、1568年、京都・東福寺に逃れていた新宮党の尼子誠久の子である尼子勝久を還俗させ、擁立した。
After the Amago clan surrendered Gassantoda-jo Castle to the Mori clan November 28, 1566 and the Amago family fell, in order to reconstruct the Amago family, Yukimori YAMANAKA and Hisatsuna TACHIHARA, the past vassals of the family worked to let Katsuhisa AMAGO who was a son of Sanehisa AMAGO and a member of Shingu-to (party) returned to secular life from Tofuku-ji Temple in Kyoto backing him up in 1568.

「近世熊伯〔熊沢蕃山を指す〕亦論二貴粟一、伯継多二善政一、国民至レ今便焉貴粟之政、独不レ行二於当時一、可レ歎哉、今欲二富レ士仰一レ商、無レ如下貴二穀粟一而賤中金銀上、欲レ貴二穀粟一、無レ如二以レ穀代一レ幣、而行二於天下一也」
近世熊伯〔熊沢蕃山を指す〕亦論二貴粟一,伯継多二善政一,国民至レ今便焉貴粟之政,独不レ行二於当時一,可レ歎哉,今欲二富レ士仰一レ商,無レ如下貴二穀粟一而賤中金銀上,欲レ貴二穀粟一,無レ如二以レ穀代一レ幣,而行二於天下一也'

「高野切」などの「切（きれ）」とは美術史、書道史、茶道などの用語で、元来巻物や冊子本であった和歌集、漢詩集などの写本を、鑑賞用とするため切断し、掛軸に仕立てたり、手鑑（でかがみ）と称するアルバムに貼り込んだりしたものを指す。
The 'kire' (or 'gire') from 'Koya-gire' is a technical term used in art history, calligraphic history, and the tea ceremony; it refers to the process of cutting out sections of the original scrolls or booklets of the waka or kanshi (Chinese poem) anthologies and featuring them for aesthetic reasons, for example by integrating them into a kakejiku (hanging scroll) or pasting them into albums called 'dekagami' (literally 'hand mirrors,' collections of handwriting).

四道将軍（しどうしょうぐん）は、『日本書紀』に登場する皇族（王族）の将軍で、大彦命（おおびこのみこと）、武渟川別（たけぬなかわわけのみこと）、吉備津彦命（きびつひこのみこと）、丹波道主命（たんばみちぬしのみこと）の4人を指す。
The term 'Shido-shogun' refers to four imperial (royal) generals who appeared in the Nihon Shoki (the Chronicle of Japan), namely Obiko no mikoto, Takenunakawa wake no mikoto, Kibitsuhiko no mikoto and tanbamichi nushi no mikoto.

2002年2月1日に道路運送法・タクシー業務適正化臨時措置法の一部が改正施行され、事業はこれまでの免許制から許可制とし、事業者の車両数増減も届出のみで自由に可能になった（いわゆる「タクシー規制緩和」とはこれらの法改正を指す）。
Part of the Road Transportation Act and the Act on Temporary Measures concerning the Regulation of Taxi Services were revised to come to effect on February 1, 2002, and accordingly, the system of the business was switched from the licensing system to the approval system, allowing operators of the business to freely conduct business only by reporting increases and decreases in vehicles (so-called 'relaxation of the taxi regulations' means the revision of these acts).

すなわち、信空の没後、京都の浄土宗の主流となった証空の西山義、九州の草野氏の庇護を受けた弁長の鎮西義、東国への流刑を機に却って同地で多念義を広めた隆寛の長楽寺義、京都で証空に対抗して所業本願義を説いた長西の九品寺義の4派を指す。
That is the four sects that were the mainstream of Jodo Shu after Shinku's death, Seizan-gi of Shoku, Chinzei-gi of Bencho who was patronized by the Kusano clan in Kyushu, Chorakuji-gi of Ryukan who spread Tanen-gi in Eastern area after exile there, Kuhonji-gi of Chosei who taught Shogyohongan-gi against Shoku in Kyoto.

この年の『東京日日新聞』に「民党壮士が目指すものは独り井上に止まらず、温派議員の錚々たる者には総て乱暴を仕掛くべしとの模様も見ゆれば、今程は何れにても如何なる騒動の起り居るならんも知らずと云々」と過激な壮士の発言が掲載された。
That same year, the following statement by a radical political activist appeared in the 'Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun' (the 'Tokyo Daily Newspaper'): 'if you see the emerging pattern, that the target of the parties' pro-democracy political activists must not be limited to Inoue, and the current situation demands that all the mayor conservatives in the Diet deserve violent treatment, you should perceive that riot and strife of any imaginable scale could occur at any moment, and so on.'

現代では茶道においても共通する客をもてなす本来の懐石の意味が廃れ、茶会の席上で空腹のまま刺激の強い茶を飲むことを避け、茶をおいしく味わう上で差し支えのない程度の軽食や類似の和食コース料理を指すといった実利的な意味に変化している。
Today, the original meaning of kaiseki, which is entertaining guests, has faded away and it means such practical things as a light meal or similar Japanese multi-course meal served at tea parties which is served to avoid drinking strong tea on an empty stomach and has no connection to the appreciation of tea.

慶長8年2月12日 (旧暦)（1603年3月24日）に徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任ぜられ江戸（現在の東京）に幕府が開かれた時を始まりとし、慶応3年10月14日 (旧暦)（1867年11月15日）に大政奉還するまでの264年間を指す。
This period started at the time when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed shogun (a barbarian-quelling generalissimo) and settled the government in Edo (present Tokyo) on March 24, 1603, and lasted till the return of political power to the Emperor (taisei hokan) on November 15, 1867 for 264 years.

このため、中世・近世においては陰陽師という呼称は、もはや陰陽寮の官僚ではなく、もっぱら民間で私的依頼を受けて加持祈祷や占いなどを行う非官人の民間陰陽師を指すようになり、各地の民衆信仰や民俗儀礼と融合してそれぞれ独自の変遷を遂げた。
In the Middle and early modern ages, the term onmyoji consequently no longer meant bureaucrats in Onmyoryo, but came to mean non-government civilian worker onmyoji performing kaji kito (removing bad spirits by offering prayers) or divinations personally requested by common people in the private sectors and their onmyodo went through unique transitions being blended in with popular faith and ethnic rituals in various regions.

地方公共団体（都道府県、市町村）がそれぞれの文化財保護条例に基いて指定する有形文化財についても「県指定重要文化財」「市指定重要文化財」等と呼称される場合があるが、単に「重要文化財」という場合は通例国が指定した有形文化財のことを指す。
While a local public entity (prefectural or municipal) may refer to a certain tangible property under the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties as a 'prefectural designated important cultural property' or a 'municipally designated important cultural property,' the term 'important cultural property' generally indicates that the tangible property is designated as a nationally important cultural property.

1970年代頃まで、京都の町中（まちなか、ここでは、市内の住宅と商家が密集している地区で、かつ伝統的なコミュニティーが残存しているところを指す）では、打ち水はかどはき（自家の前を掃ききよめること）とともに、毎朝の大切な仕事であった。
Until mid-1970's, Uchimizu, along with kadohaki (sweeping the road in front of a house), was an important task done every morning in Kyoto's machinaka (in this context, it refers to a district densely-packed with residential houses and stores where a traditional community remains).

フェノロサが最初に使った「日本画」という言葉は、西洋から渡来した油彩画に対して、それまでに日本にあった図画全般を単に指すものではなく、中国や朝鮮半島に由来しながらも、日本の中で熟成、独自に発展した様式について言っているものであろう。
It is thought that the term 'Nihon-ga' used by Fenollosa for the first time did not simply refer to all drawings existing in Japan prior to the arrival of western oil painting, but more specifically to the style which had roots in China and the Korean Peninsula but was developed independently and matured in Japan.

大向う（大向こう、おおむこう）とは、芝居小屋の三階正面席、またそこに坐る客を指す隠語・通言（現在の歌舞伎座では、構造上三階Ｂ席から幕見席あたりを指すものとして理解されている。）、つまり大向うとは、舞台上から見た客席の位置に由来する。
O-muko (written as '大向う' or '大向こう'; literally, 'the welcome other side') comes originally from seats seen from the stage, and at present, it is used as a term referring to the front seats of the third floor of theatres and to the audience at those seats (in present Kabuki-za Theatre of Tokyo, it refers to the seats for b-class tickets and the seats on the highest balcony for a single act).

留守政府（るすせいふ）とは、明治初期において、明治政府首脳部で組織された岩倉使節団が欧米歴訪中にその留守を守るために組織された体制を指す（明治4年11月12日 (旧暦)（1871年12月23日）－明治6年（1873年）9月13日）。
Rusu-seifu refers to the Establishment organized to protect the nation in early Meiji Period while Iwakura Mission, which consisted of leaders of the Meiji government, was visiting Europe and America (December 23, 1871 - September 13, 1873).

明治天皇の外祖父である議定中山忠能から開会が宣言された後、公家側から「徳川慶喜は政権を返上したというが、果たして忠誠の心から出たものかどうかは怪しい。忠誠を実績を持って示す（辞官納地を指す）よう譴責すべきである」との議題が出される。
After the meeting was called to order by Tadayasu NAKAYAMA, Emperor Meiji's maternal grandfather, court nobles raised an agenda saying 'Although Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA returned the administration to the Imperial court, we doubt his genuine royalty. We should reprimand him to show his royalty by actual performance (which indicates Jikan nochi [an order for surrendering the Shogunate post and domains to the Imperial court]).'

加えて本能寺の変直後、光秀が紀州雑賀衆・土橋重治へ送った書状に「上意馳走申しつけられて示し給い、快然に候」と、光秀より身分の高い者からの命令を指す「上意」という言葉を使っていることを挙げ、光秀の背後に足利義昭が存在したと主張している。
In addition, Mitsuhide sent a letter to Shigeharu TSUCHIBASHI, who was a member of the Saigashu (a powerful local clan in Saiga, Kishu), saying, 'A joi (order from a superior to a subordinate) has been issued requesting that you provide service, which is a great honor', and Fujita pointed out that as the word 'joi' was used, the order must be from someone with a higher status than Mitsuhide.

しかし、美術史で「水墨画」という場合には、単に墨一色で描かれた絵画ということではなく、墨色の濃淡、にじみ、かすれ、などを表現の要素とした中国風の描法によるものを指し、日本の作品については、おおむね鎌倉時代以降のものを指すのが通常である。
However, in art history, 'Suigoku-ga' refers not only to paintings in one color with Sumi, but also in Chinese style that include contrasting density, bleeding, and thin spots, and as to the paintings in Japan, it usually refers to those produced after the Kamakura Period.

「明太子」という言葉は全国的に見れば辛子明太子のことを指す言葉として使われる場合が多いが福岡県をはじめとした西日本の一部地域では唐辛子を使わない、いわゆる「たらこ」を示す言葉として辛子明太子とは明確に使い分けられるため注意が必要である。
Mentaiko' generally means Karashi-mentaiko, however, in some regions in western Japan such as Fukuoka Prefecture, 'mentaiko' indicates pepper-less cod roe or 'tarako' thus caution should be exercised when using these names as people in different regions refer to them differently.

欠史八代（けっしはちだい）（正確な表記は、闕史八代）とは、『古事記』および『日本書紀』において、系譜（帝紀）は存在するもののその事績（旧辞）が記されていない第2代綏靖天皇から第9代開化天皇までの8人の天皇のこと、あるいはその時代を指す。
The expression 'eight undocumented eras' ('kesshi hachidai' in Japanese) refers to the eight emperors from Emperor Suizei (second emperor) to Emperor Kaika (ninth emperor) whose pedigree records (called 'Teiki' in Japanese) exist but whose achievements are not recorded in 'Kojiki' and 'Nihon Shoki' and the period represented by these emperors.

国または政府によって基本方針を策定し、その地域の関係者との協議を行い地方自治体である市町村や都道府県による観光圏の整備計画の作成とそれらの整備事業の実施に必要な事を関係する観光などの事業者とともに行い、その圏の発展を促すことを目指すもの。
The aim is that the nation or government formulates the basic policy, has talks with the people involved in the area, works with relevant companies (including tourism operators) on the things necessary for preparation of the plan for the development of sightseeing area by the local government such as the municipalities or prefectures and the implementation of its development project, and promotes the development of that area.

他方実定法とは立法機関のような人為的な存在によって作り出されてきた法律で、形而上的な普遍性を法源として採用せず、法とは一定の地域・時代の中でのみ有効であることを自覚する性質を持つもので、具体的には蓄積されてきた判例や慣習法、制定法を指す。
On the other hand, positive law is a legislation created by aritificial existence such as a legislative organ which does not adopt metaphysical generality as a source of law and has a nature to understand the law to be effective only in a certain region and era and, in other words, it means accumulated court cases, customary law and statutes.

大学寮の修業生（学を修め大学寮に残って博士を目指す者、現代における大学院修士課程ないし博士課程に相当）の運用にならって、天文得業生（定員2名）、陰陽得業生（定員3名）、暦得業生（定員2名）が、各博士職や陰陽師職の公認候補として設置された。
After the model of staffing practice with students in Daigakuryo (students who, having completed specialized study, remained in Daigakuryo aspiring to be hakase working towards the level of academic achievement equivalent to a Master's or Doctoral program of today), Tenmon tokugyo no sho (tenmon student) (number of positions: 2), Onmyo tokugyo no sho (onmyo student) (number of positions: 3), and Reki tokugyo no sho (reki student) (number of positions: 2) were set up as official candidates for the positions of the respective hakase and onmyoji.

俗に「サクランボ」と呼ばれ、果実を食用とするものは、西洋系の品種であるセイヨウミザクラ（西洋実桜）で、これはしばしば「桜桃」（おうとう）とも呼ばれるが、本来は、「桜桃」とはセイヨウミザクラとは別種のシナミザクラ（中国実桜、支那実桜）を指す。
The edible cherry fruit commonly called 'Sakuranbo' comes from Seiyomizakura, a western species which is also called 'Oto,' although 'Oto' originally refers to Shinamizakura, which is a different species from Seiyomizakura.

戦後朴正煕政権時代までは、トロットを指す言葉として「演歌」の韓国語読みである「ヨンガ」が用いられることも少なくなかったが、後の倭色追放運動によって日本語由来である演歌（ヨンガ）という呼称は使えなくなり、もっぱらトロットと呼ばれるようになった。
The word 'yonga,' the Korean reading of 'enka,' was often used to refer to trot until the Chung-hee PARK administration after the war, but as subsequent anti-Japanese manner movements did not allow the use of the Japanese-derived word enka (yonga), the name trot came to be used exclusively.

一般に「川中島の戦い」と言った場合、最大の激戦であった第4次合戦（永禄4年9月9日 (旧暦)（1561年10月17日）から9月10日 (旧暦)（10月18日））を指すことが多く、一連の戦いを甲越対決として区別する概念もある（柴辻俊六による）。
When the term of 'the Battle of Kawanakajima' is used, it mostly indicates the fourth one (from October 17, 1561 to October 18, 1561), which was the fiercest one of them, and the series of battles are differentiated from the Battle of Kawanakajima (according to Shunroku SHIBATSUJI) as confrontations between Kai and Echigo.

乱を起こした側としては、治安維持の任につく武芸の家の者としての勲功認定、待遇改善を目指す動きを条件闘争的にエスカレートさせていった結果として叛乱に至ってしまった面を持ち、また鎮圧側も、乱を鎮圧することでやはり自らの勲功認定、待遇改善を図った。
The Samurai that fought with the rebels aimed to gain formal recognition for their profession and improve the living conditions for the samurai families that were responsible for maintaining security, while the Samurai who fought against the rebels were also fighting for recognition and better conditions.

しかし信長も、楽市楽座を大規模な施策とし、さらに琵琶湖などを中心とした流通による商業発展を目指すなど、やはり先見性のある内政を行なっていたといえる（流通による商業政策が重視されはじめたのは江戸時代後期であり、それまでは年貢が重視されていた）。
However, it can be said that Nobunaga implemented visionary domestic administration such as a large-scale Rakuichi-rakuza and the intention in the development of commerce which emphasized a distribution system around Lake Biwa (the commercial policy emphasizing a distribution system began to be highly valued from the latter part of the Edo period, and nengu (land tax) had been emphasized.).

後に謀反の疑いは晴れて頼朝は後悔しているが、広常は鎌倉政権軍の中でも飛びぬけて大きな兵力を擁しており、その為に不遜な振る舞いが多く、また上洛して平氏を倒すよりも関東での割拠を指向しており、武家政権の樹立を目指す頼朝にとって危険な存在であった。
Although Yoritomo regretted this order when the rumor turned out to be untrue later on, it was true that he was an extremely dangerous person for Yoritomo who wanted to establish a samurai government; Hirotsune had one of the largest armies among the Kamakura government armies and because of that he was behaving disrespectfully - in addition to which it seemed that he would rather defend local authority in the Kanto area than going to Kyoto to kill the Taira clan.

そこには高田足人が罪により投獄され封戸を没収されたこととともに、「足人の祖父は美濃国の主稲で、壬申の兵乱に際して自分の馬で皇駕（天皇が乗る馬。天皇その人を間接的に指す）を美濃・尾張国に奉じた。天皇はこれを賞して封戸を与え子に伝えさせた」とある。
According to the article, with the story that TAKATA no Tarito was jailed for a charge and his fuko were confiscated, it is said that Tarito's grandfather was Syuto in Mino Province and he devoted Koga (horse for the Emperor, the word can also imply the Emperor itself) by his own horse to Mino and Owari Provinces, then the Emperor praised his behavior, gave him fuko and let him hand them down to his children.

更に大覚寺と南朝の関係を考えた場合、義昭とは無関係に（あるいは名前だけ使って）大覚寺の僧侶が南朝再興を目指す後南朝や北畠氏などと連携して挙兵に及ぶ可能性は十分考えられることから、この挙兵が本当に義昭と関係あるかどうかはハッキリとしないのである。
And when considering the relationship of Daikaku-ji temple and the Southern Court, there is a great possibility that monks of the Daikaku-ji cooperated with Gonancho (Second Southern Court) and the Kitabatake clan who advocated the reconstruction of the Southern Court, raised an army without Gisho (or only using the name of Gisho), so whether the rebels really had something to do with Gisho was quite doubtful.

続いて同じく天平勝宝8歳（8年、756年）には先の「四大寺」に更に興福寺・東大寺・法隆寺の3寺を加えた計7寺が「七大寺」として記されている（ただし、弘福寺を外して西大寺 (奈良市)を加えた後世「南都七大寺」と呼ばれた寺院を指すとする説もある）。
In 756, Kofuku-ji Temple, Todai-ji Temple and Horyu-ji Temple were added to the previously mentioned 'four dai-ji temples' to create a total of seven temples recorded as the 'seven dai-ji temples' (however, there is a theory claiming that this refers to the subsequent temples called the 'Nanto (southern capital (Nara)) seven dai-ji temples' created when Kofuku-ji Temple was removed and replaced by Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City).

「絵巻物」ないし「絵巻」とは、巻子装の絵画作品の意であるが、日本美術史用語における「絵巻物」とは、日本で制作された、主として大和絵様式の作品を指すのが通常であり、さらに範囲を限定して、平安時代から室町時代の作品に限って「絵巻物」と呼ぶ場合もある。
Emakimono' or 'emaki' means whole pictorial works of kansuso style binding, but, when the term 'emakimono' is used in the history of Japanese art, it is usually understood to indicate mainly the works of yamato-e style paintings made in Japan (a typical Japanese traditional style of painting), or in some cases, the term is often limited to the works produced during the Heian period through to the Muromachi period.

重要伝統的建造物群保存地区（じゅうようでんとうてきけんぞうぶつぐんほぞんちく）は、日本の文化財保護法第144条に基づき、市町村が条例等により決定した「伝統的建造物群保存地区」のうち、特に価値が高いものとして国（文部科学大臣）が選定したものを指す。
The preservation districts for groups of important historic buildings refer to 'Historic Buildings Preservation Areas' ordained by local authorities under Article 144 of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties of Japan, of which the state (Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) selects those which are especially important.

一方、旧自由党系内部でもとりあえず選挙に備えた新党の母体となる政治結社を結成しようとする（政社系）河野広中らと立憲改進党系が離脱した以上は新党ではなく自由党再興を目指すべきで今は政治結社を考える時ではないとする（非政社系）大井憲太郎らが対立する。
At the same time, within the former Liberal Party, there was a confrontation between two groups: one led by Hironaka KONO (seisha group) who aimed to form a temporary political organization to prepare for the election which would be a parent organization of a new political party and the other led by Kentaro OI (hi-seisha group) who aimed to restore Liberal Party rather than form a new political party now that the Constitutional Progressive Party left and emphasized that it was not a time to think about a new political party.

団地（だんち）は、人間や産業もしくは各種事物が必要とする都市基盤を支える各種インフラストラクチャーや物流の効率化を図るために、同一傾向にある目的や用途、産業などを集中させた一団の区画や地域の名称、若しくは立地している建物や建造物を指す総称の事である。
Danchi is the name of an area in which institutions with similar objectives, purposes or industries are concentrated in order to optimize the urban infrastructure and distribution necessary for people, industry or other operations, or a generic term for an area in which buildings and structures stand.

新幹線（しんかんせん）は、旧日本国有鉄道（国鉄）が1964年（昭和39年）10月1日に営業運転を始めた東海道新幹線を初の路線とし、現在JRグループが運行する高速鉄道路線およびそれに用いられる車両、並びに関連する鉄道輸送システム全体をも指す呼称である。
Following the Tokaido Shinkansen that the former Japan National Railways (JNR) started operation on October 1, 1964, each of the JR group companies has operated its own high-speed railway system, and the term Shinkansen is used for indicating the railways for high-speed operations, the train-cars, and related railway-based transportation systems as a whole.

広義では、元亀元年9月12日の石山挙兵から天正8年8月2日の顕如退去までの11年（10年間）を指すが、天正8年3月7日 (旧暦)（1580年4月20日）に本願寺は大坂退去の誓紙を信長に届けて戦闘行為を休止したことから、閏3月7日を終わりとすることもある。
In a broad sense, it can be said that this war lasted for almost 10 years (ended in the 11th year) from raising an army in Ishiyama on October 21, 1570 to Kennyo's leaving of the temple on September 20, 1580, but another theory says the war ended on April 1, 1580 because Hongan-ji Temple sent Nobunaga a written oath of the leave from Osaka to cease their battle action on that day.

表記のぶれをめぐっては、「壹」を「臺」の誤記とする説のほか、「壹與遣,倭大夫率善中郎將掖邪狗等二十人送,政等還。因詣臺,」から混同を避けるために書き分けたとする説、魏の皇帝の居所を指す「臺」の文字を東の蛮人の国名には用いなかったとする説などがある。
There are theories about the indefinite nature of the notation: a theory that '壹' is a writing error of '臺,' an alternative theory that they were written distinctly to avoid confusion, which can be guessed from '壹與遣,倭大夫率善中郎將掖邪狗等二十人送,政等還。因詣臺,' and another theory that the letter '臺,' which indicated the place in which the emperors of Wei lived, was not supposed to be used for the country name of the eastern barbarians.

北海道の根室市・北見市・石狩市・天塩町等については旧国名を使用していた期間が短かったことから、逆に「国」を付けない場合は現存する自治体の方を指すことが多い（但し、釧路市は高知県土佐市と土佐町のケース同様、同名の釧路町と区別するために「市」を付ける）。
In Hokkaido the old provincial names were used for only brief period of time; therefore, contrary to usual cases, in many cases the names without 'province' mean existing municipalities such as in the cases of Numuro City, Kitami City, Ishikari city, Teshio-cho; however, in case of Kushiro City, addition of 'city' is required to distinguish it from the homonymous Kushiro-cho as in the case of Tosa City in Kochi Prefecture and Tosa-cho.

また、江戸幕府勘定方において財政に関する「吟味方」に対して民政に関する部門を「公事方」と称し、公事方御定書と呼ばれる法典が編纂され、民事・刑事を問わない訴訟に関する規定が設けられるなど、裁判全体または訴訟手続を指す意味での「公事」の語も長く用いられ続けた。
Also, in kanjogata (accounting officer) of Edo bakufu, the department concerning civil administration was called 'kujikata (a post in charge of civil suit)' against 'ginmikata' concerning financial affairs, and a legal code called Kujigata-osadamegaki was established to prescribe suits regardless of civil trial or criminal court, thus, 'kuji' continued to be used for long time to refer to the whole trial or legal proceedings.

庵戸宮の「庵(廬)」とは、風流人など浮世離れした者や僧侶が執務に用いる質素な佇まいの小屋である庵室を指したり、あるいは軍隊を管理する陣営を指す（歴史辞書『和名類聚抄』）ことから、文字通り政権の統括者である孝霊天皇が暮らした住まいに由来するものといわれている。
Io' of Ioto no miya refers to 'Anshitsu,' i.e. a humble cabin, which a person who lives a life aloof from the affairs of the world such as a person of refined taste, or a priest uses at work, or refers to a camp for controlling the army (adapted from 'Wamyoruiju-sho' [famous Heian-period Japanese dictionary]), so that Ioto no miya is believed to be derived from the residence of Emperor Korei who was literally the governor of the government.

現在では、カラオケのしかけ、つまり、歌を歌うための装置、さらにはその装置を使って歌うことだけでなく、歌うための場所を提供している店（カラオケボックス）のことなどをカラオケと略して指すようにもなっており、これはカラオケがそれだけ一般化していることの証でもある。
These days, not only the karaoke device, i.e. the device used to sing a song, as well as to sing using the device, but also a bar that provides a place to sing (e.g. karaoke box) are also abbreviated as karaoke, which proves that karaoke has become so popular.

台湾の日本統治時代（にっぽんとうちじだい）は、日清戦争の敗戦に伴い清朝が台湾を大日本帝国に割譲した1895年（明治28年）4月17日から、第二次世界大戦後の1945年（昭和1945年）10月25日、中華民国統治下に置かれるまでの植民地支配の約50年間を指す。
The period of Japanese rule of Taiwan refers to approximately fifty years during which time Taiwan was governed by Japan as colony from April 17, 1895 when the Qing dynasty ceded Taiwan to Imperial Japan due to the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War to October 25, 1945 when Taiwan was put under the rule of the Republic of China.

特に断りが無い場合には1497年以後メキシコ（当初はスペイン領）を中心とする、スペイン系の中南米諸国で鋳造されて国際決済で長く用いられてきたSpanish dollar （メキシコドル/メキシコ銀）といわれる、量目420グレーンの8レアル銀貨を指す場合が多い。
In most cases unless otherwise specified, Yogin refers to the so-called Spanish dollar, 8 real silver coin of 420 grains of weight, which was coined in Mexico (then-Spanish colony) and other Central and South American countries of Spanish origins and had long been used in international settlement since 1497.

京都学派（きょうとがくは）とは、一般に西田幾多郎と田辺元および彼らに師事した哲学者たちが形成した哲学の学派のことを指すが、京都大学人文科学研究所を中心とした学際的な研究を特色とした一派も、京都学派、あるいは哲学の京都学派と区別するために、新･京都学派とも称する。
The Kyoto school is a school of philosophy formed by Kitaro NISHIDA, Hajime TANABE, and philosophers learned from these two, while a group featured interdisciplinary research centered on Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, is called New Kyoto school to distinguish it from the Kyoto school or school of philosophy.

仏教における縁起 (えんぎ、サンスクリット：pratiitya-samutpaada、パーリ語：paTicca-samuppaada)は、仏教の根幹をなす思想の一つで、世界の一切は直接にも間接にも何らかのかたちでそれぞれ関わり合って消滅変化しているという考え方を指す。
Engi in Buddhism (Sanskrit: pratiitya-samutpaada; Pali: paTicca-samuppaada) is one of the fundamental ideas in Buddhism, and its meaning is the idea that everything in this world is related to the other in direct and indirect ways, changing and disappearing in the relationship.

戦国時代（せんごくじだい、1493年（1467年）頃-1573年頃）は、1493年の明応の政変頃あるいは1467年の応仁の乱頃をその始期とし、1573年に15代室町将軍足利義昭が織田信長によって追放されて室町幕府が事実上消滅するまでの時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
The Sengoku Period in Japan (from around 1493 (or 1467) to around 1573) is a chronological period in the history of Japan that commenced from the Coup of Meio in 1493 or the Onin Disturbance in 1467 and ended by the disappearance of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with the purge of Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA by Nobunaga ODA, the fifteenth shogun, of the Muromachi bakufu, in 1573.

九州には、征西将軍宮懐良親王を擁する南朝方の菊池氏や、足利方の九州探題で博多を本拠とした一色範氏（道猷）、大宰府の少弐頼尚らの勢力が鼎立していたところ、直冬は、将軍尊氏より直冬の討伐命令を受けた一色氏らと戦い、懐良親王の征西府と協調路線を取り大宰府攻略を目指す。
In Kyushu, where the Kikuchi clan of the Southern Court faction, which was protecting Prince Kaneyoshi, who was a both a member of the imperial family and the seisai taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the western barbarians'), Noriuji ISSHIKI (Doken), who was the Kyushu tandai (regional commissioner in Kyushu) under the ASHIKAGA clan and was based in the Hakata district, and Yorinao SHONI, who was an official of Dazaifu (governmental office with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima under the ritsuryo system), had been in contention with each other, Tadafuyu fought against the Isshiki clan, who had received the order from Shogun Takauji to subjugate Tadafuyu, and cooperated with the Seisaifu government of Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, with the aim of capturing Dazaifu.

また価値観の転換や中世史の研究の進歩で、足利尊氏の功績を評価したり、楠木正成は「悪党」としての性格が研究されるようになり、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政は宋学の影響で中華皇帝的な天皇独裁を目指す革新的なものであるなど、南北朝時代に関しても新たな認識がなされるようになった。
Also, with changes in values and progress in medieval history research, new views regarding the Nanbokucho period such as re-evaluating the achievements of Takauji ASHIKAGA, researching aspects of Masanori KUSUNOKI as an 'Akuto' (rebel), and establishing that Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration was influenced by Sung-period neo-Cunfucianism and was revolutionary because he aimed for a dictatorship, like a Chinese emperor, have come forth.

これらのことから転じて、慣用句として用いられる「どんでん返し」は、瞬間的な逆転を指す表現として用いられ、観客の側からは意外性のある「どんでん返しで幕になる」ストーリ展開の状態や、小説では「どんでん返しの結末」、「どんでん返しの逆転スリーラン」等々の用いられ方をする。
Being derived from these, 'donden gaeshi' has become a kind of idiom and is used as an expression for instantaneous reversal, and is applied as 'donden gaeshi de maku-ni-naru' (to finish with a surprise ending) which is a peripeteia coming as a surprise to the audience, as 'donden gaeshi no ketsumatsu' (surprise ending) in novels, as 'donden gaeshi no gyakuten-three-run' (turning defeat into victory with a come-from-behind three-run homer) in a baseball game, and as others.

これは新国家建設のためには「海陸警備ノ制」（軍事）・「教令率育ノ道」（教育）・「審理刑罰ノ法」（司法）・「理財会計ノ方」（財政）の4つの確立の必要性を唱え、その実現には府藩県三治制の非効率さを指摘して府・藩・県の機構を同一のものにする「三治一致」を目指すものとした。
In order to construct the new nation, the above proposal argued the necessity of establishing four systems, namely a 'military system' (military), an 'education system' (education), a 'judicial system' (judiciary) and a ' financial/accounting system' (finance), and pointed out the inefficiency of the fu-han-ken sanchisei and proposed to adopt 'sanchi-icchi' (conformation of tripartite governance) system under which fu, han and ken would adopt the same system.

天正の陣（てんしょうのじん）は、1585年（天正13年）に全国統一を目指す羽柴秀吉（豊臣秀吉）の命を受けた中国・毛利氏の小早川隆景率いる軍勢が四国は伊予国新居郡（現在の愛媛県新居浜市）に上陸し、金子城城主金子氏金子元宅率いる地元勢力を圧倒的な戦力で制圧した戦である。
The Battle of Tensho (Tensho no Jin) was one in which the army led by Takakage KOBAYAKAWA, of the Mori clan in the Chugoku region, landed at Nii County, Iyo Province (the present-day Niihama City, Ehime Prefecture) in Shikoku in 1585, doing so at the orders of Hideyoshi HASHIBA (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), who was attempting to integrate the entire nation, and defeated the local troops led by the lord of Kaneko-jo Castle, Motoie KANEKO, of the Kaneko clan, with overwhelming force.

仏教史的な観念からすれば、本来は1.のみが「一向宗」の正しい定義であるとも考えらるが、実際には戦国時代_(日本)の一向一揆の印象や江戸幕府による1.の強制統合（「一向宗」の使用禁止）と2.の強制改名（「一向宗」の使用強要）に伴い、今日では2.のみを指すのが一般的である。
From the viewpoint of Buddhist history, the first definition is considered the only correct definition of 'Ikkoshu'; in practice, however, as with the impression of the Ikko ikki uprising during the Sengoku period (period of warring states) and forcible integration (the ban on using the name 'Ikkoshu') by the Edo bakufu, as in the first definition, and the forcible renaming of the Jodo Shinshu sect (forcing the Jodo Shinshu sect to use the name 'Ikkoshu') by the Edo bakufu, as in the second definition, the second definition is now generally adopted.

しかしながら現存している源氏物語を題材にした絵巻物の中で、また「源氏物語絵巻」という名称で呼ばれている絵巻物の中で最も古く、最も著名であり、研究史上最も重要な絵巻物がこれであることから、特に何の説明も付けずに単に「源氏物語絵巻」と呼ぶ場合にはこれ（のみ）を指すことが多い。
However, because this is the oldest, most famous and most important for research among the picture scrolls on The Tale of Genji and among picture scrolls that are called 'The Tale of Genji Emaki,' 'The Tale of Genji Emaki' often means (only) this one except as otherwise noted.

その和歌は「さしとむるむぐらやしげき東屋のあまりほどふる雨そそきかな」（東屋に葎が生い茂って戸口を塞いでしまったのか、あまりに長い間雨だれの落ちる中で待たされるものだ）である（元来「東屋」とは東国の簡素な造りの住まいを指す言葉だが、近年では転じて庭園や公園に設けられた休憩用の小さな建物を指す）。
This poem implies that because trailing plants grow so thickly that they obstruct the entrance to Azumaya (small arbor), I have to wait too long outside in the rain ('Azumaya' originally refers to a simple house in Azuma no kuni, but recently it refers to a small arbor built in a garden or a park).

このような批判がなされる背景には、日本仏教における伝統宗派の多くは、1970年代以降「下からの近代化」を目指す動きの中で試行錯誤しながら教団体質の民主化を進めてきたのと対照的に、日蓮正宗は伝統的に管長一人に権力をより集中させており中央集権制を維持していることが挙げられる。
There is a background for criticism of the above, on the contrary to many traditional religious schools in Japanese Buddhism who tried to democratize the nature of the religious group by going through trial and error in the movement of 'modernization from the base' after the 1970's, however, Nichiren Shoshu Sect has a tendency to traditionally focus political power on one person, kancho, and maintains the centralization of power.

刀狩（かたながり、刀狩り）とは、百姓身分の者の帯刀権を剥奪する兵農分離政策で、特に安土桃山時代の1588年8月29日（天正16年7月8日 (旧暦)）に豊臣秀吉が刀狩令（同時に海上賊船禁止令）を出して大規模に推進した政策を指す（ただし、刀狩を最初に行なったのは柴田勝家である。
Katanagari (written as 刀狩 or 刀狩り) was a policy of heinobunri (separating warriors and peasants) which deprived those in the peasant class of their privilege of wearing swords, which highlighted the policy enacted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI through the katanagari edict (at the same time, pirate ship interdiction) issued on August 29, 1588 in the Azuchi-Momoyama period (The first person who executed katanagari was Katsuie SHIBATA.

ここでいう旧制外国語学校とは、第二次世界大戦後に学制改革が行われるまで存在した旧制専門学校のうち、外国語の専門教育を行うものであり、戦時期に「外事専門学校」（もしくは語学専門学校）と改称された一群の高等教育機関を指す（したがって各種学校として設立された外国語学校とは異なる）。
School of foreign languages (old education system) is a group of higher education schools that were, among those specialty schools under the old education system that existed until the school system reform was conducted after the end of World War II, dedicated to learning of foreign languages and renamed 'foreign affairs college' (or foreign language college) during World War II (which are therefore different from schools of foreign languages established as vocational schools).

「備」「衆」「隊」「組」「勢」「手」…本稿に於ける最小戦術単位としての意味以外にそれらを複数有する部隊又はそれらの数え方を指す（例：織田勢、井伊隊、雑賀衆、先備三手など）事やそれ以下の各兵科単位の部隊又はそれらの数え方を指す（例：槍組、鉄砲衆、弓隊、大番六備など）事などがある。
Other than meaning the smallest unit of military tactics in this paper, 'sonae,' 'shu,' 'tai,' 'kumi,' 'zei' and 'te,' may refer to units that contain multiples of such or the way such things are counted (for example, Oda zei (Oda forces), Ii tai (Ii troops), Saiga shu (gun troop), senbi sante (three vans of an army), and so on), or they may refer to troops of each unit of military branch below such or the way such things are counted (for example, yari gumi (spear fighter unit), teppo shu (gun fighter unit), yumi tai (the arrow-shooting unit), 大番六備).

形式上のみとはいえ、太政官よりも上位とされた神祇官に対して、太政官の1機関に格下げられた神祇省は一見すると地位が低下したようにも見受けられるが、実際には大教宣布の理念に基づいた天皇による祭政一致、ひいては神道の国家宗教化を目指す方針のために政府の関与を強めるためのものであった。
The Department of Divinities had been considered superior, at least pro forma, to the daijokan (the Grand Council of State), and hence by the comparison the Ministry of Divinities may seem to have suffered a demotion given the fact that it was created as one arm of and under the daijokan, but in actuality Japan, under the principles laid out in the Imperial Edict (of 1870) for Establishment of Shinto, had embraced a theocratic form of government (saisei itchi, or 'the unity of church and state') under the Emperor; consequently, the Ministry of Divinities had been created to strengthen the government's ability to participate in religious matters in order to achieve the objective of making Shinto the national religion of Japan.

「明太子」という言葉は、現在、全国的に見れば「辛子明太子」の事を指す言葉として使われる場合が多いが、「辛子明太子」の本場福岡県をはじめとした西日本の一部地域ではトウガラシを使わない、本稿で説明している「たらこ」を示す言葉として、辛子明太子とは明確に使い分けられるため注意が必要である。
Today the word 'mentaiko' is used to mean 'karashi-mentaiko' in most parts of Japan, but the word is tricky to use in that in some parts of western Japan such as Fukuoka Prefecture, the home of karashi-mentaiko, the word is used to mean 'tarako' without being marinated with hot pepper sauce, which is explained above in this article, and we need to pay attention since the word is clearly distinguished from the word 'karashi-mentaiko.'

しかし、東京時代と言っても大日本帝国憲法下と日本国憲法下では政治体制に大きな違いがある事や、100年以上前と現在を一括した呼称となるだけに違和感を抱かれる事が多いのか、一部の本で近現代（近代と現代）の日本を指す呼称として用いられるケースもあるものの、一般においては全く使われていない。
However, the term 'Tokyo period' is not used in general, except in some books that use the term to refer to modern or contemporary Japan, probably because there is a big difference in political systems between Japan under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and Japan under the present Constitution of Japan, and because it may seem unnatural to call a period that stretches beyond 100 years with the same name.

しかし一般的にはその前年にあたる1867年（慶応3年）の大政奉還、王政復古以降の改革を指すことが多い（日本の歴史学界における明治維新研究では、前段階である江戸幕府崩壊期（天保の改革あるいは黒船来航以後）も研究対象とされるが、維新体制が整う以前の政治状況については幕末の項で扱うものとする）。
However, the Meiji Restoration generally includes Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) and Osei-hukko (the restoration of the Imperial rule) which started in 1867 (according to various academic studies of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, it includes the late Edo Shogunate period (after the Tempo reforms or the Perry Expedition) as the first part of the Restoration, but some political situations prior to the Restoration are mentioned in the article of 'Bakumatsu' (the end of the Edo Shogunate)).

近年、大東流や合気道での使用法の影響で、特に素手の武術、武道において相手の力に力で対抗せず、相手の“気”（攻撃の意志、タイミング、力のベクトルなどを含む）に自らの「“気”を合わせ」相手の攻撃を無力化させるような技法群やその原理を指すようになった（剣道や古来よりの武器術では元来の意味で使われる）。
In recent years, influenced by its use in Daito school and aikido, it refers to the techniques and principles of disabling the opponent's attacks by 'matching the 'qi'' of oneself to the 'qi' (including the will to attack, timing and vector of force) of the opponent, instead of competing against the opponent's force with force, especially in martial arts using bare hands (it is used for its original meaning in kendo (the Japanese art of fencing) and in the ancient arts of weaponry).

このように、広義における代官職は国司の目代や守護代のように、任国の職務を代行する地位を広く指したが、室町時代以降となると、当初は室町幕府の直轄領地の支配を代行する地位を指すようになり、これに習い、戦国大名たちも自身の直轄領に代官を置くようになったことから代官を職名とする地位全般を指すようになった。
In a broad sense, as explained above, the post of daikan extensively meant a deputy post, whose role was to perform duties in an appointed province like the post of mokudai and shugodai; but after the Muromachi period, daikan post came to mean, originally, a post which attended the rulings of lands under direct control of the Muromachi bakufu (Muromachi shogunate) on behalf of it, and later in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) followed this practice and appointed their own daikan in lands under their direct control, thus the name of daikan came to represent whole posts who had the name.

一般に「廃仏毀釈」と言えば、日本において明治維新後に成立した新政府が慶応4年3月13日 (旧暦)（1868年4月5日）に発した太政官布告「神仏分離令」、明治3年1月3日 (旧暦)（1870年2月3日）に出された詔書「大教宣布」など神道国教・祭政一致の政策によって引き起こされた仏教施設の破壊などを指す。
In general, 'Haibutsu-kishaku' means the destruction of Buddhist facilities caused by the policies of Shinto kokkyo (establishing Shinto as a state religion) and Saisei icchi (uniting Shinto and politics) including 'Shinbutsu Bunrirei' (Ordinance distinguishing Shinto and Buddhism), an edict of Dajokan (the Grand Council of State) dated on April 5, 1868 as well as 'Taikyo Senbu' (Establishment of Shinto), an Imperial edict dated February 3, 1870, which the new Japanese government established after the Meiji Restoration issued.

祇園社の南北朝時代 (日本)の記録である『祇園執行日記』の康永2年（1343年）7月7日 (旧暦)の条に、麺類を指す言葉として索餅（さくべい）、索麺・素麺（そうめん）と三つの表記があり、これが「そうめん」という言葉の文献上の初出とされている（南北朝時代の「異制定訓往来」が「素麺」の初出という説もある）。
In an article of July 7, 1343 (old calendar) in 'Gion Shigyonikki' which is a record of Gion-sha Shrine during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), there are three words indicative of noodles including 'sakubei,' 'sakumen,' and 'somen,' and it is believed to be the first appearance of the word 'somen' in writings (there is another theory that the first appearance of 'somen' was 'Iseiteikinourai' during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts).

応神天皇の遊興の地となり、654年には離宮として吉野宮（宮滝遺跡）がおかれたとされ、大化の改新後の古人大兄皇子、または壬申の乱の直前の大海人皇子（天武天皇）及びその妻・鸕野皇女（持統天皇）の隠遁地、持統天皇の行幸の地として記されている吉野は、現在の吉野町の宮滝付近にあった離宮・吉野宮を指すものと思われる。
Yoshino which was recorded as the place of the Emperor Ojin's pleasure, places of Yoshino no miya (Miyataki ruins) as a detached palace established in 654, a place for seclusion for Furuhito no Oe no Miko after Taika no Kaishin (Great Reformation of the Taika Era) or Oama no Miko (later, Emperor Tenmu) and his wife, Uno no Himemiko (later, Empress Jito) immediately before Jinshin War, and the destination for imperial visit of the Empress Jito is considered to mean the detached place, Yoshino no miya, which was located in the vicinity of Miyataki of present Yoshino-cho.

さてその「サブラフ」の連用形から平安時代に「サブラヒ」という名詞が生まれたわけであるが、その原義は「主君の側近くで面倒を見ること、またその人」で、後に朝廷に仕える官人でありながら同時に上級貴族に伺候した中下級の技能官人層を指すようになり、そこからそうした技能官人の一角を構成した「武士」を指すようになった。
The conjunctive form of 'saburafu' became 'saburahi' in the Heian period, and while this originally meant 'a person who is on hand to take care of and serve his/her lord' (or the act of doing so), it later came to mean ginou kanjin of low to middle rank who served upper class aristocrats at the Imperial Court, before finally coming to indicate only one type of ginou kanjin: the 'bushi.'

なぜなら、自由民権派が求めるようなイギリスの議院内閣制そのものは否定して天皇の権威の絶対化を目指すものの、同時にドイツ帝国の体制は皇帝の権限が強すぎるためにそのまま導入した場合、当時明治天皇からの信任が厚かった宮中保守派（中正派）が求める「天皇親政」への道を開き兼ねないとというジレンマがあったからである。
This was because there was the following dilemma behind this background; while the British parliamentary cabinet system itself demanded by the group of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement was denied and the absolutization of the Emperor's power was aimed, the direct introduction of the German Empire's system could lead to 'the direct rule by the emperor,' which was demanded by the conservatives in the Imperial Court who had gained the confidence of the Emperor Meiji at the time, because the authorization of the Emperor under the German Empire's system was so strong.

通常、「バテレン追放令」と呼ばれる文書はこの『松浦家文書』に収められた6月19日付の五か条の文書（以下便宜的に「追放令」と記す）を指すが、昭和8年に伊勢神宮の神宮文庫から発見された『御朱印師職古格』の中の6月18日付の11か条の覚書（以下便宜的に「覚書」と記す）のことも含めることがあるので注意が必要である。
The document called 'Edict expelling Jesuit missionaries' usually indicates the Document of Five Articles dated June 19 (hereafter 'Expelling edict') incorporated in the 'Documents of the Matsuura Family,' but note that occasionally a Memorandum of Eleven Articles dated June 18 in 'Goshuin Shishoku Kokaku' (a collection of copied documents concerning Iicenses and practices of onshi, ushers at the Ise Shrine) discovered in the Jingu Library of Ise Jingu Shrine in 1933 (hereafter 'Memorandum') is also included.

中国の律令制にも「品官」と呼ばれる官職群は存在するが、この場合従九品以上の官品に属する全ての官職（日本で言う職事官）を指すものであり、日本の品官の名称そのものは中国のそれに由来しているものの、意味合いが全く違うものである（ただし、日本においても職事官の意味での「品官」という語も用いられていたという説がある）。
Chinese ritsuryo system also had a government post called 'honkan' but in this case, it meant all government posts (they were equivalent to shikijikan [a person with an official rank but has no corresponding position] in Japan) which belonged to kanhin (governmental officials classified into nine grades from first honkan to ninth honkan) of over Junior Ninth Rank and honkan in Japan had a completely different definition although the name was derived from Chinese honkan (However, it is said that 'honkan' was also used in the sense of shikijikan in Japan).

「曼荼羅」はもっとも狭義には密教曼荼羅を指すが、日本においては、阿弥陀如来のいる西方極楽浄土の様子を表わした「浄土曼荼羅」、神道系の「垂迹（すいじゃく）曼荼羅」など、密教以外にも「曼荼羅」と称される作品がきわめて多く、内容や表現形式も多岐にわたり、何をもって「曼荼羅」と見なすか、一言で定義することは困難である。
Mandala' means Esoteric Buddhism mandala in the narrow sense, but in Japan, there are many works called 'mandala' other than those of Esoteric Buddhism, such as 'Jodo Mandala' which expresses Saiho Gokuraku Jodo (Western Pure Land) where Amida Nyorai (Buddha of Paradise) resides and 'Suijaku Mandala' of Shinto Religion, and their contents and styles of expression are also so diversified that it is difficult to define in a word what should be regarded as 'mandala.'

春香院は、1597年に細川忠興の嫡男細川忠隆と結婚するが、「故あって（義母細川ガラシャとともに自害しなかったことを指す）、慶長五年（1600年）に細川家から離縁。」（細川家記綿考輯録より）され、のち前田加賀八家のひとつでまつ（芳春院）の信頼が深い村井長頼の子村井長次に再嫁した（時期には異説がある。再婚時期の謎。）。
Shunmoji married Tadataka HOSOKAWA, the legitimate son of Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, in 1597, but was 'divorced from the Hosokawa family in 1600 for a certain reason (which was she did not commit suicide with the mother-in-law, Garasha HOSOKAWA)' (according to 'Hosokawakeki menkoshuroku' (Records of the Hosokawa family)), and later remarried Nagatsugu MURAI, the son of Nagayori MURAI, who was from one of the eight Maeda Kaga families, and deeply trusted by Matsu (Hoshunin) (There are different theories on the timing: see 'Mystery about the timing of remarriage').

そしてそれぞれの命令を、それが使う値の生成場所とリンクさせて、だから疑似レジスタ R[28] を生成するある命令があって、別の命令があとでR[28] を使って、それが R[28] を使う最初の場所だったら、二番目のやつが最初のやつを戻って指すようにして、このポインタが、命令を組み合わせようとするときの制御に使われる。
And also linking each instruction to the places where the values it uses were generated, so if I have one instruction which generates pseudo register R[28], and then another instruction later which uses R[28] and it's the first place to use R[28], I make the second one point back to the first one, and this pointer is used to control the attempts to combine the instructions.

「宗易愚拙ニ密伝‥、コヒタ、タケタ、侘タ、愁タ、トウケタ、花ヤカニ、物知、作者、花車ニ、ツヨク、右十ヶ条ノ内、能意得タル仁ヲ上手ト云、但口五ヶ条ハ悪シ業初心ト如何」とあるから｢侘タ」は、数ある茶の湯のキーワードの一つに過ぎなかったし、初心者が目指すべき境地ではなく一通り茶を習い身に着けて初めて目指しうる境地とされていた。
As it is said 'Soeki's secrets are kohita, taketa, wabita (subtle taste), ureta (sorrow), toketa, hanayakani (floridly), monoshiri (knowledgeable), sakusha (author), hanagurumani (flower car), and tsuyoku (powerful); and those who mastered in these ten secrets are taken as qualified, but five of them are not for the beginners,' 'wabita' was only one of the numerous key words used in tea ceremony; it is not a stage at which a beginner should aim, rather, it was assumed a stage that was able to be aimed at for the first time with the tea worn to the learning body in general.

長州藩は没落して朝敵となるが、攘夷派であった孝明天皇の崩御、薩長同盟で薩摩と長州が密約を結ぶと、15代将軍の徳川慶喜は大政奉還を行い公議政体構築を目指すが、王政復古 (日本)により明治政府が成立、鳥羽伏見の戦いで旧幕府軍が敗北し、徳川慶喜に対する追討令が出ると、法的には幕府機構は消滅しているものの武力討幕運動が盛んになる。
The Choshu clan toppled to become chouteki (朝敵), but after the death of Emperor Komei, who belonged to the sect that sought the expulsion of foreigners, Satsuma and Choshu concluded the Saccho Coalition (薩長同盟), and the fifteenth shogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, seeking the establishment of the Kougi government, conducted the restoration of imperial rule; however, the Meiji Government was established through the acceptance of restoration of imperial rule (Japan), and upon the defeat of the former Bakufu army in the Battle of Toba Fushimi, the order to hunt down Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA was released, and even though the Bakufu structure was legally extinguished, the Tobaku movement through military power became active.

当時の政府発表（最終のもの）によれば、大嘗祭が「国事行為」とされなかった理由は、憲法上の天皇の「国事行為」とは漠然と国に関わる行為を指すものではなく、すべて「内閣の助言と承認」を必要とするものであり、皇室の伝統祭祀である大嘗祭は「国事行為」に当たらない（大嘗祭は政務上の「国事行為」と次元を異にする尊貴な行為である）ためである。
According to the final announcement of the government at that time, the Onie no matsuri Festival was not considered as a state act, because unlike the emperor's state acts, which were not related to the state vaguely but needed advisement and authorization of the ministry, the Onie no matsuri Festival, a traditional noble ritual, was in a different category to the state acts belonging to the affairs of State, and thus was not considered as a state act.

「右の子細〔貨幣流通の弊害を指す〕どもをつねづねよく心得居て、総体正物にて取引すべき事は少々不便利はありとも、やはり正物にて取引をして金銀の取引のすぢをばなるべきだけはこれを省き、なほまたさまざまの金銀のやりくりなどをも、なるべきだけは随分これを止め、またなすべきことを金銀にて仕切るやうのすぢはなほ更無用にあらまほしきことなり」
You should always keep in mind the above details (the negative effect of money circulation) and deal in real things though it is a little inconvenient to deal in real things all the time, and avoid the transaction by gold and silver as much as possible, and stop to handle gold and silver as much as possible, and also, it is desirable that gold and silver would not limit what you have to do.'

ただし、寺院と神社では支配の傾向に違いがあり、寺院では荘園領主としての権限が複数の職の体系に分割されずに一元的な支配が行われるか、寺院本体とそこに属する院家の間で分割され、他者の参入を防ごうとしたが、14世紀になると武士による侵略に晒されたために、寺院周辺の荘園における直務支配を強化して確実に加地子得分の確保を目指すようになった。
The state of rule differed between the temple and shrine -- In the temples, the right of shoen ryoshu (estate proprietor) was not divided into multiple positions in a system and the estate was put under centralized control, or alternatively, the right was divided between the main temple and inge (temple next in rank of monzeki that had imperial connections), that belonged to the main temple, to prevent an invasion from outside; but in fourteenth century, as the temples were exposed to invasions of bushi, the temples enhanced its direct rule in the shoen near the precinct of the temple to secure its kajishi (additional tax).

平安時代前期の「延喜弾正台式」の記述によれば、「白玉の腰帯は三位以上か四位の参議まで着用可能、玳瑁（タイマイ/鼈甲）・瑪瑙・斑犀（サイの角とあるが普通は牛の角で代用）・象牙・沙魚皮（サメ皮の事だが装束ではエイ皮を指すことが多い）・紫檀は五位通用、紀州産の石に模様を彫ったもの、定摺の石は参議以上、金銀を捺した筋彫りや唐の帯は五位以上。
According to 'Engi Danjodai Shiki' (The Rule of the Board of Censors) of the early Heian Period, there were many rules: 'Waistbands with white gems can be worn by those of Third Rank or higher or sangi (councilors) of the Fourth Rank, waistbands with tortoiseshell, agate, rhinoceros horn (said to be rhinoceros horn, but bull's horns were usually used), ivory, sharkskin (said to be sharkskin, but the skin of a ray was often used for costumes) or rosewood can be worn by officials of the Fifth Rank for everyday use, stones of teizuri, which are stones of Kishu (now Wakayama Prefecture) origin on which patterns were engraved, can be worn by sangi (councilors) or higher, and sujibori (carving thin lines with sharp implements) on which gold or sliver is stamped, and Chinese belts can be worn by officials of Fifth Rank or higher.'

日本三大聖天は、東京都台東区の本龍院（通称　待乳山聖天）奈良県生駒市の宝山寺（通称　生駒聖天）の二山に、埼玉県熊谷市の歓喜院 (熊谷市)（通称　妻沼聖天）静岡県小山町の足柄山聖天堂（通称　足柄聖天）三重県桑名市の大福田寺（通称　桑名聖天）兵庫県豊岡市の東楽寺（通称　豊岡聖天)の内のどれか一山を加えた、計三山の聖天を指すのが一般的である。
The three main shotens in Japan generally consist of the shotens of three temples, two of which are Honryu-inTemple (commonly called Matsuchiyama-Shoden) in the Taito Ward of Tokyo and Hozan-ji Temple (commonly called Ikoma-Shoten) in Ikoma City, Nara Prefecture; the third could be any one of Kangi-in Temple (commonly called Menuma-Shoden) in Kumagaya City, Saitama Prefecture; Ashigarasan Shoden-do Temple (commonly called Ashigara-Shoden) in Oyama-cho, Shizuoka Prefecture; Daifukuden-ji Temple (commonly called Kuwana-Seiten) in Kuwana City, Mie Prefecture; or Toraku-ji Temple (commonly called Toyooka-Shoten) in Toyooka City, Hyogo Prefecture.

李氏朝鮮においては「」（ペクチョン/ ペッチョン）と呼び、七般公賤（官奴婢、妓生、官女、吏族、駅卒、獄卒、犯罪逃亡者）八般私賤（巫女、革履物の職人、使令：宮中音楽の演奏家、僧侶、才人：芸人、社堂：旅をしながら歌や踊りで生計をたてるグループ、挙史：女連れで歌・踊り・芸をする人、白丁）と言われた賤民（非自由民）のなかで最下位に位置する被差別民を指す言葉である。
In Joseon Dynasty, hakucho was called Pekuchon or Petchon and the term for victim of discrimination placed in the lowest rank of the following people of the lower classes (unfree people): Shichihankosen (the following seven kinds of government-owned humble or lowly people: kannuhi [government-owned slave], kisaeng [female entertainers], court lady, Rizoku [lower ranked local government official], ekisotsu [guards], Gokusotsu ogre, criminal fugitive) and Hachihanshisen (the following eight kinds of privately-owned humble or lowly people: miko [a shrine maiden], a craftsman of leather footwear, shirei [musicians of court music], Buddhist monk, saijin [an entertainer], syado [a group which earned a living by singing or dancing, traveling around], kyoshi [people singing, dancing or performing with girls], hakucho).

この変更の理由としては江戸時代も安定期に向かい、将軍の国内的地位が幕初の覇者的性格から実質的に君主的性格に移行した現実を踏まえ、「国王」を称することにより徳川将軍が実質的意味において君主的性格を帯びるようになったことを鮮明にせんとしたとも、あるいは、「大君」は朝鮮国内においては王子のことを指すので、これではむしろ対等ではないので国王に戻すのだとも説明されている。
The reason why the term for the title of shogun was changed was explained as follows: The change was made because the state of the nation in the Edo period had become stabilized, then the domestic positioning of shogun became like sovereign rather than a winner of wars, and therefore, it was intended to use the term of 'King of Japan' to clearly show that the Tokuwaga shogun became effectively a sovereign, or because the term of 'Tycoon' was used in Korea for indicating a prince, and therefore, use of 'King of Japan' was restored to remedy the unequal state of using the term.

約10年の最初の段階の運転が行われた後、完全ＤＴ運転の第２段階では、総合性能の改善が図られると共に、より高い中性子フルエンスでの機器・材料試験に重点が置かれる。この段階では、より高い稼働率や改善されたプラズマ運転モードを目指すための技術課題が明らかにされる。この段階の実施やプログラムは、それまでの運転段階での成果や計画的な提案のメリットや優先度の評価に基づいて決定される。
The second phase of full DT operation, beginning after a total of about ten years of previous operation, will emphasize improvement of the overall performance and the testing of components and materials with a higher neutron fluence. This phase will address the issues of higher availability and further improved modes of plasma operation. The implementation and the programme for this phase will be decided on the basis of the results from the preceding operational phases and an assessment of the merits and priorities of programmatic proposals.

広義には足利尊氏が1336年（建武 (日本)3年）に建武式目を制定し、1338年に正式に京都に幕府を開いてから、15代将軍足利義昭が1573年に織田信長によって追放されるまでの235年間の足利将軍の存続期間を指すのが一般的であるが、前期を南北朝時代 (日本)、後期を戦国時代 (日本)とそれぞれ区分して、南北朝合一から明応の政変（あるいは応仁の乱）までを狭義の室町時代とする場合も多い。
In the broadest sense, the term 'Muromachi period' refers to the 235-year span during which the country was at least nominally ruled by an Ashikaga Shogun, beginning when Takauji ASHIKAGA enacted the Kenmu Code in 1336 before formally creating the bakufu in Kyoto in 1338, and ending when Nobunaga ODA exiled the fifteenth Shogun, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, in 1573; however, both the early and late stages of the Muromachi period can also be classified as the Northern and Southern Courts (Nanbokucho) (Japan) and Sengoku periods, respectively, so many favor a narrower definition of the Muromachi period, in which it is limited to the span from the unification of the two courts (in 1392) until the outbreak of the Meio Coup (in 1492, or alternatively the outbreak of the Onin War in 1467).

日本では珍しいスラップスティックとパロディで傑作といわれる『牛乳屋フランキー』、映画監督として「自分はあくまでもソフィスケイトを目指す」と語っていたように「最も中平康らしい作品」といわれる、森英恵による衣装も絢爛たるルネ・クレール風の『街燈』、若き前衛芸術家達の青春群像を描いたコメディ『誘惑』、ビリー・ワイルダータッチを狙った風俗喜劇『才女気質』等のスピーディーで軽妙洒脱な作品に力量を発揮した。
He showed his talent in speedy, light, and unrestrained films such as 'Gyunyuya Furanki' (Milk rounds man Furanki) which was praised as a masterpiece for slapstick and parody rarely seen in Japan, 'Gaito' called 'the most typical film of Ko NAKAHIRA' and used gorgeous costumes designed by Hanae MORI as he said that 'I consistently aim to produce sophisticated films' as a film director, 'Yuwaku' (temptations) a comedy showing the adolescence of young vanguardartists, and 'Saijo Katagi' (A character of intelligent lady), a comedy of manners aimed to have the same touch as that of Billy Wilder.

しかし、そのおよそ2週間後の6月29日に「（「君」とは）『日本国憲法下では、日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴であり、その地位が主権の存する国民の総意に基づく天皇のことを指す』『『代』は本来、時間的概念だが、転じて『国』を表す意味もある。『君が代』は、日本国民の総意に基づき天皇を日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴する我が国のこととなる』（君が代の歌詞を）『我が国の末永い繁栄と平和を祈念したものと解するのが適当』」と変更した。
On June 29, approximately two weeks after that, however, it was changed as ''Kimi' means the emperor who is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people, deriving this position from the will of the people with whom resides the sovereign power 'and 'Although 'yo' is originally a temporal concept, it has also a transferred the meaning of 'state'. It is appropriate 'to understand (words of Kimigayo) them as hope for the long-lasting prosperity of Japan, which has the emperor as the symbol of the State and the unity of the people and peace.'