持: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 槍持ち奴 ※
- A man holding a spear *
- 右:中務(持)
- Right: Nakatsukasa (draw)
- 持法は入道号。
- Jiho was the name he assumed when he entered the priesthood.
- 持続的腎代替療法
- continuous renal replacement therapy
- CRRT
- 4人の娘を持つ。
- She had four daughters.
- 右:平兼盛(持)
- Right: TAIRA no Kanemori (draw)
- 畠山持富の次男。
- The second son of Mochitomi HATAKEYAMA.
- 左:坂上望城(持)
- Left: SAKANOUE no Mochiki (draw)
- 左:壬生忠見(持)
- Left: MIBU no Tadami (draw)
- 右:藤原元真(持)
- Right: FUJIWARA no Motozane (draw)
- 左:本院侍従(持)
- Left: Honin no Jiju (draw)
- 母は持明院基家の娘。
- His mother was the daughter of Motoie JIMYOIN.
- 左:大中臣能宣(持)
- Left: ONAKATOMI no Yoshinobu (draw)
- 艶かしい姿態美を持つ。
- It has a coquettish beautiful body.
- 息子に大伴家持がいる。
- He had a son named OTOMO no Yakamochi.
- 錫杖:僧侶・修験者が持つ杖。
- Shakujo: a stick used by a priest or an ascetic Buddhist monk.
- 大伴家持の叔母で姑でもある。
- She was also an aunt and mother-in-law of OTOMO no Yakamochi.
- また朝顔の斎院との関係を持つ。
- He also has a relationship with Asagao no Saiin (Priestess of Morning Glory).
- 万葉仮名で書かれた大伴家持の歌
- Poems of OTOMO no Yakamochi written in manyo-gana
- いずれも家持に贈った歌である。
- They were all addressed to Yakamochi.
- 古今に倣って複数人の撰者を持つ。
- There were several anthologists, imitating Kokin.
- この説は、考古学者の支持が強い。
- The theory is also supported strongly by archaeologists.
- 古天明平蜘蛛の所持者として有名。
- He has been best known as the owner of the Kotenmyo Hiragumo.
- 仮名序と真名序の2つの序文を持つ。
- There are 2 prefaces including kanajo (Japanese preface) and manajo (a preface written in Chinese).
- 二十巻勅撰集の伝統的な構成を持つ。
- This Imperial anthology has a traditional structure of 20-volumes.
- 持統天皇や柿本人麻呂が関与したか。
- It is considered that Emperor Jito and KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro might have taken part in editing this part.
- 持組(もちぐみ)は江戸幕府の組織。
- Mochigumi was an organization in the Edo bakufu.
- 政府の主要閣僚の多くは岩倉を支持。
- Most of the key Cabinet members supported Iwakura's proposal.
- その他にも名物を多数所持していた。
- He had many other famous tea utensils.
- 曹洞宗の僧侶となり總持寺5世となる。
- He became a monk of the Soto sect and the fifth caretaker of the Soji-ji Temple.
- 朱雀院出家後に再び源氏と関係を持つ。
- After Suzakuin became a Buddhist monk, she had intimate relations with Genji once again.
- 室町幕府4代将軍・足利義持の後継問題
- Successor issue of the 4th shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA
- 日本神話から持統天皇の時代までを扱う。
- It covers from Japanese Mythology to the era of Emperor Jito.
- また、所持金などは奪われていなかった。
- His money remained untouched.
- 文人は隠逸への強い志向を持つとされる。
- It is said that Bunjin had a strong tendency to lead a reclusive life.
- 関東地方にも横穴石室を持つ古墳が現れた。
- People of the Kanto region also constructed horizontal stone chambers.
- 倭の者が船で海を渡る際、持衰が選ばれる。
- When Wa people sailed the sea using ships, a 'Jisai' would be chosen.
- 久秀は主家を凌駕する実力を持つに至った。
- In fact he became more powerful than his lord's family.
- 弁慶が持っていたと伝えられる七種の武器。
- The seven tools mean the seven kinds of weapons Benkei is believed to have held.
- 月清し 遊行(ゆうぎょう)が持てる 砂の上
- Pure light of the moon glistering on the grains of sand brought by the pilgrims
- 編纂は、前半部と後半部で異なる事情を持つ。
- The first and second halves of the book were compiled for different reasons.
- 左:大中臣能宣(持(じ;引き分けのこと))
- Left: ONAKATOMI no Yoshinobu (draw)
- そして、中には蘭語名まで持つ者まであった。
- And some of them even had Dutch names.
- 持筒組と持弓組があり、前者は鉄砲隊である。
- Mochigumi was composed of firearms unit and shooting arrows unit.
- 晩年、彼は小刀で持ち物に名前を彫っていた。
- In his later years, Tadakatsu was carving his name on his possessions using a short sword.
- 太刀持ちであった義時と誤ったともいわれる。
- It is said that he mistook Nakaakira for the sword bearer Yoshitoki.
- また公家の勧修寺晴豊と親交を持ったという。
- It is known that he formed a friendship with a court noble Harutoyo KAJUJI.
- 夏、出家した女三宮の持仏開眼供養が行われる。
- In summer a ceremony to consecrate Priestess Onna San no Miya's newly made Buddhist image is held.
- 或る年の菊の宴の夜、彼女と肉体関係を持った。
- In the night of kikunoutage (literally, party of the chrysanthemum) in a undesignated year, he made love with her.
- これは古来仙覚や賀茂真淵らに支持されてきた。
- This opinion was supported by Sengaku and KAMO no Mabuchi, and others.
- しかし、その後も世俗との関わりを持ち続けた。
- However, she continued to maintain her connection with the secular world.
- 相模 (歌人)や大弐三位などと関係を持った。
- He had affairs with Sagami (the poet) and DAINI no Sanmi.
- 「大夫」とあるので、五位の官位を持つ京武者。
- Judging from the word of 'tayu,' he might be a samurai in the imperial capital whose official court rank was Goi.
- そのため清朝内で隠然たる影響力を持つに至る。
- As a result, its presence held great influence within the Qing dynasty.
- 一部の巻には写本によって別名を持つものもある。
- Some of the volumes of the manuscripts have another title.
- これによって和与は法的効力を持つこととなった。
- This process made the Wayo legally effective.
- 戦闘法は逆の手に盾を持って使用したとみられる。
- It seems that hoko was used together with a shield which was held with the other hand during the battle.
- 慈円・・・・甥良経とともに御子左家を支持した。
- Jien: along his nephew Yoshitsune, he supported the Mikohidari family.
- 永井・青木ハ黒母衣ヲ掛ケ、十文字ノ鑓ヲ持タリ。
- Nagai and Aoki put on a kurohoro (black protective guard on back) with a cross blade spear.
- 大友皇子即位説を支持する研究者はいなくなった。
- No researchers supported the Prince Otomo enthronement theory.
- 後にこの書を持参して実際に時頼に提出している。
- Nichiren actually submitted his treatise to Tokiyori.
- 職制上は若年寄に属し、治安維持の役割を担った。
- It belonged to wakadoshiyori (junior councilor) in personnel system and played a role in maintaining the security.
- 奈良時代、天平勝宝3年(751年)の序文を持つ。
- The preface was written in 751 during the Nara period.
- 伊賀専は男女の仲を取り持つ神として祀られた老狐。
- Igatome was an old fox which was deified as a god of matchmaking.
- 延暦2年(783年)頃に大伴家持の手により完成。
- This part was completed by OTOMO no Yakamochi in around 783.
- 女は親の持ってくる縁談も断って独身のままでいた。
- The girl remained single, refusing any marriage arrangements her parents brought to her.
- 両者は危機感を持ったが幕府内では少数派であった。
- Although both men sensed the emergency of the situation, they were a minority within the Shogunate.
- 次第に、一葉は桃水に恋慕の感情を持つようになる。
- Gradually, Ichiyo began to have amorous feelings for Tosui.
- 今日の道路地図と観光案内を組み合わせた要素を持つ。
- It has the combined element of today's road map and sightseeing guide.
- 長巻は、ほぼ刀身と同じ長さの柄を持つ大太刀である。
- Nagamaki is a long Japanese sword with a handle the same length as the blade.
- - 歩兵隊4個大隊,砲兵組,御持小筒組などが参陣。
- The four battalions of infantry, artillery-groups, gojikodutsu-gumi etc. joined the war.
- 国司使人(国司が解を持った使者を派遣する際の規定)
- This Article 'Kokushi-shijin' (envoys of provincial governors) provided rules and regulations for a provincial governor to dispatch an envoy carrying a message called 'ge' from a lower-ranked official to his superior.
- ---手に持ったベルを鳴らしながら呼び込みをした。
- The vendors attracted customers with his calls and sounds of bell in hand.
- 男の子が触ると力持ちになる等という言い伝えがある。
- The legend says when a boy touches the stone, he will become a powerful man.
- 山岡はこの結果を持って翌10日、江戸へ帰り勝に報告。
- Yamaoka took forth the results and retuned to Edo, there he reported to Katsu on March 10th.
- 徳川家処分に不満を持つ抗戦派は、江戸近辺で挙兵する。
- The resistance force party maintaining its dissatisfaction with the punishment of the Tokugawa family raised an army against the new government's army, from an area around the Edo region.
- 三巻本第2類本は併せて300余の独立した章段を持つ。
- The second-class Sankanbon contains more than 300 independent chapters in total.
- 明かりの落ちた部屋で空蝉と間違われ源氏と関係を持つ。
- In a room with no light, Genji mistook her for Utsusemi and had an affair with her.
- 以下は日本及び中国で比較的支持されている説に基づく。
- The following is based on a theory fairly well supported in Japan as well as in China.
- 「天下は朝倉殿(義景)持ち給え。我は二度と望みなし」
- You, ASAKURA (Yoshikage), please take the reins of the government. I have no more chances.'
- 兄時平と対立した菅原道真とは親交を持っていたとされる。
- It is said that he was on good terms with SUGAWARA no Michizane, who had opposed his brother Tokihira.
- 『古事記』には、近世以降、偽書の疑いを持つ者があった。
- After the early modern times, there have been some people who suspected that 'Kojiki' was a gisho (apocryphal book).
- 持統天皇を「太上天皇」、文武天皇を「大行天皇」と表記。
- Emperor Jito is described as 'Daijo Tenno' (ex-Emperor), and Emperor Monmu is described as 'Taiko Tenno' (a deceased emperor before having been given a posthumous title).
- したがって、俳諧の発句という説は説得力を持っていない。
- Therefore, using the argument of the contemporary haiku being the hokku of a haikai is unpersuasive.
- 聖武天皇の晩年、藤原仲麻呂が光明皇后の支持を得て台頭。
- In Emperor Shomu's later years, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro gained power backed by Empress Komyo.
- 長谷川特務曹長が持っていたマッチで火を起し暖を取った。
- Sergeant Major Hasegawa kept warm with matches.
- 大胆且つ緻密な演技で、既に数多くの優れた舞台歴を持つ。
- His performance is bold and precise, and has already performed on a lot of distinguished stages.
- 同年7月、京都の維持が難しくなり、平氏は都落ちをする。
- In July 1183, it became difficult to maintain Kyoto and the Taira clan fled from there.
- いずれも第三巻の女房装束の重ねの記事に共通の脱文を持つ。
- They all have the same omission in the article in the third volume on wearing women's court costume in layers.
- 自らの責任で回答を京都へ持ち帰って検討することを約した。
- Then, Saigo promised Katsu and Okubo that he would assume responsibility for delivery of their response to Kyoto for its due consideration.
- 益田説を支持した梅原猛の著作の中で反論の的になっている。
- This theory became the target of a refutation in the work of Takeshi UMEHARA, who supported the theory of Masuda City.
- しかし、玉鬘を見初め強引に関係を持ち妻に迎えてしまった。
- However, he was captivated by Tamakazura at first glance and, through a coercive relationship, took her as his wife.
- 母は天智天皇皇女の大田皇女(持統天皇の同母姉にあたる)。
- Her mother was an Imperial princess of Emperor Tenchi, Ota no Himemiko (an older maternal half-sister of Emperor Jito).
- 元正天皇、市原王、大伴家持、大伴坂上郎女らが関与したか。
- It is believed that Emperor Gensho, ICHIHARA no Okimi, OTOMO no Yakamochi, and OTOMO no SAKANOUE no Iratsume might have taken part in editing this part.
- 持明院殿の殿上で『論語』を談じて、花園天皇にも認めらる。
- He talked about 'Rongo Analects' in the court of Jimyo-in Temple and was recognized by the Emperor Hanazono.
- これは強盗であり持ち物を奪われた上に車外に放り出された。
- The geisha was robbed of her belongings and was thrown out of the car.
- また株持ち酒屋同士でそういう密造情報の交換をおこなった。
- Kabumochi breweries also exchanged information on such betrayal.
- 農民らは、米を持参して徒歩で数日がかりで東京に向かった。
- Peasants walked to Tokyo carrying their rice with them and took a few days to get to Tokyo.
- ソリの荷物については、各隊員が分散して持つこととなった。
- Things on the sled were allocated to soldiers to carry.
- 1596年(慶長元年)、美濃浄音寺に戻り25世住持となる。
- In 1596, he returned to Joon-ji Temple in Mino Province and became its 25th abbot.
- この記事がどのような意味合いを持つものなのかは不明である。
- It is not clear what meanings these articles have.
- 松尾家は農業を業としていたが、松尾の苗字を持つ家柄だった。
- The Matsuo family held the plow, but the social standing of the family was that of a family name of Matsuo.
- 「万葉集」に訓儒麻呂と大伴家持が贈答した歌が遺されている。
- Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) includes poems presented by Kusumaro and OTOMO no Yakamochi.
- 薫にその出生の秘密を明かし、大君との間も取り持とうとした。
- She revealed the secrets concerning the circumstances of Kaoru's birth to him, and tried to act as an intermediary between him and Oigimi.
- 音楽などの芸事のみに没頭し処世の力を持たぬまま年月を送る。
- He immersed himself only in arts such as music, and spent years without knowing how to get on in life.
- 高貴な母方を持つ皇子として生まれ、北の方も大臣の娘である。
- He was born as a prince whose mother came from a noble family, and his lawful wife was also the daughter of a minister.
- 落窪の姫以外に妻も恋人も持たず、彼女だけを一生愛し続けた。
- He had no other wives or lovers than Ochikubo no Hime and continued to love only her throughout his life.
- 三雲家 - 一族の著名人物として三雲成持・三雲成長がいる。
- The Mikumo family - As the famous persons in the family, there were Narimochi MIKUMO and Narinaga MIKUMO.
- このため、直政はかなりの強運の持ち主であったとされている。
- Because of this, Naomasa is thought to have been a lucky man.
- 他に九十九髪茄子(現在静嘉堂文庫所蔵)を一時所持していた。
- The Tsukumonasu (currently owned by the Seikado Bunko Art Museum) was once in his possession.
- 光圀を妊娠した際に父の頼房はまだ正室を持ってはいなかった。
- Yorifusa was not legally married when he made Hisako pregnant.
- 翌年の春、宮中の花見の宴ののち、源氏はさる姫君と関係を持つ。
- In the following spring, after the festival of the cherry blossoms is held at the Imperial court, Genji has an affair with a princess.
- 雑春・雑恋といった部類を持つ構成はかなり独創的なものである。
- The composition inclusion of headings of miscellaneous spring and miscellaneous love is quite original.
- 治安維持のため、横浜在留諸外国の軍隊で防備する体制を固めた。
- Then, Parkes established a unified security force, assembled from the foreign nations military detachments residing in Yokohama; this would be to maintain security within the foreign compound.
- しかし、それに不満を持つ幕臣たちは独自行動をとることとなる。
- However, there were vassals under the control of the Tokugawa shogunate who were dissatisfied with this decision, they in turn, would seize the initiative to act on their own.
- 但し、この説には異論が多く、いまではあまり支持されていない。
- However, there are many opponents against this view and it is not supported any more.
- 川柳(せんりゅう)は、五・七・五の音を持つ日本語の詩の一つ。
- Senryu (satirical haiku) is one kind of Japanese poem in lines of five, seven, and five syllables.
- 彼の博学を反映してか、『江談抄』はあまりに雑多な内容を持つ。
- As if to reflect his erudition, 'Godansho' covers an extremely wide range of topics.
- 川柳も俳句と同じく俳諧に起源を持つ五・七・五の定形詩である。
- Just as in the haiku, the senryu also is poetry with the fixed form of 5-7-5 syllables whose origin is in the haikai.
- 他にも、自らの表現形式を持って短歌を作る歌人が活躍し始めた。
- Other poets also became active in the movement-poets who possessed their own original style of prose.
- これらの問題は「物語」の定義の持つ幅広さを示すと考えられる。
- These matters suggest the wide definition of 'monogatari.'
- 「両截」とは二重を意味し、過渡的な性格を持っていたといえる。
- 'Ryosetsu' means double and it is certain that the system had transitional character.
- 株持ち酒屋は無株者酒屋をさかんに幕府に密告し、処罰を求めた。
- Kabumochi breweries betrayed mukabumono breweries actively to the bakufu for punishment.
- 当時はドルの持ち出し制限があったため、その関連事項でもある。
- The order was related with the dollar restriction, which was valid when the order was issued.
- しかし、議院内閣制は憲法の規定に基礎を持たず不安定であった。
- However, the parliamentary cabinet system wasn't stable without foundation in the Constitution.
- このとき炊飯用の銅釜を持たされた兵士が一番悲惨だったという。
- It is said the soldiers assigned to carry copper cookers were most miserable.
- 家集『相模集』(『思女集』などの異名を持つ)も伝本が現存する。
- The manuscript of her personal collection of poems, 'Sagami's Poetry Book' (also known as 'Shijoshu'), is still in existence.
- 撰者の一である九条基家筆の仮名序と、菅原長成筆の真名序を持つ。
- The anthology has Kanajo (Japanese preface) written by Motoie KUJO, one of the anthologists, and Manajo (Chinese preface) written by SUGAWARA no Naganari.
- 同じ音数律を持つ俳句とともに、俳諧すなわち俳諧連歌を源とする。
- Like haiku in the same syllabic meter, it originated in haikai, in other words, haikai-renga.
- その年の夏、蓮の花の盛りに、女三宮の持仏の開眼供養が営まれた。
- In the summer of the year when lotus flowers are at their best, a ceremony to consecrate a newly made Buddhist image for Onna Sannomiya (the Third Princess) is held.
- 湖月抄は、中世までの源氏物語注釈書の成果を集成する性格を持つ。
- Kogetsusho is a compilation of the best in the commentaries written on The Tale of Genji during the medieval period.
- 同時に教団を維持するための守りの姿勢を固める重要性も出てきた。
- At the same time, he felt the necessity to take a defensive action to protect the religious community.
- 後には検非違使を補助して都の治安維持の業務にあたる事もあった。
- They were sometimes in charge of business of maintaining security of capital by assisting kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) later.
- もう半分は数日後に品川が材料を長州に持ち帰って錦旗に仕立てた。
- A few days later SHINAGAWA took the remaining materials to Choshu Domain and had the other Kinki made up.
- しかし、江戸大坂十里四方に領地を持つ大名旗本から反対が起こる。
- But daimyo and hatamoto who had territories within the areas of ju-ri square of Edo and Osaka opposed this policy.
- その他、太上天皇の生活保持のために後院による私領が形成された。
- Goin Palace also built private land to preserve the life of the Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor).
- 実朝の首級は持ち去られ、公暁は食事の間も手放さなかったという。
- Kugyo took Sanetomo's head away and he is believed not to have left it far from him even during meals.
- (禁門の変での破片による損傷また持病の白内障の悪化等の説あり)
- (There are some theories for his blindness, such as that he suffered damage due to a broken piece during Kinmon Incident, and that his chronic disease of cataract was worsened)
- 編者は不詳、建武政権に不満を持つ京都の僧か貴族、京童であるとも。
- The editors are unknown, but there are rumors that it was written by nobles, Kyoto's young people, or monks who were dissatisfied with the Kenmu regime.
- アマテラスはスサノオとうけいし、互いに相手の持ち物から子を産む。
- Amaterasu Omikami made a pledge with Susanoo and gave birth from the belongings of the other.
- 高天原広野姫天皇(たかまのはらひろのひめのすめらみこと)持統天皇
- Takamanoharahiro no hime no Sumeramikoto, the Empress Jito
- あらすじ:新旧二人の妻を持った男が新しい妻を家に迎えようとする。
- Story line: A married man is going to receive a new wife to the family.
- 明石の方に結婚を申し込み、父の入道に拒まれた、という過去を持つ。
- In the past, he had proposed marriage to Lady Akashi but was refused by her father Priest Akashi.
- 『永享記』も該当部分は『鎌倉持氏記』をリライトしたものとされる。
- The relevant part of 'Eikyoki' is said to be a rewrite of 'Kamakura Mochiujiki.'
- その点、関東に所領を持つ譜代大名の堀田正睦はかなり例外的である。
- In this regard, Masayoshi HOTTA, who was a fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassalage to the Tokugawa family) holding a territory in Kanto, was highly exceptional.
- 内部には小石を詰め、陸側に傾斜を持たせて海側を切り立たせている。
- With the inside filled with pebbles, the land side was built on slant, while the sea side upright.
- 実際に現場に出た人足たちには扶持米を支給しなければならなかった。
- They had to provide salary rice to the laborers who actually worked at the construction sites.
- 久政は六角氏との外交に力をいれ、かろうじて北近江を維持していた。
- His father Hisamasa focused on diplomacy with the Rokkaku clan and was successful in retaining Kitaomi.
- さらに院政支持派、二条天皇親政派などが台頭し政局は混乱を極めた。
- The political scene was also seriously disorganized because of the emerging powers of two factions--the Retired Emperor supporters and the incumbent Emperor supporters.
- その事務係が袴を持ち上げて太股をあらわにしている様子を表現する芸。
- It is a mimicry of the functionary exposing his thighs with his hakama (pleated skirt-like Japanese garment) rolled-up.
- その一方で、一般市民や在野の研究者の中には熱心な支持者が存在する。
- Meanwhile, some ordinary citizens and researchers keenly support the theory.
- 江戸城留守居の松平斉民は、彰義隊を利用して江戸の治安維持を図った。
- Naritami MATSUDAIRA, was the Rusui (a caretaker or keeper; an official post in the Edo period) of Edo-jo Castle; he attempted to use the Shogitai troops in the enforcement of maintenance of security at Edo.
- 他には天武天皇・持統天皇・大津皇子・大来皇女・志貴皇子などである。
- Other poets of this period are Emperor Tenmu, Emperor Jito, Prince Otsu, Oku no Himemiko, and Prince Shiki, and so on.
- この見解は支持されることも多いが、決定的な根拠があるわけではない。
- Although this opinion finds much support, there is no conclusive evidence.
- 「若菜上」と「若菜下」はそれぞれ「はこ鳥」、「諸葛」の異名を持つ。
- Wakana, Volume one' and 'Wakana, Volume two' respectively have another name, 'Hakodori (a cuckoo)' and 'Morokazura (Laurel branches twain).'
- 十七文字という限定された語数で、言葉に形と質感を与える効果を持つ。
- It has the effect of giving form and texture to the words though they have the limit of seventeen syllables.
- 現在でも巻ごとの末尾にこの「奥入」を持つ写本は数多く存在している。
- Even nowadays, there survive a lot of manuscripts with this 'Okuiri' at the end of each volume.
- 時代によって増減するが寛永九年は持筒組四組、持弓組は三組であった。
- Although the number of unit varied according to the times, mochigumi was composed of 4 firearms units and 3 shooting arrows units in 1632.
- 従って、鎌倉幕府が通親暗殺を計画していたという疑惑が持ち上がった。
- Therefore, the suspicion was raised that the Kamakura bakufu might have attempted to kill Michichika.
- 秤座は定制の秤を販売するほかに、従来の古秤の検定権も保持していた。
- Hakari-za not only sold tested scales but also had a license to test old traditional scales.
- したがって比較的支持者の多い北九州内には到底収めることはできない。
- Therefore, though this theory has a comparatively large number of adherents, it is impossible to fit all these states within northern Kyushu.
- 徂徠が貧しい学者時代に金を持たずに豆腐を注文し店先で食べてしまう。
- When Sorai was a poor scholar, he ordered tofu and ate it at the shop though he didn't have any money.
- 寛文元年(1661年)8月、上野国館林藩藩主として城持ちとなった。
- In August 1661, he became a 'shiromochi' (literally, a castle holder) when he was made Lord of Tatebayashi Domain in Kozuke Province.
- 源氏は身分を隠したまま五条辺りに住う夕顔 (源氏物語)と関係を持つ。
- Disclosing his identity, Genji has a sexual relationship with Yugao, who lives around Gojo.
- 興福寺の僧兵が援軍に来るのを待って持久戦を挑むべきであると結論する。
- He also concludes that they should wait for the warrior-monks of Kofuku-ji Temple to help them, and opens a war of attrition.
- 真女児は持病を理由にはじめ拒んだけれども、とりなしもあって了解した。
- Manago refuses the offer because of her chronic complaint at first, but she is persuaded.
- 爵(しゃく):笏(しゃく・こつ)と同じ、天子に拝謁するときに持つ板。
- Shaku: as well as shaku (a mace), a board to hold when he meets an Emperor.
- その後も民友社は蘇峰の著作を刊行するなど事業を維持し、まで存続した。
- Even after that, Minyu-sha continued its operation such as publication of Soho's literary works until 1933.
- 裁判権を持つ公儀を認めるようになった当時の観念の反映と言われている。
- This is said to reflect the thinking of that time, where people accepted the authority of the person or body that held jurisdiction.
- 九条良経・・叔父慈円とともに父九条兼実が擁護した御子左家を支持した。
- Yoshitsune KUJO: like his uncle Jien, supported the Mikohidari family of which his father Kanezane KUJO was a patron.
- 冒頭と末尾が欠けているため本来どのような題号を持っていたのかは不明。
- It is not clear what the title originally was because it lacks the opening and ending pages.
- 二十番の勝負において判者の実頼は優劣を付けられず、持にしようとした。
- In the 20th round, Saneyori, the judge, could not decide on a winner and suggested a draw.
- 足立大尉は上郡駅から乗車しており、護身用の拳銃や短刀を所持していた。
- He got on the train at Kamigori station with a gun and a short sword for self defense purposes.
- 義持の嫡男・足利義量は病弱であり、5代将軍となって間もなく死去した。
- The legitimate son of Yoshimochi, Yoshikazu ASHIKAGA, had a weak construction and died soon after he became the 5th shogun.
- 雑誌に対する熱い支持は、以下のような新聞への投書に見ることができる。
- An eager support for the bulletin can be seen in a letter to a newspaper as follows.
- 丁子に由来する商号で、丁子の絵柄が含まれる家紋を持つ商家が名乗った。
- This trade name derived from choji (a clove tree), and it was used by shoka (mercantile house) whose kamon (family crest) contained a design of cloves.
- 義興が帰国した後の高国は強権政治を敷きこれを維持せざるを得なかった。
- Takakuni had to invoke a powerful government and maintain it after Yoshioki's return to his province.
- ところが、断固としてこれを許すまいとしたのが株持ち酒屋たちであった。
- Kabumochi breweries, however, rose up against this situation in a determined manner.
- 持富は間もなく没したが、政長の兄の畠山政久が後を嗣いで義就と争った。
- After Mochitomi soon died, Masanaga's older brother, Masahisa HATAKEYAMA succeeded his father and fought against Yoshinari.
- しかし政治の実権は馬子が持ち、これに不満な崇峻天皇は馬子と対立した。
- Emperor Sushun was resentful of Umako, who held de facto power, and opposed him.
- 夕霧 (源氏物語)はこの一家と親しく、彼女たちから好感を持たれている。
- Yugiri is loved by this family and has a close relationship with them.
- このことから、公事方御定書の補完的な役割を持っていたと考えられている。
- Therefore, it is considered that the collection was used complementarily for compiling the Kujigata-osadamegaki.
- 孝謙上皇の道鏡への寵愛はさらに深まり、仲麻呂は危機感を持つようになる。
- As Retired Empress Koken's favoritism toward Dokyo further deepened, Nakamaro sensed his political influence was in danger.
- 和歌や音楽にも洗練された趣味を持ち、特に箏の琴や琵琶の名手でもあった。
- She also had refined tastes for waka poetry and music, and was an especially accomplished performer of koto and biwa.
- 官人(さんに)は散官ともいい位階のみで官職を持たないもののことをいう。
- Sanni was also called Sankan (a position which does not have specific roles) and had only Ikai (Court rank) and did not have a government post.
- ともあれ、文人が社会に定着しなんらかの影響力を持ち始めた証左でもある。
- Anyway, this shows that the status of Bunjin was established in society and began to have an influence to some extent.
- そのため量目の単位としての匁は江戸時代を通じて均質性が維持されている。
- Monme as the unit of weight was therefore kept homogeneous throughout the Edo period.
- 秀次は古筆を愛し、多くの公家とも交流を持つ当代一流の教養人でもあった。
- Hidetsugu was a first-rank educated person of the day who loved ancient Japanese writings and held cultural exchanges with many court nobles.
- 政長の父畠山持富は、嫡子のない兄の管領畠山持国の嗣子に予定されていた。
- Masanaga's father, Mochitomi HATAKEYAMA was planned to become the heir of his older brother in kanrei position, Mochikuni HATAKEYAMA, who did not have a legitimate child.
- そのため、家康を苦労人・不屈の精神力の持ち主として高く評する者もある。
- Therefore, there are also people who evaluate Ieyasu highly as a man who saw the world and had indomitable spirit.
- ウェイリーは語学の天才であるのみならず、文学的才能をも持ち合わせていた。
- WALEY was a literary talent as well as a linguistic genius.
- 例えば、張保皐と接触を持っていた筑前守文室宮田麻呂が代表的な例と言える。
- FUNYA no Miyatamaro, Chikuzen no kami (governor of Chikuzen Province), who built up contact with Jang Bogo was a major example of them.
- 何らかの目的を持って、相手に自分の意志を伝えるために書かれたものが多い。
- Many were written with a certain objective to transmit the writer's wishes to the receiver.
- 小君が持参した僧都の文には、薫との復縁と還俗の勧めをほのめかしてあった。
- The letter of sozu brought by Ogimi gave Ukifune a hint that she should restore her relationship with Kaoru and return to a secular life.
- 心ならずも後に残された軒端荻と契った源氏はその薄衣を代わりに持ち帰った。
- Genji unwillingly has a relationship with Nokiba no Ogi, who is left behind, and brings her thin robes home with him instead.
- 藤壷は一人秘密を抱えとおす決意をし、源氏との一切の交流を持とうとしない。
- Fujitsubo decided that she would keep the truth to herself, and would not see Genji at all.
- 各組は持之頭(持筒頭・持弓頭)の元、与力10人・同心50人で構成された。
- Each unit included 10 yoriki (police sergeants) and 50 doshin (police constables) led by the commander of each unit.
- また新しい年代のものには柄に毛抜形の透かしの入った形状を持つものがある。
- And some of latter form has hilt of tweezers-shaped lacework.
- 日本では、特に学校へ弁当を持参できない子どもを指して使われることが多い。
- In Japan, it is often used especially for children who cannot bring a lunch box to school.
- 殿部 調度品・消耗品の管理・維持を行う伴部・古くは特定の氏から採用された
- Tonomoribe refers to tomo no miyatsuko (Servant to the Court administering a group) which was in charge of management and maintenance of furnishing goods and supplies, and a person was assigned among specific clans in old times.
- このことは中国の天下概念の中に朝鮮を位置づけようとする傾向を持っていた。
- Due to the above, Korea tended to be put inside the Chinese notion of 'Tenka'.
- 全国の大名・公家・寺社などが持っていた朱印状が一斉に回収・再交付された。
- Shuinjo which had been possessed till then by daimyo, kuge, temples and shrines throughout the country were returned first and new shuinjo were issued to them at the same time.
- 秤座は地方の領主に冥加金を納入することによってこれらの役所を維持させた。
- Hakari-za had local lords maintain such branches by paying them myogakin (money to dedicate).
- 持衰は人と接さず、虱を取らず、服は汚れ放題、肉は食べずに船の帰りを待つ。
- The Jisai waited for the ship to return without seeing anybody in the meantime, catching lice, letting their clothes get dirty and without eating any meat.
- 長女淀殿は母の面影を受け継いでいたといわれ、美貌の持ち主であったという。
- The eldest daughter Yodo-dono was said to have inherited her mother's looks and that she was a beautiful woman.
- 太子は再び使者を行かせて、その衣を持ち帰らせ、いつものように身に着けた。
- Shotoku Taishi had his clothes brought back and wore them as he had before.
- しかし総領になれなかったことに不満を持ち、時義と常に対立していたという。
- Ujikiyo was disappointed by his failure to become the head of the clan and was constantly involved in confrontations with Tokiyoshi.
- 頼政は鳥羽院に仕え、寵妃の美福門院や院近臣の藤原家成と交流を持っている。
- Yorimasa served the retired Emperor Toba and had connections with Bifukumon-in, wife of the retired Emperor, and FUJIWARA no Ienari, a close aides to the retired Emperor.
- その際に幕府から支給された支度金で英書を買い込み、日本へ持ち帰っている。
- On this occasion, he bought English books with the money he had received from bakufu as an outfit allowance and brought them back to Japan.
- 山部赤人、大伴家持、小野小町など約40人の人物の私家集(個人歌集)である。
- These volumes comprise a personal compilation of poems by about 40 poets, including YAMABE no Akahito, OTOMO no Iemochi, and ONO no Komachi.
- この頃首皇子(聖武天皇)と親交を持ったらしく、後年個人的に歌を奉げている。
- In this period she seemed to be on friendly terms with Prince Obito (Emperor Shomu) to whom later she dedicated her poems personally.
- これは清原宣賢、吉田兼倶らの手になるもので、中世神道と深いかかわりを持つ。
- These were produced by Nobukata KIYOHARA and Kanetomo YOSHIDA, and were deeply involved with Shintoism in the Medieval period.
- 源氏は世間体を気にして出家の気持ちをこらえ、その日その日を過ごすのだった。
- Genji, who wants to become a priest, controls himself for decency's sake, and barely manages to survive from one day to the next.
- 彼女がその矢を自分の部屋に持ち帰ると大物主は元の姿に戻り、二人は結ばれた。
- When she took the arrow to her room, the arrow turned back into Omononushi and he married her.
- When she brought the arrow back to her room, it changed back into Omononushi, and then they made love.
- 三条西実隆による「実隆本」(長享2年(1488年)の奥書を持つ)以後のもの
- The genealogy after 'Sanetaka-bon' by Sanetaka SANJONISHI (which has a postscript dated 1488)
- 国境線画定の動きは、強固な宗属関係にあった清朝と朝鮮の間にも持ち上がった。
- There was a movement to fix borders between the Qing dynasty and Korea, which were under strict relation of a suzerain power and a zottkoku.
- 東海道筋の城持ち大名は、さらに城の木製模型を作って提出するよう求められた。
- Daimyo who had a castle along Tokai-do Road were ordered to submit a wooden model of their castle as well.
- また福島から会津へ内通の書を持参した上杉方の使い、その外二三人を討殺した。
- In addition, the Date forces killed a messenger from Uesugi who brought a secret letter from Fukushima to Aizu, and another couple of people.
- 高句麗は自国を中華とし、周辺諸民族を夷狄視する小中華的天下観を持っていた。
- Goguryeo deemed itself as chuka (China) and held a view of Tenka akin to mini-Sinocentrism, in which it regarded surrounding other ethnic groups as barbarians.
- 佐藤は『物価余論』で以下のように言い、高い米価を維持することを論じている。
- SATO wrote the following in 'Supplementary theory on Prices' and argued about maintaining a high rice price.
- 森、津田真道、西周らは刊行継続を唱えたが、多くの社員は活動停止を支持した。
- While Mori, Mamichi TSUDA and Amane NISHI insisted to continue publishing, many members supported the suspension of issue.
- また、徳川氏の長老として、征夷大将軍徳川綱吉期には幕政にも影響力を持った。
- As an elder of the Tokugawa clan he held sway over political affairs at the time of Seitaishogun (Great General) Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA.
- しかし持国は、遊女に産ませた庶子畠山義就を召し出して後を嗣がせようとした。
- However, Mochikuni attempted to have his illegitimate child, Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA, who was born between Mochikuni and yujo (a prostitute), take over the family estate.
- このことから、信長が一目置くほどの器量を持った武将であったとの見方もある。
- This led some to believe that Hisahide was so talented a busho that even Nobunaga gave him due respect.
- 玉鬘は鬱々として楽しまないが、源氏は彼女に好意を持つ公達をからかって楽しむ。
- Being depressed, Tamakazura doesn't enjoy herself at all, but Genji amuses himself by making fun of the young courtiers who love her.
- 翌日、物忌みに出向いた邸で、源氏は伊予介の妻空蝉 (源氏物語)と関係を持つ。
- On the following day, Genji has a relationship with Utsusemi (lady of the cicada shell), a wife of Iyo no Suke (Iyo Deputy), at her residence which he has visited for ritual abstention.
- 多くの歌が七五調四句や、八五調四句、あるいはそのバリエーションの調子を持つ。
- Many songs had four phrases of seven-and-five syllable meter and eight-and five syllable meter, or other tunes of those variations.
- また、当時高度な文明を持つ朝鮮から日本へ渡来してきた朝鮮民族もいたと伝わる。
- It is also said that in this Agata there were Korean people who came to Japan from Korea, a country with an advanced civilization in those days.
- 同じ頃、平安京の朝廷でも大覚寺統と持明院統による皇位継承争いが激化していた。
- Around the same time, in the Imperial court in Heian-kyo Capital as well, the struggle between Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama) and Jimyoin-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Fukakusa) to succeed the emperor had become serious.
- 748年(天平20年)橘諸兄の使者として越中守大伴家持のところを訪れている。
- In 748 he visited Ecchu no kami (Governor of Ecchu Province) OTOMO no Yakamochi as a messenger for TACHIBANA no Moroe.
- 万事につけて出しゃばらず賢く振舞うが、反面出自の低さを補うためか矜持が高い。
- She is unobtrusive and behaves cleverly on every occasion, but on the other hand, takes pride in herself probably to make up for her humble origin.
- 公の性質を持った宮廷関係の歌、旅で詠んだ歌、自然や四季をめでた歌などである。
- Specifically, they include the poems about public court life, poems composed during travel, and poems describing the beauty of nature and seasonal changes.
- 九条道家・・祖父兼実・父良経に続いて御子左家を支持したこの時代後期の擁護者。
- Michiie KUJO: following his grandfather Kanezane and his father Yoshitsune, he supported the Mikohidari family as its patron in the later days of this period.
- 紫の上は美々しく装った童たちに持たせた供養の花を贈り、中宮と和歌を贈答した。
- Lady Murasaki sent gorgeously dressed young girls to deliver flowers for the memorial service, and exchanged waka poems with the empress.
- 朝鮮側の姿勢を少しでも和らげようと花房が持ち出したのが『万国公法』であった。
- Hanabusa was trying to persuade the Korean side and introduced 'Bankoku Koho.'
- 人権擁護と税制・財政改革を唱える一方で、日清戦争では積極的に政府支持に回る。
- While asserting protection of human rights and taxation and finance reforms, Teikokuzaiseikakushin kai enthusiastically supported the government during the Japanese-Sino War.
- この役において家臣井戸覚弘が現地より井戸茶碗の原型となる器を持ち帰っている。
- His vassal, Satohiro IDO, who participated in the battle, brought a bowl from Korea and it became the original model of the Ido tea bowl.
- 持ち時間は各24時間、13回の打ち掛けをはさんで1934年1月29日に終了。
- 24 hours were allotted to each player, and the game was adjourned ('uchikake' in Japanese) 13 times before eventually reaching the end on January 29, 1934.
- 律令などの法制に通じて早くから甥の町野康持・矢野倫重らとともに重んじられた。
- Due to his knowledge of laws and institutions including the legal code, he was given an important position together with his nephews Yasumochi MACHINO and Tomoshige YANO early on.
- これに不満を持ったのが後白河法皇の第三皇子の以仁王(高倉宮・三条宮)である。
- It was Prince Mochihito (also known as Takakura-no-miya or Sanjo-no-miya), the third son of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa that did not willingly accept Kiyomori's action.
- 以下に、学術的な見地から支持あるいは反支持の立場であったとされる人物を述べる。
- Hereafter, person's supporting or opposing is described from an academic point of view.
- 室町幕府の五山以下の住持の補任には公帖(公文)と呼ばれる形式の文書が出される。
- When a chief priest in the court rank lower than gozan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government) is appointed, a document called kojo (an official writ of appointment to the chief priest of Zen temple) is issued.
- またさまざまな人のエピソードを集めたものと、一定の中心人物を持つものとがある。
- Also, some are collections of episodes with various characters while others have specific leading figures.
- しかし、政略結婚よりも自由勝手な恋愛を好む匂宮は、なかなか正妻を持たなかった。
- However, Niou Miya, who was not interested in a political marriage but free love, was reluctant to have a legal wife.
- 柏木の未亡人落葉の宮は、母一条御息所の病気加持のために小野の山荘に移っていた。
- Kashiwagi's widow, Ochiba no miya, has moved to a mountain villa at Ono in order to chant an incantation to cure an illness of her mother, Ichijo no Miyasudokoro.
- 元の対日遠征の途絶後も異国警護体制は持続し、工事や破損箇所の修復が負荷された。
- The guard system against foreign countries lasted after the discontinuation of Yuan expedition to Japan, and the construction work and repair of damaged parts were imposed.
- (本膳料理には『硯蓋』という揚げ菓子があり、それを持って帰るのが作法である)。
- (In honzen ryori [a highly ritualized form of serving Japanese cuisine], there is fried cake called 'suzuributa' that is meant to be taken with guests when they leave.)
- 押出しは、第1回から第6回まで武器を持たず、暴力もふるわない形で行われている。
- No weapons or violence was used at the all six demonstrations.
- 政府は、通達等で官憲による収容も可能とするとともに、患者の加持祈祷を規制した。
- The government permitted the authorities to send patients to Hibyoin and regulated an incantation and a prayer for a patient by notifications.
- しかし文明開化に非常な影響力を持っていたこの雑誌に由来する新語彙・訳語は多い。
- However, there are many new vocabulary and translations which were derived from this bulletin that had a great influence on civilization and enlightenment.
- その後も伊賀は惣国一揆と守護仁木氏が共存する状態が室町時代を通じて維持された。
- Subsequently as well, (for the duration of Muromachi period) Iga Province was characterized by province-wide unrest that accompanied rule by the Niki clan.
- この「系図一巻」がどのような内容を持っていたのかについては様々に推測されている。
- There are various assumptions about what contents this 'one volume of genealogy' included.
- 源氏の父桐壺帝の麗景殿女御を姉に持ち、源氏とは若い頃から関係があったと見られる。
- Genji's father's Reikeiden no nyogo, Kiritsubotei was her elder sister and seems to have been associated with Genji from her earlier years.
- 耄及愚翁という藤原定家と思しき人物による安貞二年(1228年)の奥書を持つ諸本。
- It is a manuscript containing an okugaki (postscript) written in 1228 by a person called Bogyuguo, who seems to have been FUJIWARA no Sadaie.
- しかし後に家持の無罪を訴えた伴氏(大伴氏)宗家の伴善男が返還を強引に実現させた。
- However, they were returned forcibly as a result of appeal of Iemochi's innocence by Yoshio TOMONO who was of the head of the Tomono clan (the Otomo clan).
- 現代においても参照するに足りる非常に実用的な内容を持った性技指南書を著している。
- He wrote a very practical sex manual which can be consulted even today.
- 極めて合理的な考えを持っており、日本の暦を現在使われているグレゴリオ暦に変えた。
- He was quite rational, so he changed the calendar in Japan to the Gregorian calendar that we currently use.
- 同月4日、安信はそれに不満を持って弟の脇坂安経と共に長幸のもとに赴いて抗議した。
- Not being happy about this will, on April 4, Yasunobu together with his younger brother, Yasutsune WAKIZAKA, visited Nagayoshi to complain about the will.
- 朝廷は様々な加持祈祷を試みたが甲斐なく、諸物価は高騰し、さらに疫病が人々を襲った。
- The Imperial Court tried in vain to depend on various incantations and prayers, and in addition to the rise of prices, a plague killed many people.
- しかしこれらの系譜のなかには異なる伝承を持ち数種類の系図が存在するものも多かった。
- Many pedigree records have different traditions and there are several versions of family trees.
- 持明院統の天皇による勅撰集では『玉葉集』に次ぎ、完成された京極派の歌風を継承する。
- Among the Imperial anthologies compiled by the Emperor from Jimyoin-to (imperial lineage from Emperor Gofukakusa to Emperor Gokomatsu), it inherited the perfect style of the Kyogoku school of poetry, following 'Gyokuyo shu.'
- – 2つの意味を持つ同音異義語を用いて2つの文脈を繋ぐ、あるいは展開していく技法。
- A technique using homonyms, a word having the same spelling but different meanings, to achieve two distinct contexts within the same verse.
- フィクションだけではなく、歴史や新聞の用例も見られる、幅広い意味を持った語である。
- The term has a broad meaning and applies not only to fiction but also to history and newspaper articles.
- 1300年もの長い歴史を持ち、各種の文献にさまざまな形で残された話は他に例がない。
- Apart from this story, there are no examples of stories which have a history spanning 1300 years, and appear in different forms in various works.
- 母に似る女性藤壺への思慕が初恋となり、その面影を求めて生涯様々な女性と関係を持つ。
- His deep feelings towards Fujitsubo, who resembles his mother, becomes his first love, and he holds sexual relationships with various women throughout his life as he searches for a woman with his mother's features.
- 金貨との交換義務を持つ兌換紙幣の発行権を持ち、当初は第一から第五の4行が設立された
- The National Bank had the right to issue the convertible currency, which had the obligation to replace with gold coins, and at first, four banks from the First to the Fifth National Banks were established.
- その困難な中で、この勧進は、時代の救世となるものとして、民衆から大きく支持された。
- Under such difficult circumstances, this solicitation for contribution was favorably accepted by the people as salvation of the times.
- 大成会を中心とした政府(第1次松方内閣)支持の政党・会派に属する95名が結成した。
- It was formed by 95 people who belonged to political parties ・ parliamentary groups headed by the Taisei-kai Group which supported the government (the 1st Matsukata cabinet).
- これは幕藩体制の維持のために全ての訴訟を法手続に沿って行わせようとしたものである。
- This was because the Edo bakufu intended to carry out all suits according to legal procedures for the preservation of the shogunate system.
- 首は神戸城では受け取りを拒否され、検視大塚俄左衛門が伊勢関町の福蔵寺に持ち帰った。
- Kanbe-jo Castle refused to accept Nobutaka's head, so the coroner, Gazaemon OTSUKA, brought it back to Fukuzo-ji Temple in Seki-machi, Ise Province.
- 料理の他にも多くの趣味を持ち、晩年は一日たりとも無駄に過ごすことがなかったと言う。
- Masamune appeared to have had many hobbies other than cooking, thus it is said he did not waste even a single day in his later years.
- 前野良沢に弟子入りし、大槻玄沢ら蘭学者やオランダ商館長(カピタン)と交遊を持った。
- He became the disciple of Ryotaku MAENO and had interactions with Dutch scholars such as Gentaku OTSUKI and the curator of Dutch trading house, the Kapitan.
- 源氏とは親しく、須磨下向直前に源氏との関係を断つ者が増えた時にも関係を維持し続けた。
- He and Genji were on good terms with each other, and their relations continued even when many people cut their relations with Genji just before he left the capital for Suma.
- 異説として柿本人麻呂説があるが空想の域を出ておらず、研究者らの支持を得られていない。
- There is an opinion that he is KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro, but it is little more than a fantasy and is given no credence by academics.
- 本巻は優婆塞の異名を持ち、この異名は俗聖の八の宮を優婆塞と称することに由来している。
- This chapter is also called Ubasoku Buddhist, which came from another name for Hachi no Miya, zoku hijiri (worldly saint).
- 鎌倉時代から室町時代前期にかけて重んぜられ、その後も大きな影響力を持った本文である。
- This book was valued during the Kamakura period and early Muromachi period, and had significant influence thereafter.
- 極めて高度な科学技術や独自の哲学体系を持っていたことがカタカムナ文献から推測される。
- According to the Katakamuna documents, it is assumed that the civilization had highly sophisticated technology and an original system of philosophy.
- 平十字は快諾し、皐月は研究用に持っていた大学ノートにその文字を全て写し取ったという。
- Hiratoji kindly agreed to the request and Kogetsu transferred all characters to the notebook he carried for research.
- また、暗殺された時に生前の西郷から送られた手紙を持っていたと高島鞆之助が語っている。
- Further, Tomonosuke TAKASHIMA reported that OKUBO had a letter from SAIGO with him when OKUBO was assasinated.
- 御所を発し八幡宮の楼門に至ると、北条義時は体調の不良を訴え、太刀持ちを源仲章に譲る。
- He left the shogunate residence, and when he reached a tower gate of Hachiman-gu Shrine, Yoshitoki HOJO complained of his bad condition and handed over his sword bearer position to MINAMOTO no Nakaakira.
- 出自の紀州徳川家の地位を向上させ、御三家と同種の機能を持つ御三卿を創始するなどした。
- He raised the status of the Kishu-Tokugawa family to which he belonged and established 'gosankyo' (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family) who had a similar function to the three Tokugawa families.
- 秋の末、かねてより思いをかけていた鬚黒大将が女房の手引きにより玉鬘と強引に関係を持つ。
- At the end of autumn, Higekuro, who has loved Tamakazura for a long time, forces her to have a relationship with him with the help of a court lady.
- 親王・摂家・武士・文人の間に広く交流を持ち、特に松永貞徳や小堀遠州との交流が深かった。
- He enjoyed interactions with literati, members of the warrior class, nobles of the regent and advisor families, and even Imperial princes, while his relationships with Teitoku MATSUNAGA and Enshu KOBORI were especially close.
- 一方、『古事記』は年次を持たないが、文注の形で一部の天皇について崩御年干支が記される。
- On the other hand, 'Kojiki' does not record a date, but the Oriental zodiac of the year of death of some emperors are described in the form of notes.
- 堺に住む隠遁僧である道巴の所持本を清原枝賢が書写したとの後記があるため堺本の名がある。
- The postscript says KIYOHARA no Shigekata/Edakata copied the book, whose owner was Doha, a secluded monk who lived in Sakai, and therefore the manuscript is called Sakaibon.
- 皇女を母に持つため、出自は継母や義姉妹たちより遥かに高いが、下女同然に冷遇されている。
- As she had a princess for a mother, her status by birth was far higher than that of her stepmother or sisters-in-law, but she was ill-treated like a maidservant.
- 720年(養老4年)山背摂官となり、その後征隼人持節大将軍として隼人の反乱を鎮圧した。
- 720: Appointed to Inspector of Yamashiro and later, as Seihayato jisetsutaishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the Hayato people'), suppressed an uprising of the Hayato people.
- ここでは品階は大きな意味を持たず、官職のみが官僚システムの中で序列機能を果たしていた。
- Hinkai did not have a great deal of meaning here, and only the government post had hierarchy function in the bureaucrats system.
- 文久2年(1862年)、幕府の軍制改革で対外防衛と国内体制維持を目的として創設された。
- In 1882, it was established in order to defend the nation against attacks from outside and to maintain the system in the nation.
- 丹波国は、南部の丹波亀山藩、篠山藩、北部の福知山藩などが比較的まとまった領地を持った。
- In Tanba Province, the Tanba-kameyama clan and Sasayama clan in the southern part, and the Fukuchiyama clan in the northern part each owned a comparatively large-sized territory.
- これは毛野氏が古くから蝦夷に対して影響力を持っていたことを示していると推定されている。
- This fact is assumed as evidence that the Kenu clan had wielded great influence over the Emishi/Ezo (northerners and northeasterners) from a long time ago.
- また印綬の色、鈕(ちゅう、印の持ち手)の形や材質によって身分が区別されるようになった。
- Also, social position was discriminated by the color of inju (a thick string of seal) and the material and shape of the grip.
- また、甲申政変の発生やコレラの発生などの臨時出費もあり、緊縮予算の維持も困難を極めた。
- In addition, unexpected expenses primarily for the occurrence of the Koshin seihen (Gapsin Coup in Korea) and the cholera outbreak made it extremely difficult to maintain the austere budget.
- 自由党・硬六派ともに政府との政治休戦を宣言したが、硬六派に対する世論の支持が広がった。
- Although both the Liberal Party and the Ko Roppa declared a truce with the government, public support for the Ko Roppa increased.
- 史上最長となる持ち時間40時間、史上初となる封じ手制で行われ、6月26日に開始された。
- With the longest allotted time of 40 hours in history and the newly adopted rule to seal the move before each adjournment, the game started on June 26.
- また、光圀が大日本史を編纂し、綱吉が自ら易経を講じるなど、類似した方向性を持っていた。
- Additionally, they had similar tastes, for example Mitsukuni compiled 'Dainihonshi' (Great History of Japan) and Tsunayoshi gave lectures on the 'I Ching.'
- そのため、近年では二人の姉妹説を積極的に支持する研究者は見られなくなってきているようだ。
- That is why no scholar these days strongly supports the theory of their sisterhood.
- 『楊守敬旧蔵本』は、明治時代初期に来日した清国の楊守敬が所持していたとされるものである。
- The 'Yang Shoujin kyuzobon' is said to have been owned by Yang Shoujing of Qing-dynasty China; Yang came to Japan at the beginning of the Meiji period.
- 大君の後見に忙しい真木柱は、宮の御方には良縁と思うが大納言の気持を思うと躊躇してしまう。
- Makibashira, who is busy with acting as a guardian for Oigimi, thinks that it would be a good match for Miya no Onkata, but she hesitates about it considering Dainagon's feelings.
- 古注の集成という性格を持つ「河海抄」においては年譜の考察にかなりの紙数が費やされている。
- The 'Kakai-sho,' a compilation of the old commentaries, devotes a considerable number of pages to examining the chronological record.
- この廃使置県によって北海道全体としては初めて正式な行政組織・行政区域を持つことになった。
- With this Haishi Chiken, Hokkaido had a formal administration agency and administrative districts for the first time.
- 政党内閣(せいとうないかく)とは、議会に議席を保持する政党を基礎に組織された内閣のこと。
- A party cabinet is a cabinet organized on the basis of political parties with seats in the parliament.
- 改造社社長山本実彦が露伴の書き下ろした原稿を一読の為持参すると、谷崎は直ちに目を通した。
- Tanizaki immediately read through Rohan's manuscripts which Sanehiko YAMAMOTO, the director of Kaizo-sha Publishers, brought to him.
- 同時に伊勢では神戸城の拡張工事に着手、五層の天守閣や多数の櫓を持つ近世城郭を完成させた。
- He began expansion work on Kanbe-jo Castle in Ise Province at the same time, completing a five-story tenshukaku (keep or tower) and a modern castle with many turrets.
- 1221年(承久3)年、栄西の弟子栄朝を住持に招いて世良田世良田長楽寺を開基・建立した。
- In 1221, Serada Choraku-ji Temple in Serada was founded and built, inviting Eicho, a disciple of Eisai, as its chief priest.
- これらのから、少なくとも地元である三河武士が持つ家康への人望は非常に厚かったようである。
- Therefore, it seems that Ieyasu was very popular and was strongly trusted by samurai at least in the Mikawa area, his home base.
- 兵部卿宮に強い影響力を持っており、彼が娘と疎遠になり、ひいては源氏と対立する要因となった。
- She had a strong influence on Hyobukyo no Miya, which became a factor in his becoming estranged from his daughter, and later, became the cause of his being opposed to Genji.
- ただし、確実に年代の判明している人麻呂の歌は持統天皇の即位からその崩御にほぼ重なっている。
- However, those of Hitomaro's poems with certain dates of composition fit almost perfectly the period from Empress Jito's accession to her death.
- 若い頃はなかなか持て囃されたようではあるが、年に釣り合わない言動で貴公子二人を辟易させた。
- She seems to have been sought after very much when she was young, but she made two young noblemen disinterested due to her words and deeds being inappropriate for her age.
- そしてそのまま、足が遠ざかっていた丸善に立ち寄るが、「私」はまた不安な気持ちにさせられる。
- Then 'I' stopped by Maruzen, which 'I' had not visited for a while, but the store makes 'me' uneasy again.
- 江戸幕府や各藩の財源は米に依存する為、本百姓を維持する為に1673年分地制限令を発布した。
- As the Edo bakufu and each domain relied on the yield of rice for their source of funds, Bunchi Seigen-rei (the law to control the division of lands) was issued in 1673 for the purpose of maintaining the honbyakusho class.
- 日本人は攻撃の激しかった粛親王府防衛を受け持っていたため、各国の中で最も死者率が高かった。
- Since the Japanese were assigned to defend the government of Prince Su which was attacked strongly, they suffered the highest ratio of casualties among the nations.
- 文人とは名ばかりで、それに相応しい知識や見識を持たないものまでも文人と称するようになった。
- Even people who did not have appropriate knowledge and discernments for Bunjin came to proclaim themselves Bunjin.
- 後に藤原種継暗殺事件によって没官された故大伴家持の田地が大学寮に与えられて勧学田とされた。
- The rice fields, which belonged to the late OTOMO no Yakamochi and were confiscated as a result of the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, were given to Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) and were turned into kangakuden (fields provided in order to cover expenses and provision of students).
- 古代における皇室財産の実態は不明な部分も多いが、屯倉・御厨などの所有の形で保持されてきた。
- Although much of the Imperial property of ancient times remains unknown, some remains as miyake (Imperial-controlled territory), mikuriya (manors and powerful shrines of the Imperial family), and so on.
- 書院番とともに親衛隊的性格を持つため、番士になる資格が家格や親の役職などで制限されていた。
- Together with shoinban, it was a kind of bodyguard in nature, so qualifications to become a Banshi (a samurai serving as a guard in the Edo period) were limited based on the Kakaku (family status) and post of his father.
- 一方、田沼抜擢とその諸政策の支持を続けたことに関しては相応の見識によるものとの見方もある。
- On the other hand, regarding the fact that he selected Tanuma and continued to support Tanuma's policies, there is a viewpoint that it was due to his suitable judgment.
- また舎密学(化学)については日本国中で自分に及ぶものはいないと自信を持っていたフシがある。
- It seems as though he was confident that he had the best knowledge in Japan in the field of chemistry.
- また、車持皇子のモデルは藤原不比等、石作皇子のモデルは多治比嶋だっただろうと推定されている。
- Also, it is conjectured that Prince Kurumamochi was modeled after FUJIWARA no Fuhito, and Prince Ishizukuri's model was TAJIHI no Shima.
- 5人の公達は、石作皇子、車持皇子、右大臣阿倍御主人、大納言大伴御行、中納言石上麻呂といった。
- These five young court nobles are as follows: Prince Ishizukuri, Prince Kurumamochi, Minister of the Right Abe no Miushi, Dainagon (chief councilor of state) OTOMO no Miyuki, and Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) ISONOKAMI no Maro.
- 市井の女にふさわしくない教養に興味を持った源氏は、身分を隠して彼女のもとに通うようになった。
- Genji, who got interested in the woman who is intelligent unlike an ordinary person, concealed his social status and went to visit her often.
- ただし、大国である中国(唐)に対しては同じ和訓を持つ「隣国」という表記が公式には用いられた。
- However, the writing, '隣国 (Rinkoku)' (the neighboring country), which has same wakun (the Japanese reading way of Chinese characters) as 'Shoban,' was officially used for a big country, China.
- その後、義経は徳子と二人きりになると、あの手この手を駆使して、情事に持ち込むことに成功する。
- After the banquet, Yoshitsune was alone with Tokuko and successfully began an affair with her using his charm.
- 清朝内の権力争い―清廷内には戊戌変法を支持した光緒帝を廃位しようとする計画が進められていた。
- Power struggle within the Qing dynasty: a plan to get rid of the Emperor Guangxu, who supported the Hundred Day's Reform, was progressing within the Qing imperial court.
- また持久戦・総力戦に配慮しながらも短期決戦に必要な平時における軍事力の準備が強調されている。
- Preparation for military force in peace time which was necessary for the short-term operation was emphasized with consideration of long-drawn-out and all-out war.
- 1892年2月28日 神道家の倉持治休、本郷貞雄、藤野達二、羽生田守雄は久米邦武に詰め寄る。
- On February 28, 1892, Jikyu KURAMOCHI, Sadao HONGO, Tatsuji FUJINO, and Morio HANYUDA who were Shintoist pressed Kunitake KUME on the issue.
- 直轄領の年貢の納付先である浅草御蔵をはじめとする幕府御蔵の維持・運営経費の捻出を名目とした。
- The revenue from this tax subsidized the expense of maintenance and management of bakufu okura (rice storehouses of the Edo shogunate) such as the Asakusa okura where nengu (land tax) from direct control territories were delivered to.
- 旗本札(はたもとさつ)は、江戸時代に領地を持つ旗本が自領内において独自に発行した紙幣である。
- Hatamoto-satsu was the paper money that a hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) who possessed his or her own territory in the Edo period issued independently in his or her own territory.
- 時代が下るにつれ、大型集落が小型集落を従え、集落内で首長層が力を持ってきたと考えられている。
- It is thought that later in the period, large settlements subdued smaller settlements and the chief and upper ranks started to seize power in the settlement.
- 公慶は、知り合った隆光のつてを頼って、桂昌院とその子、将軍徳川綱吉の支持を得ることができた。
- By utilizing connections with Takamitsu, with whom he got acquainted, Kokei was able to obtain support from Keisho-in and her son, Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA.
- 織田信定から古渡城主で曾祖父の織田信秀の代で守護代を務める本家と同等に渡り合える力を持った。
- The Oda family was the owner of Furuwatari-jo Castle after Nobusada ODA became the lord and gained power in the generation of Nobuhide equivalent to their head family which held the military governorship.
- 幼少時には、兄(頼重)を差し置いての世子決定が光圀の気持ちに複雑なものを抱かせたといわれる。
- It seems that Mitsukuni had mixed feelings about the fact that rather than his elder brother (Yorishige), he was appointed as the heir when he was young.
- また、蝦夷地の調査開発をすすめる事務方には、勘定奉行松本秀持、勘定組頭土山宗次郎などがいた。
- Clerks for the investigation and development of Ezo included the chief commissioner of finance (kanjo bugyo) Hidemochi MATSUMOTO and the head of the accounting section (kanjo kumigashira) Sojiro TSUCHIYAMA.
- その間に弟の兼通・兼家を相次いで蔵人頭に送り込むことに成功して、村上天皇との関係を維持した。
- He was able to send his younger brothers, Kanemichi and Kaneie, to the Kurodo no to consecutively, and sustained his relation with Emperor Murakami.
- そこで、嫁を迎えて身持ちを固めさせようと、吉備津神社の神主、香央造酒の娘と縁組がまとめられた。
- So, he comes up with the idea of taking a woman as his son's wife in order to make him behave, and he arranges a match between his son and Miki KASADA, a daughter of the head priest at Kibitsu Shrine.
- しかし、パークスはナポレオンさえも処刑されずにセントヘレナ島への流刑に留まった例を持ち出した。
- However, Parkes brought up the example of Napoléon; in fact, Napoléon was not executed, but exiled to the island of Saint Helena.
- また、明治維新後は明治政府に対して否定的な部分を持つなど、権力の批判者であることを貫いている。
- He was quite critical of authority; after the Meiji Restoration he was sometimes negative against the Meiji government.
- 将軍の弓 (武器)や火縄銃を持つ部隊と言う意味であるが、その実態は将軍直衛の弓・鉄砲隊である。
- Mochigumi literally means troops for carrying the arrows (weapons) and matchlock guns of a shogun, but in practice they were arrow and musket troops under shogun's direct orders.
- 頼経側近の後藤基綱・千葉秀胤・三善康持らは罷免、また光時も所領を没収され伊豆国へ配流となった。
- Yoritsune's close advisers, Mototsuna GOTO, Hidetane CHIBA, Yasumochi MIYOSHI, and others were dismissed, and Mitsutoki, whose shoryo (territory) was confiscated, was banished to Izu Province.
- 島田らが大久保暗殺時に持参していた斬奸状は4月下旬に島田から依頼されて陸が起草したものである。
- The zankanjo carried by Shimada and others when they assassinated Okubo was drafted by Kuga according to Shimada's request at the end of April.
- 重衡は29日に帰京し、この時持ち帰られた49の首級は、ことごとく溝や堀にうち捨てられたという。
- Shigehira returned to Kyoto on the 29th and it is said that 49 severed heads brought back then were all thrown out to ditches and moats.
- しかし義持はその後、後継者を定めず自ら政務を執り続けたため、次代将軍は決まらないままであった。
- However, Yoshimochi administered government affairs without nominating a successor, and the next shogun was not determined.
- しかし、持法らは病と称して命令を聞かず、8月になって黒田荘に出向くが、再び逐電済みと報告した。
- However, Jiho and the others did not follow this order (on the pretext they were ill), but they eventually (August) visited the Kuroda estate and reported back that the villains had evaded capture yet again.
- 文保本は中巻のみの端本であるが、文保2年(1318年)年書写の奥書を持つ、現存最古の写本である。
- Although Bunpobon is an incomplete set consisting of only the second volume, it has a colophon that dates it to 1318 and is the oldest manuscript in existence.
- 求愛に対しても、悩み迷いながらも最後まで品良く矜持を守り通し、貴公子である源氏を感心させている。
- Even when Genji makes an advance to her, she maintains her honor gracefully to the last though she is afflicted, which makes Genji, a young noble, deeply impressed.
- 日記・故実書の利用は『古事談』に似ているが、文体は和文(仮名文)で儒教の教訓性を持つ説話が多い。
- Although 'The Zoku Kojidan' shows similarity to 'The Kojidan' in regard to the use of diaries and books of ancient practices and customs, 'The Zoku Kojidan' uses Japanese Kana characters, and its stories tend to include teachings of Confucius.
- 結果として、縄文時代の文化形式は歴史的にも地域的にも一様ではなく、多様な形式を持つものとなった。
- As a result, the cultural style of the Jomon period is not uniform both historically and regionally and it came to take many different forms.
- 義和団に至ってはその装備していた武器は刀槍がほとんどで、銃器を持った者などわずかしかいなかった。
- The weapons the Boxers had were mostly swords and spears and only a few had firearms.
- この会は初め盗賊を捕まえて役所に突き出すなど郷土防衛や治安維持を担った自警団的性格をもっていた。
- At first, this organization captured robbers and handed them over to government offices, and was characteristic of a vigilante committee in that it maintained security and defended the territory.
- 以上に挙げた武術組織は、極めて強い宗教的性格を有し、内部ではシャーマニズム的な儀式も持っていた。
- The martial art organization previously mentioned started to have very strong sect like characteristics and practiced shamanistic ceremonies within the group.
- それでも松方は、新税の設置などで歳入を確保することで当初の計画を出来るだけ維持することに努めた。
- Still, Matsukata made efforts to keep the original plan as unchanged as possible by securing revenue raised primarily from the introduction of new taxes.
- さらに長慶は朝廷・寺社との関係を重視し、たびたび連歌などを催しては親密な関係を維持しようとした。
- Also, Nagayoshi tried to maintain their close relationships with the Imperial Court and temples and shrines by holding renga often.
- ところが、四迷は、この合併に伴い東京商業学校校長に就任した矢野二郎に対し悪感情を持つようになる。
- But Shimei gradually harbored dislike against Jiro YANO, who took office as the principal of Tokyo Shogyo Gakko (Tokyo Commercial College) due to this merger.
- そのため、水戸黄門ファンの中には、黄門を持ち上げるためにことさらに綱吉をけなすという風潮もある。
- Therefore, some fans of Mito Komon have a tendency to unnecessarily disparage Tsunayoshi in order to flatter Komon.
- 大内守護の任にあり美福門院が支持する二条天皇への支援という名目で頼政はとりあえずは信頼に与する。
- Yorimasa decided to take sides with Nobuyori on a tentative basis as he had an obligation to support Emperor Nijo out of his support of Bifukumon-in due to his service as Ouchi Shugo.
- この時の制度は役職ごとに一定の石高を定め、その水準を満たさない知行保持者にのみ定額の役料を与えた。
- In the system at that time, a certain kokudaka (crop yield) was prescribed for each post and if the chigyo fell short of the target, a fixed amount of yakuryo was given.
- 武田説については、このように大きな影響力を持ち、多くの賛同者を得た一方で激しい批判も数多く受けた。
- The TAKEDA theory was very influential and acquired many proponents, although it was strongly rejected by many people.
- 草枕 旅の丸寝の 紐絶えば 我(あ)が手と付けろ これの針(はる)持(も)し(巻20・4420番)
- Kusamakura tabino maruneno himotaeba agatetotsukero korenoharumoshi(草枕 旅の丸寝の 紐絶えば 我(あ)が手と付けろ これの針(はる)持(も)し) (Volume 20, 4420)
- 東宮妃となるべく育てられかつては薫との縁談もあったこの女房に、薫も同情しつつも関心を持ちはじめる。
- While feeing sympathy for her, Kaoru began to be interested in this nyobo, who was brought up to become the princess of the Crown Prince and Kaoru once had an offer of marriage with her.
- 意味的な切れ目を五・七・五の音の切れ目とは異なる場所に持ってくることで、リズムに変化を与える技法。
- This is a technique in which a variation is added to the rhythm by placing a semantic cut in a location different from what is commonly used for the 5-7-5 structure.
- そのほかにも、先人の逸話や同時代の歌人に対する論評など多岐にわたる内容を持ち、随筆風な記述である。
- Other than these, it contains various descriptions including anecdotes of forefathers and comments on kajin of the same period, and has essay-like style.
- その二人の恋が官能的に描かれて異界(蓬莱山)と人間界との3年対300年という時間観念を鮮明に持つ。
- Their love was described erotically, and the story showed us a vivid contrast in the sense of time, three years in the supernatural world (Mt. Horai) being equivalent to three hundred years in the world of human beings.
- 公事方御定書制定時に一部は緩和されたものの、戦国時代の法体系がそのまま幕末にまで持ち込まれていた。
- When the Kujigata-osadamegaki was enacted, it was partly moderated, but the law system of the Sengoku period was taken over unaltered till the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
- 一方で条約体制では、国家・国力の大小に関係なく、主権を持つ国家は法的には平等・対等であるとされる。
- On the other hand, under treaty system, sovereign states are legally equal and even regardless of the size or scale of the countries or power.
- 王権のもとには、ウジを持つ物部氏・大伴氏・蘇我氏などがいて、臣・連・国造・郡司などの職掌があった。
- Under the sovereignty, 'Uji' title name holders were Mononobe clan, Otomo clan, and Soga clan; then, there were official duties: Omi (a hereditary title; originally it was one of the two highest such titles, later demoted to the sixth highest of eight), Muraji (a hereditary title; originally it was one of the two highest such titles, later demoted to seventh highest of eight), kuninomiyatsuko (a hereditary title, and regional administrator), and Gunji (a district official).
- 戦後多くが回収されたが、従軍した日本軍兵士が低額券を戦勝記念に持ち帰ったため、比較的入手しやすい。
- Although most of them were collected after the war, quite a few Japanese soldiers who fought in the war brought back low-priced notes so the currency was relatively obtainable.
- また領収書であるため、手持の貴金属による支払いに比べ、実際の経済力以上の物資の徴発が可能でもある。
- In addition, since military currency was a receipt, it was possible to get more commodities than the military force could actually buy with its precious metal.
- 選挙干渉(せんきょかんしょう)とは政権保持者が反党勢力を排除するために、不正に選挙に干渉すること。
- Election interference means interference to election made by ruling party to eliminate their opponents.
- 京都町奉行の命令は、奈良の行政、司法を差配し、奈良奉行が受け持ったのは、朱印地を持つ寺社であった。
- The Kyoto City Magistrate controlled Nara's administration and justice by issuing commands while the Nara Magistrate was in charge of temples and shrines having domains authorized by the bakufu.
- しかしながら、越智氏の乱と持氏、義昭との連携については確たる証拠がなく疑問であるという論者もいる。
- But some people advocate that there is no clear evidence of linkage between the Ochi clan war and Mochiuji and Yoshiaki, and therefore it must be left as an open question.
- ポサルは信者から強い尊敬の念を持って遇されており、「先生」、「ポサル様」等の敬称で呼称されている。
- Miko is highly respected by devotees and called by a title of honor.
- 忠勝の叔父は徳川家中では武勇もって有名な植村氏明であり、また同じく叔父に槍の名手の本多忠真を持つ。
- One of Tadakatsu's uncles was Ujiaki UEMURA, famous for his heroic acts among the Tokugawa vassals, and another of his uncles was Tadazane HONDA, a master of spears.
- 明応2年(1493年)には当時の将軍足利義稙(後の義稙)を擁しながら、家督を維持して権勢を誇った。
- In 1493, Masanaga maintained reins of power by keeping the family estate while supporting then-shogun Yoshiki ASHIKAGA (later Yoshitane).
- これにより水戸藩は、老中や譜代大名から「綱條公は将軍の器にあらず」との認識を持たれることとなった。
- This led the roju (senior councillors of the shogunate) and fudai daimyo (feudal lords in hereditary vassalage to the Tokugawa family) to discredit the domain as well as 'Lord Tsunaeda as being incompetent to become Shogun.'
- 星は、積極財政をすすめて地域への利益誘導をはかり、支持獲得を目指す積極主義という政治手法をとった。
- HOSHI took a positive political approach in which he promoted an expansionary fiscal policy to develop pork barrel politics, trying to obtain appropriations for his own district, with an aim to gain support.
- 「知能線」と「感情線」が1体となっている手相(=ますかけ線)を持つ人が100人に2~3人ほどいる。
- Two or three out of 100 persons have the teso in which 'the knowledge line' and 'the feeling line' are integrated (called 'masukake' line).
- やがて、明石の姫君の加持僧である僧都が浮舟のことを彼女に語ったため、このことが薫の知るところとなる。
- Because young lady Akashi's priest for incantation tells her about Ukifune, Kaoru also comes to know about her.
- 菅原氏と反対派の対立は次代以後に持ち越され、後の道真左遷(昌泰の変)の遠因となったとする見方もある。
- The antagonism between the Sugawara clan and the rival faction continued to fester through successive eras, leading some to view this antagonism as the true cause of Michizane's famous demotion later on (in the Shotai Incident).
- この家集は散文化した長文の詞書を持ち、私家集というより歌物語・女流日記文学の系譜に連なる作品である。
- This collection has a long foreword that has turned into prose, and it is a work that is placed in the line of poem-tales and literary diaries by women's hands rather than with personal collections.
- このため、従来の製法を維持してきた江戸の京枡は「江戸枡」と称され、差異が生じるようになってしまった。
- For that reason, the Edo kyo-masu, which had been produced by traditional methods, came to be called 'Edo-masu,' and a difference was created.
- 枡はその正確性を維持するために枡座と呼ばれる座の設置が認められ、京都では福井作左衛門が管掌していた。
- The need to maintain accuracy in measurement led to the setup of the Masu-za (monopoly bureau of masu) in Kyoto, which was supervised by Sakuzaemon FUKUI.
- 中の君は薫の気持ちをそらそうとして、亡き大君に似た異母妹の浮舟 (源氏物語)がいることを薫に教えた。
- Naka no Kimi tried to divert Kaoru's attention, and told him about her younger sister by a different mother, Ukifune, who looked like the late Oigimi.
- 集められた古写本の中で源光行がもともと持っていた写本と以下の7つの写本を特に重要視していたとされる。
- It is said that, among collected old manuscripts, they placed importance on the one MINAMOTO no Mitsuyuki originally had and the following seven manuscripts.
- 既存の「文明国」(すなわち西欧諸国)により「文明国」加入を支持されていること(具体的には条約改正)。
- The country must be admitted to the group of 'civilized country' by existing 'civilized countries' (namely Western countries) (specifically, revision of treaties).
- この時足立大尉は必死の反撃をし格闘したが、中島も持っていた短刀で加勢し2人で滅多突きにして殺害した。
- Senior Lieutenant Adachi fought hard, but Nakajima joined Iwanaga with his own short sword and stabbed him to death, striking him a countless number of times.
- 日宋貿易に関心を寄せた平忠盛は独自にこれを活発にし、輸入品を朝廷にもたらして権力を持つようになった。
- TAIRA no Tadamori who was interested in the trade between Japan and Sung, made the trade prosperous and grasped authority by bringing imported goods to the Imperial Court.
- あくまで物資や労働力などを軍が受領し、軍に対して債権を持つことを証明する領収書に過ぎないものである。
- It was only a receipt to show that the military force had to pay for the commodities and/or labor to the owners of the military currency.
- 伝習諸取締に永井尚志が任命され、伝習生から総督(学生監督)に矢田堀鴻、永持亨次郎、勝海舟が選ばれた。
- Naoyuki NAGAI was appointed to the supervisor for students, and among the students, Ko YATABORI, Kojiro NAGAMOCHI, Kaishu KATSU were selected as governors (supervisors for students).
- この協約は、1910年の日本による韓国併合に先立って、清と大韓帝国との国境を画定させる意味を持った。
- Before Japan annexed Korea in 1910, this agreement had a significance demarcating a border between Qing and the Korean Empire.
- 南郷や平田のもとで茶話会は清浦奎吾の研究会_(貴族院)とともに山縣有朋を支持して、超然主義を奉じた。
- Under Nango and Hirata, Sawakai joined Keigo KIYOURA's Kenkyukai (a study group) in supporting Aritomo YAMAGATA, supporting Yamagata's doctrine of transcendence.
- はじめ東軍の細川勝元に支持された義視が、後に西軍の山名宗全方に寝返ったため、義政は義尚を後継とした。
- Yoshimi who was supported by Katsumoto HOSOKAWA of the Eastern Camp changed sides to Sozen YAMANA of the Western Camp, and Yoshimasa appointed Yoshihisa as a successor.
- 一方、山縣有朋系の議員が多かった茶話会も超然主義を支持しており、両会派の政策に大きな違いがなかった。
- On the other hand, the Tea Party group, which mainly consisted of the members of Aritomo YAMAGATA faction, also supported the doctrine of superiority, so there was no big difference between both groups.
- そのため、政長は弥三郎派の神保長誠らの支持を受けて弥三郎の後継となり、義就と激しい戦いを繰り広げた。
- Thus, Masanaga became the successor of Yasaburo supported by people who were on Yasaburo's side such as Naganobu JINBO, and developed a fierce battle with Yoshinari.
- 1966年(昭和41年、86歳)、持病の胆嚢炎を手術したが、高齢により回復がはかどらず入院が長引く。
- In 1966 (at the age of 86), although he underwent an operation for his chronic disease, gallbladder inflammation, his recovery was very slow because of his old age and his stay in hospital was prolonged.
- 10月20日に建議して、樺太は3年も持たないとし、北海道の開拓に本腰を入れなければならないと論じた。
- On November 13, he submitted an opinion that Japan would lose Sakhalin in three years, and argued that it must strive for the development of Hokkaido.
- 業を煮やした六波羅探題は伊賀国の地頭・御家人を同道させるべしと命令し、ようやく持法らは従ったという。
- It is said that the Rokuhara police commissioner became impatient and ordered Jiho and his retainers to visit the estate in the company of the estate steward) and Iga Province vassals: an order the constables eventually followed..
- 次の日、豊雄が怪しげな宝刀を持っているのを見て、どうやってこれを賄ったのか父と母と長兄は豊雄をせめた。
- On the following day, his father, mother and older brother found Toyoo have a dubious treasured sword, and they sternly asks him how he got it.
- 翁が取り持ったが、彼女は拒否し、一度は姿を見られたものの、姿を消して見せたりして結局御門も諦めさせた。
- The Okina tries to arrange the meeting, but she refuses it, and she makes the Mikado give up on her too, disappearing from his sight, although she has only been seen by him once.
- だが、この時期に畿内大和には未だ京と呼べるような都市は無く(飛鳥京跡等は宮殿のみで市街地は持たない)。
- However, there was no such city that can be called Kyo (capital) during this period (the site of Asuka no miyako [the capital of Asuka] had only a palace and it didn't have a town).
- なお、神田秀夫によって『万葉集』の編者のひとりに擬せられているが、現在では支持するひとはほとんどない。
- Although Hideo KANDA counted Prince Yuge as one of the compilers of 'Manyoshu,' very few support this theory today.
- 源氏は斎宮に興味を持ちつつも御息所の遺言を守り、斎宮を養女として冷泉帝に入内させ後見した(「澪標」)。
- Although Genji was interested in the itsukinomiya, he followed Miyasudokoro's will and had her enter court as a consort to the Emperor Reizei as Genji's foster daughter and acted as a guardian for her ('Miotsukushi').
- 啄木は、自分の経済的な苦しみの原因は社会にあると考え、社会主義思想に関心を持ち国禁の書を読みふけった。
- Takuboku believed his economic problems were caused by society, developed an interest in the socialist ideology and would immerse himself in books that had been banned by the state.
- 1940年4月から6月のドイツの電撃戦により東南アジアに植民地を持つオランダ・フランスがドイツに降伏。
- The German blitzkrieg operations during April to June 1940 made the Netherlands and France that had colonies in Southeast Asia surrender to Germany.
- しかし、すでにこの頃、北条家は庶流が多く分立しており、経時の継承に対して不満を持つ者も少なくなかった。
- However, there were a number of branch families established in the Hojo clan, and many were dissatisfied at Tsunetoki's succession.
- 王国は仕方なく、武具の持込と兵の入城だけは拒否するとして、ペリーは武装解除した士官数名と共に入城した。
- With no alternatives, the Kingdom allowed Perry to enter the castle in the company of several disarmed soldiers.
- 朝廷は3月4日、大伴旅人を征隼人持節大将軍に、笠御室と巨勢真人を副将軍に任命し隼人の征討にあたらせた。
- On March 4, the Imperial court appointed OTOMO no Tabito as the great general to subdue the Hayato and KASA no Mimuro and KOSE no Mahito as the vice generals and commanded them to subjugate the Hayato.
- そこで、平時は江戸城に配置されている各門の警護、征夷大将軍外出時の警備、江戸城下の治安維持等を勤めた。
- Therefore, it usually served as a guard placed for each gate around the Edo-jo Castle, a guard of shogun when going out, maintenance of security of the Edo castle town, and so forth.
- このような状況に不満を持つ家臣達は知勇に優れた長政に期待を寄せ、久政を竹生島に追放して隠居を強要した。
- Feeling unsatisfied about this situation the vassals forced Hisamasa to retire in favor of Nagamasa, who was believed to have great knowledge and courage, by exiling Hisamasa to Chikubushima Island.
- 良経は摂政太政大臣となるが、38歳の若さで急死し、孫にあたる九条道家を育てることに持てる全てを傾けた。
- Yoshitsune became Sessho and Daijo-daijin but died suddenly at the young age of 38; Kanezane put all of his efforts towards raising his grandson, Michiie KUJO.
- これは当事者間の和い(合意もしくは妥協)によって一方あるいは相互に利益を供与するという意味を持っていた。
- This meant that either party provides (ataeru) to the other party, or both parties provide mutually, benefits through amanai (agreement or compromise) between the parties.
- 彼が翻訳者であったという幸運もあって、源氏物語は多くの読者を持つことなり、当時の文学界の話題ともなった。
- Thanks to his translation, 'The Tale of Genji' became popular among readers, and in the process it became a topic of discussion in literary circles.
- また女御は源氏の妻紫の上とも親交を持ち、同じ邸内に住むようになってからは親しい友人のような関係を続けた。
- On the other hand, the nyogo had a close friendship with Genji's wife, Murasaki no Ue and after they began to live in a same mansion, continued to have a close friendship.
- 天武朝から持統朝という律令国家制定期におけるエネルギーの生み出した、時代に規制される表現であるといえる。
- It can be said to be an expression produced by the energy of the time during a period from the reign of Emperor Tenmu to Jito, when the Japanese nation was being established under the ritsuryo codes, and also taking into account the limitations of the period in regard to expressions.
- 延暦4年(785年)、家持の死後すぐに大伴継人らによる藤原種継暗殺事件があり、家持も連座したためである。
- This is because the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu by OTOMO no Tsuguhito occurred in 785, immediately after the death of Yakamochi, and Yakamochi was implicated in the assassination.
- 伝統的歌壇から反発を受けたが、世間の耳目を集めて熱狂的支持を受け、歌壇に多大な影響を及ぼすこととなった。
- The traditional poetry circles were offended by her poems, but the world was startled and enthusiastically supported her, so her poems had a significant impact on the circles.
- が、養賢にはそのような俗欲が無い、と言うよりも端から理解できず、そして母の期待に応える気持ちも無かった。
- However, Yoken did not share this desire, or rather, he did not understand such things in the first place or have any intention of meeting his mother's expectations.
- そして友人として、友人と思っていた美しい精神の持ち主であったはずの鶴川は、実は養賢には心を開かなかった。
- And his friend Tsurukawa, who Yoken thought of as a friend and was supposed to have a heart of gold, did not open his heart to Yoken after all.
- 家集のもっとも古い例は10世紀前半ごろに編纂されたと思われる人丸集・赤人集・家持集・猿丸集の四種である。
- The four oldest examples of kashu: Hitomarushu (the Collected Works of KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaru), Akahitoshu (the Collected Works of YAMABE no Akahito), Yakamochishu (the Collected Works of OTOMO no Yakamochi), and Sarumarushu (the Collected Works of Sarumaru Dayu) were compiled around the early tenth century.
- 匂宮と中の君の縁談を持ち上げつつ、おのが恋心をも訴え、京に迎えたいと申し出るが、大君は取り合わなかった。
- He speaks to her about marriage arrangements between Nioumiya and Naka no Kimi, also revealing to her that he has been in love with her and wants her to move to the capital, but Oigimi does not take his words seriously.
- 一休は、自らを風狂の狂客とし、歓楽街を徘徊したが、世人は常識を超然した姿を一種畏敬の念を持って観ていた。
- Ikkyu pretended to be a crazy person with a romantic turn of mind, and wandered about entertainment areas, but people saw him as a person rising above the vulgar herd in certain respects.
- 持明院統は『玉葉和歌集』、『風雅和歌集』の編纂を行った経緯からもわかるように京極派の歌風を重んじてきた。
- Jimyoin-to (imperial lineage from Emperor Gofukakusa to Emperor Gokomatsu) had considered the poetical style of the Kyogoku school, which can be seen in the process of compiling 'Gyokuyo Wakashu' (Jeweled Leaves Collection) and 'Fuga Wakashu' (Collection of Japanese Poetry of Elegance).
- ただし、足利義量・足利義尚死後の将軍空位期については、足利義持・足利義政の「後記」として独立させている。
- However, the period in which the position of the shogun was vacant following the deaths of Yoshikazu ASHIKAGA and Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA is treated independently as a postscript to the section pertaining to Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA and Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA.
- 北部九州の勢力が奈良盆地勢力を制圧し、奈良盆地へ東遷したとする見解もあるが、次第に支持を失ってきている。
- Although some scholars expressed the opinion that a powerful force in the northern part of Kyushu lorded over the Nara Basin, and subsequently moved their capital into the Nara Basin; this theory gradually lost academic support.
- 時代が流れ、1597年(慶長2年)豊臣秀吉が治安維持のため、下級武士に五人組・庶民に十人組を組織させた。
- Later, in 1597, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI organized the Gonin-gumi, or five-member groups, consisting of lower-ranking samurai, and the jyunin-gumi, or ten-household groups, consisting of common people.
- 『日本書紀』の巻27は天智天皇の時代、巻28と29は天武天皇の時代、最終の巻30は持統天皇の時代を扱う。
- Volume 27 of 'Chronicles of Japan' deals with the period of Emperor Tenchi, volumes 28 and 29, the period of Emperor Tenmu and the last volume 30, the period of Emperor Jito.
- 現在の農業協同組合・生活協同組合・信用金庫・信用組合は、いずれも戦前の産業組合にルーツを持つ組織である。
- The present Japan Agricultural Cooperatives, a consumer cooperative, credit union, and credit cooperative all have their roots in the Industry Association before the war.
- にも関わらず父と共に散る運命をたどったあたりが、偉大なる父を持つ2代目の限界として現れていると言われる。
- It is said that he followed the same fate as his father dying despite the fact that he was the second generation to push the limits.
- 大隈重信は政治家と教育者という2つの顔を持っていたため、主に大礼服姿のものとガウン姿のものに分けられる。
- Shigenobu OKUMA had two faces, one as a statesman and one as an educator, and his statues are divided into those with full-dress uniform and those in academic gowns.
- 従来の二十巻の勅撰集において独立した巻を持った哀傷・離別の項目が無く、それぞれ雑歌・羇旅に吸収されている。
- The categories of elegy and parting, which formed independent volumes in the conventional 20 volume imperial anthologies, were omitted, so they were included instead in the categories of miscellaneous poems and journey.
- 女戸主が隠居するには、年齢は問わないが、ただ完全な能力を持つ相続人が相続の単純承認をすればそれでよかった。
- When a female head of a family wanted to retire, only a simple acceptance of the succession by a successor with full ability, regardless of age, was necessary.
- 初稿の成立は同じく跋文によれば長徳二年(996年)頃で、左中将源経房が作者の家から持ち出して世上に広めた。
- According to the afterword, the first draft was written around 996, and Sachujo (guard of the Imperial Palace) MINAMOTO no Tsunefusa took the draft from the author's residence and brought it before the eyes of the world.
- 大伴家持とかかわりのあった十余人の女性のひとりで、同時代では大伴坂上郎女とならび称されるすぐれた女性歌人。
- She was one of among more than 10 lovers of OTOMO no Yakamochi, and was a poetess as excellent as her contemporary, OTOMO no Sakanoue no Iratsume.
- 厭世心の強い薫は「俗聖」八の宮に興味を持って文通を始め、後には自身で宇治に訪れて親交を深めるようになった。
- Kaoru, who had a strong pessimistic view of life, got interested in Hachi no Miya, 'the saint who is still in this world', began correspondence with him and later he himself paid a visit to Uji and deepened friendship with him.
- 製作者の大半は明経道博士家にかかわりを持つ人々であり、特に清原宣賢がこの分野において果たした役割は大きい。
- Most of the writers were connected with the family of Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics) experts, and Nobukata KIYOHARA played an especially important role in this genre.
- 作者は鞍馬天狗の最後は『パリ燃ゆ』の舞台であるパリ・コミューンの市街戦で戦死させる構想を持っていたという。
- The author seemed to have a plan that Kurama Tengu would be killed in a street fight during the Paris Commune that was also the stage of Osaragi's another work 'Pari Moyu' (Paris Burns).
- 源氏物語を題材にした絵巻物は数多く存在し、「源氏物語絵巻」という固有の名称を持つ絵巻物もいくつか存在する。
- There are many picture scrolls on the subject matter of The Tale of Genji, and there are also some picture scrolls that have the proper name 'The Tale of Genji Emaki.'
- 青表紙本や河内本のように特定の祖本から分かれた何らかの共通の性格を持った一群の写本が存在するわけではない。
- There were not necessarily a group of manuscripts which had common distinctions and that branched from the particular original manuscript such as Aobyoshi-bon and Kawachi-bon manuscripts.
- なお、事件後は大山巌が血染めになったそれを所持したとされている(『東京日日新聞』明治11年5月27日付)。
- Additionally, after the incident, Iwao OYAMA seemed to possess those bloody letters ('Tokyo Nichinichi Newspaper' dated on May 27, 1878).
- 江戸時代、尊皇家は天皇への尊崇と支持を高めるため、天皇家の大変な古さと不変性という「万世一系」を強調した。
- In the Edo period, the sonnoka (people with reverence for emperors) emphasized the 'unbroken line of emperors' which implied the incredibly long history and continuity of the imperial family, to heighten respect and support for emperors.
- これは軍票所持者から信託を受けた団体が受領書を交付し、団体ではスタンプを押して管理するというものであった。
- That is because the organizations, which was trusted by the owners of the military currency, issued the receipt and kept the currency by stamping on each note.
- 例えば、水野忠邦の同僚で老中土井利位は本領は下総国古河藩であったが、河内国、摂津国にも飛び地を持っていた。
- For example Toshitsura DOI, who was Roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate) and a colleague of Tadakuni MIZUNO, governed the domain of Koga in the Province of Shimousa but also had outlands in the provinces of Kawachi and Settsu.
- そして、1898年には伊藤の強い支持の元に憲政党を主体とする第1次大隈内閣(いわゆる「隈板内閣」)が成立。
- In 1898, receiving strong support from Ito, the first Okuma Cabinet (so-called the 'Waihan Cabinet') was established with the Kenseito (憲政党) as its base.
- 朝廷は自らの勢力範囲に広く律令制を導入することを試みていたが九州南部においては住民の支持を得られなかった。
- The Imperial court had attempted to introduce the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) across its sphere of influence but had not been successful in winning the approval by the people of southern Kyushu.
- 拝借金は幕藩体制維持のためには必要な措置であったが、同時に幕府財政を悪化させる要因の1つになったのである。
- Haishakukin was a necessary measure to maintain the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate, however, at the same time, it was one of the factors that worsened the financial affairs of the bakufu.
- 剛勇で知られた義親がそれまでさしたる武名もなかった正盛に簡単に誅されたことに疑問を持つ者は少なくなかった。
- Not a few people doubted that Yoshichika who was famed for his bravery was killed so easily by Masamori who did not have such military fame.
- 翌年公家に列し、その後正長2年(1429年)に極官の左大臣となったが、実権は親族の二条持基に握られていた。
- He came in line with Kuge (court noble) in the following year and reached the highest attainable position of Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) in 1429, but the actual power lied in his relative, Mochimoto NIJO.
- 頼政は源頼光の系統の摂津源氏で、畿内近国に地盤を持ち中央に進出し、朝廷や摂関家近くで活動する京武士だった。
- Yorimasa was a member of the Settsu-Genji family in the line of MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu with his feuds in provinces around Kinai (the area near Kyoto); he was a Kyo-samurai who had a position in the central government and did political activities in the Imperial Court and around the Sekkan regent families.
- 『書紀』が参考にした中国史書は、『漢書』『後漢書』のように全体を「書」としその一部に「紀」を持つ体裁をとる。
- The Chinese history books such as 'Kanjo' and 'Gokanjo' which 'Shoki' referred to were usually called 'sho' as a whole including 'ki' in some parts.
- が、かれは実は女性を扱うことにかけては詐欺師的な巧みさを持ち、高い階層の女性を次々と籠絡している男であった。
- However, Kashiwagi was, in fact, excellent at handling women like a swindler and seduced upper-class women one after another.
- 人麻呂が和歌の神・水難の神として祀られたことから、持統天皇や藤原不比等から政治的に粛清されたものとしている。
- Because Hitomaro was worshipped as the god of waka poetry and the god of protection at sea, he was politically purged by the Empress Jito and FUJIWARA no Fuhito.
- 吉宗が行った享保の改革によっても幕府の財政赤字の根本的解決には程遠く、続く9代徳川家重の時代に持ち越される。
- Despite Yoshimune's Kyoho Reforms, a budget deficit of the Edo bakufu was far from a thorough resolution, so it was carried over to the reign of the next ninth Shogun Ieshige TOKUGAWA.
- これにより、私擬憲法が政府に持ち寄られて議論されることはなく、大日本帝国憲法に直接反映されることはなかった。
- Because of this, Shigi Kenpo were no longer brought to the government for discussion and thus were not directly reflected in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- このため外国商人は日本へ銀を持ち込んで、金と交換し、上海などで再度銀と交換するだけで巨利を得ることができた。
- Therefore foreign merchants could obtain a lot of profits by only bringing silver into Japan, exchanging silver for gold and exchanging gold for silver again in foreign countries, such as Shanghai in China for example.
- 室町幕府も50ヶ所近い御料所(公方御料)を保持して、直臣の奉公衆・奉行衆を代官として派遣して納めさせていた。
- The Muromachi shogunate, which owned approximately fifty goryosho (kubogoryo), delegated control of goryosho to great vassals, such as hokoshu (the shogunate military guard) or bugyoshu (group of magistrates) and made them pay tax to the shogunate.
- 正確には領収書であり、最終的には、その軍隊が所属する政府によって軍票所持者に対し債務支払いを行う必要がある。
- To be precise, it is a receipt; the government of the army has to pay the money to owners of it eventually.
- 他方の撒兵隊は御目見以下の小普請組などの御家人から構成され、慶応2年(1866年)までは御持小筒組と称した。
- On the other hand, the sappei-tai troops were composed of gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) such as Kobushin-gumi (samurai without official appointments who receive small salaries) in the rank below omemie (the title with the privilege to have an audience with one's lord, a dignitary, etc.), and it was referred as gojikodutsu-gumi until 1866.
- なお、公家と複数の徳川将軍から朱印状を受けた寺社及び50石以上の寺社領を持つ寺社に対しては個々に交付された。
- New ryochi-hanmono, shuinjo and ryochi-mokuroku were individually granted to kuge, those temples and shrines which had received shuinjo from more than one Tokugawa Shogun in the past or which possessed a territory of more than 500,000 koku (of rice).
- しかし日本における家父長的家族制度に批判的な視線を投げかけたことにより、徐々に西欧的結婚観への支持を広げた。
- However, because it showed a critical stance against a family system of patriarchal authority in Japan, a view of marriage in Western style had been gradually spread.
- 逆に奥羽全域の平定後も従来通りの「小帝国」を維持するために内地に「化外」の居住区を人為的に作るためとする説。
- A fourth theory is the opposite of the previous theory: after conquering the Ou area, in order to maintain the 'small empire' as before special residential areas were created for the outcasts.
- 三好氏はもともと阿波の豪族の盟主のような存在であり、そのため阿波・讃岐の戦力は畿内の維持に必要不可欠だった。
- Since the Miyoshi clan was originally like a leader of the local ruling families of the Awa Province, the military power of Awa Province and Sanuki Province was essential for them to maintain their power in the Kinai region.
- さんざんに矢を射て坂東武者たちを射落とし、矢が尽きれば、大太刀、大長刀を左右の手に持って、敵を斬りまくった。
- He shot a lot of arrows desperately, shooting down bando musha (warriors from east Japan) and, after all his arrows were gone, he mowed down his enemies with a long Japanese sword and a sword that was more like the blade of a giant halberd, holding them in his respective hands.
- 欣浄寺の池の横には「少将の通い道」とよばれるものがあり、訴訟を持っている者がここを通るとかなわないと言われる。
- By the pond in the Gonjo-ji Temple there is a 'path Shosho walked,' and tradition has it that if those who are in litigation walk the path, they will lose their cases.
- かぐや姫は「『私の言うものを持ってくることができた人と結婚したいと思います』と彼らに伝えてください」と言った。
- Then Princess Kaguya says, 'Please tell them that I would like to marry the man who will bring me something I want.'
- 美人であるという奥方に興味を持った正太郎は、女についていき、奥方と悲しみを分かち合おうと訪問することとなった。
- Shotaro gets interested in the wife, who has been well known for her beauty, and he follows the woman to visit the wife and share sorrows with her.
- 慶喜は大目付戸川安愛に薩長の非をならす上表文を持たせて上京させるとともに、在京の譜代大名諸藩軍へ上坂を命じた。
- Yoshinobu ordered Yasuchika TOGAWA, Ometsuke, to come up to Kyoto with Johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) to denounce Saccho and also ordered the armies of fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), staying in Kyoto, to come up to Osaka.
- 『源氏物語』は、このいわゆる「意識の流れ」に近い文体を持っており、これが正当な評価を獲得した一つの理由である。
- 'The Tale of Genji' has a style similar to so-called 'stream of consciousness,' which was a contributing factor in its wider acceptance and high reputation.
- ロイヤル・タイラーの訳(2001年)は一層この傾向を強めたもので、豊富な注を持ち、学問的な精確さを持っている。
- A translation by Royall TYLER (2001) enhanced this inclination with academic precision and copious notes.
- だが、大野の武家故実の研究がその規定に反する疑いが先著である『殿居囊』・『泰平年表』刊行の段階で持たれていた。
- However, it had been suspected that Ono's research about the customs and manners of samurai might have violated the regulation at the stage of publishing 'Tonoibukuro' and 'Taihei-nenpyo' (a chronicle of the Edo period).
- 三手掛(さんてがかり)とは、江戸時代に行われた御目見以上の家格を持つ武士及びその妻子らに対する刑事裁判のこと。
- Sante-gakari indicates criminal trials in the Edo period for a samurai, his wife or his children with the family status that had omemie ([the privilege to have] an audience [with one's lord, a dignitary, etc].)
- 主人が男性の場合には主人の妾(召人)となったり、女性の場合には主人のもとにかよう男と関係を持つことが多かった。
- If her master was male, she often became his concubine; on the other hand, if her master was female, she had relationships with men who visited her master.
- 生真面目で一途な性格だが、複数の妻を平等に扱うことが出来ないなど、平安貴族としては欠点を多く持つ人物とされる。
- He is a character of deeply sincere and straightforward honesty, but considered a person with defects as a noble of the Heian period, namely being unable to treat his several wives equally.
- 最も有名なエピソードは、意味深な歌(「森の下草老いぬれば~」)を書いた若向きの真っ赤な扇を持ち歩いていた一件。
- The most famous episode of this is when she walked around with a deep red fan designed for young people, on which a meaningful poem ('The weeds growing under the trees are getting old, ---') was written.
- 後宮の女房など女性たちが「かな」を使用したため、その女性たちと交流を持つ男性官人も「かな」を使うようになった。
- Because women such as court ladies in Kokyu (Empress's residence) used 'kana,' male government officials who had contacts with them also came to use 'kana.'
- しかし、匂宮は冷泉院の女一宮に好意を寄せており、厭世観を強めている薫は思いの残る女性関係は持つまいとしている。
- However, Niou Miya liked Emperor Reizei's daughter, Onna Ichi no Miya, while Kaoru enhanced his pessimistic view of life, and did not want to have any regretful love affairs.
- 校異編は源氏物語の本格的な学術的校本としては初めてのものであり、その後の源氏物語の研究に大きな影響力を持った。
- The book of comparison was the earliest full-scale academic variorum edition, and it has had a great influence on the study of The Tale of Genji later.
- これに対し恭親王奕訢は主権を侵害する行為としてプロシアを非難し、その際『万国公法』を根拠として持ち出している。
- On the other hand, Grand Prince Yixin blamed Prussia for the action and claimed it was considered to be infringement of sovereignty according to 'Bankoku Koho.'
- 堺は、赤旗を持っていた数名は目立たぬように旗を巻いて帰路に就こうとしたのに、躍り出た警官が暴力に訴えたと主張。
- SAKAI insisted that his several comrades who carried red flags were simply on their way home with the flags rolled up in order to make them inconspicuous when the policemen jumped onto them and turned to violence.
- 承久以後の売却地については、買得人がたとえ鎌倉幕府による安堵状を持っている場合であってもその保証は無効とする。
- For the land sold after the Jokyu era, a letter of ando (recognition and guarantee, by the shogunate, of ownership of the inherited estate of a samurai who pledged allegiance to it) which the purchaser has received from the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) shall have no force and effect.
- しかし同国内に元来強い勢力を持つ大掾氏らと争って敗れ、勅勘を蒙って長男清光とともに甲斐国市河荘に配流となった。
- However, he lost in the battle against the local lords including the Daijo clan, which originally gripped strong influences in the province, and punished by Imperial order, he was exiled to Ichikawa no sho estate, Kai Province, with his first son Kiyomitsu.
- 夫は(希望通りの)馬借・車借で字は越方部津五郎、名は津守持行、東は大津・坂本から西は淀・山崎まで走り回っている。
- (As she hoped,) her husband is a shipping agent using horses and carts, and his pseudonym is OCHIKATABE no Tsugoro and his real name is Mochiyuki TSUMORI; he runs around from Otsu and Sakamoto in the east to Yodo and Yamasaki in the west.
- また墨書が消えた場合、大判座へ持ち込み、銀三匁五分、文政2年(1819年)以降は金一分の手数料で書改めを受けた。
- In addition, when a coin's seal mark written in ink faded away, people brought it to an obanza (place to mint Oban) and the writing in Indian ink could be rewritten with the fee of three monme and five bu of silver, or one bu of gold after 1819.
- 行商(ぎょうしょう)は、(特定の店舗を持たず)商品を顧客がいるところへ運び販売をする小売業(サービス業)のこと。
- Peddling (Gyosho) is one of retailing industry(service business) where peddlers sell products by moving from customer to customer without having their specific stores.
- 細石器(さいせっき、マイクロリス、microlith)とは、打製石器の一種で、小型かつ刃の特徴を持つ石器である。
- Saisekki (microlith) is a kind of chipped stone tools, which is small and is characterized by a cutting edge.
- そして1912年の 露蒙協定交渉では、会談が設定されたペテルブルグにまでモンゴル語版『万国公法』を持参している。
- At negotiation over Russo-Mongolian Agreement in 1912, translated 'Bankoku Koho' in Mongolian language was brought to Peterburg where the negotiation was held.
- 5世紀半ばになり、畿内の大型古墳の竪穴式石室が狭長なものから幅広なものになり、長持ち型石棺を納めるようになった。
- It would be during the middle of the fifth century, a vertically constructed stone chamber became relatively wider than a previous shape (It was used to be a long and narrow shape), which was an interior structure of a large class Kofun (ancient burial mound), and was implemented in the Kanai region; the Kofun would have been designed to house a stone coffin, shaped in the form of a large oblong chest (for clothing, personal effects, etc.).
- (奏弾)宮中における特別警察的な存在であるが裁判権は他の機関と同じく、組織内部の軽罪を裁く程度しか持っていない。
- (Sodan) It was a kind of special force police unit in the Imperial Court, but as for jurisdiction, it just judged a misdemeanor in the organization as well as the other institutions.
- 一見して矛盾するが、この書き方は天智天皇、持統天皇のときも同じで、それぞれ治世の7年め、4年めに即位したと記す。
- This statement seemed contradictory but it was common description for some emperors; for example, Emperor Tenchi was enthroned in the 7th year of his reign and Empress Jito was enthroned in the 4th year of her reign.
- しかし、1911年(明治44年)に喜田が南北朝正閏論で職を失うと、同種の性格を持つこの論争も冷水を浴びせられた。
- However, when Kida lost his job due to Nanbokucho-Seijunron (argument on legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Dynasty) in 1911, the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement or Shosei theory similar to that argument was also criticized.
- まず、陣座において奏文を職事公卿が確認した後に史 (律令制)にこれを持たせて参内させ、続いて職事公卿も参内する。
- First, Shikiji-kugyo (high-ranked nobles engaged in submission of reports to the Emperor) gathered at Jin-no-za (a court set in Konoefu, Headquarters of Inner Palace Guards) would check and confirm Sobun (contents of the reports to the Emperor), and then let Fuhito (a clerical officer under Ritsuryo system) carry the Sobun to the Inner Palace, after that the Shikiji-kugyo would visit the Inner Palace.
- 米良氏は軍事的・政治的・経済的に肥後国人吉藩、日向国諸藩、薩摩藩など領境を接する諸藩と強いつながりを持っていた。
- The Mera clan had strong connections militarily, politically as well as economically, with adjacent clans that shared boundaries with its territory, such as the Hitoyoshi clan in Higo Province, clans in Hyuga Province, and the Satsuma clan.
- このときの列席した侍従・少将の官位を持つ大名の中での席次は5番目であり、前田利家や豊臣秀勝、結城秀康らに次いだ。
- On this visit, his order of precedence was fifth among the lords who had the official rank of Jiju or Shosho (Major General) and was also after Toshiie MAEDA, Hidekatsu TOYOTOMI and Hideyasu YUKI.
- 27年後の天正6年(1578年)7月にキリスト教の洗礼を受け、ポルトガル国王に親書を持たせた家臣を派遣している。
- He was christened 27 years later, in August 1578 and dispatched his vassal with a letter to King of Portugal.
- しかし、詩的工夫に固持し、「字余り」も辞さなかった結果、入念な彫琢が造作の痕跡を残し、流麗な調べに欠ける歌も多い。
- However, because it insisted on poetic technique, and did not allow poems with extra syllables, it left behind the traces of artificial polishing, so that many poems failed to achieve true beauty.
- この人麻呂との対は、『万葉集』の大伴家持の漢文に、「山柿の門」(山部の「山」と柿本の「柿」)とあるのを初見とする。
- These two great people were first mentioned in a work by OTOMO no Yakamochi, written in Chinese, which was collected in 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) as 'A school of 山柿' ('山' means Yamabe, and '柿' means Kakinomoto).
- 絵入源氏物語、湖月抄などの江戸時代の版本はこの写本の系統の本文に近く、源氏物語の解釈などには大きな影響力を持った。
- Books printed from engraved wood in Edo period such as The Tale of Genji with illustrations, Kogetsu-sho Commentary, and so on were close to the text derived from this manuscript, having a big influence on interpretation of The Tale of Genji.
- 成立年代・作者ともに不明だが、永享の乱・結城合戦の諸軍記は全て『鎌倉持氏記』が源流にあることが明らかにされている。
- Both the year of completion and the author are unknown, but it was revealed that various war records concerning Eikyo War and Yuki War were based on the military record, 'Kamakura Mochiujiki.'
- 道行は草薙剣を持って祖国の新羅に渡ろうとしたが、嵐により果たせず失敗に終わったとする点は『日本書紀』と同じである。
- It is the same as the description in 'Nihon Shoki' that although Dogyo tried to come back to his homeland Silla carrying the Kusanagi no tsurugi with him, the storm prevented him from doing so.
- 赤く焼けた鉄(鉄片・鉄棒)を手に受けさせ、歩いて神棚の上まで持ち運ぶなどの行為の成否をもって主張の当否を判断した。
- People catched red-hot iron (an iron piece or bar) with their hands and walked to kamidana (a household Shinto altar) carrying it, and if they succeeded in the trial, their claim was judged to be right.
- 長沢松平家は、徳川将軍家に近い家系のため格式が高く、交代寄合の待遇を受けていたが、200石の知行しか持たなかった。
- Being provided a high status due to its close relationship with the Tokugawa shogun family, the Matsudaira family in Nagasawa was treated as Hatamoto with the kotaiyoriai status, but earned only 200 koku of rice for chigyo (control of a territory).
- 伝承によれば、藤原冬嗣が勧学院に納めた物とされ、以後代々勧学院の別当を兼務した藤氏長者が所持していたとされている。
- According to the tradition, they were contributed to Kangakuin (educational institution) by FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu and possessed by successive Toshi choja who doubled as betto (chief officer) of Kangakuin for generations.
- 757年(至徳2年)には更に鳳翔(西京)、成都(蜀郡)が加えられ五京を持つに至ったが、この2都は間もなく廃された。
- In 757 Tang added two more capitals, Fengxiang (the western capital) and Chengdu (in Shu County) and thus had five capitals, but these two capitals were abolished soon.
- 総大将・義隆は周防に敗走し、養子の大内晴持に至っては敗走途中の揖屋浦で溺死するなど、大内方の散々たる敗戦となった。
- Ouchi side was disastrously defeated with the supreme commander, Yoshitaka routed to Suo, and his adopted child, Harumochi OUCHI drowned at Iyagaura during the rout.
- ---昭和40年代まで日本各地にみられ、晩のおかずに主婦が鍋を持って買いに来たり、子どもがおやつとして買っていた。
- Until about 1974, oden-uri was popular with housewives who brought their pots to buy oden for dinner and with children who buy it for their afternoon snacks.
- 同じく朝倉旧臣の富田長繁が内乱に一向一揆を誘って前波を殺すが、一揆勢は富田をも殺し越前は一揆持ちの国となっていた。
- Nagashige TOMITA, also a former retainer of Asakura, brought the Ikko Ikki (Ikko sect revolt) into the internal strife and killed Maeba, but the revolt force killed Tomita as well, and took control of Echizen Province.
- 1955年には、喜多六平太及び小鼓方幸流幸祥光とともに、能楽界初の重要無形文化財保持者(人間国宝)の認定を受ける。
- In 1955, he was certified as a holder of Important Intangible Cultural Property (Living National Treasure), the first holder from the Noh art, together with Roppeita KITA and Yoshimitsu KO from the Kotsuzumi kata of Ko school.
- 若い頃は長者風の温和な性格だった頼通だが、長年権力を持ち続けると豪華な奢侈を好み権勢に固執するようになったという。
- In his younger days, Yorimichi had the warm demeanor of a wealthy individual but it is said that by continuously holding on to power over so many years he developed a taste for extravagant luxury and persisted in his influence.
- その怒りの矛先は幕府だけでなく依然として中華思想からなる冊封体制を維持していた清や李氏朝鮮の支配層にも向けられた。
- The bakufu was not the only target of his anger; he also directed his anger at the ruling classes of the Qing dynasty and the Yi dynasty of Korea, both of which clung to the sakuho system based on Sinocentrism.
- 日本の正史は、日本書紀はともかく、続日本紀以降は「むしろ一つの王朝の歴代の君主の統治記録としての性格」を持っていた。
- Except for the first Rikkokushi (Nihon Shoki, The Chronicles of Japan), and the second (Shoku Nihongi, The Chronicles of Japan, Continued), all National Histories of Japan were concerned only with recording the reigns of each successive emperor.
- 宗祇が各地に下向する際、実隆に色紙・短冊・扇などに筆を染ませ、帰洛の際に礼銭や土産ものを持ってくるようになっていた。
- When Sogi set off to the provinces, he had Sanetaka write poems on shikishi (a square piece of fancy paper for writing a poem on), tanzaku (a strip of fancy paper for writing a poem on), or ogi (a folding fan), and when Sogi returned to Kyoto, he brought Sanetaka souvenirs or paid him remunerations.
- 壬申の乱の勝利後に史上初の「天皇」として即位し、思い切った国制改革を進めた天武天皇が没した後、皇后の持統天皇が即位。
- After the death of Emperor Tenmu, who was enthroned as the first 'emperor' in the Japanese history succeeding his victory at the Jinshin War and implemented a drastic political reform, Empress Jito assumed the throne.
- 『万葉集』には七十八首が撰ばれており、大伴家持や柿本人麻呂、山部赤人らと共に奈良時代を代表する歌人として評価が高い。
- With 78 poems included in the 'Manyoshu,' Yamanoue no Okura is one of the most prominent poets of the Nara Period together with OTOMO no Yakamochi, KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro and YAMABE no Akahito.
- これは万葉集の巻11の歌などを集めたもので、『人麻呂集』や『家持集』とおなじく万葉の赤人の作はほとんど含んでいない。
- This was a collection which contained some poems from the 11th volume of Manyoshu, but as with 'Hitomaroshu' (the collection of KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro) and 'Yakamochishu' (the Collected Works of OTOMO no Yakamochi), it hardly included any works by Akahito of the Manyo period.
- が、実は換金作物(大豆、綿、等)には税金がかからず、普通の土地持ちの百姓はそこそこな生活をしていたという見解もある。
- On the other hand, another opinion says that the cash crop (soybean, cotton, etc.) was not taxed, so farmers having lands of common size could lead a reasonably good life.
- この質朴とも言える趣致は道教の清浄の概念に由来し、貴族的な雅趣と庶民的な野趣を併せ持つ「清」という価値で表現される。
- This simple taste originated from the idea of cleanness in Taoism and was expressed as a value of 'cleanliness' which encompassed both aristocratic elegant taste and folksy rustic favor.
- 本土決戦時に紀伊半島への上陸を警戒した海軍は、航空艦隊第三航空艦隊司令部を柳本に進出する計画を持っていたといわれる。
- It is said that the Navy planned to move the Headquarter of the third Air Corps of the Aviation Fleet to Yanagimoto, since the Navy was on the alert for the landing on Ki Peninsula in the homeland defense war.
- のちに中央でも有力な一部の家系が上位の内位を独占して蔭位の恩恵を受けることで世襲してその恩恵を維持することとなった。
- Later, some powerful families in the government occupied the higher Naii ranks and retained their privilege by succeeding Oni (the automatic promotion system in which the people at the age of 21 whose parents were from Imperial to the fifth rank or grandparents upper than third rank, were conferred an Imperial title).
- しかし明治維新後、長崎居留地は次第に衰退し警察の維持が難しくなったため、1879年に長崎県警察部に警察権を返上した。
- But after the Meiji Restoration, the Nagasaki Settlement gradually fell into decline, and it consequently became difficult to continue to maintain a police force; as a result, in 1879 the settlement relinquished its police powers to the Nagasaki Prefectural Police Department.
- しかし、前期末までには埋葬専用容器として独自の形状を持ったものが成立し、その形状は壷形土器から甕形土器へと移行する。
- However earthenware with its original shape, especially as a burial container, came into being by the end of early period and the shape shifted to maiyou earthenware from a jar-shaped vessel.
- 明治元年(1868年)から浄土宗に属していた東大寺は、明治19年(1886年)、一宗を持ち、華厳宗の大本山となった。
- Todai-ji Temple, which had belonged to the Jodo sect since 1868, became independent as the head temple of the Kegon sect in 1886.
- つまり、大和を中心とした西日本全域に大きな影響力を持つ勢力、即ち大和王権がこの時期既に成立していたとの見方ができる。
- This leads to the notion that a power which held great influence all around western Japan, centering upon Yamato - that is to say, Yamato kingdom - had already been established at that time.
- また、足利将軍家が発給した五山十刹などの住持を任命(補任)する辞令を「公文」もしくは「公帖(こうじょう)」と呼んだ。
- The letter of appointment issued by Ashikaga Shogun Family to appoint the chief priest of Gozan-Jissetsu (five great Zen temples and ten important temples of Rinzai sect) was also called 'Kumon' or 'Kojo.'
- 六波羅探題は嘉暦2年(1327年)伊賀守護代平常茂と服部持法に覚舜・道願ら悪党の捕縛を命ずる「厳密之沙汰」を下した。
- In 1327 the authorities in Rokuhara (Kyoto) issued a strict decree that commanded the police commanders in Iga Province (Tsuneshige TAIRA and Jiho HATTORI), to arrest a gang of villains which included Kakushun and Dogan.
- この乱を鎮圧したのが源頼信であり、これを契機に清和源氏が関東に勢力を持ち、武士が本格的に表舞台に登場するようになる。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu suppressed the rebellion and by grasping the opportunity, the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) exerted control over Kanto region; it is said that this was when samurai warriors arrived center-stage in earnest.
- 鳥羽法皇崩御後、保元元年(1156年)に保元の乱が起こると、頼政は美福門院が支持する天皇方に与し、勝者の側となれた。
- After the demise of the Cloistered Emperor Toba, Hogen Disturbance took place in 1156, and Yorimasa took sides with the Emperor supported by Bifukumon-in and successfully remained on the winner's side.
- 翌年の春、源氏は病気加持祈祷のため北山に赴き、そこで祖母の源氏物語の登場人物その他とともに住まう美貌の幼女を見かける。
- The following spring, Genji visits the Northern Hills to perform incantations, finding a beautiful little girl there who lives with her grandmother and others.
- 幕府は10月3日に時政の娘婿平賀朝雅を京都守護として京に派遣し、朝雅は西国に領地を持つ武蔵国の御家人を率いて上洛した。
- On October 3, the bakufu sent Tomomasa HIRAGA, who was an adopted son-in-law of Tokimasa, to Kyoto as the Kyoto shugo (military governor of Kyoto), and Tomomasa went to Kyoto leading Gokenin (shogunal retainers) who had territories in the western region of Japan.
- 高時の嫡子邦時は執権守時が扶持する事になり、先例によって5歳で八幡宮参詣が行われ、得宗の後継者としての儀式が行われた。
- It was decided that Shikken Moritoki should help Kunitoki, Takatoki's legitimate son, and in accordance with the precedent, Kunitoki paid a visit to Hachiman-gu Shrine when he was five to be inaugurated head of the Tokuso family.
- 後世の俗書(『人丸秘密抄』など)では、持統の愛人であったとみるような曲解もあらわれてくるが、これはもとより小説である。
- In cheap fiction of later years, such as the'Hitomaro Himitsu-sho', there are some distorted interpretations such as that he was Jito's lover, perhaps to suit the style of a novel.
- 上巻 - 人麿、躬恒、家持、業平、素性、猿丸、兼輔、敦忠、公忠、斎宮、宗于、敏行、清正、興風、是則、小大君、能宣、兼盛
- Volume One: Hitomaro, Mitsune, Yakamochi, Narihira, Sosei, Sarumaru, Kanesuke, Atsutada, Kintada, Saigu, Toshiyuki, Muneyuki, Kiyotada, Okikaze, Korenori, Kodai no Kimi, Yoshinobu, Kanemori
- しかし、度重なる西欧列強との戦争によって、次々と朝貢国を喪失していき華夷秩序を維持することは事実上困難となっていった。
- However, it became impossible because the Qing dynasty continuously lost its chokokoku after several wars between Western countries.
- 阿部はとりあえず、諸大名へ江戸湾警備を増強すべく、砲撃用の台場造営を命じたほか、11月14日に持ち場の変更を行わせた。
- Meanwhile, he had the daimyos (territorial lords) build forts to strengthen the security of Edo Bay, and on November 14, changed each daimyo's duty post.
- また『明六雑誌』の論説は、各地の新聞に(無断?)転載されることも多かったので、さらに一層の広がりを持っていたといえる。
- In addition, articles on 'Meiroku Zasshi' were often reprinted on other newspapers in various places (which might be done without permission), so that it can be said that they had wider readership furthermore.
- その結果、明徳の和約による南北朝時代 (日本)の統一によってその大半が持明院統の嫡流とされた伏見宮家の元に集中された。
- As a result, during the peaceful era of the Southern and Northern Dynasties established in the Meitoku treaty, most of the Imperial estate fell into the hands of the Fushiminomiya family, which was considered a direct descendant of Jimyoin-to line.
- 仙がウィーン万博から持ち帰ったニセアカシアの種子は、帰国後の明治8年に大手町に植えられ、これが東京初の街路樹となった。
- The seeds of pseudoacacia that Sen had brought back from the world exposition in Vienna were planted in Otemachi in 1875 following his return to Japan, which became the first roadside trees in Tokyo.
- なお、『本朝世紀』にはこの経光の所持していた兵仗に対し「俗に之奈木奈多と号す」との記述があり、薙刀の初見とされている。
- According to 'Honcho seiki,' there is a description about the hyojo he was carrying, as 'it is commonly called naginata,' and it is supposed that this was the first appearance of naginata (Japanese halberd) in a document.
- 服部 持法(はっとり じほう、生没年不明)は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて活躍した伊賀国の武士、悪党。
- Jiho Hattori (dates of birth and death unknown) was a samurai from Iga Province and an akuto (a villain of medieval times), who was active from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- ただし、福澤は急速な欧米思想流入を嫌う者から幾度となく暗殺されそうになっているが、剣を持って戦った事はなく逃げている。
- Although Yukichi was nearly assassinated several times by those who hated the rapid influx of Western ideas, he fled them instead of fighting back with a sword.
- 「古今集」証本の書写をはじめ、子の慶運や九州の赤橋英時・大友貞宗らに家説を伝授相伝するなど、二条流歌学の保持に尽くした。
- He served for maintaining the study of Nijo School's poetry, teaching family traditions as well as shohon (premised book) of the 'Kokin shu' (abbreviation for Kokin Wakashu - A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) to his son, Unkei, and those who were from the Kyushu District such as Hidetoki AKAHASHI and Sadamune OTOMO.
- 本項目で採り上げられている贈与と和解はともに和い与える性格を有しており、後に両方の意味を持った背景として考えられている。
- Both gift and settlement discussed in this section have the nature of providing benefits through agreement or compromise, and this is probably why the term came to have the two meanings later.
- 応仁の乱の最中に京極氏は、惣領・持清と嫡子(長男)・京極勝秀が立て続けに病死した為、跡目を決めなくてならなくなくなった。
- In the middle of the Onin War, Mochikiyo, the Kyogoku clan's soryo (heir), and Katsuhide KYOGOKU, the legitimate child (first-born son), had died of illness in quick succession; therefore, the Kyogoku clan had to name the heir.
- 持清は嫡孫である勝秀の次男・孫童子丸よりも勝秀の長男・乙童子丸を溺愛していた為、一族・家臣の中で意見が分かれる事になる。
- Mochikiyo had doted on Otsudojimaru, Katsuhide's first-born son, rather than on his legitimate grandchild, Sondojimaru, Katsuhide's second son; thus, the opinion was divided in the clan and vassals.
- 縁語(えんご)とは、一首の中に意味上関連する語を連想的に2つ以上用いることで歌に情趣を持たせる、和歌の修辞技法のひとつ。
- Engo (verbal association) is a rhetorical technique in waka poetry, where two or more semantically associated words are used in a poem to express one's sentiments.
- また『歴史書』に著される山幸彦の孫の初代神武天皇がヤマトに向かう際、亀に乗り釣竿を持った男が水先案内人になる場合がある。
- Also, according to 'Rekishi-sho'(a history book), when the first Emperor Jinmu, a grandchild of Yamasachihiko, came to Yamato, a man with a fishing rod was riding on the back of a turtle.
- 品部(しなべ/ともべ)とは、「しなしなのとものを」あるいは「とものみやつこ」の和訓を持つ古代日本の人的集団・組織のこと。
- Shinabe (technicians in offices), or 'shinashinano tomonowo' or 'tomono miyatsuko' in the Japanese way of reading, refers to the human group or organization in ancient Japan.
- 大同団結運動分裂時のしこりは新しい立憲自由党にも持ち込まれ、後の第1次山縣内閣による自由党土佐派の切り崩しの遠因となる。
- The ill feelings of the division of the movement to unite for a common purpose were carried into the new Constitutional Liberal Party, which would be an underlying cause to undermine organizational unity of Tosa school of Liberal Party by the First Yamagata Cabinet which would come into power.
- このことから、直政は人に言われたことをすぐ根に持つタイプ、すなわち負けず嫌いであったということが分かる(「井伊年譜」)。
- From that episode, it is clear that Naomasa either held grudges easily about what people said about him, or he was a person who hated to lose ('II Nenpu' (The Chronological List of Main Events of the Ii clan)).
- この時の秀忠隊は信濃の外様大名と、上杉・中山道に対処する部隊としての慣例により隣接地に封地を持つ譜代大名で構成していた。
- The Hidetada's troops at that time consisted of Tozama daimyo in Shinano Province and Fudai daimyo (hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) who had their territory along the Uesugi Nakasendo Road, according to a custom of troops which went through the road.
- 以後、西園寺家から中宮を出す慣例の先駆となるとともに、持明院統(後深草天皇の系譜)が幕府と近い関係を持つきっかけとなった。
- With this, the Saionji family established their precedent of producing Empresses, and in addition, used this as the impetus to forge close ties between the Jimyoin imperial lineage (the genealogy beginning with Emperor Gofukakusa) and the bakufu.
- 大伴家持の「族をさとす歌」は、天平勝宝8歳に、淡海三船の讒言によって大伴古慈悲が出雲守を解任された時に詠まれたものである。
- Poem to admonish the clan' was written by OTOMO no Yakamochi when OTOMO no Kojihi was removed from the post of Izumo no kami (governor of Izumo Province) fallen victim to the slander by OMI no Mifune in 756.
- 諸蕃(しょばん)とは、古代日本においていわゆる「三韓」と呼ばれた朝鮮半島の国々及びそこに出自を持つ渡来人系氏族を指す言葉。
- In ancient Japan, the term 'Shoban' meant three countries in the Korean Peninsula called 'Sankan' as well as the clans of settlers originally from there.
- これを「大坂一乱」または「河内国錯乱」と呼ぶ(石山御坊(大坂)は摂津国だが、実賢支持者に河内出身者が多くいたためである)。
- This is called 'Osaka ichiran' (A Disturbance in Osaka) or 'Kawachikoku sakuran' (Kawachi Province Disturbance) (this is because many supporters of Jitsugen were from Kawachi while Ishiyama Gobo [Osaka] was located in Settsu Province).
- 五人組制度は村では惣百姓、町では地主・家持を近隣ごとに五戸前後を一組として編成し、各組に組頭などと呼ばれる代表者を定めた。
- The Gonin-gumi system consisted of groups of five members who were landholders in a village, and landlords/house owners in a town, including appointed group leaders called 'Kumigashira.'
- 大坂ではその市内を縦横に走る川が交通手段その他の点で重要であったから、その維持管理である川浚え(浚渫)もまた重要であった。
- In Osaka, crisscrossing rivers in the city were important as the means of transportation and other uses; accordingly, dredging, which was a way of controlling and maintaining rivers, was also important.
- これは当時の人々が人間は居住する地域によって生かされて生涯を送るという認識を持っていたことと関係しているとも言われている。
- It is said that this was related to the cognition of people then that they would spend their whole lifetime where they lived with the supports from their place of residence.
- 日本における国会開設と憲法制定は、自由民権運動への譲歩という側面を持ち、そこでは国家予算が国会の承認を要することになった。
- Establishment of the National Diet and formulation of the Constitution in Japan had an aspect of compromise with the Freedom of Rights Movement, and as such, it became necessary to gain the approval of the Diet for the state budget.
- 寡黙であり、他を圧倒する威厳を持ち、かつ冷静な理論家でもあったため、面と向かって大久保に意見できる人間は少なかったと言う。
- It is said that he was taciturn, possessed an air of dignity, and was a calm theorist, therefore few people could put forth their own opinions to his face.
- 後任文相に旧進歩党の犬養毅が就いたことに不満を持った旧自由党の星亨は、一方的に憲政党の解党を宣言、新たな憲政党を結成した。
- As Tsuyoshi INUKAI of the old Progressive Party assumed the post of the next Minister of Education, Toru HOSHI of the old Liberal Party, who was dissatisfied with the result, declared one-sidedly the dissolution of the Constitutional Political Party, and formed a new Constitutional Political Party.
- また、赤痢菌を見つけた志賀潔などが脚気の栄養由来説を支持したこともあり、医学界でも脚気栄養起源説が受け入れられつつあった。
- Besides, Kiyoshi SHIGA, the man who discovered the dysentery bacillus, also supported the theory that beriberi was related to nutrition, so even in the medical world this theory began to be accepted.
- 統一国家が確立してゆく中で、大陸から漢詩が入ってきた影響もあり、個人の気持ちを個々に表現する歌が盛んに作られるようになった。
- In the process of giving unification to Japan, Chinese poetry was introduced to Japan from the Chinese Continent, and under its influence poems to express individual feelings were energetically composed.
- 現存する『源氏物語』の写本のうち、ほぼ全巻が揃い、「青表紙本」系統の本文を持つものとしては最良の写本であると考えられている。
- Among the surviving manuscripts of 'Genji Monogatari,' it has almost all chapters in it and is considered as one of the best among the manuscripts of the 'Aobyoshi-bon' (Blue Book) line.
- この模型はアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー提督が2回目の日本訪問に際して大統領から将軍への献上品として持参したものであった。
- This model was presented to the Shogun as a gift from the President of the United States of America by Commodore Matthew Perry on his second visit to Japan.
- その一方で、この時期までにしばしば浮上しては頓挫した、雄藩連合による公議政体論路線の一つの到達点という面も持ち合わせていた。
- Meanwhile, it also had an aspect as a goal of controversy over the parliamentary regime promoted by major domains, which had repeatedly emerged and broken down by then.
- 駅では、官吏1人に対して駅馬1疋を給し駅子2人を従わせ、うち1人が駅鈴を持って馬を引き、もう1人は、官吏と駅馬の警護をした。
- Umaya provided one official with one ekiba accompanied by two ekiko, one of whom guided the horse with ekirei and the other guarded the official and ekiba.
- このため、この地域で発行された藩札、旗本札、寺社札などで、発行元によっては、国を超えてきわめて多様な引請人を持つ場合がある。
- Therefore, the Han-satsu, Hatamoto-satsu, and Jisha-satsu issued in this area were sometimes undertaken by various persons across the boundaries of the province, depending on the source that issued the paper money.
- また、地方においては当主の交代や改易による新領主の入部に伴う領主の交替時にも、「御代始」に対する期待が強く持たれたのである。
- In the local regions, there were high expectations for 'Miyohajime' when there was the change of family heads or feudal lords.
- 平治の乱の後、大和国が清盛の知行国になった際に清盛は南都寺院が保持していた旧来の特権を無視して国内全域において検断を行った。
- After Heiji Disturbance, when Yamato Province became Kiyomori's proprietary province, Kiyomori performed policing and adjudication across the country, ignoring traditional privilege possessed by Nanto temples.
- 忠邦は幕府財政再建に乗り出し、諸改革を打ち出したが、徹底的な奢侈の取締りと緊縮財政政策を採用したため世間に支持されなかった。
- Tadakuni embarked on the financial reconstruction of the bakufu to develop reforms, but did not gain public support because he completely controlled the luxury and introduce austerity measures.
- 家が没落していくなかで、自らが士族の出であるという誇りを終生持ち続けたが、商売が失敗したのもそれゆえであるとみるむきもある。
- Even as her family declined, she continued to take pride in her descent from shizoku; however, some believe that this was the cause of her failure in business.
- 文永5年(1268年)正月、高麗の使節がモンゴルの国書を持って大宰府を来訪、蒙古への服属を求める内容の国書が鎌倉へ送られる。
- In January 1268, envoys from Goryeo visited the Dazai-fu (a local government office in Kyushu region) with an official demand from the Mongolian Empire that it become subject to their rule, which was forwarded to Kamakura.
- 『国記』(くにつふみ)・『天皇記』(すめらみことのふみ)と言った皇室が代々受け継ぐべき史書を蘇我氏が所持し邸宅で保管していた。
- History books such as 'Kunitsufumi' (National Record), 'Sumeramikotonofumi' (Record of the Emperors), which were to be handed down by the imperial family for generations, were possessed by the Soga clan and were retained at the residence of the Soga clan.
- 万葉集は長い期間を経て何人もの人々によってまとめられたが、最終的に現在の20巻のかたちに編集したのは大伴家持だと言われている。
- It is said that Manyoshu was compiled by many people over a long period of time, but it was OTOMO no Yakamochi who in the end edited and made a 20-volume anthology as it is.
- 姫君に仕える女房あこきが、夫の帯刀を介して姫君と右近の少将の仲を取り持つなど、当時の貴族の縁談の一端が生き生きと描かれている。
- An aspect of arrangements for marriage at that time is described vividly as Akoki, who was a nyobo (court lady) serving the himegimi, acted as a romantic go-between through her husband, Tatewaki.
- また、同書では万葉集を根拠に文武天皇の皇后であった紀皇女と密通し、それが原因で持統天皇によって処断されたとの仮説を述べている。
- The book also assumed based on Manyoshu, that the prince committed adultery with Princess Ki, who was the empress of Emperor Tenmu, and therefore was executed by Emperor Jito.
- 浮舟は薫の手で宇治に囲われるが、彼の留守に忍んできた匂宮とも関係を持ってしまい、対極的な二人の貴人に愛される板ばさみに苦しむ。
- Ukifune was given a residence in Uji by Kaoru, but she had a relationship also with Nioumiya when he stole into her residence in Kaoru's absence and was torn between two noble men who were in strong contrast each other.
- なお、雲隠六帖は源氏物語原典の巻々と比べると1巻の長さは概して非常に短く、ストーリーだけを完結に描く梗概的な内容を持っている。
- Additionally, the chapters of the Kumogakure Rokujo are on the whole exceedingly short compared with the original chapters of the Tale of Genji, and they describe the story so concisely that the contents look like summaries of the story.
- 特に7月17日以降から北京陥落の数日前までは比較的穏やかな休戦状態が維持継続され、尽きかけた食料・弾薬を調達することもできた。
- There was a mild cease-fire that continued for several days from July 17th to the fall of Beijing, and they were able to supply food and ammunitions that were facing shortages.
- 日本や朝鮮、ベトナム、琉球といった中国の周辺諸国は、その中国から様々なスタンスを取ることで安定的な国際秩序を形成維持してきた。
- Neighboring countries of China including Japan, Korea, Viet Nam and Ryukyu has formed and maintained stable international order by taking various stances toward China.
- インドや東南アジアに拠点を持たないアメリカ合衆国は、西欧との競争のためには、清を目指するうえで太平洋航路の確立が必要であった。
- The United States, however, with no foothold in Southeast Asia, was in need of a route to China through the Pacific in order to compete with Europe.
- 竹橋にある勘定所の文書倉庫で書類整理をさせると、役人が書き損じた書類を勝手に破いて寄場に持ち帰る(紙は当時非常に高価だった)。
- When they were made to do the filiing of documents in the warehouse of documents of the Ministry of Finance in Takebashi, they tore the documents spoiled by officials and took them to the Yoseba (because sheets of paper were very expensive those days).
- すると、里右衛門は持っていた棒で惣右衛門を2度打擲し、3度目を打擲しようとしたところ、棒を取り落としたため、脇差に手をかけた。
- Then Riuemon hit Soemon twice with his stick, but dropped it when trying to hit him the third time and therefore held his short sword.
- 北部九州や山陰、四国地方などに主に分布する銅矛や銅剣、銅戈などは、前期末に製品が持ち込まれるとともに、すぐに生産も開始された。
- Bronze halberd, doka (bronze halberd for rituals), and bronze swords distributed mainly in northern Kyushu, Sanin and the Shikoku region were introduced at the end of early period and manufacturing started right after that.
- 紐(ちゅう、持ち手)の部分に印綬(いんじゅ、太いひも)を通し、常に腰のベルトにぶら下げていたため官吏の象徴として見られていた。
- Kanin was seen as a symbol of government officials because government officials attached inju (a thick string for kanin) to the grip of kanin and always wore kanin on their obi (a waist belt).
- そのため、金銀複本位制を採用せざるを得ず、なおかつバランスが崩れるとその度に改鋳を行ってバランスを維持しなければならなかった。
- Therefore, they had no choice but to adopt the gold and silver bimetallism, and had to maintain the balance by reminting coins whenever the balance was lost.
- この際、前田利家、佐々成政、不破光治らの与力を付けられ、90年間一揆持ちだった加賀国の平定を任され北陸方面軍総司令官となった。
- On this occasion, yoriki (police sergeants) such as Toshiie MAEDA, Narimasa SASA and Mitsuharu FUWA were provided for him, and he was put in charge of subduing Kaga Province, which had been in the possession of the Ikki for 90 years, and became the commander in chief in the Hokuriku area.
- また近隣一帯は、田尻氏など純友追討に功のあった大蔵春実の子孫が土着しており、藤原純友一族の子孫が勢力を持ったとは見なしがたい。
- The Tajiri clan, native to the surrounding area, who were the descendants of Haruzane OKURA, showed fine performances during the subjugation of Sumitomo, and it seems unlikely that the descendants of the family of FUJIWARA no Sumitomo controlled the area.
- こうして切断された紙片のことを「断簡」と称するが、高野切本古今和歌集のうち、巻九の巻頭の17行分の断簡は豊臣秀吉が所持していた。
- Scraps of paper cut out like this were called 'dankan' (fragments); among the entire collection of the Koya-gire volume of the Kokinshu, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI had possession of the dankan appearing at the beginning of scroll nine, the 17th line.
- 1470年(文明 (日本)2年)の京極持清の病没から始まり、1505年(永正2年)の孫・京極高清の領国統一までの34年間を指す。
- The battle broke out after Mochikiyo KYOGOKU's death of illness in 1470 and continued for 34 years until Takakiyo KYOGOKU, his grandson, united the territory in 1505.
- 特に神亀年間(724年 - 729年)に長歌6首を詠み、車持千年(くりまもちのちとせ)・山部赤人と並んで歌人として活躍している。
- In the period from 724 to 729 in particular he wrote six choka (long poems) which put him at the same level as other poets of his time, such as KURIMAMOCHI no Chitose and YAMABE no Akahito.
- 「宗主権―主権問題」とは、華夷秩序から条約体制へと国際秩序が移行する際に生じたある二国家間関係をめぐって持ち上がった問題である。
- 'Suzerainty and issues on sovereignty' means a problem raised between two countries during transition of the order of international society, from Kaichitsujo to treaty system.
- 伊東玄朴の蘭学塾「象先堂」にあった『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』全21巻を佐野常民が勝手に持ち出し30両で質入してしまったと言われている。
- It was said that Tsunetami SANO carried away 'Doeff Halma' complete in 21 volumes in 'Shosendo,' the Institute for Western Studies led by Genboku ITO, and pawned it for 30 ryo.
- ところが一方では、株持ち酒屋の中にはこっそりと自分のところの酒造りを無株者酒屋に格安で下請けさせるところもあらわれたのであった。
- Meanwhile, however, some kabumochi breweries stealthily began contracting out their sake production to mukabumono breweries at a low price.
- 長谷川特務曹長は「田代といっても僅かに5里ばかりで、湯に入りに行くつもりで、たった手ぬぐい1本を持っただけだった」と語っている。
- Sergeant Major Hasegawa recalled ' I brought only one hand towel like going to dip in a hot spring because Tashiro was just about five ri ('ri' is about 3.927km) away from there.'
- 村社会は相互互助的な性質を持つ一方で内部には経済的階層や家柄による家格などが存在し、村の秩序維持のための青年組織などが存在した。
- The village community is characterized by a mutual aid system while having an internal economic hierarchy and a rating based on family lines, in addition to a youth organization to maintain the order of the village.
- このため、永正7年(1510年)には逆に高国・義興による近江侵攻が行なわれたが、澄元は近江国人衆の支持を得てこれを破るなどした。
- Then Takakuni and Yoshioki invaded Omi Province in return in 1510, but Sumimoto gained support from the kokujin-shu of the Omi Province and defeated them.
- この5人はいずれも壬申の乱の功臣で天武天皇・持統天皇に仕えた人物であることから、奈良時代初期が物語の舞台に設定されたとされている。
- These five men were all meritorious vassals at the Jinshin War serving Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jito, which suggests that the tale takes place in the early Nara period.
- また天璋院は慶喜個人に対してはあまり好感情を持っていなかったが、徳川家存続には熱心であり、「薩州隊長人々」に宛てて歎願書を記した。
- Although Tenshoin personally held little empathy for Yoshinobu, due to her lack of a favorable impression of him, she was enthusiastic for the continuance of the Tokugawa family and she wrote a petition addressed to 'the commanding officers of Sasshu (Satsuma Domain).'
- 年貢勘定帳(ねんぐかんじょうちょう)は村方と代官の間で用いられ、村請年貢を村内高持百姓に割り付けてその収支を計算したものであった。
- Land tax account books used between village officers and local governors for calculating the balance of payments by allocating the land tax imposed on the village to independent farmers.
- 737年、持節大使となり、陸奥按察使兼鎮守将軍大野東人とともに多賀城より雄勝村を経由する陸奥国から出羽国への直通路開削事業を行う。
- 737: Became Jisetsu taishi (Ambassador Bearing the Sword of Authority), and together with ONO no Azumahito, Mutsu no Azechi (inspector of Mutsu Province) and also a Commander-in-Chief of the Defense, he carried out a road-laying project between Mutsu and Dewa Provinces which started from Taga-jo Castle and went through Ogachi Village.
- 額田王(ぬかたのおおきみ、ぬかたのきみとも、生没年不詳)は、皇極天皇朝から持統天皇朝に活躍した、日本の代表的な女流万葉歌人である。
- Nukata no Okimi (also known as Nukata no Kimi) (dates of birth and death unknown) was a leading female Japanese poet who was active during the reigns of the emperors Kogyoku and Jito with poems in the 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten-Thousand Leaves).
- 藤原 麻呂(ふじわらのまろ、持統天皇9年(695年) - 天平9年7月13日 (旧暦)(737年8月17日))は、奈良時代の貴族。
- FUJIWARA no Maro (695 - August 17, 737) was a court noble who lived during the Nara period.
- その意味では、『万葉集』という歌集の編纂事業は、恩赦により家持の罪が許された延暦25年(806年)にようやく完成したといってよい。
- In that sense, the editing of the 'Manyoshu' collection of poems was finally completed in 806 when Yakamochi was pardoned by a decree of amnesty.
- 口頭語的な要素を生かしつつ仮名書きであらわされることが多いため、註釈の内容のほかに中世後期の国語学的資料としての高い価値をも持つ。
- Making the most of colloquial elements, they were written in kana (the Japanese syllabary), and are therefore of great value not only as commentary but also as a reference for studying the Japanese of the latter half of the medieval period.
- また、戦闘描写などもいくつかカットされており、これは『今昔』がこの作品の細部よりも、物語の流れに興味を持っていたことを示している。
- Several descriptions of battles are also omitted, showing that 'Konjaku' is more involved in the flow of the narrative than the details of 'Mutsuwa-ki.'
- さらに1858年(安政5年)には、イギリスが中国の鉄道で使用する予定であった762mm軌間の本物の蒸気機関車が長崎へ持ち込まれた。
- Furthermore, in 1858, a real 762-mm-gauge steam locomotive, which Britain had originally planned to use for the railway in China, was brought in Nagasaki.
- その一方で、超然主義を支持する他会派とは違い、自由民権運動系の政党への敵意は弱く、第1次大隈内閣に対しては好意的な中立を維持した。
- On the other hand, it was different from other factions that supported the nonparty principle, and with less hostility toward parties for the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, it favorably maintained neutrality toward the first Okuma Cabinet.
- ただし、前述のように地方召上には懲罰的な意味合いを持つケースもあったために、移行の際のトラブルが御家騒動に発展する可能性もあった。
- However, as mentioned before, jikata-meshiage was a measure that sometimes had a punitive meaning, and therefore, the transferring to the other form of provision might provoke a family dispute.
- しかしながら、特に江戸時代中期以降になると明確に文人意識を持ち、文人文化を実現した人々が多数存在したこともまぎれもない事実である。
- However, it is true that especially after the mid-Edo period there were many clearly self-aware Bunjin in Japan and they created Bunjin culture.
- 雑戸(ざっこ)とは、日本の律令制において特定の官司に隷属していた大化前代の職業部に由来する手工業を中心とした技術を持つ集団のこと。
- Zakko refers to groups of technical experts mainly from handicraft industry, coming from shokugyobe (professional Be [groups of people who belonged to the Yamato Dynasty]) subordinated to specific government offices under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) of Japan before the Taika Reforms.
- 倉石大尉はゴム靴を持っていたことが結果として凍傷を防いだと言われるが、これは正月に東京に行った際にたまたま買っていたものであった。
- It is said that Captain Kuraishi had escaped frostbite thanks to his rubber boots which he had happened to buy when he had been in Tokyo at New Year's.
- 室町幕府は守護に仁木義直を任じて支配強化を図ったが、持法は一方で守護支配に抵抗する国人と結びつつ、裏では義直と結託していたという。
- The Muromachi bakufu (shogunate) tried to strengthen its control by appointing Yoshinao NIKI as provincial governor however, some say Jiho colluded with Yoshinao behind the scenes while simultaneously conspiring with minor local lords in resistance to the powers of the governor.
- この記事に「倭京」の名がみえるが、この時期に畿内大和には未だ「京」と呼べるような都市は無い(飛鳥宮等は宮殿のみで市街地は持たない)。
- The name of `Yamato no miyako' (the city in Yamato) appeared in this article, but there was no such a city that could be called `miyako' (capital) in Kinnai region of Yamato at this period (Places like the Asuka Imperial Palace only had a palace, but they didn't have a town).
- すぐれた作品が存在し、それを好む多くの読者が存在する以上、『源氏物語』の享受はそのままこれにつづく小説作品の成立という側面を持った。
- As there had existed excellent works and many readers who preferred them, the reception of 'The Tale of Genji' became a factor in the establishment of succeeding novels.
- 浮舟の葬儀から一周忌を過ぎたある日、明石中宮を通じて浮舟生存の情報を知った薫は、浮舟の異父弟小君に文を持たせ小野の山里へ向かわせる。
- One day after the first anniversary of the funeral for Ukifune, Kaoru came to know through Akashi no Chugu that Ukifune was still alive and sent Kogimi, Ukifune's younger brother from a different father, to the village of Ono.
- だが源氏は、美しく気品があり、教養も知性も人に優れているために矜持の高い彼女をやがて持てあますようになり、逢瀬も間遠になってしまう。
- She was beautiful, elegant, intelligent and well educated but acted superior to others and when Genji eventually found it difficult to deal with her, the intervals between their meetings became longer and longer.
- その後、統一国家が確立してゆく中で、大陸から漢詩が入ってきた影響もあり、個人の気持ちを個々に表現する歌が盛んに作られるようになった。
- As Japan was in the process of establishing a unified country, the composing of poems expressing individual feelings became popular, part in due to the influx of the Chinese poems into Japan about that time.
- こうなると今度は、株持ち酒屋のあいだに疑心暗鬼が生じ、自分たちの中にそうした裏切り者がいないか、相互監視するネットワークが築かれた。
- That made kabumochi breweries suspicious of each other, so much so that they established a mutual surveillance network to find a possible traitor.
- 大久保は家族にも秘密で、生前の西郷から送られた手紙を入れた袋を持ち歩き、暗殺された時にも西郷からの手紙を2通懐に入れていたとされる。
- Okubo is said to have carried around a bag which contained the letters from late Saigo even without telling his family, and the two letters were in his pocket when he was assassinated.
- 両替屋は大坂に本店を置くことが多く本両替が発達し、江戸は支店が多く脇両替が多く見られ、京都はその中間的な性格を持っていたといわれる。
- Many exchangers had their headquarters in Osaka where honryogae developed, and branches in Edo where many wakiryogae were found, while Kyoto was somewhere between the two.
- 頼通は有職故実に通じた当代の学識者だった小野宮流の藤原実資に師事して親交を結び、道長への批判者だった実資も頼通には好意を持っていた。
- Yorimichi was taught the rules and practices of the imperial court and military houses by the scholar FUJIWARA no Sanesuke of the Ononomiya school, who was a critic of Michinaga, and the two became close friends.
- また文治5年(1189年)1月13日には、義経が京都に還る意志を書いた手紙を持った比叡山の悪僧・千光房七郎が北条時定に捕まっている。
- On February 7, 1189, another armed priest of Enryaku-ji Temple, Senkobo-Shichiro, was arrested by Tokisada HOJO and found holding a letter written by Yoshitsune with his intention to return to Kyoto.
- これら知恩院・輪王寺は江戸幕府と強い繋がりを持ち、後の幕府による寺請制度等により幕府は宗教を完全に公儀の下に置くことに成功している。
- Chion-in Temple and Rinno-ji Temple had a strong connection with the Edo bakufu, and with the Terauke seido (the system in which the public should be registered in one of designated temples to prove their Buddhist faith) established, the bakufu succeeded in placing religion completely under it.
- また『古事記』の天皇崩御年干支を基に、『日本書紀』の年次を探ろうとする考えもあるが、前述の理由により多くの学者の支持を得られていない。
- In addition, there is another idea to define the dates in 'Nihonshoki' based on the Oriental zodiac of the year of emperors' deaths in 'Kojiki,' but it is not supported by many scholars for the above reasons.
- 本来は贈与の意味であったが、鎌倉時代初め頃より(訴訟における)和解という意味も持つようになり、中世を通じて両方の意味で用いられていた。
- The term, originally meaning the gift, came to have another meaning of settlement (in a lawsuit) in the early Kamakura period and used in both meanings throughout the medieval period.
- これらの表記は近年に至るまで様々な憶測や、ある種野次馬的な興味(紫式部が清少納言の才能に嫉妬していたのだ、など)を持って語られている。
- These descriptions have been brought into conversation with various conjectures and curiosity (Murasaki Shikibu was jealous of the talent of Sei Shonagon, etc.) up until recently.
- 地割や惣作の際に生じた余剰地や地主が小作人に恩恵として無償もしくは軽負担で預けた土地、村が所有した林野(村持林野)などを預地と呼んだ。
- Originally, 'azukarichi' referred to shared land or land remaining after allocation had been made, to land that the land owner entrusted as a favor to its kosakunin (tenant farmers) free of charge (or for a small fee) or to forest area land owned by villages.
- 昭和30年代半ばには、前衛短歌は社会的影響力を持ち始めたため敬遠する出版会の動きがあったことと、方法意識が出尽くしたことから停滞した。
- Around 1960, the avant-garde tanka poetry started to lose its impetus, due to the fact that many publishers, fearing the over-reaching influence of the avant-garde tanka poetry into societal matters, distanced themselves from this type of poetry, and also due to the loss of direction.
- 擦切技法の石斧とともに定角式磨製石斧も現れるが、この石斧が定型的な形を持ち、広い分布と出土量の多さを示してくるのは縄文中期末頃である。
- Although regularly curved stone axes also appeared with the stone axes based on the technique for cutting by rubbing, it is in the end of the middle Jomon period that these stone axes had regular shape with wide diffusion and a large amount of excavation.
- つまり、僧ひとりひとりが貴族など権力者と結びついて加持祈祷、呪詛を行い、各人が所属する僧坊での私生活に重きが置かれるようになったのだ。
- In other words, the monks individually performed incantations and offered fervent prayers under close relationships with nobles and other persons in authority, which resulted in focusing on private lives in the residential facilities, to which they belonged.
- 一条家と関係の深かった西園寺公経(能保の娘婿)・持明院保家(能保の従兄弟・猶子)・源隆保の3名の公卿・官人も出仕を止められて失脚した。
- The trio (court nobles and government officers) of Kintsune SAIONJI (Yoshiyasu's son-in-law), Yasuie JIMYOIN (Yoshiyasu's cousin and adopted son) and MINAMOTO no Takayasu, all of whom had a close relationship with the Ichijo family, were prohibited from entering the Imperial court and lost their power.
- 北朝方の勝利の下室町幕府が安定して以後も、幕府の支持を得た筒井氏に対し、越智氏も大和国南部を中心として勢力を維持し紛争は継続していた。
- Even after the triumph of the Northern Court side stabilized the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the conflict lasted between the Tsutsui clan, who won the support from the shogunate, and the Ochi clan, who continued to maintain power especially in the southern part of Yamato Province.
- この説は、高柳光寿が当時の学会で権威を持っていたこともあって広く浸透し、その結果、信忠を暗愚とするイメージが長く定着することとなった。
- Mitsutoshi TAKAYANAGI had authority in academic society at that time, which made the foolish image he had established of Nobutada prevail for a long time.
- また、伊達家を中心に奥州の諸大名の連合軍を組織し後北条氏と連携、徳川家康ら豊臣家中の不穏分子の蜂起を待つという構想も持っていたようだ。
- It seems that Masamune planned to organize allied forces of territorial lords of Oshu led by Date clan, and then the forces would cooperate with Gohojo clan, while he also anticipated and waited for the rise of seditious groups within the Toyotomi administration such as Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- また、有力な武将や公家との交際も広く、三条西実隆や細川高国、大内義興、上杉房能とも交流を持ち、今川氏の外交顧問であったとも言われている。
- Also, he had many influential warlords and court nobles as his associates, such as Sanetaka SANJONISHI, Takakuni HOSOKAWA, Yoshioki OUCHI and Fusayoshi UESUGI, and is said to have been a diplomatic adviser to the Imagawa clan.
- 更に有力な僧侶が実際には居住していない遠方の寺院の住持を兼ねる場合には「坐公文」(いなりのくもん)と呼ばれる特殊な補任状も出されている。
- The special buninjo called `Inari no kumon' is issued when an influential monk assumes another post as a chief priest of a temple where he doesn't actually live.
- 肺を病んだ「私」は得体の知れない不安に始終苛まれ、それまで関心を持っていた音楽や詩、文具店の丸善への興味を失い、当てもなくさまよい歩く。
- I,' the protagonist, had lung disease and always suffered from an illogical anxiety, and losing interest in the things 'I' used to enjoy, such as music, poems, and 'my' favorite stationery store Maruzen, then wandering aimlessly around the city.
- こうした開国への政策転換に対し「衛正斥邪」思想を持つ保守官僚から激しい反発が起こり、 1882年には儒者たちによる反対運動も起きている。
- Against the change to the policy, conservative government officials, who believed the thoughts of 'Eisei Sekija' (put value on justness and reject evil and wrong way) triggered a backlash, and there was also an opposition movement by Confucian scholars in 1882.
- 道府県および郡市町村の農会を系統的に組織した全国的中央機関であり、下部組織として道府県農会を持ち、多額の国庫補助を受ける官製団体である。
- It is a national central organization which consists of systematically organized agricultural societies of Hokkaido and prefectures as well as local authorities, and it has an agricultural society of Hokkaido and prefectures as a lower organization and is a government agencies body which receives a large amount of government subsidy.
- 正始 (魏)元年(240年)、帯方太守弓遵は建中校尉梯儁らに詔書と印綬を持たせて倭国へ派遣し、倭王の位を仮授するとともに下賜品を与えた。
- In 240, Governor-General Gong Zun of Daifang Commandery dispatched Ti Zhun, a commandant of the Imperial Guard, with the imperial rescript and ribbon seal to Wa, conferring upon Himiko the title of the ruler of Wa (Japan), along with other gifts.
- 元禄9年(1696年)、徂徠31歳のとき、5代将軍・徳川綱吉側近で江戸幕府側用人の柳沢吉保に抜擢され、15人扶持を支給されて彼に仕えた。
- In 1686, at the age of 31, Sorai was recruited by Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA, who was a close associate of the fifth shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA and Edo bakufu Sobayonin (lord chamberlain), and he served Yoshiyasu on the salary of 15 man fuchi (the equivalent of an annual ten-man rice stipend).
- 慶長5年(1600年)に黒田氏が筑前国へ移封されると、それに前後して博多に移住し、宗室や宗湛とともに築城や城下町などの整備を受け持った。
- In 1600 the Kuroda clan was transferred to Chikuzen Province, and somewhere before or after that Soku moved to Hakata to undertake construction of the public sector such as a castle and castle town, which was shared by Soshitsu and Sotan.
- 同じく浅野家家臣である大石信澄(450石)の次女べんを妻に持つため、赤穂47士の1人である大石信清(信澄の二男)にとっては義兄に当たる。
- Since his wife was Ben, the second daughter of Nobusumi OISHI, another vassal of the Ako Domain, Shigeyuki was an elder brother-in-law of Nobukiyo OISHI (Nobusymi's second son), one of the Ako Forty-seven Ronins.
- 万事、もう今から死んだと同じの身になったと心を決めたはずなのに、やはりともすれば以前の気持ちになってしまいそうなのが、とても口惜しい。」
- Although I'd resolved to consider myself dead to the world from this point, I dread the moments when I allow myself to think of what might have been, and am on the verge of slipping into those feelings from the past.'
- その他、頼政自害後に郎党の猪早太らが頼政の叔父源国直の領地がある美濃国山県郡に首を持ち運び葬ったとの伝承がある岐阜県関市の蓮華寺がある。
- There is a legend that one of Yorimasa's retainers I no Hayata brought the head of Yorimasa after his suicide to Yamagata-gun, Mino Province, where Yorimasa's uncle MINAMOTO no Kuninao had his fief, and buried it at Renge-ji Temple, Seki City, Gifu Prefecture.
- 七世紀末~八世紀初めに、滅亡後に移住した百済の王族、貴族が、持ってきた本国の史書から改めて編纂し直して天皇の官府に進めたと考えられている。
- It is thought that the royal family and nobles of Baekje who moved to Japan after it was subverted from the end of the seventh century to the beginning of the eighth century compiled the history book of their home country again and presented it to the government of the emperor.
- そこに元寇の発生が追い討ちをかけ、鎌倉幕府としても朝廷と連携しながら積極的に公権力の行使を行うようことで体制の維持を図る必要性に迫られた。
- Then the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan worsened the situation, and the Kamakura bakufu was forced to strive to maintain its structure by actively exercising official authority in cooperation with the Imperial Court.
- 実際には青表紙本であるという確証もなく河内本であるという確証も無いというだけでどのような性格を持った写本なのか不明な「別本」も少なくない。
- In fact, there are many 'Beppon' with characteristics that are unclear and which simply do not have any evidence to prove that they belong to Aobyoshi-bon or Kawachi-bon.
- 二つ目は新しい坊(寺)の建設禁止と既存の坊の整理統合を命じたもので、同時に寺号付与の権利を本山である本願寺法主のみが保持することになった。
- The second law prohibited building new temples and ordered reorganization of the existing temples, and at the same time it was decided that the hoshu of the head temple Hongan-ji Temple only had the right to decide temples' names.
- 列強が勢力を模索する時代の中で、韓国には日本が、フィリピンにはアメリカが影響力を持つと、日米首脳が相手国の権利を認め合った協定といわれる。
- It is assumed that in this agreement, which was entered into at a time when powerful countries were trying to extend their power, the heads of Japan and the United States agreed to the following rights for each other: that Japan had the right to influence South Korea and that the United States had the right to influence the Philippines.
- そしてこれまで述べてきたような「冊封」や「朝貢」、「互市」によって中国と関係を持つ国々をそれぞれ「冊封国」・「朝貢国」・「互市国」という。
- Countries which had relation through 'sakuho,' 'choko,' or 'goshi' were called respectively 'sakuho-koku (countries which were conferred peerage),' 'chokokoku (countries which bring tribute),' or 'goshikoku (countries which are trading partners).
- また、たびたび宋へ遣使を行い、朝鮮半島への外征も行うなど航海術に関しても優れたものを持ち、アジアへとつながる海洋国家であったことがわかる。
- This government was a maritime state connecting to Asia having superior seamanship such as sending envoys to Sung Dynasty and sail to Korean Peninsula.
- 一方高麗時代の中国的「天下」概念では、中国内部に宋・遼、宋・金が並び立つ情勢のなか、宋を南朝、遼・金を北朝として両属する形を維持していた。
- Under the Chinese notion of 'Tenka' during the era of Goryeo, Sung was called the Southern Court and Liao or Jing was called the Northern Court since Sung and Liao or Sung and Jin co-existed in China.
- このことから、余剰作物の生産と蓄積がすすみ、これが富に転化することにより、持てるものと持たざるもの、ひいては貧富の差や上下関係が生まれた。
- Therefore, production and storage of surplus crops increased and it changed to wealth, which created the haves and the have-nots leading to the disparity between rich and poor and a superior-inferior relationship.
- 日清戦争中は政治休戦を支持して臨時軍事費の支出に賛同したが、戦争終結後に日英通商航海条約締結と三国干渉受諾を批判して政府と対決色を強めた。
- During the Sino-Japanese War, it backed political ceasefire and agreed with spending the extra military expenditures, but it took a more clearly adversarial stand against the government, criticizing the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation and the accepting of the Triple Intervention after the end of the war.
- しかし信玄は長陣の疲れや真冬の寒さ、義景に対してのストレスなどの影響によって以前から深刻な状態であった持病を致命的に悪化させてしまい病死。
- However, because of the fatigue caused by the long-term campaign, the midwinter coldness, and the stress from Yoshikage's decision, the chronic disease which Shingen had became significantly worse, and he died.
- 内務大臣 (日本)山崎巌は治安維持法なしでは治安維持に責任が持てないとして辞意を表明し、首相もこれを支持するかたちで内閣は翌日総辞職した。
- Iwao YAMAZAKI, Home Minister expressed his intention to resign as he could not be responsible for maintaining security without the Peace Preservation Law, which the Prime Minister supported, and the cabinet resigned en masse on the next day.
- 福澤は、通訳として随行していた中浜万次郎(ジョン万次郎)とともに『ウェブスター大辞書』の抄略版を購入し、日本へ持ち帰って研究の助けとした。
- Yukichi and Manjiro NAKAHAMA (John Manjiro,) who attended the embassy as an interpreter, bought copies of the concise edition of 'Webster's English Dictionary' which they used in studying English in Japan.
- これらのことから、三浦の平太為次はこの合戦の頃は三浦に、そう大きな所領は持っていない、ないしはそもそも三浦には居なかったことすら推定される。
- For these reasons, it can be guessed that MIURA no Heita Tametsugu did not have a large amount of land in the Miura district around the time of this war or furthermore, that he might not have stayed there.
- その後も「(『源氏物語大成』といった学術的な校本ができる)20世紀前半までは湖月抄で源氏物語を読む時代だった」と言われるほど影響力を持った。
- Even in the period after that, it had such influence that it was said that, 'until the first half of the twentieth century (when academic variorums such as the 'Genji Monogatari taisei 'were written), it was the age of reading The Tale of Genji using the Kogetsusho.'
- 蓮如は親鸞直系の末裔である一族の団結を求め、法主を継承した実如を中心に各地の住持となった子供達がその藩屏として教団を守ってゆくことを求めた。
- Rennyo wanted the solidarity among his families which were the direct descendants of Shinran and also wanted his children who became chief priests at various places, especially Jitsunyo who succeeded to hoshu, to protect the religious community as the guarding walls.
- 城司の権限は大きく、国司の権限を分掌し、設置された辺郡の郡司や辺郡内に居住する俘囚を支配し、鎮兵や俘囚により編成された俘軍の指揮権を持った。
- The castle lords had great authority and shared a part of the power of kokushi (provincial governor), as they ruled gunji (local magistrates) appointed to the gun (province) and barbarians residing within, and had a command of an army of soldiers and barbarians.
- これらのことから、紐を巻きつけて首にかけたり腰にまいたりして持ちはこんだと考えられており、上野佳也は個人所有を明確にしていたと位置づけている
- These facts suggest that people probably were carrying ishisaji around their neck or waist by tying the string around it, and Yoshiya UENO positions it as a manifestation of individual ownership.
- 近代国際法は、崇高な正義と普遍性とを理念としているが、他方、非欧米諸国に対しては非常に過酷で、欧米の植民地政策を正当化する作用を持っていた。
- Modern international law had sublime justice and generality as its idealistic principles, but, on the other hand, it was very cruel to non-European and American countries and it had a function to justify colonialism by western countries.
- 幕末から明治初期にかけて、「万国公法」ということばをタイトルに持つ著作は上記以外にもいくつか刊行されたことから、その影響のほどがうかがえる。
- As many books titled with the word 'bankoku koho' were published other than above examples from the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period, significance of 'Bankoku Koho' can be seen.
- これは銘をいれた当時、持統天皇の時代に天武天皇元年が癸酉とみなされていた証拠であり、ひいては『日本書紀』が年数の計算を変更した証拠でもある。
- This is a proof that the first year of Emperor Tenmu was considered to be the Kiyu year in the period of Emperor Jito when the inscription was made, and that 'Chronicles of Japan' modified the calculated number of years.
- 一方銅鐸も半島から伝わったと考えられるが、持ち込まれた製品と列島で作られた製品とは形態にやや差があり、列島での生産開始過程はよくわからない。
- On the other hand, although dotaku is thought to have been introduced from the Korean Peninsula, there was a difference in forms of introduced and manufactured products, and the process of manufacturing in Japan Archipelago is not known.
- また、室町時代中期以後には実際には居住していない僧侶に対して名誉職の意味を持った住持職任命を目的とした公文(公帖)が発給される場合があった。
- Also, from the middle of the Muromachi period, kumon (kojo) was sometimes issued for the purpose of appointing the monk who did not live in the temple as Jujishoku (a resident head of the temple) that was considered as honorary position.
- 伏見天皇が践践した後は政治家としても活躍したが、持明院統側公家として皇統の迭立に関与したことから、1298年(永仁6年)佐渡国に配流となった。
- Once Emperor Fushimi ascended to the throne Tamekane also became active as a politician, but was banished to Sado Province in 1298 for his participation in the attempt, as an aristocratic supporter of the Jimyoin lineage, to manipulate the Imperial succession in favor of the Jimyoin line.
- なお、『懐風藻』には『万葉集』に歌のない藤原不比等の漢詩が収められており、大伴家持は、『万葉集』に漢詩を残すものの、『懐風藻』には作品がない。
- In 'Kaifuso,' in addition, Chinese poems written by FUJIWARA no Fuhito, whose works were not among the poems in 'Manyoshu,' were included, whereas, Chinese poems by OTOMO no Yakamochi were included in 'Mayoshu' but not in 'Kaifuso.'
- 国文学者の久松潜一は『上代日本文学の研究』において、旋頭歌の本質は問答的に口誦するところにあるとの考えを示し、他の研究者もこれを支持している。
- A scholar of Japanese literature Senichi HISAMATSU argued in his book 'Jodai Nihon bungaku no kenkyu ' (Study on premodern Japanese literature) that the true nature of Sedoka is the recitation of a poem in the style of question-and-answer, and other scholars support this theory.
- 『今鏡』によると、束帯着用の際持つことになっている笏の代わりに、高光は懐紙を笏の形に畳んだものを持っていたことがある、との逸話が語られている。
- According to the 'Imakagami' (The Mirror of the Present), there is an anecdote that Takamitsu once had had a pocket paper folded in the shape of a shaku (a wooden mace) instead of the real mace, which he was to hold in his hand when wearing sokutai (traditional ceremonial court dress).
- しかし実子を持たず確かな後見ある正妻でもなかったため、朱雀帝の女三宮の降嫁が決まった時には衝撃を受け、自分の身の不安定さに改めて気付かされる。
- Because she has no children of her own and no powerful guardian, she is shocked when she learns that Emperor Suzaku's daughter, Onna San no Miya, is going to get married to Genji, and she realizes how vulnerable she is.
- そして「文明国」という「世界標準」に追いつくためには、民衆を「文明国」的「国民」へと改鋳すべきだという使命感を持ち活動した人々を啓蒙家という。
- Then, the people who worked with a sense of mission to change common people to 'the people' of 'civilized country' in order to catch up 'the standard of the world' as 'a civilized country' were called keimoka (illuminator).
- 後白河天皇院の子、以仁王は、平氏主導ですすめられた安徳天皇の即位に不満を持って、清和源氏の長老であった源頼政とともに謀反の計画をすすめていた。
- Dissatisfied with the accession to the imperial throne by Emperor Antoku led by the Taira clan, Prince Mochihito, the son of Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, was developing a plan of rebellion jointly with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, a patriarch of the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 本人1代のみの終身禄や期限が定められていた年限禄、俸禄ではなく一時金のみ支給されたものに比べて、永続性を持つ面においてより上位の待遇と言えた。
- Eiseiroku was considered superior for its perpetuity, unlike other rewards such as Shushinroku, which only lasted for a generation, Nengenroku, which had a fixed period of grant, and a one-off payment, which was not a horoku (salary).
- 同じく軽輩から側用人として権力をのぼりつめた柳沢吉保や間部詮房が、辞任のみで処罰は無く家禄も維持し続けたことに比べると最も苛烈な末路となった。
- This was very severe punishment: Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA and Akifusa MANABE, who, like Okitsugu, had been promoted from a low rank official to a shogunate chamberlain (sobayonin), were only resigned without punishment and were allowed to keep their fiefs.
- 『日本書紀』に続いて編纂された『続日本紀』『日本後紀』『続日本後紀』がいずれも書名に「書」の文字を持たないこともこの説を支持していると言われる。
- It is said that the fact that any of 'Shoku Nihongi,' 'Nihonkoki' (Later Chronicle of Japan), and 'Shoku Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan Continued) does not have the character for 'sho' in the title, supports this theory.
- 母の大田皇女は天智天皇の皇女で鵜野讃良皇后(後の持統天皇)の姉だったため、夫天武天皇即位時に生きていれば、間違いなく皇后になっていた人物だった。
- His mother, Ota no Himemiko, was the princess of Emperor Tenchi, and also older sister of Empress Uno no Sarara (later known as Empress Jito), so if she had been alive when her husband, Emperor Tenmu, had ascended the throne, it was almost certain that she would have become an Empress.
- これらの特色は後期の、実際には講義とはかかわりを持たなかった抄物においても踏襲されるなど、抄物というジャンルを特色づけるものとして扱われている。
- These are treated as a distinct genre of shomono, and are followed by later works which have, in fact, nothing to do with lectures.
- その他にも、「末永く伝えられるべき歌集」(契沖や鹿持雅澄)とする説、葉をそのまま木の葉と解して「木の葉をもって歌にたとえた」とする説などがある。
- There are other opinions such as that describing the book as 'a collection of poems to be handed down forever' (by Keichu and Masazumi KAMOCHI), and that yo (of Man-yo-shu, 葉) should be literally understood as a leaf and 'the leaves were likened to poems.'
- しかしアロー戦争の後、欧米人たちが中国国内に植民地や租界を設け、貿易や布教のために内地へ進出するようになると様々な問題が持ち上がるようになった。
- After the Arrow War, however, a lot of issues were raised as Europeans and North Americans started to create colonies and concessions and go inland for trading or missionary work of Christianity in China.
- 乱において山名宗全(持豊)率いる西軍に属した近江守護六角氏もまた、国内の荘園や将軍義尚近臣の所領を押領し、幕府への反抗の態度を露骨に表していた。
- Omi shugo (the Governor of Omi Province) the Rokkaku clan, who had belonged to the West squad led by Sozen (Mochitoyo) YAMANA in Onin-Bunmei Wars, also wrested shoen (private estates) in the province and territories of the trusted vassals of the Shogun Yoshihisa, thereby explicitly showing a rebellious attitude towards the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 単なる権力争いであった場合や、あるいは改革をなそうとする君主が、既得権を維持せんとする重臣から「悪政」を咎められ押込められる例も少なくなかった。
- Some were just struggles for power, and in some cases, reform-minded lords were confined by their vassals who blamed the lord for his misgovernment to protect their vested interests
- しかし、「小隠」ともいわれる隠逸スタイルは官位を捨て山林などに隠棲することであり、そもそも自らの生活のベースである特権階級をも維持できなくなる。
- However, a style of recluses called 'Shoin,' meant to abandon official ranks and retire from the world to mountain or forest, making it impossible for the recluses to hold their privileges that were the basis of their living.
- その後明王朝は秦漢帝国の理念に近い形で「中国」を統合するが、その天下はほぼ明王朝の支配領域と同義であり、世界大の広がりを持ったものではなかった。
- Thereafter, the Ming dynasty unified 'China' in the form akin to the idea of the Qin-Han empire, but its Tenka was the synonym of the territory of the Ming dynasty and did not have the world-wide extent.
- 天平16年2月12日(744年3月30日)には馬飼雑戸の全面的解放が行われて、雑戸固有のカバネを持った者は一般的な姓へと改められる勅が出された。
- On April 3, 744, umakai (horse breeders) and zakko were emancipated in full scale and those who had zakko-specific kabane (hereditary title) were allowed by an imperial decree to change it to the general kabane.
- こうした考えを支持する人々・党派を対外硬派(たいがいこうは)と呼び、明治後期の条約改正から日清戦争・日露戦争、韓国併合の時期に最も盛んであった。
- People or parties who support those ideas were called 'Taigaiko Group' and they were at peak over the period from the revision of treaty in the end of the Meiji Period to the Japanese-Sino War, Japanese-Russo War, and annexation of Korea.
- 平維衡を祖とする伊勢平氏は伊勢国に地盤を持った武士で、中央では検非違使などとして朝廷の武力として活動していたが、さほど目立った存在ではなかった。
- Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) whose ancestor was TAIRA no Korehira was the bushi (warriors) based on Ise Province, and worked as a military force of Chotei doing kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers), but maintained a low profile.
- 天皇による万世一系の国家を維持するために、海外諸国と並立して文明開化の政治を行い、人民全てに均しく天皇の恩沢が行き渡る国家を形成する必要がある。
- In order to maintain a nation in unbroken imperial line, it is necessary to carry out politics for the cultural enlightenment standing side by side with other countries and to build a nation which can give benefit of emperor to every people equally.
- しかし「キリシタン王国」建設間近で島津義久に敗れ、晩年には豊臣秀吉の傘下の一大名に甘んじて豊後1国を維持するのがやっとというほどまでに衰退した。
- However, his power declined barely enough to maintain only Bungo Province as a daimyo led by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in his later years after being defeated by Yoshihisa SHIMAZU when the 'Christian Kingdom' was about to be built.
- この様な貨幣は市場に出ると当時としては余にも高額なものであったため、金屋および銀屋などの両替商に持ち込まれ、銭貨に替えて使用されることが多かった。
- Once these coins entered the market, many of them were taken to money changers, such as gold shops or silver shops, and converted to senka (base metal coins) for use, as the precious metals were worth more than their money value.
- 晩年の王の歌としては、持統天皇吉野行幸に際して弓削皇子と交わした贈答歌があり、行幸の時期から推測して60代頃までは確実に生存していたと推測される。
- Among her late poems, Nukata no Okimi had Zotoka (poetry exchanged between a man and a woman) with Yuge no miko (Prince Yuge) when the Prince accompanied Empress Jito to Yoshino; judging by the period of the imperial visit, Nukata no Okimi would certainly have lived into her sixties.
- 普段気に入って見ていた画集を見てもその気持ちが変わらないのに不満を覚えた「私」は、画集を積み上げたうえに時限爆弾に見立ててレモンを置いて立ち去る。
- I' looked through books of paintings that 'I' used to love but 'I' couldn't shake the feeling of unease, so feeling frustrated 'I' placed the lemon on a pile of books imagining the lemon to be a bomb.
- 「清少納言枕草子者、中古文学之遺風、日本語之俊烈也。并義於紫式部源氏物語、尤当閲翫之者也」で始まる「延宝二年七月十七日甲寅北村季吟書」の跋を持つ。
- The book has an epilogue written by Kigin KITAMURA on August 18, 1674 which begins 'Sei Shonagon, the author of Makura no Soshi, was a genius of Heian literature and the Japanese language. She was greatly admired by Murasaki Shikibu, author of Genji Monogatari.'
- 東山銀閣寺の近くに建つ京都大学人文科学研究所東方部は、キリスト教会のような塔を持った美しい西洋風の建物で、塔の窓にはステンドガラスが使われている。
- Eastern Section, Institute for Research in Humanities Kyoto University is located inside a beautiful western style building like a Christian church near Ginkaku-ji Temple in Higashiyama, and the tower has stained glass windows.
- トルコ人が公的な場で日本人に対して日土友好の歴史について語るとき、必ずといっていいほど第一に持ち出されるのがエルトゥールル号遭難事件の顛末である。
- When Turks talk to Japanese people about the history of friendly relations between Turkey and Japan in public, they almost always mention the story of the Ertuğrul and her disaster above all things.
- これに反し、福原には朝堂院や官衙の整備計画も持ち上がったが、結局実行されなかった(『玉葉』治承4年7月16日条・8月4日条・11日条・29日条)。
- While the Chodo-in and government office were proposed in Fukuhara, they were not carried out in the end ('Gyokuyo' (Diary of Kanezane KUJO, July 16th, August 4th, 11th, Jisho era 4) (the old lunar calendar)
- 琴の名手である東晋の戴逵・宋 (南朝)の范曄、画芸に秀でた宋の鄭所南・元 (王朝)の倪雲林などは、ときの権力者に屈することなく自らの矜持を貫いた。
- TAI Ki in the Eastern Jin and FAN Ye in Song (Southern Dynasty) who were masters of kin, and TEI Shonan in Song and GEI Unrin in Yuan who were good at painting kept their prides intact without being defeated by a powerful man in those days.
- このような義輝の行動に危機感を持った久秀・三好三人衆らは永禄8年(1565年)5月19日にクーデターを起こして義輝を二条城で暗殺した(永禄の変)。
- Hisahide and Miyoshi Sanninshu who sensed the danger in Yoshiteru's action caused a coup on May 19, 1565 and killed Yoshiteru at the Nijo-jo Castle (Eiroku Incident).
- 長兄・徳川竹千代が早世したために将軍継嗣となり、天保8年(1837年)に45歳で将軍職を譲られたが、家斉が大御所として強大な発言権を保持していた。
- Although he became a heir of Shogun because of his oldest brother Takechiyo TOKUGAWA's early death and succeeded to the shogunate at the age of 45 in 1837, Ienari maintained a powerful voice as a leading figure.
- 山名持豊(宗全)らが畠山義就を擁立して政長が罷免されると、翌1467年に管領の解任を不服として細川勝元を頼り、ついに京都上御霊社において挙兵した。
- When Mochitoyo (Sozen) YAMANA backed up Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA and Masanaga was dismissed, Masanaga expressed dissatisfaction with the dismissal of the kanrei position, turned to Katsumoto HOSOKAWA, and raised an army at Kamimitama-sha Shrine in Kyoto in 1467.
- 政宗らが渡鮮したことを実証するものとして、隠居所である若林城(現宮城刑務所)と政宗が再建した瑞厳寺に、朝鮮から持ち帰らせた「臥龍梅」が残っている。
- As the evidences of Masamune and his fellows visiting Korean Peninsula, 'Garyubai' (a plum tree shaped in a form resembling a lying dragon) that Masamune brought back from Korea can be found at the Wakabayashi-jo Castle and the Zuigan-ji Temple rebuilt by Masamune.
- つよい仏教色、無常感が作品の主調をなし、優柔不断で恋に対して決定的な強引さを持たない薫の人物造形がライバル匂宮や第一部第二部の源氏と対比されている。
- These chapters are dominated by a strong influence of Buddhism and sense of uncertainty, and the character of Kaoru is irresolute and can't take the initiative in love, which makes a strong contrast with his rival Niou Miya and Genji in the first and second section.
- 藤原惺窩ら儒学者とも交友を持った角倉素庵(了以の子)が出版業を思い立ち、本阿弥光悦、俵屋宗達らの協力で出版したものが嵯峨本といわれる古活字本である。
- Soan SUMINOKURA, the son of Ryoi, and friend of Seika FUJIWARA and other Confucian scholars, set his mind on the publishing business, and published Sagabon with the help of Koetsu HONAMI, Sotatsu TAWARAYA, and others.
- しかしながら、宗務は無論のこと、所領経営、治安維持、さらに神官・僧侶・山伏の管理といった統治実務にあたったのは熊野別当とそれを補佐する諸職であった。
- However, Kumano betto and supporting staffs were the ones who ran the governing affairs such as the expected temple affairs as well as the territory management, the security keeping, and the management of the Shinto priests, the priests, and yamabushi (mountain priests).
- 後に朱雀院から女三宮降嫁の話を持ちかけられた折も、女三宮が紫の上同様に藤壺の姪であることにも心動かされて承諾してしまう(「若菜 (源氏物語)上」)。
- Later, when the Emperor Suzakuin proposed the marriage of Onna Sannomiya to Genji, he accepted it because she was the niece of Fujitsubo same as Murasaki no Ue (first volume of 'Wakana' (Genji Monogatari)).
- しかし光源氏に反感を持つ弘徽殿女御によって、源氏が後見人となっていた当時の東宮、第十皇子(後の冷泉帝)追い落としの対抗馬として担ぎ上げられてしまう。
- However, due to the Empress Kokiden, who had been opposed to Hikaru Genji, he was set up as a rival to push out the Tenth Prince (later the Emperor Reizei), the Crown Prince in those days whose guardian was Genji.
- 享禄の錯乱の最中であった6月、大物崩れの勝者として細川高国を自害させ、声望を高めた細川晴元であったが、その晴元支持派だった蓮淳の名声も更に高まった。
- In June, in the middle of the Kyoroku War, Harumoto HOSOKAWA enhanced his fame by winning the Battle of Daimotsu and making Takakuni HOSOKAWA commit suicide, which also enhanced the reputation of Renjun who supported Harumoto.
- 明治日本は清朝の猛抗議にも聞く耳を持たず、沖縄県の歴史琉球処分を断行し、当然琉球を重要な朝貢国と見なしていた清朝との関係は悪化した(茂木1997)。
- Japan during the Meiji period ignored strong protests of China and conducted the Ryukyu annexation, then the relationship between Japan and the Qing dynasty which considered Ryukyu an important chokokoku became worse (Motegi 1997).
- いっぽう、幼少時に鎌倉へ下向し、執権北条家の傀儡となっていた4代将軍・藤原頼経も成年に達し、自ら政権を握る意志を持ち、反執権勢力の糾合を図っていた。
- Meanwhile, the 4th shogun, FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, who had left the capital for Kamakura in his early years, and worked as a puppet of the regent HOJO family, came of age, and wanted to hold the reigns of government, trying to organize the anti-regent power.
- 部隊は統制が取れない上、雪濠を掘ろうにもそれらの道具を所持していた隊員は全員落伍して行方不明となっており、文字通り吹曝しの露天に露営する状態となる。
- The troop was out of control and, furthermore, they had to camp out literally in the windblown open because the soldiers carrying the tools to dig a moat in the snow had dropped out and disappered.
- もっとも、幕藩体制の維持を重視していた江戸幕府や諸藩は、越訴そのものは禁じていたものの、下級役人の不正な行政・司法を放置することも許容できなかった。
- Although the Edo bakufu and clans that gave weight to the preservation of the shogunate system banned osso themselves, they could not leave unlawful administration and administration of justice by low-level functionaries as they were.
- 浅井氏は始祖を三条公綱の落胤とする家系伝承を持ち本姓を藤原氏と自称するが、江北に古くから土着している豪族で平安時代や鎌倉時代の記録に既に名が見える。
- The Azai clan's earliest ancestor is an illegitimate child of Kintsuna SANJO and the original surname is self-designated as of the Fujiwara clan, however, they were an old local ruling family in Kohoku and their name already appears in records in the Heian Period and Kamakura Period.
- 気性の荒い妻の影響で側室を持つことが許されなかったという俗説が一般的だが、秀忠はお江の方を愛し敬い、彼女もそれだけの魅力のある女性ではあったようだ。
- While it is widely accepted that he was not allowed to have Sokushitsu (Concubine) due to influence of his quick-tempered wife, it seems that Hidetada loved and respected Oe no kata and she was an attractive woman that much.
- 卒業席次が8番であり、大学に残って研究者になる道が閉ざされたものの、文部科学省派遣留学生としてドイツに行く希望を持ちながら、父の病院を手伝っていた。
- He did not have the chance to remain at the university to become a researcher as he only ranked 8th in his graduating class, but went on to help out his father's clinic, all the time dreaming of visiting Germany as an overseas student with the Ministry of Education.
- 一定の年紀を過ぎると、その間の土地の所有・占有の事実をもって真実の権利関係如何を問わず、当該行為を行っていた者を正当な権利保持者として確認されること。
- It refers to confirming a person who has done the act in question as the legitimate right holder with the fact that he has possessed/occupied the land after a certain nenki (period) regardless of the real rights.
- また、『とりかへばや物語』に登場する「吉野山の宮」は、都から離れて隠棲し二人の姫君を持つ点や厭世心の強い主人公と親交を深める点など多くの共通点がある。
- In addition, there are many traits in common between Hachi no Miya and 'the Yoshino Prince' who appears in the 'Torikaebaya Monogatari' (The Changelings) such as living in seclusion in somewhere away from the capital and having two daughters, and deepening a friendship with a pessimistic leading character.
- 自らの政治的影響力を保持したいと考えた将軍徳川慶喜はこれを受け入れ、10月13日在京の諸藩士を二条城に招集し、大政奉還を諮問した(翌日、朝廷へ奏上)。
- Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, a shogun who wished to continue to hold his political clout, accepted this theory and convened feudal retainers of local domains living in Kyoto to Nijo-jo Castle on October 13 to consult Taisei Hokan (which was reported to the Emperor next day).
- 付言すれば、漢民族である袁世凱が衰退した清朝にあって最強兵力を保持し続けること自体が、やがて満漢対立という民族間の軋轢を増す不安定要因となっていった。
- Additionally, Yuan Shikai, who was a member of the Han race, held the greatest military power in the weakened Qing dynasty, and this in itself eventually brought about unrest and confrontation between the Manchu and Han ethnic groups.
- 当初の受刑者には、西南戦争などで捕縛された不平士族、後年には加波山事件や秩父事件などに参画して逮捕された者など、思想犯的な傾向を持つ収容者も多かった。
- Many of the first inmates at the Shujikan tended to have been imprisoned for ideological offenses; these inmates included fuhei shizoku (discontented former samurai) who had been captured during the Seinan War, and in later years, those who had been arrested due to their participation in the Kabasan Incident, the Chichibu Incident, and so on.
- 協定では朝鮮の独立を保証すること、朝鮮の財政改革を促進すること、近代的警察及び軍隊を組織すること、電信線を維持することについて、共通の意思を明示した。
- It was the neutral agreement that both Japan and Russian would guarantee the independence of Korean, promote fiscal reform in Korea, assemble a modern police and army, and maintain telegraph lines.
- しかし内相 大浦兼武の汚職事件(大浦事件)が起こると、8月には自身が外務大臣を兼任するなどして内閣を改造するも、内閣は次第に国民の支持を失っていった。
- However, when the scandal of the Interior Minister, Kanetake OURA (the Oura Affair) arose, Okuma, who held the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs in August, reshuffled the Cabinet, but the cabinet began to lose public support.
- 偶然にも長崎から同じ医学書を持ち帰った前野良沢や、中川淳庵らとともに小塚原刑場(東京都荒川区南千住)で死体の腑分けを実見し、解剖図の正確さに感嘆する。
- He also had an opportunity to observe the dissection of a dead body in Kozuka execution ground (Minamisenju, Arakawa Ward, Tokyo Prefecture) with Ryotaku MAENO, who happened to bring back the same medical science book from Nagasaki and Junan NAKAGAWA, and admired how accurate the anatomical chart of the book was.
- なお、明治民法の家族法の草案段階は、福澤の男女同等論に近いものであったり彼もそれを支持したが、士族系の反対があったため父家長制のものに書き換えられた。
- The draft of Family Law in Civil Law during the Meiji period was close to Yukichi's theory of the equality of the sexes, and Yukichi supported the draft, but it was replaced by Family Law adopting patriarchy because the draft was opposed by the descendants of samurai families.
- しかし本書の薨伝は一方的・公式的な礼賛や非難に流れず、独特の批評や感想を交えた興味深い記述が多く、六国史の中では批判精神を堅持したものとして異色である。
- However, the koden in this book was neither mere praise nor criticism, but was instead full of interesting descriptions interwoven with unique comments and impressions, and because of its critical spirit the book was unusual among Rikkokushi.
- 上代文学にはほとんど辞世の作が残らないこと、また『懐風藻』の詩については後周の漢詩に類想があることなどから、学会レベルではこの説も支持されることが多い。
- There are almost no death poems left in Jodai Literature (Early Japanese literature), and the poems collected in 'Kaifuso' are similar to the Chinese poetry in Later Zhou; therefore, this view is often advocated in the academic society.
- これは連帯責任・相互監察・相互扶助の単位であり、領主はこの組織を利用して治安維持・村(町)の中の争議の解決・年貢の確保・法令の伝達周知の徹底をはかった。
- This was the unit for collective responsibility, mutual monitoring, and mutual aid, and the feudal lord operated these organizations for law and order, resolving conflicts in the village (town), collecting land tax, and notifying everyone of acts.
- さらに、戦国時代 (日本) に入り全国の金山および銀山の産出が増大するにつれ、山師の持ち込む金銀地金の精錬、鑑定および売買を行う金屋および銀屋も現れた。
- As production of gold and silver increased in gold and silver mines across Japan in the (Japanese) Sengoku period, there emerged 'kinya' (gold dealers) and 'ginya' (silver dealers) who refined, appraised and traded in gold and silver bullions brought in by speculators.
- 当時の患者側の意識も、「コレラは祟り」という時代であり、加持祈祷で回復を試みたあげく症状を悪化させ、末期的症状になってから運ばれてくるケースが多かった。
- Moreover, at that time, patients and the civilians of Japan regarded 'cholera is a curse', so they often tried to cure it by incantations and prayers, which made the condition worse, then finally sent the patient in terminal condition to Hibyoin.
- また、金沢英之は天寿国繍帳の銘文に現れる干支が日本では持統4年(690年)に採用された儀鳳暦(麟徳暦)のものであるとして、制作時期を690年以降とする。
- Hideyuki KANAZAWA judges that Tenjukoku Shucho was made in 690 or after because the zodiac described in the inscription is the one according to the Gihoreki (originally known as Rintokureki) calendar that was adopted in 690 in Japan.
- 寛元4年(1246年)の寛元の乱で甥の康持が失脚したために、同年8月に替わって問注所執事(第4代)に任じられて、死の直前の康元元年9月28日まで務めた。
- In November 1246, he was appointed the fourth head of the Board of Inquiry to replace his nephew Yasumochi who lost his position in the Kangen Incident in the same year, and filled the position until October 24, 1256, immediately before his death.
- 持明院統・大覚寺統両統の政争に、それぞれが庇護した歌道の家である京極派・二条派の対立が絡み、企画から選定までに20年近い歳月を要した複雑な成り立ちを持つ。
- Its compilation was difficult and took nearly 20 years from planning to final selection, involving the political dispute between the Jimyo-in line and the Daikakuji line, and the conflict between the poetic houses they supported, Kyogoku and Nijo.
- 経時の死を好機と見た名越光時は、頼経や頼経側近の評定衆の後藤基綱・千葉秀胤・三善康持ら反執権派御家人と連携し、時頼打倒を画策するが、時頼方が機先を制した。
- Taking Tsunetoki's death as a good opportunity, Mitsutoki NAGOE allied with Yoritsune, and anti-regent gokenin, such as Yoritsune's close advisers and hyojoshu (members of Council of State), Mototsuna GOTO, Hidetane CHIBA, and Yasumochi MIYOSHI, and planned the overthrow of Tokiyori, but Tokiyori's side forestalled it.
- 1931年の満州事変以後、日本に対する中華民国の排日運動が激化していったが、日本軍部が「治安の維持」を口実に暴走し、中国大陸への派兵と侵略を進めていった。
- After the Manchurian Inciden in 1931, anti-Japanese movements in China became more serious, and the Japanese military sent its troops to China to invade the country; the Japanese military went out of control on the pretense of keeping 'public security.'
- また、家綱期には幕府職制の整備が完成され、幕朝関係も安定し、対外的には蝦夷地でのシャクシャイン蜂起などが起こっているが、家光期以来の鎖国政策が堅持された。
- Furthermore, during Ietsuna's time, organization of the bakufu administration was completed, the relationship between the bakufu and the Imperial Court became stable, and externally, Saksaynu (head of the Ainu) rose up in rebellion in Ezochi, however the seclusion policy dating back to the time of Iemitsu was strongly maintained.
- なお、この出陣式に高台院(おね)は側近の東殿局(大谷吉継の母)を代理として出席させており、そのため高台院が東軍支持だったという説には疑問も提示されている。
- Kodaiin (posthumous name: One) sent her aide Higashidono (Yoshitsugu Otani's mother) to attend the ceremony on her behalf, and the view that Kodaiin supported the Eastern Camp is therefore questionable.
- こうした有形文化財に加え、乞巧奠(きっこうてん、七夕)のような昔ながらの年中行事や和歌の家としての伝統を保持するため、財団法人冷泉家時雨亭文庫が設立された。
- In addition to handling these tangible cultural properties, the Foundation of the Shigure-tei library of the Reizei family was established to preserve records of ancient cultural practices like the Tanabata Star Festival (the festival of the Weaver, which still takes place on the seventh day of the seventh month) as well, and to preserve the Reizei family's poetic conventions as a family famed for its waka poems.
- 彼女の形見は水晶の玉、日本に帰っても私を忘れないなら初瀬寺に玉を持って三七日の法を行え、再会できる、と予言し、琴を天外に飛び去らせ、自分も露のように死んだ。
- Her keepsake was a crystal ball and she predicted 'If you do not forget me even after you return to Japan, take the ball to Hatsuse-dera Temple and carry out the Buddhist memorial service of the Twenty-First Day, then we can meet again,' and she let her koto fly away and died like the dew.
- ただ『万葉集』は一人の編者によってまとめられたのではなく、巻によって編者が異なるが、家持の手によって二十巻に最終的にまとめられたとするのが妥当とされている。
- It is considered most likely that each volume had an individual editor and that OTOMO no Yakamochi finally compiled them into 20 volumes, instead of the 'Manyoshu' being compiled in its entirety by one editor.
- これがもともと異なる本文を持つ写本を元にしたために異なるのかそれとも絵巻物の詞書という性質上もともとの本文を要約するなどの改変を加えたためなのか不明であり。
- It is unknown whether they are different because they are based on manuscripts that have different texts or because modifications such as the abstraction of the original texts were done in accordance to the nature of Kotobagaki of picture scrolls.
- 元は立憲政友会の第2次西園寺内閣を支持する勅選議員や多額納税議員の親睦団体であったが、1912年12月24日に院内交渉団体として届出を行って正式に発足した。
- The club had originally been a social group consisting of either councilors of imperial nomination or councilors in the top tax bracket who support the second Saionji Cabinet of Rikken seiyukai, and then the club was officially launched as a negotiating body within the House on December 24, 1912 when they went through the official procedure.
- 斯議院ヲ立、天下ノ公論ヲ伸張シ、人民ノ通義権理ヲ立テ、天下ノ元気ヲ鼓舞シ、以テ上下親近シ、君臣相愛シ、我帝国ヲ維持振起シ、幸福安全ヲ保護センコトヲ欲シテ也。
- By establishing the Giin and expanding the opportunity to discuss people's opinions, we would like to respect people's rights, and raise people's sprits, so the top and the bottom will work together, lords and vassals will respect each other; we also would like to keep our state developing and protect our happy, secure society.
- また、岡野友彦は源氏長者の地位を本来持っていた公家の役職としての奨学院淳和院両院別当としての意味から武家の棟梁としての意味に換骨奪胎していることに注目した。
- Furthermore, Tomohiko OKANO, a researcher, paid attention to the replacement of the meaning of Shogakuin Junnain ryo-in betto (Shogakuin: private school of Ariwara family; Junnain: a family school named after the Summer Place of Emperor Junnna; betto: school chancellor) as a post of Kuge that originally had the social standing of Genji no chojya (chief of the Minamoto clan) to toryo (a leader of samurai family) in the samurai class.
- 集落の周りに濠をめぐらせた環濠集落や、低地から100m以上の比高差を持つような山頂部に集落を構える高地性集落などは、集落間の争いがあったことの証拠とされた。
- Moat settlements that have a moat around the settlement and upland settlements that were located at top of the mountain more than 100m in height are said to be evidence of battles between settlements.
- また、実際の『百済本紀』の記述では、任那日本府とヤマト王権とは直接的には何の関係も持たないことが読み取れるという(→井上2004 pp.106-107.)。
- And he also says that it can be read from the actual description in 'History of Baekje' that Mimana Nihon-fu had nothing to do with the Yamato sovereignty (=> Inoue 2004 pp.106-107.).
- 朝倉宗滴は、『朝倉宗滴話記』のなかで「国持、人つかひの上手。よき手本と申すべく人」として武田信玄・織田信長・三好長慶・長尾氏・毛利氏らと同列に評価している。
- According to 'Asakura Soteki Waki' (a collection of Soteki ASAKURA's comments), Soteki ASAKURA evaluated Yoshimoto as 'good at governing a county and using persons and deserving to be referred to as a good example,' and compared him to such eminent figures as Shingen TAKEDA, Nobunaga ODA, Nagayoshi MIYOSHI, the lords of the Nagao clan, the Mori clan and others.
- 勝幡城に近い商業都市津島市や熱田を支配し、経済力を蓄えるなど、当時の経済流通拠点を支配下に組み込み、それによって商業の活性化を図るなどの先見性を持っていた。
- Nobuhide was a visionary who brought economic distribution hub at the time under control in order to activate commerce, such as getting economic power by governing Tsushima City and Atsuta, commercial cities near Shobata-jo Castle.
- こうして完成した『玉葉集』は、持明院統・京極派優先主義を貫き、大覚寺統・二条派の者に関しては過度なまでに冷遇し、二条為氏(16首)以下、形ばかりの入集である。
- 'Gyokuyo wakashu' was compiled in such a way as to prioritize the Jimyo-in line and the Kyogoku faction throughout, treating the Daikakuji line and the Nijo faction almost too coldly, including only a token amount their poems, with no more than 16 even for Tameuji NIJO.
- 大宝3年(703年)持統太上天皇が崩御すると、実際に施行されはじめた律令と、現実的運用とのギャップから、細則の必要性や令そのものへの改革が迫られるようになる。
- After the Retired Empress Jito passed away in 703, establishing of more detailed regulations as well as the reform of the Code itself was called upon, as there was a gap between the Code which was then in effect and its realistic administration.
- また『吾妻鏡』(治承四年「庚子」(1180)十月小十二日条)が伝えるの経緯などからも、義家が相模国鎌倉の別業(拠点)を持っていた、とすることは不自然ではない。
- In addition to this, judging from the background described in 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East) (in the section of 'Kanoene' (one of Oriental Zodiac) November 1180), it is not unnatural to think that Yoshiie had another Betsugyo (villa) at Kamakura in the Sagami Province.
- 翌日、紀伊国守の屋敷に方違えのために訪れた源氏は、前日話題となった中流階級の女性である空蝉 (源氏物語)(伊予国介の後妻)に興味を持ち、強引に一夜を共にする。
- The next day, Genji, who visited the residence of Ki no kuni no kami (Governor of Ki Province) in order to avoid traveling in an unlucky direction, got interested in Utsusemi (The Tale of Genji) (later known as the second wife of Iyo no kuni no suke - Assistant Governor of Iyo Province), the middle-class woman whom they were talking about, and slept with her by force on that night.
- だが、ここで新法主の保護者・後見人の地位が与えられたことで一躍北陸の兄弟を上回る権力を持つ事となった蓮淳は孫である法主・証如の権力拡大に乗り出すことになった。
- But given the position of protector and guardian of the new hoshu, Renjun now gained the power exceeding that of his brothers in Hokuriku and began to expand the authority of the hoshu Shonyo, grandson of Renjun.
- 数の上で五分の一以下の戦力であった伊達軍は重臣・鬼庭良直を討たれ窮地に立つものの辛くも持ち堪え、反伊達連合軍の撤退により政宗は勝利をおさめた(人取橋の戦い)。
- The DATE troop had less than one-fifth of soldiers compared to the allied forces, and the troops faced difficulties when a senior retainer Yoshinao ONINIWA was killed in the battle; however, they narrowly withstood against the enemy attacks and made the allied forces withdraw, and consequently Masamune won a victory (the Battle of Hitotoribashi).
- もとより一行はそのようなものを持っていなかったが、弁慶は機転を利かせ、もともと寺で修行経験もあったことも幸いして持ち合わせの巻物を広げ、朗朗と読み上げていく。
- The party didn't have such a document, but Benkei used his wits, opened one of the scrolls he had and read it resonantly using his experience as an ascetic monk.
- それ以外に「桐壺」に対する「壺前栽」、「賢木」に対する「松が浦島」、「明石」に対する「浦伝」、「少女」に対する「日影」といった大きく異なる異名を持つものもある。
- Moreover, some have very different names, such as 'Kiritsubo' in contrast to 'Tsubosenzai,' 'Sakaki' to 'Matsugaura Island,' 'Akashi' to 'Taking Passage by Boat Coastline,' and 'Otome' to 'Hikage.'
- 板垣とセットで入閣した木戸の発言力も必然的に下がり、さらにこの頃より持病の悪化から表立った政治活動を行いにくくなったこともあり、木戸の政府内での地位も低下した。
- Kido, who had joined the cabinet with Itagaki, inevitably lost his influence, and in addition his chronic illness, which had aggravated around this time, hindered his political activities; thus his position in the government also went down.
- 当初は華夷秩序の堅持に努め、国際法を単なる道具としてのみ活用し、条約体制そのものには極力拒絶しようとする受容から、次第に国際法の理念をも受容する方向へと進んだ。
- At first, those countries tried to maintain Kaichitsujo, considered international law a tool and rejected to join in the treaty system, but acceptance of international law was gradually promoted.
- これらは贓贖司が没収して兵器は兵庫寮、財物は大蔵省、図書は図書寮などに分配され、一部は贓贖司を所管する刑部省のために獄舎の維持や囚人の生活物資として用いられた。
- These goods were confiscated by Aganaimono no tsukasa (office which deals with stolen goods), and weapons were kept in Hyogoryo (Bureau of Military Storehouses), valuable goods were kept in Okura-sho (Bureau of the Treasury), books were kept in Zushoryo (Bureau of Books and Drawings), and some were used to maintain the prison houses and as daily necessities for prisoners at the Gyobusho (Bureau of Criminal Punishments) which oversaw Aganaimono no tsukasa.
- また、草間直方や石田敬起(大根屋小右衛門)のように藩政改革に助言を行って藩財政の再建に協力することで、自らの持つ債権の踏み倒しを回避しようとする商人も存在した。
- There were merchants such as Naokata KUSAMA and Takaoki ISHITA (Shoemon ONEYA) tried to avoid their bonds repudiated by cooperating for reconstruction of the finance of domains by advising for the reformation of a domain's governance.
- その為、実際の雪中行軍に対して神成大尉は何も予備知識を持たないまま準備作業に入るが、準備作業としては、予行演習の日帰り行軍を小峠まで小隊編成で行ったのみである。
- Therefore, Captain Kannari started preparations, which was conducting only a single-day march to Kotoge in small troop as a preparatory exercise, without any advance knowledge.
- 今谷明は朝敵とは到底いえない持氏を対象とした治罰綸旨発給をしてもらうために南朝方であることから朝敵であることが確実な越智氏との連携を主張したものと推察している。
- Akira IMATANI infers that the reason why the shogunate claimed the cooperation between Mochiuji and the Ochi clan, who was on the Southern Court side and evidently an Emperor's enemy, was to get the Jibatsu Rinji against Mochiuji because Mochiuji was far from being called as Emperor's enemy.
- しかしその後、河内国守護の畠山満家が越智維通を支援、筒井氏も細川持之を頼ったが、永享6年(1434年)に入ると越智氏は勢いを盛り返し、筒井氏は再度大敗を喫した。
- But, after that, Mitsuie HATAKEYAMA, shugo (provincial constable) of Kawachi Province, provided support to Koremichi OCHI and, although the Tsutsui clan sought help from Mochiyuki HOSOKAWA, the Ochi clan regained momentum in 1434 and badly defeated the Tsutsui clan again.
- 若い頃、南蛮人が持ってきた鉄砲が試し撃ちの際に暴発して弟が手に怪我をしたが、その時に進んだ西洋医学による応急処置を見た宗麟は西洋の技術に感銘を受けたといわれる。
- It was said that Sorin was impressed with Western medical technology when seeing the advanced emergency treatment of Western medicine when his younger brother was injured by accidental firing from a teppo (gun) introduced by a southern barbarian in its trial shooting in his early years.
- この両天皇の時代を扱った「鏡物」と言われる歴史物語に該当したのが『弥世継』である(世継とは『大鏡』の異名であり、また『今鏡』も『続世継』という異名を持っている)。
- It is 'Iya Yotsugi' that is equivalent to the historical narrative called 'Kagamimono' which concerned the reigns of the both Emperors. (Yotsugi is another name of 'Okagami,' and 'Ima Kagami' also has a different name of 'Shoku Yotsugi.')
- 直木孝次郎は何もかも失った大和とは対照的に新羅は唐をも破って朝鮮統一をしてしまったために大和は新羅から先進的な政治体制や文化を学ぶ一方で相当な危機感を持っていた。
- Kojiro NAOKI has pointed out the following; as opposed to Yamato which lost everything, Silla defeated even the Tang and achieved the integration of Korea, so that Yamato had a sense of crisis while it learned about advanced political systems and culture from the Silla.
- もし既存の権力を倒して史書に記すような政治の大改革を行ったのであれば、倒された権力は、それ以前長期に亘り権力を掌握し、政治体制を維持してきた者でなければならない。
- If the previous government had been overthrown and a major reform which can be recorded in history books had been accomplished, the overthrown government must have had political power and must have maintained a political system over a long period of time before that.
- 何百石取りというように知行地のある地方知行の旗本とは別に、三十俵二人扶持というように蔵米から3季に分けて切米を俸禄として貰う御家人(一部の旗本も含む)たちがいた。
- In addition to hatamoto (direct retainers of the shogun) who are provided with jigata-chigyo (provision of a fief to retainers as salary) as referred to as 'holding a fief yielding such and such koku of rice,' there were gokenin (who are also direct retainers of the shogun) and some hatamoto who received 'kirimai' (an annual stipend of rice) in three seasonal installments from 'kuramai' (rice stocked in the government storehouses) as in a description such as 'receiving 30 bales of rice and a ration for two people.'
- なお、東京都墨田区にある東京都江戸東京博物館や大阪市北区 (大阪市)にある造幣博物館には、実物と同じ重さの千両箱を実際に持ち上げることができる体験コーナーがある。
- Incidentally, there are hands-on spots where one can actually experience to lift a sen-ryo-bako with the equivalent weight of the real one at the Edo Tokyo Museum in Sumida Ward, Tokyo and the Mint Museum in Kita Ward, Osaka City.
- これによって各国の公使や商人達に明治政府の本気ぶりを見せるとともに海外に流出した贋二分金を日本に再度持ち込ませて検勘を受けさせる時間的余裕を与えなかったのである。
- Through this, the Meiji Government showed the ministers and merchants from other countries that they were serious, along with not giving them time to bring back counterfeit nibukin which spilled abroad to Japan again to have it go through the authenticity test.
- 明清の北京市城では京城は9つの門を持つ内城と拡張市域である外郭とに分かれ、内城中央に皇城、その中央に宮城を配するという形で、やはり周礼の都城とは若干違いがあった。
- The downtown of Beijing city, the capital of Ming and Qing Dynasties, was composed of the inner city with nine gates and the outer city, the expanded city area, and in the middle of the inner city was an administrative district, in center of which was the imperial palace, and this layout was also slightly different from Tojo of The Rites of Zhou.
- 綱吉から養子として迎えられて江戸城西の丸に入ったとき、また下心を持つ諸大名や旗本が賄賂に近い祝い品を持ってきたとき、家宣はこれらを全く受け取らなかったといわれる。
- Ienobu never received any gifts which could work as bribes from territorial lords and hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu) who had an axe to grind when he first came to the western citadel of Edo-jo Castle after he was adopted by Tsunayoshi.
- 『将門記』の古事をひきながら、場合によっては頼朝を討ってやろうと「内に二図の存念」を持っていたが、頼朝の毅然とした態度に「害心を変じ、和順を奉る」という下りである。
- Citing 'Shomonki,' he had two different thinking in his mind of plotting to kill Yoritomo if he had a chance, but he threw his malicious intent away to see Yoritomo's dauntless attitude, and averted a conflict following him.
- 洋学校(現・愛知県立旭丘高等学校)卒業後、当時、ロシアとの間に結ばれた千島樺太交換条約をうけて、ロシアに対する日本の危機感を持ち、陸軍士官学校 (日本)を受験した。
- After Shimei graduated from a school of western studies (the present-day Aichi Prefectural Asahigaoka High School), the Treaty of Saint Petersburg, signed between Japan and Russia at the time, roused in him a feeling that Japan was in a crisis against Russia, and he applied to the Military Academy (Japan).
- そして、永正4年6月23日 (旧暦)(1507年8月1日))、細川政元は養子・細川澄之の支持者によって暗殺され、更にもう一人の養子である細川澄元との戦いを開始した。
- On August 1, 1507, Masamoto HOSOKAWA was assassinated by the supporters of his adopted son Sumiyuki HOSOKAWA, who started a battle against another adopted son Sumimoto HOSOKAWA.
- 当初は義和団を称する秘密結社による排外運動であったが、1900年(光緒26年、明治33年)に西太后がこの反乱を支持して欧米列国に宣戦布告したため国家間戦争となった。
- It was originally an anti-foreign movement by the secret society named the Boxers, but it became a war between nations after Empress Dowager Cixi supported this rebellion and declared a war against European nations and the United States in 1900.
- また、江戸時代後期には旗本・御家人近世の御家人の生活窮乏を救うために拝借金が行われたほか、寺社・宿場町・米価などの維持のために非武士に対しても行われることがあった。
- In addition, in the late Edo period, Haishakukin was issued to hatamoto and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate) to help their life of privation, or to people who were not samurai (warriors) to maintain temples, shrines, shukuba-machi (post-station towns), the rice price, and the like.
- 古墳築造の開始時期を、4世紀以降とする旧説に拠っているが、年輪年代学、放射性炭素年代測定などの結果がでるにつれ、ほとんどの考古学者の支持を得られなくなっていること。
- The starting date of the construction of tumuli is thought to be after the 4th century based on the old theory, but as a result of newer research results from dendrochronology and carbon dating, fewer archaeologists are supporting this theory.
- 越智氏は多武峰に籠もり敗れたものの以後も抗戦を続け、斯波持有率いる幕府軍は永享9年5月22日 (旧暦)(1437年6月25日)に大合戦に及んだが決着がつかなかった。
- The Ochi clan barricaded itself in Tonomine, and though having been defeated, continued to resist so much that the army of bakufu led by Mochiari SHIBA was unable to settle the battle even when it went all the way to fight a great battle on June 25, 1437.
- 罪状が書かれた木の捨札や紙で出来た幟、刺股や槍を持った非人身分の雑色が周りを固め、南北町奉行所の与力と同心が検視役として罪人を挟む形で後ろを固め、江戸市中を辿った。
- The criminal was paraded through the streets of Edo, surrounded by zoshiki (town officials), whose social status was hinin (the people who belonged to none of the four 'classes' of the Edo period and were therefore considered outcasts), who carried such articles as a wooden 'sutefuda' on which the details about the crime were written, paper banners, two-pronged weapons and spears, with a group of coroners consisting of yoriki (police sergeants) and doshin (police constables) of South or North town magistrate's office of Edo who guarded the rear part of the procession sandwiching the criminal.
- 金銀複本位制(きんぎんふくほんいせい)とは、金貨・銀貨両方を本位貨幣としてその鋳造と輸出入の自由を保持し、なおかつ固定化した金銀比価を保持する通貨制度のことである。
- The gold and silver bimetallism refers to a currency system where both gold and silver coins are designated as standard money; freedom of minting, importing and exporting such money is maintained; and fixed exchange ratio between gold and silver is maintained
- そして、みき自ら加持代となり、このとき、「元の神、実の神」と自ら名乗る、親神(おやがみ)・天理王命(てんりおうのみこと)がみきに乗り移り、天啓を受けたとされている。
- She volunteered to be his substitute, and this is said to be the moment when she was possessed by and received a revelation from Tenri O no Mikoto, the Oyagami (God the Parent) who calls himself 'God of Origin, God in Truth.'
- それも含めて原資料として用いられた文書には、1297年(永仁5年)に9代執権北条貞時が発令した永仁の徳政令発布以降の相論(訴訟)に証拠として持ち出された偽文書が多い。
- Including the above, there were lots of other forged documents used as source materials, which were brought out as evidence for the suit after a debt cancellation order of Einin issued by the ninth regent Sadatoki HOJO in 1297.
- 一般には天武天皇の9年(680)には出仕していたとみられ(『万葉集』巻10・2033左注)、天武朝から歌人としての活動をはじめ、持統朝に花開いたとみられることが多い。
- In general, he is considered to have entered the service of the Imperial Court by 680 ('Manyoshu' volume 10, the annotation to the left of 2033), and it is usually suggested that he started his activities as a poet in the reign of Emperor Tenmu and flourished during the reign of Empress Jito.
- というのも西欧列強との交渉においては、清朝がいくら「天朝の定制」(中華思想的慣例)を持ち出しても議論が噛み合わず、列強側の要求を拒絶することはできなかったためである。
- The reason for it was that in the negotiation with western countries, discussions did not mesh even if the Qing dynasty refer to 'Fixed Rule of the Dynasty (precedents based on Sinocentrism)' and requirements of the western countries could not be refused.
- 以上に見るように、近代国際法はその適用を「文明国」とそれ以外によって使い分ける二つの顔を持っており、これを「近代国際法の二重原理」と呼ぶ研究者もいる(高村1998)。
- As described above, modern international law had two faces to apply it differently to 'civilized nation' and 'non-civilized nation,' and certain researcher call this as 'double standard of modern international law.' (Takamura 1998)
- アメリカ側の記述によると、最後に本来ならメニューを持ち帰るべきところを料理その物を懐紙に包んでもって帰り、しかも、様々な料理を一緒くたに包んでいた事に驚いた、という.
- According to a recorded account by one of the Americans, the Japanese guests wrapped their food in kaishi (paper carried inside one's kimono) and returned home with it--a practice that surprised the Americans.
- また兵庫県西部(播磨)地域には円形住居の床面中央部に1O(イチマル)土坑と呼ばれる特殊な遺構を持つ例が分布するなど、竪穴住居の形態には多様な地域性があり、注目される。
- Also there is the various regionality in tateanajukyo (a pit dwelling house), such as a round shaped dwelling with special ancient structural remnants called 10 (read; 'Ichimaru') pit at center of its floor, in western Hyogo Prefecture (Harima).
- 同会専属の衆議院議員も存在したものの、協力関係にあった東洋自由党・国民協会_(日本)・政務調査会_(明治時代の政党)・同盟倶楽部などと掛け持ちであった議員が多かった。
- While some of the members were council members of the party, it included among it's members of the Dai Nihon Kyokai were lawmakers of the House of the Representatives, many of whom also belonged to other political parties that maintained cooperative relations with Dai Nihon Kyokai, including the Toyo Jiyuto (Oriental Liberal Party), the Kokumin Kyokai (National Association [Japan]), The Policy Affairs Research Council (a political party in the Meiji period), and the Domei Club (League Club).
- 後藤象二郎と陸奥宗光が戦争中に板垣あるいは木戸孝允を司令官とした旧土佐藩を中心とした西郷隆盛討伐の義勇軍を持ちかけて一旦は明治政府の方針とされた(4月15日に中止)。
- During the civil wars, Shojiro GOTO and Munemitsu MUTSU approached Taisuke ITAGAKI and Takayoshi KIDO with a proposal to organize and command a voluntary army consisting of ex-Tosa domain retainers to suppress Takamori SAIGO and for a while it was the policy of the Meiji Government but was revoked on April 15.
- 厠に行く時も当番の御小納戸役を起こさないように抜き足差し足で廊下を歩いたという(これに非常に良く似たエピソードを持っている人物として知られているのが伊達政宗である)。
- He is said to have walked through the corridor to the toilet with stealthy steps not to wake up the Konando-yaku (job to do Shogun's personal care) (Masamune DATE is known as a person who had a very similar episode).
- 一方「豊かな耳を持つ」=「人の話を聞き分けて理解することに優れている」=「頭がよい」という意味で豊聡耳という名が付けられてから上記の逸話が後付けされたとする説もある。
- As another theory, it is said that the above-mentioned episodes were created after Shotoku Taishi was given a name 'Toyotomimi,' which means 'having good comprehension' = 'good at understanding people' = 'wise.'
- 直冬と少弐氏との同調を受けて、幕府では尊氏自ら直冬のいる九州に出兵しようとするが、その最中に直義が京を脱出し、支持勢力を集めて南朝に帰順して挙兵したために中止される。
- Reacting to the alliance between Tadafuyu and the Shoni clan, Takauji, who was on the side of the bakufu, had decided to march on Tadafuyu in Kyushu, himself at the head of the troops; however, in the midst of the preparations, Tadayoshi absconded from the capital (Kyoto), gathered supporters and joined forces with the Southern Court to raise an army, whereupon Takauji cancelled the planned attack.
- 足利将軍家や畠山氏、斯波氏の家督争いなどから発展した「応仁の乱」を中心に、その原因と洛中の合戦の様子や東軍細川勝元と西軍山名持豊(宗全)の死までが記されている軍記物語。
- It is a war chronicle focusing on the Onin War that developed out of inheritance disputes within the Ashikaga Shogunal family, the Hatakeyama clan, and the Shiba clan, recounting everything from its origins, through all the battles fought in and around the capital, up until the deaths of Katsumoto HOSOKAWA of the eastern forces and Mochitoyo (Sozen) YAMANA of the western forces.
- このようにして、当初、名誉職に過ぎなかった熊野三山検校は、14世紀半ば以降の熊野別当家の退勢を背景に、足利将軍家権力の支持をもとに権威と実権を拡大させていったのである。
- In this way, Kumano Sanzan Kengyo which was only the honor post in the beginning had expanded the authority and real power with the support of Ashikaga Shogun Family's patronage as Kumano betto family's power had declined in the middle of the 14th century.
- だが、鎌倉時代以後朝廷の実権低下に伴って、朝廷における各種公事を維持するための政治的・財政的な裏づけを失っていき、多くの公事が縮小・簡略化され、あるものは廃絶に至った。
- However, as the Imperial Court losing its power after the Kamakura period, the political or financial support to maintain the events of the Imperial Court began to lessen, then, many kuji were downscaled or simplified and some of them were abolished.
- 篭毛與 美篭母乳 布久思毛與 美夫君志持 此岳尓 菜採須兒 家告閑 名告紗根 虚見津 山跡乃國者 押奈戸手 吾許曽居 師吉名倍手 吾己曽座 我許背齒 告目 家呼毛名雄母
- Komoyo mikomochi fukushimoyo mibukushimochi konowokani natsumasuko ienoshirase nanorasane soramitsu yamatonokuniha oshinabete warekosowore shikinabete warekosomase warenikosoha norame iewomonawomo (篭毛與 美篭母乳 布久思毛與 美夫君志持 此岳尓 菜採須兒 家告閑 名告紗根 虚見津 山跡乃國者 押奈戸手 吾許曽居 師吉名倍手 吾己曽座 我許背齒 告目 家呼毛名雄母)
- 縄文前期から中期にかけては最も典型的な縄文文化が栄えた時期であり、現在は三内丸山遺跡と呼ばれる場所に起居した縄文人たちが保持していたのも、主にこの時期の文化形式である。
- From the early to middle Jomon period was the time when the most typical Jomon culture flourished; the characteristics of this Jomon culture can be observed in the belongings of the Jomon people who lived at the remains called Sannai-Maruyama today.
- 前述した鉄道敷設が決定した時も、イギリス人のカンフェルなどといった駐日資本家からは、「経営権をこちらが持つ代わりに資本と建設を提供する」という提案が政府に出されていた。
- Also when the railway construction mentioned above was decided, some capitalists residing in Japan, such as a British capitalist Canfer, had proposed the government 'they would provide funds and construction in exchange for the management right.'
- 1883年(明治16年)10月14日、同郡小易村農民40余名が、同村字丹沢山に集結して竹槍などを持ち出して、同村大森幾太郎、大津定右衛門、鈴木三右衛門らを襲おうと計画。
- On October 14, 1883, more than 40 peasants in Koyasu Village, Osumi County gathered at a place called Tanzawayama in that village and attempted to attack Kitaro OMORI, Sadaemon OTSU, Sanemon SUZUKI and others with bamboo spears.
- このため、後鳥羽天皇は退位時にこれまでの慣例であった在位中の昇殿をそのまま院御所に持ち込む規定を取りやめて80名近い殿上人を44名に削減する「リストラ」を断行している。
- Therefore, Emperor Gotoba, by canceling a rule of bringing the shoden in his reign into the ingosho, which had been a custom, performed 'restructuring' at his abdication, reducing tenjobito from nearly 80 to 44.
- ところが、1910年の木曜会の内紛によって清交会を結成したグループが会派を維持できずに翌年に解散すると、その一部議員が「無所属」に入会したため、会派としての資格を得た。
- However, after a group which formed the Seiko-kai due to internal conflict of the Mokuyo-kai (Thursday Association) in 1910 could not maintain the faction and dissolved the following year, some of former members became a member of the 'Independents' so it qualified as a faction.
- 同時代の顧炎武は明の滅亡は「亡国」であるが「亡天下」ではなく、夷狄の王朝である清が皇帝となっても、中華の文明が維持される限り天下は継続するものであるという考えを述べた。
- Ko Enbu of the same era expressed his opinion saying that the fall of Ming is 'bokoku' (fall of the state), not 'botenka' (fall of Tenka), and Tenka continues to exist, so long as the Chinese cultures are maintained, even the Qing dynasty, a dynasty of iteki, becomes the ruler.
- 19世紀後半の清の駐英大使であった薛福成は中華と夷狄を区別する「華夷隔絶」の「天下」から中華と外国が対等に関係を維持する「中外連属」の「天下」へと転換したと述べている。
- Xue Fucheng, Qing's ambassador to Britain in the latter half of the 19th century, said that 'Tenka' based on 'kai kakuzetsu' (distinction between the Chinese and barbarians) changed to 'Tenka' based on 'chugai renzoku' (cooperation between China and foreign countries) under which China and foreign countries maintain the relations on an equal basis.
- もっとも、没官領の実態は没官された者が持っていた職の体系(荘園内の役職とそれに付随する諸権利)であるため、同じ没官領でも本家職から下司・公文まで様々な内容を有していた。
- What really was regarded as Mokkanryo, however, varied from honke shiki (the right which belonged to the head family), geshi (lower ranking officer) to kumon (a local shoen official below the gesu in rank), as it depended on the actual post and responsibility (the post within the manor as well as various rights that came with the responsibility) held by the original owner of the confiscated land.
- ただし、その一方で陸奥国・越後国(後に北部が分離して出羽国)は、この政策の維持のために常に不安定な状況に置かれることになり、事あるごとに対蝦夷政策は揺れることになった。
- On the other hand, Mutsu Province and Echigo Province (later the northern part was separated off as Dewa Province) became unstable as a result of this policy, which led in turn to the Emishi policy being unsettled all the time.
- もっとも、どこの藩経済も京枡の中心である京都・大坂との取引なくして成り立たない時代となっていたため、藩枡を維持している藩でも次第に京枡準拠のものを作るようになっていった。
- Since no domain was able to thrive economically without trading with Kyoto and Osaka, the center of kyo-masu territory, even the domain that maintained their own han-masu gradually began to manufacture masu that complied with kyo-masu.
- 瘧(おこり、マラリア)を病んで加持(かじ)のために北山を訪れた源氏は、通りかかった家で密かに恋焦がれる藤壺(23歳)の面影を持つ少女(後の紫の上。10歳ほど)を垣間見た。
- Genji, who had been suffering from ague (malaria) and was visiting Kitayama for incantation, caught a glimpse of a girl (later known as Murasaki no Ue, around 10 years old) who had an appearance similar to Fujitsubo (23 years old), whom Genji yearned for in secret, when he happened to pass by the house.
- 1921年(大正10年)6月、牧野省三が再度日活から独立、等持院撮影所を建設し、牧野教育映画製作所を設立、さらには1923年(大正12年)の同社のマキノ映画製作所を設立。
- In June 1921, Shozo MAKINO again broke away from Nikkatsu Corporation and went independent, establishing both the Tojiin Studio and the Makino Kyoiku Eiga Seisakujo film studio and then combining those two studios into the Makino Eiga Seisakujo film studio, which he founded in 1923.
- その結果によると、全三十巻のうち巻一・二の神代紀と巻二十八・二十九・三十の天武天皇・持統天皇紀の実録的な部分を除いた後の二十五巻は、大別して二つに分けられるといわれている。
- According to those researches, the 25 volumes, that is, the rest of the total 30 volumes from which Jindaiki (Records of the period of the gods) in the first and second volume and the authentic records of the section of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jito in the 28th, 29th and 30th volumes are excluded, are roughly classified into the two categories.
- 漢籍などを参照したと考えられ、完成した内容を持つ『竹取物語』とは異なり、今昔所収の説話は口頭伝承されてきた「竹取の翁の物語」の古態を伝えているのではないかと想定されている。
- The tale collected in Konjaku Monogatari seems to have been referred to the Chinese books, being different from the consummate work of 'Taketori Monogatari,' and has been assumed that it told an old form of 'The Tale of Taketori no Okina,' which had been handed down orally.
- 現代日本において「物語」と述べて想起・想像されるのは、順序だてて語られ、秩序だった構成を認めうる、いわゆる「文章」としてのまとまりを持った「作られた」「お話」のことである。
- In modern Japan, 'monogatari' is associated with a 'fictitious' 'tale' that has a shape as 'writing'which is told in an orderly way and has a coherent structure.
- 某等別紙奉建言候次第、平生ノ持論ニシテ、某等在官中屡及建言候者モ有之候処、欧米同盟各国へ大使御派出ノ上、実地ノ景況ヲモ御目撃ニ相成、其上事宜斟酌施設可相成トノ御評議モ有之。
- The contents of the attached petition is what we were always thinking and what have been expressing while we were serving as government officials; after a group of ambassadors were sent to Europe and America to observe the situations overseas, we would like to discuss setting up a place for discussion using what was observed overseas as examples.
- 銅鏡は宝器として珍重され、後期になって副葬され始めるようになった後漢鏡は、不老長寿への祈りを込めた文が刻まれ、その鏡を持った人は長寿や子孫の繁栄が約されるというものだった。
- While it was a highly appreciated treasure equipment, mirrors of the Later Han, which came to be buried together with others in the late Yayoi period, had the engraved prayer for perpetual youth and longevity, meaning those who had got the mirror were guaranteed for longevity and fertility.
- 栄西は後鳥羽天皇の信頼を得た、力を持った僧であったが、この栄西が大勧進に就いた(在任、建永元年(1206年) - 建保3年(1215年))ことが、東大寺に苦境をもたらした。
- Although Eisai was a powerful monk, on whom Emperor Gotoba relied, Eisai's assumption of the post as great fund raiser (in office from 1206 to 1215) brought hardship to Todai-ji Temple.
- 絵入源氏物語の持つ多くの特徴は、これ以後に出た源氏物語の版本である『首書源氏物語』や『湖月抄』などでも概ね踏襲されており、これ以後の多くの源氏物語の版本の基本的な形となった。
- Many characteristics of Eiri Genji monogatari were generally preserved in the printed books of The Tale of Genji which were published subsequently such as 'Shusho Genji monogatari' (Tale of Genji with Headnote), 'Kogetsu-sho Commentary,' and so on, and it became the basic form for many printed books of The Tale of Genji since then.
- これらの、嗅覚が鋭く行動の機敏な動物の捕獲には、手持ちの槍よりも投げ槍が狩猟具として適していたものと考えられ、特に有舌尖頭器の急増は、こうした事情を物語っていると推定される。
- A javelin was considered more suitable than a spear as a tool for hunting these sharp-nosed and nimble animals, and probably the particularly rapid increase of the hafted point can be explained by these reasons.
- 逆に無株者酒屋の中には、それまで買い揃えた醸造器などをこのまま無駄にしてはなるものかと、休株にしている株持ち酒屋から、その株を高価でゆずってくれと水面下で募る者もあらわれた。
- On the contrary, behind the scenes some mukabumono breweries asked for kabumochi breweries who held yasumikabu to give them sakekabu at a high price in order not to let brewing barrels and other equipment they had bought go to waste.
- これは、御家人の主人はあくまで幕府主宰者たる鎌倉殿であり、御家人が直接的に朝廷と関わりを持つことは、御家人の離反や自立などの事態を招く危険もあり、これを予防する意味があった。
- It was intended to prevent shogunal retainers from having a direct relation with the Imperial Court because the master of shogunal retainers was the lord of Kamakura, who held the bakufu, and the bakufu feared that a direct relation between shogunal retainers and the Imperial Court might lead to estrangement or independence of shogunal retainers.
- しかし上で見たように『明六雑誌』には自由民権運動についての論説がしばしば掲載され、各種新聞で多くの反響を呼び、植木枝盛のような熱狂的な支持者を生み出すきっかけともなっていた。
- However, as mentioned above, the articles on the Freedom and People's Rights Movement were often published on 'Meiroku Zasshi,' which evoked many responses on various newspapers and enthusiastic supporters such as Emori UEKI.
- 藤原定家の記した「奥入」には、この位置に「輝く日の宮(かかやくひのみや)」という帖がかつてはあったとする説が紹介されており、池田亀鑑や丸谷才一のようにこの説を支持する人も多い。
- A commentary of 'Okuiri' written by FUJIWARA no Sadaie introduces the opinion that there once was a chapter of 'Kakayakuhi no Miya' in this part, and many people such as Kikan IKEDA and Saiichi MARUYA agree with that opinion.
- 青表紙本が出来た経緯についても、源氏物語を極めて重要視した藤原定家の態度を考えると30年もの間源氏物語の写本を全く持っていなかったとするのは極めて不自然であるとする意見もある。
- There is also a view about the completion of the Aobyoshi-bon manuscript that it is quite unnatural he had not kept The Tale of Genji at all for thirty years, taking into consideration the fact that FUJIWARA no Teika treated The Tale of Genji as a very important literary work.
- 「路次依急給、供衆一円不相続、況哉武具・荷物己下曾て無持参」(供廻衆を置き去りにして、武具や荷物も持たずに駆けに駆け、清水に着いたときには徒士240人、騎馬34人ほどだった)。
- Leaving their followers behind, only 240 foot soldiers and 34 mounted warriors arrived at Shimizu racing after racing, abandoning their arms and personal effects.'
- 母は早くに離縁し按察大納言の北の方となっており、祖母に当たる大宮 (源氏物語)のもとで、同じく大宮を祖母に持つ光源氏の子、夕霧 (源氏物語)とともに養育され、幼少から恋し合った。
- Her mother divorced early on and became the wife of Azechi Dainagon, so she was brought up by her grandmother Omiya together with Yugiri, who was a child of Hikaru genji and also had Omiya as his grandmother, and due to this they grew to love each other since childhood.
- 石包丁は比較的何処にでもある材料から製作可能であったため、初期の稲作文化においては広く利用されたが、後に加工性に優れ丈夫で鋭い切れ味を持つ青銅器や鉄器の伝播にも伴い廃れていった。
- Because ishi-bocho was able to be made of materials that were found everywhere comparatively, it was used widely in the early stage of rice cultivation culture; however, later on as bronze ware or ironware that permitted various processes with firmness and sharpness spread, it began to be obsolete.
- 当時ドイツが中国に持っていた山東半島の租借地を占領する軍事作戦を展開したが、この時に占領地で使用するために1914年9月に10円、5円、1円、50銭、20銭、10銭が発行された。
- When the Japanese military force executed a military operation in order to occupy the former German-leased territory in Shandong Peninsula of China, the military currency for 10 yen, 5 yen, one yen, 50 sen, 20 sen and 10 sen were issued to be used in the occupied territory in September, 1914.
- そのため、名目だけの官職があてがわれたり、散位(品階のみで官職を持たないこと)となる者も少なくなく、実質を持つ官職を得ることでようやく官僚序列の中に参加することができたのである。
- Therefore, some officials received nominal government post, and many officials became Sani (official only with Hinkai and without a government post), so the official was able to join the bureaucrats hierarchy system eventually by having the real government post.
- しかし、少なくともこの分裂劇に際し、教如を支持して東本願寺の土地を寄進したのが家康であることは確かである(真宗大谷派も教如の東本願寺の設立に家康の関与があったことは認めている)。
- However, it leaves no doubt that at least, Ieyasu supported Kyonyo and contributed the land space for building Higashi-Hongan-ji Temple in this incident of separating the temple (even the Otani group of the Shinshu sect admits that Ieyasu was involved in establishing Higashi-Hongan-ji Temple by Kyonyo).
- 二条為氏の子二条為世、京極為教の子京極為兼の代になると、二条派は大覚寺統(のちの南朝)と結んで保守的な家風を墨守し、京極派は持明院統(のちの北朝)と結んで破格・清新な歌風を唱えた。
- In the time of Tameyo NIJO, Tameuji NIJO's son, and of Tamekane KYOGOKU, son of Tamenori KYOGOKU, the Nijo school of poetry allied itself with the Daikakuji imperial lineage (which later became the Southern Court) and began adhering to its conservative family (poetic) traditions; the Kyogoku school, however, forged ties to the Jimyoin imperial lineage (which was later to become the Northern Court), and developed an extraordinarily new, fresh poetic style.
- そこで実如は寺の実務を次男で後継者となっていた円如と自分の同母弟で蓮如の6男にして円如の舅でもあった近江顕証寺・伊勢国願証寺両寺の住持を兼ねていた蓮淳に教団運営を任せることにした。
- Then, Jitsunyo decided to entrust the management of the religious community to Ennyo, his 2nd son and successor and Renjun, his younger maternal half-brother, the 6th son of Rennyo, a father-in-law of Ennyo, and the chief priest of both Omi Kensho-ji Temple and Gansho-ji Temple in Ise Province.
- 九州島の文化圏は打製石鋸や結合型釣り針など、朝鮮半島や渤海湾沿岸の新石器文化との間に共通する要素を多く持っており、これらの地域との間で継続的に人や物の移動があったと推測されている。
- The cultural region on Kyushu Island and the Neolithic culture of the Korean peninsula and the Gulf of Bo Hai coast had many common elements such as chipped stone saws and assembled fishing needles; therefore, it is assumed that there were constant exchanges between the peoples and goods among these regions.
- 新語彙のほとんどは、『万国公法』が日本に伝えられた後に一旦日本で定着し、日清戦争後に起きた留学ブームによって日本に訪れた中国人留学生が再度中国に持ち込んだものである(林1995)。
- After 'Bankoku Koho' was brought to Japan, most of new vocabulary was once settled down in Japan and they were brought back to China by Chinese students who visited Japan on the occasion of booming of studying in Japan occurred after the Sino-Japanese War (林 1995).
- 1883年、旧藩士の錦織剛清(にしごりたけきよ)が主君の病状に疑いを持ち、家族による不当監禁であるとして家令・志賀直道(志賀直哉の祖父)ら関係者を告発したことから事件が表面化した。
- This was revealed to the public in 1883 when Takekiyo NISHIGORI, a former member of the Soma Domain, started to doubt the condition of his former master and accused the persons concerned, including Naomichi SHIGA, the steward to the family (grandfather of Naoya SHIGA, a famous novelist), of inappropriate custody.
- 基本的には「全国画一」の地租への統合を従来通りあるいはそれ以上の水準で農民に賦課しようとする明治政府と生活の維持・改善のために生産余剰の確保を求める農民側との対立ということになる。
- Basically, the revolts were collisions between the Meiji Government that hoped to impose a uniform ratio of integrated land-tax on peasants at a level as high as, or even higher than, the conventional one, and peasants that hoped to preserve the surplus products in order to maintain and improve their standards of living.
- なお、鶴松を産んだときに高野山・持明院へ父母の肖像画をおさめ、秀頼を産んだときに父母ら血縁の菩提を弔うために、養源院(養源院とは浅井長政の院号であり、開基は一族の成伯)を建立した。
- When she gave birth to Tsurumatsu, she contributed a portrait of her parents to Jimyo-in Temple at Koya-san Mountain, and when Hideyori was born she erected Yogen-in Temple (Yogen-in was Ingo [a title given to a Buddhist] for Nagamasa AZAI, and Kaiki (founder) was Seihaku, a monk from the Toyotomi family) to mourn for the bodies of her parents and other relatives.
- これは本書が一定の書名を持っていなかったためであるとする見解と本書が一冊の注釈書になる前の原型である写本に付記された注記から直接引用された場合があるからであるとする立場とが存在する。
- According to one view, this was because the book did not have an actual title, while another says it was because in some cases, people quoted his opinions directly from the notes attached to the original manuscript before they were compiled into a single commentary.
- だが、そこでも弁慶は機転を利かせ今度は手に持っていた杖で「お前が義経に似ているために、あらぬ疑いをかけられてしまったではないか!」とののしりながら主君である義経を何度も何度も殴った。
- Then again Benkei used his wits; he repeatedly beat his master Yoshitsune with his stick, cussing 'We all are suspected out of nothing just because you look like Yoshitsune.'
- また、九州王朝説の支持研究者間でも、白村江の戦いまでを九州王朝の歴史と見る、壬申の乱までを九州王朝の歴史と見る、大化の改新まで九州王朝の歴史と見る 等考え方は様々であり定まっていない。
- Among the researchers who support the Kyushu dynasty theory, opinions are varied and not fixed, some people regard the period until the battle of Hakusukinoe as the history of the Kyushu dynasty while other people regard the period until the Jinshin rebellion or the period until the Taika Reforms as the history of the Kyushu dynasty.
- 小判および分金が生粋金(純金)および花降銀(純銀)の合金で銅は不純物程度でしか含まれないのに対し、大判では3%程度の銅が意図的に加えられ、黄金色を演出させ審美性を持たせているとされる。
- Koban and Bukin were made of mixed metal of pure gold and pure silver, and the amount of contained copper was at impurity level; whereas, about 3% of copper were intentionally added to Oban in order to have the color of gold to make it more aesthetic.
- しかし、物語という作品の位置付けが「絵空事」「女子供の手慰み」といったものであり、勅撰集等公的な位置付けを持った歌集はもちろん、そうでない私的な歌集等と比べても極めて低いものであった。
- However, tales were ranked as 'fantasy' and 'amusements for women and children,' and such assessments were quite low compared with private collections of poetry much less an official collection of poetry such as a collection of poems by Imperial command.
- そのルートは「弘前~十和田湖畔~三本木~田代~青森」と「青森~田代~三本木~八戸」の2ルートが考えられ、弘前ルートは弘前第31連隊が、八戸ルートは青森5連隊がそれぞれ受持つ形となった。
- One of the two routes considered was 'Hirosaki-the bank of Lake Towada-Sanbongi-Tashiro-Aomori' and the other was 'Aomori-Tashiro-Sanbongi-Hachinohe;' the 31st Hirosaki Regiment took on the former and the 5th Aomori Regiment the latter.
- 1914年(大正3年)、名古屋市において路面電車を運営していた名古屋電気鉄道(名電)に対し、不況下(当時はまだ、第一次世界大戦が勃発した直後)のもと市民は運賃の高さに不満を持っていた。
- In 1914, people under the economy depression (it was just soon after the First World War occurred) were frustrated with the high price of the fare of Nagoyo Denki Testudo ran streetcars in Nagoya city.
- しかも子がないのだから、広く継嗣を求めよ」と叱咤して無理強いに縁組しようとさせたが、やがて頼通は重病となり、加持調伏の結果、具平親王の怨霊が出たため、この結婚は止み沙汰になったという。
- Moreover, you have no children and I want you to have many heirs,' Michinaga rebuked and forced Yorimichi into the marriage but before long, Yorimichi fell seriously ill, and the wedding was instructed to be halted when, as a result of faith healing and exorcism, the ghost of Prince Tomohira emerged.
- その意思とは石作皇子には仏の御石の鉢、車持皇子には蓬莱の玉の枝、右大臣阿倍御主人には火鼠の裘、大納言大伴御行には龍の首の珠、中納言石上麻呂には燕の子安貝を持ってこさせるというものだった。
- She asks Prince Ishizukuri to bring the stone begging bowl used by Buddha; Prince Kurumamochi, a branch of a tree with jeweled fruit from Penglai, the legendary Isle of the Immortals; Minister of the Right ABE no Miushi, a robe made of the fire-rat; Dainagon (chief councilor of state) OTOMO no Miyuki, a gemstone from a dragon's head; Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) ISONOKAMI no Maro, one of the easy-birth shells supposedly possessed by swallows.
- 40代から50代ならいざしらず、20代前半の者が「器量はよき武士の合戦の道をしらぬよとひとりごち給ひける」などと、言ったのなら、大江匡房は実に「鼻持ちならない嫌なやつ」ということになる。
- If an early 20s man other than 40s or 50s man 'said to himself that he did not know the way a highly capable samurai fights a war,' OE no Masafusa must have been a really 'rotten egg.'
- 鎌倉幕府には正史的な歴史書『吾妻鏡』があり、江戸幕府には同様の意味を持つ『徳川実紀』があったが、室町幕府は政情不安が長期にわたって続いたためにまとまった歴史書が編纂される機会がなかった。
- For the Kamakura bakufu, there is the official history text known as 'Azuma Kagami' (a chronicle of the history of the Kamakura bakufu) and there was a similar text entitled 'Tokugawa Jikki' for the Edo bakufu, the long period of continued political instability meant that there was no opportunity to compile a history of the Muromachi bakufu.
- 大久保は慶喜が辞官納地に応ずることが前提であり、それがない時は免官削地を行いその罪を天下にさらすべきと主張したが、後藤象二郎は公明正大な措置が肝心でこの会議は陰険であると容堂の論を支持。
- Okubo insisted that Yoshinobu's attendance would be possible only on the premise that he would accept Jikan nochi, and if not, his sin must be brought to light, but Shojiro GOTO sided with Yodo saying that it was important to act fair thus the Conference was insidious.
- 「発見」によって、国際法の法源と儒教とは親和性を持つかのような印象を読者に与え、その結果「万国公法」(=近代国際法)は中華も含めた世界規模の「普遍性」を持ったものとして受容されていった。
- Through such 'discovery,' readers became to have an impression that the origin of international law and Confucianism had affinity with each other and, as a result, 'bankoku koho' (modern international law) was accepted as one with global 'universality' including China.
- 紫式部が『紫式部日記』(『紫日記』)で清少納言の人格と業績を全否定するかの如き筆誅を加えているのに対し、清少納言が『枕草子』で紫式部評を残していない一方的な関係からもこの見方は支持される。
- Murasaki Shikibu denounced Sei Shonagon in 'Murasaki Shikibu Diary' ('Murasaki Diary') as if she absolutely denied Sei Shonagon's personality and achievement, but Sei Shonagon never wrote about Murasaki Shikibu in 'The Pillow Book,' which suggests that the view mentioned above is correct.
- 江戸時代から盛んになり「棒手振」・「棒手売」(ぼてふり)と呼ばれていて日用品の食材から生活必需品まで衣食住に係わる全てのものが売られており幕府の許認可を受け鑑札を持った物だけが営業できた。
- Monouri became popular during the Edo period as nicknamed 'botefuri' and dealt with almost anything that has to do with food, clothing, and housing, ranging from everyday foods to necessities of life; only those licensed by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) were allowed to do their businesses as monouri.
- その一方で女御への興味も強く持っていたが(「絵合」)、女御は母の恋人であった源氏が近寄る事を厭い、源氏自身も亡き御息所の遺言で強く諌められていたため、未練を抱きつつもあくまで後見役に徹した。
- However, Genji was strong;y interested in the nyogo ('Eawase'), but since the nyogo did not want Genji, who was her mother's lover, to come close to her and Genji himself was strongly constrained by the late Miyasudokoro's will, he played the role of guardian while being attached to her to some extent.
- 同時に仏教系の大学に通い始めるのだが、そこで足に内反足の障害をもち松葉杖をつきながら移動する、いつも教室の片隅でひっそりとたたずんでいる級友柏木と、美しい心を持っていると信じた鶴川に出会う。
- At the same time, he began to study at a college mainly for Buddhist trainees, and there, he met Kashiwagi, a classmate who walked on crutches due to his club foot and always lingered in the corner of the classroom, as well as Tsurukawa, who he believed had a heart of gold.
- 列強間で通用している国際法を逆手に取ることで外交交渉を有利に運ぼうという意図からなされたもので、多分に理念よりも道具、華夷秩序を保持するためのツール、としての受容というニュアンスが強かった。
- It was conducted with the aim to carry out diplomatic negotiations advantageously by using in underhanded way international law which was valid among western countries and it had a nuance of acceptance as a tool for maintaining kaichitsujo rather than idealistic principle.
- 皇帝を中心とする華夷秩序に理念づけられ、朝貢と冊封によって外国との関係を維持していた「天下」概念が変容するのは、1793年イギリスの外交使節ジョージ・マカートニーが派遣されたころからである。
- The notion of 'Tenka,' which had been formed based on the order of kai (the Chinese and barbarians) and maintained the diplomatic relations by the sakuho and choko (bringing tribute) system, started to change when George Macartney, a British diplomat, was dispatched in 1793.
- また高齢化社会に伴い利潤のみならず地域振興や福祉目的を持って幾つかの小さな企業が、物売りとして豆腐などの大豆食品を呼び込みのラッパを使うなど、昔ながらの形態で販売を始めている地域も存在する。
- As the Japanese society is aging, several small businesses have launched traditional style monouri using a whistle for attracting customers for selling tofu curds and processed-soybean products in some regions not only for the pursuit of profits but also for the promotion of regional development and welfare.
- 関ヶ原の戦い後の1601年(慶長6年)、三河国3郡に6,600石を与えられるとともに京都町奉行(のち京都所司代)に任命され、京都の治安維持と朝廷の掌握、さらに大坂城の豊臣家の監視に当たった。
- In 1601, after the Battle of Sekigahara during the Keicho era, he was given fiefs amounting to 6,600 koku in three districts of Mikawa Province, and at the same time he was appointed as the Kyoto machi-bugyo (town magistrate of Kyoto) (and later the Kyoto Shoshidai); he assumed responsibility for maintaining security in the city of Kyoto, reporting on developments at the Imperial Court, and monitoring the Toyotomi family of Osaka-jo Castle.
- 政元の後継者を巡る争いで元長は細川澄之を支持していたが、澄之が家督を継承する望みが薄いことを悟ると薬師寺長忠・竹田孫七らと共謀し、同年に政元を暗殺(永正の錯乱)して澄之を当主として擁立した。
- Motonaga supported Sumiyuki HOSOKAWA during the conflict to determine the heir to Masamoto; when it seemed unlikely that Sumiyuki would inherit the family estate, he schemed with Nagatada YAKUSHIJI and Magoshichi TAKEDA and assassinated Masamoto (Eisho Disturbance) to support Sumiyuki as the family head.
- 『徳川実紀』によれば、大番頭2000俵、書院番頭・小姓組番頭1000俵、新番頭・百人組番頭700俵、持弓筒頭・先手頭・歩行頭・書院番組頭・小姓組組頭・小十人頭・目付・使番500俵と定められた。
- According to 'Tokugawa jikki' (The True Tokugawa Records), it was specified that 2000 hyo (bale [a traditional unit for rice of 60 kilograms]) be given to Oban gashira (captains of the great guards), 1000 hyo to shoinban gashira (chief of military patrol) and koshogumiban gashira (chief of the bodyguard of the Shogun), 700 hyo to shinban gashira (person in charge of guarding the shogun and inspecting arms) and hyakuninkumiban gashira (chief of a special firearm troop with 100 members), and 500 hyo to mochiyumitsutsu gashira (chief of archery troop and firearm troop), sakite gashira (chief of a troop for maintaining security), hoko gashira (chief of guards), shoinban kumigashira (leader of the shogun's bodyguards), koshogumi kumigashira (leader of page corps), kojunin gashira (leader of escort guard), metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers), and tsukaiban (a person responsible for order and patrol in the battlefield).
- なお、山岸徳平は、首書源氏物語や湖月抄などの江戸時代の版本の本文に近い本文を持つ宮内庁書陵部に証本として伝えられていたいわゆる『三条西家本』の本文のほうがこの大島本より良質の本文であるとした。
- Tokuhei YAMAGISHI believed that the text of the so-called 'Sanjonishike manuscript,' which had been conserved in the Imperial Household Archives as a shohon (a verified text), being closer to the text of books printed during the Edo period such as the Shusho Genji monogatari (Tale of Genji with Headnotes) and Kogetsusho (The Tale of Genji Moon on the Lake Commentary), was better than the text of this Oshima-bon manuscript.
- 18世紀後半の天明期に、与謝蕪村は、あくまでも正風の真髄を護持しながらも、用語を広く自由に、近代的な感覚、即ち真実を踏まえての自然への感動と、生活への感動とを盛り上げ偉大なる「革新」を図った。
- In the Tenmei era in the latter half of the eighteenth century, Buson YOSA tried to make a great 'innovation' by keeping the essence of Shofu but allowing freer use of words and raised a modern sense, in other words, excitement towards nature and daily life grounded in reality.
- 一般の人民は自分の持っている通貨の真贋を見極められないのに、ある日突然それは贋金だからとその価値を4分の1にされたら人々は大混乱に陥り、各地で一揆や打ちこわしなどの騒ぎに発展する危険性がある。
- There was danger that the general public would fall into great confusion if they were suddenly told that what they had was counterfeit money and was only worth ¼ of the real value, especially since they could not tell apart their currency from counterfeit or specie, and this could develop into to an uproar such as uprisings or vandalism.
- 享保大判は慶長大判の品位に復帰するものであったが、通用が停止されていた慶長大判が両替商に持ち込まれた際の扱いについて、享保11年(1726年)4月に大岡忠相は通用を認めず潰金扱いの裁定を下した。
- Kyoho-Oban was supposed to have it's gold content equivalent to that of the Keicho-Oban, but due to the money-handler's dealing of the Keicho-Oban, which was no longer in circulation, Tadasuke OOKA did not approve it's circulation and made the decision to melt it on April 1726.
- 『枕草子』には、「ものはづくし」(歌枕などの類聚)、詩歌秀句、日常の観察、個人のことや人々の噂、記録の性質を持つ回想など、彼女が平安の宮廷ですごした間に興味を持ったものすべてがまとめられている。
- In 'The Pillow Book,' she wrote about everything of interest to her during her life in the Imperial Court of the Heian period, and it includes 'Monowazukushi' (listing items like Utamakura (a place famed in poetry)), excellent poems, observations on daily life, comments on people, and reminiscences, so it also seems to be a record, etc.
- しかしながら明治末期ころから本格的な古写本の所在の調査とその比較が始まり、大島本など良質な本文を持つとされる古写本がいくつも発見されることにより青表紙本をもとに校本を作成することが可能になった。
- However, since around the late Meiji period, a thorough investigation of the place where the old manuscripts were kept and their comparison were begun, and many old manuscripts of fine quality such as Oshima-bon were found, which made it possible to make a variorum edition of the Aobyoshi-bon manuscripts.
- 国会開設運動の高まりに伴い、憲法の必要性が認識されるようになり、1880年11月の国会期成同盟第2回大会で、翌年に憲法草案を持参することを決議したため、翌1881年に多数の私擬憲法がつくられた。
- With the growing demand for the establishment of the National Diet, the need for a constitution began to be recognized, and in response to the decision made in the second Kokkai Kisei Domei (League for Founding a national Assembly) in November 1880 to assemble draft constitutions the next year, many Shigi Kenpo were created in the following year, 1881.
- しかも弾正台の古賀十郎ら新政府の開国政策に不満を持つ保守派が裁判において横井が書いたとする『天道覚明書』という偽書を作成して横井が秘かに皇室転覆を企てたとする容疑で告発するなど、大混乱に陥った。
- In addition, a great confusion was caused, for example, the conservatives who were dissatisfied with the policy of 'opening of the country' of the New Government, including Juro KOGA of Danjodai (Board of Censors), forged a book named 'Tendo Kakumei' and attributed it to Yokoi to accuse him of plotting secretly to overthrow the Imperial Court.
- 河内説は広元・景季が頼朝の死をきっかけに守貞擁立構想の責任を中御門流一条家及び同族の持明院家に転嫁することによって、新将軍頼家と後鳥羽院の関係を一から再構築しなおして事態の収拾を図ったとしている。
- Based on Kouchi's theory, the situation was as follows: taking advantage of the death of Yoritomo, Hiromoto and Kagesue tried to shift the responsibility of having considered making Morisada Emperor onto the Ichijo family and the Jimyoji family, as a means of getting the situation under control and to rebuild relationships between Yoriie, the new shogun, and Gotoba-in.
- 村は本来道切りなどにより外部と区別される空間で、村の成員は生業を行い生活に必要な資源を供給する環境を共有し、寄合を行い祭礼や年中行事を共同で行うことにより統一された意思のもと秩序維持を行っていた。
- The village is originally a space separated from the outside world by placing something that drives out evil spirits on the access road, and the village members live under the same condition by earning a living through supply of resources required for everyday life, as well as by holding meetings and jointly organizing rites, festivals and annual events for maintenance of order under the unified will.
- 彼の存命中はもとより現代の政治家でも妾を持つことは珍しいことではないが、女性関係の潔癖さは彼を非難している側でさえも認めざるを得ず、また、家中にいる者は書生を含めて愛情を持って接したと伝えられる。
- Although it is not unusual for politicians in not only his time but also today, to have mistresses, even those who opposed him could not help acknowledging his cleanliness in this respect and it is said that he was affectionate to everyone in his household, including shosei (a student who is given room and board in exchange for performing domestic duties).
- かねてより日本の近代化そのものに否定的な考えを持っていることで知られた元田に警戒感を抱いていた伊藤は、ただちに「教育議」を執筆して元田の主張こそ現実離れの空論であると噛み付き、両者は激しく論争した。
- For a long time, Ito had been wary of Motoda who was known for his adverse opinion towards the modernization of Japan, and Ito immediately wrote 'Kyoikugi' (Proposition on Education) protesting vehemently that Motoda's view is the unrealistic theory; and thus they fiercely confronted each other.
- また、宝暦6年(1756年)以後には5割以下の不作となった地域に対しても免除されたが、基本的には江戸幕府滅亡後の明治5年(1872年)の廃止までの182年にわたって元禄7年の制がそのまま維持された。
- After 1756, the districts with poor crop yields below 50% were also exempt, but in principle this tax system of 1694 had survived for 182 years into the Meiji Period, until it was abolished in 1872.
- 近代国際法は「先占の原則」(早期発見国が領有権を有する原理)を特徴の一つとして持っていたので、「未開国」は自動的に「無主の地」とされ、そこに植民地を自由に設定できるということになる(小林2002)。
- As modern international law has 'Rule of occupation' (rule under which the county that discovered a land first has sovereignty) as one of its features, 'undeveloped country' was automatically deemed as 'terra nullius,' and, therefore, colonies could be established freely (Kobayashi 2002).
- 早期の北部九州の住居には、縄文時代晩期の系譜を引き継ぐと考えられる平面方形のもののほかに、平面円形で中央に浅い皿状のくぼみを持ち、その両脇に小さな穴(柱穴か)を1対持つ特徴的な形態の住居が存在する。
- A dwelling with square ground shape that carries on the tradition from last period of the Jomon period and a dwelling with a distinctive shape, which has a round ground shape with a bowl like shallow concavity at center and a pair of small hole (could be holes for pillars) at the side of the concavity, both from earlier period are found in northern Kyushu.
- 翌永享2年(1430年)2月には井戸氏と同族の筒井氏を支持する幕府より、興福寺に対し豊田討伐の指示が出、更に翌永享3年(1431年)8月には筒井氏と箸尾氏が互いに相手方の居城を攻めるなど戦乱は拡大。
- The following year, in March 1430, the shogunate ordered Kofuku-ji Temple to subdue Toyota in support of the Ido clan and its related Tsutsui clan but the maelstrom of war expanded, so that the Tsutsui clan and the Hashio clan both attacked the other's castle in September 1431.
- 御子左嫡流で、大覚寺統(のちの南朝 (日本))と結びついた二条派に対し、為兼は伏見院の歌道師範として迎えられたのを契機に持明院統(のちの北朝 (日本))宮廷において歌壇を築き、斬新な歌風を流行させた。
- As the main lineage (i.e., from the eldest son) of the Mikohidari family, members of the Kyogoku school fell into conflict with adherents of the Nijo school, who had forged close ties with the Daikakuji imperial lineage (which would afterwards become the Southern Court); Tamekane, welcomed as Emperor Fushimi's tutor in the art of waka poetry, took advantage of his closeness with the Jimyoin imperial lineage (which later became the Northern Court) to create a waka circle at the Imperial Court, working to ensure his fresh new poetic style would become popular.
- 御息所が、己の髪や衣服から芥子(悪霊を退けるための加持に用いる香)の匂いがするのを知って、さてはわが身が生霊となって葵の上にあだをなしたか、と悟りおののく場面は物語前半のクライマックスのひとつである。
- The scene in which Miyasudokoro notices that her hair and clothing had the smell of mustard (incense used in incantation to exorcise evil spirits) and knew that she herself became a wraith causing harm to Aoi no ue and her trembling in fear is one of the climaxes of the first half of the story.
- 従来、入会地とされてきた土地や森林が、地租改正と並行して行われた官有民地区分事業において「持主不明」であることを理由に官有地や御料林に組み入れられて住民の自由な利用が禁止されたことに対する農民の抵抗。
- Peasants' resistance during the process of dividing public and private lands accompanying the land-tax reform, against changing mountains and forests that had been treated as iriaichi (common land) into national land or Imperial property for the reason that iriaichi had no owners; and against bans on free access to iriaichi by neighbor residents
- これは元寇による膨大な軍費の出費などで苦しむ中小御家人を救済するためと理解されてきたが、現在ではむしろ御家人所領の質入れ、売買の禁止、それによる幕府の基盤御家人体制の維持に力点があったと理解されている。
- Although it was regarded as a relief for minor vassals suffering from a lot of war expenditure because of the Mongol Invasions, it is now considered to be more like the prohibition of pawning and trading vassalages to maintain the vassal system as a base of the shogunate.
- 当時の社会ならではの制約・お約束的展開はあるものの、本来的個人的性質と社会的に期待される役割との差異を浮き彫りにする本作品は、ジェンダーという枠を越えて、近代的小説に近い重要な要素を持つと言われている。
- Though it contains a conventional and banal plot that was often seen in those days, the work is said to have an important element that makes the story more like a modern novel beyond the matter of gender, exposing the difference between a human's innate nature and his or her social role.
- そのような状況であるにも関わらず、源氏物語は作品世界の中の出来事を単純に時間を追って記しているのではなく、描かれる時間帯に重なりが存在したり、描かれていない時間帯が存在するという複雑な構造を持っている。
- In addition to this ambiguity, the Tale of Genji has a complicated structure where the author does not describe events in the story in simple chronological order, but has some periods of time overlapping and omits others completely.
- これまで挙げた薛福成や西周、兪吉濬といった『万国公法』に肯定的な意見を持つ人々ですら、国際法の適用を受けるためには富国強兵という裏打ちが必要不可欠であることは強く意識していたのである(金鳳珍2004)。
- Even people who had positive attitude towards 'Bankoku Koho' such as Fucheng XUE, Amane NISHI and Kil-chun YU strongly believed that the policy of fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) was essential to be protected by international law (金鳳珍2004).
- この「内大臣」は藤原鎌足のことで、近江大津宮は天智天皇が定めた都であるから、天智からたどることにすると、天智、天武、持統天皇、文武天皇、元明天皇、元正天皇、聖武天皇、孝謙天皇、淳仁の9人にしかならない。
- Since this 'Minister of the Center' refers to FUJIWARA no Kamatari and Imperial Palace Omi Otsu no Miya was a capital established by Emperor Tenchi, there are only nine emperors during the said period, namely, Tenchi, Tenmu, Jito, Monmu, Genmei, Gensho, Shomu, Koken, and Junnin.
- 正徳5年6月6日 (旧暦)(1715年)、西久米村の百姓・喜兵衛、その長男・惣右衛門、次男・三之允が田の草をとっての帰りがけに、かつて植えておいた小松1本を切り取り、田の畦修理のために持ち帰ろうとした。
- In returning home after having weeded in their farm field in the Nishi-Kume-mura village on June 6 (in the old calendar) in 1715, Kihei, a farmer in the village, Soemon, his eldest son, and Sannojo, his second eldest son cut a pine tree that they had planted, and tried to bring the tree back for repairing ridges between rice fields.
- 更に元弘の変では鎌倉幕府が検断権を盾に後醍醐天皇を「謀反人」と認定して(天皇御謀反)、後醍醐天皇の主張するところの正統な天皇に対して廃位・配流を強要して、「偽主」(持明院統光厳天皇)を擁立するに至った。
- Furthermore, the Kamakura bakufu identified the Emperor Godaigo as a 'rebel' (the Emperor's Rebellion) in the Genko Incident based on the right to judge criminal cases, dethroned and exiled the Emperor Godaigo who insisted he was the true emperor, and eventually enthroned 'the fake emperor' (Emperor Kogon of Jimyoin-to Line).
- だが、岩倉による代案が地租の米納復帰と言う江戸時代の年貢への復帰という提案であっために、黒田清隆ら一部の支持を得たのみでこれも否決され、最終的に大隈と伊藤が代案を作成するという結論に落ち着いたのである。
- But Iwakura's alternative plan too was rejected, which gained only a little support from Kiyotaka KURODA and a few others because it suggested to pay land tax by rice which means a return to nengu (annual tribute, land tax) system of Edo Period, so Okuma and Ito ended up drawing another alternative plan.
- 家集の前半は承安4年(1174年)の出来事に起筆し、中宮のめでたさや平家の栄華を讃えながら、年下の貴公子平資盛(中宮の甥)との恋愛を主軸に据え、歌人・画家として有名な藤原隆信とも交渉を持った経過を述べる。
- The first half of the collection starts with an incident in 1174, and while praising the empress's auspiciousness and the glory of the Taira family, she places her love affair with a younger noble, TAIRA no Sukemori (the Empress's nephew) at the center of the story, and describes the process by which she also became intimate with a famous poet and a painter, FUJIWARA no Takanobu.
- だが、単なる区画整理事業に過ぎず、数ヶ月から数年で可能な条坊の建設に何故300年も要したのか、300年にも亘って計画を維持する事が可能か、実施した者の正体は何か、 目的は何か、などの疑問や矛盾が発生する。
- However, it was the only works for land zoning, and some questionable and inconsistent points arose as to why it took 300 years for construction that could be completed within a few months to a few years, how the plan was maintained and implemented for the period of 300 years, what the purposes of the construction was, and who took charge of the work.
- 欧米諸国とは条約を基礎とした関係(外交を担う役所総理衙門の設置や公使の相互派遣)を結ぶ一方で、清朝は朝鮮やベトナム、琉球といった周辺のアジア諸国とは旧来の華夷秩序を温存し、それを恒久的に維持しようとした。
- The Qing dynasty built relationships based on treaties between European countries and American; on the other hand, the Qing dynasty maintained relationships based on Kaichitsujo with Asian countries around China such as Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu and tried to keep the relations on a permanent basis.
- 慶長期は小判師が吹屋職人を率い、各自で製造した判金を後藤役所に持参し、品位および量目(質量)を改めた上で極印の打印を受け両替商に売却することにより発行されるという、いわゆる「手前吹き」という形式であった。
- In the the Keicho Period, Kobanshi leaded Fukiya craftmen, submitting bankin (gold coins) they had made to Goto office, selling it to exchanger after correcting a carat and ryome (a weighed value) and having hallmark printed on it, which was called the form of Temaebuki.
- 貞和2年(1346年)征夷大将軍足利尊氏・副将軍足利直義兄弟が夢窓疎石の勧めにより、全国に安国寺利生塔の建立を命じた際には、伊賀国に対し幕府は服部持法と柘植新左衛門に寺領保護と造営成否の注進を命じている。
- In 1346, when Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Takauji ASHIKAGA, and the Vice-shogun and his brother, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, ordered the construction of Ankoku-ji Temple Risho-to Pagodas all over Japan according to the advice of Muso Soseki (a Buddhist monk), the bakufu ordered the government of Iga Province to oblige Jiho HATTORI and Shinzaemon TSUGE to take charge of the protection of temples' estates and the reporting on the progress of the pagodas' construction.
- 現在普通に使用されるのは『続日本紀』に記述される奈良時代、天平宝字6年(762年)~同8年(764年)、淡海三船による神武天皇から持統天皇までの41代、及び元明天皇・元正天皇へ一括撰進された漢風諡号である。
- The Chinese-style posthumous names which are commonly used today are those of the 41 emperors from Emperor Jinmu to Empress Jito and Emperor Genmei and Gensho dedicated by OMI no Mifune in a lump from 762 to 764 during the Nara period which are described in 'Shoku Nihongi.'
- だが、元の日本侵略の要因として経済的な利権を求めたことが挙げられるように、元側に日本との経済的関係を望む意向が強く、反対に日本側も日宋貿易によって確立された中国大陸との経済的関係の維持を望む意向が強かった。
- However, one of the reasons why Yuan Dynasty wanted to invade Japan was to gain the economic advantage; therefore, Yuan Dynasty was eager to establish the economic ties with Japan and Japan also had a strong desire to maintain the economic ties with the Chinese continent established by the trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China.
- 「蜻蛉 (源氏物語)」帖では、思いを寄せる女一宮の姿を垣間見た薫が、自邸に帰った後、妻女二宮に女一宮と同じ薄衣を着せ、同じように氷を持たせてみたり、女一宮の文見たさに女二宮に姉宮との文通を促したりしている。
- In the chapter of 'Kagero' (The Mayfly), Kaoru caught a glimpse of Onna Ichinomiya, whom he loved, and after he went home, he made his wife, Onna Ninomiya, wear a thin robe which was the same as Onna Ichinomiya's, and made her keep a piece of ice just as Onna Ichinomiya did, and moreover, he encouraged her to exchange letters with her older sister, Onna Ichinomiya, because he wanted to see Onna Ichinomiya's letters.
- 謹慎によって御家人たちの支持を得たので景時は12月9日に一端鎌倉へ戻ったが、頼家は景時を庇うことが出来ず、18日、景時は鎌倉追放を申し渡され、和田義盛、三浦義村が景時追放の奉行となって鎌倉の邸は取り壊された。
- Having gained the support of gokenin with his suspension, Kagetoki returned to Kamakura once on January 4, 1200, but he was ordered to be expelled from Kamakura on January 13 due to Yoriie's failure to defend him, and his mansion in Kamakura was destroyed by Yoshimori WADA, Yoshimura MIURA working as magistrates for Kagetoki's expulsion.
- 日本の詩歌の伝統をひきついで成立した俳句は、五・七・五の音数による言葉の調べ(韻律 (韻文))と「季語」と「切れ」によって短い詩でありながら心のなかの場景(心象)を大きくひろげることができる特徴を持っている。
- Established on the tradition of the Japanese shika, haiku poetry, though short in length, has the characteristic features of expressing images and emotions through the use of rhythm based on the 5-7-5 syllabic sounds, 'kigo' (seasonal references), and 'kire' (cut).
- ただし、信孝は侍従にまで昇進した殿上人であり、貴人が血統を保存するために側室を持つことが当然だった当時からすると側室、側室所生の子が存在し、徳川の世になってから世に出たとするのは的外れではないとも考えられる。
- However, it was natural at that time for a person of high rank to have concubines in order to protect his blood line, and Nobutaka was a tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) who was promoted as high as jiju (a chamberlain); therefore, it is likely that his concubines and their children actually existed and made themselves known in the Tokugawa era.
- 明治政府は明治3年(1870年)に尺貫法を維持して京枡をそのまま用いる方針を採ったが、明治8年(1875年)の 度量衡取締条例 によって枡座を廃止して検定は政府が行い、製造・販売は民間に任せる方針を打ち出した。
- The Meiji government adopted a policy of maintaining the shaku-and-kan measuring system (length by the shaku and weight by the kan) in 1870, but with the Meiji Weights and Measures Control Law in 1875, a decision was made to abolish Masu-za and to leave the manufacture and sale of masu to the private sector with calibration conducted by the government.
- 戦地で軍票額面価格を維持するために、いつでも正銀貨と引換を希望すれば、戦地所在の横浜正金銀行各支店、内地指定の金庫、韓国金庫派出所、野戦郵便局、韓国、北中国所在の日本普通郵便局、第一銀行出張所で軍票を受入れた。
- In order to keep the nominal value of that military currency, the Japanese government made it possible for the owners to exchange the currency with silver at every branch of Yokohama Specie Bank, Ltd. located at the front, assigned depositories in Japan, detached offices of Korean depository, Yasen (open battle) Post Office, Japanese common post offices at Korea and nothern China and detached offices of First Bank.
- 維新後については、制度を作りながら諸施策を進めていくといった、行政の舵取りが必要であったが、明治初期に重職に就いた者の中で理財の才能を持った者は、井上馨がその筆頭に挙げられ、財政の建て直しに大変な努力をしている。
- Public administration after the Meiji restoration needed the steer such as making systems and carrying out each measure at the same time, and Kaoru INOUE was the first who had a talent for finance among those who served in important positions during the early Meiji period, making a great effort to restore financial affairs.
- 慶応3年9月26日 (旧暦)(1867年10月23日)に幕府財政の金銀中心への移行に伴い、布衣以上の足高・役料・役扶持などを廃止して役金に統一するが、同年の大政奉還によって実際に機能する前に廃止されることになった。
- Accompanied with the shift to gold-and-silver-oriented financial affairs of the bakufu, on October 23, 1867, tashidaka, yakuryo, and yakufuchi (employment salaries) more valuable than hoi (traditional everyday clothes) were abolished and unified into yakukin (monthly salary according to status), however, yakukin was abolished before it actually functioned because of the Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) of that year.
- しかし日本の報道機関はこういった事情には触れず、日本による通信事業の接収を支持する論調であり、たとえば読売新聞の明治38年3月23日の紙面で、韓国の通信機関が不備であることを理由に、日本に委託すべきと主張していた。
- On the other hand, Japanese media supported Japan's takeover of communication service without mentioning such background; for example, the Yomiuri Shinbun commented that the service should be commissioned to Japan for the reason that the flaw of Korean communication institution on March 23.
- また混成の原因には元々あった本文に異なる系統の本文を校合することによる混成の発生と一部分が欠けた写本に残った部分の本文と異なる系統の本文を持つ写本によって補ったことによって発生した混成とが存在すると考えられている。
- There are two reasons for the mixture of the text; one is that when the manuscript was collated, the different group of text was added to the original text, while the other is that the manuscript where the text was partly missing was supplemented by a different group of text.
- また、得宗家の権力を磐石なものとするため、文永9年(1272年)には弟時宗が執権になった事に不満を持って朝廷に接近していた六波羅探題南方の兄北条時輔や、一族の評定衆北条時章・北条教時兄弟を誅殺している(二月騒動)。
- Meanwhile, in 1272, in order to consolidate the power of the Tokuso family, he killed his older brother Tokisuke HOJO (who held the office of Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata (Southern Chief of Administrative and Judicial Agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto), and was unhappy with his younger brother Tokimune's having becoming regent and increasing influence in the Imperial Court) as well as brothers from the clan Tokiaki HOJO and Noritoki HOJO who were hyojoshu (members of the Council of State) in the Nigatsu Sodo (the Disturbance of February).
- 相論の対象となる集団からそれぞれ代表者を指名し、代表者は精進潔斎の上に立会いの役人らの前で掌に牛王宝印を広げ、その上に灼熱した鉄を乗せて、それを素手で持ち運びその完遂の度合いによって所属集団の主張の当否が判断された。
- Representatives who were selected from each of the disputing groups, after purifying themselves by abstaining from eating meat, spread Gohoins (talisman) on their palms, held red-hot iron onto them and carried the iron with their bare hands in front of presenting government officials, then validity of the claims from their belonging groups was determined according to the degree of their accomplishment.
- 15世紀、佐竹惣領家と有力一族である山入氏との間の抗争が繰り返され、その戦いは100年間にも渡ったが、小野崎氏はこの戦いに積極的に参加し、元の国人領主としての立場から様々な曲折を経ながらも最終的に佐竹宗家を支持した。
- In the 15th century, government family of Satake clan repeatedly struggled with the influential family the Yamairi clan, and the struggle continued over 100 years; the Onosaki clan positively participated in this dispute and after many twists and turns as the position of the original local samurai lord, the Onosaki clan finally supported the head family of Satake clan.
- ちなみに、昭和20年(1945年)9月2日、東京湾の戦艦ミズーリ艦上で日本の降伏文書調印式が行われた際、この時のペリー艦隊の旗艦「ポーハタン」号に掲げられていた米国旗が本国より持ち込まれ、その旗の前で調印式が行われた。
- Incidentally, on September 2, 1945, the signing of Japan's Instrument of Surrender was held on the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay--the flag that stood in the background had once flown on Perry's flagship Powhatan, and was brought from the United States for the occasion.
- 天武天皇10年(681年)の帝紀・旧辞の記定事業に平群子首(こびと)が参画していること、持統天皇5年(691年)に「墓記(纂記)」上進を命じられた諸氏族に平群氏が含まれることは、同氏伝承の成立とも関わって留意されよう。
- We should note, related with the formation of the legend of the clan, that in 681 HEGURI no Kobito participated in the project of Teiki (the genealogy of the Imperial Family) and Kyuji (a record of stories current at court) and also included in the various clans asked to submit an 'epitaph' in 691.
- 帝国主義に関する点で、義和団はキリスト教集団(宣教師や中国人クリスチャン)との対立の中で彼等の持つ様々な特権(行政上あるいは司法上)に直面して、それらが帝国主義に由来することに自覚的となり反対運動を行ったと前者は論じる。
- The former argued that while the Boxers were resisting Christian groups (missionaries and Chinese Christians) they saw their various privileges (administration or justice) firsthand, became aware that they were derived from the empire doctrine, and started the opposition movement.
- しかし、九州北部諸藩・旗本発行の札は、予め銀-銭の交換比率を札面に明記している(Ex.七銭拾匁:一匁あたり七十文で引き換えるという意味で、700文に兌換するという表示)という他地域とは異なる際立った特徴を持つものがある。
- However, some paper money issued by clans or Hatamoto in the northern part of Kyushu had a distinguishing feature not found in other areas, in which an exchange rate between gin (silver) coins and zeni coins was explicitly written on the surface (for example: 7-sen and 10-monme indicated that the coins of 70 mon should be given for 1 monme, and therefore, this paper money could be exchanged to coins of 700 mon).
- 実際前述の2人の死により、早くも35歳にして臣下最高位となり、死去するまで35年間その地位を維持したが、当時としては長寿を全うした事で忠平とその子孫は時平に代わって嫡流となり、摂関職を明治時代開幕まで継承することとなった。
- In fact, through the deaths of these two he had reached the highest court rank at the age of just 35, retaining that rank for 35 years until he passed away; moreover, due to his longevity (considered impressive for the time) Tadahira and his descendants became the direct line of descent in place of Tokihira and succeeded to the posts of regent and chancellor until the beginning of the Meiji period.
- それらのことから『吾妻鏡』には金沢文庫に収められたものと、太田時連が手元に所持したものの2つがあり、太田時連とともに京に行ったものが、その日記同様に室町時代に他家の所持に移り、吉川本の元となったのかもしれないと推測される。
- That is why 'Azuma Kagami' is divided into two groups of text, the one owned by the Kanazawa Library and the one Tokitsura OTA kept at hand, and it is conjectured that the latter was brought to Kyo with Tokitsura OTA, moved to the other house just like the diary written in Muromachi period, and then might have become the foundation of Yoshikawabon.
- もっとも、寺社への寄進などは全面禁止はされず、それ以外の他人和与についても禁止が命じられた後も売買や譲与、担保の対価として結果的に他人和与が行われる事態が相次ぎ、鎌倉幕府としても御家人役の仕組を維持することが困難となった。
- But due to the facts that donation to temples and shrines was not completely banned and that other forms of wayo to others were also continuously made even after the ban order was issued after all in consideration of the trade and transfer or as a collateral, the Kamakura bakufu faced difficulties in maintaining the system of gokeninyaku (duty assigned to shogunal retainers).
- 『日本書紀』の持統天皇の吉野行きの記事は、ひと干支(60年)前の「白村江の戦い」時の天皇の佐賀県吉野地方への出撃部隊視察の記事である(部隊は機密保持のため有明海に集結し、有明海→五島列島→韓のコースを辿ったと考えられる)。
- The article on Emperor Jito's visit to Yoshino in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) is an article on the emperor's visits to mission troops to the Yoshino area, Saga Prefecture at the time of `the battle of Hakusukinoe' sixty years ago (the troops gathered at the sea of Areake for maintaining confidentiality, and are believed to have taken the course; from the sea of Ariake, the Goto Islands, to Kan).
- 財物の没官としては、謀反・大逆者の財産、盗品や賄賂、密貿易などによる不法取得物(その範疇は近代刑法典の贓物よりは狭い)、犯禁の物(民間での所持が禁じられた物)、倍贓(盗品を盗んだ者に対して倍にして償う罰)に対して科された。
- As examples of confiscation of properties, the properties of traitors, possessions, stolen goods, bribes, illegally obtained goods such as goods brought in by contraband trades (what fall under the category of illegally obtained goods here, however, is fewer than that of aganaimono (stolen goods) defined in the modern Penal Codes), and prohibited objects (goods which were banned among the general public) were confiscated, and baizo (the penalty which was given to a thief to recompense by paying back twofold of what he/she stole) was given.
- また柿本人麻呂の時代になると、「天離(あまざか)る 夷(ひな)」というような否定的な意味を持った枕詞(都から遠く離れた異郷の意)もあらわれ、「讃美表現」という元々の枠組みも失われていき、修飾する五音句というふうに移っていく。
- And down to the times when KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro lived, there appear makurakotoba which have a negative meaning, such as 'Amazakaru Hina' (which means a foreign land that is very far from the capital), and the original framework to be the 'praising expressions' begins to vanish and makurakotoba become five-syllable phrases for modification.
- 平安時代に入ると、蔵人など後宮出入りの職権を持つ官職が登場するようになると、後宮十二司の役割が低下し、10世紀の中頃には内侍司に他の11司の機能が吸収・統合される形で後宮の機構改革が行われながら摂関政治期を迎えることになった。
- In the early Heian period, job grades such as kurodo that had authority of comings and goings in the kokyu appeared, which lowered the role of the kokyu junishi, and in the middle of the tenth century, while the structural reform of the kokyu was performed in the form of the functions of eleven tsukasa being absorbed/integrated by the Naishino tsukasa, the Sekkanseiji Period (regency period) made a start.
- これは、御家人及びその一族郎党が惣領を中心とした族的結合(惣領制)と財政基盤(御家人領)の維持していく姿勢に基づくもので、惣領もしくは親の指示に従わず統率を外れるものを幕府への奉公の実行に対する障害とみなして排する意図があった。
- This was based on the bakufu's commitment to maintaining a soryo (heir)-led family oriented relationship among shogunal retainers and their families and retainers (soryo system) and the financial base (territories of shogunal retainers), and was intended to exclude those who disobeyed orders from soryo or parents and who got away from discipline as obstacles to service to the bakufu.
- このため、借手側の藩は商人に対して扶持米を与えて藩士と同様の待遇を与えるなどの厚遇策によって商人の関係断絶を回避し、貸手側の商人は締貸し・分貸しなどの融資額の制約を設定したり枝手形を発行して投資者を募ることで危険の分散を図った。
- Therefore, domains, the borrower, gave merchants special treatments, such as paying Fuchimai (salary rice) and giving the same treatment as hanshi (the feudal retainers of a domain) to avoid dissociation with merchants, and merchants, the lender, also tried to scatter the risk by setting limit of credit or issuing sprit bills and raising investors.
- しかし寛永9年(1632年)、池田長幸の遺言(長男・池田長常と次男・池田長純(兄・脇坂安信の娘婿)とで領地を半分ずつ相続する)に不満を持った兄・安信と共に長幸の下に抗議に訪れたが、長幸の弟・池田長頼と口論になった末に殺害された。
- In 1632, Yasutsune visited Nagayoshi IKEDA with his older brother Yasunobu IKEDA to complain about Nagayoshi's will (stating that his first son, Nagatsune IKEDA, and the second son, Nagazumi IKEDA [the son-in-law of his older brother Yasunobu WAKIZAKA], would respectively inherit the two halves of Nagayoshi's territory), but there, Yasutsune had a fight with Nagayori IKEDA, a younger brother of Nagayoshi, and was killed by him.
- このようないくつかの現象の結果として、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期にかけてのころには多くの『源氏物語』の写本が存在しているものの、家々が持つ写本ごとにその内容が違っており、どれが元の形であったのか分からないという状況になっていた。
- As a result, many different manuscripts of 'The Tale of Genji' had existed since the late Heian period to the early Kamakura period, but each of them was different and it was not certain which one maintained the original form.
- 雲居の雁という名前は本文中には現れず、夕霧と引き離された心情を「雲居の雁もわがごとや(晴れない霧の中を飛ぶ雁は今の私と同じような気持ちなのだろうか)」と口ずさんだ「少女 (源氏物語)」巻のエピソードに因み、後世の人が名づけたもの。
- The name 'Kumoi no kari' does not appear in the text, and she was named so by posterity after the episode in the volume 'Shojo (girl)' (Genji Monogatari) in which she hummed 'Kumoi no kari mo wagagotoya (if a goose flying in the fog feels as I do now)' expressing her sentiment after having been forced to part with Yugiri.
- 中国風の都市計画を持ち込んだ藤原京・平城京・平安京などでは、計画的な庶民の居住を促しても、家が掘立柱建築だったために、地下水位の高い低湿地や河川の氾濫原は居住に適さないとして放棄され、いずれも当初の計画とは異なる都市へと変化した。
- In Fujiwarakyo capital, Heijokyo capital, and Heiankyo capital which introduced a Chinese city plan, and promoted as a place for common folk, were of earthfast architecture, therefore the wetlands and shores of rivers prone to flooding were abandoned due to their being unfit for living, changing the location of the cities from the original plans.
- 他人の気持ちを考えない横暴な性格と伝えられており、家臣の妻(一萬田親実の妻)を略奪したり、キリスト教をめぐって妻と離婚したり、酒色に耽るなど横暴な君主としての記録も残っており、それが家臣や一族の反乱を引き起こした要因となっている。
- It is said that he had an autocratic personality and didn't care about others' feelings, and the records about his behaviors as the autocratic monarch remained, such as stealing his vassal's wife (the wife of Chikazane ICHIMADA), divorcing her over Christianity, and indulging in drinking, which caused rebellions of his vassals and family.
- 明治天皇の外祖父である議定中山忠能から開会が宣言された後、公家側から「徳川慶喜は政権を返上したというが、果たして忠誠の心から出たものかどうかは怪しい。忠誠を実績を持って示す(辞官納地を指す)よう譴責すべきである」との議題が出される。
- After the meeting was called to order by Tadayasu NAKAYAMA, Emperor Meiji's maternal grandfather, court nobles raised an agenda saying 'Although Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA returned the administration to the Imperial court, we doubt his genuine royalty. We should reprimand him to show his royalty by actual performance (which indicates Jikan nochi [an order for surrendering the Shogunate post and domains to the Imperial court]).'
- こうした明法勘文は、朝廷・院庁の政治的権威が京都とその周辺部で堅持されていた南北朝時代 (日本)の頃までは盛んに作成されていたが、以後政治的権力の失墜とともに明法道も衰退し、明法勘文が作成されることはほとんど無くなったとされている。
- Myobo kanmon had been actively created by the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), when the political power of the Imperial Court and In no cho was well retained in and around Kyoto, but Myobodo declined with the downfall of such political power and Myobo kanmon were no longer created.
- だが、星はこれを「条約改正を支持する自分に対する硬六派(国民協会_(日本)・立憲改進党ら)による嫌がらせでやましい所はない」として、これを拒否した(大日本帝国憲法下の議院法では衆議院議長は勅任官の扱いを受けて天皇に任免権があった)。
- However, HOSHI alleged this as harassment by Koroppa (the hard-line six parties, consisting of Kokumin Kyokai (National Association), the Constitutional Progressive Party and others) opposing him who supports for amendments of treaties, and claimed his own innocence, refusing to give up his position (according to the parliamentary law under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Emperor had rights to appoint and dismiss chairman of the House of representatives).
- 松井友閑や武井夕庵、明智光秀、塙直政らの信長の行政官僚側近らと共に、京都の治安維持や朝廷・貴族・各寺社との交渉、御所の修復、使者の接待、信長の京都馬揃えの準備など、およそ“織田政権下における、京都に関する行政の全て”を任されている。
- He was assigned along with Nobunaga's administrative officers and close associates, Yukan MATSUI, Sekian TAKEI, Mitsuhide AKECHI, and Naomasa BAN, 'all the official affairs concerning Kyoto under the Oda administration,' including maintenance of the security of Kyoto; negotiation with the Imperial Court, lords, temples, and shrines; repairment of the gosho (palace); entertainment of envoys; and preparation of Oda's Kyoto Umazoroe (military parade).
- 慶応3年9月26日 (旧暦)(1867年10月23日)に江戸幕府は旗本・御家人に対する軍役を廃して代わりに所領収益の半分を軍役金として徴収する制度を導入するとともに、布衣以上の役料・足高・役料・役扶持を全て役金に統一する改革を行った。
- On October 23, 1867, the Edo bakufu made reform by introducing a system to collect a half of the territory revenue instead of the abolished military service system applied to hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) and gokenin (vassals) while integrating yakuryo, tashidaka (supplementary stipends), yakuryo and yakubuchi (monthly salaries) paid to those who were in hoi and higher positions (from Jushiinojo [Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade] Upper Grade) to Jugoinoge [Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade]) into yakikin.
- また、行基とその教団は諸国を移動して布教活動及び各種社会事業を行っており、後の東大寺盧舎那仏像建立にも関与していることから、当然こうした活動を円滑化するための地図を何らかの形で所持あるいは作成を行っていたことは十分考えられるのである。
- On the other hand, Gyoki and his religious community moved around various districts, performing both missionary and social works, and were involved in the construction of Todaiji-ji Temple rushanabutsuzo (the statue of Birushana Buddha), and therefore it is really conceivable that he possessed or was making in some way or other the maps to facilitate these activities.
- この中にはシルクロードを行き交った商人たちのように、命懸けで山越え・砂漠越えをして点在する集落に物品を持ち込んだ者もいれば、そうやって多くの商人の手を経てもたらされた異国の物品をまことしやかな(しばしば嘘の)説明を付けて売る者もいた。
- Some of them brought goods to dotted villages by crossing over the mountains or deserts at their own peril like merchants who had come and gone along the Silk Road, others sold the foreign goods purchased through a lot of merchants with glossy explanation (sometimes including lies).
- 特に政党内閣期にはその弊害が強く、政権交代が起きるたびに予め来るべき選挙に備えて反対党の前政権が任命した知事や警察幹部を更迭して、自党を支持する内務省 (日本)官僚を任命する人事が横行し、こうした人事は「党弊」と呼ばれて非難を浴びた。
- Especially there were strong adverse effects at the time of party cabinets, at every regime change, for upcoming election, the party in power replaced prefectural governors and top officials of police who had been appointed by the previous ruling party (the opponent) and appointed bureaucracy who supported own party, and this kind of appointments of personnel was called 'adverse effect of a party' and criticized.
- 藤原道長は藤原兼家の5男に過ぎなかったが、持ち前の強運と政治力によって内覧と一上の地位を兼ねて20年以上にわたって太政官を統率した後に摂政、次いで太政大臣となり、3代の天皇の后妃の父及び2代の天皇の外祖父として摂関政治の全盛期を築いた。
- FUJIWARA no Michinaga was the fifth son of FUJIWARA no Kaneie but using his inherited luck and political power, after being in both Nairan (private inspection) and Ichinokami (the ranking Council Member), he assumed leadership as Daijokan (Grand Council of State) for more than 20 years, then became a Sessho and Daijo-daijin; he led to the heyday of Regency as the father of three Empresses and maternal grandfather of two Emperors.
- 他方実定法とは立法機関のような人為的な存在によって作り出されてきた法律で、形而上的な普遍性を法源として採用せず、法とは一定の地域・時代の中でのみ有効であることを自覚する性質を持つもので、具体的には蓄積されてきた判例や慣習法、制定法を指す。
- On the other hand, positive law is a legislation created by aritificial existence such as a legislative organ which does not adopt metaphysical generality as a source of law and has a nature to understand the law to be effective only in a certain region and era and, in other words, it means accumulated court cases, customary law and statutes.
- 文政年間(1818年 - 1829年)の『長崎名勝図絵』では献立が記されており、牛肉・豚肉・アヒルなどの肉料理やハム、魚のバター煮、カステラ、コーヒーなどが饗されていたようだが、招かれた日本の役人はほとんど手をつけずに持ち帰ったともいう。
- In the 'Nagasaki Meisho Zue' (Encyclopedia of Nagasaki scenic beauty) book of 1818 - 1829, there were some menus recorded which included meat dishes such as beef, pork and duck, ham, fish cooked in butter, Dutch sponge cake and coffee; but most guests of Japanese officials took them back home without eating them on the spot.
- そこでパークスは他の4国公使と協議して、7月6日に明治政府に対して覚書を送付して、政府が大隈の方針を貫徹出来るのか、そして諸藩が発行した贋貨について政府がどうするのかを確認するための協議を政府側と持つことを希望することを通知したのである。
- Here, Parkes consulted with ministers of the other four countries, and on July 6, he sent a memorandum to the Meiji Government notifying their request for the government to hold a conference to confirm that the government would be able to carry out Okuma's policy, and also confirm what the government was going to do about the counterfeit money that the domains issued.
- 城主大名(じょうしゅだいみょう)とは、近世江戸時代における大名の格式の一つであり、大名家をその居地・居城で区別する国主(国持大名) - 準国主 - 城主 - 城主格 - 無城(陣屋)の5階級のうち、国許の屋敷に城が認められている大名をいう。
- Joshu daimyo (daimyo who is allowed to live in a castle) is a social status in the early-modern times of the Edo period, and refers to a daimyo, who was allowed to have a castle as his residence in his kunimoto (hometown), among Daimyo families (feudal lord families) classified according to their resident provinces and resident castles into five ranks: kokushu (landed daimyos), jun (associate) kokushu, joshu (lord of a castle), joshukaku (joshu class), mujo (without a castle) (jinya [regional government office]).
- 自由民権運動最中の1880年頃より、東京日日新聞や朝野新聞などで人権の擁護と天皇制の維持の両立のために、制憲のための会議を招集して憲法草案を作成し、天皇の合意を得られた国約憲法をもって憲法とすべしとの論調が張られ、民権家達にも影響を与えた。
- During the Movement for Liberty and People's rights sometime around 1880, the Tokyo Nichinichi Newspaper, the Choya Newspaper, and other major newspapers claimed that, in order to simultaneous support both the people's rights and Imperial order, a congress of the people should be convened to formulate constitutions drafts, which would be instituted once it met with the Emperor's approval, and this opinion greatly influenced the populace.
- 他方京都では神氏の後裔である神善四郎が慶長年間に徳川家康に許可を得て秤座を維持していたが、徳川家綱の時代に承応2年令が発せられ、舛の場合と同様に日本を二分し、東33カ国の秤は江戸の守随氏が、西33カ国の秤は京都の神氏が支配することとなった。
- While in Kyoto, Zenshiro Zin, a descendant of the Zin family, got a license from Ieyasu TOKUGAWA during the Keicho era and had maintained hakari-za since then, Shoo-ninenrei (official document issued in the second year of Shoo era) was issued by Ietsuna TOKUGAWA, dividing Japan into two as in the case of masu, and allowing the Shuzui family to control scales in 33 provinces in eastern Japan and the Zin family in Kyoto to control scales in 33 provinces in western Japan.
- 和議終了後も蓮淳は証如の求めに応じて石山本願寺に留って成人した証如の補佐役として従来の立場を事実上回復し、天文19年(1550年)に同寺で没するまで蓮淳は証如の名において本願寺の事実上の最高指導者としての地位を保持し続けることになったのである。
- After the reconciliation, Renjun continued to stay in Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple at Shonyo's request and practically recovered the position as he used to be in, as the assistant of Shonyo, who came of age, and until he died at this temple in 1550 Renjun kept the position as the virtual supreme leader of Hongan-ji Temple under the name of Shonyo.
- やがて病を得て危篤状態となった義持に、管領畠山満家や護持僧満済らがくじ引きによって後継を選ぶことを承諾させ、義持の死後石清水八幡宮において神籤が催され、義持の弟である梶井義承・大覚寺義昭・虎山永隆・足利義教の4人の候補の中から、義円が選ばれた。
- When Yoshimochi suffered critical illness, Mitsuie HATAKEYAMA, kanrei (shogunal deputy), and gojiso (a priest who prays to guard the emperor) Mansai, persuaded Yoshimochi to select a successor by drawing lots, mikuji (the lots of God) were drawn in Iwashimizu Hachimangu after the death of Yoshimochi and Gien Shorenin was selected from among four brothers of Yoshimochi: Gisho KAJII, Gisho DAIKAKUJI, Eiryu KOZAN and Gien.
- とくに近代になって、折口が諺を由来に持ち、祝詞の言葉などと共通性を持つ、呪力を持った特別な言葉(らいふ・いんできす)であり、それが後世になって形骸化していき、だんだんと言語遊戯的なものとなっていったと説明しており、学会では広く支持されている()。
- Particularly in recent times, Origuchi explained that makurakotoba had derived from the proverb, had common characteristics with the words of norito (Shinto prayer), were special words which had magically signified power, had become a mere shell or dead letter in the later generations, and had changed into something like rhetorical games, and this explanation has been widely supported by the learned society.
- 石作は只の鉢を持っていってばれ、車持は偽物をわざわざ作ったが職人がやってきてばれ、阿倍はそれは燃えない物とされていたのに燃えて別物、大伴は嵐に遭って諦め、石上は大炊寮の大八洲という名の大釜が据えてある小屋の屋根に上って取ろうとして腰を打ち、断命。
- Ishizukuri takes an ordinary bowl which is revealed to be a fake; Kurumamochi has a craftsman make an imitation, which is also revealed because the craftsman shows up; What Abe has brought is supposed not to burn, but actually it does; Otomo gives up bringing the treasure because of the storm; Isonokami dies because he tries to take the shell climbing up the roof of a shed on which a big pot called Oyashima of the Oiryo (a part of the Imperial Household) is set.
- あらかじめ目付クラス以上のある程度の身分有る者で、腕の立つ者、腕力強健な者を側に控えさせておき、家老一同が藩主の前に並び「お身持ち良ろしからず、暫くお慎みあるべし」と藩主に告げ、家臣が藩主の刀を取り上げ、座敷牢のような所へ強制的に監禁してしまう。
- With those who skilled in the martial arts or are strong-muscled in the position of Metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers) or higher in waiting in the side, chief retainers say to their lord, 'You behaved very badly, so you should be confined' and vassals take swords away from the lord and imprison him to a place such as a confinement room.
- 1990年代になると伽耶研究の対象が従来の金官伽耶・任那加羅(いずれも金海地区)の倭との関係だけではなく、井上説を支持する田中俊明 (朝鮮史)の提唱になる大伽耶連盟の概念により、高霊地域の大伽耶を中心とする伽耶そのものの歴史研究に移行していった。
- From the 1990s, the study of Gaya targeted not only the relationship between Wa and Geumgwan Gaya or Mimana Gaya (in Gimhae District) as in the past, but also the history of Gaya itself, which centered Dae Gaya in Goryeong region, inspired by the concept of Dae Gaya confederacy proposed by Toshiaki TANAKA (Korean history) who supported Inoue's theory.
- これについて、河内祥輔は九条兼実の日記『玉葉』建久9年正月6日・7日条に源頼朝が、後鳥羽天皇(当時)退位後の後継者として、天皇の同母兄で頼朝の遠縁にあたる持明院陳子を妃としていた守貞親王を推挙する意向を示していることを記していることを指摘している。
- Concerning this matter, Shosuke KOUCHI points out as follows: The article on February 20 and 21, 1198, in 'Gyokuyo,' a diary written by Kanezane KUJO, describes that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo had the intention of recommending Imperial Prince Morisada, an elder brother of the Emperor and a distant relative of Yoritomo, as the successor to Emperor Gotoba (at that time) after the Emperor abdicated.
- だが、実際には当時(版籍奉還以前)の明治政府は諸藩に対して命令を下す権限を持っておらず(従って明治政府の命令である太政官布告ではなく、要請に近い太政官達が出されていた)、特に薩摩・土佐両藩は「戦勝国」の立場を利用してその後も贋貨を鋳造続けたのである。
- However, in reality, the Meiji Government at the time (before the return of lands and people to the emperor) did not have the authority to give orders to various domains (therefore the notice of Daijokan [Grand Council of State], which was more of a request, was issued instead of the edict of Daijokan, which was a command from the Meiji Government), and particularly the Satsuma and Tosa Domains used their position as a 'victor country' and still continued to coin counterfeit money.
- 古い時代に作られ現在まで伝わっている実際の写本は、出来上がった写本が完成当時の姿をそのまま伝えられていることは少なく、一部が欠けてしまったり、その欠けた部分を補うために別の写本と組み合わせたり、別系統の本文を持った写本と校合されていることも少なくない。
- The real existent manuscript made in the old times usually didn't take a perfect form when it was completed but would instead be missing a part or would combine another manuscript to make up for the missing part, and it was often collated with the manuscript having a different line of text.
- このため、慶応3年5月13日(1866年6月25日)に欧米諸国は江戸幕府と改税約書を結び、内外貨幣の等価交換とその安定化のために万延年間に定められた現行の貨幣水準を当面維持し、将来的には国際水準に見合った貨幣制度を導入することを約束させられたのである。
- For this reason, on June 25, 1866, Western countries and the Edo bakufu concluded a kaizeiyakusho, promising to maintain the current currency level fixed during the Manen era (end of the Edo period) for the moment for the equivalent exchange of domestic and overseas currency and it's stabilization, and that in the future Japan would adopt a currency system that corresponds with the international level.
- 文化人類学者の佐々木は縄文土器編年区分のうち草創期を旧石器時代から新石器時代への移行期として縄文Ⅰ期、土器編年の縄文早期を縄文文化が完成に向かう時期として縄文Ⅱ期、土器編年の縄文前期から晩期までを完成した縄文文化が保持された時期として縄文Ⅲ期に分類した。
- Sasaki, a scholar of the cultural anthropology, classified the incipient period of the periodization based on the Jomon earthenware sequence as the first Jomon period which was the transitional period between the Paleolithic period and the Neolithic period, the earlier period as the second Jomon period which was the period when the Jomon culture progressed toward maturity, and from the early period to the last period as the third Jomon period which was the period when the matured Jomon culture was maintained.
- 捜索は、生存者の証言と行軍計画を参照して行軍ルートを割出し、そのルートを重点として、横幅30m(およそ30人一列)になって、其々が所持する長さ10m程の竹棒を雪中に突き刺しながら前進し、少しでも違和感がある手応えを感知するとその下を掘削する方法が採られた。
- The method of searching was like this; determining the marching route according to the stoies of the survivors and the marching plans, making people walk forward along that route in a 30 meters wide line (about 30 people in one line) stabbing a 10 meter long stick into the snow, and digging up the places where something strange was felt.
- 「悪金ノ儀ハ、兼テ御布令ノ通、府藩県ニテ取調十月中ニ可申出筈ノ所、此度引換ノ道被為立、銀台ノ分ハ格別ノ訳ヲ以百両ニ付先金札三十両ニ御引換被成下、追テ総員数銘々持分等巨細御取調ノ上、猶御詮議ノ品モ可有之候条、御趣意ノ程厚ク相心得可申候......(以下略)」
- 「悪金ノ儀ハ、兼テ御布令ノ通、府藩県ニテ取調十月中ニ可申出筈ノ所、此度引換ノ道被為立、銀台ノ分ハ格別ノ訳ヲ以百両ニ付先金札三十両ニ御引換被成下、追テ総員数銘々持分等巨細御取調ノ上、猶御詮議ノ品モ可有之候条、御趣意ノ程厚ク相心得可申候......(以下略)」
- 藤原京は大和の古道(中ツ道・下ツ道・横大路・山田道)に囲われた領域に南北12条東西4坊ずつの街路が整備され、東西南北3門ずつ計12門を持ち、宮城は市域の中央北寄りに位置しており、その北には苑池が配されていたとことなどから、北魏洛陽城の影響が指摘されている。
- The influence of Luoyang of Northern Wei has been pointed out in the layout of Fujiwara-kyo, for its characteristics such as the area surrounded by the ancient paths in Yamato Province (Nakatsu Michi, Shimotsu Michi, Yokooji and Yamada Michi), the streets dividing the city into twelve rows and eight columns (each of the east and west towns devided into four), three gates attached on each of the north, south, east and west walls (twelve in total), the imperial palace located slightly north to the center and a pond park located further north.
- 折りしも局外中立を宣言し新政府・旧幕いずれにも加担せずとの姿勢を貫いていた米国は新政府の巧みな切り崩しにより新政府支持を表明、幕府が買い付けたものの局外中立により所有が空中に浮いていた当時最新鋭の装甲軍艦「東艦」は新政府の手中に収まり「甲鉄」と命名された。
- At this point, the United States, which had declared and maintained its position of neutrality, supporting neither the new government nor the former bakufu, due to adept maneuvering by the new government announced that it would support the new government, and as a result the new government took possession of the then newest and most powerful ironclad warship, 'Azumakan,' renaming it 'Kotetsu'; the warship had been purchased by bakufu but hitherto not possessed by any political party because of the neutral status of the United States.
- また、のちに伏見天皇となる伏見天皇の存在(後深草天皇の子、亀山天皇の皇太子(後宇多天皇)の即位後、後深草上皇の働きかけで皇太子に立てられた)を知りながら、その存在を過小に書いていることから、著者を亀山天皇とその子孫である大覚寺統を支持していたと見る向きもある。
- On the other hand, there is a view that the author was somebody who supported the Emperor Kameyama and his descendants, Daikakuji-to (Imperial lineage starting with the Emperor Kameyama), because the author did not pay much attention to the Emperor Fushimi (a son of the Emperor Gofukakusa; after the enthronement of the Crown Prince of the Emperor Kameyama, he was made a new Crown Prince by the retired Emperor Gofukakusa), although the author knew that he would be an Emperor later.
- 第4期は、759年(天平宝字3)までで、代表歌人は旅人の子で大伴家持・笠郎女(かさのいらつめ)・大伴坂上郎女(おおとものさかのうえのいらつめ)・橘諸兄(たちばなのもろえ)・中臣宅守(なかとみのやかもり)・狭野弟上娘子(さののおとがみのおとめ)・湯原王などである。
- The fourth period is to 759 and OTOMO no Yakamochi, a son of Tabito, KASA no Iratsume, OTOMO no SAKANOUE no Iratsume, TACHIBANA no Moroe, NAKATOMI no Yakamori, SANO no Otogami no Otome, and Yuhara no Okimi are representative of this time.
- 1月より持ち越しの由利公正(越前藩士)が起草した新政府の方針案では、諸侯会議派である土佐藩の福岡孝弟が第一条冒頭に「列侯会議ヲ興シ」の字句を挿入し、表題も「会盟」と改めており、3月の木戸による国是建議の後提出したが、もはやこの時期には列侯会議は必要性を失していた。
- For the draft policy of the new government prepared by Kosei YURI (feudal retainer of Echizen) and had been carried over from January, Takachika FUKUOKA of Tosa Domain who belonged to the lords conference group inserted the phrase 'Establish a council by feudal lords' to the beginning of the Article 1 and amended the title to 'Kaimei (pledge of feudal lords)', and submitted it after Kido's proposal for national policy in March, but the necessity of the council by feudal lords had already been lost by then.
- ところが蓮如の最後の妻でその死後も石山御坊に在住していた蓮能は畠山氏出身で、また摂津・河内の門徒達もその関係により長年畠山氏と友好的な関係を維持してきたためにこの決定に不満を抱き、蓮能の長子で石山御坊の住持であった蓮如の9男で17歳の実賢を擁立して法主交替を求めた。
- However, since Renno, the last wife of Rennyo, who kept living in Ishiyama Gobo after Rennyo's death, was from the Hatakeyama clan and also since the followers in Settsu and Kawachi had long kept a friendly relationship with the Hatakeyama clan for that reason, they were dissatisfied with the decision and asked to change hoshu by backing up Jitsugen at 17, who was the 1st son of Renno, the 9th son of Rennyo and a chief priest of Ishiyama Gobo.
- こうした公文(公帖)の発給のために献上された礼銭が室町幕府の重要な財政収入になったのみでなく、織田信長によって京都を追放された足利義昭の追放中の活動資金にもなったと言われている(「五山十刹」の住持の任免権は室町幕府ではなく、足利将軍個人にあると考えられていたため)。
- The Reisen (honorarium) presented in exchange of kumon (kojo) is said to have been not only the important financial resource of the Muromachi bakufu, but also the funds for enabling Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA banished from Kyoto by Nobunaga ODA to work underground (because the appointive power over the chief priest of 'Gozan-Jissetsu' was considered being in Ashikaga Shogun himself, not in Muromachi bakufu.)
- 「所蔵者ノ都合ニヨツテ極メテ短時間ノ内ニ調査シ、再調ノ機会ヲ許サレナカツタ」として当時出版されていた源氏物語の小型の印刷本を写本を所蔵している場所に持ち込んで本文の異同をその場で目で確認しながらその本に書き込むという方法によって本文異同を採録したような写本も存在する。
- He also had recorded the differences of the text by bringing a small printed book of The Tale of Genji circulating in those days into the place where the manuscripts were preserved, comparing them on the spot, and writing down the differences on the book, because he 'had to finish investigation in quite a short time and he was not allowed to see the manuscripts again for the owner's convenience.'
- また、倭は長い交流を通じて中国の社会制度・文化や外交儀礼に詳しいはずなのに、初期の遣隋使派遣では、ヤマト王権は外交儀礼に疎く、国書も持たず遣使したとされる(第1回遣隋使派遣は『日本書紀』に記載がなく『隋書』にあるのみ、また『日本書紀』では遣隋使のことが「遣唐使」となっている)。
- Furthermore, it is said that the ken-suishi in the early period were not familiar with diplomatic courtesy and they visited China without the sovereign's message, which is questionable because Wa should have been very familiar with the social system, culture, or diplomatic courtesies in China from the longtime cultural exchange (the first ken-suishi was not described in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), was described only in Suishu (the Book of the Sui Dynasty), while ken-suishi was described as `kento-shi' (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- 作者・成立時期は不詳であるが、今川貞世の「難太平記」に法勝寺の恵珍上人(円観)が足利直義に三十余巻を見せたとの記事があり、14世紀中ごろまでには後醍醐天皇の崩御が描かれる巻21あたりまでの部分が円観、玄慧など足利幕府との密接な関わりを持つ知識人を中心に編纂されたと考えられている。
- Although the author and the period in which it was written are unknown, there is a description in Sadayo IMAGAWA's 'Nan-Taiheiki ' stating that the priest Echin of Hossho-ji Temple (Enkan) showed Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA its 30-some volumes, and it is thought that the volumes up to the twenty-first, which describes the death of Emperor Godaigo, had been written by the middle of the fourteenth century, likely by men of letters close to the Ashikaga shogunate, such as Enkan, the priest Genne, etc.
- だが、植木は「会議は禁止されても代表に会う事までは禁じられていない」として、5月4日に淀川上の船上で大阪入りできた代表と会合を持ち、5月10日に京都祇園で改めて2府15県代表44名と会議を開催して先に禁錮刑を受けた小原鉄臣を代表者として「酒税軽減嘆願書」を起草して政府に提出した。
- Ueki, however, held a meeting with delegates who managed to arrive in Osaka on board on the Yodo-gawa River on May 4, saying 'the council is prohibited, but it is not prohibited to meet the delegates,' held the council with 44 delegates from 17 prefectures in Gion, Kyoto at another time on May 10, and made Tetsuomi KOHARA who had been imprisoned before represent participants to draft and submit 'The Petition for Liquor Tax Reduction' to the government.
- そこで平安時代に入ると、朝廷も公廨稲の利息より正税の不足分を補わせる「正税率分」の導入や格式に必要最低限の正税出挙に対する国司の支出義務(農民への強制的な貸付強制と徴収(返済)の義務化)を定めた「正税式数」を規定するなど、中央への上供体制維持を目的とした正税回復政策を取り始めた。
- Thus, in Heian period, Imperial Court began to launch political measures to recover the shozei for the purpose of maintaining the tribute-to-central system, such as introduction of 'shozei ritsubun (the tax system where two-tenth of the tax delivered from the provinces to the Ministry of Finance at Heian-kyo [the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto] were supplied to the tax storage called 'ritsubun-do')' that made up the shortage of shozei with the interest on kugaito and establishment of 'shozei shikisu' in which kokushi's minimum liability for shozei suiko (compulsory loaning to and collecting repayments from peasants) was prescribed in kyakushiki (a kind of law in the ritsuryo system).
- これは古い部民制の残滓である品部そのものが律令制と相容れなかったこと、律令制の衰退によって品部の維持が困難になってきたこと、社会経済水準の向上によって民間からの調達・雇役が可能になったこと(この場合の民間には旧品部の商工業者からの調達を含む)が複雑に絡み合っていたと考えられている。
- This situation was caused by intricately intertwined reasons, i.e., the fact that shinabe, which was the remnant of the bemin system, itself was incompatible with the ritsuryo system, that it became difficult to preserve shinabe as the ritsuryo system was weakened, and that improved social economy standard enabled procurement from and koeki (forced labor under the ritsuryo system) by ordinary citizens (procurement from ordinary citizens here includes procurement from commercial and industrial men in former shinabe).
- 1415年、上杉禅秀が関東地方において乱を起こした際、満重(小栗判官の父の名であるがここでは小栗判官自身)は管領足利持氏に攻め落とされ、落ち延びるが、相模国の国に10人の家来とともに潜伏中に見初めた相模横山家(横山大膳・横浜市戸塚区俣野に伝説が残る)の娘照手姫と結婚の約束を交わす。
- In 1415, when Zenshu UESUGI started a revolt in Kanto region, Mitsushige (which is the name of Ogurihangan's father but refers to Ogurihangan himself in this context) ran away as he was defeated by the shognate deputy Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, but Oguri became engaged to the Princess Terute, a young woman from Yokoyama family (Daizen YOKOYAMA's legend remains in Matano, Totsuka Ward, Yokohama City) in Sagami Province, whom he fell in love with while hiding together with 10 of his retainers in Sagami Province.
- 正税帳は毎年3通が作成され、1通は国府に留めて国司交替時の引継や次年度の正税帳作成の資料とし、残り2通は毎年2月30日_(旧暦)(ただし、大宰府のみは5月30日_(旧暦))までに田租や出挙、賑給、国分寺造営・維持費など財政収支を裏付ける関連資料(「枝文」)を添えて太政官に提出された。
- Shozeicho was created in three copies a year; one of those was kept by kokufu to serve as material used for succession at the time of replacement of kokushi, and for creation of shozeicho of the following year, and the two of those were submitted to Daijokan attached to some related material (shibun) that could confirm the balance of financial affairs including denso, suiko, almsgiving, and building and preservation cost of Kokubun-ji Temple, by February 30 each year (in the old lunar calendar) except Dazaifu where by May 30 (in the old lunar calendar).
- そこから、鎌倉、及びそれに隣接する土地の武士である、鎌倉権五郎景政、三浦の平太郎為次などに、また同様に、かつて受領を務めた下野国の武士団の一部(『奥州後三年記』には明確には登場しないが)、などに対しては、それほど強力ではないにしても、ある程度の影響力を持っていたと見ることは妥当かと思う。
- Therefore, it seems to be reasonable to see that Yoshiie was influential to some extent on the samurai in Kamakura and neighboring local places such as KAMAKURA Gongoro Kagemasa and MIURA no Heitaro Tametsugu and a part of armed group (which did not appear clearly in 'Oshu Gosannen Ki') in the Shimotsuke Province where he had been in charge of Zuryo.
- その縁で一葉と漱石の長兄・大助(大一)を結婚させる話が持ち上がったが、則義が度々直克に借金を申し込むことがあり、これをよく思わなかった直克が「上司と部下というだけで、これだけ何度も借金を申し込んでくるのに、親戚になったら何を要求されるかわかったものじゃない。」と言って、破談にしたという。
- Because of this connection, Ichiyo's marriage to Soseki's oldest brother Daisuke (Taichi) was proposed; however, as Noriyoshi often asked Naokatsu for loans and Naokatsu did not think much of this, he refused the proposal, saying, 'He has asked me for loans so often, simply because we are a superior and a subordinate, that I cannot know what he will ask if we become relatives.'
- そのように軍事面での才能には疑問が持たれる秀忠だが、それでも後継者となったのは家康が秀忠を「守成の時代」の君主に相応しいと考えていたからだと言われている(家康は太宗 (唐)の治世について記した『貞観政要』を読んでおり、当然その中の「守成は創業より難し」という一文も読んでいたと思われる)。
- Even though Hidetada's ability in the military affairs was doubtful, he became the successor, for which it is said that Ieyasu regarded Hidetada suitable as a ruler in the 'Maintenance Ages' (Ieyasu read 'Joganseiyo,' a book written about Taiso, the second Emperor of Tang Dynasty in China and is thought to have naturally read a sentence in it saying 'Starting a reign is less difficult than carrying it through').
- 家康の嫡男松平信康は織田信長の命で切腹させられており、次男の結城秀康は豊臣秀吉(後に結城晴朝)の養子に出したため、後継は早くから三男の徳川秀忠に定めていたが、関ヶ原の戦いでの遅参など、資質に疑問を持った家康が四男松平忠吉も含め、功臣たちに後継者は誰が良いかを尋ねたという逸話が伝わっている。
- Ieyasu's eldest legitimate son Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA killed himself by order of Nobunaga ODA, and the second son Hideyasu YUKI was adopted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (and later by Harutomo YUKI), so the third son Hidetada TOKUGAWA was determined early on as his successor, but there was an episode that Ieyasu had a question about Hidetada's capability because he arrived late in the Battle of Sekigahara, and Ieyasu asked his vassals, including the fourth son Tadayoshi MATSUDAIRA, who was the appropriate successor.
- 通常鎌倉期のそれを前期、南北朝期以降のそれを後期と呼んで区分しているが、前期京極派においては京極為兼、伏見院、久明親王、西園寺しょう子、藤原為子(従三位為子)、冷泉為相(娘が持明院統の久明親王に嫁す)らが主要な歌人として活躍し、十三番目の勅撰集『玉葉和歌集』(伏見院下命、為兼撰)が編まれた。
- In general, the history of the Kyogoku school is broken into two periods, with the school during the Kamakura period dubbed the early period and all its history from the Northern and Southern Court period onwards being called the late period; its principal active poets included Tamekane KYOGOKU, Emperor Fushimi, Imperial Prince Hisaaki, Shoshi SAIONJI, Tameshi FUJIWARA (also known as Tameshi of Junior Third Rank), and Tamesuke REIZEI (whose daughter married Imperial Prince Hisaaki of the Jimyoin lineage), and Tamekane was also chosen (by order of Emperor Fushimi) to compile the 13th Imperial waka anthology, 'Gyokuyo wakashu' (the Jeweled Leaves Collection).
- 外国との貿易を黒字化させて国内の金保有量を高め、さらには北方においてロシア帝国との貿易も行おうとしていたほか、平賀源内などと親交を持ち、蘭学を手厚く保護し、士農工商の別にとらわれない実力主義に基づく人材登用も試みたが、これらの急激な改革が身分制度や朱子学を重視する保守的な幕府閣僚の反発を買い、
- He tried to expand Japan's trade surplus, increase gold holdings, and open trade with the Russian Empire; he also made friends with Gennai HIRAGA and others, protected Western learning, and took on men of talent based on a merit system regardless of the hereditary four-class order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants (shinokosho), but these sudden reformations provoked a backlash among conservatives in the shogunate cabinet.
- 長引く南朝遺臣の討伐に加え同年7月11日 (旧暦)(8月12日)、義教と不仲であった弟の義昭の出奔をみた幕府首脳は、大覚寺が南朝ゆかりであること、玉川宮、護聖院宮らの南朝皇族も共に逃亡したことなどから、後南朝・義昭に加え、当時幕府派の関東管領上杉憲実と対立していた鎌倉公方足利持氏の連携を疑った。
- On August 12, 1437 when the shogunate was trying to subdue the surviving retainers of the Southern Court, Yoshiaki, who was at odds with his older brother Yoshinori ran away, so the leaders of the shogunate suspected the involvement of not only Yoshiaki of Gonancho (Second Southern Court) but also Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) who was in conflict with Norizane UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), because Daikaku-ji Temple (from where Yoshiaki ran away) was associated with the Southern Court and also imperial princes of the Southern Court, Tamagawa no miya and Goshoin no miya ran away, too.
- 特に加賀においては3男蓮綱の松岡寺・4男蓮誓の光教寺・7男蓮悟の本泉寺(初代住持は次男蓮乗)の「賀州三ヶ寺(加賀三山)」を法主の現地における代行として頂点に置き国内の寺院・門徒を統率することが求められていた(この体制を特に事実上の最高執行機関となった松岡寺と本泉寺の両寺院より「両御山」体制も呼ぶ)。
- Especially in Kaga Province, Shoko-ji Temple of the 3rd son Renko, Kokyo-ji Temple of the 4th son Rensei, and Honsen-ji Temple of the 7th son Rengo (the first chief priest was the second son Renjo)--'Gashu Sanka-ji Temples (Kaga Sanzan) [Three Temples in Kaga Province]'--were placed at the top as local representatives of hoshu and required to direct the temples and followers in the province (this system was especially called the 'ryogozan' (two temples) system because of the two virtually highest executive temples, Shoko-ji Temple and Honsen-ji Temple).
- 『紫式部日記』の記述によると、そもそも作者の自筆の原本の段階で草稿本、清書本など複数の系統の本が存在し、作者の手元にあった草稿本が道長の手によって勝手に持ち出されるといった意図しないケースを含めてそれぞれが外部に流出するなど、『源氏物語』の本文は当初から非常に複雑な伝幡経路をたどっていたことが分かる。
- According to 'Murasaki Shikibu Diary,' when the author was writing the original text there existed certain lines of manuscript such as Sokobon (draft) and Seishobon (clean copy), and each of these was brought into circulation, which includes an unexpected case of Michinaga's taking the Sokobon (which the author had) without permission; therefore, the text of 'The Tale of Genji' was passed down through a complicated process from the beginning.
- 「南閻浮州東海路夷千島王遐叉呈上朝鮮殿下」で始まる奉書を持参し、夷千島国が従来仏教を知らなかったのが日本と通交するようになって以降仏教が伝来し三百年余りとなったこと、大蔵経が日本にもないので欲しいこと、夷千島国は西辺で朝鮮辺境の野老浦と接しているので野老浦が朝鮮王に反逆した際は征伐できること等を伝えた。
- He brought hosho (letter) which started with the phrase of '南閻浮州東海路夷千島王遐叉呈上朝鮮殿下' (Nanenbushu Tokairo Esochishimao Kasha Teijo Chosen Denka: To Royal Highness of Korea from Kasha, King of Ezochishima located on the east sea), and told that about 300 years had passed after the trading with Japan had brought Buddhism to Ezochishimakoku (Ezochishima country) where there had not been Buddhism conventionally, Ezochishima sought Daizo-kyo Sutra (the Tripitaka) because there was no such Sutra also in Japan, and Ezochishima could conquer Orangkai located in the remote region of Korea when Orangkai rebelled against the King of Korea because Ezochishimakoku bordered on Orangkai in the west.
- 昭和31年(1956年)には歌人の職能的性格を持つ団体として「現代歌人協会」が、生方たつゑ・扇畑忠雄・尾上紫舟・香川進・鹿児島壽蔵・木俣修・窪田空穂・近藤芳美・佐々木信綱・佐藤佐太郎・紫生田稔・土屋文明・坪野哲久・土岐善麿・松村英一・会津八一・宮柊二・山口茂吉・山本友一など62名の発起人により結成された。
- In 1956, Gendai Kajin Kyokai (The Association of Contemporary Tanka Poets) was formed as something similar to a professional association by 62 founding members, including Tatsue UBUKATA, Tadao OOGIHATA, 尾上紫舟, Susumu KAGAWA, Juzo KAGOSHIMA, Osamu KIMATA, Utsubo KUBOTA, Yoshimi KONDO, Nobutsuna SASAKI, Sataro SATO, 紫生田稔, Bunmei TSUCHIYA, Tetsukyu TSUBONO, Zenmaro TOKI, Eiichi MATSUMURA, Yaichi AIZU, Shuji MIYA, Mokichi YAMAGUCHI and Tomoichi YAMAMOTO.
- これは当時の町・村が高い自治意識を持って外部からの干渉を極力排除しようとした表れであったが、その一方で共同体の自治機能に基づく「内済」による解決の論理は、封建権力から見れば民衆間の揉め事は共同体内部で解決すべき問題であると捉え、支配者(公儀)は民衆に対する「恩恵」として訴願の権利を与える存在に過ぎなかった。
- This shows that towns and villages of the times had a strong sense of autonomy enough to eliminate interference of outside as much as possible, on the other hand, in the logic of the settlement out of court based on the autonomous function of community, feudal authories considered the conflict between people was supposed to be settled in the community, and that governors (kogi) were only taking a position that could give a right of appeal to people as a 'benefit'.
- しかしながら内務省 (日本)の反対により政治犯釈放は実現せず、その民主化を阻害する姿勢に対し、GHQから1945年10月4日に「政治的・民事的・宗教的自由に対する制限撤廃の覚書」を突き付けられ、治安維持法・特別高等警察等の廃止、政治犯・思想犯の釈放、自由化・民主化に抵抗する内務省幹部の更迭などを命じられた。
- However, the release of political prisoners was not realized due to the opposition of the Ministry of Interior and then, in opposition to the impediment of democratization, GHQ sent out the 'Memorandum on Removal of the Restrictions on the Political, Civilian and Religious Freedom' on October 4, 1945, in which GHQ ordered the Peace Preservation Law and the Special Higher Police abolished and the officials of the Ministry of Interior who opposed liberalization and democratization dismissed.
- ところが、後継者とされた順如(父に先立ち死去)・実如はともかく、他の5人の男子のうち4人が北陸に派遣されて共同で加賀とその周辺の事実上の国主としての地位を得たのにも関わらず、6男の蓮淳だけは順如が遺した顕証寺の住持に補されて畿内に留められ、教団内において大きな仕事を与えられてこなかったことに不満を抱いていた。
- Even though Jyunnyo (who died before his father) and Jitsunyo were treated as successor and the four of the other five sons were dispatched to Hokuriku and virtually gained the positions of kokushu (landed daimyo) in Kaga and the surrounded provinces, the sixth son Renjun was appointed to the chief priest of Kensho-ji Temple which Jyunnyo left and forced to remain in Kinai, which made him discontent about not being given an important mission in the religious community.
- また、また旗本や大藩の上級家臣の中には独自の法制(地頭法)を持つ者もいたが、徴税権・司法権、その他の行政権などの所領に対する支配権(知行権)の行使は主君である将軍・大名によって規制されるのが一般的であり、時代が進むにつれてその傾向が強くなった(もっとも、所属する主家の方針や地頭である家臣の方針によってその強弱に格差があった)。
- Additionally, although some hatamoto or high-ranked vassal of large scale domains had their unique legislation (law for jito), exercise of chigyo-ken (right to enfeoffment) over shoryo (territory) including tax collection right, judicial power and other administrative power was usually controlled by a shogun or daimyo as a lord, and that tendency became stronger with the time (however, binding strength was different depending on the policy of a master or a vassal (jito).
- だが、一向に新政府からの音沙汰がないのに不満を抱いた伊藤は、薩長土肥の藩主が版籍奉還の上表を行ったという報を聞きつけ、部下である県判事の中島、権判事の田中、同じく英学者で県出仕(顧問に相当する)の何と相談して建白書の提出を図り、これに偶々伊藤と面識を持った陸奥も加わって5人連名で提出したのが6ヶ条からなる『国是綱目』であった。
- However, Ito was frustrated because he had not heard a word from the new government, and once he caught a news that the lord of the domains (Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, Hizen) submitted the memorial to the emperor that they would return their lands and people to the emperor, Ito planned to submit the petition with his subordinates, Nakajima (Assistant Judicial Officer), Tanaka (Assistant Judicial Officer), Ga (Scholar of English, served for prefecture as an advisor), and also Mutsu who happened to get to know Ito joined them, and they all submitted in their five joint names 'kokuzekomoku' which was composed of the six points.
- 契沖が万葉集は巻1~16で一度完成し、その後巻17~20が増補されたという万葉集二度撰説を唱えて以来、この問題に関しては数多くの議論がなされてきたが、巻15までしか目録が存在しない古写本(「元暦校本」「尼崎本」等)の存在や先行資料の引用の仕方、部立による分類の有無など、万葉集が巻16を境に分かれるという考え方を支持する証拠は多い。
- After Keichu advocated that the Manyoshu was initially completed in 16 volumes, and that volume 17 to 20 were added later to create a second version, there have been various opinions about the matter; there is a great deal of evidence to support the opinion that the Manyoshu was divided at volume 16, including that the table of contents goes up to volume 15 in old manuscripts like 'Genryaku Kohon' (revised version in Genryaku era) and 'Amagasaki-bon' (manuscript of Manyoshu found in Amagasaki), the citation of earlier sources, and the categorization by Budate.
- 公式令によれば、最初の行に「○○○(差出官司)移(いす)×××(相手官司)」に始まり、次行に内容を記して、書止には通常は「故移(ことさらにいす)」が用いられるが、法令などによって○○○が所管-被管関係にない×××を指揮監督することが認められている案件に関するものに対しては「以移(もっていす)」を用いて命令文書としての意味合いを持たせた。
- According to Kushiki-ryo, an 'I' document began with a sentence saying 'xxx {name of sender] isu yyy [name of recipient]' in the first line, described the main content in and below the second line, and generally finished with a sentence saying 'Kotosara-ni isu'; if the sender was legally authorized to give orders and instructions to a recipient with whom he did not have a hierarchical relationship, the last sentence of the main content was 'motte isu,' making the 'I' into an order.
- 石上英一以来歴史学者の間で唱えられた蝦夷・隼人と日本人は同じ倭人(倭の地に住む人間)であるにも関わらず、日本という国家成立を急ぐために本来は全ての倭人を内国(内地)化・王民化しなければならない辺境の人民をいまだ支配できていない現実を隠蔽して、逆にそれを利用して内国の王民を統治・支配する「小帝国」を形成してきたとする見解が一定の支持を受けている。
- The following view given by Eiichi ISHIGAMI and other historians has been supported to a certain extent: under the circumstances, hastening to establish Japan as a nation by bringing all the people and lands in Japan under the Emperor's rule, although Emishi, Hayato and other Japanese were the same Wajin (people who lived in the Wa country [Japan]), the government concealed the reality that it was not yet able to control these frontier people, and making the best of a difficult situation, established a 'small empire' to include all people who were currently under the Emperor's control.
- このように、商人は「お上」の命に唯々諾々と従う存在であるのだから、政治的基盤が未だ脆弱で「お上」としての権威を十分に持っているとは言えない明治政府が慌てて貨幣改革を行うことによって、万が一命令が行き渡らずに「お上」(=明治政府)に対する「万民の信」の無さと無力ぶりを内外に示すことになっては政権の崩壊につながると考え、通貨改革を不要不急のことと捉えていた。
- Like it says above, merchants were people who obediently followed the Okami (political authorities)'s orders, so OKUBO thought that if the Meiji Government, which was still feeble and did not have enough authority as the 'Okami' (political authorities) reformed the currency in a flurry, by doing so if in the worst case scenario, the orders did not get across, this would reveal the lack of 'people's trust' in the 'Okami' (political authorities) (Meiji Government) and their powerlessness to their own country and foreign countries, which would lead to the collapse of the government, therefore he considered the monetary reform was nonessential and nonurgent.
- これらの3分類を見直すべきだとする見解としては、阿部秋生による、「奥書に基づいて写本を青表紙本、河内本などと分類することが妥当なのかどうかは、本文そのものを比較しそういう本文群が存在することが明らかになった後で初めて言えることである。その手続きを経ることなく奥書に基づいて写本を分類することは本文そのものを比較するための作業の前段階の仮の作業以上の意味を持ち得ない。」
- The view in favor of reconsidering these three groups is as follows: according to Akio ABE, 'the question if it is appropriate or not to classify the manuscripts into Aobyoshibon and Kawachibon according to their Okugaki should be asked after comparing the texts and determining the existence of such group of text. To classify the manuscripts by Okugaki in avoidance of the process means less than the tentative work of a previous stage in the work of comparing the texts themselves.'
- さて、先の検勘の際に強引な日程を組んだ背景には、外国との関係の都合上贋貨と正貨の等価交換をやむなく認めたものの、実際に全ての贋貨を同じように正貨と等価で引き換えた場合には明治政府の財政が破綻するのは目に見えていたからであり、その額をなるべく抑制したいという明治政府と貿易関係の維持のために政府の崩壊に至る事態は避けたいと考える外国公使との思惑の一致があったからである。
- Now, the main reason behind the scheduling of such a tight agenda for the authenticity testing was that, while the exchange of equivalent amounts of counterfeit for specie was accepted as unavoidable given the government's relationship with foreign countries, it was clear that if all the counterfeit money was exchanged for specie of an equivalent price, the Meiji Government would face financial ruin, so the Meiji Government wanted to keep this amount to a minimum; at the same time, the foreign ministers of Japan's trading partners wanted to avoid a situation in which the government might collapse so as to ensure that they could maintain their trade relationships with the Meiji Government, so the motives of both sides coincided.
- 平成10年(1998年)から平成11年(1999年)にかけて風間書房から出版された『源氏物語研究集成』では全15巻のうち冒頭の2巻を「源氏物語の主題」にあて、計17編の論文を収録しているが、源氏物語全体の主題について直接論じたものはなく、すべて特定の巻または「○○物語」といった形でまとまって扱われることの多い関連を持った一群の巻々についての主題を論じたものばかりである。
- 'The Tale of Genji Studies Corpus,' published by Kazama Shobo, Co. Ltd. from 1998 to 1999, consists of 15 volumes in total, and the first two volumes deal with 'the theme of The Tale of Genji,' collecting 17 theses; however, they do not directly discuss the theme of the overall work but instead explore the theme of a specific chapter or a group of chapters that are often handled in the form of 'The Tale of ****.'
- その後、通貨改革によって正貨・贋貨を問わず全ての現行貨幣を引き揚げて早急に(既に大隈より明治5年11月までという案が出されていた)に引き換えを行うこと、応急措置として外国人の所持する二分金(実は一番問題となっていた政府及び諸藩発行の悪貨・贋貨でもあった)の検査を行って、封包を行って検印を施し、それを行ったものについてはたとえ贋貨であっても正貨と等価による納税または交換を認めることを了承させられたのである。
- After this, the Japanese government was forced to consent to pulling out all current currency, regardless of it being specie or counterfeit (it was already proposed by OKUMA that this would be done by May 11), and exchanging it immediately, and as a temporary measure, the nibukin owned by foreigners (this bad money/counterfeit issued by the government and domains was the biggest problem) were to be examined, encapsulated, put a stamp of approval, and handed out, and those that went though this were to be accepted as tax payment or exchange equivalent to the specie even if it was counterfeit.
- 明治4年7月14日 (旧暦)(1871年8月29日)に断行された廃藩置県の後始末が済まないうちに、岩倉使節団の計画が持ち上がり最終的に岩倉具視・大久保利通・木戸孝允ら明治政府を主導してきた首脳の多くが加わる一大使節団となったことから、使節団の外遊中の留守を守るとともに廃藩置県の後始末を行うための組織として太政大臣三条実美を筆頭に西郷隆盛・井上馨・大隈重信・板垣退助・江藤新平・大木喬任らによって結成された。
- The Iwakura Mission project came up before the completion of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishement of prefectures) that had been set about on August 29, 1871, in the project Tomomi IWAKURA, Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO and many other leaders of the Meiji government finally joined the great delegation, and therefore the Establishment was organized by Grand Minister Sanetomi SANJO at its head, Takamori SAIGO, Kaoru INOUE, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO and Takao OKI in order to protect the nation and to settle the affairs of Haihan-chiken while the Iwakura Mission was traveling abroad officially.
- 関東地方・東北地方を中心に江戸商人との取引も行われ、江戸商人による大名貸の例もみられるが、江戸は江戸幕府本体及びその親衛隊として江戸に常住した旗本の年貢米・特産品の売却地でもあり、幕府財政安定を意図した米価維持のための諸藩への廻米制限令が出されることもあり、藩にとっては安定した資金調達先にはなり得なかった(結果的に江戸への米は幕府米・旗本米・商人米が大部分を占め、関東・東北諸藩の年貢米の一部が売却されるのみとなる)。
- There were some examples of Edo merchants who did daimyogashi mainly to domains in the Kanto and the Tohoku regions, but Edo did not become a stable financial source for domains because annual rice tax and special products of the Edo bakufu or hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) who lived in Edo to guard the bakufu were sold in Edo, and sometimes the bakufu ordered restriction of rice delivery out of Edo for rice-price keeping operation for the bakufu's fiscal stability (as a result most of rice that were dealt in Edo were from the bakufu, hatamoto, and some merchants, and only partial amount of rice from domains in the Kanto region and the Tohoku region were dealt).
- 宮内貴久の著物によれば、住居とは生存の拠り所として、最も根本的な施設であり古来より生命や財産を守るための工夫を重ねてきたが天災によって、当時としては不可解な被害(例えば地震)に見舞われていたことから災いの要因を含めた「世界を支配し統括する原理を知りたい」という欲求に晒された結果、住宅に対して、人々が居住生活に求める概念を実体化させて、長い年月を経て培われた知見が規範化され影響力を持ち家相の世界観が生み出されたと述べられている。
- According to a book of Takahisa MIYAUCHI, houses are the most fundamental center of one's existence and from ancient times people have made efforts to protect life or fortune, but natural disasters (eg. earthquakes) were mysterious in those days so they desired to understand 'the principles governing and controlling the world' including factors for disasters, as a result of which the concept of living space materialize, over the years cultivated through knowledge, a standard influencing the construction of a house, from an outlook of the world was produced.
- 例えば、留守居・大番頭は5000石を基準としてそれ以下に1000俵、書院番頭・小姓番組頭は3000石以下に1000俵、大目付・町奉行・勘定奉行は3000石以下に700俵、百人組頭は3000石以下に500俵、作事奉行・普請奉行・槍奉行・持弓筒頭は2000石以下に300俵、先手頭・新番頭は1500石以下に300俵、留守居番・目付・使番・書院番組頭・小姓組組頭・徒頭・小十人頭は1000石以下に300俵、鉄砲方は1000石以下に200俵などの決まりがあった。
- For example, there was the regulation that for rusui and oban gashira, 5000 koku was set as the standard and a person whose chigyo was below this was given 1000 hyo; shoinban gashira and koshobangumi gashira whose chigyo were below 3000 koku were given 1000 hyo; ometsuke, machi bugyo, and kanjo bugyo (commissioners of finance) whose chigyo were below 3000 koku were given 700 hyo; hyakuningumi kashira whose chigyo was below 3000 koku were given 500 hyo; sakuji bugyo, fushin bugyo, yari bugyo, and mochiyumitsutsu gashira whose chigyo were below 2000 koku were given 300 hyo; sakite gashira and shinban gashira whose chigyo were below 1500 koku were given 300 hyo; rusuiban, metsuke, tukaiban, shoinban kumigashira, koshogumi kumigashira, kachi gashira, and kojunin gashira whose chigyo were below 1000 koku were given 300 hyo and teppogata (officer handling firearms) whose chigyo were below 1000 were given 200 hyo.
- 中国地方及び四国地方は岡山藩(備前国、現・岡山県南東部)・広島藩(安芸国、現・広島県西部)・長州藩(長門国・周防国、現・山口県のそれぞれ西部・東部)・鳥取藩(因幡国・伯耆国、現・鳥取県のそれぞれ東部及び西部)・松江藩(出雲国、現・島根県東部)、徳島藩(阿波国・淡路国、現・徳島県及び兵庫県淡路島)、高知藩(土佐国、現・高知県)といった国持ち大名が多かった地方であり、非領国地域の支配形態をとり、かつ旗本領が散在するのは備中国(現・岡山県西部)のみである。
- Many kunimochi-daimyo (daimyo with a big territory) were in the Chugoku and Shikoku regions, such as the Okayama clan (Bizen Province, present southeastern part of Okayama Prefecture), the Hiroshima clan (Aki Province, present western part of Hiroshima Prefecture), the Choshu clan (Nagato and Suo Provinces, present western and eastern parts of Yamaguchi Prefecture), the Tottori clan (Inaba and Hoki Provinces, present the western and eastern parts of Tottori Prefecture), the Matsue clan (Izumo Province, present eastern part of Shimane Prefecture), the Tokushima clan (Awa and Awaji Provinces, present Tokushima Prefecture and Awaji-shima Island, Hyogo Prefecture), and the Kochi clan (Tosa Province, present Kochi Prefecture), and only Bitchu Province (present western part of Okayama Prefecture) was in the hi-ryogokuchiiki state where Hatamoto territories were scattered.
- 『日本書紀』をはじめ、中国や朝鮮の史書でも朝鮮半島への倭国の進出を示す記事が存在すること、『広開土王碑』に倭が新羅や百済を臣民としたと記されていること、またいくつもの、日本列島独特の墓制である前方後円墳が朝鮮半島で発見され始めたこと、そして新羅・百済・伽耶の勢力圏内で日本産のヒスイ製勾玉が大量に出土(高句麗の旧領では稀)したこと等の史実より、倭国と深い関連を持つ何らかの集団(倭国から派遣された官吏や軍人、倭国に臣従した在地豪族など)が伽耶地域において一定の軍事的影響力および経済的利権を有していたことはほぼ確実視されている。
- It is almost presumed from historical facts that some sort of group deeply related to Wakoku (such as government officials and military men dispatched by Wakoku or local powerful clans who served Wakoku) possessed certain military clout and economic interest in Gaya region (another name of Mimana); Wakoku's advance to the Korean Peninsula is recorded in history books of China and Korea as well as 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan); 'Gwanggaeto Stele' tells that Wakoku subjugated Silla and Baekje; large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds, which are peculiar to the Japanese archipelago, are starting to be discovered in the Korean Peninsula; a massive amount of Japanese jade magadama (comma-shaped beads) have been excavated in the influence area of Silla, Baekje and Gaya (rare in the former territory of Goguryeo).