批判: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 批判
- criticism
- judgement
- judgment
- comment
- criticize
- criticise
- criticism (always unfavorable)
- critique
- flack
- static
- 批判力
- critical power
- critical ability
- 批判材料
- elements deserving criticism
- material used to criticize someone (something)
- 批判する
- animadvert
- criticize
- land on ~
- 文献批判
- Criticism of the literature
- 批判的評価
- Negative evaluation
- 批判と展開
- Criticism and development
- 辛辣な批判
- acrimonious criticism
- 経済学批判
- A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
- 判断力批判
- Critique of Judgment
- 痛烈な批判
- blistering criticism
- 批判的に分析
- critically analyze
- 批判的でない
- uncritical
- not critical
- 純粋理性批判
- Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft) (Kant)
- 批判的な論文
- a critical dissertation
- 批判的な読み
- a critical reading
- 批判的な態度
- a critical attitude
- 建設的な批判
- constructive criticism
- 払下げへの批判
- The criticism of selling the properties
- スターリン批判
- On the Personality Cult and Its Consequences
- 批判的地域主義
- Critical regionalism
- 批判的言説分析
- Critical discourse analysis
- ゴータ綱領批判
- Critique of the Gotha Program
- 自分自身の批判
- criticism of yourself
- 散々に批判する
- criticize harshly
- 華族制度への批判
- Criticisms of the kazoku system
- 批判的リアリズム
- critical realism
- 皇室批判派の意見
- Views of the Anti-imperial Family
- View of the Anti-Imperial Family
- 批判に対する免疫
- immunity to criticism
- マルクス主義批判
- Criticisms of Marxism
- 無批判的な方法で
- in an uncritical manner
- 批判的に比較する
- compare critically
- 批判的な目で見る
- look at with a critical eye
- - 唯円の異義批判
- Criticism of the different thoughts by Yuien
- 批判的なことを言う
- turn round and do
- 批判的に、評価する
- appraise critically
- クルアーンへの批判
- Criticism of the Quran
- ムハンマドへの批判
- Criticism of Muhammad
- 脱構築主義者の批判
- deconstructionist criticism
- 厳しい批判を受ける
- subject to harsh criticism
- 激しく批判的な攻撃
- a severely critical attack
- 恒常的な批判で脅す
- harass with constant criticism
- ひどく批判的である
- be overly critical
- 厳しく批判的である
- severely critical
- 批判的でなく教える
- teach uncritically
- 激しい敵対的な批判
- intense adverse criticism
- - 竹内文書文献批判
- Criticism on Takeuchi-monjo
- 影武者説に対する批判
- Criticism of the Imposter Theory
- 鈍いしかし善意の批判
- blunt but well-meant criticism
- 批判への無気力な返答
- a spiritless reply to criticism
- よくある批判への回答
- Replies to common objections
- に批判的に分析される
- be critically analyzed by
- 強い批判の冷たい効果
- the antiseptic effect of sturdy criticism
- Javaに対する批判
- Criticism of Java
- 些細な部分を批判する
- criticize minor details
- 短所ならびに批判的意見
- Disadvantages and adverse opinions
- 揶揄や批判の言葉として
- As a word for banter and criticism
- 彼は批判に神経過敏だ。
- He is sensitive to criticism.
- 彼女は、批判を和らげた
- she tempered her criticism
- ウィキペディアの批判者
- Critics of Wikipedia
- 彼は痛烈に批判的だった
- he was incisively critical
- 批判的な意見を形成する
- form a critical opinion of
- 穏やかな叱責または批判
- a mild rebuke or criticism
- 厳しい批判または不承認
- harsh criticism or disapproval
- 批判の声は益々高まった。
- The criticism was increasing.
- 聞こえた批判(頓智裁判)
- A heard criticism (a witty trial)
- そう批判的にならないで。
- Do not be so critical.
- 君は批判を気にしすぎる。
- You are too sensitive to criticism.
- 彼の批判は犬の遠吠えだ。
- He can only criticize people behind their backs.
- 彼女は彼を痛烈に批判した
- she criticized him scathingly
- 細目にわたる批判的な検査
- a detailed critical inspection
- 私は、この決議を批判する
- I go for this resolution
- いやな批判(不合理な裁判)
- Bitter criticism (an irrational trial)
- 折伏活動に対する社会的批判
- Social criticism against shakubuku activities
- 議長が批判の矢面に立った。
- The brunt of criticism was borne by the chairmen.
- 彼女は常に批判に動じない。
- She is always immune to criticism.
- 彼の批判は場違いであった。
- His criticisms were out of place.
- 彼は批判的に頭を横に振った
- he shook his head disapprovingly
- 批判または非難を人に向ける
- level criticism or charges at somebody
- 批判と非難の行為または表現
- an act or expression of criticism and censure
- 小さくて不当な批判をする人
- someone who makes small and unjustified criticisms
- 辛辣で批判的なものの言い方
- a bitter or critical manner of speaking
- 日蓮正宗に対する教学上の批判
- The Criticism Towards Education and Learning of Nichiren Shoshu Sect
- 君はいつも僕を批判している。
- You're always criticizing me!
- 彼女は批判をとても気にする。
- She is very sensitive to criticism.
- 言葉での厳しい批判による攻撃
- attack verbally with harsh criticism
- 彼は厳しい批判にさらされた。
- He was subjected to severe criticism.
- 彼の批判は非常に厳しかった。
- His criticisms were very severe.
- 忠実でほとんど無批判な賛美者
- a devoted and almost uncritical admirer
- メルビルの文章の批判的な分析
- a critical analysis of Melville's writings
- 新聞は、新しい映画を批判した
- The paper criticized the new movie
- 厳しくまたは暴力的に批判する
- criticize harshly or violently
- 大乗仏説論批判(1903年)
- Daijo bussetsuron hihan: criticism against the theory that Mahayana was expounded by the Buddha (in 1903)
- 一方で文人への批判もなされた。
- On the other hand, Bunjin were criticized as well.
- 直系・嫡系皇位継承法説への批判
- Criticism against the direct line imperial succession code theory and the legitimate child imperial succession code theory
- スミス氏はこの種の批判に弱い。
- Mr Smith is vulnerable to this kind of criticism.
- 彼は同僚から批判を受けやすい。
- He is subject to the criticism of his colleagues.
- 彼は批判を取り込んで受け入れた
- He co-opted the criticism and embraced it
- 彼は演技のぎこちなさを批判した
- he criticized the woodenness of the acting
- 彼はきっぱりと批判者に応答した
- he was stoutly replying to his critics
- 他人の仕事を批判するのは簡単だ。
- It is easy to find fault with the work of others.
- 彼の好意は人から批判されやすい。
- His conduct is open to criticism.
- 彼の振る舞いは批判にも値しない。
- His behavior is beneath criticism.
- 彼の行為は人から批判されやすい。
- His conduct is open to criticism.
- 彼女は彼を同時に賞賛し、批判した
- she praised and criticized him in the same breath
- 暗黙の批判が、彼の声の中にあった
- there was implicit criticism in his voice
- しつこく取るに足りない不当な批判
- persistent petty and unjustified criticism
- 人の不幸または批判的な態度を示す
- show one's unhappiness or critical attitude
- 無批判にすべての面の中で模倣する
- imitate uncritically and in every aspect
- 他人のすることに批判ばかりする人
- someone who is critical of the motives of others
- あなたは彼に何か批判はありますか
- What do you make of his remarks?
- 批判を加えている場合も存在する。
- There are also some cases where he criticizes its opinions.
- 融米造りへの誤解に基づく批判的意見
- Negative opinions based on the misunderstanding of the yumai-zukuri method
- 幕府の暦制を批判したためであった。
- That was because he criticized the calendar system of bakufu.
- 彼の好意は人から批判を受けやすい。
- His conduct is open to criticism.
- 彼の行為は人から批判を受けやすい。
- His conduct is open to criticism.
- 彼の演技は格好の批判の対象だった。
- His performance was fair game for criticism.
- 批判に敏感になりすぎてはいけない。
- Don't be too sensitive to criticism.
- 厳しく批判的な、または、非難を表す
- harshly critical or expressing censure
- 彼は彼女の決定を無批判に受け入れた
- he accepted her decisions uncritically
- 彼は公に政府の新しい政策を批判した
- he was outspokenly critical of the Government's new social policy
- 批判的に、または厳しく事細かに見る
- to look at critically or searchingly, or in minute detail
- 批判的に使われていた言葉を逆手にとる
- make a phrase that was used as a point of criticism into something that was a positive
- 他人を批判するほど易しいことはない。
- Nothing is as easy as to criticize others.
- 優しい思いやりにより和らげられた批判
- criticism tempered with kindly sympathy
- 通常電子媒体によって、厳しく批判する
- criticize harshly, usually via an electronic medium
- 彼女は信心ぶってみんなを批判していた
- she was sanctimoniously criticizing everybody
- その映画はとても好意的な批判を受けた。
- The film received favourable criticism.
- 彼らは彼に発言の機会を与えずに批判した
- they condemned him without a hearing
- 妨害または批判されていらいらする気持ち
- a feeling of annoyance at being hindered or criticized
- 疑わず、無批判に愛する、あるいは過度に
- love unquestioningly and uncritically or to excess
- しばしば他を批判する人々も、完璧でない
- Those who criticize others often are not perfect, either
- 文人の形骸化・劣悪化は多いに批判された。
- It was greatly criticized that Bunjin lost their substance and their quality had deteriorated.
- その書評者はその小説に鋭く批判的である。
- The reviewer is sharply critical of the novel.
- 彼らは彼の批判を偽善であるとして退けた。
- They dismissed his criticism as hypocrisy.
- 一言批判されただけで彼女はびくびくする。
- A bare word of criticism makes her nervous.
- 「だが、私の兄弟は本当に鋭い批判家です。
- `and I know that he is a pretty shrewd judge.
- 彼は、私の批判的な言葉を快く受けなかった
- He did not take kindly to my critical remarks
- これは、批判的に調べられなければならない
- this must be examined critically
- 福澤諭吉は、勝海舟の批判者であり続けた。
- Yukichi had always been critical of Kaishu KATSU.
- 王者の行いにあらず」と終始批判している。
- It is not a kingly doing.'
- ただし、こうした考え方に対して批判もある。
- However, there is also criticism to such a view.
- (1873年に諸外国から批判を受け廃止。)
- (Abolished in 1873 in response to international criticism.)
- しかし、若年層への布教活動には批判もある。
- However, there is criticism on propagation geared towards the youth.
- 概してエリート達は批判に対して鈍感である。
- On the whole, the elite are not sensitive to criticism.
- 日本では政府を自由に批判することができる。
- In Japan we may criticize the government freely.
- 候補者はその批判に対して直ちに回答をした。
- The candidate made a quick response to the criticism.
- 彼の批判は日本政府に向けられたものだった。
- His criticisms were aimed at the Japanese government.
- 彼らは競技者たちに対する私の審査を批判した
- they criticized my judgment of the contestants
- 彼女は、難なく彼のすべての批判を切り抜けた
- she took all his criticism in stride
- 反対意見やショッキングな行動を批判する傾向
- an inclination to criticize opposing opinions or shocking behavior
- 子規は江戸末期の俳諧を月並俳諧と批判した。
- Shiki criticized haikai of the late Edo period for its mediocrity.
- 彼女は両親以外なら、誰の批判でも受け入れる。
- She accepts criticism from anyone but her parents.
- 彼を批判する人は、もしあってもごくわずかさ。
- Few, if any, will criticize him.
- 大統領に見えないことにおいて候補は批判された
- criticized the candidate for not looking presidential
- ホロコースト否認#ホロコースト否認論への批判
- Criticism of Holocaust denial
- 批判されることなく、無条件に受け入れられる人
- a person unreasonably held to be immune to criticism
- 教理を無批判に受け入れるように人に教えること
- teaching someone to accept doctrines uncritically
- 絶えず続く批判により、を駆り立てる、誘発する
- goad or provoke,as by constant criticism
- 彼は、法廷によって補償を与えることを批判した
- he criticized the awarding of compensation by the court
- 大統領のコメントは共和党から厳しい批判を得た
- The President's comments drew sharp criticism from the Republicans
- この河内王朝説を批判する論者に門脇禎二がいる。
- Teiji KADOWAKI was one of the disputants who criticize this Kawachi Dynasty Theory.
- 失望した両親の拒否的あるいはとても批判的な態度
- rejective or overcritical attitudes of disappointed parents
- 一般的な批判を避けるために、秘密に会議を開いた
- held a meeting sub rosa to avoid general criticism
- 私は、彼の絶え間ない批判に耐えることができない
- I cannot bear his constant criticism
- 彼らは、市長として彼のパフォーマンスを批判した
- they criticised his performance as mayor
- その上院議員は彼の反対者から厳しい批判を受けた
- the senator received severe criticism from his opponent
- 形骸化した仏教は神道、儒教の両派から批判された。
- Emasculated Buddhism was criticized by both religions of Shinto and Confucianism.
- 史料批判など歴史学の基礎手続きを尊重していない。
- It didn't go through basic procedures concerning history including historical material criticism.
- また吉田松蔭はふぐ食を批判する文書を残している。
- Also, Shoin YOSHIDA criticized eating pufferfish in a document.
- 国際的批判直面して捕鯨をやめた国がいくつかある。
- Some countries have stopped whaling in the face of international criticism.
- 彼女は自分の演技が批判されることを懸念していた。
- She was apprehensive about receiving criticism of her performance.
- あらゆる新聞編集者は、ニュース編集室に批判される
- every newspaper editor is criticized by the newsroom
- 彼はその団体に関する批判的な発言から講演を始めた
- He prefaced his lecture with a critical remark about the institution
- あら探しをしたり、辛辣で不公平な批判ばかりする人
- someone who frequently finds fault or makes harsh and unfair judgments
- またこの頃から政子の嫉妬深さも批判の対象となる。
- She was also criticized for her jealousy.
- 批判者の代表として丸谷才一を挙げることができる。
- Saiichi MARUYA was one of SHIGA's ardent critics.
- 11月に龍池会でフェノロサを批判する講演をした。
- November: Naojiro gave a lecture in Ryuchi kai, where he criticized Fenollosa.
- 二人の関係を批判した淳仁天皇と上皇が対立していた。
- After Emperor Junnin had criticized the relationship between the two, he had been opposed to the retired emperor.
- この短くも率直な言葉は、私の労働批判と同じである。
- Here, in a few blunt words, is my critique of work.
- 本物の天才なら、きびしい批判にもたえうるもんだよ。
- If he is a true genius, he can bear the sharp voice of censure.
- あまりに批判的な教師は、独創性を失わせることがある
- the overcritical teacher can discourage originality
- 前者は陽明学の立場から朱子学の礼教的側面を批判した。
- The former criticized the ideological side of Shushi-gaku from the Yomeigaku point of view.
- この雑誌の編集者兼出版社が一部の読者から批判された。
- The editor and publisher of this magazine was criticized by some readers.
- その市長は自分の計画がどう批判されるかに敏感である。
- The mayor is sensitive to the way his programs have been criticized.
- 彼を批判する前に彼の立場をよく考えなければならない。
- You ought to walk a mile in his shoes before you criticize him.
- 彼女は乱暴な運転をする人に対しては、いつも批判的だ。
- She is always critical of reckless drivers.
- 彼は、現代芸術への独断的に自説を曲げない批判者である
- he is a dogmatically opinionated critic of Modern Art
- 彼の批判は、全てが不名誉なものであるわけではなかった
- his marks were not at all discreditable
- 説明的な注釈を加える、または批判的なコメントをつける
- add explanatory notes to or supply with critical comments
- 批判的な基準または手続きを無視したことによって顕著な
- marked by disregard for critical standards or procedures
- 学問的には朱子学を批判し、伊藤仁斎の古義学に対抗した。
- Academically, it criticized Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) and rivaled Kogigaku (the study of ancient principles) by Jinsai ITO.
- それを各宗派の教えの特徴にあわせて批判したものである。
- Nichiren used this argument to criticize the unique teachings of Buddhist sects that existed during his time.
- これをもって茶道の堕落を招いたと批判する向きもあった。
- Some people have criticized it, saying that it corrupted tea ceremony.
- (江戸時代には幕府を批判するような台本は書けなかった)
- (In the Edo period, one could not write anti-bakufu scripts.)
- 重箱の隅をつつくような批判をする人はいたことはいたが。
- Yet some people have launched spirited attacks against precisely this superficial aspect.
- 江戸時代に形骸化した中世歌学を批判するかたちで現れた。
- It appeared as a form to criticize medieval Kagaku (Study of Japanese poems called waka) that lost it's popularity during the Edo period.
- 彼は、上司の前で同僚を批判することによって、彼を辱めた
- He humiliated his colleague by criticising him in front of the boss
- 他人に批判的に見られていると感じることからくる気まずさ
- embarrassment deriving from the feeling that others are critically aware of you
- 通常責める、あるいは批判するために、何かを人に提示する
- present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize
- 非難あるいは激しい非難を表す、厳しい批判的な発言をする
- express blame or censure or make a harshly critical remark
- 更に従来の仏教の間でも現状を批判する動きが高まってきた。
- Moreover, criticism of the existing situation increased among conventional Buddhism sects.
- 藩閥政治への批判を歌に託した政治主張・宣伝の手段である。
- The criticism against clique government was put into the songs as a means of political assertion and propaganda.
- この記事はその問題についての調査のやり方に批判的である。
- This article is critical of the way investigations are being made into the matter.
- したがって、中華文明や思想を尊重する荻生徂徠を批判した。
- Accordingly, he criticized Sorai OGYU, who respected Chinese culture and philosophy.
- 批判的に、建設的に欠陥と失敗を調べることは私の仕事である
- it is my task to look critically and constructively at the flaws and the failures
- 報道記者たちはその市長に対して手当たりしだいの批判をした
- reporters took potshots at the mayor
- クリントンは選挙資金のみだらな資金集めのために批判された
- Clinton was criticized for his promiscuous solicitation of campaign money
- 狙いやすい標的に向けられ、注意深い考えなしになされる批判
- criticism aimed at an easy target and made without careful consideration
- 応永の乱と足利義満への憤懣(反省のない義満の祈祷を批判)
- Oei War and pent-up anger against Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (criticism of the Yoshimitsu's prayer without reflection)
- 税金を投じて私有地への大規模な植林を行うことに批判もある。
- There are criticisms for such a large-scale planting for private properties using tax.
- また朱熹も文人が思慮を欠いているとして痛烈に批判している。
- In addition, CHU His also strongly criticized that some Bunjin lacked prudence.
- 足利義政とその夫人日野富子の幕政を批判したことも知られる。
- He is known to have criticized the shogunate of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA and his wife Tomiko HINO.
- 他の宗派はすべて邪宗であるとの主張が批判されることもある。
- There is criticism when all other religious schools are said to be not the right religion.
- 特に大乗仏教では声聞を阿羅漢と呼び、批判的に仏と区別した。
- Especially in Mahayana Buddhism, Shomon was called Arakan and was distinguished from Buddha critically.
- しかしその選考基準が不明瞭であるとする批判が一貫してある。
- However, the criticism that its selection criteria is unclear has consistently existed.
- 一方で彼は私の報告書を賞賛したが、他方ではそれを批判した。
- On the one hand he praised my report, but on the other hand he criticized it.
- なぜあなたは彼にそんなに批判的なのか、私には理解できない。
- I can't understand why you are so critical of him.
- 彼はそのうえ、カトリック信仰をはたから批判するのを好んだ。
- He was fond, moreover, of giving side-thrusts at Catholicism.
- 当時、大久保への権力の集中は「有司専制」として批判された。
- In those days, OKUBO's domination of political authority was criticized as 'despotism by a domain-dominated government'.
- そのために本来の大島本を再現できないとして批判されている。
- Therefore there is criticism that the text does not reproduce the original Oshima-bon manuscript.
- 但し常に従っているわけではなく批判を加えている部分もある。
- However, he does not always follow the Genji Shaku, and in some cases he criticizes it.
- さらに「歌はまことの心を歌うもの」と桂月の批判を一蹴した。
- Stating that 'waka poetry should express the true feelings of people,' she scoffed at Keigetsu's criticism.
- また、息子・藤房も天皇の政治姿勢を批判して隠遁してしまう。
- His son, Fujifusa, also was forced to retire for criticizing the system of rule by the Emperor.
- その中で国民党批判と共に日本の統治政策を再評価を訴えている。
- In his appeal he criticized the Kuomintang Party and re-evaluated Japan's governance policies.
- しかしその態度は無批判にそれを受け入れる傾向が強く見られた。
- However, it was said that he had a strong tendency to accept the book uncritically.
- その事から批判的意味も含めて寄生地主と言われるようになった。
- For this reason, they came to be ironically called parasitic landlords.
- 国際的には英米などから批判を受けて、日独伊三国同盟を結んだ。
- In response to international criticism from Britain and the U.S., Japan concluded the alliance of Japan, Germany and Italy.
- 終には「すべての茶家は本義を忘れている」と批判し、別派した。
- Eventually, he criticized that 'all of chake (a professional master of tea ceremony) forgot the true meaning,' and separated from the school.
- 一方では彼は私の報告書を賞賛したが、他方ではそれを批判した。
- On the one hand he praised my report, but on the other hand he criticized it.
- しかしながら、わたくしの批判はしばらく保留いたしましよう。」
- yet I am willing to suspend my judicium.'
- 宮澤賢治のように奥州文化の破壊者として批判的に見る者もいる。
- There are some people who viewed Yoritomo as a destroyer of Oshu culture, such as Kenji MIYAZAWA.
- 公然と彼を批判対象とした評論を発表すれば処罰の対象となった。
- When a person criticized him publicly, he was punished.
- 4については、『徳川実紀』にも批判する文章が載せられている。
- Regarding the fourth point, the section criticizing it is in 'Tokugawa Jikki' (The True Tokugawa Records).
- これらの政策や事業に対しては批判する意見と評価する意見がある。
- There are criticism and appreciation on these policies and projects.
- 全体的に事実を列挙する叙述に終始し、歴史的批判精神には乏しい。
- As a whole, it ended in a list of facts, and is rather short of critical faculties.
- 更に真言密教批判などを加えた増補本(「広本」)が本圀寺にある。
- There is also an enlarged edition of the treatise at Honkoku-ji Temple, which contains criticisms aimed at Shingon Esoteric Buddhism.
- 本願寺学林の能化智洞の三業安心(さんごうあんじん)を批判した。
- He criticized Sangoanjin of noge (master) Chido in Hongan-ji Temple Gakurin (school.)
- ケイトがある映画で脇役を演じた時、彼女の演技は批判されました。
- When Kate played a minor part in a movie, her acting was criticized.
- (たとえばカール・メックやジェリー・ベックによる批判注68)、
- (e.g., by Carl Macek and Jerry Beck),70
- そのなかでも、デュアメルはもっとも極端なやり方で批判している。
- Among these, Duhamel has expressed himself in the most radical manner.
- 政治権力にひたすら追従する栄西には当時から多くの批判があった。
- From then, there was a lot of criticism about Eisai for his intense pursuit of political power.
- しかしその後も鴎外はかたくなに鈴木および学会の見解を批判した。
- Even after that, however, Ogai obstinately criticized the views of Suzuki and academic society.
- その指摘は、多くの反発を呼び、中でも鴎外が外山を強く批判した。
- This pointing-out aroused a lot of opposition among others, Ogai severely criticized Toyama.
- 在任中激しい市政批判で坪野を辞任に追い込む役割の一端を演じた。
- He played the role in the Tsuboi's resignation with his severe criticism toward the administration during his term.
- また、財政に関心の深い財界からも軍閥の横暴に批判の声が高まった。
- In addition, Japanese business community, which was deeply concerned about the national finance, began to criticize the despotism of the military clique
- 戦後も小池が辞任するまで『医海時報』に陸軍批判の投稿がつづいた。
- Even after the war, articles criticizing the Army continued to be published in the 'Ikai Jiho' (Medical Newsletter) until Koike's resignation.
- なお、日蓮は四箇格言の一つで「禅天魔」と、禅宗を厳しく批判した。
- Nichiren harshly criticized a Zen sect in one of his shika-kakugen (four criticisms by Nichiren against other sects of Buddhism) that they were 'zen tenma' (evil spirits of zen).
- 所有者がすべての決定をくだして、賞賛も批判もすべて自分で背負う。
- The owner makes all decisions and collects all credit and blame.
- 本居宣長らの後を引き継ぐ形で儒教・仏教と習合した神道を批判した。
- He criticized syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism/Confucianism, following intention of Norinaga MOTOORI.
- たとえば李退渓の著した『伝習録弁』は陽明学を批判して非常に厳しい。
- For example, Yi Toegye's 'Records of Learning' ('Jeonseup rok byeon') quite harshly criticized Yomeigaku.
- 続いて田沼政治を批判した松平定信がに登場し、寛政の改革を推進した。
- Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA who criticized Tanuma's politics subsequently appeared in 1787, and promoted the Kansei Reforms.
- と自身の無常観にからめて赤舌日を忌む当時の風習を批判したのである。
- He criticized the then customs to avoid Shakuzetsu-nichi Day in relation to his own view of life as something transient and empty.
- 桑田忠親は著書「戦国史疑」において、次のように厳しく批判している。
- In his book 'Questioning Civil War History' Tadachika KUWATA criticized MURAOKA's work as follows:
- 対して、通説を支持し新説へ批判を加えるのは年配の美術史学者に多い。
- On the other hand, it is often senior art historians who support the popular theory and criticize the new theory.
- 一澤信三郎帆布については、一澤帆布店の模倣品だとして批判している。
- Ichizawa Hanpu Co., Ltd. criticized Ichizawa Shinzaburo Hanpu Co., Ltd. as it copied the product of the Ichizawa Hanpu store.
- 貞慶は、釈迦の観想念仏に励行する一方で、法然の専修念仏を批判した。
- While Jokei recommended Kanso Nenbutsu of Shaka, he criticized Senshu Nenbutsu (専修念仏) of Honen.
- 『般若心経』を『大般若経』600巻の要約とする見方を批判している。
- It criticizes the perspective of considering 'Hannya Shingyo' to be the summary of 600 volumes of 'Dai Hannya Shingyo.'
- ただこうした儒教理解について池田秀三などから批判が寄せられている。
- However, such understanding of Ju-kyo was criticized by Shuzo IKEDA and others.
- こうした流行に対して「群飲逸遊」という倫理面での批判(があった)。
- Because tocha was regarded as 'gun in itsuyu' (drinking in a group and living an easy life), its popularity was ethically criticized.
- こうした否定的批判というのは、実際、最終的成果はあまりに貧弱です。
- Such negative criticism would indeed be poor enough as an ultimate result;
- (非科学的というマルクス主義理論やフロイド理論への標準的な批判)
- (a standard criticism of Marxist and Freudian theories as unscientific).
- 牧谿の筆法も粗野であると批判され、中国ではその後次第に忘却される。
- Mokkei's paintings were criticized as unrefined and gradually fell into oblivion in China.
- 政治的な暗殺、トークショー・ホストと医学倫理についての批判的の冗談
- caustic jokes about political assassination, talk-show hosts and medical ethics
- 質問や意見に対する返事(通例ウイットに富んだあるいは批判的なもの)
- a quick reply to a question or remark (especially a witty or critical one)
- 質問、要求、批判または告発に返答する生命(話されるまたは書かれて)
- a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation
- だが虚構の物語を史実に還元するものであるとして強く批判されている。
- It has been, however, severely criticized on the ground that it reduces the fictional narrative to a historical fact.
- ―人の生活する場である社会と社会に対する批判等を含む認識を詠んだ歌
- Poems composed on society and criticism thereof.
- しかしその先進的な画風は当時の画壇の守旧派から猛烈な批判を浴びた。
- His forward-thinking style was, however, severely criticized by the old-guard crony of the art world.
- 当時の軍令部総長加藤寛治は統帥権干犯を批判し、天皇に辞表を提出した。
- Hiroharu KATO, the President of the Naval General Staff then, criticized the interference and violation of the Supreme Command, and he submitted his resignation to the Emperor.
- 批判は福澤が民に比重を置きすぎているという点に加えられたに過ぎない。
- This criticism was added only to the point that Fukuzawa put too much value on private sector.
- また浄土真宗としては、他宗の作法・教義に対して、批判する意思はない。
- Further, Jodo Shinshu Sect has no intention to criticize other sects' manners and doctrines.
- 親鸞会によれば本願寺の教えは何もやらなくて良い教えだと批判している。
- Shinrankai criticizes that the teachings of the Honganji school make you do nothing.
- 活性化への活用が進む一方、その行き過ぎた商業主義への批判もみられる。
- While local dishes are utilized more and more for local revitalization, some people criticize the excessive commercialization.
- また、和算への批判は「応用に役に立たない」というものが主流であった。
- One of the main criticisms against wasan was that it was 'useless in terms of practical usage.'
- 不当な批判だけではなく、彼のもとにやってくる不当な報酬まで受け入れた
- accepted the unearned rewards that came his ways as well as the unearned criticism
- 米国の作家で、人種差別に関する率直な批判者(1924年−1987年)
- United States author who was an outspoken critic of racism (1924-1987)
- また、榎本には批判的であった福澤諭吉も助命に尽力したひとりでもある。
- Yukichi FUKUZAWA, despite being critical of him, was one of the people who made efforts to spare his life.
- 以上より、鴎外が脚気問題で批判される多くは、筋違いという意見がある。
- As we have seen, some say most of the criticism towards Ogai on the beriberi issue is misdirected.
- したがって宦官政治に批判的な人々は朱子学・陽明学問わず東林党に集った。
- Therefore, those who were critical of eunuchs' politics joined Dongling regardless of whether they were studying Shushigaku or Yomeigaku or not.
- 批判を行った点は論者によってさまざまに異なるが、その主なものを挙げる。
- The controversial points differed from one person to the next, but the following were held as the main points:
- 明末清初の顧炎武は『日知録』でその放蕩三昧の文人を痛烈に批判している。
- KO Enbu who lived from the end of Ming to the beginning of the Qing severely criticized Bunjin indulged themselves in a life of debauchery in his work, 'Nicchiroku.'
- したがって、どの宗派の宗祖も他の教えや宗派を多少なりとも批判している。
- Therefore, no founder of a Buddhist sect can avoid criticizing the teachings of other sects, at least to a certain extent.
- 最澄も、この説により他の経典は法華経に劣ると見なし南都六宗を批判した。
- Based on this theory, Saicho also deemed that other Buddhist scriptures were inferior to Hoke-kyo Sutra and criticized Nanto rokushu (the six sects of Buddhism which flourished in ancient Nara).
- 「弓道をなめている」「礼を逸している」などの批判が多く、問題になった。
- It raised an issue with many criticisms such as, 'It's disrespectful to Kyudo,' or 'It's impolite.'
- 彼らが行った君主批判や地方分権論は清初の経世致用の学へと結実していく。
- Their criticism towards monarchy, and decentralization theory led to learning that is practically useful to rule a country during the early Qing Dynasty.
- また研究姿勢に対しては類推的とか、進化主義的であるとかの批判もされる。
- The approach to the study is sometimes criticized to be analogical or evolutional.
- 伊勢神道自体は本地垂迹説に対する批判としての神本仏迹説に基づいていた。
- Ise Shinto itself was built on the Shinponbutsujaku theory (Buddhist devas and types of Buddha are other forms of Shinto deities), antithesis of the Honji-suijaku theory (Shinto gods are locally-adjusted forms of Buddhism devas and types of Buddha).
- これらの批判を心に留め、私は自分の行動を正当化しなければならないだろう
- mindful of these criticisms, I shall attempt to justify my action
- 昭和5年(1930年)12月7日~19日、「東京日日新聞」に批判記事。
- From December 7 through 19, 1930, articles of criticism appeared in the 'Tokyo Nichinichi Shimbun.'
- 本居宣長は『排蘆小船』で、これを後代の捏造であると痛烈に批判している。
- In 'Ashiwakeobune' (treatise on waka poetry), Norinaga MOTOORI made a blistering criticism that it was a fabricated account made in posterity.
- 国粋主義者たちは、明治政府が推進する漸進的な条約改正路線を批判していた。
- Nationalists were critical of the idea of the Meiji Government promoting step-by-step revisions to the treaties.
- 翁は、その仏教の教えはいい加減なものであると批判し、自分の考えをのべた。
- The old man criticizes the teaching of Buddhism as perfunctory, and states his opinion.
- マスコミ関係者やカルト宗教に批判的な人物等からカルト的と捉えられている。
- Media representatives and people with critical views on religious cults treat the group as a cult.
- そのため、往時から現代に至るまで、浄土教以外の宗旨から批判を受けてきた。
- Therefore, Honen has been criticized by the religious doctrines other than Jodo sect since old times (the past) up to the modern age.
- この時、兼家がここの西対を内裏の清涼殿に模して建てたために批判を浴びた。
- At this time, Kaneie was accused because he built the west side one of the twin honin halls imitating the seiryoden hall in the imperial residence in the palace.
- その批判に対するファンによる反発・異論の多さから徐々に寸評が増え始める。
- The outpouring of reactions and objections by fans to such criticism led to a gradual increase in the number of comic reviews.
- 市長の人気が落ち目になった途端に、一斉に彼に対する批判が噴き出してきた。
- As soon as they realized the mayor was on his way down, his critics started coming out of the woodwork.
- 坪内逍遥に影響を受け、さらに批判的に内容を深め『小説神髄』の欠点を補う。
- Under the influence of Shoyo TSUBOUCHI, he further deepened the content critically in order to compensate for shortcomings of 'Essence of Novels.'
- しかし現在ではそのステレオタイプ的で一方的な断定の仕方が批判されている。
- However, it is now criticized about its stereotypical and unilateral way of assertion.
- やがて独自の学問を樹立し徂徠と訣別し蘐園学派を激しく批判するようになる。
- Later, he established his own field of study, parting from Sorai, and started to bitterly criticize Kenengakuha (a Confucian school sect of Sorai OGYU and his disciples).
- この部分が、赤穂浪士を真の義士でないと称した論として、批判の対象となった。
- This part became the target of criticism because it was interpreted that Fukuzawa did not regard the Ronins as true loyal warriors.
- しかし、この生類憐みの令についても正史に対する批判としての見直し論がある。
- However, there are calls to critically review the accepted view of these ordinances.
- その学生は、自分の弁論に対して審査員が批判的に述べたことをひどく気にした。
- The student took to heart the judge's critical comments on his speech.
- そうすると、政府への強い批判が起こり自由民権運動が一層の盛り上がりを見せた。
- Then, criticism towards the government became stronger and the Freedom and People's Rights Movement was pumped up.
- 海老原穆により創刊され、大久保利通の太政官政府に対する痛烈な批判を展開した。
- Boku EBIHARA launched the newspaper and featured hard-hitting articles against the Dajokan (the Grand Council of State) government led by Toshimichi OKUBO.
- バグの追跡と批判は必ずプロジェクトの名前で行われ、個人の名前では行われない。
- Bug-hunting and criticism are always project-labeled, not person-labeled.
- 道徳を警官に、美術を興行主に任せるような愚鈍な中流階級の批判を甘受するため?
- To submit himself to the criticisms of an obtuse middle class which entrusted its morality to policemen and its fine arts to impresarios?
- 明恵は、法然の唱えた「専修念仏」の思想を痛烈に批判し、華厳宗の復興に努めた。
- Myoe was severely critical of Honen's exclusive nenbutsu practice and strived toward the revival of the Kegon Sect.
- これを部落解放全国委員会が、呼び方を変えても差別は変わらないとして批判した。
- The Buraku Kaiho Zenkoku Iinkai (the National Committee for Buraku Liberation) criticized this behavior by Toson, stating that the alterlation of how to call the name of being discriminated would not help change the discrimination itself.
- 当時は大ベストセラーとなったが、事実誤認が多く信用できないと批判されている。
- It became a best-seller at that time, but now is criticized for many mistakes of fact and considered unreliable.
- 政府内でも批判の声が起こり、特に払下げの規則を作った前大蔵卿の大隈が反対した。
- Some people criticized the sale of the properties even within the government, and especially OKUMA, the previous Minister of the Treasury who made a rule for sales of the properties, strongly opposed it.
- 成立論と構想論が明確に区別されず混じり合って議論されていることを批判するもの。
- There is no distinction between the composition theory and the construction theory, so he argues by lumping them together.
- 以後自由民権運動における政府批判と議会設置を求めるスローガンとして用いられた。
- Later the term was used as a slogan for criticizing the government and requesting the establishment of a parliament in the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Rights).
- この行為に対し寺院側、反対派地元住民、およびいくつかの報道機関が批判を行った。
- Against this action, criticism came from the temple's side, local people in opposition and portions of the mass media.
- 李育は『難左氏義』によって左氏学を批判し、白虎観会議に参加して賈逵を攻撃した。
- Riiku criticized Sashi learning through 'Nansashigi,' and participated in the Byakkokan Meeting to attack Ka Ki.
- 陳献章は静坐を重んじたことで知られており、胡居仁からその学は禅だと批判された。
- Chin Kensho was known for placing value on sitting on the floor calmly, and was criticized by Ko Kyojin that his learning was Zen.
- 88節に渡り、建武の新政当時の混乱する政治・社会を批判、風刺した七五調の文書。
- It consists of 88 stanzas, and was written in seven-and-five-syllable meter, criticizing and satirizing politics and society in the chaotic days of the Kenmu Restoration.
- かれらに対しては「すでに改宗した人々に説教しているだけ」という批判もあったが
- although they have been accused of merely 'preaching to the converted'
- 忠勝は、自分とは対照的に重武装であり、全身に傷だらけの井伊直政を批判している。
- Tadakatsu contrasted himself with Naomasa II, criticizing his heavy armor and how he was covered with wounds.
- 第二に、鴎外が陸軍の脚気惨害を助長したという批判に対し、次のような見解がある。
- Further, there is also opposition to the criticism that Ogai made the Army's beriberi situation worse.
- 六条藤家の藤原清輔はこれを「盗古歌」(こかをとる)ものとして批判的に評価した。
- FUJIWARA no Kiyosuke of Rokujo Toke (the Rokujo Fujiwara family) made critical assessment as 'stealing old poems.'
- 法社会学の立場から、親分子分といった擬制家族関係から日本社会の封建制を批判した
- It criticized Japanese feudal system, or a fictive family relationship between a boss and his underlings, from the viewpoint of the sociology of law.
- また、小さな石が大きな岩になるという内容が非科学的であるという批判も一部にある。
- There is a criticism that the contents referring to small stones that becomes a large rock is unscientific.
- 御用新聞の東京日日新聞までが政府批判を行ったほか、各地で弾劾の演説会が催された。
- Even the Tokyo Nichinichi Newspaper, famous for blindly praising the policies of the government, criticized the government and the speeches to criticize the government were given in various places.
- そして在官学者を「恰〔あたか〕も娼妓の客に媚るが如し」と痛烈に批判したのである。
- Then, he severely criticized scholars in governmental position 'as if a prostitute tried to gain a guest's favor.'
- また、「ばさら」と呼ばれる当時の社会風潮や下剋上に対しても批判的に書かれている。
- Also, it criticizes contemporary trends in society, such as 'basara (extravagance)' and gekokujo (the spirit of 'lower overthrowing the upper').
- 中大兄皇子は、蝦夷・入鹿に批判的な蘇我倉山田石川麻呂(蘇我石川麻呂)の娘と結婚。
- Naka no Oe no Oji married a daughter of SOGANOKURA-YAMADA no Ishikawamaro (Soganoishikawamaro) who was critical of Emishi and Iruka.
- 水野の学説を批判的に発展させた学説がその後、古代史学の学界で発表されたのである。
- Later a theory, which developed Mizuno's theory critically, was brought forth in the academic community of the studies of ancient history.
- 錦織は、家宅侵入罪に問われ禁固処分を受けるとともに、偏執的な行動が批判を受ける。
- NISHIGORI was accused of unlawful entry and was punished by imprisonment, and the public criticized his actions as paranoia.
- 997年(長徳3年)朝命を受けて宋から送られてきた「竜女成仏義」を批判している。
- In 997, upon the order of the Imperial Court, Keiso criticized 'Ryujo jobutsugi' (Principle of Attaining Buddhahood for Ryujo) sent from Sung Dynasty.
- 密教の一派「立川流 (密教)」を批判した書、『宝鏡鈔』を著したことでも知られる。
- Yukai is known as the author of the 'Hokyosho,' a commentary on the Tachikawa School of Esoteric Buddhism.
- こうして正義が確定される一方、中唐(8世紀中葉)になると注疏批判の動きが生じた。
- While the correct interpretation was established, criticism against annotation and interpretation arose during the mid-Tang period (around the middle of the eighth century).
- その中で『古語拾遺』を「斎部氏の衰廃を愁訴したるに過ぎざるのみ」と批判している。
- In it, he criticized 'Koji Shui' as just depicting the Inbe clan who had been complaining about their state and filing a petition.
- 彼は批判家連中が、彼の過ちならなんでも叩こうと待ち受けていることを承認していた。
- He knows that his critics are waiting to pounce on any slip that he makes.
- 日本語を廃止してフランス語を公用語にすべしと説いたこともしばしば批判されている。
- He was criticized for advocating the abolishment of Japanese and adoption of French as the official language.
- 8月には自由民権運動弾圧法の新聞紙条例や讒謗律を批判し禁錮・罰金刑を科せられる。
- In August of the same year, he was sentenced to imprisonment and fine for criticizing the Shinbunshi Jorei (Press Ordinance) and 'Zamboritsu' (Libel Law), designed to oppress 'Jiyu Minken Undo' (Movement for Liberty and People's Rights).
- さらに今日の歴史学では西欧中心の単線的な発展段階史観が強く批判されるようになった。
- In today's historical science, the unilinear evolution phase concept of history focused mainly on Western Europe is sharply criticized.
- 景観の悪化や、貴重な照葉樹林の損失など、むしろ弊害が大きく批判の対象となっている。
- Adverse effects including devastation of scenery and loss of precious laurel forest are prominent and it is subject to criticism.
- 更に戦国時代 (日本)の遺風を残した過酷な刑罰に対する批判も出てくるようになった。
- Furthermore, there was criticism against the harsh punishments which were left-over relics of the warring states period (Japan).
- しかし、時代はかわり、日本は戦争に敗れ、戦後となると記紀批判が行えるようになった。
- However, times changed; Japan was defeated in the war and people were able to criticize Kojiki and Nihon Shoki after the war.
- ただし立川流の教義・儀式は、批判弾圧した側の文献記述によるもので疑問視されている。
- However, the doctrine and ceremony of Tachikawa school was questioned with descriptions in the documents written by critics and repressing parties.
- 六代目菊五郎は踊らず馬を追うしぐさで演じたが、岡鬼太郎から踊るべきだと批判された。
- Kikugoro the sixth played it with gestures of chasing a horse, without a dance, but Onitaro OKA criticized him for not dancing.
- 闘茶に金品などの賭け事が絡んだこともあり、二条河原落首では闘茶の流行が批判された。
- Its popularity was also criticized in Nijo-gawara Rakushu (an anonymous poem with satire and criticism in it, put up in Nijo-gawara) because tocha was involved with gambling for money and goods.
- (私的な批判でさえ、あまり見られないし、あってもかなり口ごもった感じで行われる)。
- (even private criticism is unusual and tends to be muted in tone).
- 批判する者の中には、欧州中央銀行に課せられた目標が不適切であると考える者がいます。
- Among the critics are those who think that the objective set for the European Central Bank is not appropriate.
- 英国の作家で、小説が社会的な不当な扱いを表現し、批判した(1812年−1870年)
- English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)
- 後年、福澤はアジア諸国を蔑視し、侵略を肯定したアジア蔑視者であるとの批判を受けた。
- Later, some people argued that Yukichi was contemptuous of Asian countries and approved of invasion of these countries.
- 清盛に対する消極的な批判だったと思われるが、途中で呼び戻されて同道することになる。
- There seemed to have been quiet criticism of Kiyomori, but Munemori was summoned back midway through his journey and accompanied Kiyomori.
- また、古くから読み続けられてきた作品ではあるが、近代の一時期批判的に扱われていた。
- Though people have read the story since old days, it was treated critically for a certain period of time in the modern times.
- 「己ガ欲セザル所、コレヲ人ニ施スコト勿レ」と独善的な征韓論を批判しているのである。
- He thereby criticized the dogmatic Seikanron by saying, 'Do not do to the others what you do not want.'
- 10月に朝野新聞に移り編集長となるが政府批判問題で再び、禁固・罰金刑を科せられる。
- Although he moved to the Asano Shinbun (Asano Newspaper) to become the chief editor in October, he was again sentenced to imprisonment and fine for criticizing the government.
- わたしの批判者たちに対する弁明は、これである。 (コリント人への第一の手紙 9:3)
- My defense to those who examine me is this. (1 Corinthians 9:3)
- 反対派は、篤胤はさまざまな書物を恣意的に解釈して、強引に理屈をつけていると批判した。
- Anti-Atsutane group accused Atsutane, stating he interpreted many books arbitrary and made arguments forcefully.
- 一方で、そうした宣長流の註釈・解釈に異論を唱える立場からも様々な批判がなされている。
- On the other hand, there are various criticisms from people who oppose his commentaries and interpretations.
- しかもこれに対する批判は禁止されており、天皇を神格化する国家体制形成を大きく支えた。
- Furthermore, criticism against this was prohibited and Yasukuni-jinja Shrine strongly supported the formation of the national polity that deified the Emperor.
- しかし、その対照的な評価には、「内実を知らない浅薄な見方にすぎない」との批判がある。
- However, some evaluate the situation in a completely opposite way, criticising such opinions as 'nothing but the shallow view of someone who doesn't know the truth.'
- 江戸時代中期には、戸田茂睡・下河辺長流・契沖などにより中世歌学に対する批判が起きた。
- In the middle of the Edo period, Mosui TODA, Choryu SHIMOKOBE, Keichu and others criticized chusei kagaku (medieval poetics).
- この句は、長州藩(萩)を支持し、武蔵国出身の近藤・土方らを批判した句と言われている。
- It is said that, through this tanka, Tanaka supported Choshu (otherwise known as Hagi) clan and criticized Kondo and Hijikata who came from Musashi Province.
- 論語の各章に自説を載せ、次に朱子・伊藤仁斎・荻生徂徠の説を載せてこれを批判している。
- In each chapter of Rongo Analects, he included his own view followed by views of Chu His, Jinsai ITO and Sorai OGYU with his criticisms against them.
- 鎌倉幕府も朝廷政治の現状を状況を批判的に見る立場から朝廷に対して「徳政」推進を求めた。
- From the stance of being critical of the Imperial Court's situation, the Kamakura bakufu requested the promotion of the 'Tokusei.'
- 事態の長期化につれて子供を争いを材料にしているとして双方に対する世論の批判も高まった。
- With the prolonged situation, both sides were subjected to criticism that they took advantage of children during the conflict.
- また、後醍醐天皇の政策にも「正理」にそぐわないところがあると批判的な記事も載せている。
- Furthermore, Chikafusa criticizes aspects of Emperor Godaigo's policies that were inconsistent with right and correct principles.
- この発言の趣旨は当時蔓延していた財閥中心の腐敗した金権政治の風潮を批判したものだった。
- His speech, in effect, criticized the trend of the Zaibatsu (company syndicate)-oriented, venal money politics which had been prevailing at that time.
- 有司専制(ゆうしせんせい)とは、明治政府の藩閥官僚中心・超然主義の政府を批判した言葉。
- Yushi Sensei is a term criticizing the Meiji government for their domain cliques and transcendentalism.
- これは国民の「輿論公議」を重んじるとした『五箇条の御誓文』の精神に反すると痛烈に批判。
- It severely criticized contradiction to the spirit of 'The Charter Oath of Five Articles' which emphasized 'open discussion' by the public.
- 仮名垣魯文が風刺した漫画(河鍋暁斎筆)を「歌舞伎新報」に掲載させて批判し問題となった。
- The cartoon (drawn by Kyosai KAWANABE), which criticized the play, was published by Robun KANAGAKI in `Kabuki Shinpo' (Kabuki Newspaper), and caused controversy.
- 以後、これに対する修正や批判、新説の提唱が続き、多くの学説が並立する状況が続いている。
- Since then, corrections, criticisms, and the presentation of new theories have been successively presented to date, and still various theories are argued.
- 西郷の死により、武力による政府転覆ではなく、言論による政府批判へと時代は変わっていく。
- After the death of Saigo, times changed from the days of overthrowing the government by force of arms to an era where government could be criticized through freedom of speech.
- リアリズムに近い立場に立ちながら、窪田空穂、松村英一らは、アララギには批判的であった。
- Utsubo KUBOTA and Eiichi MATSUMURA were critical of Araragi though their views were bordering realism.
- 坪内逍遥らが近代文学を成立させるためにはそれまでの戯作に対する批判をする必要があった。
- It was necessary for Shoyo TSUBOUCHI and other writers to criticize Gesaku that had been written until then in order to bring the modern literature into existence.
- 自由主義経済への批判や、国家による労働者の保護および金銀複本位制度などの提唱を行った。
- He criticized free economy and advocated the gold and silver bimetallism and the protection of workers by the nation.
- そもそも戦前・戦中の天皇は主権者にして統治者であり、批判は許されなかった(絶対君主制)。
- First of all, Emperor was sovereign and a ruler before the World War II and during the World War II and no criticism was allowed (absolute monarchy).
- 欧米の一部には、これを新しい食文化の誕生を疎外するものであると批判的に見る向きもあった。
- Some Western countries considered that such plan might disturb the birth of a new food culture, and took a critical look at the plan.
- ルイス・フロイスは、秀吉のことを「極度に淫蕩で、獣欲に耽溺していた」と批判的に記述した。
- Loice Frois described about Hideyoshi critically as 'extremely amorous and hedonistic like a beast'.
- 当時のジャーナリズムは、その対比を旧派と新派の対立として扇動的に伝え、旧派が批判された。
- The journalism at that time reported the contrast inflammatorily as a confrontation between the old faction and the new faction.
- その後京都に戻って贅沢に暮らし、一族を引き連れて諸寺に詣でて藤原定家の批判を受けている。
- After that, she went back to Kyoto to live a luxurious life; she visited several temples accompanied by her family and followers, which drew criticism from FUJIWARA no Teika.
- これらの批判を踏まえ林野庁では、2008年より花粉発生源対策プロジェクトを立ち上げている。
- In response to these criticisms, the Forestry Agency launched countermeasures to combat the sources of pollen in 2008.
- そして自らの影響下にある京都市協議会名義で大会ごとに意見書を提出、本部批判の論陣を張った。
- Then, in the name of the Kyoto City Council, which was under the influence of Asada himself, he submitted a written opinion in each meeting and put out an argument to accuse the headquarter.
- ただしこのマスコミは創価学会についても痛烈な批判記事が掲載されていることでも知られている。
- But this press is known for publishing critical articles with a sharp tongue about Soka Gakkai.
- なお、1205年(元久2年)には興福寺奏状を起草し、法然の専修念仏を批判し、停止を求めた。
- In 1205, he drew up a report to the throne titled Kofuku-ji Sojo in which he criticized Honen's Senju Nenbutsu (the Single-Minded Recitation of the Nenbutsu) and asked for it to be stopped.
- また、(機能美までに至らない)実用性の重視、ブランドへの無批判な信仰と依存も野暮といえる。
- Also, an emphasis on practicality (which stops short of functional beauty), together with uncritical faith in and dependence on brand can be considered yabo.
- 日本古代史に真の意味での史料批判が展開されるのは大正期の津田左右吉を待たなければならない。
- It was not until there appeared Sokichi TSUDA in the Taisho era that criticism of ancient history in Japan actually began to develop.
- 直系・嫡系の皇位継承法説は奈良時代の詔を説明するには都合が良いが、多くの批判にさらされた。
- The direct line imperial succession code theory and the legitimate child imperial succession code theory are useful to explain the imperial edicts in the Nara period, however these theories had faced with many criticisms.
- また多くの日本人は、まえもって断りを入れた無作法に対しては寛容(あまり批判しない)である。
- Furthermore, many Japanese are tolerant (or less critical) of any improper manners if is notified in advance.
- しかし、定気法の採用については置閏法(閏月の置き方)がかえって複雑になったとの批判がある。
- However there was some criticism about introducing Teikiho, since it made Chijun-ho (a calendar system of setting the leap month) more complicated.
- スコット教授の最後の批判に関しては、前回の回答で述べたこと以外に付け加えるものは何もない。
- Regarding Professor Scott's final criticism I have nothing more to add to what I said in my previous reply.
- しかし一方では、北村透谷のように、「伽羅枕」に見られる古い女性観を批判する批評家もあった。
- On the other hand, some critics such as Tokoku KITAMURA criticized Koyo's old-fashioned view of women that was found in 'Kyara makura.'
- 朱熹は、心即理説を、社会から個人を切り離し、個人の自己修養のみを強調するものとして批判した。
- Hsi CHU criticized the Shinsokuri setsu in that the theory is to separate an individual from the society and emphasize only individual self-discipline.
- また、国学思想から来る尊王思想と結びついて「尊王攘夷」運動として幕府批判へつながっていった。
- In addition, the idea of restoring power to the emperor, found in the study of Japanese classical literature, combined with the idea of expelling foreigners, eventually forming 'Sonno Joi' Movement (the Movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) as a tool to revoke the bakufu government.
- また武士を招集しながら派遣しなかったことは「有れども亡きがごとき沙汰」と厳しく批判している。
- Moreover, he criticized 'although there are, it is same as nothing' for not sending samurai who had been summoned.
- さらに、大勢の変化といっても少数の支配層や個人の動向に視点が集中している(福沢諭吉の批判)。
- Furthermore, although he talks about changes in the general trends, his point of view focuses on the actions of the governing classes and a few individuals (the criticism of Yukichi FUKUZAWA).
- もっとも、江戸の庶民の批判に閉口したか、毛利家や松平家でも浪士たちの待遇を改めたようである。
- However, the Mori and the Matsudaira corrected the way they treated roshi, in response to criticism from commoners in Edo.
- これは浪士たちを厚遇した細川家と水野家を称賛し、冷遇した毛利家と松平家を批判したものである。
- It was to praise the Hosokawa family as well as the Mizuno family, who gave warm treatment, and to criticize the Mori family and the Matsudaira, who gave cold treatment.
- 頼山陽の『日本外史』では後醍醐天皇批判の一方で即位直後の親政に関しては肯定的評価をしている。
- In Sanyo RAI's 'Nihon Gaishi', although he criticizes Emperor Go-Daigo, he makes a positive evaluation of his government shortly after coronation.
- しかし晩年にはこのような軍事と造作が百姓を苦しめているとして藤原式家の藤原緒嗣に批判された。
- However, in Emperor Kammu's last years, FUJIWARA no Otsugu of the the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan criticized the Emperor for undertaking this kind of military action and said that the policy subjected farmers to great hardship.
- 『日本書紀』によれば、しばしば工事を起こすことを好んだため、労役の重さを見た人々が批判した。
- According to 'Nihonshoki' she liked to have construction work done, and was criticized by those who saw the burden to laborers.
- 政府や軍の活動に対する世論の批判を抑える目的として天皇の存在は大きく利用されることとなった。
- The existence of the Emperor was greatly used as a means to suppress criticism by public opinion against the government and the military.
- それを見た観客の中には合気道をインチキや馴れ合い、あるいは八百長であると批判する意見もある。
- Some audience who see it criticize aikido as bogus, cozy or fixed.
- しかし、スクリーンを引き合いに出すと、大衆の批判的な態度と寛容な態度はぴったり一致するのだ。
- With regard to the screen the critical and the receptive attitudes of the public coincide.
- 木下勝俊・戸田茂睡らに始まるこうした批判は、下河辺長流・契沖の『万葉集』研究に引き継がれた。
- The criticisms that started with Katsutoshi KINOSHITA and Mosui TODA continued in the research of 'Manyoshu' (The Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) conducted by Choryu (also pronounced 'Nagaru') and Keichu SHIMOKOBE.
- 当然のことながら当時言論の自由というものは存在せず、政治批判は極めて危険性の高い行為だった。
- That there was no freedom of speech in those days was a matter of course, and political criticism was a highly risky act.
- イマヌエル・カントの『純粋理性批判』と並び、明治時代・大正時代において学生の必読書とされた。
- Together with Kant's 'Critique of Pure Reason,' this book was a must read for students during the Meiji and Taisho periods.
- 元禄期には因襲性の批判から伝統への反省が生まれ、日本の古代精神を明らかにする国学が発生した。
- During the Genroku era, criticisms of conventions and traditions led to the appearance of kokugaku (the study of Japanese literature and culture) in order to interpret the essence of ancient literature.
- 一方、阿倍内親王の皇位継承に批判的と見られていた橘諸兄親子の勢力は次第に衰退することとなった。
- On the other hand, the power of TACHIBANA no Moroe and his father, who were considered to be critical to the succession of Imperial Princess Abe to the Emperor, declined gradually.
- 主として時の王朝に対する反乱勢力や批判勢力によって使用されたものが多く、使用期間は概して短い。
- Shinengo were mainly used by rebels and opponents against then existing dynasty, and their usage period were relatively short.
- 親鸞会はこれに反発し、再三にわたり質問状を送り、本願寺派に対する批判キャンペーンが展開される。
- Shinrankai repelled the article and repeatedly sent questionnaires, leading to a negative campaign against the Honganji school.
- これに対して既存の大乗仏教からは批判がなされたが、浄土教は念仏結社をつくるなど実践で対処した。
- The believers of conventional Mahayana Buddhism criticized these teachings, but the Jodo Sect rallied by forming Nenbutsu Kessha (groups for invocation of Buddha's name).
- また酔胡の演技も酒に酔って権威をなくしてしまった王を描いており、おおらかな批判精神がみられる。
- Also, the play of Suiko represents a king who lost his dignity as he drank, showing the generous hearted criticism.
- このような批判を受けて、明治時代から、演劇改良運動と呼ばれる歌舞伎様式の改良運動が進められた。
- Under these criticisms, a reform campaign of the style of Kabuki, which is called Theater Reform Campaign, was advanced during and after the Meiji period.
- これは暗号研究コミュニティによるレビュー、批判、検討、そしてさらなる発展のためにやったことだ。
- for review, critique, exploration, and further evolution by the cryptographic research community.
- 一方で、江戸期の国学振興においては本居宣長や頼山陽などの国学者が泰時を批判するようにもなった。
- Nevertheless, scholars of Japanese classical culture such as Norinaga MOTOORI and Raisanyo began to criticize Yasutoki in promoting the study of Japanese classical culture in the Edo period.
- 一方、田辺元や高橋里美などから西田哲学はあまりにも宗教的であり、実践的でないという批判された。
- On the other hand, Hajime TANABE and Satomi TAKAHASHI criticized the Nishida philosophy as being too religious to be practical.
- 1378年の祇園会では将軍義満の桟敷に世阿弥が近侍し、公家の批判をあびている(「後愚昧記」)。
- On the occasion of Gion-e in 1378, Zeami attended the box of Shogun Yoshimitsu and he was criticized by Kuge ('Gogumaiki,' the journal of Kintada SANJO).
- また海外通でありながら極端な洋化政策には批判的で、園遊会ではあえて和装で参内するなどしている。
- As he was critical of an extreme Westernization policy though he was knowledgeable of foreign countries, he dared to dress in kimono when attending a garden party.
- また、明治維新後は明治政府に対して否定的な部分を持つなど、権力の批判者であることを貫いている。
- He was quite critical of authority; after the Meiji Restoration he was sometimes negative against the Meiji government.
- 天平12年(740年)8月29日、広嗣は政治を批判し、吉備真備と玄昉の処分を求める上表を送った。
- Hirotsugu criticized politics and sent a memorial to the emperor to look for punishment of KIBI no Makibi and Genbo on September 28, 740.
- またフランスのルモンド紙が計画を批判する記事を掲載するなど、京都市外をも巻き込んだ論争となった。
- As the French newspaper Le Monde also published an article criticizing the plan, the dispute involved an entity outside the city.
- 信玄期以前においても『吾妻鏡』の史料批判による鎌倉時代の研究や、南北朝・室町期の研究も行われた。
- The study was conducted on the pre-Shingen era based upon the criticism of 'Azuma Kagami' as well as on the Northern and Southern period and the Muromachi period.
- 喜田貞吉は、改定されてもされなくても壬申年が元年に変わりないという点を指摘してこの説を批判した。
- Sadakichi KIDA criticized this theory by pointing out that the Jinshin year was the first year of an emperor's reign whether 'Chronicles of Japan' was revised or not.
- またこれ以降中華人民共和国国内の反日が強まったとの見地から、行なうべきでなかったとの批判が強い。
- Furthermore, from the standpoint that anti-Japanese sentiment in China became stronger after the visit, lots of people criticized the visit, saying that it should not have been carried out.
- また程頤に私淑した胡安国は『春秋』に注して『胡氏春秋伝』を著し、『周礼』に基づく新学を批判した。
- Additionally, Ko Ankoku, who adored Tei I (Cheng Yi), wrote annotation for 'Shunju' in 'Ko's Annotation of Spring and Autumn Annals,' and criticized the New learning, which was based on 'Rites of Zhou.'
- また、中国や西洋の流れに反して不定時法を暦法において公式に導入したことに関しても強い批判がある。
- Also there is a strong criticism for officially introducing the Japanese classical Timetable Method in the calendar, going against the influence of China and Europe.
- 室町幕府は表ではこうした扶持衆の行動を批判したものの、実際にはこれに物心様々な援助を与えていた。
- The Muromachi Bakufu superficially criticized the activities of the Fuchishu, whilst at the same time actually providing mental and material support.
- 平山によれば、福澤は支那(中国)や朝鮮政府を批判しても、民族そのものをおとしめたことはなかった。
- According to HIRAYAMA, it is the fact that Yukichi attacked the government of China and the government of Korea, but never looked down upon the races.
- 卑俗な滑稽を狙って卑猥な表現を直接的に歌っており、連歌への反意・批判の意図が感じられるとされる。
- It is said that haikairenga is poetry aiming at vulgar comedy written in obscene and explicit language with the intention of criticism on renga.
- 和歌改良を志す人々はその題詠による作歌・風雅な趣向を批判し、自由と個性を求める近代短歌を開いた。
- Criticized their overly pompous styles, a new breed of poets seeking to improve on the waka poetry opened up a new age for tanka that embodied freedom and individuality.
- この傾向は王心斎の一派にも見られ、それ故にもはや儒教ではなく 禅宗の学だという批判を招くに至った。
- This tendency was also seen in the Wang Xinzhai's group, which led to Yomeigaku being criticized as no longer Confucianism but Zen Buddhism teaching.
- その際、対外交渉を統括する大宰府が、これを越権行為として批判したが、忠盛は院宣によりこれを抑えた。
- Then, Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), which controlled foreign relations, criticized these as unauthorized activities, but Tadamori suppressed the criticism through inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor).
- この法に対する「万事・万物が逆で道も法もない」との批判は、このような事情を背景にした言葉であった。
- The criticism that 'Everything is the wrong way round, and there is neither a way nor law' stemmed from this state of affairs.
- 武田説については、このように大きな影響力を持ち、多くの賛同者を得た一方で激しい批判も数多く受けた。
- The TAKEDA theory was very influential and acquired many proponents, although it was strongly rejected by many people.
- これに対して、伊藤以外の憲法起草のメンバーである井上毅・伊東巳代治・金子堅太郎らは批判的であった。
- Other members who were involved in drafting of the Constitution, namely Kowashi INOUE, Miyoji ITO, and Kentaro KANEKO, were critical of transcendentalism.
- 自由民権運動の頃から批判の対象とされ、大正デモクラシーでは「閥族打破・憲政擁護」が合言葉とされた。
- It was the subject of criticism since the time of the Freedom and People's Rights and 'Dispel clique group. Defend constitutional government' was the slogan of Taisho Democracy.
- しかし、純正の日本に仏教という外来の不純な思想を持ち込んだとして、本居宣長などによって批判された。
- However, he was criticized by Norinaga MOTOORI and others saying that Kukai brought to pure Japan a foreign impure philosophy called Buddhism.
- シールによる千社札の普及が、古くからある千社札の伝統や決まりを乱していると批判の対象になっている。
- Prevalence of sticker type senjafuda has become a focus of criticism that it is violating the traditions and rules governing senjafuda.
- 職業画家を技法のみに拘泥するものと批判し、画家の内面性・精神性が表現されている絵画を高く評価した。
- He criticized professional painters for focusing only on techniques, and highly appreciated paintings that conveyed the mind and spirit of the painters.
- これに対して、周囲からは少年を利用して自分の都合のいいように証言させているに違いないと批判された。
- Those around Atsutane accused him saying he must have used the boy, making him testify to support Atsutane's idea.
- 英国の心理学者(ドイツ生まれ)で、知性と個性についての理論と、フロイト精神分析の強い批判で知られる
- a British psychologist (born in Germany) noted for his theories of intelligence and personality and for his strong criticism of Freudian psychoanalysis
- この中で誠太郎は、丑松が素性を打ち明ける際、教壇に跪いて生徒に詫びていることを批判的に捉えている。
- In that scene, Seitaro took a critical view toward the way how Ushimatsu begged for his students' forgiveness, putting on his knees on the classroom podium when he reveal his background.
- 翌年には同じく朝廷に献策していた長州藩の薩摩を批判する内容の勅書を改竄すると罪を問われて辞職する。
- In the same year, he resigned after being charged for doctoring the chousho (official document issued by Emperor) stating that the domain of Choshu, who also proposed action plans to the Imperial Court, criticized Satsuma.
- また、江戸幕府が官学とする朱子学と対立する陽明学者である蕃山は、保科正之・林羅山らの批判を受けた。
- And his thought (neo-Confucianism based on the teachings of Wang Yangming and his followers) was incompatible with that which was authorized by the Edo shogunate (also called neo-Confucianism, but based on the teachings of Zhu Xi and his followers), so Masayuki HOSHINA and Razan HAYASHI, both on the side of the establishment, criticized Banzan.
- 『東京流れ者』の虚無的なラストシーンが日活上役たちから大批判を受け、急遽、ラストシーンを撮り直す。
- The nihilistic ending scene of 'Tokyo Drifters' was met with scathing criticism from the Nikkatsu executives and Suzuki did the ending scene over in hurry.
- それは大久保が批判対象とする旧幕臣を飛び越して一連の政策立案の中心である大隈をその最大の対象とした。
- The above was mainly targeted at Okuma, who was a key person in a series of policy planning, rather than the former retainers of shogun whom Okubo criticized.
- そして、義満の朝廷政策に批判的であったとされる息子の足利義持もまた後小松上皇の院執事に就任している。
- And even Yoshimochi, who was Yoshimitsu's son and was allegedly critical about his father's policies against the Imperial Court, also assumed the post of In no shitsushi of the retired Emperor Gokomatsu.
- また裁判においては、かつて研究所の有力理事だった奈良本や井上が、研究所の対応を批判する証言を行った。
- Also, in the trial, Naramoto and Inoue, who were once leading directors of the Institute of Buraku Problem, gave testimony to criticize the Institute's approach.
- ところが18世紀末の黎朝末期のころになると、南越をヴェトナム王朝の正統とする史観に批判が加えられた。
- However, around the end of 18th century in the end of the Lê Dynasty, the historical view that regarded Lingnan as orthodox territory of the Vietnam dynasty came to be criticized.
- 日蓮は、法華経を一乗とする立場から、法華経に依らない仏教宗派を謗法(誹謗正法の略)だとして批判した。
- Nichiren, who believed in the Lotus Sutra as the single most important sutra of Buddhism, criticized Buddhist sects that were not founded on the faith in the Lotus Sutra as denigrating the true teachings of Buddhism.
- しかし、徳一の主張は最澄側の批判書に引用される形で部分的に残存しており、ある程度の復元が可能である。
- However, as the assertions by Tokuitsu were quoted by books from Saicho side critiquing the matter, they still remain in part and restoration has been possible to some degree.
- 一方、欧化政策を批判する国粋主義者は「嬌奢を競い淫逸にいたる退廃的行事」として非難の声を挙げていた。
- On the other hand, nationalists attacking the Europeanization policy criticized these events as being 'decadent functions leading to competition for lust and luxury and to indulgence in pleasure.'
- また僧侶の性交に対する批判を受けて、無上瑜伽も性交の実施ではなく性交の観想へと移行する動きもあった。
- As a response to criticism against priests' having sexual intercourse, the content of Anunttara-yoga was changed from a practice of having sexual intercourse to one in which intercourse was imagined.
- 彼女が夕食の席にいて、彼が話す間彼を批判的な詰問するような目で見上げることを考えると彼は怖気づいた。
- It unnerved him to think that she would be at the supper-table, looking up at him while he spoke with her critical quizzing eyes.
- 生涯にわたり京を巡り戦いを繰り広げているが、南朝の公家らの性急な京奪還論には、批判的だったとされる。
- Although he frequently battled over Kyoto throughout his lifetime, Masanori is considered to have been critical of theory of urgent regaining of Kyoto proposed by court nobles of the Southern Court.
- また、このときの議論で勲章と重複した制度であると批判があった褒章の廃止も検討されたが、据え置かれた。
- During this discussion, the abolishment of the medal system, which had been criticized for overlapping with the decoration system, was considered but postponed.
- 表面下の意味を徹底して調べて、根深い矛盾を露呈しようとする批判の哲学理論(通常文学、映画についての)
- a philosophical theory of criticism (usually of literature or film) that seeks to expose deep-seated contradictions in a work by delving below its surface meaning
- 『学問のすすめ』への批判は、特に第6編「国法の貴きを論ず」と第7編「国民の職分を論ず」に集中していた。
- Harsh critiques against Gakumon no Susume at the time were focused on the sixth volume 'Kokuho no totoki wo ronzu' (Consideration of the importance of national laws), and the seventh volume 'Kokumin no shokubun wo ronzu' (Consideration of the jobs of people).
- 薩長藩閥政府の正当性と民党批判を力説し、民党側の強い反発を引き起こして衆議院を解散させる一因となった。
- He stressed validity of the Satsuma-Choshu-dominated government and criticism of minto (general term of the political parties such as Liberal Party, Progressive Party and so on which conflicted with a han-dominated government when imperial Diet was inaugurated), which triggered strong backlash from minto and partly contributed to dissolution of the House of Representatives.
- 民友社は「平民主義」(平民的欧化主義)を標榜して政府による「欧化主義」を「貴族的欧化主義」と批判した。
- Minyu-sha promoted 'democratism' (commoner's Europeanism) and criticized 'Europeanism' by the government as 'aristocratic Europeanism'.
- また、(行基は)民間教化を行い政府を批判したとして養老元年(717年)に詔で糾弾された上で処分された。
- In 717, (Gyoki) was condemned by the imperial edict and was then punished for indoctrinating the populace and criticizing the government.
- 源信の迎講(むかえこう)には当初批判的であったがその後帰依し、源信の教を奉じて台密龍禅院流を形成した。
- Although Kanin was at first critical of Genshin's Mukae-ko, he came to believe in it and established the Daimitsu Ryuzenin-ryu school under the teaching of Genshin.
- 歴史学者の間では天皇が国家統治機構の前面に登場する近代以前の国家体制に適用することに対して批判もある。
- Some historians are against applying the word Tennosei to the state system before recent times because the Emperor was not in the front line of the national governing system.
- 空海が『三教指帰』により道教とともに批判するなど、仏教の隆盛も、律令儒教の衰退の原因のひとつとなった。
- With Kukai criticizing it along with Taoism in 'Sango ishiki,' the prosperity of Buddhism was one of the causes for the decline of Ritsuryo Ju-kyo.
- また、実際には地域住民には食べられておらず、観光客に供されるだけの「郷土料理」が多いという批判がある。
- In addition, criticism surrounds the many local dishes that are in fact not eaten by local residents but only served to tourists.
- また漢唐訓詁学の語義のみを重視する解釈学を批判し、その中身である道徳精神を重視する学問が打ち出された。
- Additionally, they criticized the interpretation learning of old words of Han and Tang, which was an interpretation learning focusing solely on meaning of words, and a learning focusing on the moral spirit implied was put forth.
- 二条河原の落書において「還俗」が批判に挙げられたのは隆資の事を念頭に置いたものであるとも言われている。
- It is thought that criticizing 'the returning to secular life' in the Lampoon at Nijo river beach was intended to imply Takasuke's acts.
- 写本自体が私有され非公開である、などの理由で史料批判がなされる予定がなく、史料として使えないものも多い
- It includes many documents that cannot be used as historical material because academic consideration as historical material is not possible because the manuscript is privately owned and not open to the public.
- 水平社は後に言論の圧迫を批判し、『破戒』に対しても「進歩的啓発の効果」があげられるとし、評価している。
- Later, Suiheisha criticized this suppression of free speech, and even praised 'Hakai' as having 'contributed to progressive enlightenment'.
- しかし、独裁的な権限を手中にするようになった宰平に対しては、住友内部から批判の声が起こるようになった。
- However, criticisms from the inside of Sumitomo were raised to Saihei who gained the dictatorial authority.
- 新仏教の台頭に対抗して、旧仏教の側は念仏批判をし、戒律を重んじて、腐敗している旧仏教内部の革新を進めた。
- In their struggle to oppose the rise of these new sects, the old guard of Buddhism criticized the nenbutsu (prayer to Amida Buddha) and honored the traditional precepts, making progress in revitalizing the decaying edifice of old Buddhism from within.
- 九州王朝説は現在のところ、日本古代史の学界からは「批判・検証を受ける段階に無い」と見られ黙殺されている。
- The Kyushu dynasty theory is currently ignored as it was regarded as `not at the stage where it is to be criticized or investigated' by the academic society on ancient Japanese society.
- 『栄花物語』は『大鏡』とは対照的に批判精神に乏しく、物語性を重要視するあまり、史実との齟齬を多く有する。
- Compared to 'Okagami' (The Great Mirror),' Eiga Monogatari' has less of a critical spirit, and it treats the narrative as being so important that the descriptions are often inconsistent with history.
- 愛国公党は、天賦人権論に立ち、専制政府を批判して、天皇と臣民一体(君民一体)の政体を作るべきと主張した。
- The Aikokukoto Party supported the Tenpu-jinken-ron (theory of natural human rights), criticized autocratic government and insisted on creating a constitution which unifies the Emperor and his subjects (Kunmin ittai).
- 山口は1907年3月、封建的家族制度を痛烈に批判する論考「父母を蹴れ」を平民新聞(第59号)に寄稿した。
- YAMAGUCHI had contributed an article of argument and consideration titled 'Kick the parents' to Heimin Shinbun (Commoner's Newspaper) (No.59) in March 1907, severely criticizing the feudal family system.
- 明末に朱子学に対する批判が起こると、「修身斉家治国平天下」(『大学』)という儒教思想にも変化が起こった。
- When the criticism against Neo-Confucianism was stirred up in the end of the Ming era, there also were changes in the Confucian philosophy of '修身斉家治国平天下' (in order to put 'Tenka' in order, first train one's own moral, then put own family in order, then put the nation in order, and finally bring peace into Tenka) ('Daigaku' [the Great Learning]).
- 布教にあたっては正信の証として現世利益を強調することが強く、加えて他宗・他宗教に対する批判も激しかった。
- Its preaching emphasized the Genseriyaku as proof of the right religion, and strongly criticized other sects and religious groups.
- 同時代では、早くも天皇側近の北畠親房が『神皇正統記』において保守的公家観から新政策への批判を加えている。
- In this period, Chikafusa KITABATAKE already criticized this new politics in his book, Jinno Shotoki (Chronicles of the Authentic Lineages of the Divine Emperors), from a conservative aristocratic perspective.
- このことによって天皇の権威は復活したが、幕府は当初、公武合体により、反幕勢力の批判を封じ込めようとした。
- From this incident the authority of the Emperor was restored, but at first, the bakufu tried to stop the criticism from anti-bakufu forces by carrying out Kobu-gattai (reconciliation between the Imperial Court and the shogunate).
- 近江令説に対する批判としては、大宝律令が施行された後の段階で近江令を「不改常典」と呼ぶ矛盾が指摘される。
- The criticism toward the Omi-Ryo theory points out the contradiction of calling Omi-Ryo 'Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' even after the Taiho Code had been enacted.
- 武蔵の養子伊織が残した武蔵の記録は、生前の武蔵を知る者によって書かれたことから無批判に用いる傾向が強い。
- The information from Iori is often believed as historical fact, because Iori is considered to have known Musashi well while he had been alive.
- 他人の批判の対象となることに対する恐怖症(広場恐怖症を除く)(人前で食事をすることや、話をすることなど)
- any phobia (other than agoraphobia) associated with situations in which you are subject to criticism by others (as fear of eating in public or public speaking etc)
- (また、金ヶ崎の戦いで信長自身が同様の行為をしているが、批判の対象とされてないことも考慮すべきである。)
- (Besides, at the Battle of Kanagasaki, Nobunaga himself did the same kind of thing, but the fact that his act is not under criticism should be considered.)
- 一方その立合いは、中腰で拳を相手の鼻先に突き出すもので、傍若無人の批判もあり、相手力士からも嫌がられた。
- In addition to that, his tachiai (initial stance at the beginning of sumo) was criticized as impudence because of the style to push his fist in a half-sitting posture toward his opponent, and the other sumo wrestlers also hated it.
- 九条兼実は、一切要求を認めないとしながら、大衆がやってきた途端に要求を認めるのは「朝政に似ぬ」ものと批判。
- Kanezane KUJO severely criticized 'this is not what Imperial Court government is supposed to do' to accept a demand soon after the daishu came despite the original policy that disallow any demand.
- 民友社は政府主導の鹿鳴館文化を貴族的欧化であると見なし、平民的欧化主義の立場から政府批判を繰り返していた。
- Minyu-sha saw the Rokumeikan-bunka Culture, led by the government, as an aristocratic Europeanism and continued to criticize the government from the position of the commoners' Europeanism.
- つまり列強に対しては義和団をあてる一方で、列強に妥協的だという理由で李鴻章らを媚外として批判したのである。
- While placing Boxers against the allied western powers, they criticized Li Hongzhang for compromising with the allied western powers.
- 四箇格言(しか、しこ・かくげん、しかのかくげん)とは、日蓮宗の宗祖日蓮が他の仏教宗派を批判したものである。
- Shika (or Shiko) Kakugen (or Shika no Kakugen) (Four Criticisms) refers to the criticisms expressed by Nichiren, the founder of Nichiren Buddhism, against other Buddhist sects that existed in his time.
- 「三条教則批判」の中で、政教分離、信教の自由を主張、神道の下にあった仏教の再生、大教院からの分離を図った。
- He also advocated politico-religious separation, freedom of faith in 'Sanjo-kyosoku Hihan' and worked for the revival of Buddhism which was placed under Shintoism, and the separation from Daikyoin (Great Teaching Institute).
- 生活域に近い神籠石の場合、遺構中からの発掘物が無批判に神籠石の性格を規定できるものではないのも当然である。
- In the case of kogo-ishi near to living areas, it is natural that the defining characteristics of kogoishi cannot be identified through the materials excavated from the ruins.
- また、覚猷は仏教界の要職を歴任しながら、当時の仏教界と政治のあり方に批判的な眼を持っていたともされている。
- At the same time, Kakuyu is believed to have been critical of Buddhist society, as well as the politics of the time, in spite of the fact that he successively held important posts in Buddhist society.
- その第一は、嫡系継承法説への批判で、嫡子がいない天智天皇に嫡系継承法を制定する動機はないというものである。
- The first criticism is against the legitimate child imperial succession code theory, which says that Emperor Tenchi who had no legitimate child had no motive to institute the legitimate child imperial succession code.
- さらにこのような模刻に対する批判は、それを用いて伝承されて来た法帖自体に対する疑惑と碑への傾倒に発展した。
- The criticism against mokoku then raised doubts about the hojo which had been handed down using the method and promoted respect for monuments.
- リベラル派や保守派・リバータリアンは全体主義を批判するけれども、まったく詐欺師・偽善者もいいところである。
- The liberals and conservatives and libertarians who lament totalitarianism are phonies and hypocrites.
- 自己宣伝は、コミュニティがそこから何か得るものがあるように見えるときでさえ、容赦なく批判されることが多い。
- self-promotion tends to be mercilessly criticized, even when the community might appear to have something to gain from it.
- そうなればいつの日かわたしより長生きしたものたちが、わたしを批判する材料としてその遅れを使うかもしれない。
- as to give occasion to those who shall survive me to make it matter of reproach against me some day,
- 書名の由来は、この書物の前半部分が『太平記』が今川家を軽んじていると難じている(批判している)ことにある。
- The first half of this book criticizes that 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) thought little of the Imagawa family, from which the title of the book came.
- 歴史書においては、成立時期を遡って主張されている場合が多く、その時期を検証することが史料批判の出発点となる。
- In history books, there are many cases in which the time of their completion is asserted to be earlier than it was, and thus verifying the time of their completion has become the starting point for criticicism of historical materials.
- しかし日本における家父長的家族制度に批判的な視線を投げかけたことにより、徐々に西欧的結婚観への支持を広げた。
- However, because it showed a critical stance against a family system of patriarchal authority in Japan, a view of marriage in Western style had been gradually spread.
- 戦後の部落解放運動の歴史のうえで、部落問題の視点による天皇制批判の好材料としてたびたび議題に上げられてきた。
- In the history of the postwar Buraku (discriminated communities) Liberation Movement, it has been raised as a good example to criticize the Emperor system from the point of view of Buraku problems.
- 平氏政権、後白河法皇には批判的で、源頼朝の推挙で摂政、ついで関白となり、以後摂関職は近衛家と九条家から出る。
- Kanezane was critical of the Taira clan administration and Pope Goshirakawa; he became regent by recommendation of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and then chief advisor to the Emperor, whereupon the Konoe and Kujo families took positions as regents to the emperor.
- 元明天皇即位詔の二番目の不改常典、「不改常典と立てられた食国法」は、皇位継承法説に対する重要な批判点である。
- The second citation on Fukai-no-Joten in the edict of Empress Genmei, 'the law of the nation's governance legislated as Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' is an important point of criticism toward the imperial succession code theory.
- 例えば、願書類の宛先が「老中」とある場合、個別領主の家老なのか、幕府の老中を指すのか、史料批判が必要になる。
- For example, when it is found that 'Roju' was written in an application form, it is necessary to conduct historical investigations to determine whether it indicated Karo under a lord or Roju at the bakufu.
- しかし東林党に入った陽明学の人々は右派が中心であったため、陽明学左派の行き過ぎた思想・行動には批判的であった。
- But as most of the Yomeigaku people who joined Dongling were the right-wingers, Dongling was critical of the excessive ideas and actions of the Yomeigaku's left-wing.
- 一方で朱熹は、陳亮ら功利学派(事功学派)を、個人の自己修養を無視して社会関係のみを重視していると批判している。
- On the other hand, Hsi CHU criticized Liang CHEN and others of the utilitarianism school sect (事功学派) that the theory ignored individual self-discipline and valued only the social relation.
- 「慎機論」などによる幕政批判の罪で渡辺崋山は伝馬町入牢ののち、国元蟄居(その後自殺)、高野長英は入牢となった。
- Kazan WATANABE was put in prison in Denmacho town for criticizing the bakufu in 'Shinkiron' (personal document criticizing the bakufu) and then was confined to his house (later committed suicide), and Choei TAKANO was sent to prison.
- 新政を批判したものとして、1334年(建武 (日本)元年)8月には新政を風刺した『二条河原の落書』が書かれる。
- In the eighth month of 1334, as a criticism of the new government, a satire of the government called 'Scribblings by the Nijo Riverbed' was published.
- 明治憲法制定により帝国議会が開設されるまでの間、自由民権派は御誓文の実現を求めて政府に対する批判を繰り返した。
- Until Imperial Diet was introduced based on Meiji Constitution, the Freedom and People's Rights group criticized the government repeatedly demanding realization of Charter Oath.
- 平民主義を唱える民友社の徳富蘇峰らは「貴族的欧化主義」では何も生み出さないと批判して「下からの欧化」を唱えた。
- People of the Minyusha (Friends of the Nation) including Soho TOKUTOMI, who insisted on Heimin Shugi (commoner-ism), advocated the 'Europeanization from below' by criticizing 'Aristocratic Europeanism' for being nonproductive.
- また禅僧の素養として抹茶を中心とした茶道があったが、厳しい批判眼を持つ売茶翁の目には、形式化したものに映った。
- And although the way of tea, and especially Matcha (powdered green tea), remained one of Zen priests' most basic elements, to the fiercely critical and discerning eye of Baisao, it appeared to be a mere empty formality.
- 近年、このような葬儀や法事に依存した日本仏教の状況を批判する意味で、葬式仏教という言葉が使われるようになった。
- People began to use the term 'Soshiki-Bukkyo' recently for criticizing the situation of Japanese Buddhism which depends on funerals and memorial services.
- 第二次世界大戦が終わると、共産主義や近代政治学(前記の丸山眞男ら)の立場などから天皇制批判が数多く提議された。
- After World War II, there came numerous criticisms of the Tennosei from the perspective of communism and modern political science (from people such as Masao MARUYAMA who was mentioned above).
- この説への批判者は、天皇家が自家の継承まで委ねるほど藤原氏に奉仕しなければならないと考えた動機が不明だとする。
- Those who criticize this theory insist that it is not understandable why the Emperor's family had to think that it needed to give facilitations to the Fujiwara clan to the degree that the Emperor's family entrusted its own succession to the hand of the Fujiwara clan.
- ――そしてストールマンを批判するのに、修正済みの古いバグを根拠にするのは、とてもよくないこととされるだろう。
- ?and it would be considered extremely bad form to criticize Stallman for old Emacs bugs that have since been fixed.
- 国学の方法論は、国学者が批判の対象とした伊藤仁斎の古義学や荻生徂徠の古文辞学の方法から大きな影響を受けている。
- Yet the methodology of Kokugaku was heavily influenced by Jinzai ITO's Kogigaku (a Confucian school) and by Sorai OGYU's Kobunjigaku (study of ancient rhetoric) even though Kokugaku scholars criticized these schools.
- 28歳でいったん会津に戻り日新館教授となり、蘭学所を開設して教授になるが、守旧派批判により1年間の禁足処分に。
- He returned to the Aizu Domain and became a professor of the Nisshinkan school when he was 28 years old, and then opened a place for Dutch studies and served as the professor, but he was placed in confinement for one year because he criticized the old-guard crony.
- 鎖国体制・幕藩体制を批判し、それに代わり得るあたらしい国家と社会の構想を「公共」と「交易」の立場から模索した。
- He criticized national isolation and the shogunate system, and groped for alternative concepts for new state and society from a point of view of 'public' and 'commerce'.
- 1870年に開拓使を批判して職を辞してからは余生を著述に過ごしたが、死の前年まで全国歴遊はやめなかったという。
- In 1879 he criticised the Hokkaido Development Commissioner, and after resigning from his post, spent the remainder of his life as a writer, travelling the country up to the year before he died.
- 翌、昭和11年(1936年)6月、岩波書店の『思想』誌上に発表した「天津教古文書の批判」により偽書と証明した。
- The next year, in June 1936, he proved in 'Criticism on ancient documents of Amatsukyo' published by 'Shiso' of Iwanami Shoten, that they were apocryphal.
- 慶応元年(1865年)に観行院が亡くなると、終生、和宮に尽くし、和宮を批判する天璋院や大奥御年寄らと対立した。
- Even after Kangyoin died in 1865, she remained royal to Princess Kazunomiya throughout her life, while being in conflict with Tenshoin or Otoshiyori of O-oku who criticized the princess.
- なお、この九州鉄道の社長時代にしばしば山陽鉄道を利用したが、そのスピード運行ぶりには批判的な感想を残している。
- By the way, although he sometimes used Sanyo Railway when he was the president of Kyushu Railway, he left critical comments on its speed.
- また、会所に集う人々によって、その場は「乱れがわし」くなり、また、「無礼ノ事多」かった、と批判的に書かれている。
- In addition, it also criticized that such places became a 'disturbance' and 'had many rude activities' done by people who gathered at kaisho.
- それでも在野精神旺盛な福澤は、明六社にあってやや異色なところがあって、他の在官啓蒙家たちに批判的な部分があった。
- Nevertheless, Fukuzawa who had an active spirit of out of power was somewhat unique and had a critical view against other keimoka in governmental positions.
- 明治に入ってからも『栽培経済論』を表して文明開化を痛烈に批判して農本主義・鎖国体制の堅持・国産品推奨を主張した。
- Entering the Meiji period, he expressed 'Saibai Keizairon' (literally, 'the theory of cultivating the economies') and severely criticized cultural enlightenment, asserting agricultural fundamentalism, national seclusion and the use of domestically produced goods.
- 長徳3年(997年)には、中国の北宋から送られてきた天台宗に関する書物について師である実因とともに批判している。
- In 997, together with his teacher Jitsuin, he criticized a book on the Tendai sect which was sent from Baisong, China.
- 法然没後の弟子たちによる本願・念仏に対する解釈の違いから、のちに浄土宗西山派などからの批判を受ける事につながる。
- Different interpretations of Hongan and Nenbutsu by the apprentices after Honen's death made Seizan and other Schools of Jodo Shu criticize Shinran.
- これに対しては、「消費者権利の拡大」と賛同的に取る立場と、「酒造技術の低下を招くもの」と批判的に取る立場がある。
- Some understood this affirmatively as an 'expansion of the rights of consumers' and the other understood critically as 'inducing the degrading of sake brewing technology.'
- 毛奇齢は朱子学の主観的な経書解釈を批判し、経書をもって経書を解釈するという客観的な経書解釈の方向性を打ち出した。
- Mo Kirei criticized the subjective Keisho interpretation by Neo-Confucianism, and set forth a direction for an objective Keisho interpretation of interpreting Keisho by Keisho.
- そして選挙で選ばれた責任ある政府は、重要な現存している事柄にはつきものの、注視と批判を浴びることになったのです。
- and elective and responsible government became subject to the observations and criticisms which wait upon a great existing fact.
- わたしたちは、今日の映画が社会に対してや、財産の再分配において、革新的な批判を推進するということを否定はしない。
- We do not deny that in some cases today's films can also promote revolutionary criticism of social conditions, even of the distribution of property.
- というのは、土台は危険なもので、権力はあまりに遠くへと行き過ぎた批判派を圧殺するだけの力を手にしていたからです。
- for the ground was dangerous, a power being at hand competent to crush the critic who went too far.
- 後者は、そのような形態の本はむしろ書名に合わせるために後世の人間によって再編されたものではないかとの批判もある。
- The latter has met the criticism that such a form of texts would have been re-edited by later redactors to justify the title.
- だが、江戸時代に入ると、木下勝俊や戸田茂睡によって批判され、後に国学による独自の歌学研究が勃興することとなった。
- However, early in the Edo period, it was criticized by Katsutoshi KINOSHITA and Mosui TODA, and later, original study of waka based on the study of Japanese classical literature began its rise.
- この他に都市ブルジョワ層や貧困層、博徒集団に至るまで当時の政府の方針に批判的な多種多様な立場からの参加も見られた。
- In addition to these two groups that led the movement, many people from various social backgrounds, including city bourgeoisie, the poor, and gamblers, who shared the opposition to the government, joined the movement.
- と同時に、こうした行動を通して、仏教の権威や形骸化を批判・風刺し、仏教の伝統化や風化に警鐘を鳴らすものでもあった。
- At the same time, it was also a way to criticize and satirize the decline Buddhism, and the growth of an authoritarian strain, and to raise an alarm at the wearing down and ossification of Buddhism.
- いずれも一見単純な明るい笑いの画のようでありながら、深い批判精神を含む作品群であり、鳥羽僧正の作に擬せられている。
- Although at a glance these works appear to be simple, cheerful and humorous paintings, they are rich with satire spirit and are assumed to be Toba Sojo's works.
- ただし上記のように法然や道元のような鎌倉時代の宗祖たちには、女人禁制に批判的であった人物がいたことにも留意したい。
- However, it should be noted that there were founders of sects in the Kamakura period, such as Honen and Dogen, who were critical of nyonin kinsei.
- ただし、新幹線のような超高速列車には批判的な見解を示し、「新幹線ができてから、旅に風情がなくなった」と嘆いていた。
- However, he was critical of the ultra-high-speed trains such as the shinkansen (a.k.a., the bullet train), lamenting that 'after the shinkansen was completed, the elegance of travel was lost.'
- もしも著作権の存在を支持する代わりに批判したいのであれば、「著作権による制限」という表現を用いることができます。
- If you want to criticize copyright instead of supporting it, you can use the term ``copyright restrictions.''
- けれども、かれが批判の言葉を考えつくより早く、クーペが止まり、路肩に停まるようにと、デイジーがサインを送ってきた。
- but before he could invent a protest the coupe came to a stop, and Daisy signaled us to draw up alongside.
- また、和語通音を絶賛していた本居宣長からは、垂加神道に基づく古典の解釈がこじつけが多く非学問的だと批判されている。
- In addition, Norinaga MOTOORI, who gave wago tsuon the highest praise, criticized that his theories were not academic, because there were a lot of strained interpretations about classics based on Suika Shinto.
- 以上のように、第一の本妻に対しては、好色な老女として厳しく批判されているが、その分生き生きとした描写になっている。
- As mentioned above, the first lawful wife was described as a lecherous woman, which makes the work lively.
- 一方で、皇国史観的な立場からは承久の乱で朝廷を打ち負かし三人の上皇を流罪にしたことが尊皇の心に欠けると批判された。
- On the other hand, from the point of view of Imperial Court history, her victory over the Emperor in the Joykyu Disturbance and the exiling of three former Emperors is seen as lacking respect for the Imperial Court.
- 藩閥政治に対する批判者であったが、非藩閥の陸奥宗光からは引き続き可愛がられ、朝鮮政府の法律顧問や駐米公使を務める。
- Munemitsu MUTSU, not a member of hanbatsu, continued to favor HOSHI who was critical of the oligarchic government dominated by hanbatsu, and HOSHI served as law advisor to the Korean government, and also as a minister-counselor to the United States.
- 一方で、蘭学への長崎通詞の寄与を軽視しており、青木・野呂ら、杉田玄白以前の蘭学について正確ではないとの批判がある。
- Some are critical to this book, however, arguing that it neglects contributions of Dutch interpreters in Nagasaki to Dutch studies, and that it did not accurately describe scholars of Dutch studies such as Aoki and Noro who were predecessors of Genpaku.
- これを機縁として、薩長藩閥による政権運営に対する批判が自由民権運動となって盛り上がり、各地で政治結社がおこなわれた。
- Following this statement, criticism of oligarchy by Satsuma and Choshu clans grew into the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, and political associations were established in various places.
- 彼は「元気」を根元的な実在として朱熹の理説を批判し、「元気の上に物無く、道無く、理無し」として気の優位性を主張した。
- He preached that 'fundamental existence' was the original existence and criticized the theory of Chu His, claiming the superiority of Qi as 'no thing, no principle or no law over fundamental existence.'
- 作品の評価は完成度の点で高くないとされるが、後鳥羽院の描いた王政復古の夢をやや批判的に首尾一貫した姿勢で書いている。
- The work is not valued highly, and it consistently and mildly criticizes Gotoba in's dream of the restoration of Imperial rule.
- 意思の弱い人は批判の的になる。だから友だちでさえも、その欠点を直せるものならとおもってかれをいじめようとするだろう。
- A man of weak will is the target of criticism; even his friends would badger him into correcting his defects.
- だが、一度苦境に立つと出家して挽回すると還俗するという隆資の行動に対して仏教を愚弄しているという批判が浴びせられた。
- Meanwhile, he was harshly criticized for making a mockery of Buddhism, because when he faced a predicament, he became a priest, and as the difficulty passed, he quit the priesthood to return to secular life.
- 彼はフィレンツェからメディチ家を追い出したが、教皇を批判したことで、後に破門され処刑された(1452年−1498年)
- he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope (1452-1498)
- また、これに関連して「生かさず殺さず」の姿勢で百姓を支配しようとした事やキリシタンに対する厳しい弾圧への批判も多い。
- Furthermore, concerning this, there are many criticisms as well for having controlled farmers in the posture of 'Do not kill them nor make them live' and for the harsh repression of Christians.
- こうした風潮は江戸時代前期まで慣習法として継続されるが、文治政治への転換の中で儒学者達からの批判を受けることとなった。
- This tide remained as the common law up to the early part of the Edo period; and when the government changed its policy to bunjiseiji (civil government), it was criticized by Confucians.
- しかし、この「会盟」形式は、天皇と諸侯とを対等に扱うものであり王政復古 (日本)の理念に反するという批判にさらされた。
- However this 'kaimei' which treated equally the Emperor and lords was criticized that it was against the principle of Restoration of Imperial Rule.
- しかし、長暦2年(1038年)頃に両者の対立から宿曜道側が暦道の批判に回ったという(『春記』長暦2年11月27日条)。
- However, in about 1038 a conflict arose between them, and the scholars of sukuyodo began criticizing those of rekido (according to an entry in 'Shunki (Spring Tale)' dated December 31, 1038).
- 後に谷干城の懇話会や民党の立憲改進党などと連携して対外硬路線を採り、政府の超然主義・藩閥政治・条約改正路線を批判した。
- Later it supported a hard-line foreign policy collaborating with the Konwa-kai of Tateki TANI and the Constitutional Progressive Party of minto, and criticized government for its policy of transcendentalism, han-dominated politics and treaty revision.
- 士族制度は早い段階で形骸化し、貴族院 (日本)に依拠する少なからぬ特権を有した華族制度に対しても批判は少なくなかった。
- The warrior class turned out to be a mere shell in the early stage, and the peerage system, in which a good deal of privilege relating to the House of Peers was given, stirred up criticism.
- その一方、有識者が勅任により議員となる制度が存在し、良くも悪くも「衆議院のカーボンコピー」という批判は存在しなかった。
- There was also a system for yushikisha (people well-informed about rules of ceremonies and rituals) to become councilors appointed by the Emperor,so for better or worse, there was no criticism towards the Kizokuin for being 'a carbon copy of the House of Representatives.'
- しかし、流派関係者や文化人からの批判が相次ぎ、新聞紙上でも論争が起きて「鵺的射法」とまで揶揄されるまでに不評であった。
- However, it was criticized by schools and cultural figures and also disputed in papers, being unfavorably received so much that it was ridiculed to be 'Nue-mato shaho (the slippery art of shooting an arrow).'
- 特定の政党の支持や商業主義に走ることを良しとせず、国民主義の立場から時には舌鋒鋭く政府を批判した反骨の精神で知られる。
- The Nippon neglected supports from particular political parties and commercialism and was known by the spirit of defiance of sharply criticizing the government from the standpoint of the public.
- 現今の女性天皇の議論において「神道儀礼」について加味されないのは、祭祀継承を旨とする天皇家を無視すると言う批判もある。
- In the current argument about female Emperors, since the 'Shinto ceremony' was not discussed, there is some criticism that there was no consideration by the Imperial Family who succeeded the ritual.
- 翌年、病に伏せった孝謙上皇は、看病に当たった弓削氏の僧・道鏡を寵愛するようになるが、それを批判した淳仁天皇と対立する。
- The next year, Retired Empress Koken came to favor Buddhist monk Dokyo of the Yuge clan, who took care of her when she was taken with ill, which caused another conflict with Emperor Junnin who criticized her behavior.
- 記述の一部には、六代勝事記からの引用と思われる同内容のものがあり、漢籍などを引用して後鳥羽上皇に対する批判が書かれる。
- A part of the book seems to have been quoted from Rokudai Shojiki (war tales concerning six Emperors), and it contains a criticism of the Retired Emperor Gotoba, citing some Chinese classic books.
- 慶長19年(1614年)大坂の役で徳川方につく父可重らを批判したことで廃嫡され、母(遠藤慶隆娘)と供に京都に隠棲する。
- He was disinherited because he criticized his father Arishige KANAMORI and others who supported the Tokugawa clan at the Siege of Osaka in 1614, and began to live in seclusion with his mother (daughter of Yoshitaka ENDO) in Kyoto.
- ローマカトリック教会の彼による批判は改革を導いたが、暴力に反対し、マルチン・ルターを非難した(1466年−1536年)
- although his criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther (1466-1536)
- 最晩年に示された「絶対矛盾的自己同一」は、哲学用語と言うより宗教用語のように崇められたり、逆に厳しく批判されたりした。
- The 'absolutely paradoxical identity theory' shown in his last years was evaluated or harshly criticized as being a religious term as opposed to a philosophical term.
- 英一やその門人である山本友一は土屋文明系の渋谷嘉次と論争を行い、文明に代表されるアララギの作風のぎごちなさを批判する。
- Eiichi and his pupil, Tomoichi YAMAMOTO, criticized the awkward literary style of Araragi, and frequently argued with 渋谷嘉次, the pupil of Bunmei TSUCHIYA, who represented Araragi.
- 安永6年(1777年)亀井冥南の影響で皆川淇園の家塾に入門し、『元衍』の著述に専念、陰陽五行説に基づく旧態医学を批判。
- Influenced by Nanmei KAMEI, he enrolled in a government-backed school operated by Kien MINAGAWA and immersed himself in writing the book 'Genen' (Fundamental Flow), whereby he criticized the old-fashioned medicine based on Onmyo-gogyo-setsu (Chinese traditional pseudo-science built on five elements).
- 例えば石井進の国衙軍制論を発展させるとして、「国衙軍制」を中心に武士を論ずる下向井龍彦は「武士職能論」を激しく批判する。
- For example, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI who argued that bushi centered around 'the kokuga forces system' to develop 'the theory of the kokuga forces system' and greatly opposed 'the theory of samurai function' of Susumu ISHII.
- 京都府連執行部内で多数派を形成していた三木一平副委員長、塚本景之書記長ら共産党グループは、朝田の批判を快く思わなかった。
- The Japanese Communist Party faction, including Ippei MIKI, a vice-chairman, and Kageyuki TSUKAMOTO, a general secretary, who accounted for the majority of the Kyoto Federation executives, were offended at Asada's criticisms.
- 但し、この説は仮定を重ねている部分も多く、推論の過程に誤りが含まれているといった批判もあり、仮定の域を出るものではない。
- However this view is generally based on the other assumptions, which are said to contain errors in the process of making inferences, so it remains a matter of conjecture.
- このように「天下」概念に対する検討・批判が加えられたが、このころの「天下」はいまだに中華帝国を中心として捉えられている。
- As seen in the above, there were a lot of studies and criticisms concerning the notion of 'Tenka,' but at the time 'Tenka' was still understood as the one with the Chinese empire in its center.
- 当時は儒学者・国学者の間から仏教批判が起こり、円通は仏教の衰退は天文地理の研究から始まると考え、インドの暦学を修学した。
- At the time, Buddhism was criticized by Confucian scholars and scholars of Japanese classical literature, and Entsu thought that the decline of Buddhism was caused by the development of astro-geography, and thus he mastered the study of the calendar of India.
- その一方で、親王に関しては短慮な振舞いが多く、藤原実資の『小右記』には親王に対する批判が立太子以前より多く記されている。
- Meanwhile, Criticism against Imperial Prince Atsuakira had been often indicated in 'Shoyuki' (the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke) because before Atsuakira was installed as a prince, he behaved indiscreetly.
- 彼らは陽明学の心即理や無善無悪を批判しつつも人欲を肯定する立場を認め、社会的な欲望の調停を「理」としていく流れを作った。
- While they criticized the 'mind itself as the law' and 'no good, no evil' of Yomei-gaku (neo-Confucianism based on teaching of Wang Yangming), they recognized the position of accepting human desires, and created the trend of viewing the accommodation of social desires as 'law.'
- 「推古紀」は漢字、漢文の意味及び用法の誤用が多く、「推古紀」の作者を17年の間唐で学んだ道慈とする大山説には批判がある。
- Suikoki' has a lot of incorrect Chinese characters, and errors in the meanings and the use of Chinese characters in the Chinese writings, which is the reason for criticizing Oyama who insists that 'Suikoki' was written by Doji, who had studied in China for 17 years.
- 藩閥政治を批判し、明治20年(1887年)の三大事件建白運動に参加し、保安条例で東京を追われ、出版条例違反で投獄される。
- Being critical of the oligarchic government dominated by hanbatsu (domain cliques), HOSHI participated in the political campaign called Sandaijikenpaku Undo (a movement triggered by the petition calling for establishment of three pillars) in 1887, but he was driven out of Tokyo according to hoan jorei (regulations for the preservation of law and order) and then was arrested for violation of publication regulations.
- 福澤は海軍大輔、海軍卿、枢密顧問官などを務めた伯爵勝海舟も同書で攻撃しており、官職に就いた旧幕臣を批判的視点で見ていた。
- FUKUZAWA also blamed Count Kaishu KATSU, who took the post as kaiguntaifu (a vice-minister of the navy), kaigunkyo (the chief of the navy) and sumitsu komonkan (the adviser of the Privy Council); because of things like this, he held a critical viewpoint on the former shogun's retainers who became government officials.
- この主張は銭緒山ら右派のみならず、朱子学からも倫理に背くものとされ、彼らの思想・行動は心学の横流と呼ばれ厳しく批判された。
- This was claimed to run counter by ethics by not only the right-wing, including Qian Xushan, but also by Shushi-gaku, and their idea and actions were said to be muddying the School of Mind and were fiercely criticized.
- また、銅鐸の製造集団の負う文化的背景に由来すると思われる地域的な銅鐸の特徴差について考慮を全く欠いているという批判がある。
- Also, another critic says that this theory completely lacks a consideration regarding regional differences in the characteristics of dotaku, which probably deprived from differences of the cultural background each local producing group had.
- 『中央公論』『改造 (雑誌)』などの総合雑誌、『大阪朝日新聞』などの新聞は京大を支援し文部省を批判する論説を多く掲載した。
- General opinion magazines such as 'Chuo Koron,' 'Kaizo,' and newspapers such as 'Osaka Asahi Shinbun' supported Kyoto University and published many editorials criticizing the Ministry of Education.
- 欧米の諸制度・思想を紹介して、それを文明国標準とする一方で、旧来既存の日本の考え方や制度に批判を加えようとする姿勢である。
- It was a stance to criticize the conventional way of thinking and system in Japan while it introduced the systems and thoughts of Europe and America and considered them as the standard of civilized country.
- 1905年、チャウは日本に渡って武器援助を仰ごうとしたが、武装蜂起の考え方を批判され、代わって人材育成の重要性を説かれた。
- In 1905, Chau went to Japan, where he sought military aid from Japanese and Chinese revolutionaries for Vietnamese cause, however, they criticized him for his idea of resorting to armed uprising and urged on him the importance of human resource development.
- 明治時代以降も相変わらず歌舞伎の人気は高かったが、知識人などからは文明国にふさわしい内容でないと批判も受けるようになった。
- During and after the Meiji period, Kabuki was still quite popular, but it also began to be criticized from intellectuals and others as inappropriate content for a civilized country.
- とあるように、宗祖日蓮の思想の中に既に「女人成仏」の思想がたくさんあるのであるから、この批判は事実相違であるとも思われる。
- Thus, there is many thoughts of 'Nyonin Jobutsu' (attainment of Buddhahood by women) in Nichiren's thought, the founder of the Sect, this criticism is in fact not true.
- 1959年、人種差別批判をテーマにした『キクとイサム』は、黒人との混血の姉弟と、彼らを引き取って育てる老婆の交流を描いた。
- In 'Kiku to Isamu' (Kiku and Isamu), a film including condemnation of racism as a theme, he portrayed the close interaction between the half Black and half Japanese sister and brother and the old woman who took in and raised them.
- 前者は政治・経済・軍事といった諸方面から国家のあり方を論じたもので、特に皇帝専制政治批判は舌鋒鋭く、清末に至り再評価された。
- The former book describes how the nation should be from various viewpoints including political, economical, and militarily, sharply criticizes the autocracy of the Emperor, and was re-evalued at the end of the Qing period.
- これに対して同書は板垣監修の書であり、仮に板垣自身が関与したとしてもその事実を記載をするとは考えにくいとする史料批判がある。
- Others, however, have criticized ITAGAKI's account on the basis that he himself edited the book and so is an unreliable source.
- かくして迎えた第2議会では、民党が前内閣が約束した「政費節減」の公約を果たさずに海軍予算の拡張を行おうとする政府を批判した。
- In the second Diet held in such situation, minto criticized the government, because they tried to increase the budget for navy without achieving the pledge of the previous government 'Government cost-cutting'.
- 中国・大韓民国では、「脱亜論」は「アジア蔑視および侵略肯定論」であり、福澤諭吉は侵略主義者として批判的に取り上げられている。
- In China and South Korea, 'Datsu-A Ron' is 'a theory of disrespecting Asia and approving foreign invasion' and Yukichi FUKUZAWA has been treated critically as a person who supported aggressive foreign policy.
- 民撰議院設立建白書は、まず、政治権力が天皇にも人民にもなく、ただ有司専制(ゆうしせんせい。有司=官僚)にあることを批判する。
- The 'Minsen Giin Setsuritsu Kenpaku Sho' criticized that the political power was not in neither the Emperor nor the people but in Yushi Sensei (despotism by domain-dominated government, Yushi = the bureaucracy).
- これらの改変については、本土での空手の普及を後押ししたとの評価がある一方で、空手の伝統的なあり方から逸脱したとの批判もある。
- As for the evaluation of these reforms, some acknowledge that reforms contributed to the popularization of karate in the Japanese mainland but others criticize that reforms resulted in deviation from the traditional way of karate.
- [SP] もちろん、クロポトキンの批判とリーヌスの法則は、社会機構のサイバネティクスについてもっと大きな問題を提起している。
- [SP] Of course, Kropotkin's critique and Linus's Law raise some wider issues about the cybernetics of social organizations.
- だからわたしの批判者で、わたしより厳密でないか、わたしほど公正でないような人物には、一人としてお目にかかったことがないのだ。
- so that I have never met with a single critic of my opinions who did not appear to me either less rigorous or less equitable than myself.
- 藤原定家が写本を貸し出した際にこれらの注釈を勝手に書き写されて世間に流れ出し、さらにその見解に対して批判を加えられたりした。
- When FUJIWARA no Sadaie lent a manuscript to someone, those annotations were copied and spread in public without his permission, and on top of that, some people criticized his opinions.
- 当時女形は役者の中でも格下とみなされており、当然批判が出たが、宗十郎は「いい芸なら女形でも手本にする」と答えて動じなかった。
- At that time, actors of female roles were considered as lower among actors and were criticized, as a matter of course, but Sojuro didn't mind and answered 'if it is a good performance, I will imitate female roles.'
- 一方で国民党や親民党は李登輝の日本評価を売国的であると批判し、日本統治時代についても日本による搾取に過ぎなかったと位置付けた。
- On the other hand, the Kuomintang Party and the People First Party criticized Teng-hui LEE's evaluation of Japan as quislingism and positioned the period of Japanese rule as one being exploited by Japan.
- このことが自由民権運動や初期帝国議会における激しい政府批判を招き、また地租に替わる財源として酒造税の相次ぐ増税の一因となった。
- This deletion of the provision invited Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) and fierce criticisms against the government in the initial Imperial Diet; in addition, it became a cause of a series of tax increase of brewery tax as the financial resource to replace land-tax.
- 一方、政府は国会開設の必要性を認めるとともに当面の政府批判をかわすため、10年後の国会開設を約した「国会開設の勅諭」を出した。
- In the mean time, the government acknowledged the necessity of establishing the National Diet and issued the imperial instruction that promised to establish the Diet in 10 years, intending to ward off public criticism.
- 幕末の思想の特徴は、幕藩体制の根拠を説明しあるいは批判するもの、またその体制に代わり得るあたらしい国家像を模索することである。
- The thoughts of this period are characterized by explanation and criticizm of the long-held rational of the feudal system, and the search for a new vision of the country to replace the old system.
- 明治政府による偏重した欧化主義政策を批判する立場から「国粋主義」を標榜し、1888年4月に雑誌『日本人 (雑誌)』を創刊した。
- Seikyo-sha founded a magazine, 'Nihonjin (The Japanese)', in April 1888 to promote nationalism in defiance of the Meiji government's policy that overemphasized on Europeanism.
- 日本の開国・冊封体制からの離脱は、長らく東アジア国際秩序を保証していた中華秩序への挑戦であり、李氏朝鮮はこれに批判的であった。
- As the Japanese opening of the country to the world, and secession from the tributary system was a challenge to the Sinocentrist order that had assured East Asian international order for a long time, the Yi Dynasty Korea was critical of that decision.
- いずれにしても連合軍の歩みは緩慢であったため、それだけ北京で救援を待つ人々に苦渋を強いることになり、後々批判されることになる。
- At any rate, the allied forces marched slowly causing further trouble to those in Beijing waiting to be rescued, and they were later criticized for this.
- 公家出身の大覚を弟子とし、南朝及び北朝と接近したことなど、日蓮が全ての権力に対し批判的であったに対して、思想的な隔たりがある。
- Ideologically Nichizo was different from Nichiren, who was critical of all power, in that he took Daigaku, who was a court noble, as a disciple and approached the Southern Court and the Northern Court.
- 時代の変化を無視して今の世に『四箇格言』をそのままにしておくことは、かえってこちらが独善的と批判されかねない」などとしている。
- Soka Gakkai also recognizes that adopting the Four Criticisms in the contemporary world as they were preached by Nichiren in his time, thereby ignoring the change of the times, would be criticized as self-righteous.
- 徳一の『仏性抄』は最澄にとって看過しがたい法華経批判の書であり、この法敵に猛反論しなければ自宗の存在意義そのものが危うくなる。
- As 'Bushosho' by Tokuitsu was the book of critique of Hokekyo, which could not be ignored by Saicho, he had to fiercely oppose this opponent to secure the raison d'etre for his own sect.
- 黄金の茶室は秀吉の俗悪趣味として批判されることが多いが、草庵の法に従って三畳の小間であり、それなり洗練されたものも持っている。
- Although this golden tea room has been criticized as an example of Hideyoshi's vulgar taste, it was a small room of three mats following the rule of the soan-type and had some sophisticated elements.
- また、芸人は文化の伝承を無視する傾向が強く「平気で三本締めをやる東京本社の吉本興業など無知な会社に所属する」などと批判される。
- There is a criticism such as, 'Yoshimoto Kogyo Co., Ltd. that has its head office in Tokyo belongs to a group of ignorant companies' because entertainers have a strong tendency to ignore cultural traditions.
- しかし高橋氏文の史料批判の程度とともに、膳部山の記載は江戸時代に初めて登場し、膳氏と膳部山との関連性は低いと主張する説もある。
- However, with the level of critics of historical materials on Takahashi uji bumi, the description of Mt. Zenbu first appeared during the Edo period, so some say the relationship between the Kashiwade clan and Mt. Zenbu was low key.
- 当時隆盛をきわめていた「リアリズム写真運動」を批判的に継承しつつ、東松照明や奈良原一高らによる新しい写真表現の登場を支持した。
- He critically succeeded to 'Realistic Photo Movement' which flourished in those days, but at the same time, welcomed the appearance of new types of photographic expression by Shomei TOMATSU, Ikko NARAHARA and so on.
- 一方、所謂「天皇制」に批判的な者、また基本的に敬称を避ける傾向にある学術的な世界などにおいては「天皇」と呼び捨てることも多い。
- On the other hand, persons who are critical of the so-called 'Emperor system' and the academic world which basically tends to avoid the title of honor and so on often call 'Tenno' (the Emperor) without an honorific title.
- たとえば明治の歴史学者那珂通世は『日本書紀』の記述を批判して、記紀の紀年は「辛酉革命説」に基づく編者の創作であろうと論考した。
- For example, a historian Michiyo NAKA in the Meiji period criticized the description in Nihonshoki and explained that Kinen in the Kojiki and Nihonshoki had probably been made up by the editor on the basis of 'Shinyu-kakumei-setsu' (a prediction of revolution in Kanototori of the Chinese astrological calendar).
- しかしこの原則を古代史に当てはめると、皇室の歴史を直接疑うことにつながる故に、長らく本格的な史料批判は行われないままであった。
- However, if this principle was applied to ancient history, this would lead directly to doubt the history of Imperial Family, therefore, historical documents concerning the Imperial Family had not been criticized in earnest for a long time.
- 1990年代末ともなると、都市部では式典会場の空席が目立つようになり、新成人が会場に入らないという批判が聞かれるようになった。
- At the end of the 1990s, vacant seats in the ceremony hall were marked, and criticism that new adults did not enter the hall became more vocal.
- 映画を特徴付けるにあたって、何の気なしに、でも鋭く批判をしたのが、劇作家であるピランデロだったということは、驚くことではない。
- It is not surprising that it should be a dramatist such as Pirandello who, in characterizing the film, inadvertently touches on the very crisis
- 一方で、榎本武揚や勝海舟のように、旧幕臣でありながら新政府でも要職に就く姿勢を「オポチュニスト」と徹底的に批判する一面もある。
- On the other hand, he thoroughly criticized those who had served bakufu and who also came to assume important positions in the new government, such as Takeaki ENOMOTO and Kaishu KATSU, as 'opportunists.'
- これが当時の歌壇に新風を吹き入れたのは確かだが、のち藤原俊成に批判される通り、「戯(ざ)れの様」が過ぎて格調を欠く歌もあった。
- It is true that this ushered in a new phase among poetry circles, but FUJIWARA no Toshinari later criticized that many of the poems lacked a refined style or contained too many 'jokes.'
- しかし、「山椒大夫」には工場法批判が潜められているという指摘から、鴎外の自作解説は検閲への目眩ましであろうとの見解も生まれた。
- It was pointed out, however, that a criticism against the Factory Act was submerged in 'Sansho Dayu,' so that some considered Ogai's self-commentaries to be deceptive means against censorship.
- 他にも度を過ぎて交流を絶ったために外交手段が分からず、黒船来航の際に対応を誤り、不平等条約を結ばされたとする批判的な意見もある。
- From another critical viewpoint, it is suggested that the Bakufu failed to take adequate measures upon the arrival of the Black Ships due to a lack of knowledge involving diplomatic procedures resulting from excessively severing exchanges with foreign countries, and this resulted in the Bakufu being forced to sign an unequal treaty.
- 男色については当時とくに批判されるようなことではないが、『台記』などに多く記されている私的制裁などのことを、物語は一切記さない。
- Male homosexuality was not unusual in those days, but the tale does not contain a description of his lynching at all, while a diary written by FUJIWARA no Yorinaga 'Taiki' does.
- また両者は涅槃経の解釈に差異があり、慧観が道生を批判したりするが、両者ともに教判上では最高の経典は涅槃経であると位置付けていた。
- Although there is a difference between them in their interpretation of Nehan-gyo, and Ekan once criticized Dosho, both judged the Nirvana Sutra to be the supreme scripture in their Kyohan.
- この元禄赤穂事件は、武家社会のスキャンダルであり、やり方によっては幕政批判に通じかねないことから、上演は繰り返し弾圧されてきた。
- The performance of this play was repeatedly banned because the Genroku Ako Incident was a scandal in samurai society, and showing of this play could imply, depending on how it was performed, criticism against the shogunate administration.
- ここで親房は家行の神国思想に深く影響を受ける事になった(ただし家行の唱えた伊勢神道自体に対しては批判的であったといわれている)。
- Chikafusa, thereby, was deeply influenced by Ieyuki's Shinkoku-shiso (thought of Japan as the land of the gods) (however, he seemed to be critical of the Ise-Shinto religion itself advocated by Ieyuki).
- 『後拾遺集』は、格調よりも率直な情感を重んじ過ぎたため、撰者が若輩の歌人であったこともあいまって撰進当時から批判の声が多かった。
- The selector of 'Goshui shu,' who was young, considered frank sentiments too seriously but downplayed the refined style, so upon its introduction many people criticized the anthology.
- また、この歌の続きには「鳥屋にやれよ...」とあり、戦国時代の武将達に比して江戸の将軍はあまりに気骨が無いと批判するものである。
- In addition, this Senryu continues as 'Bring it to toriya (restaurant),' which criticizes Shogun with a backbone in the Edo period compared to the busho of the Sengoku Period.
- しかし知識人階級から六三法撤廃は台湾の特殊性の否定であるとの批判が出ると、台湾に議会設置を求める台湾議会設置請願運動が開始される。
- However, when intellectuals criticized this movement, saying that repealing Law No. 63 meant the denial of the special character of Taiwan, the new movement was initiated to call for the establishment of a parliament in Taiwan.
- 彼らはその身の中で、万民を救うという士大夫的責任感と「知行合一」とを結合させ、以下に述べるような社会批判を繰り広げていくのである。
- They combined the shidafu elite's idea of responsibility for giving relief to the nation with the idea of 'chigyo goitsu' and developed the criticisms to be described below.
- あまりにも過酷な賠償金請求に対し、やがて国際的な批判と反省が起こり、賠償金を受け取った各国は様々な形で中国に還元することとなった。
- There was international criticism and reflection regarding the severe demands for reparations, and each nation that received reparations returned it in various forms.
- その理由を教外別伝・不立文字で経典に依らないからとしているが、おそらく野狐禅に陥るという一面を取り上げて批判したものと考えられる。
- Nichiren said that the reason for the criticism was due to the Zen sect not being based on Buddhist scriptures and having the principles of kyouge-betsuden and furyu-monji (both meaning that the principles are inside one's heart, not on scriptures), but it is believed that his criticism was on the aspect of a person possibly falling into yakozen.
- それまでの政治色の強かった都市仏教への批判的意味合いも含み、鎮護国家を標榜しながらも密教的色彩を強め、国家とは一定の距離を置いた。
- Implying their criticism of urban Buddhism, which tended to be political, they strengthened the characteristic of Mikkyo (Esoteric Buddhism) despite the call to keep the nation tranquil, and distanced themselves from government.
- 門徒物知らず(もんとものしらず)は、浄土真宗の信者(門徒)に対して他宗の信者が「仏教の作法を知らない」と批判する際に使われる言葉。
- Monto mono shirazu' is a phrase which believers of other sects use when they criticize monto (believers) of Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) as 'they don't know about the manners of Buddhism.'
- 教皇で、第二次世界大戦中は中立を維持し、ヒットラーに迫害されたユダヤ人を助けなかったことで後に批判された(1876年−1958年)
- pope who maintained neutrality during World War II and was later criticized for not aiding the Jews who were persecuted by Hitler (1876-1958)
- ちなみに、そのドイツ三部作をめぐって石橋忍月と論争を、また『しがらみ草紙』上で坪内逍遥の記実主義を批判して没理想論争を繰り広げた。
- Furthermore, he had a dispute with Ningetsu ISHIBASHI about his three books on Germany, and also instigated a dispute on 'anti-idealism,' by publishing critical comments in his 'Shigarami Soshi' (Constraint Brochure) about realism as advocated by Shoyo TSUBOUCHI.
- なお諍論の前期において、最澄が『照権実鏡』で徳一の『仏性抄』を批判したのに対し、徳一の『中辺義鏡』では最澄の反論に全く答えていない。
- In the early stages of the dispute, Saicho criticized 'Bushosho' by Tokuitsu in 'Shogon-jikkyo,' but Tokuitsu did not answer at all to Saicho's critique in 'Chuhen gikyo.'
- しかし一方で天桂伝尊などが、道元以来の宗規に拠らず他流(黄檗宗)の清規を当てはめようとした道白を「形式主義」と批判し、論争をよんだ。
- On the other hand, Tenkei Denson and others criticized Dohaku, who tried to apply seiki (regulations) of the other sect (Obaku Sect) instead of traditional regulations established by Dogen, as 'formalism' and there were debates among them.
- 江戸時代、会津藩や岡山藩、水戸藩、長州藩、津和野藩では、批判論が出るなどの議論が続く中で、小祠や淫祠の廃止・統合がおこなわれていた。
- In the Edo period, amidst discussion and criticism, Aizu, Okayama, Mito, Choshu and Tsuwano domains abolished or integrated shoshi (small shrines) and shrines to evil deities.
- 頼通は有職故実に通じた当代の学識者だった小野宮流の藤原実資に師事して親交を結び、道長への批判者だった実資も頼通には好意を持っていた。
- Yorimichi was taught the rules and practices of the imperial court and military houses by the scholar FUJIWARA no Sanesuke of the Ononomiya school, who was a critic of Michinaga, and the two became close friends.
- 松平定信の寛政の改革は、積極的に幕府財政の建て直しを図ったのだが、厳格過ぎたため次第に家斉をはじめとする幕府上層部から批判が起こる。
- With the Kansei Reforms, Sadanobu made aggressive efforts to turn the bakufu finances around, but his measures were so rigid that the upper echelon of the bakufu, including Ienari, became increasingly critical of him.
- 紅葉の作品は、その華麗な文章によって世に迎えられ、欧化主義に批判的な潮流から、井原西鶴を思わせる風俗描写の巧みさによって評価された。
- Koyo's novels were favorably received by the public for their elegant style and valued by those who were critical of Europeanism for the skillful descriptions of customs and manners that reminded them of Saikaku IHARA.
- 1956年には、日本における裁判批判映画の最初の作品で、八海事件の裁判で弁護を担当した正木ひろしの手記の映画化『真昼の暗黒』を発表。
- In 1956, Imai released the first Japanese film to criticize the court, 'Mahiru no ankoku' (Darkness at Noon), an adaptation of the personal notes of Hiroshi MASAKI, a defense lawyer in the trial of the Yakai case.
- この部分が、英雄の楠木正成(楠公)が湊川の戦いで討死したことと、権助の死を同じく無益な死と論じたものと解釈されて、批判の対象となった。
- This part could easily be attributed to a national hero Masashige KUSUNOKI, who died in the battle of Minatogawa, and was criticized by an interpretation that Fukuzawa identified Kusunoki's death as useless as an ordinary man's death.
- また、忠実についても、兄の忠通から頼長に氏の長者を禅譲させたことについても親子の愛情によるものであるから批判することはできないと庇う。
- Additionally, Tadazane is defended with the statement that although he made his older brother Tadamichi surrender to Yorinaga his position as the head of the clan, it was based on the love between a father and a son and cannot be criticized.
- 独立後の韓国の歴史学者・学会は、日本による統治を正当化する日本側の歴史研究を「植民地史観」と呼び、これを強く批判することから出発した。
- Calling the Japanese historical research justifying the Japanese rule 'colonial historical view,' South Korean historians/academic societies started their research from the strong criticism of that after Korea's independence.
- 韓国国内では国民大演説会などが開かれ、一気に一進会糾弾と排日気勢が高まり、在韓日本人新聞記者団からも一進会は猛烈な批判を浴びせられた。
- In Korea, citizens' speech meetings were held, the denouncement of Isshin-kai and an anti-Japanese trend rapidly increased, and Japanese newspaper reporters in Korea violently criticized Isshin-kai.
- 台湾征討中止の噂に対する反対の建白書や佐賀の乱の処理を批判する建白書には杉村(寛)・島田・後に斬奸状を起草する陸義猶が名を連ねている。
- Those named in the petitions such as the one against the rumor to suspend the Taiwan conquest and the other criticizing the treatment of Saga War are as follows: Hiromasa SUGIMURA, Shimada, and Yoshinao KUGA, who drafted a zankanjo (a written vindication of an assassin's deed).
- 明治政府の宗教政策である大教院、三条教則に対して島地黙雷などが批判の論陣を張り、教団も脱退することで政府の宗教政策の方向転換を促した。
- Mokurai SHIMAJI and others criticized Daikyoin and Sanjo kyosoku (Three Fundamental Articles on Creed), which were the religious policy of the Meiji government, and the religious community dropped out of it, which promoted the change in direction of the religious policy of the government.
- この論争の間、最澄は『守護国界章』『法華秀句』など大部の著作を執筆しており、これは徳一からの批判への反論の書として書かれたものである。
- During this dispute, Saicho wrote voluminous books such as 'Shugo-kokkai-sho' (An Essay on the Protection of the Nation), 'Hokke-shuku' (The Outstanding Principles of the Lotus Sutra) and so on and they were written for rebuttals to criticism of Tokuitsu.
- 日蓮宗の諸派は伝統的に、「本尊 (日蓮正宗)=偽作」説と「二箇相承=偽書」説、さらに「三大秘法抄=偽書説」等でこの宗派を批判してきた。
- Traditionally, other schools of Nichiren Sect criticize the Sect such as, the theory of 'imitation of the principle image (Nichiren Shoshu Sect)', one of 'Nika Sojo are forged documents,' and one of 'Sandaihiho-sho (Commentary of the Three Great Secret Dharmas) are a forged document theory.'
- 一方、顔元は朱子学・陽明学ともに批判し、聖人となる方法は読書でも静坐でもなく「習行」(繰り返しの実践)であるとする独自の学問を興した。
- Meanwhile, Gan Gen (Yen Yuan) criticized both Neo-Confucianism and Yomei-gaku, and created an original learning which preaching that the way to become a saint is not through reading or sitting on the floor calmly, but through shuko (repeated practices).
- それは一部の貸本漫画への大きな社会的な批判に始まる(白土三平の忍者武芸帳を筆頭に有害図書問題として新聞・PTAなどに取り上げられた)。
- That started with heavy social criticism toward some rental comics ('Ninja Bugeicho' by Sanpei SHIRATO and other comics were taken up as harmful books by newspapers and PTA).
- 南北朝時代 (日本)には吉野朝廷方の北畠親房が『神皇正統記』において、江戸時代には武家の専横を批判する新井白石も肯定的評価をしている。
- In the Northern and Southern Court period, Chikafusa KITABATAKE of the Yoshino Imperial Court positively evaluated Yasutoki in a book containing a record of the legitimate succession of the divine emperors entitled 'Jinno-shotoki', and in the Edo period, even Hakuseki ARAI, who criticized the tyranny of the warriors, positively evaluated Yasutoki.
- 当代一の歌人とされたが、経信をさしおいて藤原通俊が撰集した「後拾遺和歌集」に対して「後拾遺問答」・「難後拾遺」を著してこれを批判した。
- He was called the greatest waka poet of his day, and criticized 'Goshui Wakashu' (Later Collection of Gleanings of Japanese Poetry' compiled by FUJIWARA no Michitoshi over the head of Tsunenobu, by writing 'Goshui-mondo' and 'Nan-goshui.'
- 1980年代には渡月橋の北側を中心にタレントショップが急増し、修学旅行生など若い観光客で賑わう一方で、雰囲気が破壊されるとの批判もある。
- In 1980s, many entertainers' shops drastically increased around the area on the north of Togetsu-kyo Bridge, and attracted young tourists including students on school excursions, but, some people had an unfavorable opinion because such shops might destroy the atmosphere.
- しかし明治時代が終わり、大正時代という新たな時代を迎えた国民は、このような藩閥による政治を批判し、憲法に基づく民主的な政治を望んでいた。
- As the Meiji Period came to a close and the new Taisho Period began, the Japanese people came to have a strong desire for a more democratic government based on the constitutionalism and became critical of the Han-batsu Seiji.
- また、礫川全次はこの本は歴史書の体裁をとった明治の元勲山県有朋や伊藤博文への批判書だとしており、両者の圧力があった可能性を指摘している。
- Zenji ISOKAWA also asserts that the book also received backlash because although it took the style of a historical document, it was also a criticism of Aritomo YAMAGATA and Hirobumi ITO, outstanding statesmen who made great contributions during the Meiji era.
- 江戸時代大いに流行した通し矢であったが、当時から過度の競技化には批判があり、伊勢貞丈は「実戦には何も役立たない遊射である」と述べている。
- During the Edo period, Toshiya became quite popular, but even in those days, some people were critical about its excessive sensationalization, and so, for example, Sadatake ISE said Toshiya was just play shooting and had no use in actual fighting.
- これに対しては、「皇位は法である」とはそもそも文意不明であり、ここに特別な意味を読み込むのではなく、形骸化をみるべきだという批判がある。
- Toward this, there is a criticism arguing that the phrase 'the Imperial Throne is a law instituted by Tenchi' is nonsensical, and special meaning should not be given to this part, but a dead letter process of the code is seen.
- 明治の歴史学者田口卯吉は、元寇回避の功績を執権の時宗に帰する評価を批判し、年齢や人脈などの点から日蒙交渉は政村が主導していたと主張する。
- Ukichi TAGUCHI, a historian in the Meiji period, criticized the reputation that the achievement of avoiding Mongol invasion had attributed to the regent, Tokimune, and insisted that Masamura had took the initiative in the negotiation between Japan and Mongolia, from the viewpoints of age, human network and so on.
- 『三大考』をめぐる論争の中で、本居大平は篤胤に厳しく批判されていたが、鈴屋門を取り仕切る彼は、門人の一人として篤胤をもてなすことにした。
- Although Atsutane criticized Ohira MOTOORI fiercely in the argument about 'Sandaiko', he who managed Suzuya family decided to show Atsutane hospitality, as one of disciple.
- 道長の日記にはこの日の宴会のことは書かれているがこの歌自体は書かれず道長に批判的な実資の日記に書き残され、後世に伝えられることになった。
- The banquet held on this day was written in Michinaga's diary even though this poem itself was not included, but this poem was written in the diary of Sanesuke, who was critical of Michinaga, and it has passed on to the later generations.
- しかし、多くのプロレタリア文学作家が共産党の強い影響下にあることを指摘して「主人持ちの文学」と評し、プロレタリア文学の党派性を批判した。
- However, SHIGA criticized the partisanship of the proletarian literature, pointing out that many writers of proletarian literature were strongly influenced by the communist party, and described proletarian literature as 'literature with a master.'
- 「いたずらに怨を四隣に結び、憎を万国に受け、不可救(すくうべからざる)の災禍を将来に遺さんこと必なり」と批判していることが知られている。
- He famously criticized it for 'vainly hating our neighbouring countries, making every nation hate us, thereby irrevocably damaging our future.'
- 党内からは総裁専制との批判が起こり、翌年政党政治を嫌う山縣有朋は、伊藤を総裁から退かせるために枢密院 (日本)議長に就任するよう推挽する。
- From within the Seiyu Party, criticism arose against Ito's autocratic political style as a president and in the following year, Aritomo YAMAGATA, who disliked party government, nominated Ito for Chairman of the Privy Council (Japan) to unseat him from the presidency of the party.
- 日清戦争中は政治休戦を支持して臨時軍事費の支出に賛同したが、戦争終結後に日英通商航海条約締結と三国干渉受諾を批判して政府と対決色を強めた。
- During the Sino-Japanese War, it backed political ceasefire and agreed with spending the extra military expenditures, but it took a more clearly adversarial stand against the government, criticizing the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation and the accepting of the Triple Intervention after the end of the war.
- 江戸時代の後期になると、国学が盛んになるなどの社会の動きに対応して、仏教と 神道が結びついた神仏習合に批判的な意見が見られるようになった。
- During the late Edo period, in line with social movements such as rising of kokugaku (study of Japanese literature and culture), critical views against shinbutsushugo (syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism) in which Buddhism and Shintoism were united came up.
- 応保元年(1161年)9月、滋子は後白河の第七皇子(憲仁)を出産するが、その誕生には「世上嗷々の説(不満・批判)」(『百錬抄』)があった。
- In September 1161, Shigeko gave birth to the seventh Prince (Norihito), however, there was a lot of criticism from the public about the birth of this child.' ('Hyakuren sho' (History book from the Kamakura period))
- こうした諷刺画はこの時代だからこそ生まれ、後の風刺漫画につながっていくが、「絵を用いた権力批判」の始まりをたどるのは資料不足により難しい。
- These caricatures grew out because of that period and led to latter-day cartoons, but it is difficult to trace the beginning of 'criticism of authority with pictures' due to a lack of information.
- 当初は1198年(建久9年)法然が「選択本願念仏集」を著したとき、これを批判した「浄土決疑抄」を著したりしたが、後に念仏に帰依したとされる。
- In the earliest years, he wrote 'Jodo ketsugi-sho' (Deciding the Meaning of the Pure Land) in which he criticized Honen's 'Senchaku hongan nenbutsu shu' (Holy Writings of the Jodo Sect) which was written in 1198; but in later years, he is said to have devoted himself to nenbutsu (Buddhist invocation).
- 仮託説に対しては、多分に推測を重ねることによって導かれる直系・嫡系皇位継承説に、明文の史料を否定する力を与えるべきではないとする批判がある。
- Against the pretext theory, some historians criticize that this theory should not give a detrimental rational forte to the direct line succession theories and the legitimate child succession theories, both of which are developed largely based on successive suppositions, to negate the explicitly written historical materials.
- また、板垣、後藤、江藤、副島らは、に民選議院設立建白書を政府に提出して有司専制を批判し、議会開設を主な要求とする自由民権運動の嚆矢となった。
- Itagaki, Goto, Eto, Soejima and their sympathizers presented an opinion paper on establishing democratically elected parliament that criticized Yushi Sensei (despotism by domain-dominated government) to the government starting the Movement for Liberty and People's Right of which the establishment of the National Diet was the main demand.
- 「細川の 水の(水野)流れは清けれど ただ大海(毛利甲斐守)の 沖(松平隠岐守)ぞ濁れる」(当時の狂歌)と江戸の武士や庶民からは批判された。
- The family was criticized by the samurai and common people of Edo who would say that 'The flowing water (Mizuno) of Hosokawa is clean but the open water (Matsudaira, Governor of Oki Province) of the ocean (Mori, Governor of Kai Province) is turbid' (a satirical tanka poem of the time).
- 子規の理論には文学を豊かに育ててゆく方向へは向かいにくい部分もあるという批判もあるが、「写生」は明治という近代主義とも重なった主張であった。
- While there was criticism that Shiki's theory was not heading in the right direction of fostering literature, the 'shasei' theory was one which overlapped with the modernism of the Meiji Era.
- 例えば戦後の荒廃時は、民主主義国として再構築を目指す中、日本に残る独特な封建的な制度・習慣がアメリカや西欧諸国と比較され批判的に検証された。
- For example, in the desolated days after the war, while Japan was aiming at reconstruction as a democratic nation, unique feudal system and custom left in Japan were critically inspected, being compared with those in the U.S. and the Western European countries.
- 坂本の議論は広範な支持を得るところとなり、その後の10世紀・11世紀史研究は坂本論を中心に展開し、坂本論の深化・批判という形で行われていった。
- Sakamoto's theory received support from many researchers and since then, the study of the 10th and 11th centuries has been conducted in the form of deepening/criticizing it with Sakamoto's theory as a starting point.
- 三戒壇や延暦寺の戒壇は実態を失って授戒を行うに値しないと批判して、戒律に則って結界を築き正しい手順に従って儀式を行えば授戒は成立すると唱えた。
- He criticized the three major kaidan and the one at Enryaku-ji Temple for being no longer what they should be and being unworthy as a place to give the precepts of Buddhism, and advocated that the giving of the Buddhist precepts be effected by fixing the bounds of a sacred place to give those precepts in conformity with the precepts and performing a rite in accordance with proper procedure.
- この頃、政治の主導権を巡って後白河と二条天皇は激しく対立していたため、その出生には「世上嗷々の説(不満・批判)」があったという(『百錬抄』)。
- During this period, Emperor Goshirakawa and Emperor Nijo were severely opposed to each other taking control of political power, it was said there was a lot of criticism and complaining against the birth of Prince ('Hyakurensho' (History book from the Kamakura period)).
- 皇位簒奪(こういさんだつ)とは、直接血縁にない者、あるいは血縁がより遠い者が天皇の地位(皇位)を奪取すること、ないしそれを批判的に表現した語。
- The usurpation of the imperial throne is either when those who do not have direct blood relationship or have remote blood relationship seize the Emperor's position or when this is expressed in a critical manner.
- 幕末には、京阪は四季に関係なく鯛ばかりを使用している上、切り方から盛り付けまで乱雑である(『守貞漫稿』)と批判されるほどにまで差がついていた。
- At the end of the Edo period, only tai was used in Kyoto and Osaka regardless of the season, but it was criticized as being untidy in both slicing and arrangement ('Morisada Manko').
- 告発された違反行為は、体制や支配者の行為や人格を批判したことではなく、暴君殺しの合法性という反道徳的教説と思われるものを流布したことなのです。
- The offence charged was not that of criticising institutions, or the acts or persons of rulers, but of circulating what was deemed an immoral doctrine, the lawfulness of Tyrannicide.
- そして、石母田以来武士の領主的な性格を重要視する余り、在地領主が武士という暴力装置であることを無視されているとする批判も出されるようになった。
- Some critics have argued that since Ishimoda's theory emerged, the samurai's function as local lords had been emphasized too much, and the fact that the local lord was a part of a violent military system of samurai had been forgotten.
- 元和 8年(1622年)に刊行された毛利重能の『割算書』の中で同書が難解であると批判したと思しき記述が見られることから同書よりも古いとされる。
- 'Warizan sho' (The Book of Division) by Shigeyoshi MORI published in 1622 has a description which seems to criticize 'Sanyo-ki' as being too difficult to understand, so the latter should be older than the former.
- 江戸時代初期に成立した『甲陽軍鑑』では、我侭な部分のある剛勇な人物として描かれており、三浦義政のような「奸臣」を重用したことが批判されている。
- In 'Koyo Gunkan,' which was established during the early Edo Period, he is described as a valiant person with some selfishness, and it criticizes the appointment of untrustworthy vassal, such as Yoshimasa MIURA, to an important position.
- 小説は浮世の様々な形を描くことで意を直接に表現すべきものであるとしてリアリズムを主張し、作為的に善悪の二極を設定する勧善懲悪の物語を批判した。
- It urged realism by insisting that novels should describe a variety of forms in real life in order to depict ideas directly, and criticized stories of poetic justice which deliberately provide two extremes of good and evil.
- こうした施策から坪野は「教育市長」と呼ばれることになるが、神戸市議の鹿島房次郎(後に第4代神戸市長)をはじめとする激しい市政批判にさらされた。
- From such measures taken, Tsubono came to be called 'Education Mayor'; however, he was the subject to bitter criticism over the municipal government by people like Fusajiro KAJIMA (later the fourth mayor of Kobe City) of Kobe City Assembly.
- 特に、仏教思想・仏教史を近代的学問体系からの批判に耐え得る形で研究するとともに、その成果を自ら整備に関与した公私の諸教育機関において公開した。
- He researched Buddhist concepts and history while coming under fire from the modern academic system, and he disclosed his accomplishments in various public and private educational institutes in which he was involved when they were established.
- 列国も清朝や中華民国が賠償によって苦しむ姿を見て、国際社会の批判や自国の中国権益減少を恐れ、第一次世界大戦前後から賠償金の緩和をたびたび行った。
- The Powers, seeing the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China suffering from reparations and fearing criticisms from the international community and the reduction of their interests in China, often eased the reparations before and after World War I.
- 折りしも、後藤象二郎による大同団結運動が盛り上がっている最中であり、片岡の他に尾崎行雄や星亨もこれにこうじて民権派の団結と政府批判を呼びかけた。
- Just then, the campaign to unite for a common purpose by Shojiro GOTO was gathering stream, while Yukio OZAKI and Toru HOSHI, as well as KATAOKA, called for unity of the Civil-Right group and to criticize the government in accordance with the campaign.
- 憲政会の加藤高明と革新倶楽部の犬養毅が、清浦内閣を批判してその打倒を進めるという、第一次と較べるとあまりにも小規模な運動に過ぎなかったのである。
- In fact the second Kensei Yogo Undo was mainly spearheaded by Takaaki KATO of the Kenseikai Political Party and Tsuyoshi INUKAI of the Kakushin Kurabu Party who jointed forces to bring down the KIYOURA cabinet by openly criticizing it, which was overly low-profile campaign compared to the first Kensei Yogo Undo.
- しかし曹洞宗を開いた道元は、釈迦在世でも愚鈍で悪事を働いた弟子もいたことや、末法を言い訳にして修行が疎かになることを批判し、末法思想を否定した。
- However, Dogen, the founder of the Soto sect, denied Mappo shiso asserting that there were some dull disciples who committed evil deeds while Shaka was in life and people might use Mappo as an excuse for not doing ascetic training.
- 「詮議の結果、それは狂言作者の一人で『歌舞伎新報』の編集者たる久保田彦作の仕業に相違ないと決められて、久保田氏が批判の矢面に立つことになった。」
- `After examination on the matter, Hikosaku KUBOTA, who was one of Kyogen writers and was the editor of 'Kabuki Shinpo' (Kabuki Newspaper), was determined to be the one who did such a thing, and thus, Mr. KUBOTA came to be in the firing line.'
- 逍遥が「早稲田文学」にウィリアム・シェイクスピアの評釈に関して加えた短い説明に対し、批判的な評を『しがらみ草紙』に載せたことから論争が始まった。
- One of the disputes began with Ogai's criticism in 'Shigarami Soshi,' of the short explanation which Shoyo added to his own comments on William SHAKESPEARE in 'Waseda Bungaku' (Waseda Literature).
- この禁止にたいする糾弾の根拠で、唯一批判に耐えうるものは、個人的嗜好や個々人の自己配慮的関心事は、公衆の干渉すべき事柄ではないということだけです。
- The only tenable ground of condemnation would be, that with the personal tastes and self-regarding concerns of individuals the public has no business to interfere.14
- 藩閥は議会政治に対する抵抗勢力であり、民本主義もしくは一君万民論的な理想論とは相容れない情実的システムであるため、当時から批判的に取り扱われてきた。
- Domain clique has been treated critically since then because it is the resistance forces against parliamentary government and is also the preferential system that conflicts with democracy or an idealism such as ikkunbanmin-ron (the theory where constitutional authority was given only to one ruler and any discrimination and distinction of social status were generally not allowed among others).
- しかし、識者から日本酒の純粋性と品質低下を招くとの根強い批判があったために、大蔵省は第2次増産酒は原則として清酒三級として取り扱うよう通達を出した。
- However, since some intellectuals strongly criticized that this would result in the deterioration of purity and quality of sake, the Ministry of the Treasury issued a notification that the second Zosanshu should be basically treated as a third-grade seishu.
- このことは電波法(昭和25年5月2日法律第131号)第52条の「目的外使用」にあたる違法行為であり、一般のアマチュア無線家から批判されることがある。
- This violates Article 52 of the Radio Act (Law No. 131 came into effect on May 2, in 1945), 'use for purposes other than allowed purposes' and some radio hams complain about this act.
- また伊周は、内覧として倹約令を出したが、着物の裾の長さなど細部に至るまで厳しく掟を与えたため、公卿から批判の声が高く上がり、人々はその器量を疑った。
- As Nairan, Korechika promulgated sumptuary laws, which strictly regulated every detail, including the length of the train of kimono; this was severely criticized by the court nobles, and people cast doubt on Korechika's capability.
- 1919年3月1日に朝鮮半島で勃発した三・一独立運動に対する日本政府の弾圧に対し、「反抗する彼らよりも一層愚かなのは、圧迫する我々である。」と批判。
- He criticized the suppression movement of the Japanese government against the March First Movement that occurred on the Korean Peninsula on March 1, 1919 as 'the ones who are more pitiful than them, who are revolting, are us, who are suppressing them.'
- タイノ原線の建設は、世界遺産登録へ向けての再調査・整備に先立つ1988年から1997年にかけてのことであったが、小辺路を知る識者からは批判が集まった。
- Tainohara Route was built in 1988 to 1997 before the re-investigations and the maintenances for the inscription of World Heritage site, and the intellects who knew Kohechi bitterly opposed the construction.
- 1879年に明治天皇が啓蒙主義を批判して仁義忠孝を中心とした儒教主義を公教育の中心とすべきとする教学聖旨を公布したが、その実際の執筆者が元田であった。
- In 1879, Meiji Emperor criticized the Enlightenment and promulgated 'Kyogaku Taishi (The Imperial Will Education)', which was actually written by MOTODA, that public education should be based on Confucianism laying stress on the virtue of humanity, justice, loyalty and filial piety.
- 喜田はこの論文で『日本書紀』改刪説を批判して、不必要な天武天皇2年の太歳を削り忘れ、必要な太歳壬申を誤って削るという二重の不手際はありえないと論じた。
- Kida criticized the 'Chronicles of Japan' falsifying theory in this thesis and argued that double mistakes could not be made at the same time: the unnecessary tai sui in the second year of Emperor Tenmu was not deleted and the necessary tai sui Jinshin was deleted erroneously.
- 立川流が邪教視されるようになったのは、高野山の教学を大成した宥快が批判し、立川流の典籍などを高野山の御影堂の前に集めて焚書したことに始まるといわれる。
- It is said that the Tachikawa-ryu school was regarded as a heresy taking a cue from Yukai, who accomplished learning of religious doctrines in Mt. Koya, and who criticized the Tachikawa-ryu school, collected books on it in front of Goei-do Hall (hall dedicated to the sect's founder) on Mt. Koya and burnt them.
- 皇位継承法説定説化の状況を覆したのは田村円澄で、1969年に論文「不改常典考」で皇位継承法説を全面的に批判し、藤原氏による輔政体制とする説を発表した。
- It was Encho TAMURA who inverted the trends in which the Imperial Succession theory was going to be an accepted theory, and in his article 'A study of Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' presented in 1969, he criticized the Imperial Succession theory across the board, and presented the theory that it was to establish the assisted government system by the Fujiwara clan.
- 『浮世絵春画を読む』で、タイモン・スクリーチの説に反論し「春画はポルノグラフィーではない」と主張したが、ポルノグラフィーの定義が曖昧だと批判を受けた。
- In the 'Ukiyoe Shunga o Yomu,' he opposes Timon SCREECH's opinion by saying, 'Shunga is not pornography;' however, he was criticized that his definition of pornography was vague.
- しかし、このコメント欄には、報告の遅れのルーズさや金銭の扱いの曖昧さに関し批判が多数あがり、210725 にはコメント欄が本人の手により全削除された。
- However, a lot of readers criticized the delay of the report and the opaque handling of the money through writing in the column of comment, and then the column of comment was completely deleted by him at 21:07:25.
- しかし毎月30万円の遺族年金が支払われている日本人兵士に対し、日本国民を離脱した台湾人兵士にはそれ以上の支払いはなく、批判する声もある(高金素梅など)。
- While Japanese soldiers have received a 300,000 yen monthly pension, the Taiwanese soldiers who had renounced Japanese nationality received nothing except for choikin, of which fact some people including Sumei GAOJIN have been criticizing.
- 加藤は「夫婦同権の流弊論」(第31号)において、西欧のレディファーストの慣習を取り上げ、これを東洋の人が真似るのは夫婦同権の行き過ぎた結果だと批判した。
- In 'A bad custom of the equal rights between husband and wife' (No.31), Kato mentioned about the custom of lady first in Western Europe and criticized that introducing this custom by Asian people was a result of excessive equal between husband and wife.
- しかし本書の薨伝は一方的・公式的な礼賛や非難に流れず、独特の批評や感想を交えた興味深い記述が多く、六国史の中では批判精神を堅持したものとして異色である。
- However, the koden in this book was neither mere praise nor criticism, but was instead full of interesting descriptions interwoven with unique comments and impressions, and because of its critical spirit the book was unusual among Rikkokushi.
- 収容者に強制労働を強いたことに批判が集まったこと、1894年頃から徐々に強制労働的な受刑者の使役を廃止、1903年以降は監獄と名を改め発展的に消滅した。
- Due to mounting criticism of forcing hard labor on prisoners, forced labor was gradually abolished since around 1894, and Shujikan were renamed Kangoku and dissolved to form new facilities after 1903.
- ただし今度はこの訓戒が逆に行き過ぎて、例えば悪行をなした者は念仏道場への立ち入りを禁止するなどの問題が起きた事を、唯円は『歎異抄』において批判している。
- However, this warning sometimes had an excessive influence; in 'Tannisho,' Yuien criticized overly strict people who would not allow those who had committed bad deeds to enter Nenbutsu dojo.
- 叡尊は荒廃した既存仏教に対する批判から律宗の覚盛とともにこれまで国家が定めた手続きによる方法しか認められていなかった授戒を自らの手で行った(自誓授戒)。
- Eison implemented Jukai (handing down the precepts), a procedure which was limited to what had been defined by the state, by himself with Kakujo in the Risshu sect because he criticized the degraded existing Buddhism (vow by oneself and Jukai).
- その見方を世間に定着させることになったのは、この事件の直後から主として藩閥政治に批判的で自由民権運動に共感する講談師たちが語り始めた伝三郎の伝記だった。
- This view was established by Kodan-shi (professional storytellers) who, critical of the clan-dominated political system and empathizing with the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, started telling Denzaburo's biography right after the case.
- これは東洋医学者達に大きな批判を浴び看板をおろすことになったが長淑の確かな腕と人格に加賀藩をはじめ多くの支持者が集まり日本の内科医学を大きく発展させた。
- Though he was much criticized by the oriental medicine specialists and closed his hospital, many people including the Kaga domain supported Chosyuku's reliable skill and personality, which contributed greatly to the development of internal medicine in Japan.
- 一方で士族反乱に参加した士族の大半は金禄公債証書発行以前から政府を批判しており、また決起の趣旨に秩禄処分が挙げられているケースが少ない事も指摘されている。
- However, some people insists that most of the former warriors who joined the revolts had criticized the government since before the issuance of the public bond, and their reason for joining the revolts was not Chitsuroku-shobun.
- また、大企業の経営者が子や係累に経営を継がせることも一般的であるが、これについては縁故採用・出世の極端な形であるともとれ、批判をする者(佐高信ら)もいる。
- It is also common that the CEO of a large enterprise will pass on their business to their children or family members or in-laws; however, this can be considered an extreme example of nepotism, and some commentators have criticized this practice (e.g. Makoto SATAKA).
- その慈光寺本を除くと承久記は後鳥羽上皇に対して批判的な記述が多く、古活字本には「賢王・聖主の直なる御政に背き、横しまに武芸を好ませ給ふ」とさえ書いてある。
- Apart from Jiko-ji bon, Jokyuki has many critical accounts of the Retired Emperor Gotoba, and the Kokatsuji bon even says that 'he turns his back on the administration led by the wise and highly virtuous Emperor, and prefers military arts.'
- 考証学の基本姿勢は「実証的にものごとを分析すること」であり、そういう態度からすれば過去の模刻の姿勢はあまりにいい加減なものであり、批判すべき対象であった。
- The study of old documents was based on the 'empirical analysis approach,' and seen from this perspective, past approaches to mokoku were too irresponsible to avoid criticism.
- これによって平城の直系は皇位の可能性がなくなったものの、嵯峨は内外の批判を恐れて自分の実子を擁立する事に躊躇して弟の大伴親王(後の淳和天皇)を皇太弟とした。
- Due to this the direct Imperial line, Emperor Heizei lost the possibility to succeed to the throne, Emperor Saga was afraid of being criticized from both inside and outside the palace, he hesitated to appoint his own child to succeed to the throne, he appointed his younger brother, Imperial Prince Otomo (later called Emperor Junna) to become the second successor of the Crown Prince.
- こうしたことをじっくり考慮してから、推進者は法律案という形で計画案を提出するが、議会での批判に対処するために、ルートの変更を余儀なくさせられるかもしれない。
- After weighing all these considerations, the promoters will present their scheme in the form of a private bill; however, they might find themselves forced to alter the route in order to meet criticisms in Parliament.
- 「種の論理」もしくは、「絶対媒介の哲学」を唱え、晩年には懺悔道を説くも、日本の戦争責任を懺悔道という捉えようのない普遍の中に解消してしまったとの批判もある。
- He argued for 'Logic of species,' or 'Philosophy of absolute intermediation,' and advocated metanoia in his last years, but some criticized that the Japan's war responsibility was made ambiguous in the complicated universalization of metanoetics.
- 朱子学を「憶測にもとづく虚妄の説にすぎない」と喝破、朱子学に立脚した古典解釈を批判し、古代中国の古典を読み解く方法論としての古文辞学(蘐園学派)を確立した。
- Refuting Neo-Confucianism as 'just a delusional theory based on hypothesis', he criticized the interpretation of classical writings based on Neo-Confucianism, and established Kobunjigaku (study of ancient rhetoric school) (the Kenengaku school) as a method for deciphering classical writings of ancient China.
- 晶子(出産した双子の名付け親が鴎外)やらいてうや純芸術雑誌「番紅花」(さふらん)を主宰した尾竹一枝など、個性的で批判されがちな新しい女性達とも広く交際した。
- Ogai got along with modern women who had a strong sense of individuality and thus were subject to criticism, for example Akiko (whose twins were named by Ogai), Raicho, Kazue OTAKE who edited high art magazine 'Saffron,' and so on.
- 同月19日、華族会館での龍池会例会で、フェノロサの絵画改良論(洋画排斥論)と狩野派を批判する講演をした(「絵画改良論」として『龍池会報告』第31号に収録)。
- On November 19, Naojiro gave a lecture in a regular meeting of the Ryuchi kai held at Kazoku-kaikan, in which he criticized Fenollosa's painting improvement theory (Western-style painting expulsion theory) and the Kano school (the lecture is recorded in Issue thirty-one of 'Ryuchi kai hokoku (Ryuchi party report)' as a 'Painting Improvement Theory').
- しかし帰藩後も、尊攘派と対立関係にあった久邇宮朝彦親王や近衛忠煕・近衛忠房父子、また、尊攘派の言動に批判的だった孝明天皇から再三、久光は上京の要請を受けた。
- However, after Hisamitsu returned to the domain, he received several requests to go to Kyoto by the Imperial Prince Asahiko KUNINOMIYA, Tadahiro KONOE and his son Tadafusa KONOE who were confronted with the Sonjo-ha party and the Emperor Komei who criticized the behavior of Sonjo-ha party.
- しかし誤解を招きかねないことばであることは間違いなく、この解釈をめぐり、後に陽明学は分派することになる契機となり、また他派の猛烈な批判を招来することにもなる。
- But it is doubtlessly a misleading word, and the Yomei-gaku was to split over the interpretation of 'mu,' which further invited fierce criticism from other schools.
- 部落解放同盟京都府連合会委員長であった朝田善之助は、「アメリカ帝国主義とそれに従属する日本独占資本」への対決に収斂しようとする共産党系の運動論を強く批判した。
- Zennosuke ASADA, who was a chairman of the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation, strongly accused the Communist Party of the leaning movement that led to the conclusion of the confrontation against 'American imperialism and its subservient Japanese monopoly capital.'
- 当時から批判している人の多くは、この当時の折伏の激しさに加え「言論出版妨害事件」なども相まって、創価学会に対するアレルギーや警戒感を現在でも絶えず持っている。
- Many of those who have been criticizing it since then continuously are allergic and have a sense of vigilance against Soka Gakkai because of the 'incidents of speech and press interference' in addition to the severity of shakubuku at that time.
- なおこのソメイヨシノを1882年に植林したのは、擬似科学批判で知られる物理学者菊池誠 (大阪大学)の曽祖父で、「青森りんごの始祖」とも言われる菊池楯衛である。
- Further, this Someiyoshino was planted in 1882 by Tatee KIKUCHI, who is said to be the 'founder of Aomori apples'; he was also a great-grandfather of the physicist Makoto KIKUCHI (Osaka University), who is known for his criticism against pseudoscience.
- 同時代、永康学派の陳亮や永嘉学派の葉適(しょうせき)は、聖人の道は国家や民衆の生活を利することにあるとする事功の学を唱えて自己の内面を重視する朱熹を批判した。
- In the same period, Chin Ryo (Chen Liang) of the Eiko school and Sho Seki of the Eika school preached on a Utilitarianism school, which claimed that the way of the saint was to benefit the nation and the lives of the people, and criticized Chu His who valued the inner self.
- 明治時代に入って文明開化の世となり、西洋の演劇に関する情報も知られるようになると、歌舞伎の荒唐無稽な筋立てや、興行の前近代的な慣習などを批判する声が上がった。
- As information about Western theatres was introduced to Japan thanks to the civilization and enlightenment movement during the Meiji period, criticisms were voiced at Kabuki for its far-fetched scenarios and outdated performance practices.
- 第二次世界大戦後、日本建築史家の太田博太郎(元、東京大学教授)が天竺様という名称を批判し「天竺はインドを意味し、天竺様ではインドの建築様式と誤解されてしまう。
- After the Second World War, Japanese architectural historian Hakutaro OTA (formerly a Professor at the University of Tokyo) criticized the term tenjiku-yo by stating that 'The fact that 'Tenjiku' means 'India', and leads the misunderstanding that 'tenjiku-yo' refers to an Indian architectural style.
- 現在ではその画風を的確に表す言葉とされる『朦朧体』という呼称も、当初は「勢いに欠ける、曖昧でぼんやりとした画風」という意味で、批判的に使用された言葉であった。
- While the name 'Moro-tai' is regarded as a term that appropriately indicates his style at the time, it was initially used as a criticism to mean a 'lifeless, vague and dim style.'
- また国内で、脚気患者の大量発生と軍医不足という悲惨な状況が知られはじめると、陸軍衛生部さらに大本営の大本営組織、小池正直(陸軍省医務局)に対する批判が高まった。
- The Medical Department of the Army, Imperial Headquarters Executive Command, and Masanao KOIKE (Medical Affairs Bureau of Ministry of Army) came under increasing criticism when tragic news of the beriberi epidemic and the shortage of army surgeons became known in Japan.
- その理由は、『記紀』の成立過程に関する史料批判が進み、ヤマト王権内部における文字使用状況から推測すると、継体天皇以前の伝承に信用を置くことはできないためである。
- The reason for this is that, upon examining historical materials on the process of creating the Kiki, it was found that the methods for keeping records (particularly the use of letters under Yamato sovereignty) used before Emperor Keitai are not reliable.
- 1990年代ごろになると、こうした士農工商像を批判的に検証し、同時代の一次史料に基づく実証的な研究によって、新たな江戸時代の身分制度像が提示されるようになった。
- Around 1990s, an empirical study, which critically verified the above-mentioned concept of shi-no-ko-sho and used the primary sources of the same period as a basis, started to present a new concept of the class system in the Edo period.
- わけても、原本を忠実に写したとされる青谿書屋本などをもとにして池田亀鑑がなした『古典の批判的処置に関する研究』(1941年)にいたってほとんど完成するに至った。
- Above all, Kikan IKEDA wrote 'A Study on Critical Dealing with the Classics' (1941), concerning himself with the Seikeishookubon, which is said to have been copied true to the original manuscript, and brought his study near to completion.
- これに対して、8世紀には大学寮において一部ながら見られ、『経国集』などによって今日でも見ることが出来る儒教的見地からの仏教批判はすっかり影を潜めるようになった。
- In opposition to this, criticism against Buddhism from the Confucianism side of view, which could partly be seen in Daigakuryo in the eighth century, and can still be seen today in historical sources such as 'Keikokushu' (A collection of managing the country) became completely eclipsed.
- 批判が無関係であるか取るに足らない(パフォーマンスに対する不快感を表明するためにステージの上にピーナッツを放り投げる無教育の人々に似ている)と考えられている人々
- people whose criticisms are regarded as irrelevant or insignificant (resembling uneducated people who throw peanuts on the stage to express displeasure with a performance)
- 特に白河上皇の政治介入には批判的で、「おりゐのみかどの門に車たつ様やはある(位を降りた上皇の邸の門に、牛車が立ち並ぶことなどあろうか)」と公言した(『今鏡』)。
- Moromichi criticized especially the political interference of the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, and publicly stated, 'the ox-drawn carriages should not be parked around the entrance of the retired emperor's mansion' (according to 'Imakagami' (The Mirror of the Present)).
- 『君死にたまふことなかれ』を前面に出して一概に反戦・反天皇の人物であったわけではなく、当時『労農主義』として紹介されていたマルクス・レーニン主義も批判していた。
- Despite her 'Kimi Shinitamou koto nakare' fame, she was not an unconditional anti-war and anti-Emperor activist; she also criticized Marxism-Leninism that was introduced as 'Labor-Peasantism' at that time.
- 特に後者は(実際の執筆はともかくとして)、編纂の全過程に緒嗣が関ったと言われており、彼の元に優れた文才と批判精神を持つ人たちが集められて作られた歴史書となった。
- It is said that Otsugu was engaged in the whole steps of compilation of especially the latter (aside from the actual writing) and, therefore, this book was a historical book produced by the people who had talents for writing and spirits for criticism and who were gathered under Otsugu.
- 校訂不備多しとの批判はあるものの、世界における仏教界や仏教研究に寄与しているのは、高楠順次郎・渡辺海旭監修の『大正新脩大蔵経』(大正一切経刊行会)100巻である。
- Although it is criticized as having many insufficient castigations, what contributes to the world of Buddhism and the research on Buddhism is the 100 volumes of 'Taisho Shinshu Daizo-kyo Sutra' (Taisho Issai-kyo Kanko-kai, 大正一切経刊行会) produced under the editorship of Junjiro TAKAKUSU and Kaikyoku WATANABE.
- 九鬼の議論では、伝統的にはむしろ野暮の代表である侍を持ち出すことで「いき」が町人の文化であることを軽視している点、西洋哲学での理屈付けをしている点には批判もある。
- Kuki's argument has been criticized on the grounds that, by bringing up samurai (warriors) who, if anything, have traditionally represented 'yabo,' it neglects the fact that 'iki' is the culture of the townspeople, and also that it follows Western philosophical logic.
- この頃、中央政界は専横を極めた平清盛を中心とする平氏一門と強力な院政を目論む後白河法皇の両者の対立が軸となっていたが、兼実は両者に対して批判的態度を取りつづけた。
- At that time, the central political world was occupied by the conflict centered around TAIRA no Kiyomori from the Taira family, who had deposed, and Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, who planned to create a powerful Insei (rule by a retired emperor); Kanezane continued to view both parties with a critical eye.
- これらは、当時としてはきわめて先進的な内容を含む現実的、合理的な政策であったが、賄賂政治を批判され、天明の大飢饉とも重なって百姓一揆や打ちこわしが激発して失脚した。
- Although these were realistic and rational policies including very advanced contents in those days, the criticism for prevalence of bribery and the frequent peasant revolts and destructive urban riots as well as the Tenmei Famine brought his downfall.
- そして、従来は同じく中国思想であったものが日本化した攘夷論とむすびつき、幕府や幕藩体制を批判する先鋭な政治思想へと展開していき、この思想が明治維新の原動力となった。
- Furthermore, conventional Chinese thoughts were Japanized in the same way, and united with the doctrine of excluding foreigners, developing into a radical political position criticical of the shogunate and its domain system, and as such, this became a driving force for the Meiji Restoration.
- 二箇相承以外にも、両巻血脈といわれる「百六箇抄(血脈抄)」「本因妙抄(法華本門宗血脈相承事)」などがあるが、いずれも同門他派からは疑義の強い書として批判されている。
- There are documents other than Nika Sojo such as 'Hyaku Rokka Sho' (One Hundred and Six Articles, also known as Kechimyakusho) and 'Honinmyosho' (Honin-myo Sho (On the Mystic Principle of the Original Cause, also known as Hokkehonmonshu Kechimyakusojonokoto (document about the inheritance of blood lineage in Hokke Honmon Sect)), which are also called Ryokan Kechimyaku (blood lineage of two books), but both are criticized by other sects within Nichiren sects that they are fake books.
- ところが、幕府では道誉の普段の行状に批判的であった足利直義でさえも道誉を弁護して朝廷の命令を拒否、結果的に道誉父子は上総国に配流となるが、その後幕政に復帰している。
- However, even Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, who had frequently been critical of Doyo, came to his defense, rejecting the Imperial order; as a result, Doyo and Hidetsuna were banished to Kazusa Province, but soon returned to the shogunate.
- 井上成美は「東郷さんが平時に口出しすると、いつもよくないことが起きた」と述懐したうえで、「人間を神様にしてはいけません。神様は批判できませんからね。」と語っている。
- Shigeyoshi INOUE related Togo's reminiscences, saying that 'Togo's interferences in peacetime always caused something bad to happen, and we must not deify human beings gods because gods are beyond criticism.'
- こうした動きに対し、桂首相は明治天皇の諒闇中(服喪期間)であるから政争を中止するように諭した大正天皇の詔勅(優詔)を受けてこれを乱発し、政府批判を封じた(優詔政策)。
- Against this movement, Prime Minister Katsura frequently abused 'Shochoku' (imperial edict) of Emperor Taisho, which was originally issued by the Emperor to stop the political disputes, respecting the period for mourning of former Emperor Meiji (Imperial Edict Tactics), and tried to silence the people's criticism of the government.
- その対策として発行された万延小判の品位の低さなどにより諸物価が高騰、開国策・不平等条約への批判が噴出し、外国人排斥の攘夷思想が次第に隆盛し、各地で異人斬りが横行する。
- In responce to the situation the government issued Manen oval gold coins, but the low quality of the coins led to steep inflation, triggering severe criticism of the unequal treaty and opening of the country and a growing anti-foreigner movement, provoking the rampant killing of Westerners in many places in the country.
- また清末から隆盛した今文学派による古典批判の方法論は古籍に対する弁偽の風潮を興し、1927年、顧頡剛を始めとする疑古派が経書や古史の偽作を論ずる『古史弁』を創刊した。
- Additionally, the methodology of classics critique by the Kinbun learning school which flourished from the end of Qing brought a climate of clarification of truth or falsehood of old books, and in 1927, the Giko-ha school including Ko Ketsugo published 'Koshiben' (telling right from wrong about old history), which discussed forged Keisho and ancient history.
- また、新体制運動の核の一つであった経済新体制確立要綱が財界から反発を受け、小林一三商工相は経済新体制要綱の推進者である岸信介次官と対立、小林は岸を「アカ」と批判した。
- Furthermore, the new economic policy outline, which was one of the key points of the new order movement, faced opposition from the financial world, with Ichizo KOBAYASHI, the Minister of Commerce and Industry, clashing with Vice-Minister, Nobusuke KISHI, the driving force behind the outline, whom Kobayashi criticized as 'a red.'
- 加えて貴族院では清浦がかつて所属していた研究会_(貴族院)の議員を閣僚10人中3人も入閣させるという「論功人事」を行ったことに対する他会派からの批判が湧き起こっていた。
- In addition, the fact that KIYOURA gave 3 out of 10 ministerial positions to the members of the House of Peers who belonged to the same faction as KIYOURA used to belong to, namely the Kenkyukai (Study Association) also triggered mounting criticism from among other political groups too.
- 5代竹心は藪内家中興と称せられ、千家中興と言われる表千家7代如心斎らと同時期の人であるが、富裕町人を大量に受け入れ華やかに変貌しはじめた三千家に対しては批判的であった。
- Although the fifth head of the family, Chikushin, who is known for reviving the Yabunouchi family, lived at the same time as Joshinsai, the 7th head of the Omotesenke school and the symbol of Senke restoration, he was critical of the Sansenke for becoming pompous by accepting large numbers of wealthy merchants.
- 中華人民共和国時代に入って、市域拡張のため、また近代化の妨げになるという批判もあり、ほとんどの都市では城壁は取り壊されたが、西安や平遥のように保存されている都市も多い。
- When the People's Republic of China was founded, walls were demolished in most cities to make way for the expansion of city areas or as a result of criticism for blocking modernization, but the walls are preserved in some cities, such as Xian City and Pingyao.
- しかし明治24年(1891年)東京帝国大学教授久米邦武の「神道は祭天の古俗」という論文が皇室への不敬に当たると批判を受け職を追われ、学問的自由に制限が加わるようになる。
- However Kunitake KUME, a professor of Tokyo Imperial University, wrote the essay titled; ' Shintoism is to Enshrine God in the Old Way,' which was criticized as being rude to the Imperial family, he was removed from his position in 1891 and political pressure started to mount against the freedom to study.
- この時の兵装束は筒袖上衣に裁着袴(たっつけばかま)、頭に黒塗円錐形の銃陣笠であり、特に銃陣笠は見分に来ていた幕府役人が「異様之冠物」と批判するような斬新なものであった。
- The heishozoku (military costume) at this time was tsutsusode joi (straight-sleeved jacket) with tatsutsuke bakama (man's formal divided skirt), and a black lacquered conical jujingasa (a conical headpiece for armed soldiers) on the head; this jujingasa, particularly, was such a novelty that officers of the feudal government who came for field surveying criticized it as 'iyo no kaburimono' (an eccentric headgear).
- この説に対して上杉慎吉は天皇機関説天皇機関説前史の立場から批判を行ったが、天皇機関説は議会政治を実現する上での憲法解釈上の大きな根拠として度々取り上げられるようになった。
- This theory was opposed by Shinkichi UESUGI who upheld the stance that the Emperor holds sovereignty but was repeatedly brought to attention as the foundation for interpretation of the Constitution in realizing legislative rule.
- ばさらに対して批判的な古典『太平記』には、源家足利氏筆頭執事の高師直や近江国(滋賀県)の佐々木道誉(高氏)や美濃国(岐阜県)の土岐頼遠などのばさら的な行動が記されている。
- The writer of the classic epic 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) was clearly critical about basara, and in it, the basara-like behaviors the people such as KO no Moronao, a head steward of the Genke Ashikaga clan, Doyo SASAKI (Takauji) of Omi Province (Shiga Prefecture), and Yorito TOKI of Mino Province (Gifu Prefecture), are described
- お父さんそっくり! / 〜代目そっくり!(名人として知られた故人の当たり役に若い当代が挑む場合などでは応援の掛け声となるが、通常は「独自性に乏しい」という批判的な掛け声)
- 'Otosan Sokkuri' or '…daime Sokkuki '(you are just like your father or just like the …th); this kakegoe is to cheer when a young actor challenges to play a role in which a deceased star actor had made a hit, however, it is usually used to criticize performances for poverty of originality.
- これに対する批判としては、譲位法だとすると元明天皇、元正天皇、淳仁天皇、光仁天皇のようなもっと特殊な継承を正当化するためにも使えるはずなのに、それがないことが挙げられる。
- Against this theory, there is criticism pointing out that if it were a succession law, it can be used to justify such unusual cases as the successions of Empress Genmei, Empress Gensho, Emperor Junnin, and Emperor Konin, however the theory is not applied in these cases.
- 実に2個師団に相当する兵士が脚気で命を落とし、また戦闘力低下のために戦死した兵も少なくなく「(鴎外は)ロシアのどの将軍よりも多くの日本兵を殺した」との批判も存在している。
- Two divisions' worth of soldiers died from beriberi, and many soldiers were killed in the war through lack of energy due to the disease, so Ogai was criticized for contributing more to the deaths of Japanese soldiers than any Russian general.
- これに対して後に中平も「フランスの主催する映画祭なのですから文句をつけるものでもなく、抗議は筋違い」と大島監督を批判しているが、結果的に『闇の中の魑魅魍魎』は受賞を逃す。
- On the other hand, Nakahira later criticized Oshima 'Because it is a film festival held by France, we should not criticize how they do it and it is wrong to protest against it,' but as a result, 'Yami no naka no Chimimoryo' could not receive a prize.
- 山鹿は朱子学を批判したが、制度により共同体がつくられ所属する人間に倫理を担わせると考えるのは現実には学校という制度で今日も生きており、逆に山鹿の考え方は少数派となっている。
- Though Yamaga criticized Shushigaku, the thought that people were responsible to the ethics of a community made by a system to which they belonged, remains in the current school system, while the thought propogated by Yamaga is in the minority.
- 「自家優先主義」との批判もあるが、これにより結果的には260年以上続く長期安定政権の基盤を確立し、「天下泰平」という日本語が生まれるほどの相対的平和状態を日本にもたらした。
- Although being criticized for the 'favoritism to relatives,' it resulted in establishing the basis for the long-term stable government which lasted more than 260 years, and in bringing about such a relatively peaceful state in Japan as a set phrase, 'Tenkataihei' (the peaceful and tranquil world), coined.
- また日本には逆に男子禁制の風習がある祭礼や場所(御嶽 (沖縄)など)があるが、それについて廃止・修正する行動がなされていない事に関して、プロジェクト側を批判する識者もある。
- Moreover, some intellectuals criticize the project side because they do not act to require abolishment or amendment against the festivals and places in which traditionally no men are admitted, as a contrary practice in Japan (such as Utaki (Okinawa)).
- 批判の内容は、筋書きが荒唐無稽で、前近代的であるとか、宙乗りや早替わりなどの、見た目には奇抜な演出(ケレンと呼ばれる)が、演劇として本来あるべき演出ではない、などであった。
- Criticisms were that the plots were absurd and premodern-style, and that the visually eccentric choreography (what is called 'Keren'), such as 'chunori' (a flight on wires from the stage over the heads of the audience) & 'hayagawari' (a quick change of costume), were not orthodox, and so on.
- 公方は将軍の別称として広く使われるようになったため、時には何某公方というように、公方に揶揄や批判の意味をこめた語をつけたあだ名が庶民によってつけられて知られることもあった。
- As the term 'Kubo' was commonly used as another name for the Shogun, people sometimes gave Kubo a nickname such as 'So-and-So Kubo' with a twist of irony to make it widely known.
- 本来、毎月や月ごとなどを意味する「月並み」という言葉が、『人並み、平凡』という意味も含んだのは、正岡子規がありふれた俳句や短歌を「月並み調」と批判したことが始まりとされる。
- It is believed that the word 'tsukinami' (meaning of monthly or every month) including the meaning of somthing commonplace or ordinary is derived from the word 'tsukinamicho'(monthly style) used by Shiki MASAOKA to criticize trite haiku and tanka.
- 近代史学の発展に伴い、官製の『古事記』や『日本書紀』などの文献批判が行われ、記紀以前の古い史料が基礎になっていると思料される本書が、信用度の高い古典として脚光を浴びてきた。
- The government-manufactured literature such as 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) were criticized hand in hand with the advancement of the modern historical science, and this manuscript which seems to have been based on the old historical materials before 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki' drew people's attention as a highly reliable classic.
- フランスの刑法学である新古典派・折衷主義を日本にもたらすことに大きく貢献し、「東洋のオルトラン」と呼ばれたが、資本主義の発達に伴う累犯の増加に対応できないとして批判された。
- He contributed to the introduction of neoclassical school and eclecticism of French criminal law into Japan and was called 'Eastern Acephate,' but they were criticized for the inability to handle the increase in repeated offenses associated with the development of the capitalism.
- 特に、摂関家の内紛や院政に対する批判や批評を行い、源氏の内紛、平家の台頭に関しても貴重な史料を残している人物で、その日記、『中右記』は平安時代後期の趨勢を知る上で貴重な史料。
- In particular, the critical remarks and evaluations he included in his diary of the insei (rule by retired emperors) system as well as the internal strife besetting the sekkan seiji (government by regents and advisors), not to mention his commentary on the internal strife facing the Minamoto clan and the rise of the Taira clan, ensure his fame as one who left behind a valuable historical record, and his diary, the 'Chuyuki' (Diary of Nakamikado, Minister of the Right) remains a precious historical document that captures the essence of the trends in the last days of the Heian period.
- 徳川家光が病没すると、後継である徳川家綱が幼弱であった為、由井正雪は丸橋忠弥等と共謀し、徳川家綱を奪取し、幕政批判と牢人救済を掲げた反乱を起こした(慶安の変(1651年))。
- After Iemitsu TOKUGAWA died of illness, as his successor Ietsuna TOKUGAWA was still immature, Shosetsu YUI conspired with Chuya MARUBASHI and others to take Ietsuna TOKUGAWA into their custody, and staged a rebellion criticizing the politics of the bakufu and demanding the relief of ronin (the Keian Incident [1651]).
- 藩閥(はんばつ)は明治から大正にかけて、日本の政府と軍の要職を占めた旧・西南諸藩(薩摩藩・長州藩・土佐藩・肥前藩のいわゆる薩長土肥)出身者のグループに対する批判的呼称である。
- Hanbatsu (domain clique) is a critical designation for the group of people from the former domains in southwest Japan (the domains of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Hizen; they were so-called, Sacchodohi), who occupied important posts in the Japanese government from the Meiji to the Taisho period.
- 討ち入りに参加した藩士が義士として称えられれば称えられるほど、その反動として、討ち入りに参加しなかった者とその家族に対しては幕末まで厳しい批判が向けられることになっていった。
- As people who participated in the raid were praised more and more as loyal retainers, those who did not participate including their families were facing severe criticism until the end of Edo period.
- 第二次世界大戦前まで支配的であった万世一系という概念に対する批判・懐疑から生まれたもので、昭和27年に水野祐が唱えた三王朝交替説がその最初のものでありかつ代表的なものである。
- The changes of dynasties theories were born out of criticism and doubt against the concept of the unbroken imperial line which was dominant in Japan before the World War II, in which a changes of three dynasties theory, advocated by Yu MIZUNO in 1952 for the first time, was representative.
- このキャンペーンのなかで、かつて不純な思想を持ち込んだと批判された空海は、外来の思想を日本流に換骨奪胎して紹介し、日本文化の形成に一役買った人物として評価されるようになった。
- In this campaign, Kukai, who was once criticized for bringing an impure philosophy to Japan, came to be evaluated as a person who introduced foreign philosophy after totally altering the contents to conform to Japanese ways and contributed to the formation of Japanese culture.
- なお徳一は天台宗のみならず密教に対しても問題視していたと見られ、真言宗の空海に対しても『真言宗未決文』で批判している(なお、これが徳一の著作として現存する唯一の史料である)。
- And Tokuitsu saw not only the Tendai sect but Mikkyo as a problem and he criticized the Kobo Daishi (Kukai) in the Shingon sect in 'Shingon-shu miketsumon' (a collection of criticisms of esoteric teachings) (it is the only historical material which remains as Tokuitsu's book).
- 天台密教(台密)などの加持も行い、総合仏教となる事によって基盤を固めた(しかし、法華経の教義が正しいのならば、なぜ念仏や加持を行わねばならないのか、という疑問・批判もある)。
- The sect strengthened its basis by conducting incantation of Tendai Esoteric Buddhism (Taimitsu) and becoming comprehensive Buddhism (there is doubt and criticism concerning the reason why the sect needed to conduct nenbutsu and/or incantation if it believed the doctrine of Hokke-kyo sutra was right).
- その教団は諸子百家の一家となって儒家となり、徳による王道で天下を治めるべきであり、同時代の武力による覇道を批判し、事実、そのように歴史が推移してきたとする徳治主義を主張した。
- The religious community became a school of Shoshi hyakka (The Various Masters of the 100 Schools: Thinkers of Ancient China) as Ju-ka (Confucianist), and advocated the principle of rule by virtue of the sovereignty, which believed the country should be governed by the rule of virtue, criticizing the rule by military power and plots in those days, and claiming that in fact, history had progressed in such ways.
- その他のインターネットスラングとしての「祭り」はブログ炎上 (ネット用語)といわれるものがあり、特定の団体や個人による不祥事や不穏当発言などに対する、中傷や非難や批判が多い。
- The term 'matsuri' as an Internet slang has another meaning of blog flaming (terminology of the Internet), and calumniation, crimination and criticism are often given to scandals and improper words by a certain organization or individual.
- また、新政の挫折の一因にはこの廉子と護良親王による政権内抗争があるとして、「雌鳥が鳴いて夜明けを報せると一家が滅ぶ」という中国の諺を引き合いに出し、批判的な叙述を行っている。
- One of the reasons for the collapse of the new government is said to be the political dispute between Yasuko and Imperial Prince Moriyoshi, and there is a statement quoted from the Chinese Proverb 'When a female bird cries at sunrise, a family falls.'
- また、親房が『神皇正統記』で後醍醐天皇の建武の新政を痛烈に批判している事や、定房が武力討幕に反対して元弘の変における天皇の挙兵計画を鎌倉幕府に密告している事は良く知られている。
- Besides, it is well known that he viciously criticized the Kenmu Restoration in 'Jinno Shoto ki' (A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns) by Emperor Godaigo; Sadafusa was against the overthrow of the bakufu, and secretly informed the Kamakura bakufu of the Emperor's plan to rise in arms at the time of Genko Disturbance.
- 第2次世界大戦後、支配者に都合のよい前近代的な思想として批判を受け、影響力は弱まったが、現代でも『論語』の一節が引用されることは多く、日本人にとっては親しまれている存在である。
- After World War II, it was criticized as a feudalistic thought, convenient for the ruler, and its influence diminished, but lines from 'The Analects of Confucius' are frequently quoted even today, and is a familiar thing for the Japanese people.
- これは「模刻」という手法自体に責任のある話ではないが、模刻の乱発で書蹟が無批判のままに引き写される行為が日常化したことにより、偽物が混じりこむ隙を作った責任はやはり免れ得ない。
- The method of 'mokoku' itself is not to blame for this; nevertheless, it cannot escape being criticized for allowing fraudulent works to circulate because excessive use of the method led to the situation where calligraphy works were copied routinely without criticism.
- 会計のあらゆる項目に対する異議は、直ちに事務局長に伝えられる。会計検査官は所見で得た種々の点について最初に事務局長に説明の機会を与えることをせずに報告書に批判を書くことはない。
- Audit objections to any item in the accounts shall be immediately communicated to the Director-General. In no case shall the auditors include criticism in their report without first affording the Director-General an opportunity to explain the various points under observation;
- 一方で幕府創設者である徳川家康と並んで幕政改革に熱心であった第5代将軍・徳川綱吉を尊敬し、綱吉が定めた「生類憐れみの令」を即日廃止した第6代将軍・徳川家宣を批判したと言われる。
- It is said that he respected Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the fifth shogun, because he was enthusiastic with regard to the reformation of the shogunate like Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the founder of the Tokugawa bakufu, but he criticized Ienobu TOKUGAWA, the sixth shogun, because he abolished the 'Shorui-Awaremi-no-rei' (ordinances of animal protection) that was an ordinance established by Tsunayoshi, on the same day that he assumed the post of shogun.
- その一方で義経の自害の後、景時と和田義盛ら郎従20騎がその首を検分した時、「観ル者ミナ双涙ヲ拭ヒ、両衫ヲ湿ホス(見る者皆涙を流した)」とあり、義経への批判と哀惜の両面が伺える。
- After Yoshitsune's suicide, when Kagetoki and Yoshimori WADA accompanied by their 20 retainers examined his head, the book wrote, 'All the people who saw his head shed tears,' showing the ambivalence of criticism against and attachment for Yoshitsune.
- 法然の浄土宗を批判した『摧邪輪(ざいじゃりん)』『四座講式』の著作や、40年にも及ぶ観行での夢想を記録した『夢記』などがあり、弟子の筆記による『却廃忘記』など数多くの著書がある。
- He left many writings including 'Zaijarin' (A Wheel for Pulverizing Heresy) and 'Shizakoshiki' (a chant composed of four formulas), both of which criticized Honen's Jodo Sect, 'Yumeki,' which recorded dreams which he had during his 40 years' kangyo, and 'Kyakuhaiboki,' which was taken in notes by his disciples.
- 南宋初、程頤の直弟子である楊時は北宋亡国の責任は王安石の新学にあるとして科挙に王安石の解釈を用いるべきではないと高宗 (宋)に進言し、『三経義辯』を著して『三経新義』を批判した。
- At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Yo Ji, who was the direct disciple of Tei I (Cheng Yi), suggested Koso (Gaozong) that interpretation by Anseki O (Wang Anshi) should be used for Kakyo, since the New learning of Anseki O was responsible for the loss of Baisong, and wrote 'Description of the Meaning of Three Classics' criticizing the 'New annotation of the Three Classics.'
- それまでの「四書五経」をはじめとする儒教の古典や仏典の研究を中心とする学問傾向を批判し、日本独自の文化・思想、精神世界を日本の古典や古代史のなかに見出していこうとする学問である。
- Kokugaku criticized the heretofore strong academic focus on Confucian and Buddhist classics, especially the 'Four Books and Five Classics' of Confucianism, trying instead to unearth native Japanese cultural, philosophical, and spiritual traditions to be found in the Japanese classics and ancient histories.
- 『平家物語』巻四にある「源氏揃え」では兄の行綱が鹿ヶ谷の陰謀による密告を批判される一方、摂津国の源氏として弟の高頼や太田頼基らと共に「多田次郎朝実」としてその名が挙げられている。
- In 'Genji soroe' (to arrange the Minamoto family) of 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike) Vol. 4, he is mentioned as the Minamoto clan from Settsu Province together with his younger brother Takayori and Yorimoto ODA under the name of 'Jirotomozane TADA,' while his older brother Yukitsuna is criticized for the betrayal during the Shishigatani plot.
- 古典『太平記』においては下克上的風潮には批判的であるが、失脚した細川清氏が南朝の楠木正儀らと京都を占拠した際には、自邸に火をかけずに立花を飾り、宴の支度をさせた事が記されている。
- There are several episodes about Doyo in 'Taiheiki,' for example, in which Doyo is portrayed as being critical of the base overcoming the exhalted; however, there are also episodes recorded that portray his sense of grandeur, such as that in which Doyo is seen to decorate his mansion with flowers, preparing to throw a party instead of burning it down when the ousted Kiyouji HOSOKAWA along with Masanori KUSUNOKI and others from the Southern Court occupied Kyoto.
- 尾去沢銅山事件に代表されるように実際に三井や長州系列の政商と密接に関わり、賄賂と利権で私服を肥やし、散財するという行為が当時から世間において批判され、貪官汚吏の権化とされていた。
- He was seen as the epitome of greedy and corrupted officer being accused by the public of his act of feathering his nest with bribes and interests and dissipate it, actually being involved closely with a businessmen with political ties of Mitsui and Choshu, represented by Osarizawa Copper Mine incident.
- すなわち「妻を好い身代の商人の家から向かへた」という設定は「十露盤(ソロバン)の桁」を変えれば日英同盟の寓喩であり、「知足」のテーマは対華21ヶ条要求への批判として浮上してくる。
- That means that 'marrying a wife from a wealthy merchant' was 'digit of an abacus,' a metaphor for the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, and the theme of being satisfied with 'one's lot in life' could be a criticism of the 21 Demands to China.
- なお幕末においては、たとえば横井小楠の発言にみられるように、外に対する「鎖国」だけではなく、日本国内においても藩と藩とのあいだも「鎖国」状態であるとの批判をおこなう論者もみられた。
- During the end of the Edo period, as described by the remarks made by Shonan YOKOI, some people criticized the seclusionism, saying that the policy indicated 'severing contact' not only from foreign countries, but also within each domain.
- なお、後藤家は宗家が文化_(日本)7年(1810年)に役目に不正があったとして取り潰され、後任の御金改役を命じられた分家も弘化2年(1845年)に幕府批判をしたとして取り潰された。
- In addition, the head family of the Goto family was ruined in connection with misconduct in duties in 1810, and the branch family who was ordered to be the successor to Gokin Aratame-yaku was also ruined in connection with criticism of bakufu in 1845.
- 一方、吉宗の侍医として仕えていた荻生は「大明律例訳義」が原文を載せていないことに批判的で1723年(享保8年)に明律原文に校訂・句読を施した「官准刊行明律(訓点本明律)」を著した。
- Meanwhile, Ogyu who served as the court physician for Yoshimune, was critical of the fact that 'Daiminritsureiyakugi' did not contain the original text, and in 1723, authored 'Kanjunkankominritsu' (kuntenbonminritsu), which added revisions and punctuation to the original Ming code.
- 第2次世界大戦での敗戦前の国柱会、戦後昭和30年代の日蓮正宗・創価学会、(のち、正本堂建立数年前に批判を受け国立戒壇論を撤回)冨士大石寺顕正会などでは、国立戒壇論の絶対化を掲げた。
- Kokuchu-kai (before the defeat in World War II), Nichiren Shohu and Soka Gakkai (during the post-war period from 1955 to 1965), Fuji Taiseki-ji Kensho-kai and others endeavored to finalize a proposition for a national kaidan (although Nichiren Shohu and Soka Gakkai eventually withdrew the proposition for a national kaidan a few years before the construction of Shohon-do).
- しかし、今日では、経典の成立した年代がある程度特定され、大乗経典などは、釈迦の直説ではなく後代によって成立したことが周知の事実であることから、大乗非仏説の根拠として批判されている。
- Currently, however, it is widely criticized and cited as proof of the thesis that the Mahayana teachings do not stem from the historical Buddha's teachings because the era of creation of each scripture is specified to a certain extent and the fact that the Mahayana Sutra is not Shaka's direct teaching but one created in later years is well known.
- 大風呂敷(おおぶろしき)とは、寸法の大きな風呂敷を言うが、一方出来そうにもない大袈裟な計画や話や実現不可能な計画を立てる、大言壮語する事を揶揄や批判し、「大風呂敷を広げる」という。
- While Oburoshiki refers to a large-sized Furoshiki (cloth wrapper), the sentence, 'to spread out Oburoshiki' is to make fun of or criticize impossibly exaggerated plans or stories, making impossible plans or making a bold pronouncement.
- 非公式パッチへの批判は、それがバグ追跡をものすごく難しくすることや、自前のバグを処理するだけでも手いっぱいな管理者の作業を、さらに増やす点などを観察したうえで説明されることが多い。
- Dislike of rogue patches is often explained by the objection that they can create compatibility problems between the daughter versions, complicate bug-tracking enormously, and inflict work on maintainers who have quite enough to do catching their own mistakes.
- 戦前において、小中村清矩が、天皇が定めた役職を「官職」、幕府など臣下がみだりに定めた役職を「職制」と呼んで、大義名分に基づいて峻別したと唱えたが、戦後に瀧川政次郎らから批判された。
- Before WWII, Kiyonori KONAKAMURA advanced a theory that Kanshoku and Shokusei were sharply distinguished from each other based on the moral sense such that the duties decided by the emperor were called 'Kanshoku' and the duties decided by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and retainers of the emperor without permission were called 'Shokusei,' which was criticized by Masajiro TAKIKAWA and others after the war.
- 和漢方医が7割以上を占めていた当時の医学界は、ドイツ医学界のような学問において業績を上げた学者に不遇であり、日本の医学の進歩を妨げている、大卒の医者を増やすべきだ、などと批判する。
- He criticized the medical world of Japan, saying it was over 70% occupied by Chinese and Japanese doctors, so specialists who made progress studying other fields such as German medical science were disregarded, and this situation prevented the medical progression of Japan, so the number of doctors graduating from medical school should be increased.
- 上横手雅敬は鎌倉幕府編纂である『吾妻鏡』に疑問を呈し、義経の無断任官問題が老獪な後白河が義経を利用して頼朝との離反を計り、義経がそれに乗せられた結果であるとする通説を批判している。
- Masataka UWAYOKOTE poses a question on the credibility of 'Azuma Kagami' elaborated by the Kamakura bakufu, and he opposed to the common theory, that is, Yoshitsune's acceptance of the title without his brother's permission was a result of an evil design of Goshirakawa, and with this strategy he tried to divide Yoshitsune from Yoritomo and Yoshitsune was trapped by it.
- そのため、Peter N. Dale(1986)、ハルミ・ベフ(1987)、 吉野耕作(1992)他、日本人論を文化的ナショナリズムの現れの一形態として批判的に研究する学者もいる。
- So there are scholars such as Peter N. Dale (1986), Harumi Befu (1987), Kosaku YOSHINO (1992), and others who study the Nihonjin-ron critically as they consider such discourses as a form of cultural nationalism.
- しかし元章は各作者付の信頼度については深く検討せず、結果として誤りの多い資料を無批判に採り入れる一方、逆に『申楽談儀』『五音』など根本資料と言える世阿弥の著書も見ていなかったらしい。
- However, Motoakira did not place great emphasis on the reliability of the sakushazuke, on which he based his work and as such, not only did he unquestioningly adopted sources containing numerous mistakes but it also appears as though he did not refer to fundamental sources such as 'Sarugaku Dangi' an 'Go On.'
- また韓国の考古学者の中にも、民族主義の影響を強く受けた従来の自国の研究者の学説を厳しく批判し、この時期の韓半島と日本列島の交流が極めて密接なものであったことを指摘する者が現れている。
- Some South Korean archaeologists now sharply criticize conventional theories by Korean researchers strongly affected by nationalism and they point out that the interaction between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago at the time was extremely inseparable.
- この内容はたちまち内外に伝わり、その内容に激昂した浄土宗の宗徒による日蓮襲撃事件を招いた上に、禅宗を信じていた時頼からも「政治批判」と見なされて、翌年には日蓮が伊豆国に流罪となった。
- Nichiren's treatise, which was soon known across Japan, caused Jodoshu Buddhists, who were angry about his arguments, to attack Nichiren; Tokiyori, who believed in Zen Buddhism, also regarded Nichiren's arguments as political criticism; and as a result, Nichiren was sent to Izu Island the following year.
- ところが過激な憲政擁護派らが上野恩賜公園や神田などで桂内閣をあからさまに批判する集会を開き、その集会での演説に興奮した国民の一部が国会議事堂に押し寄せるという事件を起こしたのである。
- Radical factions of the Kensei Yogo Group, however, held rallies in the Ueno Onshi Koen Park and on the streets in Kanda to bluntly criticize the KATSURA cabinet, and this event caused some of the citizens excited by the speeches at the rallies to throng to the Diet building.
- 米内光政と東條英機は、自らの路線を否定されて辞めるので出席しても仕方がないというケースであるが、第3次近衛内閣総辞職時の近衛文麿は病欠で「91歳の清浦奎吾より悪いのか」と批判された。
- In the cases of Mitsumasa YONAI and Hideki TOJO, it was pointless for them to attend a conference when their own policy lines had been rejected and therefore they were resigning, but at the time of the entire third KONOE Cabinet resignation, when Fumimaro KONOE did not attend a conference because of illness, he drew a lot of criticism that said, 'Is he in a worse condition than 91-year-old Keigo KIYOURA?'
- また、浄土宗の立教と共に旧来の仏教である天台宗や奈良の興福寺から批判の声が上がり、承元元年(1207年)、法然は讃岐国へ流罪にさせられる(承元の法難)が、その地においても布教をした。
- When Honen founded Jodo Shu, he was criticized by old temples such as Tendai denomination and Kofuku-ji temple of Nara, and exiled to Sanuki province (Jogen persecution), but he propagated Jodo Shu there as well.
- これに対しては、即位詔という公式の宣言の中で天皇を無視し、天皇の権威よりも皇太子のほうが優越していたという事実を是認することは穏当ではないとする批判があり、現在では支持されていない。
- Toward this theory, some scholars criticized that it is not appropriate to admit the fact that the dominance of the crown prince over the emperor's authority was advocated in the official oath like the imperial edict, ignoring the presence of the emperor, and nowadays, this theory is not supported.
- しかし宝暦3年(1753年)末、杉浦や吉田らが行なった年貢増徴政策に対して預かり地における百姓一揆が頻発して発生し、遂には百姓たちが芝村藩を批判して預かり地の所替えを要求するに至った。
- However, in 1753, the tax increase measure imposed by SUGIURA, YOSHIDA and others triggered frequent peasant's revolts, eventually leading farmers to criticize Shibamura Domain and demanding the relocation of the land in custody.
- 1689年(元禄2年)に、安楽院の霊空が『闢邪篇』(へきじゃへん)を著して批判し、輪王寺宮に上書したことで、典籍が没収され焚書にあい、玄旨帰命壇はついに禁断とされて絶滅したといわれる。
- Since Reiku of Anraku-in Temple criticized it in his book 'Hekijahen' and provided to Rinojinomiya, the book is said have been forfeited and burned, and the prohibition gradually lead to Genshi Kimyo-dan finally becoming extinct.
- 熟達した博物学者は彼に深刻で持続的な批判を向けきましたが、それはいつでも彼の理論に正当な評価を下したものというわけではなく、その弱点だけを曝け出そうという明確の意図をもったものでした。
- Accomplished naturalists have levelled heavy and sustained criticisms against him―not always with the view of fairly weighing his theory, but with the express intention of exposing its weak points only.
- 三・一独立運動に衝撃を受けた日本政府は、武力だけで朝鮮支配は不可能と判断し、また大正デモクラシー期における政党内閣の登場や、武断政治批判の日本国内世論にも配慮し、武断政治を一部変更した。
- The Japanese government, shocked by the March First Movement, found that it was impossible to rule Korea only by force of arms, and changed its Budan seiji partly, also in consideration of the emergence of the party cabinet in the Taisho Democracy period and Japanese domestic public criticism of Budan seiji.
- いわゆる日本主義者が、『日本 (新聞)』を舞台に政府の外交方針と自由民権運動の民力休養路線の双方を批判して、強硬的な外交政策による不平等条約解消とその裏付けとなる軍事力の拡張を主張した。
- So-called 'Japanese nationalist' criticized the line of reducing the national burden which were the government diplomatic policies and the Freedom and People's Rights Movement in 'Japan (newspaper)' and advocated dissolution of unequal treaty with the forceful diplomacy and to expand the military force.
- この折伏教典は創価学会独自のもので現在は刊行されていないが、そこには日蓮宗、天台宗、真言宗、禅宗、念仏宗、キリスト教などありとあらゆる宗教哲学に対して徹底的に批判・断罪した内容であった。
- This Shakubuku Scripture is an original one of Soka Gakkai and is not publicly available at present, but its contents are thorough criticism and condemnations of all kinds of religious philosophies including Nichirenshu sect, Tendaishu sect, Shingonshu sect, Zen sect, Nenbutsushu sect, and Christianity, etc.
- 一方で浄土宗の祖である法然や浄土真宗を開いた親鸞などは、自らさとりに向かうことのできない凡夫の救いは浄土三部経に説かれているとし、それを正依としたが、法華経を批判する言葉は見いだせない。
- On the other hand, Honen, a founder of the Jodo sect, as well as Shinran, a founder of the Jodo Shinshu sect, and others regarded the Three Sutras of the Pure Land as major sutras because they thought that the relief of an ignorant, deluded person was written in it, but nothing critical of the Hokke-kyo sutra has been seen.
- 開拓使官有物払下げ事件(かいたくしかんゆうぶつはらいさげじけん)は、北海道開拓使長官の黒田清隆が開拓使の官有物払下げを決定したところ、世論の厳しい批判を浴び、払下げ中止となった事件を指す。
- The scandal over the sale of the property owned by the Hokkaido Development Agency was the incident that the decision to sell the property owned by the Agency made by Kiyotaka KURODA, the director of the Hokkaido Development Commission, was cancelled due to the heavy criticism from the public.
- 『東日流外三郡誌』は地元の市史に用いられたことがあり、一度世に出てしまった文書が適正な史料批判を受けることなく、独り歩きしてしまうことがある例にもなっている(類例には『浜松城記』がある)。
- 'Tonichirugai-sangunshi' was once used as material for local city history and is an example of a historical document that once published, became unstoppable without appropriate criticism (another example is of 'Hamamatsujo-ki' (Record of Hamamatsu-jo Castle)).
- 社会政策学会における添田は、「主従の情誼」や家族主義・温情主義に基づく政策を唱道する最右派とされ、先述の第1回大会でもより急進的な部分を代表する高野岩三郎・福田徳三からの批判を受けている。
- He was thought to be one of members of the right wing at the Society for the Study of Social Policy as he proposed policies based on a master-pupil relationship, familism, and paternalism, and he was criticized by extremists such as Iwasaburo TAKANO and Tokuzo FUKUDA in the above-mentioned first meeting.
- 歴史学、考古学等の研究者は、本説の内容に関して、史料批判など歴史学の基礎手続きを踏んでいないこと、考古学の資料分析の成果とそぐわないこと等をもって、検証に耐えうる内容ではないとみなしている。
- Researchers on history and archaeology regarded the Kyushu dynasty theory as a theory which is worth investigating because basic procedures on history such as historical material criticism had not been conducted and it was inconsistent with the results of archaeological material analysis.
- 当初古田が権威あるとされる研究誌での公表を行っていた頃には評価とあわせ批判をしていたものの、現在では主要な百科事典や邪馬台国論争史を著述した研究書においても記載されることなく無視されている。
- While FURUTA's publication in authoritative journals were studied and criticized before, today, it was never publicized in major encyclopedias or in research books describing the Yamatai-koku kingdom history dispute and was neglected.
- これらのことから、この教えでしか救われず、他の教えによれば罰あるいは仏罰が出る、などと煽り、自我功利的な教えを宣揚するのは、カルト集団における観念的脅迫でしかない、という反対論や批判もある。
- For these reasons, the agitations that people can be relieved only by a certain teaching and that the belief in other teachings causes punishment or Butsubachi, and enhancements of the self-expedient teaching are opposed and criticized as just ideological threats of cults.
- この校本完成までの作業は、それまで日本では、中でも国文学の世界では全く知られていなかった西洋の正文批判に関する研究成果を取り入れるため、文献を取り寄せて学びながらの作業であったとされている。
- It is said that he completed the variorum adopting the research results of Western textual criticism which was not known at all to the Japanese people, especially those who were experts on classical Japanese literature, so he had to order the literature from abroad and studied it while he was making the variorum.
- 元木泰雄は従来、概ねその記述を信用できると考えられていた『吾妻鏡』について近年著しくすすんだ史料批判と、『玉葉』など同時代の史料を丹念に付き合わせる作業によって、新しい義経像を提示している。
- Yasuo MOTOKI presents a new profile of Yoshitsune, by examining 'Azuma Kagami,' whose text has been considered rather credible, based on the approach of the critique of historical materials, which has been advanced remarkably in the resent years, and by comparing the detailed descriptions of the 'Azuma Kagami' with those of 'Gyokuyo' and other materials written at the same period.
- 福澤は、上記の批判に対して、慶應義塾 五九樓仙萬(ごくろうせんばん)というペンネームで「学問のすすめ之評」という弁明の論文を記して投稿し、『郵便報知新聞』明治7年11月5日号付録に掲載された。
- Fukuzawa responded to those views, by posting an article of 'A review on Gakumon no Susume' which appeared in an additional edition of Yubin Hochi Shinbun newspaper on November 5, 1874, under the name of Kokuro Senban (which nearly sounds 'thanks for your efforts') of Keiogijuku.
- また民主進歩党では日本統治に対して同情的ではあるが、植民地主義は現代において認められないとの立場を表明しており、日本統治を評価しつつも、その根底に存在した植民地主義を批判する立場を取っている。
- The Democratic Progressive Party is more sympathetic toward Japanese rule but makes it clear that colonialism was not accepted today, so it values the Japanese rule to some extent, but takes a stance to criticize the colonialism based upon which Japan ruled Taiwan.
- 日本国内でも娼妓という「人身売買」が公然と行われており、奴隷売買を非難する資格がないとのこの批判により、日本は公娼制度を廃止せざるを得なくなり、同年10月に芸娼妓解放令が出される契機となった。
- Human trafficking' for prostitute was practiced openly in Japan, and it was in no position to condemn slavery; after this criticism, Japan was forced to abolish prostitution, and in October of the same year, an emancipation edict was issued, freeing all prostitutes.
- 建武政権の政庁である二条富小路近くの二条河原(鴨川 (淀川水系)流域のうち、現在の京都市中京区二条大橋付近)に掲げられたとされる落書(政治や社会などを批判した文)で、写本として現代にも伝わる。
- Hand written copies (criticizing and satirizing politics and society) have been passed down through the years up until today, and it is said to have been displayed at the Nijo river beach near Nijo Tomikoji Street in the Kamogawa river basin (Yodogawa river system) (near the present day Nijo-Ohashi Bridge, Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto City) where the Kenmu regime's office was.
- 明末清初の王夫之は『大学』のあげる「平天下」はつまるところ国を治めるための思想(すなわち「治国」)を述べるに過ぎず、天下の次元には通用しないものであると述べて、これを尊重する朱子学を批判した。
- O Fushi, who lived from the end of the Ming era to the beginning of the Quin era, criticized Neo-Confucianism which highly regarded 'Daigaku' by arguing that '平天下' (to put 'Tenka' in order) described in 'Daigaku' was no more than the philosophy of ruling a nation (namely, '治国') and that it could not be applied to the level of Tenka.
- しかし、血縁が遠すぎて皇位継承者として国民の支持が得られないと反対派から批判された「旧皇族」に代えて、彼ら「皇別摂家」から皇位継承者を迎えてはどうかとの意見が男系維持論者の一部から提起された。
- However, some advocates of male-lineage succession suggested that members of the Kobetsu Sekke be selected as successors to the imperial throne instead of members of the 'former imperial family', because some people opposed the selection of the latter as successors since their more distant kinship to the imperial family means they would not enjoy public support.
- (十分な支援を受けながら戦わずに逃げ帰った)維盛と同一に扱うのはおかしい」と反論して、天皇に忠節を尽くしている武士達を蔑視する公卿達の振る舞いを批判し、天皇の指示通りに褒賞を出させたのである。
- It is ridiculous to treat him the same way as Koremori (who fled back before fighting despite the receipt of enough support),' and criticized the noble people for looking down on the samurai warriors who remained faithful to the Emperor, and a reward was given to him as directed by the Emperor.
- 幕府が諸外国と条約を結び、鎖国体制を解いて開国を行うと、攘夷論と結合して尊王攘夷(尊攘)となり、幕政批判や討幕運動などへと展開していく素地のひとつとなり、明治以降の国体論や国家神道へも影響する。
- When the Tokugawa shogunate ended its policy of isolation and concluded treaties with foreign countries, opening Japan to the outside world, imperialism was fused with the principle of excluding foreigners, and grew into an anti-foreign imperialism; this became a conduit for criticism of shogunate policy and for the anti-shogunate movement, and exerted an influence on national polity theory and State Shinto.
- 1976年の6号の特集「母音調和を探る」には六母音説を主張する服部四郎の「上代日本語の母音体系と母音調和」と松本の「日本語の母音組織」が並んで掲載され、互いの説を批判し合うという体裁が採られた。
- The June issue of 1976 featured 'investigation of vowel harmony,' with Shiro HATTORI's article 'Ancient Japanese Vowel System and Harmony' that advocated for the theory of six vowels and Matsumoto's 'Japanese Vowel Structure' appearing next to and criticizing each other.
- この概念が登場した背景として、1970年代以降、王朝国家論を巡る議論の中で、在地の農民層から武士が生まれて貴族の荘園支配を打倒していったとするそれまでの解釈への批判が強まったことがあげられている。
- One of the commonly understood reasons for the rise of this concept was the increasing criticism in the 1970's and onwards of the conventional understanding that local farmers were the foundation of the samurais who overthrew shoen (manors in medieval Japan) control by aristocrats.
- また、ヤマト王権をめぐって主として愛好家により日本神話や記紀編年の自由な解釈に基づく「謎解き」に類する説が多く主張されているが、そのほぼ全ては史料批判を満たしていないものであり学問的価値に乏しい。
- Also, many theories of the 'mystery-solving' type, based on loose interpretations of Japanese mythology and the chronologies in the 'Kojiki' (Record of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki', have been asserted by Yamato Kingdom enthusiasts, but these nearly always fail to satisfy historical scrutiny and are of limited academic value.
- 奴隷貿易を未然に防いだとされるこの事件では、日本の姿勢を批判するペルー政府が「万国公法」に則って賠償を求めたが、日本側も「万国公法に拠」って反論し、最終的にロシアに仲介斡旋を依頼することとなった。
- The Incident was considered to be a successful case that forestalled slave trade, when Peruvian government claimed compensation on 'Bankoku Koho' against Japan, Japan side countered 'based on Bankoku Koho' and finally requested Russia to play mediation role.
- それから9年後の1898年(明治31年)に、原勝郎 (歴史家)は、『吾妻鏡の性質及其史料としての價値』を表し、歴史研究における「史料批判」の重要性を強調して、安易に盲信することへの警鐘を鳴らした。
- Nine years later in 1898, Katsuro HARA published 'The Nature of Azuma Kagami and Its Worth as a Historical Material,' emphasizing the importance of 'criticism of the historical materials' and warning people not to believe them easily and blindly.
- 高句麗・新羅・百済の古代王朝、そして高麗の時代にも朝鮮を中心とする独自の天下概念がなかったわけではないが、高麗後期に朱子学が流入すると、名分論の立場から朝鮮中心の天下的世界認識に批判が加えられた。
- There was the notion of the Korea-centered Tenka in the period of old dynasties like Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje as well as in the Goryeo period, but the notion was criticized from the standpoint of meibunron (the theory of justification of titles and social standings) when Neo-Confucianism was introduced in the late Goryeo period.
- そのため『中辺義鏡』の批判対象としては、書名のみ残っている最澄の著書『一乗義集』ではないかとする説、もしくは道忠教団によって書かれたと思われる『天台法華義』とでも称すべき書であったとする説がある。
- Thus, one theory says that the focus of criticism in 'Chuhen gikyo' was 'Ichijogishu' by Saicho which is known only by the name, while the other theory says that the focus was the book which should be named as 'Tendai-Hokke gi' (teachings of Tendai-Hokke sect) which is considered to have been written by Dochu sect.
- なお、今日、日蓮を末法の本仏とする宗派では、台密の歴史は一般的な見解に従い、智顗と最澄を像法時の迹化の菩薩と定める反面、それ以降の円仁や円珍を、天台に真言密教を取り入れ謗法を犯したと批判している。
- Further in the present day, the sects that sees Nichiren as the principle Buddha of Mappo (Age of the Final Dharma), determine Chigi and Saicho as marked bosatsu (Bodhisatta) in Zobo Period (Age of the Semblance Dharma) following the general opinion, while they criticize Ennin and Enchin in later history as they made hobo (criticism against one's Buddhism) by introducing Shingon Esoteric Buddhism into Tendai.
- 遣唐使の廃止以来、独自の小中華思想に基づく孤立政策を採っていた公家社会では明皇帝の臣下となる朝貢貿易に対して不満や批判が多くあったが、義満の権勢の前では公な発言ができず日記などに記すのみであった。
- After the abolition of the embassies to China, in the Japanese aristocratic society, in which an isolation policy was practiced based on a petit Sino centrism, there were accumulated discontent with and criticism of the tribute trade because Japan was treated as vassal to the emperors of Ming; but, as the aristocrats were not able to speak out publicly in the face of the Yoshimitsu's strong influence, they could do nothing but comment on their dissatisfaction in diaries or other documents.
- もし参内の功労で通任が叙位されれば、為任の功績をもって通任が賞を受けることとなり、「伊賀の人が(大国の格式を持つとされた)伊勢の人と偽るようなものだ(然伊賀人借伊勢人歟)」と天皇の姿勢を批判した。
- If Michito had been conferred a court rank for his service in sending Seishi to the Imperial Palace, it would have meant that Michito was rewarded for Tameto's achievements, and therefore Michinaga criticized the emperor's stance, saying 'it would be like the people of Iga pretending to be the people of Ise' (which was considered to have the social status of a big province).
- 1933年4月、内務省 (日本)は滝川の著書『刑法講義』『刑法読本』に対し、その中の内乱罪、姦通罪に関する見解(後者については妻にだけ適用されることを批判した)などを理由として発売禁止処分を下した。
- The Ministry of Internal Affairs (Japan) ruled in April 1933 that Takigawa's books 'Keiho Kogi' and 'Keiho Dokuhon' were not allowed to be for sale because of his stance on insurrection crimes and adultery (which he criticized because it was only applicable to the wife).
- この本の訳者瓜生三寅は、マーティン版『万国公法』に批判的で、原著から直接翻訳し、タイトルも'International Law'の訳語として「万国公法」を使用せず「交道」ということばを採用している。
- The translator, Mitora URYU was critical about Martin version 'Bankoku Koho,' therefore he translated directly from the original and used the word not 'bankoku koho' but 'kodo' as translation of 'international law'for the title of the book.
- ただし二段階説には戦後、益田宗、笠松宏至らの批判があり、五味文彦も二段階説を裏付ける積極的な証拠は乏しいとして、全てを八代国治の言うところの後半の編纂時期、1304年(嘉元2年)までの数年間とする。
- However, Takashi MASUDA and Hiroshi KASAMATSU opposed the hypothesis of two-step compilation after WWII, and Fumihiko GOMI also claimed that there was little positive evidence to prove the hypothesis and concluded the whole work was compiled for several years until 1304, or the latter compilation period, according to Kuniji YASHIRO.
- 水野の三王朝交替説はその後様々な研究者により補強あるいは批判がなされていくが、現在では万世一系を否定する学者でも水野の唱えるように全く異なる血統による劇的な王権の交替があったと考えるものは多くない。
- Later, Mizuno's changes of three dynasties theory has been reinforced or criticized by various researchers and at present even among the scholars denying the unbroken imperial line, not many think that there was dramatic change of sovereignty with the entirely different blood line as Mizuno advocated.
- またこれと平行して庭園の研究を開始した重森三玲は、全国に現存する庭園を実測し、また昭和に入ってからは寺院に多くの枯山水の庭園をつくり、寺院における自然主義的な庭園を批判して象徴的な庭園を打ち立てた。
- Mirei SHIGEMORI, who started to research gardens alongside this movement, measured gardens remaining in the whole country, and when entering Showa period, produced many karesansui gardens, and criticized naturalistic gardens existing within temples and revived symbolic gardens.
- しかし、当初祭政一致を掲げていた明治政府は、近代国家を目指して政教分離・信教の自由を建前に学問の自由を尊重する方向に政策転換し、明治十年代には記紀神話に対する批判など比較的自由な議論が行われていた。
- Although the Meiji government insisted upon the unity of Japanese Temples, Shrines, and the state, the policy was changed to respect the freedom to study as they were pushing for the separation of religion and politics, and the freedom of religion to achieve a modern nation, during the last half of 1870s and the first half of 1880s, there were a free discussion held about criticizing the Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters), Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) and mythology.
- 当時の文学青年から崇拝され、代表作「小僧の神様」にかけて「比喩としての「神様」「神」一覧」に擬せられていたが、太宰治から長篇小説『津軽』の中で批判を受けて立腹し、座談会の席上で太宰を激しく攻撃した。
- He was worshipped by the literary youth of the time and was called a 'god of novels' after his representative work, 'The Shopboy's God'; however, he was offended by Osamu DAZAI's criticism of him in DAZAI's full-length novel 'Tsugaru,' and attacked him viciously at a round-table discussion.
- 正史とはあくまで「王朝が正当と認めた歴史書」という程の意味であり、信頼性の高い史料であるとは言えるが、歴史事実を引き出すには歴史学の手法にのっとり厳密な史料批判を経て行う必要があることに変わりはない。
- The term 'seishi' or 'official history', then, refers simply to 'those history books that are endorsed by the ruling dynasty as legitimate', so even when it is possible to describe them as highly reliable historical sources, that does not change the fact that they must still be subjected to a rigorous evalation of their historicity in accordance with established historiographical techniques.
- 記述は全体的に辛口であり、実資達小野宮流と対立する九条流、特に実資と同時代の当主道長の政治および人物を痛烈に批判している、55年間の長期の記述であるため摂関時代の社会の状態や有職故実がよく理解できる。
- The tone of his descriptions is dry and harsh overall, and critical of the Fujiwara family's Kujo lineage (rivals of Sanesuke's own Ononomiya lineage) but it is especially scathing in its criticisms of both the political decisions and personal life of Michinaga, the head of the Fujiwara family during Sanesuke's lifetime, and furthermore, because the diary covers a lengthy 55 year span, it is possible to achieve a true understanding of the circumstances and Court/military practices of society during the Fujiwara regency period.
- このシステムがたとえば、かつて「色のついた酒は減点」といった評価基準から、色も旨味も抜けるだけ抜いた酒ばかり造られた日本酒の歴史淡麗辛口ブームの原因であるとして、批判の対象としている酒類評論家も多い。
- Many liquor critics criticize the scoring system, having an evaluation criterion such as 'deducting points when the sake is colored,' for having brought about the 'tanrei karakuchi' (light, dry, crisp style) sake boom during which sake products with less and less colors and flavors were produced.
- また、伊勢神道自体は本地垂迹説に対する批判としての神本仏迹説に基づいていたが、その根本経典である本書の論理には、仏教特に修験道の立場からなされた神道説の書『大和葛城宝山記』などの影響が指摘されている。
- Ise Shinto itself was based on the Shinponbutsujaku theory (Buddhist devas and types of Buddhas are other forms of Shinto deities), which criticized Honji-suijaku setsu (theory of original reality and manifested traces), but the theory of Shinto Gobusho, the fundamental book, is said to have been influenced by 'Yamatokatsuragihozan-ki,' the book of Shinto Thoughts established in the position of Buddhism, especially Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism/shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts).
- 翌年の娍子参内の行賞として娍子の兄の藤原通任を叙任しようとした際に、道長は本来は長年娍子の後見をしたのは長兄の藤原為任であるとして通任を叙位しようとした天皇の姿勢を批判して、最終的に為任を昇進させた。
- The following year, upon investiture of Seishi's older brother, FUJIWARA no Michito'o, as a reward for visiting Seishi at the Imperial Palace, Michinaga criticized the Emperor for rewarding Michito'o saying that under normal circumstances the eldest brother, FUJIWARA no Tameto'o, would be the who had the guardianship of Seishi, and in the end he had the Emperor promote Tameto'o.
- 黒田清隆内閣の外相大隈重信は1888年(明治21年)に交渉を再開するが、外国人を大審院に任用するなどの譲歩案がイギリスのロンドンタイムズに掲載されて日本へも伝わると、世論からは激しい批判がわき上がった。
- The Foreign Minister Shigenobu OKUMA in the Kiyotaka KURODA Cabinet restarted the negotiation in 1888, but once the package of concessions including appointment of foreigners in the Supreme Court of Law was reported in London Times in England and communicated to Japan, the Japanese general public criticized it severely.
- また各国の国旗掲揚、国歌斉唱が脱帽起立のうえ厳粛におこなわれることを根拠として教育現場での日の丸・君が代への否定的対応および拒否を推奨するかのような日教組教育を国際的に非常識なものと批判する主張がある。
- There is also an assertion based on the fact that raising of the national flag and chorus reading of the national anthem are carried out solemnly with hats off and uprising that education in the way of Nikkyoso which seems to recommend negative response or denial of Hinomaru (national flag of Japan) and Kimigayo is internationally preposterous,
- 例えば、寛喜新制の制定を巡っては藤原頼資や藤原定家が新制の濫発による権威の低下や施行を巡って政変が起きていることを指摘して批判している(『民経記』寛喜3年8月29日条・『明月記』寛喜2年4月19日条)。
- For example, FUJIWARA no Yorisuke and FUJIWARA no Sadaie criticized the establishment of Kangi shinsei, pointing out the loss of authority of shinsei caused by its excessive issue and the outbreak of political disturbances over its enforcement. (According to the section of March twenty-nine of the 3rd year of Kangi era in 'Minkeiki '(the journal by Tsunemitsu HIROHASHI) and the section of April 19 of second year of Kangi era in 'Meigetsuki' - Chronicle of the Bright Moon)
- 承和 (日本)元年(834年)、遣唐使に任ぜられるが、承和5年(838年)に正使藤原常嗣とのいさかいから、病気と称して職務を拒否したうえ朝廷を批判する詩を作したため、嵯峨上皇の怒りをかい隠岐に流された。
- He was appointed to be a Japanese envoy to China during the Tang Dynasty in 834, but due to a disagreement with FUJIWARA no Tsunetsugu, the senior envoy, he turned down the appointment, claiming to be ill; moreover he incurred the anger of Retired Emperor Saga by writing a poem criticizing the government, which resulted in him being sent to Oki Island.
- このような世相の中、それらが元による都市部の治安の悪化、一揆・打ちこわしの激化により不満が高まり、江戸商人への権益を図りすぎたことを理由に贈収賄疑惑を流されるなど、次第に田沼政治への批判が集まっていく。
- Under these circumstances, people were unhappy due to worsened public peace in urban areas and the intensification of uprisings and destructive urban riots, Tanuma was suspected of bribery because he safeguarded the interests of merchants in Edo, and Tanuma's politics gradually began to be criticized.
- しかしながら、当時から日本語学の研究者の手によって徹底的な反論と批判がなされており、学界からは疑似科学・民間語源の一種(単なる言葉の偶然の類似)として受け止められ、近年ではまともに相手にもされていない。
- This idea was thoroughly opposed and criticized by the Japanese language scholars of the time, and it is taken as a kind of pseudoscience or folk etymology, i.e. merely a coincidence of languages, and it is no longer taken seriously.
- その底流には別子の近代化はさておき、広瀬のリーダーシップにより展開した事業の成績が芳しくなかったこと、それに対して内部から強かった銀行設立の要望に広瀬がかたくなであったことなど事業戦略上の批判があった。
- Aside from the modernization of Besshi, there were the criticisms on the business strategy such as unfavorable performance of the business developed under the leadership of HIROSE and firmly refusing the strong request from the inside to establish the bank.
- 前述の点は状況証拠の域を出ないが、大正時代初期の八代国治は、より直接的な史料批判、史料解剖として『吾妻鏡』と諸史料との突き合わせを行い、公卿の日記その他、京系の多く史料が原出典となっていることを見つける。
- Although the point mentioned above is based on indirect evidence, Kuniji YASHIRO, at the beginning of the Taisho period, collated 'Azuma Kagami' with various historical materials to analyze the source materials more closely, finding out that it was based on the diaries of court nobles and many Kyo line materials.
- ただし、江戸時代に同様の事件で改易、取り潰しにあった大名家の家臣で徒党を組んで正面切った意趣返しをしたのは本件だけであり、その他の浪人に対し討ち入りをしなかったとして倫理的な批判が向けられたわけではない。
- However, this was the only revenge done so openly by a faction of retainers from feudal lord families who experienced sudden dismissal and deprivation of positions, privileges, and properties and elimination of their clans, and therefore, it was not that other roshi were given logical criticism for not participating in the revenge.
- この中西説に対して、細井浩志は『続日本紀』が道鏡政権を批判する際には、後日に'不正の暴露'などの形で対になる事実を提示しており、神託事件についてのみ創作を加えたとは考えにくいとして、中西説を否定している。
- Against this theory by NAKANISHI, Hiroshi HOSOI denies it, by stating that when 'Shoku Nihongi' criticizes the Dokyo administration, it presents a fact that forms a pair such as 'disclosure of injustice' in later dates, and it is hard to believe that the author added fiction to the part which deals with the oracle only.
- 従来この運動は「日本における信教の自由」を主張したものと評価されてきたが、三条教則批判を展開した島地や明如自身も国家神道に前向きであり、今日必ずしも思想・信条の自由を求めた運動ではなかったとの見方がある。
- Although this movement had been appraised as insisting on 'the freedom of faith in Japan' so far, some modern people think that Shimaji and Myonyo themselves were positive towards the idea of State Shinto and that it was not necessarily a movement to seek the freedom of faith and creed.
- 摂津源氏を源氏嫡流であるという見方に対して、「摂津源氏嫡流だの多田源氏嫡流だのの「歴代」を列挙する向きもあるが、源氏嫡流・摂津源氏嫡流・多田源氏嫡流などという概念は同時代には見られぬもの」とする批判がある。
- Some have criticized the viewpoint that the Settsu-Genji are the primary and eldest lineage of the Minamoto, arguing that 'While it may be tempting to list 'successive generations' as main lineage of the Settsu-Genji or main lineage of the Tada-Genji, no such conception of lineage for the Genji main line or the Settsu or Tada main lines really existed at that time.'
- 『瘠我慢の説』という公開書簡によって、海舟と榎本武揚(共に旧幕臣でありながら明治政府に仕えた)を理路整然と、古今の引用を引きながら、相手の立場を理解していると公平な立場を強調しながら、容赦なく批判している。
- In an open letter titled 'Yasegaman no setsu,' Yukichi relentlessly criticizes Kaishu KATSU and Takeaki ENOMOTO (both of whom had been vassals of the shogun but served the Meiji government) with a well-reasoned argument by quoting sentences of all ages and stressing his fairness by stating that Yukichi was understanding the difficult positions of KATSU and ENOMOTO.
- 山崎鐵丸は、川浦操の竹内文書紹介論文「長慶天皇の山陵に就いて」(昭和2年4月5日『國學院雑誌』33巻4号)をみた後「竹内家の記録に就いて」(昭和2年8月『國學院雑誌』33巻8号)において文献批判を行なった。
- After reading an article by Misao KAWAURA, 'Regarding the mausoleum of the Emperor Chokei' ('Kokugakuin Zasshi' (The Journal of Kokugakuin University) Vol. 33 No. 4, April 5, 1927) that introduced Takeuchi monjo, Tetsumaru YAMAZAKI criticized the work in his article 'Regarding records of the Takeuchi family' ('Kokugakuin Zasshi' Vol. 33 No. 8, August 1927).
- しかし、条約改正を目的としていたことや帝国議会開設前に編纂完了をしていたこと等の事情から十分な審議を尽くされなかったため、施行断行派と施行延期派との論争が始まり、延期派から様々な批判が展開されるようになった。
- However, sufficient discussions were not made because the Civil Code was aimed at revising treaties and had completed the compilation before the Imperial Diet was established; therefore, disputes between Seko-danko-ha Group (people who advocated carrying it out) and Seko-enki-ha Group (people who advocated postponing the enforcement) began and the latter developed various criticisms.
- 同年、文部省と内務省 (日本)が文芸作品の顕彰と称し、諮問機関・文芸委員会を作ったことに対し、晶子は「小松原英太郎 平田東助といふ 大臣は 文学をしらず あはれなるかな」と皮肉に満ちて批判的な歌を作っている。
- In the same year, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Home Affairs established a consultative body called the Literature Committee in the name of honoring literary works, but on this event Akiko wrote a critical poem filled with irony 'Eitaro KOMATSUBARA and Tosuke HIRATA; these ministers know nothing about literature; poor things.'
- また、当時の北家の嫡流は大臣にまで昇っていた兄の藤原永手であり、氏族間の均衡が望まれて親子・兄弟で要職を占めることに批判がなお強かった奈良時代後期において大納言まで昇った事はその才覚による部分が大きいと言える。
- The head of the main line of the Northern House at the time was FUJIWARA no Nagate, who was his older brother promoted to minister, and it was largely attributable to his talent that he was promoted to chief councilor of state in the late Nara period, when the balance among the clans was sought and assuming important positions by a father and son, or brothers, was still highly criticized.
- 馬琴は『高尾船字文』『傾城水滸伝』など翻案作品を執筆しただけでなく、原典の翻訳『新編水滸画伝』の刊行に関わったほか、金聖嘆による七十回本を批判して百二十回本を正統とする批評を行うなど、『水滸伝』の精読者であった。
- Bakin was so intensive a reader of 'Suikoden' that he wrote such works as 'Takaosenjimon' and 'Keisei Suikoden' (A Courtesans' Shui hu chuan) adapting 'Suikoden,' was involved in the publication of 'Shinpen Suikogaden,' translation of the original, and insisted that the 120 episode version was orthodox, criticizing the 70 episode version by Kim Thanh Than.
- 権力ト法トハ家ニ生マレタリ」「家長権ノ神聖ニシテ犯スベカラザルハ祖先ノ霊ノ神聖ニシテ犯スベカラザルヲ以ッテナリ」と説き、法による権利義務関係を否定し、日本伝統の家父長制度を否定する婚姻を基調とした家族法を批判した。
- The authority and law were born in a family.', and 'the authority of a head of a family is holy and inviolable just as the spirits of our ancestors are holy and inviolable', neglected a right-duty relation by law and criticized the family law based on marriage which denied Japanese traditional patriarchal authority.
- 一条は、伊周の失脚を嘆いて内裏を退出し出家していた定子をあえて再度入内させて世人の批判を浴びるほど定子を深く愛しており、彰子の立后には消極的であったが、長い逡巡の末、周囲の説得もあってついに道長の意向を受け入れた。
- Ichijo loved Teishi who moaned about the downfall of Korechika, retired from the Imperial Palace and entered into priesthood so much that he had her enter into court again regardless of criticism of people, and although he was reluctant to the investiture of the Empress to Akiko, he was persuaded by those around him to accept the intention of Michinaga in the end.
- また信教の自由の立場からプロジェクト側を批判する意見(ある信仰や風習が近代的な価値観から見て迷信的に見えたとしても、高圧的かつ軽率にそれを捨てさせる態度はよくない。信仰している人たちの自発的な改革を待つべき)もある。
- Additionally, there is an opinion that criticizes the project side from the standpoint of the freedom of religion (even if a certain faith or custom seems to be superstitious in the context of modern values, it is not good to carelessly and forcibly abandon it so high-handedly, but instead one should wait for the believers to reform voluntarily).
- 大坂の陣の際、秀頼を城に出さずに自らが兵士の所に赴き督戦したことがよく批判の対象となるが、この時代に女性が戦場に登場するのは珍しいことではなかった(とはいえただの一度も総大将が前線に出なかった事は確かに問題である)。
- Her attitude at the Siege of Osaka that she did not let Hideyori go to the castle and she herself controlled and urged the soldiers to fight more vigorously frequently became a target of criticism, but it was not rare for women to go to the battle field during that era (however, it might have been a problem that the supreme commander never stood at the front of the battle).
- 明治時代初期の歌壇は、御歌所派や桂園派などの江戸期からの伝統的な文化人たちが担ってきたが、和歌改革を志す人々(正岡子規や与謝野鉄幹ら)によって題詠による作歌・風雅な趣向が批判され、新時代に相応しい新しい和歌が生まれた。
- Highly educated people of the early Meiji period played important roles in the Tanka Composers' Society, as represented by the Outadokoro School and Keien School, but people who intended waka reform (Shiki MASAOKA, Tekkan YOSANO, and so on) criticized both the style and elegant poetic devices of daiei (poetry composed on a given theme), and thus there emerged a new style of waka suitable for the new era.
- 最後に、鴎外の「陸軍兵食試験」が脚気発生を助長したという批判については、兵食試験の内容(当時として正しい試験で正しい結論)を把握せず、しかもビタミンの存在を知っている後世から、その存在を知らなかった前世への暴論である。
- Finally, as for the criticism that Ogai's 'examination of soldiers' food' prompted beriberi to occur, it is simply an irrational argument imposed by later generations with the knowledge of vitamins, on an earlier generation whose methods and conclusions were suitable and correct for the knowledge that existed at the time.
- そのため、双方の中国史上における荘園の位置づけも大きく異なっている上、周藤や宮崎の晩年には冷戦構造の崩壊とともに「世界史の基本原則」という概念のそのものに対する批判が出現したことで、議論自体が中途で停滞することとなった。
- For this reason, the positioning of the shoens in Chinese history from both of the two sides are very different and in later life of Sudo and Miyazaki, with the demise of the Cold War structure, the concept 'the basic principle of world history' itself came to be criticized and thus the dispute itself stood still in the way.
- 近年、歴史学者の網野善彦が中世社会、近世社会における百姓身分に属する者たちが農民、山民、漁民、職人、商人などの広範な生業の従事者であったことを明らかにし、 '百姓=農民' と一概にまとめた従来の歴史観に対し批判を行った。
- In recent years, historian Yoshihiko AMINO revealed that people who belonged to the hyakusho rank in the medieval and modern societies engaged in a wide range of vocations including peasants, mountain people, fishing people, craftsmen, and merchants, and criticized the conventional historical view of 'hyakusho = peasants' to collectively refer to them.
- 大久保は、木戸を政府へ復帰させることにより、自らの権力集中に対する批判を和らげる良い機会と考え、この会談に応じたが、板垣に対しては政権に復帰させる必要性を感じていなかったので、当初大久保・板垣両者は面会にいたらなかった。
- Okubo took it as a good opportunity to restore Kido to the government for the purpose to alleviate the criticisms against his political supremacy, and so he agreed to meet Kido; however, he did not consider it necessary to bring Itagaki back to the government, so he did not meet him at the beginning.
- この主張はたしかに医学的・公衆衛生学的にはある程度評価できるものであったが、人道上の大きな問題があり、その立場から「貧民散布論」を徹底批判したのが鴎外ということもあって、両者の間には感情的にも深い対立関係が存在していた。
- Whilst this insistence may have been acceptable to some extent from a medical or public hygiene point of view, there was a major humanitarian issue, and even Ogai fundamentally disagreed with the 'Dissemination of Poverty' so the two were deeply opposed each other emotionally and otherwise.
- 「自分の映画の方法論は、近代的人間像を日本映画にうちたてるためのものだ」と主張し、成瀬巳喜男を、『日本の社会をそのまま認め、はかなき小市民の「情緒」を描く自然主義的風速映画』と、今井正もの当時の巨匠たちを痛烈に批判した。
- And he argued that 'my cimematographic methodology is to establish a modern image of a man,' and he roundly criticized the renowned film directors of the time such as the master director Tadashi IMAMURA, and referring to Mikio NARUSE, he wrote 'his films, which come to terms with the actual Japanese Society and depict the ephemeral 'sentiment' of petit bourgeois can be called naturalistic velocity movies.'
- 立礼式は明治5年(1872年)の博覧会に際して外国人を迎えるための創案であり、また同じ年に『茶道の源意』を著して茶道は遊芸とする風潮を批判するなど、幕末から明治の変動の時代に合わせた茶道の近代化の先駆として評価されている。
- He is appraised as a pioneer for modernizing the tea ceremony in step with a changing world from the end of the Edo period to the Meiji period, being credited for his innovative ryureishiki style tea ceremony which was specially arranged to welcome foreign visitors to the exhibition held in 1872, and also for his criticism against the general trend to consider tea ceremony as art for amusement, as written in his book 'Sado no Gen-i (literally, Root Meaning of the Tea Ceremony.)'
- 誓詞の内容は多くの流派で共通しており、免許を得るまで親兄弟と言えども流儀の内容を教えない、許可を得ずに指導しない、他流批判をおこなわない、天下の御政道を守る等であり、最後に以上の誓いを破った者には神罰が下ると書かれていた。
- The contents of the oath were common to most schools: for example, not to tell the contents of the style to even one's parents or brothers and sisters till they are given a license, not to instruct others without permission, not to criticize the other schools, to observe the laws and politics of the government, and the like: and the end of the document stated that the one who violated the before-mentioned vows would surely receive divine punishment.
- しかし、一党独裁は日本の国体に相容れないとする「幕府批判論」もあって、会は政治運動の中核体という曖昧な地位に留まり、独裁政党の結成には至らず、10月12日に大政翼賛会の発足式で「綱領も宣言も不要」と新体制運動を投げ出した。
- At the same time however, due to the 'criticism of the Bakufu (feudal government),' which said that one-party rule was incompatible with Japanese politics, and the Association's position at the core political activities remaining unclear, totalitarianism failed to become established and on October 12, at the inauguration ceremony of Taisei-Yokusankai (Imperial Rule Assistance Association), he abandoned the new order movement saying 'neither the program or proclamation is necessary.'
- 江戸城大奥では桃の井と称し、和宮の側近として、観行院、庭田嗣子、鴨脚克子らと共に大いに貢献し、慶応元年(1865年)に観行院が死去すると、それまで以上に和宮に尽くし、庭田嗣子と共に和宮を批判する天璋院ら大奥老女と対立した。
- At O-oku (the inner palace of Edo-jo Castle), she called herself Momonoi and served Kazunomiya very well as a close adviser as well as Kangyoin, Tsuguko NIWATA and Katsuko ICHO; following Kangyoin's death in 1865, she cooperated with Tsuguko and even devoted herself to the difficult role to protect Kazunomiya who suffered from the bitter complaints by elder influential women such as Tenshoin.
- 施行を翌年に控えた1892年(明治25年)、法典論争はピークに達し、施行延期派は天皇制に絡めて日本の伝統を基にした論陣をはり個人主義的な施行断行派を批判し、施行断行派はフランス法的自然法思想と市民法理論をもって反論を加えた。
- In 1892, one year before the effectuation, the dispute over legal codes reached its peak: Seko-danko-ha Group, taking a firm stand on Japanese tradition related to the Emperor system, criticized individualistic Seko-enki-ha Group, while Seko-danko-ha Group put up an argument with the thought of French law-like natural law and the civil code theory.
- 布教の概念を広く理解し、団体としては政治運動と直接の関わりを持たない伝統仏教各宗派とは大きく違い、他の真宗各派と共に社会的・政治的に踏み込んだ活動をすることから、政治運動的・左翼運動的過ぎであるという批判の声も内外からある。
- Being greatly different from other traditional Buddhist sects, which interpret the concept of missionary work broadly and have no direct relationship with political movements as organizations, it conducts in-depth activities socially and politically with other Shinshu sects, so that there is such a criticism from inside and outside the sect, as it is too active in movements of a political and/or leftist nature.
- これに対する批判として、真言律宗は薬師寺・西大寺_(奈良市)や諸国の国分寺などの南都仏教寺院及びその系列をそのまま継承しており、奈良時代の行基などと同様の南都仏教における既成体制内での動きに過ぎない、とする意見も出されている。
- Some people criticize that as the Shingon-ritsu sect directly succeeded to the temples of Nanto Bukkyo and to its branch temples such as Yakushi-ji Temple, Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City) and provincial monasteries of various provinces, and it was merely a movement of Nanto Bukkyo under the conventional system as were the movement in the Nara period including the activities by Gyoki.
- なお、一部のジェンダーフリー論者からは、鯉のぼりが封建的な家制度の象徴だとして批判されるケースもあり、男女共同参画社会づくりの一環として鯉のぼりを家庭内の身分を想起させないよう縦ではなく横につるすように指導した自治体もあった。
- Also, there has been a case in which certain gender-free debaters criticized koi-nobori as a symbol of the feudalistic family system, so some autonomous bodies have instructed that koi-nobori should be hung up horizontally instead of vertically so as not to recall rank within the family, thus encouraging a society of gender equality.
- 批判が高まってきたのを受けて、政府は日本酒級別制度に替わりうる品質本位の分類体系を模索し始め、平成2年(1990年)から「普通酒」「特定名称酒」など9種類の名称からなる日本酒分類を導入し、当初は旧来の級別制度と暫定的に併用した。
- In response to growing criticism, the government began to seek other quality-focused classification system to replace the Classification of Sake in the Liquor Tax Act, and in 1990, introduced a new sake classification composed of nine different class names such as 'Futsushu (standard sake)' and 'Tokutei meishoshu (special designation sake),' which was tentatively utilized in combination with the traditional classification system in the earliest years.
- 昭和15年(1940年)に始まった日本酒級別制度への批判が高まり、平成2年(1990年)からそれに代わる日本酒の分類として使われるようになったのが、のちに分類の項で詳しく述べられるような普通酒、特定名称酒など9種類の名称である。
- Under increasing criticism for the sake grading system begun in 1940, the nine categories, such as regular sake and the sake with a specific class name, has been replaced as a new way of classification of sake since 1990, the details of which is mentioned later in the section of classification.
- この様な銀相場の高騰は江戸の物価高につながるため、田沼意次の政治を批判する立場であった松平定信を中心に進められた、寛政の改革の一環として、天明8年(1788年)4月に南鐐二朱銀の鋳造を中断し、南鐐二朱銀から丁銀への改鋳が進行した。
- Because such a rise in the price of silver would lead to high cost of living in Edo, Nanryo Nishu Gin was stopped to mint in May 1788 and re-refined into Chogin as a part of the Kansei Reforms carried out mainly by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA judging the Okitsugu TANUMA's politics.
- 長厳はまた、それまでの三山検校と異なって熊野三山におよぼした影響が強かったためか、藤原頼資の参詣記の建保4年(1216年)7月5日条には、熊野別当新宮別当家と田辺別当家の快実と頼資が長厳について批判めいた談話をしたと記されている。
- Maybe because Cyogen had strong influence on Kumano Sanzan unlike other Sanzan Kengyo, his predecessors, it is written in the entry on July 5, 1216, of FUJIWARA no Yorisuke's journal of the shrine visits that Kumano betto Shingu betto family and Tanabe betto family's Kaijitsu and Yorisuke had a conversation rather being critical of Cyogen.
- さらにこれら2つにしても、『隋書』に記載されてはいるが、その『隋書』には推古天皇も厩戸王も登場しない、そうすると推古天皇の皇太子・厩戸王(聖徳太子)は文献批判上では何も残らなくなり、痕跡は斑鳩宮と斑鳩寺の遺構のみということになる。
- 'Zuisho' describes these two things but describes neither Empress Suiko nor Umayatoo, which indicates that the existence of Umayatoo (Shotoku Taishi), the Crown Prince of Empress Suiko, is denied bibliographically; therefore, the existence of Umayatoo can be only seen in the relics of the Ikaruga no Miya palace and Ikaruga-dera Temple.
- 戦国時代の残滓が残っているとはいえ、「武断政治」から「文治政治」への転換が図られて、「喧嘩両成敗」という理非を問わずに双方を処断するというやり方は、無実の人間を残虐な刑罰に晒す危険性があると当時の儒学者などからの批判もあったという。
- Some Confucians criticized 'Kenka Ryoseibai' by pointing out the possibilities of punishing innocent people without making clear what is right and what is wrong, especially now that the politics had shifted from military government to civilian government although there were remnants left from the Sengoku Period (period of civil war).
- また彼らは文学史上、古文復興運動の担い手であるが、古文運動家のいわゆる「文」とは「載道」(道を載せる)の道具であり、文章の字面ではなく、そこに込められた道徳的な精神こそが重要であるとして経文の一字一句にこだわる注疏の学をも批判した。
- They were leaders of an old text revival movement in terms of the history of literature, and they criticized the annotation and interpretation learning, that fixated, word for word, on the sacred literature telling religious teachings, claiming that the so-called 'text' for old text activists was a tool for 'loading Tao,' and that it was not the appearance of the sentences, but the moral spirit placed in it that was important.
- と、シャーロック・ホームズは、ちょうどお酒の鑑賞家が、素晴らしい葡萄酒の最初の一滴を一吸い吸い込んだ時のような、嬉しそうなそれでいて何かを批判しているような顔つきをして、クッションに背をもたせながら、私のほうへ斜に視線を投げかけた。
- Then Sherlock Holmes cocked his eye at me, leaning back on the cushions with a pleased and yet critical face, like a connoisseur who has just taken his first sip of a comet vintage.
- 薩長藩閥政府との結びつきが強く、明治8年(1875年)に大久保利通、木戸孝允、板垣退助らが料亭に集って意見の交換を行った「大阪会議」や、黒田清隆が批判を浴びた開拓使官有物払下げ事件(参照明治十四年の政変)にも関わり、政商といわれた。
- He was called a businessman with political ties because he had a strong connection with Saccho han-dominated government, and participated in 'Osaka conference' of 1875 at which Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO, and Taisuke ITAGAKI gathered in a Japanese restaurant to exchange their views and got involved in the scandal over Kiyotaka KURODA's controversial project for selling off assets owned by Hokkaido Development Commission Office (refer to Meiji juyonen no seihen (the failed Meiji-14 coup of 1881)).
- しかし、孝明天皇は撫恤のための薪水給与は認めていたが、通商条約や異国人の入国には強く反対しており、また岩倉具視ら多くの公家が関白の幕府寄りの姿勢を批判したため(廷臣八十八卿列参事件参照)、堀田の工作にもかかわらず勅許は得られなかった。
- However, Hotta could not get permission primarily because the Emperor Komei strongly objected to the ideas of allowing foreigners to come into Japan and concluding a commercial treaty, though he did give permission for supplying fuel and water in mercy, and also because many aristocrats including Tomomi IWAKURA criticized Kujo for his attitude towards the shogunate (see the incident that 88 high-ranking aristocrats went on a sit-in protest).
- 1997年に行なわれた都市計画案の公告・縦覧では計画に賛成する意見書が反対を上回ったものの、これに対しても計画に反対する市民団体から「意見書の内容を充分に検討することなく数のみを比較している」と、計画決定の拙速さが批判の対象となった。
- From public notice and access to the city planning of 1997, it turned out that the number of public comments for the footbridge plan surpassed that of public comments against it; nonetheless, citizen groups opposing the plan criticized the decision as hasty, saying that the city had compared only the numbers of the comments without thoroughly examining the contents of them.
- また、後述のモラルに対する批判から、敢えて出席を控えたり、「(荒れている新成人たちと)一緒にされたくない」「単なる目立ちたがり屋な餓鬼の集まり」「(誓いの言葉などで)登場する新成人は関係者の息子、娘」と冷ややかに見ている新成人も多い。
- As participants are often criticized for a lack of morals (see description below), many new adults decide not to participate, or react tepidly to the ceremony, saying: 'we don't want to be regarded in the same way [as violent new adults], ' 'it's just a gathering of kids who want to show off,' or because 'it's unfair that the new adult that recites the vows in the ceremony is usually the son or daughter of someone concerned with the organization of the ceremony.'
- また日本ではインフラ確立など、植民地統治のプラス面が評価されがちだが、それに対し結局は台湾人でなく日本人の利益を第一義に考えての投資、優遇された日本人商人による搾取、日本の食糧庫・南進基地に位置づけられ、工業化が遅れたなどの批判もある。
- The Japanese tended to mention the positive side of the colonial ruling such as establishing the infrastructure, on the other hand, some mentioned the investment that was allegedly done for the benefit of Japanese, not Taiwanese, the exploitation by the privileged Japanese merchants, delayed industrialization as a result of Taiwan being positioned as a source of food or a base for southward advancement.
- 同時代では日蓮が批判し、後世の評価では2回目の日本侵攻の口実になった暴挙であると評価する論者と、元の2回目の対日侵攻には影響を与えなかった、あるいは国難に対しては手本にするべき好例であると肯定的に評価する『大日本史』や、頼山陽らがいる。
- At the time it occurred, it was criticized by Nichiren, and in a later era, there were both arguments for and against; some criticized it as a reckless act that gave the enemy a reason for the second invasion of Japan, and others affirm it, including Sanyo RAI and 'Dainihonshi' (Great History of Japan), which states that it did not influence the Yuan's second invasion of Japan and is a good example to be followed when tackling a crisis of the nation.
- この桂内閣に対し国民は怒り、また衆議院議員の尾崎行雄や犬養毅らは藩閥政治であるとして桂内閣を批判し、「閥族打破・憲政擁護」を掲げた第一次護憲運動が展開され第三次桂太郎内閣は組閣してからわずか53日で内閣総辞職に追い込まれた(大正政変)。
- The Katsura cabinet angered the Japanese people and drew criticism of oligarchic rule by Yukio OZAKI and Tsuyoshi INUKAI of the Lower House of the Imperial Diet, spurring the first Movement to Protect Constitutional Government aimed at 'doing away with the oligarchy and protecting constitutional rule' and ending with mass resignation of the cabinet after only 53 days (Taisho Political Crisis).
- 一方、司馬遼太郎は家康について記した小説「覇王の家」あとがきで、家康が築いた江戸時代については「功罪半ばする」とし、「(日本人の)民族的性格が矮小化され、奇形化された」といった論やその支配の閉鎖ないし保守性については極めて批判的である。
- On the other hand, in the postscript of 'Hasha no Ie,' a novel about Ieyasu, Ryotaro SHIBA wrote that 'There were bad aspects as well as good aspects' in the Edo period started by Ieyasu, and he also pointed out that 'The ethnic natures of the Japanese were made undersized and deformed,' and he was quite critical about the closed nature and conservatism of the control.
- また、当時の物語に対する批判(『源氏物語』を書いた紫式部が妄語戒によって地獄に堕ちたとする風説)に老婆が反論する場面が盛り込まれるなど、仏教戒律を重んじて極楽往生を願うという当時の社会風潮が物語としての創作性を抑制したとする見方もある。
- There is a view that says that the contemporary tendency to emphasize Buddhist precepts and wishing for gokuraku ojo (peaceful death) suppressed creativity in story telling as seen in the fact that a scene in which the old lady argued against criticism of the tales of the time, and a rumor that Murasakishikibu, who wrote 'Genji Monogatari,' descended into hell under mogokai (a Buddhist admonition not to tell a lie) was included.
- そのため、平氏政権は、武士に出自しながら旧来の支配勢力と同質化してしまったと批判されたのに対し、在地領主層=武士階級から構成される鎌倉幕府は、旧来の支配階級を打倒した画期的・革新的な存在だとして、階級闘争史観などにより高く評価されていた。
- Therefore, the Taira clan administration was criticized as becoming as one with the conventional control forces even though they were born as bushi, as regards to the Kamakura bakufu, which consisted of the local landowner class (bushi class), and was considered as a novel and significant existence due to their toppling of the conventional control class and was highly rated in the history of class conflict.
- のみならず「日本の統治政策は同時代に欧米諸国の行った異民族統治とは異質で、善政である」「植民地という言葉は諸外国が異民族統治に対して行った悪政に使われる言葉である」という認識から、双方を一緒に植民地という言葉で形容することへの批判がある。
- Furthermore, there is criticism of using the word colony for both, based on the recognition that 'the Japanese governing policy was different from the rule of different ethnic groups by Western countries in the same era, and was good politics,' and 'colony is the word to express the misrule conducted by foreign countries to rule different ethnic groups.'
- ただし現在、本説は、井上光貞、榎一雄、山尾幸久を始めとする複数の東洋史・日本史学者等から批判されており、主要な百科事典や邪馬台国論争史を著述した研究書においては記載されずに無視されている説であることに留意する必要がある(説の歴史と問題点)。
- However, please note that the theory is currently criticized by several scholars in the oriental history and Japanese history including Mitsusada INOUE, Kazuo ENOKI, Yukihisa YAMAO, and is also not contained in major encyclopedias or study books that contain the disputed history of Yamatai-Koku kingdom (the history and debatable points of the theory).
- エッセイや映画評論にも辣腕なところを見せ、映画賞でテーマ性や社会性のある作品ばかりが安易にベストテン入りする状況を厳しく批判し、映画を原作や素材によって評価するのではなく、その素材をどのように映像化したかをこそ評価すべきだと繰り返し訴えた。
- He also wrote excellent essays and cinematic reviews, in which he criticized the situation that the only films with a certain theme or social problem were easily selected for the top ten of film awards, and repeatedly insisted that a film should be evaluated by how it shot the subjects in stead of what kind of subjects it shot.
- この両論に疑問を表明したのは後藤守一、原田大六、森浩一、伝世鏡論に疑問や同笵鏡の分有関係の解釈について斎藤忠、系統的・理論的に批判した内藤晃、鏡の賜与だけをもって大和政権と地方首長との政治関係の成立を考察するのは困難とする西嶋定生などがいた。
- Shuichi GOTO, Dairoku HARADA and Koichi MORI raised questions regarding the two theories, Tadashi SAITO posed questions regarding Densei-kyo mirror ron and the explanation of the fact that Dohan-kyo mirrors were owned by more than one owner, Akira NAITO criticized the theories systematically and theoretically, Sadao NISHIJIMA insisted that the establishment of a political relationship between the YAMATO Administration and heads of local governments cannot be explained only in accordance of mirrors.
- 次いで1682年、鷹司房輔が関白を辞した際には本来の順序ならば左大臣である近衛基熙を関白に任じるべきところを、霊元天皇は彼が小倉事件ににおける自分の措置に対して批判的であると睨んでいたため、これを無視して右大臣の一条冬経(兼輝)を越任させた。
- Subsequently, in 1682, when Fusasuke TAKATSUKASA resigned from his post as kanpaku (chief adviser) to the Emperor, Emperor Reigen appointed Fuyutsune (Kaneteru) ICHIJO, of Udaijin (Minister of the right), to be a successor, although in an original orderly manner Motohiro KONOE of Sadaijin (Minister of the left), should have been appointed instead; but the Emperor did not do so, as he suspected that Motohiro KONOE was critical to him after giving measures to him in the wake of the Ogura Incident.
- なお、台湾では政治的立場や、歴史認識に対する観点の相違などによって、日本統治時代をそれぞれ日本時代、日治時代、日據時代、日本統治時期あるいは日本殖民時期と呼称しているが、日據時代と表記する場合については日本統治時代に対し批判的な意味合いがある。
- In Taiwan, the period of Japanese rule is called by different names such as '日本時代','日治時代','日據時代','日本統治時期' or '日本殖民時期', depending upon the political positions or historic perspectives, and '日據時代' implies a criticism of Japanese rule.
- なお、「朱子学は憶測にもとづく虚妄の説にすぎない」と朱子学批判をおこなった荻生徂徠が頃に吉宗に提出した政治改革論『政談』には、徂徠の政治思想が具体的に示されており、これは日本思想史のなかで政治と宗教道徳の分離を推し進める画期的な著作でもあった。
- In addition, around 1726 a political reform theory, 'Discourse on Government' (Seidan) was submitted to Yoshimune by Sorai OGYU, who criticized the doctrines of Zhu Xi, saying that 'the doctrines of Zhu Xi was only a delusional theory based on speculations,' and this book not only demonstrated Sorai's political philosophy concretely but stood out as an epoch-making work in Japanese history of thought which promote the separation of politics from religious morals.
- 従来から、日本においても「1920年代の美術」というとらえ方(1920年代の主として前衛的な美術動向をすべてまとめるとらえ方)が主張されているが、「大正期新興美術運動」というとらえ方は、この「1920年代の美術」に対する次の批判を内包している。
- Traditionally, a perception of 'art in the 1920s' (a perception to collect every piece of mainly avant-garde art trend in the 1920s) has been asserted in Japan as well, and a perception of 'new art movements in the Taisho period' includes the following criticism to 'art in the 1920s':
- 日蓮を末法の本仏とする宗派などは、現在の日本の天台宗は密教を大幅に取り入れているためむしろ真言宗に近く、最澄亡き後、その意向を無視した円仁・円珍などが真言密教を取り入れ比叡山を謗法化(正しい法を信じずそしること)したものだと批判する向きもある。
- Religious sects that deem Nichiren to be the real Buddha in the Mappo era criticize the current Japanese Tendai Sect asserting that it is close to the Shingon Sect because it has substantially incorporated the elements of Esoteric Buddhism and the teaching of Mt. Hiei was distorted by Ennin and Enchin because they incorporated Shingon Esoteric Buddhism after Saicho's death and against his will.
- また、慈円自身の父である藤原忠通が父(慈円にとっては祖父)藤原忠実と不仲であった事を暗に批判したり、同母兄弟である九条家流を持ち上げて異母兄弟である近衛家流を非難するなど、摂関家の一員としての慈円本人の複雑な事情を垣間見る事の出来る記事も存在する。
- Additionally, there are descriptions that show the complicated situation around Jien as a member of the Sekkan-ke regent family (摂関家), such as that he implicitly criticized his father FUJIWARA no Tadamichi for being at odds with his own father, FUJIWARA no Tadazane (the grandfather of Jien), and blamed the Konoe clan, his half-brother's clan, as opposed to praising the Kujo clan, his brother's clan.
- しかし実質的な内容が簒奪であっても表向きは「自主的に血縁関係が無い有徳の人物に君主の地位を譲る」禅譲と称されることがあり、これは前王朝から王位・帝位を獲得した方法について、肯定的ないし賞賛する立場からの表現であり、批判的な立場からは「簒奪」とされる。
- However, even when it was practically an usurpation, sometimes, it is officially referred as a peaceful transfer of power by 'giving the position of the monarch voluntarily to someone with virtue who are not related by blood ties' which is an expression from a favorable standpoint or in praise of the method to acquire the crown from the former dynasty and it is referred as 'usurpation' from a critical standpoint.
- また、記紀の史料批判により、継体天皇以前の編年は到底正しいとは言えず、このころの王家内部では文字による記録が常時取られていたとは考えがたいことから、記紀に伝えられた干支や系譜を元に倭の五王を推定するという試み自体をあまり意味がないとする意見も根強い。
- In agreement with the criticism on 'Kiki''s credibility as historical material and from the fact that the chronology before Emperor Keitai is far from truth, and that it is hard to believe that the Imperial family kept written records on a steady basis, some people strongly deny the meaning of the attempt to presume the five kings of Wa from the Oriental zodiac and the genealogy in 'Kiki'.
- しかし逍遙自身がそれまでの戯作文学の影響から脱しきれておらず、これらの近代文学観が不完全なものに終っていることが、後に二葉亭四迷の『小説総論』『浮雲 (二葉亭四迷)』によって批判的に示された(『浮雲』第一編は営業上の理由で坪内雄蔵名義で刊行された)。
- However, he was still not quite free of influence from Gesaku (literary work of a playful, mocking, joking, silly or frivolous nature) literature himself, and later, the incompleteness of these modern literature standpoints were critically indicated by Shimei FUTABATEI in 'Shosetsu Soron'(general remarks of a novel), 'Ukigumo (Shimei FUTABATEI)' (Floating Clouds) (the first 'Ukigumo' was published in the name of Yuzo TSUBOUCHI for commercial reasons).
- 伝統的に大乗仏教を信仰してきた地域の諸宗派は、これらの大乗の経典は釈迦が成道して以来40数年の間のどこかで説かれたものとみなしていたが、成立しはじめた当時すでに仏教の内部から大乗経典は勝手に創作されたものであり正統な仏教とは言えないという批判があった。
- Schools of Buddhism in areas where Mahayana Buddhism has traditionally been believed regarded that Shakyamuni preached Mahayana teachings at some point during the 40-something years after his Jodo (completion of the path to becoming a Buddha by attaining enlightenment); however, when the Mahayana Sutras began to become established, there was already criticism from inside Buddhism that they had been created without the permission of Buddha and could therefore not be regarded as orthodox Buddhism.
- この襲名には、師である武智鉄二の意向が強く働いていたと言われるが、襲名披露の口上の席で座頭である市村羽左衛門 (17代目)より「本来ならば、竹之丞の名跡を継ぐべき人ではない」との強烈な批判ともとれる発言をされるなど、橘屋宗家との確執が浮き彫りになった。
- It was said that wishes of Tetsuji TAKECHI, his master, had strong influence on this succession, but during kojo (a ceremony to announce that an actor takes a new stage name), he received a remark 'He is essentially, not the person who should succeed to the family name of Takenojo', from the leader of troupe Uzaemon ICHIZAWA XVII, which may be taken as a severe criticism, and the discord with Tachibana head family was clearly brought to light.
- また、「太平記」にしか記載がないとされている南朝方の武将・児島高徳の実在性を巡って、これを否定する重野安繹と、より慎重な資料批判を求める川田甕江(甕江)との間で論争が起こった(重野=進歩的、川田=保守的という思想的対立に理由を求める見方には誤りがある)。
- Additionally, there was a dispute about the historicity of a warlord on the side of the Southern Court named Takanori KOJIMA, said to be described only in the 'Taiheiki,' between Yasutsugu SHIGENO, who denied it, and Oko KAWADA, who sought a more careful interpretation of the materials (it is erroneous to see this as rooted in ideological opposition, with Shigeno as progressive and Kawada as conservative).
- 世界恐慌を経て軍国主義が台頭するに及び、昭和10年(1935年)、美濃部達吉の天皇機関説が学会では主流であったにも拘らず問題視されて発禁処分となり、昭和15年(1940年)には早稲田大学教授津田左右吉の記紀神話への批判が問題となり著作が発禁処分となった。
- With the growth of militarism after the Great Depression of the 1930s, although Tatsukichi MINOBE's theory that the Emperor was an organ of the state was the main theme at academic conferences, it was regarded as questionable and books on this subject were banned in 1935, and then in 1940, criticism of the mythology of the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki by Sokichi TSUDA, a professor of Waseda University, became an issue so the publication of books on this subject was also banned.
- 津田は記紀の成立過程に関して初めて本格的な文献批判を行い、神話学、民俗学の成果を援用しつつ、神武天皇は弥生時代の何らかの事実を反映したものではなく、主として皇室が日本を支配するいわれを説明するために述作された日本神話の一部として理解すべきであると断じた。
- TSUDA was the first person who criticized literature regarding the process of coming into existence of the kojiki and Nihonshoki in earnest, and concluded that the Japanes had to understand that description concerning Emperor Jimmu did not reflect any fact in the Yayoi period, but were mostly written as part of Japanese Mythology in order to justify the ruling of Japan by the Imperial Family, taking advantage of mythology and folklore.
- 明治に入ると、坪内逍遥が『小説神髄』において、八犬士を「仁義八行の化物にて決して人間とはいひ難かり」と断じ、近代文学が乗り越えるべき旧時代の戯作文学の代表として『八犬伝』を批判しているが、このことは、当時『八犬伝』が持っていた影響力の大きさを示している。
- During the Meiji period Shoyo TSUBOUCHI, in 'Shosetsu shinzui' (The essence of the novel), criticized 'Hakkenden' as the typical gesaku literature from another age which must be overcome by early-modern literature, insisting that 'the eight dog warriors were monsters of Jingi-hachigyo instead of being human beings,' but such criticism gives evidence of the major impact that 'Hakkenden' had in those days.
- このように現在の源氏物語の本文研究の学問的水準から考えると問題も多く、批判されることもしばしばある校本ではあるが、歴史上初めて完成した学術的な源氏物語の校本でありながら、21世紀に入っても通常の研究に利用しうる源氏物語の校本としては最も整ったものである。
- As mentioned above, there are many problems from the view of an academic level of the present text study of The Tale of Genji, and the variorum is often criticized, but it was the best organized variorum among those of The Tale of Genji which can be used for the regular study even in the 21st century, although it was the earliest academic variorum of The Tale of Genji in history.
- しかし、東山文化がいつ始まりいつまで続いたか区分が明確でないことや、義持・義教の時代が無視されてしまうことへの批判、禅宗の影響や公家文化と武家文化の融合など共通性が多いことから、今日の歴史学では両者を合わせて「室町文化」として論じるのが一般的であるという。
- However, today it is said that both cultures are generally discussed together as 'Muromachi culture' according to the following reasons; when Higashiyama culture began and ended is not clear, there is criticism that the era of Yoshimochi and Yoshinori are ignored and both have many points in common such as the influence of the Zen sect and the fusion of the culture of the nobility and the culture of the samurai class.
- 2007年になって1992年に『兼見卿記』を基にした『信長謀殺の謎』を上梓している桐野作人が、インタビューの中で、ある研究者に『これは一種の陰謀史観だよ』と言われたことや、「そのころは古文書のくずし字がほとんど読めなかった」ことを告白し、自説を批判している。
- In 2007, Sakujin KIRINO, who published in 1992 'Nobunaga Bosatsu no Nazo' (mystery of deliberate murder of Nobunaga) based on 'Kanemikyo-ki,' criticized his own view by admitting in an interview with a researcher that he was told by a researcher 'This is a kind of inboshikan (conspiratorial interpretation of history).' and that 'at that time, he could hardly read writing in simplified style in ancient documents.'
- 更に宮中の保守派や政教社の三宅雪嶺らを中心とした国粋主義者も井上が進める外国人裁判官の起用といった条約改正交渉に対する批判も加えて政府を攻撃し、これに内大臣三条実美の周辺(東久世通禧・土方久元・尾崎三良ら)や政府の要人である井上毅や谷干城までが乗ったのである。
- Furthermore, nationalists such as the conservatives of the Imperial Court or Setsurei MIYAKE of Seikyo-sha also attacked the government by adding the criticism for treaty revision negotiation such as hiring foreign judges INOUE proceeded with, and people around Sanetomi SANJO known as the Minister of the Interior (including Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE, Hisamoto HIJIKATA, and Saburo OZAKI) or even Kowashi INOUE and Tateki TANI, who were the important persons of the government, joined them.
- また慶長13年(1608年)には、日蓮宗常楽院の日経が、尾張(愛知県)で浄土宗を批判したため、訴追されて江戸幕府に召還され、江戸城で浄土宗と問答を行うよう命じられたが、その前夜に暴徒に襲われ負傷した、もしくは病を称して問答に十分応えず、浄土宗の勝利に終わった。
- Also, in 1608, Nikkyo of Nichirenshu sect's Joraku-in Temple who criticized Jodoshu sect (Pure Land sect of Buddhism) in Owari Province (Aichi Prefecture) was prosecuted, called back to the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and ordered to hold a dialogue with Jodoshu sect at Edo-jo Castle, but failed in fully answering questions because he had been attacked and injured by a mob at the previous night or because he pretended he was sick, thus ending up a victory of Jodoshu sect.
- 江戸時代には儒教や仏教などの外来思想に批判的な立場から古典や神道を研究する国学が盛んになると、神国思想もまた広く受け入れられるようになり、それが幕末の黒船来航などの外的圧力の増大とともに攘夷論へと発展し、尊王攘夷運動が展開されてやがて江戸幕府滅亡の原因となった。
- In the Edo period, once the study of ancient Japanese thought, classics, and Shinto became popular under the view point of criticizing beliefs from overseas like Confucianism and Buddhism, the belief of Shinkoku was widely accepted, it developed the principle of excluding foreigners in the face of pressure from Western ships coming to Japan in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, the movement of 'Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians' (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of the barbarians or foreigners) was established which caused of the fall of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 次に、鴎外が白米飯を擁護したことが陸軍の脚気惨害を助長したという批判については、日露戦争当時、麦飯派の寺内正毅が陸軍大臣であった(麦飯を主張する軍医部長がいた)にもかかわらず、大本営が「勅令」として指示した戦時兵食は、日清戦争と同じ白米飯(精白米6合)であった。
- As for the criticism that Ogai worsened the beriberi disaster by insisting on polished rice, although the Minister of Army during the Russo-Japanese War, Masatake TERAUCHI, supported the use of barley rice (the director of military insisted on it), the Imperial headquarters themselves instructed the supply of polished rice (6 go) to soldiers by the Imperial edict, just like in the Sino-Japanese War.
- 二人は、原勝郎の問題提起、史料批判をさらに押し進め、それが当初思われていたような逐次記録ではなく、鎌倉幕府の政所や問注所の残る記録のみならず、京の鎌倉幕府の日記類まで参照しながら後世に編纂されたものであり、またそのなかには多くの誤りや曲筆があることを明らかにする。
- Referring to records of Mandokoro, the Office of Administration, and Monchujo, the Office of Inquiry, in the Kamakura bakufu and even diaries of the Kamakura bakufu in Kyo, they thought seriously about the question raised by Katsuro HARA and the criticism of the historical materials, revealing that Azuma Kagami wasn't a chronological record as had been originally thought, and was instead compiled in later ages, which means that it contains many errors and misrepresentations in writing.
- 米倉は、伝重盛像を足利尊氏、伝光能像を足利義詮に比定する際、等持院に伝わる尊氏木像・義詮木像との外見類似性を論拠の一つに挙げているが、美術史学者の宮島新一は、日本の肖像画は必ずしも外見の類似から像主を判断できないため、外見類似性を像主決定の論拠とすることを批判した。
- When Yonekura considered the portrait of Shigemori, unconfirmed as Takauji ASHIKAGA and the portrait of Mitsuyoshi, unconfirmed as Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, he pointed out the similarity in appearance of the wooden figures of Takauji and Yoshiakira handed down in Toji-in Temple as one of his evidences; however, Shinichi MIYAJIMA, an art historian, criticized that the similarity in appearance could not be an evidence of identifying the portraits because it is not always true to identify the portrait based on the similarity in appearance in case of portraits in Japan.
- 海軍要求を無視するこの改定案に樺山海相が激高、12月22日の衆議院本会議で、「薩長政府トカ何政府トカ言ッテモ、今日国ノ此安寧ヲ保チ、四千万ノ生霊ニ関係セズ、安全ヲ保ッタト云フコトハ、誰ノ功カデアル。」という演説を行い、薩長藩閥政府の正当性と民党の海軍・政府批判に反論した。
- Navy Minister Kabayama became indignant at this revised budget proposal because it ignored the Navy's demand, and at a plenary session of the House of Representatives on December 22, he made a speech, 'You call us Satsuma-Choshu government or something, but who do you think contributed to keep this country safe and quiet today, and protected national security regardless of 40 million lives?', stressing validity of the Satsuma-Choshu-dominated government, refuting the criticism of the Navy and the government by minto.
- このような批判がなされる背景には、日本仏教における伝統宗派の多くは、1970年代以降「下からの近代化」を目指す動きの中で試行錯誤しながら教団体質の民主化を進めてきたのと対照的に、日蓮正宗は伝統的に管長一人に権力をより集中させており中央集権制を維持していることが挙げられる。
- There is a background for criticism of the above, on the contrary to many traditional religious schools in Japanese Buddhism who tried to democratize the nature of the religious group by going through trial and error in the movement of 'modernization from the base' after the 1970's, however, Nichiren Shoshu Sect has a tendency to traditionally focus political power on one person, kancho, and maintains the centralization of power.
- この体制の下では、部外の公衆は、実践上の経験を欠いているため、官僚制の業務運営の様式を批判したりチェックしたりする資格がないというだけでなく、専制制度の気まぐれか民主制度の自然な働きで、改革志向の支配者が頂点に立ったとしても、官僚制の利害に反する改革は達成できないのです。
- Under this regime, not only is the outside public ill-qualified, for want of practical experience, to criticize or check the mode of operation of the bureaucracy, but even if the accidents of despotic or the natural working of popular institutions occasionally raise to the summit a ruler or rulers of reforming inclinations, no reform can be effected which is contrary to the interest of the bureaucracy.
- 自ら禅籍の講説を行なうことも多く、注釈書や辞書の類を多く著し、その中で『金鞭指街』18において鈴木正三の仁王禅を、『正法眼蔵僣評』(正徳3年(1713年)による道元の『正法眼蔵』中の大慧への言及を、『黄檗外記』(享保5年(1720年))による黄檗宗(隠元)をそれぞれ批判した。
- He often lectured on Zen scriptures and wrote many commentaries and dictionaries; in 'Kinben shigai' vol.18, he criticized Shosan SUZUKI's 仁王禅; in 'Shobogenzo senpyo' (正法眼蔵僣評) (1713), he criticized Dogen's reference to Daiei in 'Shobogenzo' (Treasury of the Eye of True Teaching); in 'Obaku gaiki' (1720), he criticized Obaku Sect (Ingen).
- 桐野作人は、朝廷黒幕説への自己批判という意味からか「信長は、毛利水軍を牽制するために長宗我部氏が必要だったが、本願寺の退去と毛利水軍の衰微が長宗我部氏を必要としなくなっていった。その結果、長宗我部氏との親戚・婚姻関係樹立に尽力した光秀と利三の立場が危うくなった」という説を唱えた。
- Probably as self-recrimination against the view that the imperial court was the mastermind of this revolt, Sakujin KIRINO advocated, 'Nobunaga needed the Chosokabe clan in order to contain the navy of the Mori clan, but because of deportation of Honganji and decline of the navy of the Mori clan made the Chosokabe clan needless for Nobunaga. As a result, the position of Mitsuhide and Toshimitsu, who made best effort to establish the relation of relative and matrimonial relation with the Chosokabe clan became undermined.'
- なお、現在存在する二十巻本は増補改訂の校訂成果を元に明治時代に和田英松らが2種類の矛盾を無くすべく校訂しなおしたものであり、国文学の研究家の間では古典作品に対して必要以上に手を加えた行為であるとして批判する声も強く、今日では十七巻本・十九巻本を元に研究が行われるのが一般的である。
- Furthermore, the existing 20 chapter text is a revised and enlarged edition produced in the Meiji period by Hidematsu WADA and others to eliminate the inconsistencies between the two texts, and is strongly criticized by Japanese literature researchers as having modified the classical work more than necessary, so that today study of the work is generally based on 17 and 19 chapter texts.
- 1998年が「日本におけるフランス年」にあたり、また京都市とパリ市の友情盟約締結40周年にあたることから、その記念事業としての構想であったが、この計画が公表されると「新たな名所になる」と歓迎する意見がある一方で、「フランス風のデザイン」が景観を損ねるとの批判も起こり、世論は二分された。
- As the year 1998 marked 'The Year of France in Japan' and the 40th anniversary of Kyoto-Paris Friendship Pledge, the president's proposal was intended as part of the anniversary celebrations; once the plan was made public, however, public opinion was divided into two opposing groups: some welcomed the plan because the planned footbridge would attract more visitors while others criticized the French-style architecture, for it would ruin the landscape.
- 上記のような四箇格言の解釈を捨てて、念仏や真言、禅などの宗派に対してこれまで厳しく破折してきたのを一転、それぞれの宗派を認めて極めて肯定的な見方を行っている(ただし、これは政治的なポーズであるという指摘もまたあり、創価学会を破門した日蓮正宗も、宗祖日蓮大聖人に背くものだと批判している)。
- Accordingly, Soka Gakkai has abandoned its past interpretation of the Four Criticisms and adopted a positive attitude toward other Buddhist sects instead of directing severe criticism against Nenbutsu, Shingon, Zen and other schools of Buddhism (however, some critics point out that this is merely a political posture and the Nichiren orthodox Buddhism also criticizes Soka Gakkai for its betrayal against Nichiren).
- これは、ネットいじめ(祭り上げられる)といった悪意の迷惑行為、または社会に対する不安や批判などの発露であり、それに呼応したり尻馬に乗るなどの野次馬や、一過言を持つ人々がインターネット上の様々な場所で、意見や議論を拡散・増大させ、いわゆるネット上の「祭り」といわれる状態に更になっていく様をいう。
- This is an act of malicious nuisance called Internet bulling (to be picked on), or an exposure of uncertainty over or criticism of the society, and also refers to a situation that an expansion and enlargement of opinions or discussions conducted in various Internet sites by routs who act in concert with it or follow it blindly, or people having own opinions, develop to the state called so-called 'matsuri' on the Internet.
- この法律は、国民主権の理念にのっとり、行政文書の開示を請求する権利につき定めること等により、行政機関の保有する情報の一層の公開を図り、もって政府の有するその諸活動を国民に説明する責務が全うされるようにするとともに、国民の的確な理解と批判の下にある公正で民主的な行政の推進に資することを目的とする。
- The purpose of this Act is, in accordance with the principle of sovereignty of the people, and by providing for the right to request the disclosure of administrative documents, etc., to endeavor towards greater disclosure of information held by administrative organs thereby ensuring to achieve accountability of the Government to the citizens for its various activities, and to contribute to the promotion of a fair and democratic administration that is subject to the citizens' appropriate understanding and criticism.
- 壇ノ浦の合戦後に届いた義経の専横を批判する梶原景時の書状を受けて、『吾妻鏡』は「自専ノ慮ヲサシハサミ、カツテ御旨ヲ守ラズ、ヒトヘニ雅意ニマカセ、自由ノ張行ヲイタスノ間、人々恨ミヲナスコト、景時ニ限ラズ(義経はその独断専行によって景時に限らず、人々(関東武士達)の恨みを買っている)」と書いている。
- Commenting on the criticism of Yoshitsune's dogmatic behavior that was written by Kagetoki KAJIWARA after the Battle of Dannoura, 'Azuma Kagami' wrote, 'Yoshitsune is incurring the hatred of not only Kagetoki, but also of those (warriors of the Kanto region) for his dogmatic and dictatorial behavior.'
- その三連目で「すめらみことは戦いに おおみずからは出でまさね(天皇は戦争に自ら出かけられない)」と唱い、晶子と親交の深い歌人であったが国粋主義者であった文芸批評家の大町桂月はこれに対して「家が大事也、妻が大事也、国は亡びてもよし、商人は戦ふべき義務なしといふは、余りに大胆すぐる言葉」と批判した。
- In the third verse of the poem she wrote that the Emperor was not allowed to join the war himself; a literary critique Keigetsu OMACHI who was a close friend of Akiko, but at the same time a nationalist, criticized her by stating 'it was too audacious to say that what matters to you is your family and wife, that it doesn't matter if your country is destroyed, and that merchants are not bound to fight in the war.'
- 伊藤がプロシア式の憲法導入の決意を固めたのは、現地で指導を受けたロレンツ・フォン・シュタインの助言(シュタイン自身はドイツの立憲体制を批判してドイツを追われた学者であったが、日本の国情を研究した上でむしろ日本の方がドイツ本国以上にプロシア式の条件に符合していると説いた)によるものであるとされている。
- Ito decided on introduction of Prussia style constitution because of advice by Lorenz von Stein, who lectured Ito in Germany (Stein was opposed to the constitutional government system in Germany and was exiled from Germany, but after he studied about Japan, he realized that the Prussia style constitutional government system would be more appropriate for Japan than for Germany).
- 久野収はこの事件の特色について、「危険思想の内容がもはや共産主義やマルクス主義といった嫌疑にあるのではなく…国家に批判的な態度を取る学者たちの思想内容に及んできた」点にあると回顧しており、言論弾圧の対象が従来の共産主義思想から自由主義的な言論へと拡大することとなった大きな転機であることを強調している。
- Osamu KUNO recollects that the characteristic of this incident was 'Dangerous ideology was not only communism and Marxism, but started to include the content of thinking of academics who took a critical stance against the government' and emphasizes that this was a big step when the target of freedom of speech changed from communism to liberalism.
- 江戸時代になると儒学の影響で人倫道徳観に重きを置かれるようになり、『大日本史』や新井白石、頼山陽などが政子を評しているが、頼朝亡き後に鎌倉幕府を主導したことは評価しつつも、子(頼家、実朝)が変死して婚家(源氏)が滅びて、実家(北条氏)がこれにとって代ったことが婦人としての人倫に欠くと批判を加えている。
- During the Edo Period, the Confucian ideals of humanity and morality were important, and Masako is given high praise in the 'Dai Nihon Shi' and by scholars such as Hakuseki ARAI and Sanyo RAI for her leadership of the Kamakura government after the death of her husband Yoritomo, yet added the criticism that she lacked morality, which led to the violent death of her sons (Yoriie, Sanetomo), the decline of the family she married into (the Minamoto clan) and the rise to power of her birth family, the Hojo clan.
- 明治の市川團十郎 (9代目)・尾上菊五郎 (5代目)、あるいは戦前の尾上菊五郎 (6代目)・中村吉右衛門 (初代)こそが最高の役者であるという信念に基き、彼らに今の役者は遠く及ばないという下降史観によって役者や舞台を批判する老人のことを、それよりも若い世代が揶揄的に、あるいは老人自身が自嘲的に言う言葉。
- They are the terms by which younger generations teasingly refer to old people (or what old people call themselves with ridicule), who, based on the belief that Danjuro ICHIKAWA (9th) and Kikugoro ONOE (the fifth) in the Meiji Period or Kikugoro ONOE (the sixth) and Kichiemon NAKAMURA (1st) before World War Ⅱ were the best actors, criticizing actors and their performance thinking no present actors can approach them in performance.
- だが、伊藤の盟友である井上馨外務大臣 (日本)が進めた条約改正案にあった「外国人裁判官」制度と鹿鳴館に代表される欧化政策が内外の反感を買い、自由民権運動による三大事件建白書や大同団結運動、保守中正派(天皇親政派)と見られた谷干城農商務大臣の辞任を招くなど、政府批判が一気に高まった(「明治20年の危機」)。
- However, the policy of Europeanization represented by Rokumeikan and 'a foreigner judge' system, which was included in the amendment of the treaty promoted by Ito's sworn ally Kaoru INOUE, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan), antagonized inside and outside Japan, and criticism of the government was mounted rapidly due to the petition of three major affairs by democratic-rights movement, the movement to unite for a common purpose and the resignation of Tateki TANI, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, who was thought to be a member of conservative political party (direct rule by the emperor party) ([The crisis of the 20th year of the Meiji era]).
- 1338年(延元3年/建武 (日本)5年)には北畠顕家が出陣前に新政の失敗を諌める諫奏を行い、北畠親房の『職原抄』や公家の日記などにも新政への批判や不満を述べる文章があるなど、武家や庶民のみならず、後に後醍醐天皇方について北朝と対立した北畠父子のような公家でさえ、新政を支持していなかったことが示唆される。
- Criticism of the new government was not limited to warrior families and commoners, however; in 1338, before Akiie KITABATAKE led his army out, he remonstrated with Emperor Godaigo about the failures of the new government, and his father Chikafusa KITABATAKE's 'Shokugensho' as well as other nobles' diaries record comments critical of and indicating their dissatisfaction with the government, showing that later on, even nobles like the Kitabatake father-son duo, who fought to oppose the Northern dynasty, did not fully support the new government.
- 建武の新政は表面上は復古的であるが、内実は蒙古的な天皇専制を目指し、武家を排除した公家中心の政権運営を敷き、性急な改革、土地訴訟への対応の不備や恩賞の不公平、大内裏建設計画などその施策の大半が各方面、特に武士勢力の不満を呼び、また有名な二条河原の落書に観られるようにその無能を批判され、権威を全く失墜した。
- The Kenmu Restoration appeared to be a reactionary movement, but was in fact an old and ignorant imperial dictatorship, and most of the measures introduced, such as aristocracy-centered political management that excluded the samurai, sudden reforms, inability to handle lawsuits for land, inequality in rewards, and the unreasonable Daidairi Construction Plan, caused discontent in various sectors, especially in the samurai class. As a consequence, criticism of the government for its incompetency grew, as was evidenced in the famous Nijogawara Graffiti, and the government completely lost power over the public.
- 全寮制の師範学校の寮生活は大日本帝国陸軍の内務班そのままで、上級生への絶対服従を植えつけるため下級生へのいじめ、しごきは日常茶飯事であり、古事記の記述を盲目的に正史として教えるなど教育内容にも問題が多く、その卒業生たちが軍国主義教育の担い手となり、教え子を続々と戦地に送り続けてきたという批判が出たのである。
- People began to criticize normal schools; the dormitory life of the normal school was quite the same as that of a naimu-han (internal affairs corps) of the Imperial Japanese Army with seniors always teasing and hazing juniors to teach them absolute obedience to their seniors, and the education content also had a lot of problems such as teaching what was described in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) as an authentic history, and the graduates, as supporters of the militarist education, kept sending their students to the front.
- おおさか東線経由の直通列車は奈良 - 関西本線(大和路線)・当線・JR東西線 - 東海道本線・山陽本線(JR神戸線) - 西明石駅または福知山線新三田駅との間で運転が検討されていたが、JR福知山線脱線事故発生後、ゆとりのないダイヤグラムに批判が相次いだことから、乗り入れするかどうかを含めて再検討がなされていた。
- The direct train by way of the Osaka Higashi Line was scheduled to run through the Nara and Kansai Main Line (Yamatoji Line), Katamachi Line, JR Tozai Line, Tokaido Main Line, Sanyo Main Line (JR Kobe Line) and Nishi-Akashi Station or Shin-Sanda Station on the Fukuchiyama Line, but after a derailment accident on the JR Fukuchiyama Line, the diagram, not free from pressure, was criticized and revised, on the basis whether to connect the line with those lines or not.
- 一方、釈迦の教えを忠実に実行し、涅槃(輪廻からの解脱)に到ることを旨とした上座部仏教に対し、それが究極においてみずからはどこまでも釈迦の教えの信奉者というにととどまるもので、自身が「仏陀」(如来)として真理を認識できる境地に到達できないのではないかという批判的見地から起こった仏教における一大思想運動という側面もある。
- On the other hand, it can be seen as a major thought shift in Buddhism occurring from a standpoint of criticism against Theravada Buddhism, which includes the principle of devoted practice of the teachings of Shakyamuni in order to attain nirvana (deliverance from the wheel of life); as the practitioner ultimately remains no more than a believer of the Buddha's teachings, one cannot reach the state of recognizing the truth as a 'Buddha' (Nyorai (Tathagata)).
- しかし、これらの政党は対外政策では一定の一致をみていたものの、国内政策では国粋主義的な大日本協会や国民協会から自由民権運動の中でも急進派である東洋自由党まで幅広い勢力を含んでいたために、政府あるいは衆議院第2党の自由党 (明治)あるいは後に同党と伊藤博文系官僚勢力が合同した立憲政友会に対する批判でしか一致をみなかった。
- Although these political parties agreed certain points in external policy, in the internal policy these parties, which included nationalistic Dainihon Association, National Association, and the East Liberal Party which was a leftist among the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, agreed each other only in the point of criticism against the government, the Liberal Party which was the second party of House of Representatives (in Meiji Period), or the Rikken seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO) which was established from the alliance of the Liberal Party and the governmental bureaucratic in the side of Hirobumi ITO.
- 「第二次世界大戦後になって、「脱亜論」中の、「支那人が卑屈にして恥を知らざれば」(全⑩二百四十頁)とか、「朝鮮国に人を刑するの惨酷(ざんこく)あれば」とかいった記述がことさらに取り上げられることになったが、そうした表現は一般的な差別意識に根ざすものではなく、この甲申政変の過酷な事後処理に対する批判にすぎなかったのである。」
- 'Although, after World War II, some descriptions such as 'The Chinese are shameless people who do not understand humbleness and humility' (page 240, 全⑩) and 'Koreans are extremely atrocious when punishing their own people' were specifically picked out of the 'Datsu-A Ron,' these were not expressions rooted in the sense of discrimination, but just some criticism toward the harsh follow-ups of the Gapsin Coup.'
- しかしながら、こういった立憲君主との考えをば大衆をして浸透しなかったようで(それは美濃部の弁明を新聞で読んだ大衆の反応と、貴族院 (日本)での反応の温度差に明らかであり)、一連の騷動以後は天皇主権説が台頭したため、それらの論者は往々にしてこの立憲君主の考えを「西洋由来の学説の無批判の受け入れである(『國體の本義』より要約)」と断じた。
- However, it seems that the idea of the constitutional monarchy didn't prevail to the public (this was obvious from the difference in reactions between of the public who had read Minobe's explanation on newspapers and of the House of Peers [Japan]), and since the theory of the imperial sovereignty got an advantage after a series of turmoil, these people tended to advocate that the idea of the constitutional monarch was 'uncritical acceptance of western theory (summarized from 'Kokutai no Hongi' [the primordial doctrine of the national]).'
- これまでの彼の行動を知らない人たちから「驚いた。人間国宝でも所詮芸人か。ほんとうに驚いた」と批判をくらったが、そのときも夫人・扇は「彼は芸人ですから」と前置きした後で、「彼は常に女の人(若い子でなくともよい)がいないとダメですから」「女性にモテない夫なんてつまらない」とコメント、役者女房の神様のような発言を行い、度量の大きさを見せた。
- He was criticized by those who did not know of all his previous deeds, who said, 'It's surprising... even a living national treasure is but a performer... I was really surprised...'; however, even in such a situation his wife, Ogi, made an introductory remark, saying, 'It's because he is just a performer...' and commented by saying, 'He always needs ladies (including those not young) in order to live,' and, 'If he isn't popular among ladies, I won't be interested in him'; thus she showed her generosity with such a statement befitting a goddess among wives of performers.
- 石母田の考えは日本史学に大きな影響力を与え、在地領主と武家政権(鎌倉幕府・室町幕府)成立史を結びつける研究や在地領主の形成と解体の過程を平安時代後期から戦国時代 (日本)に探る動きなどの動きが見られ、反対に石母田説への批判論(在地領主を奴隷制支配者と捉える説や荘園領主の被官に過ぎないとする説などの「非領主論説」)も含めた活発な議論が行われた。
- Ishimoda's idea, which had a big impact on the study of Japanese history, gave rise to much active research and discussion, including studies that related local lords with the formation of military governments (the Kamakura bakufu and the Muromachi bakufu), efforts to trace the process of rise and decline of local lords from the late Heian Period to the Sengoku period, as well as criticisms against the Ishimoda theory (which defined the local lord as a slave master, as well the 'non-lord theory,' which argued that the local lord was a mere officer in charge under the lord of the manor).
- ところが、国民協会の中で国粋主義者の占める割合が強くなると、次第に政府との関係は悪化し、特に第2次伊藤内閣期に入ると、民党の中核であった自由党_(日本)が政府と接近して共同歩調を取る一方で、逆に国民協会が同内閣が進める条約改正を批判して立憲改進党と共同して硬六派を組織するなど、吏党・民党がそれぞれ「親政府」・「反政府」を意味するものではなくなっていった。
- However, their relationship with the government gradually soured as the Kokumin Kyokai had the highest percentage of nationalists, and especially during the Second Ito Cabinet, the Kokumin Kyokai conversely organized the Koroppa (hard-line six parties) cooperating with the Rikken Kaishinto by accusing the Cabinet of forwarding the revision of a treaty while the Jiyuto (Liberal Party of Japan), the hard core of the Minto party, approached the government and took concerted action, and thus the Rito party and Minto party were no long entirely 'pro-government' or 'anti-government'.
- しかし、嫌っていた武田信玄が今川氏真によって塩止めを受けたときは(武田氏の領国甲斐国と信濃国は内陸のため、塩が取れない。これを見越した氏真の行動であった)、氏真の行いを「卑怯な行為」と批判し、「私は戦いでそなたと決着をつけるつもりだ。だから、越後の塩を送ろう」といって、信玄に塩を送ったという(「敵に塩を送る」という言葉はここから派生したといわれている)。
- Ujimasa IMAGAWA had stopped the supply of salt to Shingen TAKEDA who Kenshin disliked, (Ujimasa had anticipated this as Kai and Shinano Provinces under the control of Takeda clan did not produce salt being inland provinces), Shingen criticized this as 'a cowardly act,' and Kenshin sent salt to Shingen saying, 'I send you salt from Echigo Province as I intend to settle with you through battle (it is believed that the phrase 'sending salt to an enemy' originated from this anecdote).
- 『』(巻之一)の「」によると、批判の評論は1873年(明治6年)から1874年(明治7年)にかけて激しくなり、「明治七年の末に至りては攻撃(こうげき)罵詈(ばり)の頂上(ちやうじやう)を極め遠近(ゑんきん)より脅迫状(けふはくじやう)の到來(たうらい)、友人の忠告(ちうこく)等今は殆んど身邊(しんぺん)も危(あやう)きほどの塲合(ばあい)に迫り」というほどであった。
- Critical reviews became rampant in 1873 to 1874, one account explains the situation as 'a barrage of severe criticisms became abusive at the end of 1874, and he received intimidating letters from across the country, even endangered his friends who tried to give advice to Fukuzawa.
- 従来の学説では院庁において実際の政務が執られたとされていたが、鈴木茂男が当時の院庁発給文書に国政に関する内容が認められないことを主張し、橋本義彦がこれを受けて院庁政治論を痛烈に批判したため近年では、非公式の私文書としての側面のある院宣を用いて朝廷に圧力をかけ、院独自の側近を院の近臣として太政官内に送り込むことによって事実上の指揮を執ったとする見解が有力となっている。
- Earlier theories asserted that political affairs were in fact conducted at Incho, but Shigeo SUZUKI asserted that no details regarding national government could be seen in the documents issued by Incho at that time, and Yoshihiko HASHIMOTO, based on this fact, strongly criticized the view that political affairs were conducted at Incho; consequently, in recent years it has become the prevalent view that the In put pressure on the Imperial Court by using inzen, which had the aspect of a non-official document, and that by placing his aides in positions of general council of state he took virtual control of the government.
- しかし薩英戦争や下関戦争において外国艦隊との力の差に直面したことにより、単純な攘夷論に対する批判が生じて、津和野藩の国学者大国隆正らによって唱えられた国内統一を優先して、外国との交易によって富国強兵を図ってでも、諸外国と対等に対峙する力をつけるべきだとする「大攘夷」論が登場した事によって、これを受け入れた攘夷運動の主力であった長州藩・薩摩藩の主張も事実上開国へと転向していくのである。
- However, as Japan faced the power difference from the foreign fleets during the Anglo-Satsuma War and Shimonoseki War, criticisms to the simple Joi ron arose and was replaced with Dai joi ron started by Takamasa OKUNI, a scholar of Japanese classical literature in the Tsuwano Domain; Takamasa claimed that unification of the whole nation should be the first priority and should gain power that the country can confront other nations equally even by aiming fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) through trades with foreign countries; The Choshu Domain and Satsuma Domain, the major drive of the joi movement, accepted this view and started directing themselves for the opening of the country to the world.
- 1998年に当時の環境庁(現環境省)より提出されたSPEED98リスト(「内分泌攪乱化学物質問題への環境庁の対応方針について」)により、高熱の熱湯を注ぐことで発泡スチロール製の容器から内分泌攪乱化学物質(スチレンダイマー、スチレントリマー)が溶出し、スープや麺と一緒に摂取することで人体への影響があるとマスメディアからの批判を浴び、各メーカーが緊急に紙容器に切り替えるなど大きな問題となった。
- Based on the SPEED98 list ('the policy to handle the problem of endocrine-disrupting chemical material by the Environmental Agency') provided by the then Environmental Agency (the current Ministry of the Environment) in 1998, the mass media criticized that it would affect to human body by consuming endocrine-disrupting chemical material (styrene dimer and styrene trimer) eluted from a foamed polystyrene container after putting soup and noodles and pouring very hot water, consequently it became such a big problem that every manufacturer immediately switched to a paper container.
- なお、脚気問題で批判される根拠としては、日露戦争後に鴎外がトップの陸軍省医務局長になったとき、麦飯を禁止して違反者を取り締まった事実や「脚気減少は果して麦を以て米に代へたるに因する乎」という論説を衛生関連の7雑誌に掲載したことで牽制する結果を招いた事(『鴎外全集』第34巻、165-168頁)、「勝てば官軍」等に表されるように軍人は特に経過を問われずに結果だけで評価されやすい事などがあげられる。
- Furthermore, the reasons he was criticized on the beriberi issue are that he punished those who violated the ban of barley rice when he became the Director of the Medical Office in the Ministry of War, that he published his opinion on 'Can a decrease in beriberi be brought about by using barley rice instead of polished rice' in seven magazines related to hygiene, thus leaving no room for his competitors ('MORI Ogai Zenshu (the Complete Works of Ogai MORI),' Vol. 34, page 165 to 168), and that military men tended to be evaluated only on results, regardless of circumstances, as shown in the phrase 'Winning is what makes the Imperial army.'
- 鉄道ファンでもある作家の阿川弘之ですら、大和 (戦艦)(大和型戦艦)・万里の長城・ピラミッドが「世界三大一覧構造物・建設物」であり、この時期に莫大な投資をして新幹線を造れば「第2の戦艦大和」となって世界の物笑いの種になると批判した(後に阿川は新幹線が世界の鉄道斜陽論を覆すに至るまでの成功を収めたのを見て、十河の後を継いで国鉄総裁を務めた石田礼助との対談において、自らの不明を悔やむ発言をしている)。
- Even Hiroyuki AGAWA, a railway fan, criticized the plan saying that the battleship Yamato, the Great Wall of China and pyramids constituted 'the three big structures of the world,' and if Shinkansen were built investing a vast amount of money in this era, it would become the second battleship Yamato and would be laughed at by the world (later, seeing that Shinkansen became so successful as to overturn the railway-declining opinion of the world, AGAWA expressed his regret in a talk with Reisuke ISHIDA who succeeded the post of president of JNR from Sogo).
- だが、戦後に入ると土田直鎮らによる批判などがあり、現在では院政初期までは摂政・関白と天皇との間に力関係の差はあっても、両者の協議によって政治判断が行われており、摂政・関白が専断的に政務を取った時期は存在しなかったこと、国政に関する命令は摂関政治全盛期でも宣旨・太政官符による命令系統が機能しており、政所下文及び御教書はあくまで摂政・関白個人の私的あるいは宣旨・太政官符内部の問題に対してのみ有効な命令文書であったことが明らかとされており、この説は成り立たないと考えられている。
- However, after World War II, based on the criticisms by people like Naoshige TSUCHIDA, the theory is no longer held as true for the following reasons: Until the early Insei period (the period ruled by the retired Emperor), even if there were differences in strength of authority between the Sessho/Kanpaku and the Emperor, political decisions were made through a consultation of both sides, and there was never a time in which the Sessho and/or Kanpaku arbitrarily took the initiative in political affairs; and orders that related to state politics were issued based on the chain of command through senshi and daijokanpu (official documents issued by the Daijokan and the Grand Council of State) even during the golden days of the regency, and it was revealed that kudashibumi and migosho documents issued by the Mandokoro were only effective for private or internal problems of the sessho and kanpaku themselves.