戦: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- A級戦犯
- class-A war criminal
- 石山合戦
- Ishiyama War
- Ishiyama Hongan-ji War
- 戦後の解釈
- Analysis after the war
- 戦前の解釈
- An analysis before the war
- 戦前の用例
- Definition of the pre-war period
- 戦後の用例
- Definition of the post-war period
- 堺浦の戦い
- The Battle of Sakaiura
- 石津の戦い
- The Battle of Ishizu
- 淀川堤の戦い
- Battle of Yodo-gawa River Bank
- 木津川口海戦
- Naval Battles of Kizu-gawa River Estuary
- 春秋戦国時代
- Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period
- 五稜郭の戦い
- The battle of Goryokaku
- 二俣川の戦い
- The battle of Futamata-gawa River
- 第二次大戦以前
- Before the World War II
- 拒否は戦争となる
- If Japan refuses, there will be a war.
- 開戦・生田の戦い
- The Outbreak of War and the Battle of Ikuta
- 南北朝-戦国時代
- the period of the Northern and Southern Courts - the Sengoku period (period of warring states)
- 石山戦争ともいう。
- It is also called 'Ishiyama Senso' (石山戦争) (Both 'Senso' and 'Gassen' mean a war.)
- 戊辰戦争と錦の御旗
- The Boshin War and the Imperial Standard
- 出港から日本海海戦
- From departure to the Battle of Tsushima
- 吉良方の奮戦者は誰か
- Who played the most remarkable role on Kira's side?
- 戦わずに生き残った。
- He survived without fighting.
- 母成峠の戦いで大敗。
- They suffered a severe defeat in the Battle of Bonari-toge.
- 戦国時代と大仏殿炎上
- The Warring States Period and the Great Buddha Hall Bursting into Flames
- 福富節男(反戦運動家)
- Setsuo FUKUTOMI (Anti-war activist)
- 日清戦争:約2000人
- In the Sino-Japanese War: about 2,000
- 日清戦争軍票(両単位)
- Sino-Japanese War Military Currency (in a currency unit, Ryo)
- 細川政権 (戦国時代)
- Hosokawa's Government (Sengoku Period)
- 「戊辰戦争軍功賞典表」
- List of rewards for military service in the Boshin War'
- 「函館戦争軍功賞典表」
- List of rewards for military service in the Battle of Hakodate'
- 第1次大戦:約3000人
- In the First World War: about 3,000
- 北越戦争:衝鋒隊が参加。
- Hokuetsu War: Shohotai joined.
- 戊辰戦争勃発と慶喜追討令
- The outbreak of the Boshin Civil War and the decree to search and kill Yoshinobu
- 旧幕府側の主戦論と恭順論
- The war advocacy policy and allegiance policy toward the new government (Imperial government) within the former Tokugawa shogunate side
- (戦国時代 (日本)参照)
- (refer to the Sengoku period [Japan])
- 討ち入りの際に最も奮戦した。
- He fought most energetically in the raid.
- 他国衆とは、戦国大名の領国。
- Takokushu is a territory of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period [period of Warring States]).
- 戦前は天孫民族とも称された。
- It was also called Tenson minzoku before the war.
- 戦乱・逃亡後の荒廃地の収用、
- Expropriation of wastelands after wars and desertion.
- 日露戦争:約10万9600人
- In the Russo-Japanese War: about 109,600
- 薩た峠の戦い (南北朝時代)
- The Battle of Sattatoge (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts)
- これが三好氏の戦力を支えた。
- This supported the military power of the Miyoshi clan.
- 金ヶ崎の戦い (南北朝時代)
- Battle of Kanegasaki (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts)
- この戦いを延久蝦夷合戦という。
- This is called 'the Battle against Ezo northerner in the Enkyu era.'
- 明治時代から第二次世界大戦まで
- From the Meiji period to World War II
- 日露戦争における日本軍への協力
- Cooperation with Japanese Army in Russo-Japanese War
- 明治時代から第二次世界大戦以前
- From the Meiji period to a period before the World War Ⅱ
- 骨法術・・・素手で敵と戦う武術
- Koppo jutsu…A martial art of fighting with bare hands.
- 歴史的に著名な戦いは2回ある。
- There are two battles which are historically notable.
- 戊辰戦争の功労者に与えられた。
- The rewards were given to those who had given distinguished service in the Boshin War.
- 箱館戦争の功労者に与えられた。
- The rewards were given to those who had given distinguished service in the Battle of Hakodate.
- 討ち入りの際に戦って重傷を負う。
- He was seriously injured in the raid.
- 合戦に対する評価は二分している。
- The evaluations regarding the consequence of this war are divided into two.
- 延久二年合戦、延久合戦とも言う。
- It is also called Eikyu Two-year War or Eikyu War.
- 支那事変(日中戦争):約19万人
- In the Second Sino-Japanese War (also known as the Sino-Japanese Incident): about 190,000
- 抗戦論を退けて加賀藩に投降した。
- Some members of Tenguto insisted to enter into a battle, but it was turned down and Tenguto surrendered to the Kaga Domain.
- 戦場にて旗指物の管理を行う役目。
- It played a role in taking charge of hatasashi-mono (battle flags) on the battlefield.
- 1904年、日露戦争の開戦である。
- In 1904, the Russo-Japanese War started.
- 上記のように戦況を書き残している。
- Kanezane KUJO wrote the war situation described above in 'Gyokuyo.'
- 「一ノ谷の戦い」という名称について
- The Name of 'The Battle of Ichinotani'
- しかし、戦闘がなかったわけではない。
- However, this does not mean there was no battle.
- 新政府軍に対して善戦した事もあった。
- Sometimes they fought well against the new government army.
- 細川幽斎:戦国時代 (日本)の武将。
- Yusai HOSOKAWA: a busho who lived in the Sengoku period (period of warring states)
- 太平洋戦争終結まで度々開催されている。
- The meetings were held frequently until the end of the Pacific War.
- そこで、名乗りを上げて合戦は始まった。
- Here the five cavalrymen performed the Nanori (announcement of one's name) to begin the battle.
- そして、戦いは鎌倉方の勝利に終わった。
- Thus, the Kamakura (Minamoto) side was triumphant in battle.
- 1941年 真珠湾攻撃による日米開戦。
- In 1941, the U.S-Japan war started with the Attack on Pearl Harbor.
- 長期に及ぶ戦いで忠常の軍は疲弊していた。
- As a result of long battle, the army of Tadatsune was war-worn.
- 日清戦争勃発まではその効力が続いていた。
- It was effective until the Sino-Japanese War broke out.
- 大政奉還後に鳥羽・伏見の戦いが発生した。
- After Taisei Hokan, the Battle of Toba-Fushimi occurred.
- After Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor), the Battle of Toba-Fushimi occurred.
- 戦後に至り、日本国憲法の審議にも参加した。
- After the War, Kizokuin paticipated in deliberations on the Constitution of Japan.
- 佐伯伊多智が防戦して、仲麻呂軍を撃退する。
- SAEKI no Itaji defended the Arachi no-seki, and defeated the army of Nakamaro.
- その他の浪士たちも戦死、逃亡、捕縛された。
- The other roshi died, fled or were arrested.
- 小牧・長久手の戦いの首塚愛知県長久手町岩作
- Kubizuka for the dead in the Battle of Komaki-Nagakute: located at Yazako, Nagakute-cho, Aichi Prefecture.
- つまり、この合戦全体が政略的な奇襲である。
- In other words, the entire battle was framed upon a strategically planned surprise attack.
- 「梶原の二度懸け」と呼ばれる奮戦を見せた。
- The Kajiwara family engaged in a more determined fight, which was called 'The second run and battle by Kajiwara.'
- 長州征討や天狗党の乱などで実戦を経験した。
- Bakufu rikugun experienced real battles through the Choshu Conquest and Tenguto no Ran (Rebellion of Tenguto).
- 天狗党の乱や長州征討へ実戦投入されている。
- They experienced real battles such as Tenguto no Ran (Rebellion of Tenguto) and the Choshu Conquest.
- 模擬実戦として最適であったとも言われている。
- It is also said that ishi-gassen was most suitable as a mimic battle.
- 戦前に即位・非即位が重大視された理由である。
- This is the reason why enthronement/non-enthronement was regarded important before the war.
- 日露戦争の後頃から郡制廃止の問題が起こった。
- Around the time after Russo-Japanese War, controversy erupted over abolition of Gunsei.
- 本項目では合戦経過は次のように説明している。
- In this section, the progression of the battle is explained as follows:
- 第二次世界大戦中、第442連隊戦闘団に所属。
- He was a member of the 442nd Regiment during World War II.
- 歴年におよぶ戦乱の後、女子を共立し王とした。
- After many long years of war, a woman was placed as co-sovereign.
- 堀本禮造 少尉(戦死により中尉に昇進される)。
- Second Lieutenant Reizo HORIMOTO (promoted to First Lieutenant due to his death in action)
- 治承・寿永の乱(源平合戦)における戦いの一つ。
- It was one in a series of battles during the Jisho-Juei War (the Genpei War).
- 生田口、塩屋口、夢野口で激戦が繰り広げられる。
- Fierce battles occured at the Ikuta fortress entrance, the Shioya fortress entrance, and the Yumeno fortress entrance.
- 平氏軍は2000騎を繰り出して、白兵戦を展開。
- The Taira clan sent out two thousand cavalrymen, and the battle raged into hand-to-hand combat.
- 九州では泰盛の子安達盛宗が岩門合戦で敗死した。
- In Kyushu region, Morimune ADACHI, son of Yasumori died during the battle of Iwato.
- もっとも、忍者は直接戦闘することを極力避けた。
- Actually, Ninja minimized chances of direct fighting.
- その後、広嗣軍は板櫃河の会戦に敗れて敗走した。
- The Hirotsugu army lost the battle of Itabitsuchin and escaped.
- 戦時中の日系人収容所で写真を撮り続けた写真家。
- A photographer who kept on taking photos in the Japanese concentration camp during the war.
- 出雲での大敗が極端なまでの厭戦気運を助長した。
- The huge defeat in Izumo cultivated extreme anti-war trend amond people.
- また、戦後には大韓帝国の併合を積極的に唱えた。
- And the Taigaiko group promulgated annexation of the Korean Empire after war.
- 会津戦争:大鳥軍、衝鋒隊、共に新政府軍と戦う。
- Aizu War: The Otori army and Shohotai fought against the New government army.
- ここに鳥羽・伏見の戦いは幕府の完敗で終幕した。
- At this time, The Battle of Toba-Fushimi had ended, the Tokugawa shogunate side was utterly defeated.
- 合戦になるが、将門軍の勢いはふるわず、退却した。
- A battle ensued, but Masakado's army lost momentum and were forced to retreat.
- やがてこの対立が日清戦争へと結びつくことになる。
- Later, this confrontation would lead to the Sino-Japanese War.
- 官軍は三尾を攻めるが、仲麻呂軍は必死で応戦する。
- Imperial army attacked Sanbi, while Nakamaro's army desperately fought back.
- 第1次桂内閣における最大の事跡は日露戦争である。
- The greatest achievement of the First Katsura Cabinet was the Russo-Japanese War.
- 将軍家茂薨去の報を受けた小笠原も戦線を離脱した。
- On receipt of the notice of the shogun Iemochi's disease, the commander Ogasawara also left the front line.
- そして、義経は戦機と見て坂を駆け下る決断をする。
- Subsequently, he thought this was the time for battle and decided to run down the hill.
- 以後、三国干渉・日露戦争などに際して開催された。
- Subsequently, other Gozenkaigi were held to discuss matters such as the Triple Intervention and the Japanese-Russo War.
- そのため, 一ノ谷だけが戦場だったわけではない。
- Therefore, Ichinotani was not the only place where the battle took place.
- 西郷頼母(会津藩家老。戊辰戦争の際の会津藩首脳)
- Tanomo SAIGO (A Karo officer in the Aizu domain. In Boshin Civil War, he was one of the main figures from the Aizu domain.)
- 第4回衆議院議員総選挙最中に日清戦争が始まった。
- It was in the middle of the fourth general election for the House of Representatives when the Sino-Japanese War broke out.
- 堺浜の戦い(さかいはまのたたかい)とも呼ばれる。
- It is also called the Battle of Sakaihama.
- 忠臣蔵ではもっとも奮戦した剣客として描かれている。
- He is depicted in the Chushingura as a most active, expert swordsman.
- 討ち入りでは大太刀を持って大いに奮戦したと伝わる。
- During the raid he is said to have fought with great bravery wielding a long, broad sword.
- また戦後沖縄で使用されたB円も軍票の一種といえる。
- Type B Military Yen' used in Okinawa after the WWII, could be a kind of military currency.
- これらの戦功によりたびたび税減免措置を受けている。
- Thanks to these services, Totsukawa received tax reduction or exemption measures quite often.
- 日清戦争直後の朝鮮半島では改革派の勢いが強かった。
- The reformist group gained power in the Korean Peninsula immediately after the Sino-Japanese War.
- そこで、和平を勧告し、源平は交戦しないよう命じた。
- There the envoy told the Taira clan that Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa shall recommend peace and ordered the Genpei (the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan) to end the conflict.
- 直実らは奮戦するが、多勢に無勢で討ち取られかけた。
- Although Naozane and the other troops fought valiantly, they were almost annihilated by the Taira clan due to being so severely out numbered.
- この三人が合戦の各方面の大将を務めたと考えられる。
- We can consider that these three served as the generals commanding the battles in each direction.
- 激戦の末に純友軍は大敗、800余艘が官軍に奪われた。
- After a fierce battle, Sumitomo's army suffered a crushing defeat with more than 800 ships deprived by the Imperial army.
- 将門は兵を集めて良兼に復仇戦を挑むが大敗してしまう。
- Masakado gathered his army and sought revenge against Yoshikane, but was decidedly defeated.
- 10月21日、鬼怒川沿いの新治郷川曲で合戦となった。
- On October 21, they battled in Kawawa, Nihari-no-sato, along the Kinu-gawa River.
- 政友会の支持を得た第1次桂内閣は日露戦争を乗り切る。
- The First Katsura Cabinet, which was supported by the Seiyu party, weathered the Russo-Japanese War.
- 第二次世界大戦後には、皇位問題への禁忌意識は消えた。
- The taboo on issues of the Imperial Throne was eliminated after the World War II.
- 日露戦争の戦費調達のため、塩に課税する案が出された。
- In order to collect funding for the Russo-Japanese War, tax on salt was considered.
- 本項および戦況地図画像もこの説に従って記述している。
- In this section and also in the illustrated image of the war's situational map, the Ichinotani theory is adopted.
- 長州側は山口の藩政府の合議制により作戦が指揮された。
- The Choshu clan employed collegial system of the administration of the domain to conduct the operations.
- 直江兼続(米沢藩上杉家家老。戦国時代の上杉家の武将)
- Kanetsugu NAOE (a Karo officer of the Uesugi family in the Yonezawa domain. A busho [Japanese military commander] of the Uesugi family in the Sengoku period [Period of Warring States].)
- 両軍は、東海道の難所である駿河国薩峠で合戦となった。
- The two forces plunged into a battle at Sattatoge, Suruga Province, which was a dangerous spot on the Tokai-do Road.
- 10月、大宰府と追捕使の兵が、純友軍と戦い敗れている。
- In October, soldiers of Dazaifu and Tsuibushi fought against Sumitomo, but were defeated.
- 陸軍語学生徒(戦死:明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀)
- An army language student (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882)
- 陸軍語学生徒(戦死:明治15年11月6日靖国神社合祀)
- An army language student (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 6, 1882)
- 中国では戦国時代 (中国)から唐時代に主に製作された。
- In China, it was produced mainly from the Warring States Period (China) to Tong Dynasty.
- 治安維持法とともに戦前の有名な治安立法として知られる。
- It is known as a famous pre-World War II security legislation along with Maintenance of Public Order Law.
- 当時の日本には戦争を継続するだけの余力は既になかった。
- Japan of the time had no more energy enough to continue the war.
- 激戦だったという従来のこの合戦の理解は根本的に崩れる。
- Traditional historians and experts interpreted all of the battles being fiercely contested, but this new viewpoint would fundamentally alter this traditionalist view.
- 確かに日本の婦人運動は、戦争の激化により一時中断した。
- In fact, Japan's women's movement had been interrupted by the intensification of the war.
- 明治27年(1894年)対清国開戦を決定したのが最初。
- The first Gozenkaigi was convened in 1894 to decide the start of the war against the Qing Dynasty.
- 大東亜戦争文官死没者賞賜内規(昭和20年3月9日裁定)
- The bylaw of conferring rewards for services on civil officer dead victims of the Greater East Asian War (decision on March 9, 1945)
- その為、合戦関係本の多くがこの後者の数字を採っている。
- Therefore, many authors of related books of this battle adopt the later figures.
- 当時、戦国時代 (日本)の下克上の風潮が残存していた。
- At that time there remained an atmosphere for gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) in the the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- その後、入り乱れるが、燈火を消し、暗闇での戦闘となる。
- Following this, they fell in confusion but someone turned the lamp off and they fought in the dark.
- この戦いで澄之は敗れ、遊初軒(澄之の自邸)で自害した。
- Sumiyuki lost in this battle and killed himself in Yushoken (his own residence).
- 一方越後国では長茂の甥城資盛が蜂起して幕府軍と戦った。
- On the other hand, in Echigo Province, Sukemori JO, a nephew of Nagamochi, staged an uprising to fight against the bakufu army.
- 三等巡査(事由 戦死:明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀)
- A third-rank policeman (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882)
- この内閣の長期政権化にはこの戦争での勝利の影響が大きい。
- The victory in this war had significant influence on long-term administration by this cabinet.
- その後戊辰戦争の各地の戦いで薩長両軍を中心に使用された。
- The army of the Satsuma clan and the Choshu clan put it up at many battle fields of the Boshin War.
- 洋式城郭であるものの、実際には野戦築城に近いものである。
- It is actually a field fortification rather than a western-style castle.
- 正式に同盟が締結されたのは桶狭間の戦いから2年後である。
- It was after two years from the Battle of Okehazama that the alliance was formed officially.
- 延久蝦夷合戦(えんきゅうえぞかっせん)は平安時代の戦役。
- Enkyu Ezo War was the major warfare occurred in the Heian period.
- 茨城県ひたちなか市には「天狗党百色山戦場供養碑」がある。
- In Hitachinaka City, Ibaraki Prefecture, there is 'Tenguto Hyakuiroyama Senjo Kuyohi' (monument for Tenguto at the battle place of Hyakuiroyama).
- そのため、民は自らを守るためゲリラ戦の技を磨いていった。
- For the reason, people began to brush up technique for guerrilla warfare for self-defense.
- こうした動きは世論を日清開戦論へと動かす契機にはなった。
- Those movements triggered to lead the public opinion to the start of the Japanese-Sino War.
- 財源は戊辰戦争で敗れた諸藩から没収した所領が充てられた。
- These premiums were funded through confiscated territories of domains that were defeated in the Boshin War.
- 一等巡査 (事由 戦死:明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀)
- A first-rank policeman (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882)
- 翌年の宝治合戦で三浦氏を滅ぼし、時頼の専制体制は完成する。
- Tokiyori's autocracy was completed by destroying the Miura clan in the Battle of Hoji in the following year.
- 国家から謀叛人扱いされた忠常は、徹底抗戦を余儀なくされる。
- Tadatsune, regarded as a rebel by the state, was forced to resist to the bitter end.
- 第二次世界大戦下の1943年の改正では自治権が縮小された。
- The revision of 1943 during the Second World War reduced the autonomy.
- これでは10倍以上の兵力差があり、常識的に合戦にならない。
- The military powers illustrated in 'Gyokuyo' indicates a difference of more than ten times in the number of opposing cavalrymen, so it was unrealistic to believe a battle occurred.
- この戦いで一門の多くを失った平氏は致命的な大打撃をうける。
- During this battle, the Taira clan lost many members of the clan family which had a result of fatally damaging the Taira clan.
- 知盛は必死に防戦するが兵が浮き足立って、遂に敗走を始めた。
- Although Tomomori was desperately engaged in a defensive fight, the soldiers of the Taira clan's army were preparing to flee and eventually started to retreat.
- - ソビエト連邦が日ソ中立条約を一方的に破棄して対日参戦。
- The Soviet Union one-sidedly broke the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact and participated in the war against Japan.
- しかし、敗戦によりその国債は1円の価値もないものになった。
- Yet due to Japan's defeat, such government bonds ended up being worth less than one yen each.
- 忍刀を用いての戦い方に「座探りの術」といわれる技術がある。
- There is a technique called 'Zasaguri no Jutsu' as a fighting method using ninjato.
- ところが、日清戦争以降「武士道」が再評価されるようになる。
- However, after the Sino-Japanese War, 'Bushido' was re-evaluated.
- 実際の合戦は、福原を中心に生田口・一ノ谷口で行われている。
- The actual battle developed with Fukuwara as its center and simultaneously at the Ikuta fortress entrance and the Ichinotani fortress entrance.
- 清国は、戦争賠償として4億5000万両を銀で列国に支払う。
- The Qing Dynasty shall pay the Powers an indemnity of 450 million taels in silver as war reparations.
- その他の三好長秀など三好一族の多くが戦死、処刑されている。
- Other members of the Miyoshi clan also died in the battlefield or were executed, including Nagahide MIYOSHI.
- しかし、江戸時代に入ってからは戦乱があまり起こらなかった。
- However, after the Edo period began there had been few battles.
- しかし西園寺は日露戦争後の財政難などを理由にこれを拒否した。
- SAIONJI, however, refused to agree to this on the grounds that the nation was in serious financial straits because of the Japanese-Russo War that just ended.
- 四、五人の敵と戦い、その刀がささらのようになっていたという。
- He fought against four or five people and his sword was all chipped.
- つまり石高は戦国大名の財力だけではなく兵力をも意味していた。
- In other words, kokudaka showed not only the financial power but also the troop strength of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
- 戦国時代には、島津貴久や毛利元就、武田信虎などが任ぜられた。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states) this position was assigned to Takahisa SHIMAZU, Motonari MORI and Nobutora TAKEDA so on.
- が、敗戦国の場合、支払能力がないため反故にされる場合もある。
- However, a defeated nation cannot pay the money, and in that case, its Gunpyo means nothing.
- 川中島の戦いの首塚長野市八幡原史跡公園内に2基と公園外に1基
- Kubizuka for the dead in the Battle of Kawanakajima: two Kubizuka inside and one outside of the Hachimanpara historic park, Nagano City.
- その時に土肥実平率いる7000余騎が駆けつけて激戦となった。
- Finally, Sanehira DOI rushed in, arrived with nearly seven thousand cavalrymen, and engaged in a fierce battle with the Taira clan.
- この延久蝦夷合戦では朝廷軍の主力は清原軍であったとみられる。
- The main force of the Enkyu Ezo Imperial Court expedition troops was considered to be the troops led by Kiyohara clan.
- しかし鹿島付近において幕府軍に包囲され、交戦し敗散している。
- However, they were surrounded by the army of bakufu, fought against the army and lost.
- この戦闘には歩兵隊や伝習隊など多数が動員されたが、敗北した。
- A lot of soldiers from infantry and Denshutai joined these battles, but they were defeated.
- 一部は部隊規模で脱走し、戊辰戦争では各地で戦闘を繰り広げた。
- Some troops escaped, and in various places, they joined the battles in Boshin War.
- 戦いは徳川方の敗北となり、慶喜は大坂城を脱出して江戸へ退却。
- The war ended in defeat of Tokugawa side and Yoshinobu escaped from Osaka Castle and retreated to Edo.
- 文治5年、奥州合戦が勃発、奥州は東国政権の支配下にはいった。
- In 1189, the Battle of Oshu broke out, and Oshu fell under the control of the east government.
- この戦に敗れた兵の多くは美濃へ逃れて抵抗を続けることになる。
- Many soldiers defeated in this battle fled to the Mino Province and kept up the resistance.
- しかし戦局が劣勢となった上、淀藩・津藩などが寝返ってしまう。
- However, the war situation worsened on the Tokugawa shogunate side, furthermore, the Yodo and the Tsu Domains betrayed the bakufu.
- また戦国時代は各地金山および銀山の獲得競争の時代でもあった。
- Also, the Sengoku period was a period of of competition for gold mines and silver mines at various places.
- この事件の結果、尾張藩は官軍の一員として各地で幕府軍と戦った。
- As a result of this incident, the Owari Domain fought with the army of the bakufu in various places as members of Imperial army.
- 外務省二等巡査(事由 戦死:明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀)
- A second-rank policeman in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882)
- 日本公使館雇員(事由 戦死:明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀)
- An employee of the Japanese legation (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882)
- しかし、これ以外は具体的な戦闘推移は何も分らなくなるのである。
- However, except for these elements, we would not understand the practical transitions in the combat progression.
- この状況は、第二次世界大戦に敗北した事によって終わりを告げる。
- This situation ended when Japan was defeated in World War II.
- 挙兵以来、鎌倉方では非常に大きな戦力を有していたと考えられる。
- Since they had raised their army, the Kai-Genji seemed to have possessed an extremely large military power.
- 『吾妻鏡』の戦果報告で範頼、義経と並んで安田義定の名が見える。
- In 'Azuma Kagami,' it is written that Yoshisada YASUDA as the recorded name, listed next to Noriyori and Yoshitsune, in the report of the war results.
- また講武所には、教導部隊ともいうべき一定の実戦力も期待された。
- The Kobu jo was expected to produce troops with power of execution, which can be said as a teaching and leading troop.
- 米西戦争によって、アメリカは東アジアにおける主要勢力となった。
- After the Spanish-American War, the United States became a major power in the Eastern Asia.
- 兵糧(ひょうろう・兵粮)とは、戦争時における軍隊の食糧のこと。
- Hyoro is food supply for the army during times of war.
- 本隊に合流した後、1905年5月27日の対馬沖海戦に参加した。
- After the ship joined the main unit, she participated in the battle off the coast of Tsusima on May 27, 1905.
- 因みに一般的イメージの小姓とは異なり、純然たる戦闘部隊である。
- Incidentally, the kosyogumi was different from kosho (pageboy) in the general conception and was purely a combat troop.
- 6日に行なわれた戦闘では知盛らによって近江源氏が打ち破られた。
- Tomomori and others defeated Omi-Genji in the battle that took place on 6th.
- これは篭城抗戦派をより刺激し、開城派大野の孤立が深まっていった。
- This made the radicals quite irritated and isolated the moderates led by Ono even more.
- 7日、天誅組先鋒が大日川で津藩兵と交戦して、これを五条へ退ける。
- On October 19, the vanguard of Tenchu-gumi was at war with the soldiers of Tsu Domain in Obikawa and it succeeded in making the soldiers of Tsu Domain retreat to Gojo.
- 玉木為之進ら数名は天誅組の作戦に抗議し、天の辻で斬首されている。
- Including Tamenoshin TAMAKI, several people from Totsukawa Village protested the strategy employed by Tenchu-gumi and were beheaded.
- 高頼はいったん観音寺城を放棄し、甲賀郡山間部でのゲリラ戦を展開。
- Takayori temporarily abandoned Kannonji-jo Castle, and conducted a guerrilla warfare in a mountainous area in Koga County.
- この騒動は戦国大名への体制転換の最中での事件であると定義できる。
- This feud can be defined as affairs that happened in the middle of the system conversion into warring loads in the Sengoku period.
- そのため、やはり戦になった場合の事も考えていたとする反論もある。
- Therefore, some historians and experts supported an opposition theory that the Taira clan was still prepared militarily in the case of possibly engaging in battle.
- 鎌倉幕府編纂の『吾妻鏡』では、この戦いについて下記のようにある。
- In the 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East) which was edited by Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), this battle is described as follows.
- 第二次世界大戦後になると外地の語が法令で用いられるようになった。
- After the World War II, the term Gaichi were used in the laws.
- これらは、二人がこの方面で将として戦っていたであろうからである。
- Because of those depictions, we can assume that these two people must have fought as commanders in the Ichinotani region.
- 驚いた伊賀の人々はすぐさま総力を挙げて信長と戦うことを決意する。
- Surprised, people in Iga Province immediately decided to raise their army and fight with Nobunaga.
- 徳川家創成期には弓・鉄砲足軽を編制した部隊として合戦に参加した。
- In the early Edo period, it participated in battles as a troop which organized yumi-ashigaru (foot soldiers fighting with bow) and teppo-ashigaru (foot soldiers fighting with firearms).
- 顕家の他、名和義高・南部師行らも戦死して南朝軍は潰走してしまう。
- Besides Akiie, Yoshitaka NAWA and Moroyuki NANBU were also killed in the battle, and the Southern Court's army was totally defeated and took flight.
- 桑田忠親は著書「戦国史疑」において、次のように厳しく批判している。
- In his book 'Questioning Civil War History' Tadachika KUWATA criticized MURAOKA's work as follows:
- 第二次世界大戦後はタバコ・塩・樟脳を扱う日本専売公社が設立された。
- After the World War II, Japan Monopoly Corporation was founded to deal with tobacco, salt, and camphor.
- 前哨戦に勝利した義経は敗走した資盛、有盛らを土肥実平に追撃させた。
- Yoshitsune won the preliminary encounter and subsequently ordered Sanehira DOI to pursue the routed armies of Sukemori and Arimori.
- 幕府海軍と高杉率いる艦隊が戦い、奇襲戦法により幕府海軍は敗走した。
- The navy of the bakufu fought against the fleet lead by Takasugi, but it was put to flight by the surprise attack of the Takasugi's fleet.
- 同年12月26日付けで頼俊から朝廷へ大戦果を挙げたとの弁明が届く。
- Yoritoshi forwarded a report to the Imperial Court dated on February 4 of the next year, that his troops had achieved a great victory in Ezo.
- また『吾妻鏡』の合戦の記述には『平家物語』の影響が指摘されている。
- Additionally, historical scholars points out the influnence of Heike Monogatari' on 'Azuma Kagami.'
- 頼徳勢は善戦するが、補給と戦闘の終息を考慮し再び那珂湊へ後退する。
- Yorinori and his force fought well but again retreated to Nakaminato considering the recruital and end of the battle.
- 一度は敗戦した市川ら諸生党は幕府に応援を要請し、那珂湊を包囲する。
- Shoseito, including Ichikawa, lost once and asked the bakufu to support them, and they surround the Nakaminato.
- が、実際にはこれは徳川と豊臣との代理戦争に他ならなかったのである。
- But in fact it was nothing but an alternative war between Tokugawa and Toyotomi.
- これを戦艦と間違えたイルティッシュ号は、今来たところを後戻りした。
- Mistaking them for battleships, the Irtysh turned back the way she came.
- 日清戦争に従軍した後、青森の前任地は山形(歩兵第32連隊)だった。
- After serving in Japanese-Sino War, his post was Yamagata (the 32th Infantry Regiment) before Aomori.
- そして夏の陣直前に豊臣方から離れたため、戦後に罪には問われなかった。
- He did not suffer punitive action from the Tokugawa side later after the war because of his departure from the Toyotomi camp prior to the Summer Siege.
- 一行から遅れていた吉村寅太郎は27日に鷲家谷で津藩兵に撃たれて戦死。
- Torataro YOSHIMURA who was behind the party was shot to death at Washiyadani on November 8 by a soldier of Tsu Domain.
- ちなみに武家では戦国大名である大内義隆が唯一兵部卿にまで昇っている。
- Among the members of samurai family, only Yoshitaka OUCHI, who was a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), rose to the top and became the Hyobukyo.
- 比企一族は一幡と若狭局を守って戦うが、多勢に無勢で勝ち目はなかった。
- Though the Hiki family fought to protect Ichiman and Wakasa no Tsubone, they had no chance to win as they were outnumbered by the Hojo.
- 戦後史学では、戦前の皇国史観から解放され記紀への実証的研究が進んだ。
- In postwar history, Japanese historians and scholars gained freedom and separation from the Kokoku Shikan and progressed in their positive research into the kiki.
- このことが一ノ谷の戦いの勝敗を決したとの説がある(平氏敗北の要因)。
- Therefore, there is a theory that the Taira clan's behavior at this point resulted in the winning or losing of the Battle of Ichinotani (the primary factor in the defeat of the Taira clan).
- 弘安合戦、安達泰盛の乱、秋田城介(あきたじょうのすけ)の乱ともいう。
- This incident is also called the Battle of Koan, the Yasumori ADACHI war or the Jonosuke AKITA war.
- 暗闇の中で戦う時、さやを刀の先にひっかけて相手の位置を探るのである。
- When they fight in the dark, they locate enemies by hooking the scabbard on the tip of the sword.
- 宇陀松山藩の藩祖は、有名な戦国時代 (日本)の大名・織田信長である。
- The original forefather of the Uda-Matsuyama Domain was Nobunaga ODA, the well-known daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) in the Sengoku period (the warring states period) (Japan).
- 1600年の関ヶ原の戦いで信雄は西軍に与したため、戦後に改易された。
- In 1600, since Nobukatsu took the side of Toyotomi at the Battle of Sekigahara, his territory was confiscated after the battle.
- ところが『吾妻鏡』の編成でも戦果報告でも多田行綱の名が見当たらない。
- However, in 'Azuma Kagami,' there was no written name of Yukitsuna TADA neither in the organization of the troops nor in the war chronicle reports.
- 日清戦争後の三国干渉に屈した第2次伊藤内閣を追及する運動を展開した。
- The party conducted a campaign to criticize the second Ito Cabinet for having yielded to the Triple Intervention after the Sino-Japanese War.
- こうした想定は、事件から2年後のに日露戦争として現実のものとなった。
- This assumption became a reality two years after the incident, as the Russo-Japanese War began.
- 本願寺門主の顕如が石山本願寺に篭って戦ったことから石山合戦と言われる。
- It is called the Ishiyama War, or 'Ishiyama Gassen' (石山合戦), because the chief priest Kennyo held Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple during the war.
- しかし高次は9月15日の本戦直前になって東軍に与して大津城に籠城する。
- However, Takatsugu participated in the Eastern Camp and held up in the Otsu-jo Castle right before the final battle on October 21.
- が、警備は十分ではないため暴徒の襲撃を受けた日本公使館は自ら応戦した。
- However, as the protection was insufficient, the members of the Japanese legation fought back against the attack of the mob on their own.
- 背景には同時期に清国で勃発した阿片戦争による危機感があったと思われる。
- In the background of his foreign policy, there seems to have been a sense of crisis aroused by Opium Wars (waged and won by Britain, and after this China became like a colony of Western countries) that broke out in Qing dynasty China around then.
- 1945年、戦災で大審院と司法省の屋根・内部が焼失した(戦後に修復)。
- The roofs and interiors of the buildings of the Predecessors of the Supreme Court of Japan and the Ministry of Justice were burned due to the war-damage in 1945 (they were repaired after the war).
- 戦乱の終息後、都に戻ったが、秀次事件に連座し、豊臣秀吉の怒りを買った。
- After the end of the wars, the family returned to the capital, but faced the wrath of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, because it was implicated in the Hidetsugu incident.
- そして、『吾妻鏡』でも義経が戦った場所は鵯越と記されているからである。
- Moreover, in 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), the author of the book indicated in his writings that Yoshitsune fought at Hiyodorigoe.
- そのため、この敗戦が徳川幕府滅亡をほぼ決定付けたとする資料も見られる。
- Some materials argue that the defeat in this war was the final blow that led to the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
- 行政区分・・・樺太庁(都道府県戦前の都庁府県のひとつ)の下に市町村設置
- Administrative district ⋯ Local authorities (City, Town, and Village) were established under Karafuto-cho (one of prefectures of Japan in the pre-war period).
- 水戸藩士民を中心とする天狗党の主体は水戸城へ向かい市川一派と交戦する。
- The main body of Tenguto with the feudal retainers of Mito Domain playing central roles went to the Mito-jo Castle, fought against Ichikawa and his group.
- 池田勇人内閣の時に戦後初めて勲章制度の運用が復活したうえで今日に至る。
- During the Hayato IKEDA's administration, the institution of decoration was restored first time after WWII, and the institution has been observed to date.
- 元治元年11月16日、上州下仁田において、追撃して来た高崎藩兵と交戦。
- On November 16, 1864, Tenguto had a battle against the army of the Takasaki Domain at Shimonita, Joshu.
- 安田義定は甲斐源氏で平氏打倒に挙兵し、富士川の戦いで大功を立てている。
- Yoshisada YASUDA was of the Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) and raised his army for defeating the Taira clan, and then accomplished a meritorious service during the Battle of Fujigawa.
- 日清戦争により、日清修好条規が破棄されたため、戦後に新たに締結された。
- It was concluded after the first Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 because the Sino-Japanese Amity Treaty was abrogated due to the war.
- 王政復古から戊辰戦争にかけて活躍した藩主・公卿・藩士などに給付された。
- The rewards were awarded to lords of domains, nobles, or warriors who demonstrated significant achievements over the Boshin War, or the Restoration of Imperial Rule.
- 第二次世界大戦が終わり、公衆衛生が飛躍的に向上すると伝染病患者は激減。
- After the World War Ⅱ, the number of infectious disease patients dropped drastically by rapid improvement of public health.
- この戦乱は、中国の史書に書かれたいわゆる「倭国大乱」と考えられている。
- This war is thought to be the 'civil war in Wa' referred to in a Chinese history book.
- 勘定奉行兼陸軍奉行並の小栗忠順や、軍艦頭並の榎本武揚らは主戦論を主張。
- Tadamasa OGURI, a Kanjo Bugyo (commissioner of finance) also was assigned as a Rikugun Bugyo (commissioner of the bakufu army) ranking position, and Takeaki ENOMOTO, the chief ranking official of the bakufu navy, insisted upon a war advocacy policy.
- 対立が高じて合戦になり、同年11月、将門は兵1000人を率いて出陣した。
- The conflict escalated and, in November of that year, Masakado led an army of 1,000 warriors into battle.
- 家康は大坂夏の陣で戦死してその後の1年間は影武者であったとする説もある。
- There is also a theory that Ieyasu died in the Summer Siege of Osaka Castle and that an imposter took his place for one year.
- 吉良家庭の凍った池の石橋の上で奮戦し池に倒れ落ちるシーンがよく描かれる。
- A scene where he vigorously fights on a stone bridge in the courtyard of the Kira residence before falling down to the icy pond is well depicted.
- 元側の撤退で遠征は回避したものの、戦いは日本側の防戦一方であったという。
- Although Japan avoided Yuan's expedition by its retreat, it is said Japan could only manage defense in the battle.
- 再び政党内閣が登場するのは、1945年に第二次世界大戦後のことになった。
- It was not until after the Second World War, which ended in 1945, when the next party government appeared in Japan.
- 家茂の死を公にしたうえで、朝廷に働きかけ、休戦の御沙汰書を発してもらう。
- He officially announced the death of Iemochi, and asked the Imperial Court to issue an imperial words document to call cease-fire.
- 芸州口では、長州藩と岩国藩が幕府歩兵隊や紀州藩兵などとの戦闘が行われる。
- The Choshu clan and the Iwakuni clan fought against the bakufu's infantry and the Kishu clan army in Geishu-guchi.
- 合戦に大勝した鎌倉政権軍も戦略目標である三種の神器奪還には失敗している。
- The Kamakura side had gained a great battle victory but failed to gain the target of the mission which was the recovery of the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family.
- 1868年には幕府反乱軍が箱館を占領し、五稜郭で箱館戦争が起こっている。
- In 1868 the pro-bakufu rebel army occupied Hakodate, leading to the outbreak of the Hakodate War at Goryokaku.
- 大政奉還により幕府が消滅した後も所属部隊の多くが戊辰戦争で戦闘を続けた。
- Many troops of bakufu rikugun continued battles in Boshin War even after the bakufu was overthrown in Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor).
- 為義がこの追討にあたり、合戦の末に義綱の子たちは殺され、義綱は降伏した。
- Tameyoshi was named to attack Yoshitsuna, killed Yoshitsuna's children after a battle and had Yoshitsuna surrender.
- 鳥羽・伏見敗戦にともなって新政府による徳川征伐軍の襲来が予想されていた。
- After the bakufu side lost at the battle of Toba-Fushimi, the bakufu side expected the army conquest of Tokugawa, formed by the new government, was prepared to attack the bakufu side immediately.
- これは、今川仮名目録などの戦国時代 (日本)の分国法にも継承されている。
- This regulation was inherited by bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) of the Sengoku Period (the Period of Warring States in Japan), such as Imagawa Kana Mokuroku (Kana List of Articles of the Imagawa).
- 遠矢庄八朗 外務省二等巡査(事由 戦死:明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀)
- Shohachiro TOYA A second-rank policeman in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882)
- 私費語学生(戦死:明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀 扶助料千五百圓を賜う)
- A language student studying at his own expense (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882, one-thousand and five-hundred yen was given to his family to support them.)
- 4世紀後半から5世紀にかけて、倭軍が朝鮮半島の百済・新羅や高句麗と戦った。
- Beginning with late half of the fourth and into the fifth century, the Wa army waged war with the three kingdoms of Korean Peninsula; Paekche, Silla, and Goguryeo.
- 以後の畿内は、将軍職争いに端を発した戦乱(船岡山合戦など)に巻き込まれる。
- Afterwards, the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) came to be involved in wars (such as Funaokayama-gassen [battle of Mt. Funaoka]) originating from a struggle over the position of shogunate.
- 国民革命派 総動員体制によるニヒリズム革命の戦士・労働者国家の創造を主張。
- National Revolutionary faction: advocating the creation of a nihilist revolutionary and a labor state through full mobilization.
- この前年に家督を子の六角義治に譲っていた義賢は、この敗戦を契機に出家する。
- Yosikata, who had handed over the patrimony to Yoshiharu ROKKAKU, his son in the previous year, entered into priesthood taking the occasion of this defeat.
- そのため、日本の敗戦に至るまで日本統治時代の朝鮮における最大の地主となる。
- Consequently, it became the largest landowner in Korea under Japanese rule during the time until Japan was defeated in the war.
- 以下は『吾妻鏡』『平家物語』などを基にした巷間で知られる合戦の経過である。
- The section below is the progress of the battle which was known as the public consensus based on historical written records such as 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East) and 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike).
- 「多田行綱は山の手を攻略し、合戦は2時間足らずで終わり、平氏は敗走した。」
- 'Yukitsuna TADA captured the hilly section of the city, the battle ended in a little less than two hours, and the Taira clan retreated.'
- この説に従えば、範頼の生田の森の激戦も、もちろん、義経の逆落しもなくなる。
- Should we accept this theory, then the story of 'the fierce battle at Ikuta Forest by Noriyori,' and of course the story of 'sakaotoshi' by Yoshitsune, never occurred.
- しかしながら、それでは、合戦経過がほとんど何も書けなくなり、身も蓋もない。
- We could not, however, write almost anything about the progress of the battle, which is too simple.
- 黒鍬(くろくわ)は戦国時代 (日本)や江戸時代に土木作業を行う者達を指す。
- Kurokuwa (黒鍬) (a construction worker) refers to people engaged in civil engineering in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) and Edo period.
- しかし田沼意尊率いる幕府軍が敦賀に到着すると強硬な態度で戦後処理を進めた。
- However, when the army of bakufu led by Okitaka TANUMA arrived at Tsuruga, they took a strong line to handle the post war situation.
- 翌応永24年元日の世谷原の戦いで氏憲軍が江戸・豊島連合軍を破り、押し返す。
- In the following year of 1417, the Battle of Seyahara on the New Year's Day, Ujinori's troops rallied as they defeated the united force of the Edo and Toshima clans.
- 多くの合戦関係本でそのような経過になっており、本項目でもそれに従っている。
- In many books relating to the battle, the progress is described as above, which this section follows.
- 義経は合戦後1年間、頼朝の在京代官として政務に従事しており人脈も多かった。
- After the battle, Yoshitsune worked as a local governor staying in Kyoto for one year and became engaged in government affairs, and thus made many personal connections.
- 先手とは先陣・先鋒という意味であり、戦闘時には徳川氏の先鋒足軽隊を勤めた。
- Sakite meant van or spearhead, and served as ashigaru-tai (foot soldier units) of the spearhead of TOKUGAWA clan in battles.
- また、一番元気だった倉石大尉は日露戦争の黒溝台会戦で1月27日に戦死した。
- Captain Kuraishi, who had been injured most slightly, died in the Battle of Kokkodai in the Russo-Japanese War on January 27.
- 室町幕府の法令や戦国大名の分国法でも20年を限度とする年紀法が採用された。
- The laws and ordinances of the Muromachi bakufu and Bunkokuho (law warring lords enforced in their own domain) also adopted the Nenkiho to have limits of 20 years.
- 貞盛と秀郷の軍に為憲も加わり、翌2月14日、連合軍と将門の合戦がはじまった。
- Tamenori joined Sadamori and Hidesato and, on Februrary 14, the battle between the allied forces and Masakado's army began.
- この戦いは織田軍優勢のうちに終わり、本願寺軍は石山に戻り篭城の構えを見せた。
- This battle ended while the Oda army had the upper hand and the Hongan-ji Temple force returned to Ishiyama and started to hold the temple.
- しかし、嘉隆はこれをあしらうように応戦し、大砲も使って敵船の多くを撃沈した。
- In the face of this attack, however, Yoshitaka kicked back and sank a lot of opponent ships with cannons.
- その後、大総督官直属の朝廷御親兵として越後国から会津藩の倒幕戦争に赴き帰還。
- Afterward they headed to the Aizu Province from the Echigo Province as the Imperial Court army to convoy the Emperor under the direct control of the governor-general to join the war to overthrow the Shogunate, and returned to Totsukawa.
- それで、本項目の合戦経過は一般向け書籍や観光案内で使われるそれに従っている。
- Therefore, in the depiction of the progress of the battle, the author of this section relied upon historical books for a general audience and written circulations for sightseeing guides.
- 江戸幕府と長州藩の幕長戦争などで有力な大名家である雄藩が幕府と対立を深めた。
- The Bakucho War, in which the Edo Shogunate fought against the Choshu Domain, caused deep rifts between the Shogunate and the Yuhan, a powerful daimyo family.
- 天狗党、連合軍とも10名前後の死者を出したが天狗党が勝利した(和田峠の戦)。
- Both Tenguto and the allied forces had about ten people dead each, but Tenguto won the battle (the battle of Wada-toge).
- 義定は義経の搦手軍に属し、戦果報告で平経正、平師盛、平教経を討ち取っている。
- Yoshisada belonged to Yoshitsune's Karamete troops, and it was reported in the war chronicle that he had killed TAIRA no Tsunemasa, TAIRA no Moromori, and TAIRA no Noritsune.
- 永禄5年(1562年)3月にも長慶の弟・三好義賢が畠山氏との戦いで戦死する。
- In March 1562, Nagayoshi's another younger brother Yoshikata MIYOSHI died in a battle against the Hatakeyama clan.
- 人権擁護と税制・財政改革を唱える一方で、日清戦争では積極的に政府支持に回る。
- While asserting protection of human rights and taxation and finance reforms, Teikokuzaiseikakushin kai enthusiastically supported the government during the Japanese-Sino War.
- 平安時代の朝廷は私軍・私戦によるに対しては一切の黙殺と不干渉の措置を取った。
- The Imperial Court in the Heian period deliberately ignored all the watakushiikusa and shisen, and adopted a noninterference policy in relation to them.
- 桶狭間の戦いで今川軍の先鋒として活躍したのも、この竹千代(当時は元康)である。
- Takechiyo (then known as Motoyasu) played an important role in the Battle of Okehazama as the spearhead of the IMAGAWA army.
- 662年、百済復興の遠征軍は白村江の戦いで唐・新羅の連合軍に大敗して壊滅した。
- In 662, the expeditionary force for revival of Baekje was severely defeated and wiped out by the allied forces of Tang and Silla in Battle of Hakusukinoe.
- また、徳川家康は少年たちによる石合戦を見に行き、少人数の側が勝つと言い当てた。
- Moreover, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA went to see ishi-gassen fought by boys and correctly predicted that the smaller team would defeat the larger team.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の東国においては、広範囲にわたって用いられた私年号もあった。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states), there were some Shinengo widely used in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region)
- 乱は長期戦となり、戦場となった上総国、下総国、安房国の疲弊ははなはだしかった。
- The revolt prolonged and Kazusa Province, Shimousa Province and Awa Province where battles were fought were exhausted..
- 日清戦争中の1894年には、広島県広島市に明治天皇が行幸して、大本営も移った。
- During the Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Emperor Meiji visited Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture and the Imperial headquarters was also transferred there.
- 第二次世界大戦の敗戦にともなう被占領以降は表立って唱えられることはなくなった。
- The theory has no longer been advocated openly since Japan lost the Second World War and was occupied by the Allied Forces accordingly.
- その後も小倉藩と長州藩の戦闘は続くが、これで事実上、幕府軍の全面敗北に終わる。
- Although the battle between the Kokura clan and the Choshu clan continued even after that, the Choshu conquest practically ended with the total defeat of the bakufu army.
- 一方、長州藩内部では下関戦争の後に藩論が分裂し、保守派(俗論派)が政権を握る。
- On the other hand, the opinions within the Choshu Domain were divided after the Shimonoseki War, and the conservatives (conventional party) were controlling the administration of the domain.
- 丁稚(でっち)とは、江戸時代から第二次世界大戦終結まで行われた商店主育成制度。
- Decchi is a system of training future shopkeepers which was common from the Edo period to the end of the Second World War.
- 激戦の末、天狗党死者4名、高崎藩兵は死者36名を出して敗走した(下仁田戦争)。
- The fierce battle resulted in four deaths of Tenguto members and 36 deaths of the army of Takasaki Domain, which withdrawn (the battle of Shimonita).
- このため三好三人衆は松永久秀との戦闘を停止して織田信長と雌雄を決しようとした。
- Thus, the Miyoshi Sanninshu and Hisahide MATSUNAGA ceased their fights and get together against Nobunaga.
- 永禄10年(1567年) - 東大寺大仏殿の戦い、大仏殿や大仏など東大寺大被害
- 1567-Todai-ji Temple, including the Great Buddha and its hall, was ctastrophically damaged due to warrior clashes at the Great Buddha Hall.
- ちなみに且元は戦後、4万石に加増されたが、豊臣氏滅亡から20日後に死去している。
- Katsumoto received additional crop yield that made his territory 40,000 koku in total after the war, but died 20 days after the downfall of the Toyotomi.
- 材質が木製であることや呪術的な文様などから実戦用ではなく祭具用と考えられている。
- They are believed to have been used as a ceremonial implement not used in an actual battle since they are made of wood and have magical patterns.
- 「一、吉良上野介家臣達で戦わなかった者は侍とは認められないので斬罪に処すべき。」
- 3, Kira Kozuke no Suke's retainers who did not participate in the battle cannot be acknowledge as samurai and thus should be sentenced to decapitation.
- 大砲は計100門あり、臨戦態勢をとりながら、勝手に江戸湾の測量などを行い始めた。
- With 100 cannons aboard the squadron, Perry and his soldiers began to survey Edo Bay while readying themselves for action.
- また、信長も別箇に開戦の経緯を知る近衛前久を派遣して本願寺側との妥協点を探った。
- Nobunaga also sent Sakihisa KONOE, who knew how this war had broken out, to look for a compromise with Hongan-ji Temple.
- この乱の主戦場になった房総三カ国(下総国、上総国、安房国)は大きな被害を受けた。
- The three provinces in Boso (Shimousa Province, Kazusa Province and Awa Province), the major battle fields of the rebel, were badly suffered.
- このため、信長は家康との同盟がなくても武田氏と対等に戦えるようになったのである。
- For this reason, Nobunaga was able to fight with Takeda clan in equal terms without forming the alliance with Ieyasu.
- 日本と清の両国とも、その鎮圧を名目に朝鮮に出兵し、1894年日清戦争が勃発した。
- Both Japan and Qing dispatched troops to Korea on the pretext of suppression, and in 1894, the Sino-Japanese War broke out.
- あるいは、戦国大名が直轄支配する本国以外の勢力地である他国の国衆(国人)のこと。
- Or, it refers to local samurai who lived in other region which was under the influence of daimyo other than their directly-controlled main territory in the Sengoku period.
- また慶喜の意を受けた勝海舟と長州の広沢真臣・井上馨が宮島で会談し停戦が行われた。
- Kaishu KATSU, on behalf of Yoshinobu, had a meeting with Saneomi HIROSAWA and Kaoru INOUE of the Choshu Domain in Miyajima, and they agreed on a cease-fire.
- 合戦の一番乗りの功名を果たした熊谷直実は敵を探していると、馬に乗って海に入った。
- Naozane KUMAGAI had accomplished the great achievement of being the first to arrive for the battle, and then rode his horse into the ocean seeking enemy soldiers.
- 頼徳は入城させるよう市川と交渉するが、水戸郊外で対峙した両勢力は戦闘状態に陥る。
- Although Yorinori negotiated with Ichikawa to go into the castle, they ended up going into a battle in the suburbs of Mito.
- さらに義仲を見限って宇治川の戦いでは再び鎌倉方に属すなど独自の行動を取っている。
- Furthermore, Yoshisada turned his back on Yoshinaka but belonged to the Kamakura (Minamoto) side during the Battle of Ujigawa, so Yoshisada took the independent action.
- しかし、範頼は鎌倉へ帰還したため、生田口での合戦の情報が不足したというのである。
- However, Noriyori returned to Kamakura, so Kazunori HISHINUMA concluded that there was a lack of information on the Ikuta fortress entrance.
- 大政奉還後、慶応4年1月3日から5日にかけての鳥羽・伏見の戦いで幕府軍が敗北した。
- After the Taisei Hokan the army of the bakufu was defeated in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi from January 27 to 29 in 1868.
- 晴元以外の時の権力者も石山の武力を恐れ、同盟を結ぶなどして本願寺との戦火を避けた。
- Other powers of that time also feared Ishiyama's military power and avoided a conflict with Hongan-ji Temple by such ways as allying with it.
- 戦争で大きな打撃を受けた建築界は、戦後復興、高度経済成長の中で活躍の場を見出した。
- Having taken a severe blow during the Second World War, the Japanese architectural movement found opportunities for development during the postwar restoration and periods of high economic growth.
- 戦後の交渉も使者を殺害するなど強攻策で望んだ鎌倉幕府は本格的な異国警護に着手した。
- The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which took hard-line measures in the negotiation after the war, such as killing of the envoys, started full-fledged guard against foreign countries.
- 日本においては、西南戦争の際に西郷隆盛が使用した西郷札が軍票の最初であるとされる。
- It is said that Saigo-satsu bill, issued by Takamori SAIGO during the Seinan War, was the first military currency in Japan.
- 合戦の具体的な経過については、最新の研究がまだ研究者によってまちまちで一致しない。
- Regarding specific progress of the battle, recent researchers have not been able to form a consensus since the conclusions reached would vary.
- 頼徳は水戸城下の神勢館に進んで更に入城の交渉を行うが市川は拒絶し、戦闘は拡大した。
- Yorinori moved to Shinseikan, in the castle town of Mito-jo Castle, and tried again and negotiated with Ichikawa but he refused Yorinori to come into the castle, and the battle went worse.
- しかし狭義には対外戦争遂行等に関して開かれた元老・閣僚・軍部首脳の合同会議をさす。
- But in a narrow sense, Gozenkaigi indicated joint meetings of elder statesmen, cabinet members and high-rank officers of the military held to discuss the pros and cons of wars against foreign countries and so on.
- 長野県諏訪郡下諏訪町の和田峠古戦場付近には天狗党戦死者を供養する「浪人塚」がある。
- Around the old battlefield of Wada-toge in the Shimosuwa Town, Suwa District, Nagano Prefecture, there is a 'ronin-zuka' for the souls of the dead Tenguto members.
- 多田行綱が合戦のあった摂津国に地盤を有して兵力も多く、地理も熟知していた筈である。
- Yukitsuna TADA established his stronghold in Settsu Province, the location of the developing battle, and possessed considerable military power and familiarity with the geography of the region.
- 条約改正が達成されるのは日露戦争において日本の国際的地位が高まった後のことである。
- It is after Japan's international status was elavated due to the Russo-Japanese War that the revision of the treaties was accomplished.
- あるいは、討幕派が国内を混乱させるために引き起こした陽動作戦だったという説もある。
- There is another theory that it was a diversionary move caused by the anti-Shogunate group to provoke confusions in Japan.
- 慶喜寄りの諸侯会議派もまたこの戦いの結果、倒幕派への転換を余儀なくされたのである。
- As a result of this war, the lords conference group, which sided with Yoshinobu, was also forced to turn to tobakuha.
- 領域外の国々もあり、特に男王卑弥弓呼が治める南の狗奴国とは不和で戦争状態にあった。
- There were states outside of the territory, especially the southern state of Kuna, where a king called Himikoko ruled, and was feuding and at war with Yamatai.
- この敗戦の後、良兼の勢力は衰え、天慶2年(939年)6月良兼は失意のうちに病没した。
- After being defeated, Yoshikane lost his strength and died with much regret in June 939.
- ただし、兵力を出して戦火を交えてはいないものの、いわゆる情報戦は非常に盛んであった。
- Although there were no actual fights during this period, 'information warfare' was very active.
- 実質的に明治時代「賊軍」となったのは西南戦争での旧薩摩藩士族とその同調者のみである。
- During the Meiji period, only feudal retainers of the former Satsuma Domain and their followers were virtually treated as a 'rebel army'.
- 同じくベトナム戦争に派遣された韓国軍も同様の軍票(アメリカ・ドル建)を使用していた。
- The military force of South Korea used the similar military currency (in US dollar) when dispatched to Vietnam.
- 日本では戦功を首実検で確認していたため、その首を弔うものとして多数の首塚が作られた。
- In Japan war performances were verified by identifying the heads of those killed in the battle; in order to console those heads, many Kubizuka were built.
- また、11月19日には信州諏訪湖近くの和田峠において高島藩・松本藩連合軍と交戦した。
- On November 19, Tenguto entered into a battle against the allied forces of Takashima Domain and Matsumoto Domain at Wada-toge, which was near the Lake Suwa in Shinshu.
- 後を追う幕府軍も一定間隔を置いて追尾するのみで簡単に戦闘を仕掛けようとはしなかった。
- The army of bakufu which was pursuing Tenguto just followed them while keeping certain distance from them and did not easily start the battle.
- 1980年 連邦議会で初めて戦時中の日系人の強制収容に関する調査委員会が設置される。
- In 1980, the U.S. Congress established the first ever commission on Japanese American Internment during the war.
- 1983年 調査委員会が戦時中の日系人収容は機密上必要ではなかったとする結論を発表。
- In 1983, the Commission announced the conclusion that the Japanese American Internment during the war was not necessary for the sake of security.
- 戦後、貞隆は家康の家臣となり、6000石の加増を受け、小泉藩は1万6000石となる。
- After the war, Sadataka became a vassal of Ieyasu and received the additional yield of 6,000 koku, resulting in the Koizumi Domain with 16,000 koku.
- 野州梁田の戦い:古屋佐久左衛門率いる脱走部隊(衝鋒隊)が新政府軍(東山道軍)に大敗。
- The battle of Yashu-Yanada: the escaping troops (Shohotai) led by Sakuzaemon FURUYA suffered a severe defeat to the new government army (the Tosando force).
- 薩摩を討つべしとの主戦論が沸騰し、「討薩表」を携えた幕府軍が上京を試みることなった。
- The Tokugawa shogunate side had heated debates on advocacating war and attacking Satsuma; then the army of the Tokugawa shogunate acting on 'the statement to the Emperor to avenge Satsuma' tried to go to the capital, Kyoto.
- その他、豊臣秀吉が文禄の役の戦費調達のため鋳造させたとされる文禄石州丁銀などもある。
- In addition, there are others, including Bunroku Sekishu Chogin, which Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI is said to have ordered minted for financing the war effort in the Bunroku campaign.
- 北風が吹き荒れ、将門軍は風を負って矢戦を優位に展開し、貞盛、秀郷、為憲の軍を撃破した。
- Supported by the north wind, Masakado's army shifted the situation to their own advantage in a battle of bows and arrows; with the wind behind them, they defeated the allied forces of Sadamori, Hidesato, and Tamenori.
- 戦国時代 (日本)、大溝は織田信長の家臣・磯野員昌や津田信澄(信長の甥)が治めていた。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states), Omizo was governed by vassals of Nobunaga ODA such as Kazumasa ISONO and Nobusumi TSUDA (Nobunaga's nephew).
- しかし元康は桶狭間の戦いで今川義元が死去した後に独立したが、数年後に不慮の死を遂げた。
- Motoyasu gained independence after the death of Yoshimoto IMAGAWA in the Battle of Okehazama, but died suddenly several years later.
- また、対ソ戦を想定しルーブル表示の軍票も試作されたが、実際に使われること無く消滅した。
- Military currency based on ruble was made experimentally on the assumption that they would fought with the Soviet Union, but it disappeared without being used at all.
- 洞部落の歴史に初めて光が当てられたのは第二次世界大戦後、1960年代後半のことである。
- It was after the World War II, in the late 1960's, that the history of Hora Buraku first came to attention.
- 戦後の壬申の乱研究を主導した直木孝次郎は大友皇子称制説をとり、これが主流と言ってよい。
- Kojiro NAOKI who led the studies of the Jinshin War after the war supported the Prince Otomo Shosei theory, which became the mainstream.
- この間、関ヶ原の戦いの功績により福島高晴が3万石余で伊勢国長島から加増転封されて入る。
- During this time, with the meritorious deed at the Battle of Sekigahara, Takaharu FUKUSHIMA moved in from Nagashima, Ise Province with the added crop yields approximately 30,000 koku as the local lord instead of Nobukatsu.
- 永正の錯乱の後の混乱において之長は細川澄元に与して奮戦したが細川高国に敗れ処刑された。
- During the time of the confusion after the Eisho no Sakuran (assassination of Masamoto HOSOKAWA), Yukinaga sided Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and fought, but lost against Takakuni HOSOKAWA and was executed.
- 自由党・硬六派ともに政府との政治休戦を宣言したが、硬六派に対する世論の支持が広がった。
- Although both the Liberal Party and the Ko Roppa declared a truce with the government, public support for the Ko Roppa increased.
- 江戸幕府は、直轄の軍事力としては、旗本や御家人からなる戦国時代以来の体制を続けてきた。
- Edo bakufu maintained the system that lasted since the Sengoku period (period of warring states), with hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) and gokenin (shogunal retainers), as a military power under its direct control.
- 戦前の日本の立憲制がドイツ(かつてのプロシア王国)の制度を模範とした事は知られている。
- It is known that Japanese constitutionalism before the war was modeled after the German system (former Prussia).
- 戊辰戦争の頃から肥前藩を加え、「薩長土肥」と呼ばれる明治の主要政治勢力の母体となった。
- Around the time of the Boshin War, Sacchodo and the Hizen Domain were combined and called, 'Saccho Dohi' (Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, Hizen), and was one of the main political forces during the Meiji Era.
- 結局倒幕派が完全に主導権を握るのは翌年初めの鳥羽・伏見の戦いまで待たねばならなかった。
- It was not until after the Battle of Toba-Fushimi early next year that tobakuha finally grasped the complete initiative.
- 1869年6月2日、戊辰戦争の軍功者419人と諸隊、諸藩、戦艦に対して禄を授けられた。
- On June 2, 1869, the government gave the premiums to 419 people who achieved distinguished military service at the Boshin War, troops, domains, and battleships.
- 自分が謀反人とされている事に気づいた重保は奮戦したが、多勢に無勢で郎党共々殺害された。
- Shigeyasu, who realized that he was seen as a rebel, tried in vain to fight back against them but he and his vassals were killed.
- 外務省二等巡査(事由 弁理公使花房義質を護衛中 戦死:明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀)
- A second-rank policeman in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (due to death in action while staying on guard for Minister Resident Yoshimoto HANABUSA: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882)
- 1601年(慶長6年) 山崎家盛は関ヶ原合戦で西軍に仕え敗戦、因幡国若桜藩に転封となる。
- In 1601 Iemori YAMAZAKI was forced to change his territory to Wakasa Domain in Inaba Province due to the defeat at the Battle of Sekigahara having taken the side of the West camp.
- またこの事件で日本軍の軍事的劣勢もはっきりしたが、この時の経験が後の日清戦争に役立った。
- This event clarified that the Japanese military was on the backfoot, and the experience at that time was helpful in the future Sino-Japanese War.
- 寿永2年(1183年)5月の倶利伽羅峠の戦いで源義仲に敗れた平氏は兵力の大半を失なった。
- Since MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka defeated the Taira clan during the battle of Kurikara Pass on June, 1183, the Taira clan lost almost all of their army's power.
- 結果、薩摩藩と長州藩による薩長連合の成立によってついに戊辰戦争によって倒幕を成し遂げた。
- The alliance between the Satsuma Domain and the Choshu Domain resulted in the fall of the Shogunate at the Boshin War.
- 戦後の論功として、清原貞衡は鎮守府将軍に任ぜられたが、源頼俊に対する行賞は何もなかった。
- Although KIYOHARA no Sadahira was granted a reward to be appointed as Chinjufu Shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defence of the North) for the victory, MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi did not receive any reward.
- 第二次世界大戦前においては、外地の語は慣用語であったため、用例により範囲が異なっていた。
- Before the World War II, Gaichi was used as an idiom and the scope of the term varied depending on the cases.
- 第二次世界大戦後の1945年10月10日幣原内閣で婦人参政権に関する閣議決定がなされた。
- On October 10, 1945, after World War II ended, the Shidehara Cabinet decided to grant women's suffrage.
- 西南戦争以後に、不平士族の反対運動は国会開設や憲法制定を要求する自由民権運動に移行する。
- After Seinan War, opposition movements by fuhei shizoku shifted to Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) demanding the establishment of the National Diet and formulation of a constitution.
- イラク戦争を非合法的軍事力行使だとして従軍を拒否、イラク反戦の気運をもたらす一因を作る。
- He refused to deploy to Iraq, saying that the Iraq war was an illegal exercise of military force, and he contributed to the spreading anti-war sentiment.
- 作戦に容喙出来なかった東條英機首相兼陸相が国務・統帥の一元化を図って参謀総長を兼任した。
- Prime Minister and the Minister of Army Hideki TOJO who could not accept the strategy also served as an additional post of the Chief of the General staff planning the unification of national affairs and supreme command.
- また、日中戦争で首都南京を放棄した際には、一時的に首都機能を移した重慶市を陪都と称した。
- During the Sino-Japanese war, when the capital of Nanjing was abandoned, Chongquing city was called as a secondary capital city where the capital function was temporarily moved.
- 任務は戦時は旗本部隊に於いて将軍の直掩備・騎馬隊の任に就き、平時は城内の将軍警護に就く。
- Their duty was in the wartime to serve as 直掩備 and cavalry for Shogun under the troops of hatamoto (direct retainers of the shogun), and in the peacetime to guard of Shogun in the castle.
- だが、それが却って仇となり、太平洋戦争敗戦後には76名の所属議員が公職追放の対象となった。
- However, that worked against the group, and after the defeat in the Pacific War, 76 members were purged from public service.
- 元晴は大坂の陣においても徳川方として奮戦し、戦後は高力忠房と共に大坂方の残党狩りを務めた。
- Motoharu also fought with the Tokugawa camp in the Siege of Osaka and served after the war in hunting down survivors of Osaka (Toyotomi) side, together with Tadafusa KORIKI.
- この年の一向一揆に対する戦果は、9月に一向一揆の篭る志村城・金ヶ森城を降伏させたに留まる。
- In this year, Nobunaga's achievements against the Ikko Ikki included only two surrenders of Shimura-jo Castle and Kanagamori-jo Castle in which Ikko ikki forces barricaded, in September.
- 対外関係としては、4世紀以降朝鮮半島に進出し、新羅や百済を臣従させ、高句麗と激しく戦った。
- Japanese external relations in this historical period, the fourth century onward, included militaristic advances upon the Korean peninsula; this resulted in the subjugation of the Silla (an ancient Korean Kingdom) and Paekche (an ancient Korean Kingdom), and furious battles with Goguryeo (an ancient Korean Kingdom).
- そのため近代以降の戦争では各国軍隊が軍票によって物資を購入するという形をとるようになった。
- Therefore, in wars broken out in and after modern times, each country's military force purchased commodities using military currency.
- 義仲は後白河法皇の命で平氏追討のために出兵するが備中国で大敗を喫してしまう(水島の戦い)。
- Yoshinaka raised his army to 'search out and destroy Heishi' (of the Taira clan) by the order of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa but he was greatly defeated in Bicchu Province (the Battle of Mizushima).
- 『吾妻鏡』の一ノ谷の戦いの合戦記述には軍記物語の『平家物語』の影響があるという指摘もある。
- Some scholars point out that 'Heike Monogatari,' which is a war chronicle, influenced the description of the battle of Ichinotani in 'Azuma Kagami.'
- 一ノ谷から遥かに離れた鵯越より、一ノ谷背後の鉄拐山の崖である方が戦況の説明が合理的になる。
- It is more logical to explain the battle assuming the location was the cliff of Tekkai-san Mountain, which is located on the rear side of Ichinotani, than assuming it was Hiyodorigoe, which is located a greater distance from the Ichinotani region.
- 永享の乱(えいきょうのらん)は、室町時代の1437年(永享9年)に関東地方で発生した戦乱。
- The Eikyo War (Eikyo no ran) is a war which occurred in the Kanto region (regions surrounding Tokyo) in 1437.
- この合戦については史料は少なく、未詳な点が多くあり、まだ一般的に教科書には登場していない。
- The historical records and the evidence of this war are limited, thus there are many unclear points to be clarified before published in textbooks as a historical fact.
- 外地とされていた地域は、敗戦により全て喪失したため、現在は外地と称される地域は存在しない。
- Japan lost all the regions regarded as Gaichi after her defeat in the World War II, and the regions referred to as Gaichi does not exist today.
- 戦前の日本においては階級がものをいう社会であったため、勲章の等級を並べて表示する事が多い。
- Society in prewar Japan had placed considerable weight and importance on rank and class, and as such, it was common for a person's decorations and medals to display or state in order.
- 慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦い後、貞隆は徳川家康から所領を大和小泉1万石に移された。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA moved Sadataka's territory to Yamato Koizumi with 10,000 koku crop yields.
- 顕家は2月21日に奈良を占領するが、7日後に般若坂の戦いで北朝方桃井直常に敗れて敗走する。
- Although Akiie occupied Nara on February 21, he was defeated seven days later by Naotsune MOMONOI, who supported the Northern Court, in the battle of Hannyazaka and was forced to retreat.
- 戊辰戦争によって朝廷は幕府及び佐幕派諸藩より計150万石を没収して禁裏御料に編入している。
- During the Boshin War, the Imperial Court confiscated 1,500,000 koku from the domains of the bakufu and the Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun), incorporating all of it into Imperial property.
- 源義家は後三年の役で出羽清原氏と戦って勝利したが、朝廷は私戦として論功行賞を認めなかった。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshiie fought against the Dewa Kiyohara clan in Go Sannen no Eki (Later Three-Year Campaign) and won, but Chotei (Imperial Court) did not approve the grant of honors because Chotei considered it was private warfare.
- そして、同月19日、はやくも正盛から義親と従類5人の首を切ったとの戦勝報告が京都へ入った。
- On January 19, a war victory report of cutting the heads of Yoshichika and his five subordinates was already sent to Kyoto.
- この説によると、真田信繁の奮戦により恐慌状態に陥った家康は自害すると叫んで部下に誡められた。
- According to this theory, in a desperate fight with Nobushige SANADA, Ieyasu panicked and cried out 'I would commit suicide', but was then remonstrated by his followers.
- 私費語学生(事由 袈裟かけに2箇所重症を負い自刃す 戦死:明治15年11月1日靖国神社合祀)
- A language student studying at his own expense (due to death in action; fell on his own sword after getting two severe wounds when he was cut twice from one shoulder down to his opposite armpit: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 1, 1882)
- 『礒貝富森両人覚書』も、邸内ではたびたび戦闘が起きたが、長屋の侍は出てこなかったとしている。
- It is also described in 'Isogai Tomimori Ryonin Oboegaki' that although much fighting took place in the residence, no single samurai came out of their long house.
- それに対し記紀には広開土王碑に見られるような高句麗などとの激しい戦闘を伝えるものが全くない。
- In comparison, the kiki (Kojiki and Nihonshoki) has no description of any furious battles with Koguryo, written on the Gwanggaeto Stele.
- 『書紀』がいう天武天皇元年は壬申の乱が起きた年であり、この年の6月から7月に戦いが起こった。
- The first year of Emperor Tenmu in 'Chronicles of Japan' is the year of the Jinshin War that occurred from June to July.
- さらに、「休戦命令は平氏を陥れる奇謀ではなかったか」との後白河法皇への不審を述べ立てている。
- Additionally, Munemori related at great length his doubts regarding Emperor Goshirakawa, saying 'the order to suspend battle must have been an unconventional tactic, and its purpose must have been to distract the Taira clan so it would be defeated in battle.'
- 戦国大名に仕えた黒鍬は小荷駄隊に属して、陣地や橋などの築造や戦死者の収容・埋葬などを行った。
- Kurokuwa serving daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period belonged to konidatai (caravan of men and animals carrying supplies) and engaged in constructing encampments, bridges and so on, and recovering and burying persons killed in war.
- この年金は終身年金であったが、戦争の拡大に次ぐ拡大で受章者が急増し国庫の大きな負担になった。
- This yearly pension continued for the rest of each recipient's life, and as the scope of Japan's wars continued to widen, the number of recipients rapidly surged, developing into a significant burden on the national treasury.
- 1944年 第100歩兵大隊が日系人志願兵によって組織された第442連隊戦闘団に統合される。
- In 1944, the 100th Infantry Battalion was integrated into the 442nd Regiment, which consisted of Japanese volunteers.
- そのため、顕家は義良親王を秘かに吉野へ送った後に河内国から和泉国に転戦して戦力再建を図った。
- Consequently, after secretly sending the Imperial Prince Norinaga to Yoshino, Akiie moved his army from Kawachi Province to Izumi Province in order to rebuild its force.
- いずれにせよ、村岡説は学会や世間に反響を起こすこともなく、戦前は完全に忘れられた存在であった。
- In any case, MURAOKA's theory was not given much credit from academics or the public, and was therefore forgotten by people before the war.
- また、場所によっては、水の権利・土地争いなどを、石合戦によって解決していたこともあったという。
- In addition, in some places, the right of water or a land dispute was resolved by ishi-gassen.
- 戦後史学では学説によって数が変わることはなく、系図や表では現在も弘文天皇が第39代と記される。
- The numbers are not changed by theories in the study of history after the war, and Emperor Kobun is the 39th emperor in the genealogy and chart.
- 後、戦国時代 (中国)末期に五行思想と一体となった陰陽五行思想として東アジア文化圏に広まった。
- Later, at the end of the Warring States Period (in China), it was incorporated with Gogyo shiso (Five Elements Theory), and it spread across the East Asian cultural sphere as Inyo [Onmyo] gogyo shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Hsing Idea).
- しかし、これを日本政府の公式見解とするかどうかには議論がある(日本の戦争謝罪発言一覧も参照)。
- However, there is an argument over whether this can be taken as the Japanese government's official view or not (See the list of Japanese comments on apologies for the war).
- そこで、義経軍は播磨国・三草山の平資盛、平有盛らの陣に夜襲を仕掛けて撃破する(三草山の戦い)。
- Once there, Yoshitsune's army executed a night attack, destroying the military camps of TAIRA no Sukemori and TAIRA no Arimori, who were on Mikusa-yama Mountain in Harima Province (Battle of Mikusayama).
- 戦国時代_(日本)に入ると、戦時に必要な文書を発給するための右筆が戦にも同行するようになった。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), Yuhitsu started to accompany army in order to issue necessary documents during wartime period.
- これらの運動は、戦前の日本において、完全な女性参政権の獲得と言う大目標の達成には至らなかった。
- Yet in prewar Japan, these campaigns were unable to reach their primary goal of acquiring women's suffrage.
- 1946年(昭和21)4月10日の戦後初の衆議院選挙の結果、日本初の女性議員39名が誕生する。
- On April 10, 1946, during the first postwar election for the House of Representatives, thirty-nine women were elected to become the first female members of the National Diet of Japan.
- しかし、天狗党は数々の戦闘を経験した精鋭であり、一説には数十門とも言われる大砲を所持していた。
- However, Tenguto was an experienced army and one theory even says that they had dozens of cannons.
- 一ノ谷の戦いで最も活躍したのは地元の多田行綱であるという説まである(神戸市郷土史家・梅村伸雄)
- Furthermore, some scholars expressed the theory that the local samurai Yukitsuna TADA played a most active role in the battle of Ichinotani (a local history researcher of Kobe City, Nobuo UEMURA).
- この明治憲法が抱えていた欠陥がより終戦に至るまでの日本の国家社会主義化を助長した点は否めない。
- It cannot deny that the defect of the Meiji Constitution more promoted national socialization in Japan by the end of the war.
- が、戦争が予想よりも速く終結し、あまり軍票を発行することがなかったため、ほぼ全量が回収された。
- However, since the war was terminated earlier than expected and few military currency was issued, almost all of which were collected.
- なお、防戦に対する処罰規定は戦国大名の分国法などにおける喧嘩両成敗の元となったとする説もある。
- Furthermore, there is a theory that the law penalizing defenses is the origin of the principle of Kenka Ryoseibai (in a quarrel, both parties are to blame), which was stipulated in bunkokuho (the law which individual Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period enforced in their own domain).
- 将門は自ら先頭に立ち奮戦するが、いずくからか飛んできた矢が将門の額に命中し、あっけなく討死した。
- While Masakado was leading his army to continue the fight against the allied forces, an arrow came from nowhere and hit him on the forehead, killing him instantly.
- ただ、戦後になるまで汚名をかぶっていた旧幕府軍に対し、西南戦争関係者の名誉回復は比較的早かった。
- The army of the former Edo Bakufu had been disgraceduntil the postwar period, but people concerned in the Seinan War promptly took an effort to redeem their honor.
- さらに薩長軍が官軍となってしまった為、薩長軍と戦った幕府軍は「賊軍」ということになってしまった。
- Since the army of the Satsuma and Choshu Domains became Imperial armies, the army of Bakufu who fought against Satsuma and Choshu became a 'rebel army'.
- しかし、この段階まで来て不幸にも清仏戦争で清が敗退し、フランス領インドシナが誕生することになる。
- Unfortunately at this stage, however, Qing lost the Sino-French War and Indochina of the French possessions was born.
- 石合戦(いしがっせん)とは、戦国時代 (日本)の合戦を模して、二手に分かれて石をぶつけ合うこと。
- Ishi-gassen is a stone-throwing fight, in which people are divided into two groups and throw stones at each other, imitating a battle in the Sengoku period.
- 戊辰戦争に使用された各種錦旗及び軍旗類は、明治維新後は陸軍省の遊就館や宮内省図書寮に保存された。
- After Meiji Restoration the Imperial standards and battle flags used in the Boshin War were kept in Yushu-kan, a treasure house of Ministry of Army and in Zusho-ryo, a library of Imperial Household Ministry.
- 1868年(慶応4年)正月、鳥羽伏見の戦いにおいて、薩摩藩の本営であった東寺に錦旗が掲げられた。
- In January 1868, the Imperial standard was unfurled at Toji Temple, which had been the headquarters of the Satsuma clan at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi.
- 中国では前漢の武帝 (漢)が匈奴との戦いで逼迫した財政を再建するために鉄や塩などの専売を行った。
- In China, Emperor Wu of the Former Han (Han) monopolized iron and salt in order to rebuilt the financial status of the Empire, which had been strained due to the war against Xiongnu.
- 戦後、1946年(昭和21年)9月の改正で府県知事が住民により直接選挙される公選制が導入された。
- The revision made after the war in September 1946 introduced the popular election system where a prefectural governor is directly elected by the citizens.
- 戦後の日本の政治家の発言や日朝平壌宣言のような外交文書でも朝鮮が植民地であったとする表現がある。
- An expression that Korea was a colony is seen in Japanese statesmen's comments after the war, and in some diplomatic documents, such as the Japan-North Korea Pyongyang Declaration.
- 永禄3年(1560年)、義賢は大軍を率いて浅井氏を討とうとしたが野良田の戦いで浅井長政に敗れた。
- In 1560, Yosikata intended to defeat Azai clan heading a battalion but was defeated by Nagamasa AZAI at the Battle of Norada.
- 日本と清とが緊張するなか、悪政と外国による侵略を排除すると唱えた農民反乱・甲午農民戦争が起きた。
- While tension arose between Japan and Qing, a peasant rebellion, the Donghak Peasant Revolution occurred, calling for the removal of the misrule and foreign invasion.
- 職務は、戦時においては旗本部隊の一番先手として各種足軽組等を付属した上で備の騎馬隊として働いた。
- In wartime, as the vanguard of a hatamoto troop, oban with various ashigaru-gumi (the teams of the lowest-rank samurai) served as cavalry for defense against an attack by the enemy.
- 憲実は戦後に子達と共に出家し政務から引退し、憲実の実弟の上杉清方(上条清方)が管領代行となった。
- Norizane became a priest along with his children after the war to retire from government affairs, while his younger brother Kiyokata UESUGI (Kiyokata JOJO) became an acting Kanto Kanrei.
- 663年の白村江の戦いにおいて倭・百済連合軍は唐・新羅連合軍に惨敗し、百済復興は失敗に終わった。
- In the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663, the allied forces of Wa and Kudara were heavily defeated by the allied Tang and Shiragi, and the restoration of Kudara ended up in failure.
- 百済復興戦争の敗北は、中大兄政権にとって大変な失策であり、国外に大きな脅威を抱えることとなった。
- The defeat in the War for the Restoration of Kudara was a blunder for the Naka no Oe administration, and as a result, they came to have a major fear of countries overseas.
- 多田行綱も反平氏に挙兵して、義仲が後白河法皇を攻撃した法住寺合戦では院方の主力として戦っている。
- Yukitsuna TADA raised his army for the anti-Taira clan and fought as its major power representing the Emperor's side during the Battle of Hoju-ji Temple when Yoshinaka attacked Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
- 高槻は戦国時代 (日本)、織田信長や豊臣秀吉に仕えたキリシタン大名で有名な高山右近が治めていた。
- Takatsuki was governed by Ukon TAKAYAMA who served Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Sengoku period (Japan), and who also was well-known for a Christian daimyo (Christian feudal lord).
- 同戦争における日本の勝利を受けて修好条規の変則的平等条約から日本に有利な不平等条約に改められた。
- Because of the victory of Japan in the war, the amity treaty, which was the irregular equal treaty, was changed into the unequal treaty in favor of Japan.
- しかし尼子晴久は、居城・月山富田城に籠もって徹底抗戦したため、大内軍は攻めあぐねて越年に及んだ。
- However, since Haruhisa AMAGO shut himself up in his castle, Gassan Toda-jo Castle, for do-or-die resistence, the Ouchi army had difficulties in attacking him and so the battle continued to next year.
- 陸軍奉行を長として、その下に歩兵奉行3人と騎兵奉行を置き、歩兵・騎兵・砲兵の三兵戦術を導入した。
- The three members, foot soldier Bugyo, horse soldier Bugyo, and Army Bugyo as a head, were placed, and the three soldiers tactics using foot soldiers, horse soldiers, and artillery were introduced.
- 正始8年(248年)、女王は太守王頎に載斯烏越を使者として派遣して、狗奴国との戦いについて報告。
- In 248, Queen Himiko sent an envoy, Sashiuetsu, to Governor-General Wang Qi to inform him of the war against the state of Kuna.
- 第二次世界大戦後は「五ガロン缶」という名称が広まったが、後に「18リットル缶」が正式名称とされた。
- After World War II, it was widely called as 'go-gallon kan' (can of 5 gallons), and later, it was formally renamed into 'Juhachi-liter kan' (can of 18 liters).
- 後述の項にもあるように、第四十八銀行と旧秋田銀行との戦時統合により、現在の秋田銀行となっている)。
- As described in the following articles, according to the integration of the Daishijuhachi Bank and the former Akita Bank in wartime, the current Akita Bank was established.)
- そのため、第二次世界大戦では日本軍の各軍団が勝手に軍用手票を乱発して経済的混乱を招く結果となった。
- Therefore, during the WWII, each of Japanese army groups overissued the military currency by their own judgment, which resulted in economic chaos.
- やがて19世紀にはいると阿片戦争が起こり、敗北した清朝はイギリスなどと片務的な不平等条約を結んだ。
- The Opium War occurred in the 19th century, and the Qing dynasty concluded an unilateral and unequal treaty after its defeat.
- 騒動の原因であるが、六角氏が守護大名から近世戦国大名へと完全に脱皮していなかったことが挙げられる。
- It can be given as the root of the feud that Rokkaku clan had not grown out thoroughly from shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal loads) to warring load of the early-modern times.
- ただし、終戦の混乱によって本人の望む望まないに関係なく、日本に帰らずその土地に残った者が存在する。
- However, there were people who didn't return and remained where they were, regardless of their own wishes, due to the chaos of the end of the war.
- 戦後、日本で徳川家康による江戸幕府が成立すると、徳川氏は李氏朝鮮、明との国交正常化交渉を開始する。
- After the war, when the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the Tokugawa clan started to speak to Joseon Dynasty and Ming Dynasty to normalize the diplomatic relations between Japan and these countries.
- 永正6年(1509年)、京都奪還を目指す澄元・之長らは京都に侵攻するが敗退(如意ケ嶽の戦い)する。
- In 1509, Sumimoto and Yukinaga, aiming to take back Kyoto, invaded Kyoto but lost (Battle of Nyoigatake).
- その後も快進撃は続き、延元3年/暦応元年に入ると箱根を突破して美濃国青野原の戦いで北朝方を破った。
- His army continued to advance southward and in 1338, he crossed Mt. Hakone and defeated an army of the Northern Court in the battle of Aonogahara, Mino Province.
- 大和永享の乱(やまとえいきょうのらん)は、室町時代の正長2年(1429年)に大和国で発生した戦乱。
- Yamato Eikyo War occurred in Yamato Province in 1429, in the Muromachi period.
- 近江攻防(おうみこうぼう)は、治承・寿永の乱の中で起きた近江源氏・園城寺僧兵と平家との一連の戦闘。
- The offense and defense in Omi Province were a series of battles between Omi-Genji (the Minamoto clan) and Onjo-ji Temple's armed priests versus Heike (the Taira family) during the Jisho-Juei War.
- 邪馬台国から「倭の五王」までを九州に比定する論者は、古くは鶴峰戊申から、戦後では長沼賢海らがいる。
- Advocates including Shigenobu TSURUMI, who was an old advocate, and Kenkai NAGANUMA, who was an advocate after the war, determine the location of the governments from Yamatai Koku (Yamatai Kingdom) through until `the five kings of Wa' were in Kyushu.
- 当時の日本が日清戦争の勝利によって、世界の強国となったという自負を持ち始めたことが、その原因である。
- This was because Japan started to gain self-pride as one of the world's powerful countries after winning the Sino-Japanese war.
- 慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いでは当初は西軍に与して石田三成ら西軍の動向を東軍に密告していた。
- In the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Takatsugu participated in the Western Camp at first and turned informer on movements of Western Camp such as Mitsunari ISHIDA and so on to the Eastern Camp.
- 日露戦争において、補給上重要な韓国における、日本軍の通行権などを確保する目的があったと言われている。
- It is believed that the treaty aimed to secure the Japanese army's right-of-way through Korea, because Korea was located in an important point for the army to be supplied during the Russo-Japan War.
- 当時の新聞報道にも、日露戦争を起こすことで収益が上がると軍事行動を支援するような論説が多々見られた。
- In the newspapers of the times, there were a lot of articles likely supporting the military action, telling that the Russo-Japanese War could increase the income.
- 朝鮮では、日清戦争で日本が清に勝利すると、王妃である閔妃が朝鮮で一層強化する日本の支配力を警戒した。
- In Korea, after Japan defeated Shin in Sino-Japanese War, Empress Myeongseong took precautions against Japan of which dominating power was further increasing in Korea.
- 同時に累積戦死傷率314%を記録し、全米軍部隊中、最も損害を受けた部隊としても記憶されることとなる。
- At the same time, the squad had a casualty rate of 314 percent, making it the squad that suffered the most injuries in the U.S. Army.
- 翌24年(1555年)の厳島の戦いで晴賢が元就に敗れて自害すると、大黒柱を失った大内家は一気に衰退。
- After Harukata was defeated by Motonathe in the Battle of Itsukushima in the next year 1555 and killed himself, the Ouchi family which lost the pillar declined at a stretch.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の永正11年(1514年)と永正13年(1516年)にも同様の禁令が出されている。
- In the Sengoku period, similar bans were issued in 1514 and 1516.
- この項では明治時代の地方官であった村岡素一郎が唱えた桶狭間の合戦直後に入れ替わったという説を主に扱う。
- This article will discuss the theory presented by Soichiro MURAOKA, a local official in the Meiji Period, that an imposter took the place of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA immediately after the Battle of Okehazama.
- しかし谷三山の影響から尊王派であった植村氏は、戊辰戦争においては新政府側に与して京都御所の警備につく。
- However, in the Boshin War, the Uemura clan, which was advocating reverence for the Emperor by the influence of Sanzan TANI, took the side of the new government and worked as a guard of Kyoto Imperial Palace.
- この会議では篭城を主張する抗戦派と、開城して御家再興を嘆願すべきとする恭順派に意見が分かれて対立した。
- In this meeting, there was a confrontation between the radicals who called for the besiegement of the castle and the moderates who called to surrender the castle and ask for the restoration of the clan.
- これは関ヶ原の戦いによる戦傷による死去と言われているが、世間では三成の亡霊に呪い殺されたとも噂された。
- Although he was believed to die from wound in the Battle of Sekigahara, it was rumored that he was cursed to death by the apparition of Mitsunari.
- 「喧嘩両成敗」は、秩序が崩壊した戦国時代 (日本)に誕生した慣習法であり、かぶき者が好んだ法であった。
- Kenka Ryoseibai' was the customary law which came to exist in the Sengoku Period when everything was out of order, and was loved by kabukimono.
- 金澤貞顕の居る六波羅探題南方の、いつ襲われるかという戦々恐々からやっと解放された安堵の様子が覗われる。
- Here, having been freed from the terror that Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata, where Sadaaki KANESAWA stayed, might be attacked any time, the state of relief is felt from the description.
- 特に663年の白村江の戦いの後、唐や新羅による侵攻に備え、天智天皇の命で各地に水城や山城が建設された。
- Especially after the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663, the Emperor Tenchi ordered the constructions of Mizushiro (castles on lakes or marshes erected for defensive reasons) and Yamashiro (castles built on the top of mountains or halfway up the mountains for defensive reasons) throughout the country in preparation for invasions by the Tang Dynasty and the Silla (ancient Korean Kingdom).
- また、この日露戦争当時、一進会会員は、当時の伝統であった長髪、髷をやめ、自主独立運動の象徴としている。
- Also, during the Russo-Japanese War, the members of Isshinkai quit their long hair and beard which was a tradition of the times, as a symbol of the independent movement.
- その後、世良修蔵指揮下の長州軍が大島の奪還を果たすも、島内に逃げ散った幕府軍残党の掃討が終戦まで続く。
- After that, although the Choshu army lead by Shuzo SERA managed to recapture Oshima, the mop-up operation to capture the remnants of the bakufu army spread out around the island continued until the end of the war.
- 隣組は、日本の昭和期において戦時体制の銃後を守る、国民生活の基盤の1つとなった官主導の隣保組織である。
- Tonarigumi is a government-led system for maintaining neighborhood which was one of the bases of people's lives to support the fighting forces of the wartime regime during the Showa period.
- この時の神出鬼没のゲリラ戦やその高い戦闘力の印象が、甲賀武士達を全国に知らしめることになったのである。
- The name of Koga warriors became well-known throughout the country because their elusive and effective guerrilla warfare and high combat ability in this battle were so impressive.
- 高崎藩などに大勝した事が更に天狗党の武名を高め、その後の通過地でも戦闘を避ける藩が増える事に繋がった。
- The fact that Tenguto won the battle against Takasaki Domain and other domains raised the military fame of Tenguto and increased the number of domains avoiding to enter into a battle against Tenguto.
- ところが、西南戦争などの士族反乱に対応するために紙幣を増刷した結果、急激なインフレーションが発生した。
- However, the government printed more notes to deal with Shizoku-no-Hanran (rebellion of warrior class) such as the Seinan War (a local war by Satsuma ex-samurai against the Meiji government), which led to a rapid inflation.
- 歩兵は、横隊などを組む戦列歩兵に該当する「歩兵」と、軽歩兵に該当する「撒兵(さっぺい)」に分類された。
- The foot soldiers were classified into `hohei' who were equivalent to senretsu foot soldiers who form rows and `sappei' who were equivalent to 軽歩兵.
- 顕家軍は善戦したものの長征の疲労に加えて北朝方についた瀬戸内海水軍の支援攻撃を受けて苦境に立たされる。
- Although Akiie's army fought hard, it came to be in a predicament due to the side attack by the Seto Inland Sea army as well as the fatigue from the long duration of the fighting.
- ところが、宝亀5年(774年)にいわゆる「三十八年戦争」が始まった頃から、急激に俘囚の移配が増加する。
- However, from around the time when the so called '38 years' War' began in 774, the Ihai policy rapidly intensified.
- が、戦国時代から安土桃山時代、勧進聖は「がんにん坊主」などと呼ばれ、貶められ差別を受ける傾向にあった。
- However, from the Warring States period to the Azuchi Momoyama period, fund-raising priests were apt to be called 'gannin bozu' by using the discriminatory term for humiliation.
- これに、織田信長や松永久秀、三好長逸も援助をしたが、戦乱の大混乱もあって、なかなか事はすすまなかった。
- In addition to Seigyoku's solicitation, Nobunaga ODA, Hisahide MATSUNAGA and Nagayuki MIYOSHI also offered assistance, but things did not progress smoothly.
- 北畠顕家はこの風林火山の旗印を立てて奮戦し、一度は足利尊氏をあわや自害のところまで追い込んだのである。
- Akiie KITABATAKE used this emblem on his flag and fought against Takauji ASHIKAGA until Takauji at one time was driven to take his own life in an instant.
- これは、近世大名がその家中を統率する上で非常に重要な出来事であり、戦国大名とは区別される一要素でもある。
- This was a very important event for the kinsei ('early modern') daimyo in heading their vassals, and this is also one of the elements that distinguish the Kinsei daimyo from the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
- 俊政の後を継いだ子の本多政武は囲碁の名人であり、慶長15年(1610年)には囲碁本因坊戦で勝利している。
- Masatake HONDA, who was Toshimasa's son and succeeded his father, was a master of Igo (board game of capturing territory) and won the Igo Honinbo-sen (the greatest Igo game match) in 1610.
- 抗戦派の中心は足軽頭原元辰と札座奉行岡島常樹の兄弟であり、恭順派は末席家老の大野知房が中心となっていた。
- The radicals were led by a leader of foot soldiers Mototoki HARA and brothers of commissioner of finance Tsuneki OKAJIMA, whereas the moderates were led by Tomofusa ONO, the lowest rank chief retainer.
- これから10年後、この事前通告に基づき清に続いて日本が朝鮮に派兵し、日清戦争の火蓋が切られることとなる。
- Ten years later, Qing and then Japan sent the troops to Korea according to this prior notification and it triggered the Sino-Japanese War.
- 慶応3年(1867年)藩論が倒幕に統一され、鳥羽伏見の戦いにおいても洋式軍隊を率い官軍方として参戦した。
- In 1867 after the opinion of people in the domain was integrated into that of overthrowing the bakufu, Takayoshi KUKI took the side of Imperial army commanding western style army at the Battle of Toba and Fushimi.
- 中国戦線で使用した日本円以外にもペソやギルダーなどのさまざまな通貨単位の軍用手票が各占領地で発行された。
- Not only the military currency in Japanese yen used during the China-Japan battles, but also other kinds of military currency in various currency units such as peso and guilder were issued in the Japan-occupied areas.
- しかしその直後、第二次木津川口海戦において織田水軍が大勝すると信長は和平交渉を中止し、村重攻略を進めた。
- Right after this, however, Nobunaga stopped the peace talks because the Oda navy won a complete victory in the second Naval Battle of Kizu-gawa River Estuary, and he focused on conquering Murashige.
- 外地(がいち)とは、第二次世界大戦終結前の日本(大日本帝国)において、いわゆる内地以外の統治区域をいう。
- Gaichi means the territories of Japan (the Empire of Japan) other than the so-called inland in the period before the end of the World War II.
- 1583年の賤ヶ岳の戦いで信孝が豊臣秀吉の命により自刃を余儀なくされた後、織田氏は信雄系統が主役となる。
- In 1583 after Nobutaka was forced to commit suicide with his sword by an order from Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the Nobukatsu group took the initiative in Oda clan.
- 関東地方での騒乱は1438年(永享10)の永享の乱、1440年(永享12)の結城合戦などに引き継がれた。
- The disturbances in the Kanto region continued, such as the Eikyo War in 1438 and the Battle of Yuki in 1440.
- 幕府陸軍(ばくふりくぐん)とは、幕末に江戸幕府が編成した陸上戦闘を任務とした西洋式軍備の軍事組織である。
- Bakufu rikugun is a military organization with western-style armaments which was organized by Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the Edo Period to accomplish battles on land as a mission.
- さらには加賀藩や筑前藩、久留米藩などの、戦争に積極的とはいえなかった藩までが贋貨を鋳造するようになった。
- Furthermore, domains such as Kaga, Chikuzen, and Kurume Domain who did not actively participate in the war also started coining counterfeit money.
- 戦国時代には分国法によって越訴自体を禁じて原判決の遵守を強要する例も見られた(六角氏・長宗我部氏など)。
- In the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) there were some examples of banning osso by the Bunkokuho (the law individual Sengoku daimyo [Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period] enforced in their own domain) and giving orders to comply with the original judgment (the Rokkaku clan, the Chosokabe clan and so on).
- このときの周防国は、重なる戦乱は終ったものの、その被害からの復旧もままならず、民衆は飢餓に苦しんでいた。
- At that time, the people in Suo Province were suffering famine under the devastation caused by a series of wars, which finally ended.
- その後、九州王朝が成立したが、663年(天智元年)「白村江の戦い」の敗北により滅亡にむかったとしている。
- According to FURUTA, the Kyushu dynasty was subsequently established, but it went downhill after it was defeated in `the Battle of Hakusukinoe' in 663.
- なお、貴族院に替わって戦後の国会を構成した参議院には、当初旧貴族院議員の多くが転身立候補して当選している。
- For the House of Councilors which took over the Kizokuin to make up the Diet after the wars, many old members of Kizokuin ran and initially won the elections.
- 西洋式兵制(三兵戦術)の導入、兵賦令(旗本から石高に応じて農兵もしくは金を徴収する)の発布などが行われた。
- The military reform included the introduction of western military system (tactics of the three combat arms) and the issuance of Heifu rei (ordinance to draft farm soldiers or collect money from Hatamoto [direct retainers of the bakufu] depending on their kokudaka [a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period]).
- これに対して丹波は、柏原の砦に籠もって抵抗したが、衆寡敵せずに織田の大軍の前に、多くの一族と共に戦死した。
- In response, Tanba resisted, holing up in a fort in Kashiwabara, but he was killed in the battle with many of his family members by the outnumbered enemy.
- その理由は分からないが、白村江での敗戦などの外戦の失敗で外交に国土防衛にいとまがなかったことが思慮される。
- Although the reason of such a ruling style is unknown, it can be understood that he had been caught up in handling foreign affairs and homeland security because of the defeats in foreign wars including that of the Battle of Hakusukinoe.
- 第二次世界大戦、太平洋戦争の敗戦後の1947年(昭和22年)、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により解体された。
- In 1947 after the defeat in World War II and the Pacific War, it was dissolved by the supreme commander of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers.
- 長州征討(ちょうしゅうせいとう)とは、江戸時代後期に江戸幕府と長州藩の間で2次に渡って行われた戦いである。
- The Choshu Conquest was the battle between the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Choshu clan, which was fought twice in the latter half of the Edo period.
- 1584年の小牧・長久手の戦い以後は信雄自身が暗愚ということもあって、天下への表舞台の影響力を急速に失う。
- But after the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, the clan's power of influence plunged downward on the front stage of the world due to Nobukatsu's incapability.
- 上杉禅秀の乱(うえすぎぜんしゅうのらん)とは、室町時代の1416年(応永23年)に関東地方で起こった戦乱。
- The War of Zenshu UESUGI was the war that broke out in the Kanto region in 1416, the Muromachi period.
- 敵は本能寺にあり(てきはほんのうじにあり)は、戦国時代の武将明智光秀が本能寺の変の際に発したとされる言葉。
- 'Our Enemy is in the Honno-ji Temple' is allegedly the phrase uttered by Mitsuhide AKECHI, busho (Japanese military commander) in the Warring States period, during the Honnoji Incident.
- 第二次長州征討の敗戦後、慶応2年(1866年)8月以降、将軍徳川慶喜の下で再び大規模な軍制改革が行われた。
- After August 1866, after the defeat in the second conquest of Choshu clan, the second large-scale military reform was executed under Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
- 応永6年(1399年)に、室町幕府と守護大名大内義弘との間で戦われた戦いについては、応永の乱を参照のこと。
- For details on the battle fought between the Muromachi shogunate and Yoshihiro OUCHI, who was a shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) in 1399, refer to the Oei War.
- 日清戦争後に一時的に沈静化していた対外硬の再燃が始まるのは、北清事変後のロシア帝国による満州駐留であった。
- The beginning of reactivation of Taigaiko which had receded temporarily after the Japanese-Sino War was due to the military presence in Manchuria by the Russia Empire after The Boxer Rebellion.
- 慶応4年正月3日鳥羽 (洛外)(京都市)で薩摩藩兵と衝突し、戦闘となった(詳細は鳥羽・伏見の戦いを参照)。
- On January 3, 1868, the army of the Tokugawa shogunate confronted the army of the Satsuma Domain at Toba ('Rakugai;' on the outskirts of Kyoto in Kyoto City); this incident would lead to a battle (Please refer to The Battle of Toba-Fushimi).
- 熊野三山が別当家の指導のもと、上皇方について鎌倉幕府と戦った承久の乱後には、定豪という人物が就任している。
- The person named Jogo was appointed to betto after the Jokyu War in which Kumano Sanzan fought on the retired Emperor's side against Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) under the guidance of the betto's family.
- 近代的自治法の整備とともに五人組は法制的には消滅したが、第二次世界大戦中の隣組にその性格は受け継がれていた。
- Along with development of the modern self-governing laws, the Gonin-gumi disappeared as a legal system; however, the tonarigumi (neighborhood association [established in Japan in 1940]) system during World War II took over its characteristics.
- 室町時代中期から戦国時代_(日本)にかけては、都の戦乱を避け、数代にわたり、所領のある若狭国に移住していた。
- The family moved to Wakasa Province where its shoryo (territory) was located, and lived there for several generations to avoid wars in the imperial capital from the middle of the Muromachi period to the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan).
- 戦後の部落解放運動の歴史のうえで、部落問題の視点による天皇制批判の好材料としてたびたび議題に上げられてきた。
- In the history of the postwar Buraku (discriminated communities) Liberation Movement, it has been raised as a good example to criticize the Emperor system from the point of view of Buraku problems.
- アヘン戦争後も依然として清朝はヨーロッパ諸国を従来の「天下」概念の中で捉えようとしていたと見ることができる。
- It can be said that the Qing dynasty tried to grasp European countries based on the traditional notion of 'Tenka' even after the Opium War.
- 皇位問題への関心を絶やさなかったのは、皇国史観を護った田中卓で、戦前の関心をひきついで継承問題をとりあげた。
- Takashi TANAKA who supported the Kokoku Shikan kept his interest in the issue of the Imperial Throne and picked up the issue of succession after the war.
- 合戦の詳細は不明だが消極派の成道と積極派の直方は仲たがいしたため討伐軍は苦戦し、乱は一向に鎮圧できなかった。
- The details of the battle are unknown, but the relationship between passive Narimichi and active Naokata worsened, the punitive force made a poor fight and could not suppress the rebellion at all.
- 普段は農業をしたり行商をしたりして各地の情報を探る一方、指令が下ると戦場やその後方へ出向き工作活動に励んだ。
- They went to a battlefield or the related area to engage in maneuver activities upon order, while they search for information on each region as working as peasant or peddler in their quotidian life.
- 戦後ハリウッドの名脇役として復活、1957年には『戦場に架ける橋』でアカデミー助演男優賞にノミネートされた。
- After the war, he went back to Hollywood and became a well-reputed supporting actor, receiving nominations for the Best Supporting Actor Academy Award for his role in 'The Bridge on the River Kwai' in 1957.
- 三好氏はもともと阿波の豪族の盟主のような存在であり、そのため阿波・讃岐の戦力は畿内の維持に必要不可欠だった。
- Since the Miyoshi clan was originally like a leader of the local ruling families of the Awa Province, the military power of Awa Province and Sanuki Province was essential for them to maintain their power in the Kinai region.
- イルティッシュ号は、日露戦争でロジェストウェンスキー中将を司令長官とするバルチック艦隊に加わることになった。
- The Irtysh was to join the Baltic Fleet which had Lieutenant General Rozhdestvensky as the admiral in the Russo-Japanese War.
- 同年から翌年にかけて行われた一連の戊辰戦争の中で、新政府側が大きく優勢となる画期となった象徴的な事件である。
- Over this time, then through to the next year (1868-1869), the Surrender of Edo-jo Castle turned out to be the essential ground-breaking point in a series of following actions taken during the Boshin Civil War; therefore providing greater advantage to the new government's forces, and effectively establishing the castles fall as a highly significant event in Japanese history.
- 日露協約(にちろきょうやく)は日露戦争後に締結した日本とロシア帝国がお互いに権益を認め合った4次にわたる協約。
- The Russo-Japanese Agreement is the agreement in which Japan and the Russian Empire agreed upon mutual interests ranging over 4 times after the Russo-Japanese War.
- 秋田藩では大館城と横手城(共に戊辰戦争で焼失)が対象外となり、久保田城と合わせて合計3城を持つことを許された。
- In the Akita Domain, Odate-jo Castle and Yokote-jo Castle (both were burnt down in the Boshin War) were exception to disposal, as a result, the domain was allowed to have three castles in total, which were the above-mentioned two castles along with Kubota-jo Castle.
- これは、近世的な個人的武技に頼る戦闘では、近代戦において勝利を得るのが困難であることを理解していたからである。
- This is because they understood that an army depending on personal fighting ability like the one used in the early modern times would be difficult to win modern wars.
- 第二次世界大戦中のアメリカではAllied Military Currencyという軍用手票が発行されていた。
- During the WWII, Allied Military Currency was issued in the United States.
- しかし、第二次世界大戦後は赤線に移行し、1958年(1958年)の売春防止法施行により遊廓としての幕を閉じた。
- After the World War II, Shichijo-shinchi was designated as the red-light district and closed down in 1958 when Anti-Prostitution Law took effect.
- 日本政府は開戦直後に朝鮮半島内における軍事行動の制約をなくすため、1904年2月23日に日韓議定書を締結した。
- Japan concluded the Japan-Korea Protocol on February 23, 1904 immediately after the start of the war to eliminate restrictions in its military actions in the Korean Peninsula.
- このため、9月3日に大阪市公会堂をはじめとする全国各地で講和条約反対と戦争継続を唱える集会が開かれたのである。
- Because of this, a rally took place in different places of the country such as the public hall in Osaka City on September 3, to stand against the peace treaty and call for continueing the war.
- その内容は、「閣僚と元老を全て処分し、講和条約を破棄してロシアとの戦争継続を求める」という過激なものであった。
- The details of their demands were extreme such as 'the punishment of all the cabinet members, the abrogation of the peace treaty and the continuation of the war with Russia'.
- さらに、従来の合戦の解説での一ノ谷の位置の比定が根本的に誤っているとする説もある(兵庫県郷土史家・梅村伸雄)。
- Moreover, some scholars expressed the theory that traditional researchers were fundamentally wrong to identify the location of Ichinotani in their traditional explanation of the battle (local history researcher of Hyogo Prefecture, Nobuo UEMURA).
- このため、一ノ谷という攻略地点を重視して桑田忠親國學院大學教授などは戦況や史料の断片的な記録から判断している。
- Because of this, Tadachika KUWATA, a professor at Kokugakuin University and other scholars had taken serious consideration in the Ichinotani incident, and concludes the location from the war's situation and the fragmented written records contained within historical materials.
- この時、天狗党の中に、その剛力から「今弁慶」の名で呼ばれていた常陸久慈の僧侶・不動院全海という人物が戦死した。
- At that time, a member of Tenguto 不動院全海, a Buddhist monk in Hitachikuji, who was called 'Imabenkei' for his strength, was killed in the battle.
- 大永7年(1527年)2月には桂川の戦いで波多野・三好軍らに高国は敗れて将軍・足利義晴を擁して近江に逃亡した。
- At the Battle of Katsura-gawa River in February 1527, Takakuni lost against the army of Hatano and Miyoshi, and fled to the Omi Province with shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA.
- 事実上新政府軍は、かつて諸外国と条約を締結した政府としての徳川家と、対等の交戦団体として認識されたことになる。
- This was an official recognition by the foreign governments of the new governmental army as an equal party, to then engage in battle against the Tokugawa family, which up to this time, was the official governmental entity for concluding treaties.
- 関ヶ原の戦いで重政は徳川家康に味方して軍功を挙げたことから、戦後に五條1万石を与えられ、ここに五條藩が立藩した。
- In the Battle of Sekigahara, Shigemasa allied with Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and achieved victories in the battlefield, thus receiving the Gojo district of 10,000 koku (an unit of assessed crop yields of the land [1 koku: about 180 liter], which was also used to express the size of the land) after the war and founding the Gojo Domain.
- 第一次世界大戦における日露の関係強化と第三国の中国支配阻止、極東における両国の特殊権益の擁護を相互に再確認した。
- They reassured each other that they should enforce the relationship between Japan and Russia at the First World War, stop the third party from controlling China, and protect the both countries' special interests in the Far East.
- 大坂冬の陣では豊臣方として戦ったが、その裏では徳川方に内通したり、冬の陣における和睦交渉で裏工作を行なっている。
- Although he allied with the Toyotomi camp in the Winter Siege of Osaka, he engaged in covert activities, providing information to the Tokugawa side and engaging in reconciliatory talks during the siege.
- また、当時、同戦争のため朝鮮駐留の清軍も通常時の約半数ということもあり、1884年12月、計画は実行に移された。
- Moreover, because only half the normal troops left in Qing due to the war, the plan was set into action in December, 1884.
- 戦国武将でもある徳川家康や徳川秀忠はこれを幕法として採用したが、事件当時はすでに百年近い時を経た元禄の世である。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and Hidetada TOKUGAWA adopted this law as Shogunate law since they were both military commanders from the Sengoku Period; however, almost 100 years was gone when the incident happened in the Genroku era.
- 終戦後の1946年自治権拡大のための改正が行われたが、翌1947年日本国憲法・地方自治法の施行により廃止された。
- After the war, in 1946, the law was revised to expand the autonomy, but in the next year, 1947, the law was repealed when The Constitution of Japan and Local Autonomy Law came into effect.
- 日露戦争中ではあるが、この条約が結ばれた時期には朝鮮半島での戦闘は終了し、韓国は事実上日本の占領下に入っていた。
- Although it was in the middle of the Russo-Japanese War, by the time this agreement was signed, the battle on the Korean Peninsula had ended and Korea was virtually under the rule of Japan.
- 長きにわたる戦争で戦費による増税に苦しんできた国民にとって、賠償金が取れなかった講和条約に対する不満が高まった。
- People who had been suffered from the tax increase to compensate the expenditure for the prolonged war increased their dissatisfaction with the peace treaty which didn't bring them any reparations.
- 撒菱と似た道具として中世西洋でカルトロップと呼ばれる鉄製の撒菱があり、騎兵や戦象の突進を鈍らせる為に使用された。
- As a tool similar to makibishi, there existed a makibishi made of iron, which was called caltrop in Medieval Europe, and it was used to slow down the advance of horses, war elephants.
- 普段は農業をしたり、行商をしたりして各地の情報を探る一方、指令が下ると戦場やその後方へ出向き、工作活動に励んだ。
- The people of Koga-ryu were usually engaged in farming or peddling to collect information in various places and, once called, they went to the war fronts or the rear of the battlefields to engage in espionage.
- 日本では、第二次世界大戦以降、公地公民制について、古代律令制の基盤を形成した最重要の制度であると理解されてきた。
- AfterWorld War II, Kochi Komin sei was appreciated as the most important system that had constituted the basis of the ancient Ritsuryo system in Japan.
- 決して、実際の戦闘で役立つ思想や哲学ではないが、高潔な人格を尊ぶ道徳性は、いつの時代にも必要とされるものである。
- It is not a way of thought or philosophy which is useful in actual battle, but is necessary in all ages, due to its morality in respecting those of noble character.
- 顕家は兵200とともに石津で北朝方に包囲されて決死の戦いを続けたものの、遂に落馬してしまい討ち取られる事になる。
- Akiie, besieged in Ishizu along with his 200 soldiers by the Northern Court's armies, continued to fight a fierce battle, but he fell from his horse and was finally killed by his enemies.
- この戦いを通じて国内の安定のために奥羽全域の平定を目指す方向に路線転換をしたために王民化を促進するためとする説。
- A third theory is that the government's aim during this war changed to controlling the Ou area for the sake of the stability of the nation, and there were attempts to bring Fushu under the Emperor's rule.
- そこへ義時率いる大軍が襲いかかり、激戦4時間余りののち、重忠は愛甲季隆の矢に討たれ、首級を取られた(享年42)。
- He was attacked by an army led by Yoshitoki HOJO, and after four hours of battle he was shot by Suetaka AIKO's arrow and beheaded (he was 42 years old).
- 承平 (日本)5年(935年)2月、源扶、源隆、源繁の三兄弟は常陸国野本に陣をしいて将門を待ち伏せ、合戦となった。
- In February 935, the MINAMOTO brothers, Tasuku, Takashi, and Shigeru, camped in Nomoto, Hitachi Province in order to ambush Masakado, who was heading into battle.
- 戦国大名は領域の一円支配をさらに推し進める一方、家臣である配下の武士を城下町に集めて強い統制下に置く傾向が始まる。
- While the Sengoku daimyo further pushed to rule the whole region in their territory, they started to gather their vassals, samurai, in their castle town and bring the samurai under their tight control.
- 逸話としては、一説に寄れば、織田信長も、幼少時代にこの石合戦を好み、近隣の子供らを集めて良く行ったと言われている。
- As an anecdote, one theory holds that Nobunaga ODA also liked ishi-gassen in his childhood and often gathered children in the neighborhood to do ishi-gassen.
- 宗方は佐々木時清と相討ちとなり、二階堂大路薬師堂谷口にあった宗方の屋敷には火をかけられ宗方の多くの郎等が戦死した。
- Munekata and Tokikiyo SASAKI hit each other, and with Munekata's residence at Yakushi-do Taniguchi at Nikaido boulevard being burnt, many retainers of Munekata died in the fighting.
- そのため、石山合戦以降は宗教の非武装化がより一層加速され、宗教団体が独立性を失い政権の統制下に置かれる事となった。
- After the Ishiyama War, therefore, demilitarization of religious powers accelerated, and the religious groups lost their independence and were put under the control of the administration.
- これにより、大韓帝国は消滅し、朝鮮半島は第二次世界大戦(大東亜戦争、太平洋戦争)の終結まで日本の統治下に置かれた。
- With this, the Korean Empire ceased to exist, and the Korean Peninsula was held under Japanese rule until the end of the Second World War (the Greater East Asian War, the Pacific War).
- さらに、本項目の経過説明のような一般に語られる『吾妻鏡』『平家物語』を元にした合戦解説は全て虚構ということになる。
- Additionally, all of the general explanations of the battle based on 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari' would be fiction, such as the progress explanation in this section.
- 1945年8月のソ連対日宣戦布告によって、樺太庁管内にはソビエト連邦軍が侵攻し、同月末までに樺太全土が占領された。
- After the Soviet Declaration of War on Japan in August 1945, Soviet troops invaded the district of Karafuto-Cho and by the end of the month all of Karafuto was occupied.
- もうひとつは、合戦は総大将頼俊が遠征途中で失脚したため、事実上遠征は中止され、成果は中途半端に終わったとするもの。
- The other theory assumes that the expedition was called off because of the downfall of the supreme commander Yoritoshi, therefore the expedition was half-finished.
- 翌年1月、「憲政擁護」を叫ぶ大会が各地でひらかれ、日露戦争後の重税に苦しむ商工業者や都市民衆が多数これに参加した。
- In January the next year, rallies calling for 'the defense of the constitutionalism' were held in various places, in which many people participated, including the people working in the commercial and industrial sectors and the urban residents who were suffering from heavy tax after the Russo-Japanese War.
- 欧米列強が植民地戦争を繰り広げていた明治時代初期に、「富国強兵」と共に政府が実行した政策の根幹となった思想である。
- At the end of the 19th century, when the allied western powers were fighting colonial wars one another, the Japanese government carried out a new policy based on this thought with a slogan 'Fukoku kyohei' (fortifying the country, strengthening the military).
- 主に帝国議会開設から日清戦争にかけて使われてきたが、その後も「民衆代表政党」の意味を込めて大正期まで使われてきた。
- It was used mainly between the establishment of the Imperial Diet and the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, but was used to the Taisho period with the meaning of 'the Parties of the People's Representatives' afterwards.
- 総大将・義隆は周防に敗走し、養子の大内晴持に至っては敗走途中の揖屋浦で溺死するなど、大内方の散々たる敗戦となった。
- Ouchi side was disastrously defeated with the supreme commander, Yoshitaka routed to Suo, and his adopted child, Harumochi OUCHI drowned at Iyagaura during the rout.
- 安政3年(1856年)4月に開場された講武所では、古来の剣術などだけでなく、西洋式の砲術や戦術学の研究も行われた。
- In the Kobu jo which opened in April 1856, not only ancient swordplay but also the western-style gunnery and tactics were studied.
- この事件で西国随一の戦国大名とまで称されていた大内氏が実質的に滅亡し、西国の支配構造は大きく変化することとなった。
- This incident resulted in virtual fall of the Ouchi clan, which was called as the greatest Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) in Saigoku (western part of Japan) and great change in ruling structure of Saigoku.
- 他方でアメリカ政府は、日本の清に対する領土的利益への野心と、日露戦争後の日本の近代的で強力な海軍を不安視していた。
- Meanwhile, the United States felt unrest about Japanese ambition towards the territorial profit from Qing and its modern and powerful navy after the Russo-Japanese War.
- 皇室には古代から様々な書籍などが伝えられてきたが、応仁の乱や戦国時代 (日本)の経済的衰微によって多くを手放した。
- In the Imperial family, various books and so on had been inherited from ancient times, but through the economic decline in the Onin War or the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), many of them were lost.
- なお、戦後になって石井良助・服藤弘司らによって天保9年以後の法令収集が行われた『幕末御触書集成』が刊行されている。
- After the war, Ryosuke ISHII and Koji FUKUFUJI collected the laws and regulations issued in 1838 and later published 'Bakumatsu Ofuregaki shusei' (Ofuregaki shusei in the end of the Edo bakufu).
- これには、この内戦が大化改新とともに編纂当時の「現代」を作り出した重要な事件であるという認識が働いていたと思われる。
- It is considered that, like the Taika Reforms, this war was recognized as an important incidence that characterized the 'new era' at the time of compilation of the Chronicles.
- 日露戦争の戦場は全て満州(中国東北部)南部と朝鮮半島北部であり、ロシアの領内はまったく日本に攻撃されていないからだ。
- Because the battlefields set for the Russo-Japanese War were only in the southern Manchuria (the northeastern China) and the northern Korean Peninsula, so nowhere in Russia had been attacked by Japan.
- 寿永3年(1184年)1月20日、頼朝が派遣した源範頼、源義経の鎌倉政権軍に攻められて義仲は滅んだ(宇治川の戦い)。
- On March 4, 1184, MINAMOTO no Noriyori, who was dispatched by Yoritomo, and the Kamakura Government army of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, combined their forces, destroying Yoshinaka (the Battle of Uji-gawa River).
- 日本政府が示威で江華島沖に送った軍艦雲揚 (軍艦)から出た小船に江華島の砲台から発砲、雲揚が「応戦」した事件である。
- The incident occurred when a Japanese battleship, the Unyo, sent a small boat to Ganghwa Island as a demonstration of strength by the Japanese government and was attacked by cannon from Ganghwa Island whereupon the battleship 'returned' fire.
- また、生存者への授与は昭和15年を最後に戦争激化のため一時停止され、以後は戦功を挙げた戦死に与えられるのみとなった。
- Moreover, monetary awards to surviving combatants were discontinued after 1940 in order to enhance Japan's war effort, and thereafter such payments were only made on behalf of slain soldiers who had served with distinction.
- しかし、すでに内紛で弱体化していた三好軍は内部統率すら執れる状況ではなく、ほとんど織田軍と戦闘することなく敗走した。
- However, the Miyoshi's army had already became weak due to the internal conflict and they could not control their army, and lost without really fighting against the Oda army.
- またこの号印の影響が武家に及び、戦国時代 (日本)の武将たちが公用印として「黒印」や「朱印」と呼ばれる印章を使った。
- Also Goin spread to Buke (samurai families), and during the Sengoku period, busho (Japanese military commanders) used seals such as 'Kokuin' (a seal with black ink) and 'Shuin ' (a seal with red ink) as official seals.
- この時点で、徳川家の取り得る方策は徹底恭順か、抗戦しつつ佐幕派諸藩と提携して形勢を逆転するかの2つの選択肢があった。
- At this moment, the Tokugawa family had two plans to choose from, on one hand was allegiance to the new government and on the other hand the continuation of their current bakufu defense and at the same time the bakufu group could form an alliance with the Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun) domains and eventually gain the power to reverse the present situation.
- 戦争そのものは長州藩が謝罪して終わったものの、長州藩家老3人と藩士11人が切腹し、征長軍は2度にわたり首実検を行った。
- The war itself was over with the apology of the Choshu Domain, but the three chief retainers and eleven feudal retainers of the domain committed Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) and conquering army of Choshu identified severed heads twice.
- そのため、近年の合戦を扱った関係書籍や観光史跡案内(例:義経「神戸源平物語」)などでも主にこの一ノ谷説が採られている。
- Therefore, in recent books relating to the battle and guiding materials for the sightseeing of historic sites (e.g. 'Kobe Genpei Monogatari' (Tale of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan at Kobe') by Yoshitsune), this Ichinotani theory is mainly supported.
- しかし、『平家物語』や上記『吾妻鏡』では義経の戦った場所は鵯越(一ノ谷から東方8キロ)となっており鵯越説も根強くある。
- However, according to 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike) and the above mentioned 'Azuma Kagami,' Yoshitsune fought at Hiyodorigoe (eight kilometers to the east from the Ichinotani region), so some historians and experts still strongly support the Hiyodorigoe theory.
- 鎌倉公方の足利持氏と関東管領の上杉憲実の対立に端を発する、室町幕府6代将軍足利義教が持氏討伐を命じた事件、戦いである。
- It is an incident or a war which originated from confrontation between Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) and Norizane UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), and for which Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the sixth shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), ordered to suppress Mochiuji.
- 持氏の子の何人かは難を逃れており、翌1440年(永享12年)には結城氏朝が持氏の遺児を奉じて挙兵する結城合戦が起こる。
- As some of the Mochiuji's children escaped from the calamity, the next year, in 1440, the Yuki War occurred, in which Ujitomo YUKI raised an army under Mochiuji's bereaved children.
- 翌、慶応4年(1868年)の鳥羽伏見の戦いでは旧幕府軍として戦ったが離脱、後の戊辰戦争では明治政府に加わって転戦した。
- In the Battle of Toba-Fushimi in the next year, 1868, Naonori fought as the army of old bakufu but he seceded, and thereafter, Naonori joined the Meiji Government and moved from place to place to fight in the Boshin Civil War.
- 戦後は古い文化のみならず、アニメや日本の漫画、オタクといった新しい文化産業も西洋やアジア諸国では注目を浴びてきている。
- After the war, not only traditional culture but also modern cultural industries such as animation, Japanese Manga (cartoons) and otaku ('nerd' culture) are increasingly popular in the West and various parts of Asia.
- アヘン戦争で中国の清が敗北したことが伝わる(1842年)と、老中の水野忠邦は1842年に令を緩和する(天保の薪水令)。
- When roju (member of shogun's council of elders) Tadakuni MIZUNO heard in 1842 of the China's defeat in the Opium War, he loosened restrictions on fuel and water.
- 第二次世界大戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令により労働法規が整備されたことや、義務教育の年限が9年に延長された。
- After the Second World War, labor laws were drafted and the period of compulsory education was extended to nine years under the order from the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers.
- 乱後~いわゆる「弘道館戦争」に至るまでの水戸藩における粛清と混乱に関しては、山川菊栄『覚書 幕末の水戸藩』にくわしい。
- Regarding the purge and confusion in the Mito Domain after the Tenguto no Ran until the 'battle of Kodokan school' are detained in 'Oboegaki Bakumatsu no Mito Han' (Memorandum - The Mito Domain during the end of Edo period).
- 一方、保守派によって完全な佐幕派となった水戸藩に対し、戊辰戦争が勃発すると、諸生党に対する追討命令が朝廷から出された。
- Meanwhile, when the Boshin War was started against the Mito Domain, which became a complete Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun) due to the actions of the conservatives, the Imperial Court ordered to hunt down and kill shoseito.
- 投降者たちは3方面から官軍を包囲する広嗣の作戦を官軍に報告し、まだ綱手と多胡古麻呂の軍が到着していないことを知らせた。
- The surrenderers reported a strategy of Hirotsugu to siege the government army from three sides and notified of the government army that the armies of Tsunate and TAGO no Komaro had not arrived yet.
- この時代の官印は基本的に漢印のそれと同じであるが、戦乱や政治的不安定が続いたため、印の出来映えには大きな揺れ幅がある。
- In this period, kanin were basically the same as those in the Han Dynasty, but the quality varied as the wars and political instabilities continued.
- 翌年(1906年)から(戦争等による中断をはさみながらも)和木の住民によってロシア兵を偲んだロシア祭りが行われている。
- Since the following year (1906) Russian Festival has been held (taking a few hiatuses for a war and so on) by the residents of Waki to remember the Russian sailors.
- 戦前の地形図には、一般病院と避病院(伝染病院)の地図記号は別々に記載されており、こうしたケースを追跡することができる。
- Prewar topographical maps show these Hibyoin (infectious disease hospital) by using map symbols different from those of general hospitals; this enables to track the above cases.
- 日本陸軍はの日清戦争で冬季寒冷地での戦いに苦戦し、そしてさらなる厳寒地での戦いとなる対ロシア戦を想定し、準備していた。
- The Japanese Army was preparing for the battle against Russia in which it would fight in colder regions than the Japanese-Sino War where the Japanese Army had had a tough fight in cold climates.
- さらに一進会は、日本軍の軍事物資輸送も支援に乗り出し、10万人以上の会員が自費で日本軍の武器、食料を戦地まで運んでいる。
- Furthermore, Isshinkai began to support the transport of military goods for Japanese Army, and over 10 thousands members transported weapons and foods for Japanese Army at their own expense.
- 第二次世界大戦が終了した結果、大日本帝国陸軍、大日本帝国海軍が解体され、旧来その対象とされていた軍人が存在しなくなった。
- As a result that the Second World War ended, Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) were demobilized and military men who were originally supposed to carry a sword went out of existence.
- さらに、ほとんどの合戦関係本で、この合戦を解説する際には主にこの数字が使われており、本項目の経過説明もこれに従っている。
- Moreover, most authors of books related to the battle mainly used these numbers to explain the battle, and this section has also followed this tradition to explain the progress of the battle.
- 日清戦争から始まって戊戌の変法の失敗、そして辛亥革命による清朝打倒に至る大きな流れの一つとしても位置づけることができる。
- It could be positioned in one of big currents from the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War, through failure in the Hundred Days of Reform to the overthrow of the Qing dynasty by the Chinese revolution.
- 大正期には中断したが、昭和13年(1938年)以後復活、日中戦争の処理方針、日独伊三国同盟、対米英蘭開戦などを決定した。
- Gozenkaigi was abolished during the Taisho period, but it was restored in 1938, and then, matters such as the agreements after the Sino-Japanese war, the Tripartite Pact, and the start of the war against the USA, England and the Netherland were decided at Gozenkaigi.
- そのためなかなか決着はつかず、1489年には義尚が陣中に没したため、足かけ3年にわたった戦いは終結、六角氏は生き残った。
- So, the battle did not easily end, but the death of Yoshihisa in battle in 1489 marked the end of the three-year conflict, and the Rokkaku clan survived.
- 硬六派は日清戦争中は政府に協力的な姿勢を示したが、三国干渉を政府が受け入れた事を非難し、戦後は倒閣への動きを見せ始める。
- The Ko Roppa showed a cooperative attitude toward the government during the Sino-Japanese War, but the party started to take action to overthrow the government after the war while criticizing it for accepting the Triple Intervention (a diplomatic intervention by Russia, Germany and France).
- また『延慶本平家物語』では計画的放火であった事を示唆しており、放火は合戦の際の基本的な戦術として行われたものと思われる。
- In addition, in 'The Tale of the Heike (Engyo edition)' suggested it as planned fire-setting and fire-setting was considered as a basic tactics in the battle.
- この海戦で船体の3ヶ所(第二ハッチ右側、甲板上の社交室、艦前方)に被弾して浸水、羅針盤も故障、そのうえ蒸気釜も爆発した。
- The Irtysh was shot in three places of her body (on the right of the second hatch, the social hall on the deck, and the foreship) during the naval battle and filled with water; the compass also got broken and the steam boiler exploded.
- 治承4年(1180年)10月の富士川の戦いで平家が敗れると、同年11月17日尾張国・美濃国の源氏が蜂起する(『玉葉』)。
- After Heike was defeated in the Battle of Fujigawa in October, 1180, Genji in the Owari Province and the Mino Province rose in revolt on November 17 of the same year ('Gyokuyo'[Diary of FUJIWARA no Kanezane]).
- こうした一向宗内部の混乱に乗じ織田軍は連戦連勝で瞬く間に越前を制圧し、さらに「百姓の持ちたる国」加賀の南部まで攻め込んだ。
- Seizing on the confusion inside the Ikko sect, the Oda army immediately conquered Echizen without a single defeat and furthermore pushed into the southern Kaga Province, 'a country owned by peasants.'
- 西南戦争後の財政難のため、1880年に「官営工場払下概則」が施行された後に軍需部門を除いて民間に払い下げられたものが多い。
- Due to financial difficulties after the Seinan War, most factories were sold to private hands after 'General rules for selling government-run factories' came into force in 1880.
- 序文で述べているが、石山合戦は当時最大の宗教一揆でもあったため、それが終結したことで各地の宗教一揆は激減することになった。
- As mentioned in the above introduction, religious ikki in various areas were significantly reduced with the end of the Ishiyama War, which was the largest religious ikki at that time.
- 1895年に勃発した日清戦争で発行、10両、5両、1両、5銭、2銭5分の清時代の通貨単位の軍票を1895年2月に発行した。
- The military currency in the currency of the Qing period; ten ryo, five ryo, one ryo, five sen, and two sen and five bu was issued in February, 1895 when Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1895.
- しかし、宗盛はこれを拒絶し、合戦直前の休戦命令に従っていたにも係らず、突然源氏に襲われたということに対する抗議をしている。
- However, Munemori refused this proposal and objected due to the Taira clan following the conditions of the orders, and suspending battle just before it was to break out, and suddenly the Taira clan came under attack by the Minamoto clan's army.
- 第二次世界大戦中日本に亡命していたスバス・チャンドラ・ボースなどのインド独立運動家を指して「インド独立の志士」とも呼んだ。
- Subhas Chandra Bose, a leader in the Indian independence movement who fled to Japan during the World War 2, was also called a ''Shishi' of the Indian independence movement'.
- 沖縄県および鹿児島県奄美諸島などは、太平洋戦争終結以降アメリカ合衆国による沖縄統治となったため、農地改革が行われなかった。
- The land reform wasn't carried out in Okinawa Prefecture or in Amami islands, Kagoshima Prefecture, etc., because after the Pacific War the United States governed Okinawa.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の混乱期に一旦は解体しかけた朝廷及び公家社会の秩序回復に、江戸幕府が協力する姿勢を示したものとも言える。
- It can also be said that the Edo bakufu showed an attitude of cooperation to restore order of the imperial court and the court noble society which had once almost broken up in the confusion during the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- 同年、箱館戦争終結後、箱館府がこの契約を引き継いだが、翌1870年にガルトネルに対して賠償金を支払うことで契約を解除した。
- Later that year, in the aftermath of the Battle of Hakodate, the contract was taken over by the Hakodate government, which terminated the contract by paying a penalty fine to Gaertner in 1870.
- このためもあって、8月24日に行なわれた決戦である船岡山の戦いで澄元は大敗を喫して細川政賢は戦死し、澄元は摂津に敗走した。
- Partly due to these factors, at the Battle of Funaokayama, which was the decisive battle and occurred on August 24, Sumimoto suffered a crushing defeat, Masakata HOSOKAWA died, and Sumimoto ran away to Settsu Province.
- 日清戦争における日本の勝利と、韓国国内政治への影響力の増大により、朝鮮半島への主導権に関する日露の緊張は増大し続けていた。
- Tension between Japan and Russia about the initiative on the Korean Peninsula continued to increase due to Japanese victory in the Sino-Japanese War and the growing Japanese influence on the domestic politics of South Korea.
- 中世以後は一国平均役の一環として徴収される例が見られ、特に源平合戦においては平家・河内源氏双方が兵粮米の賦課を行っている。
- After the medieval period, hyoro was collected as part of Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen [manor] and kokugaryo [provincial land] in a province), and especially during the Genpei War, both Heike; the Taira family and Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) imposed military provisions.
- 興福寺と幕府は停戦勧告をしたが一向に争いはやまず、豊田方についた越智氏、箸尾氏らは井戸方に加勢した筒井氏、十市氏を攻めた。
- Kofuku-ji Temple and the shogunate recommended cease-fire in vain and the Ochi clan and the Hashio clan, who took sides with Toyota, attacked the Tsutsui clan and the Tochi clan, who took sides with Ido.
- また、山科焼失の前年に大小一揆と呼ばれる本願寺一門内の内戦を大坂で起こしており、現地の門徒の間には本願寺への不信感があった。
- Meanwhile, in Osaka, a battle inside Hongan-ji Temple called the Daisho Ikki had occurred in the previous year of the battle in Yamashina and so there had been distrust of Hongan-ji Temple among believers there.
- 周の後期(春秋時代・戦国時代 (中国))には、周に封建制されていた諸侯が各自の国内・周辺地域に対する政治支配と同化を進めた。
- During the last stage of Zhou (the Chunqiu period and the Warring States period [China]), lords of various places which had been ruled by Zhou began to administer independently and assimilated into their own territory and surrounding regions.
- 四稜郭(しりょうかく)は、箱館戦争の際に蝦夷共和国(箱館政権)が、明治2年(1869年)に現在の北海道函館市に築城した堡塁。
- Shiryokaku fort is a fort built by the Ezo Republic (the Hakodate Government) at the time of the Hakodate War, in 1869, in the present-day Hakodate City, Hokkaido.
- 軍事的には織田信長が足利義昭を奉じて京都に上洛したときや朝倉氏追討戦、姉川の戦いなどで家康は信長に対して援軍を派遣している。
- When Nobunaga ODA conformed to Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA strategically to visit the capital in Kyoto, Ieyasu dispatched reinforcement to Nobunaga for hunting down the Asakura clan, for the Battle of Anegawa, and so on.
- 一方、外国商人側も文禄・慶長の役の失敗や関ヶ原の戦いの影響によって生じた日本の国内経済の混乱による販売不振に悩まされていた。
- Meanwhile, the foreign merchants' side also had suffered from sales slumps owing to the economic chaos in Japan which resulted from Japan's failure in the Bunroku-Keicho War and the effects of the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 一方、高宗は日本の影響力をあくまでも排除しようと試み、日露戦争中においてもロシアに密書を送るなどの密使外交を展開していった。
- Meanwhile, Gojong tried to thoroughly eliminate Japan's clout, and conducted diplomacy with secret envoys, such as sending secret letters to Russia during the Russo-Japanese War.
- 死者30名、負傷者10名に及び、これをきっかけに大きな衝突が起こり、将軍御所が延焼、午後4時頃に合戦は安達方の敗北となった。
- This attack left 30 people dead and 10 people injured triggering a big conflict which resulted in fire to spread to the shogun's palace and the Adachi's party was defeated by 4 pm.
- 朝廷からは伊勢神宮へ幣帛が奉納され、また、諸国に観世音菩薩像をつくり、観世音経10巻を写経して戦勝を祈願するよう命じられた。
- The Imperial Court donated heihaku (paper or silk cuttings or red and white cloth are presented to the gods) to Ise Jingu Shrine and ordered all provinces to build Kanzeon Bosatsu (the Buddhist Goddess of Mercy) and copy 10 volumes of Kanzeon-kyo sutra to pray for victory.
- ただし、三好氏が実質的に支配したのは四国や畿内などの限られた地域であるため、単なる戦国大名としての一政権としての見解もある。
- Since the Miyoshi clan governed only a limited region, including Shikoku and Kinai, sometimes the Miyoshi's government is regarded just as one of the government of a daimyo in the Sengoku period.
- そのような解釈は明治期の那珂通世、菅政友らの研究から見られ、津田左右吉を経て戦後に末松保和『任那興亡史』において大成された。
- Such interpretation can be seen in the studies by Michiyo NAKA and Masatomo KAN in the Meiji period, followed by Sokichi TSUDA and it was perfected in 'History of the Rise and Fall of Mimana' by Yasukazu SUEMATSU after the war.
- アヘン戦争の情報などから次第に危機感を覚えた幕府は、高島秋帆や江川英龍らを砲術師範などに登用して西洋式軍備の研究を開始した。
- The bakufu, which gradually developed a sense of crisis as they gained the information on the Opium War, appointed Shuhan TAKASHIMA and Hidetatsu EGAWA to the instructors of gunnery, commencing studies on the western-style armament.
- (その証拠として、奥羽越列藩同盟加盟藩では、五榜の掲示は立てられないから新政府との開戦と同時に破棄されている事が挙げられる。)
- (As proof of it, it can be mentioned that Gobo no keiji were destroyed in the domains of Ouetsu-reppan alliance as soon as they opened war with the new government.)
- そのため、篭城策を取るものと思い込んでいた本願寺軍は浮き足立って敗走し、石山本願寺に退却した(天王寺の戦い (1576年))。
- Having thought that the Oda army would choose to hold the fortress, the Hongan-ji Temple army disconcertedly took flight and retreated to Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple (the Battle of Tenno-ji Temple, 1576).
- 他方、2月8日に日本政府は韓国の戦時局外中立宣言を無視する形で、日本軍を仁川広域市へ上陸させ、その後漢城へ進駐し、締結された。
- On the other hand, the Japanese government ignored the Korean proclamation of neutrality by extending the Japanese troops to Incheon City; finally the troops got stationed in Hanseong and then the treaty was signed.
- 第二次世界大戦後、政教分離によって近代社格制度は廃止されたが、今日でも「旧社格」などの名称で神社の格を表すのに用いられている。
- Although Kindai shakaku seido was abolished after the World War II due to the principle of separation of government and religion, it is still used today under the name of 'Kyu shakaku' (old classification of shrines) to represent the ranking of shrines.
- 日本の開国・冊封体制からの離脱は、長らく東アジア国際秩序を保証していた中華秩序への挑戦であり、李氏朝鮮はこれに批判的であった。
- As the Japanese opening of the country to the world, and secession from the tributary system was a challenge to the Sinocentrist order that had assured East Asian international order for a long time, the Yi Dynasty Korea was critical of that decision.
- 彼らの中には、中国残留日本人となったり、またインドネシア独立戦争等に参加した者などがいるが、そのほとんどは現在高齢化している。
- Some of them became Japanese left behind in China, while others joined the Indonesian war of independence, though most of them are aging now.
- 1877年には鹿児島県で私学校生徒ら薩摩士族が西郷を擁立して、最大規模となる西南戦争が起こるが、これも士族側の敗戦に終わった。
- In 1877, Seinan War, the largest one, broke out in Kagoshima Prefecture raised by shizoku from Satsuma including students of Shigakko (school mainly for warriors), backing up Saigo, but again shizoku side was defeated.
- (もう一つの可能性としては、白村江の戦いでの敗北(663年)後に天智天皇が軍事制度・各種制度の改革を進めた時期が挙げられる。)
- (Another possibility is that establishment of ekiden-sei was made during the time when the military system and other various systems were reformed by Emperor Tenchi after the defeat in the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663).
- なおこのことから正成自身も忍者であったかのように言われることがあるが、正成自身はむしろ普通の戦働きでならした侍であったらしい。
- For this reason, Masanari is sometimes told as if he was Ninja himself, but Masanari rather seemed to be a warrior who showed a great performance in general battlefields.
- 1336年(建武 (日本)3年)5月、湊川の戦いで足利尊氏率いる北朝 (日本)方に敗北した南朝 (日本)方は、比叡山に逃れた。
- In May 1336, the Southern Court (Japan) side was defeated by the Northern Court (Japan) side led by Takauji ASHIKAGA in the Battle of Minato-gawa River, and escaped to Mt. Hiei.
- 「白村江の戦い」では、総司令官である九州王朝の天皇「筑紫君薩夜麻(さちやま)」が唐軍の捕虜になり、九州王朝側の敗北が決定した。
- In `the Battle of Hakusukinoe,' Tsukushi no kimi sachiyama, the emperor of the Kyusyu dynasty, who was a colonel commandant, was held captive, which determined the defeat of the Kyushu dynasty.
- このとき、鎮西一の勇将と謳われ、徳川家康に恐れられた宗茂がもし本戦に参加していたら、関ヶ原の趨勢は変わっていたかもしれなかった。
- If Muneshige who was called the bravest general in Chinzei (nickname of Kyushu) and terrified Ieyasu TOKUGAWA had participated in the final battle at this time, the trend of the Battle of Sekigahara might have been different.
- しかし日本においては成人男性に対する労働時間規制は戦前を通じて実現されず、1947年の労働基準法施行を待たなければならなかった。
- On the other hand, working hours for male adults was not regulated in the prewar Japan until the enforcement of the Labor Standards Act in 1947.
- やがてこのような実力主義社会から地方的な公権力として戦国大名が各地に領国を形成し、限られた範囲内での「公儀」=公権力を形成した。
- Under such society based on meritocracy, sengoku daimyo (warring lords) established their own territories at various places and formed 'kogi'(authorities) equaling the official authority effective only inside their territories.
- 日韓議定書(にっかんぎていしょ)は、日露戦争中の1904年(明治37)2月23日に、日本と大韓帝国との間で締結された条約である。
- The Japan and Korea Protocol was the treaty which was signed between Japan and the Korean Empire during the Russo-Japan War in 1904.
- この建議書の中で、李容九は会員100万人の声明と称して、「日本は日清戦争で莫大な費用と多数の人命を費やし韓国を独立させてくれた。
- In this proposal, 李容九 (이용구) claimed as the statement of one million members as follows : Japan has dedicated an enormous expense and people's lives in Sino-Japanese War in order to bring independence to Korea.
- 大隈重信は政府内にあって、大隈財政(西南戦争後の財政赤字を外債によって克服しようと考えていた)を巡って松方正義らと対立していた。
- Among the government, Shigenobu OKUMA was opposed to Masayoshi MATSUKATA, regarding his financial policy (After the Seinan War, OKUMA aimed to overcome financial deficit by foreign debt).
- 嘉承元年(1106年)、常陸国でも三男の源義国と弟の源義光が合戦に及ぶ騒動を起こし(常陸合戦)、義家が京都への召還を命じている。
- In 1106 Yoshiie's third son, MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni and his younger brother MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu created a disturbance extending to a battle in Hitachi Province (Hitachi Battle) and Yoshiie recalled them to Kyoto.
- このため、戦後も彼らを如何にして新政府につなぎとめるかが課題となり、参戦諸藩や個々の部隊・個人の功労者に対する恩賞が検討された。
- When it became an issue how to anchor them to the new government even after the battles, rewards for the domains, troop and individuals who respectively contributed to the battles were considered.
- しかしこの大津城攻防戦のため、西軍にとって貴重な戦力であった立花宗茂の軍勢は9月15日の本戦に参加することができなかったのである。
- However, due to an offensive and defensive battle of Otsu-jo Castle, an army of Muneshige TACHIBANA which was a valuable military power for the Western Camp could not participate in the final battle on October 21.
- なお、植村氏は戦国時代に家康のもとで抜群の戦功を挙げたことから、歴代藩主に家康の「家」を名乗ることを許されていた名門譜代であった。
- Since the Uemura clan had performed great military exploits under Ieyasu during the Sengoku period, it was distinguished Fudai (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) which was allowed to use 'Ie' of Ieyasu for the name of the successive lords of the domain.
- 一方、都市の美観という発想は、大正・昭和初期の建築家の一部に見られたものの、戦時体制・戦後復興の中でほとんど影をひそめてしまった。
- Meanwhile, apart from some architects in the Taisho and early Showa periods, the concept of scenic beauty in cities was all but lost during wartime and the postwar restoration periods.
- 中山忠光は天険を頼りに決戦しようとするが、朝廷は十津川村に忠光を逆賊とする令旨を下し、十津川郷士は変心して忠光らに退去を要求する。
- Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA was going to fight a decisive battle relying on a mountain fortress, but the Imperial Court gave an Imperial address to Totsukawa Village declaring Tadamitsu as an insurgent; samurai in Totsukawa Village changed their mind, and called for withdrawal to Tadamitsu.
- また日露戦争では日本の損害は甲午の二十倍を出しながらも、韓国がロシアの口に飲み込まれる肉になるのを助け、東洋全体の平和を維持した。
- Besides, although Japan's loss in Russo-Japanese War was twenty times as much as that of the Donghak Peasant Revolution, they helped Korea not to be swallowed into Russia's mouth and maintained the piece of entire Asia.
- 太平洋戦争の敗戦により、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指示により昭和22年5月3日公示の「昭和22年政令第四号」に依って廃止された。
- Due to Japan's defeat in the Pacific War (World War II), this Order was discontinued by order of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ), as stipulated in the 'Public Directive Number Four of 1947,' a public directive dated May 3, 1947.
- 戦国時代 (日本)、伊賀は伊賀守護・仁木氏の傘下に属しながらも、「伊賀惣国一揆」と呼ばれる合議制の強い自治共同体が形成されていた。
- In the Sengoku period, Iga Province formed a self-governing community with a strong council system called 'iga sokoku ikki' while being affiliated to Niki clan, the Iga Shugo.
- 永禄十年(1567年)、三好三人衆(三好長逸、三好政康、岩成友通)は、筒井順慶とともに松永久秀と戦い、東大寺大仏殿に立てこもった。
- In 1567, the Miyoshi triumvirate (Nagayuki MIYOSHI, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI) fought against Hisahide MATSUNAGA, and locked themselves together with Junkei TSUTSUI in the Great Buddha Hall of Todai-ji Temple.
- 「治承四年十二月廿八日、興福寺と官兵との合戦の間、官兵処々に放火、猛火次第に東大興福両寺に飛び移り、寺中寺外ことごとく消失す」と。
- On January 22, 1181, during the battle between Kofuku-ji Temple and the government solders, the fires set here and there by the solders gradually grew fierce and spread to Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji Temples, where everything was destroyed by fire, as well as the outside of the temples.'
- 武蔵国は将軍によって国司が推挙される関東御分国(将軍家知行国)の一つであり、数多の武士団が存在し、鎌倉防衛の戦略上の要地であった。
- The Musashi Province was one of the provincial territories that belonged to the Kamakura Bakufu where kokushi (provincial governors) were nominated by the shogun; many samurai groups existed there and it was strategically one of the most important locations for the defense of Kamakura.
- 将門のこれまでの戦いは、あくまで一族との「私闘」であったが、この事件により不本意ながらも朝廷に対して反旗を翻すかたちになってしまう。
- The conflicts that Masakado had in the past were 'internal family conflicts', but now he was becoming a threat to the Imperial Court against his will.
- 神官や儒者は思想上の問題から、戦闘にかかわる意思がないことを誇示するために、武士の印であった月代を剃らないでそのまま髪を残していた。
- Shinto priests and Confucians, in order to show that they had no intention to fight for ideological reasons, did not make Sakayaki (shaved forehead), which was a symbol of samurai (warriors), and retained their hair.
- ただし、欧米による先行のモデルとの差異を論じるべく日本型植民地支配がどのようなものであったかについては継続して議論が戦わされている。
- However, the discussion on what the Japanese-style rule of the colony was like has continued to argue over the difference from prior models made by Europe and America.
- 更に戦いの長期化に備えて各藩が兵糧米を備蓄した事によって米価が暴騰し、全国各地で一揆や打ちこわしが起こる原因となった(世直し一揆)。
- In addition, since each domain stockpiled the provisions of rice for their army, the rice price soared, and as a result, uprising and destructive urban riots (Yonaoshi Ikki, a series of uprisings calling for social reforms) occurred in various places all over Japan.
- 武士道は個人的戦闘者の生存術としての武士道であり、武名を高めることにより自己および一族郎党の発展を有利にすることを主眼に置いている。
- Bushido is a way of survival as an individual fighter, which focuses on developing oneself and the family, bringing them an advantage by achieving military renown.
- 明治政府が戊辰戦争に多額の費用を要し、殖産興業の資金が不足したので、参与兼会計事務掛三岡八郎(由利公正)の建議によって、発行された。
- Dajokan bills were issued based on the proposal of Hachiro MITSUOKA (also known as Kimimasa YURI), who was a Sanyo (government consultant) and accountant, in order to compensate for the lack of funds caused by the Boshin War (civil war) and to support the Meiji government in implementing its policy of promoting new industries.
- 出土遺品としては戦国時代 (中国)のものが多く、解読不能な部分もあるが「司馬」「司徒」「司工」など当時の官職名が入った印が出ている。
- Although most of the unearthed kanin are from the Warring States period and some of their engravings are not decipherable, there are some seals carved with government posts of the period, such as 'Shiba,' 'Shito,' and '司工.'
- 更に佐賀の乱や西南戦争などの士族反乱によって予定外の財政支出が生じたため、1878年以後にインフレーションに悩まされることになった。
- Moreover, he had to face inflation from 1878 because revolts by family or person with samurai ancestors, such as Saga War and Seinan War, caused unexpected financial spending.
- 通信手段が未発達な古代にあって朝鮮半島で戦うには、司令部は前線近くの北部九州に置かなければ戦闘に間に合う適切な判断や指示は下せない。
- To fight on the Korean Peninsula in ancient times without communications, the headquarters would require to be placed in northern Kyushu close to the battlefront, otherwise, timely and proper measures or orders for battle couldn't be carried out.
- 江戸時代の軍役令によると、大名は幕府の命に応じて表高1万石あたり概ね2百人程度の軍勢(非戦闘員を含む)を動員する義務を課せられていた。
- The order of military service issued by bakufu in the Edo period enforced daimyo to mobilize about 200 people (including noncombatants) for every 10,000 koku of omote-daka (kokudaka officially recognized by the Edo bakufu).
- だが三国干渉、続く乙未事変と露館播遷によって日本の朝鮮半島への影響力はむしろ低下し、戦時中の政府と民党の協調関係は次第に崩れていった。
- However, the Triple Intervention, followed by Itsubi Incident and Rokan Hansen (Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation), rather weakened Japan's influence on the Korean Peninsula, and cooperative relationship between the government and minto during the war was gradually disrupted.
- 木津川での敗戦後、信長は九鬼水軍の長である九鬼嘉隆に燃えない船を造るように命じ、嘉隆は船の外装に鉄板を貼った鉄甲船の建造を進めていた。
- After the defeat in Kizu-gawa River, Nobunaga told Yoshitaka KUKI, the leader of the Kuki navy, to build unburnable ships so that Yoshitaka had been developing armored warships with the exterior covered with iron plates.
- 百地 丹波(ももち たんば、永正9年(1512年) - 天正9年(1581年)?)は、戦国時代 (日本)の伊賀流忍術の祖とされる忍者。
- Tanba MOMOCHI (1512-1581?) was a Ninja (a secret agent in feudal Japan highly skilled in stealth and secrecy), who is considered to be the founder of Iga style Ninjutsu (the art of a ninja) in the Sengoku period (Japan).
- 日清戦争後に財政収入を増やすために、煙草税則が改められ、明治31年(1898年)1月葉煙草専売法が実施され、葉タバコの専売を開始した。
- In order to increase the income after the Sino-Japanese War, the rule for tobacco tax was reformed, the Leaf Tobacco Monopoly Law went into effect in January, 1898, and the monopoly of leaf tobacco was started.
- 元亀4年(1573年)に信玄が死んで武田氏の脅威は半減し、信長と対等に戦えるだけの人物はこの世にいなくなった上、信長包囲網も瓦解した。
- Shingen died in 1573 and a menace of Takeda clan is reduced to half; with the death of Shingen there was no one who could fight with Nobunaga in equal terms in the world; in addition, anti-Nobunaga network collapsed, too.
- 韓国の資本主義は日本の植民地化の中で生まれ、特に戦後の韓国の資本主義や工業化は日本の近代化政策を模したものという研究結果を出している。
- He published the results of his study determining South Korean capitalism was born during Japanese colonization, and particularly the capitalism and industrialization in South Korea after the war was modeled after Japanese modernization policies.
- 小倉口では、総督・小笠原長行が指揮する九州諸藩と高杉晋作、山縣有朋ら率いる長州藩との戦闘(小倉戦争)が関門海峡をはさんで数度行われた。
- In Kokura-guchi, the alliance of Kyushu domains lead by the commander Nagamichi OGASAWARA and the Choshu clan lead by Shinsaku TAKASUGI and Aritomo YAMAGATA had several armed contacts across the Kanmon-kaikyo Strait (Ogura War).
- その為、一般的な合戦解説では、後白河法皇の政略を加味しつつ、具体的な合戦経過は『玉葉』を交えつつも主に『吾妻鏡』と『平家物語』を採り。
- Thus, as a general explanation of the battle, the authors of history books mainly reference descriptions of the specific progress of the battle in 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari,' considering the political maneuver of Emperor Goshirakawa and adding the view of 'Gyokuyo.'
- しかし、この頃には天狗党に対する賛同論が広がっており、劣勢に立たされていた頼徳勢は天狗党と合流し共に市川勢と戦うことになるのであった。
- However, by this time many of the party member came to agree with the thoughts of Tenguto and Yorinori, who was on the backfoot, decided to join Tenguto and fight together against Ichikawa.
- 鎌倉時代にはこうした意図的な戦闘行為を故戦(こせん)、それに対する防衛を防戦(ぼうせん)と呼び、これらを一括して「故戦防戦」と呼んだ。
- In the Kamakura period this deliberate conduct of hostilities was called kosen (intentional war) and defensive action was called bosen (defensive war), and they were collectively known as 'kosen-bosen'.
- したがって1573年末までは、石山本願寺と信長は互いに牽制しつつも戦火を交えない、いわば冷戦よりややましな程度で推移していたと思われる。
- Therefore, until the end of 1573, Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and Nobunaga were checking each other although there were no actual battles between them, and their relationship during this period may be described as 'a little more peaceful than the cold war.'
- 現実の外交関係においては日清戦争での敗戦によって朝鮮が冊封関係から離脱し、そのことにより冊封と朝貢に基づく清朝の外交秩序は終焉を迎えた。
- In the real diplomacy, Korea seceded from the relation of sakuho after Qing's defeat in Japanese-Sino War, and the Qing dynasty's diplomacy based on sakuho and choko ended at that time.
- 天正6年10月、摂津における石山本願寺討伐の要であった荒木村重の離反によって(有岡城の戦い)信長の対石山本願寺戦略に重大な狂いを見せた。
- In November 1578, Murashige ARAKI, who had taken a key role in attacking Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple in Settsu, rebelled against Nobunaga (the Battle of Arioka-jo Castle) and Nobunaga's strategy against Hongan-ji Temple began to fell out of order seriously.
- 5軒から10軒の世帯を一組とし、団結や地方自治の進行を促し、戦争での住民の動員や物資の供出、統制物の配給、空襲での防空活動などを行った。
- Making a group with five to ten families, it urged their solidarity and development of local autonomy, and was used for mobilization of citizens and obligatory supply of materials to the government, distribution of controlled goods, and defense activity against air raids during wartime.
- 1051年から1062年の前九年の役(奥州十二年合戦)で陸奥の安倍氏 (奥州)が滅亡し、出羽国の出羽清原氏が陸奥も支配することになった。
- As the result of Zenkunen War, (the Twelve-year War of Oshu) Abe clan of Mutsu Province (Oshu, the alternative name of Mutsu Province area) went to extinction, and Kiyohara clan of Dewa Province took control of both Dewa and Mutsu Provinces.
- しかし、東北での戦線が新政府軍勝利の形で沈静化すると、敗走した一行は天狗党が政権を握った水戸藩へ舞い戻り水戸城を奇襲した(弘道館戦争)。
- However, when the new government army won and the battles in the Tohoku region calmed down, the shoseito members who had left the Mito Domain went back to the Mito Domain, which was governed by the Tenguto, and attacked the Mito-jo Castle (the battle of Kodokan school).
- 小泉藩の藩祖は、豊臣秀吉に仕えて天正11年(1583年)の賤ヶ岳の戦いで賤ヶ岳七本槍の一人として名を馳せた片桐且元の弟・片桐貞隆である。
- The original forefather of Koizumi Domain was Sadataka KATAGIRI, the younger brother of Katsumoto KATAGIRI who served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and earned his fame as one of Shizugatake Shichihon Yari (Shizugatake Seven Spears) during the Battle of Shizugatake in 1583.
- 領国貨幣は主に商取引に用いられた地方極印銀などをいい、また戦国時代に手柄を立てた者に対する恩賞として用いられた金銀貨も含める場合が多い。
- Ryogoku kahei referred to chiho hallmark silver used mainly for commercial transactions, and in many cases included gold and silver coins, which were awarded to those who had rendered distinguished services in the Sengoku period.
- 隆慶一郎は家康が1600年の関ヶ原の戦いの際に死去し、その後は影武者が代役として立てられたという設定で小説「影武者徳川家康」を著している。
- Keiichiro RYU wrote a book called 'Imposter: Ieyasu TOKUGAWA' in which he proposed that Ieyasu died in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and that an imposter took over at that point.
- また、広開土王碑文も、通説に従って読む限り、碑文にある、倭が朝鮮半島に進出して百済や新羅を臣従させ、高句麗と激しく戦っていたこと、とする。
- The Inscription on the Gwanggaeto Stele said that, as far as a reading according to a commonly accepted theory, Wakoku progressed in leading the Japanese militaristic advance into the Korean Peninsula to make Paekche and Silla serve as vassal countries and had a furious battle with Koguryo.
- そのため、安土桃山時代に武士と百姓間の職業的・身分的な分離が進み、関ヶ原の戦いと江戸時代初期の大大名の盛んな加増・移封によって完成された。
- Therefore, the separation of the occupations and social ranks between samurai and peasants progressed in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, and it was completed by the Battle of Sekigahara and by actively adding or changing Daidaimyo's (a feudal lord having a greater stipend) territories in the early Edo period.
- その後、米国は熾烈な南北戦争に突入し、日本や清に対する影響力を失い、これらの国は結局、イギリスやフランス、ロシアが勢力を拡大してしまった。
- Soon after, the United States entered into a fierce Civil War and lost much of its influence over both Japan and the Qing Dynasty, which allowed Britain, France, and Russia to expand their power in Asia.
- なお本項目の経過解説と画像では、逆落しの場所を現在この合戦の説明の際に主流になっている一ノ谷の裏手鉄拐山とする説(一ノ谷説)を採っている。
- In this section, the theory that maintains Tekkaisan on the back side of the Ichinotani region was the location of 'sakaotoshi' (Ichinotani theory) to explain the progress and in images because this theory is the currently main stream theory to explain this battle.
- 直政は賊将・石田三成の居城を嫌い、琵琶湖の湖岸の磯山に新城建設を計画したが、建設に着手する前に戦傷が元で慶長7年(1602年)に死去した。
- Naomasa disliked the residential castle of Mitsunari ISHIDA who was a rebel general, and planned a construction of new castle at Isoyama at the lakefront of Lake Biwa, but died of war injury in 1602 before starting the construction.
- 戦前日本が領有した地域の中では南洋庁が置かれたパラオ共和国や樺太のユジノサハリンスク(旧豊原)に小規模ながら残留日本人の共同体が現存する。
- There still exist communities of Japanese left behind in the places Japan occupied before the war, such as the Republic of Palau, in which the South Pacific Mandate was built, and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (former Toyohara) in Sakhalin.
- 戦前段階には狭義に政治体制自体を指していたが、戦後の歴史学の進展に伴い、近世日本の社会体制全体の特色を示す概念として使われるようになった。
- In the pre-war days, the term meant a political system itself in the narrow sense, but along with the development of the historical science in the post-war era, the term has become to mean a concept that indicates the features of entire society system of the early modern Japan.
- 明治政府は抵抗した旧幕臣らとの戊辰戦争における戦費などで発足直後から財政難で全国3000万石のうち800万石を確保できているのみであった。
- The Meiji government suffered from a financial problem from the beginning due to a cost of the Boshin War which they fought against former retainers of shogun, and they could secure a right of owning land of only 800 koku (Japanese unit of volume, and 1 koku was defined as enough rice quantity to feed one person for one year) out of Japan's entire land, 3,000 koku.
- 明治天皇崩御(死去)直後の1912年12月、第2次西園寺内閣は日露戦争後の財政難から緊縮財政の方針をとり、陸軍の二個師団増設要求を拒んだ。
- Right after the demise of Emperor Meiji in December 1912, the second Saionji Cabinet adopted a policy of austerity because of financial difficulties after the Russo-Japanese War, and rejected the demand from the Japanese Army to increase two army divisions.
- 実際には徳川と豊臣との代理戦争だったわけであるが、今日でもよく、「伊賀対甲賀」という構図が小説や忍者漫画に出てくるのもこのためと言えよう。
- Actually it was a war by proxy between Tokugawa and Toyotomi, but because of this the confrontation plot of 'Iga vs. Koga' often appears in novels or ninja cartoons even today.
- 戦後、金鵄勲章が廃止され、あわせて通常の叙勲(現職官吏等への叙勲)もしばらく停止されたことから、昭和30年代まで生前叙勲は行われなかった。
- After WWII, since the Order of the Golden Kite was abolished and ordinary bestowal of an order, i.e., bestowal on incumbent officials, was suspended for a while, the medals for merit were not bestowed on the recipients in their lifetime until the 30s of the Showa era (1955-1964).
- そして第二次世界大戦時の日系人の強制収容という悲劇を乗り越え、1960年代以降のアメリカ社会における地位向上の時代を経て現代に至っている。
- And after surviving the tragedy of Japanese American Internment during the World War II, they have seen the improvement of their position in American society since the 1960s.
- だが、騎馬隊を巧に用いた戦略が功を奏し、その年の12月25日 (旧暦)(1338年1月16日)には、斯波家長を攻め滅ぼして鎌倉を占領した。
- But due to his clever strategy of using cavalry, he already defeated Ienaga SHIBA and occupied Kamakura on January 16, 1338 of the same year.
- そして同年4月の桶狭間の戦い直前、元信は家康(元康)の嫡男で駿府に人質としてあった竹千代(のちの松平信康)を誘拐して遠江国に逃走したという。
- It is said then that, in May 1560, just before the Battle of Okehazama, Motonobu kidnapped Takechiyo (later known as Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA), the legitimate son of Ieyasu (Motoyasu), who was held hostage in Sunpu and ran away to Toutomi Province.
- 本来、医者は非戦闘員(金創医)として戦場に出るため、誤射を防ぐ目的で髪を剃り上げていたので、江戸の人々は無髪の頭を見れば医者か僧とわかった。
- Normally doctors, who went to the war fronts as noncombatants ('kinsoi' or surgeons), shaved their head in order to avoid being shot by mistake; hence, men without a hair were recognized either as a doctor or as a monk in the Edo period.
- 見つかっている最初のコメントは、昭和26年(1951年)に遠山茂樹が発表した「日清戦争と福沢諭吉」(福沢研究会編『福沢研究』第6号)である。
- The first comment found was the 'Nisshin Senso to Fukuzawa Yukichi' (Shino-Japanese War and Yukichi FUKUZAWA) ('Fukuzawa Kenkyu' [Study of Fukuzawa], Issue No. 6, edited by Fukuzawa Kenkyu-kai Group), written by Shigeki TOYAMA in 1951.
- 彦根藩と高田藩が小瀬川であっさりと壊滅したが幕府歩兵隊と紀州藩兵が両藩に替わって戦闘に入ると幕府・紀州藩側が押し気味ながらも膠着状況に陥る。
- Although the Hikone clan and the Takada clan were destroyed instantly in Ozegawa, the bakufu's infantry and the army of the Kishu clan took over them to fight back, and the situation became a stalemate with a slight predominance of the bakufu and Kishu clan side.
- 3000騎を率いる義経(三草山の戦い後に7000騎を土肥実平に与えて別行動を取らせている)が兵を分けて70騎を率いて一ノ谷の裏山に向かった。
- Yoshitsune who led three thousand cavalrymen (after the battle of Mikusayama, Yoshitsune had given seven thousand cavalrymen to Sanehira DOI, ordering him to take separate action) divided his force, taking seventy cavalrymen and led them to a rear mountain in the Ichinotani region.
- 1943年 第100歩兵大隊が欧州戦線に投入される(イタリアやフランスを転戦し、モンテ・カッシーノの戦いなど各地での激闘ぶりを賞賛された)。
- In 1943, the 100th Infantry Battalion was deployed to Europe and fought on the front in Italy and France, where they were commended for their fierce fighting in various battles, such as that in Monte Cassino.
- これによって、南朝は大打撃を受ける一方、北朝方の室町幕府は中央のみならず顕家の根拠地であった奥州においても有利な戦いを進めていく事になった。
- As a result, the Southern Court suffered severe damage, while the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which supported the Northern Court, gained advantage in wars not only in areas around Kyoto but also in Oshu, which had been the base of Akiie.
- 筒井氏内部の家督争いに畠山氏、越智氏らが介入し、更には当の畠山氏の家督争いと続き、応仁の乱を経て大和国は戦国時代へと突入していくこととなる。
- After that, the Hatakeyama clan and the Ochi clan intervened into the succession dispute of the Tsutsui clan, which further developed into the succession dispute of the Hatakeyama clan, followed by the Onin war, and then, Yamato Province entered the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- 戦国時代 (日本)、堅田は堅田水軍と呼ばれる水軍衆がおり、安土城を本拠として天下布武を狙う織田信長にとっては、堅田は重要拠点と見なされていた。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states), there was Suigunshu (warriors battle in the sea) called Katata Navy in Katata, and Katata was regarded to be an important foothold by Nobunaga ODA who aimed at the unification of Japan with setting Azuchi-jo Castle as headquarter.
- やがて受領と地方富豪層の間の緊張関係の調停に積極介入するようになり、そのこじれから国衙と戦となって、結果的に朝廷への叛乱とみなされるに至った。
- Soon after, Masakado intervened in a tense dispute involving the Zuryo (the Provincial Governors) and the local Fugo-so (the upper class) who were at war with the Kokuga (the provincial government office); the intervention was considered to be an act of rebellion against the Imperial Court.
- 源平が互角の兵力で衝突したよう(特に範頼の生田の森の戦い)に記述がされている従来の『吾妻鏡』『平家物語』を基にした合戦観が全く崩されてしまう。
- The authors of traditional books on history depicted the Genpei (the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan) as a conflict between coequal military powers (especially in the battle at Ikuta Forest by Noriyori) in 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari'; thus, the depiction of the conflict in 'Gyokuyo' invalidated a point of view on the battle based upon 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari.'
- 水戸藩もこれに応じて市川らを中心とする追討軍を結成し、1864年8月8日(元治元年7月7日 (旧暦))に諸藩連合軍と天狗党との戦闘が始まった。
- In response to these orders, the Mito Domain organized an army to search out and kill Tenguto with Ichikawa and others playing important roles, and on August 8, 1864, a battle between the allied force of domains versus Tenguto began.
- 1945年 第442連隊が18143個の武勲章および9476個の名誉戦傷章を受章し、アメリカ軍史上最も多くの勲章を授与された部隊の栄誉に輝く。
- In 1945, the 442nd Regiment received 18,143 medals and 9,476 Medals of Honor, becoming the squad who received the biggest number of medals in U.S. Army history.
- 一方、仙台藩主伊達政宗など、宗義成を支持する大名もおり、彼らは、戦国時代が完全に終ったことを印象付けるために、この事件を利用する方向で動いた。
- On the other hand, Masamune DATE, who was the lord of the Sendai Domain, and some other daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) supported Yoshinari SO, and they attempted to take advantage of this incident to convey the impression that the Sengoku Period came to the end completely.
- また白村江の戦いの降伏者を示した記録に「耽羅国使」が確認できることからこの時期の耽羅は日本とともに百済救援の行動を起こしていたと見られている。
- Tamna is thought to have worked with Japan to back Baekje at the time because 'Japanese Envoys to Tamna' are included in the list of capitulants of Battle of Hakusukinoe.
- そして3月に天王寺に軍を集結、5月6日 (旧暦)(5月25日)には堺浦を焼討にして、更に細川顕氏・日根野盛治ら現地の北朝方勢力と交戦を続けた。
- In March, Akiie rallied his army at Tenno-ji Temple and on May 25, he set the Sakaiura area on fire to continue the battle against the armies of those who supported the Northern Court, including Akiuji HOSOKAWA and Moriharu HINENO.
- 承久の乱後には後鳥羽上皇及び彼らに仕えた貴族・武士らの没官領5000ヶ所が合戦に参加した御家人らに与えられ、地頭として派遣された(新補地頭)。
- After the Jokyu War, 5,000 locations of Mokkanryo which belonged to nobility and samurai who served the retired Emperor Gotoba were given to gokenin who particiated in the war, and they were dispatched as jito (or Shinpo-Jito (new estate steward for territories confiscated from the Imperial Court)).
- 「過料」や「過怠銭」またはそれに類する内容の財産刑は荘園における本所法や戦国大名における分国法、あるいは民間における法慣習としても行われていた。
- Karyo,' 'Katai-sen' and other similar punishments by the seizing assets were enforced under the Honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) law which dealt with shoen (manor in medieval Japan), the Bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced within their own domain) which dealt with daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period and the customary laws for commoners.
- 首塚(くびづか)とは、合戦などにおいて討ち取られた者の首、捕虜に取られた者の首、あるいは斬首刑にされた罪人の首を供養するための「塚」の事である。
- Kubizuka (tomb of heads) is a tomb for the repose of those souls whose heads (kubi; literally means neck in Japanese) were severed because they were killed in battles and the likes, or captured, or punished by beheadings.
- 列国も清朝や中華民国が賠償によって苦しむ姿を見て、国際社会の批判や自国の中国権益減少を恐れ、第一次世界大戦前後から賠償金の緩和をたびたび行った。
- The Powers, seeing the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China suffering from reparations and fearing criticisms from the international community and the reduction of their interests in China, often eased the reparations before and after World War I.
- 敦賀市の古老がかつて(戦時中頃か)身近な人々に語った記憶によれば、処刑に引き出された党員は、逃亡を阻止するためか、両足を竹に括られていたという。
- An old man in the Tsuruga City once (maybe during the war) told someone close to him that the legs of Tenguto members who were to be executed were tied with a bamboo in order to prevent them from running away.
- 平氏政権に反抗的な態度を取り続けるこれらの寺社勢力に属する大衆_(仏教)の討伐を目的としており、治承・寿永の乱と呼ばれる一連の戦役の1つである。
- It was one of a series of military campaign called Jisho-Juei War aimed for subjugation of Daishu (monks residing in the zendo) belonged to these forces of temples and shrines (Bhuddism) which have kept taking defiant attitude against the Taira clan government.
- 続いて室町幕府も貞和2年(1346年)を皮切りに度々出され、観応3年(1352年)には、防戦を行った者も理由の如何を問わずに処罰の対象とされた。
- Subsequently, starting in 1346 such policies were frequently put in place by the Muromachi bakufu, and in 1352 even those who staged defensive wars were given criminal penalties regardless of their reasons.
- 翌永享4年(1432年)9月には越智・箸尾両氏に筒井氏が大敗し、井戸方の形勢不利になっていたが、筒井光宣が幕府に訴えたことで戦局に変化が生じる。
- The following year, in October 1432, the Tsutsui clan suffered a crushing defeat to the Ochi and Hashio clan, which turned the course of the war against Ido side, but the situation changed after Mitsunobu TSUTSUI appealed to the shogunate.
- 北畠顕家は南北朝を経て戦国時代 (日本)には、「太平記」や「梅松論」、父の北畠親房が記した「神皇正統記」などの書物によって名将として親しまれた。
- After the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and during the Sengoku period, Akiie KITABATAKE came to be known as a great commander through books such as 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace), 'Baishoron' as well as 'Jinno shotoki' (Chronicle of the direct descent of gods and sovereigns), which was written Akiie's father, Chikafusa KITABATAKE.
- 1904年(明治37年)1月21日、韓国政府は日露交戦の折には戦時局外中立をすると宣言、清をはじめイギリス、フランス、ドイツなどがこれを承認した。
- The Korean government proclaimed that they would stand outside and keep neutrality against the war between Japan and Russia on January 21, 1904 and the Korean proclamation was approved by other foreign countries, such as Qing (now China), Britain, France and Germany.
- 第一次日韓協約(だいいちじにっかんきょうやく)は、日露戦争中の1904年(明治37年)8月22日に大日本帝国と大韓帝国(李氏朝鮮)が締結した協約。
- The First Korea-Japan Agreement was an agreement signed between the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire (Joseon Dynasty) during the Russo-Japanese War on August 22, 1904.
- 見直し論の立場に立つ山室恭子は、「生類憐みの令の目的は、綱吉の時代にはまだ残っていた戦国時代の荒々しい風潮を一掃することであった」と推測している。
- Kyoko YAMAMURO, who is in favour of a review, estimates 'The aim of the ordinances was to wipe out violent tendencies of the Civil War Period which still remained in Tsunayoshi's time.
- 狭い意味では天皇が軍事の専門家である参謀総長・軍令部総長に委託した戦略の決定や、軍事作戦の立案や指揮命令をする軍令権のことをさして統帥権ともいう。
- In a narrow sense, the supreme command meant the military command powers which were decision of strategy, planning of military operation, and the supervision and command committed by the Emperor to the military experts, the Chief of the General Staff and the President of the Naval General Staff.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に楠木正成が軍事に無知な公家によって作戦を退けられて湊川で戦死し、南朝 (日本)の衰退につながった逸話が広く知られていたこと。
- The anecdote of Masashige KUSUNOKI who died at Minatogawa River because his strategy of the war was denied by the ignorant court nobles in the Northern and Southern Court Period (Japan), which led to the decline of the Southern Court (Japan), was well known.
- 永世禄(えいせいろく)とは、明治初期において王政復古 (日本)及び戊辰戦争に功績のあった者に恩賞として与えられた賞典禄の内、最も上位に属するもの。
- Eiseiroku (a type of premium) was the highest ranked Shotenroku (premium) in early Meiji era, which was awarded to ones with merits for their contribution to the Boshin War and the Restoration of Imperial Rule.
- 同年9月14日、箱館戦争の軍功者に総額3万5220石及び9名及び艦船9隻に対する3年間の年限禄8万5500石(年あたり28500石)が授けられた。
- On September 14 of the same year, a total of 35,220 koku was given to those who achieved meritorious services in the Battle of Hakodate and 85,500 koku of limited period premium for three years (28,500 koku per year) was given to nine people and nine battle ships.
- 1944年(昭和19年)には樺太からも1名選出されることになり、定員67人以内と改められたが、敗戦による樺太喪失によって一度も選出は行われなかった。
- In 1944, they decided to select one from Sakhalin to make the number to 67, but because of the loss of Sakhalin after the war, the election never took place.
- 天正3年(1575年)には、信長は包囲網の一角である武田勝頼を長篠の戦いで破り、兵を十分に休めた後で動員令を発し、8月12日に越前に向けて進発した。
- In 1575, Nobunaga defeated Katsuyori TAKEDA, one of the anti-Nobunaga coalition members, in Nagashino and, after giving enough break to soldiers, he issued a mobilization order and set off to Echizen in September 26.
- 織田軍は既に四面楚歌の状態であるため、石山に監視のための軍を置くと、朝廷に働きかけて本願寺軍に矛を収めるよう詔勅を出すなど、本願寺との戦闘を避けた。
- Because the Oda army was already surrounded by enemies on all sides, it avoided a battle by asking the Imperial Court to issue an imperial rescript to urge Hongan-ji Temple to lay down its arms while a troops for surveillance was kept in Ishiyama.
- この治安維持法はのちに戦前の悪法のひとつとされるようになるが、その悪法が護憲運動をもとに組閣された内閣のもとで成立したというのは、皮肉なものである。
- The Peace Preservation Law later became known to be one of bad laws enacted in the prewar period, however, it is rather ironic that such a bad law was made during the term of a cabinet established through campaign for protecting constitutionalism.
- 慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いでは東軍に与して戦功を挙げたため、戦後に8000石を加増されて合計1万5000石を領する大名として諸侯に列した。
- Since he participated in the Eastern Camp and rendered distinguished war service in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Yasumasa was granted additional properties bearing 8,000 koku after the Battle, and ranked with lords as daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) possessing properties bearing 15,000 koku in total.
- またベトナム戦争に派遣された韓国陸軍もベトナムで使用する軍票を発行していたほか、イギリス軍も世界各国の基地内で使用する軍票を発行していたこともある。
- When the army of South Korea was dispatched to Vietnam, they issued their military currency that could be used there; the British Armed Forces also issued their military currency that could be used in British military bases throughout the world.
- 日比谷焼打事件(ひびややきうちじけん)は、日露戦争後の賠償に対する不満から、1905年9月5日、東京日比谷公園の集会をきっかけに起こった暴動のこと。
- Hibiya Incendiary Incident was a revolt caused from the dissatisfaction with the compensation after the Russo-Japanese War, triggered by the rally held at Hibiya Park in Tokyo on September 5, 1905.
- 西暦1069年から1074年までの延久年間に、陸奥守源頼俊が清原貞衡(清原真衡と同一人物との有力説がある)と共に兵を率い蝦夷を攻略したとされる戦い。
- It is the war against Ezo/Emishi (the generic name of the native people living in the north part of Japan) by the troops led by MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi, the goovernor of Mutsu Province, and KIYOHARA no Sadahira ('清原貞衡' Studies suggest this Sadahira is the same person with '清原真衡') during the Eikyu era from 1069 to 1074.
- 「大和」はとりわけ戦前における町村合併時の新地名として人気があった名で、旧国の大和国ではなく、日本の別称としての「大和」を町村が名乗ったものである。
- ' Yamato ' was a popular new area name at the time of town & village consolidation in prewar days and they took the name ' Yamato ' as another name of Japan, not related with old Yamato Province.
- 一般的な用法としては、朝鮮・台湾・樺太・関東州・南洋群島のほか、南満州鉄道付属地や満洲国、および太平洋戦争中の占領地を含めて外地と呼ぶことがあった。
- In general usage, the land appurtenant to South Manchuria Railways, Manchuria, and the lands occupied by Japanese during the Pacific War were included in Gaichi as well as Korea, Taiwan, the Kwantung Leased Territory, and the South Sea Islands.
- これに対していったん民家に退いた水兵数人が拳銃を取り出し、それを見た滝が「鉄砲、鉄砲」と叫んだのを発砲命令と受け取った藩兵が発砲、銃撃戦に発展した。
- After this, several sailors once retreated into a private house and took out their pistols, and TAKI, seeing their pistols, shouted'Pistols, pistols,'so that his men mistakenly took his shout for an order to fire and a gunfight was started.
- 原則として守護は小荷駄に用いる駄馬と陣夫の徴発を行う権利を有しており、戦国大名も同様の実権を保有していたが、実際には小荷駄奉行の裁量に任されていた。
- In principle, shugo (provincial constable) had a right to press packhorses and servicemen used for konida, and so did warring lords, but actually it was konidabugyo (the commissioner of rear-echelon support troops) who was the decision maker.
- 以下のことから、漢代から代々中国に朝貢していたのは九州の大王であり、日本列島を代表して中国・朝鮮と交流・交戦していたのも九州王朝だったと考えられる。
- As described below, it is believed that the great king of Kyusyu paid tribute to China for generations since the age of the Han dynasty while the Kyushu dynasty had cultural exchanges with or battles against China and Korea on behalf of Japan.
- 当初の受刑者には、西南戦争などで捕縛された不平士族、後年には加波山事件や秩父事件などに参画して逮捕された者など、思想犯的な傾向を持つ収容者も多かった。
- Many of the first inmates at the Shujikan tended to have been imprisoned for ideological offenses; these inmates included fuhei shizoku (discontented former samurai) who had been captured during the Seinan War, and in later years, those who had been arrested due to their participation in the Kabasan Incident, the Chichibu Incident, and so on.
- 軍用手票(ぐんようしゅひょう)とは、戦争時において占領地もしくは勢力下にて軍隊が現地からの物資調達及びその他の支払いのために発行される擬似紙幣である。
- Gunyoshuhyo is pseudo currency issued during wars for military forces to pay for commodities and other necessaries in its occupying areas or areas under their control.
- その後、日露戦争の戦費調達のために明治37年(1904年)に収納から製造販売および葉煙草ならびに製品の輸入移入に至るまでことごとく専売の対象を広げた。
- After that, in 1904, the targets of monopolization were widened from storage and manufacture and sales to import and transport of leaf tobacco and products, in order to collect funding for the Russo-Japanese War.
- 宋秉畯は、日露戦争のさなか、日韓議定書が締結された約半年後の1904年8月8日に独立協会系の尹始炳らと共に、一進会を設立する(当初、名称は「維新会」。
- Song Byung-joon founded Isshinkai along with 尹始炳 and others related to the independence club on August 8, 1904, about half a year after the conclusion of Japan-Korea Protocol in the middle of Russo-Japanese War (the initial name was 'Ishinkai').
- 圧倒的に優勢な平氏は(見方によっては)ほとんど武装解除に近い状態にあったところを源氏に襲われて(まともな合戦にもならず)大敗を喫したということになる。
- The Taira clan possessed overwhelmingly superior power over the Minamoto clan but was subsequently made vulnerable (by some viewpoints) when they were surprisingly attacked by the Minamoto clan (there was limited fighting during the battle), and the Taira clan then lost the battle, suffering a massive defeat.
- ともかく「戦陣訓」には耗弱した軍の組織の反映があり,聡明なる兵隊はそれを読んだ時点で,すでに兵隊そのものの危機を予感したかもしれない。」と述べている。
- Anyway, 'Senjinkun military code' reflects the drastically weakened militaty organization, and therefore, a clever soldier would have already expected the crisis of the army when he read it.'
- 1846年(弘化3)、東インド艦隊司令長官ジェームズ・ビッドルを派遣して国交を求めたが、江戸幕府はこれを拒絶し、46年の米墨戦争の勃発のため帰国する。
- In 1846, East India fleet admiral James BIDDLE was sent to Japan seeking diplomatic relations, but the Edo bakufu and he went back to his country because of the outbreak of the Mexican-American War.
- 特に、北米、及び南米へ移民した日系人の中には、第二次世界大戦中に日系人の強制収容をされたり、戦後暫くも激しい民族差別を受ける立場にあった者が多かった。
- Many of the Japanese who immigrated to North and South America were sent to concentration camps during World War II and many suffered severe discrimination for a short while even after the war.
- その内容は陸海軍の組織と編制などの制度、および勤務規則の設定、人事と職務の決定、出兵と撤兵の命令、戦略の決定、軍事作戦の立案や指揮命令などの権である。
- The contents of the power are to establish a regulation of organization or reorganization of the Army-Navy or the working regulations, to decide the personnel affairs and duties, to command dispatch and withdrawal of troops, to decide a strategy, to plan the military operation and to supervise and command.
- 第二次世界大戦後に死刑に失敗(生き返った)した死刑囚にアメリカ合衆国のウィリー・フランシス(enWillie Francis1929年生まれ)がいる。
- Willie Francis (born in 1929) of the United States of America was a condemned who failed the execution (resuscitation after an execution) after WWII.
- 子の三郎景茂(年34)・六郎景国・七郎景宗・八郎景則・九郎景連が討たれ、景時と嫡子景季(年39)、次男景高(年36)は山へ引いて戦ったのち、自害した。
- His children, Saburo Kageshige (34 years old), Rokuro Kagekuni, Shichiro Kagemune, Hachiro Kagenori and Kuro Kagetsura were killed, but Kagetoki, the heir Kagesue (39 years old) and the second son Kagetaka (36 years old) lost their lives after retreating to the mountains.
- 殺害された日本人のうち公使館員等で朝鮮人兇徒によって殺害された以下の日本人男性は、軍人であると否とにかかわらず、戦没者に準じて靖国神社に合祀されている。
- Among the Japanese victims, the following men such as legation staff who were killed by the angry Korean mob were, regardless of being soldiers or not, enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine as war dead.
- 双方酔っていた上、中井は重傷を負った土佐脱藩士を担いで戦線離脱しているのだが、十津川郷士の個々の戦力と胆力、普段からの武道研磨の度合いがわかる話である。
- Both sides were intoxicated and NAKAI needed to stop the fight to carry his friends, who bore a serious wound, on his shoulder; however, this episode reveals us individual Totsukawa goshi's fighting power, courage, and the level of the technique in martial arts.
- しかし、両家は織田信秀(信長の父)と松平広忠(家康の父)が宿敵関係で戦っていた経緯から、両家の家臣団の間での遺恨も強く、同盟はなかなかまとまらなかった。
- However, among the vassals of both families there existed a strong grudge because Nobuhide ODA (father of Nobunaga) and Hirotada MATSUDAIRA (father of Ieyasu) fought and were old enemy relation for each other, thus the alliance was not formed easily.
- この法令を施行し、それに反発する者を取締る為、今までの威圧的・牽制的な警察体制はますます強化され、戦前の警察による市民弾圧の側面もよりいっそう強まった。
- In order to enforce this law and to crack down on the opposition, as the coercive and alerting police system was reinforced, the aspect of the police repression against citizen was also strengthened.
- やがて西郷隆盛の下野と西南戦争での死、紀尾井坂の変での大久保利通の暗殺によって薩摩閥は勢いを失い、実質的に伊藤博文や山縣有朋ら長州閥の一人勝ちとなった。
- Then Satsuma clique lost its momentum after Takamori SAIGO went into opposition and died in Seinan War and Toshimichi OKUBO was assassinated in Kioizaka Incident, so Choshu clique including Hirobumi ITO and Aritomo YAMAGATA virtually reigned supreme.
- 1905年のポーツマス条約によってロシアは北緯50度以南の樺太島の割譲および租借地遼東半島の日本への移譲を認め、実質的に日露戦争は日本の勝利に終わった。
- By the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905, Russia approved the cession of Sakhalin Island from 50 degrees north latitude to the southern end as well as the handover of Liaodong Peninsula, a leased territory, to Japan, thus the Russo-Japanese War substantially ended with the Japan's victory.
- この合戦に勝利した尊氏勢は、その後、相模国早川尻(神奈川県小田原市)などの戦いでも直義勢を破り、翌1352年(正平7年/文和元年)直義は尊氏に降伏した。
- After winning the battle, Takauji and his troops successively defeated the troops of Tadayoshi in the battle of Hayakawajiri, Sagami Province (Odawara City, Kanagawa Prefecture) and other battles, and the following year, in 1352, Tadayoshi surrendered to Takauji.
- 延元3年/暦応元年(1338年)に、北朝 (日本)(室町幕府)方高師直と南朝 (日本)方北畠顕家との間で戦われた戦いについては、石津の戦いを参照のこと。
- For the details on the battle fought between KO no Moronao of the Northern Court (Japan) (the Muromachi shogunate) and Akiie KITABATAKE of the Southern Court (Japan) in 1338, refer to the Battle of Ishizu.
- また、大名は戦時に備えてあらかじめ米や塩・味噌などの調達・輸送計画を立案してこれに基づいた兵糧調達・購入が行われ、円滑な軍隊動員が行われるようになった。
- Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) also supplied and purchased army provisions as they preformed a project to supply and transport food such as rice, salt and miso, which helped their smooth military mobilization.
- たとえば紀元前の戦国時代 (中国)の『楚辞』には宋玉の「招魂篇」では罪なく奸人に追われて死んだ屈原を偲び、その魂の離散を恐れ、呼び戻す為に行われている。
- For instance, 'Kinji' (a collection of literary works in Chinese history) written in the Warring States Period (in China) before common era states that according to 'shokonhen' (the section of soul summoning rite) of Sogyoku, the rite was performed to bring back the soul of Kutsugen (a Chinese scholar-official), who was pursued and killed by the villain even though he had no fault, so that his soul won't wonder around.
- 保元の乱の際の藤原頼長・平忠正らの没官領40ヶ所が後院領となり、源平合戦時の平家没官領500ヶ所は当初は源義仲に与えられその没落後は源頼朝に与えられた。
- During the Hogen Disturbance, 40 locations of Mokkanryo which belonged to FUJIWARA no Yorinaga and TAIRA no Tadamasa became Goinryo (lands attached to the palace of a retired emperor), and during the Genpei War, 500 locations of Mokkanryo which belonged to the Taira clan were given to MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka at first and then after the downfall of Yoshinaka, they were given to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 伝統的な街並みや過去の優れた建造物の多くが戦災や経済発展の中で失われ、経済性・合理性優先の安上がりな建築が多くなり、スクラップアンドビルドが繰り返された。
- Many of the traditional cityscapes and beautiful old buildings and structures were lost in the war or during the economic growth, and there was a growing number of cheap structures that emphasized economic rationality and repeated 'scrap and build' constructions.
- また対外政策では、大御所時代に出された異国船打払令を改め、無用の戦を避けるため薪水給与令が出され、江川や高島秋帆による西洋砲術導入による国防策も図られた。
- In foreign policy, he revised the decree issued in Ogosho period which ordered expelling foreign vessels, newly issued the decree that permitted providing foreign vessels with fuel and water in order to avoid an unnecessary war, and tried to build national defense by having Egawa and Shuhan TAKASHIMA introduce Western artillery.
- 日清戦争で勝利した日本は、清国との間に下関条約を結んで李氏朝鮮が自主独立国であることを認めさせることで、朝鮮における清国の影響力を排除することに成功した。
- Japan, which won the Sino-Japanese War, succeeded in eliminating Qing's clout in Korea by concluding the Treaty of Shimonoseki that compelled Qing to acknowledge Yi Dynasty Korea as an independent country.
- こうした背景のもと、日露戦争中に日本軍通訳をつとめた宋秉畯が日本の影響下に政治改革のための組織を計画したが、この計画は元独立協会系の人々に受け入れられた。
- Due to this background, Song Byung-joon who had served as an interpreter for Japanese Army in Russo-Japanese War designed an organization for the political reform against the Japanese influence, and this plan was accepted by people who had followed the independence club before.
- 菱沼一憲(国立歴史民俗博物館科研協力員)は著書「源義経の合戦と戦略 ―その伝説と実像―」(角川選書、2005年)で、この合戦について以下の説を述べている。
- Kazunori HISHINUMA (research partnership member of the National Museum of Japanese History) stated his theory on this battle in his book, 'The battle and strategy of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune: His legend and real image' (Kadokawa Sensho, published in 2005), as follows.
- 天満屋事件(てんまやじけん)は、海援隊 (浪士結社)士/陸援隊士らが京都油小路通の旅籠・天満屋を襲撃して、紀州藩士三浦安を襲い、新選組と戦った事件である。
- The Tenmanya Incident was an incident in which members of Kaientai (an association of roshi (masterless samurai) organized by Ryoma SAKAMOTO) (Roshi association) and Rikuentai (an association of roshi organized by Shintaro NAKAOKA) assaulted a hatago (inn with meals) on Aburanokoji-dori Street, Kyoto called Tenmanya, attacking Yasushi MIURA, who was a feudal retainer of the Kishu Domain, and fought a battle against Shinsengumi (group that guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate).
- 1883年以来、フランスの保護国であったベトナムでは日露戦争に刺激され、1904年頃、ファン・ボイ・チャウ(潘佩珠)らによって反仏運動の結社が組織された。
- Since 1883, Vietnam was a French-protected state, where, around 1904, Phan Boi Chau and others, inspired by the Russo-Japanese War, organized an association advocating the anti-French movement.
- 同日赦免された長州藩兵が入京したこともあり、大久保は強気に出るが、京都には会津藩・桑名藩などの徳川方諸藩の兵も駐在しており、戦闘回避を求める声も強かった。
- Although Okubo was acting in a strong attitude, gaining momentum by the return of samurai of the Choshu clan to Kyoto just discharged on the same day, there existed a strong call to avoid war from soldiers of Aizu Domain, Kuwana Domain and other domains on Tokugawa side, residing in Kyoto.
- 政一の父・小堀正次は浅井長政、豊臣秀吉に仕え、関ヶ原の戦いでは東軍に与して功を挙げたことから、戦後に備中松山藩を中心として1万4460石の所領を与えられた。
- Masakazu's father Masatsugu KOBORI, who served Nagamasa AZAI and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, was given a territory of 14,460 koku based on the Bitchu Matsuyama Domain after the Battle of Sekigahara for taking sides with the East squad successfully in it.
- 5月10日、幕府が攘夷を実行に移すことはなかったが、長州藩はこれを信じて下関海峡を通過するアメリカ合衆国船を砲撃して遂に攘夷を決行してしまった(下関戦争)。
- On June 25, the bakufu never carried out any action; however, Choshu Domain believed in the words of bakufu and they themselves started expelling foreigners by firing on the ships of the United States that were passing the Straits of Shimonoseki (the Shimonoseki War).
- 織田信長は取り立てた武士の所領を勢力・進展とともに次々に動かし、豊臣秀吉は徳川家康ら服属した戦国大名を彼らの地盤である領国から鉢植え式に新領土に移封させた。
- Nobunaga ODA continuously moved the samurai's territories that Nobunaga exacted according to their power and progress, and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI made the Sengoku daimyo that Hideyoshi subjugated, including Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, move in their entirety from their base territory to a new fief.
- 第二次世界大戦後は平和国家として再出発し、アメリカ合衆国の軍事的な保護の元、急激に海外文化(主にアメリカ文化)を吸収して経済発展を成し遂げた(神武景気等)。
- After World War II, Japan started out as a peaceful country and achieved economic development (Jimmu Boom and others), assimilating foreign cultures rapidly (mainly American culture) under the military protection of the U.S.A.
- 細川政権 (ほそかわせいけん)とは、明応2年(1493年)から天文 (元号)18年(1549年)まで存在した日本の戦国時代 (日本)における武家政権である。
- Hosokawa's government was a Japanese military government in the Sengoku period which existed from 1493 through 1549.
- 織田信長の弟で茶人として有名な織田長益は、関ヶ原の戦いでは東軍に与して戦功を挙げたが、その後は豊臣秀頼の大叔父に当たるということから豊臣氏の家臣となっていた。
- Nagamasu ODA, who is a younger brother of Nobunaga ODA and was famous as a master of tea ceremony, contributed to the East camp at the Battle of Sekigahara and gave distinguished war service; however, after the war he became the vassal of Toyotomi clan for the reason that he is a granduncle of Hedeyori TOYOTOMI.
- 1866年(慶応2年)6月7日に幕府艦隊の周防大島への砲撃が始まり、13日には芸州口・小瀬川口、16日には石州口、17日には小倉口でそれぞれ戦闘が開始される。
- On July 18, 1866 (表記の変更), the fleet of the bakufu opened fire on Suo-oshima Island, and fights started successively in Geishu-guchi on July 24 (表記の変更), Sekishu-guchi on July 27 (表記の変更), and Kokura-guchi on July 28 (表記の変更).
- 貞篤は水戸藩松平氏の出身で、天誅組の乱鎮圧などに貢献するなどはじめ佐幕派であったが、慶応4年(1868年)の戊辰戦争では新政府に協力して京都守備を務めている。
- Sadaatsu was from the Matsudaira family of the Mito Domain, and while he first supported Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun side) by contributing to the suppression of the Tenchu-gumi Incident, he helped the new government in the Boshin War in 1868 and defended Kyoto.
- 前述のような学説は皇国史観の強い影響下に成ったものとする考えから、その反動として戦後の研究では、日本の出先機関が存在したことを否定しようとする姿勢が強かった。
- After the World War II, the studies strongly attempted to deny the existence of a regional office of Japan in the Korean Peninsula on the rebound because the above-mentioned theory was thought to have been born under the strong influence of Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto).
- 薩摩討つべしとの主戦論が沸騰し、「討薩表」を携えた滝川が翌慶応4年(1868年)正月3日鳥羽で薩摩藩兵と衝突し、戦闘となった(詳細は鳥羽・伏見の戦いを参照)。
- Pro-war argument heated up calling for attacking Satsuma, and Takigawa, who carried with him the statement to the Emperor to avenge Satsuma, encountered samurai of the Satsuma clan at Toba in January 27, 1868 and a war broke out (for more detail, refer to the Battle of Toba-Fushimi).
- 戦時中の隣組制度を宣伝啓発する歌詞であり、また国民への宣伝啓発のため明るく元気のある曲調に仕上がっていることから、「ドリフ大爆笑」のテーマ、にも用いられている。
- The lyrics were prepared to propagate the tonarigumi system during wartime, and the music has cheerful and lively tones to propagate it to the citizens, so the song was also used as theme music of 'Dorifu Daibakusho' (a popular TV program).
- 高杉らは西洋式軍制を採用した民兵である奇兵隊や長州藩諸隊を整備し、大村益次郎を登用してのゲベール銃やミニエー銃など新式兵器の配備、戦術の転換など軍事改革を行う。
- Takasugi, who organized a militia group adopting a Western-style military system named Kiheitai and consolidated the existing military units in the Choshu Domain, carried out a military reform by appointing Masujiro OMURA, equipping the army with the latest weapons like Gewehr rifles and Minie rifles changing tactics.
- この状況が一時的に崩れるのは戦国時代 (日本)であり、大和民族は日本人として世界各国と貿易するようになり、これまでの価値観とは全く異なるものに触れるようになる。
- In the Sengoku period, the situation changed temporarily as the Yamato race began trading with foreign countries as Japanese, being exposed to something different from their traditional values.
- ただ、居留地が手狭になったため、1880年頃から六甲山麓の重要伝統的建造物群保存地区(重伝建)である北野町山本通付近に多くの外国人住宅が建てられ、戦災を免れた。
- However, because the settlement was quite crowded, starting in about 1880 many foreign residences were built near the town of Kitano-cho on Yamamoto-dori street, in what is now a Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings (or 'Judenken' [Groups of Historic Buildings] in Japanese), and as a happy consequence the foreign residences built in this area escaped damage during the war.
- 第4回衆議院議員総選挙の最中に日清戦争が勃発して政治休戦が確立したのを機に、第2次伊藤内閣によって前年に解散に追い込まれた大日本協会復興を模索する動きが現れた。
- As a political truce was called due to the Sino-Japanese war that started during the 4th general elections for the House of Representatives, a move was made to restore the Dainihon Kyoukai (a political association) that had been disbanded by the Second Ito cabinet the previous year.
- だが、西南戦争に伴う不換紙幣増発によって生じたインフレーションで金貨・銀貨ともに国外への流出や退蔵が深刻化して, 本位貨幣としては名目上の存在となってしまった。
- However, due to the inflation caused by the overissue of inconvertible currencies accompanying the Seinan War, both gold and silver coins fled Japan or were kept as dead storage to a great extent and came down to just nominal stanrdard money.
- この乱により興福寺の権威は揺らぎ義教の支配が強まったが、永享12年(1440年)には早くも、結城合戦と関連した動きを見せた越智氏討伐のため幕府軍が出陣している。
- This war undermined the authority of Kofuku-ji Temple and strengthened the rule of Yoshinori but, as early as in 1440, the army of bakufu was forced to go back into battle to subdue the Ochi clan who made a move connected with Yuki War.
- 新政府内部には、財源の問題から反対論も出されたものの、参戦諸藩の軍事支出に伴う財政悪化が新政府への反感につながることを恐れた結果、恩賞が支給されることとなった。
- Although due to the financial resources an opposing argument appeared inside the new government, it decided to give rewards for fear that the domains' financial aggravation caused by military expenses in the battles might create ill feeling against it.
- この多聞山からの火、また、10月10日の久秀の焼き討ちもあって、一連の戦闘の結果、南都は般若寺、興福寺やその塔頭なども焼失したが、東大寺の被害もまた大きかった。
- As a result of a series of batt;es with fire from Mt. Tamon and fire set by Hisahide on November 20, 1567, many religious facilities in Nanto were destroyed by fire, including Hannya-ji Temple, Kofuku-ji Temple and its subtemples, as well as catastrophically damaging Todai-ji Temple.
- 天誅組の変の際には多くの郷士が参加していが、装備の古さや天誅組側の戦略の無さなどから劣勢であり、朝廷より「天誅組は朝廷軍ではない」との正式判断が出されたため離脱。
- When Tenchu-gumi Incident occurred, many samurai in Totsukawa joined Tenchu-gumi (Heavenly Avenging Force); however, they eventually left the force due to the antiquity of the equipment, lack of strategies held by the Tenchu-gumi, and the official judgment by the Imperial Court that 'Tenchu-gumi was not an Imperial army.'
- 内容は第1次桂内閣の外交を軟弱であると糾弾して「バイカル湖まで侵攻しろ」と主戦論を唱え、対ロシア帝国武力強硬路線の選択を迫ったものであり、世論の反響も大きかった。
- It condemned the foreign policy of the First Katsura Cabinet as wimpy and pressed the Cabinet to take a hard line on the Russian Empire advocating war and saying 'Invade as far as lake Baikal,' to which the public reaction was huge.
- 「信義」という言葉が紙切れに近かった戦国時代において、20年間も同盟関係が維持されたのは(後半10年間が完全な従属同盟であったことを考慮しても)異例のことである。
- In the Sengoku period when the word 'being faithful' meant almost piece of paper, it was exceptional that this alliance was kept for 20 years (even if taking into consideration that later 10 years was an alliance not of equals but of fully subordinate-superior relationship).
- 地租改正による農民一揆と並び、神風連の乱や西南戦争(1877年)など明治初期の士族反乱は、秩禄処分により収入が激減した士族階級の不平が原因であった考えられている。
- Like peasant uprising caused by the land-tax reform, revolts by former samurai warriors, such as Shimpuren-no-ran War (turmoil of Shimpuren, a dissatisfied warrior group) and the Seinan War (1877), were led by former warriors who suffered from drastic reduction of their income caused by Chitsuroku-shobun.
- このため、天草の乱の討伐戦をはじめ、全国の多くの一揆鎮圧に伊賀衆が派遣され、大いに活躍している(『忍の里の記録 郷土の研究10』(石川正知著、翠楊社出版)参照)。
- For the reason, Iga Ninja were dispatched to a lot of uprising in all over the country for suppression including the putting down war of Amakusa Rebellion and showed a great performance. (Reference; 'The Record on Ninja Village, Research on Hometown 10' 〔written by Masatomo ISHIKAWA, published by Suiyo-sya〕)
- 今朝重保が殺された事、自分に追討軍が差し向けられた事を二俣川で初めて知った重忠は、館へ退くことはせず潔く戦う事が武士の本懐であるとして討伐軍を迎え撃つ決断を下す。
- Having realized at the river that Shigeyasu was killed in the morning and that an army had been sent to attack him, he chose to stand and fight the army as a samurai, rather than retreat to the castle.
- この計画のネックとなるのが清の存在だったが、清は当時フランスと、ベトナムの覇権を争う清仏戦争の最中であり、一度に双方には派兵できないだろうという予測がなされていた。
- Although Qing was considered as the obstruction of this plan, it was expected that Qing could not afford to send the military to the different fields at the same time during the Sino-French War for hegemony over Vietnam.
- 松尾尊兌は、ここに始まる大正デモクラシーが一部の都市知識人による脆弱な輸入思想ではなく,戦後民主主義に直結する性質を有する、広汎な民衆運動であったことを説いている。
- Takayoshi MATSUO (a Japanese historian) argues that Taisho Democracy, starting with the Taisho Seihen, was not a vulnerable foreign idea superficially scooped by some urban intellectuals but a widespread popular movement that had some characteristic directly reflected in the Japanese democracy after World War Ⅱ.
- ところが、日清戦争や条約改正を巡って自由党と第2次伊藤内閣は協調関係に入り、却って立憲改進党と吏党が連携してそれを攻撃するという構図が形成されて民党に亀裂が生じた。
- However, because the Liberal Party entered into cooperative relationship with the Second Ito Cabinet about the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the revision of unequal treaties, the Progressive Constitutional Party cooperated with Rito and attacked them and appeared in Minto.
- ところが、日清戦争の前後より、社会構造の変化に伴って米価が上昇基調のまま推移するようになり、相対的に古いままの地価を基にした税額に対して負担が軽くなる現象が生じた。
- However, the price of rice remained on an upward trend along with changes in the social structure around the time of the Japanese-Sino War, causing a phenomenon of burden reduction since the tax was still based on a relatively old land price.
- 越智氏は多武峰に籠もり敗れたものの以後も抗戦を続け、斯波持有率いる幕府軍は永享9年5月22日 (旧暦)(1437年6月25日)に大合戦に及んだが決着がつかなかった。
- The Ochi clan barricaded itself in Tonomine, and though having been defeated, continued to resist so much that the army of bakufu led by Mochiari SHIBA was unable to settle the battle even when it went all the way to fight a great battle on June 25, 1437.
- 加えて、室町時代から戦国時代 (日本)にかけて熊野山領の荘園の状況の変化は、熊野三山検校やその下におかれた三山奉行の熊野三山に対する影響力を増大させる方向に働いた。
- In addition, the changes in the conditions surrounding private mountain estates in Kumano which took place during the time from the Muromachi Period to the Sengoku period (period of warring states) in Japan helped Kumano Sanzan Kengyo and Sanzan Bugyo which was placed under Kumano Sanzan Kengyo to increase the power over Kumano Sanzan.
- 戦国時代最大の宗教的武装勢力である本願寺勢力と、天下布武を目指す織田信長との軍事的・政治的決戦であり、石山合戦の終結と同時に、各地の一向一揆はその勢いを著しく失った。
- It was the military and political decisive war between Hongan-ji Temple, the largest armed religious power in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), and Nobunaga ODA, on his way to 'Tenkahubu' (the unification of Japan), and with the end of the war, Ikko ikki that had occurred in various areas significantly lost its momentum.
- 日本政府は、花房公使を全権委員として、高島鞆之助陸軍少将及び仁礼景範海軍少将の指揮する、軍艦4隻、歩兵第11連隊の1個歩兵大隊及び海軍陸戦隊を伴わせ、朝鮮に派遣する。
- The Japanese government appointed Minister HANABUSA as a plenipotentiary and dispatched him to Korea with four warships, an infantry battalion belonging to the 11th Regiment of Infantry and a naval landing party under the command of Army Major General Tomonosuke TAKASHIMA and Rear Admiral Kagenori NIRE.
- 右近は秀吉の宣教師追放令で大名の地位を追われ、その後、新庄直頼が3万石で高槻に入ったが、1600年の関ヶ原の戦いで改易され、その身柄は蒲生秀行 (侍従)に預けられた。
- Ukon was removed from his rank of Daimyo by the edict expelling Christian missionaries, afterward, Naoyori SHINJO entered Takatsuki with 30,000 koku, but he was forced to change his rank in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and he was handed over to Hideyuki GAMO (palace staff).
- 後藤象二郎と陸奥宗光が戦争中に板垣あるいは木戸孝允を司令官とした旧土佐藩を中心とした西郷隆盛討伐の義勇軍を持ちかけて一旦は明治政府の方針とされた(4月15日に中止)。
- During the civil wars, Shojiro GOTO and Munemitsu MUTSU approached Taisuke ITAGAKI and Takayoshi KIDO with a proposal to organize and command a voluntary army consisting of ex-Tosa domain retainers to suppress Takamori SAIGO and for a while it was the policy of the Meiji Government but was revoked on April 15.
- 関ヶ原の戦いにおいても豊臣氏が徳川家康によって取り潰されなかったのは、且元が石田三成ら西軍に対してある程度の距離を置き、家康と裏交渉していたからであるとも言われている。
- He is also believed to have played a role in the preservation of the Toyotomi clan after the clan's defeat in the Battle of Sekigahara, by keeping distance from Mitsunari ISHIDA and others in the West (Toyotomi) camp and negotiating secretly with Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- (例示すれば、現在の秋田銀行は、1879年1月の第四十八国立銀行の設立時を「創業日」、戦時統合に伴う現在の秋田銀行となった1941年10月20日を「設立日」としている。
- (For example, the current Akita Bank regards the date of establishment of the 48th National Bank in January 1879 as 'the date of foundation' and October 20, 1941, when the bank became the current Akita Bank according to the integration in wartime as 'the date of establishment.'
- 旧国鉄では飯山鉄道を戦時買収により接収して飯山線とした際に信濃浅野駅など「信州」を冠する3駅をすべて「信濃」に改称させるなど「〜州」の名称を忌避する傾向が強いとされる。
- The old Japanese National Railways (JNR) requisitioned a private company Iiyama Railways by the war time acquisition and made it into the Iiyam Line; at that time JNR made the three stations that had the 'Shinshu' in front of the station name into 'Shinano' like Shinano Asano Station; it is said that the National Railways tended to avoid the station name with 'Shinshu' in front of the station name.
- 当時の利用客からは全社共通運賃を望む声が多く、また全社日露戦争によって課せられた通行税によって経営を圧迫していたため、三社合併と同時に運賃を4銭均一制とすることにした。
- As much of the commuters of those days demanded a standardized fare and all companies suffered from the new transportation tax due to the Russo-Japanese War, they decided to merge and fix the fare to four sen.
- 立志社の獄(りっししゃのごく)とは、1877年の西南戦争に乗じて立志社 (政治団体)の林有造や大江卓が元老院議官陸奥宗光らと共謀して高知県にて挙兵を企てたとされる事件。
- The imprisonment of the Risshisha is an incident in which the Yuzo HAYASHI and Taku OE, who were members of the Risshisha (the political society) were thought to form a plot in Kochi Prefecture with Munemitsu MUTSU, a councilor of the senate, to raise an army against the central government during the Satsuma Rebellion (Satswuma War) in 1877.
- 太平洋戦争末期の1944年には、皇居と大本営を長野県松代町 (長野県)(現長野市)に移転させる計画が大日本帝国陸軍により始められたが、敗戦により中止された(松代大本営)。
- In 1944 at the end of Pacific War, the Army of the Great Empire of Japan started a plan to move the Imperial Palace and the Imperial headquarters to Matsushiro Machi, Nagano Prefecture (present Nagano City), but the plan was suspended due to the end of the war (Matsushiro Imperial headquarters).
- それでも鎌倉には「尚逐日可有合戦之由」と、再び合戦が起こるという風聞が飛び交う緊張した状況が続き、定例の評定は事実上流会となり、京の公家には「関東しづかならず」と書かれる。
- Even with the efforts, the rumor that a war might occur again any time, for example, the saying that 'A war may occur any day,' was circulated in Kamakura, with a tense situation remaining and with regular council meetings not being held virtually, and kuge (court nobles) in Kyoto wrote that 'Kanto was not quiet.'
- 六角氏は六角定頼が当主(あるいは陣代)の時代、北近江の戦国大名であった浅井氏を事実上の支配下に置き、さらに室町幕府からも管領代の地位を与えられるなどして全盛期を迎えていた。
- When Sadayori ROKKAKU was the family head (or Jindai, a deputy whose role was to proceed to battlefield on behalf of his load during the Muromachi period thereafter), Rokkaku clan entered into the height of its prosperity such as dominating in effect the Azai clan who was the warring load of Kita Omi Province and being granted the post of Kanrei-dai (representative of a shogunal deputy) by Muromachi Shougunate.
- その他に弾正忠を称した武将としては戦国きっての梟雄・松永久秀や武田氏家臣の三弾正こと高坂昌信(逃げ弾正)、真田幸隆(攻め弾正)、保科正俊(槍弾正) などが特に知られている。
- In addition to Nobunaga, the well-known busho (Japanese military commander) who called themselves danjo no chu are Hidehisa MATSUNAGA who was one of the most fierce warriors in Sengoku period (period of warring states) and the three danjo in the vassals of Takeda clan: Masanobu KOSAKA (the nige [fleeing] danjo), Yukitaka SANADA (the seme [offensive] danjo) and Masatoshi HOSHINA (the yari [spear] danjo).
- ペリーは共和党 (アメリカ)のミラード・フィルモア大統領から海軍の作戦行動として日本との条約締結を命じられるが、アメリカでは交戦権が上院に属するため、発砲は禁止されていた。
- Perry had been ordered by Republican president Millard FILLMORE on a naval mission to conclude a treaty with Japan, but was prohibited from any act of belligerency without senate approval.
- 元木泰雄京都大学大学院教授は、多田行綱の戦功が『吾妻鏡』にない理由は、平氏滅亡後の文治元年(1185年)に行綱が頼朝の怒りを受けて所領を没収されたためであろうと述べている。
- Yasuo MOTOKI, a professor in the Graduate School of Kyoto University, proposed that the reason why war merito of Yukitsuna TADA is not in 'Azuma Kagami' is his territories were seized because Yoritomo became angry with him after the fall of the Heike (Taira clan) family (in 1185).
- 日本から私軍・私戦が一掃されるのは豊臣政権の惣無事令施行とその違反者に対する「公儀の軍勢による征伐」(小田原の陣・奥州仕置)によってこの方針の貫徹が行われて以後の事になる。
- The complete elimination of watakushiikusa and shisen was accomplished only after the Toyotomi government's enforcement of sobuji rei (Peace edicts) and after this policy was carried through by 'the punitive expeditions of shogunate's army' (Odawara no Jin [the Siege of Odawara] and Oshu-shioki [the Repression of Oshu District]).
- 鳥羽・伏見の戦いに勝利した新政府は、徳川家追討とともに新たな行政制度を整える必要から三職の下に七科を設置、のちに三職八局制となる(詳細は近代日本の官制明治時代初期を参照)。
- After the victory in the Battle of Toba and Fushimi, the new government set up seven departments under the three offices, which were later organized into the Three Offices Eight Bureaus system besides tracking down and killing Tokugawa Family (for more details, refer to Government Organization in Modern Japan, Early Meiji Period).
- 248年頃、狗奴国との戦いの最中に卑弥呼が死去し、男王が後継に立てられたが混乱を抑えることができず、「壹與」(壱与)または「臺與」(台与)が女王になることで収まったという。
- It is apparent that although a man was appointed king when Himiko died during the war against Kuna (another state in Japan) around 248, he was unable to resolve the turmoil at the time, which was only cleared up when 'Iyo' (壹與 [壱与]) or 'Toyo' (臺與 [台与}) became a queen sovereign.
- 織田信長の弟で、茶道として有名な織田長益(織田長益)は、慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いで東軍に与して戦功を挙げたことから、大和国と河内国の内に3万石の所領を与えられた。
- Nagamasu ODA, the younger brother of Nobunaga ODA and a famous master of tea ceremony, received domain worth 30,000 koku (an unit of assessed crop yields of the land [1 koku: about 180 liter], which was also used to express the size of the land) in Yamato Province and Kawachi Province, after military success contributing to the victory of the East camp in the Battle of Sekigahara of 1600.
- この反乱は、秩禄処分や廃刀令により、明治政府への不満を暴発させた一部士族による反乱の嚆矢となる事件で、この事件に呼応して秋月の乱、萩の乱が発生し、翌年の西南戦争へとつながる。
- This rebellion was an incident to start revolts by some members of the warrior class who burst their dissatisfaction against the Meiji Government because of the abolition measure of hereditary stipend and the law banning the wearing of swords, and in response to this incident, the Akizuki-no-ran War and the Hagi-no-ran War occurred, resulting in the Nansei War of the following year.
- 不破数右衛門が父佐倉新助にあてた書状では本当は不破は庭の見張り担当であったが、こらえ難くて独断で邸内へ突入してしまい、邸内では長刀を振るう当主吉良義周と遭遇し、戦闘になった。
- According to a letter sent from Kazuemon FUWA to his father Shinsuke SAKURA, he was originally responsible for guarding the yard; however, he could not stand it and made his way into the residence where he ended up fighting against the head of Kira family Yoshimasa KIRA who was battling with his long sword.
- その直後に朝鮮半島で起きた起きた東学党の乱への軍事介入を機に日清戦争が始まると、広島市に大本営と帝国議会を移して戦時体制を確立し、日本を勝利に導いて清国と下関条約を締結した。
- Immediately after that, when Sino-Japanese War broke out starting with military intervention to Donghak-to disturbance occurred in the Korean Peninsula, ITO transferred the Imperial headquarters and Imperial Diet to Hiroshima City to establish the wartime regime and led Japan to victory and concluded Treaty of Shimonoseki with Qing.
- 第二次世界大戦後からベトナム戦争の終わりまでMilitary Payment Certificate (略称MPC)という米ドル立て軍用手票が発行されベトナムで流通していた。
- After the WWII through the end of the Vietnam War, Military Payment Certificate (MPC, for short) in US dollar was issued and circulated in Vietnam.
- 七博士意見書(しちはくしいけんしょ)とは、日露戦争開戦直前の1903年(明治36年)6月10日付で当時の内閣総理大臣桂太郎、外務大臣 (日本)小村壽太郎らに提出された意見書。
- Shichihakushi Ikensho was a written opinion submitted to the then Prime Minister Taro KATSURA, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) Jutaro KOMURA and so on as of June 10 1903, just before the start of Russo-Japanese War.
- ジャパン・パンチによれば当時、人口2千人ほどの居留地外国人の楽しみは根岸競馬場での競馬観戦であり、テニスやラケットボール、クリケット(英国人)、野球(米国人)も人気があった。
- There were about 2000 people living in the settlement, and according to the Japan Punch, foreigners enjoyed watching horse racing at Negishi Racetrack; other popular sports included tennis, racket ball, cricket (among the English), and baseball (among the Americans).
- 戦前にも婦人参政権の導入、労働組合の容認、帝国大学の増設などの法案が議会に提出され、衆議院では可決されているが、こうした「進歩的内容」の法案が貴族院を通ることは決してなかった。
- Before the World Wars, legislation - which included the recognition of women's suffrage, allowing labor unions to set-ups and expanding the Imperial University - was taken to the Diet and passed by the House of Representatives but never passed by Kizokuin.
- 平山の調査によると、「脱亜論」に関する最初のコメントは、1951年11月に掲載された、歴史学者の遠山茂樹による「日清戦争と福沢諭吉」(『福沢研究〈第6号〉』)の中に発見された。
- According to Hirayama's research, the first comment on 'Datsu-A Ron' was found in 'Nisshin Senso to Fukuzawa Yukichi' (The Shino-Japanese War and Yukichi FUKUZAWA) ('Fukuzawa Kenkyu' [Study of Fukuzawa] ) by a historian Shigeki TOYAMA published in November 1951.
- しかし、この合戦での軋轢や当主真衡への一族の不満などから、前九年の役当時には一枚岩であった清原氏内部には次第に不協和音が生まれ始め、最終的には後三年の役を招いたとの評価がある。
- However, studies also suggest that although Kiyohara clan was boasting the ironclad solidarity during Zenkunen War period, the discord and frustration against the head of the clan Sadahira was developed within the clan after the Enkyu Ezo War, causing the Gosannen War that led the downfall of Kiyohara clan.
- 第二次世界大戦前の法令で所得税法人税内外地関渉法(昭和15年法律55号)など表題に内外地という表現を含む法令があったが、外地の語は単独で用いられず、その範囲は定義されなかった。
- Among the laws enacted before the World War II, several laws included the term Nai-gaichi (the inland and overseas territories) in its title such as Nai-gaichi income and corporate taxes interference law (Act No.55 of 1940), but the term Gaichi was not used by itself and the scope of the term was not defined.
- 更に戦後の一時期において唱えられた雑戸を中世の賎民の源流とする説は成立しがたく、雑戸制度の実質は天平16年の時点で事実上廃止され、以後は名目化の一途をたどっていったと思われる。
- Additionally, the theory advocated at one time after the war that senmin in the medieval period has its roots in zakko is far from true, and it is presumed that zakko system was effectively abolished in 744 and had become nominal ever since.
- 倭は朝鮮半島で数世紀に渡って継続的な戦闘を続け、「白村江の戦い」では約1千隻の軍船・数万の軍勢を派遣し唐の水軍と大海戦を行うなど、高い航海術・渡海能力を有していたと考えられる。
- It would appear that Wa had a high level of seamanship and the ability to travel across the ocean in that Wa continuously fought on the Korean Peninsula more than a few centuries and in `the battle of Hakusukinoe,' they dispatched one thousand warships and several tens of thousands of soldiers to fight against Suigun (warriors battle in the sea) of Tang at sea.
- 総兵力14000人に及ぶ諸藩兵は各方面から進軍、天誅組は善戦するものの、主将の中山忠光の命令が混乱して一貫せず兵たちは右往左往を余儀なくされ、忠光は人望をすっかり失ってしまった。
- The soldiers of various domains, reaching as many as 14,000 in total, marched on from every direct; Tenchu-gumi fought well, however, because the orders of the commander-in-chief Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA were confusing and incoherent, soldiers became panic-stricken and Tadamitsu completely lost popularity.
- 第二次世界大戦中には連合国側も発行していたほか、第二次世界大戦後もアメリカ合衆国が世界各地の米軍基地の兵士の給料として米ドル建ての軍票を、1970年代ごろまで支給し使用していた。
- During the WWII, the Allies issued their military currency, and after the WWII until the 1970's, the U.S.A. issued its military currency in US dollar and paid salary by that to the soldiers in U.S. military bases throughout the world.
- これと前後して荒木村重が花熊城の戦いに破れ去るなどの情勢悪化や近衛前久の再度の説得工作によって石山の受け渡しを教如派も受け入れて雑賀に退去し、8月2日に石山は信長のものとなった。
- Due to a worsening situation where Murashige ARAKI lost in the battle of Hanakuma-jo Castle and to Sakihisa KONOE's repeated persuasions around this time, Kyonyo accepted a surrender too, retreating to Saika, and on September 20, Ishiyama was handed over to Nobunaga.
- また、李氏朝鮮による独自の改革を諦め韓日合邦を目指そうとした進歩会は、鉄道敷設工事などに5万人ともいわれる大量の人員を派遣するなど、日露戦争において日本への協力を惜しまなかった。
- Furthermore, Shinpo-kai, which gave up on the independent reform by Yi Dynasty Korea, and wanted to pursue the annexation of Korea and Japan, generously cooperated with Japan in the Russo-Japanese War by dispatching as many as 50,000 men for railway construction works, etc.
- ちなみに高次は大津城落城後は、その敗戦を恥じて高野山に上ったが、家康は宗茂を引きつけていた高次の功績を高く評価して新たに召し出し、若狭国小浜藩8万5000石に加増移封したのである。
- In addition, after Otsu-jo Castle fell, Takatsugu who was ashamed of defeat went up to Mt. Koya, but Ieyasu ordered him to serve Ieyasu newly because Ieyasu highly evaluated Takatsugu's distinguished service sticking Muneshige, and transferred him to the Obama Domain in Wakasa Province with properties bearing 85,000 koku upon granting additional properties.
- しかし、関ヶ原の戦いが終わり豊臣家が衰退すると、土御門久脩(つちみかど ひさなが)は、徳川氏に「陰陽道宗家」として認められ、慶長5年(1600年)には宮廷出仕を再開する事になった。
- However, when the Toyotomi family declined after the end of the Battle of Sekigahara, Hisanaga TSUCHIMIKADO was approved as 'the grand master of Onmyodo,' and started again to serve in the Court in 1600.
- 1945年の第二次世界大戦終戦に伴い実効支配を喪失し、1945年9月2日、ポツダム宣言の条項を誠実に履行することを約束した降伏文書調印によって、正式に日本による朝鮮支配は終了した。
- Japan lost the effective control due to the end of the Second World War in 1945, and its rule of Korea officially ended upon signing the Instrument of Surrender in which they promised to follow the provisions in the Potsdam Declaration in good faith on September 2, 1945.
- 「オールド・リベラリスト」と総称される新渡戸や内村鑑三の世界観を継承した弟子たちは戦後のデモクラシーの基盤を構築することとなるが同時に師匠を「裏切る」(山折哲雄の発言)ことになる。
- Disciples who inherited a view of the world of Nitobe and Kanzo UCHIMURA who are collectively called 'old liberalists' built the basis of democracy after the war, while they 'betrayed' their masters (according to Tetsuo YAMAORI).
- 領国貨幣(りょうごくかへい)とは、戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代初期に掛けて、各地大名が領内通用として鋳造を命じた金貨および銀貨であり、領国金銀(りょうごくきんぎん)とも呼ばれる。
- Ryogoku (daimyos' own territory) kahei (coins) are gold and silver coins which daimyos (Japanese feudal lords) at various places ordered to mint for circulation in their territories from the Sengoku period to the early Edo period, and are also called Ryogoku Kingin (gold and silver).
- 永禄3年(1560年)、桶狭間の戦いで今川義元が織田信長によって討たれると、、それまで今川氏に従属していた徳川家康(当時は松平元康)は、岡崎城下の大樹寺で切腹を図ろうとしたと伝わる。
- According to a legend, when Yoshimoto IMAGAWA was defeated by Nobunaga ODA at the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA (those days, Motoyasu MATSUDAIRA) who had been following the Imagawa clan tried to execute seppuku (ritual suicide) in Daiju-ji Temple under Okazaki-jo Castle.
- 閏3月の講和時、本願寺はまだ1年程度は戦えるだけの余力を残して和議に踏み切ったため、信長は本願寺の軍事力を刺激するようなことは極力避けねばならず、相当の配慮をしなければならなかった。
- Because Hongan-ji Temple still retained a force that would allow it to continue the battle for about a year at the time of the pacification in April, Nobunaga had to make significant consideration to avoid provocating the military power as much as possible.
- なお、戸水は日露戦争末期に賠償金30億円と樺太・沿海州・カムチャッカ半島割譲を講和条件とするように主張したため、文部大臣久保田譲は1905年8月に文官分限令を適用して休職処分とした。
- In addition, applying the ordinance on the status of civil servant Minister of Education Yuzuru KUBOTA temporarily suspended Tomizu in August 1905 because at the end of Russo-Japanese War Tomizu insisted that peace terms should be 3 billion yen as reparation, cession of Sakhalin, Enkai shu (Maritime Provinces), Polustrov Kamchatka.
- 首塚には、後に怨霊となる恐れがある単独の者(敵武将など)のものや、雑兵であっても多数の戦死者が出た場合(関ヶ原の戦いなど大きな戦い)のものなどがあり、今なお、全国各地に多数存在する。
- There are Kubizuka enshrining a single person (like an enemy samurai commander) who was feared to become Onryo (a vengeful ghost) later, and also there are Kubizuka enshrining many solders killed in one battle (in a huge battle like the Battle of Sekigahara) together even though they were zohyo (common soldiers); a great number of both types of Kubizuka still exist throughout Japan.
- 慶応4年1月3日 (旧暦)(1868年1月27日)、戊辰戦争が開戦、間も無く、徳川方の尼崎藩(現・兵庫県)を牽制するため、明治新政府は備前藩に摂津国西宮(現・西宮市)の警備を命じた。
- Soon after the outbreak of Boshin War on January 27, 1868, the new Meiji government ordered the domain of Bizen to guard Settsu Province, Nishinomiya (present-day Nishinomiya City) in order to contain the domain of Amagasaki (present-day Hyogo Prefecture), which was on the side of the Tokugawa family.
- 日本は日清戦争以後、日本政府が台湾を統治するにあたり、製糖と樟脳を台湾における主要産業の一つと位置付け、製糖関係では1902年(明治35年)に『輸入原料砂糖戻税』を制定して保護した。
- After the Japanese-Sino war, Japan positioned sugar and camphor production as one of the key industries in Taiwan for the Japanese government to rule Taiwan, and protected the industry by enacting 'Yunyu Genryo Satou ModoshiZei' (duty-free imported sugar) in 1902.
- いずれにしても、自由民権派による「第2の西南戦争」になる事を危惧した明治政府側は板垣・後藤に対する責任追及を避けて、「一部過激派」の暴走と規定することで事態の収拾を図ったとは言える。
- The Meiji Government, in any case, which had some misgivings about the possibility of 'another Satsuma Rebellion' started by the Freedom and the People's Rights Movement, avoided examining the responsibility of ITAGAKI and GOTO and settled the situation dismissing the case as the act of some extremists who went too far.
- 石山の次に大きい一揆であった加賀一向一揆は柴田勝家と交戦していたが、講和条件には加賀江沼・能美2郡を本願寺に返付する条項があったため信長と顕如がそれぞれ停戦を命じたものの戦闘は続いた。
- The second largest ikki, Kaga Ikko Ikki, in which the ikki force fought against Katsuie SHIBATA, continued even after Nobunaga and Kennyo ordered them to cease the battle because the peace agreement included a provision to return the two districts, Enuma and Nomi in Kaga Province to Hongan-ji Temple.
- なお、この合戦で「衣曾別嶋」まで遠征を行ったと頼俊が報告しているが、この「衣曾別嶋」が蝦夷(北海道)であるという説と本州北部であるという説、頼俊が戦果を誇大報告したという説などがある。
- The report of Yoritoshi to the Imperial Court mentioned that his troops had reached to 'Ezogawa Keshima,' although the location of this 'Ezogawa Keshima' has not been clarified today whether 'Ezogawa Keshima' was located in Ezo (Hokkaido Island) or the in the northern part of Honshu Island; it is also considered that Yoritoshi exaggerated the military gains and other results in his report.
- 1914年(大正3年)、名古屋市において路面電車を運営していた名古屋電気鉄道(名電)に対し、不況下(当時はまだ、第一次世界大戦が勃発した直後)のもと市民は運賃の高さに不満を持っていた。
- In 1914, people under the economy depression (it was just soon after the First World War occurred) were frustrated with the high price of the fare of Nagoyo Denki Testudo ran streetcars in Nagoya city.
- また、九州王朝説の支持研究者間でも、白村江の戦いまでを九州王朝の歴史と見る、壬申の乱までを九州王朝の歴史と見る、大化の改新まで九州王朝の歴史と見る 等考え方は様々であり定まっていない。
- Among the researchers who support the Kyushu dynasty theory, opinions are varied and not fixed, some people regard the period until the battle of Hakusukinoe as the history of the Kyushu dynasty while other people regard the period until the Jinshin rebellion or the period until the Taika Reforms as the history of the Kyushu dynasty.
- 細川晴元は石山の発展も恐れ、たびたび石山を攻撃したが、石山は小高い山や川が多く守りに適した土地であり、また山科を教訓として本願寺が軍備を進めていたために、まったく戦果を挙げられなかった。
- Threatened by the development of Ishiyama too, Harumoto HOSOKAWA repeatedly attacked Ishiyama but did not achieve any results at all because Ishiyama was best suited to defense with many hills and rivers and also because Hongan-ji Temple had built up its armaments, learning from Yamashina case.
- 以後、元老・山縣有朋に支えられた桂と元老・伊藤博文に支えられた西園寺が交互に首班となって組閣したことから、の日露戦争後から、の大正二年の政変までの時期を桂園時代(けいえんじだい)と呼ぶ。
- Thereafter, the time from the end of Russo-Japanese war and the coup in 1913 was called 'Kei-En era' (Katsura-Saionji era): Katsura, supported by Aritomo YAMAGATA, a Genro and Saionji, supported by Hirobumi ITO, another Genro, took turns becoming a Prime Minister and forming his cabinet.
- なお、日清戦争から日華事変甲号軍票までは明治時代に発行された明治通宝とよばれる政府紙幣のデザインを踏襲した縦型のものを使っていたが、その後は銀行券スタイルのものが発行されるようになった。
- The military currency used during Sino-Japanese War through Ko-go currency used during the China Incident, vertical style ones followed a design of the government-issued bank note called Meiji Tsuho was adopted, but bank-note styled military currencies were issued afterwards.
- しかし久秀は永禄10年(1567年)10月10日に興福寺に布陣していた三好軍を奇襲して東大寺大仏殿を焼き払って三好三人衆を撃退する(東大寺大仏殿の戦い)など、一進一退の攻防が続けられた。
- However, Hisahide attacked the Miyoshi's army which was lined up at the Kofuku-ji Temple on October 10, 1567, and fought off them by setting a fire to the Daibutsu-den Hall (the Great Buddha hall) of Todai-ji Temple (warrior clashes at the Great Buddha Hall of Todai-ji temple); the battle was a seesaw war.
- しかし天文17年(1548年)、長慶が氏綱側に寝返ったため、一転して晴元側が不利となり、天文18年(1549年)には江口の戦いで長慶に敗れて晴元は足利義晴・足利義輝と共に近江に逃亡した。
- In 1548, however, Nagayoshi went over to Ujitsuna's side and Harumoto suddenly came to be in a disadvantageous position, and in 1549, he fled to the Omi Province with Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA and Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA after he was defeated by Nagayoshi at the Battle of Eguchi.
- この路線対立は、その後の辛亥革命や対米移民問題、第1次世界大戦などで対外硬が度々再燃して、結果的には対外的にはその方向に向かいながらも、「対外硬」という言葉が色褪せる原因となっていった。
- In the confrontation between two groups, the Taigaiko was reactivated due to the Xinhai Revolution, the immigration issue against the United States, or the First World War, and although they were led to the same direction externally, the word of 'Taigaiko' faded away.
- 平野氏の祖である平野長泰は豊臣秀吉に仕え、天正11年(1583年)の賤ヶ岳の戦いで戦功を挙げて加藤清正や福島正則らと並ぶ『賤ヶ岳七本槍』の一人となり、大和国内に5000石の知行を与えられた。
- Founder of the Hirano clan Nagayasu HIRANO served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, becoming one of the 'Seven Spears of Shizugatake,' alongside Kiyomasa KATO and Masanori FUKUSHIMA, for their military success in the 1583 Battle of Shizugatake and was awarded a territory in Yamato Province with 5,000 koku.
- 村岡の主張では、元康は永禄3年(1560年)12月4日、織田信長と戦うべく尾張に向けて侵攻を開始したが、その途上である尾張守山において12月5日、元康が阿部正豊(弥七郎)に暗殺されたという。
- According to MURAOKA, Motoyasu began a campaign against Owari District and fought with Nobunaga ODA in December 30, 1560, but was assassinated by Masatoyo ABE (Yashichiro) in Owari Moriyama.
- 戊辰戦争における官軍、すなわち明治新政府の軍は、長州藩・薩摩藩・土佐藩など諸藩の軍の集合で、大村益次郎、西郷隆盛、板垣退助らがそれぞれ指揮しており、政府が独自に徴兵して組織した軍はなかった。
- The imperial army which fought the Boshin War, that is the army of the Meiji new government, consisted of the armies from various domains such as Choshu, Satsuma and Tosa under the commands of Masujiro OMURA, Takamori SAIGO and Taisuke ITAGAKI, respectively, and there had been no army the government recruited and organized on its own.
- この高宗の密使外交を排するために日本政府は日露戦争終結後の1905年11月に第二次日韓協約(韓国側では乙巳保護条約と呼ぶ)を締結し、12月には韓国統監府を設置して外交権をその支配下に置いた。
- The Japanese government concluded the second Japan-Korea Treaty (called Eulsa Protectorate Treaty in south Korea) in November, 1905 after the Russo-Japanese War to eliminate Gojong's diplomacy by secret envoys and established the Korea Protection Agency in December to hold diplomatic authority under its control.
- 当時の日露戦争においては、日本軍が物資輸送のため京義線の敷設を計画するが、日本軍の人員不足で計画が暗礁に乗り上げており、この際、一進会がこの敷設工事に無償支援し、会員14万人以上を動員した。
- In the Russo-Japanese War, Japanese Army planned to construct Keigi Railroad for transport of goods, but the plan was suspended due to the shortage of labors, so Isshinkai mobilized over 140 thousands members as free support for the construction of the railroad.
- また一進会は、日露戦争時に設立され、日韓軍事同盟においてロシアを侵攻を阻止することが、ロシアの大韓帝国に対する影響力を弱め、さらには欧米列強のアジア進出を防ぎ、朝鮮の復興になると考えていた。
- Also, Isshinkai which was founded in the middle of Russo-Japanese War had a thought that blocking Russia's invasion under the Japan-Korea Military Alliance could weaken Russia's influence on the Korean Empire, that it further could prevent the allied western powers from advancing into Asia, and that it finally could lead to the restoration of Korea.
- 慶長5年(1600年)上野国高崎城主で12万石を領していた徳川四天王の一人・井伊直政が関ヶ原の戦いの戦功により18万石に加増され、石田三成の居城であった佐和山城に入封して佐和山藩を立藩した。
- In 1600, Naomasa II who was the lord of Takasaki-jo Castle in Kozuke Province with properties bearing 120,000 koku (1 koku was about 180 liter; an old unit showing volume) and was one of Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Tokugawa Ieyasu), received an additional properties bearing 60,000 koku due to his distinguished war service in the Battle of Sekigahara, entered into the Sawayama-jo Castle which used to be the residential castle of Mitsunari ISHIDA, and established the Sawayama Domain.
- その後の三国干渉に際しては、御前会議で推進された列国会議開催による干渉阻止案にあくまでも反対して、列強からの干渉を排して戦争の成果を多く日本に留める事に専念するために遼東半島返還を決断した。
- In the later Triple Intervention, he stood firm against the plan of preventing intervention by convening of the conference of the nations of the world that was promoted in the conference in the presence of the emperor, and decided to return the Liaodong Peninsula in order to concentrate on leaving the results of the war in Japan as much as possible, eliminating the intervention from the world powers.
- また第二次世界大戦の敗戦国である日本の場合、かつて戦時国際法上、個人に対する戦争被害を敗戦国が補償する義務がなく、また連合国側が軍票の支払い義務を免除したため、後に国際問題になったことがある。
- When Japan was defeated in World War II, according to the international law of war at that time, defeated countries were not required to compensate for individual war damage and the Allies exempted Japan from the payment, which led to an international problem.
- 一方の信長も、美濃国の斎藤氏と交戦している経緯、そして関東の北条氏康や甲斐国の武田信玄に対する抑えへの対抗策から家康との同盟を考えており、家康の母方の伯父に当たる水野信元らに交渉を命じていた。
- The other party Nobunaga also had an idea of forming an alliance with Ieyasu for reasons of his being at war with the Saito clan of Mino Province and his need to have a countermeasure to keep movements of Ujiyasu HOJO of Kanto region and Shingen TAKEDA of Kai Province in check; therefore, Nobunaga himself already had ordered Nobumoto MIZUNO, who was Ieyasu's maternal uncle, and others.
- しかし、石山合戦終結後1年もたたない天正8年(1580年)11月17日に柴田勝家に諸将を討ち取られ、天正10年(1582年)3月には吉野谷の一揆が鎮圧されて「百姓の持ちたる国」の終焉を迎えた。
- However, on December 23, 1580, less than a year after the end of the Ishiyama War, the warlords of the ikki were killed by Katsuie SHIBATA and then in April 1582, the Ikki in Yoshinodani was put down, resulting in the end of 'the country owned by peasants.'
- 昭和20年(1945年)、第二次世界大戦後の連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令に基づき、昭和20年(1945年)11月21日「治安警察法廃止等ノ件(昭和20年勅令第638号)」により廃止となる。
- In 1945, it was repealed by 'the order of the abolition of the Security Police Law (the Imperial Edict of 1945, no. 638)' on November 21 on the order of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) after the World War II.
- 古来より永きに渡って琉球と並んで日本と大陸との交流におけるパイプ役を果たしてきた朝鮮半島が敵対国家に渡ることは、日本にとって戦略的に致命的な弱点を握られることを意味していると考えたためである。
- This was because Japan thought if the Korean Peninsula, which had acted as an intermediary for exchanges between Japan and the continent since ancient times, together with Ryukyu, was possessed by an adversarial country, it would catch hold of a strategically fatal weakness of Japan.
- 戦争終結後の数日目には、早くも新たな婦人団体が立ち上げられ、再び婦人参政権要求の声が上がり、翌年の総選挙で多数の女性議員が誕生したのも、そのような日本における婦人運動の成果であったと言えよう。
- It is reasonable to say that it was thanks to the legacy of those women's movements that women's associations were re-formed as early as a few days after the war ended, demands for women's suffrage began anew, and several female members were elected to the Diet during the general election held in the following year.
- 西南戦争以後の財政難と地租改正に対する農民の抵抗に悩まされた明治政府は、当時の日本の工業で最も生産額が多く、かつほとんどが国内消費に回されていて関税の問題も薄い日本酒に対する増税を度々行った。
- The Meiji Government, suffering from economic difficulties that had lingered since the Seinan War as well as peasants' resistance against the land-tax reform, raised tax on sake repeatedly because the sake brewing industry generated higher production value than any other industries in Japan at that time and sake is almost free from problems concerning customs duty as most of it was consumed within the country.
- 同一の王権が大規模な対外戦争を継続しつつ倭(日本)による朝鮮半島への進出は、366年に百済と同盟してから663年の白村江での唐・新羅との戦いを経て668年の高句麗の滅亡までの303年間である。
- While a war against foreign countries under the same royal throne continued, the ingression by Wa (Japan) to the Korean Peninsula continued 303 years, from the alliance with Kudara in 366 until the destruction of Goguryeo (kingdom of Korea) in 668 through the battle against Tang-Silla at Baekgang in 663.
- 利久の後を継いだ本多俊政は、秀長の死後は秀吉に仕えたが、関ヶ原の戦いでは東軍に与して大和に攻め寄せてきた西軍相手に奮戦したことから、戦功により2万5000石に加増された(異説として3万石とも)。
- Toshimasa HONDA, who succeeded Toshihisa and served under Hideyoshi after Hidenaga died, joined the Eastern camp in the Battle of Sekigahara and fought bravely against the Western camp attacking Yamato Province, and for this effort, the landholdings of the domain was increased to 25,000 koku (or 30,000 koku in another theory).
- しかし、同条約では日本に対するロシアの賠償金支払い義務はなかった為、日清戦争と比較にならないほど多くの犠牲者や膨大な戦費(対外債務も含む)を支出したにも関わらず、直接的な賠償金が得られなかった。
- However, this treaty didn't mention the Russia's obligation to pay the reparations to Japan, so Japan couldn't directly gain the reparations although it sacrificed a considerable number of victims and a huge amount of war expenditure (including the external debt) incomparable with the Sino-Japanese War.
- 長男織田長孝は、関ヶ原の戦いの軍功により美濃国大野郡 (美濃国)に1万石を賜っていたが(野村藩)、既に慶長11年(1606年)死去しており、その子織田長則(~寛永8年)に嗣子がなく、家が絶えた。
- His eldest son Nagataka ODA received the territory of 10,000 koku (Nomura Domain) in Ono County, Mino Province in return for his distinguished military service during the Battle of Sekigahara, but died in 1606, and his son Naganori ODA died without heir (in 1631), which put an end to the Oda family.
- 翌正治2年(1200年)正月20日、景時は一族とともに京都へ上る道中で東海道の駿河国清見関(静岡市清水区)近くで偶然居合わせた吉川氏ら在地武士たちに発見されて襲撃を受け、狐崎において合戦となる。
- On February 13, 1200, Kagetoki, who was heading for Kyoto with his clan, was found and attacked by local samurais including the Yoshikawa clan, who happened to be staying near the Kiyomigaseki checking station on the Tokiado Road in Suruga Province (now Shimizu Ward, Shizuoka City), which resulted in a battle at Kitsunegasaki.
- 鎌倉幕府滅亡後は、後醍醐天皇の時代には親王任国となっていたため、後の後村上天皇となる義良親王が陸奥国府に入り、北畠顕家が陸奥大介鎮守府大将軍を務め、東北勢を率いて足利尊氏の勢力と大戦を繰り返した。
- Imperial Prince Norinaga, who became the Emperor Gomurakami later, entered Mutsu kokufu, the provincial capital of Mutsu Province, which had become shinno ninkoku (the province whose gubernatorial posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes) in the time of Emperor Godaigo after the downfall of Kamakura bakufu, and Akiie KITABATAKE, as Mutsu Osuke (Assistant Governor of Mutsu Province) and Chinju-fu daishogun, had mighty battles against the force of Takauji ASHIKAGA leading the force of Tohoku (north) region.
- このような「天下」概念の下では、従来の仏教・道教の神々にかわり、ヴェトナム土着の神々が尊重され、対外戦争に勝利するたびヴェトナムの土着神に対して加封(神々に対し新たに称号を加えること)がなされた。
- Under such notion of 'Tenka,' native Vietnamese deities came to be respected in place of traditional deities of Buddhism or Taoism, and kaho (to give a new title to deities) was made to them whenever the nation achieved a victory in foreign wars.
- タラス河畔の戦いに代表されるように、西方で匹敵するイスラーム帝国と軍事的衝突や交易など交渉があったが、唐朝はかつての秦漢帝国と異なり、その天下概念には匈奴のような対等国は基本的には存在しなかった。
- Although the Tang dynasty had military clashes with the Islamic empire (Caliphate) at the west front such as the Battle of Talas or negotiations including trade, its notion of Tenka, unlike that of the Qin and Han empires, did not include the nations which stood on an equal footing with it, such as Xiongnu.
- このように、お互いの利害が一致して信長は将軍・義昭によって信長包囲網が敷かれたときの危機的状況から家康の援軍を、家康は武田信玄という強敵との戦いを勝ち抜くということから信長の援軍を求めたのである。
- As previously described, their interest was in accord with each other; Nobunaga sought reinforcement from Ieyasu when he was in a critical situation by the anti-Nobunaga network of Shogun Yoshiaki; Ieyasu did from Nobunaga when he needed to win successfully through a fight with his powerful enemy Shingen TAKEDA.
- また、鎌倉時代には源実朝が「将門合戦絵」を描かせたり、神田明神が江戸幕府によって「江戸総鎮守」とされたりするなど、武家政権が将門を東国武家政権の先駆けとして強い親近感を抱いていることも特徴的である。
- In addition, during the Kamakura period, military governments strongly promoted Masakado as a pioneer of military government in Togoku, an attitude which can be seen in the commissioning of a painting by MINAMOTO no Sanetomo called 'Masakado Kassen-e' (Masakado's Picture of War), and also at Kanda-Myojin Shrine, which was designated as 'Edo Sochinju' by the Edo bakufu (the feudal government of the Edo period).
- しかし、1864年(元治元年)の下関戦争を契機として、列強各国は幕府へ同法令の撤回を強く迫り、一方幕府内部からも生糸の輸出に税金をかける形で抑制した方が幕府財政の改善にも繋がるとする意見も出された。
- However, prompted by the Shimonoseki War in 1864, powerful countries heavily pressed the Edo bakufu for the abolition of the law while there were opinions within the Edo bakufu that it would lead to improved financial affairs of the bakufu and be wiser to keep trading under control by imposing tax on exports of raw silk thread.
- 豊臣秀吉の臣として大坂城にいた織田信長の弟織田長益(有楽斎)は、摂津国嶋下郡に2千石を知行していたが、慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いの後、大和国山辺郡に新たに恩賞として2万7千石を加増された。
- Nagamasu (Urakusai) ODA, who was the younger brother of Nobunaga ODA and served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in Osaka-jo Castle, was granted the territory of 27,000 koku in Yamabe County, Yamato Province as a reward for his contribution to the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, in addition to the territory of 2,000 koku which he had already been enfeoffed in Shimashimo County, Settsu Province.
- これに対して東洋自由党・同盟倶楽部・立憲改進党・国民協会_(日本)・政務調査会_(明治時代の政党)の5党派がこれに呼応して、「日英通商航海条約締結の反対」・「清国への早期開戦」を掲げて共闘を約した。
- East Liberal Party, Alliance Club, the Constitutional Progressive Party, National Association (Japan), and Policy Affairs Research Council (political party in the Meiji Period) were allied and advocated 'Opposition to the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation' and 'Quick Start of War against Qing' and form a united.
- 中世においては、兵粮などは兵士達の自己携帯が原則であったが、実戦においては期間が不明でかつ長期分の携帯は軍事行動の妨げになるだけであったため、数日分だけを携帯させてそれ以上の分は小荷駄に輸送させた。
- In the medieval period, soldiers were basically supposed to carry hyoro by themselves, but at the front, they took along only a few days worth of it and got konida to carry the rest, because the term was unpredictable and the heavy stuff could prevent their military action.
- 翌永享2年(1430年)2月には井戸氏と同族の筒井氏を支持する幕府より、興福寺に対し豊田討伐の指示が出、更に翌永享3年(1431年)8月には筒井氏と箸尾氏が互いに相手方の居城を攻めるなど戦乱は拡大。
- The following year, in March 1430, the shogunate ordered Kofuku-ji Temple to subdue Toyota in support of the Ido clan and its related Tsutsui clan but the maelstrom of war expanded, so that the Tsutsui clan and the Hashio clan both attacked the other's castle in September 1431.
- 当時土佐藩士として戦いに参加し、のちに宮内大臣や内閣書記官長などを歴任した田中光顕は、錦の御旗を知らしめただけで前線の幕府兵達が「このままでは朝敵になってしまう」と青ざめて退却する場面を目撃している。
- Mitsuaki TANAKA, who joined the war as a retainer of the Tosa clan and later became Minister of the Imperial Households and Secretary of the Cabinet, witnessed the white-faced soldiers of the Edo shogunate retreating at the sight of the Imperial standards in the battle fields, saying, 'We'd better stop fighting, otherwise we will become the enemy of the Emperor.'
- 第二次木津川口海戦での毛利水軍敗退を受けて本願寺は将来の弾薬や食料の欠乏を恐れ、天正7年(1579年)12月、ついに恒久的な和議を検討するようになり、密かに朝廷に先年の和解話のやり直しの希望を伝えた。
- With the defeat of the Mori navy in the second Battle of Kizu-gawa River Estuary, Hongan-ji Temple, worried about lack of ammunition and food in the future, finally began to seek for a permanent compromise and, in December 1579, secretly contacted the Imperial Court to ask for the resumption of the previous year's negotiation.
- また、「武者は犬ともいへ、畜生ともいへ、勝つことが本にて候」という朝倉宗滴の言葉に象徴されるように、卑怯の謗りを受けてでも戦いに勝つことこそが肝要であるという冷厳な哲学をも内包しているのが特徴である。
- As symbolized by the words of Soteki ASAKURA 'winning is everything for a warrior, even though he may be called a dog or beast', it involves a harsh philosophy where winning a battle is important, even if one might be criticized for being a coward.
- 大日本協会の動きに対して東洋自由党・同盟倶楽部・立憲改進党・国民協会・政務調査会_(明治時代の政党)の5党派がこれに呼応して、「日英通商航海条約締結の反対」・「清国への早期開戦」を掲げて共闘を約した。
- The Toyo Jiyuto (Oriental Liberal Party), the Domei Club (Alliance Club), the Rikken Kaishinto (Constitutional Progressive Party), the Kokumin Kyokai, and the Policy Affairs Research Council of the five parties of the Meiji period, promised to bond together to fight in response to the Dai Nihon Kyokai's campaign, chanting slogans such as 'protesting the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation' and 'wage a early war against Qing.'
- 石山合戦(いしやまがっせん)は、元亀元年9月12日 (旧暦)(1570年10月11日)から天正8年8月2日 (旧暦)(1580年9月10日)にかけての、浄土真宗本願寺勢力(一向一揆)と織田信長との戦い。
- The Ishiyama War took place from October 21, 1570 to September 20, 1580 between the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land sect of Buddhism) Hongan-ji Temple force (or Ikko Ikki [Ikko sect's revolt]) and Nobunaga ODA.
- 義士祭が行われる赤穂市では義士(あこうぎし)と呼ばれ、忠孝の教えの観点から戦前は全国的にも赤穂義士の名称が一般的だったが、戦後、大佛次郎の小説がテレビドラマ化されてからは、赤穂浪士の方が周知されている。
- In Ako City, home of the Gishi Festival, the group is known as Ako Gishi, and pre-war, the name Ako Gishi used to be known nationwide in relation to loyalty and filial piety, but post-war, since Jiro OSARAGI's novel was adapted for TV, the name of Ako Roshi has been more widely known.
- また、新羅の入寇・高麗の賊・刀伊の入寇・元寇・応永の外寇・白村江の戦いなど外国との戦争もあったが、これらも領土を取ったり取られたりしなかったので、特に大和民族の影響力を増大・減少させるものではなかった。
- There were battles against foreign countries, such as the Silla invasion, soldiers of Goryeo, the Toi invasion, Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, the foreign invasion in the Oei Era and the Battle of Hakusukinoe; however, those battles also had no effect on the Yamato race's influence because in those battles they neither occupied Yamato territories nor were their territories occupied.
- 広嗣が大隅国・薩摩国・筑前国・豊後国の兵5000人を率いて鞍手道を進軍、弟の藤原綱手は筑後国・肥前国の兵5000人を率いて豊後国から進軍、多胡古麻呂が田河道を進軍して三方から官軍を包囲する作戦であった。
- Hirotsugu led 5000 soldiers of Osumi Province, Satsuma Province, Chikuzen Province and Bungo Province, and marched on Kurate-do Road; his brother FUJIWARA no Tsunate led 5000 soldiers of Chikugo Province and Hizen Province, and advanced from Bungo Province; and TAGO no Komaro marched on the Tagawa-do Road; their tactic was to siege the government army from three sides.
- 小荷駄(こにだ)とは、中世から近世にかけての日本において、戦争のために必要な兵糧や弾薬、陣地設営道具などを運ぶための駄賃馬稼(もしくはウシ)・車輌、及びそれを率いる部隊「小荷駄隊(こにだたい)」のこと。
- Konida refers to dachin umakasegi (a job of carrying by daba, packhorse or cow) or vehicles that carry army provisions, ammunition, set-up tools for encampment and so on needed for wars from the medieval period to modern times in Japan, or a troop that directed the above things, also referred to as konidatai.
- 日露戦争の結果、日本は南満州鉄道や関東州の租借権などの満洲利権を獲得したが、満洲は既に半植民地状態とはいえ、あくまでも清の国家主権に属する地域であったことから、清国の了承なしには権利譲渡は出来なかった。
- Through the Russo-Japanese War, Japan gained rights in Manchuria, such as the South Manchuria Railway and the Kwantung Leased Territory, but she was not able to transfer her rights without Qing's consent because Manchuria, in effect, belonged to the state of Qing, despite the fact that the region, in part, had become Japanese colony.
- 畠山重忠は秩父氏が代々継承してきた武蔵国の武士団を統率する留守所総検校職の地位にあり、その武勇と人望により頼朝の時代には常に戦陣を務め、その死に際して子孫を守護するように遺言を受けた有力御家人であった。
- Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, (acting) provincial governor who controlled samurai groups in the Musashi Province, which the Chichibu clan used to do for generations, was a senior vassal who had significant courage and confidence to be in charge of every battle that happened during the Yoritomo shogunate and was asked to protect Yoritomo's grandchildren in Yoritomo's will.
- 北越戦争により旧幕府軍が敗退すると、流域の村々は新政府側に分水工事着工の嘆願書を提出し、1869年(明治2年)にようやく着工が認められたが、総工費80万両のうち60万両が地元負担という厳しいものとなった。
- After the army of former Edo bakufu was defeated in Hokuetsu War, the watershed villagers submitted a petition for the commencement of the diversion construction to new Meiji government, and the plan was finally approved in 1869 on the stringent condition that 600,000-ryo out of the total construction cost 800,000-ryo be paid by the local communities.
- だが、当時の日本政治の中央である京都を支配下に置き、室町幕府将軍を傀儡として幕政を掌握し、朝廷も庇護下に置いていたことなどが、同時代における他の戦国大名の地方政権とは大きく異なる中央政権であったといえる。
- However, the facts that the Miyoshi's government governed Kyoto, which was then the center of Japanese politics in Japan, that it controlled the shogunate government by making the shogun of Muromachi Bakufu as puppet, and that it had the Imperial Court under their protection, differentiate it as a central government from other local government of daimyo in the same period.
- しかし久秀の勢力を危険視した三好三人衆は、永禄の変から7ヶ月ほどたった12月、かつて久秀に筒井城を奪われて(筒井城の戦い)放浪していた筒井順慶ら大和の国人衆らと手を結んで大和に侵攻し、久秀を討とうとした。
- However, the Miyoshi Sanninshu, who felt Hisahide's power was threatening, invaded to the Yamato Province in cooperation with the local samurai of the Yamato Province, including Junkei TSUTSUI who was drifting after Hisahide took over the Tsutsui-jo Castle (at the Battle of Tsutsui-jo Castle), and tried to kill Hisahide.
- 広開土王碑、『三国史記』等の倭・倭人関連の朝鮮文献、『日本書紀』によれば、倭は百済と同盟した366年から「白村江の戦い(663年)」までの約300年間、ほぼ4年に1回の割合で頻繁に朝鮮半島に出兵している。
- According to Korean documents related to Wa (Japan) or Wajin (Japanese people) such as Gwanggaeto Stele or 'Samguk Sagi' (History of the Three Kingdoms), and 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), Wa frequently dispatched troops to the Korean Peninsula almost at the rate of once every four years during the period from the alliance formation with Kudara in 366 to `the battle of Hakusukinoe' in 663.
- この説では、合戦直前の2月6日の後白河法皇の休戦命令と、合戦後の宗盛の「休戦命令を信じていたら、源氏に襲われて一門の多くが殺された、(平氏を陥れる)奇謀ではないのか」という法皇への抗議の書状を重視している。
- In this theory, historians and experts stressed two important factors - Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa ordered the Taira clan to suspend battle preparations against Minamoto on March 26, 1184, and in the post war period, Munemori wrote a protest letter to the Emperor, 'When the Taira clan believed the order to suspend the battle, the Minamoto clan attacked and killed many members of the Taira clan family, so I was of the belief that this order was an unconventional tactic (a pretense to set the Taira clan for defeat in battle).'
- 日本が太平洋戦争(第二次世界大戦)で敗戦し連合国の占領下に置かれた時に日本を統治した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の最高司令官ダグラス・マッカーサーは、寄生地主が日本の軍国主義に加担したとして農地改革を行った。
- Douglas MACARTHUR, the Supreme Commander of the General Headquarters (GHQ) of the Allied Powers, who governed Japan while Japan was under the Allied occupation after Japan had lost the Pacific War (the World War Ⅱ), implemented a land reform because he thought that the parasitic landlords had supported Japanese militarism.
- 室町時代後期、観音寺城に本拠を構える近江佐々木六角氏が着々と力を蓄え、足利幕府の命令を軽視あるいは無視し始めたことから、1487年に将軍足利義尚がこれを征討するために軍を発し、六角勢との間に戦いが行われた。
- In the late Muromachi period, the Sasaki Rokkaku clan of Omi Province steadily built up the military force with the Kannonji-jo Castle as their headquarter and started to take light of the orders from the Ashikaga shogunate or even ignore them, therefore Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA sent an army to subjugate the Rokkaku clan in 1487 and a battle broke out.
- 漫画やゲーム等数多くのメディアで、戦闘の際相手にダメージを与える為に使用する描写が見られる(火遁=口から火を吹くなど)が、あくまで相手の行動を阻害して遁走するための技術であり、攻撃を目的とした行動ではない。
- Although some particular depiction is used for the scene where an enemy is given a damage in the fight in a lot of visual entertainments such as comics or games (such as Katon=blowing out fire from mouth), it is nothing but a technique to escape by blocking enemy's action, and it can never be an action for the purpose of attacking enemy.
- なお、公議とは当時討幕派・佐幕派問わずに広く唱えられた公議政体論に由来すると考えられており、明治政府と戊辰戦争で敵対した奥羽越列藩同盟の諸藩代表による議事機関にも公議所(白石城に設置)の名称が用いられている。
- Incidentally, it is said that Kogi derived from Kogi-seitai-ron (parliamentary regime theory) that was then widely advocated without regard to anti-Shogunate group or Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun), and Ouetsu-reppan alliance (alliance of strong domains in the northern part of Japan) also used the name of Kogisho (established at Shiraishi castle) for the assembly body of representatives of the domains who opposed to the Meiji Government at Boshin War.
- 当時の日本は、鉄道や船舶の整備によって国内の移動が促進され、南北から多くの人が博覧会を観覧しにやってきていたし、また日清戦争後に起きた日本留学ブームによって、清国や朝鮮などからも来日した人々が大勢来場していた。
- In Japan many people from southern and northern part visited the exhibition thanks to improved domestic transportation such as railways and ships, in addition, after the Sino-Japanese war more and more people in China and Korea wished to come Japan to study and those foreign students also visited the exhibition.
- 抗戦派の今村は他26名とともに秋月へ戻り、秋月小学校に置かれていた秋月党討伐本部を襲撃し県高官2名を殺害、反乱に加わった士族を拘留していた酒屋倉庫を焼き払ったのち、分かれて逃亡したが、11月24日に逮捕された。
- Imamura of the resistance force returned to Akizuki together with 26 others, attacked the Akizuki-to suppression headquarters situated in Akizuki Elementary School, killed two prefectural high officials, burned down the liquor store warehouse where warrior class members joining the rebellion were kept in detention, and then separately escaped, but they were arrested on November 24.
- 飛び起きて広間からかけつけてきた番人三人と戦っている間、小野寺幸右衛門が立て並べてある弓を発見、幸右衛門は吉良家臣一人を斬り倒したあと、すぐにそれらの弓の方へ向かって弦を切って使い物にならないようにしたという。
- While they were fighting against three guards who jumped out of bed and came rushing from the hall, Sawaemon ONODERA found bows lining up after killing one of Kira's retainers, and immediately cut off bowstrings so that they were no use.
- さらに、第二次世界大戦においては大東亜共栄圏の行動を打ち出し、当時イギリスやオランダなどの列強が植民地化していた東南アジアに進軍し、欧米の占領軍を追い出して後釜に座る形でほぼ全域を占領、あるいは影響下に置いた。
- In World War II, Japan proposed the action of the Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere, marched into Southeast Asia which was the colony of powerful countries such as England and the Netherlands, cast out the Occupation Forces of Europe and America and took their places, occupying or putting under their influence almost the whole area.
- 上杉景勝(120万石)の家老、直江兼続(直轄6万石 寄騎領24万石 計30万石)の養子となった本多政重(5,000石)が、関ヶ原の戦い後に大減封を受けた上杉家を退去して、加賀藩前田氏に仕官して、本多姓に復した。
- Masashige HONDA (with a 5,000 koku rice crop), who became an adopted son of Kanetsugu NAOE with 300,000 koku, a Karo officer of Kagekatsu UESUGI with 1.2 million koku, left the Uesugi family when his salary was drastically cut after the Battle of Sekigahara, and began to work for the Maeda family in the Kaga domain, restoring his original family name.
- 室町幕府や守護大名の職制では、御蔵奉行が兵糧確保の任務にあたっていたが、 戦国時代 (日本)には、平時より蔵入地を設置して兵粮確保に力を注ぎ、戦時に際して小荷駄奉行とその下に小荷駄隊を設けるのが一般的となった。
- In the official organizations of Muromachi bakufu and shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), Okura bugyo (the magistrate of storehouse) undertook to secure army provisions, but in the Sengoku period (Japan), it became common to place directly-controlled land and invested energy in securing army provisions in peacetime, and prepare konidabugyo (the commissioner of rear-echelon support troops) and, under that, konidatai (caravan of men and animals carrying supplies) in wartime.
- ペリーの『日本遠征記』によると、2度の来航で100発以上の空砲を祝砲、礼砲、号砲の名目で撃っており、日本側史料には、これが大混乱を巻き起こしたことが記録されているが、いずれも被害は無く、実戦は行っていないはずである。
- According to Perry's 'Narratives of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan,' over 100 blanks were fired during the squadron's two visits for the purposes of celebration, appreciation, and signaling, while Japanese sources write that these gun shots created great confusion, but there was no damage, and it is unlikely that actual fighting occurred.
- 戦国大名から統一政権を打ち立てた織田政権・豊臣政権の両政権では右筆衆(ゆうひつしゅう)の制が定められ、右筆衆が行政文書を作成するだけではなく、奉行・蔵入地代官などを兼務してその政策決定の過程から関与する場合もあった。
- Under both the Oda and Toyotomi governments, which were established after the unification of the warring daimyo, there was an institution called the Yuhitsushu (corps of administrators), who not only created public documents, but also sometimes stood in as the Bugyo (magistrate) or the Daikan (local governor) of directly-controlled lands, taking part in the policymaking processes.
- その後、武家政権である鎌倉幕府が成立すると、裁判制度の充実を図るとともにこうした故戦防戦を積極的に抑制する方針に転じ、延慶 (日本)3年(1310年)に刈田狼藉を犯罪と規定するなど私軍・私戦の原因を絶つ政策を採った。
- After that, when Kamakura bakufu (a samurai government) was established, the active suppression of such kosen-bosen came to be enforced in addition to the enhancement of the 'trial system,' and a policy of eliminating the causes of watakushiikusa and shisen by means of making Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally) a crime was adopted in 1310.
- 合戦の経過は詳らかではないが、鎌倉時代末期成立の『大山寺縁起』によると、義親は蜘戸(雲津浦)に城を築いて立てこもり、正盛は因幡伯耆国出雲三カ国の軍勢を率いて海を渡り、山を越えて、攻め立て、遂に義親を討ち取ったとある。
- The details of the kassen (battle, engagement) are unknown, but according to 'Daisenji engi' (tales of the origin of Daisen-ji Temple) which was completed at the end of the Kamakura period, Yoshichika built a castle at Kumoto (Kumotsuura) and barricaded himself in it, against which Masanori charged leading the troops of three provinces of Inaba, Hoki and Izumo, crossing the sea and the mountains, and he finally killed Yoshichika.
- 第2次世界大戦前までは古代・中世の社寺建築が研究の中心であったが、第二次世界大戦後は民家、江戸時代の社寺、明治以降の近代建築と次第に対象が広がっている(明治以降、旧植民地に日本人建築家の残した作品も対象になっている)。
- Until World War II, studies focused on ancient and medieval shrine and temple architecture, but since the War, the scope of research widened to include shrines and temples of the Edo period and modern structures from and since the Meiji period (studies during and after the Meiji period included the study of structures left behind by ex-colonies that were constructed by Japanese architects).
- ちなみに、昭和20年(1945年)9月2日、東京湾の戦艦ミズーリ艦上で日本の降伏文書調印式が行われた際、この時のペリー艦隊の旗艦「ポーハタン」号に掲げられていた米国旗が本国より持ち込まれ、その旗の前で調印式が行われた。
- Incidentally, on September 2, 1945, the signing of Japan's Instrument of Surrender was held on the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay--the flag that stood in the background had once flown on Perry's flagship Powhatan, and was brought from the United States for the occasion.
- しかし1909年10月、伊藤博文は満州のハルビン(哈爾浜)にて安重根によって暗殺され、短い中継ぎを挟み寺内正毅が第三代韓国統監(就任は1910年5月)となり、義兵戦争への弾圧を継続しつつ韓国併合への準備を進めていった。
- However, in October 1909, Hirobumi ITO was assassinated by An Jung-geun in Harbin of Manchuria, so after a short provisional term, Masatake TERAUCHI assumed office as the 3rd Inspector General of Korea (as of May 1910) and proceeded the preparation for the annexation of Korea, keeping oppression to Gihei War.
- また、日系アメリカ人がアメリカ社会の中に築いた日系人、すなわち日本に対する信頼が、第二次世界大戦後の高度経済成長期前後における日本企業のアメリカ市場への進出の際に、日本企業に対する信頼感の醸成に大きく役立つことになる。
- Also, American society's trust in Japanese Americans (and therefore in Japan), which Japanese Americans had succeeded in fostering there, greatly helped Japanese companies gain trust from American society when they entered the American market during the period of rapid economic growth after World War II.
- 江戸幕府による朝廷及び公家社会の秩序回復については、関ヶ原の戦いの翌月(慶長5年(1600年)10月 (旧暦))に、公家領の録上を行い、翌年には禁裏御料をはじめとして女院・宮家・公家・門跡に対する知行の確定を行っている。
- The Edo bakufu restored the order of the imperial court and the court noble society by recording the territories of the court nobles in November 1600, the next month of the Battle of Sekigahara, and by defining chigyo (enfeoffment) including the imperial property against nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a womwan of comparable standing), Miyake (the house of an imperial prince), the court nobles, and monzeki (temple formerly led by founder of sect, temple in which resided a member of nobility or imperial family) in the next year.
- そこで翌明治3年4月29日に政府はそれまでに自訴状を提出した藩の贋貨鋳造を赦免し、またそれ以外の藩でも箱館戦争終結以前の贋貨鋳造行為に関してはかつて明治政府と戦った斗南藩(旧会津藩)なども含めてその罪を不問にするとした。
- Consequently, on April 29, 1870, the government pardoned the domains that had handed in the jisojo before then, and also decided to overlook the coining of counterfeit money done by the other domains before the end of the Hakodate War, including the Tonami Domain (the old Aizu Domain) which used to fight with the Meiji government.
- 旧摂関家の当主であった近衛篤麿(近衛文麿の父)を擁した対露同志会を始めとして、七博士建白事件における日露開戦論の高まり、戦後のポーツマス条約締結に反対する民衆による日比谷焼討事件など、対外硬派の影響によるところが大きい。
- What were largely due to the influence of Taigaiko group are the anti Russia comradeship with Atsumaro KONOE (the father of Fumimaro KONOE) who was the family head of the former Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), the fervor of theory of outbreak of Japanese -Russo War in the Incident of Shichihakase Kenpaku (movement of outbreak of Japanese-Russo War by seven doctors), and the Hibiya Incendiary Incident by the people who were against Treaty of Portsmouth.
- 翌永享10年8月28日 (旧暦)(1438年9月17日)に多武峰を対象とした治罰綸旨を後花園天皇に極秘に発給してもらい総攻撃を開始し、翌永享11年(1439年)3月に至り越智維通が討たれ、11年に及ぶ戦乱は一旦終結した。
- On September 17, 1438, they requested the Emperor Gohanazono in strict secrecy to issue Jibatsu Rinji (imperial order to punish enemies) targeting at Tonomine in order to start an all-out assault, which finally ended the war that had lasted for 11 years with the death of Koremichi OCHI in April 1439.
- 天平宝字8年(764年)に藤原仲麻呂の乱を平定した称徳天皇は、戦死した将兵の菩提を弔うと共に、鎮護国家を祈念するために、6年の歳月を掛けて宝亀元年(770年)に『無垢浄光大陀羅尼経』に基づいて、陀羅尼を100万巻印刷した。
- Empress Shotoku, who had brought an end to the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro in 764, printed one million scrolls of Dharanis based on the 'Pure Light Great Dharani Sutras' in 770, which took six years, for the purpose of mourning for the souls of departed warriors who were killed in action as well to pray for the protection of the nation.
- 日清戦争の後、高まりを見せ始めていた労働運動を取り締まるために、それまで自由民権運動を念頭に置いて政治活動の規制を主な目的としていた集会及政社法に、労働運動の規制という新たな役割を付加した上で継承発展させる形で制定された。
- In order to crack down on the labor movements which were rising after Japanese-Shino War, with a new role of regulating them it was enacted as the successor of Shukai oyobi Seisha Ho (the law on assembly and association), the major target of which had been to regulate political activities focusing on the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.
- 日本書紀によれば、天智天皇より皇位継承するのは大海人皇子とされていたとあり、天武天皇(後の天武天皇)は672年6月に吉野から東方へ脱出し、美濃国を拠点に軍兵を徴発した上で近江大津宮へ進軍し、同年7月、大友側に決戦を挑んだ。
- According to Nihonshoki, Prince Oama (later Emperor Tenchi) was to ascend the throne, who escaped eastward from Yoshino in June 672 to base in Mino no Kuni where he commandeered troops and advanced toward the Imperial Palace to challenge the OTOMO side to a battle in July of the same year.
- 一方、京都にいる藩主慶篤の名代として宍戸藩藩主松平頼徳が幕命により内乱鎮静のため水戸へ下向するも、一行の中に武田耕雲斎ら激派の要人が加わっており、尊攘派の士民が多く同行していた為、市川らは戦備を整えて一行の入城を拒絶する。
- Meanwhile, the lord of the Shishido Domain Yorinori MATSUDAIRA was ordered by the bakufu and went to Mito to suppress the domestic conflict on behalf of the lord of the Mito Domain Yoshiatsu TOKUGAWA who was staying in Kyoto, but the core members of the extremists, including Kounsai TAKEDA, joined him and many of the samurai of the sonjo party also accompanied him, so Ichikawa and others prepared to fight against them and refused to let them go into the castle.
- 『日本書紀』の持統天皇の吉野行きの記事は、ひと干支(60年)前の「白村江の戦い」時の天皇の佐賀県吉野地方への出撃部隊視察の記事である(部隊は機密保持のため有明海に集結し、有明海→五島列島→韓のコースを辿ったと考えられる)。
- The article on Emperor Jito's visit to Yoshino in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) is an article on the emperor's visits to mission troops to the Yoshino area, Saga Prefecture at the time of `the battle of Hakusukinoe' sixty years ago (the troops gathered at the sea of Areake for maintaining confidentiality, and are believed to have taken the course; from the sea of Ariake, the Goto Islands, to Kan).
- これらの現象は従来は下克上の一言で片づけられてきた嫌いがあるが、戦国大名による領国支配の形態の研究が進むにつれ、その支配体制が決して専制的なものでなく、家臣団の衆議・意向を汲み取っていたものであるとの見方が多くなってきている。
- These phenomena tended to be simply seen as gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) in the past, but as the study progresses on the form of territory ruling by daimyo in the Warring States period, more people think that the ruling system was never be autocratic and took into consultations and intentions of the vassalage.
- 日露戦争中に桂太郎との間で交わされた約束によって立憲政友会総裁である西園寺公望が後継に就任した(なお、この禅譲は元老の干渉を恐れた桂が事前に西園寺の後見人である伊藤博文と井上馨の許可を取ったのみで、元老会議は召集されなかった)。
- Kinmochi SAIONJI, the president of Rikken Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government Party), became Prime Minister, succeeding to Taro KATSURA, based on the promise made between them during the Russo-Japanese War (since Katsura was afraid of Genro [elder statesmen]'s interference, he didn't assemble Council of Genro: he only got the approval from Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, both of whom were Saionji's guardians, for that transfer of power).
- 第二次世界大戦中における日系人の強制収容など人種差別をもとにしたいくつもの障害があったものの、このことがやがて世代が変わるごとに、ゆっくりとではあっても確実に、日系人がアメリカ社会での地位を向上させていくことにつながっていった。
- This led to the enhancement of the position of Japanese Americans in American society as generations went by, despite various obstacles due to racial discrimination including the Japanese American internment during the World War II.
- 貴族院 (日本)議員田村保によって民法商法施行延期法案が貴族院に出され、断行派議員と延期派議員との間でも激しい論戦が繰り広げられたが、同案は圧倒的多数で貴族院を通過、衆議院でも賛成多数で可決するに至りここに民法典論争は決着をみた。
- A bill of postponing the effectuation of the Civil Code and the Commercial Code were submitted by Tamotsu TAMURA, a member of the House of Peers, which caused heated arguments as to whether to carry it out or postpone it, but the bill passed the House of Peers by an overwhelming majority and the House of Representatives by a majority: Finally the Minpoten Ronso saw its settlement.
- 地方貨幣(ちほうかへい)とは、江戸時代に各藩により原則として領内通用として発行された貨幣であり、戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代初期にかけて、各大名が自国領内通用として発行した金貨銀貨は特に領国貨幣(りょうごくかへい)とも呼ばれる。
- Chiho Kahei was a currency issued principally to be used within a territory and was issued by various domains in the Edo period, and particularly, gold and silver coins issued by various daimyo to be used within their territories from the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) to the early Edo period were also called Ryogoku Kahei.
- 戦国時代 (日本)から安土桃山時代にかけて、大和国は織田信長に仕えた筒井順慶に支配されていたが、信長と順慶の死後、天下の覇権をにぎった豊臣秀吉は、順慶の後を継いだ筒井定次を伊賀上野藩に移封し、代わって弟の豊臣秀長に大和を与えていた。
- From the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan) to Azuchi-Momoyama period, Yamato Province had been ruled by Junkei TSUTSUI who was serving under Nobunaga ODA, but after the death of Nobunaga and Junkei, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who held a hegemony over the country, transferred Sadatsugu TSUTSUI, a successor of Junkei, to Ueno Domain in Iga Province, and gave Yamato Province to his brother Hidenaga TOYOTOMI instead.
- 戦国時代の残滓が残っているとはいえ、「武断政治」から「文治政治」への転換が図られて、「喧嘩両成敗」という理非を問わずに双方を処断するというやり方は、無実の人間を残虐な刑罰に晒す危険性があると当時の儒学者などからの批判もあったという。
- Some Confucians criticized 'Kenka Ryoseibai' by pointing out the possibilities of punishing innocent people without making clear what is right and what is wrong, especially now that the politics had shifted from military government to civilian government although there were remnants left from the Sengoku Period (period of civil war).
- 日中戦争の端緒となった盧溝橋事件において「なぜ日本が中国の領域深くまで当然のように兵を置いていたのか」という疑問を聞くことがあるが、これは日本からすれば北京議定書に基づく権利の行使により、日本を含む8ヶ国の列強が各地に駐兵していた。
- In the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, which triggered the Sino-Japanese war, a question 'why Japan stationed a troop for granted in such a deep place of China' is sometimes heard: That was only because Japan used its rights based on the Peking Protocol in the same way other seven Powers posted troops in various places.
- 第二次世界大戦以前の日本における伽耶地方の研究については、当時の併合政策を正当化しようとする姿勢から、『日本書紀』に現れる任那日本府を倭国(大和政権)が朝鮮半島南部を支配するために設置した出先機関であるとする前提に立つものであった。
- Before the World War II, the study of Goya region in Japan stood on the premise that Mimana Nihon-fu, which appears in 'Nihonshoki', was the regional office established by Wakoku (Yamato Administration) to govern the southern area of the Korean Peninsula, which would justify Japan's annexation policy.
- 現在では且元が家康の間諜を務めていたなどという説もあるが、且元は慶長19年(1614年)の鐘銘問題においても盛んに駿府の家康のもとに交渉に赴き、戦争回避などを努力していることから、彼はむしろ豊臣氏存続に心を砕いた忠臣だったと思われる。
- Although there are speculations today that Katsumoto provided intelligence to Ieyasu, he is believed to have been a faithful Toyotomi vassal that devoted himself to preserve Toyotomi clan, demonstrated by his diligent effort to avert warfare through frequent visits and talks with Ieyasu in Sunpu, over the Shomei issue of 1614.
- 黒田俊雄は1965年の『日本の歴史8 蒙古襲来』で、『保暦間記』に書かれている嘉元の乱のあらすじを紹介して、「しかしこの作戦はまったくまずい...すべて行きづまってくると、権力欲の争いもくだらないやりかたになってくる」と書かれている。
- In his 'History of Japan Vol. 8, Mongol invasion attempts against Japan' published in 1965, Toshio KURODA introduced an outline of Kagen War written in 'Horyakukanki,' and wrote that 'However, this strategy is not good, and when everything comes to a dead end, even the power struggle becomes absurd as well.'
- 更に東学党の乱などでゆれる朝鮮半島問題では、川上操六参謀次長とともに清国に対して強硬論を唱えて、日清戦争を開戦させるとともにイギリス・ロシア帝国からは好意的な中立を獲得して、下関条約締結まで終始日本側の有利に戦況を進める結果となった。
- And in the matter over the Korean Peninsula rocked by the Tonghak Uprising and others, he advocated hard line toward Qing with a vice chief of staff Soroku KAWAKAMI, and started the Sino-Japanese War, gaining favorable neutrality from the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire, which caused that Japan carried on the war advantageously from the beginning to the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
- やがて戊辰戦争が始まると、外国より武器を輸入するための戦費調達を目的として奥羽越列藩同盟の会津藩・仙台藩・二本松藩・久保田藩などが贋貨を鋳造し始め、続いて薩摩藩・土佐藩・芸州藩・宇和島藩・佐土原藩・郡山藩などの官軍諸藩もこれに続いた。
- When the Boshin War eventually started, the Oetsu-reppan alliance: the Aizu, Sendai, Nihonmatsu, Kubota, and other domains started coining counterfeit money, followed by Imperial army domains such as Satsuma, Tosa, Geishu, Uwajima, Sadowara, and Gunyama Domain, for the purpose of raising capital to import weapons from overseas.
- この問題の行方によっては薩英戦争同様の事態に進展する可能性もあり、さらに神戸が香港や上海市の様に理不尽な占領下に置かれる事態も起こり得たことから、滝善三郎の犠牲によって危機回避がなされたことは日本史の流れにおいても重大な出来事であった。
- Depending on the conclusion, this incident would possibly have developed into as serious a situation as Anglo-Satsuma War, and Kobe might have been put under the unreasonable occupation like Hong Kong or Shanghai City, so it is also important in the context of the Japanese history that the national crisis could be avoided at the sacrifice of Zenzaburo TAKI.
- 石津の戦い(いしづのたたかい)とは、南北朝時代 (日本)の延元3年/暦応元年5月22日 (旧暦)(1338年6月10日)に和泉国堺浦・石津(現在の大阪府堺市一帯)において、南朝 (日本)方の北畠顕家と北朝 (日本)方の高師直が戦った合戦。
- The Battle of Ishizu was fought on June 10, 1338, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), in Ishizu of Sakaiura, Izumi Province (areas in and around present-day Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture) between Akiie KITABATAKE, who supported the Southern Court, and KO no Moronao, who supported the Northern Court.
- そして、この戦いに参加した五十三家の地侍達を「甲賀五十三家」と呼び(さらに五十三家の中で六角氏より感状を貰い重きを置かれた家を「甲賀二十一家」と称した)、甲賀の地が織田信長に席巻されるまでの間、六角氏の下で諜報活動に戦闘にと活躍していった。
- The 53 families of jizamurai (literally, soldiers of the land) that participated in this battle were called the '53 families of Koga' (among them, the families which received a letter of commendation from the Rokkaku clan for taking part in the battle and were valued were called the '21 families of Koga') and they were active in both intelligence and fighting activities under the Rokkaku clan until the Koka region was seized by Nobunaga ODA.
- 大内氏の傘下にあった毛利氏を攻めた尼子氏が敗退(吉田郡山城の戦い)したことから、周防国の戦国大名である大内義隆は天文11年(1542年)、この尼子氏に更なる打撃を加えて優位に立とうとすべく、大軍を率いて尼子氏の本国・出雲国への遠征に臨んだ。
- Since the Amago clan which attacked the Mori clan under the jurisdiction of the Ouchi clan and defeated (Battle of Yoshida Koriyama-jo Castle), the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) in Suo Province, Yoshitaka OUCHI made an expedition to the Amago clan's province Izumo Province to have advantage by giving additional damage to the Amago clan in 1542.
- 生類憐みの令を処罰された側から見ると悪法に見えるが、例えば、当時、まだ戦国時代 (日本)の「人を殺して出世する(賃金を得る)」がごとき風習が未だ根強く、病人や牛馬などを山野に捨てる風習や、宿で旅人が病気になると追い出されるなどの悪習があった。
- Although it appears an evil law from the viewpoint of the offender, there was still a persevering custom from the Civil War Period of 'Achieving promotion (monetary gain) by killing others', as well as a tendency to leave sick people, oxen and horses in fields and on mountains and of driving sick travellers out of inns.
- 16世紀中頃すなわち戦国時代より戦費調達および賞賜のための金銀需要が拡大し、日本各地において金鉱山および銀山の開発が活発となり増産が行われ、特に銀は世界一、二位を競うほどの産出高を誇るようになり、全世界の約三分の一を産出したと推定されている。
- Since the middle of the 16th century, namely the Sengoku period, demand for gold and silver increased for financing the war effort and for giving awards, and therefore gold and silver mines were actively developed to increase the production of gold and silver, especially the latter, the production of which was world's biggest and is estimated to have reached one third of the entire world's production.
- 承平8年(938年)2月、身の置き所のなくなった平貞盛は東山道をへて京へ上ろうと出立するが、朝廷に告訴されることを恐れた将門は100騎を率いてこれを追撃、信濃国信濃川で追いついて合戦となり、貞盛側の多くが討たれるも、貞盛は身ひとつで逃亡に成功。
- Having no idea what to do with hiimself, TAIRA no Sadamori left for Kyoto via Tosando Road in Feburary 938, but was chased by Masakado with his 100 horsemen who feared action from the Imperial Court; Sadamori escaped following a battle at Shinano-gawa River in Shinano Province, although many of his men were killed.
- 合戦の状況を語る唯一の一次史料である霜月騒動覚聞書によると、11月17日の午前中、松谷の別荘に居た泰盛は、世間が騒がしくなった事に気付き、昼の12時頃塔ノ辻にある出仕用の屋形に出かけ、貞時邸に出仕したところを頼綱の手勢の襲撃を受けて殺害された。
- According to the Shimotsuki Incident note, the only primary archive describing the incident, when Yasumori was in his second house in Matsutani in the morning of December 21, he noticed a restlessness in the world and went back to his residence in Tonotsuji around midday to prepare to attend court, but he was attacked and killed by Yoritsuna's soldiers when he arrived at Sadatoki's residence.
- 小林平八郎と清水一学は吉良家臣として劇作などに取り上げられ、上野介の身代わりとなって奮戦する小林平八郎の姿や、泉水にかけられた橋の上で二刀を構えた清水一学が赤穂浪士を大いに苦しめ、赤穂浪士第一の剣客堀部安兵衛と大立ち回りを演じる場面が描かれている。
- Heihachiro KOBAYASHI and Ichigaku SHIMIZU often appears in plays which show Heihachiro KOBAYASHI sacrificing himself by fighting for Kira and Ichigaku SHIMIZU with two swords in his hands tormenting Ako Roshi greatly on the bridge over a pond in the yard, as well as battling a mass fight with the most skilled swordsman among Ako Roshi, Yasube HORIBE.
- 第二次世界大戦中は更に政府の統制が強化されたが、終戦後の1946年(昭和21年)の第1次地方制度改革で知事の選挙投票者による分類制が導入されるなどの民主化が行われ、最終的には1947年(昭和22年)の地方自治法の成立により現行の都道府県制に移行した。
- During World War II, the regulation by the government was enforced, however, after the war, the first reform of the local system was implemented in 1946 to promote democratization, and the classification system where a prefectural governor is elected by voters was introduced, which was after all replaced by the current Todofuken sei (system of prefectural government) when the Local Autonomy Law was established in 1947.
- だが、実際には当時(版籍奉還以前)の明治政府は諸藩に対して命令を下す権限を持っておらず(従って明治政府の命令である太政官布告ではなく、要請に近い太政官達が出されていた)、特に薩摩・土佐両藩は「戦勝国」の立場を利用してその後も贋貨を鋳造続けたのである。
- However, in reality, the Meiji Government at the time (before the return of lands and people to the emperor) did not have the authority to give orders to various domains (therefore the notice of Daijokan [Grand Council of State], which was more of a request, was issued instead of the edict of Daijokan, which was a command from the Meiji Government), and particularly the Satsuma and Tosa Domains used their position as a 'victor country' and still continued to coin counterfeit money.
- なお、この反乱は一般に承平 (日本)・天慶 (日本)の両元号の期間に発生した事から「承平天慶の乱」と呼称されているが、承平年間における朝廷側の認識ではこの当時の将門・純友の行動は私戦(豪族同士の対立による私的な武力衝突)とその延長としか見られていない。
- The wars are commonly referred to as 'The Johei and Tengyo Wars' since they occurred during the Johei (Japan) and Tengyo (Japan) eras, but, at the time, the actions of Masakado and Sumitomo were seen by the Imperial Court as mere private warfare, private conflicts between local ruling families.
- 現在、これらを前身として存続している銀行のうち、国立銀行時代のナンバーを引き継いでいないところのほとんどは、1930年代から1940年代前半の政府の施策として、銀行の1県1行主義に伴う戦時統合により、新たな法人として設立されているところが多くみられる。
- Currently, many of the surviving banks which used to be the National Banks but did not take over the numbers at the time were established as new legal entities by the integration in wartime according to the principle of one bank per one prefecture under the government measures of 1930 to early 1940.
- 1905年、日露戦争は東郷平八郎率いる大日本帝国海軍がロシア海軍のバルチック艦隊を撃破したことを契機に、アメリカ合衆国大統領のセオドア・ルーズベルトの仲介のもと、アメリカのポーツマス (ニューハンプシャー州)にて日露の和睦交渉が行なわれることとなった。
- In 1905, Japan and Russia came to be holding reconcilatory negotiations at Portsmouth of America (State of New Hampshire) through the intermediation of Theodore ROOSEVELT, the President of the United States of America, triggered by the incident that the Baltic Fleet, the Russian Navy, was explosed by the Imperial Japanese Navy led by Heihachiro TOGO during the Russo-Japanese War.
- 広義では、元亀元年9月12日の石山挙兵から天正8年8月2日の顕如退去までの11年(10年間)を指すが、天正8年3月7日 (旧暦)(1580年4月20日)に本願寺は大坂退去の誓紙を信長に届けて戦闘行為を休止したことから、閏3月7日を終わりとすることもある。
- In a broad sense, it can be said that this war lasted for almost 10 years (ended in the 11th year) from raising an army in Ishiyama on October 21, 1570 to Kennyo's leaving of the temple on September 20, 1580, but another theory says the war ended on April 1, 1580 because Hongan-ji Temple sent Nobunaga a written oath of the leave from Osaka to cease their battle action on that day.
- しかし、当時既に開設されていた電信によりいち早く彼らの蜂起とその規模を知った政府は、一部汽車をも利用して警察隊・憲兵 (日本軍)等を送り込むが苦戦し、最終的には東京鎮台の鎮台兵を送り郡境を抑えたため、11月4日に秩父困民党指導部は事実上崩壊、鎮圧された。
- However, the government, getting information on their uprising and its scale instantaneously by telegram that had already been in use at that time, sent a troop of police and military police (Japanese Army) partially by train only to face uphill fights, but finally soldiers in Tokyo Chindai Army (garrison in Meiji period) brought the county boundary under their control, leading the leaders of the Konmin Party to the collapse and subjugation on November 4.
- 明治憲法下で天皇の権能は特に規定がなければ国務大臣が補弼することとなっていたが、それは憲法に明記されておらず、また、慣習的に軍令(作戦・用兵に関する統帥事務)については国務大臣ではなく、統帥部(陸軍:参謀総長。海軍:軍令部総長)が輔弼することとなっていた。
- Under the Meiji Constitution, the capacity and power of the Emperor was used to be assisted by the Minister of State if there was no specific regulations, but it was not written in the Constitution, and traditionally as for the military orders (supreme command affairs related to the strategy and tactics) were assisted not by the Minister of State but by the supreme command staff (the Chief of the Army General Staff and the President of the Naval General Staff).
- イルティッシュ号投降事件(イルティッシュごうとうこうじけん)は、日本海海戦で損傷を受けたロシアのバルチック艦隊の特務艦イルティッシュ号が航行不能となり、1905年(明治38年)5月28日午後2時頃、島根県那賀郡都濃村和木(現・江津市和木町)で投降した事件。
- The Irtysh surrender incident is the incident in which the crew of a special service vessel of the Russian Baltic Fleet called the Irtysh, which had been damaged in the Battle of Tsushima and stalled at sea, surrendered in Waki district, Tsuno village, Naka County (present-day Waki town, Gotsu City), Shimane Prefecture at about 2:00 pm on May 28, 1905.
- 畿内では本願寺は京都山科を本拠としていたが、一向一揆を背景として本願寺の影響力が強くなると、その武力を恐れた細川晴元は日蓮宗徒らと結託し、天文 (元号)元年(1532年)8月に山科本願寺を焼き討ちした(山科本願寺山科本願寺の戦い/天文の錯乱/天文法華の乱)。
- In Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), Hongan-ji Temple was based in Yamashina, Kyoto and as it became influential due to the Ikko Ikki, Harumoto HOSOKAWA, who feared its military power, attacked and set fire to Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple in collusion with the Nichiren sect in September, 1532 (the Battle of Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple/the Tenbun War/the Tenbun Hokke War).
- 第二次伊藤内閣で、メキシコとの間に平等条約締結を成功させた陸奥宗光が外相となり、駐英公使の青木周蔵を交渉に当たらせ、1894年(明治27年)の日清戦争直前、ロシア帝国の南下に危機感を募らせていた英国と日英通商航海条約の調印に成功し、治外法権制度を撤廃させた。
- Becoming a Foreign Minister in the second ITO Cabinet, Munemitsu MUTSU, who had succeeded in the conclusion of the equal treaty with Mexico, requested the Minister-Counselor to England Shuzo AOKI to negotiate with the country, and in 1894 just before the Sino-Japanese War, he succeeded to conclude the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with England, which heightened the sense of danger against the advance southward of the Russian Empire, and thus abolished the extraterritoriality.
- 下賜当時、西南戦争・竹橋・自由民権運動などの社会情勢により、設立間もない軍部に動揺が広がっていたため、これを抑え、精神的支柱を確立する意図で起草されたものされ、1878年(明治11年)10月に陸軍卿山縣有朋が全陸軍将兵に印刷配布した軍人訓誡が元になっている。
- At the time of the grant, the newly organized military had been shook up due to social unrest caused by Seinan War, Takebashi and Movement for democratic rights, and therefore, in order to settle the situation and establish a mental pillar they drafted the imperial rescript, which was made from the admonition for military men printed and distributed to all the officers and soldiers by Aritomo YAMAGATA, director general of the army, in October, 1878.
- 風林火山(ふうりんかざん)は、甲斐国(山梨県)の戦国大名・武田信玄の旗指物(軍旗)に記された「疾如風、徐如林、侵掠如火、不動如山 / 疾(はや)きこと風の如く、徐(しず)かなること林の如く、侵(おか)し掠(かす)めること火の如く、動かざること山の如し」の通称。
- Fu-Rin-Ka-Zan is a common name for the phrase of 'as fast as the wind, as quiet as the forest, as daring as fire, and as immovable as the mountain,' written on the hatasashi-mono (battle flags) of Shingen TAKEDA, a daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period in the Kai Province (Yamanashi Prefecture).
- 群馬県甘楽郡下仁田町には、下仁田町ふるさとセンター(歴史民俗資料館)に「下仁田古戦場碑」、山際稲荷神社(山際公園)に「義烈千秋の碑」及び「維新之礎碑」、本誓寺に天狗党員、高崎藩士の墓などがあり、町内下小坂には勝海舟揮毫による「高崎藩士戦死之碑」が建てられている。
- In Shimonita-machi, Kanra-gun, Gunma Prefecture, 'Shimonita old battlefield monument' is established in the Shimonita-machi Furusato Center (Folk Heritage Museum), 'Giretsu senshu no hi' and 'Ishin no so hi' in the Yamagiwainari-jinja shrine (Yamagiwa park), graves of Tenguto members and feudal retainers of Takasaki Domain in Honsei-ji Temple, and 'monument for the dead samurai of the Takasaki Domain' (the letters were written with a brush by Kaishu KATSU) in Shimoosaka, Shimonita-machi.
- ちなみに、光謙は昭和19年(1944年)11月29日に死去した、江戸時代の藩主の中でもっとも長寿の人物であった(但し、光謙の時代には既に版籍奉還が行われており、上総請西藩の林忠崇(戊辰戦争で幕府側について改易、昭和16年死去)を「最後の藩主」とするのが通説である)。
- In addition, Mitsunori who died on November 29, 1944 lived longer than any other lord of the domain in the Edo period (however, since the return of lands and people to the emperor was implemented during the era of Mitsunori, it is a popular theory to consider Tadataka HAYASHI of the Jozai Domain, Kazusa Province - he became subject to Kaieki [forfeit rank of Samurai and properties] because he was on the side of the bakufu in the Boshin Civil War, and died in 1941 - as the 'last lord of domain').
- 芸能・園芸の「芸」(ゲイ)は当用漢字公布まで用いられた旧字体では「藝」(ゲイ)という書体だったが、戦後になって当用漢字(常用漢字の前身)が公布されてからは新字体として「芸」(ゲイ)に簡略化されたため、もとからある「芸」(ウン)と同形衝突(一致)してしまったのである。
- The character '芸' that is used for 芸能 and 園芸 is derived from the traditional form '藝' which was simplified into 芸 as a new character form published for use as common-use kanji (then 'toyo-kanji' now superseded by 'joyo-kanji') after the war, resulting in integration of character form with the character 芸 that was older in existence and in use.
- このように軍隊が所属する国家の通貨制度とは分離して軍票を使用する制度を用いるのは、自国の通貨を使用すると通貨供給量が激増し、結果的にはインフレーションで経済破綻する恐れがあるほか、敵国に自国通貨が渡ると工作資金になる危険性があるなど、戦略面からの要請があるためである。
- The reason a military force used their military currency instead of using their own country's monetary system was as follows; the total money supply might increase drastically, which could lead to inflation and economic disaster if they used their own country's currency; the country's currency might be used for power-keeping maneuver if their enemy country got it.
- 桶狭間の合戦後に、岡崎城に入城した家康の許に、織田家からの使者として、たびたび、水野信元、久松定俊の両人が訪問し、言葉を尽くして、和順を促したという、しかしながら、家康はなかなか応じず、討死した義元の仇も報じない愚将の氏真に従えば武田・北条にその所領を奪われるは必定。
- After the Battle of Okehazama, Nobumoto MIZUNO and Sadatoshi HISAMATSU often visited Ieyasu entering Okazaki-jo Castle as envoy of Oda family to persuade him as much as possible in words to become the daimyo of the Oda side, however, Ieyasu did not accept their words so easily then they said that following the stupid commander Ujizane who did not revenge for Yoshimoto died in battle would surely end up Ieyasu losing his territory by the Takeda clan and the Hojo clan.
- 信長軍はすぐさま、配下の九鬼水軍など三百余艘で木津川 (大阪府)河口を封じたが、毛利水軍は数の利を生かして火矢や焙烙玉(中に火がくすぶっており、目標に当たると中身が出て一気に燃え広がる武器)で信長軍の船を焼き払い、大勝して本願寺に兵糧・弾薬を届けた(第一次木津川口海戦)。
- In response, the Kuki navy, a Nobunaga army's vassal, blocked the estuary of Kizu-gawa River (Osaka Prefecture) with around 300 ships but the Mori navy, outnumbering the enemy, burnt out ships of the Oda army using flaming arrows and horokudama bombs (A fire smolders inside this weapon and, when it hits a target, fire comes out and suddenly spreads.) and sent Hongan-ji Temple the supply after the complete victory (the first Naval Battle of Kizu-gawa River Estuary).
- 戦争中,中支の戦場にいた,のちの戦記作家の伊藤桂一(当時・陸軍上等兵)は,戦陣訓と軍人勅諭を比較して「「戦陣訓」にくらべると,明治十五年発布の「軍人勅諭」は荘重なリズムをもつ文体で,内部に純粋な国家意識が流れているし,軍隊を離れて,一種の叙事詩的な文学性をさえ感じるのである。
- Keiichi ITO was in the central China during the war (as a lance corporal of the Army) and when he became a novelist of military history later, he compared Senjinkun military code with the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and said, ''the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors,' that was issued in 1882, has a literary style with more solemn rhythm than 'Senjinkun military code,' pure national consciousness is seen through it, and it gives impression of a kind of epic literature instead of the military.
- 刊行物としては創立30周年記念出版の『明治憲政経済史論』(1919年)、50周年記念の『国家学論集』(1937年)、戦後に刊行された『新憲法の研究』(1947年)、100周年記念の『国家と社会』(1987年)などがあるが、最近は機関誌『国家学会雑誌』の刊行が中心になっている。
- Publications are 'Meiji Kensei Keizai Shiron'(Essay on History of Meiji Constitutional Government, Economics)(1919) published to mark the 30th anniversary of the foundation, 'Kokkagaku Ronshu'(Collection of the Science of the Nation)(1937) as the 50th anniversary, 'Shin Kenpo no Kenkyu'(Study on the New Constitution)(1947) published after the war, 'Kokka to Shakai'(Nation and Society)(1987) as the 100th anniversary and so on, but recently major publication is an organ 'Kokkagakkai-zasshi'.
- なお、『秩父事件史料集成』の編纂に参加した歴史学者の色川大吉は、当時の明治政府側の公文書の分析によって、明治政府が西南戦争に準じた「反乱」として認識していた事実を指摘している(なお、取調調書には参加者の最終的な目標が「天朝様(天皇)を倒す」ことであるとする自白があったとする記述がある)。
- A historian, Daikichi IROKAWA, who participated in compiling 'Chichibu Jiken Siryo Hensan (A Collection of Chichibu Incident Data) ', through an analysis of documents of the Meiji Government, pointed out that the incident was taken by the government a 'revolt' equivalent to the Seinan War (the interrogation record included a description of a confession that the final goal of the participants was 'to defeat the Emperor').
- 日露戦争の開催を決定した御前会議においては明治天皇と第1次桂内閣の5閣僚(総理・外務・大蔵・陸軍・海軍各大臣)と5元老(伊藤博文・井上馨・大山巌・松方正義・山縣有朋)の計11名で構成され、統帥部の出席は認められずにその決定に従って作戦計画を作成することになっていた(政略主導の両略一致)。
- The conference in the presence of the Emperor where the Russo-Japanese War was decided to go was consisted of 11 members who were the Emperor Meiji, 5 Cabinet members of the First KATSURA Cabinet (Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, Minister of Finance, Army Minister, Navy Minister), 5 Genro (elder statesman) (Hirobumi ITO, Kaoru INOUE, Iwao OYAMA, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Aritomo YAMAGATA), supreme command staff was not admitted to attend it, and the plan of strategy was going to be made according to the decision at the conference (congruency of politics and strategy with the main leadership of politics).
- 家康の嫡男松平信康は織田信長の命で切腹させられており、次男の結城秀康は豊臣秀吉(後に結城晴朝)の養子に出したため、後継は早くから三男の徳川秀忠に定めていたが、関ヶ原の戦いでの遅参など、資質に疑問を持った家康が四男松平忠吉も含め、功臣たちに後継者は誰が良いかを尋ねたという逸話が伝わっている。
- Ieyasu's eldest legitimate son Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA killed himself by order of Nobunaga ODA, and the second son Hideyasu YUKI was adopted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (and later by Harutomo YUKI), so the third son Hidetada TOKUGAWA was determined early on as his successor, but there was an episode that Ieyasu had a question about Hidetada's capability because he arrived late in the Battle of Sekigahara, and Ieyasu asked his vassals, including the fourth son Tadayoshi MATSUDAIRA, who was the appropriate successor.
- 平将門の乱において平将門が国司襲撃という公に対する反逆行為に出るまで鎮圧を行わなかったこと(逆に私戦を行って秩序を乱している点では対立する平貞盛なども同一であり、将門の乱初期においては将門に貞盛追討が命じられたこともある)や後三年の役において源義家の配下に恩賞を与えなかった事がその例である。
- One of the examples is that TAIRA no Masakado's War was not suppressed until TAIRA no Masakado staged a rebellious act attacking a provincial governor (although TAIRA no Sadamori on the opposing side was similar in that he had disturbed the peace and at the beginning of Masakado's War he had been ordered to hunt down and kill Sadamori), and another example is that, for the Go Sannen no Eki (Later Three-Year Campaign), reward grants were not given to the subordinates of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie.
- 戦前に築いた日系コミュニティー、つまり日本町が、西海岸の数箇所でしか保存できなかったり、多くが消滅してしまったのは、構成していた不動産や財産を彼らが強制収容所に送られる前に手放さざるを得なかったり、戦後戻ってきても、既に他の民族が住み着いていたりした為、日本町の再興が出来なかった事も関係している。
- Few of the Japanese communities, that is Japanese towns, built before the war were preserved except in several places on the West Coast and most of them disappeared, because many of their former residents had to get rid of their real estate and property before they were interned, and even after returning at the end of the war, they found other people had already moved in, preventing them from reviving the aforementioned towns.
- 室町幕府や戦国大名なども市場や道路などのいわゆる「アジール」的な場所での質取行為は禁止したものの、前述の地縁に関する認識の存在と慣習法としての一般認識の存在、他に債務者に対して債務返済への心理的圧力としてある程度までは有効性があったことから、規制は行われても禁止にまで踏み切った法は存在しなかった。
- While the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) banned Shichitorikoi in so-called sanctuary-like places such as markets and streets, there were only restrictions and was no law to ban the actions because Shichitorikoi was effective as the existence of the above-mentioned cognition of the group responsibility in a local community and the general cognition as a common law and mental pressure on the debtor to pay for his or her debt.
- しかし、豪族を、「勢力のある一族」「有力な一族」という意味での一般的な使用(例えば「南北朝時代の○○国△△郡の豪族」というような使用)では、豪族という形容は、その後の時代の地頭や悪党、国人出自などの領主クラスの大名分の武家に対してしばしば使用され、戦国時代・安土桃山時代まで豪族という形容をすることがある。
- However, in the general use of Gozoku as the meaning of 'a potent clan' or 'powerful clan' (for example the use like 'Gozoku in △△ District, OO Province' in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts), the term 'Gozoku' was often used to describe Jito (manager and lord of manor), Akuto (a villain in the medieval times), and samurai families at the same level as daimyo in the feudal lord class from Kokujin (local samurai) in the subsequent periods, and they were sometimes described as Gozoku until the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) and the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
- だが、その一方で西南戦争以後民権派に反政府運動・民党の主導権を握られてきた国粋主義者を中心とした外交問題を軸とした政界再編構想の一環とも言え、本来親政府の吏党である筈の国民協会から普通選挙を掲げる急進民権派である東洋自由党までを巻き込んで、ゆくゆくは国粋主義を軸とした統一政党化も視野に入れた動きでもあった。
- Meanwhile, however, the movement was also, in a sense, part of the plan to create a national political realignment focusing on foreign affairs among nationalists in particular, who allowed popular rights groups to take the initiative in the anti-government movement Minto (political parties including the Liberal Party and the Progressive Party) since the Seinan War (a local war by Satsuma ex-samurai against the Meiji government); In other words, it also represented a political trend to unify all political parties with nationalism at the core in the future by involving the parties from the Kokumin Kyokai, a Rito which was fundamentally a pro-government political party, to the Toyo Jiyuto, a radical popular rights party which advocated universal suffrage.
- 位階や旭日章・瑞宝章などのその他の勲章は仕官して公務員(当時は官吏)となれば勤続年数などの一定の条件で大抵誰でも受勲することができ、また官吏では無い兵 (日本軍)や民間人でも対象となったが、金鵄勲章は軍人軍属のみでかつ相応の戦功がなくては授与されず、大将や皇族軍人といえども相応の武功がなければ授与されなかった。
- In terms of other orders, including courtly rank and the Orders of the Rising Sun and Orders of the Sacred Treasure, when it came to civil servants (at the time, they were termed 'government officials') in government service, once they fulfilled the prescribed condition--for example, working continuously for a certain number of years--almost everyone would receive such medals, and non-government soldiers (in Japan's army) or civilians could also receive them; the Order of the Golden Kite, however, was limited only to military personnel, and furthermore was only granted to those who had sufficiently distinguished themselves in battle, meaning that simply being a general or an army officer of imperial blood, without distinguished service in battle, would not bring one this medal.
- 戦況は信雄・家康連合に優位であったものの、信雄が領国としていた伊勢伊賀を秀吉に占領され講和要求に屈したため、合戦の大義を失った家康は家臣内の分裂や石川数正の秀吉側への出奔、秀吉直々の懐柔もあり、天正14年(1586年)10月27日大坂城で秀吉と謁見することで清洲同盟以来の臣従関係を秀吉に対しあらためることとなった。
- While the allied force of Nobuo and Ieyasu was superior in the battle, Nobuo whose territory of Ise and Iga Provinces were occupied by Hideyoshi succumbed to the condition of peace, then Ieyasu losing the cause of the battle had an audience with Hideyoshi at Osaka-jo Castle on December 7, 1586 to show Hideyoshi their subordinate-superior relationship since Kiyosu Alliance, under several situations including the division between Ieyasu's vassals, Kazumasa ISHIKAWA changing side of Hideyoshi, and conciliation by Hideyoshi himself.
- その後、総理となった犬養毅が軍縮をしようとしたところ、五・一五事件で決起将校に殺害され政党政治が終結を迎え、戦時中には軍の圧力により逼塞状態にあった鳩山一郎が、戦後に総理就任を目前で連合国軍最高司令官総司令部からこの時の事を追及されて、軍部の台頭に協力した軍国主義者として公職追放となるなど皮肉な歴史を辿る事となった。
- Later, ironic histories were repeated, which means that Tshuyoshi INUKAI, who became Prime Minister tried to do disarmament, was killed by an officer who rose in revolt at the May 15th Incident, then the party government came to an end, and Ichiro HATOYAMA who was confined during the war by the military pressure was accused by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers and purged as a militarist cooperated the rise of the military just before the assumption of the Prime Minister after the war.
- 明治14年に大阪府に編入されたことは廃藩置県後の県の整理の一環と見られるが、全国的に見ればその作業は完了しており、逆に大き過ぎる県の分割の方に問題が移りつつあった中での合併であった(現実に堺県の合併以後、北海道の再編と太平洋戦争後のアメリカ合衆国軍の軍政施行によって一時廃止された沖縄県以外に都道府県が廃止された例はない)。
- The fact that Sakai Prefecture was incorporated into Osaka Prefecture in 1881 was seen as part of the reorganization of prefectures after Haihan-chiken, yet, from the national level, the work had already been completed; therefore, it was more about the merge in the midst of the problem associated with partition of prefectures that were too big (in reality, after the merge of Sakai Prefecture, there have been no cases where the administrative divisions of Japan have been abolished, except for the reorganization of Hokkaido and the temporary abolition of the Okinawa Prefecture due to the military polices implemented by the US military after the Pacific War).
- 「第二次世界大戦後になって、「脱亜論」中の、「支那人が卑屈にして恥を知らざれば」(全⑩二百四十頁)とか、「朝鮮国に人を刑するの惨酷(ざんこく)あれば」とかいった記述がことさらに取り上げられることになったが、そうした表現は一般的な差別意識に根ざすものではなく、この甲申政変の過酷な事後処理に対する批判にすぎなかったのである。」
- 'Although, after World War II, some descriptions such as 'The Chinese are shameless people who do not understand humbleness and humility' (page 240, 全⑩) and 'Koreans are extremely atrocious when punishing their own people' were specifically picked out of the 'Datsu-A Ron,' these were not expressions rooted in the sense of discrimination, but just some criticism toward the harsh follow-ups of the Gapsin Coup.'
- 戦いに於いては「義は山嶽より重く死は鴻毛より軽しと心得よ」と、「死は或いは泰山より重く或いは鴻毛より輕し」という古諺を言換え、「普段は命を無駄にせず、けれども時には義のため、喩えば天皇のため国のために、命を捨てよ」と命じた物とされる(戦陣訓『生きて虜囚の辱を受けず』、戦陣訓降伏・投降の否定の思想を参照)が、換言の意図は不明である。
- In terms of the war, an old saying 'Life is heavier than Mount Taishan in a sense, and lighter than a feather of a stork in another sense' was put in a phrase 'Keep it in mind that justice is heavier than a mountain and life is lighter than a feather of a stork,' that was an order meaning 'Do not waste life usually, but sometimes die for justice, for example for Emperor and the state' (cf. Senjinkun military code says, 'Do not live as a captive to be subjected to humiliating treatment', and the Senjinkun idea of denying surrender), though why it was rephrased is unclear.
- なお、1920年代前後に出生している二世の多くは、日本での教育費用が居留国のそれと比べて、安価であった事、または、日本文化を継承する目的で日本の学校に通う事がある種の流行になった時期があり、また、ネイティブの一世の親から直接日本語を習っていた場合がある為、戦時中や戦後直後に生まれた三世や四世と比べて日本語を理解出来る人口が比較的多い。
- A relatively large number of the nisei (second-generation) unlike third or fourth generations, who were born during or after the war, understand Japanese, since many were born around the 1920s and it was popular among them to go to Japanese schools because of the need they perceived to continue Japanese culture and because education expenses in Japan were lower than that of their countries of residence; and some of them learned Japanese directly from their native Japanese parents.
- ところが、宮中行事などの衰退によって大饗が開かれることがなくなった上、相次ぐ戦乱や五摂家の成立による短期間での藤氏長者の交替などによって朱器台盤は散逸してしまったらしく、延文6年(康安元年/1361年)に近衛道嗣が藤氏長者に就任した際には「朱器渡りの儀」が行われていないために、その以前の段階で朱器台盤は既に存在していなかったと考えられている。
- But grand banquets ceased to be held due to the decline of court functions, and in addition, Shuki-daiban seem to have been scattered and lost due to successive conflicts and changes of Toshi choja within a short period of time caused by the formation of Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho [regent] and Kanpaku), and when Michitsugu KONOE assumed the post of Toshi choja in 1361, 'Shuki watari no gi' no longer took place, which suggests that Shuki-daiban had already been lost before that time.
- その後、日中戦争下で汪兆銘政権が成立すると、同政権を擁護する立場から不平等条約破棄が検討され、1940年11月30日に日華基本条約が結ばれて不平等条約は正式に破棄された(ただし、この条約で日本軍の中国国内への駐留が認められ、また満州国を事実上承認する日満華共同宣言が併せて締結されたことから、汪兆銘政権への中国国民の反感を高める結果となっている)。
- After that, when the regime of Wang Zhaoming was established during the second Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945, Japan, which defended the regime, considered the abrogation of the unequal treaty, the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and China was concluded on November 30, 1940 and the unequal treaty was formally abrogated (however, the presence of Japanese troops in China was accepted in the treaty, and the Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration which practically recognized Manchukuo was concluded at the same time, as a result, the hostility of the Chinese people toward the regime of Wang Zhaoming increased).
- 1878年(明治11年)には、外務卿寺島宗則が西南戦争後の財政難のため税権回復を中心に交渉し、駐米公使の吉田清成とアメリカのエバーツ国務長官との間で税権回復の新条約(吉田・エバーツ条約)を調印するが、イギリス及びドイツの反対と法権の優先を求める世論の反対で挫折する(アメリカとの条約は他国と同内容の条約を結ぶことが条件になっていたため、発効しなかった)。
- In 1878, Gaimukyo (chief of Foreign Ministry) Munenori TERASHIMA negotiated mainly for the recovery of tariff autonomy, backed by the financial difficulty after the Seinan War, and Minister-Counselor to the United States Kiyonari YOSHIDA and EVERTS Secretary of State of the United States signed a new treaty of the recovery of tariff rights (YOSHIDA-EVERTS Treaty), but it was failed because of the objection of England and Germany and the public opinions that required the recovery of jurisdiction to be prioritized (the treaty with the United States did not come into effect because it was conditional on conclusion of similar treaties with the other countries).
- 江戸幕府が王政復古 (日本)により倒れると、薩摩藩・長州藩を中心に成立した明治政府は幕府から外交権を引き継いだが、戊辰戦争の終結によって明治政府が日本の正統な政府であることが諸外国に認められると、1869年2月4日(明治元年12月23日_(旧暦))に明治政府は江戸幕府が勅許を得ずに締結した条約には問題がある点を指摘し、将来的な条約改正の必要性を通知した。
- When the Edo bakufu was overthrown in the Restoration of Imperial Rule (Japan), the Meiji government, mainly established by the domains of Satsuma and Choshu, took over the control over the diplomacy from the bakufu, and when the Meiji government was accepted by foreign countries as a legitimate government of Japan after the end of the Boshin War, it announced on February 4, 1869 that the it was necessary to revise the treaties in the future, pointing out that treaties concluded by the Edo bakufu without the admission of the Emperor had some problems.
- 元寇での戦役や異国警護の負担から没落した無足御家人の借入地や沽却地を無償で取り戻すことが目的と理解されてきたが、現在ではむしろ御家人所領の質入れ、売買の禁止、つまり3ヶ条の(2-a)所領処分権の抑圧が主であり、(2-b)はその前提として失った所領を回復させておくといった二次的な措置であり、それによる幕府の基盤御家人体制の維持に力点があったと理解されている。
- It used to be understood that the purpose of the policy was to repossess, without compensation, the lands sold due to drying up and the lands lent to musoku gokenin (vassal without territory) who got impoverished due to the military campaign at the time of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan and the burden of guarding against the invasion by foreign countries, but it is now understood that the main purpose was rather to prohibit pawnage and trading of shoryo by Gokenin, which means the depression of right to dispose of shoryo as specified in 2-a among the three Articles, and 2-b was a secondary measure to have the lost shoryo returned to Gokenin as the premise of implementing 2-a, all of which seem to put weight on maintaining the Gokenin system which was the foundation of bakufu.
- 桂太郎首相は、戦争中の政局の安定を図るため、立憲政友会との提携を希望して原敬との間で次の政権は政友会総裁の西園寺公望に禅譲するという政権授受の密約を交わす(ただし近年の原と桂の双方の日記の研究によって、当初はその時期を明確にしていなかったこと、日比谷焼討事件後の桂内閣の弱体化に危機感を抱いた双方の合意によって具体的な時期が定まったことが明らかになっている)。
- Taro KATSURA, Prime Minister, expected the alliance with the Seiyu party in order to stabilize the political situation during the war and made a secret promise with Takashi HARA that he would transfer the position of Prime Minister to Saionji (however, the recent study on the diaries kept by Hara and Katsura proved that, at first, they did not clarify the date of transfer and that they decided the date, with a sense of crisis about the weakened Katsura cabinet after the Hibiya Incendiary Incident).
- 近藤守重のおよび草間直方の『三貨図彙』には戦国時代から江戸時代に掛けての多くの金貨および銀貨が収録されているが、その中でも領国貨幣には後世の創作によると思われるものまで含まれ、またそれが後世に図録を元に作成され、今日、玩賞品(がんしょうひん)として扱われているものも少なくないが、確固たる記録に欠けるものが多く、本来の通貨であるか玩賞品であるか判明していないものも存在する。
- 'Sankazue' (Picture Collection of Three Coins: History of Coinage in Japan), authored by Morishige KONDO and Naokata KUSAMA, includes many gold and silver coins issued from the Sengoku period to the Edo period, among which there were even those created later on and not a few of which were made using the old diagrams and are now treated as ganshohin (ornamental items), but many of them lack accurate records, and it is unknown whether some of them were originally circulated coins or ganshohin.
- この事件については歴史書『続日本紀』に詳細が書かれ、道鏡の政治的陰謀を阻止した和気清麻呂が「忠臣の鑑」として戦前の歴史教育においてしばしば取り上げられてきたが、既に江戸時代に本居宣長によって一連の神話的な事件の流れに懐疑的な説が唱えられ、近年には『続日本紀』の記事には光仁天皇の即位を正当化するための作為が含まれている(神託には皇位継承については触れられていない)とする説も存在する。
- The details of this incident are described in the history book 'Shoku Nihongi'; WAKE no Kiyomaro, who prevented a political conspiracy of Dokyo, was often taken up in history education in Japan before the Word War Ⅱas 'a model of royal subject'; however, during the Edo period Norinaga MOTOORI had already expressed his doubts on the credibility of the series of mythical incidents, and in recent years there exist views which advocate that the articles in 'Shoku Nihongi' include artifacts to justify the enthronement of Emperor Konin (the oracle does not touch on the succession to the Imperial Throne).
- 現在、日本においては明治維新以後の時代区分を明治時代・大正時代・昭和時代・平成時代と元号を冠して用いるのが一般的であるが、日本の歴史における時代区分において明治維新以前には鎌倉時代・江戸時代などといった政治の中心地から取られて呼称が用いられている(弥生時代、戦国時代 (日本)のようにその中心地が確定できない時代を除く)が通例なのに明治以後は元号で分けるのはおかしいという意見がある。
- Today, the history after the Meiji restoration is generally periodized with the use of gengo (name for an emperor's period of reign), such as the Meiji period, Taisho period, Showa period and Heisei period, but the history before the Meiji restoration is normally periodized with the use of names of political centers, such as the Kamakura period and Edo period (except for the periods for which the political center cannot be ascertained, such as the Yayoi period and Sengoku period); thus there comes up a view that calling the periods after the Meiji restoration with their gengo is inappropriate.
- 戦国大名としての徳川氏にも右筆は存在したと考えられるが、徳川家康の三河国時代の右筆は家康の勢力拡大と天下掌握の過程で奉行・代官などの行政職や譜代大名などに採用されたために、江戸幕府成立時に採用されていた右筆は多くは旧室町幕府奉行衆の子弟(曾我尚祐)や関ヶ原の戦いで東軍を支持した豊臣政権の右筆衆(大橋重保)、関東地方平定時に家康に仕えた旧後北条氏の右筆(久保正俊)などであったと考えられている。
- Although Yuhitsu existed in the Tokugawa clan as a warring lord, because those Yuhitsu who were working for Ieyasu TOKUGAWA when he was in Mikawa Province were appointed to administrative posts, such as Bugyo or Daikan, or Fudai Daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) as Ieyasu expanded his influence and subdued various regions to unify Japan, it is thought that many of them who were hired as Yuhitsu when the Edo Bakuhu was established were the children of the Bugyo-shu belonged to the former Muromachi Bakuhu (Naosuke SOGA), the Yuhitsu-shu of the Toyotomi government (Shigeyasu OHASHI), supported the 'eastern' army at the Battle of Sekigahara, and the Yuhitsu of the former Gohojo clan, served Ieyasu when he subdued Kanto region.
- なお、統帥権独立の考えが生まれた源流としては、当時の指導者が、政治家が統帥権をも握ることにより幕府政治が再興される可能性をおそれたこと、それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと、南北朝時代 (日本)に楠木正成が軍事に無知な公家によって作戦を退けられて湊川で戦死し、南朝 (日本)の衰退につながった逸話が広く知られていたことなどがあげられる。
- The idea of the independence of the supreme command came originally from the facts that the leaders at that time were afraid of the revival of the government by the shogunate if statesmen acquired the supreme command, despite the contradiction to that, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface, the anecdote of Masashige KUSUNOKI who died at Minatogawa River because his strategy of the war was denied by the ignorant court nobles in the Northern and Southern Court Period (Japan), and it led to the decline of the Southern Court (Japan).
- 理由はこの両名が武田勝頼と内通していたという訴えが五徳姫より信長にもたらされたためであるが、当時、もはや盟友とは名ばかりであり、実質的に織田を盟主とする従属国であった家康には信長の要求を拒否し、同盟を破棄して戦うだけの実力も無かったため、家康は要求に従って信康と築山殿を処刑するしかなかったと言われている(もっとも、この時期信康と家康、厳密に言えば家康家臣団との対立が激しくなっており、信康粛清は信長の要求ではないとする説が近年では有力視されている)。
- That's because Gotokuhime (Princess Toku) told Nobunaga that Nobuyasu and Tsukiyama-dono secretly communicated with Katsuyori TAKEDA; while Ieyasu, the Nobunaga's allies of sorts and the virtually dependent to the leader Oda, had no power neither to deny Nobunaga's order, nor to fight with him by abrogating the alliance, it is said that he had no choice but to execute Nobuyasu and Tsukiyama-dono (although the confrontation of Nobuyasu and Ieyasu, more precisely Nobuyasu and the vassals of Ieyasu was getting intense at this time, therefore, a theory is getting dominant in recent years which advocates that the purge of Nobuyasu was not Nobunaga's demand).