Honyaku Star - Search: 或

或: 335 Terms and Phrases

或
a certain ...
some ...
Ami
one
or
possibly

或る
a certain ...
some ...

或は
or
possibly

梨或
Riaru

或綮
Ami

或間
Iruma

或日
one day (e.g. 'one day while studying, ..')

或華
Aruka

と或る
a certain ...

或る男
one man

或る夜
one night

或る人
someone (unspecified, but someone in particular)
a certain person

或る時
once (i.e. 'once, when I was studying ..')

或る種
certain
some kind of
some sort of
of sorts

或いは
or
possibly

或る日
one day (e.g. 'one day while studying, ..')

或る程度
to some extent
to a certain extent
in some degree
in some measure

或間次郎
Iruma Jirou

或る程度まで
to some degree
up to a point
to some extent

或る街の群青
Aru Machi no Gunjō

高或流（宗家）
Takamochi line (the head family)

或る夜の出来事
It Happened One Night

或いは与えたもの。
Or something to have given.

或は七にも縫ふ也。
Or in a way that seven sections can be seen.

作者は智炬（或いは慧炬）。
The author is Eko (writes; 智炬 or 慧炬).

オクラホマ州南東部の或る町
a town in southeastern Oklahoma

中央北部のアイオワの或る町
a town in north central Iowa

或いは神幸の目的地をさす。
It can also mean the destination of such processions.

或いはその身位、称号のこと。
Or it indicates her rank or her title.

「或云日本舊小國併倭國之地」
Or Japan was a small land but it conquered Wakoku and became a country.'

或いはそれさえないものがある。
Some do not even record this.

システム負荷率（或一定時間の）
system load factor (for a certain period of time)

財産がほとんど或いは全くない人
a person with few or no possessions

宝石は或は緑に、或は紅に輝く。
The stones glittered green and crimson,

番舞は「万秋楽」或いは「陪臚」。
It is a Tsugaimai Dance (a performance consisting of two pieces of dance) that involves either 'Manjuraku' or 'Bairo.'

或は模糊たる、影の如き夢を見る。
now faint and shadow-like,

メサビ山脈の北東ミネソタの或る町
a town in northeastern Minnesota in the Mesabi Range

「或は物哀体などを幽玄と申す也。」
'Or they consider Yugen as a vague feeling of sadness.'

「或曰倭國自惡其名不雅改爲日本」
Or since Wakoku is not a gracious name, it is changed to more gracious name, Japan.'

アラビア海岸の沖の西インドの或る町
a city in western India just off the coast of the Arabian Sea

ライン川下流の中央オランダの或る町
a city in the central Netherlands on the lower Rhine River

「或云、日本舊小国、併倭国之地」。
Others say that Nippon was a small country so that it integrated Wakoku.'

「或云日本乃小國爲倭所并故冒其號」
Or he also mentioned that because Japan was a small country, Wakoku conquered Japan and stole the country name.'

一月：「松竹梅」或いは「寒菊」など。
January: 'Shochikubai' (pine, bamboo, and plum trees) or 'kangiku.'

弓の間に張った丈夫な紐或は糸状のもの。
It is a strong cord or string strung between the bow.

或とき、一まいの五十銭銀貨がゐました。
THERE was once a shilling,

「或曰、倭国自悪其名不雅、改為日本。」
Some say that the people do not find the name of Wakoku beautiful and changed it to Nippon.'

或いは、小野篁を創建者とする説もある。
Or some suggest that ONO no Takamura founded it.

葛西氏の三代（或いは四代）当主である。
He was the third (or fourth) family head of the Kasai clan.

主に民間或いは地方の建築で多く見られる。
Many of them are private buildings or in local areas.

「それが神の或る活動の時の姿であるぞ。」
That is an appearance of the spirit at an activity.'

これは月形水道或いは監獄水道と呼ばれる。
This is referred to as Tsukigata Suido (water supply) or Kangoku (prison) Suido.

京極高綏（3代藩主京極高或三男）の長男。
He was the eldest son of Takasui KYOGOKU (the third son of Takamochi KYOGOKU, the thir lord).

出家して法名を情寂、或いは恃寂と言った。
He became a priest and by the name of Jakucho or Jijaku.

風の精霊、或いは妖怪をそう呼ぶこともある。
Occasionally, the spirit, or the ghost, of the wind is called 'fujin.'

或る夕暮私はこの丘の上に立ったことがある。
There was a time, one evening, when I stood on top of that hill.

或る階において、ある建物の水平断面の縮尺図
scale drawing of a horizontal section through a building at a given level

シエラネバダ山脈の麓における西ネバダの或る町
a city in western Nevada at the foot of the Sierra Nevada Mountains

ところが或日、銀貨は外国旅行に出かけました。
One day, it really did go out into the world,

或（ある）夕方、――それは二月の初旬だった。
One evening in early February,

或る年の菊の宴の夜、彼女と肉体関係を持った。
In the night of kikunoutage (literally, party of the chrysanthemum) in a undesignated year, he made love with her.

墨を磨る、或いは墨汁をためておく役割を果たす。
Suzuri serves the purpose when rubbing the ink stick back and forth or keeping Bokuju (black liquid ink).

有形でない或いは物質的でないが売買が出きる資産
assets that are saleable though not material or physical

或いは遠国に知行する者を京都扶持衆として遇した。
Those who governed far-off provinces were also treated as Kyoto fuchishu (corps of special support troops in the Kanto region which worked for the bakufu in Kyoto).

会合を招集することが義務である或る集団のメンバー
the member of a group whose duty it is to convene meetings

豆の赤味噌は蒸し大豆（或は煮大豆）と豆麹を用いる。
Soybean red miso is made from steamed soybeans (or boiled soybeans) and soybean koji.

『或る日の太平洋』1952年　東京国立近代美術館蔵
'Aruhino Taiheiyo' (Pacific Ocean of One Day), dated 1952, in the possession of the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo

またキリシタン大名で洗礼名はレオン（或いはレオ）。
Furthermore, as a Christian Daimyo (feudal lord), he took the Christian name 'Leon' (or possibly 'Leo').

・註6：「或説ニ、此時、公ノ御陣幕ヲ奪取ラルト云フ。
Note 6: 'One theory has it that Masamune's camp enclosures were taken away.

座蒲（或いは坐蒲、ざふ）は坐禅の際に使用する座布団。
Zafu is a zabuton (Japanese cushions used to sit on the floor) used for zazen (Zen sitting meditation).

向背ノ族ハ或ハコレヲ返シ、或ハコレヲ追ヒ出スベキ事。
If his behavior is dubious, then bring him back to his ex-master or expel him.

或日其男がカシエル、ノアと呼ぶ砦の辺を散歩してゐると、
One day he was straying about a rath called 'Cashel Nore.'

また、後代には「三位殿」或いは「三位様」とも称された。
Furthermore, in later years, they were referred to as 'Sanmi-dono' or 'Sanmi-sama.'

栄爵（えいしゃく）とは、栄誉ある地位或いは爵位のこと。
An eishaku indicates an honorable position or rank.

最小では吉野山或いは吉野宮（宮滝遺跡）を指す場合もある。
By the narrowest definition, it means Mt. Yoshino and Yoshino no miya (Miyataki ruins) sometimes.

或は復（また）顰蹙（読み：ひんじゅく）して疑惑を懐かん。
Or he will also be frowned upon and doubted.

ボストンの北東のケープアンの北東マサチューセッツの或る町
a town in northeastern Massachusetts on Cape Ann to the northeast of Boston

ニネベの遺跡から向いのチグリス川のそばの北イラクの或る町
a city in northern Iraq on the Tigris across from the ruins of Nineveh

1908年（明治41年）、処女作となる『或る朝』を発表。
He published 'One Morning,' his first work, in 1908.

胴、小紐、紐の順で巻かれ、手の甲側、或は内側で結び止める。
The himo is wound in the order of do, kohimo and himo, and tied up at the top of hand or inside of hand.

母は両手でもつて、或二つの、かわいらしい花をにぎりました。
At once she seized hold of two beautiful flowers close by, with each hand,

インナーヘブリディーズ諸島の南端の西スコットランドの或る島
an island of western Scotland at the southern end of the Inner Hebrides

御内の若輩、また或いは弓箭を帯び、或いは甲冑を隠し宿直す。
Youngsters belonging to the Tokuso family wore bows and arrows, or guarded residences, keeping armors secretly.

カナダ・アラスカの湿潤な高山帯或いは亜高山帯の草原に生息する
of wet alpine and subalpine meadows of Canada and Alaska

今では或雑誌社の二階に、校正の朱筆（しゅふで）を握っている。
There he now works on the second floor of a magazine publisher as an editor.

或時はおり居をあそばし、比翼の鳥のかたちは是ぞと、給はりける。
One day he folded origami and gave it to a female servant, saying 'This is a model of male and female birds in one.'

「或る人の話によると、平氏は一ノ谷を退き、伊南野に向かった。」
'According to one person, the Taira clan left the Ichinotani region and headed to Inamino.'

官位官職には鎮守府将軍（或いは非将軍云々）・信濃守・従五位上。
He took the official positions of Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North) (or Non-Shogun), Shinano no kami (Governor of Shinano Province), and Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade).

「参会の公卿十余人、或いは馬に鞍し、或いは匍這う四方へ逃走。」
A dozen court nobles accompanied; they made a getaway in all directions, some on saddled horses and some on all fours.

自分の友人の一人が或時、スリイヴ、リイグに近い村にゐた事がある。
A friend was once at a village near Sleive League.

リオグランデの河口近くのブランヴィルの反対の北東メキシコの或る町
a city in northeastern Mexico opposite Brownsville near the mouth of the Rio Grande

ビックスバーグの北のミシシッピー川のそばの西ミシシッピーの或る町
a town in western Mississippi on the Mississippi River to the north of Vicksburg

或る時、突として、士官は重い軍用手袋を若い従卒の顔に投げつけた。
Once he flung a heavy military glove into the young soldier's face.

原文は漢文であるため、どの訓が正しいかは或る程度推測にとどまる。
Because the original text was written in kanbun (Sino-Japanese), it is to some extent a supposition that which readings of Chinese characters are correct.

室は秋月種長の娘（をさい）、日野輝資の娘（或いは日野資勝の娘）。
His wives were Osai, a daughter of Tanenaga AKIZUKI, and a daughter of Terusuke HINO (or Sukekatsu HINO).

広義では、福井県南部（嶺南）、或いは福井県全域を含める場合もある。
Kitakinki, in a boarder sense, includes the southern Fukui Prefecture (Reinan) or the entire area of Fukui Prefecture.

新井白石は『古史通或問』にて「オホクニ」の音訳が倭国であるとした。
Hakuseki ARAI said in 'Koshitsuwakumon' that 倭国 (in Chinese) is the phonetic translation of 'Okuni.'

現代では特に武家茶道、或いは大名茶などと呼んで区別する場合もある。
Currently, it is distinguished by often referring to it as the buke sado (buke sado (the tea ceremony of samurai family) or daimyo cha (the tea of the daimyo).

或は歴々として、我足下の大地の如く、個体の面目を備へたる夢を見る。
now vivid and solid-looking, like the material world under my feet.

また「或本云」として、斎王を務めた期間は37年間であるとも伝える。
And also, according to 'some historical documents,' it is recorded that she served as Saio for 37 years.

母は源師房の娘或いは藤原隆家の孫藤原忠俊の娘で、同母弟に尋範がいる。
His mother was a daughter of Minamoto no Morofusa or a daughter of FUJIWARA no Tadatoshi, a grandchild of FUJIWARA no Takaie, and Jinpan was his half younger brother with the same mother.

これらは山岳信仰として、或いは山岳を神体とする神社として残っている。
Today, these funeral halls are preserved as monuments of mountain worship, or as shrines belonging to the mountains that are considered 'shintai (kami-body).'

また、蔵人は百官名或いは人名の一つで、この場合は「くらんど」と読む。
蔵人, Chinese characters of kurodo, also refers to one of hyakkan na (a name taken after his or her family's official rank) or person's name, and in this case, it was pronounced as 'Kurando.'

『日本書紀』は上述の話のほかに「或本にいわく」として別の話を載せる。
In addition to the above story, 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) has another story written as 'a book said'.

一方で知識・教養を深める為に勉学を始め、経学・漢学を長坂或斎に学ぶ。
To enrich his knowledge and education, he also started studying Keisho (important literatures in Confucianism) and Sinology (study of the Chinese classics) under 長坂或斎.

バンクーバーの西のバンクーバー島の南西ブリティッシュコロンビアの或る町
a town in southwestern British Columbia on Vancouver Island to the west of Vancouver

マルの西側のインナーヘブリディーズ諸島における西スコットランドの或る島
an island in western Scotland in the Inner Hebrides to the west of Mull

フィラデルフィアの北西へ向かうレイ川のそばの東部ペンシルバニアの或る町
a town in eastern Pennsylvania on the Lehigh River to the northwest of Philadelphia

験生涅槃、もし阿羅漢聖人涅槃に入るは或は心、或は頂数日皆温なる者是なり
To see whether one enters into Nirvana; if arhat shonin (saint) enters into Nirvana, the heart or the top of the head remains warm for a few days.

母は右大臣源師房の娘或いは藤原隆家の孫藤原忠俊の娘で同母兄に行玄がある。
His mother was either a daughter of Udaijin (Minister of the Right) MINAMOTO no Morofusa or a daughter of FUJIWARA no Tadatoshi, who was FUJIWARA no Takaie's grandson; Gyogen was his half-brother by the same mother.

「慶喜」は、「よしのぶ」或いは通称として「けいき」（有職読み）とも読む。
The name 'Yoshinobu' is also popularly read as 'Keiki' (Yusoku-yomi, the way of pronouncing in the Chinese-derived reading, so as not to directly pronounce the real name of the respectable person in the Japanese reading).

亮政の代に浅井氏と交戦した浅見氏も対馬守を名乗っているため、或いは親子か。
As the Asami clan that fought against the Azai clan during the Sukemasa's reign also used the title of Tsushima no kami (Governor of Tsushima Province), they could be father and son.

県を複数合わせ郡（長は太守）とし、郡の上位に州（長は刺史或は牧）があった。
Gun (a unit of local administration, the head of which was taishu [governor-general]) comprised more than one Ken, and Gun was a subarea of Shu (an administrative division, the head of which was shishi [Provincial Governor] or maki).

と母はさけびながら、或一つの小さなさふらんの花の上に、両手をひろげました。
cried she, and stretched her hands out over a little blue crocus,

東海道の53の宿場（或いは起点終点を含めた55）を描いた歌川広重作の浮世絵。
The ukiyoe works painted by Hiroshige UTAGAWA depicted 53 posting stations (or 55, including the starting/ending stations).

豊竹座付の西沢一風の門人、或いは竹田出雲の門人か、とこちらも幾つか説がある。
He might be a disciple of Ippu NISHIZAWA attached to Toyotakeza Theater, or a disciple of Izumo TAKEDA; opinion is also divided on this point.

しかし、認知はしているが、聴く或いは唄う対象にはされず、敬遠される傾向が強い。
They know of the enka music, but they are more likely to avoid listening to and singing it.

我々は可能な限りのあらゆる提案、企画、計画、或いは構想を研究し、検討しました。
We have studied and considered every possible proposal or initiative or project or plan.

天橋立駅方面から宮福線を経由（或いはその逆）する列車は、スイッチバックを行う。
Miyazu is the switchback station for trains going via the Miyafuku Line from the direction of Amanohashidate (or vice versa).

此の基礎に立って古いものを現代化し、或は進んで新しく生み出すことに意義がある」。
It is meaningful to modernize the old styles based on their foundations, or to endeavor to generate new styles.'

古くは、『古今和歌集』の真名序において「興或は幽玄に入る」として用いられている。
It is written 'meanings go to Yugen' in Manajo of 'Kokin wakashu' in ancient time.

また関東火鉢、或いは江戸長火鉢と呼ばれる大型で引出しとを一体化させたものもある。
The Kanto hibachi, or Edo naga hibachi, is a large hibachi combined with drawers.

伝承が混乱しているのか、或いは記紀の編集者が意図的に系図に手を加えた可能性が強い。
Maybe the oral literature from this historical period was confused; or it is very possible that the editors of the 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan' intentionally forged the contents of the genealogical charts of the Emperors.

種子 (密教)（種字）はカーン (haaM)、或いはカンマーン (hmmaaM)。
Shushi (Mikkyo) (Shuji) is haaM or hmmaaM.

──或いは、大尉への激しい憎悪が胸を刺しては、安堵と憐れみの痛みが生ずるのだった。
- then the pang of hate for the Captain, followed by a pang of tenderness and ease.

武勇に優れ、平維衡・平致頼・藤原保昌らと藤原道長の四天王、或いは四天王と称された。
He excelled in bravery, and he and others including TAIRA no Korehira, TAIRA no Muneyori and FUJIWARA no Yasumasa were called the big four of FUJIWARA no Michinaga or the big four.

室町幕府及び江戸幕府においては名門或いは功績ある武家の当主に許された称号または敬称。
Under the reign of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Edo bakufu, it also meant a title or a honorific title allowed to a head of any distinguished family or of samurai family who was credited with his achievements.

結印の所作は恐らく我国伝来後、密教或いは修験道が受容する中で付加されたものであろう。
It is likely that the gesture of ketsuin was added while Onmyodo was being adopted by the esoteric Buddhism or Shugen-do after it was brought over to Japan.

則宗の流派は、福岡一文字、或は福岡一文字派をさらに分け、古一文字と分類する人もある。
Norimune's style is classified as Fukuoka Ichimonji, but some people classifies it into Koichimonji, a subclass of Fukuoka Ichimonji.

江戸において勝海舟と会談した、或いは勝に匿ってもらっていたという話も伝えられている。
Some people also say that Choei met Kaishu KATSU or was given shelter by him in Edo.

神社独自で雇用を呼びかける、或いは大学・高等学校等への求人の呼びかけ等で採用される。
Part-time miko are recruited directly by shrines or through colleges or high schools.

「東（国）の京」或いは「東（国）の都」と呼ばれ、戦国三大文化の一つ、今川文化が栄えた。
It was called 'Kyo in the east' or 'capital in the east' and Imagawa culture, one of three cultures in the Sengoku Period, was flourished there.

さはることなきにもと思ひ出たれば、或る者、女神にはきぬ縫ひてたてまつるこそよかんなれ。
I had thought that nobody would visit there in such a day, but there was an unknown person, who told me, 'If you make a girl doll and dress it in hand-made clothes, the weather will become fine tomorrow.

そのため、ザンギを北海道独特の物、或いは名称であると認識していない北海道民も存在する。
Therefore, some people in Hokkaido don't recognize zangi, or the term, as being unique to Hokkaido.

ローマカトリック教会では、或るものは、後で聖者であると宣言されて、教会博士になりました
in the Roman Catholic Church some were later declared saints and became Doctor of the Church

或いは貞観 (日本)11年（869年）に親王が落飾した際に寺院にした物とも伝えられる。
It is also said that in 869, when the Imperial Prince shaved his head to become a priest, the palace was turned into a temple.

又有卅五卦、六十四卦法、或一卦之下管載数名、或一卦之内挙多説然、而事繁多煩省、而不載。
又有卅五卦,六十四卦法,或一卦之下管載数名,或一卦之内挙多説然,而事繁多煩省,而不載.

山ひだ（山脚の分布或いは沢の密度を表す語、of mountainous terrain）
texture

祭礼行事においては、祭礼運営のために氏子地域から出される、或いはお願いして分けてもらう。
In the case of festive events related to local guardian deities, ohanadai is presented by the parishioners of each deity, or they are asked for a contribution to cover the operation cost of the event.

特に三管領四職を務める足利氏や有力守護、或いは名門たる守護の家柄が従四位下に叙せられた。
In particular, the Ashikaga clan, who served as sankanrei shishiki (three families assigned as assistants of shogun and four families serving as director of samurai-dokoro (Board of Retainers)), and dominant Shugo (provincial constable), or noble shugo families were granted the Jushiinoge.

副将軍（ふくしょうぐん）は、日本においては大将軍或いは将軍の次席に位する武官の職である。
Vice shogun is the post of military officer which was ranked the next position of 'Dai Shogun (the great general)' or shogun in Japan.

そこは、町の、或せまい横町で、そこでは、家々のまへだけがきれいに雪かきが出来てゐました。
and a narrow path was swept clean in front of the houses;

遠祖は菅原氏支流とされるが、疑わしい箇所も多い（或いは播磨国の赤松氏と同族ともされる）。
It is said that his family descended from the Sugawara clan, but there are a lot of suspicious records about it (it is also considered that the Yagyu was the same family of the Akamatsu clan in Harima Province).

末弭側を上関板（うわせきいた）或は額木（ひたいぎ）、本弭側を下関板（しもせきいた）と呼ぶ。
The urahazu side is called uwasekiita (upper sekiita) or hitaigi (forehead wood), and the motohazu side is called shimosekiita (lower sekiita).

『三河後風土記』の松平清康の項目では、安祥の七譜代、或は岡崎山中の譜代という記述が見える。
'Mikawa Go Fudoki (The Topographical Records of Mikawa Province)' had an article under the heading of Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA with the description of the 'seven Anjo fudai families or the fudai of Okazaki and Yamanaka.'

そのなかのいくつかは、さいたばかりでいき／＼してをり、或ものは、やゝ、しなびかけてゐます。
there grew water plants, some so fresh, others half sick,

然るに流れ行く一瞬の時差により或るは官軍となり又或るは幕軍となって士道に殉じたので有ります
Thus, their destiny led them to become either members of the Imperial forces or the Shogunate forces, and to die for the samurai code.

西暦200年代頃の倭において矛、盾、木弓と鉄（或いは骨）の鏃が用いられていたとの記述がある。
'Gishiwajinden,' states that hoko (long-handled Chinese spear), shields, wooden bows, and arrowheads made of iron (or bone) were used in the 200s in Wakoku.

しかし、徳川御三家の一角である水戸藩主は天下の副将軍或いは水戸の副将軍と称されることが多い。
However, the lord of the Mito Domain, one of the Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family) is often called as a vice shogun in the world or vice shogun in Mito.

「上東門院女房歌人紫式部是也源氏物語作者或本雅正女云々為時妹也云々御堂関白道長妾」
A court lady of Jotomonin, a poet called Murasaki Shikibu, and the author of The Tale of Genji, or Masatada's granddaughter, Tametoki's daughter, mistress of Michinaga, the chief adviser to the Emperor.'

『日本書紀』1書第六の注には「或所謂泉津平阪不復別有處所但臨死氣絕之際是之謂歟」とある。
The sixth passage of the first volume of the 'Nihonshoki' reads, 'A certain place is called 'Izumitsuhirasaka,' nor again is this separate from the existing places, but when the breath of people stops in death, is this its name?'

一、音信・贈答・嫁娶リ儀式、或ハ饗応或ハ家宅営作等、当時甚ダ華麗ノ至リ、自今以後簡略タルベシ。
• Gifts, events such as weddings or parties and housebuilding have become too luxurious, so from now on they should be simplified.

時代と共に技術、道具共に研鑽が重ねられ、また同時に諸流派それぞれに独自、或は相互に発展を遂げた。
Over time, its technique and equipment had been improved and each school developed individually at the same time.

天衣紛上野初花（明治14年・1881年）……通称：河内山（こうちやま）或いは直侍（なおざむらい）
Kumo ni Magou Ueno no Hatsuhana (The First Flowers of Ueno) (1881), which is commonly called Kochiyama, referring to the name of a gang boss called Kochiyama in the disguise of a priest, or Naozamurai (the Faithful Samurai).

従って明治以降の5家については、「旧摂家」或いは｢旧摂関家」など「旧」を冠して呼称することが多い。
Therefore, the five families after the Meiji era are now generally referred to as 'Old Sekke' or 'Old Sekkan Family,' with the prefix 'Old' as an addition.

時代劇などでは、「火盗改」（かとうあらため）、或いは「火盗」（かとう）と略して呼ばれることがある。
In historical dramas, this post or an officer in this post is sometimes called 'Katoaratame' or 'Kato.'

しかし日本の早合はこれを真似したものか、或いは独自に考案されたものであるかは、定説が定まっていない。
But there is no conclusive view as to whether the hayago originated in paper cartridges or was invented quite separately.

一門や庶家、縁戚、或いは有力国人や土豪を系譜に持つ有力家臣が大名家の内政を左右することは珍しくない。
Generally presiding over the politics of a daimyo family were clan members, branch families, relatives, powerful Kokujin and vassals who were descendants of the Dogo.

弦からの圧力から親指を保護する目的で帽子部分に入れられる木、或は水牛等の角を指筒状に刳り貫いた芯材。
It is a thimble-like wood or horn of water buffalo and so on, which is hollowed out and set in the boshi part to protect the thumb from the pressure of the string.

武家の女性がよく身につけた銀製、或いは他の金属に銀で鍍金したものは特に銀平（ぎんひら）とも呼ばれる。
Products made of silver or other silver-plated metal, which were commonly used by the women of samurai family, were specifically called ginhira.

多くの被官人たちはいずれの勢力に随従すべきか、或いは自分たちの自立性を如何に維持させるべきか決めた。
Most hikan had to decided which power they should comply with, or how to keep their independent existence.

或る名月の夜、秋草の中をさまよううちに、八十歳ほどの老人の奏でる琴の名演奏が高楼に響くのが聞こえた。
One night with a full moon, while he was wandering in the field of autumn flowers, he heard an excellent performance of the koto (a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings) by an old man around eighty years old that echoed to the high buildings.

極付幡随長兵衛（明治14年・1881年）……通称：幡随長兵衛（ばんずいちょうべえ）或いは湯殿の長兵衛
Kiwametsuki Banzui Chobe (The Renowned Banzui Chobe) (1881), which is commonly called either Banzui Chobe (referring to a gang boss Chobe BANZUI) or Yudono no Chobe, literally meaning Chobe in the bathroom.

一　在々百姓等田畠を打捨或はあきなひ或は賃仕事に罷出輩有之は其者之事は不及申地下中可為御成敗
Second, if there is any farmer who leaves his or her rice and vegetable fields behind and engages in trading or being employed for wages, not only the farmer himself or herself but also his fellow villagers will be punished.

京で朝廷に中級官人として出仕していた青年時代の平将門と藤原純友は、或る日、比叡山に登り平安京を見下ろした。
One day, TAIRA no Masakado and FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, who had both been mid-ranking government officials in their youth, cimbed Mt. Hiei together and looked down on Heian-kyo (present-day Kyoto).

延喜15年（915年）6月25日、大蔵省律令制における大蔵省（或いは、大蔵省律令制における大蔵省）に転任。
On June 25, 915, he was transferred to Okura-sho (Ministry of the Treasury) under the Okurasho ritsuryo system (alternatively, Okura-sho under the in Okurasho ritsuryo system).

角が入れられた造りのユガケ、或は帽子を「堅帽子」、角が入れられていないユガケ、或は帽子を「柔帽子」と呼ぶ。
The yugake which has tsuno inside or boshi are called 'kataboshi,' and the yugake which does not have tsuno inside or boshi are called 'yawarakaboshi.'

ところが或日、ぢつと財布の中に坐つてゐますと、財布の口が少しばかり、あいたまゝになつてゐるのを見つけました。
But one day, as he was lying in the purse, he noticed that it was not quite closed,

また「三神山餘考」や「大道或問」など師の著作の序文も記しているが、篤胤門下平田塾に於ける高弟の一人でもある。
Yoshihisa was one of the leading disciples of Ibukinoya School and wrote the prefaces of his teacher's works such as 'Sanshinzan Yoko' (Additional Study on the Three Mysterious Mountains of China) and 'Daido Wakumon'.

戦時、歩兵は身を屈めながら、身分ある武士は騎乗で弓を引くため、下が長いと地面、或は馬に弓が当るため邪魔になる。
The foot soldiers had to crouch and bushi (samurai warriors) of high standing had to pull the arrow on top of a horse during the battle that it came in the way with the ground or horse when the bottom part was long.

男性神職装束：大祭式に衣冠、中祭式に斎服（白色の衣冠）、小祭式・その他の雑祭については狩衣或いは浄衣を用いる。
Shinto priests' costume: ikan for daisaishiki (the grand festival ceremony), saifuku (the formal costume of a Shinto priest when performing religious ceremonies, made of white silk) for chusaishiki (the middle festival ceremony), kariginu or joe (a garment worn in religious ceremonies) for shosaishiki (the small festival ceremony) and other miscellaneous festivals.

国師（こくし、或いはくす）は、僧に対して皇帝（朝廷）から贈られる諡号の1つであり、特に皇帝の師への尊称である。
Kokushi was a shigo (a posthumous name) given to monks by the Emperor and used to express the emperor's respect to the monks.

予嘗（かつ）て或人（あるひと）と議論せしこと有り、「西洋は野蛮じや」と云ひしかば、「否（い）な文明ぞ」と争ふ。
'Once I discussed about civilization with someone and when I said, 'The west is barbaric,' he retorted by saying, 'No, it is civilized'and, hence, we started to argue.

御旅所などに向わない場合には、神霊が氏子地域を見回る、或いは、ある特定の場所で神事などを行うために行幸される。
If not heading to the otabisho, the divine spirit patrols the shrine parishioner's community, or an imperial visit is made to perform shinji at specific locations.

伊集院某は、45日前、都城より帰り来り某困しみしを語るに、4日間、イチゴと草木の葉とを喰ひ、或は土をも喰たる由。
A certain soldier IJUIN said that a person who returned from Miyakonojo 45 days ago talked about the hardships that he ate strawberries, leaves, and grass, and even soil for four days.

「（中略）なづけて稲荷鮨、或は篠田鮨といい、ともに狐に因ある名にて、野干（狐の異称）は油揚げを好む者故に名とす。」
(abbreviation)...it is called inarizushi or shinoda-zushi, both of which are the names relating to a fox, as yakan (another name of fox) is fond of aburaage.

天正年間には堺の町衆を中心としてわび茶が形成されており、その食事の形式として一汁三菜（或いは一汁二菜）が定着した。
During the Tensho era, wabicha (wabi style of tea ceremony) was formed among the townspeople who lived in Sakai and a meal with one soup and three (or two) side dishes became established as the form of the meal.

でも、とう／＼しまひに、或日、一人の旅行客が──よその国の紳士が、やつて来ました。私はその人の手にわたされました。
'At length one day I was passed to a traveller, a foreigner, the very same who had brought me away from home;

青砥稿花紅彩画（文久2年・1862年）……通称：白浪五人男（しらなみごにんおとこ）或いは弁天小僧（べんてんこぞう）
Aoto Zoshi Hana no Nishikie (The Story of Aoto and the Gorgeous Woodblock Print) (1862), which is commonly called either Shiranami Gonin Otoko (a group of Five Dandy Thieves) or Benten Kozo (Benten the Thief).

その上でここでは、あくまでも神話として、或いは民俗学・考古学上の観点から、「高天原神話」について述べることにしたい。
With that in mind, 'Takamanohara Mythology' will be mentioned here merely as myth, or alternatively, from the view point of archeology and ethnology.

接続詞　「あるいは」（或者）、「しかれば」（然者）、「なおまた」（尚又）、「もっとも」（尤）、「または」（又者）など
Conjunctions: 'aruiwa' (或者), 'shikareba' (然者), 'naomata' (尚又), 'mottomo' (尤), 'matawa' (又), and so on.

延元様門司に被成御座候時或年宮本武蔵玄信豊前へ罷越二刀兵法の師を仕候其比小次郎と申者岩流の兵法を仕是も師を仕候
When Sir. Nobumoto had been in Moji City, Musashi Harunobu MIYAMOTO came to Buzen Province and instructed people in the art of Nito Heiho (his Niten Ichi-ryu Art of Warfare), in those days, Kojiro also instructed people in the art of Ganryu Heiho.

斯くして或いは東京養神病院を起し､或いは明教生命保險會社を創立する等､醫術以外事業を創刱することその幾許なるを知らず
After that he established Tokyo Yoshin Hospital and Meikyo Life Insurance Company and so on; he not only developed medicine, but also built so many businesses that we cannot enumerate all of them.

諸行無常の原則により、どの世界に生まれ変わろうとも何時かは死に絶え、別の世界（或いは同一世界）へ転生する宿命とされる。
Based on the principle that all things are in flux and nothing is permanent, it is believed that lives are destined to die out eventually and transmigrate to another world (or the same world) regardless of the world to which they transmigrated.

仏具（ぶつぐ）は、仏教の儀式で使用される日用品とは異なる特殊な道具、或いは僧侶などの聖職者が使用する装飾品の事である。
Buddhist altar fittings are defined as special tools or accessories which are used by clergymen, such as Buddhist monks, on the occasion of Buddhist rituals and they are different from daily necessities.

3.（或いは4.も）から来た用法は逆に世間に埋没している状態を含み、元の宗教的意味と一般用法との乖離が生じてしまった。
The usage 3 (and supposedly the usage 4) includes the state opposite to 'Shusseken', i.e., the state of being wrapped in 'Seken', which shows that the general usage diverges from the original religious meaning.

しかしながら、劣化ウランは裂傷を通して、或いは体内に残されたままの劣化ウランの破片から、体循環に侵入する可能性はある。
However, depleted uranium could enter the systemic circulation through open wounds or from embedded depleted uranium fragments.

ここに中央政府の地方への求心力が失墜し、各地豪族は自ら力を蓄え、或いは力ある存在に身を寄せる法なき時代に入ったのである。
Here, the force of the central government to provinces declined and the lawless era, in which gozoku (local ruling families) in various provinces developed power or relied on others who had power, commenced.

大きさは全長で5cm前後から20cm前後まで大小様々で、円筒形、円錐形、或は紡錘形を基本とし、詳細な形状は一様ではない。
It varied in size from small to large; around 5 - 20 cm, and also varied in its detailed shape; its basic shape was cylindrical shape, conical shape, or fusiform shape.

或る日、従卒がテーブルクロスの折り目を伸ばしている最中に、突然、上官はその親指を鉛筆で突き、圧しとどめ、そして、訊ねた。
One day, as the orderly was smoothing out the tablecloth, the officer pinned down his thumb with a pencil, asking:

堀七郎兵衛は堀直政の兄堀利宗（或いは道利）と推定され、利宗は、最初足利義輝に仕え、義輝の死後、織田信長に仕えていた人物。
Shichirobe is believed to have been an older brother of Naomasa HORI, Toshimune HORI (or Michitoshi), Toshimune originally served Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA and after Yoshiteru's death, served Nobunaga ODA..

これに関しては定恵の出生に関わる謎がある、或いは僧侶になった方が唐留学に優位であった、等の意見があるが、未だ定説を見ない。
There are many theories regarding this, such as there is a mystery related to Joe's birth, or being priest gained him a priority to take part in the mission to Tang, however the argument still has not met a settlement.

前掲文書にも応永（1394-1428年）の洪水を記し、或いは兵乱によって廃弊して以後「境内狭小にして祭祀等無之」とも記す。
In the above-mentioned record, it is said that the flood occurred during the Onin period (1394 to 1428), and that 'no religious services are held because the shrine site is too small' after the place was ruined during floods or battles.

帽子（親指）に「角（木、或は水牛等の角を指筒状に刳り貫いた芯材）」が仕込まれており、それに覆われた親指先の自由度は全くない。
Tsuno' (a core material which is a thimble-like wood or horn of water buffalo and so on, which is hollowed out) is put inside of boshi (thumb), and the tip of thumb covered with it has no degree of freedom.

十七清浄句は欲望の単なる肯定であると誤解されたり、また欲望肯定（或は男女性交）＝即身成仏であると誤解されたりする向きも多い。
Many people wrongly believe that Seventeen Pure Phrases are merely desire-affirmative, or that being desire-affirmative (or sexual intercourse) leads to Sokushin-Jobutsu (attaining Buddhahood while still alive).

その晩年の隠棲地の一つ「高雲御所」（或いは「小野宮御所」）を、親王がこの地を去って6年後に薨じた後に供養のために寺院にした。
The Koun Palace (a.k.a. Ononomiya Palace), which was one of his country houses, was turned into a temple in memory of Imperial Prince Koretaka six years after his death.

それらの花のために育てられたいくつかとそれらの魅力的な常緑樹のための或るものが残す年に一度の、または、多年草のハーブの大きい膝
large genus of annual or perennial herbs some grown for their flowers and some for their attractive evergreen leaves

或お金は、こゝは、これ／＼かういふ町だと言つたり、又ほかのお金は、ほら、これ／＼といふところへ来たよ、なぞと言ひ／＼しました。
and one coin said they were in this town, and another said they were in that,

高和の子である京極高豊は、嫡子の京極高或に五万一千石を、庶子の京極高通_(讃岐国多度津藩主)に多度津藩一万石をそれぞれ継がせた。
Takakazu's son Takatoyo KYOGOKU had his heir Takaaru KYOGOKU inherit 51,000 koku and his illegitimate child Takamichi KYOGOKU (the lord of Tadotsu domain of Sanuki Province) inherit 10,000 koku of the Tadotsu domain, respectively.

元より半神話の世界なので、正確な比定は困難であるが、現在の川上村 (奈良県)、或いは東吉野村などの吉野川沿いの地域が想定される。
Needless to say, as it is a story of half-mythical world, it is difficult to identify correctly, a region along Yoshino-gawa River such as present Kawakami-mura (Nara Prefecture) or Higashiyoshino-mura is considered.

この時期、幕府に逆らう大名、或いは武家諸法度の法令に違反する大名は親藩、譜代、外様の区別なく容赦なく、改易、減封の処置を行った。
In this period of time, daimyo who opposed the bakufu or who violated the regulations of Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households) mercilessly received sanctions such as kaieki (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) and genpo (a punishment with deprivation of social status and part of territory), no matter whether they were shinpan (Tokugawa's relatives), fudai (hereditary daimyos) or tozama (outside daimyo).

或いは、第１の接触領域がｐ型材料よりなり、追加層が、ｎ型材料であり、活性層がｎ型材料であり、第２の接触領域がｎ型材料よりなる。
Alternatively, the first contact zone comprises p-type material, the additional layer is an n-type material, the active layer is an n-type material and the second contact zone comprises n-type material.

鎌倉時代初期までは、京都の中級下級貴族と、鎌倉幕府において京都下りの吏僚、或いは源氏一門、有力な名門御家人などがこの位にあった。
This rank was conferred on nobles of the middle and lower ranks in Kyoto, riryo (government official) who went to Kyoto under the regime of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), members of the Minamoto clan, and influential gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) from a family of pedigree, until the early Kamakura period.

師範は剣術、居合道、剣道、合気道、空手などの武道、その他、芸道における指導者の職位或いは免許、称号を意味し、師範号とも称される。
Shihan (grand master) is a job title, a license, or a title of an instructor of martial arts including swordplay, iaido (art of drawing the Japanese sword), kendo (Japanese art of fencing), aikido (art of weaponless self-defense), and karate (traditional Japanese martial art), and other accomplishments, and it is also called shihan go (title of grand master.)

ただし、近年では一般社会と多少の意識がずれた、若しくは或る種の名門的な存在の特別な社会としてあえて歌舞伎界を梨園と呼ぶことがある。
However in the recent years, rien is sometimes employed to mean the world of Kabuki as something which does not quite reflect the public at large, or a kind of an exclusive society that serves only elites.

この論争が始まったのは、江戸時代後期、新井白石が「古史通或問」において大和国説を説き、「外国之事調書」では筑後国山門郡説を説いた。
These controversies began in the late Edo period, when Hakuseki ARAI discussed the Yamato Province theory in 'Koshitsuwakumon' and offered the Yamato County in Chikugo Province theory in 'Gaikokunokoto shirabegaki.'

相馬主計（そうまかずえ、天保6年（1835年）或いは14年（1843年） - 明治8年（1875年）？）は、新選組最後の隊長。
Kazue SOMA (1835 or 1843 - 1875?) was the last commander of the Shinsengumi (a special force that guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate).

此れより已外（いげ）諸の大小乗経は次第不定（しだいふじょう）なり、或は阿含経より已後に華厳経を説き、法華経より已後に方等般若を説く。
Concerning various sutras of Mahayana and Hinayana other than this, their histories are definitely confirmed and there is a possibility that Shaka preached Kegon-kyo Sutra after Agon-kyo Sutra or he preached Hodo-kyo Sutra and Hannya-kyo Sutra after Hoke-kyo Sutra.

或日の夕方、東京から電報が着くと父と母とは真青になって驚いたが翌日の夕方から父は毎夕うら寒い晩秋の土を踏んで洗足で何処へか出掛けた。
One late afternoon, a telegram came from Tokyo which surprised my parents and turned them pale, and every late afternoon from the following day my father washed his feet and went out somewhere walking on the chilly ground in late autumn.

皇位につかなかった皇太子、或いは天皇の実父ながら親王の身位に留まる皇族などに対して、しばしば太上天皇或いは准太上天皇の尊号が贈られた。
Honorary titles: Daijo Tenno or Jun Daijo Tenno (quasi ex-emperor) were conferred on the crown prince who did not ascend to the throne and the Emperor's father who stayed as the imperial prince.

「百姓」＝一般人は「男ヲハ或ハ殺シ、或ハ生取ニシ」ている状況とともに「女ヲハ或ハ取集テ、手ヲトヲシテ船ニ結付、或ハ生取ニス」とある。
It states that as for 'peasants,' meaning ordinary people, 'men were killed or captured' and in addition, 'women were gathered and hung on the ships' sides with their hands laced through, or were captured.'

恒久的である神殿内部の依り代と並行して、この山は神の降臨を表現する、或いは、再確認する臨時の依り代として祭礼などで用いられるようになる。
In parallel with permanent yorishiro fixed inside shrines, these Yama (imitation mountains) have been fabricated and used in festivals as temporary yorishiro to represent or reconfirm the descent of gods.

裳は平安時代十二単の中で一番ポイントとなる物であり、自分より身分の高い人、或いは目上の者の前に出る場合は裳は必ず着用せねばならなかった。
As mo is the most important garment in juni-hitoe (traditional multi-layer court costume, literally, twelve-layered ceremonial kimono) layered garment of the Heian period, and people had to wear mo when they served those who were elder or at a higher rank than themselves.

室町時代、主に足利将軍家の当主及び連枝、鎌倉公方家の一門、或いは鎮守府将軍として南朝方の有力大名であった北畠氏とその一門が御所号を称した。
In the Muromachi period, the head and his siblings of the Ashikaga Shogunate family, the clan of the Kamakura Kubo (Governor-General of the Kamakura Government) family, and the Kitabatake clan who was a powerful daimyo on the side of the Nancho (Southern Court, or Yoshino Imperial court) who acted as the shogun of the chinju-fu, and its descendants were all entitled to the gosho-go.

ユガケの親指には指筒状に刳り貫かれた木、或は水牛等の角（総称して「角」と呼ばれる）が入り、控え（手首部分）には牛革が固めの為に入っている。
Inside of yugake's thumb, there is a hollowed out thimble-like wood or horn of water buffalo (generally called 'tsuno') and so on, and there is a cowhide in the hikae (wrist part) for reinforcement.

江戸時代以降は、御家門のうち傍流にして知行の少ない家、譜代大名、10万石に満たない外様大名は、或いは大身の旗本はみな従五位下に叙せられた。
Jugoinoge was conferred on all branches that came from the lineage of a prestigious family and had few enfeoffments, all fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), all tozama daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lord) having Kokudaka (assessed yield) under 100,000 Koku (approximately 18 million liters of crop yield) in their territory, and all hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) of high rank in the Edo period.

男共が淫らな噂ばかり好み、台所で働く女のあいだに悪評が沸き、或いは、彼女の兄弟たちがよその女に子を孕ませているのだとしても、構わなかった。
The men might be foul-mouthed, the women in the kitchen might have bad reputations, her brothers might have illegitimate children.

『後漢書』倭人伝では「其兵有矛楯木弓竹矢或以骨為鏃」であったものが、『魏志倭人伝』では「兵用矛楯木弓木弓短下長上竹箭或鉄鏃或骨鏃」とある。
'Gokanjo' (historical records of the Later Han Dynasty) wajinden states '其兵有矛楯木弓竹矢或以骨為鏃,' while 'Gishiwajinden' (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty') states '兵用矛楯木弓木弓短下長上竹箭或鉄鏃或骨鏃.'

隠れ念仏（かくれねんぶつ）は、権力から禁止された浄土真宗（一向宗）の信仰を、権力の目から逃れて信仰すること、或いはそれを行う者や集団を指す。
Kakure Nenbutsu (Hidden Buddhist Invocation) refers to the individuals or groups of people who secretly practiced or believed in the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) (Ikko Sect), which was banned by powerful rulers.

帽子に固めの角が入っておらず、控えが無いものを「柔帽子」或は「和帽子」、帽子の背の部分を刳り抜いてあるものを「節抜き」と呼び、区別している。
Boshi has no tsuno inside to be reinforced, and the one without hikae is called 'yawarakaboshi' or 'waboshi', and the one where the back of the boshi is hollowed out is called 'fushinuki' to distinguish.

守護の被官たる国人は独立した領主であり、朝廷から官位を受ける他、幕府の御家人、或いは荘園領主の庄官の地位も併有している場合が一般的であった。
A governor's hikan or provincial folk was a general combination of: Regional lords (besides those in receipt of rank and titles from the imperial court), lower ranking vassals in the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and regional lords of manors.

恩賜（おんし）とは君主から、臣下に当該臣下の、これまでの、或いはこれからの忠節や功労を感謝、或いは期待するため、に何らかの物品を与える行為。
Onshi refers to an action of monarch who gives some goods to his subject to show his gratitude or expectation for the loyalty and contribution dedicated or to be dedicated.

それだけに主家と利害対立が起こると、公然と反抗する者もあり、時として主家に攻め込んだり、或いは幕府に願い出て宗家からの自立を図ることもあった。
Therefore, when confrontation concerning the interest occurred against the employer's household, some shoke publicly resisted against the employer's household and they sometimes attacked the employer's household or planned to become independent from the employer's household by asking the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for their independence.

第三国の侵害により若しは内乱のため、韓国の皇室の安寧或いは領土の保全に危険ある場合は、日本政府は、速やに臨機必要の措置を取らなければならない。
When the peace and security of the Imperial family of Korea is endangered due to invasion by a third country or to a domestic civil war, the Japanese government have the obligation to respond to the emergency immediately, and to arrange an efficient solution to the problem.

新井白石が記した「古史通或問」や「外国之事調書」では、その場所を大和国や山門郡と説いていることから、白石は「やまと」と読んでいたことがわかる。
Given that Hakuseki ARAI suggested that the location was in Yamato Province and Yamato County in his writing 'Koshitsuwakumon' and 'Gaikokunokoto shirabegaki,' it is understandable that Hakuseki read it as 'Yamato.'

給主たる院宮・寺社は毎年、叙位或いは特定の官職への任官希望者を公募し、応募者に叙爵料、任料を納める代償として希望する官位を与えることができた。
As the owners of the territories, ingu, temple and shrines were allowed to publicly seek applicants for joi (investiture of a Court rank) or specific government posts every year and grant official ranks in return for Joshaku (conferring of a Court rank) fee and ninryo (fee for getting an official rank).

そしてこれが、全世界がテレビスクリーンを通して、或いは世界中の平和主義団体の代表団、またはその他公式な代表団の派遣を通して知る、現実なのです。
This is a reality that the whole world follows and sees on TV screens and through the delegations of the peace forces the world over, and the other official delegations.

滑り止めに「ギリ粉（ぎりこ：松脂を煮詰めて乾燥、粉末状に砕いたもの）」を中指〜人指し指、或は薬指〜人指し指と親指先にまぶし、馴染ませて使用する。
As an anti-slip technique, they dust the middle finger to the forefinger, or from an annular finger to a forefinger and a thumb tip with 'giriko rosin powder' (pine resin is boiled down, dried and broken into powdered state) and make it fit in.

我々の目標はかつて、そして今でも、我々が離散し或いは祖国にあって占領に対する民族抵抗や革命に費やした年月に築き上げた夢を実現することであります。
Our target was, and still is, to realize the dreams that we were building upon, when we were in the diaspora and in the homeland, during the years of revolution and national resistance to occupation.

人間霊の場合でも或種の霊は、自分自身が高度な神界に住んでいると誤信しているものがいるが、こうした霊が感応した場合は自信を以って断言する場合が多い。
Also some human spirits who misunderstand that they are living in a higher-grade spirit world, often speak with confidence when they respond to a human.

兄同様弟も求道の念篤く学問好きで後に師の遺著『大道或問』を編集して上梓し、安政2年には自ら神代巻を大要した『稽古要略』『神武沿革考』を著している。
Like his brother, Yoshihisa studied hard with a deep longing for Kodo; later he edited and published one of their teacher's literary remains 'Daido Wakumon' (Studies on the Great Kodo), besides, in 1855, he wrote 'Keiko Yoryaku', the summary of the volume of Jindai (the period of gods), which was his teacher's work, as well as 'Jinmu Enkaku-ko' (Studies on the History of the First Emperor Jinmu).

パレスチナ指導部とそのすべての政党と部隊は今日、あなた達と連帯し、ハンガーストライキや大規模大衆運動を家庭で、或いは離散先で行うことを決意しました。
The Palestinian leadership and all the national factions and forces have decided to participate today with you in the hunger strike and in the mass-popular actions taking place at home and in the diaspora.

歌舞伎界では「厄払い」と呼ばれ、リズミカルな七五調に掛詞・縁語を駆使し、一人で或いは複数で語ることでオペラのアリアや二重唱のような効果を上げている。
Dialogues in the Mokuami-cho tone are called 'Yaku-harai' (a 7-5 arrangement of syllables set to music in a special lilting rhythm) in the kabuki terminology, which are spoken in the rhythmical seven-five syllable meter, exploiting rhetorical devices for waka poetry such as Kakekotoba (a type of pun that uses a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings) and Engo (a related or associated word), and a monologue or a dialogue among a plurality of actors spoken in the Mokuami-cho tone can produce a similar effect to that of an aria or duet in an opera.

このように、戦国時代に入ると主家を打倒或いは追放して主君の座を奪う者、主家から離反し他家に転ずる者、主家を傀儡化し家政を牛耳る者も現れるようになった。
In this way, when the Sengoku Period started, there emerged even those who usurped the position of the employer's household, by destroying or expelling the employer's household, who resisted and left the employer's household and changed from one employer to another, and who made the employer's household a puppet and controlled the politics of the family.

これらの塔はそのほとんどが火災で焼失、或いは散逸し、2005年現在、法隆寺に4万数千基が残っているほかは、博物館や個人に数基所蔵されているのみである。
Most of these pagodas have either been burnt in fires or have been scattered and lost; as of 2005, except for the 40,000-odd scrolls remaining in Horyu-ji Temple, only several of them are either kept in museums or are privately owned.

その後の源平の争乱時にも、彼らは国衙を、或いは荘園を通じ、公権に基づき動員される場合には「駆武者」（かりむしゃ）と呼ばれ、戦闘の中核部隊ではなかった。
Even during the later the Genpei War, they negotiated through either Kokuga or shoen (manor in medieval Japan), called as 'Karimusha' when mobilized due to civil rights, and were not a central fighting force of a battle.

我が民族は何千もの殉教者或いは負傷者という代償を払っており、そのある者は路傍に、或いは安全なはずの家庭で、或いはイスラエルの検問所に斃れているのです。
Our people pay the price in thousands of martyrs and injured people who fall on the streets, inside their safe homes and at Israeli check-points.

また他所で、《壱岐対馬九国の兵士並びに男女、多く或は殺され或は擒（と）られ或は海に入り或は崖より堕（お）ちし者幾千万と云ふ事なし。》（同右書）とある。
He also states in another section, 'in Iki, Tsushima and the nine provinces of Kyushu, numerous soldiers and people, whether men or women, were killed, captured, threw themselves into the sea, or fell off a cliff' (the same book as mentioned above).

このように、本発明は、ハイブリッド化された検出器のような、ハイブリッド化や原位置、或いは種々の電子装置における成長による組み込みに適する装置を提供する。
The present invention thus provides a device which is suitable for incorporation by hybridization, growth in situ or otherwise in a variety of electronic devices, such as a hybridised detector.

三ツガケは親指・人差指・中指、四ツガケは親指〜薬指までを覆い、親指には木（或は水牛等の角）を指筒状に刳り貫いたものが親指全体を覆うように仕込まれている。
Mitsugake covers the thumb, the forefinger and the middle finger and yotsugake covers fingers from the thumb to the annular finger and it is equipped with a thimble-like wood (or a horn of water buffalo and so on) which is hollowed out, covering a whole of the thumb.

703年（大宝 (日本)3年）智鸞・智雄などとともに入唐し、慈恩大師基（或いは窺基）の法孫で法相第3祖の濮陽（ぼくよう）大師智周に師事して法相宗を学んだ。
In 703, he visited Tang China together with Chiran and Chiyu, studied Faxiang Buddhism (or Dharma-character school which was the Chinese equivalent of the Japanese Hosso sect) under Chishu (Zhizhou in Chinese) the Bokuyo Daishi (Master Puyang), who was a dharma-grandson of Ki (Ji in Chinese, aka Kuiji) the Jion Daishi (Master Cien) and the third generation founder of the Faxiang sect in China.

宇喜多久家は実子、或いは児島信徳（実在したか怪しい人物であるが実在したならば妻の兄か弟にあたる人物であると思われる）の息子を養子縁組したのではないかとも。
Hisaie UKITA was guessed to be his son or his adopted son, who was a son of Shintoku KOJIMA (it is suspicious that he actually lived, but if he lived in reality he seems to have been a brother of his wife).

西郷の切腹を見守っていた桐野・村田新八・池上・辺見・山野田・岩本平八郎らは再び岩崎口に突撃し、敵弾に斃れ、自刃し、或いは私学校近くの一塁に籠もって戦死した。
KIRINO, Shinpachi MURATA, IKEGAMI, HENMI, YAMANODA, Heihachiro IWAMOTO, who had watched SAIGO committing suicide by disembowelment, rushed into Iwasakiguchi again, and some of them were shot dead, killed themselves by falling on their swords, or were killed in fights while barricading themselves in a fort near to Shigakko.

以後、贈位は亡くなった高位の貴族への恩典として、さらには無実の罪で亡くなった者、或いは派遣途上でなくなった遣唐使の慰霊や名誉回復を目的で行われるようになった。
From then on, zoi became a special dispensation for high ranked nobles that have passed away; moreover, it began to be carried out for the purposes of comforting the spirit and restoring impaired reputations of those who died on false charges, or for the Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) who died in their journey.

余多の妻子ども、此趣承り、是は夢かやうつつかや。恩愛の別れの悲しさ、今更たとへん方もなし。さて如何かと歎き、或はおさない子をいただき、或は懐妊したる人もあり。
Remaining wives and children heard this and some moaned for wrench of parting telling that they could not tell if they are awake or asleep, and some took in young children and there was a lady who was pregnant.

4月4日、人吉から球磨川に沿い、或いは舟で下って八代南郊に出た薩軍は、まず坂本村の官軍を攻撃して敗走させたのを皮切りとして、5、6日と勝利を収め、八代に迫った。
On April 4, coming from Hitoyoshi to the southern suburbs of Yatsushiro along the Kuma-gawa River on land or on boats, the Satsuma army attacked and defeated the government army in Sakamoto Village, and subsequently won battles on the 5th and 6th of the month, closing in on Yatsushiro.

一説に、著者の一人が小島法師という人物であり、児島高徳の一族に近しい者か、或いは小島法師は児島高徳自身であり、児島高徳が『太平記』を著したのではないかとする説。
The theory says that one of the authors of the book was Kojima Hoshi and this person was someone close to the family of Takanori KOJIMA or Takanori KOJIMA himself and Takanori wrote 'Taiheiki.'

しかし、他の系図では上杉家から養子を迎えたのは下総に分家した長尾であって、越後長尾氏には直接関係無いとする系図がほとんど（長尾景為或いは長尾景能の流れ）である。
However, most of the other family trees show that the Nagao family established in Shimousa Province as a branch family adopted a child from the Uesugi family, and the Echigo Nagao clan had almost no direct relationship (a line of Kagetame NAGAO or Kageyoshi NAGAO).

ただし『日本書紀』第6の一書には「事代主神化爲八尋熊鰐通三嶋溝樴姫或云玉櫛姫而生兒姫蹈鞴五十鈴姫命是爲神日本磐余彦火火出見天皇之后也」との記述がある。
However, according to the sixth addendum to the 'Nihonshoki,' 'Kotoshironushi no kami transformed into Yahiro no Kumawani to marry Mishima no Mizokuihime, also called Tamakushihime, and the child was born named Himetataraisuzuhimenomikoto, who became the wife of Kamuyamatoiwarehiko Hohodemino sumeramikoto.'

一、乗輿ハ、一門ノ歴々・国主・城主・一万石以上ナラビニ国大名ノ息、城主オヨビ侍従以上ノ嫡子、或ハ五十歳以上、或ハ医・陰ノ両道、病人コレヲ免ジ、ソノ外濫吹ヲ禁ズ。
• Only those with permission may ride a palanquin, such as the Tokugawa family, landed daimyo, the sons of daimyo, castle lords, legitimate children of rank higher than jiju (chamberlain), people over fifty, doctors, men of Onmyodo (the way of Yin and Yang), the sick and so on.

なお、『日本書紀』では既存の書物から記事を引用する場合「一書曰」、「一書云」、「一本云」、「別本云」、「旧本云」、「或本云」などと書名を明らかにしないことが多い。
In addition, although some articles of 'Nihonshoki' were cited from other books, their titles were not usually clear and only phrases such as 'a book says,' 'another book says' or 'an old book says' were written.

禁止措置によって神社に常駐せずに民間祈祷を行っていた巫女はほぼ廃業となったが、中には神社、或いは教派神道に所属することによって姿・形を変えて活動を続ける者もいた。
This ban deprived work from nearly all the miko who had offered invocations and prayer services outside the shrine, although some continued to operate in various ways through participation in traditional shrines or new schools of Shinto.

天保5年（1834年）、酒の勝手造を禁止する見返りに酒造米高100石につき金10両の株金と金3分或は銀43匁の冥加金を納めさせた（なお、株金は廃業時に返金された）。
In 1834, the bakufu banned unauthorized sake brewing and, in return, imposed subscription to sakekabu of 10 ryo (unit of gold currency) of gold and myogakin of 3 fun (unit of currency, 4 fun = 1 ryo) of gold or 43 monme (a unit of weight) of silver on 100 koku of rice for brewing sake (subscription to sakekabu was refunded to breweries when they went out of business).

この結果、朱子学とその派生形態である陽明学の中にある、思弁的側面に集中的に研究が加えられ、或はその思弁的側面こそが朱子学ないし陽明学の特徴であると考えられるに至った。
As a result, the speculative sides of Shushigaku and its derivative Yomeigaku have been intensively studied and these speculative sides are considered to characterize Shushigaku and Yomeigaku.

この籐を「切詰籐（きりつめどう）」或は「鏑籐（かぶらどう）」と呼び、上関板の方を「上切詰籐（かみきりつめどう）」、下関板の方を「下切詰籐（したきりつめどう）」と呼ぶ。
This cane is called as 'Kiritsumedo' or 'Kaburado,' and the uwasekiita is called as 'Kamikiritsumedo' and the shimosekiita as 'Shitakiritsumedo.'

ヒロイン板額は「面はさほど見苦しゅうもござれども、関取相撲を見るやうな大丈夫、力の強いばかりが取り得」と原作の浄瑠璃にあるごとく歌舞伎の中でも有数の力の或る女性である。
The heroin, Hangaku, is one of few foremost powerful women in Kabuki as described in the original joruri that 'she is not so ugly, but looks so strong as a sekitori (sumo wrestler), which is only her redeeming feature.'

さらに老年の光源氏をとりまく子女の恋愛模様や（同じく第2部）、或いは源氏死後の孫たちの恋（第3部）がつづられ、長篇恋愛小説として間然とするところのない首尾を整えている。
Furthermore, the romance of ladies surrounding old Hikaru Genji is described (Part 2), and the love of his grandchildren after his death is depicted (Part 3), being flawless and coherent as an epic love story.

やがて、三好氏自体が守護の格式を得て、守護の中でも有力か或いは名門である家から選ばれる相伴衆に列せられ、従四位下の位と守護の格式である塗輿を使用を免許されるまでに至る。
In the end, the Miyoshi clan itself gained the status of Shugo, was picked for Shobanshu, which is chosen from among the powerful or famous Shugo, and ended up with the rank of Jushii-ge and permission to use the nurigoshi which was a symbol of the Shugo's status.

三条京阪の最寄り駅は京阪電気鉄道京阪本線・京阪鴨東線の三条駅 (京都府)（通称：京阪三条駅、或いは三条京阪）と京都市営地下鉄京都市営地下鉄東西線の三条京阪駅の2駅である。
The two stations closest to Sanjo Keihan are Sanjo Station (Kyoto Prefecture) on the Keihan Main Line and Keihan Oto Line of Keihan Electric Railway (Alias: Keihan Sanjo Station or Sanjo Keihan) and Sanjo Keihan Station of Tozai Line of Kyoto Municipal Subway.

中世以降の日本では、預所代、国司の目代、守護代、小守護代、地頭代、或いは出征した軍勢の統括を代行する陣代などの代官職があり、さらにそれらの代官である叉代というのもあった。
After the medieval period in Japan, there were many deputy posts like azukaridokorodai (acting deputy shoen lord; shoen was a manor), kokushi no mokudai (deputy kokuhsi; kokushi was a provincial governor mostly before the Muromachi period), shugodai (deputy shugo: shugo was a military governor), koshugodai (acting deputy military governor), jitodai (deputy jito; jito was a shoen steward), and jindai whose function was to preside troops on a campaign as a deputy, and furthermore, there existed a deputy post of these deputies called matadai (literally, 'double deputy').

新鮮な獣や鳥の肉・魚を切り取って生のまま食べることは人類の歴史とともに始まったと言ってよいが、人類の住むそれぞれの環境に応じて、生食の習慣は或いは残り、或いは廃れていった。
It is safe to say that humans have eaten raw meat and fish throughout their evolution, but the practice was either continued or abandoned by different groups depending on the environments in which they lived.

このとき、三守護職を代官として設置した（道南十二館）ことが『新羅之記録』に記載されているが、実態は安東家政或いは安東定季が一人守護として統括していたとする見解も出されている。
According to 'Shinra no Kiroku,' Masasue then set up the post of Sanshugoshoku as daikan (local governor) to carry out decentralized control (Dokan Juni Tate [12 castles of the Oshima Peninsula]), however, according to another observation, Iemasa ANDO or Sadasue ANDO practically controlled alone as Shugo.

このように自分の都合でしか事象を解釈できず、かつて敵視していた人物を一転して賛美したり、或いはその逆で支援していた人物を排除したりと、態度が180度逆転する事が非常に多かった。
Thus, Goshirakawa's attitude totally changed on many occasions, once he considered someone as his enemy then he changed to glorify him, or to the contrary, he eliminate someone whom he considered as a supporter, he only took things in a way that suited his needs.

或る時、ワイン・ボトルが倒れ、赤い液体がテーブルクロスの上に広がり散ってしまった折、大尉は、不意に罵って立ち上がり、燃える青い両眼が、取り乱した従卒の眼を一瞬捉えたことがある。
Once, when a bottle of wine had gone over, and the red gushed out on to the tablecloth, the officer had started up with an oath, and his eyes, bluey like fire, had held those of the confused youth for a moment.

正義は非常に子沢山（13男11女の24人という）で、或る日、明治天皇から何人子供がいるのかと尋ねられたが咄嗟に思い出せず、「後日調査の上、御報告申し上げます」と奏上したという。
As Masayoshi had many children (24 children of 13 sons and 11 daughters), one day, when he was asked by the Emperor Meiji how many children he had, he couldn't remember, and answered that he would research and report it later.

埋納状況については村を外れた丘陵の麓、或いは頂上の少し下からの出土が大部分であり、深さ数十センチメートルの比較的浅い穴を掘って横たえた物が多い（逆さまに埋められた物も二例ある）。
In most cases, dotaku were excavated at a foot of a hill or a bit lower area than the top of it outside of a village and found laid down sideways in a relatively shallow hole with several tens of centimeters in depth (there are two cases of upside down burying).

手を加えて飲まれることもあり、チューハイなどのベースや、リキュールの材料、或いはカクテル作りの際に用いられたり、ジン (蒸留酒)・ウォッカなどの代用品として使用されることもある。
It is also arranged in chuhai (a shochu-based beverage), a substance of liqueur, an ingredients for a cocktail, and a substitute for jin (distilled liquor) and vodka.

吸引は紛争地域において劣化ウラン弾が使用されている間や使用された後、或いはその環境の劣化ウランが風や他の擾乱作用によって大気中に再び浮遊した場合に、最もありそうな摂取経路である。
Inhalation is the most likely route of intake during or following the use of depleted uranium munitions in conflict or when depleted uranium in the environment is re-suspended in the atmosphere by wind or other forms of disturbance.

また神道や修験道、仏教の一部などで寒修行または寒行と称して、海・川などの水に入る、或いは滝に打たれるなどをして精神を鍛錬している事から、武道の寒稽古でこれを取り入れている事も多い。
As Shinto religion, Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism) and some sects of Buddhism incorporate ascetic practices like bathing in the sea/river or standing under a waterfall, called kanshugyo or kangyo, with the aim of mental training, Kangeiko of budo often incorporate such exercises.

ひとつの武士団のみで軍勢を編成する場合、総大将は武門の棟梁が自ら務めるか、或いはその一門ないし家老など、身分の高い者の中から選抜されることも多く、陣中にあってその権限は大きかった。
In a situation where troops were organized by a single samurai group, the leader of the samurai clan served as Sodaisho, or in many other cases, a Sodaisho would be selected from high-ranking warriors of a clan such as the Karo (chief retainer) and they held great authority in battles.

『万葉集』の歌の中では、「ツクヨミ」或いは「ツクヨミヲトコ（月読壮士）」という表現で現れてくるが、これは単なる月の比喩（擬人化）としてのものと、神格としてのものと二種の性格をみせる。
In the poems of 'Manyoshu,' Tsukuyomi is cited as 'Tsukuyomi' or 'Tsukuyomiotoko' and depicted in two ways: as a simple metaphor of the moon or as a deity.

これにより台湾の教育制度は完全に統一され、特殊な台湾原住民を対象とする教育以外、中央或いは地方財政で学校が運営され8歳以上14歳未満の学童に対し6年制の義務教育が行われるようになった。
In this way, the education system in Taiwan was finally unified and all schools (except for a few aboriginal education) were operated by central and local budget with six year compulsory education introduced for children aged from 8 to 13.

このドラマの人気が、徳川光圀＝天下の副将軍という認識が定着する要因となっており、正式に副将軍に任ぜられた、或いは江戸幕府の公式な役職として副将軍が設置されていたという誤解を生んでいる。
The popularity of this drama has made people identify Mitukuni TOKUGAWA with the world famous vice shogun, causing a misunderstanding that he was officially appointed as the vice shogun or the post of vice shogun was officially established in Edo bakufu.

今日使われているユガケは日本に武士が使用していたユガケとは基本的な作りから異なり、一般的には三ツガケ、或は四ツガケと呼ばれる親指（帽子）と手首（控え）が固めてあるものが使用されるている。
The yugake which is used today is different from the one used by samurais in Japan in the basic structure, and in general, the one which is called mitsugake (three-fingered shooting glove) or yotsugake (four-fingered shooting glove), the thumb (boshi, a part of a yugake glove covering a thumb) and the wrist (hikae) are reinforced are used.

室町時代に入ると、当初は守護の一門やその傍流、或いは重臣、または守護国内の有力武士（国人）が任じられる（ただし、複数の守護を兼ねる家の場合には、他の領国の国人が守護代とされる場合もある。
In the beginning of the Muromachi period, the Shugo's family or close relatives, or his chief vassal, or an influential samurai from within the Shugo's fief (kokujin) was appointed (in fact, for those families that had multiple Shugo, there were instances in which kokujin from other fiefs were made Shugodai.

元伊勢「丹波国乃吉佐宮」（『倭姫命世記』）の旧跡であるとの伝承から「元伊勢」を冠して称され、また特に皇大神宮の元宮であるとの伝承から、「元伊勢皇大神宮」或いは「元伊勢内宮」とも称される。
As this shrine is reportedly on the historic spot of the Moto Ise 'Yosa no miya shrine in Tanba' ('Yamatohime no mikoto seiki'), its title is 'Moto-ise,' and also called 'Moto Ise Kotai-jingu Shrine' or 'Motoise Naiku Shrine' because of the tradition that this shrine is the origin of the Kodai-jingu Shrine.

たとえば、廃坑や廃線になったトンネルなど或る特定の場所で貯蔵すると、いくら温度や湿度など科学的に条件を同じにしても、他の場所で貯蔵するよりもあきらかに味がまろやかになる、といった例は多い。
For example, there are many cases in which storage is conducted in specific places such as in an abandoned mine or tunnel of dead track and the obtained taste is mellower than that of sake stored in other places even if conditions such as temperature and humidity are kept scientifically the same.

途中で西郷が被弾し、島津応吉久能邸門前にて別府の介錯で自決すると、跪いて西郷の自決を見届けた桐野らはさらに進撃し、岩崎口の一塁に籠もって交戦し、相次いで銃弾に斃れ、刺し違え、或は自刃した。
On the way there, Saigo was hit and committed suicide with the beheading assistance of Beppu in front of the residence of Okichi Hisayoshi SHIMAZU, which Kirino and others saw through on their knees, and then marching further, they occupied a fort in Iwasakiguchi and fought there, but they were shot down, stabbed or killed themselves one by one.

そして帝釈天の配下として、仏の住む世界を支える須弥山の北方、水精埵の天敬城に住み、或いは古代インドの世界観で地球上にあるとされた4つの大陸のうち北倶盧洲（ほっくるしゅう）を守護するとされる。
Additionally, as a following of Taishakuten it is said to live in Tengyo-jo Castle of Suishota, which is the north of Mt. Shumisen (Mt. Sumeru) or to guard Hokkurushu (uttara-kuru), one of the four continents in the world view of ancient India.

成年に達した男児は、布1反と米か、或いは、餅か酒を女性宅に持参し、その1反の布を女性が褌（六尺褌）に仕立てて、男児を裸にし、褌の締め方や使い方を教え伝えて、祝の杯を交わす儀式であると言われる。
It is said that celebrations were held when adolescents reached the age of puberty where a bolt of cloth, rice or sake (rice wine) was presented to a girls household whereupon, the cloth was used to make loincloths and a naked adolescent was instructed how to tie traditional undergarments and toasts were exchanged.

和泉式部の歌「丹波なる　吹風（ふくち）の山の　もみじ葉は　散らぬ先より　散るかとぞおもう」から取り、これに明智の「智」の字を当てたという説や、或いは富士山由来の名（別名）によるとの説も存在する。
But, some people believe that the place name comes from a poem by Izumi Shikibu saying 'maple leaves in the mountain in Tanba may fall earlier than my expectation due to wind blowing (fukuchi in Japanese) to the mountain,' and 'Chi' (智 in kanji) of Akechi (明智 in kanji) was used, or from a the name of Mt. Fuji (another name of Mt. Fuji).

欧文活字は、キャノン（約48アメリカン・ポイント）・アッセンドニカ或はダブル・パイカ（約22ポイント）・パラゴン（約11ポイント）の、ゴアやマカオでの使用を経て将来されたものが当初より使われた。
For Western types, Canon (approx. 48 American points) and Assendonika, or Double Pica (approx. 22 points) and Paragon (approx. 11 points) which were brought through the use at Goa and Macau were used from the beginning.

第１の接触領域は、活性ゾーンと同じ型の高ドーピング濃度、活性ゾーンと同じドーパントレベルと型を有するより高いバンドギャップ、或いはこれらの特徴をもつ両方のある種の組合せを有することが出来る。
The first contact zone can have high doping concentrations of the same type as the active zone, a higher bandgap with the same dopant level and type as the active zone or some combination of both of these features.

近世ノ作法、仏の懸記ニタガハズコソ、仏ノ弟子ナヲ仏意ニ背ク、マシテ在家俗士堂塔ヲ建立スル、多ハ名聞ノ為メ、若ハ家ノカザリトス、或ハ是レニヨリテ利ヲエ、或ハ酒宴ノ座席、詩歌ノ会所トシテ、無礼ノ事多シ
The modern customs are shameful to the Buddhist record written about the future, and the students of Buddhism turned away from the will of the Buddha as the samurai of existing families built a tower, young men decorated their houses in order to have his name heard many times, gained profits from it, sat at drinking parties, or made it into kaisho where poetry is read, and held many rude activities.

朝廷が授与する御所号は、主に皇族や摂家の子女が門跡となった寺社に対して授与するものが主であり、その他、公卿もその家人より御所、或いは御所様（ごしょさま）、上様などと尊称されることが事実上許されていた。
The Imperial Court mainly gave the gosho-go to the temples and shrines at which the head priest was a son or daughter of the Imperial Family or the sekke; moreover, high nobles were practically allowed to be referred to as Gosho, Gosho-sama, or Ue-sama by their families.

すなわち、旅の途中で宿を乞うた武塔神（むとうしん）を裕福な弟の将来（『備後国風土記』では「或本作巨旦將來也」とあり、巨旦将来　こたんしょうらいとされる）は断り、貧しい兄・蘇民将来は粗末ながらもてなした。
According to the tale, Muto shin (deity with clear roots in the Korean peninsula) had asked his wealthy younger brother, Shorai, for the place to sleep during his journey and had been refused; Muto shin asked his poor brother, Somin shorai as well, and Somin Shorai treated him even in a poor way.

このような感覚から、古代には日本という国家を一身で体現する存在である天皇を指し示す表現として「おおやけ」という言葉が使われ、天皇やその家、朝廷を「公家（こうけ）」或いは「公方」と呼称する慣習が生まれた。
As a result, the term 'Oyake' (another pronunciation of 'ku' of 'kubo') was used to mean the Emperor as the national embodiment in ancient Japan, and the custom of calling the Emperor, his family, and the Court as 'Koke' (literally, public family) or 'Kubo' sprang up.

そしてその晩の彼の仕事ぶりは、不様に、鈍くさくへまばかりして、とりとめがなく、箒を意味なく無闇に弄ったりし、或いはまた、一度椅子に腰をおろすと、彼はふたたび立ち上がる気力をほとんど失ってしまうのだった。
So, he wandered at his work, painfully, and very slowly and clumsily, fumbling blindly with the brushes, and finding it difficult, when he sat down, to summon the energy to move again.

仏の住む世界を支える須弥山の4方向を護る四天王の1員として白銀埵（はくぎんた）に住み、西の方角、或いは古代インドの世界観で地球上にあるとされた4つの大陸のうち西牛貨洲（さいごけしゅう）を守護するとされる。
As one of the Shitenno that guard the four sides of Mt. Shumisen、which support the world where Buddha resides, he resides in Hakuginta and was believed to guard its west side or Saigokeshu, one of four continents on the earth believed to exist in the ancient Indian view of the world.

武田氏の家臣団には、守護の兄弟子女、或いは女婿を中心とするご親類衆があるが、板垣氏や甘利氏など、同じ甲斐源氏を祖に持つ庶流の家柄にあるものは、主に武田氏の家老を務める御譜代衆、国衆として位置づけられていた。
The vassal groups of the Takeda clan included shinsekishu (a group of relatives) which mainly included siblings and children, and the husbands of daughters of shugo, and those who were in the shoke lineages whose origin was Kai-Genji (the Minamoto clan) similarly to the Takeda clan, such as the Itagaki and the Amari clans, were positioned as Gofudaishu (hereditary daimyo) and kunishu who mainly acted as chief retainers of the Takeda clan.

また、上記の他にも神霊より発表を禁じられている「巻」が13巻有り、天明は「これら未発表のものは、或る時期が来れば発表を許されるものか、許されないのか、現在の所では不明であります。」と昭和36年に語っている。
Also other than above mentioned volumes there are 13 volumes that have been prohibited to be released by the spirit and Tenmei said about it in 1961, 'So far I'm not sure if those unpublished volumes will be allowed to be released at some time or not.'

命婦の奉仕する対象は、内侍司の務めである、天皇の儀式或いは神事に限られるようになり、朝賀や即位の礼などにおいて奉仕する女性は褰帳命婦、威儀命婦、立春の際の水取命婦、春日祭の際に奉仕する博士命婦などが置かれた。
Myobu became to serve only in emperor's ceremonies or shinji (a divine service) which were duties of Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendants); whereas there were prepared kencho no myobu serving for ceremonies such as Choga (retainers' New Year's greeting to the emperor) and Sokui no rei (enthronement ceremony), igi no myobu, mizutori no myobu serving for a ceremony in risshun (the first day of spring), hakase no myobu serving for Kasuga-matsuri Festival, and the like.

「米を蓄るときは鼠喰或は虫付、ふけ米等の出来て減ずること多きも、金を蓄ふるときは、利息出来て、増すこと多きが故に、年貢も金納を多くし、米を払ひて、金にするを良とするとは、小人の利術にして、君子の所為にあらず。」
When storing rice, it often decreases by being infested with rats or insects, or by being damaged, but when storing money, it often increases with interest, and thus, nengu (annual tribute, land tax) is paid more by money by exchanging rice with money, which, however, is the way of a man of stupid, not a man of virtue.'

或夜、一生を車馬の喧噪から遠ざかつて暮した中年の男と、其親戚の若い娘と、自分との三人が、遠い西の方の砂浜を歩いてゐた。此娘は野原の上、家畜の間に動く怪し火の一つをも見逃さない能力があると云はれてゐる女であつた。
One night a middle-aged man, who had lived all his life far from the noise of cab-wheels, a young girl, a relation of his, who was reported to be enough of a seer to catch a glimpse of unaccountable lights moving over the fields among the cattle, and myself, were walking along a far western sandy shore.

ただ多くの伝承が伝えるように、こういった領主が増長して領民を苦しめたり、或いは周辺地域を侵略したりといった時代もあり、戦国時代 (日本)のような形態の時代には戦争に明け暮れ、その負担は領民を苦しめることとなった。
According to many stories, these feudal lords grew so arrogant and tormented the people of the territory or invaded surrounding areas occasionally; during the Sengoku period (the Age of Civil Wars in Japan), feudal lords devoted all of their time to fighting, imposing a heavy toll on the people of the territory.

『武公伝』（松井家の二天一流師範が著した武蔵伝記・宝暦5年（1755年）豊田正脩編）には、「武公平居閑静して（中略）連歌或は書画小細工等を仕て日月を過了す、故に武公作の鞍楊弓木刀連歌書画数多あり」と書かれている。
Musashi's biography, 'Buko-den,' written in 1755 by Masanao TOYOTA (an instructor of Niten Ichi-ryu in the Matsui family), describes his talent as 'Musashi spent his spare time quietly (…omit…) making renga (Japanese poetry), studying calligraphies, painting pictures, making crafts and so on, so many of his works remain including a saddle, a bow made from a willow tree, wooden swords, renga, calligraphy and pictures.'

実際、北京を中心とした河北省・山西省の地域のテキストである房山石経・契丹版や、或いは漢代から唐代の都長安の一切経写本の系統を引く、南宋版「思渓資福蔵」や元版「普寧蔵」等の大蔵経の方がより良いテキストである場合が多く、
In fact, the Tripitaka in the Scriptures Inscribed on Stone at Fangshan as well as in the Kitai edition, which were the local texts of places such as Beijing (in Hebei Province) and Shanxi Province, or the Southern Sung edition, 'Shikei Shifuku-zo (思渓資福蔵)' and Yuan edition, 'Funei-zo,' which were lineages of the Issai-kyo sutra manuscripts of Choan (the capital from the Han through Tang dynasties) are often better texts.

明治維新の後は、城郭や陣屋にあった建物は天守も、民間によって或は、軍事施設・土地としての接収によってほとんどは払い下げ、破却されたが、中には市民運動や公人・軍関係者などの保存の働きかけなどによって保存された天守がある。
After the Meiji Restoration, most of the structures including Tenshu which were in castles and Jinya (regional government office) were disposed of by the private sector or by government as requisitioned military facilities/land and knocked down; however, some Tenshu were conserved as a result of the civic movement and approaches by public officials/military personnel for conservation.

饒速日命の手によって殺された、或いは失脚後に故地に留まり死去したともされているが、実際は同胞である和邇氏（海神族）の協力を経て北上し、時の畿内の有力豪族安日彦（アビヒコ）とともに青森県は弘前に落ち着いたという説がある。
It is said that he was killed by the hands of Nigihayahi no Mikoto, and alternatively, it is also said that he eventually died after his failure at his homeland, but there are theories that imply that in actuality, he advanced north with the support of the Wani clan (Watatsumi family), who was his sibling clan, and he settled in Hirosaki, Aomori Prefecture, with Abihiko, who was a powerful regional ruler in the Kinai region at that time.

明治38年8月には、斯波貞吉、中村大八郎らと「国家社会党」を創立し、その宣言書には、古代における我国の皇室が或る意味における社会主義の実行者であると説き、「我国民は宜しく皇室の力に依りて官費の専横を抑制すべし」と論じた。
In August 1905, he founded 'Kokka Shakaito,' or the National Socialist Party, with Teikichi SHIBA, Daihachiro NAKAMURA and others, and in the party's manifesto, they said that the members of the Imperial Family in ancient times had virtually practiced socialism, and that 'We must stop wasting government expenses using appropriate assistance from the Imperial family.'

「九郎が三浦十郎義連（佐原義連）ら勇士を率いて、鵯越（この山は猪、鹿、兎、狐の外は通れぬ険阻である）において攻防の間に、（平氏は）商量を失い敗走、或いは一ノ谷の舘を馬で出ようと策し、或いは船で四国の地へ向かおうとした。」
'While Kuro led brave warriors such as Juro Yoshitsura MIURA (Yoshitsura SAHARA) and engaged in an offensive and defensive battle at Hiyodorigoe (this mountain had a steep precipice and only a wild boar, a deer, a rabbit, and a fox could pass through the mountain), the Taira clan lost concentration of their consideration about their strategy and retreated, some of whom attempted to get out of Ichinotani-jo Castle by horse, and some attempted to escape into the Shikoku region by ship.'

「徳政（とくせい）」とは天人相関思想に基づき、代替わり或いは災害などに伴い改元が行われた際に天皇が行う貧民救済活動や神領興行（儀式遂行とその財源たる所領等の保障）、訴訟処理などの社会政策のことであり、「新制」とも呼ばれる。
Tokusei' (acts of Virtuous Government), also called 'Shinsei' (new system), are social policies that the Emperor initiated upon ascending to the throne or when the name of the era was changed because of natural disasters, etc. and were based on the theory of correlation between heaven and man and entailed activities to save the poor, 'Shinryo-kogyo' (conducting ceremonies and securing property for revenue) and court case processing.

埼玉県の日高市は諸説有るが日和田山と高麗郡の頭文字を取ったもので北海道南部の日高国（或いは、その国名の由来となった日高見国）とは関係せず、高知県の安芸市は土佐国安芸郡 (高知県)が由来であり広島県西部の安芸国とは関係しない。
There are several theories about the naming process of Hidaka City; however, it was made by combining the initials of Mt. Hiwada and Koma County and it has no relation with Hidaka Province of the southern part of Hokkaido (or the origin of the provincial name, Hitakami Province); The origin of the name of Aki City in Kochi Prefecture lies in Aki County, Tosa Province (Kochi Prefecture) and it has no relation with Aki Province in the western part of Hiroshima Prefecture.

また、軍国主義的だという点から見ても、古い軍歌であるラ・マルセイエーズを国歌としているフランスを始めとして、過激な軍歌調或いは軍歌そのものの国歌を持っている国は多く、君が代が特別軍国主義を象徴するものではないとする意見もある。
With respect to the point that Kimigayo is militaristic, there is an opinion that, starting with France of which national anthem is old martial music, La Marseillaise, there are many countries that have national anthems that are extremely militaristic or a martial song itself and Kimigayo does not particularly symbolize militarism.

これらは重点産業こそ異なれ、経済発展の目標は農産物或いは工業製品の生産工場に拠り日本国内の需要を満たすことにあったが、日本からの大量資本投下は台湾経済の発展と社会インフラ整備を支援し、戦後の台湾経済にも大きな影響を与えている。
Though the primary industry differed in each period, the primary goal throughout the entire time was to meet the domestic demand in Japan by increasing the production of agricultural and industrial products, while Japan's massive investment, which supported the development of Taiwan's economy and social infrastructure, influenced the post-war economy of Taiwan.

柔術の定義については、流派が数多くあり、技法の内容も多種多様であるため、一概には言えないが、例えば講道館の創始者嘉納治五郎は、「無手或は短き武器をもって、無手或は武器を持って居る敵を攻撃し、または防御するの術」である、と柔術を定義した。
Having various schools and techniques, jujutsu is difficult to be defined uniformly, but, for example, Jigoro KANO, who was the founder of 'Kodokan judo' (the judo form of Kodokan Judo Institute), defined it as the offense and defense techniques using no (or a small) weapon against an armed or unarmed opponent.

宗家と庶家の関係はいわば本家と分家と同義であるが、一般的な分家と異なるのは、分家であれば本家と同姓を称するのが通例であるが、庶家という場合、その多くは宗家と同姓を用いることを避け、或いは禁じられその多くが別姓を称した家柄が多いという点にある。
The relationship between the head of a family and Shoke is the same as that of the head of a household and a branch family, Shoke differed from an ordinary branch family because a branch family ordinarily had the same family name as that of the head family while many Shoke avoided or were prohibited from using the same family name and instead used another family name.

『摂州名所記』承応4年（1655年）篇には「名塩、鳥の子紙、昔よりすき出す所也、越前にもおとらさる程にすく、或いは色々紙有り」とあり、同書が書かれた承応年間（1652～54年）より以前の十七世紀前半には、名塩で紙業が発展していたことが分かる。
In the section 1655 of the 'Sesshu meisho ki' (a guide to noted places of Settsu province) there is a description of 'Najio being a place where torinoko-gami was made in the past. They make paper as skillfully as people in Echizen province and there are various types of paper.,' which shows that the paper manufacturing in Najio had already been developed in the early part of the 17th centuries during 1652 and 54 when it was written.

或るものが形成する詐欺的な商習慣のかかわるのは計画をピラミッド状にします、例えば、流通の連鎖が、小売価格が不必要にふくらませられるまで次第により高い卸値で他のディストリビュータに売れている過度の数のディストリビュータによって人工的に広げられます
a fraudulent business practice involving some form of pyramid scheme e.g., the chain of distribution is artificially expanded by an excessive number of distributors selling to other distributors at progressively higher wholesale prices until retail prices are unnecessarily inflated

帰国の日も近づいた或る夜、母后は、あの女性は実は自分の化身だったと言い、宇文会は阿修羅、私は第二天の天衆、あなたは天童、二人は阿修羅懲戒のため天から下されたのだ、人世に生まれたばっかりにみだりごころも起こったのだと秘密を明かし、形見に鏡を渡した。
One night, when the day of his return was coming up, the empress dowager said that the mysterious lady was her other self and disclosed the secret that 'Ubunkai was Asura, I am tenshu (a god) of dainiten (the second god) and you are a tendo (the embodiment as a child of a ferocious god who protects the Buddhist Law) and both were sent from the svarga to punish Asura but obscene thoughts occurred because we are born into this world' and gave him a mirror as a memento.

『日本書紀』第6の一書では「事代主神化爲八尋熊鰐通三嶋溝樴姫或云玉櫛姫而生兒姫蹈鞴五十鈴姫命是爲神日本磐余彦火火出見天皇之后也」とあり事代主神が八尋鰐と化し三嶋溝樴姫あるいは玉櫛姫のもとに通い、媛蹈鞴五十鈴媛命が生まれたという記述がある。
'Nihon Shoki' Volume 6 Number 1 includes the description of '事代主神化爲八尋熊鰐通三嶋溝樴姫或云玉櫛姫而生兒姫蹈鞴五十鈴姫命是爲神日本磐余彦火火出見天皇之后也,' which means that Kotoshironushinokami had transformed himself into Yahirowani (eight-fathom shark) and paid frequent visits to Mishimanomizokuhihime, also known as Tamakushihime, and that Himetataraisuzuhime was born to the couple.

この中では単純に西洋の文化・風俗を模倣したものから、或いはそれら文化や風俗を手本としながら日本の既存文化との融合を図ったもの、更には既存文化を西洋風にアレンジしたものなど多岐に渡り、過渡期的には熱病の如き流行となって様々な社会階層に受け入れられていった。
There were wide variety of ways how the movement took shapes within Japanese society, from the simple imitation of Western culture and customs, to the absorption of those elements as the model cases for fusing with traditional Japanese culture, or rearranging the traditional Japanese culture into Western styles; the movement became an enthusiastic trend during this transitional phase, received by wide variety of people among different social levels.

此の宮ハ角振ノ神トテ名誉ワ々シキ神也、山内ニオイテハ椿本神社是也、或時禁裏ニ御受戒ノ時、白昼ニ天狗共多ク出現シテ異類異形ノ物来タレリ、其時帝王今日ハ番ノ神ハ誰ソト被仰レシ時、角振ノ神也ト申ス時、浄衣ノオトハリハリトシテ御出仕の音シケレハ、天魔悉以消滅了ト申伝云々。
此の宮ハ角振ノ神トテ名誉ワ々シキ神也、山内ニオイテハ椿本神社是也、或時禁裏ニ御受戒ノ時、白昼ニ天狗共多ク出現シテ異類異形ノ物来タレリ、其時帝王今日ハ番ノ神ハ誰ソト被仰レシ時、角振ノ神也ト申ス時、浄衣ノオトハリハリトシテ御出仕の音シケレハ、天魔悉以消滅了ト申伝云々。

一般にこの説は中世歌学特有の伝説の類として否定されているが、文献学的に言えば内親王に関する資料があまりにも少ないがために、これを積極的に肯定することも、或いは否定することもできないというのが実情である（定家が内親王より十三歳年下であるというのが否定説の唯一の根拠）。
Generally this theory is denied as typical theory of the Medieval poem association, however, in fact it is hard to agree or not since philologically there were not enough historical records on the Imperial Princess. (The only reason to deny this theory was that Teika was thirteen years younger than the Imperial Princess.)

『日本書紀』の皇極天皇元年（642年）7月12日 (旧暦)「乙亥饗百濟使人大佐平智積等於朝或本云百濟使人大佐平智積及兒達率闕名恩率軍善乃命健兒相撲於翹岐前」にあるとおり百済の王族の使者をもてなすため、健児（こんでい・ちからひと）に相撲を取らせたことが書かれている。
The 'Nihonshoki' states 'The emperor entertained ambassadors from Paekche including Chishaku TAISAHEI at the Imperial Court, and he told strong men to have sumo matches in front of Gyogi,' kondei (regular soldiers guarding kokubu (ancient provincial offices)) had sumo matches to entertain a royal envoy from Paekche on August 15, 642.

鎌倉時代の公家系譜の集大成である『尊卑分脈』（『新編纂図本朝尊卑分脉系譜雑類要集』）になると、「上東門院女房　歌人　紫式部是也　源氏物語作者　或本雅正女云々　為時妹也云々　御堂関白道長妾」と紫式部の項にはっきり道長妾との註記が付くようになるが、彼女と道長の関係は不明である。
Additionally, 'Various Japanese Family Trees' ('New Compilation of Various Japanese Family Trees Analogy') says that 'a court lady of Jotomonin, a poet, Murasaki Shikibu, an author of The Tale of Genji, or Masatada's granddaughter, Tametoki's daughter, mistress of Michinaga, the chief adviser to the Emperor,' which clearly shows that she was a mistress of Michinaga, but the true relationship between them is unknown.

当山派恵印法は、龍樹菩薩による霊異相承の伝から峰受法流とも呼ばれ、本山派峰中法流と対照されることがあるが、両派に共通する肝心は、実践第一を旨とし、世間の言語／思考に依るところの一切戯論を断絶して、山岳、或いは、人里の道場においても、ひたすら修行に打ち込むところにあると言える。
Ein Ho (ritual) of Tozan School is also called Bujuho (practice on the mountain) School because of Rei sojo (initiation in an unseen and wondrous method) by Ryuju Bosatsu and is sometimes contrasted with Buchuho (practice on the mountains) School of Honzan School, however, it can be said that the main point common in both schools is to put the priority on practice; practitioners of austerity completely give up any meaningless discussion based on worldly words and thoughts; they only concentrate on practice in mountains or in training halls near which people live.

そして私は我々を絶えず援助してくれる兄弟国や友好国、特にEU、日本、中国、そして世界中の兄弟と友人の、その様々なレベルの継続援助に、すなわち我々の治安将校や幹部官僚の養成や助言の提供に、或いは経験を学び得るために派遣された我々の代表団の受け入れに対して、感謝の意を申し上げます。
I thank the fraternal and friendly states which support us continuously, especially the EU, Japan and China as well as the other brothers and friends the world over for their ongoing support, whether on the level of training our security and civilian cadres, or for giving advice, or for receiving our delegations which go to these countries to learn and gain experience.

それに基づいて当神社は雄略天皇22年に伊勢へ遷座したその故地であるといい（『丹後風土記』）、或いは、元鎮座地は比沼麻奈為神社（現京丹後市峰山町に鎮座）であるが、雄略天皇22年に伊勢へ遷座する途中で当神社の地にしばらく鎮座し、その跡地に建立したものであるともいう（『加佐郡誌』）。
It is said (in 'Tango no Kuni Fudoki' (The Records of the Culture and Geography in Tango Province)) that the location of this shrine is where the god was enshrined before it was transferred to Ise in 478, or according to another legend, it was originally enshrined at the location of the Hinumanai-jinja Shrine (present-day Mineyama-cho, Kyotango City), and then temporarily settled where this shrine is now built on the way to Ise ('The Records of Kasa-gun County') in 478.

標準とされている七尺三寸は「並寸（なみすん）」と言い、七尺五寸（約227cm）を「伸び寸（のびすん）」或は「二寸伸び（にすんのび）」、七尺七寸（約233cm）を「四寸伸び（よんすんのび）」、七尺（約212cm）を「三寸詰め（さんすんづめ）」或は「寸詰め（すんづめ）」としている。
The seven shaku three sun (approximately 221cm) is called as 'Nami sun' (Average sun (3.03cm)), and the seven shaku five sun (approximately 227 cm) that extends is called as 'Nobi sun' (Extended sun) or 'Ni sun nobi' (extension by two sun), seven shaku seven sun (approximately 233 cm) as 'Yon sun nobi' (extended by four sun), and seven shaku (approximately 212 cm) as 'san sun zume' (contracted by three sun) or 'sun zume' (contraction by a sun (3.03 cm)).

最初は、この語を、気障生意気などの意に用ひ、髮の分け方苅り込方の気障なるをも、ハイカラと冷評し、女の庇髪の出過ぎたるをもハイカラと罵倒したりしが、小松氏の言、讖＜しん＞をなせしにや、終には、其義を引伸して、洒落者、或は最新式などの義にも用ひ、社会上下を通じて、一般の流行語となれり。
At first the word was used to mean affectation, impudence and so on like calling hikara an affected manner of dividing or cutting hair, or abusing too long hisashigami as haikara, but as Mr. KOMATSU predicted, the word has widened its meaning including a fashionable person or being up-to-date and it has become a popular word both in the upper social class and in the lower social class.

現代では、離れたところにある同じ地名を区別する際に用いられたり、府県名が郡名や都市名で代用したものが大半であるため、それで呼ぶことを嫌う場合や地域において用いられている（長野県を県庁所在地である長野市が所在する北信地方以外では意識的に「信濃国」或いは「信州」と呼ぶケースが代表的）。
At present, the old provincial names are used in several ways; first, people use them to distinguish the same place names in different places; second, people use them when they do not like to use prefecture names that are taken from a city name or a county name instead of coming up with their own and most prefecture names are settled using such substitution; third, people use old provincial names locally; (a typical example is 'Shinano Province' or 'Shinshu' which are consciously called by people in Nagano Prefecture except in the northern part of Nagano Prefecture where Nagano City is located.)

これらの軍事行動は、イスラエルに彼らの我が民族に対する攻撃をエスカレートさせる口実を与え、また政治的或いは情報レベルにおいて、独立国家の樹立という我々の目標と我々の民族闘争を誹謗中傷しようとする企てに役に立つ武器を、彼らに供給してしまうのだ、ということを我々は繰り返し警告してきました。
We have repeatedly warned that these operations present Israel with a pretext to escalate its aggression against our people and provide it with weapons to be used politically and on the information level in its attempt to defame our national struggle and our aim of establishing our independent state.

毛屋主水曰く「敵は多く我は少なし。我若し一歩を退かば彼必ず追撃し我兵殲きん死は一成り寧ろ進んで死するに若かず且つ我兵一致団結して奮進すれば必ず敵の一部を突破せん。我その機に乗じて退却すれば或は軍を全うするを得ん。是れ武田勝頼が長篠の敗後に攻勢に出て敵の追撃を遅緩ならしめたる故智なり」と。
Shusui KEYA said, 'The enemy are many and we are few. If we retreat one step backwards, the enemy will definitely give chase and our troops will be cut down, but if we try to advance and face death with all of our troops act together, we will definitely break through our enemy. If we use the chance to retreat, our troops might make it. This was the trick that Katsuyori TAKEDA used after the loss at the Battle of Nagashino, where he attacked in order to discourage the pursuit of his enemies.'

また、広義の場合には、豪族（大豪族）が中央から下ったか在地かはともかく、その地域で、数郡を支配する大勢力を有したのに対し、一般にその傘下にあるか、あるいは独立した在地の数村を支配する小規模の豪族である、地頭やその系譜をひく国人領主の家臣或いは被官たる者で地侍の主筋になる在地領主をも含む概念。
In wider sense, while larger gozoku (local ruling families) had a large power to reign some counties in his assigned region whether he stayed in the center or the local, dogo was a retainer or hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of jito, who were usually smaller gozoku and reigned some villages which were under control of or independent from the larger gozoku, or kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord) of the jito's linage, and even included zaichi-ryoshu (local lord) which was to be the main stream of jizamurai.

長子相続制度の確立していない当時、良将の遺領は伯父の平国香（國香）や平良兼に独断で分割されていたため争いが始まったとされている説、『将門記』などによる、常陸国（茨城県）前国司の源護の娘、或いは良兼の娘を巡り争いが始まったとする説、源護と平真樹の領地争いへの介入によって争いが始まったとする説などがある。
One theory holds that because the system of birthright inheritance by the eldest son had not been established at that time, the conflict broke out because Yoshimasa's property was arbitrarily divided between his brothers (Masakado's uncles) TAIRA no Kunika and TAIRA no Yoshikane; another theory, based on the 'Masakado Ki' (Record of Masakado), holds that the conflict broke out either over a daughter of the former Kokushi (provincial governors) of Hitachi Province, MINAMOTO no Mamoru, or the daughter of Yoshikane; and a third theory that states that the conflict broke out because of the interference of MINAMOTO no Mamoru and TAIRA no Maki in a territorial feud.

《去文永十一年（太歳甲戊）十月ニ、蒙古国ヨリ筑紫ニ寄セテ有シニ、対馬ノ者カタメテ有シ、総馬尉（そうまじょう）等逃ケレハ、百姓等ハ男ヲハ或八殺シ、或ハ生取（いけどり）ニシ、女ヲハ或ハ取集（とりあつめ）テ、手ヲトヲシテ船ニ結付（むすびつけ）或ハ生取ニス、一人モ助カル者ナシ、壱岐ニヨセテモ又如是（またかくのごとし）、》
'In November 1274, the Mongol Empire attacked Tsukushi Province. People on Tsushima Island put up a defense, but Sukekuni SO and others escaped. As for the peasants, men were killed or captured. Women were gathered and hung on the ships' sides with their hands laced through, or captured. No one was spared. They also did the same at Iki Province.'

1896年に施行された台湾ニ施行スヘキ法令ニ関スル法律明治29年法律第63号（六三法）及び1906年に公布された台湾ニ施行スヘキ法令ニ関スル法律明治39年法律第31号（三一法）或いは1921年の台湾ニ施行スヘキ法令ニ関スル法律大正10年法律第3号（法三号）により台湾に委任立法制度が施行され、総督府はその中央機関と位置づけられた。
The law relating to laws and ordinances to be enforced in Taiwan (Law No. 63) enacted in 1896, the amended law (Law No. 31) in 1906 and the third amended law (Law No. 3) in 1921, enforced delegated legislation in Taiwan, and the Sotoku-fu was positioned as the central authority.

戦いに於いては「義は山嶽より重く死は鴻毛より軽しと心得よ」と、「死は或いは泰山より重く或いは鴻毛より輕し」という古諺を言換え、「普段は命を無駄にせず、けれども時には義のため、喩えば天皇のため国のために、命を捨てよ」と命じた物とされる（戦陣訓『生きて虜囚の辱を受けず』、戦陣訓降伏・投降の否定の思想を参照）が、換言の意図は不明である。
In terms of the war, an old saying 'Life is heavier than Mount Taishan in a sense, and lighter than a feather of a stork in another sense' was put in a phrase 'Keep it in mind that justice is heavier than a mountain and life is lighter than a feather of a stork,' that was an order meaning 'Do not waste life usually, but sometimes die for justice, for example for Emperor and the state' (cf. Senjinkun military code says, 'Do not live as a captive to be subjected to humiliating treatment', and the Senjinkun idea of denying surrender), though why it was rephrased is unclear.

『先代旧事本紀』では「三世孫天日方奇日方命亦名阿田都久志尼命此命娶日向賀牟度美良姬生一男一女兒健飯勝命妹渟中底姬命此命片鹽浮穴宮天皇安寧片鹽浮穴宮或本坐輕地曲峽宮立為皇后誕生四兒即大日本根子彥耜友天懿德次常津命次磯城津彥命次手研彥奇友背命也」とあり渟中底姬命といい、天日方奇日方命の娘。
In 'Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History), she is described as a daughter of Amehikatakushihikata no mikoto, called Nunasokohime no mikoto, as the following phrase describes:三世孫天日方奇日方命亦名阿田都久志尼命此命娶日向賀牟度美良姬生一男一女兒健飯勝命妹渟中底姬命此命片鹽浮穴宮天皇安寧片鹽浮穴宮或本坐輕地曲峽宮立為皇后誕生四兒即大日本根子彥耜友天懿德次常津命次磯城津彥命次手研彥奇友背命也 (意味不明のため訳出不能).

金沢の柵での戦いの終盤で冬になり、柵を包囲する義家軍も「大雪に遭い、官軍、戦うに利をうしない、軍兵多くは寒さに死し飢えて死す、或いは馬肉を切りて食し・・・」（康富記）という、前年の沼柵での悲惨な敗北を思い出し、自分が死んだあと、国府（多賀城）に残る妻子が、なんとか京へ帰れるようにと、手紙を書き、旅賃に変えられそうなものを送り届けるシーンがある。
There is a description that in the end of the battle at the Kanazawa barrier the Yoshiie army which surrounded it remembered the dreadful defeat at Numanosaku in the previous year, which was written as 'Suffering from big snow, the Imperial army lost advantages for fighting and many soldiers died of coldness and hunger, or ate horse meat,' wrote a letter and sent anything which could be changed to traveling cost for their wives and children who remained at kokufu (provincial office, i.e., the Taga castle) to be able to go back to Kyoto after their death.

また、（以下、「（一）」、「（二）」、「（レ）」は漢文の返り点）、『続本朝通鑑』には、「頃年、有（二）石川五右衛門者（一）、或穿窬或強盗不（レ）止矣、秀吉令（二）京尹前田玄以遍捜（一）（レ）之、遂捕（二）石川（一）、且縛（二）其母竝同類二十人許（一）烹（二）殺之三条河原（一）」とあり、『歴朝要紀』には、「所司代法印前田玄以、捕（二）賊石川五右衛門竝其母及其党二十（一）烹（二）殺于三条河原（一）」とある。
Moreover, 'Zoku Honcho tsugan' and 'Rekicho yoki' both mention Goemon ISHIKAWA's execution similar to the ones mentioned above.

一般に真言密教においては、金胎両部の曼荼羅を通じて、密教宇宙の理と智に係わるそれぞれの所謂『大（法身大日）・三（意密）・法（口密）・羯（身密）』パノラマで、或いは六大（体）・四曼（相）・三密（用）などの多元的な視点と、重重帝網（無碍）という統合的視点から大日如来の教えを展開／把握することが知られるが（即身成仏義）、聖宝においてはこの時代において理と智を一元論的な手法をオモテにして示していることは、修験道という日本的アニミスティック神霊信仰の点から注目される。
Generally speaking, it is known that the preaching of Dainichi Nyorai should be developed and grasped through both the vajra (the Diamond Realm) and garbha (the Womb Realm) mandalas, whether in so-called 'dai (Great Mandala) (hoshin (Buddhism's highest form of existence) Dainichi), san (sanmaya mandala) (imitsu (mystery of mind)), ho (Buddhist Law Mandala) (kumitsu (esoteric speech)), katsu (katsuma mandala (action mandala)) (shinmitsu (bodily mystery))' panorama, which are related with Ri and Chi of Esoteric Buddhism world, or in both a pluralistic perspective including rokudai (six great elements; that is Dainichi Nyorai) (tai (body)), shiman (four mandala) (so (match)), sanmitsu (three mysteries) (yu (function)), and a general perspective of Juju taimo (unobstructed) (Sokushin Jobutsu gi), but in the viewpoint of mountaineering asceticism, the Japanese animistic belief in holy spirit, it should be noted that Shobo, at this time, exhibited the Ri and the Chi in a monastic way.

1. 天龍護念、2. 善果日増、3. 集聖上因、4. 菩提不退、5. 衣食豊足、6. 疾疫不臨、7. 離水火災、8. 無盗賊厄、9. 人見欽敬、10. 神鬼助持、11. 女転男身、12. 為王臣女、13. 端正相好、14. 多生天上、15. 或為帝王、16. 宿智命通、17. 有求皆従、18. 眷属歓楽、19. 諸横消滅、20. 業道永除、21. 去処盡通、22. 夜夢安楽、23. 先亡離苦、24. 宿福受生、25. 諸聖讃歎、26. 聰明利根、27. 饒慈愍心、28. 畢竟成佛
1. The Tenryu (protective deities) will guard and defend thee; 2. the fruits of goodness and virtue will shine increasingly on thee; 3. the wisdom of the sages shall accumulate within thee; 4. no retreat along the Bodhi path will be suffered by thee; 5. food, drink and clothing will not be lacking for thee; 6. disease and illness will not harm thee; 7. calamities of fire and water will not hurt thee; 8. thieves and robbers will not trouble thee; 9. respect from others will come to thee; 10. demonic spirits shall (even) aid thee; 11. from female to male transformed thou will become; 12. female minister to kings thou will become; 13. comely in appearance thou will be; 14. constant rebirth in deva heaven shall be accorded thee; 15. the role of monarch may fall unto thee; 16. wisdom from previous lives shall illuminate the future for thee; 17. all those who beseech thee shall follow thee; 18. a joyous and content family shall be granted thee; 19. chance, falsehood, and untrue doctrines shall cease to thwart thee; 20. eternal freedom from the karmic chain shall be thine; 21. no obstacles along any path shall obstruct thee; 22. peaceful and untroubled dreams will slumber bring thee; 23. thy ancestors who suffer from evil karma shall be liberated; 24. reborn shall they be, based on the good karma of thy past life; 25. praised by the sages thou will become; 26. intelligent and wise in nature thou will become; 27. rich in kindness and compassion thou will become; 28. enlightened thou will become.

余が一昨年を以て海外に遊ばんとするや、親朋故旧余が為めに送別の莚を張る中に少壮なる英仏学士の催しになりし一会あり、席上、一友人がハイカラを着け洋服を着くるの利を述ぶる者あり、之より余が（p125/p126）外遊中、高襟党なる文字新聞に現はれて、少年学士を讒謗毀傷するの具となり、彼等が殆ど完膚なからんとするや、西園寺侯は自ら進んで新聞記者に対して、高襟党の首領なりと称し、少年学士に対する攻撃を一身に引受けんとしたりき、思ふに善良なる意義に於ける高襟党の首領としては、何人も彼の統治権を犯さんとするものあらざるべし、故に人或は侯を以て、英国のローズベリー卿に比す、其貴族にして、平民に同情あり、其品格の崇高なる、其識見の秀徹なる--（以下略）
A farewell party was given for me, who was going to study abroad, by my acquaintances and old friends, and a friend of mine in a group of young scholars who studied in the U.K. or France made a speech about a merit of wearing high collar clothes, and while I was studying abroad the word high collar (haikara) party started to appear in the newspapers after the party, used as a tool for attacking young scholars and when they were almost being knocked galley-west, Duke Saionji willingly declared himself before journalists as a don of the haikara party with a purpose of receiving all attacks against young scholars; I think that no one would dare to take his place as a don of the high collar party in an honest sense, and he, who is a match for Lord Rosebery in the U.K in that he has sympathy for the common people in spite of being a nobleman, has a noble character and excellent insights. (snip)