態: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- うつ状態
- depressive state (e.g. of manic depression)
- depressive condition
- a state of depression
- 事態の収拾
- Getting the situation under control
- 華族の実態
- The reality of kazoku
- 佩用の形態
- The forms of carrying a sword (haiyo)
- 生態系と漁業
- Eco-System and Fishing Industry
- 強制労働の実態
- Actual situations of forced labor
- 伎楽の上演様態
- Performance style of gigaku
- 請所の一形態。
- It is a form of ukedokoro (land lease contract system).
- 米の状態による区別
- Distinction by the conditions of rice
- 触れあった状態で押す。
- A wrestler pushes his opponent after his hands or body touches his opponent's body.
- 実態は足軽と同等扱い。
- In reality they were treated as equivalent to ashigaru.
- 年季奉公の一形態である。
- This is a form of apprenticeship.
- その自家泉源という形態。
- The hot spring is privately owned by the inn.
- 不得作楽(学生の生活態度)
- Futoku Sagaku (gakusho's life attitudes)
- 事態はいったんおさまった。
- The situation was once settled.
- 朝廷が出す文書の形態の一つ。
- This also refers to one of the styles of documents issued by the imperial court.
- ところが同日事態は急変する。
- However, the situation suddenly changed on the same day.
- 監・署は司の特殊形態である。
- Gen and sho were special forms of bureaus.
- 有名な「悪態の初音」である。
- This is the famous scene 'Akutai no Hatsune', Agemaki's first abusive language.
- しかしその状態もすぐに崩れた。
- This condition, however, soon became unstable.
- その後戦局は膠着状態となった。
- After that, the state of the war was stalled.
- 三好三人衆 攻められ壊滅状態に。
- Miyoshi Sanninshu (Miyoshi Triumvirate) was attacked and almost every one of their clan was killed.
- 共倒れが危惧される事態となった。
- There was a concern that they would end up cutting each other's throats.
- 「これからは揚巻が悪態の初音。」
- Here, it's my turn to curse, for the first time.'
- このため、事態は遂に破滅を迎えた。
- Thus, the situation was finally ruined.
- 国と時代により実態が大きく異なる。
- Its actual condition differed significantly depending on countries and times.
- 世界各地に様々な形態の屋台がある。
- Street stalls, take on numerous forms and utilitarian types throughout the world.
- 冷たい状態で食べるが、温めてもよい。
- Usually it is served cold, but the warm one is also delicious.
- この後も琉球の日清両属の状態は続いた。
- After these events, Ryukyu continued to be possessed by both Japan and China
- いずれも断面形態がフラスコ状を呈する。
- They all have flask-like cross-sectional forms.
- みだりに容ぼう・姿態を撮影されない自由
- The right not to have one's face or appearance photographed without consent or good reason.
- 岡本は事態の緊急性を告げるべく上京した。
- OKAMOTO came up to Tokyo to report the urgency of the state of affairs.
- 業態によるもの(飯盛女の有無による区分)
- Business conditions (classification depending on presence or absence of meshimori onna)
- 義尚自らも出陣したが、膠着状態となった。
- Yoshihisa himself also went to the front, but the war bemace deadlocked.
- 富樫が止めようとすると弁慶は悪態をつく。
- When Togashi tries to stop him, Benkei reviles.
- 店などで売られているのはこの状態である。
- In stores Hoba-zushi is sold in that form for the preservation.
- 新田分知の形態には、次のようなものがある。
- The forms of shindenbunchi are as follows.
- 市内の駐車場も不足状態であり、注意が必要。
- It is also necessary to remember that there aren't enough parking spaces in the city.
- 細かく刻んだ状態で売られていることも多い。
- In many cases, finely-shred takanazuke is sold.
- 年貢(ねんぐ)は、日本史上の租税の一形態。
- Nengu is a Japanese historical terminology referring to a type of taxation.
- 無尽(むじん)とは日本の金融の一形態である。
- Mujin is one type of Japanese financing.
- 島津軍は突破できずに戦線は膠着状態に陥った。
- The Shimazu army couldn't break through the enemy and the battle entered a deadlock.
- 花街特有の商業形態の他、一般の飲食店も並ぶ。
- In addition to commercial buildings peculiar to a hanamachi, general restaurants also stand side by side.
- その後害虫駆除を行い現在では小康状態を保つ。
- Since then a pest eradication program has been implemented and the problem is currently in abatement.
- 群盗海賊の実態は、実は郡司・富豪層であった。
- Actually, these robbers and pirates were gunji or rich and powerful persons as well.
- このような納税形態を負名(ふみょう)という。
- This tax payment style was called fumyo.
- 其醜態と云ふものは、実に見るに忍びざる有様で。
- The disgraceful behavior constituted an unbearable scene.
- その実態については諸説あり、議論が続いている。
- There are various theories about its actual status and discussions still continue to this day.
- その後形態が変わり宝暦年間、正式に認可された。
- Subsequently, the hanamachi was reorganized and officially approved in the Horeki era.
- Eventually the form was changed, and official approval was given in the Horeki era.
- 「うしゃがれ」と揚巻に悪態をつきふてくされる。
- He shouts 'Shut up!' to Agemaki and sulks.
- その実証的な研究態度は国学などに影響を及ぼした。
- Their empirical research attitude had an impact on Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) and other fields.
- 「義親」が二人同時に在京する奇怪な事態となった。
- It caused a bizarre state of affairs to happen in which two 'Yoshichikas' existed at the same time.
- 後白河は事態の不利を悟り、成親の解官を決定した。
- Goshirakawa sensed the danger and decided to remove Narichika from his position.
- 佃は耕作の形態によって大きく2つに類型化される。
- Tsukuda may be divided into two broad types based on cultivation styles.
- こうした租税請負の形態を負名(ふみょう)という。
- Such a system of managing the tax was called fumyo (the management of public rice fields).
- 又、経営形態も職業的経営に移行する傾向を見せた。
- There also was a trend for management to become more occupational.
- こうして官軍は9月6日、城山包囲態勢を完成させた。
- In this way, the government army completed the siege of Shiroyama on September 6.
- しかし、律令制はこの時期にほぼ実態を失ってしまう。
- However, the Ritsuryo system would lose most of its effectiveness during the period.
- だがこの公判でも決着はつかず、長く事態は膠着した。
- However, in this trial, the situation was not settled but remained deadlocked.
- 京大当局も学生の抗議行動に対し強硬な態度で臨んだ。
- The authorities of Kyoto University were also severe with the students' protest.
- 有力な一族の相次ぐ死去という事態が続いたのである。
- Many member of the powerful clan died one after another.
- そして8月には森山が日本に帰国してしまう事態となる。
- As a result Moriyama returned to Japan in August.
- 持氏が幕府に対して反抗する事態を考慮したからである。
- The bakufu acted as this in case Mochiuji took action against them.
- 在郷町(ざいごうまち)は、日本の都市の形態のひとつ。
- Zaigomachi was one of Japanese city forms.
- 有岡城の城兵はただちに各砦へ配置し臨戦態勢を整えた。
- Soldiers of Arioka-jo Castle were posted immediately to each fort to prepare for battles.
- この常駐四等官は城主とよばれ、非常事態に備えていた。
- This shitokan officer stationed was called a castellan and prepared for emergencies.
- これが一致すると非常事態と認められ、関が閉鎖された。
- When the both tallied, the state of emergency was confirmed and the gate was closed.
- またほとんどの小売店や施設等が休業する事態となった。
- Also, most shops and facilities were closed on that day.
- 近世の皇族の別荘の実態を伝えるものとして貴重である。
- This is a rare building that shows how the modern Imperial villa was built.
- ついでその人物に悪態をつき、喧嘩腰で“口撃”をする。
- Then curses and abuse the man in foul language belligerently.
- なぎとは平坦な安定した状態をあらわし、古語でもある。
- Nagi is the Japanese word that indicates the state of flat and stable condition and it is also an archaic word.
- また、当時の大江氏の紀伝道の実態を知る手掛りとなる。
- It also provides a clue as to what the Kidendo of the Oe clan was really like at that time.
- また、そこから生まれた外交関係における孤立状態を指す。
- National isolation also refers to the isolated condition in diplomatic relations resulting from the policy.
- また春秋時代には会盟政治と呼ばれる政治形態が出現した。
- In the Chunqiu period, a political form called Kaimei-seiji (politics by pledge of feudal lords) emerged.
- 羽柴秀吉も、寺社に対する姿勢は信長の態度を受け継いだ。
- Hideyoshi HASHIBA succeeded Nobunaga's attitude against temples and shrines.
- 自然科学 喜田宏による「インフルエンザウイルスの生態」
- In the field of natural science, 'The Ecology of Influenza Virus' by Hiroshi KIDA.
- 当主の小早川正平も軟禁状態に置かれるが、後に赦された。
- The family head Masahira KOBAYAKAWA was put under loose house arrest but was released later on.
- 命乞いまでする態度に伊豆守はあざけり、且元を蹴り倒す。
- His behavior of begging for his life made Izu no kami despise him and he kicked him down.
- お兼はあえなく捕縛され、道玄はほうほうの態で逃げ去る。
- Okane is easily arrested, but Dogen scurries off.
- 特に酒も提供する店で、刺身の状態で提供する場合もある。
- Especially in restaurants which serve sake, sushis are sometimes served in the state of sashimi.
- ただしこのような騎士道的な態度が裏目に出ることもある。
- Such a chivalrous attitude sometimes worked negatively.
- この状態は鎌倉時代・室町時代になっても変わらなかった。
- This system continued essentially unchanged through the Kamakura and Muromachi periods.
- 2つ目は、共和制の状態から君主制が復活するケースである。
- The second case of Oseifukko (Restoration of Royal Rule) involves a revival of a monarchy from republican institutions.
- 歴史町(れきしまち)とは、日本の町の形態のひとつである。
- Rekishimachi was one of Japanese city forms.
- 参勤交代における江戸と領地との往来が典型的な形態である。
- The typical form was traffic between Edo and territory in Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo).
- 延暦寺 比叡山焼き討ち (1571年)にあい壊滅状態に。
- Enryaku-ji Temple was destructed almost completely by Nobunaga's fire attack (in 1571).
- 本願寺はついに完全包囲下に置かれて孤立する事態になった。
- Now Hongan-ji Temple was isolated under complete siege.
- これら建築群の配置態様は、各国によって全く異なっている。
- The layout of these architectural buildings completely differed from each province.
- 同時に2人の皇后が並立する事態がはじめて生じたのである。
- It transpired that there were two empresses at the same time.
- 子の有春も若狭で一生をすごし、以後若狭定住が常態となる。
- Arinobu's son Ariharu also spent his whole life in Wakasa, and since then, the Tsuchimikado family settled in there.
- これにより、両雄の大規模な交戦が避けられない状態になった。
- Here, a battle between the two big cliques seemed to be inevitable.
- が、市場における差別通用の実態を追認せざるを得なくなった。
- However, they could not help admitting that, in reality, their rates could not be treated in the same way on the market.
- 一つの村落に対し複数の領主が割り当てられている状態を指す。
- It refers to a state where multiple feudal lords are assigned to one village.
- 非常事態が解消した後の解関(開関)も同様の手続きによった。
- Kaigen (to open a gate of seki) after the state of emergency was solved took the same procedure as this.
- これ以降、後白河院政派と二条親政派の対立は膠着状態となる。
- After that, Goshirakawa in's forces and Nijo's directly run government forces, were deadlocked.
- 強訴(ごうそ)とは強硬な態度で相手に訴えかける行動を指す。
- 'Goso' refers to an act of petition in a firm attitude.
- 「運をつく」というゲンかつぎが、踊りの形態の基本とされる。
- Putting hands on the ground, which comes from 'Un wo tsuku' (wishing to be in luck), is the basics of the dance form.
- 出土直後は雨ざらしの状態で、保存措置がとられていなかった。
- Sekkobun immediately after the time when it was excavated was left uncovered under sunshine and rain and no preservation measure was taken for it.
- 一方でこの事態は豪族層の神祇信仰離れを促進しかねなかった。
- On the other hand, this situation might have accelerated the separation of Jingi belief from local ruling families.
- 政友会は議会での孤立と党首不在という2つの非常事態に陥った。
- And this internal unrest drove the Seiyukai into a state of emergency, in which the party had to suffer the isolation in the Diet and the lack of its leader.
- ヨーロッパでは、旧石器時代からこの住居の形態が出現している。
- This type of dwelling was seen in Europe from the Paleolithic era.
- そのため、武田遺領は一時的に政治的・軍事的空白状態となった。
- As a result, the territories of the Takada clan were temporarily left in a state without political or military control.
- 8月中旬以後日本軍の各隊の罹患者が5割を超える事態となった。
- By mid-August more than a half of the Japanese solders had these diseases.
- この様な兼学の形態は、南都の寺院では広く見られたものである。
- This cross-disciplinary study approach was very popular among the temples in Nanto.
- それで、自身の大宮御所では旧態依然とした宮廷制度を維持した。
- Thus, in reaction, the Empress Teimei kept the traditional and outdated Imperial Court system within her own Omiya Gosho (the Omiya Imperial Palace).
- その実態は、交易を通じての経済的権益であると推定されている。
- And it is supposed that the clan's reality was the entity of economic interests nurtured by trading.
- これは現在の日本の食文化の起源の1つとなる営業形態であった。
- This resulted in the street stall business style, one of the origins of the current food culture in Japan.
- 22日夕刻には山を降りて京極寺に参集し、強訴の態勢に入った。
- By the evening of January 17th, they came down from the mountain, gathered in the Kyogoku-ji temple, and got ready for a direct petition.
- また、年齢別人口構成や家族形態などを具体的に知ることが出来る。
- This system provides concrete information on the age structure of populations and family forms.
- そこで、柔軟に発給可能な宣旨という文書形態が登場したのである。
- Then, a style of document called Senji which were flexibly issuable appeared.
- 政府は諸藩に対する改革の指令を布告し、財政状態の報告をさせた。
- The government announced implementation of reforms to samurai warriors of every domain, and made them report their financial condition.
- 総論、形態・名称、からだの要素、骨格・関節総論、骨格・関節各論
- General statement, Formations and Names, Elements of a Body, General Statement for Skeleton and Articulation, and Details on Skeleton and Articulation:
- 五色塚古墳や森将軍塚古墳のように元の状態に復元された例もある。
- Such examples are Goshiki-zuka Kofun and Mori Shogun-zuka Kofun, which have both been restored to their original states.
- この形態の円形住居は、同時期の朝鮮半島南部に広く分布している。
- This type of round dwelling is widely distributed in the south Korean Peninsula during the same time period.
- 特に飾太刀は柄頭の形態から環頭太刀や円頭太刀などに分類される。
- Specifically, Kazari-tachi is classified in Kanto-tachi (ring-headed sword) and Ento-tachi (round-headed sword) due to the form of tsuka-gashira.
- が、朝廷はこれに対しては断固たる態度で臨み、これを許さなかった。
- The imperial court, however, confronted them with a firm attitude and did not allow this.
- 代宗は事態を収拾するために乱側の藩鎮の地位を保全して罪を赦した。
- Daizong, in order to control the situation, offered to guarantee the positions of the hanchin on the rebel side and pardoned them of their crimes.
- 午前2時頃、この事態を重く見た行軍指導部は部隊の帰営を決定する。
- About 2 a.m. Army officers decided to return to the post, taking the matter seriously.
- 非常事態が発生すると、朝廷は三関に固関使(こげんし)を派遣する。
- When a state of emergency occurred, Chotei (Imperial Court) dispatched Kogenshi (a closer of a checkpoint who was dispatched in case of emergency) to Sangen.
- 室町時代以前の武士の所領支配とは異なった新しい支配の形態である。
- It was a new control pattern that was different from the samurai's control over their territory before the Muromachi period.
- この文化は、細石刃核の形態や製作技術に地域的な変化が顕著である。
- In this culture, notable regional differences are found with respect to the shape of the saisekijin core and its fabrication method.
- 形態は円形が多く(まれに方鏡もある)、直径は数十cm程度である。
- Many were round (rarely square) and some ten centimeters in diameter.
- しかし、同年5月に正任国司百済王貞連が赴任すると事態が一転する。
- However, things suddenly turned after the arrival in the province of Governor Sadafusa (Prince Kudara) in May of the same year, 939.
- 主に5月下旬から、梅雨本番前ぶれのように雨が降り続く状態を言う。
- It means the condition in which rain continues like forerunner of the baiu front mainly from the end of May.
- 現在では、ある問題や相手の態度に対して取られる方策のことをいう。
- Currently, a countermeasure taken against a certain issue or other party's attitudes.
- また姉弟であった一条天皇中宮藤原定子の落飾という事態をも招いた。
- It also forced FUJIWARA no Teishi, the second consort of the Emperor Ichijo, to enter into priesthood.
- 村松伍長は四肢切断の上、一時危篤状態となったがかろうじて回復した。
- Corporal Matsumura's extremities were amputated and he was in critical condition at one stage, however, he managed to recover.
- しかしアジア地域では同じような形態の商人もいまだ多く存在している。
- In Asia, however, there is still a lot of merchants who sell goods in such manner.
- こうした事態が整理されるのは、近代の皇室典範制定を待つことになる。
- It was not until the Imperial House Act was established in the Meiji period that these situations were resolved.
- 奈良時代に仏教寺院で行われていた伎楽は、次のような上演様態をもつ。
- Performance style of gigaku played at Buddhist temples during the Nara period is as follows.
- そのとき相手の陣地(敵陣)にも同様に25枚が並べられた状態となる。
- At this point, 25 cards are also set out on the opponent's territory.
- 日本酒麹の菌糸が蒸し米に根つき、喰いこんだように見える状態をいう。
- It refers to a condition that the hyphae of the sake rice malt have taken root, which looks to be cut into steamed rice.
- しかしその後、司法省を中心に本格的弾圧に向けて態勢が立て直された。
- After that, however, the Ministry of Justice and other authorities set ready for full-scale oppression.
- しかしここで暴風雨が襲来し、元の軍船は浮いているだけの状態となった。
- Then a storm occurred and the Yuan fleet could do nothing, but float.
- つまり、実態としては根来寺の看板を借りた地侍の連合による統治だった。
- In other words, it was actually a governance by a coalition of jizamurai under the name of the Negoro-ji Temple.
- その実態は不明であるが、園池司はこのような園地の管理も行ったらしい。
- The situation is not clear, but Enchishi controlled such a enchi, too.
- 南朝対策など政治は膠着状態であったが、その分だけ朝廷は安定していた。
- Politics were at a standstill confronted with issues like the Northern and Southern Dynasty measures, in contrast, the Imperial Palace was at peace.
- 琵琶湖の生態系は多様で、1000種類を超える動・植物が生息している。
- Lake Biwa has great biological diversity and is home to more than 1,000 species of animals and plants.
- 海賊らの実態は富豪層であり、彼らは従前から衛府舎人の地位を得ていた。
- The pirates were actually persons in the rich and powerful class, and held the position of Efutoneri (guard officers in the imperial court).
- 従来譜代であった下人の奉公形態も、年季契約をもって行うものが現れた。
- The form of service of the genin had been traditionally fudai (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), but there appeared services based on contracts of apprenticeship.
- 黒田は略奪を”乱取り”と呼び、新説を「乱取り状態急襲説」と名付けた。
- Calling looting 'Randori,' Kuroda named his new theory 'Sudden Attack in Randori-State Theory.'
- 以上に見る太政官の組織形態は、唐律令のそれを大きく改変したものである。
- The above-mentioned organization of the daijokan was adapted with many changes from the Tang Ritsuryo system.
- それらが複合した形態をもって、一つの一貫した民俗体系が構築されている。
- A standardized system of folk culture was built around a combination of both traditions.
- 河尻秀隆はあっけなく戦死し、森長可も美濃国に撤退するという事態に陥る。
- Hidetaka KAWAJIRI was abruptly killed on the battlefield, and Nagayoshi MORI had to withdraw to Mino Province.
- 陣屋町(じんやまち)とは、かつての日本における都市形態のひとつである。
- Jinyamachi was one of the former Japanese city forms.
- 幕府という武家政権による政治形態は、室町幕府・江戸幕府へと継承された。
- The political form of samurai government called bakufu was inherited by the Muromachi bakufu and Edo bakufu.
- 会館は実態としては、京都府連の管理下に置かれる時期が続くことになった。
- The Hall was actually to be kept under the Kyoto Federation control.
- 暖を取ろうにも炭火などの燃料が用を成さず、部隊は遭難に近い状態となる。
- The fuel such as charcoal fire didn't work for them to have warmth, and the troops nearly went missing.
- 『単なる武家の騒乱でありながら宗門が参戦する』事態を、蓮淳は了承した。
- Renjun accepted the situation where 'a religious community participated in a mere war between samurai families.'
- 後白河は、興福寺権別当・覚珍を派遣して大衆を説得し、事態は沈静化する。
- Goshirakawa sent Gon no Betto (a steward) of Kofuku-ji Temple, 覚珍, to persuade the priests, and the situation settled down.
- 拳をついた状態から、互いに目を合わせ、両者同時に立ち上がり、ぶつかる。
- Wrestlers with their fists touching the ground lock eyes with each other, and then rise to the attack at the same time.
- 頒布形態としては協会系酵母、協会系酵母、協会系酵母乾燥酵母などがある。
- Sake yeasts are distributed in the forms of Kyokai sake yeasts, Kyokai sake yeasts, Kyokai sake yeasts, or dried yeasts.
- 国人衆により政治がおこなわれ、南山城は惣国とよばれる政治形態となった。
- The new regime of Minami-Yamashiro, where the local samurais conducted the affairs of the province, assumed a political form called 'Sokoku' (a federation of so villages).
- 結果、必要物資の供給及び密貿易の停止が朝鮮側から宣言される事態となった。
- As a result Korea declared a suspension of the supply of necessary goods and illegal trades.
- 8月2日に高鍋を突破され敗退した薩軍は、美々津に集結し戦闘態勢を整えた。
- After having been broken through and seized Takanabe on August 2, the Satsuma army was concentrated in Mimitsu and made preparations for fights.
- そのため、大坂及びその周辺の住民はその日の米も確保できない状態に陥った。
- As a result, residents in and around Osaka had difficulty even in securing everyday rice.
- また、「遭難始末」では仮死状態で歩哨の如く直立していたと述べられている。
- Sounan Shimatsusho' (report of the disaster) reported that he was standing upright like a sentry in a state of apparent death.
- 当時、李氏朝鮮は清朝中国を中心とした冊封体制を堅持し、鎖国状態にあった。
- The Yi Dynasty Korea maintained a tributary system with the Qing Dynasty China as its center, and was closed off to the outside world at that time.
- しかし、1270年(文永7年)に死去、後任が赴任しない状態となっていた。
- However, his successor had not been assigned since his death in 1270.
- 先に天誅組に恭順を約した高取藩は態度を翻し、兵糧の差し出しを断ってきた。
- The Takatori Domain who had promised their allegiance to Tenchu-gumi earlier changed their attitude and declined to supply food to Tenchu-gumi.
- 作物や土の状態によって、畝が必要でなかったり、畝の形状を変更したりする。
- Whether it is necessary to make une in the first place and how the une should be made depends on the kind of products and the condition of soil.
- しかし戦国時代になると領国間の紛争に伴う恒常的な臨戦態勢が必要となった。
- However, during the Sengoku Period, conflicts between territorial provinces made it necessary to be always prepared for a war.
- 長らくその状態で荒れていたが、1974年新しく慰霊碑を作り直して復元した。
- The monument had been left in the state of ruin for a long time, but it was rebuilt in 1974 to be restored to the original state.
- 鎌倉公方は関東管領によって補佐され、管領職は上杉氏による世襲状態であった。
- Kamakura kubo was assisted by Kanto kanrei, and the post of kanrei was basically hereditary to the Uesugi clan.
- 水戸藩出身の一橋慶喜は事態の収拾を図るため自ら天狗党追討を朝廷に願い出た。
- Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI from the Mito Domain tried to end the affairs and offered the Imperial Court that he himself would track down and kill Tenguto.
- しかし田沼意尊率いる幕府軍が敦賀に到着すると強硬な態度で戦後処理を進めた。
- However, when the army of bakufu led by Okitaka TANUMA arrived at Tsuruga, they took a strong line to handle the post war situation.
- しかし、水がほとんど流れない為に汚物が溜まり、衛生状態は限界に達していた。
- However, waste piled up causing the water to almost stop flowing, and it became very unsanitary.
- 家族が残っている状態で絶家し、入るべき家が無くなったとき(旧民法764条)
- In the event that, because the family line has died out despite the fact that family members are still living, a person has no household to which he or she can belong (the former Civil Code, Article 764).
- 明治天皇の裁可により派遣延期となり参議西郷、板垣らが辞職する事態となった。
- The Emperor Meiji determined to hold over the dispatch, and Saigo and Itagaki, both Sangi, were forced to resign.
- 以後、1919年の公正会結成運動まで男爵議員の分散状態は続くことになった。
- After that, the circumstances of the baronial members disassembled continued until the Kousei-kai was formed in 1919.
- このため家庭の近くに売り歩いたり、行商や朝市などで販売する形態が多かった。
- Therefore, the sales methods to travel around residential areas, to peddle, or to sell at early-morning markets were often seen.
- 金一両、銀一匁および銭一文は互いに変動相場制で取引されるのが実態であった。
- In reality, one-ryo gold coins, one-monme silver coins and one-mon copper coins were traded at floating rates.
- 平安時代以降には日本独自の形態として発展し、この建築様式を和様建築と呼ぶ。
- During and after the Heian period, a unique Japanese style of architecture developed called Wayo Kenchiku (Japanese-style architecture).
- 一方、桂の煮えきらぬ態度に怒り狂った国民は、国民新聞社や警察などを襲った。
- On the other hand, the people, outraged by KATSURA's indecisive attitude, raided the Kokumin Newspaper company building and police stations.
- 鉄道員には士族が多かったため、乗客への態度は横柄なものであったといわれる。
- It is said that railroad workers' attitude to passengers was arrogant because many of them were descendants of a samurai.
- さらに、老齢のことでもありその態度を是とした頼朝は樋爪氏の所領を安堵した。
- Judging his behavior to be righteous and also considered his advanced age, Yoritomo approved his continuous possession of the territories of the Hizume clan.
- その特異な形態から、生物の形でそれに近いものにその名が付けられる例がある。
- There are cases where organisms looking like the kiseru were named after it because of their unique figures.
- また、数少ない国字(和製漢字)であり風が止まっている状態をあらわしている。
- And the Chinese character used for '凪' is one of the few kokuji (Chinese characters invented in Japan) that describe the state that the wind has stopped.
- 振り売り・振売りとも)は、近世までの日本で盛んに行われていた商業の一形態。
- Furiuri is a form of commerce which was actively practiced up to recent times in Japan.
- 怒った基経は一切の政務を放棄してしまい、そのため国政が渋滞する事態に陥る。
- Mototsune abandoned all state affairs in anger and national administration was delayed.
- (実態はともかく)連合軍が武田の騎馬隊を注意深く警戒していたのは事実である。
- (Apparently) the allied forces were on high alert against Takeda's cavalry.
- 江南軍が遅れて出発したが、そのために台風時期と重なり、合流前にほぼ壊滅状態。
- The later departure of the Southern Yangtze Army coincided with the period of typhoon attacks, and the army was almost destroyed before it joined the other.
- 新田分知(しんでんぶんち)とは、江戸時代における武家の分家形態の一つである。
- Shindenbunchi is a form of samurai branch family in the Edo period.
- 陸軍は後任を送らなかったため、西園寺内閣は総辞職に追いこまれる事態となった。
- Since the Japanese Army refused to recommend a successor to Uehara, the Saijo Cabinet was forced to resign en masse.
- (3)野非人・無宿非人は、非人の組織に属さないまま、浮浪状態にある者である。
- (3) Nobinin or Mushuku-Hinin were homeless people who did not belong to Hinin's organization.
- 後に火事等の緊急事態を想定して作られたのが「下御鈴廊下」であるとされている。
- It is said that 'Shimo osuzuroka'(下御鈴廊下) (second corridor) was built for emergencies like fires.
- しかし年末までの駐屯でマラリア等による病死者が500名を超える事態となった。
- However, a total of more than 500 solders died of malaria and other diseases while they stayed there until the end of the year.
- しかし、桜田門外の変後、将軍後継問題で幕府がゆれる間に事態は急速に変化する。
- After the Sakuradamongai Incident, however, things changed rapidly while the shogunate government was at a standstill to deal with the shogunate successor problem.
- 兵力的には久米田の戦いとはことなり、態勢を整えなおした三好方が優勢となった。
- Unlike the battle of Kumeda, Miyoshi's army which recovered from its off-balanced position, had an advantage.
- そのため、この時期の朝鮮には華夷秩序と条約体制が併存する状態に置かれていた。
- Therefore Korea was always in middle of Kaichitsujo and treaty system.
- 九卿という呼び名は理念的な意味合いが強く、諸卿という呼び名の方が実態に近い。
- The term 'Kyukei' implied a more philosophical meaning, and the term 'Shokei' (various lords) was closer to the actual situation.
- 天皇の同母姉である皇女が臣下と結婚したのは前代未聞の事態で、世間を驚かせた。
- An Imperial princess, who was an elder maternal sister of the Emperor, got married to a retainer was unprecedented, and surprised the people.
- しかしそれと同時に、従来から営業していた小規模な商店は壊滅的な状態に陥った。
- However, at the same time, small-scale conventional stores collapsed.
- 日本における魚介類・獣肉類の流通・消費形態は、明治期以降著しく変化している。
- The ways of distributing and consuming fishes/shells and animal meat in Japan have changed significantly since the Meiji period.
- 数少ないこの期の刀剣の史料であるとともに、伝世品であるため極めて状態が良い。
- They are some of few swords as well as historical materials from the Nara period, which are preserved in an excellent condition as art objects much favored and passed down over generations.
- 15世紀末、こうした事態に耐えかねた朝鮮王朝は恒居倭に対し強硬姿勢に転ずる。
- At the end of the fifteenth century, since the Korean Dynasty became tired of the situation, they changed their policy and started to take a harder stance towards kokyowa.
- また、一進会の実態が「李容九や宋秉畯などの利権集団」であったとも記述している。
- Besides, it mentions that the real Isshinkai was 'an organization seeking for the interests of Lee Yong-gu, Song Byung-joon or others'.
- しかし実際には関所役人も関与した宿場ぐるみでの関所破りが常態化していたという。
- In reality, however, sekisho yaburi is said to have been fully normalized throughout the post stations with the collusion of the checkpoint officials.
- 明治時代以降は内務省、宮内省により整理が続けられ、667巻5冊の形態になった。
- After the Meiji period, those documents continued to be organised by the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of the Imperial Household, resulting in 667 volumes and 5 books.
- この剥片を刃器(石刃)とよび、二次加工を加えて多様な形態の石器を製作していく。
- These lithic flakes are called flint blade, which are secondarily processed into a variety of stone tools.
- 前日の露営で山口少佐が再び人事不省となり、少佐は兵卒に担がれる状態で行軍する。
- Major Yamaguchi fell unconscious while camping out the previous day and marched being carried by soldiers.
- しかし、実態は東日本で主に金貨、西日本で主に銀貨が流通するというものであった。
- In fact, however, gold coins circulated in eastern Japan, while silver coins circulated in western Japan.
- 驚愕した長州藩兵が宮門に駆けつけ会津・薩摩藩兵と対峙して一触即発の事態になる。
- The startled Choshu Domain soldiers rushed to the palace gate and confronted soldiers of Aizu Domain and Satsuma Domain; the situation became extremely critical.
- その後安定した経営状態が続いたので、1907年の鉄道国有化には賛成しなかった。
- It continued its financial stability and thus did not agree to nationalization in 1907.
- 頼通にしてみれば賛成できるはずもなく、あからさまに不服の態度をしめしたという。
- Yorimichi could not totally accept Emperor Sanjo's offer, and took an attitude of dissatisfaction obviously.
- 筑前国の少弐頼尚がこれを支援し、九州は幕府、直冬、南朝3勢力の鼎立状態となる。
- Yorinao SHONI in Chikuzen Province supported Tadafuyu, and consequently Kyushu turned out to be a three-way struggle between the bakufu, Tadafuyu, and the Southern Court.
- 九条道家は嫡男・九条教実に先立たれ、次男・二条良実は事実上の勘当状態にあった。
- Michiie KUJO lost the legitimate heir, Norizane KUJO, and the second son, Yoshizane KUJO, was practically repudiated.
- 流通過程では遠洋漁業水産物一般と同様、ほとんどは冷凍状態で保存管理されている。
- On the distribution routes, almost all of the meat is kept and managed in the frozen state as ordinary marine products from deep-sea fishing.
- 「薙ぎ」とは、山が崩れ平らになりつつある状態や、草木を刈った平坦な野原をさす。
- 薙ぎ (nagi)' describes the state that a mountain has collapsed and is being flattened, or a flat field where grass and trees have been cut off.
- すべてを覚悟した幸蔵は潔く自首するが、非情な役人石垣伴作の態度に腹を立て脱獄。
- Kozo accepts all the facts and turns himself in, however, breaks out of prison since he got angry with the attitude of a ruthless officer Bansaku ISHIGAKI.
- 形態、製作技法、用法等において我が国民の生活文化の特色を示すもので典型的なもの
- A typical object that shows characteristics of Japanese life and culture in a shape, a fabrication technique, a usage etc.
- 頼徳は入城させるよう市川と交渉するが、水戸郊外で対峙した両勢力は戦闘状態に陥る。
- Although Yorinori negotiated with Ichikawa to go into the castle, they ended up going into a battle in the suburbs of Mito.
- 秀吉がキリスト教に対して態度を硬化させるのはサン=フェリペ号事件以後の事である。
- It was after the San Felipe Ship incident that Hideyoshi calcified against the Christianity.
- しかし、国力を大幅に消耗しており、藩鎮に対して強い態度を取れる状態ではなかった。
- However, he had greatly expended the nation's resources, and he was in no condition to confront hanchin.
- 日露戦争で日本は従来の師団総てを動員した為、本土駐留師団がなくなる事態となった。
- When Japan mobilized all of the former divisions in the Russo-Japanese War, it resulted in a situation where there were no army divisions stationed on the mainland.
- 相給(あいきゅう)は村請制が確立した近世期における領知の一形態を表す言葉である。
- Aikyu is a term meaning a form of territory in the early-modern times when the murauke system (a system of village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) was established.
- しかし、個別の衝突はあったものの蝦夷と朝廷との間には全面的な戦闘状態はなかった。
- However, besides individual battles, there was no full-scale war between the Emishi/Ezo and Imperial armies.
- 携帯した食料類は凍りついてしまい食事を取らない兵士が大多数を占める事態となった。
- The provisions they had brought froze, which forced most of the soldiers to suffer from no food.
- この遠征は翌年になっても続いたため、政元の身辺には軍がいないという事態が続いた。
- This expedition continued in the next year, and so Masamoto did not have any army around himself for quite a while.
- 補陀落渡海(ふだらくとかい)は、日本の中世において行われた、捨身行の形態である。
- Fudaraku-tokai is a form of the ascetic practice of sacrifice performed in medieval Japan.
- 大砲は計100門あり、臨戦態勢をとりながら、勝手に江戸湾の測量などを行い始めた。
- With 100 cannons aboard the squadron, Perry and his soldiers began to survey Edo Bay while readying themselves for action.
- そのため、地理的な範囲など「飛鳥京」が指し示すものの実態は必ずしも明確ではない。
- Therefore, what 'Asuka-kyo' actually refers to, including the geographical area, is not strictly defined.
- 半七捕物帳を嚆矢とする捕物帳の探偵役としても有名であるが、実態とはかなり異なる。
- Okappiki are also well known as detectives in detective stories starting with Hanshichi Torimonocho (The Memoirs of Edo Detective, Hanshichi), which are significantly different from their realities.
- 特に北京にいた外国公使たちと中国人クリスチャンにとっては切迫した事態を招来した。
- The foreign envoys and Chinese Christians living in Beijing in particular were faced with a very tense state of affairs.
- 空腹状態でない鵜は鮎を捕らないため、漁に連れて行く鵜には漁が終わってから与える。
- As cormorants that are not hungry don't catch sweetfishes, those that are brought to fishing are fed only after fishing finished.
- 刀、槍、箸、筆、キセルなど棒状の物の他に、開いた状態で手紙や提灯に見立てられる。
- When folded, a sensu is used like a sword, a pike, chopsticks, a writing brush, a kiseru (traditional Japanese cigarette pipe), or other things which are long and thin, and when unfolded, the sensu is used like a letter or paper lantern.
- なおも疑う入道側の態度に怒った板額は持ち前の怪力で門を打ち破り、夫を中に入れる。
- Getting angry at the attitude of Nyudo who still doubts, Hangaku breaks down the gate with her characteristic mighty strength and has her husband enter the mansion.
- 水が下がった(水気が抜けてぐったりした状態)植物や、水を吸いにくい植物に適する。
- It is suitable for dried-up plants (in a drained and wilted condition) and plants which are hard to absorb water.
- この書もまた、類書の形態を踏襲しており、この書を類書として見ることも可能である。
- This book also follows the style of Leishu and therefore can be regarded as a Leishu.
- こうした事態に対応するために、武断的・簡潔的に処理する事を目的としたものである。
- Its intention was to resolve the disputes militarily and briefly to cope with the circumstances.
- 後白河天皇は成親を擁護したが、上流貴族や平氏の非協力的態度により事態は紛糾した。
- Although Emperor Goshirakawa protected Narichika, an uncooperative attitude of upper nobles and the Taira clan entangled the situation.
- 実態としては大目付、目付などを補う将軍直属の監察官に相当する職であると考えられる。
- Their position was actually equivalent to the assistant of Oometsuke (senior inspector) and Ometuke (general inspector) under the direct command of the shogun.
- 平安時代の荘園における特定の形態のもとで荘園領主(本家)の使役を受けた人々を指す。
- It indicates the people who worked for the shoen landlord (honke [the head family]) under a special agreement within the shoen during the Heian period.
- そのような状態でなくても、地元住民の努力によって町並みが保存されているものも多い。
- If not in the aforementioned state, many of them had their rows of houses and buildings conserved by the efforts of their residents.
- 次いで恒吉城を落としたがその後はなかなか戦果を挙げられず、戦いは膠着状態となった。
- He then captured Tsuneyoshi-jo Castle, which was not followed by any achievements and the battle reached a stalemate.
- 領域外の国々もあり、特に男王卑弥弓呼が治める南の狗奴国とは不和で戦争状態にあった。
- There were states outside of the territory, especially the southern state of Kuna, where a king called Himikoko ruled, and was feuding and at war with Yamatai.
- しかし、道教が創唱宗教の形態を取る過程で道家の思想を取り入れたことは事実であった。
- However, in the process of formation as a soshoshukyo (religion proposed by a person or a group), Dokyo was indeed influenced by the Doka philosophy.
- この様式の商売は、行商のうち比較的狭い範囲を巡回する形態に多く見られる業態である。
- This style of business is common in peddlers who make the rounds of a relatively small area.
- 倒幕時は攘夷鎖国を旗印にしながら、明治維新政府が成立すると対外的態度を一変させた。
- At the time of overthrowing the Shogunate, expulsion of foreigners and national isolation were used as the slogans, but soon after the establishment of the Meiji restoration government, the attitude towards foreign countries was completely changed.
- この事態に困惑した幕府は後深草上皇の子・熈仁親王(後の伏見天皇)を皇太子に立てた。
- This greatly perplexed the Bakufu and they decided to select Imperial Prince Hirohito (later Emperor Fushimi), the son of the retired Emperor Gofukakusa, to be the Crown Prince.
- 太夫は置屋に所属し、揚屋に派遣される(この形態が祇園等、他の花街に影響を与えた)。
- They belonged to the okiya (a house where geisha or courtesans live) and were sent to the ageya (this form of business influenced Gion and other hanamachi).
- なお溷六と書くと、急性アルコール中毒状態にある酔っ払いの事を指す別の言葉にもなる。
- The term 溷六 also means a drunken man in acute alcohol poisoning.
- 業態としてはクレープやメロンパン、揚げパン、いか焼きなどのチェーンが存在している。
- The chains specialized in foods such as, Crepes, Melon Pans (Melon buns, sweet round breads covered in a crisp with cookie-like coating), Agepan (deep-fried bread), and Ikayaki (grilled thin pancake with squid).
- 実収にして6割を失って財政が窮乏し、藩士たちはその日の食にも苦慮する状態であった。
- Since Nagaoka domain lost 60% of real income, they were in financial difficulties, and retainers of Nagaoka domain were struggling to even find something to eat for a day.
- 「糖化」という名前が付いているが、実際はα-アミラーゼのみが働いた「液化」の状態。
- Although the term 'toka' (saccharification) is used, the state is actually 'ekika' (liquefaction) because only alpha amylase is effective in this method.
- このため、これに対する郡司・富豪層らの抵抗が群盗海賊という形態で現出したのである。
- Therefore, the acts of the robbers or pirates were a style of protest against such requests, by gunji and rich and powerful persons.
- 武士の中では下位で、侍でもあり百姓でもあるという兵農未分離の状態という意味である。
- It means that they were low-ranking samurai who served as both warriors and farmers.
- この失態に家康は激怒し、秀忠にしばらくは対面することすら許さなかったと言われている。
- Ieyasu became furious at this gaffe and it is said that he did not even allow Hidetada to see him for a while.
- しかし、邑制国家の実態および宗族制度がいつごろ一般的となったかについては定説がない。
- However, there are no established theories for what Mura-based states were and when the Sozoku system became common.
- また、鉄道国有法公布後、今度は新たな私鉄の出願がほとんど無くなるという事態になった。
- And after the Railway Nationalization Act was issued, few new applications for new private railway were turned in.
- 分島にたいする琉球人の反対もあり、清は提案受け入れの態度を変えて調印に至らなかった。
- Qing changed its mind upon hearing the opposition of the Ryukyuans to divisional rule over the islands; and as a result, the negotiation did not end in agreement.
- 大伴親王はこの事態を憂慮して臣籍降下を申し出て自己と恒世の皇位継承からの離脱を図る。
- Imperial Prince Otomo became concerned about the circumstances and offered demotion from nobility to subject, attempting to withdraw from being the heir to the imperial throne for himself and Tsuneyo.
- このときの筒井軍の行動が後世に脚色され、日和見的態度を指す「洞ヶ峠」の由来となった。
- The act of Tsutsui's forces at this time was dramatized years later to become the origin of 'Horaga-toge Pass,' the term to indicate opportunism.
- 義重は上野国八幡荘寺尾城に入り兵を集めながら事態を静観し、頼朝追討に加わらなかった。
- Yoshishige entered Terao-jo Castle, Yawata no sho estate, Kozuke Province, however, while collecting soldiers, he calmly watched the circumstances and did not join in the punitive expedition for Yoritomo.
- 摂家将軍頼経、九条頼嗣は成長すると独自の政権運営を指向し、執権に反抗的な態度を取る。
- The Sekke Shoguns, Yoritsune and Yoritsugu KUJO, struck an attitude of defiance against the regent after they had grown up aiming at establishing their own administration.
- また旅行の形態も、エコツーリズムや秘境探検、クルーズなど多様化の一途をたどっている。
- Travelling has become diversified as some people want to experience an ecotourism, a trip to unexplored regions or a cruise tour.
- 百人一首のかるたは歌がるたとも呼ばれるもので、現在では一般に以下のような形態を持つ。
- The Hyakunin Isshu Karuta is called 'uta-garuta' (literally, 'poem karuta'); the details of the game are as follows.
- これらはすべて時代物と世話物を必ず合わせて上演した江戸時代の興行形態の名残りである。
- These are reminiscent of the Edo period performance style, in which jidaimono (historic drama) and sewamono were always combined on the stage.
- 所従の中には一家を構えて自営耕作を行うものもおり、その身分的実態は一律ではなかった。
- As some Shoju even had their own independent households and families and cultivated their land independently, Shoju was not a uniformly established class, in reality.
- その際、倭館をも朝鮮側の承諾無しに接収し日本公館としたことから事態が悪化したのである。
- At that time Japan took over the Japanese consular office in Busan without the consent of Korea and changed it to the diplomatic establishment of Japan, to cause the situation to worsen.
- 事態の急変に対して山縣は、内閣と陸軍を調停する優詔を起案したが桂により握りつぶされる。
- Seeing a sudden turn of the political situation, Yamagata prepared a draft of an imperial edict to mediate an accord between the Saionji Cabinet and the Japanese Army, but Katsura crushed the draft.
- ハート形土偶、ミミズク形土偶、遮光器形土偶などと通称されるさまざまな形態のものがある。
- There exist earthen figurines of various shapes, including those commonly known as the heart-shaped figurine, the horned-owl-like figurine, and the goggle-eyed figurine.
- 豊臣政権は、前政権の織田政権と同じく、君主である秀吉に権力が集中する形態を取っている。
- Like the former government, the Oda government, the Toyotomi government was organized so that Hideyoshi, the monarch, held all of the power by himself.
- 一番古い形態を残しているのは東寺観智院旧所蔵本(現在天理図書館所蔵)と推定されている。
- It is presumed that its oldest style remains in a book which was formerly owned by To-ji Kanchi-in Temple (currently, owned by the Tenri Central Library).
- 事態の長期化につれて子供を争いを材料にしているとして双方に対する世論の批判も高まった。
- With the prolonged situation, both sides were subjected to criticism that they took advantage of children during the conflict.
- この設備を移動店舗と、またこの販売形態を移動販売と称し、一般的に行商の用語は用いない。
- This facility is called a mobile shop and this sales method is called tailgate sell, so the word, peddling is not generally used.
- このころから高綱を中心に勧進への東国の支援の態勢も整い、大仏殿の工事はすすんでいった。
- In these days, the Great Buddha Hall construction work began to proceed smoothly with full financial support from the eastern provinces led by Takatsuna.
- 酒造石高の実態を把握して課税を強化し、幕府の財政基盤を少しでも確かにすることであった。
- The purpose was to secure the financial basis for the bakufu to any extent at all by grasping the actual condition of sake brewing kokudaka and strengthening taxation.
- 頼信は常陸介在任中に忠常を臣従させており、事態の穏便な解決のためには最適と考えられた。
- Tadatsune served Yorinobu when he was appointed as Hitachi no suke and Yorinobu thought that he was best suited to settling the situation peacefully.
- このため、法令としてはあまり機能せず、女性がおかれた状態はあまり変わらなかったという。
- Such being the case, the Geishogi Kaiho Rei didn't really function as a law; thus it didn't make a big difference in the condition of those women.
- 同日、事態を抑えきれなくなった警察側は、11時過ぎに栃木県知事に出兵要請するよう打電。
- On the same day, shortly after eleven o'clock, the police which couldn't control the situation any more sent a telegram asking governor of Tochigi Prefecture for a dispatch of troops.
- そのときどきの天皇にとっては、むしろ不本意な事態として、世襲親王家は発足したのである。
- During that time the establishment of the Seshu shinnoke (the Hereditary family) was undesirable thing for each Emperor in different eras.
- しかし大衆が帰山した途端に態度は一変、事件の対応にあたった時忠・平信範の流罪を命じた。
- However as soon as the priests left the mountain, the situation and the attitude changed dramatically, Goshirakawa ordered Tokitada and TAIRA no Nobunori to be banished.
- 居延漢簡は、漢代における西域統治の実態を明らかにする第一級の史料として高く評価された。
- Kyoen Kankan was highly valued as a primary historical material which revealed the actual state of administration of the western region in the Han period.
- 江戸時代に入り、木版画の技術が普及すると、絵入りの歌がるたの形態で広く庶民に広まった。
- In the Edo period (1603-1867), by the technique of wood block print, it began to be printed on uta-garuta (poem cards) with beautiful illustrations and was spread through common people.
- 初期の形態としては、天秤棒で担いで売り歩いた形態があったが商品を多く運べないのが欠点。
- Vendors of this type developed early on, from people walking about selling goods from a shoulder pole; this method had a significant disadvantage in that the vendor's product inventory was limited to what he/she could carry.
- 日本の貨幣経済の実態や、店舗商業の発展等にも及んだが、その中で技術にまで言及していた。
- The survey also covered the state of the monetary economy and the progress of shop-based goods-selling business in Japan, and in particular, included descriptions related to technology.
- 百姓一揆の闘争形態の分類として、代表越訴、惣百姓一揆、村方騒動、国訴などがあげられる。
- The form of struggle represented by hyakusho ikki can be classified into daihyo osso (illegal direct petition made by a representative of the village), so hyakusho ikki (political appeal made by all the peasants in a village under the control of officials), murakata sodo (infighting that develops into accusation), kokuso (or kuniso; a legal petition made by peasants tied up across the border of the province), etc.
- そこで、学識に優れた玄宗自らが公定の注釈書を作成して事態の収拾を図ろうとしたのである。
- As a distinguished scholar, Genso himself tried to settle the situation by forming an official commentary.
- 一方、現地では請負代官が農民から過酷な取立てを行って自己の収益にする事態も生じていた。
- Meanwhile, the ukeoi daikan levied harshly from farmers and made it their own profit on site.
- 公使館が焼失し(公使自ら火を放つ)、日本人10数人が殺害される事態となった(壬午事変)。
- The legation was burnt down (because of fire set by the minister himself) and dozens of Japanese were killed (Jingo Incident).
- こうしたなか、薩摩藩は徐々に幕府に非協力的な態度を見せ始め、逆に長州との提携を模索する。
- The Satsuma clan gradually became uncooperative towards the bakufu in those movements, and tried to cooperate with Choshu instead.
- これによりヤマト王権という政治形態は解消され、古代ヤマト国家が形成されていくこととなる。
- With these political reformations, the Yamato Kingdom's form of government began to disappear, becoming replaced by the ancient Yamato state.
- そのためか、この当時に地下であった家は、ほとんどがその出自・来歴の判らない状態であった。
- This might be the reason that most of the Jige-ke families in those days were unclear about their origins and histories.
- この事態を憂慮した光格天皇が京都所司代を通じて江戸幕府に飢饉に苦しむ民衆救済を要求する。
- The Emperor Kokaku, deeply concerned with the situation, requested a relief of the people suffering from famine to the Edo bakufu (feudal government controlled by a shogun) through the Kyoto shoshidai (Kyoto deputy).
- 巨椋池の形態に大きな変化を与えた事業によって、いくつかの段階に分けて考えることができる。
- The history of Ogura-ike Pond can be broken down into several phases by the projects that significantly altered the shape of that pond.
- また、最近は店主の好みによって独自メニューの開発を行なって新たな形態を打ち出す例もある。
- Some street stall owners develop new dishes based on their own tastes, and adopt different types of dishes.
- 中華人民共和国の本土でも、台湾に似た形態の屋台が見られるが、売る食品は地域ごとに異なる。
- On the mainland of People's Republic of China, there are street stalls similar in style to Taiwan, but the foods served in the shops of the street stalls in mainland China differ and are dependant on location.
- 雑徭(ぞうよう、ざつよう)は、中国及び日本の律令制下での労役の形態を取る租税制度である。
- The zoyo tax system was one in which taxes were paid in the form of labor, under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in China and Japan.
- よって、散逸医学文献の旧態を知る上で、また中国伝統医学の源を探る上でも貴重な資料である。
- Therefore, the dictionary is a valuable material to learn the original versions of the lost medical books and to trace the origin of Chinese traditional medicine.
- 永井は外交経験も豊富であり、彼の態度は、英仏領事のみならず、英仏艦艦長にも好印象を与えた。
- NAGAI had a lot of experience of diplomacy, and his attitude gave a good impression to not only the British and French consuls but also the captains of the British and French warships.
- 古代においては在来の古神道であり、その後はその発展形態である神道が信仰されるようになった。
- In ancient times, conventional Koshinto (as practiced prior to the introduction of Confucianism and Buddhism to Japan) was followed, with the Shinto religion, which is a developed form of Koshinto, becoming the main religion later.
- 大同団結運動分裂後の事態に対応して、板垣退助たちが旧自由党員を愛国公党へ結集しようとした。
- In response to the situation after the split of Great Merger Movement, Taisuke ITAGAKI and others tried to invite the members of the former Liberal Party to the Aikokukoto Party.
- 古代における皇室財産の実態は不明な部分も多いが、屯倉・御厨などの所有の形で保持されてきた。
- Although much of the Imperial property of ancient times remains unknown, some remains as miyake (Imperial-controlled territory), mikuriya (manors and powerful shrines of the Imperial family), and so on.
- が、もと来た道は吹雪により完全に消されており部隊は完全に前後不覚の状態になり遭難となった。
- However, the way to return was erased completely in the blizzard, making the troops lose their way.
- このとき第12代将軍徳川家慶は病床に伏せていて、国家の重大事を決定できる状態には無かった。
- At that time, the 12th Shogun, Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA, was sick in bed and in no condition to be making important decisions for the nation.
- こうした徹底調査にもとづいて、翌年元禄11年(1698年)に全国の醸造の実態が算出された。
- These thorough surveys showed actual figures concerning brewing across the country in 1698.
- 性質の違う2つの空気(気団という)がぶつかる所は大気の状態が不安定になり、前線が発生する。
- In any place where two air masses which are different in their natures collide with each other, the state of air becomes unstable and a front is spawned.
- 重伝建に選定される伝統的建造物群の中の道路形態は、自動車交通に対応していないところが多い。
- In many selected preservation districts for groups of important historic buildings, roads have not been made suitable for automobile traffic.
- しかし主君の態度は「牛馬はもちろん犬も三日扶持なせばその恩を知り、尾を振ってしなだるる。」
- However Harunaga says, 'a horse or a cow understands its obligation, and even a dog snuggles up to you and wags its tail if you feed it for three days.'
- しかし土倉らが持っていた借金の証文が破棄されたために私徳政が行われたのと同じ状態となった。
- However, debts were substantially cancelled since they broke off the bond of the debt, which pawnbrokers kept.
- 逃散(ちょうさん)とは、日本の中世から近世にかけて行われた農民抵抗の手段、闘争形態である。
- Chosan was means of resistance and forms of struggle waged by farmers in Japan from the middle ages to the early modern period.
- だが現地軍は劣悪な衛生状態の中マラリアに罹患するなど被害が広がり、早急な解決が必要となった。
- The field army, however, suffered widespread damage such as malaria infection because of the poor sanitary condition and the urgent solution was required.
- このため、明治政府の上位官職を薩長土肥で一時期ほぼ独占する状態となり、藩閥政治と揶揄された。
- Because of this, the Satchodohi briefly monopolized almost all the higher ranks of government services in the Meiji Government and were referred to as the domain clique government.
- 平人・抱非人・穢多が、経済的困窮などによって欠落(かけおち)し、無宿となり、浮浪状態となる。
- Commoner, Kakae-Hinin, Eta became homeless because of economic hardships.
- 主に日本で、中世や近世において歴史的な背景や当時の社会情勢から生まれた町の形態の総称である。
- It was a general term for a city form developed in a historical background and social conditions during the Medieval and the Early Modern periods, mainly in Japan.
- 陸奥宗光はこのため『ニューヨーク・ワールド』に弁明せざるを得なくなる事態に陥ることとなった。
- This put Japan in a position to force Munemitsu MUTSU to make an excuse in 'Newyork World.'
- 全国各地でも酒造業者による集会の禁止命令や大阪に向かう会議代表団が逮捕される事態が相次いだ。
- A series of banning orders were imposed on gatherings of brewers and many council delegations were arrested on their way to Osaka in many other places around the country too.
- 「園地」は令の一編である田令に記載された土地の一形態で野菜・果物をつくっていたと考えられる。
- 'Enchi' was one form of the land described in Denryo (the law about providing rice fields), which was one of ryo (administrative code), and Enchishi is considered to have produced vegetables and fruits.
- 後年の詳細な尻付(しつけ)を伴った形態しての本書の成立は、応和から正暦あたりとみられている。
- Establishment of Kugyo-bunin in the form of a book with a detailed personal record of the later years is believed to be around Owa to Shoryaku era.
- この説によると、真田信繁の奮戦により恐慌状態に陥った家康は自害すると叫んで部下に誡められた。
- According to this theory, in a desperate fight with Nobushige SANADA, Ieyasu panicked and cried out 'I would commit suicide', but was then remonstrated by his followers.
- 日本の資本主義がこのようにして発展していったため、農村の貧困状態は改善されることがなかった。
- Since the Japanese capitalism had developed in this way, the poverty of the farmers was never improved.
- ただこうした事態は、条約体制に朝鮮が主権国家として直ちに参入したことを意味するものではない。
- However, the situation does not mean that Korea joined in treaty system as a sovereign state.
- 現在では議会制民主主義(間接民主制)の制度を取り入れている諸国の内閣が政党内閣の形態である。
- Today, countries which practice a parliamentary democracy, or an indirect democracy, have a party cabinet.
- しかし、事態はおさまらず、翌2月6日は朝から鉱山事務所が襲撃され、所長の南廷三は暴行された。
- But the situation didn't settle, and the next day, on February 6, the mine office was attacked in the morning and the director, Teizo MINAMI was assaulted.
- 延暦寺の大衆は師高の流罪を求めて強訴を起こすが、後白河は強硬な態度をとり重盛に防御を命じる。
- People from Enryaku-ji Temple made a plea demanding Morotaka be banished, however Goshirakawa strongly refused this and ordered Shigemori to protect him.
- この酒は米を使った酒類では最も素朴な形態の物と言われ、一般の酒店でも購入可能な濁り酒に近い。
- Doburoku is said to be the simplest form of alcohol beverages using rice and is close to nigori-zake that can be purchased at ordinary liquor shops.
- 2006年上半期には、国内における鯨肉の供給過多(だぶつき状態)が各紙で報道されている()。
- In the first half of 2006, it was reported on many newspapers that whale meat was oversupplied in Japan.
- - あごからほほにかけての関節周辺の肉で、鹿の子状に脂肪の中に筋肉が散り、霜降り状態のもの。
- - Meat around joints from jaw to cheeks where muscles are spread among fat in a white-spotted pattern, making the meat look marbled.
- 鵜への餌やりは1日1回でシーズン中は餌の量を少なくし、漁に行く前は常に空腹状態にさせている。
- Cormorants are fed once a day, and the volume of feed is reduced during the on-season so that they are kept hungry before going out fishing.
- その50枚を裏返した状態で25枚ずつ取り、それを自分の陣地(自陣)の畳に3段に分けて並べる。
- While cards are in upside down position, both player takes 25 cards each and set out these cards on their own territory in 3 layers.
- それも内容的には世態人情を扱った時代小説的なものが中心で、「髷物(まげもの)」などともいう。
- In addition, this mainly covers the stories reflecting the social conditions at that time, therefore it is also called 'Magemono'.
- 同じ街中で暮らすにしても浪人などは月代をきれいに剃らず節約のため五分刈り状態で伸ばしていた。
- Ronin (masterless samurai), who also lived among townspeople, saved their money by not shaving the front part of the head neatly and left the hair growing which looked like close-cropped hairstyle.
- その後、国司が実質的に消滅する室町時代まで、国司の遥任が収まることはなく、常態化していった。
- After that, until the Muromachi period when kokushi was virtually extinct, the yonin of kokushi did not stop and became ordinary practice.
- また「国家仏教」という表現そのものが古代仏教の実態を反映しておらず不適当とする考え方もある。
- Moreover, some say that the usage of 'National Buddhism' does not reflect the realities of ancient Buddhism; therefore, it is inadequate.
- 現地文化に対しては否定的な態度をとり、総督府統治に反対する朝鮮独立運動は厳しく取り締りされた。
- It had a negative attitude toward the local culture, and the independent movement of Korea against the Sotoku-fu's rule was strictly controlled.
- 薩軍に包囲されて市街の一画を占領している状態の別働第1旅団は24日、武村を攻撃したが敗退した。
- The detached 1st brigade, which had been surrounded by the Satsuma army and had occupied part of the city area, attacked Takemura on May 24 but was defeated.
- しかし、その発行・運用形態は藩札と非常に類似しているため、広義の藩札として扱われる場合がある。
- However, since it was issued and operated in a manner that was quite similar to Han-satsu, Hatamoto-satsu is sometimes treated as Han-satsu in a broad sense.
- この形態の長澤松平氏の旗本札は、近江・大和・河内国・和泉国・播磨・備中などの諸国で発行された。
- The Hatamoto-satsu of the Nagasawa-Matsudaira family was issued in several provinces such as Omi, Yamato, Kawachi, Izumi, Harima, and Bitchu.
- が、討ち入り後、浪士たちが英雄化されると態度を一転させて大石内蔵助の遺児大石大三郎を召抱えた。
- But after the raid when the roshi became heros, he suddenly changed his attitude and took Daizaburo OISHI, orphan of Kuranosuke OISHI, into his care.
- 将軍の弓 (武器)や火縄銃を持つ部隊と言う意味であるが、その実態は将軍直衛の弓・鉄砲隊である。
- Mochigumi literally means troops for carrying the arrows (weapons) and matchlock guns of a shogun, but in practice they were arrow and musket troops under shogun's direct orders.
- しかし、天武天皇元年(672年)に起こった壬申の乱では、父と夫が戦うという事態になってしまう。
- However, in the Jinshin Rebellion which occurred in 672, her father and her husband ended up fighting against each other.
- 三上皇の拉致により、北朝では公事が停止し、院宣を発する治天の君や三種の神器も無い状態であった。
- After the three retired Emperors were taken away, public affairs were suspended in the Northern Court, and there was either no Chikun no Kimi to issue commands from the ex-emperor or they did not have the three sacred emblems of the Imperial Family.
- 伎楽面は、能面などにみられる顔をおおうだけの形態とちがって、頭からすっぽりかぶるものであった。
- The gigaku-men mask, unlike the No-men mask which covers only the face, covered the whole head.
- 埋蔵文化財(まいぞうぶんかざい)は、地中に埋蔵された状態で発見される文化財(文化遺産)である。
- Buried cultural properties are cultural properties (cultural heritages) that are found under the ground.
- それによると、よく跳ねるための水面との角度は、前面が10°浮き上がった状態が最もよいとされる。
- According to the analysis, the optimum angle for skipping stones is for the front face to be raised by 10 degrees with respect to the surface of the water.
- ほかにも近年では差し上げの状態からさらに後輪の片方を持ち上げ「一輪立ち」などを行う地区もある。
- In addition, in recent years, there are areas where 'ichirin dachi' (standing up on one wheel) is performed, in which one of the rear wheels is lifted up from the sashiage position.
- 「凪」とは、和ぎと同意でもあるが、現在では、風が無く穏やかな波のない海の状態をさす場合が多い。
- 凪' has the similar meaning to '和ぎ,' but today it often describes the calm state of the sea without wind and waves.
- 名田は、多様な支配形態を内包する荘園公領制において、基礎的な支配・収取単位として機能し続けた。
- The myoden always functioned as a basic unit of governance and tax collection in the shoen-koryo system, which included various forms of ruling.
- 惣村(そうそん)は、中世日本における百姓の自治的・地縁的結合による共同組織(村落形態)を指す。
- A soson meant a community (in the form of a village) organized through autonomous, territorial connections among peasants in medieval Japan.
- 鎖分銅は一度投げてしまうと投げた鎖を巻き取り再度振り回して攻撃態勢が整うまで非常に時間がかかる。
- Once a chain weight is thrown, it takes a very long time to retrieve the thrown chain and brandish the chain again to be ready for the next attack.
- この棚田の面積は当時の全水田面積の約8%を占めており、かなり一般的な水田形態であることが分かる。
- This hectarage accounted for about 8% of the total area of rice paddies at that time, which means Tanada was quite a common form of rice paddies.
- その一方で、私鉄の監督、許認可を行なっていた逓信省鉄道局においても、業務が激減する事態が生じた。
- On the other hand, in the Railway Agency of Ministry of Communication that was in charge of approval and license on private railways, the business reduced greatly.
- これを見た日蓮とその信者は立正安国論をこの事態の到来を予知した予言書であると考えるようになった。
- These developments led Nichiren and his followers to believe that his Rissho Ankoku-ron was a book of prophecy that predicted the future.
- 5月28日には品川宿で打ちこわしが始まり、翌日以後、江戸市中及び内藤新宿でも同様の事態となった。
- On July 10, 1866 (表記の変更), a destructive uprising began at a posting station, Shinagawa-juku, and from the next day, similar destructions successively occurred in the streets of Edo and Naito Shinjuku as well.
- そして緩やかなシフトは、華夷秩序と条約体制が並存する状態を東アジア国際社会にもたらしたのである。
- The slow transition resulted in coexistence of Kaichitsujo and the treaty system in the international society of East Asia.
- そしてさらに事態を複雑にしたのは、ライス・クリスチャン(キリスト教会の飯を食う者)の存在である。
- The presence of rice Christians (people who ate church meals) further complicated this situation.
- しかしこうした事態に変化をもたらしたのが、相次ぐ西欧列強との戦争とその後の不平等条約締結である。
- However, this changed due to the series of wars against powerful western European nations and the unequal treaties that followed.
- この失態を恥じた神八井耳は弟を助けて天神地祇を掌り、神渟名川耳が天皇として即位することになった。
- Kamuyaimimi-no-mikoto was ashamed of his blunder and helped his younger brother, and together they ruled the gods of heaven and earth, and it was determined that Kamununakawamimi-no-mikoto would be enthroned as emperor.
- 「東京行幸」は行幸と言う言葉を使い、その形態を装っているが、実質的な奠都と言う意味で用いられる。
- Tokyo Gyoko' seems to mean just an ordinary Gyoko, but it practically means the establishment of the capital.
- 「さんぱい」「にっぽん」のような漢語だけでなく、「ぴんぴん」「ぱっと」などの擬態語にも使われる。
- It is used not only in words of Chinese origin such as 'sanpai' and 'nippon' but also in mimetic words such as 'pinpin' and 'patto.'
- 地域、時代により形態や石材にバリエーションがあり、戦前から郷土史家たちの格好の研究材料であった。
- They vary in their shapes and in stone material from area to area, and from era to era, and so they have been good objects of research by local historians since before World War II.
- 建造物以外の有形の文化財については、生活様式の急激な変化等に伴い残存することが困難な状態にある。
- Tangible cultural properties other than architecture are in a difficult situation to survive because of abrupt changes in lifestyle, etc.
- そのため注視される「どのような態様で破精が生じているか」を破精込み具合(はぜこみぐあい)という。
- The aspect how Haze have appeared,' which is therefore to be watched, is called Hazekomi conditions.
- 火縄銃は、世界的に見ても異常な速度で瞬く間に日本全土に普及し、戦国時代の戦闘の形態を一新させた。
- Use of matchlock guns spread at a high speed that was unusual compared even with world standards, and they became used throughout Japan in quite a short time, completely changing fighting styles during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- 倭寇と区別するため勘合符を発行して相手を承認する朝貢形態で行われ、十年一朝など制限がされていた。
- In order to distinguish legitimate traders from wako (Japanese pirates), a kangofu (certificate to show that the ship is lawfully registered by Ming) was issued in return for a tribute, and restrictions such as a limit of ten years per dynasty were imposed.
- 当時の人々は、治天の君をはじめとする朝廷側の上皇・天皇・諸臣が処罰される事態に大きな衝撃を受けた。
- People of the time were greatly shocked by the state of affairs in which the retired emperor, the emperor and the retainers of the imperial faction, including Chiten no kimi, were punished.
- しかしながら、この紙幣を発行した旗本の数は明治初年の段階で新政府がその実態を把握した数に過ぎない。
- However, the Hatamoto who issued the paper money were only those of the Hatamoto who were actually checked by the new government during the early Meiji period.
- 功田の支給の実態は、続日本紀の天平宝字元年十二月九日条(757年)の記事によって知ることができる。
- The article in the entry of the ninth day of the twelfth month of the first year of the Tenpyohoji era (757) in Shoku Nihongi shows how Koden were provided.
- こうして義和団が我が物顔で横行するようになり、しばらくすると、不測の事態が発生し清朝を慌てさせた。
- The Boxers began to rampage as if it was justified, and the unexpected situation brought panic to the Qing dynasty.
- 一条天皇の時に関白藤原道隆が重態となり、嫡男藤原伊周が道隆が回復するまでの期間限定で内覧となった。
- While Emperor Ichijo was in power, FUJIWARA no Michitaka was in serious condition, his oldest son, FUJIWARA no Korechika became Nairan for a limited period until Michitaka could recover.
- 警備面でもひめゆりの塔事件を教訓として、本土から多数の警察官が応援のため増派、厳戒態勢が取られた。
- As for security, learning a lesson from the incident at Himeyuri-no-to Tower, the National Police Agency enforced tight security measures by mobilizing the increased number of police officers dispatched from the mainland.
- 三野王は中立を保つ父とともに筑紫国にあり、距離が離れ態度が異なるので美濃王とは明らかに別人である。
- 三野王 was in Tsukushi province with his father who maintained neutrality, where he was in the Jinshin war was far away from where 美濃王 was, that's why 美濃王 and 三野王 were obviously different people.
- 1637年の島原の乱以降は一揆は沈静化し、強訴や逃散など百姓一揆と呼ばれる闘争の形態が主流となる。
- Ikki uprisings abated after the Shimabara War of 1637, and a form of struggle called hyakusho ikki, including goso and chosan (farmer's desertion from his land as a form of resistance), began to comprise the majority of ikki.
- また沖縄の旧美里尋常高等小学校の奉安殿は半壊状態ながら、「戦争遺跡」として文化財に登録されている。
- The Hoan-den established by the former Misato Jinjo higher elementary school is registered on 'cultural properties' as 'war remains,' although it was partially destructed.
- しかしながら、13日に官軍に援軍が投入され、薩軍・官軍ともに引かず、4月17日までこの状態が続いた。
- However, after the government army was reinforced on April 13, both forces did not retreat and the situation remained unchanged until around April 17.
- 後、黒田は明治7年(1874年)に長官となったが、北海道に赴任せずに東京から指示を出す態勢をとった。
- Although KURODA became the chief of the Hokkaido Development Commission in 1874, he delivered commands from Tokyo without moving in to Hokkaido.
- 時代によって地域によって言葉が指す内容(社会関係上の立場や就業形態や排他的業務など)は大きく異なる。
- Depending on time or region, the contents (positions, employment forms and exclusive duties on social affiliation) indicated by the term Hinin are greatly different.
- 六角高頼軍は、山内政綱、伊庭貞隆、伊庭行隆を観音寺城やその支城、周辺の砦に配置し、交戦状態になった。
- Takayori ROKKAKU deployed Masatsuna YAMANOUCHI, Sadataka IBA and Yukitaka IBA to Kannonji-jo Castle, the subsidiary castles and surrounding fortresses to resist.
- ただ藤作は一時的に仮死状態になった後遺症のためか、精細を欠き小さな小屋で孤独な生活をしていたという。
- Also it is said that Tosaku lived alone in a small hut and seemed to lose his life force, probably because of an aftereffect of being in a temporary state of apparent death.
- 届出を受け付ける公儀側もこのような実態を把握していたようであり以下のようなエピソードが伝わっている。
- The authorities which handled the registrations were also aware of this situation, as the following examples indicate:
- かつて芹沢長介は有舌尖頭器を形態上の差異に着目して4群に分け、その変遷過程を示している(1966)。
- Chosuke SERIZAWA once classified the hafted point into four groups focusing on their morphological differences and presented a theory on their transition (1966).
- 弥生時代末から古墳時代初頭になると、2間×2間の総柱式の建物が出現し、これが主要な倉庫の形態となる。
- Around the end of the Yayoi period to the beginning of the Kofun period (tumulus period), Sobashira-shiki building (dug-standing pillar building with a pillar per ken (unit of distance between two pillars), grid type structure) with size of 2 ken x 2 ken emerged, and this became the main structure of a warehouse.
- 神八井耳はこの失態を深く恥じ、弟が天皇として即位するに及び、これを助けて天神地祇を掌ることとなった。
- Kamuyaimimi was so deeply ashamed of this blunder that at the enthronement of his younger brother, he decided to help the new Emperor by administering religious matters.
- 上皇が国王の座につくことにより、天皇がそれまでの皇太子的立場となったため、皇太子の空位が常態化した。
- As the retired Emperor acted as Emperor, the Emperor himself filled the current position of Crown Prince, there often was no one to become Crown Prince.
- しかし、末吉方面が危急の状態に陥ったので、この夜、村田新八は各隊に引き揚げて末吉に赴くように指示した。
- However, since the Satsuma army was facing a crisis in the Sueyoshi area, Shinpachi MUTATA, in the night, commanded each troop to withdraw from its place and advance to Sueyoshi.
- 5月7日 (旧暦)、最後の決戦のため豊臣軍は現在の大阪市阿倍野区から平野区にかけて迎撃態勢を構築した。
- On May 7 (the old calendar) the Toyotomi's army made preparations for interception from the present Abeno Ward, Osaka City to Hirano Ward.
- 1920年、事態を重く見た原敬内閣は部落改善費5万円を計上し、部落改善のための最初の国庫支出を行った。
- In 1920, the Takashi HARA Cabinet budgeted 50,000 yen for buraku (hamlet) improvement cost and did first treasury payment to improve the buraku.
- 8月3日、事態を重く見た源頼朝は、蜂起した平氏勢力の中の最有力人物である平信兼の捜索を源義経に命じる。
- On September 16, taking the matter seriously, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo ordered MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune to find TAIRA no Nobukane, who was the dominant figure of the Taira clan.
- 京都市教育委員会が翌年3月に保守派から非難された3教員を他校に転任させることで事態を収拾しようとした。
- In March of the next year, the Kyoto City Board of Education tried to stabilize the situation by transferring three teachers, who were accused by the conservatives.
- こうした事態を受けて伊藤はやむなく谷と井上を更迭して大隈重信と黒田清隆を入閣させて事態の収拾を図った。
- ITO cleaned things up by replacing TANI and INOUE with Shigenobu OKUMA and Kiyotaka KURODA under unavoidable circumstances.
- 義輝を近江に追放しては連れ戻すという事態が相次ぎ、またその間、長慶は何回か暗殺未遂事件に遭遇している。
- Nagayoshi kept expelling Yoshiteru to Omi and taking him back, meanwhile, Nagayoshi was attempted to be assassinated a few times.
- これにより北朝(持明院統)と南朝(大覚寺統)の2つの王朝が同時に存在する日本史上未曾有の事態となった。
- Because of this, it caused two Imperial lines to emerge during the same period, the Northern Court (the Jimyoin Imperial line) and the Southern Court (Daikakuji Imperial line), which was unprecedented in the Japanese history.
- このことから外麦が常態となった近現代で初めて今のような細さが実現できた、と考えるほうがよさそうである。
- Therefore, it would be better to think that producing thin somen that are available nowadays was made possible in modern times, when imported wheat became common to be used.
- 寛永年間に20歳ばかりの村民の娘が、恍惚状態のうちに一晩、鋳(カネ)山の役人と自称する男子と出逢った。
- In the Kanei era, a village girl aged around 20 met in a state of rapture a man who was a self-professed official of Kaneyama and spent a night with him.
- 以上のように見ると、在庁官人は国司の従順なしもべであるようにも思えるが、実態は決してそうではなかった。
- Considering the above, zaichokanjin seem to have been obedient servants of kokushi, but in fact, they were not.
- だが、次第に年貢の未進・下地中分や半済の進行によって荘園からの収入が途絶える事態が生じるようになった。
- However, the revenues from shoen had gradually decreased because of the nonpayment of tribute, shitaji chubun (physical division of the land), and the introduction of hanzei (the system in the Muromachi period where the Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] allowed military governors, or Shugo, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund).
- その後1898年、1901年、1919年の3回にわたる総督府官制変更の際にも組織形態は維持されていった。
- Since then, the system of the Sotoku-fu was changed three times in 1898, 1901, and 1919, but the organizational structure was maintained.
- (日本のように神道の祖先崇拝が「御先祖様」として仏教と混交している状態はインドではなかなか理解されない)
- (It is very difficult for Indians to understand that, in Japan, the ancestor worship of Shinto is mixed with Buddhism as 'my dear ancestors.')
- これに激怒した蒲生家譜代の家臣・町野繁仍らは郷安を暗殺すべく、軍勢を集め、両派は一触即発の事態となった。
- The group of Shigeyorio MACHINO, who had for generations been vassals of the Gamo family, became infuriated and mobilized an army to kill Satoyasu, whereupon the two sides came into the hair-trigger situation.
- 当時は藤原氏の公卿・官人が朝廷の過半を占めていたから、神木の入洛中は朝廷は廃朝状態となり国政は麻痺した。
- At that time, more than half of the court nobles and officials belonged to the Fujiwara clan, and so, when Shinboku was carried into Kyoto, the court fell into suspended animation and the national administration was paralyzed.
- しかし、この処分によってその全てが貸し倒れ状態になり商人の中にはそのまま破産に追い込まれる者も続出した。
- As a result of the above policy, however, all of daimyo-gashi became irrecoverable loans and some merchants went bankrupt.
- 平面形態は円形・方形が主流で、長方形・隅丸方形がそれに次ぐ位置を占めるが、地域によって多様な様相を示す。
- Round and a square shapes are popular for ground shapes, and a rectangle and a square with round edges follow after that but they show differences in each region.
- 懐良親王の勢力が駆逐された後は、幕府や九州の大名が「日本国王良懐」と称して対明貿易を行う変則状態が続く。
- After Imperial Prince Kanenaga fell from power, there occurred an abnormal situation in which the shogunate government and the feudal lords in Kyushu traded with the Ming under the name of 'Ryokai, the king of Japan.'
- 実態は、逃散したりして潰れた家や実際の住民構成とはかけ離れた内容が五人組帳に記載されていた場合があった。
- In reality, however, some Gonin-gumi cho contained missing families who had run away or family composition that was different from reality.
- 朱鳥元年(686年)7月には重態に陥った天武天皇から母と共に大権を委任され、9月には天武天皇が崩御する。
- In August, 686, he and his mother were entrusted with the sovereign right from Emperor Temmu who were seriously ill, after that Emperor Temmu demised in September.
- 鯨肉の消費の歴史を考えるうえでは、魚介類・獣肉類全体の流通・消費形態の変化を理解することが不可欠である。
- When considering the history of whale meat consumption, it is essential to understand how the ways of distributing and consuming fishes/shells and animal meat as a whole have changed.
- このグレーゾーン状態を解消するため、1996年から福岡市は「屋台問題検討会」を発足させ、基本方針を検討。
- In order to resolve and clear up this gray area of the road usage licensing code, Fukuoka City established an 'investigative commission on the street stall issue' and discussed the basic policy in 1996.
- しかし、見事な浄土庭園を今日に伝えており、苑池も橋脚をのこして中島・庭石については旧態をよく示している。
- The beautiful Jodo Teien has been preserved until today; a foot of the bridge is still in the pond as well as nakajima (an island in a pond or a river) and garden stones that represent the former status.
- 国司苛政上訴は明らかに越訴の形態をとっており、このような越訴が承認されるようになった理由は明らかでない。
- It is not unknown why Kokushi kasei joso, apparently a form of direct appeals, began to be accepted.
- また守護役とは、守護が独自に領内の百姓らへ賦課した各種課役であり、多くは夫役(労働課役)の形態を取った。
- Meanwhile, shugo-yaku meant various duties imposed on peasants in the territory by shugo in their own rights, most of which were performed by bu-yaku (labor service).
- その後、武士の起源に関する研究は、職能論などが議論の中心となり、国衙軍制論は半ば忘れられた状態となった。
- After that, research about the origin of samurai was conducted centered on job-function-based theories, and theories based on the kokuga forces system were almost forgotten.
- 家臣などが当主を暗殺して、自分の都合の良い当主に挿げ替えるなどの不法が行われる事態を危惧したものである。
- It was feared that retainers might assassinate the family head and replace him with someone convenient to their needs.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)の全国的な動乱を経て、畿内に発生した村落という新たな結合形態は各地へ拡大していった。
- Through nationwide wars in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), a new style of connection called a village, which appeared in the Kinai region, spread to other regions.
- また、欧化主義によって日本の文化を旧態依然の古い物とする考え方も登場し、伝統文化が危機に陥った事もあった。
- The idea of Japanese culture being old-fashioned was born due to the theory of Europeanization, jeopardizing Japanese traditional culture.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)以後になると、在家役・在家地子とも屋敷年貢化して銭納が一般的な収取形態となっていった。
- From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, zaike-yaku became a kind of a rent just like zaike-jishi, so it became common for zaike-yaku to be paid in cash.
- しかしながら、村上氏という防壁が崩れた事により北信濃の国人衆が一斉に武田氏に靡く事態を防ぐ事には成功した。
- However, although the protective wall called the Murakami clan collapsed, he succeeded in preventing the following situation from occurring: Local samurai landowners went to the Takeda side en masse.
- しかし清朝の対応は遅れ、そうしているうちに日露両国が開戦し、自国の領土で他国同士が戦うという事態となった。
- However the Qing Dynasty Russo-Japanese War erupted before the Qing could mount a coherent response, leading to a situation in which two foreign countries fought on Qing territory.
- 主な形態のものは柱間が1間×2間の規模のもので、これに1間×1間、1間×3間などのバリエーションが加わる。
- The structure commonly had size of hashirama (bay, space or distance between two pillars) of 1 ken (unit of distance between two pillars) x 2 ken, and some had different variations such as 1 ken x 1 ken or 1 ken x 3 ken.
- クエン酸で表面の汚れが除去され、そこに錫アマルガムが付着することでメッキ状態になり、美しい鏡面が得られた。
- Grime on the surface was removed by citric acid, wherein tin amalgam was attached to become tinned, and then a beautiful surface of the mirror was obtained.
- だが、天皇は退位を拒絶し続けて事態が膠着している最中、突然邦良親王が27歳の若さで急死してしまうのである。
- However, while the Emperor refused to abdicate the throne and there was no progress in the situation, Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi suddenly died when he was just twenty seven years old.
- 出生率は1.8を超えるなど全国的な傾向からは高いものの、2004年には人口動態が初めて自然減となっている。
- Although the birth ratio is over 1.8 and higher than the national average, dynamic trends in the population caused a natural reduction to occur for the first time in 2004.
- このため事態は一刻を争うと見た局長の近藤勇は単独行動に踏み切り、近藤隊と土方隊の二手に分け捜索を開始する。
- That is why the boss, Isami KONDO, knowing that every moment counted, acted alone by splitting their members into two squads under KONDO and HIJIKATA and began the search.
- 明智謀反の報を受けた信忠は本能寺に救援に向かおうとしたが、既に事態は決したから逃げるように側近に諭された。
- Nobutada, who received a report of the revolt by the Akechi clan, intended to go to the Honno-ji Temple to rescue, but he was dissuaded by his close aide to run away because the situations in the Honno-ji Temple were already finalized.
- 正面からはちらりとしか見えない髷先などは頭から落ちかけているような状態で、髷尻もぽっちりとして短く小さい。
- The ends of the topknot, which was barely seen from the front, almost slid down the head, and the U-shaped part of the topknot was very short and compact.
- 8月6日にはこの運動はさらに激しさを増し、水橋町、滑川市の住民も巻き込み、1,000名を超える事態となった。
- On August 6, the movement increasingly escalated and over 1,000 people including residents in Mizuhashi-machi town and Namerikawa City joined it.
- 成人して政務に就いた高時も、こうした態度を継承し、各地で見られた地域独自の動きを強権的に押さえ込もうとした。
- Takatoki, who had reached adulthood and become engaged in government affairs, inherited this attitude and attempted to suppress the movements in various areas with an iron fist.
- しかし翌朝になると、政府軍側では兒玉源太郎ら将校が駆けつけ、その指揮下で態勢を立て直し、本格的な反撃を開始。
- However, the next morning, officers from the government forces including Gentaro KODAMA rushed to the site, restored combat readiness under their command, and started full-scale counterattacks.
- 松方財政以降、農村は慢性的な貧困状態に陥り、子どもの食事を十分に用意できない農家が多く存在することとなった。
- After the Matsukata Financial Policy, the life of farmers fell into chronic poverty and many farmers could not afford to provide meals for children.
- こうした事態の救済のために寛文5年3月18日 (旧暦)(1665年)に番方を中心とした役料制度が定められた。
- As a remedy for such an event, on May 3, 1665, the yakuryo system focusing on bankata (guards) was established.
- 天皇は上皇の院政を停止して、上皇に退位を強要される事態を阻止し、皇位継承に干渉する鎌倉幕府の打倒を計画した。
- The Emperor intended to stop the Retired Emperor's cloistered government and tried to escape only to be forced to abdicate from the throne by the retired Emperor, thus he planned to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu who interfered with the Imperial succession.
- 後鳥羽は鎌倉幕府に移った東国統治権を奪還するべく承久の乱を起こしたが、王朝が幕府に破れるという事態を招いた。
- Emperor Gotoba caused the Jokyu Disturbance in order to take back the right to govern the eastern states from the Kamakura bakufu, however, the result was that the Imperial Palace lost the battle against the Kamakura bakufu.
- 言語生成の比較的早い段階でも現れることから、音便は中世日本語の動詞および形容詞の形態に大きな影響を及ぼした。
- Appearing at comparatively early stage of language forming, euphonic changes had a great impact on figuration of verbs and adjectives of Middle Japanese.
- そこに「加古川本蔵の首進上申す」と、虚無僧に変装した本蔵が現れ、由良之助父子の悪態をついてお石と争いになる。
- Honzo, disguised as a komuso (begging Zen priest), appears saying, 'I will give you the head of Honzo KAKOGAWA,' makes derogatory comments on Yuranosuke and his son, and he squabbles with Oishi.
- この為あらすじも、平知盛・吉野の一家・偽忠信それぞれを主役とした三つの筋が交互に上演される形態となっている。
- Therefore, the three stories about TAIRA no Tomomori, a family in Yoshino and the fake Tadanobu are performed in turn.
- これらから、負名体制が本来的に有していた矛盾が国司苛政上訴という形態で現れたと評価する見解が提出されている。
- These views have brought about an opinion that a contradiction intrinsic to the local tax manager system appeared in the form of Kokushi kasei joso.
- もしくは、それらが何らかの主張のもと既成の支配体制に対して武力行使を含む抵抗運動を展開している状態を指した。
- Ikki also referred to a state in which the uncertified military forces would carry out a resistance movement, including the use of armed forces, against the existing regime based on a claim.
- しかし、この時期に元の内部でも反乱が続き、日本へ軍が出せる状態ではなくなり、クビライの死と共に完全に頓挫した。
- However, the successive occurrence of rebellions in the Yuan Dynasty during this period made it impossible to send an army to Japan, and following the death of Kublai, the plan was completely abandoned.
- こうした状況下、薩摩・長州はもはや武力による倒幕しか事態を打開できないと悟り、土佐藩・広島藩の取り込みを図る。
- Under these circumstances, both Satsuma and Choshu understood using armed forces would be the only way to overthrow the bakufu and started to gather the Tosa and Hiroshima clans.
- ところが、立憲制導入を巡る大隈の左大臣有栖川宮熾仁親王への密奏と議院内閣制の導入提案が岩倉の態度を硬化させた。
- However Iwakura stiffened his attitude when he heard of Okuma's secret report to Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito, Minister of the Left, concerning the introduction of constitutional monarchy and of Okuma's proposal for the introduction of parliamentary cabinet system.
- 加えて移動式の施設を用いて食事を提供する形態を屋台と称するが、移動する範囲も狭くて行商と称することは稀である。
- In addition, the sales method to provide meals by using movable facilities is called Yatai (food stall), it is rare to be called peddling since its moving range is narrow.
- かくして三貨制度(小判、丁銀、銭貨)が確立することになるが、これは既存の貨幣の流通形態を踏襲するものであった。
- With this the sanka (tri-metallic, i.e., gold, silver and copper) monetary system was built on the existing system of currency distribution.
- 露営をするが、暖を取る事も叶わず、将校を中心に周りを兵卒が囲む形で立ったまま休む状態で露営をすることとなった。
- They were forced to camp out standing in a circle, with officers in a center and soldiers surrounding them, as they couldn't even have a warm.
- この工場もそれに従っていたため、火災の際女工が脱出できず、このような悲惨な事態を招いてしまったといわれている。
- The factory in question also followed this then-commonsense practice, meaning that when the fire broke out the female workers could not escape, and thus the factory policy could be said to have invited just such a tragic disaster that did in fact strike.
- 上記のように史料によって記述がバラバラであり、実態として生没年に関しては不詳とする方が正確性が高いと思われる。
- As shown above, records are so diversified depending on historical materials that it seems to be appropriate to assume that the year of his birth and death is unclear.
- この結果、幕府によって後鳥羽院政と後鳥羽系統の皇統は全て廃されたが、皇位継承すべき者が不在という事態に至った。
- Consequently, the Imperial line of Emperor Gotoba's Cloistered government and Emperor Gotoba were abolished, and this caused a problem because there was no one to succeed to the Imperial throne.
- 久美の浜温泉が一部で久美浜温泉と称しているなどの混乱はあるが、場所がまったく違い、温泉郷の形態もなしていない。
- It may be confused with Kuminohama Hot Spring, because some call Kuminohama Hot Spring Kumihama Onsen Hot Spring, but the two hot springs are located in two completely different places and do not constitute the same hot spring resort area.
- ただし開発が進んでいるのは京阪神に近い県南部であり、以前からあった県北部との経済格差が広がる事態となっている。
- However, only the southern part, which is close to 'Keihanshin' (Osaka, Kyoto and Kobe) has developed and the economic gap between the southern and northern parts, which had been problematic, has widened.
- ところが他人にくすぐられると小脳はこれを予測することができないので、感覚の制御は不能として脳は混乱状態に陥る。
- However, if others tickle you, the cerebellum cannot predict it, so the feeling is not controllable and the brain will be thrown into confusion.
- これが胃酸によりシアン化水素毒性を発揮すると、痙攣や呼吸困難、さらには麻痺状態になって死亡するといわれている。
- It is said that if gastric acid causes hydrogen cyanide toxicity, people can develop spasticity, difficulty in breathing, and in the worst case die from paralysis.
- 関西では煎餅屋というもの自体が少なく、主におかきやあられ屋で販売しているなど販売形態なども東西で大きく異なる。
- Not many such senbei shops, however, are found in the Kansai region, where senbei is mainly sold in the shops where okaki and arare are the main items sold, which illustrates a major difference in the selling style between eastern and western Japan.
- その実態は、史料がほとんど残っていないためよく分かっていないが、律令制の崩壊と共に実態が良民と変わらなくなる。
- Although their reality is not fully known because of a lack of historical records, they probably became like ryomin with the collapse of the system of the Ritsuryo codes.
- 平安後期になると、官符よりも簡易な形態の官宣旨(かんせんじ)や院政下での院宣が主流となり、官符は廃れていった。
- In the late Heian period, Kansenji (simplified Kanpu) and Inzen (decree of cloistered government) under Insei (the cloistered government) became popular and Kanpu fell into disuse.
- 江戸時代からの自治の伝統があった町村には、自治の実態を認めつつ、戸長を通じて上からの決定を実施させることにした。
- While the central government approved the autonomy of towns and villages which had had the tradition of self-government since the Edo period, it made them carry out decisions made through kocho (heads of towns and villages).
- さらに、律令制に於ける人民統治の実態は単なる人民圧迫に基づいた搾取構造でしかなかった、という考えも存在している。
- There is an opinion that the government of the people under the Ritsuryo system was simply nothing but a structure of exploitation based on oppression on the people.
- 相続の一形態であるが、前戸主から新戸主へ全ての財産権利が譲り渡される単独相続である点が現在の民法と大きく異なる。
- This is a form of succession, however there is a big difference between the Old Civil Codes and the Civil Codes today because Old Civil Codes says that property right will be given to a person and a new head of a family will be given all the property rights from the former head of a family.
- 不備の補充や新事態に対応するため、折に触れて追加法が制定され、これを「式目追加」または単に「追加」などと称した。
- To make up flaw and respond to new situations, additional laws were established occasionally, which were called 'addition of shikimoku' or just 'addition.'
- また日本人捕虜(降倭)の多くは、鉄輪をはめられ逃げ出すことも出来ない状態にされたうえで、その身分を賎民とされた。
- Many Japanese captives (kowa - literally, surrendered Japanese) were put in iron rings to prevent them from escaping and this made their status as a humble person.
- 義仲の指揮下にあった京中守護軍は瓦解状態であり、義仲と行家の不和も公然のものだった(『玉葉』閏10月27日条)。
- The army protecting Kyoto, which was under the direction of Yoshinaka, fell apart and the discord between Yoshinaka and Yukiie was overt ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 20).
- このように、武力紛争が絶えない幕府の状況は、1219年(承久1)1月の将軍・源実朝の暗殺という最悪の事態に至る。
- The continuing armed conflicts of the bakufu culminated in the assassination of shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo in January 1219.
- この状態を清朝は「属国であるが自主でもある」と西欧諸国に説明したため、歴史学では「属国自主」という表現を用いる。
- Because the Qing dynasty explained the condition as 'it is an independent country but a subject state at the same time' to Western countries, in historical science, the term 'zokkoku (subject state) jishu (independence or autonomy)' will be used to express the condition.
- 表向きは唐が滅亡してから70年ほどであった(五代十国時代)が、事実上1世紀以上にわたって中国は分裂状態にあった。
- China was officially divided for 70 years (Godai-Jikkoku period), but in reality it lasted for more than 100 years.
- 暗殺の犯人は「抗日ゲリラ」「台湾遊撃軍」「生蕃土民兵」等、文献によっていろいろに表現されるが、実態は不詳である。
- The assassin is referred to as 'anti Japanese guerrilla', 'a corps of rangers in Taiwan', 'militia of aborigines known as Seiban' and so on depending on the documents, but the reality is unknown.
- 称光天皇が一時期危篤状態へ陥ると次期天皇の候補にもなり、応永32年(1425年)4月16日には親王宣下を受ける。
- When Emperor Shoko slipped into critical condition, he became a candidate for succession to the throne and received the title Imperial Prince by Imperial order on May 13, 1425.
- これによって、建武3年(1336年)以来、南北朝時代に分裂していた日本の天皇の地位及び朝廷の分裂状態が終了した。
- Due to this agreement, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the separation of Japanese Emperor's position and the Imperial Palace ended as of 1336.
- 女性で、しかも天皇家の出自でない者が治天となるのは前代未聞の事態だったが、これにより北朝は存続することができた。
- It was the first time to have a female Chiten who was not from Imperial Family, however due to this succession, the Northern Court was able to survive.
- 醍醐忠敬が、甥である格太郎に射殺されるというスキャンダルが発生し、忠順が再度家督を継ぐという事態により一時没落。
- A scandal where Tadayuki DAIGO was shot to death by a nephew, Kakutaro, occurred and the fact that Tadaosa was forced to take over again as head of the family resulted in a temporary decline of the family.
- 三倍増醸清酒は、そのままの状態で出荷されることはなく、アルコールを添加した清酒などとブレンドされて製品化される。
- Sanbai zojo seishu is not shipped as it is, but is blended with seishu to which alcohol is added, and made it into products.
- 離れた状態から、ぶちかまし・喉輪・突っ張り・張り手・足払い等の攻め手を用いる立ち合いにより、優位な状況をつくる。
- A wrestler standing at a short distance from his opponent attempts to have a tachiai with aggressive styles such as buchikamashi (butting with a head), nodowa (throat attack), tsuppari (thrust), harite (slapping of an opponent's face), and ashibarai (foot sweep) in order to gain an advantage over an opponent.
- これ以前は当時の写真をみればわかるとおり、立会いの距離制限がなく頭と頭をつけた状態から開始されることも多かった。
- As pictures from those days show, the distance between two wrestlers was not designated at a tachiai before starting lines were set up, and two wrestlers had a tachiai with their foreheads touching each other in many matches.
- このため、酵母開発の競争は激化しており、今や地方自治体開発の酵母を持たない都道府県の方が少ない状態になっている。
- These backgrounds have intensified competition for yeast development to the extent that there are fewer prefectures that do not have any municipally developed yeasts today.
- 室町期の人民は、国人層では国人一揆(国人領主連合)などの、村落の百姓らでは惣村・郷村などの結合形態をとっていた。
- In the Muromachi period, people formed various unions including Kokujin-ikki (kokujin ryoshu [local samurai lord] union) formed by the people in the kokujin stratum, as well as soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) and goson (autonomous village) formed by peasants living in villages.
- これらの私記は、漢文で書かれた『日本書紀』を本来の伝承形態に戻って解釈することに力を注いでいると考えられている。
- It is considered that these private notes concentrated on the interpretation of the 'Nihonshoki' written in kanbun (Sino-Japanese) from the viewpoint of its original form of lore.
- その後戦闘状態に突入したが、夜半から大雨がふり出し細川澄元、三好之長らは雨音にまぎれて阿波国へ落ち延びていった。
- Then, the two sides engaged in battle, but, as it began to rain heavily around midnight, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA, Yukinaga MIYOSHI and others ran away through the roaring sound of the heavy downpour to Awa Province.
- 若干のもみ合いを除けば学生と警官隊との衝突(乱闘)というような事態はなかったため、一人の逮捕者も発生しなかった。
- Also, as there were no clashes (brawls) between students and the police force with the exception of some jostles, no one was arrested.
- この退却の途中、細川晴元と通じていた池田弾正は瓦林修理亮らに一斉に矢を射かけ、細川尹賢軍は散々な態で京へ逃散した。
- During the retreat, Danjo IKEDA, who had been allied with Harumoto HOSOKAWA, led a group of archers in an attack on Shurinosuke KAWARABAYASHI and the others, and the army of Tadakata HOSOKAWA then fled to Kyoto in disorder.
- これにより文書の研究は大きく進んだが、一方で写経所文書は断片化されてしまい、かつての形態とは異なってしまっている。
- Although this led to a dramatic advance in the study of monjo, the monjo created by the Sutra copying office has been broken into pieces and has turned into something different from its original form.
- しかしその後、大石が吉良上野介を討ったことを知ると村上は無礼な態度を取ったことを恥じて大石が眠る泉岳寺で切腹した。
- However, after Murakami found out that Oishi had killed Kura Kozuke no Suke, he committed seppuku at Sengaku-ji Temple where Oishi rests, since he was ashamed of his rude behavior toward Oishi.
- だが、山縣は大日本帝国陸軍と貴族院_(日本)を利用して政友会攻撃を行い、明治天皇の詔書によって漸く事態を収拾した。
- However, YAMAGATA attacked the Seiyu Party by making use of the Imperial Japanese Army and the House of Peers (Japan) and the situation was finally settled by the imperial edict of Emperor Meiji.
- 承久の乱以降、治天がそれ以前と同等の権力を有することはなく、重要事項は幕府と協議した上で決定することが常態化した。
- After the Jokyu War, Chiten did not have absolute political authority like it use to have, it became common to have meetings with the bakufu to decide an important issue.
- 1872年(明治5年)、成立したばかりの明治政府によって芸娼妓解放令が発令されたが、実態はほとんど変わらなかった。
- In 1872, the newly inaugurated Meiji government issued the Emancipation Decree for Female Performers and Prostitutes, but it had little effect on the real situation.
- そのため、身分は水呑百姓であっても、例えば交易業や養蚕業を経営し、富豪と呼ぶべき実態の者も少なくなかったのである。
- Therefore, among the people whose positions were Mizunomi Byakusho, there were many rich men who engaged in, for example, trade and sericulture.
- 元寇で恩賞地配分の対象とされたため細分化され、南北朝時代 (日本)には名前だけを残して荘園としての実態は失われた。
- Kanzaki Manor was divided up to provide land plots which were granted as rewards during the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, and by the Northern and Southern Courts period had lost all status as a manor - existing in name only.
- ところが、協会内の一部過激派が外国人襲撃事件を起こしたために、日英通商航海条約締結を目前とした政府の態度は硬化する。
- However, some radical members of the society attacked foreigners in Japan, causing the government to crack down on the society as the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation drew near.
- が、見栄えの問題と、大仏の背面が隠れ、状態がわからないこと、光背の修築に邪魔なことから、重源から撤去が望まれていた。
- However, Chogen had been requesting removal of the ugly-looking hill covering the back of the Great Buddha, which hindered the repair of the halo including condition checks.
- が、期待していた渋沢栄一の大蔵大臣就任が実現せず、同じく立憲政友会も混乱状態にあったため、井上は組閣辞退を表明した。
- However, Inoue declined forming his cabinet partly because Eichi SHIBUSAWA did not become Minister of Finance against Inoue's expectation, and partly because Rikken Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government Party) was in chaos.
- 上皇(治天の君)-天皇の形態は男系での皇位継承を非常に安定させる形態だったが、明治以降、上皇の存在は廃止されている。
- The retired Emperor (Chiten no kimi) - the form of the succession to the Emperor was in secure form and it was passed on by the male members of the Imperial family, however the position of the retired Emperor itself was abolished.
- 大宝律令制定後、女性天皇の即位が相次ぎ、皇后が立てられることがなかったので、中宮職は実際には機能しない状態が続いた。
- After the establishment of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), female emperors were enthroned successively and empresses were not appointed, thus Chugushiki did not work in fact.
- 鎌倉期になると低年齢化と在職期間の短縮が進み、19歳で就任・在職期間一ヶ月という例まで現れ、実態とはかけ離れていく。
- With the lowering in the age of becoming Sanji kentai holder as well as the shortening of terms in office became apparent during the Kamakura period, an extreme case occurred where a person became Sanji kentai holder at the age of nineteen and was in office for a month and Sanji kentai gradually became the one that didn't represent the actual situation.
- 泰時は政子の画策には乗らずに事態を沈静化させ、政子によって処罰された伊賀光宗らも政子の死後すぐに幕府に復帰させている。
- Yasutoki HOJO, not taken in by Masako's plot, calmed the state of affairs, and had Mitsumune IGA and others who were punished by Masako reinstated to the Kamakura bakufu.
- 最終的に事態は、天正17年(1589年)に豊臣秀吉によって決着が図られ、沼田周辺の真田領の多くが北条氏に引き渡された。
- The situation was finally saved by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in 1589, and a majority of Sanada's territories around Numata passed to the Hojo clan.
- 秀吉方は信長落命によって秀吉が後ろ盾を失った状態であることを毛利方に知られないように徹底的に信長落命の事実を隠匿した。
- Hideyoshi held a thorough cover-up of the fact that Nobunaga had died, trying not to let the Mori clan know that Hedeyoshi had no backing after Nobunaga's death.
- これに対して蝦夷は709年および720年に反乱を起こし、720年の時には陸奥按察使上毛野広人が殺害される事態となった。
- In response, Ezo started a revolt in 709 and 720 and, in 720, KAMITSUKENO no Hirohito, who was the Mutsu no azechi (Inspector of Mutsu), was killed.
- しかし、西欧列強や日本は朝鮮半島の鎖国状態が続くことを許さず、日本は江華島事件を機に李氏朝鮮と日朝修好条規を締結した。
- However, West European powers and Japan did not accept the continued isolation of the Korean Peninsula, and Japan took advantage of Ganghwa Island incident to conclude the Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity with the Yi Dynasty Korea.
- 貴族院出身者の多くは、憲法への賛成は占領下の便宜的な態度であるとして、のちに日本国憲法憲法改正論議論者となっていった。
- Most ex-Kizokuin councilors insisted that agreeing to the Constitution had been just for convienience and became advocates for the revision of the Constitution of Japan.
- 北京に帰った西太后は排外姿勢を改め、70歳近い年齢でありながら英語を習い始めるなど、西欧文明に寛容な態度を取り始めた。
- Empress Dowager Cixi reformed her anti-foreign attitude after returning to Beijing, and started to show tolerance toward western cultures by beginning to learn English despite being close to 70 years old.
- 後者は前者と比べて教訓が生かされたこともあって被害が少なかったものの、どちらも市街地はほぼ壊滅状態にまで追いやられた。
- While the damage was smaller than those before them, despite this, the area was almost completely destroyed.
- 当時はまだ関西国際空港が開港しておらず、関西地区における要人の大規模な受け入れ態勢が十分には整っていなかったのである。
- Kansai International Airport did not open yet at that time, and Kansai area was not fully ready to accept so many important persons.
- 生産力以上の農地に検知帳上は登録されることもあり、それを基礎に年貢高を計算したため、実態は過酷な徴税となることもあった。
- Sometimes uchi-daka registered in the land survey list was higher than the actual productivity of the land, and nengu was calculated based on that uchi-daka, which resulted in harsh tax collection.
- また藩鎮の勢力を削り、それまで藩鎮の下部組織と成り果てていた州およびその長官たる刺史も中央直属としての実態を取り戻した。
- Also, hanchin's power was reduced, allowing prefectures and their governors that had been placed under its control to regain their previous status as entities directly controlled by the central government.
- 環境の影響という面でも高松塚古墳壁画劣化の例に顕著なように、外部者が持ち込んだ物が汚染を招くという事態が多くなっている。
- Regarding environmental condition, cases of substances being brought by outsiders resulting in exposure are increasing, and the case of the deteriorated wall painting of Takamatsuzuka Kofun is a known example.
- しかし、家慶の死後に後を継いだ家定は将軍就任後、更に病状を悪化させて時には廃人に近い状態となり政務が満足に行えなかった。
- However, Iesada who succeeded Ieyoshi after his death became extremely ill and often almost disabled and could not administer government affairs satisfactorily.
- なお、フランス側が議会・世論対策のために自国マスコミに交渉内容をリークしたために、清国側からの抗議を受ける事態も生じた。
- When France leaked the contents of the treaty to the media to deal with congress and to boost public opinion, there was an outcry from the Qing dynasty.
- 翌慶応3年(1867年)には清国などから87万俵相当の外米が輸入されて、米価が下がり一揆・打ちこわしも小康状態を迎えた。
- In the next year, 1867, a huge amount of rice equivalent to 870,000 bales (traditional unit for rice, 1 bale equals to 60 kilograms) was imported from Qing and other countries, and accordingly the rice price fell and uprisings and riots came to a temporary lull.
- そして更に翌月の7月22日に、宗方討伐の大将北条宗宣が殺された北条政時の後任として連署に就任してやっと事態は沈静化する。
- Then on July 22, the next month, Munenobu HOJO, the general for chasing and killing Munekata, was appointed to assistant to shikken in place of Masatoki HOJO who had been killed, making the situation calm at last.
- 打ちこわし(うちこわし)とは、江戸時代の民衆運動の形態のうち、不正を働いたとみなされた者の家屋などを破壊する行為のこと。
- Uchikowashi refers to an action to destroy residences of the people who were considered to act wrong, and it was one of the patterns of grass-roots movements in the Edo period.
- この時には安子や愛姫(安子の妹・源高明正室)も死去しており、九条家も高明と為平親王排除への態度を変えるようになっていた。
- During this time Anshi (Yasuko) and Aihime (Anshi's younger sister and MINAMOTO no Takaakira's Empress) both had passed away, although the Kujo family tried to exclude Takaakira and Imperial Prince Tamehira from their poison, they changed their attitude later on.
- この背景には兄にあたる後光明天皇が急逝したために、万が一の皇統断絶の事態に備えて皇位継承の候補者を確保する目的もあった。
- Because of the sudden death of his older brother Emperor Gokomyo, it was necessary for the Imperial court to secure nominees for the heir to the Imperial throne in order to prevent the extinction of imperial line.
- とくに南河内で主に使われている「石川型地車」は、重心が高い独特の形態をしているため、これらの技をやりやすいとされている。
- In particular, 'Ishikawa gata danjiri' (the Ishikawa-type danjiri) used mainly in Minamikawachi (southern Kawachi) has a unique shape with a high center of gravity, and therefore it is easy to perform these maneuvers.
- 負名(ふみょう)とは、日本の平安時代ごろから始まる王朝国家体制のもとでの租税収取形態または租税収取を請け負った者をいう。
- Fumyo means a form of collecting tax or a contractor for collecting tax under the system of the dynasty state which began sometime around the Heian period of Japan.
- 日本人側は朝鮮との居留人数に関する約定を破ったため朝鮮側が送還するなどしたが、いつのまにかまた増えるという状態であった。
- Although the Korean Government extradited the Japanese who infringed the agreement between Japan and Korea restricting the number of residents, the population would go up again after a while.
- 人が歩く速度は地形や道路の状態によって変わるので、様々な長さの里(36町里、40町里、48町里など)が存在することになる。
- There appeared various length of ri (36 chori, 40 chori, 48 chori and so on) because people's pace of walking was different according to topography and road conditions.
- 1つ目は、王家は制度上存在するものの立憲君主制や豪族支配等により君権が抑圧された状態から、君主親政が復活するケースである。
- The first case is a restoration of direct administration by a royal family from such conditions whereby the ruling power was repressed due to a constitutional monarchy system or by powerful clans.
- こうした事態の放置は公領の減少のみならず、荘園間の境相論を引き起こす一因となったため、荘園整理令などで度々寄人を規制した。
- This situation led to not only the reduction of koryo but also became a factor for boundary disputes between shoen, therefore yoriudo were regulated again and again by Manor Regulation Acts.
- 鉄道が民営であることの軍事的に不利な理由は、私鉄の場合、株式会社であるから、経営状態を詳しく株主に報告しなければならない。
- The disadvantaged point of railway management by private sector was that in the case of the private railways, being the joint-stock companies, they must report their managing status in detail to the shareholders.
- その署名がだんだんくずれて草書体になっていったものが書判、すなわち花押であり、平安時代前半には既にその原初形態がみられる。
- The signature came to be written in a more cursive style and became Kakihan, also known as Kao, and the original style of Kao was already seen in the early Heian period.
- 厳密には、剥片を剥離している状態の原石(石材)と、一連の剥片剥離の工程が終わって用済みとなり廃棄される残滓とに分けられる。
- Strictly speaking, it is divided into the ore, from which the flakes are peeled off, and the residues, which are not used and are thrown away after a series of flake-exfoliation processes.
- 中期には北部九州各地で少しずつその形態を変えながらも基本的には同じ形質的特徴を共有する成人用大型甕棺が北部九州に定着する。
- In the middle period, the earthenware slightly changed its shape, but a large kamekan (earthenware jar-coffin) for adult, which had the same basic characters as previous earthware, was established in northern Kyushu.
- 吹雪で体感温度が-50℃近く、また前日よりほとんど不眠不休で絶食状態であるため、ここで多くの将兵が昏倒し、凍死していった。
- Many soldiers fell unconscious and froze to death there due to nearly -50 degrees Celsius temperatures because sleepless and food-deprived since the previous day also contributed to their deaths.
- 植民地という呼称は、新規の領土を旧来の領土に比して特殊な政治制度の下におき政治的従属状態においているものを呼ぶことが多い。
- The designation of a territory as a colony is often used for the political subordination of a new territory placed under a special political system, compared with the original territory.
- しかし、緊急事態であることが考慮され、特別に治天となり、後高倉院(天皇の例に倣い没後に院号を贈られた)として院政を布いた。
- However it was considered that as an emergency, he became an exceptional Chiten, he started ruling the cloistered government as Gotakakurain. (Following the example of the Emperor, he received in go title (a posthumous title given to an emperor) after death.))
- しかし、この上田での遅延だけでなく道中の悪天候も災いして、遂に9月15日の関ヶ原本戦に遅参するという大失態を犯してしまった。
- However, not only this delay at Ueda, but also bad weather along the way caused harm, and he made a cataclysmic gaffe to be late for the main battle of Sekigahara on October 21.
- しかし文禄2年(1593年)に秀吉に嫡男・豊臣秀頼が生まれると事態は急変し、関白の地位に就いていた秀次の立場は微妙になった。
- However the situation changed completely as a result of the birth of Hideyoshi's son, Hideyori in 1593, and the status of Hidetsugu as Kanpaku (the chief adviser to the Emperor) became insecure.
- 日朝貿易を経済的基盤としていた宗氏は事態の打開を図り、1547年に偽日本国王使を派遣した結果、締結されたのが丁未約条である。
- The Teibi Yakujo that was concluded when the So clan, who were economically dependent on Japan-Korea trade, managed to effect a breakthrough in the situation and a pseudo King of Japan envoy was dispatched in 1547.
- 現在は松竹京都映画の構内に事務所を間借りし、作品契約の形態で、現在監督・プロデューサーを含む約60人のスタッフを抱えている。
- Now, they rent an office on the premises of the Shochiku Kyoto Eiga Co., Ltd. and have about 60 staff members including directors and producers on the basis of contract for each production.
- 結局は海外への流出分も含めて実質的には明治初期の混乱に乗じて殆どが切り捨てられて地金扱いされたのが実態であったとされている。
- In the end, the situation was thought to be that counterfeit money, including those that circulated abroad, were mostly thrown away and handled as metal, in essence, under the cover of the confusion during the beginning of the Meiji period.
- なお、元来固定施設(店舗)で営業することがほとんどであった業種でも自動車に営業設備を設けて営業する形態が近年増えてきている。
- Besides, the number of business methods which use cars equipped with facilities for selling is increasing these days, though their products had been sold mostly in fixed facilities (stores).
- この当時の大養徳国の政治の実態はよく分かっておらず、どう大養徳国金光明寺の建設計画に関っていたのか、疑問が残るところである。
- The actual political system in Yamato Province of those days is not known, and it is not clear how the provincial government was involved in the construction plan of Kinkonmyo-ji Temple in Yamato Province.
- こうした事態を重く見た西郷従道農商務卿が仲介に乗り出し協定を結ばせ、一旦は競争は沈静化したものの、やがては協定破りが常態化。
- The Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Tsugumichi SAIGO, took the matter seriously and mediated the arrangement between the two companies, and the competition was once cooled down, however, eventually they started breaking the agreement.
- 律令制下で天皇は太政官組織に依拠し、実体的な権力を振るったが、この政治形態は法令に則っていたため、比較的安定したものだった。
- Under the Ritsuryo system, the Emperor stood on the organization of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and exercised his actual powers, but since the form of the government conformed to rules and regulations, it was relatively stable.
- 孝明天皇の公式の伝記である『孝明天皇紀』においては、典医たちは、定期的に天皇の病状を「御容態書」として定期的に発表していた。
- According to Emperor Komei's official biography, 'Komei Tenno ki,' the Emperor's doctors used to make regular announcements in terms of the Emperor's health as 'Emperor's health record.'
- ちなみにこの事件で天皇と定信の双方を説得にあたって事態収拾を図った関白鷹司輔平は初代直仁親王の末子で典仁親王の実弟に当たる。
- Consequently, Chancellor Sukehira TAKATSUKASA worked to improve the situation by persuading both the Emperor and Sadanobu during this incident, he was the youngest child of the first Imperial Prince Naohito and also the younger brother of Imperial Prince Sukehito.
- 先代の称光天皇は1422年以降、幾度か危篤状態に陥るなど病弱で皇子が無く、後小松上皇は大覚寺統の動きを牽制する必要があった。
- Emperor Shoko was not well and had been in critical condition since 1422, and because he did not have any children, the Retired Emperor Gokomatsu felt the need to restrain the progression of the Daikaku-ji Imperial line.
- その時点でのファッショントレンドの内容をいち早く取り込みながらも、普通に着用できるリアルクローズとして低価格で提供する業態。
- A clothing style, in which timely fashion trends are adopted ahead of the times, yet provided at a low price as real clothes which can be worn every day.
- 他に当時、大名屋敷で放し飼いにされた犬が野犬化し市街地に出没するという事態もあり、この法令で4万匹の犬を収容していたとされる。
- Also, as it had come to the stage where dogs given free reign in the gardens of feudal lords would run stray and were often found wandering around town, 40,000 dogs were given accommodation due to the law.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の備中国は守護の細川氏が衰退した後、国人領主が割拠する状態にあったが、中でも台頭していたのは三村氏であった。
- Bitchu Province in the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) was split among numerous kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lords) after the Hosokawa clan, shugo (provincial constable) had gone into decline, but the Mimura clan stood out among them.
- 鈴木孫一・土橋若大夫・粟村三郎大夫ら七名は連署して誓紙を差し出し、信長が大坂表での事態に配慮を加えることを条件に降伏を誓った。
- The seven persons such as Magoichi SUZUKI, Wakatayu DOBASHI (土橋若大夫) and Saburotayu AWAMURA (粟村三郎大夫) submitted a cosignatory written oath to Nobunaga, by which they swore to surrender on the condition that Nobunaga would consider the situation in Osaka.
- しかし、翌1866年1月に、兵賦については金納をもって替え、その資金で幕府が直接に雇用する形態となった(幕府歩兵隊の傭兵化)。
- However, in January 1866, the system of heifu was abolished and hatamoto paid cash instead of heifu, and bakufu directly hired soldiers with the cash (the bakufu infantry became a mercenary).
- しかし、前回の和議とは異なり、信長が「今後の対応を見て赦免するかを決める」とするなど、著しく信長に有利な状態での和議となった。
- Unlike in the previous compromise, Nobunaga got significant advantages in this time's peace agreement, saying that it was up to Kennyo's future act whether he would forgive Kennyo.
- 特に7月17日以降から北京陥落の数日前までは比較的穏やかな休戦状態が維持継続され、尽きかけた食料・弾薬を調達することもできた。
- There was a mild cease-fire that continued for several days from July 17th to the fall of Beijing, and they were able to supply food and ammunitions that were facing shortages.
- しかし、一人あたりの耕地面積は狭く、農家は零細的経営を余儀なくされたため、農村の貧困状態を根本的に改善することはできなかった。
- However, as the area under cultivation per farmer was small and the farmers were forced to manage small farms, the poverty of the farmers was never fundamentally improved.
- 当時、朝廷は持明院統と大覚寺統の両統が交互に政務を担当する両統迭立の状態にあったが、西園寺家は両統双方と姻戚関係を結んでいた。
- At that time, the Imperial Court was alternatively ruled by the Jimyo-in Imperial line (the imperial line of Emperor Gofukakusa) and the Daikaku-ji Imperial line (the imperial line of Emperor Kameyama); Saionji family was connected to both of them by marriage.
- だが、土御門家一門の没落に伴って苦しい生活を送り、20歳を過ぎても出家も元服もままならないという中途半端な状態に置かれていた。
- However, his life was not easy due to the Tsuchimikado family being ruined, he was left in a state of confusion not even being able to have a coming-of-age ceremony after he was twenty years old.
- 団子運転 - 路線バス、ビルのエレベータ等において発生する現象で、複数の車両が間隔をあけずに続行運転となってしまう状態のこと。
- Dango Unten: It refers to a situation that buses or lifts are driven at very short intervals like a kushi-dango.
- たとえば100kgの玄米の状態であった酒米が、精米工程が済んだときに85kgになっていたとしたら、重量精米歩合は85%である。
- For example, if the brown (unpolished) rice of which weight is 100kg is polished to 85kg, then the rice-polishing ratio of the polished rice by weight is 85%.
- 短刀や剣といった短寸のものは腹部や右腰部、後腰部あるいは胸部や脚部など、長さや使用目的によって各自が装備形態を工夫したようだ。
- Short swords were carried in various forms, on the abdomen, right waist, lower back, chest or leg, depending on their length and use.
- 室町時代からすでに「振売」「棒手振り」(ぼてふり)と呼ばれていたこの業態が最盛期を迎えたのは徳川幕府の治める江戸時代であった。
- This business which had been already called 'furiuri' or 'botefuri' in the Muromachi period reached its peak in the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate governed Japan.
- 心理面においては明・朝鮮軍が連合軍であるために指揮統制が難しく、一度不測の事態によって混乱すると収拾が難しかったと思われること。
- Looking from the morale perspective, it was difficult to give out commands since the Ming and Korean army was the allied force and was difficult to rally once the confusion occurred due to any unpredicted events.
- それでも不動穀引継のための儀式は実態がないまま、国司の制度が存在していた南北朝時代_(日本)頃まで継続していたと考えられている。
- Yet it is thought that the ceremony for transfer of Fudokoku did exist although there was no existence of real warehouse until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts in which the provincial governor system still existed.
- 律令制、特に班田収授法を推し進めようとする朝廷と、九州南部において共同体的な土地利用形態を守ってきた隼人との間で緊張が高まった。
- The tension intensified between the Imperial court who tried to promote the ritsuryo system, especially the law of rice field allotment system and the Hayato who kept communal way of land use in southern Kyushu.
- この遺跡では、300あまりの礎石が残るなど遺構の保全状態は良好であり、礎石の配列から東大寺の伽藍配置と同様の建物配置を持つこと。
- The ancient structural remnants of this site (including over 300 foundation stones) are preserved in good condition, and the placement of the foundation stones shows that the layout of the temple was the same as the one of the Buddhist temple placement in Todai-ji Temple.
- 元治元年8月頃 近藤勇の態度に遺憾を感じた永倉新八、原田左之助、斎藤一、島田魁、尾関雅次郎らが会津・松平容保に非行五ヶ条を提出。
- Around August of 1864, Shinpachi NAGAKURA, Sanosuke HARADA, Hajime SAITO, Kai SHIMADA, Masajiro OZEKI and others, who were unsatisfied with Isami KONDO's attitude, submitted a five-point report of misconduct to Katamori MATSUDAIRA of Aizu.
- 平安時代以前から米で作る醪の混じった状態の濁酒のことを濁醪(だくらう)と呼んでいたのが訛って、今日のどぶろくになったと言われる。
- It is said that before the Heian period, unrefined sake with moromi (raw unrefined sake) made from rice had been called Dakuro and it changed to present-day Doburoku by regional accents.
- 日本の繊維産業はすべて手探りの状態から、ビニロンやテトロン(ポリエステルの商品名)、レーヨンなどの化学繊維の開発、製造を始めた。
- The Japanese textile industry began to develop and manufacture chemical fibers including vinylon, Tetoron (the product name of polyester), and rayon from scratch.
- 競技かるたは基本的に一組に1人の審判がつかない状態で行われるため、微妙な判定も競技者で判断しなければならない(セルフジャッジ)。
- Generally, Kyogi Karuta is played without a referee attending to each game; therefore players must judge themselves even if a difficult situation arises (self-judgment).
- このため、「間男7両2分」の賠償金を姦夫から取り立てたり、姦婦を離縁することで内々に事態の収拾を図るという例が多かったのである。
- Consequently, in many case, they saved the situation among themselves by collecting reparations known as 'maotoko seven ryo two bu' (compensation seven ryo two bu for adultery) from the adulterer, or divorcing the adulteress.
- その上で武士の生活態度や信条というモデルケースから日本人の精神的な土壌が醸成された過程を分かりやすい構成と言葉で読者に伝えている。
- He explained then the process in which Japanese spiritual base was fermented using model cases of samurai behaviours and principles in simple construction and words.
- 江戸時代は鎖国と呼ばれる状態にあり、外国との交流は中国(明・清)やオランダなどを除いて断絶したが、250年に亘る「泰平」を築いた。
- In the Edo period, Japan was in a state of what is called national isolation, ending cultural exchanges with foreign countries except for China (Ming, Qing) and the Netherlands, establishing peace which continued for 250 years instead.
- 事態に気付いた江戸幕府が通貨制度の改革に乗り出す頃には大量の金が日本から流出し、江戸市中は猛烈なインフレーションに見舞われていた。
- When the Edo bakufu noticed the situation and started to reform the currency system, a large amount of gold began flowing out of Japan, which created severe inflation in the city of Edo.
- 岩倉使節団派遣中に留守政府は重大な改革を行わないという盟約に反し、国内が急激な改革で混乱していたことは大久保らの態度を硬化させた。
- Contrary to the compact that promised the Rusu-seifu (government while heads of government are away) wouldn't conduct major reform while dispatching Iwakura Mission, the internal confusion caused by the drastic reform hardened OKUBO and other opponent's attitudes.
- フューダリズム(Feudalism)とは歴史学において中世ヨーロッパ社会特有の支配形態を指した用語であり、「封建制」と訳出される。
- Feudalism is a historical term referring to the system of government unique to medieval European society, and is translated as 'Hoken System.'
- もちろん律令にそう規定し、それを自負したり目指したことと、とりわけ唐や朝鮮諸国との関係に実態がともなったかどうかは別の問題である。
- Whilst these classifications were set forth in ritsuryo codes, boasted about and strived for, it's another question altogether whether they were actually realized in the relationship with Tang and the Korean kingdoms.
- 多くの古墳は築かれてから長い時間が経過したため、上に木が生えている事が多いが、建造当時の木のない状態が多くの古墳の本来の姿である。
- Because such a long time has passed since their construction, most kofun have trees growing on them, but the true state of a kofun at the time of completion was without trees.
- 最盛時には5~6千名だったとされる一揆勢の一部は暴徒と化して略奪・放火や打壊しを行い、事態収拾に向かった県庁役人や庄屋を殺害した。
- Part of the uprising party, which was said to consist of 5,000 - 6,000 people at its peak, became violent and committed looting, arson and destroyed houses, then killed Prefectural officials and shoya (village headmen) who tried to put the situation under control.
- この行為の基本的な形態は、南方に臨む海岸に渡海船と呼ばれる小型の木造船を浮かべて行者が乗り込み、そのまま沖に出るというものである。
- This practice was performed basically in the way that practitioners got on the wooden boat called Tokai-bune set afloat on the water near the southward beach and set sail.
- 国道沿いは深夜でも明るく、もはや幽霊の出る幕は何一つない状態となり、新しい住民の増加も伴って、前述の幽霊談義は過去のものとなった。
- Since it is illuminated bright along the Keihan Kokudo (National Road) even late at night, there is no room for ghosts; besides, with the increase of new residents, ghost stories mentioned before have been completely gone.
- しかし、延宝5年(1677年)7月5日、国子が危篤状態になるに及んで霊元天皇は急遽准三宮に叙し、また院号を与えて新広義門院とした。
- However, when Kuniko's condition became critical on August 3 1677, the Emperor Reigen conferred her the rank of Jusangu (an honarary rank next to the empresses) and the Ingo of Shinkogimonin.
- 真精米歩合(しんせいまいぶあい)とは、見掛精米歩合よりも精度の高い、米の状態の実勢に近い精米歩合のことで、次の式で定義されている。
- Shin seimai buai is the rice-polishing ratio which is of higher precision than the apparent rice-polishing ratio and closer to the true states of the polished grains and is defined by the following formula.
- 演出は浄瑠璃や下座、鳴物などを多用する旧来の歌舞伎狂言の形態であるが、内容はシェークスピアの影響の濃いスケールの大きな悲劇である。
- It is performed in the traditional kabuki kyogen play with Joruri (a dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment), Shimoza (background music player), and narimono (musical instruments) frequently used for stage effect, but the contents of the play is a large scale tragedy greatly influenced by Shakespeare.
- 地方の郡司・百姓らが上京し、大内裏の陽明門(内裏の公門とされていた)前で国司の苛政・非法を太政官へ訴えるという形態が通例であった。
- Gunji or farmers of provinces commonly visited the capital to complain to the Daijokan about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi in front of Yomei-mon gate (the public gate of the Imperial Palace) of Daidairi (the Greater Imperial Palace).
- しかし、当時の経済の実態は農村工業の発達と新興商人が都市でも地方でも台頭したことによって、株仲間の独占はむしろ形骸化しつつあった。
- But, in reality, the monopoly by kabunakama was losing substance due to the development of rural industry and the rise of emerging merchants both in urban and rural areas.
- その後、日本と清国の間で領土問題(台湾出兵参照)が発生し、日本の強硬な態度に驚いた清国は朝鮮に国書の受け入れ交渉をするよう指示した。
- Afterward, the territorial problem occurred between Japan and Qing (see also The Taiwan Expedition), then Qing feared Japan's strong attitude and they directed the Joseon Dynasty to receive the letter.
- つまり後醍醐天皇の行為は鎌倉幕府が社会秩序を維持する国家形態及び政権自体に対する転覆の企て、即ち「謀叛」であると見なされたのである。
- The Emperor Godaigo's act was seen as an attempt to overthrow the state or government itself, namely '謀叛', when the Kamakura bakufu maintained the social order in Japan.
- この間、時宗は非常事態への迅速な対処を名目として、時間のかかる合議ではなく、一門や側近(御内人という)らと専断で政策決定していった。
- During this time, in the name of a rapid response to the emergency, Tokimune made policies at his own discretion with only clansmen and close aides (Miuchibito (private vassals of the tokuso)), bypassing the parliamentary system which took a lot of time.
- このため、紀伝道・文章博士そのものは幕末まで続くが、教育学科としての実態が存在していたのは平安時代末期までであったと考えられている。
- Therefore, although kidendo and monjo hakase continued until the end of the Edo period, it is thought that their existence as an actual subject lasted only until the end of the Heian period.
- 前首相の松方正義が自らの閣僚にも見放されて内閣を放り出すという事態は、8月2日に大命を受けた伊藤にも今後の政権運営に不安を抱かせた。
- The situation that the previous prime minister Masayoshi MATSUKATA gave up the Cabinet because he lost the support of the members of his own Cabinet also made ITO who received the imperial command on August 2, feel concern about future government management.
- これらは国際法の知識や実態を紹介しているが、その情報は『万国公法』や同じくマーティン翻訳の『公法便覧』、中国の諸新聞に基づいている。
- Those source of information introduce knowledge of international law and actual cases and the original information was adopted from 'Bankoku Koho,' Martin version 'Koho Benran' or newspapers from China.
- しかしながら、その酒宴の最中に経基の営所が武芝の兵に囲まれるという事態が起こり、生命の危険を感じた経基は慌てて京へ逃げ帰ってしまう。
- However, Tsunemoto's quarters were besieged by the Takeshiba's troops in the midst of the feast, with the result that Tsunemoto, feeling a threat to his life, hastily returned to Kyoto.
- その後、古河家の姉小路基嗣・姉小路済継が小島家を圧倒して宗家の地位を奪うが、息子に先立たれた済継が死亡すると、同家は断絶状態となる。
- Mototsugu ANEGAKOJI and Naritsugu ANEGAKOJI of the Furukawa family subsequently attacked the Kojima family and deprived them of the position of head of the family, but Naritsugu's son died early, and the line ended with Naritsugu's death.
- 彼は幕府と連携してこの朝廷と幕府の決裂という事態を防ごうとしたが、上皇にはこうした動きをする基熙を「親幕派」とみなして激しく嫌った。
- Motohiro tried to prevent the breakdown between the two parties by working with the government of Edo, but the Retired Emperor Reigen considered Motohiro as being on the government of Edo's side and strongly resisted any need to deal with him.
- 単に高所作業を行うだけでなく、設置場所の状態や作業性、足場解体時の効率など、その場に応じて的確に判断して組み立てることが求められる。
- Besides working simply in high places, ashibatobi is required to assemble scaffolds based on proper judgment of the condition or the workability in the area and the efficiency at the time of disassembling depending on the various situations.
- 宗門人別帳などの公文書への記載が許されなかったというのが実態に近く、私的な文書の色彩が強い墓碑銘や過去帳に遺されているケースもある。
- The reality was more likely that these family names were not permitted to be written in public documents, such as Shumon Ninbetsu Cho (religious and population investigation registers), and in some cases, these names remain as epitaphs on tombstones or family registers of deaths, both of which were provided strongly with characteristics of private documents.
- 仏や菩薩を本地であると考え、その仏や菩薩が救済する衆生に合わせた形態(垂迹)を取ってこの世に出現してくるというのが本地垂迹説である。
- According to Honji-suijaku setsu, Buddha and bodhisattvas are honji (original ground or true nature), and they come to this world, in the shape (suijaku - literally, trace manifestation) in accordance with the life to be saved.
- かかる事態においては黄衣を着た春日大社の神人が現地に派遣され、春日大社の榊に四手をかけた簡易な仕立の神木を問題の田畠の中央部に立てた。
- In such a case, the shrine's jinin in 'koe' (yellow vestments) was dispatched to the manor, and simplified Shinboku, which was made up of the shrine's sakaki and 'shide' (a hanging), was stood at the center of the paddy or the field in question.
- また、御館の乱を契機に武田とは交戦状態となっていた北条氏政(妹は勝頼夫人)も相模・伊豆・上野国から甲斐・信濃へ進軍することに決定した。
- Ujimasa HOJO (Katsuyori's brother-in-law), who had been fighting with the Takeda clan since the Otate Rebellion, also decided to send troops into Kai and Shinano Provinces from Sagami, Izu and Kozuke Provinces.
- 特に文久年間以後には政情が緊迫するようになると、諸藩が万が一に備えて米を備蓄するようになって豊作でも米が流通しないという事態に陥った。
- Especially since the Bunkyu era (1861- 1864), the political situation in Japan grew tense, and the domains began to accumulate a stockpile of rice for emergency, and as a consequence the market became short of rice in spite of its rich harvest.
- (大正7年の改訂では、当初第一次世界大戦において、ドイツの勝利と独露軍事同盟を想定してロシア革命で白紙に戻すという事態を招いている。)
- (In the revision in 1918, the assumption of Germany's victory and the military alliance between Germany and Russia in the First World War brought the problem to put the policy back on the drawing board due to the Russia Revolution.)
- 山東省から押し出された義和団は直隷省(現在の河北省と北京市)へと展開し、北京と天津市のあいだの地帯は義和団であふれかえる事態に至った。
- The Boxers were expelled from Shandong Province and shifted to Zhili Province (current Hebei Province and Beijing City), and the land between Beijing and Tianjin cities became full of Boxers.
- ところが、平城・嵯峨両天皇の后(当時の后はそれぞれ朝原内親王・高津内親王)よりも先に高志内親王が恒世を儲けたことで事態は複雑となった。
- However, the situation became complicated because Imperial Princess Koshi gave birth to Tsuneyo before the Empresses (Imperial Princess Asahara and Imperial Princess Takatsu, respectively, on this occasion) of Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga.
- これは当時の貧しい食糧事情を思っての事であったが、ブルーギルは水生昆虫や魚卵・仔稚魚を捕食して日本固有の生態系を破壊するものであった。
- He introduced the bluegill into Japan considering the serious food situation in those days, but the bluegill was later revealed to be a fish that damages the ecosystem indigenous to Japan by preying aquatic insects, roe, and small and young fishes.
- もしこの推測が正しいとすれば、山部王と石川王はどちら側からも殺されずにすみそうな、態度のはっきりしない人物と考えられていたことになる。
- If this assumption is correct, Yamanobe no Okimi and Ishikawa no Okimi had been considered as ones who did not make up their mind so that they were not targeted from both sides.
- If this assumption is correct, Yamanobe no Okimi and Ishikawa no Okimi were thought to be those people who did not make up their minds so that they were not targeted from both sides.
- また、梅林を保護する立場である月ヶ瀬保勝会は戦中戦後の混乱から休眠状態に陥っていたが、新生月ヶ瀬梅林を盛り立てるために活動を再開した。
- Emerging from the dormant state it had fallen into during the war and postwar turmoil, Tsukigase Hoshokai resumed its operation to support the new Tsukigase Bairin.
- なかでも野暮ったい田舎の藩主などは頭頂部より前にのめりだすような、まるで蒲鉾をくっつけた状態の太長い髷をこれ見よがしに結うものもいた。
- Especially, some unsophisticated feudal lords in local provinces showed off the thick and long topknot, which stuck out from the top of the head, as if they put a semicylindrical-shaped Kamaboko (fish sausage) on their head.
- しかし、宋朝の財政がインフレーション状態に陥り逼迫してくると、当5銭(5文銭)や当10銭(10文銭)という貨幣も鋳造されるようになった。
- However, as the financial situation of the Sung dynasty fell to inflation and got into trouble, other coins such as to gosen (equivalent to five sen) and to jussen (equivalent to ten sen) were minted.
- 古墳は規模や化粧方法の違いとともにその平面形状によってと、さらに埋葬の中心施設である主体部の構造や形態によって細かく分類編年されている。
- Kofun is chronologically and particularly classified according to the size, decoration, surface shape, as well as the construction and shape of the main part, which is the most important part of entombment.
- その結果、藩札は大坂の両替商の関与を断たれ、桜井谷陣屋の米奉行が発行し、豊嶋郡の領内有力農民が銀穀方として運用する形態が幕末まで続いた。
- As a result, the currency exchangers in Osaka stopped supporting the domain's han bills, so their han bills were issued by a kome bugyo (commissioner of rice) of Sakuraidani jinya and were circulated as 'ginkokukata' by influential peasants in the territory of Teshima-gun until the end of the Edo period.
- しかし準備期間が全くないまま唐突に発せられた点は否めず、解放された女性の転職、収入面の補償などのケアは個々の地方に任される状態であった。
- However, since it was announced abruptly with no preparation period, the Meiji Government had to have local governments deal with aftercare services for liberated women in pleasant quarters, particularly prostitutes, such as finding new jobs and compensating for their lost income.
- この点について「君臨すれども統治せず」という原則をとる現代の日本やイギリスなどの君主と実態においては近しい存在であったという意見もある。
- On this point, there is an opinion insisting that in fact, the Emperor was similar to those in present day Japan and Great Britain, which holds the principle that 'he reigns, but doesn't govern.'
- For this point, some say that the Emperor was, in reality, in a similar position to the monarchs of current Japan and the United Kingdom with the base of 'reigns but doesn't govern'.
- アルコール発酵が止まっていない日本酒醪を火入れせずに酵母が生きた状態で瓶詰めし、瓶内でさらに発酵を進めて炭酸ガスを瓶内に閉じ込める方法。
- Moromi of Japanese sake in which alcoholic fermentation has not yet been stopped, is bottled without being heated and in the state where the yeast in it is still alive and, thereby, the fermentation is further fermented in the bottle and carbon dioxide is confined within the bottle.
- なお、天皇の権限といっても、運用上は天皇が単独で権限を行使する事はなく、内閣(内閣総理大臣)が天皇の了解を得て決断を下す状態が常であった。
- In principle, only the emperor had authority, but in fact, the emperor basically did not exercise powers by himself, but a cabinet (prime minister) made decisions with the emperor's consent.
- 硬貨の鋳造技術も旧態依然の未熟なものであり、江戸時代以来、偽造金銀銭が多く流通しており、貿易決済にも用いられたため諸外国からの苦情が殺到。
- Because a lot of forged gold and silver coins had circulated since the Edo period as coin casting technology was outdated and immature and they were used for trade settlement, a lot of complaints were made by foreign countries.
- 新貨条例は金本位制を制定したものであったが、実際には国内外の貨幣事情から、その後も金本位制は実現せず、事実上は金銀複本位制が実態となった。
- Although the New Currency Regulation stipulated the gold standard system, bimetallism was practically used since the gold standard system wa snot put into practice because of the currency circumstances at home and abroad.
- 神成大尉の命を受けて危急を知らせる途上で仮死状態となっていた後藤房之助伍長が1月27日に捜索隊に発見されたことから、遭難の詳細が判明した。
- The incident became clear when Corporal Fusanosuke GOTO who, on Captain Kannari's command, was on the way to inform of the emergency and was found in a state of apparent death by the search party on January 27.
- 大久保の変化を聞いて手応えを感じた板垣も、立憲政体樹立・三権分立・二院制議会確立などの政府改革の要求が認められたことで協力的な態度に転ずる
- Itagaki, feeling hopeful at the news of the change of Okubo's attitude, turned cooperative when his requests for the establishment of constitutional government and a bicameral system as well as for separation of powers were all accepted.
- 新説提唱が一段落してから、1980年代以降は直系・嫡系の皇位継承法説が最有力と目される状態に揺り戻したが、それで確定とはみなされていない。
- After the boom of the new theories, in the 1980's and later, the direct line imperial succession code theory and the legitimate child imperial succession code theory were again deemed dominant, but their credibility has not been confirmed yet.
- 更に翌年の輔仁親王誕生直後に太上天皇となっていた後三条が重態に陥ると、重ねて実仁親王が即位した後には、輔仁親王を皇太弟とするよう遺言した。
- In the following year when the Retired Emperor Gosanjo became seriously ill soon after Imperial Prince Sukehito was born, he repeatedly confirmed his will that Imperial Prince Sukehito would be the younger brother of Emperor Sanehito who was heir apparent after the enthronement of Emperor Sanehito.
- これらは繁殖力が強く、生態系に悪影響を与えているとされ、事実、メダカやタモロコなど、いくつかの在来種が補食関係の変化により姿を消している。
- It is considered that, since these foreign species have high productive ability, they are negatively affecting the eco-system in that area and, in fact, some of the native species such as killifish and field gudgeon have disappeared due to the changes in predation in the environment.
- その背景には朝廷に譲位の儀式のため費用がなく、その費用を政変を起こした細川政元に借りるという自己矛盾に陥る事態を危惧したとも言われている。
- Because the Imperial Palace was nearly bankrupt at that time, it is said that the Emperor was concerned over the worst situation in which money would have to be borrowed from Masamoto HOSOKAWA for an enthronement ceremony, even though he had caused the war.
- 常置の国家正規軍がなくなったことから地方の治安は悪化し、国衙の厳しい調庸取り立てに反抗した群盗の横行が全国的に常態化するようになっていた。
- Because nationally legitimate permanent troops became extinct, the security of local areas deteriorated, and it became an ordinary state throughout the nation that bandits were rampant against stringent collections of taxes by kokuga (provincial government offices).
- ただし、これは一種の緊急避難の措置であり、危篤状態にあった当主が奇跡的に回復した場合などには、当主がその縁組を取り消すことも可能であった。
- However, as Matsugo yoshi was an emergency measure, if the family head managed to recover miraculously, he was able to cancel the adoption.
- 律令制社会の実態を観察すると、本質的な奴隷身分は奴婢などの賎民に限られており、社会全体に奴隷制が存在していなかったことが明らかになっている。
- By studying the reality of the society based on the Ritsuryo system, it has become apparent that slavery did not generally exist in society because the essential slave class was limited to the nui and other senmin.
- 太政官布告として布告された本法は、その後も長らくこの状態を保っていたが、時間の経過につれ、次第にこの規定の実効性が喪失していくこととなった。
- This act introduced as edict of Grand Council of State remained intact for a long time after that, but lost its effectiveness gradually as time went by.
- 老中・堀田正睦は朝廷の権威を借りて事態の打開を図ろうとしたが、梅田雲浜ら在京の尊攘派の工作もあり、孝明天皇から勅許を得ることは出来なかった。
- Although the Roju Masayoshi HOTTA tried to break the deadlock by using his authority in the Imperial Court, he could not obtain Imperial sanctions from Emperor Komei since members of the sonjo (royalist) party in Kyoto including Unpin UMEDA prevented it.
- 埴輪は、当時の人々の服装、髪型、化粧など生活の実態を具体的に知ることのできる視覚情報を提供してくれるという点でも、学術的に貴重な資料である。
- Haniwa is academically precious, partly because it provides us with visual information, from which we can know vividly about people's daily life in those days, such as clothes, hairstyle, and makeup.
- ところが、年が明けて後光厳上皇の7回忌を巡って興福寺側が帰座の約束を破棄すると、義満は積極的に朝廷に参与して自らが主導する態度を見せ始めた。
- In the next year, however, Kofuku-ji Temple argued over the sixth anniversary of the Retired Emperor Gokogen and broke its promise of shinboku kiza, so Yoshimitsu actively participated in the court administration and began to suggest that he would take the lead in the negotiations.
- これを動用という(なお、現存する正税帳には粟や酒の形態で管理されていた動用も存在している。このため、動用の稲穀を特に「動用穀」とも称する)。
- This is called doyo (there were also doyo of millet and sake according to existing shozei records, and therefore, doyo of rice in husk is especially called 'doyokoku').
- 一方銅鐸も半島から伝わったと考えられるが、持ち込まれた製品と列島で作られた製品とは形態にやや差があり、列島での生産開始過程はよくわからない。
- On the other hand, although dotaku is thought to have been introduced from the Korean Peninsula, there was a difference in forms of introduced and manufactured products, and the process of manufacturing in Japan Archipelago is not known.
- 正長元年(1428年)7月に再び称光天皇が重態に陥ると、六代将軍の足利義教は貞成の実子である彦仁王を庇護し、後小松上皇に新帝の指名を求める。
- When Emperor Shoko became critical again in August and September 1428, the sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA protected Sadafusa's biological son, Prince Hikohito, and asked the Retired Emperor Gokomatsu to appoint a new Emperor.
- 在阪民放3局は府南部では京都市東山区今熊野に中継局が存在しているが、出力が300wと弱く、京都市内でも受信状態が芳しくない地域が少なくない。
- In the southern part of the prefecture, a relay station for three private broadcasting stations based in Osaka is placed in Imagumano, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City, but with its output power being small, 300 W, their programs cannot be received comfortably in various places of even the central Kyoto City area.
- 形態は、藩が設立し、藩学校の分校のようなものから、庶民を対象にしたもの、藩と庶民が協力して設立したもの、庶民のみの手になるものなどがあった。
- Gogaku had various forms: some were like branch schools of domain-run schools, and others were established for ordinary people; some were established by domains and ordinary people, and others were established only by ordinary people.
- 後は明治天皇に上奏し勅裁を仰ぐのみであったが、この事態にどちらかと言えば反対派であった太政大臣の三条実美が10月17日に倒れ、人事不省に陥る。
- They only needed to report it to the Emperor Meiji and ask for the imperial decision, but the Dajodaijin (Grand Minister) Sanetomi SANJO who was more than likely on the opponent side was taken with illness on the October 17, lapsed into a coma.
- 世界的に見てもこういった業態は多々存在し、都市部の市場で仕入れた物品を村落などを巡回する形で売り歩いた商人などの例は古今東西で枚挙に暇が無い。
- Many of those business conditions can be globally seen, for example, a lot of merchants who traveled around villages to sell goods purchased from markets in urban areas can be seen in all ages and countries.
- また、高野山から大股にかけてなど著しい破壊の見られる区間(現代)も若干あるものの、良好な状態の古道がまとまって残されている点も評価されている。
- Although there are several severely damaged parts of roads from Mt. Koya to Omata, it is highly evaluated that old roads with good conditions remain.
- 武田氏は、戦国大名家の家臣団に関する軍制や所領の実態が記された軍役帳や所領役帳などの基礎史料を欠いているため、家臣団の実態を知ることは難しい。
- It is difficult to know the reality of its vassals because basic documents concerning the military system and territories of the vassals of the Takeda clan, such as the register of military service and tax ledgers, are no longer exist.
- 内的再構とは、一つの言語の言語史を他言語との比較からのみ考えるのではなく、その言語内の共時態の研究を通じて求めていこうとするアプローチである。
- The internal reconstruction is an approach to the history of certain language through not only comparison with other languages but also a study on the synchrony of the language.
- 九十九神などを含めた妖怪とは、神霊の依り代となったことにより、神懸りとなり変化したものや、荒御魂という猛り狂った状態の神 (神道)の姿をいう。
- Yokai including tsukumogami are possessed by the supernatural and have turned into numen by becoming an object representative of a divine spirit; those that are constantly furious are called aramitama.
- 」とあるが、三世一身法の施行からまだ20年しか経っておらず、三代を経過して農民の意欲が減退するという事態が本当に生じたかは、疑問が残る所である。
- However, it still remains doubtful whether farmers of the third generation were really discouraged after only twenty years from the enforcement of the Sanze Isshin Law.
- 李氏朝鮮は階級差別と搾取によって農民が春窮と呼ばれる毎年春に飢える状況が常態となっているほど生産性の低い統治を行っており、国土開発を怠っていた。
- Productivity of governance by Yi Dynasty Korea was so low that such situations called shunkyu (literally, poverty in springtime) in which farmers starved in the spring time because of class discrimination and exploitation and national land development was neglected.
- このことから、当時の実態はヤマト王権が他の首長より優越はしているが強い支配関係にはなく、ヤマトと他地域の連合政権的な性格だったと考えられている。
- From these records, it is thought that although the Yamato Kingdom was superior to other chiefs, it was not a strongly dominant relationship, but rather more like a coalition government.
- ことは複雑で事態は単純ではないが、大きな流れとしては、江戸幕末では「開国」を主張する徳川幕府や薩摩藩と、「攘夷」を主張する長州藩の対立となった。
- While the whole situation was very complex, the major trend at the end of the Edo period was that the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Satsuma Domain who insisted on opening Japan to the world were at odds with the Choshu Domain who insisted on expelling foreigners.
- その後浅井氏は勢力を伸張して坂田郡から犬上郡まで勢力を広げるが、元亀元年(1570年)、織田信長と交戦状態になり、再び横山城の重要性が高まった。
- Subsequently, the Azai clan expanded its power from Sakata County to Inukami County, but in 1570 it started a war with Nobunaga ODA, by which the importance of Yokoyama-jo Castle emerged again.
- 平氏政権に反抗的な態度を取り続けるこれらの寺社勢力に属する大衆_(仏教)の討伐を目的としており、治承・寿永の乱と呼ばれる一連の戦役の1つである。
- It was one of a series of military campaign called Jisho-Juei War aimed for subjugation of Daishu (monks residing in the zendo) belonged to these forces of temples and shrines (Bhuddism) which have kept taking defiant attitude against the Taira clan government.
- 神前念仏の禁止が藩への不信感から「次は仏前でも念仏を唱えるなと言われるであろう」とのデマまで流布され、一犬虚に吠ゆれば万犬実を伝う状態となった。
- A false rumor which said 'Next, the domain may issue that not to chant Buddhist invocation even in front of the gods' was spread due to the prohibited of Buddhist invocation in front of the gods and the suspiciousness of the domain, and the situation became as 'If one dog starts to howl by mistake, all the others in the neighborhood take up the cry'.
- その一方で国民協会は独自の院内会派を結成しなかったために、国民協会所属のまま会派だけは中央交渉会に籍をおく議員が存在するなど複雑な状態となった。
- On the other hand, there were some councilors who belonged to Kokumin Kyokai while remaining to be members of the Central Negotiation Committee as a parliamentary group since Kokumin Kyokai didn't organize their own parliamentary group, and situation became very confusing.
- そして将軍上洛を契機に幕府の権力も江戸と京都に分裂し、幕府崩壊に至るまで分裂状態は完全に回復されないままとなり、幕府の寿命を縮めることになった。
- With the shogun going to Kyoto as a turning point, the bakufu leadership was divided into two: Edo and Kyoto, and the divided bakufu was not fully returned to its previous state until the collapse of the bakufu, which played a part in cutting short the life of the bakufu.
- 乱において山名宗全(持豊)率いる西軍に属した近江守護六角氏もまた、国内の荘園や将軍義尚近臣の所領を押領し、幕府への反抗の態度を露骨に表していた。
- Omi shugo (the Governor of Omi Province) the Rokkaku clan, who had belonged to the West squad led by Sozen (Mochitoyo) YAMANA in Onin-Bunmei Wars, also wrested shoen (private estates) in the province and territories of the trusted vassals of the Shogun Yoshihisa, thereby explicitly showing a rebellious attitude towards the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 信長公記やオルガンティノの報告書など当船について比較的詳細に述べられている資料には装甲についての記載がなく、鉄の装甲の実態については不明である。
- Even the data in Shinchoko-ki, Organtino's report and so on, which reported the ship comparatively in detail, included no description of the armor, so it is unknown how the ship was armored with iron.
- かつては10世紀初頭以降の政治状況・社会状況を指して、中央政府が統治権をほとんど放棄し、地方の無秩序状態をきたした状態と評価されたこともあった。
- In the past, political/social situations in the early 10th century was thought of as a society where the central government abandoned almost of its ruling power and invited the state of chaos in the provinces.
- 百姓らの生活・経済活動はモザイク状の名を中心としていたため、彼らの住居はまばらに散在しており、住居が密集する村落という形態は出現していなかった。
- Because the peasants' livelihoods and economic activities depended on the myo, which were located in a mosaic-like manner, their residences spread thin and there was no community in the form of a village where residences were densely packed.
- 姉川の合戦により領国が南北に分断されてしまっていたため犬上郡の佐和山城を守備する磯野員昌らは孤立してしまい物資の補給すらままならない状態であった。
- Because the feudal lords' territories had been divided from north to south due to the battle, warriors including Kazumasa ISONO, who guarded Sawayama-jo Castle in Inukami-gun, became isolated and had a hard time even receiving goods.
- しかし、一貫して金銀の純度を下げる方向で改鋳をし続けた結果、実態の経済規模と発行済通貨量が著しくアンバランスになりインフレーションが発生していた。
- However, he repeatedly reminted coins by consistently degrading the purity of the gold and silver, and this caused inflation due to a significant imbalance of actual economic scale and currency circulation.
- したがって2月21日から24日に至る薩軍の攻撃は悉く失敗しただけでなく、剽悍な士の多くがこの攻城戦で消耗して、24日以後は両軍の対峙状態に陥った。
- From February 21 to 24, the Satsuma army not only failed each and every attack on the castle but also had most of its fierce and cunning soldiers exhausted in the attack; after February 24, the both sides were involved in confrontation.
- 戦線が膠着状態となる中で義仲の耳に飛び込んできたのは、頼朝の弟が大将軍となり数万の兵を率いて上洛するという情報だった(『玉葉』閏10月17日条)。
- While the war was in a stalemate, Yoshinaka received the information that Yoritomo's younger brother who had become Taishogun (commander in chief) was on the way to the capital with tens of thousands of soldiers ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 10).
- さらに1987年の球場外野席改修工事で、破壊されたと考えられていた遺構の一部が良好な状態で発見され、残る遺構も同様に残存している可能性が浮上した。
- Furthermore, some of the ancient structural remnants were discovered in good condition when repair work for the outfield bleachers of the stadium was being conducted in 1987, which raised the expectation that other remnants were remaining.
- しかしながら近年の研究によると、この和談の実態は従来の理解とは異なり、合意に達しない単なる話し合いの場であったとする見解が極めて有力となっている。
- According to the recent study, however, the conventional understanding for this comprise was far from what the practical comprise was, and it is a prevailing opinion that an agreement was not reached in the Bunpo Compromise and it was just a meeting.
- 承久の乱以後は、朝廷は独自の軍事力を失って、幕府に対して従属的な立場に立たされることになり、ときには幕府の命令で天皇が任免される事態にまで至った。
- After the Jokyu War, the Imperial Court lost its military power and was subordinated to the bakufu, and this sometimes resulted in a situation where the Emperor was appointed upon orders from the bakufu.
- それらへの対抗策も講じられ、外来種駆除や生態系に配慮した水位操作、内湖の再生など様々な取り組みが行われているが、まだ十分な効果をあげられていない。
- Although various actions--including the removal of introduced species, environmentally friendly operation of water-level control and restoration of lagoons--have been taken to resolve those issues, sufficient results have not been achieved.
- 地域によっては、夕方以降、歩道や広場を使って衣料品、雑貨類を販売する大規模な市場が現れたり、歩行者天国状態にした、食品の屋台街が現れる場所もある。
- In the evening, there are places for large scale markets to open their businesses upon sidewalks; these market places sell clothing and miscellaneous goods, and there are other market locations; this is where the street stalls serve food in streets temporarily closed to vehicle traffic.
- ある場面では合戦の再現を、ある場面では抽象劇の写実劇化(能の歌舞伎化)を、ある場面ではまったくの創作、と多彩な形態の場面群を提供する事に成功した。
- It succeeded to provide various types of scenes by reproducing a scene of the battle, making an abstractive performance into a realistic one (i.e. making a Noh play into a Kabuki play), and creating a completely fictional story.
- 律令政府が722年に企画した良田百万町歩開墾計画も、勧農の一形態であり、農業生産を振興することにより、財政収入を増加・確保しようとしたものである。
- The cultivation plan for a million-cho rice field under the ritsuryo government in 722 is a kind of kanno and the government tried to increase and ensure financial revenues by promoting agricultural production.
- これには、現地の岡本が日露和親条約の効力を否定し、樺太を日本固有の領土とみなして、ロシア側の開発を原則拒否する態度を取っていたことにも原因があった。
- This was partly caused by the stance of Okamoto, who defied the effect of the treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan, regarded the island as indigenous to Japan, and in principle refused the development of the island by the Russians.
- 日本は、台湾を領土とした後、地域により異なる形式・内容の法令が施行される事態になったため、これらの法令の適用関係を定めるための法規範が必要になった。
- After Japan colonized Taiwan, different types or contents of laws came into effect in various regions, and legal norms were needed to clarify the application of these laws.
- 先例を破って朝廷に事態を報告、対策を協議して日米和親条約を結び、下田港と函館港を開港し、9月には大船建造の禁を緩和、10月には海外渡航が解禁される。
- In an unprecedented move, the bakufu reported the state of affairs to the Imperial Court, where the matter was discussed until a treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan was concluded which opened ports at Shimoda and Hakodate, loosened a ban on production of large ships as of September and lifted the ban on foreign voyage by October.
- 日本の伊藤博文内閣は議会との激しい対立(5月30日、内閣弾劾上奏案可決)により政治的に行き詰まっており、対外的に強硬にでて事態打開をはかろうとした。
- The Japanese Hirobumi ITO cabinet had run out of policies during the fierce confrontation with the Diet (because the bill of the cabinet impeachment report to the throne was adopted on May 30) and tried to break the deadlock by resorting to an external hard-line policy.
- 安倍氏の分裂状態は室町幕府の支援を受けた安倍有世(泰親の子孫)の元で統一が図られ、土御門家 (安倍氏)と号して天文道・陰陽道を統括する立場となった。
- The divided Abe clan was reunited under ABE no Ariyo (a descendent of Yasuchika), who was backed by the Muromachi bakufu (a Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); they named themselves the Tsuchimikado family (the Abe clan), and acquired a position from which they could supervise both tenmondo and onmyodo.
- 部隊は統制が取れない上、雪濠を掘ろうにもそれらの道具を所持していた隊員は全員落伍して行方不明となっており、文字通り吹曝しの露天に露営する状態となる。
- The troop was out of control and, furthermore, they had to camp out literally in the windblown open because the soldiers carrying the tools to dig a moat in the snow had dropped out and disappered.
- 実際に固関が行なわれたケースが全て中央での非常事態である事、三関国の国府がいずれも関の東、すなわち中央から見て関の外側に位置している事など、である。
- All the cases in which Kogen was put into practice were emergencies in the capital; all the Kokufu (an ancient provincial office) of the Sangen provinces was positioned at the east side of each seki, namely, outside of seki when it was seen from the capital; and so on.
- 織田軍は既に四面楚歌の状態であるため、石山に監視のための軍を置くと、朝廷に働きかけて本願寺軍に矛を収めるよう詔勅を出すなど、本願寺との戦闘を避けた。
- Because the Oda army was already surrounded by enemies on all sides, it avoided a battle by asking the Imperial Court to issue an imperial rescript to urge Hongan-ji Temple to lay down its arms while a troops for surveillance was kept in Ishiyama.
- 特に問題となったのは朝貢貿易の形態を取ったため、渤海からの貢物に対して、日本側では数倍の回賜でもって応える義務が生じ、多大な利益を渤海にもたらした。
- The problem was that it took the style of tribute trade, so Japan was obligated to return severalfold kaishi (return gift) to correspond to a tribute from Bo Hai and produced great profit to Bo Hai.
- そんな中、文久2年(1862年)薩摩藩主の父島津久光が朝廷を動かして勅使(大原重徳)を出させ、幕府に改革を迫るという事態が発生する(→文久の改革)。
- Under the circumstances, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU (the father of the feudal lord of the Satsuma Domain) moved Imperial Court to send a messenger (Shigetomi OHARA), who urged the Edo bakufu to implement reforms (cf. Bunkyu Reform).
- 『日本政記』など一般向けの歴史書も大友皇子即位説をとったから、幕末の知識人の間で大友天皇の即位は常識化しており、明治時代の初めまでその状態が続いた。
- Since general history books, such as 'Nihon Seiki', supported the Prince Otomo enthronement theory, the enthronement of Prince Otomo was a prevailing view among intellectuals at the end of the Edo period and in the early Meiji period.
- 木津川の合戦に使われた船については信長公記、多聞院日記やオルガンティノの報告書などに記載が見られるが、寸法・装備などその実態については詳らかでない。
- Ships used in the battle of the Kizugawa river are described in Shinchoko-ki (Biography of the Warlord Oda Nobunaga), Tamonin nikki diary, Organtino's report and so on, but realities in detail such as its measurements/equipments are unknown.
- 調理方法として、蕎麦粉に熱湯をかけて混ぜ、粘りがでた状態のものを食べる「椀がき」と、小鍋に蕎麦粉と水を合せコンロで加熱しながら練る「鍋がき」がある。
- It has two cooking methods: 'Wan-gaki' which is cooked by mixing buckwheat-flour and boiled water into gruel, and 'Nabe-gaki' which is cooked by heating and kneading the mixture of buckwheat-flour and water in a pot on a stove.
- 系列会社にも当てはまるが、東映の作品は基本的に中身より量をメインとしており、「数打てば当たる」のごとく企画などは常に見切り発車の状態で実行されている。
- With regards to production policy, both Toei and its affiliates basically prioritize quantity over quality; projects are carried out without detailed examination of their feasibility, along the lines of the proverb 'He that oft shoots at last shall hit the mark.'
- 圧倒的に優勢な平氏は(見方によっては)ほとんど武装解除に近い状態にあったところを源氏に襲われて(まともな合戦にもならず)大敗を喫したということになる。
- The Taira clan possessed overwhelmingly superior power over the Minamoto clan but was subsequently made vulnerable (by some viewpoints) when they were surprisingly attacked by the Minamoto clan (there was limited fighting during the battle), and the Taira clan then lost the battle, suffering a massive defeat.
- 780年(宝亀11年)には伊治呰麻呂が陸奥按察使紀広純を殺害し多賀城を焼き払うという事態に至り、これ以降蝦夷征討といわれる果てしない戦いへと突入する。
- In 780, KOREHARI no Azamaro killed KI no Hirozumi, the Mutsu no Azechi (Inspector of Mutsu), and burnt down Taga-jo Castle, spurring endless war thereafter known as Ezo Seito ('The Ezo Conquest').
- 岩倉が軽傷と知ってひとまず安心するが、不平士族による政府高官の襲撃という事態を重く見た大久保は、ただちに警視庁大警視川路利良に早急な犯人捜索を命じた。
- Okubo was relieved to hear Iwakura's injury was slight one, but as he was strongly concerned about the fact the assault was made to a high government official by the Fuheishizoku, he told Toshiyoshi KAWAJI, the Daikeishi (top of the police) to search for the criminals.
- 我意を通し、摂関家に対し高圧的な態度をとった白河院の死によって、長らく宇治に籠居していた忠実は政界に復帰し、鳥羽院政の下、摂関家の権威回復に着手した。
- Having retired to Uji for an extended period of time, Tadazane returned to the political arena following the death of Shirakawa-in, who was strong-willed and had an oppressive attitude towards the Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), and began to restore the authority of the Sekkan-ke under the supervision of the cloistered government of Toba-in.
- 暫く三竦みの状態が続いたが、直義の失脚により直冬が九州を去ると、勢力を伸ばした懐良親王は武光・16代菊池武政菊池武澄等の働きによって大宰府を攻略した。
- There was a three-way deadlock for a while, but Tadafuyu left Kyushu due to Naoyoshi's falling, the Imperial Prince Kanenaga, who extended his influence, conquered Dazaifu with the support of the members of the Kikuchi clan, such as Takemitsu, Takemasa (the 16th head) and Takezumi.
- などがあり、すでに動作しているパーツやドライバが原因の可能性も考えられ、この状態に陥ると、解決を目指すよりも、諦めて構成を変更したほうが良い場合が多い。
- And, it is also possible that some operating parts and drivers are the cause and when the computer falls into such a state, it is often better to change the configuration rather than trying to solve the problem.
- 形態は新聞社であったが、社会主義者と社会主義支援者らのセンターの役割を担い、事実上、社会主義協会 (1900年)とともに社会主義運動の中心組織であった。
- Although it was a newspaper company in its appearance, it was in reality the central organization of socialistic movements playing the role of the center for socialism and socialism supporters together with the Socialist Association (in 1900).
- だが、これを政権復帰の好機と見た桂・「桂園時代」により政権から遠ざかっていた薩摩閥両者の思惑が上原を強硬な態度へ導いたことで大きな問題となったのである。
- However, Katsura, who regarded the situation as an opportunity for him to return to the government, and the Satsuma clique, which had been swept away from power during the Kei-En era, set out to take advantage of this situation and obliged Uehara (the minister of army) to take the hard line, provoking serious repercussions.
- 結成2ヶ月後の6月22日に古荘らが西郷従道・品川弥二郎を盟主として国民協会_(日本)が結成すると、同協会への合流を巡って分裂状態に陥り離脱者が続出する。
- On June 22, when two months had passed since the formation of the committee, Furusho and other people formed Kokumin Kyokai (National Association) (Japan) with Tsugumichi SAIGO and Yajiro SHINAGAWA as the leaders, and this tore the committee apart in the dispute on whether their joining the association or not and caused steady stream of defections from the committee.
- 他国の国分寺の整備主体が各国の政庁だったように、大養徳国でもそうであったとすると、問題は、大養徳国の行政主体となるべき国庁の実態が不明であることである。
- If the provincial temple was constructed mainly by the provincial government also in Yamato Province like in other provinces, the issue is that how the provincial government actually functioned as the leading administrative body in Yamato Province is unknown.
- 特に食膳具には漆を塗ったり細かな装飾を施すなどした優品が多いが、木器は腐るために良好な状態で出土する例はまれであり、詳しいことは未だよくわかっていない。
- Although there are many excellent pieces of work in dinning utensils, which are lacquered and have fine decorations, it is rare for woodenware to be excavated in good condition as they easily rot, and the details are still not known.
- 酒造りを自由経済原理に任せてしまうと、小さな酒蔵が原料米を確保できなかったり、大きな酒屋が食糧米を酒に加工して囲い込んでしまうといった事態が恐れられた。
- Leaving the sake brewing to free economy mechanisms might cause situations where small sake breweries would not be able to obtain genryo mai (a rice type used for sake production) and where big sake breweries would keep edible varieties of rice to themselves for brewing sake.
- それまで国政を全面委任されていた幕府に対し、朝廷から改革の指示が下るという前代未聞の事態に幕府内は混乱するが、結局その大部分を受け入れざるを得なかった。
- For the bakufu which had been fully entrusted with the administration of the country, being ordered to reform by the imperial court was an unprecedented event and the bakufu got confused, but it had to finally accept almost all of the order.
- 特にイギリスは南アフリカでオランダと戦争状態にあったため(ボーア戦争)多くの兵力を送る余裕がなく、日本に派兵を要請したことも日本の大量派兵の一因である。
- Great Britain was at war against Holland in South Africa (Boer Wars) so they in particular did not have many surplus soldiers, so they requested Japan to dispatch their soldiers instead, which is why they sent a great number of soldiers.
- 大友皇子が朝廷を主宰していたこと、壬申の乱が皇位継承をめぐって争われたことが重要なのであって、形式的な即位の有無は小さな問題にすぎないという態度である。
- Historians considered that it was important that Prince Otomo ruled the imperial court and the Jinshin War occurred regarding to the succession to the Imperial Throne, and whether formal enthronement was performed was a trivial problem.
- 更に同年4月15日には、流罪となっていた塩焼王を許して京に入ることを許していることから、実態は不明ながら京(紫香楽京)の範囲が設定されていたとみられる。
- It is assumed that the area of the capital (Shigaraki no miya) was specified since Prince Shioyaki who had been transported was forgiven to enter into the capital in April 15, 745; the reality was uncertain.
- また、藤原伊尹が重態になった折に円融天皇が摂政の上表をすぐに受理してしまった事に対して藤原済時がその不見識(3度目まで待たなかったこと)を非難している。
- When FUJIWARA no Koretane became very ill, the Emperor Enyu accepted Johyo from a Sessho (Regent) straight away and FUJIWARA no Naritoki criticized this dishonorable behavior (that the Emperor did not wait until he received the third Johyo).
- 最終的には、豊臣秀吉による兵農分離(刀狩)と土地所有確認(太閤検地)の結果、惣村という結合形態は消滅し、江戸時代に続く近世村落が形成していったとされる。
- As a result of heinobunri (a separation of the warrior class in this domain from the soil) (Sword Hunt) and the confirmation of land ownership (Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), which had been implemented by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the style of connection called the soson finally disappeared, and there emerged early-modern villages that survived in the Edo period.
- もっとも朝鮮側にしてみれば使者は表向きが「祝賀使」であり実態は「賊探使」に過ぎず、秀吉に対して「朝貢」したつもりも「服属」したつもりも無かった訳であった。
- Although the Joseon Dynasty officially sent 'celebratory delegates,' their real intention was to learn about Japan's current situation, and they did not intend to pay 'tributes' or yield allegiance to Hideyoshi.
- まず1180年(治承4年)に鎌倉の大倉郷に頼朝の邸となる大倉御所が置かれ、また幕府の統治機構の原型ともいうべき侍所が設置されて武家政権の実態が形成された。
- Firstly Okura Palace was located in Okurago in Kamakura in 1180, and the Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers), which was an archetype of governing system of bakufu, was established and formed an actual samurai government.
- だが、安政6年(1858年)、家定が重態となると、南紀派の譜代大名は彦根藩井伊直弼を大老に据えて、6月に家定の名で後継者を徳川慶福とすることが発表された。
- However, when Iesada fell into a critical condition in 1858, the fudai daimyo of the Nanki group appointed Naosuke II of Hikone Domain as a tairo (chief minister) and announced in June in the name of Iesada that the successor was Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA.
- それに加え同年2月21日に棚尾村妙福寺で行われた棚尾親民塾開校式において、塾長である光輪寺の高木賢立が行った教育談話がこの事態に拍車をかける結果となった。
- In addition, on February 21, 1871, in the opening ceremony of Tanao Shinmin School in Myofuku-ji Temple, Tanao Village, the educational discourse of Kenryu TAKAGI, a principal of the school, from Korin-ji Temple worsened the situation.
- いうなれば諸国ごとの小華夷秩序の束が、互いに重なりながら存立する状態こそが、前近代の東アジア世界の国際秩序、すなわち総体として華夷秩序とよぶものであった。
- In other words, the state in which a batch of petit kaichitsujo of each countries existed overlapping with each other was the international order in the world of East Asia in premodern era, namely kaichitsujo as a whole.
- 更に父親在世中に父を飛ばして子を皇位に立てる慣例が存在しないために、恒世を即位させるために大伴親王にも皇位継承を認めなければならない事態となったのである。
- Moreover, as there had been no practice where a child would become emperor ahead of his father while the father was alive, it was required to approve Imperial Prince Otomo as the heir to the imperial throne in order to have Tsuneyo ascend the throne.
- ところが、近時住宅地にのみこまれた文化財は、地震等による大火で失われる確立が過去に無いほど非常に危険な状態にあると危惧する声が有識者の中から上がっている。
- However, experts are voicing the fear that the probability that cultural properties enveloped by the sprawl of recent residential areas can become lost in fires caused by earthquakes and other factors is greater than ever before.
- 従来は杉を中心とする天然木の供給や炭の生産によって生計を立てていたが、高度経済成長期に外材輸入量が増加したことにより、林業中心の産業形態は変容を迫られた。
- In the past, the people in the area earned their living by supplying natural wood or by producing charcoal, which is centered on Japanese cedars, but with the amount of imported lumber increasing in the high economic growth period, they have been forced to change their forest-centered industry.
- 明治時代は栄典大権は天皇に属するものであり、贈位は内閣賞勲局が担当したが、太平洋戦争後、生存者に対する叙位が停止したのに伴い、贈位も一時停止状態となった。
- During the Meiji period, the prerogatives of honoring belonged to the Emperor, and Decoration Bureau of the cabinet was in charge of zoi, but as joi for the survivors was suspended after the Pacific War, zoi also stopped at one point.
- また、律令の規定に関わらず大臣・大納言は中納言・蔵人頭・近衛大将とともに内裏内に置かれた宿直所(とのいどころ)・直盧(じきろ)に宿直して緊急事態に備えた。
- In spite of the provisions of the Ritsuryo Code, ministers and Dainagon, along with Chunagon, Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) and Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), stayed at Tonoidokoro (Tonoi's station) and Jikiro (ministers and counselors' station for attendance) in the Imperial Palace during the night in order to prepare for an emergency.
- 1873年(明治6年)、芸娼妓解放令が出されたが、娼婦が自由意思で営業しているというたてまえになっただけで、前借金に縛られた境遇という実態は変わらなかった。
- In 1873, the emancipation of prostitute act was issued, but it was only claimed in theory that prostitutes worked by their free will, and the actual condition that they were in the circumstances of being over head and ears in debt was not changed.
- この普請には幕府からある程度の費用が与えられてはいたが、動員された大名は経済的に疲弊し、例えば佐賀藩では藩士の俸禄を一律三割減らすといった状態に陥っていた。
- The bakufu offered a certain amount of expenses to daimyo who were ordered to do the fushin (Tenkabushin), however, the expenses impoverished daimyo; for example, the Saga clan had to reduce its retainers' horoku (salary) by 30% across-the-board.
- 品戸は畿内及びその周辺諸国に在住し、恒常的な貢納を義務付けられた常品部(つねのしなべ)と臨時の徭役労働に近い形態を有した借品部(かりのしなべ)に分けられた。
- Shinabe who lived in Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and its surrounding provinces were divided into tsuneno shinabe who were obliged to pay tribute on a constant basis and karino shinaba with a form close to temporary yoeki (corvee under the ritsuryo system) work.
- しかし慶喜はもちろんのこと越前・土佐・尾張などの親幕派の執拗な抵抗により、辞官納地案は次第に骨抜きとされ、それほど倒幕派の思惑通り事態が進んだわけではない。
- But the resolution of Jikan nochi was eventually watered down by the persistent resistance of pro-shogunate group, such as Echizen, Tosa and Owari, not to mention Yoshinobu himself, and things did not go as tobakuha planned.
- しかし、給食制度が一般化し、高度経済成長を経て日本が名実共に先進国の仲間入りをすると農家の経済状態も向上し、今日では欠食児童という言葉は死語になりつつある。
- When a school lunch program was generalized and Japan became one of the advanced countries both in name and reality through the high economic growth, the economic conditions for the farmers were improved and the word of 'Poorly-fed Children' became obsolete today.
- ともあれ、前述の5万点に及ぶ出土木簡の、「長屋親王宮」や「大命」の記載は、王家の生活や経営の実態とともに、皇親としての謎にせまるものとして、解明が待たれる。
- Anyway, the words 'Imperial Prince Nagaya' and 'imperial command' on the about 50,000 excavated mokkan are considered useful to make clear the facts of life and management of the royal family and mysteries of Prince Nagaya as a member of Koshin, and are awaited to be analyzed.
- 藍ほどではないが福知山と蚕の歴史を伝えるため、藍と同じく一部の学校では総合的な学習の一環として、蚕の飼育やビデオ鑑賞でその生態などを学ばせる学校も存在する。
- Although not as active as indigo dyeing, there are some schools which offer lessons on how to breed silk worms and how they live, through videos as part of the overall curriculum, in order to teach the history of Fukuchiyama and silk worms, much like indigo dyeing.
- 更なる発展形として、移動販売車の欠点[衛生面での業態の制限][道路交通法の問題][電気や給排水設備の不足][車内作業効率の悪さ]を解決した車両も現し始めた。
- Subsequently, Mobile Food Vendor Vehicles were developed into different forms to facilitate and resolve certain negative aspects: 'Limits on the business dependent on hygiene conditions,' 'problems in compliance to the Road Traffic Act,' 'the lack of equipment electricity, water supply, draining systems,' and 'the inefficiency of working inside a vehicle.'
- 王朝国家論が唱えられ、史学的検証が進んでからは、以上に見るとおり、中央政府は積極的に社会実態に適合した統治体制(王朝国家体制)を構築していったとされている。
- As explained above, it is now contemplated, thanks to progress in the study of Dynastic polity and its historical verification, that the central government actively built up the governing structure which could adapt to changing social situation.
- 加地子(かじし)は、日本の中世において、荘園領主・国衙(国司)へ納入する年貢・地子の他に、名主などの在地領主に対して納入した米(作得米)を指す租税の一形態。
- The term Kajishi (加地子) means rice (sakutokumai) delivered as a tax to a resident land-owner like myoshu (owner of rice fields) in the Japanese medieval period on top of nengu (customs)/jishi (land tax) for the lord of shoen (manor)/kokuga (provincial government officials) (kokushi (provincial governor)).
- 特に木戸孝允は征韓論を否定しておきながら、同じ海外である台湾に出兵するのは矛盾であるとして反対の態度を崩さず、4月18日参議の辞表を提出して下野してしまった。
- Among others, Takayoshi KIDO, who continued to oppose, submitted a letter of resignation on April 18 and resigned from his post as a councilor, saying that dispatching troops to Taiwan was inconsistent with rejecting Seikanron because both means sending troops to foreign countries.
- 日本に於いては、母系婚が鎌倉初期まで続いた事は論を俟たないが、男系相続の進展と共に、母系の婚家に男が通う形態から、まず、別宅としての男性主体の住処が成立した。
- In Japan, it is a matter of course that matrilineal marriage lasted until the early Kamakura period, but as succession in the male line became common, a man hardly came to visit his spouse's family, but came to have his own residence as a second house.
- その後も、大久保忠世ら諸将は小諸城に留まり真田勢と小競り合いを繰り返すも、11月には譜代の重臣石川数正が豊臣家に出奔する事態に至り、完全に撤退することになる。
- After that, warlords including Tadayo OKUBO stayed in Komoro-jo Castle and repeated skirmishes against Sanada's army, but in December, a senior fudai (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) Kazumasa ISHIKAWA ran away to the Toyotomi family, leading to a complete retreat.
- 更に高山義三京都市長や大達茂雄文部大臣が学校封鎖を「暴力革命」と非難して、当時の政治課題とされていた「教育2法案」の早期成立を訴えたために事態は益々混乱した。
- Furthermore, Yoshizo TAKAYAMA, the mayor of Kyoto City, and Shigeo ODACHI, the Minister of Education condemned the blockage of the school as a 'Violent revolution' and required the early establishment of the 'Two Education Laws' that made the situation more confused.
- 大日本協会は超党派の団体であり、佐々のように国民協会_(日本)に所属したまま、大日本協会に属している代議士や大日本協会専属の議員など、所属形態は多様であった。
- The Dai Nihon Kyokai was a nonpartisan organization consisting of members from different political parties, including representatives such as Sassa, who also belonged to the Kokumin Kyokai (National Association), and some councilors belonging exclusively to the Dai Nihon Kyokai.
- これに対して幕府は米1,500俵を京都市民への放出を決定、法度違反に関しては事態の深刻さから天皇や関白が行動を起こしたのももっともな事であるとして不問とした。
- In response to that, the bakufu decided to release 1,500 hyo (bales) of rice to the Kyoto citizen and to overlook the violation of the regulations as the act by the Emperor and the Kanpaku could be considered justifiable due to the serious situation.
- 桐塑または木で出来た頭と手足に胡粉(ごふん、蛤粉ともいう)を塗り、おがくずを詰め込んだ布で出来た胴につなげた人形で、裸の状態で売られ、衣装は購入者が作成する。
- Ichimatsu ningyo, which consists of a head and limbs made from the mixture of sawdust of paulownia wood and wheat starch, or from wood, painted with a white pigment made from oyster shells (or that made from clam shells), connected to a body made from a sawdust-stuffed cloth, is sold naked and the purchaser makes its costume.
- なお、その後も2007年1月に、やはり海上保安庁から高画質の原寸模写図3枚を含む色彩模写図が発見されるなど、まだまだ状態の良い伊能図が発見される可能性はある。
- Considering that colorful replicas including three sheets of high-quality full-sized replicas were discovered at Japan Coast Guard again in January 2007, it is still possible to discover more copies of Ino map in good condition.
- 現在の栃木県日光市足尾地区では江戸時代から銅が産出していたが、江戸時代前期をピークとして産出量はいったん低下し、幕末にはほとんど廃山の状態となって国有化された。
- In the present Ashio district, Nikko City, Tochigi Prefecture, copper mines had been mined since the Edo period; after reaching its peak in the early Edo period, the output kept declining, and by the end of the Edo period, the mines were almost abandoned and nationalized.
- だが、この事態に危機感を抱いた薩摩藩の暗躍に幕府側の強硬派が乗せられ、慶応4年1月3日 (旧暦)(1868年1月27日)に鳥羽・伏見の戦いに突入することになる。
- However the clandestine activities of the Satsuma Domain, who felt very much threatened by this development, successfully agitated the hard-liners of the Shogunate supporters, leading to the Battle of Toba and Fushimi on January 27, 1868.
- 大阪堂島の堂島米会所の記録によれば、1918年の1月に1石15円だった米価は、6月には20円を超え、翌月7月17日には30円を超えるという異常事態になっていた。
- According to the record of Dojima rice exchange in Dojima, Osaka Prefecture, the rice price that had been 15 yen per 1 koku (about 180 liter; an old unit showing volume) in January, 1918 rose above 20 yen in June and then 30 yen on July 17, which was an abnormal circumstance.
- しかし、「観光地」として選ばれたため、田植え体験や稲刈り体験など、古来からの農業体験をする場、または「グリーンツーリズム」の場として、農村の形態は変化している。
- However, selected as a 'tourist spot,' the farming villages have been transformed into a venue for traditional agricultural experiences such as rice transplanting and harvesting, or a venue for 'green tourism.'
- こうして、名実ともに東国の支配権を確立していった頼朝は、1184年、行政を担当する公文所(後の政所)と司法を担当する問注所を置いて、政権の実態を形成していった。
- Thus Yoritomo established the right of government over Togoku in reality and in name, and in 1184 he set up the Kumonjo (later Mandokoro) in charge of administration and Monchujo in charge of justice to form actual government.
- 政治史の分野においては、幕末の把握に関して、単なる過渡期とするか、あるいはそれ以前以後とは異なった独自の国家状態もしくは国家体制とするかの2つの見方に分かれる。
- In the field of political history, there are two different views on the bakumatsu period, one of which sees it as a normal transitional period, and another which views the period as a unique state of governance, separate from the previous system.
- 幕府法制では17歳未満の武家は養子を迎えることができず、17歳未満の当主が、危篤状態もしくは急死したとしても急養子を迎えられず家が断絶してしまう可能性があった。
- By Bakufu law, a samurai family with the head under the age of 17 could not adopt a child, so if the young head of the family had critical illness or died unexpectedly, the family faced the possibility of ending its line without an heir.
- その後、三国協商・日露協約締結によってその可能性は失われたものの、長年の国防における「海主陸従」状態の打破の好機と見ていた山縣はあくまでも策定の成案を目指した。
- The possibility of the war was lost due to the conclusion of the Triple Entente and the Russo-Japanese Agreement, but Yamagata who regarded it as the golden opportunity to break through the situation of 'Navy is a major, Army is a minor' in the longtime national defense, aimed at the final draft of the formulation.
- (また水稲である温帯ジャポニカについても縄文晩期には導入されていたともいわれ、現在では弥生時代のはじまりと定義される稲作開始時期自体が確定できない状態である。)
- (Also it is said that temperate Japonica rice, a paddy-rice plant, had already been introduced at the end of the Jomon period and the starting time of rice cultivation, defined as the beginning of the Yayoi period, cannot be confirmed at the moment.)
- なお、実際には家臣などを代官として支配・経営させている場合も多く、実態としては朝廷や幕府を本所や本家あるいは領家とした荘園に近い形態であったとも考えられている。
- In many cases Goryosho was actually controlled and run by local governors and was almost like a manor where Imperial Court and Shogunate took the place of honjo (the administrative headquarters of manor) or of Honke, the head family (the owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Shoen) or of ryoke (virtual proprietor of manor.)
- この決定は皇位継承のような重大事は事前に江戸幕府に諮るとした禁中並公家諸法度の規定にも拘らず「非常事態」を理由に幕府に対しても事後報告の形で進められたのである。
- This decision was made without asking approval from the government and it was reported to them afterwards as it was said to be a state of emergency, although such important issues, like Imperial succession, should have the government's opinion according to Court laws during the Edo period.
- だが、皇位継承が後光厳の直系子孫による方針が決められたために崇光と伏見宮家による後光厳と室町幕府に対する反感が高まって、北朝は事実上の分裂状態に陥ったのである。
- However, after it was decided that the direct descendants of Emperor Gokogon would succeed to the throne, antagonism was raised against Emperor Gokogon and the Muromachi bakufu by Emperor Suko and the Fushiminomiya family, and this practically caused a division within the Northern Court.
- 天皇を軽んじた信長の態度に朝廷はうろたえるが、それ以上に信長が朝廷に征夷大将軍の任を求めることを恐れた足利義昭は、かつての家臣・明智光秀に信長暗殺を持ちかける。
- The Imperial Court was flustered by Nobunaga's attitude to pay little attention to the emperor, and Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA was afraid that Nobunaga might ask the imperial court for appointment as Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and proposed Mitsuhide AKECHI, who had once been Yoshiaki's vassal, to assassinate Nobunaga.
- 年貢については、石高を村落全体で集計した村高(むらだか)に応じた額が、村の年貢量とされ、年貢納入は村落が一括納入の義務を負う村請(むらうけ)の形態が採用された。
- The murauke system (a village's collective responsibility for tax payment) was established in order to collect the nengu from the village as a collective unit, in which an amount of nengu was determined from the total kokudaka of the entire village.
- 安定な状態を、確実なものにしようと、荘園の寄進を行うが、その段階で、自分の直接支配地だけでなく、郷の単位ぐらいに、周辺の公領も切り取って規模を拡大して立荘する。
- A donation of shoen was made to secure its stable state, and on this occasion, the area of the shoen was defined by inclusion of not only their regions of direct influence but also nearby public land cut off by about a village unit to increase the area.
- このような保護政策の下、日本の財閥も台湾糖業への投資を行い製糖が次々に設立され、台湾の伝統的な糖業は大きな打撃を受け、また甘蔗農家の収入が抑圧される事態が続いた。
- Under these protection policies, the Japanese Zaibatsu (company syndicate) began investing in the sugar manufacturing industry and setting up sugar manufacturing factories, which situation was a blow to the traditional sugar manufacturing in Taiwan and suppressed the income of the sugarcane farmers.
- 中国でも周辺の東アジア諸国でも、10世紀以後、上記のような律令制は死滅もしくは形骸化したが、その後も法形態としての律令は、中国や日本やベトナムなどで存続し続けた。
- Both in China and its East Asian neighbors, the Ritsuryo system as described above disappeared or became a dead letter after the 10th century, but even after that period, it continued as a form of law in China, Japan, and Vietnam.
- これにより東京は無政府状態となり、翌9月6日、日本政府は戒厳令(緊急勅令による行政戒厳)を敷くことでようやくこの騒動を治めたのである(戒厳令廃止は11月29日)。
- Due to this, Tokyo was put in a state of anarchy, and on September 6, Japanese Government proclaimed martial law (administrative martial law by an emergency imperial edict) and the disturbance finally calmed down. (The martial law was abolished on November 29.)
- このため、神社・仏事に帰属されるべき所領(神物・仏物)が僧侶・神官の私物(僧物・仏物)になってしまった状態を元の状態に戻すことが寺社興行における最大の課題となる。
- In such circumstances, the biggest problem in the Jisha Kogyo was to restore the situation that the shoryo which should belong to the shrine or the Buddhist temple (god's belongings, Buddha's belongings) was treated as the private things of the Buddhist monks and the Shinto priests (monk's belongings, Buddha's belongings) to the original state.
- 後にこうした土地は雑役免としての実績を背景に寄進地系荘園として不輸の権 (日本)・不入の権 (日本)を獲得したり、荘園状態となった国衙領の構成単位となっていった。
- Against the background of the established fact of Zoyakumen, these lands later obtained fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption)/funyu no ken (the right to keep tax agents from entering the property) as kishinchi kei shorn (shoen originated from donated lands) or became the unit of kokugaryo, which was then consisted of many shoen.
- 『周礼』に記された都城の態様がいつ頃から具現化されたのかは明らかではないが、中国の歴史上、このような純然たる都城制が採用されたケースはほとんど見ることができない。
- It is not clear when this type of Tojo written in 'The Rites of Zhou' came into practice, but such pure and simple application of Tojo system can hardly be seen throughout the Chinese history.
- 古くは和紙が貴重品であったために、使用済みの面を反故として、白紙の状態である裏面を利用して別の筆記を行っており、漉返紙と並んで和紙の再利用法として活用されていた。
- Since washi (Japanese paper) was valuable in ancient times, once paper was used, the back side of the paper, which was blank, was reused for other writing; this method for recycling Japanese paper was utilized along with sukigaeshi gami (paper made by redissolving used paper).
- このとき、義隆も隆房らの謀反を恐れて、自ら甲冑を着けて居館に立て籠もり、さらに隆房に詰問使を送るなどしたことから、義隆と隆房の仲は最悪の事態を迎えることとなった。
- At that time, Yoshitaka also barricaded himself in his residence with kacchu (armor) on by himself because of the fear of rebellion by Takafusa, and moreover sent questioners to Takafusa, that made the relationship of Yoshitaka and Takafusa worst.
- 桂はこの事態を乗り切るために外交では日英同盟を締結してロシア帝国との対決姿勢を強め、内政では伊藤博文を枢密院議長に祭り上げて政友会総裁を辞めさせることに成功した。
- In order to weather that crisis, Katsura took a more clearly adversarial stand against the Russian Empire by concluding the Anglo-Japanese Alliance; he also succeeded in having Hirobumi ITO resigning his position as the president of the (Rikken) Seiyu party by kicking him up to chairman of the Privy Council.
- 自らの存在を否定することになる日本国憲法の審議では、下手に否決して天皇制廃止論を連合国に持ち出される事態を恐れたため、次善の策として消極的な賛成論が大勢を占めた。
- At the discussion on the Constitution of Japan, which eventually meant the loss of their existence, Kizokuin were worried that the Allies might promote abolishing the Emperor system and to counter this, most of the councilors reluctantly agreed with the Constitution.
- しかしこの記述では、継体が507年に即位してから大和に都をおくまで約20年もかかっており、天皇家(実態はヤマト王権)と周辺の部族国家間での混乱があったと思われる。
- In this description, it took Keitai nearly 20 years to place the capital in Yamato after he assumed the throne, which suggests there was disarray between the imperial family (in fact Yamato sovereignty) and the neighboring tribal states.
- これらの実態から、当時、朝鮮半島を実行支配していた日本との協約を無効だとする解釈は「法の不遡及」的解釈であるとする考え方が日本や有効・合法論においての考え方である。
- Under these circumstances, the interpretation that the treaty with Japan who actually ruled the Korean Peninsula at that time was invalid is regarded as 'legally non-retroactive' interpretation in Japan and among the advocates of validity and/or legality.
- 一方、東路軍は度重なる日本軍のコマンド作戦により、博多沖の海上で釘付け状態となり、やがて食料や水不足と発生した疫病により「兵糧攻め」と同じ状態になって疲弊していた。
- On the other hand, the Eastern Route Army was forced to stay at sea near Hakata by successive attacks by Japanese commandoes, and soon became exhausted by the situation that would 'drive them into starvation,' due to the shortage of food and water as well as an epidemic.
- この梅北一揆はもともと遅れ気味であった島津氏の文禄の役参陣をさらに遅らせてしまう結果となり、島津義弘をもってして「日本一の遅陣」と言わしめるほどの失態につながった。
- Umekita ikki caused the further delay in sending of troops from the Shimazu clan that was already late in the Bunroku Campaign, as Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, the head of the Shimazu clan, recognized it as 'the slowest dispatch of troops in the country.'
- 大名屋敷が再建され、参勤交代のために多くの武士が滞在するようになると、彼らの生活を支えるため江戸の町は急速に復興するが、もはや外堀内の江戸の町は狭すぎる状態だった。
- The town of Edo recovered as daimyo reconstructed their residences and as an ever increasing number of samurai migrated to the city in accordance to the Sankinkotai system, the town of Edo rapidly recovered to support their needs; but in practical terms, the town of Edo could not longer be contained within its outer moat.
- 江戸時代には秤量銀貨の実測値が通貨単位として使用され、元禄13年(1700年)に丁銀60匁は小判1両に相当すると公定されたが、実態は市場経済による変動相場であった。
- In the Edo period, the currency value of Hyoryo ginka (the silver coin used as the currency by weight) depended on its weight, and in 1700, 60 monme of chogin (silver coin) was officially equalized in value with 1 ryo of koban (former Japanese gold coin of oval shape), however, it was actually floating rate by the market economy.
- しかし、経久三男の塩冶興久の率いる反尼子同盟に加わり、興久の反乱に加担したため、1531年に尼子経久に藤ヶ瀬城が再度攻撃を受け、三沢為国らは捕虜となる事態も起きた。
- Since Tamekuni joined and sided with an ally in a rebellion against the Amago clan, which was led by Okihisa ENYA, the third son of Tsunehisa AMAGO, Tamekuni's Fujigasejo Castle was again attacked by Tsunehisa AMAGO in 1531 and Tamekuni MISAWA and his followers were held captive.
- 同時に彼は日本統治そのものについては朴正煕政権との類似性などをあげ、軍事独裁の一形態であり、韓国の資本家に独裁政権への依存体質をもたらす原因になったとも述べている。
- At the same time, he pointed out the similarity of the Japanese rule to Chung-hee PARK's government, and said it was one form of military dictatorship, and caused Korean capitalists' dependence on dictatorship.
- しかし、この攻勢で周辺一帯が荒れ果てたため、事態を憂慮した雑賀衆が翌日に大坂での事に配慮を加えることを条件に降伏を申し入れたため、信長はこれを受け入れて兵を引いた。
- However, the Saikashu, worried about a war-torn land due to the attack, offered a surrender on the condition that they would give consideration to the attack in Osaka on the following day, and Nobunaga accepted it and withdrew.
- 交戦状態でもないにもかかわらず、また義和団に占拠されていたのでもないにもかかわらず、列強がこの挙に出たことが、清廷内の排外主戦派を勢いづかせ、西太后の決心を促した。
- The fact that the allied western powers used force despite not being at war or being conquered by Boxers motivated the anti-foreign war party within the Qing dynasty and led to the decision made by Empress Dowager.
- その不快な感覚が「くすぐったい」という感覚であり、そうした「生命にとっての危機かもしれない」と錯覚された状態から逃れようとする自律神経の過剰反応が「笑い」にあたる。
- The uncomfortable feeling is 'tickling' feeling, and an excessive response of autonomic nerves, which try to avoid the illusionary state of 'a potential crisis of life', causes 'laugh'.
- 最終的に後陽成天皇はこれを受け入れたものの、結果的には自己の希望に反して家康の意向によって立てられた政仁親王に対しても良仁親王と同様に冷淡な態度を取るようになった。
- Finally, Emperor Goyozei agreed to this; however, he treated Imperial Prince Kotohito coldly the same way he had Imperial Prince Katahito, since it was not the Emperor's intention but Ieyasu's to let Imperial Prince Kotohito succeed to the throne.
- だが成氏も享徳の乱を起こして、古河城に逃れて古河公方を名乗り、更に上杉氏は山内上杉家と扇谷上杉家に分裂したため、応仁の乱が始まるよりも前に関東地方は騒乱状態となる。
- However, Shigeuji also raised the Kyotoku Rebellion and escaped to Koga-jo Castle, where he named himself Koga-kubo (古河公方), and as the Uesugi clan split into the Yamanouchi Uesugi and Ogigayatsu Uesugi families, the Kanto region was in a state of turbulence before the Onin War started.
- また、生物学の知識に裏打ちされた優れたパロディ『鼻行類書籍としての『鼻行類』』は、ハイアイアイ群島に生息した鼻行類の生態を精緻に分析した研究書という体裁を取っている。
- An excellent parody, which is bolstered by biological knowledge, ''Rhinogradentia' as a Rhinogradentia book' takes the style of research book that minutely analyzed the ecology of monkeys in the Hi- yi-yi Islands.
- その実態は1930年代に存在していた道路や畦道に基づく「机上の復元案」といえるものであるが、大宰府に条坊制による街区の存在を指摘し、学界に注意を喚起した功績は大きい。
- The actual state was 'a desk reconstruction plan' based on streets and causeways that existed in the 1930s, but its achievements to point out existence of city blocks in jobosei and to promote awareness of the academic society are significant.
- この結果、朱子学とその派生形態である陽明学の中にある、思弁的側面に集中的に研究が加えられ、或はその思弁的側面こそが朱子学ないし陽明学の特徴であると考えられるに至った。
- As a result, the speculative sides of Shushigaku and its derivative Yomeigaku have been intensively studied and these speculative sides are considered to characterize Shushigaku and Yomeigaku.
- また兵庫県西部(播磨)地域には円形住居の床面中央部に1O(イチマル)土坑と呼ばれる特殊な遺構を持つ例が分布するなど、竪穴住居の形態には多様な地域性があり、注目される。
- Also there is the various regionality in tateanajukyo (a pit dwelling house), such as a round shaped dwelling with special ancient structural remnants called 10 (read; 'Ichimaru') pit at center of its floor, in western Hyogo Prefecture (Harima).
- 彼らは、輸入学問であった近代農学とは独立して、近世以前の在来農学の蓄積に基づき、単なる個人の経験の寄せ集めという段階を越えた実証主義的な態度からの技術改良を志向した。
- Being independent of the modern agriculture studies imported from abroad, they intended to make improvements on techniques from the viewpoint of positivism, based on the accumulation of the conventional agriculture studies before modern times, which was beyond the phase of the mere collection of personal experiences.
- しかし、事実上は日本陸軍はロシア、大日本帝国海軍はアメリカ合衆国を仮想敵国とする事態は変わらず、その国防思想を統一するという当初の狙いは不十分にしか達成されなかった。
- However, in fact, the situation never changed in which the Japanese Army considered Russia as the imagined enemy and the Imperial Japanese Navy considered the United States of America as the imagined enemy, and therefore the original intentions to unify the ideas of national defense was achieved imperfectly.
- これらの君主が一夫一婦制の婚姻形態を採っていれば、妻の称号は「皇后」となるはずであるが、実際には、世間に通用している通称や研究者による慣用などが優先し、一様ではない。
- If these monarchs adopted the monogamous system, the title for the wife would have been 'empress' but in fact, alias that are normally used by researchers and custom take precedence so it is not uniform.
- すでに延若は脚が不自由になっており、動くことすら困難を伴う状態だったが、その五右衛門の迫力は圧巻で、記録映画では観客が感嘆のどよめきを漏らすのを聞き取ることができる。
- At that time, Enjaku had difficulty with his legs so he couldn't move smoothly,.However, in the movie, his Goemon is so powerful that the audience is sighed with admiration.
- 事態を重く見た仲小路廉農商務省 (日本)は1917年9月1日に「暴利取締令」を出し、米、鉄、石炭、綿、紙、染料、薬品の買い占め、売り惜しみを禁止したが、効果はなかった。
- Ren NAKASHOJI, the minister of Agriculture and Commerce, who took the matter seriously, issued the 'Bori (Excessive profits) act' against cornering and speculative stocking of rice, iron, coal, cotton, paper, dye and medicines on September 1, 1917 but it was not successful.
- 義政期には唐物の管理や鑑定を行っていた同朋衆能阿弥にが「御物御画目録」(280幅、東京国立博物館所蔵)を編纂し、材質・形態別の分類を行い、画家や画題、賛者などを記した。
- During the period of reign of Yoshimasa, Noami, the doboshu (the shogun's attendants in charge of entertainment), who was responsible for the maintenance and appraisal of Karamono, compiled 'Gomotsu One Mokuroku' (an inventory of selected Chinese paintings in the Ashikaga collection) (280 sets, owned by Tokyo National Museum), sorting the works by materials and styles, and recording the names of the painters, the subjects of the paintings and sanja (person who appreciates the work and writes appraisal in it).
- もっとも、没官領の実態は没官された者が持っていた職の体系(荘園内の役職とそれに付随する諸権利)であるため、同じ没官領でも本家職から下司・公文まで様々な内容を有していた。
- What really was regarded as Mokkanryo, however, varied from honke shiki (the right which belonged to the head family), geshi (lower ranking officer) to kumon (a local shoen official below the gesu in rank), as it depended on the actual post and responsibility (the post within the manor as well as various rights that came with the responsibility) held by the original owner of the confiscated land.
- しかし、木戸の説得に押され、また『板垣を在野で放置して過激派と結びつかれるよりも、政府につなぎとめておいた方が、政府への反対運動を分断できる』と考え、態度を軟化させた。
- Nevertheless, he was moved by Kido's s persuasion and also thought that 'instead of leaving Itagaki outside the government to let him join radical groups, he should keep him inside in order to sever the anti-government movement,' and thus he took a softer line.
- というのも当時の江戸幕府倒壊直後の日本は諸藩割拠状態であって、諸藩をどのようにまとめ上げて統一国家とするかという点において、国家スタイルとして連邦制が妥当と考えられた。
- After the collapse of the Edo bakufu, federal system was considered to be the best way to unify domains, which were defending authority and created a unified nation.
- しかし、安土桃山時代以降は、朝廷の極度の衰退により、世襲親王家の創設は朝廷外部からの経済的支援がなければ不可能になり、朝廷にとってむしろ歓迎すべき事態へと変わってゆく。
- However, after the Azuchi-Momoyama period, as the Imperial Palace weakened dramatically, the establishment of Seshu shinnoke (Hereditary family) became difficult without financial support from outside of the Imperial Palace, in fact the situation was changed to favorable the Palace.
- 形態、製作技法等において日本国民の生活文化の特色を示すもので典型的なもの、系統的・網羅的に収集されたコレクションであって地域的特色、技術的特色等を示すものが挙げられる。
- They may be a typical object that shows characteristics of Japanese life and culture in a shape, a fabrication technique, etc., or a systematical and comprehensive collection that has distinctive features regionally or technically.
- ロシア公使シェービッチは以前から日本に対して恫喝的な態度をたびたび取っており、この事件に関しても事件の対処にあたった青木周蔵、内務大臣・西郷従道らに死刑を強硬に要求した。
- The Russian envoy Schaevitz had always adopted harsh attitudes since before the incident, and in this case, he also strongly required Shuzo AOKI and the Minister of Home Affairs, Tsugumichi SAIGO to execute the death penalty.
- この時代を象徴する言葉として有名なものに「散切り頭を叩いてみれば、文明開化の音がする」という言葉があり、散切物と呼ばれる歌舞伎芸能の新形態発生などといった現象がみられる。
- There was a well-known phrase describing the period, saying that 'Zangiri atama wo tataite mireba, Bunmei Kaika no otogasuru,' ('Knocking on the short-cut hair by removing a topknot, we can hear the sound of civilization') which became the origin of the movement to produce a new style in Kabuki theatrical play called 'Zangiri-mono.'
- ただし、唐代の江南では兵役がほぼ免除されていたり、日本では東国(関東地方)ばかりが防人の兵役義務を負っていたなど、必ずしも一律的に兵役が課されていないという実態があった。
- In fact, military service was not equally imposed on the people so that, for example, in Tang China, people in Jiangnan were exempted from almost all of their military services, and in Japan, only the people of the Kanto region were required to serve as frontier guards.
- 激動の幕末期において一時は牽引役として活躍した水戸藩も、ついにはこれといった才覚ある人物もいない状態となり、明治になってみれば新政府に1人の要人を出すこともできなかった。
- The Mito Domain, which once played an important role during the upturn of the end of the Edo period, no longer had any talented person and could not produce any senior officials in the Meiji Government.
- この「天皇の軍隊の最高幹部がなんら倫理的葛藤なしに天皇の指名した首相を拒否・打倒する」事態については、山本七平・小室直樹・堺屋太一などが社会評論の題材として分析している。
- Shichihei YAMAMOTO, Naoki KOMURO, and Taichi SAKAIYA analyzed the matter that 'the top Army executives of the emperor refuses or dismisses a prime minister who the Emperor designates' as a subject of social criticism.
- 工事責任者の藤原種継が暗殺され、桓武天皇の弟早良親王が捕まる事態となって、794年(延暦13年)新しい都城を造成し、山背国を山城国と改め、新京を平安京と名づけて遷都した。
- After FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, who was responsible for its construction, was assassinated, and Imperial Prince Sawara, the Emperor Kanmu's younger brother, was arrested, a new capital named Heiankyo was constructed and transferred in 794 and the characters from Yamashiro Province were changed from 山背国 to 山城国.
- 後白河は義仲の傲慢な態度に憤っていたと思われるが、平氏追討のためには義仲の武力に頼らざるを得ないのが現状であり、義仲に平家没官領140余箇所を与えている(『平家物語』)。
- It is considered that Goshirakawa was irate about Yoshinaka's arrogance, but since he had no choice but to rely on Yoshinaka's force to search and kill the Taira clan, he gave Yoshinaka some 140 Heike Mokkanryo (land rights confiscated by Kamakura bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] from the Taira family) ('The Tale of the Heike).
- 結果として、恒常的な借り入れ関係が生じ、更に領内の凶作によって蔵屋敷への年貢米(蔵米)や特産品(蔵物)搬入が減少するなどで売却代金によって返済しきれなくなる事態も生じた。
- Finally domains started to borrow money constantly, and sometimes their debt could not be paid back when enough sales money was not earned from annual rice tax and local products because of poor harvest in the domain.
- また招いた結果が国権を喪失し植民地支配に陥ったという重大事態であるので「騙されたとしても、騙された事に対する責任がある。」とする厳しい意見も南北朝鮮を中心に存在している。
- There are some barbed criticism in North and South Korea saying 'Even if they were betrayed, they were still responsible for being betrayed' considering that the serious result that the group brought was the loss of the sovereignty and to fall under colonial rule.
- 成之は孫である澄元を、政元の養子に送りこむことに成功するものの、それは畿内の争乱をさらに激化させることになり、政元暗殺とその後の「永正の錯乱」へと事態は進展するのである。
- Although Shigeyuki succeeded to give Sumimoto, his grand son to Masamoto as an adopted child, it intensified the conflict in the Kinai region and the situation led the assassination of Masamoto and the 'Eisho Disturbance' afterwards.
- 加熱殺菌処理されていない生酒であるため、保存は難しいとされ、もろみを濾した後は冷蔵し、早めに消費しないと、雑菌が繁殖するなど、すぐ飲用に適さない状態になると言われている。
- It is said that it is difficult to store because it is pure sake which has not been heat sterilized; unless it is refrigerated after filtering moromi and consumed fairly soon, it will begin to develop bacteria in short order.
- 手で投げることを始めとして、西洋のような投石器を使用するもの、日本手ぬぐいを持ってそれに代用するもの、砲丸投のように重量のあるものを投げつけるものなど様々な形態があった。
- Inji had different styles such as slinging by hand, operating a Western style sling, utilizing Japanese towels in place of the sling, or throwing heavy stuff like putting a shot.
- このため、式が格の施行細則を規定する場合も見られるようになり、平安時代中期以後は律令法に基づいた律令政治という体裁を取りながらも実態は「格式政治」であったと言われている。
- As a result, there were cases where shiki made detailed enforcement regulations of kyaku, and from the middle of the Heian period, although on surface, it was politics based on the Ritsuryo codes, it was actually 'kyaku shiki seiji' (politics based on amendments and enforcement regulations of the Ritsuryo).
- 受職人(李氏朝鮮から官職を授かった日本人)及び受図書人(「図書」と呼ばれる通交許可証を持つ日本人)に対する再審査を行い、実態の伴わない者の資格を剥奪してその人数を減らす。
- Reducing the number of Jushokunin (Japanese given Korean government post by the Yi Dynasty Korea) and Jutoshonin (Japanese given Korean government evidence called 'Tosho' to be granted special privileges in trading) by re-examining them and disqualifying those who were in name, but not in deed.
- だが、中世以降次第に百姓の本分を農とすべきとする、実態とは必ずしも符合しない農本主義的理念が浸透・普及し、明治時代以降は、一般的に農民の事を指すと理解されるようになった。
- However, a principle of agricultural fundamentalism stating that the sphere of hyakusho should be agriculture, which did not always match the reality, was gradually passed through and spread since the medieval period, and the term was begun to be understood generally as a person engaged in agriculture.
- 「自家優先主義」との批判もあるが、これにより結果的には260年以上続く長期安定政権の基盤を確立し、「天下泰平」という日本語が生まれるほどの相対的平和状態を日本にもたらした。
- Although being criticized for the 'favoritism to relatives,' it resulted in establishing the basis for the long-term stable government which lasted more than 260 years, and in bringing about such a relatively peaceful state in Japan as a set phrase, 'Tenkataihei' (the peaceful and tranquil world), coined.
- なお、関を閉鎖するのは東国から畿内への侵入を防ぐためという見方が従来あったが、逆に中央で起きた非常事態の東国への波及を阻止する事が目的だったとする見解が近年では有力である。
- By the way there was a view in the past that the gate was closed to prevent people from entering Kinai from Togoku (eastern provinces), but recently another view has been plausible that it was closed to prevent the state of emergency which had occurred in the capital from spreading to Togoku.
- 清朝主戦派の誰か、愛新覚羅載イ(さいい)一派と目されている、によって捏造されたと考えられているが、それは煮え切らない態度を示す西太后の背中を押すためだったと考えられている。
- It is believed that it was forged by someone belonging to the war party of Qing dynasty or a Aisin-Gioro Saii party, and it was designed to push the indecisive Empress Dowager towards war.
- 従来からの華夷秩序に基づく統治範囲は、対象とする人や物資の移動によって伸縮するものであって固定的ではなく、国家の辺境に対する領有意識は周辺諸国と重複することが常態であった。
- Former territories decided by Kaichitsujo was not fixed and became wider or smaller depending on movement of subjected people or goods, therefore sometimes more than one country considered the same parts their own territory.
- こうなると、イヌやネコが飼料の盛られた食器に顔を突っ込んで食べる様に良く似ていて見苦しい状態となってしまい、これがいわゆる「犬食い」として問題視されるようになってしまった。
- Now, they are very much like dogs or cats those put their heads into the plate of pet food and looked awful, and this came to be seen as a problem, so called 'Inugui.'
- 一方、既にプロシア式の憲法導入に積極的であった岩倉や井上毅と違い、政変後の伊藤個人は立憲体制導入の決意は固めていたものの、どの形態を採るかについてはまだ確信は得ていなかった。
- On the other hand, unlike Iwakura and Inoue, who advocated introduction of Prussia style constitution, even Ito had decided on introduction of constitutional government system, but he was still thinking about the style of the system even after the Meiji juyonen no seihen.
- また、国立民族学博物館へと活躍の場を移した梅棹忠夫(生態学→民族学・人類学)や、国際日本文化研究センターの設立に尽力した梅原猛(哲学)らも、この京大人文研の京都学派に含める。
- Moreover, Tadao UMESAO who moved the stage to the National Museum Ethnology (ecology to ethnology and anthropology), Takeshi UMEHARA (philosophy) who made an effort to establish an International Research Center for Japanese Studies, and others are also included in this Kyoto school.
- メンバーが毎月金を出し合い、積み立てられた金で宴会や旅行を催す場合もあれば、くじに当たった者(くじと言いながら実際は順番であることが多い)が金額を総取りする形態のものもある。
- In some cases, the members provide money every month and hold a drinking party/trip with the accumulated funds, and in other cases, someone who wins a lottery takes the whole sum (often in turn actually, though calling it a lottery).
- (司馬遼太郎『坂の上の雲』より)この返答は、国際法上の解釈から言えば違法と言えるものではないが、この状態ではどの外交ルートもあるわけではなく、実質的には戦争開始の通告である。
- (From 'Saka no ue no Kumo' [Clouds Above the Hill] by Ryotaro SHIBA) While this reply is not unlawful from the perspective of international law, in this particular situation where there were no other diplomatic routes available, it was in effect, a declaration of war.
- また、所要時間については共同運輸側がイギリス製の新鋭船、山城丸などを揃えたことから優位に立っていたが、三菱側が燃料費を度外視し速度を上げたことから、こちらも競合状態となった。
- The transportation time of Kyodo Unyu was shorter since they were using new British ships, however, Mitsubishi increased the speed of their ships without thinking about the cost of fuel, and thus the transportation time became competitive as well.
- ただこういった形態は一度に持ち歩ける商品も限られ、また売り歩ける面積も限られるため、明治時代から大正時代・昭和とその姿を減らし、日本国内ではほとんど見ることができなくなった。
- However, since the amount of goods which could be carried at a time and the area a vendor could cover were limited, the number of those vendors decreased through Meiji, Taisho, and Showa eras, and now, it is almost impossible to find those vendors.
- しかしそれらが思い描く国際秩序も構造そのものは華夷秩序に借りた相似構造をもっており、その各国の小華夷秩序が、中国王朝の華夷秩序と折り合いをつけながら併存している状態であった。
- However, international order which such countries conceived of had similar structure with each other based on kaichitsujo and such petit kaichitsujo of each countries compromised and coexisted with kaichitsujo of Chinese dynasty.
- これは、御家人の主人はあくまで幕府主宰者たる鎌倉殿であり、御家人が直接的に朝廷と関わりを持つことは、御家人の離反や自立などの事態を招く危険もあり、これを予防する意味があった。
- It was intended to prevent shogunal retainers from having a direct relation with the Imperial Court because the master of shogunal retainers was the lord of Kamakura, who held the bakufu, and the bakufu feared that a direct relation between shogunal retainers and the Imperial Court might lead to estrangement or independence of shogunal retainers.
- このとき、三守護職を代官として設置した(道南十二館)ことが『新羅之記録』に記載されているが、実態は安東家政或いは安東定季が一人守護として統括していたとする見解も出されている。
- According to 'Shinra no Kiroku,' Masasue then set up the post of Sanshugoshoku as daikan (local governor) to carry out decentralized control (Dokan Juni Tate [12 castles of the Oshima Peninsula]), however, according to another observation, Iemasa ANDO or Sadasue ANDO practically controlled alone as Shugo.
- なお、現代の磯を見慣れている人には「磯焼け」が常態であるのでこの言葉に実感はないが、半世紀前の人々が普通に見た磯(水中)は、岩などが見えないほど海草が生い茂っていたのである。
- Although 'shore-burning' is the normal condition for those who are used to seeing the present rocky shores and they can not get a real sense of that term, half a century ago, people commonly saw rocky shores under water which were so densely covered with marine plants that rocks were not visible.
- また、同じ南大阪でも、河内長野市や大阪狭山市の一部では、交差点などで地車の後輪を浮かせ、そのままの状態で地車を左右に勢いよく回す「ぶん回し」という高速回転が見物となっている。
- Moreover, in one area within southern Osaka, a high-speed spinning called 'bunmawashi' has become quite a sight, in which the rear wheels of the danjiri are raised at an intersection, and then the danjiri is forcefully spun to the left and to the right from that position.
- 国司苛政上訴(こくしかせいじょうそ)は、日本の平安時代に郡司・田堵・負名・百姓階層が地方官である国司(受領)の苛政・非法を中央政府(太政官)へ訴えた行為、現象または闘争形態。
- Kokushi kasei joso refers to acts and phenomena of appeals and armed struggles by Gunji (local magistrates), Tato (cultivators), Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and the farmer class in order to complain to the central government Daijokan (Grand Council of State) about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi (or Zuryo) (provincial governors), Chihokan (local officials) during the Heian period in Japan.
- また一方では、王朝国家と呼ぶべき政治実態は、鎌倉幕府成立後の朝廷にも見られるとして、13世紀の朝廷による支配体制も王朝国家体制期に含める意見(佐藤進一,1983など)もある。
- On the other hand, some people assert that the ruling system adopted by the Imperial court in 13th century should be included in the Dynastic polity period on the ground that the regime which should be regarded as the Dynastic polity was seen after the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Shinichi SATO, 1983 etc).
- 相性の、元々の意味は陰陽五行思想の一端で、全ての事物が持つ属性が、相互に良い意味で影響しあってより強まるか、逆に相互の良い部分を相殺しあって悪い状態を招くかといったものである。
- Aisho was originally derived from the part of the philosophy of Onmyo gogyo (Yin-Yang Wu-Xin), which explained that when the attributes of all things influence each other in a good way, they become stronger; when they balance out the good qualities in each other, on the other hand, this invites bad situations.
- こちらは東洋史学の貝塚茂樹、塚本善隆、藤枝晃、中国文学の吉川幸次郎、フランス文学の桑原武夫、植物学の中尾佐助、生態学から人類学にまたがる成果を挙げた今西錦司らが特に著名である。
- Especially noted people in this side are Shigeki KAIZUKA, Zenryu TSUKAMOTO, and Akira FUJIEDA in East Asian history, Kojiro YOSHIKAWA in Chinese literature, Takeo KUWABARA in French literature, Sasuke NAKAO in botany, and Kinji IMANISHI who achieved the results widening from ecology to anthropology.
- このように自分の都合でしか事象を解釈できず、かつて敵視していた人物を一転して賛美したり、或いはその逆で支援していた人物を排除したりと、態度が180度逆転する事が非常に多かった。
- Thus, Goshirakawa's attitude totally changed on many occasions, once he considered someone as his enemy then he changed to glorify him, or to the contrary, he eliminate someone whom he considered as a supporter, he only took things in a way that suited his needs.
- 道長も太政官を政治的基盤として維持するために関白就任を望まず、道長が孫の後一条天皇の摂政に就任するまでの20年間「内覧左大臣」として最高権力の地位に座り、摂関不在状態が続いた。
- Michinaga did not wish to be appointed Chancellor in order to maintain his political base, as being the Grand Council of State, he was in the highest political position of 'Nairan Sadaijin (Minister of the left) for twenty years, until his grandchild, Emperor Goichijo appointed Michinaga as the Chancellor, during this time there was no one in fact in the position Chancellor.
- 後醍醐は両統迭立状態を解消し、自身の系統に皇統を再度統一したと考えていたが、その後、後醍醐の新政へ多くの離反が相次ぎ、離反勢力からなる足利幕府は持明院統から光明天皇を擁立した。
- The Emperor had the intention to solve the current problem of conducting Ryoto Tetsuritsu and re-unifying the Imperial line to his lineage, however there were many disputes against the Emperor's new government, the Ashikaga shogunate who was in opposition to the Emperor appointed Emperor Komyo from the Jimyoin Imperial line.
- が、盛季以前の下国家の系譜は諸系図によりまちまちであり、一級史料に見える名と系図の名が一致しない等系図の信憑性に疑問が持たれているため、実態については、いまだ研究の途上にある。
- However, the pedigree of the Shimonokuni family before the time of Morisue varies depending on the various family trees, and as some of the names that appear in some family trees do not concord with the names that appear in the first class historical materials, the credibility of these genealogical records is questioned and the reality is still under study.
- その一方で魚など食材の買い付けでは鮮度の面から中間業者が介在しにくく、現代のように小分けした流通形態が無かった時代には、マグロでも「一本」という単位で仕入れられることもあった。
- On the other hand, it is difficult for middlemen to intervene in the purchase of foods such as fish and so on because of the need for freshness, and when there were not minutely divided circulation systems as there are now, even tunas were sometimes purchased in units of one fish.
- こうしてそれまで各国の体制は、荘園も含めて一元的に受領の支配下にあったものが、荘官の支配する荘園と、受領の支配下にある公領が、大きく二分して土地・民衆支配をする形態に移行した。
- Eventually, the old provincial system, administered by zuryo collectively including shoen, was shifted into a new system, in which the control of land and people was roughly divided into two on the basis of shoen (administered by shokan) and koryo (administered by zuryo).
- 江戸時代の学問の特徴としては、研究者個人の直感的、連想的な思考を軸とする中世的な発想で研究を進めるのではなく、文献などに基づき実証的に研究するという態度が現れたことが挙げられる。
- One of characteristics of studies in the Edo period was the appearance of the positivistic approachs based on written materials, which was different from those in the medieval times laying stress on the intuitional and associational thoughts of the researcher.
- 戊辰戦争から箱館戦争の間における旧江戸幕府軍及び佐幕派諸藩との戦いは、明治政府の構成員であった公武の人々のみならず、当初は日和見的な態度を取っていた諸藩の助力を得たものであった。
- The battles against the former Tokugawa troop and the supporting domains of the Shogun, from the Boshin War to the Battle of Hakodate, were assisted by not only the court nobles and samurai belonging to the Meiji Government but also domains waiting and seeing how things went at first.
- 三都のうちの京・大坂が存在した畿内近国では、紀伊国(現・和歌山県及び三重県南部)や淡路国(現・兵庫県の淡路島全域)などを除いて、関東地方と同様に典型的な非領国地域の状態にあった。
- Provinces close to Kyoto, where, of the three capitals, Kyoto and Osaka were located, were in the state of a typical hi-ryogokuchiiki area (where the area was divided minutely, with each piece of area owned by a different person) as in the Kanto region, except Kii Province (present Wakayama Prefecture and the southern part of the Mie Prefecture) and Awaji Province (present entire area of the Awaji island in Hyogo Prefecture).
- しかし、福岡市の今津地区(西区 (福岡市))、生の松原(西区)、西新(百道)地区(早良区)、地行地区(中央区 (福岡市))などは国の史跡として整備され、露出した状態になっている。
- However, the borui in Imazu area (Nishi Ward, Fukuoka City), Iki-no-matsubara (Nishi Ward), Nishijin (Momochi) Area (Sawara Ward), Jigyo Area (Chuo Ward, Fukuoka City), and others has been maintained as a national historical site, and is kept exposed.
- たしかに「元禄時代」というと、のちに「昭和元禄」という語も生まれたほど、天下泰平で町民文化が百花繚乱した豊かな時代というイメージが持たれているが、必ずしも実態はそうではなかった。
- 'The Genroku era' is surely thought of as a time of affluence when the world was peaceful and tranquil and when townspeople's culture blossomed, such that the word 'Showa Genroku' was created later, but in fact that was not necessarily true.
- 足利義輝が殺害された永禄の変後に後継者として名乗りを上げた弟の足利義昭(後の15代将軍)と従兄弟の足利義栄(後の14代将軍)をともに左馬頭に任じて事態の推移を見守った例もあった。
- There was another example of keeping an ear close to the ground by assigning Sama no kami to both Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA (later the 15th shogun), Yoshiteru's younger brother, and Yoshihide ASHIKAGA (later the 14th shogun), Yoshiteru's cousin, who declared bid for a successor after the Eiroku Incident in which Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA was killed.
- 大都市に隣接しながらも、水田生態系が豊富に残されており、国指定特別天然記念物のアユモドキやオオサンショウウオ、ホトケドジョウが観察されているが都市開発による減少が心配されている。
- Even though the city is located near big cities, the ecosystem of the paddy field remains rich in Kameoka City; special natural treasures designated by the government such as kissing loach, Japanese giant salamander and Japanese eight-barbel loach have been observed, but their numbers have declined due to urban development, causing concern.
- この場合、明治維新から第2次世界大戦までの日本の政治体制は絶対主義であり、明治維新はブルジョワ的市民革命ではなく、不十分な改革であったと評価される、社会経済史理論の一形態である。
- This is a theory of socioeconomic history to say that the political system in Japan from the Meiji Restoration until World War II was to be absolutism and that the Meiji Restoration was not a bourgeois revolution but an unfinished reform.
- このような概念には、天気雨にかかる虹(狐の嫁入り)や、自然の木々の紅葉や、昆虫の完全変態などは、本来の状態から大きく変化することであり、科学的な考察や説明がなければ驚きであろう。
- Things like a rainbow across sudden rainfall in sunshine (the devil is beating his wife), autumnal leaf coloration of trees, holometabolism of insects, etc, are big changes from their usual states and are surprising in the absence of scientific considerations and explanations.
- 小荷駄の規模は遠征か防衛か、移動時・戦地における現地調達(収奪、買い上げ)の容易さ、動員兵力の規模、要員として動員される領民の状態など様々な要素を鑑みた結果、決定され編成される。
- The size of konida was decided and organized as a result of weighing various factors such as whether the battle was an expedition or a defense, ease of delivering the goods during transfer as well as at the battleground (either by confiscation or by purchase), size of the mobilized army, condition of the people of the domain mobilized as troop members.
- 判決は、憲法13条を根拠に、「個人の私生活上の自由の一つとして、何人も、その承諾なしに、みだりにその容ぼう・姿態(以下「容ぼう等」という。)を撮影されない自由を有する」と述べた。
- The judgment stated 'As part of such citizens' freedom in private life, any person has the right not to have his/her face or appearance (hereinafter referred to as 'the appearance, etc.') photographed without consent or good reason' based on Article 13 of the Constitution.
- その後、摂津国の国衆で細川澄元派であった池田貞政は討死、阿波国に逃れたようとした芥川豊後守も台風で遭難、近江国からだと徴兵もままならず、細川澄元は八方ふさがりの状態に陥っていた。
- Sumimoto HOSOKAWA was hemmed in on all sides -- Sadamasa IKEDA who was a kunishu from Settsu Province taking the side of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA died in the battle, Akutagawa Bungo no kami (governor of Bungo Province) wrecked in typhoon on his way to Awa Province retreated, and there had been little progress in draft enrollment from Omi Province.
- なお幕末においては、たとえば横井小楠の発言にみられるように、外に対する「鎖国」だけではなく、日本国内においても藩と藩とのあいだも「鎖国」状態であるとの批判をおこなう論者もみられた。
- During the end of the Edo period, as described by the remarks made by Shonan YOKOI, some people criticized the seclusionism, saying that the policy indicated 'severing contact' not only from foreign countries, but also within each domain.
- 義持の没後、弟の義教が将軍に就任すると、持氏はこれに反発し、1429年に元号が「正長」から「永享」に改元されても持氏は正長の元号を用い続けるなど、幕府に対する不服従の態度を示した。
- After Yoshimochi's death his younger brother Yoshinori assumed shogun, but Mochiuji opposed to this and took disobedient attitudes toward the bakufu, for example, Mochiuji continued to use Shocho era even after the name of the era had been changed from 'Shocho' to 'Eikyo'.
- 滝川一益の敗走により、織田領である信濃、甲斐、上野が一気に空白状態となると、越後の上杉景勝や相模の北条氏直、三河の徳川家康など近隣勢力が侵攻し、旧織田領を巡る天正壬午の乱が起こる。
- As Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was routed, Oda's territory Shinano, Kai, and Ueno became void at once, and neighboring forces such as Kagekatsu UESUGI in Echigo, Ujinao HOJO in Sagami, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in Mikawa invaded, and Tenshojingo no ran (Tenshojingo Rebellion) occurred in the former Oda territory.
- 1885年4月全権大使伊藤博文と李鴻章により天津条約が結ばれ、四ヶ月以内の日清両軍の朝鮮からの撤退と、以後出兵時の事前通告および事態の沈静化後すみやかに撤収すべきことが定められた。
- Plenipotentiary Hirobumi ITO and Li Hung Chang signed the Treaty of Tianjin, which provided that both Japanese and Qing troops will withdraw from Korea within four months and hereafter give a prior notice in dispatching their troops, and call troops home as soon as things have calmed down.
- 更に条約勅許問題を巡る開国派と攘夷派の対立も加わって事態は複雑となった(一橋派では島津斉彬は開国派、徳川斉昭は攘夷派に属し、互いに自己の外交路線実現のために一橋慶喜擁立を目指した。
- The conflict between kaikoku-ha (the open country wing) and Joi-ha (the expulsionist wing) about the issue of imperial sanction of the treaty worsened the situation (In the Hitotsubashi group, Nariakira SHIMAZU belonged to the kaikoku-ha, Nariaki TOKUGAWA belonged to the Joi-ha and they backed up Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI to realize their own foreign policies.
- その後、縄文時代と弥生時代の差を何に求めるべきかという本質的な論争が研究者の間で展開され、集落の形態や墓の形態、水田の有無、土器・石器など物質文化の変化など様々な指標が提案された。
- After that, the essential subject of the difference between the Jomon and Yayoi periods, was argued between researchers and various indicators were proposed, including forms of settlement, forms of graves, presence or absence of paddy fields and changes in artifacts such as earthenware and stoneware.
- 芸娼妓解放令は直接的に機能したとは言い難い状態であったが、同令がきっかけとなり、貧農の娘の身売りを防ぐために、女性に対して教育や軽工業に対応する技能習得の場が設けられた地方もある。
- The Geishogi Kaiho Rei wasn't very effective in changing the situation directly; however, as its by-product, in some regions, opportunities for women to study and to achieve vocational skills for light industry were created with the intent of preventing poor peasants from selling their daughters into prostitution.
- しかし、旧侯爵家としては事実上の断絶状態にあるとする記述も見受けられ、またいわゆる松平氏の子孫で構成される徳川・松平一門の会にも、現19代当主は会員と認められていないとの説もある。
- However, it is mentioned in some cases that the Kishu Marquis family in reality became extinct, and also there exists a view that the 19th family head has not been recognized as a member of the Tokugawa and Matsudaira family association, which was formed by descendents of the Matsudaira clan.
- 百姓、すなわち田堵負名層は公領に属する者と荘園に属する者に分かれ、荘園公領間の武力抗争の当事者となった結果、前期王朝国家に見られたような一国単位に結集する闘争形態は急速に消滅した。
- Hyakusho, i.e., the tato and fumyo class, was separated into hyakusho belonging to koryo and hyakusho belonging to shoen, and became parties of armed conflicts between shoen and koryo and as a result, the conflict forms observed in the early dynastic nation-state in which people gathered country by country disappeared rapidly.
- ただし皇太子の負傷に関しては、皇帝も皇太子も日本の迅速な処置や謝罪に対して寛容な態度を示しており、日本がこの問題を無事解決できた理由の一つにロシアの友好的な姿勢があることは疑いない。
- As for the injury of Nicholas, the Russian Emperor had a forgiving attitude following Japan's prompt actions and apology, and there is no doubt that this warm attitude of Russia helped Japan solve this difficult problem.
- しかし、これ以上の戦争の継続は不可能である日本が譲歩し、この調停を成功させたい米国がロシアを説得するという形で事態を収拾し、戦争賠償金には一切応じないという最低条件で交渉は締結した。
- However, the process finally saw progress when Japan, which could not carry on with the war any more, made a concession and the U.S.A., which was keen to conclude the negotiation successfully, persuaded Russia into settlement by the minimum requirements of not answering a war reparation at all.
- いずれにしても、自由民権派による「第2の西南戦争」になる事を危惧した明治政府側は板垣・後藤に対する責任追及を避けて、「一部過激派」の暴走と規定することで事態の収拾を図ったとは言える。
- The Meiji Government, in any case, which had some misgivings about the possibility of 'another Satsuma Rebellion' started by the Freedom and the People's Rights Movement, avoided examining the responsibility of ITAGAKI and GOTO and settled the situation dismissing the case as the act of some extremists who went too far.
- 天皇が国家を統治すべきこと、天皇がどのような態度で統治すべきかといった、国家統治の根本に関わることを定めた法で、具体的には隋や唐の皇帝にならった専制君主と定めたものだとする説である。
- The theory arguing that it is a code that advocates the essential manners to rule the nation, such as the emperor's sovereignty over the nation and his posture to practice good governance, or more concretely, it is a code that instituted the despotic ruling, following the emperors in the periods of Sui and Tang.
- ねずは、典医たちが発表した「御容態書」のとおり天皇が順調に回復の道をたどっていたところが、一転急変して苦悶の果てに崩御したことを鑑み、その最期の病状から砒素による毒殺の可能性を推定。
- Nezu assumed the possibility of the Emperor's death was caused by arsenic, after following 'the Emperor's health report' written by the Imperial doctors, that said the Emperor was getting better, Nezu collated the record that all of a sudden the Emperor died in agony.
- 犬食い(いぬぐい)とは、日本の食文化の上で「犬のように食事を食べる」状態を指し、テーブル上にある食器に盛られた料理に、極端な前屈姿勢で顔(口)を突っ込まんばかりに近づけて食べること。
- Inugui refers that 'people eat like a dog' in Japanese food culture and means that people move their faces (mouths) closer to the meal on the table in an extreme stooped position, and eat them as if they put their heads into the food.
- この一連の出来事は蛮社の獄と呼ばれ、近年までは江戸時代における一大思想弾圧事件として取り扱われていたが、上述のように実態は鳥居による政敵とみなされた者への排除のための冤罪事件といえる。
- The series of incidents is called Bansha no goku (Imprisonment of scholars of Western learning), which has been, until recent years, treated as an important event to crack down on thought during the Edo period, but in fact, it can be said that it was an incident of a false charge to exclude people regarded as political enemies, caused by Yozo TORII as mentioned above.
- 陸奥は非藩閥出身であり政府内部では伊藤の信頼によって政治的な基盤を得ているような状態であったが、逆に藩閥政治家とは敵対関係にあった自由党 (明治)の中島信行・星亨とは盟友関係にあった。
- Mutsu was from non-domain clique and gained political foundation inside the government only by Ito's confidence, but he was a sworn friend of Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA and Toru HOSHI who belonged to the Liberal Party (Meiji) that had an adversarial relationship with statesmen of domain cliques.
- 大久保を中心に岩倉具視・大隈重信・伊藤博文らが政府の再編を行うが、直後に台湾出兵をめぐる意見が対立、その結果、長州閥のトップ木戸孝允までが職を去る事態に陥り、ほぼ大久保専制体制となる。
- Under Okubo's leadership, Okubo, Tomomi IWAKURA, Shigenobu OKUMA and Hirobumi ITO reorganized the government, but immediately after that, they clashed over the issue of the Taiwan expedition; eventually, Takayoshi KIDO, the leader of the Choshu faction, resigned from the office and thus Okubo's despotic regime virtually came into being.
- その態度に立腹した弾四朗は、お菊が管理を委任されていた10枚揃えないと意味のない家宝の毒消しの皿のうちの一枚をわざと隠してお菊にその因縁を付け、とうとう責め殺して古井戸に死体を捨てた。
- Danshiro, offended at her attitude, hid one of the ten poison-neutralizing plates of the family treasure which were committed to Okiku's management and worthless unless all the plates were completely reserved, on purpose to blame her, and he finally strangled her to death and dumped her body in an old unused well.
- また、称光天皇の容態が思わしくなかった1426年に後小松が『本朝皇胤紹運録』の作成を命じて、皇室の系図の整理を行わせているのもこうした自身の正統性への思い入れの反映であると考えられる。
- Emperor Gokomatsu, in 1426, ordered that 'Honcho Koin Joun roku' be edited so as to organize the Imperial Family records, at a time in which Emperor Shoko was ill; additionally, it shows that the Emperor Gokomatsu strongly believed the justice of his family line in succeeding to the Imperial Throne.
- 秋田蘭画の多くは、絹本着色で掛幅という東洋画の伝統的な形態をとりながらも、画題のうえでは洋風の風景画や静物画を、技法のうえでは陰影法や大気遠近法など西洋絵画の手法を多く採り入れている。
- Many Akita Ranga paintings used traditional Eastern styles of painting by using silk fabric colors and Kakehaba (Japanese pigments) while adopting Western painting techniques, which included Western-style themes, such as landscapes and still-lifes, and used such techniques as shadowing and aerial perspective.
- だが、この見解も日本の律令制社会をヨーロッパ的な発展史観に当て嵌め、欧米列強がかつて行った植民地支配の実態と重ね合わせているだけで、本末転倒な見方とする意見が現在では多くなってきている。
- Recently, the most popular current theory is that the above-mentioned view emphasizes the wrong points because it adapts Japanese society based on the Ritsuryo system to the historical view of European development, merely to match that Japanese society with the realities of the Western powers' colonial rule.
- 翌年、鄭舜功の部下が大友氏の使者とともに京都に赴いて室町幕府に倭寇禁圧の要請をする事を許されたが、鄭舜功自身は豊後にて軟禁状態に置かれていたものの、日本の国情の調査を行うことは許された。
- During the next year, a subject of Cheng Shun-kung went to Kyoto with an envoy of the Otomo clan, and was allowed to request the Muromachi bakufu to suppress wako -- On the other hand, Cheng Shun-kung was still confined in Bungo Province, but allowed to gather intelligence of Japan's actual circumstances.
- 一方では唐の時代には既に経済規模に対して銅銭発行量が追いついていなかったといわれる中での更なる銅銭流出は、結果的には「銭荒」と呼ばれる銅銭不足の状態を恒常化させて中国経済を混乱に陥れた。
- Meanwhile, it is said that the mint output of copper coins was already behind the country's economic scale during the Tang Dynasty and under such circumstances the further outflow of copper coins plunged the Chinese economy into chaos by causing constant lack of copper coins called 'senko'.
- 水野氏の出自は「寛政重修諸家譜」に従い清和源氏源満政流とされているが、藤原氏を称したり尾張藩士となった家に桓武平氏を称するものがあったりすることから、源氏と断定できず諸説ある状態である。
- As recorded in the 'Kansei Choshu Shokafu' (A record of family trees of samurai warriors of Edo bakufu), the Mizuno clan is thought to have been from the MINAMOTO no Mitsumasa line of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan); however, there are different theories as to their origin as some of families call themselves the Fujiwara clan and other families who became Owari clansmen call themselves the Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan).
- 整粒歩合(せいりゅうぶあい)とは、米の状態を見極める基準のひとつで、一定量の玄米のなかに存在する整粒(せいりゅう)、すなわちきちんと整った形をしている米つぶの割合を%で示したものである。
- Seiryu-buai refers to one of the criteria of determining the state of rice and represents in percentage how many seiryu, that is, rice grains each having an ordered excellent shape are present in a specific amount of unmilled rice.
- 『今昔物語集』 巻第31 第32に「市町に賣る」鮨鮎と言及されており、これが『今昔物語集』が成立した平安時代末期に、形態は不明ではあるが京都に寿司屋が存在したとみられる最古の記録である。
- Volumes 31 and 32 of 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu ' (Tales of Times Now Past) referred to ayuzushi (fermented sushi with sweetfish) 'sold in town,' which is the oldest record that there existed a sushi restaurant in Kyoto, whose form was unknown, during the late Heian period when 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' was finished.
- これは逆にばねの力で火縄を装着した火挟みを常に上がった状態にもどす反発力がかかっており、引金を引くと引いた速度に連動してゆっくりと火挟みが火皿に降り、火縄の火が火皿の火薬に触れて撃発する。
- A serpentine holding match is kept at a lifted position by means of a spring, and the serpentine is slowly brought to the flashpan as the trigger is pulled, and the fire on the match contacts with the priming powder in the pan to make an explosion.
- 幕藩体制の崩壊に伴い、中央集権国家の確立を急ぐ必要があった新政府は、律令制を範とした名称を復活させた(例:太政官、大蔵省など。ただし、当然のことながら実態は律令制のそれとはかなり異なる)。
- The new government, which needed to establish a centralized government quickly after the feudal system of the Shogunate collapsed, restored job titles and names of government offices following the Ritsuryo system (such as Dajokan [Grand Council of State] and the Ministry of Finance. Naturally, the actual work of the given titles was substantially different from that under the Ritsuryo system).
- 毛利氏と信長とは、毛利元就の代においては友好的な関係であったが、その後継の毛利輝元は義昭を庇護し(幕府)、さらに最大の反信長勢力である石山本願寺と同盟し、信長への敵対の態度を強めていった。
- The Mori clan and Nobunaga were on friendly terms during the times of Motonari MORI, but his successor Terumoto MORI protected Yoshiaki in the bakufu, and in addition, formed an alliance with Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, which was the largest of the anti-Nobunaga forces, growing more hostile toward Nobunaga.
- そこで、家慶は水戸藩徳川斉昭の子で一橋家を継いでいた徳川慶喜(一橋慶喜)を養子とする事を考えたが、老中阿部正弘の反対で思いとどまり、家定に不測の事態が起きた際に慶喜を後継とすることとした。
- Ieyoshi considered adopting Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA (Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI), a son of Nariaki TOKUGAWA of the Mito Domain, who succeeded the Hitotsubashi family, but was persuaded not to do so by roju (senior councilor) Masahiro ABE, and made a decision to make Yoshinobu an heir if an unexpected accident occurred on Iesada.
- 江戸幕府の財源は米に依拠しているにもかかわらず、米価がその他の物価に対し相対的に下落していく傾向を放置した状態であり、4~7代将軍の頃には解決できず、徳川吉宗の享保の改革を待つこととなる。
- Although the Edo bakufu relied on rice for its source of funds, the fall in the price of rice in relation to the prices of other commodities went unresolved from the reign of the fourth shogun through to that of the seventh; the issue was finally resolved by the Kyoho reforms introduced by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA.
- 頼朝はこの和平案を後白河の日和見的態度と見て、中原康定に「天下は君の乱さしめ給ふ(天下の混乱は法皇の責任だ)」と脅しをかけ(『玉葉』10月24日条)、義仲の完全な排除を求めて譲らなかった。
- As Yoritomo found the peace plan to be an opportunistic attitude of Goshirakawa, he made a threatening remark to NAKAHARA no Yasusada, 'The Cloistered Emperor is to blame for the disarray in the country' ('Gyokuyo,' entry of November 17) and was adamant about the total expulsion of Yoshinaka.
- 「泰時消息文」によれば、公家法は漢文で記されており難解であるので、武士に分かりやすい文体の法律を作ったとあるが、これは公家法の再構成して武士たちに理解しやすい形態に改めたという意味である。
- According to 'Yasutoki shosokubun' (a letter of Yasutoki HOJO), since the court noble law had been described in Chinese classics and is difficult to be understood, a law written in a style easily understood by samurai was made, meaning that the court noble law was reconstructed and altered to be more understandable for the samurai.
- この動きを倒幕への準備と見誤った同藩の尊攘派が久光によって鎮圧される事件が発生したものの(寺田屋騒動参照)、久光の朝廷工作により、幕府改革への勅使として大原重徳が遣わされるという事態となる。
- Some members of Hisamitsu's clan who advocated sonjo party (royalists) misunderstood Hisamitsu's action as preparation to overthrow the bakufu, but they were suppressed by Hisamitsu (See the Teradaya incident), and his efforts with the Court worked, and Shigenori OHARA was sent as an imperial messenger to the bakufu.
- また高齢化社会に伴い利潤のみならず地域振興や福祉目的を持って幾つかの小さな企業が、物売りとして豆腐などの大豆食品を呼び込みのラッパを使うなど、昔ながらの形態で販売を始めている地域も存在する。
- As the Japanese society is aging, several small businesses have launched traditional style monouri using a whistle for attracting customers for selling tofu curds and processed-soybean products in some regions not only for the pursuit of profits but also for the promotion of regional development and welfare.
- おどろいた高風が川のほとりに酒壷を供えて夜すがら待っていると、猩々があらわれ(後シテ)、酒の徳をたたえ、高風と酒を酌交して、酔態のまま舞を舞って(中之舞)ふたたび海中に帰ってゆくのであった。
- Kofu was surprised, went to the river and put a saka-tsubo (pot of sake) on the river bank; he waited late into the night, then the Shojo appeared in front of Kofu; the Shojo drank with Kofu praising the effects of alcohol, got drunk, performed his mai (dance) of chu-no-mai (a moderate style of mai), and went back into the water.
- また、従来の反幕府の態度を一転させて皇女八十宮吉子内親王と征夷大将軍徳川家継の婚約を実現させて中御門天皇と近衛基熙を出し抜いて幕府との連携に転じるが、こちらは家継死去のために挫折に終わった。
- Additionally, he changed his anti-shogunate attitude and organized the engagement of Princess Yasonomiya Yosiko and Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), Ietsugu TOKUGAWA, outflanking the Emperor Nakamikado and Motohiro KONOE, in order to have a better relationship with the government of Edo, but this collapsed after the death of Ietsugu.
- 天皇の訪問が同様に予定されていた京都市役所前の「組合掲示板」ではそうした事態を皮肉り、(天皇の巡幸が社会問題の存在を掃き出し隠蔽するという意味で)「天皇はほうきである」という大書がなされた。
- On the 'union signboard' placed in front of the Kyoto Municipal Office, which was also the destination of the Emperor's visit, a phrase saying 'the Emperor is a broom' was written in large letters with sarcasm (in the sense that the Emperor's tour was intended to sweep out and conceal social problems).
- なお、日本には記紀が成立する以前に『古事記』の序文などに記されている『帝紀』と『旧辞』のような二つの史書を組み合わせた「日本式の紀伝体」とでもいうべき形態が存在したのではないかとする説もある。
- In addition, some people have a view that before the establishment of kiki (the Kojiki and Nihonshoki), Japan already had 'Japanese kiden-tai'-like format, combined with the two historical books such as 'Teiki' (imperial records) and 'Kyuji' (mythical tradition), which were written in the preface of 'Kojiki.'
- 死刑執行人は被差別民として扱われていた国が多く、就業や婚姻において強い差別を受けていたため、特定の一族以外が死刑執行人の職に就くことを妨げられていたことが世襲が常態化した理由だと言われている。
- In many countries an executioner was victimized by society and strongly discriminated against in terms of jobs or marriage; therefore the role of executioner was usually limited to a specific social group or clan, and it is said that this is a reason for normalizing heredity.
- 彼は、朝鮮半島における問題の広範囲な解決が日露戦争の論理的な結果であり、もし韓国政府が単独で放置されるような事態になれば、再び同じように他国と条約を結んで日本を戦争に巻き込むだろうと主張した。
- Katsura stated that a comprehensive solution to the problem of the Korean Peninsula should be the logical outcome of this war, and that if left alone, the Korean Empire would continue to enter into treaties with other powers that would cause the same problem, which would result in bringing Japan into a fight again.
- その系譜についても、伝承されている系図が、南部氏の史料とは概ね一致するものの、前述の寺社修造棟札写から復元される歴代とは異なっており、女川家も含めてその実態については今後の研究が待たれている。
- For the pedigree also, although the handed-down genealogy roughly concord with the historical materials kept by the Nanbu clan, it does not concord with the years estimated based on the description of the above mentioned copy of Shaji shuzo munefuda, thus, including that of the Onagawa family, further research has been expected for the actual state.
- 日本の合戦では戦闘時、上級武士の指揮下に少人数ずつの銃手(鉄砲足軽)が組織化されて、この戦闘単位ごとに勲功を競うといった運用形態をとっていたこともあり、個々の銃手の命中率が重要視されたのである。
- At the time of a battle in Japan, gunners (teppo-ashigaru, foot soldiers fighting with firearms) were organized in small groups under the command of high-ranking warriors, and these units vied for exploits of war, therefore accuracy rate of individual gunners was of high concern.
- そこで、総裁局顧問の木戸孝允が、天皇が天神地祗(てんじんちぎ。分かり易く言えば神)を祀り、神前で公卿・諸侯を率いている状態で共に誓いかつ全員が署名するという形式を提案し、採用されることとなった。
- Therefore general bureau adviser Takayoshi KIDO proposed another form that the emperor pray to tenjinchigi (the gods of heaven and earth) as leader of Kugyo and lords, then pledge and sign together with them, and the proposal was adopted.
- しかし政峯の死後、後を継いだ第6代藩主の小堀政方は伏見奉行などを歴任し、さらに老中として権勢を振るった田沼意次に対して協力的な態度をとったため、田沼時代も末期の天明5年(1785年)に失脚した。
- However, Masamichi KOBORI, who succeeded to deceased Masamine as the sixth lord of the domain, had served in the posts including Fushimi bugyo, but was overthrown in 1785, the end of the Tanuma period, because he was cooperative with Okitsugu TANUMA who was influential as Roju (senior councilor).
- こうした事態に対応するため、江戸の問屋商人らの要望も受けた江戸幕府は、1860年に、生糸、雑穀、水油、蝋、呉服の五品目について、必ず江戸の問屋を経由する法令 - 五品江戸廻送令 - を発出した。
- To deal with such situation, and in response to the wishes of wholesalers in Edo the Edo bakufu issued the Law for Transporting Five Articles through Edo, which was a law providing that merchants never failed to get through the warehouse merchants in Edo regarding five articles such as raw silk thread, cereals, hair oil, wax and draperies in 1860.
- 11月26日には衆議院法務委員会に服部学長と同学会委員長が喚問される事態となり、政府(第3次吉田内閣)および与党自由党はこの事件をきっかけに大学への警官の自由な立ち入りを認めさせようと画策した。
- The president of the university Hattori and the chairman of the Dogakukai were summoned to the Lower House Judicial Affairs Committee on November 26, and the Government (the third Yoshida cabinet) and the ruling Liberal Party planned, taking advantage of this incident, to make it possible for the police to enter the university campus freely.
- その後、1937年(昭和12年)に宇垣一成(予備役陸軍大将)に対して天皇から首相候補に指名されて組閣命令が下った際、陸軍から陸軍大臣の候補者が得られずに組閣を断念せざるを得ない状態へ追い込まれた。
- Afterwards, when Kazushige UGAKI (Yobieki Army General) was named by the Emperor to be a candidate for Prime Minister, he could not obtain a candidate for the Minister of War from within the Army and driven into a situation in which he had to give up forming the Cabinet in 1937.
- そして、旧幕府において京都と江戸の警備に当たっていた会津藩及び庄内藩は朝敵と見なされ、会津は武装恭順の意志を示したものの、新政府の意志は変わらず、周辺諸藩は新政府に会津出兵を迫られる事態に至った。
- Accordingly, the Aizu and Shonai clans that took the charges of keeping peace of the cities of Kyoto and Edo became the enemies of the imperial court; Aizu were willing to show allegiance but the new government still took Aizu as the enemy, forcing the surrounding clans to dispatch troops against Aizu.
- 槍先形尖頭器の分類はこれまで、形態による分類(木葉形、半月形、有舌、有肩など)と調整部位による分類(周辺調整、片面調整、両面調整)がおこなわれているが、明瞭な型式分類が設定されるには至っていない。
- The articles of lanceolate-shaped point are classified according to the forms (leaf-shaped, half-moon-shaped, hafted, shouldered) and the parts retouched (retouch on the surrounding part, one face and both faces), however, the categorical classification has not been established yet.
- 河内説は広元・景季が頼朝の死をきっかけに守貞擁立構想の責任を中御門流一条家及び同族の持明院家に転嫁することによって、新将軍頼家と後鳥羽院の関係を一から再構築しなおして事態の収拾を図ったとしている。
- Based on Kouchi's theory, the situation was as follows: taking advantage of the death of Yoritomo, Hiromoto and Kagesue tried to shift the responsibility of having considered making Morisada Emperor onto the Ichijo family and the Jimyoji family, as a means of getting the situation under control and to rebuild relationships between Yoriie, the new shogun, and Gotoba-in.
- こうした事態を憂慮した伊藤は初代内閣総理大臣就任とともに引き続き初代宮内大臣を兼ねて天皇の意向を内閣_(日本)に伝えることで天皇の内閣への不信感を和らげ、伊藤の目指す立憲国家建設への理解を求めた。
- Concerned about this, Ito told the Cabinet (Japan) of the emperor's intention once he had been appointed to serve as the first Prime Minister while also serving as the Minister of the Imperial Household at the same time in order to quell the emperor's distrust of the Cabinet and gain his acceptance for the constitutional government Ito sought to implement.
- しかし慶応元年(1865年)、攘夷運動の最大の要因は孝明天皇の存在にあると見た諸外国海軍は艦隊を大坂湾に入れて天皇に条約の勅許を要求して、天皇も事態の深刻さを悟って条約の勅許が出される事となった。
- However in 1865, navies from various overseas countries thought the cause of the exclusionism movement was due to the existence of Emperor Komei, and they sent a fleet to Osaka Bay and demanded Imperial sanction of the Emperor for the agreement, finally the Emperor realized how serious the situation was, he decided to issue an Imperial sanction of the agreement.
- 唖の原因として、母・遠智娘が父・倉山田石川麻呂(皇子にとっては祖父)を中大兄皇子に処刑され、悲しみのあまり狂乱した状態で出産したため、遠智娘の精神異常が皇子に影響したのではないか、という説がある。
- There is a theory about the cause of his muteness saying that, the madness of his mother, the prince Ochi no iratsume might have affected, because she gave birth to him in a frenzied state of mind, since her father KURAYAMADA no Ishikawamaro (the prince's grandfather) was executed by Naka no Oe no Oji.
- 室町時代には九条家の家司となるが、明応5年(1496年)に九条家の経営に関するトラブルから唐橋在数(位階・大学寮中務省)(1448年 - 1496年)が九条政基・九条尚経に殺害される事態となった。
- During the Muromachi period, the family served the Kujo family as household managers, but in 1496, trouble occurred in connection with the Kujo family's business, and this led to the killing of Arikazu KARAHASHI (Court Rank, the Bureau of Education, Department of the Imperial Palace, 1448 - 1496) by Masamoto KUJO and his son, Hisatsune KUJO.
- 上地車は、地域によりその形態に特徴があり、住吉型(大佐だんじり)・堺型・大阪型・石川型(仁輪加だんじり)・北河内型・大和型・神戸型・尼崎型・舟型・社殿型・宝塚型というように多種多様な型が存在する。
- Unique features can be found in the form of kami danjiri depending on the region, and various types exist, such as Sumiyoshi-type (Taisa danjiri), Sakai-type, Osaka-type, Ishikawa-type (Niwaka danjiri), Kitakawachi-type, Yamato-type, Kobe-type, Amagasaki-type, Ship-type, Shinto-shrine-type and Takarazuka-type.
- しかし、グレシャムの法則が働き良貨である小判の鋳造量は衰退し、市場では悪貨である二朱金および一分銀のような名目貨幣が凌駕するような状態であったため、一分銀から小判への両替には大幅な増歩が要求された。
- Based on the Gresham's law, however, the amount of mintage of koban, which was good money, was decreased and nominal coins such as Nishu kin gold and ichibu-gin silver coins, which were bad money, prevailed in the market, so a great amount of premium was demanded for an exchange of ichibu-gin coins into koban.
- 基本的にどの治世においても将軍は完全な独裁者、もしくは(将軍が幼少の場合を除き)幕閣の完全な傀儡という状態ではなく、老中を中心とする幕閣による合議で決定された事案を将軍が決裁するシステムが存続した。
- Basically, no shogun was a complete dictator nor a complete puppet of the cabinet officials (other than when the shogun was very young), and there was a system in place whereby the shogun had the final say on issues discussed by cabinet officials (mainly senior councilors, 'roju').
- 早期の北部九州の住居には、縄文時代晩期の系譜を引き継ぐと考えられる平面方形のもののほかに、平面円形で中央に浅い皿状のくぼみを持ち、その両脇に小さな穴(柱穴か)を1対持つ特徴的な形態の住居が存在する。
- A dwelling with square ground shape that carries on the tradition from last period of the Jomon period and a dwelling with a distinctive shape, which has a round ground shape with a bowl like shallow concavity at center and a pair of small hole (could be holes for pillars) at the side of the concavity, both from earlier period are found in northern Kyushu.
- メジャーな酒屋と違って、マイナーではあるが独自の投資経営技術で関東から東北にかけて幅広く小さな酒蔵や造り酒屋をたくさん展開した、近江商人の江州蔵(ごうしゅうぐら)という酒屋の形態も忘れてはならない。
- The sakaya style called Goshugura described in the following should be also remembered: Being minor unlike the sakaya that was major, Omi shonin (merchants in the Omi Province) deployed many small-sized sake-factories and tsukuri-zakaya throughout the Kanto to Tohoku regions using their own business management technology.
- 今日では世直しを求める側面や一揆の動機・目的・要求などに大きな差があること、全てが一揆の形態ではなく、自由民権運動との連携を通じた署名・意見書などの提出による合法的な反対闘争の存在などが分かっている。
- Recent studies show that some revolts had aspects of social reform; motives, purposes and requirements of the revolts varied; and some of them did not take a form of revolt but a form of legal conflict, such as submitting signatures and written opinions in cooperation with Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
- 西太后が「宣戦布告」の上諭を出して列強への態度を明確化した頃、両江総督劉坤一や湖広総督張之洞、両広総督李鴻章ら地方の有力官僚らは、この上諭を偽詔とした上で従わない旨宣言し、そして義和団の鎮圧に動いた。
- When Empress Dowager Cixi made a 'proclamation of war' to make her stance toward the allied western powers clear, some influential bureaucracy in the local provinces such as Liu Kunyi, who was the Viceroy of Liangjiang, Zhang Zhidong, who was the Viceroy of Huguang, and Li Hongzhang, who was the Viceroy of Liangguang, stated that the above order was a forgery and refused to participate in suppressing the Boxers.
- そこで1072年(延久4年)に白河天皇即位の際に実仁親王を皇太弟とし、翌年の輔仁誕生直後に太上天皇となっていた後三条が重態に陥ると、重ねて実仁親王が即位した後には、輔仁親王を皇太弟とするよう遺言した。
- Then when Emperor Shirakawa acceded the throne in 1072, Gosanjo made the younger brother Imperial Prince Sanehito the Crown Prince, and Gosanjo, who retired as Emperor the next year soon after Sukehito was born, became very ill in bed and repeatedly left his will that Sukehito, the next younger brother (who has the right to succeed the position) be the Crown Prince after Imperial Prince Sanehito acceded the throne.
- 国道9号線の一部などではスプリンクラーによる散水を行い、解雪や凍結を防いでいる地域も見られるがそれはほんの一部であり、基本的に冬季の車での移動はスタッドレスタイヤを装着しないと非常に危険な状態となる。
- There are some areas where the melting of snow and freezing of roads are prevented by sprinkling water with a sprinkler over part of National Route 9, but are limited; driving a car without using winter tires is basically very risky in winter.
- 一方の沼田家でも、大内氏と尼子氏の影響下で活動しているが、1539年(天文8年)には、尼子方に内通しようと画策し、逆に大内氏によって居城の高山城 (安芸国)を占拠され、城番を置かれるという事態に陥る。
- On the other hand, the Nuta family were living under the influence of the Ouchi and Amago clans but when they were planning to hold secret communication with the Amago clan, their residence of the Takayama-jo Castle (Aki Province) ended up with being occupied by the Ouchi clan and a guard was placed over them.
- 日露戦争の結果、日本は南満州鉄道や関東州の租借権などの満洲利権を獲得したが、満洲は既に半植民地状態とはいえ、あくまでも清の国家主権に属する地域であったことから、清国の了承なしには権利譲渡は出来なかった。
- Through the Russo-Japanese War, Japan gained rights in Manchuria, such as the South Manchuria Railway and the Kwantung Leased Territory, but she was not able to transfer her rights without Qing's consent because Manchuria, in effect, belonged to the state of Qing, despite the fact that the region, in part, had become Japanese colony.
- そのためそれを防ぐことが急がれ、実態を調査、把握し、適正な数値に是正するために、寛文6年(1666年)、延宝8年(1680年)、元禄10年(1697年)、天明8年(1788年)などに全国調査を行なった。
- Therefore there was a pressing need to prevent such disparities, and surveys were conducted nationwide in 1666, 1680, 1697 and 1788 in order to investigate and find out the actual situation and to correct the situations to obtain appropriate values.
- 大和絵の手法によって描かれた絵と詞書とを交互につらね、異時同図法によってあたかも映画を見るようにつぎつぎに展開する画面の連続は、世界の絵画史においても他にほとんど類例をみないきわめて日本的な形態である。
- Illustrations drawn in the method of Yamato-e painting (a traditional Japanese style painting of the late Heian and Kamakura periods dealing with Japanese themes) and Kotobagaki are alternately placed and each frame is advanced as if it was a movie, using the compositional method; a method to show successive events within a unified background, which is a typical Japanese style with hardly no real precedent in international painting history.
- ちなみにアメリカ合衆国では、口から食べかけの料理がはみ出している状態が大変な無作法と考えられており、料理は一口ずつ口に運ぶものだという考えの延長で、皿の上でどんな料理でも細かく切り刻みスプーンですくう。
- For your information, in the United States, the situation that a half-eaten food comes out of the mouth is considered to be very bad manners, therefore, according to an extension of the idea that people should bring food to their mouths mouthful by mouthful, they cut them into small pieces on the plate and scoop by spoon.
- 韓国では1961年の計量法施行によって、公式にはメートル法に移行しているが、不動産の売買には坪を用いる実態があったため、2007年7月施行の改定計量法によって、使用すると罰金が課せられるようになっている。
- In South Korea, the measurement law enacted in 1961 had officially declared to switch into the metric system; however, the usage of tsubo unit was still common in practice for real estate business, thus the government revised the measurement law in July, 2007, imposing a penalty for the usage of tsubo unit in business purpose.
- 藩士である武士を城下町に集めて軍人・官吏とし、彼らの支配のもとで城下町周辺の一円支配領域にある村に石高を登録された百姓から年貢を現物徴収して、藩と藩主の財源や藩士の給与として分配する形態が藩の典型である。
- The typical pattern of Han was to have samurai, Hanshi, in the castle town as military men or government officials who collected land taxes in rice from peasants whose yields were registered in villages located in the whole ruling region in the vicinity of the castle town, and divided the taxes into the financial resources for the Han and Hanshu as well as the salaries for the Hanshi.
- 居延漢簡の書かれた時代は篆書から隷書へと書体が変化する時期に当たっているが、ちょうどその変化=隷変のあった前漢代にはほとんど碑などの金石文が残されておらず、ごくわずかな書蹟から推測するだけの状態であった。
- The days when Kyoen Kankan was written correspond to the period when the calligraphic style changed from tensho (seal script) to reisho (clerical script), but very few Kinsekibun (words written on metal or stones) such as stone monuments remained when such change, i.e. reihen (change in calligraphic style), occurred in the Former Han period and therefore reihen was only presumed on the basis of a very small number of penmanship.
- 文明開化は、江戸時代を通じて連綿と続いてきた封建制色濃い日本文化が鎖国などの事情で飽和状態に達していた所に、政治体制の刷新にも伴い流入した西洋文明によって発生した日本での西洋文明の吸収・取り込み現象である。
- The civilization and enlightenment is the phenomenon of absorption and intake of Western civilization flew into Japan in parallel with the renovation of political system, during the time when the strongly feudalistic Japanese culture that had been unbrokenly continued throughout the Edo period was coming to the limits due to the isolationism and the like.
- また編者三善為康が身近な「反故」を集めたと自ら述べているように、編者が生きた平安時代末期の史料が特に多く収録されていることから、平安時代中紀以降末期にかけての律令政治の実態を伝える貴重な文書集となっている。
- As the editor, MIYOSHI no Tameyasu himself stated that he had collected 'hogo' (scraps of paper), the book, including many historical materials especially in the end of Heian period when he lived, makes itself a valuable collection of monjo that reports realities of government according to the Ritsuryo code from the middle to the end of the Heian period.
- また、土器の形態は地域性をきわめてよく表すため、その特徴に着目して他地域から搬入された可能性の高い土器と在地の土器とを峻別し、土器はこれまで思われていたよりもずっと多量に移動している可能性が指摘されている。
- From the fact that the form of earthenware strongly shows regionality, earthenware manufactured on local land and earthenware suspected to have been brought in from other regions were compared and there is a possibility of the movement of larger amounts of earthenware than previously assumed.
- また、元禄の酒株改めによって幕府は一時的に全国の醸造業界の実態を把握したものの、酒造株高と酒造米高の格差は放置しておけば再びどんどん広がっていくので、これ以後も幕府は時に応じて酒株改めを繰り返すことになる。
- Even after temporarily realizing the actual situation of the sake brewing industry through the Revision of the Sakekabu System in the Genroku Era, the bakufu repeatedly conducted the revision of the sakekabu system in a timely manner because the gap between shuzokabu amount and the amount of rice for brewing sake would again continue to widen unless actions were taken.
- 一方このときの福知山藩の財政状態は朽木家二代目朽木稙元を始めとして苦しいもので、その建て直しをはかってたびたび財政改革を行おうとするものの、たびたび百姓による強訴が起きるなど失敗に終わってしまうのであった。
- On the other hand, the financial situation of the Fukuchiyama clan at the time was dire ever since the rule of the second domain head of Tanemoto KUTSUKI in the Kutsuki family, and while the domain head repeatedly carried out fiscal reforms in order to improve the situation, these reforms resulted in failure due to frequent riots by farmers.
- 20世紀末頃よりは冷凍技術の発達にも伴い、鮮度や味の面ではやや劣るものの、適切に温度管理されれば保存や流通にも耐え、適切に解凍することで生に近い状態に出来る冷凍の食材が流通しており、その供給も安定している。
- With the development of freezing techniques from the late twentieth century frozen foods have been circulated and they can keep good and be circulated if their temperatures are properly managed and be served in a state as good as the raw ones if properly thawed, though a bit inferior in freshness or taste, and the supplies are stabilized.
- この他にも、後に村田銃の開発で有名になった村田経芳が、旧幕府から引き継がれたシャスポー銃を、スナイドル銃とは別の金属薬莢を用いる弾薬用に改造しようと計画するなど、更に補給を混乱させかねない事態が進行していた。
- In addition, matters that might further confuse the army in supplying ammunition were proceeding such that Tsuneyoshi MURATA, who later became famous for developing Murata rife, was planning to convert Chassepot rifle, which had been handed down from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), into a model using metal cartridge case other than that for Snider rifle.
- 作成年代によって違いはあるものの、基本的な形態として平安京のある山城国を中心として、令制国を俵あるいは卵状(主として楕円もしくは円 (数学))に表して、これを連ねることで日本列島の大まかな輪郭を形成している。
- Different versions were produced in different periods, but as the basic format, the general outline of the Japanese archipelago was formed by arranging (partly overlaying each other) tawara (straw bags for rice) or oval shapes (mainly ellipses or circles) expressing ryoseikoku (provinces) centering around Yamashiro Province where Heian-kyo (ancient capital in current Kyoto).
- ところが、大久保忠教は旗奉行の不首尾は古参譜代衆を差し置いて新参者に旗奉行のような要職を任せた家康の失態であり、高齢の家康には汚名返上の機会はないと思い、旗は倒れなかったと主張して聞かなかったという逸話がある。
- An anecdote is told about this, however, that Tadataka OKUBO strongly insisted that the flag was never fallen, because he worried that if it was revealed that the failure of Hata bugyo was attributable to failure of Ieyasu who left such an important post as Hata bugyo to newcomers by neglecting senior fudaishu (hereditary daimyo), no opportunity would be left for old-age Ieyasu to clear such dishonor.
- 札遣いも、藩札、旗本札のほか、日本最古の紙幣として知られる伊勢国の山田端書に類似した発行形態で、吉野郡の自治組織が幕府の許可を得て発行した御免銀札、大寺院や神社が発行した寺社札など、多種多様な紙幣が発行された。
- In addition to Han-satsu and Hatamoto-satsu, various types of paper money were issued here including the Gomengin-satsu paper money substituted silver coin which an autonomous body in Yoshino County issued under the allowance of the bakufu with the similar style to Yamada-hagaki in Ise Province, known as the oldest paper money in Japan, and the Jisha-satsu issued by big temples or shrines.
- 平家滅亡後の文治3年(1187年)、三河国国司源範頼(源頼朝の弟であり、実態は頼朝の提案に等しい)の意見という形で摂政となった九条兼実が流通停止を命令、建久4年(1197年)には改めて「宋銭停止令」が出された。
- In 1187, after the Taira family had fallen, Kanezane KUJO became a regent with the recommendation of the Mikawa Province kokushi (provincial governors), MINAMOTO no Noriyori (who was a younger brother of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo so it was more like Yoritomo's suggestion), and he ordered the suspension of circulation and placed 'a ban on the Sung currency' properly in 1197.
- 高倉天皇即位によって成立した後白河院政は、武門平氏・堂上平氏・院近臣という互いに利害を異にする各勢力の連合政権といえる形態をとっていたため、滋子の死により、今まで隠されていた対立が一気に表面化することになった。
- The conflict between Emperor Goshirakawa and the In Kinshin became apparent, all the sudden, after Shigeko died, since the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa's government was established after Emperor Takakura's succession to the throne, whose government consisted of an allied government made up of the Taira Samurai family, the Tosho House of the Taira clan, and the In Kinshin, and they all had the different political interests.
- 前近代の後宮制度の充実ぶりにも関わらず、中世以後に皇統断絶の危機が何度も生じたのはこうした事情がある)状態にあったが、世襲親王家が断絶した場合には天皇が実子を養子として送り込む事で子孫の安泰を図る事も行われた。
- This was the reason why there were many crisis of discontinuity of Imperial succession after the Medieval Period, even though the system of the Inner Palace in premodern time was well established.) there were even examples of an Emperor allowing his child to be adopted into the hereditary Imperial Family to secure the succession of descendants, if there was a crisis of the discontinuity of the family.
- 18世紀末から19世紀初めにかけての随筆『耳袋』の記述によると、天明元年に、ある大名に飼われていた狆の主人に対する態度が噂となり、それを知った光格天皇がその狆の忠節を認めて六位を賜えたという話が伝えられている。
- According to the description in an essay, 'Mimibukuro' dating from the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries, on the first year of Tenmei, there is a legend that one dog was very loyal to the owner, so in reward for that loyalty the Emperor Kokaku conferred the sixth court rank upon the dog.
- 大名行列は本来、戦時の行軍に準じた臨戦的・軍事的な移動形態(帯刀する刀の長さも通常の長さより大きなものでもよいなど)であったが、江戸時代の太平が続くと次第に大名の権威と格式を誇示するための政治的なものに変容した。
- Daimyo-gyoretsu initially referred to a form of military traffic preparing for battles which was based on a march in war time (for example, longer swords than ordinary one were allowed to carry), but as peace in Edo lasted long, it gradually changed to a political thing to show off their authority and social status.
- こうして与えられた支配権・管理権は一様ではなく、名田の規模・態様によってさまざまな形態をとっていたが、いずれにせよ田堵負名は、国司・領主に認められた権限を背景に、現地において百姓らへの支配を強めていったのである。
- Although these rights to rule and manage land varied greatly depending on the size and arrangement of myoden land, tato fumyo farmers succeeded in strengthening their control over peasants in many villages by using the authority recognized by their own rulers.
- 一般に「単独で設立された宗教法人」の意味と理解されているが、一説に寺院の僧堂内にある各僧侶1人1人のスペースを「単」といい、そこから1寺院を単になぞらえ、宗派という集団から独立した状態を指すようになったともいう。
- In general, the term Tanritsu is understood as 'a religious corporation that is set up independently,' however, one theory holds that they linked one temple to 'Tan,' the space that every priest has in a meditation hall at a temple, to create the term Tanritsu to express a condition in which one is independent from a religious school.
- 同学会は天皇来学に際し、(当時の左翼勢力の主流がしていたように)天皇制反対を声高に訴えるのでなく「歓迎もしなければ拒否もしない」「(天皇を)一個人として迎える」という態度を取り、学生と天皇との会見を要求していた。
- For the Emperor's visit, Dogakukai took a position of 'We will neither welcome nor reject his visit' and 'We will receive (the Emperor) as an individual,' rather than vociferously appealing the abolition of the Imperial system (unlike other left-wing organizations which did so), and requested to meet the Emperor.
- また慶長14年(1609年)に幕府は三貨の御定相場として金一両=銀五十匁=永楽通宝一貫文=鐚銭四貫文と定めたが、これは目安とされ実態は変動相場制で市場に委ね、相場が行き過ぎた場合は幕府が介入するというものであった。
- In 1609, bakufu decided the market price of three currency as 1ryo=silver 50 monme = Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) 1 kanmon=Bitasen (low quality coins whose surfaces were worn away) 4 kanmon, however, it was introduced just as criterion and in reality, it was flexible rate which was left to market, and was intervened by the government in the case that the rate went too far.
- 以上のように、軍票は通貨のような体裁と流通形態をしていて、商品券のような物と誤解される場合があるが、法律上の扱いは法定通貨でも有価証券でもなく領収書であり、最終的には相手国政府当局に提出して現金化する事が必要である。
- As stated above, military currency was sometimes mistaken as a voucher since it had an appearance and a circulation system as if it were usual paper money; however, legally, it was only a receipt, not a legal tender or marketable securities, and had to be encashed by the government of the military force.
- 当時、国際法の規範的影響力において、武力による国際問題解決が問題視されるのは1919年のヴェルサイユ条約からであり、国家への脅迫が禁止されのは1945年の国際連合憲章が始まったのが国際法規範の機能面における実態である。
- It was since the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 that settling of international issues by force has been seen as a problem under a normative influence of international law, and it was after the beginning of the United Nations Charter of 1945 that threatening against a state was forbidden – those are realities of functional operation of the norm of the international law at that time.
- 酒株を持った酒造人が生産する酒の量を酒造石高といい、籾米1石(当時の徴税はこの状態であり、精米すると精米度合いにもよるがおよそ6割になる。つまり玄米だけの体積は0.6石程度となる)を使った際に生成できる酒の歩合である。
- The amount of sake produced by a brewer with sakekabu is expressed in sake brewing kokudaka (yield in the unit of koku), which is the percentage of sake produced using one koku (about 180 litters) of unhulled rice (Taxation was based on rice in this stage at that time. When polished, it becomes some 60 percent in volume depending on how well it is polished. That means the volume of only the brown rice is about 0.6 koku).
- さらに出雲国の尼子経久、周防国の大内義興、備前国の浦上村宗らの圧迫を受けるようになり、次第に領土を奪われて、政豊の子・山名誠豊の時代には、誠豊が但馬、山名豊時の孫・山名誠通が因幡をかろうじて支配するという状態に陥った。
- Furthermore, the oppression of the Yamana clan by the Tsunehisa AMAGO in the Izumo Province, Yoshioki OUCHI in the Suo Province and Muramune URAGAMI in the Bizen Province began; the only territories they managed to govern were Tanba, during the generation of Nobutoyo YAMANA, the son of Masatoyo, and Inaba, during the generation of his grandson, Nobumichi.
- 豊臣方も同じく兵糧に加え弾薬の欠乏や徳川方が仕掛けた心理戦、大砲で櫓・陣屋などに被害を受けて将兵は疲労し、また豊臣家で主導的立場にあった淀殿も本丸への砲撃で身近に被害が及び、態度を軟化させて和議に応じたという(16日)。
- With lack of army provisions and ammunition, psychological warfare that the Tokugawa side conducted, and damages of the towers and camps by cannons, the Toyotomi officers and soldiers had been exhausted, and also Yodo-dono, who was in a leading position in the Toyotomi Family, having seeing damage around her brought by bombardments to Honmaru, Toyotomi side decided to take a softer line, and agreed to have peace negotiations (16th) (the old calendar).
- 実際、墾田永年私財法は荘園制を発生させ律令制を崩壊に追いやった元凶のように論じられていたが、実態は人民の生活保障のために執られた土地政策の一環で、律令を否定するどころか律令の法目的を補強するものであった事が判明している。
- In fact, although it was argued that the Law Permitting Permanent Ownership of Newly Cultivated Land was very much like the main cause of the Ritsuryo system collapse by allowing the development of the manorial system, it has been proved that the law was for reinforcing the Ritsuryo system as part of the land policy, which was undertaken to guarantee the livelihoods of the people.
- そのため、籾を取った玄米の状態からかさはさらに減りだいたい70kg程度(およそ体積は0.4石である。数値は現在の普通酒と同程度より少し低い程度の精米歩合と考え算出)となり、これに同体積の水を加え酒造すると0.8石となる。
- The rice is hulled into brown rice, which further decreases in amount to approximately 70 kg (About 0.4 koku in volume. These values are calculated based on the rice-polishing ratio slightly lower than that for present-day futsushu [regular sake]), and the same volume of water is added to this to brew 0.8 koku of sake.
- こうした土偶の使用の地域性について藤尾は、ブナ、ナラ、クリ、トチノキなどの落葉性堅果類を主食とした地域(つまりこれら落葉樹林に覆われていた地域)と、西日本を中心とした照葉樹林帯との生業形態の差異と関連づけて説明している。
- Fujio explains that the regionality of the earthen figure use might be related to the difference in the main food supplies available in the regions, the difference between the regions where the main food supplies were the nuts, beech, oak, chestnut and buckeye etc., from the deciduous trees (that is, these regions covered with deciduous forests) and the regions covered with laurel forests in much of the western Japan.
- 帝国海軍の大規模戦役の歴史は、1895年(明治28年)の日清戦争に始り、1905年(明治38年)の日露戦争ではほぼ完全勝利したが、大東亜戦争(太平洋戦争)で米国海軍と戦い、艦隊戦力は壊滅状態となり、その後公式に消滅した。
- The history of the large-scale military campaigns of the Imperial Navy began with the 1895 Sino-Japanese War and the 1905 Russo-Japanese War ended with the Imperial Navy's near perfect victory; however, in the Great East Asian War (the Pacific War) the fighting power of the fleets of the Imperial Navy was almost completely annihilated by the United States Navy and the Imperial Navy was officially dissolved at the end of the war.
- また、近年では、ある特定の血統が大王(天皇)位を独占的に継承する「王朝」が確立するのは継体・欽明朝以降のことで、それ以前は数代の大王が血縁関係にあっても「王朝」と呼べる形態になっていなかったとする見解が主流になっている。
- In recent years the mainstream is the theory which says that the 'dynasty,' in which a specific blood line inherits great king (emperor) exclusively, established after the dynasties of Emperor Keitai and Emperor Kinmei; until then, even if great kings of several generations shared the same blood line, they were not in a form to be called 'dynasty.'
- また、合戦終了の2日後の4月25日 (旧暦)(6月15日)に秀吉は中国地方の戦国大名・毛利輝元の重臣・小早川隆景に書簡を送り、自軍の勝利に終わったことを報告するとともに、中立状態にあった毛利氏の自らへの服属を暗にうながした。
- Two days after the end of the battle, on June 15, Hideyoshi sent a letter to Takakage KOBAYAKAWA, a senior vassal of the warlord Terumoto MORI in the Chugoku Region, to inform him that the battle had resulted in his victory, implicitly prompting the Mori clan, which had kept a neutral stance, to submit itself to Hideyoshi.
- しかも、それは半ば理想的な数字で、天慶4年の御暦奏には天皇の出御もない上に11巻しか奏進されず、正暦4年の御暦奏に至っては朔旦冬至にも関わらず、遂に頒暦の奏進が0巻で櫃の入場がないという事態となった(いずれも『本朝世紀』)。
- But this was a quasi-ideal number and in fact, in the goryakuso in 941, the emperor was not present and only eleven copies of the calendar were presented, and in the goryakuso during 993, Sakutantoji was not celebrated, no copies of the calendar was presented to the emperor and no chest arrived at the court (each according to 'Honcho seiki').
- 720年(養老4) に、臨時に官戸11人が良民に官奴婢10人が官戸にされたことがあるが、740年(天平 12) の「浜名郡輸租帳」では良民の戸を官戸と称しており、賤民としての官戸は8世紀前半のうちに実態がなくなったと思われる。
- A special case occurred in the year 720 when 11 kanko were made ryonin and 10 kunuhi were made kanko but in 'Hamana-gun Yosocho' of 740, the status of ryomin is referred to as kanko, leading to the belief that the status of kanko among the senmin class ceased to exist in the first part of the 8th century.
- 西園寺は古い元老制度を廃止するためあえて元老の追加には同意しなかったが(山本権兵衛などが候補としてあげられた)、五・一五事件による政党内閣の崩壊と軍部の台頭、自身の高齢化によって西園寺単独による後継選定は不可能な状態となった。
- SAIONJI chose not to give his consent to add a new genro, (even though some, such as Gonbe YAMAMOTO, had been nominated) because he was trying to abolish the old genro system; however, it became an impossible task for him to select a successor on his own, because of the party cabinet's collapse and the military emergence resulting from the May 15th Incident as well as his own aging.
- これらの現象は従来は下克上の一言で片づけられてきた嫌いがあるが、戦国大名による領国支配の形態の研究が進むにつれ、その支配体制が決して専制的なものでなく、家臣団の衆議・意向を汲み取っていたものであるとの見方が多くなってきている。
- These phenomena tended to be simply seen as gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) in the past, but as the study progresses on the form of territory ruling by daimyo in the Warring States period, more people think that the ruling system was never be autocratic and took into consultations and intentions of the vassalage.
- 江戸時代後期、穂井田忠友(平田篤胤に学んだ国学者)によって写経所文書の紙背にある史料が注目され、1833年-1836年(天保4-7年)、元の戸籍・正税帳などの状態を復元すべく一部の文書が抜出されて、45巻(正集)にまとめられた。
- In the late Edo Period, Tadatomo HOIDA (a scholar of Japanese classical literature taught by Atsutane HIRATA) took notice of the historical materials which were written on the back side of monjo from the Sutra copying office; some monjo were picked out in order to restore those kosei and shozeicho to their original states, and these were then compiled into 45 volumes (master document) from 1833 to 1836.
- その上で、「不幸なるは近隣に国あり」として、支那(清)と朝鮮(李氏朝鮮)を挙げ、両者が近代化を拒否して儒教など旧態依然とした体制にのみ汲々とする点を指摘し「今の文明東漸の風潮に際し、迚も其独立を維持するの道ある可らず」と論じる。
- As in 'it is unfortunate for us (Japan) that there are neighboring countries,' that were Shina/China (Qing) and Chosen (Joseon Dynasty Korea), he pointed out that both countries had been rejecting modernization and concentrating on an old business-as-usual system based on Confucianism, etc. to 'remain nationally independent under this violent wind of civilization eastward.'
- その後奈良時代後期~平安時代初期にかけては、光仁天皇朝で房前の子である藤原永手・藤原魚名が左大臣となるも、永手の嫡男藤原家依は早逝し、魚名は氷上川継の乱に連座して失脚したこともあり、藤原南家・藤原式家に押されがちの状態にあった。
- Thereafter, from the late Nara period through the early Heian period the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan had been losing ground to the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan and the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan, partly because although Fusasaki's sons, FUJIWARA no Nagate and FUJIWARA no Uona, became ministers of the left in the era of Emperor Konin, Nagate's heir, FUJIWARA no Oyori, died young and Uona was involved in HIKAMI no Kawatsugu's war, whereupon he fell from power.
- 1566年、織田信長の上洛に反発し、抵抗するが敵せず相次いで敗退し、三好三人衆の勢力は衰え、元亀年間には友通が戦死し、他の二人も消息不明な状態となり、畿内における三好氏の勢力の衰退と前後して三好三人衆としての活動は完全に途絶えた。
- The Miyoshi triumvirate tried to resist Nobunaga's visit to the Imperial Court in Kyoto in 1566 but failed, marking the decline of their power, and Tomomichi died in battle during the Genki Period while the others disappeared without a trace, then with the declining power of Miyoshi clan in Kinai region, the activities of Miyoshi Triumvirate signified the complete end.
- これを聞いた薩軍の野村忍介は植木にいた隊を引き連れて鳥巣に向かい、挽回しようと奮戦するが、結局、この日一日では決着はつかず、4月7日に官軍がこの地に一旦見切りをつけ、古閑を先に攻略しようとしたことにより、一時的に休戦状態になった。
- In response to the report, the Satsuma army's Oshisuke NOMURA in Ueki led his troop to Torisu to restore the area but the battle was not decided on the day; on April 7, the battle over the area was suspended once, since the government army temporarily gave up the area to capture Koga first.
- 自らも現場に居合わせたイギリス公使ハリー・パークスは激怒し、折しも兵庫開港を祝って集結していた各国艦船に緊急事態を通達、アメリカ海兵隊、イギリスの警備隊、フランスの水兵が備前藩兵を居留地外に追撃し、生田川の河原で撃ち合いとなった。
- English minister-counselor Harry PARKS, who happened to be at the site himself, got furious, announced the emergency to the foreign warships that were gathered to celebrate the opening of Hyogo port, then the U.S. Marine force, British guards, and French sailors chased the troops of the domain of Bizen out of the settlement and exchanged gunfire at the side of Ikutagawa-River.
- その形態には様々な形態があり、百済手部・百済戸・飼戸のように一定期間ごとの交替制あるいは臨時に召役されるもの、雑工戸・鍛戸のように農閑期に官司において労役させられるもの、筥戸のように毎年一定の製品を貢納したものなどの形式があった。
- There were various forms of zakko, such as Kudarabe, Kudarahe and Shiko who were summoned to serve on a periodic rotating or temporary basis, Zokuko and Kanuchibe who were required to work for government offices in the agricultural off-season, and Hakohe who offered a certain amount of products every year.
- ただし、兵食の問題(実は航海食がビタミン欠乏状態)等により、海軍の脚気患者は、1928年1,153人、1937年から1941年まで1,000人を下回ることがなく、12月に太平洋戦争が勃発した1941年は3,079人の脚気患者が出た。
- However, rations for sailors had its problems (In reality, food at sea lacked vitamin content) as even in 1928, there were 1,153 beriberi patients in the Navy, and this did not fall below 1,000 between 1937 to 1941; In fact, when the Pacific War broke out in December, there were 3,079 beriberi patience.
- また、国防上の必要性から江戸・大坂の大名・旗本領を幕府に召し上げようとする上知令を推進しようとしたところ、大名・商人らの猛反撥を招くこととなり、将軍家慶自ら撤回を命ずる事態となり、水野は失脚し、天保の改革はわずか2年にして崩壊した。
- In addition, 'Agechi-rei' (the decree he was going to implement for national defense, whose contents were to take away the territory of 'daimyo' and 'hatamoto' in Edo and Osaka) caused fierce resistance of 'daimyo' and merchants, so Shogun Ieyoshi himself was made withdraw the decree and Mizuno lost his position, when Tenpo Reforms ended with a span of just two years.
- 称光天皇は病弱でたびたび重態に陥り、皇子の誕生もなく、また後小松の次男小川宮も早世したため後継者問題が生じ、後小松上皇は4代将軍足利義持と協議、後継者として崇光流の伏見宮貞成親王が有力視され、一時は後小松の猶子として親王宣下された。
- Because Emperor Shoko was weak and often in serious condition, he did not have any children to succeed as prince; moreover, Gokomatsu's second son Ogawanomiya died young, so there was the issue of who would succeed to the throne; however, after Retired Emperor Gokomatsu had a meeting with the fourth Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Sadafusa of Suko Ryu (a descendant of Emperor Suko) was appointed as a successor once he received the title of a Imperial Prince by the imperial order and became Gokomatsu's adopted child.
- 一方で、不平等条約上、有利な側にある国の国民が、不利な側にある国で犯罪を犯した際に、その国の裁判所にて裁くことができない状態となるため、治安問題が増大するという問題や、関税率の操作で貿易において不当に利益をあげ得る、などの問題がある。
- Meanwhile, there are some problems such as security matters are increased, or the people can gain unreasonable profits in trade due to manipulation of tariff rates, since the people of a country standing in a favorable position under the unequal treaty cannot be put on trial in the court of a country in an unfavorable position when the people have committed a crime in the latter country.
- 豊臣方の真田信繁・毛利勝永・大野治房などの突撃により幕府方の大名・侍大将に死傷者が出たり、家康・秀忠本陣は大混乱に陥るなどしたが、兵力に勝る幕府軍は次第に混乱状態から回復し態勢を立て直し、豊臣軍は多くの将兵を失って午後三時頃には壊滅。
- Charges by Nobushige SANADA, Katsunaga MORI, Harufusa ONO and so on on the Toyotomi side killed and injured daimyo, officers and soldiers on the bakufu side and put the headquarters of Ieyasu/Hidetada in a great confusion, however, the bakufu army surpassing in forces, gradually recovering from chaos, regained its balance, while the Toyotomi army, having lost many officers and soldiers, was destroyed at about 3:00 pm.
- また、義賢・義治が六角本家でないとする異説によれば、六角氏内部には「定頼 - 義賢 - 義治」の陣代箕作家より家格が上の、「氏綱-義実-義秀-義郷」と続く六角本家があり、本家と義賢ら陣代家の間は対立関係で非常に危うい状態だったという。
- Also according to a different view which denied Yosikata and Yosiharu as the head family of Rokkaku clan, among the Rokkaku family, there was the legitimate Rokkaku family whose heads were 'Ujituna-Yoshizane-Yoshihide-Yosisato' that held higher social standing than Mitsukuri family whose role was Jindai and whose heads were 'Sadayori-Yoshikata-Yoshiharu', and the relationship between the legitimate Rokkaku family and the family of Jindai including Yosikata was opposing to each other and very uncertain.
- ところが支那学形成の中心が京都帝国大学であった事からこれに反発する東京大学関係者や古来日本が文明を取り入れた中国と当時の列強による半植民地状態の中国を意図的に分離を図る国粋主義者の中には依然として「漢学」という呼称を用いる者があった。
- However, because Chinology had been developed mainly in Kyoto Imperial University, the term 'kangaku' was still used by members of the University of Tokyo who were opposed to Kyoto Imperial University and ultranationalists who were trying to establish a distinction between the China from which ancient Japan had imported its civilization and the China of that time, which had been almost entirely colonized by more powerful countries.
- この問題の行方によっては薩英戦争同様の事態に進展する可能性もあり、さらに神戸が香港や上海市の様に理不尽な占領下に置かれる事態も起こり得たことから、滝善三郎の犠牲によって危機回避がなされたことは日本史の流れにおいても重大な出来事であった。
- Depending on the conclusion, this incident would possibly have developed into as serious a situation as Anglo-Satsuma War, and Kobe might have been put under the unreasonable occupation like Hong Kong or Shanghai City, so it is also important in the context of the Japanese history that the national crisis could be avoided at the sacrifice of Zenzaburo TAKI.
- また、その外敵が銅鐸祭祀を否定する集団で、支配下に置いた地域の住民に銅鐸祭祀を放棄させたと考えれば、銅鐸が壊れた状態で出土することや、三世紀に急速に銅鐸祭祀が廃れたこと、銅鐸の用途が全く伝わっていないことなどに説明が付くという説もある。
- On the other hand, there is a theory that the hypothesis that the foreign enemy denied worship of dotaku and forced its local subordinates to abandon dotaku can explain the facts: that some dotaku were found broken, that worship of dotaku rapidly declined in the third century, and that the purpose have not been passed down at all.
- 会終了後に高揚した一部の参加者が暴徒と化し、偶々近くを走行していた市内電車や、郡部線(郊外路線)のターミナル駅であった柳橋駅、隣接の名電本社へ破壊・放火するなどの事態に発展し、本社建屋・柳橋駅舎と電車23両などが被災(焼失・破壊)した。
- Some participants resulted to violence at the end of the meeting, and the situation developed into the destruction and arson of city train running across every parts of the city, facilities of the Yanagibashi station that was a terminal port for the suburban line, headquarter of Nagoya Denki Tetsudo adjacent to it, and 23 trains.
- これは行政整理の一環であるとともに東大寺盧舎那仏像建立にあたって雑戸の技術力を利用すると同時に大仏建立の「知識(自発的参加)」の体裁を装うためのもの、極論としては欺瞞的な解放で大仏が完成すれば旧態に復する予定であったとする見解も有する。
- This was not only part of the administrative arrangement, but also intended to use zakko's skills to erect the statue of Birushana Buddha in Todai-ji Temple as well as to fake 'chishiki (donation to build Buddhist temples and statues) (voluntary participation)' for building the Great Buddha, and some even go so far as to say that if the Great Buddha was completed by the delusive emancipation of zakko, the old regime was scheduled to be restore.
- 下関での会談を西郷が直前に拒否する事態もあったが、1月21日(22日説も)京都小松清廉邸(京都市上京区)で坂本を介して西郷隆盛、大久保利通、薩摩藩家老の小松清廉と長州藩の木戸孝允(当時は桂小五郎)が倒幕運動に協力する6か条の同盟を締結した。
- Although the conference due to be held in Shimonoseki was cancelled by Saigo just before its start, the six-article alliance for defeating the shogunate was concluded on March 7 (some say on March 8) with the mediation of Sakamoto at Kiyotada KOMATSU's residence in Kyoto (in the present Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City) between the Satsuma representatives (Takamori SAIGO, Toshimichi OKUBO and Kiyotada KOMOTSU [the clan's chief retainer]) and the Choshu counterpart Takayoshi KIDO (called Kogoro KATSURA at that time).
- 今日の歴史学界において、江戸時代の朝廷及び地下官人の研究を行う際には、その実態を重視して伝統的な公家名鑑類において定義付けられた「地下官人之棟梁」=両局という図式は採用せず、「地下官人之棟梁」=三催という位置付けで行われるようになっている。
- When today's historians refer to the Imperial Court and the lower ranking officials during the Edo period in their research, they customarily adopt the definition of 'the heads of the lower ranking officials = Sansa,' instead of 'the heads of the low ranked officials = Kyokumu and Kanmu,' adopted in the traditional court noble directories, to place the actual conditions first.
- 太平洋戦争勃発後、無尽会社は戦時統合の対象とされ、都道府県別に1社に「強制的に合併させられた」と第二地方銀行協会は記念誌で主張しているが、これは、陸上交通事業調整法のような直接的法律に基づき行なわれた明確な処分ではないので、実態は未詳である。
- After the Pacific War broke out, Mujin companies became the target of wartime integration and a Second Association of Regional Banks asserted in an anniversary magazine that they were 'forced to merge' into one company per prefecture, but this was not a clear disposition performed based on direct law like the Land Transportation Business Coordination Act, therefore, actual conditions are not known.
- 3つの形態に分かれた機構を共通にしようとすれば既に中央政府から派遣された官吏によって統治される形式が採られていた「府」・「県」とは違い、知藩事と藩士によって治められた「藩」の異質性・自主性が「三治一致」の最大の障害となることは明らかであった。
- In unifying three different systems, it was obvious that the different nature of 'han', which were governed by chihanji and hanshi unlike 'fu' and 'ken' that were governed by the government officials, became the biggest obstacle for 'sanchi-icchi'.
- ちゃんこ鍋屋、ちゃんこ料理店と呼ばれる形態の店舗は外食産業の中でも比較的古くより存在しているもので、これについては大相撲を引退した関取や、関取までは成れなくとも力士時代はちゃんこ番として長年腕を振るった力士が、力士引退後に転業したものが多い。
- Restaurants called chankonabe restaurants or chanko restaurants have existed since relatively old times among restaurant industries, and most of them were opened by retired sekitori (a sumo wrestler ranked in the top two divisions) or retired sumo wrestlers who could not be sekitori but exercised their cooking skills as chankoban for a long time.
- 通常国衙・郡衙に納められた租庸調租は動用倉(どうようそう・動倉とも)に収容されて、動用穀(どうようこく)として通常あるいは非常時の出納が行われていたが、満載状態となって一定の時期を経ると、各令制国がそれぞれの判断で動用倉を封印して不動倉とした。
- Soyocho (a tax system, corvee) paid to kokuga (provincial government office compounds) and gunga (office for county officials) were usually stored by doyoso warehouse (also called the doso warehouse) to distribute both for regular and for emergency uses as doyokoku (rice for regular use), which was sealed by each province's decision when it became full, after a certain period of time.
- やがて病を得て危篤状態となった義持に、管領畠山満家や護持僧満済らがくじ引きによって後継を選ぶことを承諾させ、義持の死後石清水八幡宮において神籤が催され、義持の弟である梶井義承・大覚寺義昭・虎山永隆・足利義教の4人の候補の中から、義円が選ばれた。
- When Yoshimochi suffered critical illness, Mitsuie HATAKEYAMA, kanrei (shogunal deputy), and gojiso (a priest who prays to guard the emperor) Mansai, persuaded Yoshimochi to select a successor by drawing lots, mikuji (the lots of God) were drawn in Iwashimizu Hachimangu after the death of Yoshimochi and Gien Shorenin was selected from among four brothers of Yoshimochi: Gisho KAJII, Gisho DAIKAKUJI, Eiryu KOZAN and Gien.
- 学芸自由同盟も翌年には活動停止状態となったが、前記の中井、久野などこの運動に参加した学生のなかから『土曜日 (雑誌)』『学生評論』『世界文化』など反ファシズムを標榜する雑誌メディアが生まれ、自由主義的文化運動は「非常時」下でなおも命脈を保った。
- The Gakugei Jiyu Domei also ceased its activities the next year but students such as the aforementioned Nakai and Kuno who participated in this movement started magazines supporting anti-fascism such as 'Doyobi' (Saturaday), 'Gakusei Hyoron' (Student Editorials), 'Sekai Bunka' (World Culture), and even under 'emergency situation (war period),' the liberal cultural movement continued.
- 無期徒刑が決定したことを知らせると「いかなる事態になるか判らない」旨の発言をしている(なお、これに対して青木が「自分は伊藤博文に言われて死刑にする事を約束しただけである」と述べたために、伊藤から嫌悪されて政治家としての栄達を絶たれる原因となる)。
- When Schaevitz knew that Tsuda was sentenced life imprisonment, he said 'he didn't know what would happen in retribution' (Aoki, who heard Schaevitz's remark, said 'he just had followed Hirobumi ITO who ordered him to promise Russia the death penalty,' and was banished from a political world by Ito).
- 結果的には上記提案どおりであったが、両統迭立の約束自体が極めて不確実な状態のまま大覚寺統傍系の後醍醐が即位したことは、後醍醐が父後宇多の遺志に従わずに自分の子孫に皇位を継承させようとしたこともあり、南北朝時代 (日本)の両統並立に繋がっていった。
- The above proposal was achieved, but the enthronement of Godaigo, who was in the collateral line of Daikakuji-to, without a definite agreement on alternate succession led to the concurrent succession in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), where Godaigo attempted to make his descendant succeed to the throne irrespective of the wishes of his father Gouda.
- 旧上中町が小浜市にごみを持ち込んでいたのに対し、旧三方町は合併直前に美浜町 (福井県)と共同でエコクル美方(ガス化溶融施設・リサイクルプラザ)を稼動したため、それぞれで処理場が別になり、そのために三方と上中で分別方法が違うという事態になっている。
- Old Kaminaka-cho and Old Mikata-cho differ in garbage disposal facilities and separating systems, due to the fact that Old Kaminaka-cho had to transport their waste in Obama City, whereas Old Mikata-cho had started, immediately before the merger, to operate Ecocle Mikata (gasification and fusion furnace facility, and recycling plaza).
- さらに、西大路三条付近で桂川と鴨川の分水嶺を越えることになる上、西大路三条以西は天神川に向かって(上流に向かって)流れるように改修されたこともあって、天神川~三条通の暗渠部あたりまで、溜まった雨水が流れる程度、もしくは干上がった状態になっている。
- Additionally, since the Nishitakase-gawa River crosses over the divide between the Katsura-gawa River and the Kamo-gawa River and its flow path has been modified to run (upstream) towards the Tenjin-gawa River from Nishioji-sanjo and the east, the canal is either full of accumulated rain water or dry in the section from the Tenjin-gawa River to the vicinity of the drainage in Sanjo-dori Street.
- これによって、名古屋市当局は市内路線の市有化を強力に求めるべきとの考えを強め、事態収拾のため25年後までの市有化(市内全路線の譲渡)を名電に約束させ、1922年(大正11年)に名古屋電気鉄道の名古屋鉄道と名古屋市電への分割・事業譲渡として結実した。
- The authorities of Nagoya city came to realize the necessity of promoting the municipalization of railways in the city due to this incident, and to settle the situation let Nagoya Denki Tetsudo make an promise they would pass the right to all lines to the Nagoya city within the next 25 years, and Nagoya Denki Tetsudo was spilt into Nagoya Tetsudo (Nagoya Railway Co., Ltd.) and Nagoya Shiden (Nagoya City Railway) in 1922.
- 摂海防禦指揮徳川慶喜は、いまだに条約への勅許が得られていないのが原因と考え、老中らに勅許工作と外国艦隊との交渉をおこなわせるが、独断で兵庫開港を決めた阿部正外・松前崇広らに対し朝廷から老中罷免の令が出される異常事態となり、幕府は慶喜への疑念を強める。
- Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who was in charge of protecting the sea around the Osaka region, had senior councilors negotiate with the foreign squadron, while promoting activities to get permission from the emperor, but things became complicated with the order to dismiss the two senior councilors, Masato ABE and Takahiro MATSUMAE, who had decided to open Hyogo port on their own authority, making the bakufu side suspicious of Yoshinobu.
- 藩主の父ではあるが、外様大名でしかも無位無官である「島津三郎」が兵を率いて京へ入り、幕府に無断で公家と接触するなどという事態は、幕府健在の頃であれば許されざる暴挙であったが、桜田門外の変以来権威の失墜しつつあった幕府体制にそれを阻止する力はなかった。
- If the bakufu had had absolute political power as it used to, the situation that 'Saburo (the third son) SHIMAZU', who was a tozama daimyo (non hereditary feudal lord) having no special rank or title even though he was the father of the lord, went to Kyoto with his troop and approached the court nobles without the bakufu's permission would have been deemed as unforgivably reckless, but the bakufu which was losing its authority since the Sakuradamongai Incident did not have the power to stop it.
- 1881年(明治14年)10月、急進的な議会制度の早急な 実施を求めていた肥前の大隈重信が、明治14年の政変によって明治政府を離脱せざるを得ない事態となり、板垣同様、明治政府の外から明治政府にイギリス的な憲法と議会政治を求める運動を起こす道を歩み始めた。
- In October, 1881, Shigenobu OKUMA from Hizen, who requested the enactment of a radical parliamentary system, had to resign from the Meiji Government because of the political change which happened in the same year, and like Itagaki, he initiated a campaign to seek a constitution and a parliamentary government like those of Great Britain from outside of the Meiji Government.
- また、懐良親王が「良懐」として明と冊封関係を結んでしまったため、義満が日明貿易(勘合貿易)を開始する際に新たに建文帝から冊封をうけ「日本国王」となるまでは、北朝や薩摩の島津氏なども明に使節を送る場合は「良懐」の名義を用いねばならないという事態も発生した。
- Because Imperial Prince Kanenaga was in Sakuho relationship (vassal relationship) with Ming as '良懐,' to commence Japan-Ming trade (the tally trade), the Northern Court or the Shimazu clan in Satsuma Province had to use the name of '良懐' to send an ambassador to Ming until Yoshimitsu was granted the title of 'King of Japan' under sakuho by Kenbun-tei (Jianwen Emperor).
- だが、日本のこの要求はこの列強間の「暗黙の了解」を破棄するものであり、更に清朝が直隷と渤海_(海域)を挟んで向かい合った遼東半島を失う事でその政治的権威が失墜して国内の政情が不安定になるような事態の発生は、各国の対中国政策を根底から揺るがせるものであった。
- Therefore, the Japan's demand for the Liaodong Peninsula broke the 'tacit agreement' among the world powers and also influenced the policy of each country toward China, because if the Qing Dynasty lost the Liaodong Peninsula which was located on the opposite side of the Choku-rei region across Bokkai (marine area), Qing's political power would fall, which might result in a precarious political situation of China.
- 商品の質(消費期限 / 賞味期限の長短)によっても行商範囲は異なり、取れたその日に消費される必要のある生鮮食品は都市周辺部や都市内部で採れたり作られた食品を運んで売り歩くが、より長期間の保存ができる物品などでは都市から都市へと渡り歩くような業態も存在する。
- The area for peddling differs depending on the type of products (length of expiry period or best-before period), which means some types of fresh food required to be eaten on the day they are gathered are often sold in peripheral areas and urban areas, but products which can be stored for long periods are sometimes sold by peddlers moving from city to city.
- 政界の実力者・平清盛の義理の甥にあたる事に加えて、当時政治方針を巡って対立した二条天皇によって院政停止状態に置かれていた後白河院の不満から、二条天皇の死後に立てられた六条天皇(二条天皇の子、高倉天皇からみて甥)をわずか3歳で退位させ、天皇として擁立された。
- Emperor Takakura was TAIRA no Kiyomori's nephew in law, while TAIRA no Kiyomori had the control of the politics at that time, the Emperor Takakura was appointed to succeed to the throne after Emperor Rokujo (Emperor Nijo's child and Emperor Takakura's nephew) was forced to abdicate when he was three years old, who was set up to succeed to the throne after Emperor Nijo died by the retired Emperor Goshirakara in, since Goshirakawa was not able to rule his Cloister government due to Emperor Nijo's political pressure who opposed to Goshirakawa on political policy during that period.
- 実際、6月19日以降、政務・人事に関する広義門院の令旨が出され始めており、6月27日には「官位等を正平一統以前の状態に復旧する」内容の広義門院令旨(天下一同法)が発令され、この令旨により、それまで停滞していた政務・人事・儀式などが全て動き始めることとなった。
- In fact, after June 19, ryoji (Her Highness' - as her majesty was called) regarding government practices and human affairs by Kogimonin was issued, and on June 27, the ryoji of `Official ranks or other issues would be restored as it was done before the incident of Shohei itto' by Kogimonin was issued; with this ryoji, all the government practices, human affairs, ceremonies started working again.
- 金沢文庫に残る5月16日の京の六波羅探題南方から金沢文庫・称名寺 (横浜市)の二代長老明忍房剱阿に送られた「倉栖兼雄書状」によると、北条時村の姉妹を祖母にもつ金澤北条貞顕が探題であった六波羅探題南方では、このあと、次のような状態だったという、「京中連々騒動す。
- According to 'A letter by Kaneo KURASU' in the collection of Kanazawa Library which was sent on May 16 from Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata (Rokuhara Tandai South) in Kyoto to Myoninbokena, the second choro (patriarch) at Shomyo-ji Temple in Kanazawabunko (in Yokohama City), the situations of Kyoto after the incident observed by Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata, where the head officer was Sadaaki HOJO from the Kanesawa line of the clan whose grandmother was a sister of Tokimura HOJO, were as follows: 'The situation in Kyoto became turbulent.
- これらのことから転じて、慣用句として用いられる「どんでん返し」は、瞬間的な逆転を指す表現として用いられ、観客の側からは意外性のある「どんでん返しで幕になる」ストーリ展開の状態や、小説では「どんでん返しの結末」、「どんでん返しの逆転スリーラン」等々の用いられ方をする。
- Being derived from these, 'donden gaeshi' has become a kind of idiom and is used as an expression for instantaneous reversal, and is applied as 'donden gaeshi de maku-ni-naru' (to finish with a surprise ending) which is a peripeteia coming as a surprise to the audience, as 'donden gaeshi no ketsumatsu' (surprise ending) in novels, as 'donden gaeshi no gyakuten-three-run' (turning defeat into victory with a come-from-behind three-run homer) in a baseball game, and as others.
- 「日本の皇室の系図は、まっすぐに神話時代に遡りうる。これは、ギリシャで言えば、アガメムノンの子孫が、ずっと今もギリシャ王であり、イギリスで言えばアルフレッド大王の直系の子孫が、まだ王様である状態に近い感じで、外国人には驚天動地の現実である」(渡部昇一 1990年6月)。
- The family tree of the Japanese Imperial Family extends straight back to a mythological age; think if, for example in Greece, the descendants of Agamemnon had been the Kings of Greece and in England the direct descendants of Alfred the Great had been the King of the country: for non-Japanese, it is an incredible reality' (Shoichi WATANABE, June 1990)
- だが、これに対して進歩党と自由党が合同して憲政党を結成、貴族院_(日本)も政権に非協力な態度を取った為に、伊藤は自らの政局運営の甘さの自覚と新党結成の決意を固めて、山県有朋らの反対を押し切って憲政会の大隈重信・板垣退助のいずれかを後継にするように上奏して内閣を総辞職した。
- However, Since the Progressive Party and the Liberal Party formed the Constitutional Party together against this and the House of Peers (Japan) also took uncooperative attitude to the Government, which made ITO realize his own poor handling of the political situation and made decision to form a new party, he reported to the Emperor to make either of Shigenobu OKUMA or Taisuke ITAGAKI of the Constitutional Party as his successor and resigned the cabinet en masse, in spite of opposition by Aritomo YAMAGATA and others.
- なおこういった業態は後に輸送技術や保存技術の発達、また都市部の消費拡大にも伴い次第に定位置に店を構える業態になっていったものもある一方、明治時代初期に生まれた牛乳の行商(量り売り)のような、新規産業に伴う新しい種類の行商も、しばしば時代と共に発生した模様である(→牛乳瓶)。
- Whereas these types of businesses later became stores at fixed locations gradually in accordance with development of transportation and storage technology and increasing consumption in urban areas, the new types of peddling due to new industries, such as peddling milk (selling milk by measures) starting in the beginning of the Meiji period, seemed to be sometimes seen with the times (refer to 'Milk bottle').
- …抑モ東京ハ帝国ノ首都ニシテ政治経済ノ枢軸トナリ国民文化ノ源泉トナリテ民衆一般ノ瞻仰スル所ナリ一朝不慮ノ災害ニ罹リテ今ヤ其ノ旧形ヲ留メスト雖依然トシテ我国都タル地位ヲ失ハス是ヲ以テ其ノ善後策ハ独リ旧態ヲ回復スルニ止マラス進ンテ将来ノ発展ヲ図リ以テ巷衢ノ面目ヲ新ニセサルヘカラス…
- 'Tokyo is the capital of the empire and the political and economic center, and the source of Japan's culture. Tokyo suffered an enormous disaster this time and can not cling to its old situation, but still holds status as capital of the empire, therefore, it is necessary not only to restore it to what it used to be but also have it undergo a complete new transformation.'
- また、四等官の仕組みも不完全な形態であり、蔵司・膳司・縫司・内侍司では、尚(しょう/かみ…「長官」)・典(てん/すけ…「次官」)・掌(しょう(まつりごとひと)/じょう…「判官」)の三等官制(さかん…「主典」相当が存在しない)がそれ以外の8司では掌も省かれて二等官制が採られていた。
- Moreover, the structure of Shitokan being in a incomplete form, in Kura no tsukasa/Kashiwade no tsukasa/Mui no tsukasa/Naishi no tsukasa, a Santokan system (excluding sakan) was adopted such as Sho/kami (a director), ten/suke (an undersecretary) and sho (matsurigotohito/jo...(hangan or a judge), and in other eight tsukasa, the Nitokan system was adopted.
- 韓国忠清南道扶余郡松菊里遺跡で最初に注目されたことから、「松菊里型住居」ともよばれる(ただしこの名称は日本国内に限定して使用され、韓国考古学界ではむしろ「松菊里類型」という用語は住居跡の形態のみでなく土器や石器組成を含めた文化総体の名称として用いられることが一般的となっている)。
- It is called 'Shokikurigata dwelling' as it was first recognized at the Shokikuri site in Fuyo District, Sud Chungcheong, Republic of Korea (However the name is only used in Japan, and the term 'Shokikuri type-' are used not only for shape of dwelling, but to whole cultural description including form of earthenware and stoneware in Korean archaeological society.)
- 北京議定書によって、北京や天津に外国の駐兵権を認め、また巨額の賠償金によって外国による財政支配(海関税・常関税・塩税が支払われるまでの担保として押さえられた)を受容せざるを得なくなった清朝、そして中華民国は、もはや独立国としての体裁をなさず、「半植民地」ともいうべき状態に陥った。
- The Boxer Protocol permitted foreign troops to be stationed at Beijing and Tianjin, and the Qing dynasty had to accept foreign control of financial affairs (custom tariff, 常関税, and salt tax were held as a guarantee until payment) due to the massive reparations, and the Republic of China was not set up as an independent nation, instead becoming a 'half-colony'.
- 特に加賀国においては教団への保護の約束を信じて蓮如自身が一揆とともに守護富樫氏の内紛に加担(文明_(日本)5年の「多屋衆決議文」)し、その後教団の力を恐れた富樫氏が弾圧を加えたため門徒らが激しく抵抗し、結果的に富樫氏を倒して一国を領有する事態となってしまっていた(加賀一向一揆)。
- Especially in Kaga Province, Rennyo himself participated in the internal conflict of the Togashi clan, a provincial military governor, along with the Ikki army, believing Togashi's protection for his religious community ('Taya-shu ketsugi bun' [Resolution of Taya Group] in 1473), but after that, the Togashi clan who feared the power of the religious community oppressed them which the followers fiercely resisted to the extent that they overthrew the Togashi clan and owned the province (Kaga Ikko-Ikki Revolt).
- 鎖鎌の形態としては、鎌の柄尻に鎖分銅の付いた物が一般的に知られているが、流派によっては片手でも使える様に鎌の頭端部に鎖分銅を取付けたもの、『大鎖鎌』(又は薙鎖鎌)と称する柄の部分が4尺(約120cm)のもの、7尺の八重鎌(薙鎌)に鎖をつけた八重鎖鎌など様々な形の物が確認されている。
- As a form of kusarigama, one having a chain weight at the bottom end of a handle of kama is generally known, but depending on schools, various forms of kusarigama have been confirmed, such as one having a chain weight at the top end of kama so that it may be used with one hand, one having a 4 shaku (about 120cm) length of a handle which is referred to as 'dai-kusarigama (big kusarigama)' (or nagi-kusarigama), and yae-kusarigama which is a 7 shaku (about 210cm) length of yaegama (nagikama) (sickle-weapon) with a chain.
- また横浜市では、他の多くのアジア諸国と同様に「洋銀(メキシコドル)」での取引が常態化していたため、大隈としては金銀複本位制を考えていたが、当時アメリカ合衆国に出張中の大蔵少輔兼民部少輔伊藤博文の「現在、世界の大勢は金本位に向かいつつあり」との建言に基づき、金本位制の採用を決定する。
- In addition, although OKUMA was considering bimetallism should be introduced as 'nickel silver (Mexican dollar)'-based transaction was normal in Yokohama City as well as many other Asian countries, he decided the gold standard system would be introduced based on the proposal, 'now, most countries are going to the gold standard system.' by Hirobumi ITO, Okura no shofu (Junior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of the Treasury) and Minbu shohu (Junior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs), who was on a business trip to the United States at that time.
- 第1回衆議院議員総選挙で合計すると、衆議院の過半数を制した自由党(当時は分裂状態にあり、大同団結運動を経て再統合される)や立憲改進党などの民権派各党は、世論の意思は自分たちにあると捉え、自分達を弾圧してきた藩閥政府やその同調者と見られた保守系政党(大成会など)との対決姿勢を強めた。
- Winning majority in the first general election of the members of the House of Representatives in 1890, the parties demanding the democratic rights such as the Liberal Party (it was split then and reunited through the Great Merger Movement) and the Constitutional Progressive Party and etc. thought that the public was on their side and strengthened the attitude toward the han-dominated government (the members of former Choshu and Satsuma domains who played major part in the Meiji Restoration and had power after the restoration) which suppressed them and toward other conservative parties (the Taiseikai Group and so on) regarded as the followers of the government.
- 内部の米がどのような状態になったらどういう砥石でどういうスピードで精米するのか、というのはそれぞれの酒蔵にとっては企業秘密に近い重要なノウハウであるが、最近ではそれをコンピュータの中にプログラミング (コンピュータ)して、精米をコンピュータによって管理しているところも多くなってきた。
- For sake brewers, the data on what shape the rice inside the machine is, what type of grinding stone is used, and at what speed it spins to polish rice is important know-how, almost corporate secrets, and nowadays there are many brewers that input the data by using a computer program and manage the rice polishing.
- 江戸時代の行商は、天秤棒を担いだ業態では棒手売とも呼ばれ、扱われる商品は魚介類(シジミやアサリのような貝も)から豆腐・飴といった食品のほか薬など生活物資、アサガオやキンギョ・風鈴といった生活に潤いを与える物品もあれば、大きな箪笥などの家具を扱う業態も存在し、果ては水を行商する者もいた。
- Peddlers were also called bote-uri derived from their sales method to carry a yoke, and they sold seafood (including shellfish such as corbicula clams and asari clams), food (including tofu and candies), everyday goods (such as medicine), goods enriching people's lives (such as asagao (morning glory), goldfish, and wind chimes), furniture (including big chests) and water.
- これは徳川家康が通貨統一にあたり、以前から秤量銀貨が大坂を中心として商人に広く使用されている実情を踏まえ、この形態をそのまま継承し、慶長銀を豊臣秀頼の膝元である上方に流通させることにより、常に天下は徳川のものであることを知らしめ全国統一を円滑に進めるという、したたかな政略のひとつであった。
- In unification of the currency, it was Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's ambitious strategy to show people that he was a ruler of the country facilitating the smooth unification of the country, by way of taking over the system in which silver by weight standard had been widely used among merchants centering around Osaka, as well as distributing the keicho-chogin in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area), the base of Hideyori TOYOTOMI.
- また、『高麗史』金方慶伝によると、高麗は軍船を建造するのに「蛮様」(南宋様式)の船にしたのでは建設費がかさみ期限には間に合わないので、高麗様式の船を造船したとされており、軍船の準備が整っているので日本を征服しましょうとの忠烈王によるクビライへの進言は実態とまったく異なることであったことが記されている。
- Meanwhile, the records on Bang-gyeong KIM in 'Koraishi' says that Goryeo constructed the warships in Goryeo style, because constructing them in Southern Sung style was too expensive and would not be completed in time, and the situation was totally different from that suggested by King Chungnyeol, who told Kublai that the warships were ready to conquer Japan.
- 久野収はこの事件の特色について、「危険思想の内容がもはや共産主義やマルクス主義といった嫌疑にあるのではなく…国家に批判的な態度を取る学者たちの思想内容に及んできた」点にあると回顧しており、言論弾圧の対象が従来の共産主義思想から自由主義的な言論へと拡大することとなった大きな転機であることを強調している。
- Osamu KUNO recollects that the characteristic of this incident was 'Dangerous ideology was not only communism and Marxism, but started to include the content of thinking of academics who took a critical stance against the government' and emphasizes that this was a big step when the target of freedom of speech changed from communism to liberalism.
- 道徳大系としての武士道とは「君に忠、親に孝、自らを節すること厳しく、下位の者に仁慈を以てし、敵には憐みをかけ、私欲を忌み、公正を尊び、富貴よりも名誉を以て貴しとなす」。 ひいては「家名の存続」という儒教的態度が底流に流れているものが多く、それは江戸期に思想的隆盛を迎え、武士道として体系付けられるに至る。
- Bushido as a moral system is 'being loyal to one's lord, being dutiful to one's parents, controlling oneself strictly, being merciful to those of lower rank, having sympathy to the enemy, abstaining from selfish desire, respecting justice and respecting honor more than wealth.' Many of those who followed the Bushido code also possessed a Confucian attitude of 'continuance of family name,' which prospered during the Edo period and was formulated as Bushido.
- この理由については、従来幕府による朝廷権力の掣肘であるとする見解が主流であったが、近年では亀山が西園寺実兼との不和に加え、霜月騒動で失脚した安達泰盛と親しかった事や、「新制」に対し熱心であった態度が東国のみならず全国へ実効支配を広げようとする得宗勢力の不審を呼んだのではないかとする説が有力となっている。
- Conventionally, it was believed in general that interference in the authority of the imperial court from the bakufu resulted in the above circumstances; but recently it is widely believed that, in addition to the friction between Kameyama and Sanekane SAIONJI, Kameyama's intimacy with Yasumori ADACHI who fell during the Shimotsuki Incident, as well as his ambition for 'Shinsei' (law reconstitution) produced suspiciousness among the Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan) family who aimed to control not only the eastern part, but the entire country.
- 更に後小松には称光しか男子がおらず(称光の皇太子であった後小松の第2皇子は早世、実はこの他に名僧として知られた一休宗純も後小松の皇子であったが、政治的事情により早くから出家させられて皇位継承権を失っていた)、更に称光には子供がいない上に虚弱体質であったためにいつ崩御されてもおかしくない状態となっていた。
- Furthermore, Emperor Gokomatsu only had one male child, Emperor Shoko, (Emperor Shoko's Crown Prince, Emperor Gokomatsu's second Prince died young, and in fact, Sojun IKKYU the famous monk was Emperor Gokomatsu's Prince, he had to enter into the priesthood at a young age for political reasons, he did not have any right to succeed to the throne.) Emperor Shoko did not have any children and he was born weak, and he was not expected to live long.
- 同件による規定に基づくと、この場合「白米」(はくまい)とは、玄米(げんまい)から糠(ぬか)、胚芽(はいが)などの表層部を取り去った状態の米をいい、米麹の製造に使用する白米を含むとされ、また「米麹」(こめこうじ)とは「白米にこうじ菌を繁殖させたもので、白米のでんぷんを糖化させることができるもの」とされている。
- According to this specification, 'polished rice' means rice grains produced from brown (unpolished) rice by removing the surface layers, such as bran and germ, and includes polished rice used for producing malted rice, and 'malted rice' is defined as 'polished rice in which koji yeast has been cultured to convert its starch into sugar.'
- 松本隆海は、すべてが鉱毒が原因だとはいえないかもしれないが、当時の日本は出生数のほうが多いにもかかわらず、死者数のほうが多いのは、鉱毒に関連があるとしている(実際には、鉱毒が原因で貧困となり、栄養状態が悪化して死亡した者が多く含まれていると考えられるが、田中正造や松本はこれらも鉱毒による死者とすべきだとしている)。
- Ryukai MATSUMOTO says that it may not be said all the deaths were caused by the mining pollution, however, since there were a greater number of deaths than births while there were more births than deaths in Japan at that time, those deaths should be considered to have been caused by the mining pollution (it is considered that in fact among those deaths, many cases were caused by malnutrition, since the people became poor by the mining pollution; however Shozo TANAKA and Matsumoto and others said that those cases should be counted as the victims by the mining pollution).
- その後、総理となった犬養毅が軍縮をしようとしたところ、五・一五事件で決起将校に殺害され政党政治が終結を迎え、戦時中には軍の圧力により逼塞状態にあった鳩山一郎が、戦後に総理就任を目前で連合国軍最高司令官総司令部からこの時の事を追及されて、軍部の台頭に協力した軍国主義者として公職追放となるなど皮肉な歴史を辿る事となった。
- Later, ironic histories were repeated, which means that Tshuyoshi INUKAI, who became Prime Minister tried to do disarmament, was killed by an officer who rose in revolt at the May 15th Incident, then the party government came to an end, and Ichiro HATOYAMA who was confined during the war by the military pressure was accused by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers and purged as a militarist cooperated the rise of the military just before the assumption of the Prime Minister after the war.
- なお、近代以降については、写真、グラフィックアートなど、現代(第二次世界大戦以降)においては(日本に限った現象ではないが)、パフォーマンス、ハプニング、ビデオアート、ランドアート、コンセプチュアル・アートなど、さまざまな表現形態が「美術」の文脈で語られ、「美術」とそうでないものとの差異は次第にあいまいになってきている。
- Incidentally, various styles of expression have come to be included in 'art' - from the modern age, photographs, graphic arts, and others, and in the present age (after World War Ⅱ), performing arts, happenings, video art, land art, and conceptual art, which are seen in other countries as well - so that the boundary between 'art' and others gradually becomes ambiguous.
- 陰陽師もしくはそれを下地にした物語の式神は、和紙札の状態(式札と呼ばれる)で、使用時には鳥や獣等へ術師の意志で自在に姿を変えるというように描かれることが事が多いが、『不動利益縁起』に描かれる式神は、室町時代から江戸時代にまでの、擬人化された鶏や牛の器物(道具)の妖怪と同じものであり、これは荒ぶる神としての式神をあらわしている。
- In most literature and tales about, or involving an Onmyoji, the Shikigami that the Onmyoji employed usually appears in the form of a piece of washi (Japanese paper) that morphs into a bird or beast according to the will of Onmyoji, but the 'Fudo-riyaku-engi' describes the Shikigami as an anthropomorphic vessel (tool) shaped as a bird or cow, much like the specters and demons throughout the Muromachi period to the Edo period and it depicts the Shikigami as a violent god.
- いっぽう幕権強化・雄藩連合などの様々な思惑を孕みつつ、文久3年12月に徳川慶喜・松平春嶽・松平容保・伊達宗城(宇和島藩主)・島津久光による参預会議が開催され、神奈川鎖港談判、長州藩の処置、大坂港の防備強化などの議題が話し合われたが、将軍後見職の徳川慶喜の非協力的態度に春嶽・久光らが反撥して帰国したため、早くも翌年3月には崩壊。
- Leaving various ideas, such as reinforcing the power of the bakufu, and the alliance of major clans, as they were, a council meeting was held on December 1863 by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Munenari DATE (the lord of Uwajima clan), and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU to discuss the condition of the port of Kanagawa, the treatment of the Choshu clan, and strengthening the defences of the port of Osaka, but it failed as early as in March 1864, when Shungaku and Hisamitsu became upset with Yoshino TOKUGAWA, a guardian of the shogun, who was not cooperative at all.
- 日本酒は、一つの醪の中で、デンプンが日本酒麹の酵素によって糖に変わる糖化と、糖が日本酒酒母(または酒母)(もと)で培養された酵母によってアルコールと二酸化炭素に変わるという分解が、同時並行的に進むという並行複醗酵によって醸造されるが、この後者である分解が最後まで進むか否かによって、醗酵の様態は完全醗酵と不完全醗酵に大別される。
- Japanese liquor is brewed in the same moromi through parallel multi-fermentation consisting of the saccharification which is conversion of starch to sugar by sake rice malt enzyme and of the decomposition which is the conversion of sugar to alcohol and carbon dioxide by sake mash (a large number of cultured yeast cells); and whether the latter process, namely the decomposition, progresses to the end or not determines roughly the mode of fermentation, complete or incomplete.
- 例えば、恋人として付き合った結果としてお互いの長所も短所も好ましい性質と感じて結婚に至ったり、どうも所定の上司の前で緊張してしまって良い結果が出せず叱られてばかりだとか、所定の部下に対してだけ態度に不満があって強く注意してしまいがちだとか、あるいはあの同僚とは一緒に話していても楽しくないが、別の同僚とは話が弾む...などである。
- For example, as a result of getting to know each other as lovers, two people consider themselves compatible by taking into account both the good and bad qualities in each other and decide to get married; or one always gets nervous in front of a certain boss, and because of it, cannot bring a good result and gets scolded all the time; or one cannot help reprimanding a certain subordinate because of his/her attitude; or one always has great conversations with a certain co-worker, but not with another.
- 首都否定論の立場からは、『平家物語』などの文学作品に語られる「福原遷都」の実態については、平氏政権が和田(神戸市)方面への遷都を目的として福原に行宮を置いたに過ぎず、それによって平安京が従来の首都機能を失った様子も特に見られないことから、建前はどうあれ、福原は京都の機能を軍事・貿易面で補完する事実上の副都に留まった、とする主張がある。
- From the standpoint of negative capital, on the actual condition of 'Transfer of the capital to Fukuhara' talked in the literary work such as 'the Tale of Heike,' some insist that the Taira clan government set Angu (tentative capital) in Fukuhara only for the purposes of transfering the captial toward Wada (Kobe City), and since Heian-Kyo did not lose any function as a traditional capital, Fukuhara ended up being the sub-capital to complement Kyoto in military and trade functions.
- だが、病弱であった上に父天皇との関係も微妙であり、『日本後紀』によれば、延暦12年(793年)に春宮坊帯刀舎人が殺害された事件の背景に皇太子がいたと噂された事や、同24年(805年)に一時重態であった天皇が一時的に回復したために皇太子に対してに参内を命じたのにも関わらず参内せず、藤原緒嗣に催促されて漸く参内したことなどが記されている。
- However, the Emperor was in poor health when he became the Crown Pprince and had a sensitive relationship with his father the Emperor at that time; according to 'Nihon Koki,' there was a rumor that the crown prince was involved in the incident of Togu-bo Tachihaki (no) Toneri being killed in 793, or that in 805 the Emperor, who was in serious medical condition, recovered temporarily and ordered the Crown Pprince to go to the Imperial Palace, but when he refused to do so, FUJIWARA no Otsugu reprimanded him and he finally went to the Imperial Palace for a while.
- こうした自検断権の裏づけとなる軍事警察力の保証としての武器の保有も、建前上は刀狩以降放棄した形式をとり、百姓身分の者は身分表象としての帯刀を放棄することでそれを示していたが、実際は個々の村には膨大な数の刀槍、鉄砲が神仏への献納物、あるいは害獣駆除の名目で備蓄されており、明治維新以降も国家権力はあからさまにこれに手をつけられない状態であった。
- After the Sword Hunt, keeping arms that supported the right to judge criminal cases as a safeguard military police power had the form of waiving the right and people in a farming rank showed their waiver by not wearing a sword, their rank symbol, but actually an individual community had big stockpiles of swords, spears, and guns under the pretext of dedicating things to Shinto and Buddhist deities or the extermination of harmful animals and the governmental powers could not openly touch them even after the Meiji Restoration.
- 鏡面のような心(心即理)の状態に無いのに、致良知に基づいて、自分の心の叫びを行動(知行合一)に移してしまうと、革命志向になりやすいという説もある(後述の山田方谷も、陽明学について誤った理解をすると重大な間違いを犯す危険があると考えて、朱子学を十分に理解して朱子学と陽明学を相対化して理解が出来る門人にのみにしか陽明学を教授しなかったと言われている)。
- Some people say that if a person puts his clamor to his action (to realize Chigyo goitsu) based on chiryochi when he has not attained the state of mind that reflects ri (Shinsokuri), the person is apt to aspire to start a revolution (Hokoku YAMADA, described later, also believed that wrong understanding of Yomeigaku might cause serious mistakes, so that he taught Yomeigaku only to the disciples who understood Shushigaku well enough to understand Yomeigaku in comparison to Shushigaku.)
- 徳川吉宗は享保八年(1723年)九月から享保九年(1724年)四月の間の9263人の急激な人口減少、享保十年(1725年)四月から六月の間の1万0394人の急激な人口増加に気付き、季節的な人口変動の理由を調べさせた結果、冬の火災の多さから特に子女は近隣実家等へ疎開する、春以降火災からの復興再建や土蔵の建築が増えて労働転入者も増える、などといった実態が判明している。
- In gathering demographic information, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA noticed a sharp population decline of 9,263 persons between September 1723 to April 1724 and a population surge of 10,394 persons between April and June 1725; After ordering an investigation into the seasonal fluctuations in population, it was discovered that frequent fires in winter prompted women and children to take shelter in neighboring towns and parental residences, and reconstruction work and the construction of dozo (earthen storehouse) from spring brought in an influx of workers.
- ところが、倉庫令では倉庫内の穀は一定期間ごとに中身を入れ替えて腐敗を防止する規定があるにも関わらず、不動倉の中身をむやみに動かすことが禁じられていたために、封印後はそのまま放置されて中に入っていた不動穀を腐敗してしまう事態が相次いだため、天平12年8月14日_(旧暦)(740年)には、一定年限ごとに中身を入れ替えるために太政官符と鑰の交付を受けることが命じられた。
- However, due to the warehouse law, under which the rice in the husk was required to be replaced in certain intervals to prevent corruption, but prohibited to move the content frequently, most of the fudoso were often remained untouched after it unsealed to make the fudokoku putrefied, then to replace the content, the order was issued on September 13, 740, in that each province must be issued the key and the dajokanpu in certain intervals.
- さて、先の検勘の際に強引な日程を組んだ背景には、外国との関係の都合上贋貨と正貨の等価交換をやむなく認めたものの、実際に全ての贋貨を同じように正貨と等価で引き換えた場合には明治政府の財政が破綻するのは目に見えていたからであり、その額をなるべく抑制したいという明治政府と貿易関係の維持のために政府の崩壊に至る事態は避けたいと考える外国公使との思惑の一致があったからである。
- Now, the main reason behind the scheduling of such a tight agenda for the authenticity testing was that, while the exchange of equivalent amounts of counterfeit for specie was accepted as unavoidable given the government's relationship with foreign countries, it was clear that if all the counterfeit money was exchanged for specie of an equivalent price, the Meiji Government would face financial ruin, so the Meiji Government wanted to keep this amount to a minimum; at the same time, the foreign ministers of Japan's trading partners wanted to avoid a situation in which the government might collapse so as to ensure that they could maintain their trade relationships with the Meiji Government, so the motives of both sides coincided.
- この結果、土地は天皇のものであり、臣民は天皇または領主からその使用を許されているに過ぎないと考える公地公民制思想(王土王民説)や封建領主による領主権や村などの地域共同体による共同保有といった封建制度的な土地保有形態が完全に崩壊し、土地にも保有者個人の所有権が存在する事が初めて法的に認められることになり、土地が個人の財産として流通や担保の対象として扱われるようになった。
- As a result, the idea in that all land was under the sole ownership of the emperor and individuals were merely borrowing the land from the emperor or the idea in that feudal lords had the land ownership or the idea of cooperative ownership by local communities such as villages were completely collapsed; private land ownership by individuals was recognized legally for the first time in Japan; and land came to be treated as the objects of circulation or collateral as the property of individuals.
- だが、江戸時代中期に入ると形状的・臨時的(例勅使・朝鮮通信使の接待や征夷大将軍の日光社参参詣の供奉など)の両面における財政支出の拡大に加えて享保3年(1718年)以後の米価の低落傾向によって財政難に拍車がかかり、恒常的な借り入れ関係が生じ、更に領内の凶作によって蔵屋敷への年貢米(蔵米)や特産品(蔵物)搬入が減少するなどで売却代金によって返済しきれなくなる事態も生じた。
- However, in the middle of the Edo period, financial spending of domains expanded because there were more formal and special expenses required (for example, receptions of imperial messengers and envoys from Korea, or attendance on the shogun's visit to Nikko to recognize their great ancestor), and their financial difficulty was accelerated because of the declining of rice price in and after 1718.
- また古事記の序文などにはそれぞれ名前は微妙に異なるものの、ほとんどの場合に『帝紀』と『旧辞』をはじめとして二つの史書が並べて記されていることなどから、これらは単に別々のものを並べているのではなくもともと組み合わせることを前提に作られた一体のものであり、二つの史書を組み合わせた中国の紀伝体とは異なる「日本式の紀伝体」とでもいうべき形態が存在するのではないかとする見方もある。
- Also, from the fact that even though the names differ slightly, in the introduction of the Kojiki, usually it is recorded with two history books set side by side like the 'Teiki' and 'Kyuji,' there is a viewpoint that they were not just separate Records, but was originally written with the premise that these would be combined to make one Record, and it exists as a 'Japanese style biographical historiography' different from the Chinese biographical historiography which combines two history books,
- And since two history books, 'Teiki' and 'Kyuji' are mentioned alongside each other in most cases, having slightly different names in the introduction of 'Kojiki' or others, there is an opinion that these were not simply mentioned alongside each other, but united originally for being combined, and that there might have existed a form we can call 'Japanese style Kidentai (biographical historiography),' different from Chinese Kidentai combining two history books.
- また、地方によって、小豆餡をまぶしたものをぼたもち、黄粉を用いたものをおはぎ、こし餡を使ったものをぼたもち、粒餡や煮た小豆そのままを使ったものをおはぎ(逆の場合もあり)、餡ではなく中の米の状態によって区別し、完全に餅の状態までついたもの(皆殺し)をぼたもち、ついた米の粒が残っているもの(半殺し)をおはぎ、季節によって呼び分け、春夏はぼたもち、秋冬はおはぎとするなど、さまざまの場合がある。
- The names also vary with locality; in some regions, the rice cake coated with azuki-an is called botamochi and the rice cake coated with kinako-an is called ohagi; in some regions, the rice cake coated with koshi-an (completely ground an) is botamochi, the rice cake coated with tsubu-an (not completely ground an) or with azuki (non-ground red azuki beans) is ohagi; in other regions, the rice cake coated with koshi-an is ohagi and the rice cake coated with tsubu-an or with azuki is botamochi; in some regions, mochi of mina-goroshi (literally, 'killing all', completely pounded mochi) is botamochi and mochi of han-goroshi (literally, 'killing a half', not completely pounded mochi) is ohagi; in some regions, in spring and summer it is called botamochi, and in fall and winter it is called ohagi.
- これは実際には「生かさぬように殺さぬように」という発想で再生産が抑圧され、地主の地位が強力であった日本の農業社会の実態に合わず、また実際の地租算定においても生産経費を実際よりも低く見積もられたために、高率の税率も重なって地租が生産経費を圧迫し、小作料を跳ね上げる(当時の物価水準では収穫の1/3近くが地価の3%に相当し、更に地主が利潤を上乗せするために、結果的に小作料が上昇した)結果をもたらした。
- In fact, this assumption proved to be incorrect in the Japanese agricultural society where the position of landowners were strong and reproduction was suppressed under the idea of 'let the farmers live only well enough to work but don't kill them'; In addition, because the production expense was estimated lower than the expense required in the actual calculation of land-tax, together with high tax rate, land-tax put pressure on the production expense and as the result, the land-tax made the farm rent jump; (in the price level at the time, nearly the one third of the crop yield was equivalent to the 3% of the land price, and because the landowners added their profit on top of this, the farm rent increased as the result).
- これについては南紀派による画策であると言われているが、家定自身も廃人もしくはそれに近い重態ではあったものの、完全に意思能力が失われていたわけではないため、本人の意向で自分の対抗馬である慶喜を嫌って個人的に気にかけていた慶福を指名したとする見方もある(家定の側小姓で後に勘定奉行などを歴任した朝比奈閑水の回想によれば、家定は「自分より慶喜の方が美形」という理由で慶喜に反感を抱いていたと記している)。
- This is said to be a plan made by the Nanki group, but some stated that Iesada, although being almost disabled or in a critical condition, did not lose his mental capacity completely and appointed Yoshitomi whom he liked personally because he disliked his rival Yoshinobu (according to the reflection of Kansui ASAHINA who was Iesada's attendant page and later served as kanjo bugyo [commissioner of finance], Iesada hated Yoshinobu because 'Yoshinobu was more handsome than him').
- 自由民権運動は政府の弾圧によって衰微し、自由党_(明治)は解党、立憲改進党も休止状態にあったが、1887年にいわゆる三大事件建白運動が発生すると、かつての自由党の領袖である後藤象二郎は自由民権運動各派が再結集して来るべき第1回衆議院議員総選挙に臨み、帝国議会に議会政治の打ち立てて条約改正や地租・財政問題という難題にあたるべきだと唱え、3月に旧自由党・立憲改進党の主だった人々に呼びかけたのがきっかけである。
- The Freedom and People's Rights Movement once declined because of the government's oppression, which led Liberal Party (Meiji Period) to dissolve and the Constitutional Progressive Party to halt its activities, but in 1887, when so called the petition movement of three major events happened, Shojiro GOTO, a leader of former Liberal Party, advocated the reunion of factions of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement to prepare for upcoming of the first House of Representatives election and he called for the establishment of parliamentary government within the Imperial Diet to deal with difficult problems such as treaty revision, a land tax, and financial affairs; in March of the same year, he got principal members of former Liberal Party and the Constitutional Progressive Party to participate, which triggered the movement to unite for a common purpose.
- また、即位後もすぐには大和の地にはいらず、北河内や南山城などの地域を転々とし、即位20年目に大和にはいったことから、大和には継体天皇の即位を認めない勢力があって戦闘状態にあったと考える説(直木孝次郎説)や、継体天皇は女系の天皇で、近江の息長氏などは大王家に妃を何度となく入れているが、継体天皇はその大王家の母方といえる息長氏系統の王位継承資格者で、皇位簒奪のような王朝交替はなかったと考える説(平野邦雄説)がある。
- Since the Emperor Keitai entered Yamato not immediately after the enthronement but the 20th year later after moving from place to place such as Kitakawachi or Minami-yamashiro, there are two following theories: One that considers due to a power in Yamato which didn't allow the enthronement of Emperor Keitai, the region was in the combat situation (theory by Kojiro NAOKI) and the other that, since Keitai, the emperor of the maternal side, was a successor to the throne in the linage of the Okinaga clan in Omi, which daughters often married those in the great king family, there was no such change of dynasties as usurpation of imperial throne (theory by Kunio HIRANO).
- 中国地方及び四国地方は岡山藩(備前国、現・岡山県南東部)・広島藩(安芸国、現・広島県西部)・長州藩(長門国・周防国、現・山口県のそれぞれ西部・東部)・鳥取藩(因幡国・伯耆国、現・鳥取県のそれぞれ東部及び西部)・松江藩(出雲国、現・島根県東部)、徳島藩(阿波国・淡路国、現・徳島県及び兵庫県淡路島)、高知藩(土佐国、現・高知県)といった国持ち大名が多かった地方であり、非領国地域の支配形態をとり、かつ旗本領が散在するのは備中国(現・岡山県西部)のみである。
- Many kunimochi-daimyo (daimyo with a big territory) were in the Chugoku and Shikoku regions, such as the Okayama clan (Bizen Province, present southeastern part of Okayama Prefecture), the Hiroshima clan (Aki Province, present western part of Hiroshima Prefecture), the Choshu clan (Nagato and Suo Provinces, present western and eastern parts of Yamaguchi Prefecture), the Tottori clan (Inaba and Hoki Provinces, present the western and eastern parts of Tottori Prefecture), the Matsue clan (Izumo Province, present eastern part of Shimane Prefecture), the Tokushima clan (Awa and Awaji Provinces, present Tokushima Prefecture and Awaji-shima Island, Hyogo Prefecture), and the Kochi clan (Tosa Province, present Kochi Prefecture), and only Bitchu Province (present western part of Okayama Prefecture) was in the hi-ryogokuchiiki state where Hatamoto territories were scattered.