Honyaku Star - Search: 意義

意義: 296 Terms and Phrases

意義
meaning
significance
flack
signification
static
value
Significance of the incident
Significance of Yoro Ritsuryo Code
Effectiveness
consequence

同意義
the same meaning

真意義
true meaning

有意義
significant
useful
meaningful
worthwhile
valuable
of interest

意義素
sememe
semanteme
irreducible unit of meaning

無意義
meaningless
insignificance

存在意義
meaning of life
meaning of one's existence

注意義務
duty of care
duty to warn

同音意義
homophone

意義深い
significant
important
revealing

本来の意義
Original Meaning

香典の意義
Background of Koden

事件の意義
Meaning of the incident
Significance of the affair

意義・評価
Significance and assessment

意義と評価
Meaning and Evaluation

成立と意義
The establishment and the meaning of Chiten

同音意義語
homophonous

遷宮の意義
Significance of Sengu (transfer of a deity to a new shrine building)

用語の意義
Definitions

漢字の意義
the signification of Chinese characters

臨床的意義
clinical significance

機能的意義
functional significance
functional consequence

人生の意義
Meaning of life

生理的意義
physiological significance

実施の意義
Significance of enforcement

調査の意義
Purpose of the research

歴史的意義
Historical significance

軍事的意義
Military Meanings

経済的意義
Economic Meanings

政治的意義
Political Meanings

作品の意義
The significance of the work

意義の同一様
sense identity

善管注意義務
Duty of Due Care of Prudent Manager

五輪塔の意義
Meaning of Gorinto

生物学的意義
biological significance

生理学的意義
physiological significance

臨床医学的意義
clinical significance of medicine

言語の外的意義
external significance of language

建築史上の意義
Significance from the viewpoint of architectural history

意義深い様子で
in a significant manner

赤い信号の意義
the significance of a red traffic light

この法度の意義
Significance of this law

西南戦争の意義
Meanings of the Seinan War

銘文の意義など
The meaning of inscription and others

江戸開城の意義
The meaning of the surrender of the Edo-jo Castle

受託者の注意義務
The Trustee's Duty of Care

管理人の注意義務
Duty of Care of an Administrator

受任者の注意義務
Duty of Care of Mandatary

驚異的で意義深い
something surprising and revealing

監督委員の注意義務
Supervisor's Duty of Care

特別な重要性や意義
special importance or significance

中世と近世（意義）
Medieval period and recent times (significance)

梅雨予想の歴史と意義
History and significance of forcasting of Tsuyu

承認管財人の注意義務
Recognition Trustee's Duty of Care

会計監査人の注意義務
Accounting Auditor's Duty of Care

破産管財人の注意義務
Bankruptcy Trustee's Duty of Care

無償受寄者の注意義務
Duty of Care of Gratuitous Depositary

意義があるという特質
the quality of being significant

大きな意義または価値
of great significance or value

有意義に過ごして下さい
Have a good time!

重要性または意義に富む
rich in significance or implication

非常に大きな意義のある
of very great significance

意義不明異型扁平上皮細胞
atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance
ASCUS

摂関政治の背景とその意義
The background and value of the regency

有意義に過ごしてください
Have a good time!

第一次憲政擁護運動の意義
The significance of the first Kensei Yogo Undo

第二次憲政擁護運動の意義
The significance of the second Kensei Yogo Undo

財産の管理における注意義務
Duty of Care in Administration of Property

2条・密教における祈祷の意義
Article 2: Meaning of the prayer in esoteric Buddhism

大学での生活は有意義である。
The life in the university is significant.

特定物の引渡しの場合の注意義務
Duty of Care in cases of Delivery of Specified Things

結婚式は、意義深い儀式である。
A wedding is a significant ceremony.

善管注意義務（b商法第644条）
Due care of a prudent manager (Article 644 of the commercial code)

境界線付近の掘削に関する注意義務
Duty of Care regarding Digging near Boundary Lines

10 フリーソフトの社会的な意義
The Social Context of Open-Source Software

大きな価値や意義があるという特質
the quality of having great value or significance

彼は重大な意義のある決定を下した。
He has made a significant decision.

大きな価値や意義をもたないという特質
the quality of having no value or significance

何かに特別の重大さや意義を与える行為
the act of giving special importance or significance to something

初めの部分は制定の意義を述べている。
At the beginning, the values of the laws are stated.

意義不明の単クローン性γグロブリン血症
monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

さようなら、有意義に過ごしてください。
So long, have a good time.

かれらの真の意義がわかってきたのです。
I began to suspect their true import.

私は人生の本当の意義がわかるようになった
I came to realize the true meaning of life

科学的、文化的又は歴史的意義を有する展示物
Exhibits that have scientific, cultural, or historical significance.

産業集積の形成等の意義及び目標に関する事項
matters concerning the significance and objectives of the formation, etc. of industrial clusters;

より豊かで有意義で報いのあるものにする行為
act of making fuller or more meaningful or rewarding

自己の財産におけるのと同一の注意義務をもって
with the same care he/she would exercise over his/her own property

人生の意義に関する質問に答えることができない
The question concerning the meaning of life cannot be answered

「分野全体としての意義」についての章を追加。
New section on `Global implications'

軍縮については超大国間で意義深い進展があった。
The superpowers made significant progress in disarmament.

浄土教の歴史の中で画期的な意義を持つ論文である。
The treatise marked a breakthrough in the history of the Jodo (Pure Land) sect.

その意義が大きく変わってきている点が重要である。
The important thing is that the meaning changed significantly as above.

世界最古に属する面としてその歴史的意義は大きい。
They are historically significant as one of the oldest masks in the world.

10 フリーソフト/オープンソースの社会的な意義
The Social Context of Open-Source Software

――ぼくは単に、その意義を理解すればよかっただけ。
?all I had to do was understand the implications.

12　評判ゲームモデルが持つ分野全体としての意義
Global Implications of the Reputation-Game Model

ほぼ、五輪塔と同じ意義で用いられたことが考えられる。
They are considered to have been made for the same purpose as gorinto.

アメリカのまさにその意義に身を捧げなければならない。
we rededicate ourselves to the very idea of America,

私はしばしば人生の意義について深く考えることがある。
I often meditate on the meaning of life.

陰陽道の歴史において賀茂忠行の存在は、意義が大きい。
KAMO no Tadayuki played an important role in the history of Onmyodo

沈黙がその場を支配し、だれもそれに意義を唱えなかった。
Blank silence followed, no one protesting;

真言宗における事相の意義に関しては、真言宗を参照のこと。
Refer to 'Shingon Buddhism' for definition of jiso in Shingon sect.

法律における、自身の行いについての事実と意義を理解する能力
in law, the ability to understand the facts and significance of your behavior

同音意義語の、同音意義語に関する、または、同音意義語である
of or related to or being homonyms

南都六宗の1つである律宗精神の再興の意義も併せて有している。
It also has the significance of renaissance of the Risshu sect's sprit, which is one of the Nanto rokushu (the six sects of Buddhism which flourished in ancient Nara).

養老律令の意義は、施行当時の政治状況と関連づけて理解される。
The significance of Yoro Ritsuryo Code is understood from the relationship with the political situation during the period it was in force.

そのため、成人式というイベント自体の存在の意義が問われている。
Therefore, the meaning of Seijin-shiki ceremony itself is being questioned.

前述したとおり、本宣旨の意義をめぐってその評価は分かれている。
As mentioned above, assessments of the significance of this decree are divided.

達成したことの意義を理解したアメリカ人はきわめて少数であった。
Few, if any, Americans grasped the significance of what had been accomplished.

もともと、軍隊としての存在意義が薄かったための解散でもあった。
The army was disbanded, because their significance as a military force was low.

が、政府が超然主義を採ったため存在意義を失い、翌年に解党した。
However, since the government adopted the doctrine of superiority, it lost the significance of existence, so it dismissed in the following year.

（本宣旨に対する評価の詳細については、後述意義・評価節を参照）。
(See the section of significance and assessment below for the details of significance and assessment for this decree.)

――2人の命がけの争いについて、悲劇的なほど意義深いできごとだ。
--an incident tragically significant of the life-struggle between them.

その人の経歴の頂点であるか、歴史的意義または重要性の頂点に達する
be at the high point in one's career or reach a high point in historical significance or importance

本最高裁判決は、以下の2つの点で、先例的意義を有するとされている。
The judgment of the Supreme Court in this case is considered a significant precedent of the two points as follows.

巨額の資本投資を必要とするが非常に有意義な成果が期待される科学研究
scientific research that requires massive capital investment but is expected to yield very significant results

政治的意義を失った真人姓の氏族は、次第に政界から姿を消していった。
Mahito clans who lost political value gradually disappeared from the political world.

そしてもちろん、ブロンズの門の意義やタイムマシンの行方についても！　
to say nothing of a hint at the meaning of the bronze gates and the fate of the Time Machine!

しかし、その意義の高さから、近い将来元通りに復元されることが望まれる。
In the near future, tsukinowaden is needed to be restored to its original size because of its great significance.

この元文2・3年は兼香と桜町天皇にとっては重要な意義の持つ年であった。
These two to three years were extremely significant for Kaneyoshi and Emperor Sakuramachi.

後者はイロハ別・意義分野別に分類された語の読みから漢字を引くものである。
As for the latter, Kanji is looked up by readings of terms classified by i, ro, ha, and by meaning and field.

前項において次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、当該各号に定めるところによる。
Terms used in the preceding paragraph that are listed in the following items shall be defined pursuant to the provisions of each said item:

そうした意味で言えば、高野・熊野を結ぶ街道それ自体に信仰上の意義は乏しい。
From such a kind of point of view, the road connecting Koya and Kumano is not considered to have had a special significance of beliefs.

前項において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、当該各号に定めるところによる。
In the preceding paragraph, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items:
In the preceding paragraph, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items.

一般化して述べるが、当然ながら意義付けなどは流派によってかなりの差異がある。
The following are general explanations of each practice; as a matter of course, definitions of each practice are very different according to each house/style.

この法律において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、当該各号に定めるところによる
in this Act, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items

この条において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、当該各号に定めるところによる。
In this Article, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items.
In this Article, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items:

この款において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、当該各号に定めるところによる。
In this Subsection, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items:

意義深いエピソードは教訓的な話となることがとても多い−キャスリーン・バーンズ
too often the significant episode deteriorates into sententious conversation- Kathleen Barnes

『国意考』は、賀茂真淵が把握していた古神道の意義の一端をあらわすものである。
'Kokuiko' represents a part of the sense of ancient Shinto as understood by KAMO no Mabuchi.

この法律において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、当該各号に定めるところによる。
In this Act, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items:
In this Act, the meanings of the terms listed in each of the following items shall be as prescribed in each respective item:
In this Act, the meanings of the terms listed in each of the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items.
In this Act, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items.
In this Act, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as provided for by the respective items.
In this Act, the meaning of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items;
In this Act, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in said items:
In this Law, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items.
In this Act, with respect to the meanings of the terms given in the following items, the definition specified in each item shall apply:

この府令において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、当該各号に定めるところによる。
In this Cabinet Office Ordinance, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items are as prescribed respectively in those items:

もしもあなたが昼間を有意義に過ごすなら、夕方にはいつも幸せになることでしょう。
At eventide thou shalt always be glad if thou spend the day profitably.

その反面、実際に能を演ずる上での実際的な知識を得るためにはきわめて有意義である。
On the other hand, however, it is extremely useful in accessing practical information when putting on an actual noh performance.

此の基礎に立って古いものを現代化し、或は進んで新しく生み出すことに意義がある」。
It is meaningful to modernize the old styles based on their foundations, or to endeavor to generate new styles.'

これはプロ野球の永久欠番と同じで、「代数を欠くこと」そのものに意義があるのである。
In much the same way as numbers are `retired` in professional baseball, the eliminating a certain number from a sequence in itself has significance.

それにより、自らの統治機構が律令制に基づく公的性格を帯びる意義を持ったことによる。
This event had such significance that his own governing system took on a formal attribute based on the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).

この章において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、それぞれ当該各号に定めるところによる。
In this Chapter, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items:

第二項及び前項において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、当該各号に定めるところによる。
In paragraph (2) and the preceding paragraph, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items:

前項及びこの項において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、当該各号に定めるところによる。
In the preceding paragraph and this paragraph, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items:
In the preceding paragraph and this paragraph, the meanings of the terms listed respectively in the following items shall be as specified respectively in the relevant items:

レイプ危機運動の内部においては、グリーサイトによる異議表明は重要な意義を持っている。
Within the rape crisis movement, Greesite's dissent is significant.

職業安定局長は、労働力需給に関する専門用語の意義を定め、その普及に努めるものとする。
The Director-General of the Employment Security Bureau shall define the technical terms concerning the demand and supply of labor, and endeavor to disseminate the same.

この条及び次条において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、当該各号に定めるところによる。
In this Article and the following Article, the terms listed in the following items shall have the meaning prescribed in the relevant items:
In this Article and the following Article, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items.

偶像破壊主義に意義を唱え、神聖なイメージの崇拝を規制した787年の7回目の全教会会議
the seventh ecumenical council in 787 which refuted iconoclasm and regulated the veneration of holy images

神道において重要な観念の一つであり、その意義は江戸時代以降の国学によって論じられた。
Musuhi is one of important briefs in Shinto, and the meaning of Musuhi was discussed by the study of Japanese classical literature after the Edo period.

公家法の時代には、法のあらゆる分野で、慣習法の体系が重要な法的意義をもつようになった。
In the age of court noble law, the system of common law developed an important legal significance in various areas of law.

この法律において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、それぞれ当該各号に定めるところによる。
In this Act, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items:
In this Act, the terms listed in the following items shall have the meanings prescribed in those items:
In this Act, the terms set forth in the following items shall have the meanings as defined in the respective items:
For the purpose of this Act, the terms listed in the following items shall be defined as follows:

住宅では次第に部材も薄くなり、構造的な意義は乏しくなり、もっぱら装飾的な部材になった。
However, it lost its structural function as material used in houses became thinner and is now exclusively a decorative material.

この省令において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、それぞれ当該各号に定めるところによる。
In this Ministerial Ordinance, the meaning of the following terms shall be as provided in each respective item:

しかしながら、それ以前と比べるならば、選挙による地方議会が発足したことには意義がある。
However, when compared with the past, it is significant that a local assembly was launched by election.

日本では鎌倉仏教の時代に、日蓮によって以下の3つの意義を要件として教義とするようになる。
In Japan, during the Kamakura Buddhism period, Nichiren taught that the following three conditions should be observed.

仏教で言う塔(仏塔)とは、ストゥーパ(卒塔婆)として仏舎利と同じような意義を持っている。
Buddhist towers are called stupa (卒塔婆), which bear meaning similar to Busshari (Buddha's relics).

北條早雲は戦国大名の嚆矢であり、早雲の活動は東国の戦国時代の端緒として歴史的意義がある。
Soun HOJO was a leading figure among the warring lords, and his achievements are historically significant in that they triggered the Warring States Period in the eastern provinces.

ただ、幕府の出費節減はなったが、国内的な将軍権威の発露というもうひとつの意義は損なわれた。
However, although the cost of the bakufu for this event was reduced, the domestic meaning of showing the prestige of the shogun was damaged.

当時でも過去の建築様式である弥生建築を保つことに何らかの意義を見出していたと思われること。
They recognized the value of preserving Yayoi architecture which was already becoming obsolete at that time.

その意義はアメリカ独立戦争で生まれ、２世紀におよぶ挑戦を通じて再び新たなものとなってきた。
an idea born in revolution, and renewed through two centuries of challenge,

付属物または結果としての意義または本質または発生において、小さなまたは偶然のまたは付随する
minor or casual or subordinate in significance or nature or occurring as a chance concomitant or consequence

軍記物のさきがけをなすものとして文学史上の意義も大きく、いずれも日本風の漢文で書かれている。
As a precedence of military epic, they have great meaning in literal history, all of which were written in Japanese style kanbun (Sino-Japanese).

しかしながら、信長の京都支配が確立すると、その軍事的意義を失って廃城になったと見られている。
However, it is thought that once Nobunaga established control of Kyoto, the castle lost its military importance and was abandoned.

『水鏡』・『愚管抄』など鎌倉時代の歴史書にもしばしば引用され、後世に与えた史的意義は大きい。
The book was often quoted in the history books in the Kamakura period such as 'Mizu Kagami' (The Water Mirror) and 'Gukansho' (Selections of the Opinions of A Fool), and had a great influence on later generations.

その意義は、アメリカの英雄的な長旅が永遠に上向きでなければならないという確信を吹きこんできた。
an idea infused with the conviction that America's journey long, heroic journey must go forever upward.

日本の夜間学校、保育所の成立につながるものとして、日本の教育史において独特の意義を持っている。
They have unique significance in the Japanese history of education as the ones which encouraged the birth of night schools and nursery schools.

三折本尊の意義とは異なり、お守りと同じだとの考えが同派内の僧侶にあり、廃止すべき物との考えがある。
Some monks of the school consider that it should be abolished because unlike Mitsuori-honzon, it is the same thing with omamori.

「太平」とは平和を祈願する意味で付けられていると考えられており、怨霊鎮魂的な意義も指摘されている。
The name 'Taihei' is said to represent a prayer for peace, and some have suggested that it refers to the pacification of vengeful spirits.

国事行為だけでなく宮中祭祀である国の安泰を祈願する四方拝等「祈り」を行う存在としての天皇も意義深い。
The Emperor is significant not only for his constitutional functions, but also for the existence as the one that holds 'inori' (prayer) in Shihohai, which is a court ritual held to pray for the welfare of the country, etc.

次の（１）から（１１）までに掲げる用語の意義は、それぞれ（１）から（１１）までに定めるところによる。
Definitions of terms prescribed in the following (1) through (11) shall be set forth in the provisions of (1) through (11).

このような後継内閣の政策を見てもわかるように、第一次憲政擁護運動が成した意義は大きかったと言えよう。
Judging from this attitude of the succeeding cabinet, it is clear that the first Kensei Yogo Undo played a significant role.

江戸時代、山崎闇斎は、垂加神道においては神秘的な意義の有るものとして、さまざまな口伝的著述を残した。
In the Edo Period, Ansai YAMAZAKI left various oral descriptions stating that these treasures had mystic significance in Suika Shinto (Shinto thoughts advocated by Yamazaki).

証拠物中書面の意義が証拠となるものの取調をするについては、前条の規定による外、第三百五条の規定による。
Material evidence whose purport serves as evidence shall be examined pursuant to the preceding Article and Article 305.

この法律又はこの法律に基づく命令において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、当該各号に定めるところによる。
In this Act or orders based on this Act, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items.

しかし、そのうち4人は老中に昇進したため存在意義を失いにいったん廃止され、老中にその職務は吸収された。
However, because four of them were promoted to Roju and consequently the meaning of the existence of the post was lost, the Rokuninshu post was abolished once, with its jobs were absorbed in Roju.

しかし宗教書の場合その意義を必ずしも否定するものではなく両者は別の範疇に入ることに留意する必要がある。
However, it should be noted that with religious books, simply being a gisho does not necessarily strip a book of its significance, and as a result this sort of gisho should be considered a separate category.

結果、現在では文学史上の存在意義は認められるが、後の和歌（実作）に対する価値は低いと言わざるを得ない。
As a result, it should be stated that this book has value in the history of literature, but it is less valuable in terms of influence on Japanese poetry of later days.

ことさら精神性を重視されるようになるのもまた江戸時代以降であり、当時は実用品としての意義が大きかったこと。
It is after the Edo period when its spirituality was emphasized, and significance as a utility article was big in those days.

この章、第十二章及び第十三章において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、それぞれ当該各号に定めるところによる。
In this Chapter, Chapter XII and Chapter XIII, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items:

各々の特殊神饌は、各社の地域産業や神社経済、信仰の在り様、祭祀儀礼の意義など複雑な要素が見え隠れしている。
Various factors such as the regional industry, financing of shrines, the way of practicing faith, and purposes of Shinto services and rituals can be glimpsed at in each Special Shinsen.

そのため､非常に重用され、律令制が機能しなくなって以後も蔵人所の管轄下で一定の存在意義をもって活動していた。
Therefore, it was extremely important and continued under the Kurodo dokoro (the institution where the Imperial archives were kept) with a certain degree of importance even after the Ritsuryo system stooped functioning.

連体形で文末を結ぶ「ぞ・なむ・や・か」の係結びは、連体形終止の一般化と共に意義を失い、形式も混乱していった。
Linked forms in which the existence of 'zo, nam, ya, ka' caused the sentence to end with an attributive form became marginalized and disrupted in format, with the generalization of an attributive form being used as an end-form.

創設意義は境内の美しい花や紅葉を通じ、信徒と寺院とのつながりを強め、人生や社会を明るく豊かにすることである。
The pilgrimage was established in order to use the beautiful flowers and autumn leaves to strengthen the relationship that believers have with the temples as well as make life and society bright and prosperous.

この節から第七節まで、第十節及び第十一節において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、当該各号に定めるところによる。
In the provisions of this Section to Section 7 inclusive, Section 10, and Section 11, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items:

しかし、この一連の田沼による改革は、いわゆる三大改革に勝るとも劣らぬ重要な意義をもった改革であったといえよう。
However, a series of reforms implemented by Okitsugu can be said to have been no less important than so-called Three Big Reforms.

しかし一方中国の実情を知る人々の中には義和団の乱に対し同情的な声や、義和団の乱の意義を正しく見抜く人もあった。
However, among the people who understood the situation in China there were those that gave words of sympathy toward the Boxer Rebellion, and some saw through to the significance of the Boxer Rebellion.

重要文化財のうち製作が特に優れたもの、歴史上特に意義の深いものなど学術的に価値の特に高いものが国宝に指定される。
Among the important cultural properties, those made with extraordinarily superb craftsmanship, or precious items with particularly high academic value such as historical significance, are designated as national treasures.

蔚山、泗川、順天への攻勢を退けた日本軍であったが、既に秀吉は8月に死去しており戦争を継続する意義は失われていた。
The Japanese army repulsed attacks to Ulsan, Sacheon, and Suncheon, but, since Hideyoshi had already died in October, the significance of continuing the war had been lost.

非蔵人から権大納言にまで昇進したことを考えると、政治家として稀有の人物であり、その存在意義は大きかったといえる。
Judging from his rise from hikurodo to Gon Dainagon, he was a rare person as a statesman, and the significance of his existence was quite large.

秀吉は翌慶長4年（1599年）の攻勢計画を発表していたが、秀吉が8月18日に死去すると戦役を続ける意義は失われた。
Although Hideyoshi announced the plan of attack during the next year, 1599, Hideyoshi died on October 7 and the significance of continuing the war disappeared.

フィンガーボール2杯分のシャンパンを干したせいか、眼前の景色はどこか意義深くて根本的で、深遠なものに変化していた。
I had taken two finger-bowls of champagne, and the scene had changed before my eyes into something significant, elemental, and profound.

のちに散位制度が形骸化すると存在意義が薄れ寛平八年（896年）式部省に併合され､以後散位の事務も式部省で行われた。
Later the system of Sanni became a mere façade and lost the importance of existence, and in 896 it was incorporated in Shikibu-sho and after that the office work in Sanni was done in Shikibu-sho.

このため、既述のような仏教伝達による百済の対梁外交上の意義が失われることからも、書紀の552年説は難があるとされる。
This means that there was no more diplomatic meaning of the transition of Buddhism against Liang by Baekje as mentioned above, so that the theory of 552 by Shoki seems to have a problem.

幕府成立当初は東国支配確立のため制度的保障としての意義があったが、幕府体制の安定に伴い役割が低下したためと見られる。
While Kanto Gobunkoku played a great role in securing the rule of the Kamakura bakufu during it's time, it's importance was reduced once the shogunate order was established and stabilized, and the number of provinces gradually decreased.

また、一遍と違い一向の教えは踊り念仏を行うとはいえ、念仏そのものに特別な宗教的意義を見出す事は少なかったとされている。
It is considered that the teachings of Ikko Shunsho were the same as those of Ippen in that both performed Odorinenbutsu, but different in that Ikko Shunsho did not put any particular religious meaning in the Buddhist invocation in his Odorinenbutsu.

墓参りの意義は、阿弥陀如来に救済された故人を偲び、自分もまたその救済を受けられる身である事に感謝する、仏縁の場である。
Visiting a grave is an opportunity to confirm the relation with, as well as faith in, Buddha and its significance is to recall the deceased who was salvaged by Amida Nyorai and to give thanks for being a person who might also be salvaged at some time.

ケージの中では飛ぶことができない小鳥にとってストレス解消､運動､飼い主とのコミュニケーションを深めるため有意義である｡
It is beneficial for birds which can not fly in their cage because they can relieve stress, take exercise and increase communication with the owner.

文化の担い手としての天皇や公家は、この戦乱の時代には、文化の相伝に存在意義を見出すことを強いられ、自らも見出していた。
Emperors and court nobles as supporters of culture were forced to find their significance of existence in handing down culture and they themselves did so.

ただし、将来的な立憲政体・議会政治の方向性が示されたという点においては、それなりの意義があった会議であったとも言える。
However, it can be said that the conference was of some significance in that it helped indicate the future direction of constitutional and parliamentary government.

仏教に関する諸問題を広い視野に立ちながら厳密な学問的方法をもって分析・検討し、その意義を明らかにすることを目的とする。
The purpose of this is to analyze and review various issues in regard to Buddhism with a strict academic approach and a wider vision to clarify their significance.

それを作文の上で参考にするのは問題ないが、頼りすぎて表現が固定化され本来の祝詞の意義からは外れているという指摘もある。
It is all right to use samples as a reference when creating Norito, but some critics point out that too much dependence on samples and templates can lead to fixed expressions of Norito, which misses the original objectives of Norito.

安国寺による禅宗（特に臨済宗）の地方への波及、また利生塔による禅宗以外の宗派の統制など、文化的・政治的意義が大きかった。
This construction had a major cultural and political significance such as the ensuing spread of Zen Buddhism (particularly the Rinzai Sect) as a result of Ankoku-ji Temples and the regulation of forms of Buddhism other than Zen by Risho-to Pagodas.

出入国管理及び難民認定法及びこれに基づく命令において、次の各号に掲げる用語の意義は、それぞれ当該各号に定めるところによる。
The terms in the following items as used in the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act and the orders pursuant to the Act shall have such meanings as are defined in each item respectively.

読み通そうとする人には、おそらくどこも容易ではなく、この本に重要な意義があるとしても、それを理解する能力がなかったのです。
and probably not one in every score of those who then attacked it had read its pages through, or were competent to grasp their significance if they had.

さて、鎮守府将軍の職は鎌倉時代以降、一時期の例外を除いて事実上、廃絶された官職となったが、その官職の意義は後世まで生きた。
From the Kamakura period onwards, the Chinju-fu Shogun role became defunct except for a certain period of time, however, the significance of the role survived for posterity.

阿修羅を意訳すると「非天」というが、これは阿修羅の果報が優れて天部の神にも似ているが天には非ざるという意義から名づけられた。
The free translation of Ashura is 'non-heaven,' which was named in the meaning that Ashura is not heaven though the luck of Ashura is remarkable and is similar to Tenbu-shin.

律令法の基本思想は、母法と同じく、儒家と法家の思想であったが、ことに儒家の思想は、日本の律令法でも指導的な意義をもっていた。
Similarly to its mother law, the basic thought of ritsuryo law was Confucianist and legalist, and Confucianism in particular was significant as a leading strand of thought in Japanese ritsuryo law as well.

ただし、水をせき止めるには不都合な門と木樋の存在、そして小水城の存在意義を考えると、この説は説得力に欠けるという見方もある。
However, the opinion is seen as lack in persuasiveness because there was gates and a wooden gutter inconvenient for keeping water back and the existence of Komizuki.

徳一の『仏性抄』は最澄にとって看過しがたい法華経批判の書であり、この法敵に猛反論しなければ自宗の存在意義そのものが危うくなる。
As 'Bushosho' by Tokuitsu was the book of critique of Hokekyo, which could not be ignored by Saicho, he had to fiercely oppose this opponent to secure the raison d'etre for his own sect.

このように日本では本来の設置意義と違って朱子学を奉じた支配階層主導による設置も多く行われ、支配階層による義倉との混同が進んだ。
Unlikely to the initial purpose of the establishment of Shaso, many Shaso warehouses were constructed at the initiative of the dominant class of people who were embracing the doctrines of Zhu Xi (Neo-Confucianism) in Japan and therefore, the mixture with giso warehouses constructed by the dominant class of people was spread.

前項の場合においては、願書に添付した明細書の記載及び図面を考慮して、特許請求の範囲に記載された用語の意義を解釈するものとする。
In the case of the preceding paragraph, the meaning of each term used in the scope of claims shall be interpreted in consideration of the statements in the description and drawings attached to the application.

その意義は、運命がかわっていれば、われわれは幸か不幸かお互いの立場を替えていたかもしれないと考えることによって鍛えられてきた。
an idea tempered by the knowledge that but for fate, we, the fortunate and the unfortunate, might have been each other;

軍事的理由以外にも、日露戦争後は、主要産業を独占化しつつあった財閥が、物流の大動脈である鉄道の意義を高く評価するようになった。
Besides military reasons, Zaibatsu that were monopolizing the key industries after Russo-Japanese War came to think highly of the significance of railways.

そこで、版籍奉還の実施に際してはその意義については曖昧な表現を用いてぼかし、公議所などの諸藩代表からなる公議人に同意を求めた。
So when the return of lands and people to the Emperor was executed, its meaning was made unclear by using an ambiguous expression and it sought agreement from people at Kogisho (the lower house) who consisted of domain representatives.

商家の配布用としての需要も急増し、裏面に名入れ、表面には商品や様々なメッセージが織り込まれ、広告媒体としての意義を備えていった。
With the dramatic increase of demand from merchants for Uchiwa fan to distribute, Uchiwa fan was gradually used as an advertising medium by adding the name relating to the clients on the back side as well as the image of their products and various messages on the front side.

団扇の歴史は、その意匠（形状、材質、構造）ならびに機能・用途、意味・意義、背景・時代の特徴からみて、主に5つの時代に分類できる。
The history of Uchiwa fan can mainly be categorized into five periods according to its design (shape, material, and structure), function and purpose, meaning and significance, background and period it existed.

「禅」あるいは「定」という言葉は、インドにその起源を持ち、それが指す瞑想体験は、仏教が成立した時から重要な意義が与えられていた。
The word 'Zen' or 'Jo' was originated from India and its experience of mediation had an important meaning after the establishment of Buddhism.

当時の宗教勢力が世俗の権力と一体化して宗教としての意義を忘れていたことや僧侶の腐敗ぶりを鑑みてか、新井白石は以下のように評した。
Hakuseki ARAI explains that as follows because religious power at the time ignored the significance of religion integrated with worldly power and the corruption of priests.

- 観無量寿経の意義を述べており、最初に「帰三宝偈」（きさんぽうげ）といわれる偈頌を置き、七門に分けてこの経典に対する見方を示す。
Volume 1 describes the significance of Kanmuryo Jukyo, and starts with 'Kisanpoge,' which is the sanskrit gaathaa, followed by the idea of the scripture described in seven different phases.

刑の執行開始後の法務省令で定める期間　受刑の意義その他矯正処遇の実施の基礎となる事項並びに刑事施設における生活及び行動に関する指導
A period following the commencement of the execution of the sentence which is specified by a Ministry of Justice Ordinance:　Guidance with regard to both the matters fundamental to the implementation of correctional treatment such as the significance of serving time, or the life and activities in the penal institution;

名器を並べて観賞し、茶の産地を飲み当てる茶は、その流行のなかから次第に茶をたてて飲む行為そのものに、精神的意義を認めるようになった。
In the first style of tea ceremony, the place where the tea was produced was guessed while enjoying beautifully made tea cups, but later the action of drinking the tea itself came to be valued mentally through its prevalence.

「追泯」とは、『涅槃経』は『法華経』を説いた後なので、ただ方便教を説いただけではなく、『法華経』の意義をもって真実の仏性常住を説いた。
The view also interprets Buddha's sermons in 'the Nirvana Sutra,' which were preached after his 'Lotus Sutra' sermons, as not simply representing his teachings on temporary truths, but his teachings on eternal truths, which were taught based on his 'Lotus Sutra' sermons in order to eliminate differences ('tsuimin').

これらの細かい社格の区別は大して実質的な待遇の差異を伴わず、特に官国幣社においては官幣社と国幣社の区別の意義などははっきりしなかった。
These detailed distinctions in shrine ranking did not cause much difference in actual treatment, and especially for Kankoku heisha, the significance of distinction between Kanpeisha and Kokuheisha was not clear.

従来、死者の穢れがあり神事から遠ざけるべきだとされた天皇陵の祭祀を、神事を司る中枢である神祇官が行なうようになったことの意義は大きい。
In the past, Jingikan, who were placed in the center of handling religious services, did not conduct religious services related to imperial tombs, to avoid religious services from being made dirty by dealing with the dead, and therefore, the fact that Jingikan became in charge of imperial tombs was significant.

理由はいろいろ考えられるが、最も大きな理由はマルクス主義の魅力が薄れ、中国史に発展段階論を当てはめることの意義を疑い始めたからであろう。
Various reasons can be cited, but the biggest reason is that Marxism became less appealing and people are now skeptical about the significance of applying development stage theory to Chinese history.

だれが知者のようになり得よう。だれが事の意義を知り得よう。人の知恵はその人の顔を輝かせ、またその粗暴な顔を変える。 (伝道の書 8:1)
Who is like the wise man? And who knows the interpretation of a thing? A man's wisdom makes his face shine, and the hardness of his face is changed. (Ecclesiastes 8:1)

北宋の米芾は『画史』において書画鑑賞の本質的な意義は「清玩」することにあると述べているが書画の芸術性が社会に認識されたことを示している。
BEI Futsu in the Northern Sung Dynasty described in his work, 'Gashi (the history of paintings)' that the significance of viewing calligraphic works and paintings was in 'doing Seigan (appreciating something beautiful),' which showed that artistic quality of calligraphic works and paintings came to be recognized in society.

その後は、義忠の子らの子孫、それぞれがその嫡流と称していたが、勢力も小さく、嫡流であることに意義はなく、それらの呼称も見られなくなった。
After that, individual descendants of Yoshitada's children claimed to be of the main branch of the family, but because of their insignificant influence, the fact that they were of the main branch of the family was meaningless and they gradually stopped claiming so.

その後、政体書体制がなし崩しになり、さらには明治4年（1871年）の廃藩置県により中央集権が確立するに至り、御誓文の存在意義が薄れかけた。
The system based on the Constitution of 1868 was undermined and moreover in 1871 centralization was established by Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) and the importance of Charter Oath began to fade.

また、王朝交替説に対して全面的に批判を展開した前之園亮一も著書『古代王朝交替説批判』のなかで、万世一系の否定に果たした意義を評価している。
Ryoichi MAENOSO, who totally criticized on the changes of dynasties theory, also evaluated the value of negating the unbroken imperial line in his book 'Kodai Ocho Kotaisetsu Hihan' (Criticism of the Theory on the Changes of Dynasties in the Ancient Times).

『万国公法』を含む近代国際法は、官僚・知識人に知られてはいたものの、中国においてその意義を積極的に認める者はすぐには多数派とならなかった。
Although modern international law including 'Bankoku Koho' was known to governmental officials and intellectuals, those who did not become the majority in a short period of time in China.

「世も末（すえ）だ」と言う表現はこれに由来するといわれるように、これを終末論と同意義と捉えられることも多いが、これは事実誤認である（後述）。
As the expression of 'it is the end of the world' is said to have been derived from Mappo shiso, sometimes this is understood as equivalent to eschatology but such understanding is wrong (to be mentioned below).

平安中期～後期頃から、ある官職を特定の家系が相伝する「官司の家職化」が進行していき、勘解由使の存在意義は次第に薄れていったとする見解がある。
One theory asserts that the significance of Kageyushi gradually waned in the middle to late Heian period because official posts increasingly became 'family business,' in other words, a certain post was exclusively inherited by a member of specific family.

その意義は、われわれの国は多様性にとても富んでいながらも、もっとも深いところまで一致することがもたらされるという信念によって品位をあげてきた。
an idea ennobled by the faith that our nation can summon from its myriad diversity, the deepest measure of unity;

室町時代の守護大名は国ごとあるいは郡ごとの一円支配だったのに対し、秀吉は太閤蔵入地を設定して大名の支配を郷村単位の支配としたことに意義がある。
While 'shugo daimyo' (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) during the Muromachi period reigned over a whole region or province, Hideyoshi established the land directly controlled by Taiko Hideyoshi and made the area that each feudal lord could reign 'goson' (a self-governing village).

また、利用する客側も、急に利用しだしたために、使い方がわからなかったり、料理の内容や料亭の意味・意義が理解できていないことが上げることができる。
Second, it is thought that customers didn't know how to use the ryotei for the first time; they could not understand the contents and meanings in the food menu.

環境の保全に資するものとしての容器包装廃棄物の排出の抑制並びにその分別収集及び分別基準適合物の再商品化等の促進の意義に関する知識の普及に係る事項
Matters pertaining to the dissemination of knowledge on the meaning of promoting the reduction of waste containers and packaging discharged and sorted collection thereof, and recycling, etc. of waste containers and packaging that conform to the sorting standards, as activity that contributes to preservation of the environment

この論争の意義については、かつては学問的な論争と考えられていたが、実際には言いがかり的な論争も多く、中心は政治的・派閥的な争いとする見方も強い。
The significance of the disputes was once regarded as an academic one; however, in fact, there were so many arguments just for objection that many people take the disputes mainly as political and sectional conflicts.

その後、プールなどの施設が各地にでき、水泳場の意義も薄れたことから、1965年（昭和40年）の閉園と共に駅も休止され、9年後に正式廃止となった。
Then, due to the construction of facilities (including swimming pools) around the country, the place to swim came to be of less significance; consequently, the station was closed since the swimming areas were closed down in 1965, and nine years later the station was officially abolished.

敏感な患者はそれより前に発症するというが、現実にはかなりの率の患者が症状を呈しているという調査もあり、「飛散開始日」の意義に疑問を呈する見方もある。
Susceptible patients will exhibit symptoms before this time but there are also investigations that have found that the majority of patients will display symptoms before this time, and this has led to doubts regarding the significance of the 'first day of pollen dispersal.'

日露戦争における日本の勝利は、白色人種の大国に対する有色人種の小国の、また絶対主義国家に対する立憲君主国家の勝利であり、世界史上の意義も大きかった。
Japan's winning the Russo-Japanese War was significant in the course of world history because it was a victory of a small colored country over a big white country as well as a triumph of a constitutional monarchy over a country under an absolutistic ruler.

その立場からは、「人権が上位法の憲法典の形で明文で保障された」点に第一の意義があり、また内容としては当時においてはかなり先進的なものであったとする。
In their views, the most important significance of the current constitution was that 'human rights were clearly stated in the constitution which was the superior law,' and contents of the constitution were thought to be highly advanced at the time.

天武天皇以前には天皇が変わるごとに宮を代えていたが、恒久的な宮（藤原京）が建設されることになり、宮代わりがなくなったのでその意義を神宮の遷宮に託した。
Each Emperor had a new Imperial Palace built for himself prior to Emperor Tenmu, but since a permanent capital (Fujiwara-kyo) was built, the values of the renewal of the capital were maintained through the Sengu of the Jingu.

しかし、1961年から快速にサロ85の連結が開始されたことから緩行のクロハ連結の意義が低下、1962年10月には混雑緩和を理由にクロハの連結を廃止した。
Later Saro 85 began to be used for Rapid service in 1961, however, the significance of using Kuroha for local trains decreased and the use of Kuroha was terminated in October 1962 on the grounds of mitigating congestion.

そのように、京都は日本の文化的伝統の創出において決定的な役割を果たし、特に庭園の場合において、それは19世紀以降世界の他の地域において意義深い影響を与えた。
Therefore, Kyoto had played the decisive role to create cultural tradition in Japan, and in especially in the area of gardening it had influenced the other regions of the world significantly after the 19th centuries.

養老律令は、大宝律令と大きな相違点はないため、養老律令施行後もそれ以前と変わらない政治運営が行われたと見られ、律令制史上の大きな意義は特にないとされている。
The actual operation and the management of Yoro Ritsuryo Code after its establishment were conducted in the similar manner to the operation of Taiho Ritsuryo Code, because both Codes did not differ largely from each other, and thus it is considered that Yoro Ritsuryo Code did not give a significant impact on the history of the Ritsuryo codes.

ただし現代では、神話伝説を歴史的事実の反映であるとして自説にあうようにそれらしく解釈することは水掛け論を生むばかりで、あまり有意義な議論とは考えられていない。
Interpreting myth and legend as reflections of historical fact, however, can lead to support for any theory, which only paves the way to endless dispute.

前夜式を設定したことは既出だが、焼香に代わる献花、「香典」「仏前」に代わる弔慰金の名目「御花料」などは皆その為に案出され、後に信仰的意義付けを為したものである。
While a Funeral Wake was set up as above, Kenka filled in for Shoko, 'Ohanaryo' (monetary offering to the departed soul) as Choikin (condolence money) for 'Koden' (condolence gift), 'Butsuzen' (condolence gift) and so on were all worked out on the same purpose and were religiously authorized later.

「戦前の日本で天皇の王朝の非常な古さが国家主義的に悪用されたことに強く反発する戦後の歴史家は、日本における天皇制と天皇家の異例な長命さという意義を軽んじてきた。
'There were historians during the postwar period who strongly criticized the government for wrongfully using the Imperial family's long duration to promote nationalism during the prewar period, and these historians made light of such a long duration of the Japanese emperor system and the Imperial family.'

日本においても比較的初期の段階で戒律が伝えられていたものの、不完全なものでその意義が十分されずに一部の寺院における研究に留まり、授戒の儀式も行われていなかった。
In Japan, commandments were introduced at a comparatively early stage in an incomplete way, so that their significance was not understood fully and they were researched in only a portion of the temples without any Jukai (rituals handing down the precepts).

弁護士及び弁護士法人は、総合法律支援の意義及び自らの職責にかんがみ、基本理念にのっとり、総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備のために必要な協力をするよう努めるものとする。
Attorneys at law and legal professional corporations shall make efforts to provide necessary cooperation for the implementation of comprehensive legal support and the establishment of systems, by observing the Basic Principles, taking into consideration the significance of comprehensive legal support and their own duties.

平安京内裏は960年（天徳4年）火災で全焼したあと、幾度も火災に見舞われ、やがて里内裏が現れてくると天皇はもっぱらそちらに常住するようになり、内裏の意義は低下してくる。
After Heiankyo dairi was burned down in 960, it suffered several fires, and when satodairi (a temporary palace) became available, the emperor spent most of his time there, so the significance of the dairi was diminished.

そうなると、鎌倉期以来の地頭という地位は意義を失い、従来の地頭は、他の武士・有力名主らと同様に国人（こくじん）へと変質していき、室町中期までに地頭は名実ともに消滅した。
As a result, the status of land steward established during the Kamakura period declined in importance, causing land stewards to become beings similar to local samurai just like other warriors and influential village headmen and to finally disappear from history both in name and in reality by the mid-Muromachi period.

これは銃器の貫通・殺傷力向上や、後込め式小銃による火力の向上の結果として甲冑の意義が薄れ、歩兵は軽装となったがゆえに、かえって近接白兵戦の有効性が再認識されたためである。
The context of the above was that the effectiveness of Kenjutsu in close combat was reconfirmed due to situations where armor lost its significance due to the improved killing power of guns and soldiers coming to fights lightly equipped.

長年の間、私は美だけが人生に意義を与えてくれるものであり、このごみごみした地上で次々と引き継がれる世代に課せられる唯一の目的とは、時々芸術家を生み出すことだと思っていた。
For many years I thought that it was beauty alone that gave significance to life and that the only purpose that could be assigned to the generations that succeed one another on the face of this crowded earth was to produce an artist now and then.

容器包装廃棄物の排出の抑制及び分別収集の促進の意義に関する知識の普及、当該都道府県の区域内の市町村相互間の分別収集に関する情報の交換の促進その他の分別収集の促進に関する事項
Matters related to promotion of sorted collection, such as dissemination of knowledge on the meaning of reduction of waste containers and packaging discharged and promotion of sorted collection as well as promotion of exchange of information on sorted collection among municipalities within the area of the prefecture

だが、北宋代になると、『景徳伝灯録』などの新出の灯史が出現し、またそれらが、大蔵経に入蔵されたことによって、急速に存在の意義を失ってしまい、やがて散佚することとなってしまった。
However, newly published historical accounts, such as the 'Keitokuden Toroku,' were introduced the Northern Song period and as they were included in Daizo-kyo Sutra (the Tripitaka), the importance of the Horinden declined rapidly, and finally they were dispersed and lost.

神職などの奉仕者が祭神に祭祀の意義や目的を奏上する言葉（人間が神に対してみずからの祈願するところや、神を称えるこころを表現するために記した文章）を意味するものである（奏上体）。
The word 'noritogoto' refers to the letters (a document in which people write their wishes to gods and their reverence for deities) that are chanted by believers such as Shinto priests to present to enshrined deities the meanings and objectives of a religious service ('sojo-tai,' or report to superiors style).

皇位継承問題に干渉した興福寺と園城寺に総攻撃をかけたことは当時は評判が悪かったものの、強大な武力をもつ宗教勢力が皇位継承のような重大な政治問題に関わることを止めた意義は無視できない。
Although he received a bad reputation for his full-force attack of Kofuku-ji and Onjo-ji Temples that interfered with the Imperial succession issue, it should also be noted that he stopped the involvement of temples and shrines with extremely strong armed forces with religious powers in important political issues such as the Imperial succession.

第二次世界大戦以降の日本においては、急激な都市化の進展などにより、近世末期や近代以降の多種多様な建造物が、その建築史的・文化的意義や価値を十分認識されないまま破壊される事例が相次いだ。
In Japan after the Second World War, one effect of rapid urbanization was that a variety of architectural structures built in and after the end of the Edo Period were pulled down one after another, without regard to their historical and cultural value.

このように、関連ビジネスの新成人に対する顧客獲得競争は熱を帯びているが、少子化の影響や式への参加率の低下、成人式そのものの存在意義が問われる中でこのようなビジネスは今後厳しいものになる。
As stated above, competition for customers that targets new adults is heated among related businesses, and these businesses can expect to face a tough time because of the low birthrate and low rate of participation in the ceremony; given such circumstances, the need to hold a Seijin-shiki event is now being questioned.

隣接法律専門職者及び隣接法律専門職者団体は、総合法律支援の意義及び自らの職責にかんがみ、基本理念にのっとり、総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備のために必要な協力をするよう努めるものとする。
Related legal experts and specialists and the associations of related legal experts and specialists shall make efforts to provide necessary cooperation for the implementation of comprehensive legal support and the establishment of systems, by observing the Basic Principles, taking into consideration the significance of comprehensive legal support and their own duties.

商家や寺社の配布用としての需要も急増し、裏面に名入れ、表面には商品や様々なメッセージが織り込まれ、その実用面に広告媒体としての意義が備わり、廉価性からマス・メディア媒体としての地位を築いた。
With the dramatic increase of demand from merchants for Uchiwa fan to distribute, Uchiwa fan gradually became one of the significant advertising mediums by adding the name relating to the clients on the back side as well as image of their products and various messages on the front side, which was abetted by its low cost.

この初の公表されたDESクラッカーを作成し、その技術的な詳細を公開するという研究活動は、暗号技術の社会的・技術的ない意義について一般市民に理解してもらい、啓蒙しようというEFFの努力の一環だ。
EFF's research effort in creating this first publicly announced DES Cracker, and the publication of its full technical details, are part of EFF's ongoing campaign to understand, and educate the public about, the social and technical implications of cryptographic technology.

また、他の多くの宗教が修行の一環として断食の必要性やその意義を説いているが日月神示では「正しい食生活について」で、次のように、断食すること自体を厳しく戒めているのも注目される。（春の巻第五帖）
Also while many religions preach the necessity and meaning of fasting as a part of the practice, it is striking that Hitsuki Shinji warns against fasting itself strictly in 'proper eating habits' as follows (chapter 5 of volume spring):

最澄が『守護国界章』で徳一を「麁食者」「北轅者」と呼んだのはこれに呼応するものであり、互いに自宗派の存在意義をかけた真剣な論争であったがゆえに、ともに中傷めいた表現までもが用いられたともいえる。
In response to this, Saicho called Tokuitsu 'sojikisha' and 'hokuensha' in 'Shugo-kokkai-sho' and it was a serious dispute which called into question their raison d'etre as a religious sect, resulting in a smear campaign by both sides.

国は、林産物の適切な利用の促進に資するため、林産物の利用の意義に関する知識の普及及び情報の提供、林産物の新たな需要の開拓、建物及び工作物における木材の使用の促進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
The State shall take necessary measures such as disseminating the knowledge on the significance of forest products' utilization and providing relevant information, stimulating new demand for forest products, and promoting the use of woods in buildings and structures, to contribute to the promotion of adequate utilization of forest products.

「追説」とは、『法華経』の会座にいなかった（漏れて覚れなかった）人たちのために、華厳・阿含・方等・般若の小大乗の方便の教えを、『法華経』の意義を含みつつも、さらにもう一度方便の教えを説くことをいう。
This view interprets the Nirvana Sutra as 'tsuisetsu' (a re-exposition of the Lotus Sutra sermons), which Buddha gave to people who failed to attend these sermons (or failed to understand their meaning) based upon his Lotus Sutra sermons along with his other previous sermons on temporary truths contained in various Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhist sutras, such as Kegon (Flower Garland), Agon (Agama), Hodo (Expansion) and Hannya (Wisdom).

第一項第九号に掲げる著作物に対するこの法律による保護は、その著作物を作成するために用いるプログラム言語、規約及び解法に及ばない。この場合において、これらの用語の意義は、次の各号に定めるところによる。
The protection granted by this Act to works provided in paragraph (1), item (ix) shall not extend to any computer programming language, rule or algorithm used for creating such work. For the purpose of this provision, the following terms shall have the meanings hereby assigned to them, respectively, in each of the items below:

最近では保育園・幼稚園・小学校に通う子供達を「裸のつきあいの意義を知る」としてクラス単位などで全員一緒に入浴させる「体験入浴」を学校行事とともに地域のふれあい行事として、一部の施設で行っている例もある。
A recent example is that some facilities offer the service of 'experiencing taking a bath' as a school event at which to 'learn the meaning of relationship without dressing' (which also means a completely open relationship) and also as a local event, through the provision of opportunity for all children going to day nurseries, kindergarten and elementary schools to bathe together as a class.

そしてもっと言えば、目玉は多い方がよく見えるので、わたしの原理にしたがおうとしている他の人々を導くことで、かわりにかれらが独自の発見をして、わたしを助けてくれるようになる、という意義もあるかもしれない。
and still farther, as many can see better than one, in leading others who are now beginning to avail themselves of my principles, to assist me in turn with their discoveries.

中世熊野詣において京の院や貴族たちが熊野に赴いた際のように、九十九王子を順拝し参詣の道を歩く行為それ自体に信仰上の意義が見出す立場からは、これらの高野・熊野を結ぶ道は単に最短経路という以上のものでしかない。
Like the imperial family and nobles of Kyoto in the Muromachi period visited Kumano, people in the Edo period visited Kujuku Oji (a series of shrines which were established from the 12th century to the 13th century by the Kumano Shugen priests) and walked the pilgrimage roads, however, for the people who appreciated the religious significance of such visiting and walking, the roads connecting Koya and Kumano were just the shortest routes for their purpose.

勅旨田設定地の多くが空閑地・荒田であることから特に意義は認められないとする見解、勅旨田は皇室の私的経済を形成するものだったとする見解、積極的に進められた国家的な開発奨励政策だったと評価する見解、などがある。
There were views that Chokushiden is not meaningful in that most of the established land for Chokushiden was vacant land or moorland; Chokushiden was used to fund the private economy of the Imperial Household and was a national incentive for development that was actively pursued, etc.

徳川幕府の造営になる、近世の本格的かつ大規模な仏教建築の代表例であり、日本文化に多大な影響を与えてきた浄土宗の本山寺院の建築としての文化史的意義も高いことから、2002年、三門とともに国宝に指定されている。
Constructed during the Tokugawa Shogunate, the headquarters of the Pure Land sect is highly representative of modern authentic large-scale Buddhist architecture and is highly significant from a cultural history perspective for the great influence that it has had on Japanese culture, which led the monastery to be designated a National Treasure in 2002 along with the sammon gate.

そこで中世の七口の関について比定する研究も行われたが、実態として7つ以上の関所が存在したのは確実で、かつ現存記録でさえ七口に該当する場所がまちまちである以上、7つを特定することには意義はないとする見解もある。
Therefore, studies to extrapolate the Nanakuchi no seki in the medieval times was conducted, but it is certain that more than seven checkpoints existed in reality, and even existing records have different points corresponding to the Nanakuchi, which lead to an opinion that it makes no sense to identify the seven checkpoints.

B<less> の最近のバージョンをページャーと指定使用している場合、 B<%man%> はプロンプトに有意義な情報を表示するための設定をします。デフォルトのプロンプトは次の通りです。
If a recent version of B<less> is used as the pager, B<%man%> will attempt to set its prompt and some sensible options. The default prompt looks like

次の応仁2年（1468年）については御暦奏の記録はなく、かつ章首の朔旦冬至が実施された最後のもの（朔旦冬至に御暦奏を行う意義の消滅）であったことから、その前年に発生した応仁の乱の影響で廃絶したものと考えられている。
Since no record existed of the goryakuso in 1468 and the last sakutan toji was carried out at Shoshu (the merit of carrying out goryakuso at the sakutan toji disappeared), it is thought that goryakuso was abolished due to the Onin War that broke out the previous year.

いっぽう、百済王の仏像贈与・上表文などは象徴的事件に過ぎず、実際には仏教の伝来自体は公伝・私伝の区別無くこの時期に断続的に何度も行われたとみて、公伝の年次をいずれかに確定することにそれほど意義を見出さない論者もいる。
On the other hand, other people say that it is not so important to define any official introduction year among various theories, because the gifts of Buddha statue and Johyobun of the Baekje King were only a symbolic incident and the Buddhism itself was intermittently introduced many times without regard to the distinction between official or nonofficial.

室町幕府の官途奉行も当初は一定程度、戦国大名の叙位任官や昇叙の推薦に寄与していたが、それでも幕府を介することなく叙位任官する例が増え、戦国大名が独自に朝廷に寄進や官途の推薦を請うようになると官途奉行の意義は衰えていった。
The kanto bugyo in the Muromachi bakufu had at first contributed to the appointment of the ranks and recommended the promotion of daimyo in the Sengoku Period to a certain extent, eventually there had been increasing cases in which samurai appointed himself a rank without permission of the bakufu, and when the daimyo had donated to the Imperial Court individually to get the recommendation for the official posts, the significance of the kanto bugyo declined.

裁判長は、訴訟関係人の意見を聴き、相当と認めるときは、職権で証拠書類又は証拠物中書面の意義が証拠となるものの取調をするについての朗読に代えて、自らその要旨を告げ、又は陪席の裁判官若しくは裁判所書記官にこれを告げさせることができる。
In lieu of reading aloud documentary evidence, or writing on articles of evidence that serves as evidence, for ex officio examination, the presiding judge may, if he/she finds it to be appropriate after hearing the opinions of the persons concerned in the case, give a summary of said evidence himself/herself, or may have an associate judge or the court clerk give a summary of said evidence.

なお、梵本の法華経を日本語に訳した岩本裕によると、他の仏典にもラクシャシー（羅刹女）、あるいはヤクシニー（夜叉女）としてランバーなどの名も散見されると報告しており、（ランダムに列挙されたのみで）文化史的には特別な意義あるものではないという。
According to Yutaka Iwamoto who translated Sanskrit texts of Hokekyo into Japanese, Lamba appears as Rakusasi or Yaksni in other Buddhist scriptures, indicating that the names of Jurasetsunyo are only listed at random and thus they are not significant in the cultural history.

その後、称徳天皇が崩御し、道鏡兄弟が追放される（皮肉にも、その中心人物は内豎大輔藤原雄田麻呂であった）と組織の存在意義は失われ、宝亀3年2月16日 (旧暦)（772年3月24日）に廃止され、内豎は近衛府・中衛府・左右兵衛府に分割編入された。
Later, when Empress Shotoku demised and priest Dokyo and his younger brother were exiled (ironically, Naijutaifu FUJIWARA no Odamaro headed the exile), the organization became meaningless and abolished on March 28, 772, and Naiju was divided and incorporated into Konoefu (Inner Palace Guard), Chuefu (Middle Inner Palace Guard), Sayuhyoefu (Left and Right Division of Middle Palace Guards).

日本弁護士連合会及び弁護士会は、総合法律支援の意義並びに弁護士の使命及び職務の重要性にかんがみ、基本理念にのっとり、会員である弁護士又は弁護士法人による協力体制の充実を図る等総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備のために必要な支援をするよう努めるものとする。
The Japan Federation of Bar Associations and local bar associations shall make efforts to provide necessary support for the implementation of comprehensive legal support and the establishment of systems by improving the systems of cooperation between attorneys at law and legal professional corporations which are members of those associations and by other means, by observing the Basic Principles, taking into consideration the significance of comprehensive legal support and the importance of the mission and duties of attorneys at law.

裁判長は、訴訟関係人の意見を聴き、相当と認めるときは、請求により証拠書類又は証拠物中書面の意義が証拠となるものの取調をするについての朗読に代えて、その取調を請求した者、陪席の裁判官若しくは裁判所書記官にその要旨を告げさせ、又は自らこれを告げることができる。
In lieu of the reading aloud of documentary evidence, or of writing on articles of evidence that serves as evidence, the presiding judge may, if he/she finds it to be appropriate after hearing the opinions of the persons concerned in the case, have the person who has requested the examination of said evidence, an associate judge, or the court clerk give a summary of the evidence, or may himself/herself give a summary thereof.

これによると、製作後50年を経過したものであって、歴史的・系統的にまとまって伝存したもの、系統的・網羅的に収集されたもの、すなわちコレクション等の一括資料になっているものあり、かつ、文化史的意義、学術的価値および歴史上の意義を有するものが登録対象となっている。
According to the standard, a property must satisfy all of the following conditions for registration: having been historically and systematically preserved; having been systematically and exhaustively collected, or having existed as a collection; and having cultural-historic, academic, and historical value.

憲法学者・行政法学者であった美濃部達吉は、「法律上の意義に於ての殖民地」を「国家の統治区域の一部にして内地と原則として国法を異にし」たものと定義し、「朝鮮、台湾、樺太、関東州及南洋群島が此の意義において植民地なることは疑いを容れず」と述べている（『憲法撮要』）。
Tatsukichi MINOBE, a scholar of constitutional law and administrative law, defined 'colonies in the legal aspect'as 'a part of the national territories where different state laws were adopted' and stated, 'it was positive that Korea, Taiwan, Sakhalin, the Kwantung Leased Territory and the South Sea Islands were considered as colonies based on the above definition' ('Abstract of the Constitution').

内談方には直義自らが臨席してその場で親裁を行ったこと、引付方には100名近い内談衆がいたが、これを寄人に任じられた30名のみに大幅に削減したこと、直義と反対派の領袖である政敵・高師直がともに列席したために、内談方の決定に異議を挟むことが出来なくなったことに意義があった。
Meanwhile, the newly established Naidankata was significant in some respects: Tadayoshi attended the discussion held at Naidankata and made an ultimate decision on the spot, Hikitsukekata had nearly a hundred members of naidanshu (judges) but the number was drastically reduced in the Naidankata to only thirty who were appointed by Yoryudo, moreover, attendance of Tadayoshi and his political rival KO no Moronao, a leader of opposition group, at the Naidankata gave no room to complain about the decision made by the Naidankata.

これはまた、摂関が大嘗会で行われる神膳供進の儀で、天皇に儀式の進め方を伝授することが摂関の大きな存在意義となったことをヒントにして、摂関が即位する天皇に対して儀式の作法を伝授する、新たなる密教儀式を取り入れたことを意味しており、即位灌頂は摂関の存在意義の一つとなっていくことになる。
In addition, taking the fact that it became large significance of existence for Sekkan to teach the emperor how to proceed the ceremony at the shinzengushin ritual in Daijoe as a hint, Sekkan incorporated a new ritual of Esoteric Buddhism that he taught the manner of a ceremony to the newly enthroned emperor, and sokuikanjo became one of significant existence of Sekkan.

法第百六十一条第十号（国内源泉所得）に規定する政令で定める契約は、第百八十三条第三項（生命保険契約等の意義）に規定する生命保険契約等又は第百八十四条第一項（損害保険年金等に係る雑所得の金額の計算上控除する保険料等）に規定する損害保険契約等であつて、年金を給付する定めのあるものとする。
The contracts specified by a Cabinet Order prescribed in Article 161(x) (Domestic Source Income) of the Act shall be a life insurance contract, etc. prescribed in Article 183(3) (Meaning of Life Insurance Contract, etc.) or a casualty insurance contract, etc. prescribed in Article 184(1) (Insurance Premiums, etc. Deducted in the Calculation of the Amount of Miscellaneous Income Pertaining to Casualty Insurance Pensions, etc.), which specify the payment of pensions.

寺院・僧侶の意義を認めない徹底した在家主義は、やがて徒党を組む既成寺院の僧侶から度重なる当局への讒言となり、清風（日扇）は弟子とともに逮捕されること2回、遠足止めなどの弾圧を受けるが、1878年（明治11年）には清風（日扇）自ら「花洛佛立講三十三組、人数凡1万人」というほど敎線を伸ばした。
The Zaike shugi, having found no acceptance by temples and monks, led to frequent slander from monks of the league of existing temples in regard to his temple, and Seifu (Nissen) was suppressed by being arrested twice along with his disciples and was stopped from going afar; however, in 1878 he increased the size of his sect to one having '30 groups of Karaku (Kyoto) butsuryu-ko and about 10,000 people.'

更に漢文・古文などを「よきものではあるがそこまでして勉強するものではない」（意訳）として、その意義を否定こそしないが、世間で扱われている程の価値があるものではない、と言って儒学者や朱子学者が言う様な難しい字句のある漢文や古文を学ぶより、まず日常的に利用価値のある、読み書き、計算、基本的な道徳などの「実学」を身につけるべきだと書かれている。
Fukuzawa also encouraged to acquire certain skills that could be practically used in everyday life, such as reading and writing, calculation, fundamental ethics, rather than learning Chinese and classics that had long been encouraged to learn but were rather abstruse and unpractical, and were good and appropriate only for Confucian or Neo-Confucian scholars, while Fukuzawa never denied the value of those classics, just implying that they were good, but were not the subjects you really had to study diligently.

制度改正により、新制度下で「勲○等」の勲等を授与することはできなくなったが、太政官布告の規定上は「六級」（6つの級）という個別呼称のない概念としての勲等が引き続き存置されており、新制度下の勲章はそれら個別名称を持たない6区分の勲等のいずれかに属しているものとなっているため、勲章を授ける（受ける）ことの意義の中に（明示的ではないが）事実上勲等の属性を帯びたものとなっている。
Under the amended system, the government cannot bestow the medals for merit like 'the XXX Order of Merit,' but the Decrees of Cabinet still stipulates 'Six Classes' as the concept of the medals for merit without individual naming; therefore, the decorations conferred under the new system belong to any of the medals for merit, which is divided into six without individual naming, so that the bestowal (or receipt) of the decoration virtually means, if not explicitly, the bestowal (or receipt) of the medals for merit.

その目的や意義は、豊作の「五穀豊穣」を始め、「大漁追福」、「商売繁盛」、「疫病退散」、「無病息災」、「家内安全」、「安寧長寿」、「夫婦円満」、「子孫繁栄」、「祖先崇拝」、「豊楽万民」、「天下泰平」などを招福祈願、厄除祈念として行われるもの、またはそれらの成就に感謝して行われるもの、節句などの年中行事が発展して行われているもの、偉人の霊を慰めるために行われるものなど様々である。
The purpose and meaning are diversified because some feasts are held for 'the productiveness of grain' for good harvests, and a prayer for good luck charm and prayer for warding off evil such as 'good catch and memorial service,' 'prosperous trade,' 'an attempt to secure protection from a plague,' 'state of perfect health,' 'safety of one's family,' 'peace and longevity,' 'harmonious marriage,' 'fertility and family prosperity,' 'ancestor worship,' 'abundance and joy to all people,' 'universal peace' and so on, some are held in appreciation for accomplishments of such prayers, some are held as a result of development of annual events such as Sekku and so on, or some are held to console spirits of great people.

基本方針は、製品の種類及び副産物の種類ごとの原材料等の使用の合理化に関する目標、再生資源の種類及び再生部品の種類ごとのこれらの利用に関する目標、製品の種類ごとの長期間の使用の促進に関する事項、環境の保全に資するものとしての資源の有効な利用の促進の意義に関する知識の普及に係る事項その他資源の有効な利用の促進に関する事項について、資源の有効な利用に関する技術水準その他の事情を勘案して定めるものとする。
The Basic Policy shall provide for targets regarding the rationalization of the use of Raw Materials, etc. for the respective types of products and of By-products, targets regarding the utilization of Recyclable Resources and Reusable Parts for the respective types thereof, matters regarding the promotion of long-term use of the respective types of products, matters pertaining to dissemination of knowledge on the meaning of the promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources that contributes to environmental preservation, and other matters concerning the promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources, by taking into consideration the technical level related to the Effective Utilization of Resources and other circumstances.

平田篤胤の思想に共鳴した平田派の神道家たち、また津和野藩出身の国学者たちは明治維新の精神を神武天皇の精神に基くものとし、近代日本を王政復古による祭政一致の国家とすることを提唱していたが、王政復古の大号令には王政復古と神武天皇の語が見え、従来理想として唱えられていた王政復古と「諸事神武創業ノ始ニ原」くことが、実際の国家創生に際して現実性を帯び、「万機御一新」のスローガンとして公的な意義を持つようになったのであった。
Shintoists of the Hirata-ha school, who sympathized with Atsutane HIRATA's way of thinking, and scholars of Japanese classical literature from Tsuwano Domain proposed that the spirit of the Meiji Restoration should be based on the spirit of Emperor Jimmu and the restoration of imperial rule should make modern Japan a country of 'saisei icchi' (unity of religion and state) and the declaration of the restoration of imperial rule contains the phrases 'restoration of imperial rule' and 'Emperor Jimmu'; the restoration of imperial rule and 'doing everything as in the time of Emperor Jimmu,' which until then had been advocated as ideals, became reality when building an actual country and took on public significance with the slogan of 'renewal of everything.'

国は、産業技術力の強化を図るため、国の試験研究機関の研究者がその研究成果を活用する事業を実施する営利を目的とする私企業を営むことを目的とする会社その他の団体（次項において「研究成果利用会社等」という。）の役員、顧問若しくは評議員の職を兼ねることが当該研究成果の事業者への移転の促進にとって重要な意義を有することに配慮しつつ、当該研究成果を活用する事業を実施する事業者に対する支援に必要な措置を講ずるよう努めなければならない。
In order to enhance Industrial Technology Capability, the national government, shall endeavor to take necessary measures to provide support to the business operators who will implement businesses that utilize said research results, taking into account the fact that it has an important meaning in the promotion of transfers of said research results to business operators, for researchers at national Research and Development Institutes to jointly hold positions as officers, advisors or councilors in companies and other organizations whose purpose is to conduct for-profit private enterprise to implement businesses utilizing the results of that research (referred to in the next paragraph as 'Research Results Utilizing Companies, etc.').

地方公共団体は、産業技術力の強化を図るため、公立大学等（学校教育法第一条に規定する大学及び高等専門学校であって地方公共団体が設置するものをいう。）及び地方公共団体の試験研究機関の研究者が研究成果利用会社等の役員、顧問若しくは評議員の職を兼ねることが当該研究成果の事業者への移転の促進にとって重要な意義を有することに配慮しつつ、当該研究成果を活用する事業を実施する事業者に対する支援に必要な措置を講ずるよう努めなければならない。
In order to enhance Industrial Technology Capability, local governments shall endeavor to take necessary measures to provide support to the business operators who will implement businesses that utilize said research results, taking into account the fact that it has an important meaning in the promotion of transfers of said research results to business operators, for researchers at universities, etc. (meaning entities that are universities or national colleges of technology as prescribed in Article 1 of the School Education Act and are established by local governments) and Research and Development Institute of local governments to jointly hold positions as officers, advisors or councilors of Research Results Utilizing Companies, etc.

余が一昨年を以て海外に遊ばんとするや、親朋故旧余が為めに送別の莚を張る中に少壮なる英仏学士の催しになりし一会あり、席上、一友人がハイカラを着け洋服を着くるの利を述ぶる者あり、之より余が（p125/p126）外遊中、高襟党なる文字新聞に現はれて、少年学士を讒謗毀傷するの具となり、彼等が殆ど完膚なからんとするや、西園寺侯は自ら進んで新聞記者に対して、高襟党の首領なりと称し、少年学士に対する攻撃を一身に引受けんとしたりき、思ふに善良なる意義に於ける高襟党の首領としては、何人も彼の統治権を犯さんとするものあらざるべし、故に人或は侯を以て、英国のローズベリー卿に比す、其貴族にして、平民に同情あり、其品格の崇高なる、其識見の秀徹なる--（以下略）
A farewell party was given for me, who was going to study abroad, by my acquaintances and old friends, and a friend of mine in a group of young scholars who studied in the U.K. or France made a speech about a merit of wearing high collar clothes, and while I was studying abroad the word high collar (haikara) party started to appear in the newspapers after the party, used as a tool for attacking young scholars and when they were almost being knocked galley-west, Duke Saionji willingly declared himself before journalists as a don of the haikara party with a purpose of receiving all attacks against young scholars; I think that no one would dare to take his place as a don of the high collar party in an honest sense, and he, who is a match for Lord Rosebery in the U.K in that he has sympathy for the common people in spite of being a nobleman, has a noble character and excellent insights. (snip)

法人税法（昭和四十年法律第三十四号）に規定する欠損金額又は連結欠損金額でその事業年度又はその連結事業年度（同法第十五条の二（連結事業年度の意義）に規定する連結事業年度をいう。以下この号及び第十五条第二項第三号において同じ。）以前において生じたもの（同法第五十七条第二項若しくは第六項、第五十八条第二項又は第八十一条の九第二項（被合併法人等の未処理欠損金額の引継ぎ等）の規定により欠損金額又は連結欠損金額とみなされたものを含む。）のうち、同法の規定により翌事業年度以後の事業年度分若しくは翌連結事業年度以後の連結事業年度分の所得の金額若しくは連結所得（同法第二条第十八号の四（定義）に規定する連結所得をいう。以下この号及び第十五条第二項第三号において同じ。）の金額の計算上順次繰り越して控除し、又は前事業年度以前の事業年度分若しくは前連結事業年度以前の連結事業年度分の所得若しくは連結所得に係る還付金の額の計算の基礎とすることができるもの
The amount of loss or consolidated loss prescribed in the Corporation Tax Act (Act No. 34 of 1965) arising in or before the relevant business or consolidated business year (a consolidated business year as prescribed in Article 15-2 (Meaning of Consolidated Business Year) of said Act; hereinafter the same shall apply in this item and Article 15, paragraph (2), item (iii)) (including any amount that is deemed to be loss or consolidated loss pursuant to the provisions of Article 57, paragraph (2) or paragraph (6), Article 58, paragraph (2), or Article 81-9, paragraph (2) (Assumption of Amount of Unappropriated Loss of Merged Corporation, etc.)), which may be successively carried over and deducted from the amount of income or consolidated income (consolidated income as prescribed in Article 2, item (xviii)-4 (Definitions) of said Act; hereinafter the same shall apply in this item and Article 15, paragraph (2), item (iii)) for the following and subsequent business years or consolidated business years, or used as the basis for the calculation of the amount of a refund pertaining to the income or consolidated income for the preceding and prior business or consolidated business years pursuant to the provisions of said Act