恩恵: 130 Terms and Phrases
- 恩恵
- grace
- favor
- favour
- blessing
- benefit
- Une
- Megumi
- beneficence
- boon
- odds
- privilege
- 恩恵期間
- period of grace (e.g. in which merchant vessels are allowed to leave a belligerent nation's port after an outbreak of war)
- 恩恵を蒙る
- to share in the benefit
- 恩恵を被る
- to share in the benefit
- 恩恵を受けさせる
- cause to be indebted
- 純粋な恩恵でない
- not an unmixed blessing
- ~の恩恵に浴している
- be basking in ~
- その恩恵を汝に施し;
- Fulfil His favour to thee;
- 神の恩恵を与えられる方法
- means of grace
- だれかの便宜や恩恵のために
- for someone's benefit
- 返されることができない恩恵
- a favor that cannot be paid back
- 神は、この夫婦に恩恵を与える
- God bless this union
- それぞれが相手から恩恵を受ける
- each gains benefits from the other
- へつらいやお世辞で恩恵を求める
- seek favor by fawning or flattery
- 恩恵を請うのは私の威厳に関わる。
- It is beneath my dignity to ask a favor.
- ヴァージンは神の恩恵を受けて生きた
- the Virgin lived in a state of grace
- 疾走する微風は、船員への恩恵である
- a spanking breeze is a boon to sailors
- 熱帯雨林は地球に多くの恩恵を与える。
- Rainforests provide the earth with many benefits.
- サービスの恩恵を多くの人々が受ける。
- Many people benefited from the service.
- 近頃私たちは自然の恩恵を忘れがちです。
- Nowadays we are apt to forget the benefits of nature.
- 私は君に何から何まで恩恵を受けている。
- I owe everything to you.
- 開発すると税制上の恩恵を受けられる地域
- a city district where development receives special tax advantages
- 惜しみないで値しない好意または神の恩恵
- the free and unmerited favor or beneficence of God
- ダブリンの市民たちはその恩恵を受ける。
- wThe citizens of Dublin will benefit by it.
- 運動は、ルソーに哲学的に恩恵を受けている
- the movement is philosophically indebted to Rousseau
- 東海岸はバーミューダ高気圧の恩恵を受けている
- the east coast benefits from a Bermuda high
- 成政も信長の実力主義の恩恵を受けた一人である。
- Narimasa was one of the vassals who benefited from meritocracy of Nobunaga.
- 私達は太陽の恩恵を当たり前のことだと思っている。
- We take the blessing of the sun for granted.
- これが実現して200町歩もの農地が恩恵を受ける。
- This proposal was executed and 200 chobu (hectares) of agricultural land benefited from his project.
- 実はつけないし、人にちっとも恩恵をもたらさない」
- It bears no fruit, and is not of the least service to man.'
- 幕府による恩恵とする位置づけから恩貸とも呼ばれた。
- It was also called Ontai (sympathy loan) since it was deemed to be a benefit given from the bakufu.
- 御家人が鎌倉殿から受ける恩恵は、安堵と給与である。
- Gokenin (samurai retainers) received patronage and stipends from the Lord of Kamakura.
- この地方は新しい産業の恩恵を被ることになるだろう。
- The community will benefit from the new industry.
- 宿主は恩恵を貰えず、しばしばその関係から害を受ける
- it does not benefit and is often harmed by the association
- 彼はジョン・デューイの先駆け的な活動に恩恵を受けた
- he was indebted to the pioneering work of John Dewey
- 恩恵というのは、地球を覆う芝生に感謝することを言う
- honor comes to bless the turf that wraps their clay
- 父親の恩恵と保護、または、父親にふさわしい恩恵と保護
- the benignity and protectiveness of or befitting a father
- 辞書といえば、私はいろいろな辞書の恩恵を受けています。
- Talking of dictionaries, I have benefited from various kinds.
- 昼も夜も私はもう安息の恩恵というものを知らなくなった!
- neither by day nor by night knew I the blessing of Rest any more!
- また、恩恵をうけるも災厄がふりかかるも信仰次第とされる。
- It is also believed that whether to receive a benefit or misfortune depends on the depth of a person's faith.
- 我々は自身と後裔のために自由の恩恵を守らなければならない
- we must secure the benefits of freedom for ourselves and our posterity
- しかしそれは先祖伝来の経験という恩恵を受けているのです。
- but it has the benefit of ancestral experience.
- 彼は、彼の父親によって築かれた豊富な信頼の恩恵を受けている
- he is the beneficiary of a generous trust set up by his father
- 自然は人々に恩恵をもたらすとともに、時には人に危害を及ぼす。
- Nature bestows benefits onto humankind, and from time to time also presents hazards to humankind.
- 大変な恩恵を受けているのに、それに気付かない人がいるものだ。
- Some men underrate their best blessings.
- この二点の衣類の恩恵により、人はいつでも合格だ、と彼は言った。
- By grace of these two articles of clothing, he said, a man could always pass muster.
- 後に領主権力も自己を領民の庇護者としての恩恵(国恩)を強調した。
- Later, feudal lords claimed to be the protectors of the people of the domain and stressed the benefit of the existence of such protectors (kokuon (benefit given by the lord of domain)).
- これらの権利は、天皇から臣民に与えられた「恩恵的権利」とされた。
- These rights were thought to be 'the right given by emperor's favor.'
- 前消化された食事は、病気や消化作用を損なった人にとっては恩恵である
- predigested foods are a boon for those who are ill or have impaired digestion
- この新しい理論はアインシュタインの相対性理論からの恩恵を受けている
- This new theory owes much to Einstein's Relativity Theory
- 2種の生物体のうち、一方がもう一方を傷つけることなく恩恵を受ける関係
- the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it
- 御家人は恩恵を受ける見返りとして、鎌倉殿へ軍事と公事の奉仕義務を負う。
- In return for patronage, gokenin (samurai retainers) had a duty to serve the Lord of Kamakura both militarily and politically.
- 令名は大いなる富にまさり、恩恵は銀や金よりも良い。 (箴言 22:1)
- A good name is more desirable than great riches, and loving favor is better than silver and gold. (Proverbs 22:1)
- この恩恵は同じようにだれもが施しうるものではないのというのは真実です。
- It is true that this benefit is not capable of being rendered by everybody alike:
- 独創性が彼らにもたらす第一の恩恵というのは、その目を見開かせることです。
- The first service which originality has to render them, is that of opening their eyes:
- 議論の多くの個所で、アドルノ、ホルクハイマーらの美学論に恩恵を受けている。
- My argument is indebted in a number of places to the aesthetic theories of Adorno, Horkheimer and others.
- 俗離れしていたが、世俗的な恩恵を本当に逃さなかった−シェルドン・チェイニー
- was unworldly and did not greatly miss worldly rewards- Sheldon Cheney
- お歴々に新しい恩恵を施せば、古傷を忘れてもらえると信じる者は、欺かれます。
- He who believes that new benefits will cause great personages to forget old injuries is deceived.
- 静まるためにふさわしい時間を求め、神の恩恵について何度も思いを巡らせなさい。
- Seek a suitable time for thy meditation, and think frequently of the mercies of God to thee.
- 義持は猿楽よりも田楽好みであったため、義満のころほどは恩恵を受けられなくなる。
- As Yoshimochi preferred Dengaku (ritual music and dancing in shrines and temples) to Sarugaku, Zeami enjoyed less patronage than he received from Yoshimitsu.
- しかし、いずれも新政府側から他の諸藩と同格とは見なされず恩恵を得られなかった。
- However, they were not equally treated as some other domains, and did not receive any privilege.
- 巨椋池は多様な動植物の生息地として、豊かな環境を育み多くの人に恩恵を与えてきた。
- As a habitat to various plants and animals, Ogura-ike Pond has been providing a rich environment being beneficial to people.
- 私の木陰で休んで恩恵を享受しているくせに、無駄で役立たずなどよく言えたものだな」
- Do you, while receiving benefits from me and resting under my shade, dare to describe me as useless, and unprofitable?'
- 小説家や詩人といった物書きは、科学の進歩の恩恵をあまりうけていないように思われる。
- Writers such as novelists and poets don't seem to benefit much from the advance of science.
- また恩恵は少しづつ与えるべきで、そうすることで、その香気は長く残るでしょうから。
- benefits ought to be given little by little, so that the flavour of them may last longer.
- この二つは、どんなに時を経ようが、どんな恩恵を施そうが、忘れさられはしないのです。
- which neither time nor benefits will ever cause it to forget.
- オーストラリア人は全体として政治システムが安定していることによる恩恵に満足している。
- Australians are, on the whole, pleased with the stabilizing benefits of their political system.
- ただし、これらの流行の恩恵にあずかれるのは地方の富裕な町人どまりであったと考えられる。
- However, it is thought that beneficiary of these new fashions were just the rich local townsmen in the long run.
- この地の人々が今この水利の恩恵を受けて生活が充足しているのは首名のおかげであるとされた。
- It is believed that thanks to Obitona's contribution, the local people can enjoy the good water facilities even today.
- なぜなら、兵士になにほどかの恩恵を施さなくてはならないにしても、それはすぐに実行できます。
- because, notwithstanding one has to give them some indulgence, that is soon done;
- 清朝としては清側に片務的であるのは皇帝の恩恵的配慮によるものであるからだという説明がされた。
- Regarding the reason for concluding the one-sided treaty, the Qing dynasty explained that it was the favor given by the Emperor.
- 「名塩の地の数百戸の家ゝは、農・工・商家といえども 弥右衛門の恩恵を受けていない者はない。」
- 'There is no one who has not benefited from Yaemon irrespective of farming, industrial, or merchant families in the hundreds of houses in Najio.'
- というのも、人間の本性というものは、受けた恩恵と同様、施した恩恵にも束縛されるものですから。
- For it is the nature of men to be bound by the benefits they confer as much as by those they receive.
- こんな流儀で恩人を偶することを弁護する人々は、その恩恵にさして価値を置いているとは思えません。
- People who defend this mode of treating benefactors, cannot be supposed to set much value on the benefit;
- 最澄はこのような空海からの借用の恩恵に報いるため、空海を和気真綱に紹介して神護寺の入住を斡旋した。
- Saicho, who wanted to reciprocate Kukai's favor, introduced Kukai to WAKE no Matsuna and asked Jingo-ji Temple to accept Kukai.
- そうすれば、人々に動揺を与えないことで、彼らを安心させ、恩恵で彼らを味方につけることができるのです。
- and thus by not unsettling men he will be able to reassure them, and win them to himself by benefits.
- この人は一私人の境遇からシラクサの王に成り上ったのですが、好機以外には運命の恩恵は受けませんでした。
- This man rose from a private station to be Prince of Syracuse, nor did he, either, owe anything to fortune but opportunity;
- 人類がこの道徳やその初期の教師たちに大きな恩恵をこうむっていることを、私は否定しようとは思いません。
- That mankind owe a great debt to this morality, and to its early teachers, I should be the last person to deny;
- しかし私たちは、人類がその恩恵に浴している人々をこの理論が扱う気前のよさを褒めるわけにはいきません。
- but we cannot commend the generosity of its dealing with the persons to whom mankind are indebted for them.
- その後は異母弟の藤原道長とは親しかった(妻同士が姉妹で相婿)事もあって、その権勢による恩恵に預かった。
- After that, since he was close to his half-brother, FUJIWARA no Michinaga (also brother-in-law due to their wives being sisters), he reaped the benefit of Michinaga's influence.
- 『江次第抄』によれば、初め再拝するのは詔命を欽ぶ意で、後に舞踏するのは恩恵にあずかるのをよろこぶ意であるという。
- According to 'Goshidaisho' (a commentary book written by Kanera ICHIJO on 'Koke Shidai,' which is a classic rule book about ceremonial and public functions), bowing twice in the beginning indicates respect for the Imperial edict, and the following dance expresses joy for receiving a favor.
- いったい、働く人に対する報酬は、恩恵としてではなく、当然の支払いとして認められる。 (ローマ人への手紙 4:4)
- Now to him who works, the reward is not counted as grace, but as something owed. (Romans 4:4)
- その太陽はといえば、沈むにつれ、かつては彼女が息を紡いでいた、かすれゆく街の上に恩恵を施しているようにも思えた。
- which as it sank lower, seemed to spread itself in benediction over the vanishing city where she had drawn her breath.
- 後白河の復権の恩恵を受けて、同年6月蔵人頭、8月参議、12月には5人の上臈を超えて、29歳にして正三位に叙せられた。
- He benefited from Goshirakawa's return to power, being appointed kurodonoto (chief of the palace officers) in July and sangi (royal advisor) in September, and by December, he overtook his five superiors, and was promoted to Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank).
- 開港開市の規定などについては、英仏などの欧米列強は既に最恵国待遇を得ていたので、日本も同じ恩恵に預かることが出来た。
- Regarding opening ports and cities, Japan was able to receive the benefits from most-favored-nation treatment, which the western powers including England and France had already acquired.
- のちに中央でも有力な一部の家系が上位の内位を独占して蔭位の恩恵を受けることで世襲してその恩恵を維持することとなった。
- Later, some powerful families in the government occupied the higher Naii ranks and retained their privilege by succeeding Oni (the automatic promotion system in which the people at the age of 21 whose parents were from Imperial to the fifth rank or grandparents upper than third rank, were conferred an Imperial title).
- なぜなら、人間というものは、自分に害をなすものと思っていた人から恩恵を施されると、その恩人に強く結びつくものなのです。
- Because men, when they receive good from him of whom they were expecting evil, are bound more closely to their benefactor;
- イーター協定第七条12にいう客員研究者は、イーター機構において研究を行う時は、上記 2.a) の規定による恩恵を受ける。
- Visiting researchers within the meaning of paragraph 12 of Article 7 of the ITER Agreement shall benefit from the provisions of paragraph 2.a) above when carrying out research at the ITER Organization.
- 表計算ソフトが別々の会社からたくさん出てるけど、みんなそれがそれまでどうやってきたのか見てみるという恩恵なしにやってる。
- How many spreadsheet systems were made all by different companies, all without any benefit of understanding how it was done before?
- 湖沼は内陸の水域です。湖沼に隣接して植民地を建設すれば天然資源の恩恵を受けられます。しかし船で進入することはできません。
- Lakes are inland bodies of water. Colonies built adjacently profit from the lakes natural resources, but may be inaccessible via ship.
- でも一方では、わたしが無価値だと思えるような恩恵をほかのだれからであれ受けられると思うほどの邪悪な魂も持ってはいないのだ。
- I do not, on the other hand, own a soul so mean as to be capable of accepting from any one a favor of which it could be supposed that I was unworthy.
- 補任は任命者による恩恵であると考えられており、補任された者は任命者に対して成功 (任官)や礼銭を贈ることが礼儀とされていた。
- Bunin was considered as a benefit brought by an appointer, and therefore, the person who was appointed was expected to give the appointer jogo (ninkan) (recruiting officials for court works and spending the money they paid for the post for the work expenses) or rewards as a manner.
- こうした争いを回避するために各種法令が出された他、寺社などに寄進して紛争防止と宗教的恩恵の両方を得ようとすることも行われた。
- In order to evade such conflicts, various decrees were issued, beside that people donated the ship to a shrine or temple intending to avoid conflicts among them and obtain religious benefits at the same time.
- 神道の神々は人と同じような姿や人格を有する「人格神」であり、現世の人間に恩恵を与える「守護神」であるが、祟る性格も持っている。
- While Shinto's multitude of kami are 'humanized divinities' who have the same form and attributes as humans, they are also 'guardian gods' that bestow blessings on the living; however, such kami are also capable of tormenting or harassing the living.
- 多くの生産的作業が労働時間外に、自分自身の場所でなされ得るとしても、同僚との社会的な相互関係から得る恩恵は大きいものがあります。
- While much productive work can be done on your own time, in your own place, there's a lot of benefit to social interaction with coworkers.
- 地割や惣作の際に生じた余剰地や地主が小作人に恩恵として無償もしくは軽負担で預けた土地、村が所有した林野(村持林野)などを預地と呼んだ。
- Originally, 'azukarichi' referred to shared land or land remaining after allocation had been made, to land that the land owner entrusted as a favor to its kosakunin (tenant farmers) free of charge (or for a small fee) or to forest area land owned by villages.
- しかし、清は中国を「地大物博」(土地が広く物産が豊かなこと)と述べ、恩恵を与える朝貢貿易ならまだしも対等貿易は不要であると突き返した。
- The Qing dynasty, however, preferred trade in the choko style (other nations' bringing tribute to China) and refused the trading as equal partners, saying 'China has a big land and a lot of products.'
- 前項に該当する人は、その結果として、その趣旨での補完的な協定が締結されない限り、関連するフランスの法令に規定される恩恵を受ける資格がない。
- The persons referred to in the above paragraph consequently shall not be entitled to benefits prescribed by the relevant French laws and regulations unless a complementary agreement has been concluded to that effect.
- これは、天下の官寺を朝廷主導で序列化し、官寺として国家の手で住持を補任し、皇帝と帝室の安寧を祈祷すると同時に、非課税の恩恵を与える制度である。
- This was a system where state-sponsored temples were ranked by the Imperial Court, which assigned chief priests and had them pray for the well-being of the Emperor and Imperial family, and granted the temples exemption from taxation.
- どれも現在に至るまで中国のみならず、日本でも使用されていることばであって、その意味では現在に生きる我々もまた『万国公法』の恩恵を受けているといえる。
- They have been used until today not only in China but also in Japan and, by that fact, we can say that we who are living in the present world have been enjoying the benefits of 'Bankoku Koho.'
- なお、蝦夷の哲学とは、女性の大虫の周期が日の自転周期に一致する事から、その胎から生まれたなん人にも宇宙の理が備わり、日の恩恵を受けているという考え方。
- Based on the belief that the female menstruation cycle was the same as the rotation cycle of the sun, the philosophy of the Ezo people taught that everyone born by a woman embodies cosmic principles and receives benefits from the sun.
- その富や立地の利点と並んで、その国民はその国民精神で活気づいていて、その政府のからの恩恵を十分感じているので、その活気は必要な大義があれば衰えることはない。
- Beside her advantages of riches and situation, her people are animated with such a national spirit, and are so fully sensible of the blessings of their government, that we may hope their vigour never will languish in so necessary and so just a cause.
- そのような信仰形態をもつ地域では、山から流れる河川や、山裾に広がる森林地帯に衣食住の全てに渡って依存した生活を送っており、常に目に入る山からの恩恵に浴している。
- In areas where such religion forms, life's necessities, including food, clothing, and shelter, are entirely dependent upon the rivers that flow from the mountain and through the forest area at the skirt of the mountain, and they feel blessed by the mountain being constantly in sight.
- %nation%はつらい日々を送っています。しばらくの間%colony%の収穫の恩恵を共有してくれないかと聞かれています。%amount%食料を譲ってください。
- The %nation% have fallen on hard times. We ask the colonists of %colony% to share the bounty of your harvests with us in our time of need. Please let us have %amount% food.
- 悪霊退散のために呪術によるより強力な恩恵を求める風潮が強くなり、これを背景に、古神道に加え、有神論的な星辰信仰や霊符呪術のような道教色の強い呪術が注目されていった。
- Interest in seeking the benefit of powerful magic to drive demons away became strong, creating an atmosphere in which theistic Seishin worship (worshipping the sun, moon, stars) or magic with a strong undertone of Taoism such as reifu in addition to the Koshinto (ancient Shinto) religion started to attract more attention.
- 自然に存在し人間が恩恵を受ける太陽(お日様)、山河、森林、海などが崇拝の対象となり、身近なものとして巨石・岩や大木が祀られ、その依り代の証しとして、現在も注連縄が飾られる。
- Things from the natural world which bring blessings to humans, such as the sun (referred to in Japanese using the respectful term 'ohisama'), mountains, rivers, forests, and oceans, became the objects of worship, with people enshrining things they were familiar with, such as huge stones, rocks, and big trees and today, shimenawa (sacred rice-straw ropes) are still hung to indicate yorishiro.
- しかし博多のように「屋台は日本の文化である」といった地域住民や行政の意思により、官民一体となって存続される地域も出始めていて、観光誘致や地域振興として様々な恩恵を齎している。
- However, in some areas such as Hakata, they are beginning to be kept alive by public and private support, with the will of local residents and the belief of government that 'yatai are part of the culture of Japan,' and they bring various benefits regarding tourism and regional promotion.
- その頃、庸之助をはじめとする香取郡の人々は利根川の洪水防止策を求めていたが、利根川の恩恵を受けられずに水不足に苦しむ房総半島の人々はこれに強く反発して、地域間の対立を生じていた。
- In those days, while the people of Katori County including Yonosuke were requiring the measures to prevent floods of the Tone-gawa River, the people of the Boso Peninsula who were not able to enjoy the benefit of the Tone-gawa River and were suffering from water shortages were reacting against this, so that the confrontation between the districts had arisen.
- 不平等条約における片務的最恵国待遇についても、当初は不平等であるという意識すらなく、「一視同仁」(中国はそれ以外の夷狄を平等に扱う)という儒教的観点から中華が夷狄に与える恩恵と考えていた。
- With regards to one-sided most-favored-nation treatment based on unequal treaties, it was not considered unfair at first but as benefits for iteki given by China based on a thought '一視同仁' (China treats all iteki equally).
- 地方町村部では場所により昭和に入る頃まで明かりといえば菜種油で行灯を灯し、郵便や電信など西洋化の恩恵は中々届かず、また長らく江戸後期の伝統や風習が続くなど、生活の変化は遥かに緩やかなものであった。
- In rural conditions of local towns and villages, the transition of the lifestyle was much more gradual and slow as the tradition and customs of the late Edo period lasted far longer; people in some area used paper-shaded lamp using rapeseed oil until the beginning of Showa period, and the benefit of those new Western systems such as a new postal service and telegraph communication were not effectively introduced and utilized until much later years.
- 非唯物論者のランゲが、その優れた著書『唯物論の歴史』、この本にはその精神でも内容でも恩恵を受けていますが、その中でこう言っています。「デモクリトスほど歴史が意地の悪い扱いをした偉人はほとんどいない。
- 'Few great men,' says Lange, a non-materialist, in his excellent 'History of Materialism,' to the spirit and to the letter of which I am equally indebted, 'have been so despitefully used by history as Democritus.
- しかしながら、大日本帝国憲法は国民の権利を、天皇が臣民に与えた「恩恵的権利」と定義し、権利制限の根拠を「法律ニ定メタル場合」「法律ノ範囲内」などのいわゆる「法律の留保」、あるいは「安寧秩序」に求めた。
- However, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan specified that people's rights were 'privileged' ones that were given by the emperor and these rights could be limited 'by the constitution' and only permitted 'within the confines of the law,' in favor of public order and security.
- 民事上の問題が生じた場合には当事者間の話し合い(相対)による解決が付かない場合にのみ「お上からの恩恵」として仲裁に乗り出すという名目で民事裁判が行われたものであり、民衆を法的に救済する制度ではなかった。
- Only in cases of civil problems which could not be solved by discussion (vis-a-vis) between the people concerned, civil trials were made in the name of arbitration as 'favor from the authorities', therefore, these trials were not an institution that would give the people legal aids.
- 元来は、オスマン帝国が恩恵的にフランス、オランダ、イギリスに対して与えていたカピチュレーションの制度において、治外法権その他を認めていたものだが、産業革命以後は西欧経済圏への従属を企図したものに変質していった。
- Originally, an unequal treaty was to approve extraterritoriality and other conditions in the capitulation system which was beneficially given to France, the Netherland and the United Kingdom by the Ottoman Empire, but such treaties gradually transformed into ones aiming for subordination to the Western European economic zone after the Industrial Revolution.
- もっと一般的に言うと、その仕事に実際に携わる人間がうまくやれるようにしっかりと助ける(その仕事を実際にやる能力はない)人間が必要な場合か、皆の同意を必要としない意思決定の量が多い場合、大抵マネージメントによる恩恵があります。
- More generally, if the job allows for a person (who might not be able to do the job) to substantially help the people actually doing the work get it done, or depends on a substantial amount of decision making that doesn't really require everyone's constant input, it will probably benefit from management.
- こうしたことが民衆に裁判・訴訟に対する不信感を植え付けるとともに、それとともに、支配者の統治・命令の絶対性及び訴願そのものを「恩恵的行為」と捉える政治思想が、日本における「権利」意識や「法」観念の発達に深刻な影響を与えることとなる。
- These things instilled a sense of distrust in people with regard to trials and lawsuits, as well as in the absoluteness of the ruling authority's governance and orders and in the political concept of an appeal being a 'beneficial action'; all of which had a critical impact on the development of the concept of 'rights' and the 'law' in Japan.
- 表は大きく分けると、天皇の元服、立后、立太子や朔旦冬至などの慶事に奉られる賀表(がひょう)、天皇から皇親への譲位や封戸・随身などの特権など天皇から賜る恩恵を辞退する際に奉られる抗表(こうひょう)、官職辞任・致仕する際に奉られる辞表(じひょう)の3種類があった。
- There were three major different types of Hyo: Gahyo (handed at celebratory occasions such as Emperor's Genpuku [coming of age], investitures of the Empress or the Crown Prince and Sakutan Toji [celebration when the winter solstice falls on November 1 of the lunar calendar. Once in 19 years, this is an auspicious day and has been celebrated at the court]), Kohyo (handed when the Emperor's family members wished to decline the Emperor's offer of abdication of the throne or people to decline the offers of privileges such as Fuko [salary] or Zuishin [having bodyguards]) and Jihyo (handed when people wished to resign or leave their government posts).
- 三条はこの中で、天皇に数千年も親しく恵みを受けてきた京都・大坂の人々の動揺と、徳川氏に300年恩恵を受けてきた関東の人々に恨みや失望を与えることの利害得失を比べ、関東の人心に京都・大坂の盛衰や国の興廃がかかっているのであり、京都・大坂を失っても地勢に優れる東京を失わなければ天下を失うことはないと述べた。
- Sanjo compared the advantages and disadvantages from the dismay of the people of Kyoto and Osaka who had received the emperor's kind blessings for over a thousand years, and the animosity and despair that the people of Kanto who had received over the 300 years of favors from the Tokugawa clan, and said that the world would not be lost if Kyoto or Osaka was lost due to the geographically superior Tokyo because the destiny of the country and the rise and fall of Kyoto and Osaka fell upon the hearts of those in Kanto.
- これは当時の町・村が高い自治意識を持って外部からの干渉を極力排除しようとした表れであったが、その一方で共同体の自治機能に基づく「内済」による解決の論理は、封建権力から見れば民衆間の揉め事は共同体内部で解決すべき問題であると捉え、支配者(公儀)は民衆に対する「恩恵」として訴願の権利を与える存在に過ぎなかった。
- This shows that towns and villages of the times had a strong sense of autonomy enough to eliminate interference of outside as much as possible, on the other hand, in the logic of the settlement out of court based on the autonomous function of community, feudal authories considered the conflict between people was supposed to be settled in the community, and that governors (kogi) were only taking a position that could give a right of appeal to people as a 'benefit'.
- 私の目的は、自然とその支配者の美しさと恩恵について雄弁に語りながら、キリスト教的理論体系のいわゆる不合理にたいする軽蔑しか抱いていない理神論者の友人に、彼らもまた私たちよりもましな状態にあるわけではなく、私たちの立場に見出される困難のそれぞれに応じて、彼らの立場にも同じくらい重大な困難があるということを、示すことでした。
- My object was to show my deistical friends, who set forth so eloquently the beauty and beneficence of Nature and the Ruler thereof, while they had nothing but scorn for the so-called absurdities of the Christian scheme, that they were in no better condition than we were, and that, for every difficulty found upon our side, quite as great a difficulty was to be found upon theirs.
- それに、すべての臣民に武装させることができないにしても、武装させた者には恩恵を施すと、他の者はもっと思うがままにあつかえるし、この処遇の差は、まったくそのとおりだと了解されて、それによって武装している者は君主に依存するようになり、また武装していない者は、危険が大きく、服務も重い者がそれだけ報酬が大きいのも当然と思い、君主を大目に見るのです。
- And whereas all subjects cannot be armed, yet when those whom you do arm are benefited, the others can be handled more freely, and this difference in their treatment, which they quite understand, makes the former your dependants, and the latter, considering it to be necessary that those who have the most danger and service should have the most reward, excuse you.
- And whereas all subjects cannot be armed, yet when those whom you do arm are benefited, the others can be handled more freely, and this difference in their treatment, which they quite understand, makes the former your dependents, and the latter, considering it to be necessary that those who have the most danger and service should have the most reward, excuse you.