性: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- あいまい性
- ambiguity
- fuzziness
- 占いと相性
- Fortune-telling and aisho
- 儒教的性格
- Confucian philosophy
- 陰性・陽性
- Negative and positive baiu
- 豊臣氏の性格
- The character of the Toyotomi clan
- 豊臣政権の性格
- The characteristics of the Toyotomi government
- 律令法の階級性
- Hierarchical nature of ritsuryo law
- 海洋性の気団。
- It is a maritime air mass.
- 梅雨前線の性質
- Nature of baiu front
- 縄文文化の地域性
- The regionality of Jomon culture
- 有名な大奥の女性
- Famous O-oku women
- 幕府裁定の正当性
- Legitimacy of bakufu's decisions
- 近江浅井家の女性
- Women of the Omi-Azai family
- 国立女性教育会館
- National Women's Education Center
- 南部は内陸性気候
- The southern part: the inland climate
- 写真撮影の適法性
- Legality of photographing
- 自己免疫性内耳疾患
- autoimmune inner ear disease
- 奴は、男性の奴隷。
- Nu refers to a male slave.
- 女遁-女性を利用。
- Joton-Making use of a female.
- 男遁-男性を利用。
- Danton-Making use of a male.
- 日本初の女性参政権
- The first appearance of women's suffrage in Japan
- 気候は内陸性気候。
- The city has an inland climate.
- 開山は仏性院日秀。
- The kaisan is Busshoin Nisshu.
- アルカリ性単純温泉
- Alkaline simple hot spring
- Alkaline simple hot spring.
- - 金性洙、京紡設立
- Seong-Su KIM established Kyungbang Corporation.
- 人間関係における相性
- Aisho in terms of the human relationships
- 大奥女性の身分と立場
- Status and position of ladies in O-oku
- 女性:18,647人
- Female: 18,647
- 女性:34,338人
- Number of females: 34,338
- 男性:32,242人
- Number of males: 32,242
- 土偶の分布に見る地域性
- Regionality seen in the distribution of earthen figures
- 谷性寺—明智光秀公首塚
- Kokusho-ji Temple: Kubizuka (tomb containing only a head) for Mitsuhide AKECHI
- ハワイ州初の女性弁護士。
- She was the first female lawyer from the State of Hawaii.
- 橘善行 - 法名・性空。
- TACHIBANA no Yoshiyuki: Buddhist name: Shoku.
- 硫酸塩泉(弱アルカリ性)
- Sulfate spring water (alkalescent)
- 婢は女性の奴隷を意味する。
- Hi refers to a female slave.
- パソコン部品の相性について
- Aisho of computer parts
- 冷たく湿った海洋性の気団。
- It is a cold and wet maritime air mass.
- 暖かく湿った海洋性の気団。
- It is a warm and wet maritime air mass.
- それは特に女性関係に現れた。
- This was especially apparent with his relationship with women.
- 律宗(俊じょう、叡尊、忍性)
- The Ritsu sect (founded by Shunjo, Eison, and Ninsho)
- 暖かく乾燥した大陸性の気団。
- It is a warm and dry continental air mass.
- 倭国、男性を王とした七、八十年
- For 70 or 80 years, the country of Wa had a man as its ruler.
- 白人以外の女性では初の下院議員。
- She was the first non-white woman to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.
- 現代の地方銀行に近い性質を持つ。
- It had a similar disposition like a local bank of today.
- 銘をつける場合は女性の名をつける。
- It is usually named after a woman when given a name.
- 両者の性格に原因を求める説もある。
- There is another theory which looks into both of their personalities.
- 慢性消化器病、糖尿病、痛風、肝臓病
- Chronic digestive diseases, diabetes, gout and liver ailment
- 単純温泉(低張性弱アルカリ性温泉)
- The spring quality of Arashiyama Hot Spring is classified as a simple hot spring (hot spring with a hypotonic low alkaline level).
- 偽書の可能性が指摘されている史料の例
- Examples of historical materials that are suspected of being gisho
- 命名には特に規則性は無いようである。
- It seems no special rules are found for naming these sites.
- 日本における女性参政権獲得までの歴史
- History of women's suffrage in Japan until the point women won the right to vote
- また、女性隊士がいたという説もある。
- Some say there were female members.
- 後宮十二司等に仕える女性官人の除目。
- Jimoku for appointing female officials who served kokyu junishi (twelve offices belonging to kokyu, empress's residence) and others.
- 硫酸塩泉(低張性弱アルカリ性高温泉)
- Sulfate spring (hypotonic, alkalescent, and high temperature water)
- (1万5000と見ても可能性がある)。
- (It is estimated that they mobilized as many as 15,000 men).
- 偽書の可能性が指摘されている歴史書の例
- Examples of history books where the possibility of gisho is pointed out.
- 歴史的経緯や信憑性については諸説ある。
- There are various theories regarding the history and believability.
- 武田の騎馬隊に一定の信憑性を与えている。
- This gives some credibility to Takeda's cavalry.
- 注:訳には誤りを含む可能性が十分にある。
- Note: Translation may possibly include some errors.
- 司法権を行使する裁判所とは性格が異なる。
- Therefore, the local courts were different in nature from ordinary courts which exercised judicial power.
- 岡本は事態の緊急性を告げるべく上京した。
- OKAMOTO came up to Tokyo to report the urgency of the state of affairs.
- この改革の性格は田沼時代の全否定である。
- In nature, Sadanobu's reforms were the complete denial of the Tanuma period.
- - 月2回(15歳未満および女性に限る)
- Twice a month (limited to children under 15 and women)
- ナトリウム炭酸水素塩泉(中性低張性塩泉)
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate spring (neutral hypotonic spring)
- たかすみ温泉:弱アルカリ性Na‐塩化物泉
- Takasumi Onsen Hot Spring: weak alkaline salt spring
- 教育の場における性差別撤廃法案制定に尽力。
- She worked hard to ensure enactment of the Sex Discrimination in Education Act.
- - 12時間(15歳未満および女性に限る)
- 12 hours (limited to children under 15 and women)
- 市と京都府ではその活性化に力を注いでいる。
- The municipal and prefecture government are trying to recover and stimulate the city.
- 山号は霊鷲山、開基は北条重時、開山は忍性。
- The sango is Ryojusen, the Kaiki is Shigetoki HOJO, and the kaisan is Ninsho.
- アルカリ性単純温泉(低張性アルカリ性温泉)
- Alkaline simple hot spring (hot spring with hypotonic alkaline level)
- その役目の重要性から苗字帯刀を許されていた。
- Because of the importance of their role, they were allowed to adopt surnames and wear pairs of swords.
- また日本の女性では洋服を着る方が珍しかった。
- It was also unusual for Japanese women to wear Western clothes.
- 18世紀に入ると幕府財政が慢性的に悪化した。
- Entering the 18th the century, the finance of the bakufu became chronically deteriorated.
- インド洋の海洋性気団の影響を強く受けている。
- It is influenced strongly by the maritime air mass of the Indian Ocean.
- アルカリ性単純温泉(低張性アルカリ性高温泉)
- Simple alkaline hot spring (expansive high-temperature alkaline hot spring)
- 荘園は、地理的状況の面でも多様性が見られた。
- Shoens showed wide varieties in the sense of geographical situations.
- また、天照大神は本来は男性の神とする説もある。
- There is also an opinion that Amaterasu Omikami was originally a male god.
- 一領具足制度の有効性を物語るエピソードである。
- This is a telling episode about the efficiency of the Ichiryo gusoku system.
- 第4条は、新しい税制の方向性を示す条文である。
- Article 4 was to orient a new taxation system.
- 世界各国の国政選挙における女性参政権の獲得年次
- International timeline of passage of women's suffrage vis-a-vis national elections
- 彼らは時の天台座主真性に対して訴えを起こした。
- They directed their demand towards the Tendaizasu (chief of Tendaishu) at that time, Shinsho.
- 2月29日トリインフルエンザの陽性反応を確認。
- February 29: The farm tested positive for avian influenza.
- 首なしライダーや死んだ男性の姿が見えると言う。
- Some people claim that they have seen a beheaded moped rider or a ghost of the dead man.
- 選挙権と被選挙権に性別と納税資格の制限を課した。
- Voting right and eligiblility to run for election were limited by gender and tax payment qualification.
- 九州年号の真実性は現在学界では認められていない。
- The authenticity of Kyushu nengo is not accepted in today's academic society.
- さて、この時政には後妻に牧の方という女性がいた。
- Incidentally, Tokimasa had the second wife, Maki no kata (Lady Maki).
- 礼銭・一献料はその性質上、様々な別名が存在する。
- The reisen and ikkenryo were, by their very nature, called according to different names.
- 大江山一帯は主に超塩基性岩である蛇紋岩からなる。
- The whole Mt. Oe area is composed of serpentinite which is made largely of ultrabasic rock.
- 花街における待合茶屋と異なり、性風俗を扱っている。
- Unlike machiai-jaya (tea houses, establishments that rented rooms in which visitors and geisha could amuse themselves) in Hanamachi (geisha districts in Kyoto), they offered adult entertainment.
- 大きく異なるのは義和団の性格についての評価である。
- What differed greatly was evaluation of the nature of the Boxers.
- また遊牧民の世界観の開放的な性質も指摘されている。
- The open nature of the world view of nomads is also pointed out.
- 現在、最も信憑性の高いと信じられている升量である。
- And this is the volume that sho is deemed most trustworthy today.
- ウジは、ヤマト政権の政治組織という性格をもっていた。
- The uji had a characteristic of being a political organization of the Yamato regime.
- しかし同様の性格を有しながら、いくつか相違点もある。
- Although they had similar characters, there were several different points.
- しかし江戸時代の各階層にある程度の流動性も見られる。
- However, a certain degree of flexibility was seen in each hierarchy during the Edo period.
- この間の段階的な制度変化の結果であった可能性も高い。
- It was highly possible that the time for ryosei province establishment was due to the result of the gradual change of the system during this period.
- 変り種としては、女性だけを成員とする義和団もあった。
- There was even an unique Boxer group consisting only of female members.
- 女性の髪の結い方の場合は総髪(そうがみ)と呼ばれる。
- The hairstyle for females is called Sogami, which is written with the same kanji characters as Sohatsu.
- 宮内省を新設して、王室内の行事に透明性を持たせる事。
- Imperial Household Ministry shall be newly created for transparency of royal events.
- 藤原信頼・成親は仁和寺の覚性法親王のもとへ出頭した。
- FUJIWARA no Nobuyori and Narichika fled to Ninna-ji Temple to wait upon Cloistered Imperial Prince Kakusho.
- 土壁を一切用いず、装飾性の少ない伝統的な様式になる。
- No tsuchikabe (an earthened wall, or a mud wall) was used and traditional style with little decoration was adopted.
- 横波に弱く無事に往来出来る可能性は低いものであった。
- The possibility for the ship to complete a round trip was low because the ship could not handle beam sea well.
- 『性霊集』:空海の漢詩を弟子の真済が編纂した漢詩文集
- 'Shoryoshu': a compilation of Kukai's Chinese-style poetry compiled by Kukai's disciple, Shinzei
- 神経痛、筋肉痛、疲労回復、慢性消化器病、五十肩など。
- The hot spring is said to be effective for nerve pain, muscle pain, recovery from fatigue, chronic illness related to the digestive tract, shoulder aches in the elderly, etc
- また、女性に初めて布教をおこなったのも法然であった。
- It was also Hoen who missioned women for the first time.
- それは、弥生の環濠集落とは性格を異にするものであろう。
- This moat settlement is thought to have had different functions than that of Yayoi period.
- この条約における不平等的性格を決定づけた条項といえる。
- It can be said that the unequal nature of the treaty was determined by this provision.
- これは後の大和政権で女性が即位する時と同じ状況である。
- This happened again during the later Yamato Administration.
- 大久保は、西郷出仕の必要性を重視してこれを受け入れた。
- Okubo emphasized the necessity of Saigo's service and accepted his opinion.
- 更に女性の場合には夫とその両親に対する殺人が含まれる。
- In female cases it also included killing their husband and his parent(s).
- 木戸との連携の必要性を感じていた大久保もこれに応じた。
- Having felt the need to join efforts with Kido, Okubo accepted their mediation.
- この押出しは、女性が多かったため女押出しとも呼ばれる。
- Because there were quite a number of female demonstrators, the fifth demonstration was called Women Demonstration.
- これは、先に述べた後鳥羽による歌合から続く性質である。
- This was a characteristic that continued from the Utaawase of Gotoba mentioned earlier.
- 平安時代には桂女という女性の商人が洛中に行商を行った。
- In the Heian period, female traveling merchants called 'Katsurame' peddled in Rakuchu (central Kyoto).
- また付録はあまり無く小型本、実用性を高めたものだった。
- It was also a small-sized book that contained few appendixes with enhanced practicability.
- 豊田武は「党の共通の性格」を以下の4点にまとめている。
- Takeshi TOYODA summarizes the 'common characteristic of To' into following four points.
- その後ヤマト王権は対外指向が弱まり、内向性が強くなった。
- After that, the Yamato Kingdom became less foreign-orientated and more inward-looking.
- つまり「理」の遍在性・内外貫通性が朱子学の特徴であった。
- That is to say, Shushigaku is characterized by the ubiquity of 'ri' and the existence of 'ri' both inside and outside of one's mind.
- このため併せて生産するようになり家政機関的性格が薄れた。
- Therefore, Nuidonoryo began to produce officials' clothes as well and it gradually lost the nature of household institution.
- 国粋民族派 太古ゲルマン人の国粋的・民族的優越性を主張。
- National Ethnic faction: advocating the national and ethnic superiority of ancient Germanic peoples.
- 将門は自らの正当性を国衙側に認めさせて豊田へ引き揚げた。
- Masakado ensured that the Kokuga (provincial government office) recognized his victory and went back to Toyoda.
- ただし、崇神・垂仁天皇らの実在性には疑問視する人も多い。
- However, many people doubt the existence of the Emperor Sujin and the Emperor Suinin.
- 深夜業禁止(22時から4時、15歳未満および女性に限る)
- Working midnight is prohibited (from 22:00 to 4:00) limited to childredn under 15 and women.
- 京都市・奈良市・大阪市のベッドタウンとしての性格が強い。
- It is a characteristic bedroom community for the cities of Kyoto, Nara, and Osaka.
- 諸説有るが、平安時代には現在の流れであった可能性が高い。
- Although there are many opinions, it is highly likely that the river flowed in the Heian period as it does at present.
- それは金流出国と金流入国との間の金融政策の非対称性である。
- That is the asymmetry property between the monetary policies in a gold-inflow country and a gold-outflow country.
- 戦国時代後半の社会は、二つの相反する可能性を示唆していた。
- The society in the latter part of the Sengoku period suggested two opposite possibilities.
- その芸術性を求める篆刻においては当然文人の独擅場であった。
- As a matter of course, in the area of Tenkoku which sought after artistry, Bunjin were unrivaled.
- 女性5名が近衛篤麿貴族院 (日本)議長との面談に成功した。
- Five female demonstrators were able to meet the president of the House of Peers (Japan), Atsumaro KONOE.
- 実行性が喪失していった過程として、以下の事項があげられる。
- As a process how the regulation gradually lost its effectiveness, the following matters are conceivable.
- この事件がなければ淡路島は今も徳島県であった可能性が高い。
- If these incidents had not happened, it would be quite possible that Awaji-shima Island would be still in Tokushima Prefecture.
- 奥女中には通常旗本や御家人などの武家出の女性が雇用された。
- Generally, females from samurai families like hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu) and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods)were employed in O-oku.
- それ故、平家の落人伝説の中には信憑性の高いものも多くある。
- Therefore, there are many Heike no Ochudo legends that are credible.
- 後に時代が下ると、これは人同士の関係性においても利用された。
- At a later stage in history, it was used to refer to the relationships between people.
- このことから、やはり1万2000という死者数は信憑性が低い。
- This would disapprove of the 12,000 deaths among the Takeda force.
- 混雑時には相部屋が求められ、女性の旅客は難儀をしたとされる。
- It was said that guests were asked to share a room with other guests at busy times and woman travelers had difficulty with it.
- 織田信長は、寺社の「無縁」性が敵対者の盾となることを嫌った。
- Nobunaga ODA disliked that the idea of 'Muen' of temples and shrines becoming a shield of his enemies.
- 朱子学のテーゼ「性即理」では、心を「性」と「情」に分別する。
- According to Shushigaku's 'Sei soku ri' thesis, one's mind is divided into 'Sei' and 'Jo.'
- また、他に一切の情報が無い為に、文章の信憑性が疑われている。
- Because there is no other account of the incident, the reliability of the existing record is doubted.
- - ハワイ州で日系人の女性共和党員として初の下院議員に選出。
- She was the first female Japanese American Republican to be elected for the U.S. House of Representatives from Hawaii.
- 大奥に住む女性たちの大部分を占めていたのが女中たちであった。
- Most female residents in O-oku were jochu.
- 地質学的には地球の深部から隆起した地層で塩基性の岩盤を持つ。
- Mt. Oe is geologically comprised of stratum with basic bedrock pushed up deep from within the earth.
- 天龍寺船にも性海霊見・愚中周及など約60名の禅僧が乗船した。
- About 60 Zen priests including Shokai Reiken and Guchu Shukyu were on board Tenryujibune.
- 遊び女はこれとは一線を画し、遊芸の付属物として性行為を行った。
- Asobime was distinguished from such women, and they performed a sexual act as a part of light accomplishments.
- 次第に令の重要性が増して、律から独立し行政法的なものになった。
- The importance of Li gradually increased, and it was isolated from Lu to become an administrative law system.
- 天皇統治の正当性を根拠付ける国体論は、大きく二つに分けられる。
- There were roughly two kinds of national policy theories which justified the emperor's sovereignty.
- しかし、この制度は地域の特性を余りにも無視したため、失敗した。
- This system, however, ended in failure because it neglected regional characteristics to an inappropriate extent.
- 同時に教団を維持するための守りの姿勢を固める重要性も出てきた。
- At the same time, he felt the necessity to take a defensive action to protect the religious community.
- 堀部安兵衛の妻を名乗って人々からのお布施を騙し取っていた女性。
- A woman who introduced herself as Yasube HORIBE's wife and swindled people out of offerings.
- 更に性真法親王もこの事態に驚いて弟子入りの拒絶を通告してきた。
- Furthermore, surprised by this development, Cloistered Imperial Prince Shoshin himself refused to become an apprentice priest.
- 特に4代満家の死後義定に至るまでの系図は信憑性が低いとされる。
- In particular, some say that the family tree after the death of the fourth Mitsuie to Yoshisada lacks credibility.
- 理由は,耐震強度が基準に満たしていない可能性があり危険なため。
- The reason is because its earthquake resistant level may not comply with the current standard and it is considered to be dangerous.
- 夏暑く、冬は寒い、また雨が少ない盆地特有の内陸性の気候である。
- It has an inland climate, hot in summer, cold in winter and little rain, typical of a basin.
- それによる現実的な権力と貴種性の承認によって初めて確立しえた。
- Therefore, authority could be established only after the acknowledgement of the practical authority and noble birth nature by the appointment.
- 台湾女性は本当に台湾出身であったことが判明し、一件落着となった。
- The matter was settled when they turned out to be from Taiwan in fact.
- そのため、天武天皇を咎めるような事実を記さなかった可能性が高い。
- There is a high possibility that any fact that could be a reproach to Emperor Tenmu was not recorded.
- 漢詩をもって文人の芸とすることの妥当性について検討の余地がある。
- There is room for examination in the adequacy of classifying Chinese poetry as an art of Bunjin.
- 一般に、政治的統一は民族的等質性の結果ではなくむしろ原因である。
- In general, political integration is not a result of racial homogeneity but a cause.
- 当時の伽藍配置や技法には、百済の寺院との共通性が指摘されている。
- It should be noted that the building techniques and positioning of Buddhist temples at that time reflect the style of temples in Paekche.
- 原詔は日本書紀に記載のとおりではなかった可能性が考えられている。
- The possibility is suggested that the original edict was not the same as described in Nihonshoki.
- こうして、東北地方では12世紀には蝦夷としての独立性は失われた。
- In this way, the Emishi lost their independence in the Tohoku region by the twelfth century.
- この領国は高い独立性を有し、地域国家と呼びうる実態を持っていた。
- Such territories had high-level independence and their real status was such that they could be called a regional state.
- これを受けて同日、高病原性鳥インフルエンザ丹波町対策本部を設置。
- A Tanba-cho task force on highly pathogenic avian influenza was established on the same day to deal with the emergency,
- しかしながら、旧城下町の活性化を含め依然として難題を抱えている。
- However, difficulties including vitalizing the old castle town still exist.
- 京都には6つの花街があり、それぞれの個性によって構成されている。
- There are six hanamachi in Kyoto, and each has its own characteristics
- 画面が求心的でしかも動的に構成され、きわめて表現性に富んでいる。
- The painting is centripetal, dynamically configured, and highly expressive.
- 中には、創作や脚色された信憑性に薄い伝承や誤伝に基づく話もある。
- There exist some oral traditions that were fabricated, dressed-up, or have been passed down mistakenly.
- 武家の女性は移動について庶民よりも厳しく女通行手形が必須であった。
- Control over movement of women in samurai families was stricter than that over the common people, and tsuko-tegata for women was indispensable.
- しかしその信頼性は乏しく、現在では資料としてはそれほど価値がない。
- However, they are unreliable and do not have current value as historical sources.
- 縄文土器の多様性は、時代差や地域差を識別する基準として有効である。
- The diversity of Jomon earthenware can be used to determine time and identify regional differences.
- 順性院 - 家光の側室、甲府藩主徳川綱重(徳川家宣の実父)の生母。
- Junshoin - Concubine of Iemitsu, real mother of Tsunashige TOKUGAWA (real father of Ienobu TOKUGAWA), a lord of the Kofu Domain.
- しかし、花山は父の血を受け継いだのか、性格に異常なところがあった。
- However, perhaps Kazan inherited his father's blood, but he had an abnormal personality.
- 以降の日本仏教の方向性を大きく規定づけることとなった(平安仏教)。
- This was to decide the direction of Japanese Buddhism (Heian Buddhism).
- 何もない空間は、平等性を重んじる連歌を張行する場にふさわしかった。
- The empty space was perfect for renga that placed value on equality.
- このことにより職業的に農業との分離が促進され、より専門性が高まった。
- This encouraged categorical separation of these occupations away from farming and led them greater specialization.
- そのため実用に用いる機会に乏しく、性能に優れた鉄に取って代わられた。
- Thus, the bronze ware of Japan would not be implemented widely; Japanese people abruptly replaced bronze with superior efficient iron ware.
- 時代によってその性格が変遷したらしいが、詳しいことは分かっていない。
- From one era to another, the characteristics of Miyake seem to have changed, but the details are not known.
- 八瀬大原から大原女と呼ばれる山菜売りの女性が行商に来ることもあった。
- In the past, women called 'Oharame' sometimes came from Yase Ohara to this area to sell wild vegetables they collected in the mountain area.
- 男性には陰茎・睾丸双方を切除する場合と、睾丸のみ切除する場合があった。
- When applied to male criminals, there were the cases of extirpating both penis and testicles, or the case of extirpating testicles only.
- 当時の軍隊には鉄砲の一斉射撃や速射に高い威嚇効果があった可能性が高い。
- It is highly likely that salvo and rapid firing had a great menacing effect on the army of the time.
- 往々にして「付き合ってみないことには判らない」という側面のある相性だ。
- Generally speaking, aisho has an aspect which 'cannot be discovered unless one actually has a certain degree of closeness to the person.'
- 『戦国鉄砲 傭兵隊』によると、雑賀衆同士が戦った可能性を示唆している。
- 'Sengoku Teppo Yoheitai' (Warring Guns - The Mercenary Force) introduces the possibility that the members of Saikashu fought each other.
- 鉱毒ガスやそれによる酸性雨により足尾町(当時)近辺の山は禿山となった。
- The mountains in the then Ashio-machi area became barren because of the mineral poison gas and the acid rain caused by it.
- 逆に悪質な販売店では、初期不良品を「相性の問題だ」で済ます場合もある。
- On the other hand, vicious dealers might falsely blame the problem as 'the problem of compatibility' even if it was a defective product in the first place.
- この他の原動力には実用性の追究・筆記具の革新(蔡倫など)が挙げられる。
- The pursuit of practicability and the reform of writing material (such as a reform by Sairin) were another motive power.
- 大槻玄沢門下の稲村三伯が蘭和辞典の必要性を痛感し、編纂活動を開始した。
- Sanbaku INAMURA, Gentaku OTSUKI's disciple keenly felt the need of Dutch-Japanese Dictionary and started the activity of compilation again.
- 民族としての同一性が、ヤマト王権による政治的統合に由来するからである。
- This is because the uniformity as a race came via political integration by Yamato sovereignty.
- このため、高明の関白就任の可能性を絶つために仕掛けたとも言われている。
- This is why some say there was a plot to eradicate the possibility of Takaakira's appointment to Grand Minister of State.
- ただし、フロイスの記述の信憑性から、看過ないし黙殺する説が比較的多い。
- However, because of reliability of descriptions by Frois, rather many views overlook or neglect it.
- 疲労回復や冷え性、火傷などの効用があるとされるが、飲用は不可能である。
- Hot springs are believed to be good for fatigue, sensitivity to cold temperatures and burn injuries, but not for drinking.
- (ただし顕広王は神祇伯就任以前から王氏であった可能性も指摘されている)
- (However, one theory suggests that Akihiro-o may have belonged to the O clan before his accession to the position of Jingi haku.)
- 野田川町町長初当選当時、京都府内唯一の女性首長として一躍有名になった。
- She became instantaneously famous for being the only female head in Kyoto Prefecture at the time of passing the election of the mayor of Nodagawa-cho.
- 朱熹の主張する学説は性即理説といわれ、陸象山の学説心即理説と対比された。
- The theory advocated by Hsi CHU was called the Seisokuri setsu and compared with the theory by Xiangshan LU, the Shinsokuri setsu (Chinese philosophical theory in which it is believed that one's mind is the law of moral acts).
- 西海道は大陸との外交・防衛上の重要性から大宰府が置かれて諸国を管轄した。
- The Saikaido was so important to diplomacy with and security against the continent that Dazaifu was located there to control provinces.
- 同時代の『自家伝抄』と比べても客観性のある内容で、その資料的価値は高い。
- Its content is objective even when compared to the contemporary document 'Jika Densho,' making it a particularly valuable source.
- なお善悪を超えたといっても、孟子的性善説から乖離したというわけではない。
- Here, the expression 'transcends good and evil' does not mean that this idea and Mencius' 'Theory of Innate Goodness' are unconnected.
- また軍制は各藩から派遣された軍隊で構成されており、これも統率性を欠いた。
- The government's army at the time was comprised of armies dispatched from domains and lacked solidarity.
- この土地は生産性が近江よりも高かったため、加増されたようなものであった。
- These lands yielded higher output compared to their nominal value, and at a higher rate than other parts of the domain, leaving the Omi-Miyagawa Domain the burden to fulfill its tax duty with the lower yield lands left with them.
- しかし、これは『古事談』のみの記述であり、信憑性を疑問視する学説もある。
- However, this account is found only in 'Kojidan (Collection of Folklore),' but there are theories that discredit its authenticity.
- つまりこれはアラハバキに「塞の神」としての性格があったためと述べている。
- In other words, he explains that Arahabaki had the characteristic of being a 'sae no kami' (god that prevents intrusion).
- 信憑性に乏しいが、系図上では新田氏系得川氏の末裔ということにされている。
- Whilst the veracity is doubtful, it is said that descendants come from the Egawa clan of the Nitta clan branch that sits at the top of the family tree.
- 全域が内陸性気候で、北部は日本海側気候、南部は瀬戸内海式気候を併せ持つ。
- The entire area of the prefecture has inland climate, and nothern area and southern area also have climate of Japan Sea area and Seto Inland Sea climate, respectively.
- 世尊寺流の書風をもとに力強さと豪放さを加えた男性的な書を特徴としている。
- It is characterized by masculine calligraphy with a powerful and dynamic touch based on the calligraphic style of Sesonji school.
- その書風を法性寺流といい、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代中期にかけて流行した。
- His calligraphic style was called the Hosshoji school, and it became popular from the end of the Heian period to the middle of the Kamakura period.
- その結果、そこに侍る女性としての性行為を前提とする新たな女性層が生まれる。
- As a result, a new class of women who served such second house on condition that they had a sexual act with their master came into existence.
- 文永の役に関しては、台風の可能性はほぼなかったと、今日では見なす者が多い。
- Today, most people think that it is unlikely to have been a typhoon in relation to Bunei no Eki.
- また呪術のようなものの中にも、こういった相性に関係するものは多々見出せる。
- An activity like magic also often deals with the idea of aisho.
- 偽書の難しい点は宗教・政治的なイデオロギー性を含む例が多々あることである.
- The difficulty with gisho is that they have many examples that include religious and political ideology.
- また、課税は恣意性の介入を排除して、誰に対しても同じように一律に行われた。
- Taxes were uniformly imposed on everyone by eliminating any chance of using discretion.
- これらを含め築城年代・構造など共通性が見られるものを「古代山城」と称する。
- Including this feature described above, castles referred to as 'Kodai Sanjo' had some points in common such as construction periods and their architecture, and so on.
- 逆に宗教的な目的を持った厭勝銭として造られた可能性も否定できないのである。
- Conversely, the possibility that it was made as incantation coin for religious purpose cannot also be ruled out.
- この女性がのちに「仮名手本忠臣蔵」の登場人物「おかる」に転じることになる。
- This woman shows up as one of the characters 'Okaru' in 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers).
- 世界で最初に女性の参政権を認めたのは、アメリカ合衆国ワイオミング州である。
- In world history, the first political entity to enfranchise women was the U.S. state of Wyoming.
- また、天然理心流入門の際に誓約させられる神文帳との類似性も指摘されている。
- Also, it has been pointed out that the rules are similar to Shin-mon Chou, on which the pupils of Tennen Rishin-ryu take a pledge.
- また、平仮名は漢字の草書体を元にしたもので(安→あ)主に女性が用い始めた。
- Hiragana was designed from the sosho (cursive) style writing of kanji characters (for example あ from 安) and it was mainly women who started to use Hiragana.
- 江戸時代の書物に光衝が美濃守護に就任したという記述があるが、信憑性は低い。
- Although a book written in the Edo period mentions that Mitsuhira took office as Mino no Shugo (the provincial constable of Mino Province), it is viewed as incredible.
- このように、京兆家との一体性が強い典厩家との間にも緊密な関係を保っていた。
- The Yashu family also maintained such close relationship with the Tenkyu family, which had a solid relationship with the Keicho family.
- 神経痛、筋肉痛、関節痛、五十肩、うちみ、くじき、慢性消化器病、痔病、冷え症
- This hot spring is effective against various diseases and symptoms such as neuralgia, myalgia, arthralgia, frozen shoulders, bruises, sprains, chronic digestive organs disease, hemorrhoids and sensitivity to cold.
- 男性的で端厳、杏仁形の眼、仰月形の鋭い唇、左右対称の幾何学衣文を特徴とする。
- This style was characterized by solemn and majestic masculine figures with apricot kernel-shaped eyes, lips of a sharp crescent shape and symmetric and geometric patterns on their clothes.
- したがって両国が公使を相互に常駐させる必要性を認めることはなかったのである。
- For this reason Korea did not admit the necessity of mutual permanent residence of ministers of both countries.
- 成年男性の中から徴兵され、3~4郡ごとに置かれた軍団に兵士として配属された。
- Soldiers were conscripted from the adult male population and assigned to 'gundan' (army corps), which were deployed every three to four counties.
- 後漢の桓譚は『新論』で、応劭は『風俗通』にてそれぞれ琴の重要性を説いている。
- Kantan in the Later Han described the importance of Kin in 'Shinron' (literally, 'new theory') and so did Osho (a person in Houhan in China) in 'Fuzokutsu' (a book about public morals).
- 同じく自治的性格を持っていのは、一向宗の寺院を中心に形成された寺内町である。
- A similar style of autonomy could be seen in the character of Jinaicho (temple towns), religious communities that coalesced around temples of the Ikko sect.
- 福知山駅を起点に北近畿ビッグXネットワークが設定されているため利便性はよい。
- Since the North Kinki Big X Network uses Fukuchiyama Station as a starting point, the network is extremely convenient.
- 春になると、揚子江気団は東の日本列島や朝鮮半島などに移動性高気圧を放出する。
- If spring comes, the Yangzi jiang air mass releases a migratory anticyclone to Japanese islands and Korean Peninsula in its east.
- 内陸性気候、それに併せて市南部は瀬戸内海式気候、市北部は日本海側気候を示す。
- It has Inland climate as well as Seto Inland Sea climate in the south and Japan Sea area climate in the north.
- そのため新羅系須恵器(若しくは陶質土器)が伝播していた可能性が否定しきれない。
- For that reason, the possibility that Silla-group Sueki (or earthenware) was spread cannot be denied.
- 君主の公的な表記としての「天皇」の採用は、天武朝であった可能性が高いとされる。
- The adoption of 'tenno' as the official notation of the monarch is said to be most likely during the reign of Emperor Tenmu.
- 大日本帝国憲法では、皇室の永続性が皇室の正統性の証拠であることを強調していた。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan emphasized that consistency of the Imperial Family was an evidence for their orthodoxy.
- 隠元・木庵性瑫・即非如一・高泉性敦や黙子如定、蘭谷などいずれも篆刻をよくした。
- Also, Ingen, Mokuan Shoto, Sokuhi Nyoitsu, Kosen Shoton, Mokusu Nyojo and Rankoku often engraved tenkoku.
- エジプトでは子宮をあらわさせていたことから性的意味合いがあるとも言われている。
- As it represents a womb in Egypt, it is said it had a sexual meaning.
- 六角氏の家臣の多くは国人領主であり、被官化されていたとはいえ独立性が高かった。
- Most of Vassals of Rokkaku clan were such local samurai loads that they were highly independent although they were retained.
- 性格も剛直であったことから人望もあり、時政にとって最も邪魔な存在となっていた。
- Shigetada, who won popularity because of his strong and honest personality, became the greatest hindrance for Tokimasa.
- 賊軍(ぞくぐん)とは、「官軍」の対語で、日本史上その軍の正当性を否定する言葉。
- Rebel army is a term opposed to a term 'Imperial Army' which was made to deny legitimacy of some armies which appeared in the history of Japan.
- 一方西日本では遺跡数が少なく定住生活が前期には已に交替している可能性すらある。
- On the other hand, there are few remains in western Japan and there is a possibility that the people abandoned sedentary life by the early period.
- この映画は、そのテーマ性から香港では1980年代後半まで上映は禁止されていた。
- Due to the theme depicted in the film, it was not permitted to be shown in Hong Kong until the 1980's.
- 総髪(そうはつ)は、江戸時代前期から男性神官や儒学者の髪形として結われたもの。
- Sohatsu is a hairstyle adopted by male Shinto priests and Confucian scholars from the early part of the Edo period.
- 御庭番は江戸幕府の職制では大奥に属する男性の職員である広敷役人のひとつである。
- According to the job class system of the Edo bakufu, the oniwaban was one of the Hiroshiki officials (inner apartment supply officers for Edo-jo Castle) which were organized with only men and belonged to Ooku, the harem of shogun.
- 室町時代に荘園公領制が消滅すると城下町としての性格を強め三田藩が成立していく。
- After shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) disappeared in the Muromachi period, Sanda Domain was formed as a castle town.
- 慢性的な紛争状態が続いた時代だが、必ずしも毎日が戦争状態にあったわけではない。
- It was a period in which chronic conflict continued, but it does not necessarily mean that wars occurred every day.
- 更に豊臣政権の確立を間近に控え、秀吉にそれ相応の官職を与える必要性が出てきた。
- Furthermore, it was necessary for the Imperial Court to designate Hideyoshi, who was on the verge of establishing the Toyotomi administration, in an appropriate official position.
- 滋賀県側に極力電波が漏れないよう、アンテナにはアンテナ指向性が設けられている。
- The antennae have directional capabilities to prevent the signal from leaking to the Shiga Prefecture side.
- 春から夏に季節が移り変わる際、東アジアでは性質の違うこれらの気団がせめぎ合う。
- When the season changes from spring to summer in East Asia, those air masses with different nature struggle with each other.
- 効能 神経痛・筋肉痛・関節痛・皮膚病 外傷性疾患・リウマチ・婦人病・胃腸病など
- The effect - The hot spring is good for neuralgia, muscular pain, arthritis, dermatosis, traumatopathy, rheumatism, a women's disease, gastroenteropathy, et cetera.
- 主人公の男性狭衣大将の追い求めて充足されない恋の遍歴が情感豊かに描かれている。
- The love history of the story's main man character, Sagoromo no taisho who is never satisfied with love, is emotionally depicted.
- この船が再び元へ回航する際に、関東大仏造営料唐船として指定された可能性がある。
- When the ship returned to Yuan, it may have been designated as Kanto-daibutsu zoeiryotosen.
- これらから、政治的・経済的集落であり、拠点的集落という性格を有すると考えられる。
- These findings show that larger moat settlements functioned as a central foothold of politics and economy.
- (ただし「国衆」を国人級の武士だと解すると、全戦死者はより増える可能性はある)。
- (The total number of the dead may increase if 'the people' in the citation is taken as kokujin-class warriors).
- 偽書の可能性を疑われる歴史的文書は歴史書に限らず、様々な史料も俎上に載せられる。
- Historical documents suspected of being gisho, are not limited to historical books, various historical materials are also the target of criticism for being gisho.
- 蕪村が寄寓していた京都府宮津市の見性寺の欄間に張られていたものと伝えられている。
- Buson Yokai Emaki was said to be hung on a ranma (transom) of the Kensho-ji Temple in Miyazu City, Kyoto Prefecture where Buson resided.
- 後に、和人地の鰊漁が慢性的不漁に陥ると、蝦夷地に日本人が漁労に出るようになった。
- In later years, when the herring fishing fell to chronically poor catches in the Wajinch, Japanese started to go to the Ezo area for fishing.
- 過料を科す定めは多いが、その性質は一様でなく、適用される法理・手続も数多くある。
- There are many laws and regulations for imposing punishment of Karyo, but those legal characteristics are not uniformly formed and there are many legal principles and procedures applicable.
- 後宇多もやはり政務に精励することで自己の皇統の正統性を補強しようと努力している。
- Gouda also attended to government affairs diligently to strengthen the claims of his Imperial line.
- 二上山は死火山で、今後、噴火可能性はなく、地図で火山として分類されることはない。
- As Mt. Nijo is an extinct volcano, there is no possibility of an eruption in the future so that it is not classified as a volcano on a map.
- そこで、信輔と昭実は争うように大坂城の秀吉の許を訪問して自己の正当性を主張した。
- Then, Nobusuke and Akizane were both in a rush to visit Hideyoshi at Osaka-jo Castle to insist on the legitimacy of their own arguments.
- その後も忍性などの高僧を輩出するとともに、荒廃した諸国の国分寺の再興に尽力した。
- After that also, many priests of great sanctity and learning including Ninsho appeared one after another and efforts to restore devastated kokubunji (provincial monasteries) in various provinces were made.
- しかしながら現在は産業構造の変化や、慢性的な土地不足のため経済は停滞気味である。
- However, now economy has been sluggish because Maizuru suffers from a change in industrial structures and chronic shortages in usable land.
- また、緊急性の低い命令や非命令文書であっても官宣旨の発給で済ませる事例もあった。
- There were also the cases in which non-urgent orders and non-imperative documents were issued as kansenji.
- そして、性行為自体の技を遊芸の域に高め、その専門家集団としての遊女が確立していく。
- Then they heightened a sexual act itself to the art of amusement, and yujo, as a professional group of prostitutes, was established.
- 金本位制というのは本質的に強い引き締め圧力を持ち、拘束性を持つ政策レジームである。
- Gold standard system is a governmental policy that fundamentally has a strong financial tightening effect and restriction.
- とくに近鉄奈良線については大和西大寺駅、新大宮駅とともに地下化される可能性もある。
- Kintetsu Nara Line, however, could be an underground line, involving Yamato-Saidaiji Station and Shin-Omiya Station.
- その学術人類館に「展示」される予定だったのは、阿片吸引の男性と纏足の女性であった。
- A man taking opium and a woman with bound feet were to be displayed at Gakujutsu-Jinrui Pavilion.
- 諸制度の運用に関してはまだ柔軟性があり、天皇の気まぐれもまだ許容された時代だった。
- In this period, each system could be run flexibly, and Emperor's vagary could be accepted.
- 寶月はこのうち『伊呂波字類抄』による0.6270を最も信憑性の高い数値としている。
- Hogetsu says 0.6270 sho in 'Irohajirui-sho' is most trustworthy.
- 蝦夷の性格については、後のアイヌとの関係を中心に、江戸時代から学説が分かれている。
- There have been two different theories concerning the characteristics of the Emishi, revolving around the relationship with the Ainu since the Edo period.
- 恒孝の長男・徳川家広は、両親に猛反対されたがベトナム人女性と結婚したと報道された。
- News reports have appeared of Iehiro (Tsunenari`s eldest son) marrying a Vietnamese woman which was vehemently opposed by his parents.
- 一部「久美浜温泉」との表記もあり、久美浜シーサイド温泉との誤認防止の可能性もある。
- Some describe it as 'Kumihama hot spring,' possibly for the purpose of not being mistaken for Kumihama Seaside Onsen Hot Spring.
- 基本的に共通仕様上の読み違いによって、特性や基本構造に差異があるために起こる現象だ。
- This is a phenomenon which happens basically because of differences in features and basic structures as a result of misreading of common specifications.
- かくして経書はその聖性を減じていき、六経は単なる歴史に過ぎないという解釈が生まれた。
- Accordingly, the Classics were gradually losing their holiness, and The Six Classics began to be treated as mere history.
- 善戦するも鹿児島市市街の一部が焼失し、薩摩藩もまた攘夷の不可能性を悟ることとなった。
- The Satsuma clan fought well but they lost a part of the city, and found expelling foreigners nearly impossible.
- 元康と同じ女性を生母であるため、顔立ちが似ており、家臣団は替え玉に選んだのだという。
- He was selected because he looked like Motoyasu, as they shared the same mother.
- いずれにせよ、こうした民衆の姿勢がその後の軍部躍進の一助となった可能性はあるだろう。
- Anyway, it was likely true that such people's thought later helped the Japanese army's surge.
- 道路や水路・あぜ道などがある程度重なっていれば、条里遺構である蓋然性が高いと言える。
- If streets, ditches, or paths between rice fields align with the grid lines to some extent, it is highly probable to be jori remains.
- 次に、同年12月17日の改正衆議院議員選挙法公布により、女性の国政参加が認められる。
- Next came the revised electoral law of the House of Representatives members, promulgated on December 17 of that year, which permitted women to participate in the national government.
- しかし、フランス革命当時の欧米と同じように、参政権が付与されたのは男性のみであった。
- Yet much like countries in the West around the time of the French Revolution, Japan enfranchised only men.
- 顕広王の王氏復帰は源氏及び神祇伯の特殊性と婚姻関係によるものであると考えられている。
- Akihiro-o's return to the O clan is considered to be both the uniqueness of the Minamoto clan and Jingi haku, and his relationship with other families by marriage.
- それに対し、福知山駅高架化に伴う中心市街地活性化策としての駅前開発が進められている。
- On the other hand, following a plan to elevate Fukuchiyama Station, development of the area in front of the station has been advanced to stimulate the central urban district.
- しかし、近年インターネットがきっかけで舞妓に志願する女性の数が再び増加してきている。
- The number of applicants for apprentice geisha, however, has risen thanks to the Internet.
- 古い街並みはビルに変わり、加えてバーやスナック、性風俗店の進出により環境が悪化する。
- Old streets have been replaced by new buildings, and as a result, the social environment has deteriorated, due to the increasing number of bars, hostess bars, and adult entertainment business.
- 神祇信仰の論理性の強化は、仏教側からの侵食に対抗し、これと共生することを可能とした。
- Because of the consolidation of the logicalness, Jingi belief was able to confront the invasion of Buddhism and symbioses with.
- 大正から戦後にかけて、主に女性の武道となり、「なぎなた」として現代も競技が盛んである。
- It became a martial art mainly for women from Taisho period to post war period and is till practiced as 'Naginata' in modern day.
- 日本で最初の本格的な私寺であるが、蘇我系王族の強い支援のもと、官寺としての性格が強い。
- Although it was the first full-scale private temple in Japan, it strongly resembled a state-owned temple due to the support it received from the Soga clan-controlled royal family.
- しかし三沢氏の独立性は高く、尼子氏の軍役を拒否して尼子氏との戦いに及んだ場合もあった。
- Nevertheless, the Misawa clan maintained its strong independence, as seen in the rejection to offer military services to the Amago clan, which induced fighting between the two clans.
- そのように暦を作成して極秘に調整した(日食や夏至・冬至の予定が狂う可能性が高くなる)。
- Thus they manipulated the calendar in secret (which raised the possibility that solar eclipses and summer and winter solstices would not occur according to the forecasts).
- また陽明学の個性尊重の側面を受け継ぎ、「自治・自立・自主」に重きを置いた学説を説いた。
- He adopted the aspect of respecting individuality advocated in Yomeigaku, and advocated a theory emphasizing 'autonomy, self-reliance, and independence.'
- また、この戸籍では宗門人別の性質を残すため、寺、氏神の記載があった(明治18年廃止)。
- Moreover, there were descriptions of Buddhist temples and ujigami (a guardian god or spirit of a particular place in the Shinto religion) in this family register in order to maintain the religious doctrine by the follower (it was abolished in 1885).
- このため、法令としてはあまり機能せず、女性がおかれた状態はあまり変わらなかったという。
- Such being the case, the Geishogi Kaiho Rei didn't really function as a law; thus it didn't make a big difference in the condition of those women.
- だが、時代の変遷により、将来的に現在の時代区分の枠組みが変化する可能性は否定出来ない。
- However, it cannot be denied that the present framework of periodization may change in the future according to changing times.
- この条約が尊皇攘夷運動を活性化させることになり、これが討幕運動につながることになった。
- The treaties triggered the activation of 'Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians' movement, and led to the movement to overthrow the bakufu.
- 大村や西郷従道、山縣有朋(論主一賦兵)らは、早くから「国民皆兵」の必要性を唱えていた。
- Omura, Tsugumichi SAIGO, Aritomo YAMAGATA (Ronshu ichifuhei) and others had been advocating the necessity of universal conscription since early days.
- その性格上、資本力を持つ地主が直接、企業的な経営を行っているものがほとんどであること。
- Owing to the nature of the business, in most of the cases landlords with the financial power directly run forestry business, bringing in business-like management.
- これらの条文は、後述するように文面自体は大化当時の原詔ではない可能性が示唆されている。
- It is suggested that these articles are possibly not the same with those of the original edict of the Taika era as mentioned later.
- 仏教にはそのような性質がもともと具わっていたことが神仏習合を生んだ大きな要因であった。
- Such nature of Buddhism was the key factor of the birth of shinbutsu-shugo.
- 日本語の俗語で、陰茎または男性器の切断を「羅切」とも言うが、必ずしも宮刑と同義ではない。
- In Japanese slang word, the act of cutting off the penis or genital of a man is called 'Rasetsu,' although this act does not necessarily mean the same with the cases of penalty in China.
- 部分日食は必ずしも希な現象ではないことから、日食と卑弥呼の死の関連性は疑問視されている。
- A partial solar eclipse is not entirely uncommon, so the relationship between a solar eclipse and the death of Himiko is easily questioned today.
- 将来の国有化の可能性をにおわせながら、実際は予定線の民間による建設を容認するなどとした。
- Hinting the possibility of nationalization in the future, in fact, the act allowed the construction of planned lines by private sectors.
- 織田信長軍の中でもねたむ者もあり、織田信長の猜疑深い性格を恐れるあまり謀反を明確にした。
- There were certain persons in Nobunaga ODA's troops who envied and Murashige ARAKI made it clear that he raised his rebellion because of his fear for suspicious nature of Nobunaga ODA.
- 「心即理」は陸象山が朱子の「性即理」の反措定として唱えた概念で、王陽明はそれを継承した。
- Shin soku ri' is a concept advocated by Lu Hsiang-shan as the antithesis to Zhu Xi's 'Sei soku ri', and taken up by Wang Yangming.
- 牧野古墳(奈良県北葛城郡広陵町、押坂彦人大兄の墓である可能性が高い、径43メートルの円墳
- Bakuya Kofun (Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara Prefecture: there is high probability in this being the burial mound of Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko, a circle tumulus, 43 meters in diameter)
- このような属性の付与をもって今日我々がイメージする一般的な「文人」像が成立したといえる。
- It can be said that such added characteristics made up the common image the word 'Bunjin' conjures up today.
- 欧米の多くの国々でも、女性参政権が実現したのは、19世紀から20世紀末にかけてであった。
- It was in the nineteenth through to the end of the twentieth century that most countries in the West enfranchised women.
- 逆に最高位の地位を占めるという要件を満たせば庶流でも氏長者に就く可能性もあったのである。
- However, even a clan member from a branch family had a chance to become ujinochoja as long as he held the highest rank.
- 一方で胡居仁のように従来の朱子学のあり方を模索し、その純粋性を保持しようとした人物もいる。
- On the other hand, like Juren HU, there was a person who sought the conventional Neo-Confucianism and tried to maintain purity of the learning.
- 大抵の場合において「相性が良い/悪い」という場合は、予め関係しあった結果を指す傾向にある。
- In most cases, when someone is said to have a 'good/bad aisho' with another person, it expresses the result of an already established relationship.
- 朝鮮に於ける本貫や族譜の役割は、両班が自らの家系の正統性や優秀性を証明する為の側面もある。
- One of the roles of hongan or zokufu in Korea is for Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) to prove the legitimacy and quality of their family lines.
- 武装解除させられた高野山にもはや権力の介入を拒む術はなく、寺社の中立・独立性は否定された。
- The Koyasan Temple which was disarmed had no way to reject the intervention of authority and the neutrality and independency of temples and shrines was denied.
- 日清戦争中、日本の勝利が間近に迫ると、列強も事の重大性を認識するに至り、干渉を考え始めた。
- When Japan was a step away from winning the Japanese-Sino War, European powerful countries acknowledged the significant risk involved and started considering intervention in Japan.
- しかし、日本のある地域では、これらの国と交易関係があった可能性を考慮することも必要である。
- However, we need to consider the possibility that Japan might have been involved in a trade relationship with Northern China and other countries, from unspecified parts of Japan.
- 当時の指導者が、政治家が統帥権をも握ることにより幕府政治が再興される可能性をおそれたこと。
- The leaders at that time were afraid of the revival of the government by the shogunate if statesmen acquired the supreme command,
- 実際の取引で使われない厭勝銭であれば、ここまで精巧に作らなければならない必然性がないこと。
- There is no need to make incantation coin so finely which was not used in actual exchanges.
- 携帯性や機能性を向上させるため、侍が使用する刀と比べて大きさや形状について工夫されている。
- The size and shape of Shinobigatana are designed to improve the portability and functionability compared with swords used by Samurai.
- 大奥にはどの時代にも奥向き一切を取り締まることを任された取締役の女性が存在したからである。
- Because there were ladies who were given the authority to manage all the inner workings of the house in O-oku in this time.
- 特に江戸から西方へつながる東海道沿いの関所では、女性と鉄砲の通行が厳しい制限を受けていた。
- Restrictions on allowing women and firearms to pass were strict, particularly at the barrier checkpoints along the Tokaido Road from Edo on westwards.
- 明治の末年から大正デモクラシーの時期にかけて、女性参政権を求める気運が徐々に高まってくる。
- Beginning in the last year of the Meiji period, momentum toward women's suffrage had gradually increased through the Taisho democracy period.
- 18世紀末のフランス革命で、普通選挙が実現したが、参政権が付与されたのは男性のみであった。
- Although the election held during the French Revolution in the late 18th century is considered the world's first universal suffrage election, suffrage was granted only to men.
- これも個人的な信仰だけでなく、宗教的権威により皇統の正統性を強化する意図を含むものである。
- This was not only meant as a personal religion, but intended to strengthen the legitimacy of the royal line by religious authority.
- 検非違使の庁例は、使庁の流例ともいわれ、律令の刑法とはちがった性質の慣習法として通用した。
- The cho-rei (law enacted by the kebiishi) of kebiishi was considered the historical custom of the kebiishi agency, and was valid as a common law different in nature from the criminal law of ritsuryo.
- 藤原氏は子女を入内させると天皇の歓心を得るために有能な女性を選抜し、女房として近侍させた。
- Once their daughters entered the Imperial Family, the Fujiwara clan selected capable women and put them beside the emperor as female personal assistants to gain the emperor's favor.
- 土佐日記:紀貫之が土佐守の任務を終えて帰る旅の途中のことを女性を装って平仮名で書いている。
- Tosa Nikki (The Tosa Diary): A diary written in Hiragana detailing his trip after completing his mission as Tosa no kami (the Governor of Tosa Province), in which he impersonated a woman.
- 北側の気団同士、南側の気団同士は、性質が似ていることなどから衝突せず、前線は形成されない。
- Between air masses in the north or between air masses in the south, no collision occurs and no front is formed because they have similar nature with each other.
- 性質の違う2つの空気(気団という)がぶつかる所は大気の状態が不安定になり、前線が発生する。
- In any place where two air masses which are different in their natures collide with each other, the state of air becomes unstable and a front is spawned.
- その他にOLや薬剤師、大学卒業生から芸妓への転身を遂げた女性もおり、世間に話題を提供した。
- Additionally, an office worker, a pharmacist and a college graduate turned geisha, receiving public attention.
- 天龍寺船にも性海霊見・雲夢裔沢・南海宝洲・天然興雲・愚中周及など約60名の禅僧が乗船した。
- Approximately 60 Zen monks, including Shokai Reiken, Unbo Eitaku (雲夢裔沢), Nankai Hoshu (南海宝洲), Tennen Koun (天然興雲), and Guchu Shukyu, boarded the Tenryuji-bune.
- なお、この時期に建仁寺の禅僧雪村友梅が入元しているが、この唐船と関連していた可能性もある。
- At that time, Sesson Yubai, a Zen priest of Kennin-ji Temple entered Yuan, which may have related to this Tosen.
- このことから、綱司となった商人も中国人であったり、商船の建造が中国で行われた可能性もある。
- This shows the possibility that a merchant who became the Goji were from China or that the trading ship had been built in China.
- つまり、臣は王権に対して相対的な独自性を有するが、連は大王への臣従をその本質としたのである。
- In other words, Omi were relatively independent towards the regime, while Muraji regarded vassalage to the great king their essential.
- 相性(あいしょう)とは、二人ないし複数の人間が各々持つ性質や性格が合うかどうかのことである。
- Aisho refers to the compatibility of qualities and characters between two or more people.
- 『解体新書』刊行の際、幕府の禁に触れる可能性があったため、甫三を通じて大奥に献上されている。
- At the time of its publication, a book of 'Kaitai Shinsho' was presented to O-oku (inner palace of Edo-jo Castle) through Hosan KATSURAGAWA who had feared of any possibility to violate taboo of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- またその独立性は、権力者の介入を退けるだけの経済力と軍事力によって裏打ちされたものであった。
- In addition, its independency was supported by the economic and military powers which could reject the intervention of authority.
- 比叡山や高野山は寺社の中でも最高級の格を持ち、その中立性と不可侵性は中世を通じて尊重された。
- The temples on Mt. Hiei and Mt. Koya had had the highest status among temples and shrines and their neutrality and inviolability had been respected through the medieval period.
- 『大鏡』は大友皇子が天武天皇になったとする単純な誤りがあり、史料としての信頼性に疑問がある。
- 'Okagami' (the Great Mirror) contains an erroneous description that Prince Otomo became Emperor Tenmu, and there is a question about its reliability as a historical document.
- これにより、今まで最も古い貨幣とされてきた708年発行の和同開珎よりも古い可能性がでてきた。
- As the result, possibility arose that Fuhonsen coin was older than Wado-kaichin issued in 708, which had been considered as the oldest coin.
- これらの扱いは、女性は家の管理者には適さず、男戸主を原則としたいという考えによるものである。
- Those examples are based on thoughts that a male head of a family is more appropriate than a female head of a family and a head of a family should be a male in principle.
- 中大兄皇子は氏族内の内部対立を利用して、勢力をそぎ、天皇家の力を伸ばしていった可能性が高い。
- It is highly possible that Naka no Oe no Oji cut the power of the clans by utilizing inner confrontation among them and extended power of the Imperial Family.
- 石高(こくだか)とは、近世の日本において、土地の生産性を石 (単位)という単位で表したもの。
- Kokudaka refers to the figure of land productivity shown with koku (a unit), which was used in the early modern ages of Japan.
- 性格上、大切に保存されることが多く、安堵された子孫が大事に保管し現在に伝えているものも多い。
- Given their nature, many of these letters have been well preserved; descendants of the original recipients have treasured them when they came into their possession and passed them on for posterity.
- 1945年11月21日には、まず、勅令により治安警察法が廃止され、女性の結社権が認められる。
- The first victory came on November 21, 1945, when an imperial edict abolished the Security Police Law and recognized women's right to join associations.
- その最上位のものは「別当」と称し、後に女御に昇る予定の女性がまず御匣殿別当に就く事もあった。
- The highest rank of mikushigedono was called 'betto' and in some cases, a lady who planed to become a nyogo worked as a mikushigedono betto first.
- しかし、近年は酒井憲二による国語学的研究が行われて再評価され、史料性の再検討がなされている。
- In recent years, however, its value as historical records are being reviewed thanks to Kenji SAKAI's study that was conducted from the standpoint of Japanese language.
- 遅まきながら、関税自主権回復の必要性を悟った朝鮮側は、まず自国の在釜山商人に税を課しはじめた。
- Though it was rather too late, Korea realized the necessity of recovery of tariff autonomy, and started to impose tax to the merchants living in Busan.
- 明人との交友があることから篆刻を学び自ら刻した可能性もあり、日本篆刻の先駆者のひとりとできる。
- It can be said that he was one of the pioneers of tenkoku in Japan because he had friends from Ming, and it is possible that he learned the tenkoku and engraved his own.
- また「理」とは人に内在する理(=性)であると同時に、外在する事事物物の「理」でもあるとされる。
- And in the thesis, 'ri' (= sei) does not only exist as innate in human beings, but also exists in everything in the world.
- 当初は古墳に伴うという時代的特徴が手がかりとなったが、現在では、全国的斉一性が重視されている。
- Initially, occurrence with tumuli was regarded its distinctive historical features, but the emphasis today is on nationwide occurrence.
- これらの運動は、戦前の日本において、完全な女性参政権の獲得と言う大目標の達成には至らなかった。
- Yet in prewar Japan, these campaigns were unable to reach their primary goal of acquiring women's suffrage.
- 1946年(昭和21)4月10日の戦後初の衆議院選挙の結果、日本初の女性議員39名が誕生する。
- On April 10, 1946, during the first postwar election for the House of Representatives, thirty-nine women were elected to become the first female members of the National Diet of Japan.
- 松尾尊兌はこれを「内には立憲主義、外には帝国主義」という二面性をもったものとして説明している。
- Takayoshi MATSUO explains such two-sidedness of Taisho Democracy with the phrase, 'inward constitutionalism, and outward imperialism.'
- 建武の新政は、性急であったことと、複雑化した土地訴訟事案への対応ができなかったことで混乱した。
- The Kenmu administration was characterized by impatience and, being unable to provide a solution to the complicated land-related lawsuits with which they were plagued, was beset by confusion.
- 各旅館とも団体客向けから女性客や家族客などを対象とした改装が相次ぎ、その成果が見え始めている。
- The inns were successively renovated to attract tourists who are females and families but large parties of tourists, and it is coming to fruition.
- この気流はさらに東にまで伸びて南シナ海の熱帯モンスーン気団にも影響を与えており、関連性がある。
- This air current extends further to the east and influences tropical monsoon air mass on the South China Sea and has relationship.
- ただし、焚場の一部は道路整備事業により破壊される可能性がある(鞆の浦埋立て架橋計画問題参照)。
- Note that a road construction and improvement project may demolish a part of the tadeba (see an article of Issues regarding Tomonoura Reclamation and Bridge Formation Plan).
- 大量飛散により重症化し、過敏性が高まったまま翌シーズンを迎える患者が多いためと考えられている。
- This is thought to be due to a large number of patients entering the next season with aggravated conditions and increased hypersensitivity caused by the high amount of pollen in the air.
- 大地主である朝鮮人は、生産性が上がり日本へ米を輸出できるようになったことで多額の儲けを得ていた。
- Korean large landowners gained a large amount of profit due to the improved productivity, which allowed them to export rice to Japan.
- そして、西南戦争直後に形成された侍補を中心とする宮中保守派の台頭がその可能性を現実のものとした。
- And, the emergence of the conservatives in the imperial court centered on the Jiho (an aide) that formed right after the Seinan War brought that possibility into reality.
- しかし中には不良品である可能性も含まれるため、購入店で個別に動作するかを確かめてもらう方が良い。
- It is better, however, to check if the individual parts operate normally at a shop where the computer was purchased as there is a possibility that it is a defective product.
- そこには人口、性別、年齢から一人ひとりの身体的特徴までが里長(郷長)によって書き上げられていた。
- The Satoosa (village chief) wrote in the population as well as each individual's gender, age and bodily characteristics in the keicho.
- 境内は貧富貴賎さまざまな人々が流入し、当時の寺社の文化的先進性と結びついて都市的な発展を遂げる。
- Various people including the rich and the poor or high and low social standing entered into temples and the area around temple developed into a city, tied with the spirit of cultural innovation of temples and shrines in those days.
- 国司は、完全に名目だけの官職となり、戦国大名が領国支配の正当性を主張するために欲するようになる。
- The post of provincial governor became perfectly the nominal, and warlords came to want that post in order to insist the legitimacy of controlling their territories.
- 藩札用紙は流通上の利便性のため、耐用年数を上げるために小型で丈夫な厚手の和紙であるケースが多い。
- In most cases, strong, small and thick Japanese paper was used for han bills to make them easy to carry and durable.
- 頼朝死後における時政の謀略の大半は、この牧の方という女性が全て考え出したものとまで言われている。
- It is said this lady called Maki no kata schemed most of Tokimasa's conspiracies after the death of Yoritomo.
- この会は初め盗賊を捕まえて役所に突き出すなど郷土防衛や治安維持を担った自警団的性格をもっていた。
- At first, this organization captured robbers and handed them over to government offices, and was characteristic of a vigilante committee in that it maintained security and defended the territory.
- 以上に挙げた武術組織は、極めて強い宗教的性格を有し、内部ではシャーマニズム的な儀式も持っていた。
- The martial art organization previously mentioned started to have very strong sect like characteristics and practiced shamanistic ceremonies within the group.
- 亀甲獣骨文字から金石文、小篆から隷書体、さらに草書体への書体の変化は主に実用性の追究から生じた。
- Mainly out of pursuit of practicability, calligraphic style changed from Kikko jukotsu moji (ancient Chinese characters inscribed on oracle bones and tortoise shells) to Kinsekibun (words written on metal or stones), from Shoten (a style of Chinese characters) to reisho-tai (clerical script) and sosho-tai (cursive style writing).
- 本武器には防御性は殆どないので、最初の一撃をかわされ、踏み込まれた場合対処が難しいと考えられる。
- Since the kusakarigama offers little in the way of defensive capabilitiies, if the opponent dodges the first blow and comes in close, the wielder is likely to have great difficulty dealing with his opponent.
- 建築史家の伊藤毅は、中世の草庵の、中世の会所との対照的なありかたをみて、その関連性を述べている。
- Tsuyoshi ITO, who was a historian of architecture, saw a contrasting relation between the thatched hut and kaisho of medieval era, and commented on their relationship.
- 日帰り入浴施設の浴場は天然木をふんだんに使った内湯や日本海や竹林を望む露天風呂など意匠性が高い。
- Bathing facilities for customers visiting the hot spring for only the day are elaborate; for example, the indoor baths are made of natural wood with the Japan Sea viewable, and bamboo forests can be seen from the outdoor baths.
- 自立する拠り所を失った女性が、生活のために性行為を行う「売春」が発生するのは、正にこの時期である。
- It is exactly this period of time when women who lost a support for independence became a 'prostitute' for living.
- 『元史』「日本伝」は元側の記録であり、自分達で矢が尽きたと記録しているため信憑性は高いと見られる。
- The Yuan Dynasty itself recorded in 'Nihon Den' of 'Genshi' that arrows had run short, and therefore it is considered highly reliable.
- 第5回押出しは、それまでの雲龍寺ではなく、埼玉県利島村(現北川辺町)の養性寺を起点として行われた。
- Peasants started for the fifth demonstration not from formerly-used Unryu-ji Temple but from Yosei-ji Temple in Toshima Village, Saitama Prefecture (the present Kitakawabe Town.)
- 年の変わりに詔を出す事は余り無く、正月一日に発布された可能性が少ないのではないかと言う指摘がある。
- There is rarely an Edict issued on a day the year changes and it has been pointed out that there is little possibility that the Edict was issued on the first day of the New Year.
- 欧米社会にあっても、社会参加は男性が行い、女性は男性を支えていればよいとの意識が強かったのである。
- Western societies, like many societies elsewhere, were characterized by a strong belief that participation in the public arena was for men, and that women should be content to support men.
- ただし江戸城大奥は、完全な男性禁制の場であり、火事など緊急時以外の男性の出入りは厳しく制限された。
- However, the O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside) of Edo castle was completely closed to all men and, except in case of an emergency, such as fire, male visitors were extremely limited.
- その意味では新潟県側の一揆のみを「悌輔騒動」と呼ぶべきであろうが、事件の性質から合わせて記述する。
- In that respect, only an uprising in Niigata should be called 'Teisuke turmoil', but considering the characteristics of these two incidents, they will be described in this article together.
- 「梅松論」は足利尊氏の正当性を強調して書かれた史書であるが、成立は太平記よりも早く、資料性は高い。
- The 'Baishoron' is a historical work written with special emphasis on supporting the legitimacy of Takauji ASHIKAGA's rise to power, but it was completed faster than the Taiheiki and relied on a rich assortment of documents.
- これは従来の日本にない新しい歴史観であり、歴史の中に普遍的な法則性を見出そうとする歴史観であった。
- These views of history had not existed in Japan until then, and had the nature of trying to find universal laws in history.
- このため近年2004年(平成16年)、地域活性化の一環として源泉を再ボーリングをしたことに始まる。
- It has become popular since the re-boring of the fountainhead in 2004 which was conducted as a part of a local revitalization campaign.
- また、気は万物を構成する要素で運動性をもち、理は根本的実在として気の運動に対して秩序を与えるとする。
- Further, 'Ch'i' is a component of everything and has mobility, and 'Li' gives order to the movement of 'Ch'i' as a fundamental existence.
- 特に陰陽では相反する要素と考える男女の関係性などを含む様々な側面でも利用されたことは想像に難くない。
- Especially in the philosophy of Onmyo, it is not hard to imagine that term was applied to various aspects of things including the relationship between men and women, which are considered to be of opposite elements.
- 引っ越しや公用・商用の旅、参詣や湯治などの遊行、女性の場合には婚姻や奉公など様々な理由での旅がある。
- There were various reasons for travels, such as house moving, official or commercial trip, visiting temples and shrines, a hot-spring cure, and in cases of women, marriage and live-in domestic service.
- その場合、「ミファ」は大神神社のミワに対応し「ビ」は、女性の尊称(ビ、ベ)、日あるいは蛇とも取れた。
- Under that theory, 'mifa' corresponds to 'miwa' (god), as in Omiwa-jinja Shrine, while 'bi' can be considered a female honorific title ('bi' or 'be'--'bi' means 'sun,' while 'be' means 'snake').
- 鎖国をして海外勢力を排除する努力をしなかった場合、東南アジア同様に西欧の植民地となった可能性もある。
- If Japan had not strived to eliminate overseas powers by closing the country, it might have become a colony of West European countries similar to Southeast Asia.
- 王心斎も王龍溪と同じく「現成良知」を奉じていたが、思弁性よりも、社会に向けた実践活動に特徴を有する。
- Like Wang Longxi, Wang Xinzhai also believed in 'gensei ryochi' but he stressed practical activities aimed at the good of the community instead of speculation.
- 陽明学にあって聖人となれる可能性があるのは、読書人のみならず普通の庶民にも十分あるとされるのである。
- In Yomeigaku, not only great readers but also ordinary citizens are considered to have a good chance of becoming sages.
- また均田制に於いて給付と課税の対象がそれまでの夫婦単位から男性個人単位(丁・中男)へと移行している。
- In the equal-field system, the target of government services and tax collection was changed from married couples to individual males (zheng: 21 - 59 of age, zhongnan: 16 -20 of age.)
- その為、諸種の学派間の抗争は、直接には性善説の解釈をめぐって行われる場合も多々見られることになった。
- For that reason, disputes among the various schools of Confucianism often directly involved the interpretation of the 'Theory of Innate Goodness'.
- 陽明学(ようめいがく)とは、中国の明代に、王陽明がおこした儒教の一派で、孟子の性善説の系譜に連なる。
- Yomei-gaku is the Japanese term for the school of Confucianism established by Wang Yangming in Ming Dynasty China, which continued Mencius' doctrine that human nature is fundamentally good.
- これらの中には、明治時代中期以降に女性労働力に着目したマニュファクチュアの基盤を形成したものも多い。
- After the middle of Meiji period, many of these women's educational and vocational institutions formed the basis of manufacture, where female labor was recognized and utilized.
- しかし大奥はどの時代も「事実上の大奥総取締」というべき職掌を担った一人の女性によって統括されていた。
- However, O-oku had been administrated by a lady who was in complete control and she was 'virtual head of O-oku'.
- これにたいして日本では宦官は置かれずに宮人とも呼ばれる女官が発達して女性達によって秩序が維持された。
- In contrast, the court ladies, also called Kyujin, were developed to maintain the internal order of the Kokyu palaces instead of the castrated eunuches in Japan.
- これは天皇が法を超越した存在と考えられていた結果であって、天皇の政治的重要性と矛盾するものではない。
- This is due to the fact that the Emperor was considered to be above the law, and therefore, is not contradictory to the political significance of the Emperor.
- しかし三好政権の正当性が弱かったために周辺豪族の反発を招き、結局4年で足利義輝に屈服することとなる。
- Because the legitimacy of the government by the Miyoshi clan was low, reactions by gozoku in the vicinity were prompted and it yielded to Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA after four years.
- 6世紀ころには「丹波」の名のつく女性が天皇の后となっていることから古代より丹波の名称はあったらしい。
- Because there seems to have been a woman named Tanba as a consort to an emperor, it appears that the name 'Tanba' has existed since ancient times.
- ただし、この際に道路整備が追い付かなかった事が、区内各所での渋滞が慢性化している原因にもなっている。
- However, the development of roads did not catch up with the development of housing lands, which may be the cause of chronic traffic congestion in many areas within the ward today.
- また、実際に1994年7月に原動機付自転車に乗った男性がこの付近の国道1号東山トンネルで事故死した。
- A man riding a moped in fact died from an accident in the nearby Higashiyama Tunnel of National Route 1 in July, 1994.
- 国府には正倉が付属するが、奈良時代には徴税実務上郡の重要性が大きく、地方の正倉は大部分郡家にあった。
- In spite of the custom that 'Shoso' (warehouse) was established in the site of Kokufu, most Shoso in the local area were established at 'Gunke' (municipal government office in a county) in the Nara period, because the county played an important role in collecting taxes.
- ただし、これは当該の国司の個人裁量によるものであったから、国司が交代すると無効になる可能性があった。
- Since kokushi gave such treatment entirely at his discretion, that exemption could be cancelled by a newly assigned kokushi.
- 「党」とは呼ばれないまとまりのある「武士団」においても、そうした性格の一部はある程度は共通している。
- The unified 'bushidan' that was not called as 'to' also had similarities in some characteristics.
- 癇性な義教は「何事であるか」と叫ぶが、傍らに座していた三条実雅は「雷鳴でありましょう」と呑気に答えた。
- Yoshinori, a hot-tempered person, asked in a loud voice 'What the matter?' but Sanemasa SANJO who had a seat next to him answered lightheartedly, 'It must be a peal of thunder.'
- 8世紀末頃になると、実効性が薄れて来た制度や、実際に運用されなくなった制度が見られるようになってきた。
- Towards the end of 8th century, some systems were becoming ineffective and others had fallen out of use.
- 文人のひとつの属性である「反俗性」はこのころより培われ、「俗」を斥け「雅」を尊ぶ価値基準が生来される。
- Anti-secularity,' which was one of attributes of Bunjin began to be fostered since around this time and the standards of value to reject 'secularity' and to respect 'elegance' was formed.
- ある意味では、日本の方向性がある程度定まるに至るきっかけとなった事件のひとつだったとも評価されている。
- In a way, it is valued as one of the events which caused Japan to set a direction to some extent.
- その後、仮名垣魯文が脚色したものが一般に広まり、電報の利用方法や有用性が広まるきっかけの一つになった。
- Later, the telegram text adapted by Robun KANAGAKI became widely known to the public, leading to the widespread recognition of how to use telegraph and its usefulness.
- 京都盆地(山城盆地)の中に位置しているので、内陸性気候を呈しており、夏と冬、昼と夜とで温度差が大きい。
- Located in the Kyoto Basin (or the Yamashiro Basin), Kyoto City has an inland climate and a significant difference in temperature between summer and winter as well as between day and night.
- 転じて、機械部品などの物に対しても、組み合わせが良い・悪いという場合に相性という言い方をする場合がある。
- By further extension, when speaking of machine parts, 'aisho' is sometimes used to say if the combination of the parts is good or bad.
- 内容に信憑性が薄かったにもかかわらず事件化したことから、この告発そのものが鳥居による謀略と言われている。
- In spite of the low credibility of the leak, it became an incident; hence, it is said that this accusation itself was a plot developed by Torii.
- この考えはやがて外的権威である経書、ひいては現実政治における権威の軽視にまでいたる危険性をはらんでいた。
- This idea carried the danger that the Classics, which were the external authority, and even the authority of the real government, would become ignored.
- ある考証によると、12の位階の冠の色は次のようなものであった可能性が高いと推定されるが、断定はできない。
- From the study of historical evidence, it is presumed, though it can not be affirmed, that the colors for the twelve ranks were as stated below.
- この解釈では心の内にある「性」(=理)を完成させるために、外的な事物の理を参照する必要は無いことになる。
- According to this interpretation, there is no need to reference the ri in the things outside one's mind to bring the 'sei' (= ri) in one's mind to perfection.
- 特に明治期には田中義成が軍記物の信憑性を否定し、上記第二次と第四次のみを確実とする「二回説」を提唱した。
- In particular, in the Meiji period, Yoshinari TANAKA denied the credibility of war tales, and proposed the 'two-battles theory' in which he insisted that only the second and the fourth battles were surely fought.
- もっとも、貴族院議員の性質上、再選を目指す必要がない議員も多く、大半の場合、院内会派の拘束力は弱かった。
- As most Kizokuin councilors did not need to worry about re-election, the bond between the members within the Innai groups was weak.
- 日露戦争で鉄道の有効性と私鉄割拠による不便さを痛感した軍部(特に陸軍)は、戦争後に鉄道国有化を要望した。
- The military (especially the Army) that learned the effectiveness of railway and the inconvenience caused by the autonomy of private railways during the Russo-Japan war expressed the need for nationalizing the railways.
- 小さな土器焼成坑を地面に掘って焼成するので、密閉性はなく酸素の供給がされる酸化焔焼成によって焼き上げる。
- The pottery is not airtight and is made by firing with oxidizing flame in a small pottery oven dug on the ground.
- 問題の長期化によって昭実が1年以上務めれば結果論的に昭実の論が正しかったとされる可能性があり面目を失う事
- 2) If the prolonged dispute let Akizane serve as Kanpaku for more than a year, Akizane's points might be considered valid as a result and Sakihisa would lose face,
- 藤原為隆は重隆・朝隆・親隆の実兄であり、坊城家にかつてその由来が伝わっていた可能性もあるが、不詳である。
- Since FUJIWARA no Tametaka was a real brother of Shigetaka, Tomotaka and Chikataka, there was a possibility that the history of the book had been handed down in the Bojo family, but the truth remains unclear.
- しかし、後に神社を去って諸国を漂泊し、宿場や港で歌や踊りをしながら一方で性も売る様になったものと思われる。
- However, it is considered that later they came to leave the shrine and wander around various areas, singing and dancing at the posting station and a harbor, meanwhile they also sold sexual acts.
- 足尾鉱毒事件に関しては、主に被害者側の視点での記述が多いが、中立性を確保するため、古河側の主張も併記する。
- Regarding Ashio Mining Pollution, many articles have been written from the view of the victims, however, in order to gain impartiality, arguments that Furukawa made should be introduced.
- これは権力に対する独立・中立性の放棄であり、寺社側が拒否したのも「無縁」の思想からすれば当然のことである。
- This was equal to the abandonment of independency and neutrality against authority, so that it is natural that the temples and shrines rejected these requests with the idea of 'Muen.'
- 江戸は地方からの上京者が多く、江戸時代中期には男性が女性の倍近くいたが、末期には男女差がかなり解消された。
- Many provincial migrants, many of whom were male, resided in Edo to the extent that the male population was nearly double that of the female population in the mid-Edo period, this gender imbalance was greatly alleviated by the end of period.
- 江戸時代、尊皇家は天皇への尊崇と支持を高めるため、天皇家の大変な古さと不変性という「万世一系」を強調した。
- In the Edo period, the sonnoka (people with reverence for emperors) emphasized the 'unbroken line of emperors' which implied the incredibly long history and continuity of the imperial family, to heighten respect and support for emperors.
- また、関東取締出役配下の目明し(道案内)は地元町村からの推薦により任命されたため、公的な性格も有していた。
- In addition, Meakashi (a.k.a. Michiannai) who worked under the Kanto Torishimari Shutsuyaku (the police network set up by the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] in 1805 to keep order in eight Kanto provinces except Mito) were appointed by the recommendation of local towns and villages, so they also had a public character.
- 崇神王朝、仁徳王朝、継体王朝の3王朝が存在した可能性は上記で記したとおりだが、それらについて詳しく述べる。
- The three dynasties of Sujin, Nintoku, and Keitai were possibly existed as previously mentioned, and details are described follows.
- 広敷には男性の広敷役人(広敷用人)がいたため、御殿との間の錠口、長局との間の七ツ口によって仕切られていた。
- Since male officers named Hiroshiki yakunin (yonin) were placed in Hiroshiki, Hiroshikimuki was separated from Gotenmuki by a door called Joguchi and Nagatsubonemuki by a door called Nanatsuguchi.
- しかしそれも建前で、時代が下るにつれて裕福な町人出の女性が「行儀見習い」目的に奉公に上がることが多くなる。
- However, this was a public position, so females from rich townspeople were sent out to O-oku to learn manners in the later period.
- 伊藤博文の立憲政友会は軍備増強の必要性は認めたものの、桂の進める地租増徴ではなく行財政改革の徹底を求めた。
- Although Rikken Seiyukai led by Hirobumi ITO admitted the necessity of Japan's military expansion, they required a thorough administrative and financial reform, not increased land taxes, which Katsura was going to promote.
- 徳川光圀は徳川氏の祖とされた新田氏の正統性を示すため、「大日本史」で南朝 (日本)を正統であると提示した。
- To indicate the legitimacy of the Nitta clan, which was considered as the ancestors of the Tokugawa clan, Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA claimed in 'Dainihonshi' (Great Japanese History) that the Nancho was the legitimate line.
- したがって荘園としては未完成であり、完全な不輸権を得た12世紀の領域型荘園の前の過渡的性格のものと言える。
- Thus, the shoen manors exempted from the miscellaneous labor tax were imperfect as the shoen and had a transitional character before the territorial shoen manor of the twelfth century which got the complete right of tax exemption.
- 法性寺流の書法は子の九条兼実、孫の九条良経らに受け継がれ、当時の書法の人気を世尊寺流とのあいだで二分した。
- The shoho of Hosshoji school was succeeded by his children, Kanezane KUJO and his grandchild, Yoshitsune KUJO; the popularity in shoho at that time was split by both Sesonji school and Hosshoji school.
- 歴代将軍の中でも一番独裁性の強かった徳川家康の治世においても、諌言したり政策立案する幕閣は存在したのである。
- Even under the rule of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, whose governance had the strongest aspects of dictatorship of all the shoguns, there were cabinet officials in the Shogunate who remonstrated against the shogun and were engaged in formulation of policies.
- しかし消費税が3%から5%に増税された1997年以降はあまり必要性が無くなったため製造量を減らし始めている。
- Since 1997, when the consumption tax was increased from 3% to 5%, however, their need has decreased and so has their mintage.
- 天文現象に合理的な規則性を求める科学としての天文学の日本における成立は江戸時代の西洋天文学の伝来以後である。
- Astronomy as a science with the aim of seeking rational regularity was established in Japan only after Western astronomy was introduced in the Edo period.
- これは、「開国」と「攘夷」という相反する対外思想が「討幕」という一つの行動目的へと収斂される可能性を生んだ。
- This created the possibility for the conflicting principles of opening the country and expelling foreigners to converge toward the goal of attacking the shogunate.
- 江戸期の鋳造量は、小判金と一分判金を合わせた総量を「両」の単位をもって記録されており、本位貨幣的性格が強い。
- The total casting amount including koban and ichibu bankin was recorded in 'ryo' and they had a character of standard coin.
- 近代的自治法の整備とともに五人組は法制的には消滅したが、第二次世界大戦中の隣組にその性格は受け継がれていた。
- Along with development of the modern self-governing laws, the Gonin-gumi disappeared as a legal system; however, the tonarigumi (neighborhood association [established in Japan in 1940]) system during World War II took over its characteristics.
- 先行する近江令・飛鳥浄御原令に何らかの規定があった可能性はあるが、両者とも現存しないため、詳細は不明である。
- There is a possibility that there were provisions under Omi-Ryo (Omi administrative code) or Asukakiyomihararyo (the legal code of Japanese ancient state) that preceded the Taiho code but since neither exists in print, details are unknown.
- 1908年 写真だけのお見合いをしてアメリカの日系人男性のもとへ嫁ぐ女性(いわゆる写真花嫁)の渡航が始まる。
- In 1908, the so-called 'picture brides,' who married Japanese men living in the U.S. after a mere exchange of pictures, started travelling to the U.S.
- また家老は、主君のための責任要員的な性格があったとの指摘もあり、主君の身代わりとして責任を取ることもあった。
- It has also been pointed out that the Karo post was had the feature of taking responsibility instead of one's master, and actually, some Karo officers took the blame in place of their masters.
- これは1885年(明治18年)7月18日高平臨時代理公使の知照によって、以降も条約の有効性が確認されている。
- On July 18, 1885, the acting deputy chief at the Embassy TAKAHIRA confirmed the further effectivity of this treaty with official documents.
- このような相違は、国家権力の強さ、土地私有性および交換経済の発展の状態などの相違を反映させたものとみられる。
- Such differences may have been a reflection of the strength in government power and the state of development of a system for private ownership of land and an exchange economy.
- 鎌倉文化の特徴としては、武士や庶民の新しい文化が以前の貴族文化と拮抗し、文化の二元性がでてきたところにある。
- One of the most striking features of Kamakura period culture is the rise of a new warrior and commoner culture in opposition to the existing aristocratic culture; the period saw the emergence of dual cultures.
- 伏見城城下町の伝統を受け継ぐ商業拠点である一方、京都市中心部や大阪市方面へのベッドタウンとしての性格をもつ。
- It is not only a commercial center that carries on the traditions of the castle town of Fushimi-jo Castle, but also a commuter town for central Kyoto and Osaka.
- ただし、後述するように現在架橋を始めとする整備計画があり、鞆の町並みは近い将来大きく姿を変える可能性もある。
- Note that, as explained later, Tomonoura is today confronted with an issue of the bridge formation and other development plans which may largely change the appearance of the townscape of Tomo in the near future.
- つまり、ロシアとの国境問題が解決した場合には、改めて朝鮮への遣使が行われるという解釈も成立する可能性があった。
- In fact, there is a possibility to read it to dispatch an envoy to Korea once again after they solved border issue with Russia.
- 卑弥呼の死んだ時期は弥生時代から古墳時代への移行期に当たり、邪馬台国畿内説では卑弥呼の墓は古墳の可能性がある。
- The time of Himiko's death corresponds to a transition period between the Yayoi and Tumulus periods, and according to the Yamatai Kingdom Kinai theory, there is a possibility that Himiko's tomb was a tumulus.
- このような、いわば世間に対する別天地である寺社の境内は、苦境にある人々のアジールとしての性格を持つようになる。
- The areas of temples and shrines which were a different world from the everyday world in such ways became an asylum for the people who were in trouble.
- 調 (律令制)は、男性に賦課された物納税であり、絹や布、塩、紙、染料、海草、油などの地域の特産品が納められた。
- The tax in kind was imposed on male peasants, and paid with local specialties including silk, cloth, salt, paper, dye, seaweed, and oil.
- なお、共通法は、その性質上当然に(領土ではない関東州や南洋群島も含む)外地にも施行されるべき法律とされていた。
- The Common law was considered applicable to overseas territories (including the Kwantung Leased Territory and the South Sea Islands which were not Japan's territories) due to the nature.
- 義満の北山殿にあった会所、天鏡閣は二階建てであり、これには禅宗文化の影響が見え、唐物との親和性はよかったろう。
- The Tenkyokaku, which was a Kaisho at Kitayamadono of Yoshimitsu, was two stories high and the Zen culture could be observed together with its affinity with karamono was well.
- 『軍鑑』は明治期の史学会において田中義成により史料性を否定され、長く実証的研究においては用いられてこなかった。
- However, 'Gunkan' was not used for empirical research for a long time because its value as historical records was denied by Yoshinari TANAKA during the Meiji period.
- ただし頼長と基之はそれ以前から備後、土佐の守護も併任されており、別に何らかの理由が存在した可能性が推測される。
- However some other possibilities are suspected as Yorinaga and Motoyuki appointed concurrently to the Shugo of Bingo and Tosa before taking the post.
- 平成20年(2008年)、平安時代の回廊状大型区画施設遺構が発見され、石川郡庁があった可能性が出てきたという。
- In 2008, the remains of a large Heian period corridor-like structure were discovered and the possibility emerged that it could have once been the Ishikawa District office building.
- 1900年(明治33年)9月15日、超然主義の破綻と政党政治の必要性を感じた伊藤博文が自らの与党として組織した。
- On September 15, 1900, Hirobumi ITO organized it as his ruling party since he became aware of the collapse of the doctrine of superiority and the necessity of party government.
- もし、これが正しければ『続日本紀』編纂時には面積制限が現行法であり、その規定をそのまま採録した可能性が高くなる。
- If his researches were correct, restrictions on space of land may have been the current law when 'Shoku Nihongi' was compiled, and it increases the possibility that the stipulation was selected and put on record in exactly the same form.
- 国立国会図書館が運営する日本法令索引では、1979年に元号法制定によって一世一元の詔は実効性喪失と記載している。
- Index to Laws in Japan, run by the National Diet Library, mentions that the imperial decree of the practice of assigning one era name to the reign of each Emperor was lost its effectiveness by the Era Name Law which was established in 1979.
- そもそも「啄木鳥の戦法」自体が「甲陽軍鑑」を唯一の出自としており、その「甲陽軍鑑」は史料性に疑問が持たれている。
- First of all, the 'woodpecker strategy' based itself solely on the description of 'Koyo Gunkan,' and the 'Koyo Gunkan' has been questioned as a historical document.
- 伊藤博文は天皇を中心とした君主制を維持するためにも、天皇を補佐する世襲貴族(華族)の必要性があると認識していた。
- Hirobumi ITO realized that there was a need for heredity of the nobility (peerage) supporting the Emperor to keep the monarchy focused on the Emperor.
- 光緒帝を同行させたのは北京に残しておくことで列強を後ろ盾にした皇帝親政が復活する可能性を彼女が恐れたためである。
- She made Emperor Guangxu accompany her fearing that if she left him behind in Beijing direct imperial rule may be revived with the support of the allied western powers.
- しかし、1911年(明治44年)に喜田が南北朝正閏論で職を失うと、同種の性格を持つこの論争も冷水を浴びせられた。
- However, when Kida lost his job due to Nanbokucho-Seijunron (argument on legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Dynasty) in 1911, the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement or Shosei theory similar to that argument was also criticized.
- 1946年 占領軍として日本に駐留した米軍兵と婚約した日本人女性にアメリカ渡航を許可する「GI婚約者法」が成立。
- In 1946, 'The GI Fiancee Act' was enacted, which permitted Japanese women who were engaged to American soldiers in the Occupation Forces to enter the U.S.
- 1965年 パッツイー・ミンクがハワイ州で下院議員に当選、アジア系および有色人種の女性として初の下院議員となる。
- In 1965, Patsy MINK was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from the State of Hawaii, and became the first Asian and non-white female Representative.
- 決して、実際の戦闘で役立つ思想や哲学ではないが、高潔な人格を尊ぶ道徳性は、いつの時代にも必要とされるものである。
- It is not a way of thought or philosophy which is useful in actual battle, but is necessary in all ages, due to its morality in respecting those of noble character.
- 1872年(明治5年)まで女人禁制であった高野山に参詣を望む女性が遥拝するための女人堂があったと伝えられている。
- It is said that there was a Nyonin-do for women to pray to Mt. Koya from the distant place, since women had been prohibited from entering Mt. Koya until 1872.
- 平氏政権は、貴族社会の中で成立したが、各地に地頭や国守護人を設置するなど最初の武家政権としての性格を持っていた。
- Although the Taira clan government was established under an aristocratic society, it had some similarities to the first military government, such as the setting up of jito (manager and lord of manor) and provincial officers in many places.
- しかし風俗街で営まれる特殊浴場(ソープランド)には雄琴温泉の源泉は引かれておらず、温泉としての関連性は全くない。
- The hot spring belongs to Ogoto Onsen is not brought to the special bathhouses (brothels) located in the red-light district, thus there are no relations between the resort area and the red-light district as hot springs.
- しかし、航海技術が発達し「地乗り」から「沖乗り」が主流になった事により鞆の浦で潮待ちをする必要性は薄れていった。
- However, as navigation technique developed, the mainstream navigation shifted from 'Jinori' to 'Okinori' (the offshore navigation), which resulted in less necessity for awaiting a favorable tide to come at Tomonoura.
- 加えて、昭和中期までは墓所も存在していたため、余計にこうした島の位置づけ・性格が形成・定着していくこととなった。
- In addition, graves were located here until around the middle of the Showa period; this fact also helped place and form the status and characteristics of this island.
- なお、一旦廃止された宮刑は明代に復活し、政府の高官から塩を作る人夫まで、さまざまな階層の男性がこの刑に処せられた。
- Once abolished, the penalty of castration was reinstated in the Ming Dynasty and utilized against male criminals among a wide variety of social classes, from high officials in the government to the labourers who produced salt.
- 泰時消息文には「これにもれたる事候はゞ、追うて記し加へらるべきにて候」として、元より追加法の必要性を示唆している。
- In Yasutoki shosokubun it was written 'any other shortages should be added to write in the future,' indicating the necessity of additional laws from the beginning.
- しかし最近、年輪年代学や放射性炭素年代測定による科学的年代推定を反映して、古墳時代の開始年代が従来より早められた。
- Recently, however, thanks to scientific dating techniques such as dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating, the start of the Kofun period has been considered earlier than previously thought.
- それゆえに、大日本帝国憲法第73条の規定に則り改正された以上憲法改正は正当であるとし、法的連続性は存在するとする。
- Therefore, the theory justified the Constitution of Japan because it was created by the amendment conducted according to the Article 73 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and insisted that it had legal continuity.
- 前者2つには、韓国併合の有効性、合法性を認めず、朝鮮半島に対する日本の支配を単なる軍事占領とする認識がうかがえる。
- The first two show a recognition that validity or legitimacy in the annexation of Korea and the Japanese occupation of Korea is not accepted, and the Japanese rule of the Korean peninsula is seen as a mere military occupation.
- そのため、石山合戦以降は宗教の非武装化がより一層加速され、宗教団体が独立性を失い政権の統制下に置かれる事となった。
- After the Ishiyama War, therefore, demilitarization of religious powers accelerated, and the religious groups lost their independence and were put under the control of the administration.
- 孝徳天皇4年、石川麻呂は冤罪で自殺に追い込まれているが、これも大化の政権の政権基盤が脆弱だった可能性を示している。
- In 648, Ishikawamaro was driven to suicide because of a false charge, this also indicating a possibility that the political footing of the Taika regime was weak.
- 禅譲を持ちかけられた義尋は、まだ若い義政に後継男子誕生の可能性があることを考慮して将軍職就任の要請を固辞し続けた。
- Hearing about the offer of the position, Yoshihiro, considering the young enough age of Yoshimasa to have an inheriting son, firmly declined the proposal for voluntary transfer of the Shogunate.
- だがこのような両頭政権には、一度両者間の協調関係に亀裂が生じると、次第に崩壊してしまうという脆弱性を内在していた。
- However, such a diachy possessed the risk of gradual decline in power if there would be a problem with the cooperative relationship between the two families.
- 舞鶴は日本海側唯一の軍事都市として、軍事施設が両舞鶴市に跨がるように設置されるなり、軍都一括管理の重要性が増した。
- Soon after military facilities were established in both Maizuru Cities, it became necessary to control Maizuru as a single military city, as it was the only one on the Japan Sea coast.
- 他に永禄5年(1562年)に本山氏に攻められ滅亡したとする説もあるが、資料や本山茂辰の吉良姓僭称から信憑性は薄い。
- Another theory suggests that the Kira clan was attacked and fell by the Motoyama clan, but the credibility is low due to Shigetoki MOTOYAMA's pretension of the Kira clan and from the other documents.
- 「豊臣氏」は本姓であって、「織田氏」(本姓は平朝臣)や「徳川氏」(本姓は源朝臣)などといった名字とは性質が異なる。
- Toyotomi' was its honsei (original name) and it is different in character from the myoji (family name) in such cases as the 'Oda clan' (honsei was Taira no Ason) and the 'Tokugawa clan' (honsei was Minamoto no Ason).
- 横瀬氏は名字を由良氏と改め、新田義宗の子・横瀬貞氏の子孫とされているが、これといった確証がなく信憑性は薄いという。
- The Yokose clan, who changed its family name to the Yura clan, is assumed to be descended from Sadauji YOKOSE, a Yoshimune NITTA's child, which would have little credibility without any specific evidence.
- なお十円硬貨にかぎらず硬貨を故意に腐食させることは、貨幣損傷等取締法により罰せられる可能性があるので注意されたい。
- In addition, one should note that the act of eroding coins including 10-yen coins is punishable by law due to the Act for the Regulation of Damaging, etc. of Subsidiary Coins.
- その性格が大きく変化するのは、保元元年9月18日 (旧暦)(1156年11月2日)に保元新制が出されてからである。
- It was not until the enactment of Hogen shinsei (a new law issued in the Hogen period) in September eighteen in the first year of Hogen era by the lunar calendar (November 2, 1156 by the solar calendar) that the nature of shinsei drastically changed.
- ともすれば似たようなケースでもシチュエーションが違えば結果も大きく変化するなど、事前に判るような性質のものでは無い。
- Even in similar cases, the result can be greatly different depending on the situation; this is not something which can be predicted beforehand.
- ある程度の確実性を以て、読めるもの49字、全く読めないもの4字、後の8字はわずかに残る線画によって推測するしかない。
- Of them, 49 letters are quite readable to some extent, and four of them cannot be read at all, and the last eight letters can be read with a clue of the barely remaining strokes.
- 二十六人のうち、日本人は二十名、スペイン人が四名、メキシコ人、ポルトガル人がそれぞれ一名であり、すべて男性であった。
- The Twenty-six martyrs were all male, consisted of 20 Japanese, 4 Spanish, 1 Mexican and 1 Portuguese.
- 朝鮮半島の百済や高句麗を通じて伝えられた中国大陸の南北朝時代 (中国)の文化の影響を受け、国際性豊かな文化でもある。
- It was an abundantly cosmopolitan culture, influenced by the Northern and Southern Dynasties period culture of the Chinese continent, which was introduced to Japan via the Korean kingdoms of Baekje and Goguryeo.
- また、李氏朝鮮も徹底した文治主義をとり、非常に形式主義的な性格の強い朝鮮使節の応接は勅旨以上に気を使うものであった。
- Since the Joseon Dynasty was the government by law and reason rather than by military force, the envoy observed formalism so strictly that the Japanese government had to treat them more carefully than the Imperial order.
- しかしながら、晴信は「信濃守護の職責を果たすため他国の侵略と戦っている」と自らの正当性を主張して、逆に景虎を責めた。
- However, Harunobu insisted his legitimacy saying that 'we are fighting invasion from other provinces to fulfill the responsibility of the shugo post of Shinano province,' and accused Kagetora instead.
- しかし女性の結社権を禁じた5条1項は残されたため、婦人団体を中心に、治安警察法5条全廃を求める運動がその後も続いた。
- However, the campaign for abolition of Security Police Law Article 5 was continued by mainly women's organizations after that because the first clause of Article 5 that prohibited women's freedom of association was not revised
- 縄文文化は日本列島のどの地域でも同質のものだったのではなく、多様な地域性を備えた文化群であったことが指摘されている。
- It is pointed out that the Jomon culture was not uniform in all the regions in the Japanese archipelago, but was a collection of cultural styles representing many regional differences.
- 雲龍寺でも農民が1100人程度集結したが、警官の監視が厳しく、実際に東京に向かえたのは養性寺組の700名だけだった。
- About 1100 peasants came to Unryu-ji Temple to join the demonstration, but under the strict supervision by the police only 700 peasants who started from Yosei-ji Temple managed to go to Tokyo.
- しかし、明治末年からの長い婦人運動苦闘の歴史を経て、日本女性の中には政治的権利を希求する意識が着実に醸成されていた。
- Nonetheless, the long struggle by women's movements since the last year of the Meiji period had led to a desire for political rights among Japanese women.
- 律令法の継受法としての性質を強調するあまり、それが日本法制史上に果たした役割を過小に評価するのは、事実と合致しない。
- It would be unfaithful to the factual evidence to underestimate the role of ritsuryo law in the history of the Japanese legal system by placing too much emphasis on the philosophy behind ritsuryo law as an adopted law.
- 熊野記念館の調査では、小辺路沿いに道標・町石・宿屋跡など多くの交通遺跡が確認され、庶民の道としての性格が指摘された。
- The investigation by the Kumano Kinenkan Museum confirmed many relics such as guideposts, stupa-shaped stones for indicating distances and ruins of inns, and pointed out that it had been a road for the common people.
- 南朝の北畠親房は関東地方で南朝勢力の結集を図り、篭城した常陸国小田城にて南朝の正統性を示す「神皇正統記」を執筆する。
- Chikafusa KITABATAKE, of the Southern Court, planned to concentrate the Southern Court's forces in Kanto, and wrote the Jinno shotoki (Succession of Heavenly Imperial Rulers), a document trying to show the Southern Court's legitimacy, while besieging Oda castle in Hitachi Province.
- しかし、一方では中央政界から遠く辺境にあったが故に確保できた自立性の強さは伊達氏に台頭の機会を十分に与えたといえる。
- However, the geographical merit for the Date clan of being located far from the central authority helped the clan to retain a strong autonomy in the region and gave it a lot of opportunity to gain power.
- なお、今日では手箱と称されているものの、当時は装飾経を収める経箱として造られたものである可能性が高いとみられている。
- Today, it is referred to as tebako (cosmetic box), it was probably intended as a kyobako to contain a decorative sutra at that time.
- 超然主義を取って議会との対立を続けるよりも自らが目指す近代国家の方向性を実現させるための政党結成に乗り出す事を考えた。
- He started to think of forming a new political party that would lead a modern nation that he wished to create instead of supporting transcendentalism and continuing to have a conflict with the Diet.
- ただし、将来的な立憲政体・議会政治の方向性が示されたという点においては、それなりの意義があった会議であったとも言える。
- However, it can be said that the conference was of some significance in that it helped indicate the future direction of constitutional and parliamentary government.
- 中国の長い歴史的変遷によって文人の性格は大きく変化し、研究者によって様々な解釈がなされ、必ずしも一様とはいいきれない。
- The character of Bunjin has greatly changed through long historical transitions in China, been interpreted variously and not always been identical.
- 律令制度が完成したのは、大宝律令からであり、その大宝律令と重ね合わせて解りやすく『日本書紀』には記述した可能性が高い。
- The Ritsuryo system was completed after the Taiho Ritsuryo and it is highly possible that Taika Reforms were described in an easy-to-understand manner in 'Nihonshoki' in a way to overlap with Taiho Ritsuryo.
- 信憑性に欠けるこの説明から確実にわかるのは、都加留(津軽)が固有名をあげられるほどの有力集団として存在したことである。
- What can be said for sure from this description, which has no credibility, is that Tsugaru was a dominant group of the Emishi because its proper name was mentioned in the record.
- また、会の内容も晴儀の場でもあったし、儀礼的な遊戯・遊宴にすぎなかったが、この性格は白河天皇の時代以降、大きく変った。
- In addition, the content of the meeting was fancy and just a ritualistic game and party, but this characteristic greatly changed after the period of Emperor Shirakawa.
- このため、丹波国は甲斐国や尾張国、土佐国のように一国単位で結束した歴史を持ちにくい性質があり、丹波の歴史を複雑化した。
- For this reason, Tanba was harder to unite as one province than other provinces like Kai, Owari and Tosa, and that made the history of Tanba complicated.
- この結社の性格は、極楽往生を希求する念仏結社であり、月の15日ごとに僧衆25名が集結して念仏を誦し、極楽往生を願った。
- The characteristic of this association was that it was a Nenbutsu association that wished for gokuraku ojo (peaceful death) and on the fifteenth of each month, 25 monks would gather to chant Nenbutsu and wish for gokuraku ojo.
- 平家の落武者ともいうが、落人の中には武士に限らず公卿や女性や子供なども含まれたため、平家の落人というのが一般的である。
- Although the term Heike no Ochimusha (surviving samurai) is sometimes used, Heike no Ochudo is commonly used since not only samurai but also court nobles, women and children were among the fugitives.
- 朝鮮人の中には軍人・軍属として第二次世界大戦に参加した者(朝鮮人日本兵含む)や、慰安婦として働いた朝鮮人女性も存在した。
- Among the Koreans, some joined the World War II as military men or army civilian employees (including Korean soldiers of Japan), and some Korean women worked as Ianfu (comfort women).
- そのため、鎌倉幕府が強権をもって法律を制定したというよりも、むしろ御家人の支持を得るために制定した法律という性格を持つ。
- Accordingly, its characteristic is more of a law that was established to be supported by shogunal retainers than that which was established by the Kamakura bakufu with an iron fist.
- また、大化の改新前後の記述は文法ミスが多いことから(他の個所では文法ミスは一切存在しない)改竄の可能性が指摘されている。
- In addition, since there are many grammar mistakes in the descriptions about the age before and after the Taika Reform (there are entirely no grammar mistakes in other ages), it has been pointed out that there is a chance that the Chronicles of Japan was altered.
- そのため、家康側が全面的に銘文の字句を口実としたものではなく、豊臣側の軽率な行為に乗じたものというという性格の方が強い。
- Therefore, the incident was not essentially the one that the Ieyasu side used the phrases in the inscription for the full excuse for attacking the Toyotomi's side, but took advantage of the thoughtlessness of the Toyotomi side.
- 人と物の流れが活発になる中で、城下町・港町・宿場町・門前町・鳥居前町・鉱山町など、さまざまな性格の都市が各地に生まれた。
- Under circumstances where the flow of people and goods became active, cities of various characteristics such as castle towns, port towns, post-station towns, temple towns, shrine towns, mining towns and so on were born in various places.
- 国造とは、王権に服属した各地の有力豪族に与えられた一種の称号で、ヤマト政権の日本古代の地方官制的な性格を持つものである。
- Local chief was a kind of title which was given to powerful clans in various places who were subject to the emperor's authority; it was a form of provincial government in ancient times under the Yamato political system.
- ただし、藩閥政権に対してもある程度の自立性を持ち、衆議院とその地位を競った結果、藩閥政権を幾度となく窮地に陥れてもいる。
- However, Kizokuin had a degree of independence from the Hanbatsu-dominated government and after fighting its status against the House of Representatives, Kizokuin sometimes made it difficult for the Hanbatsu government to maintain its power..
- 原因は、「展示」されている台湾女性が実際には中国湖南省の人ではないか、という疑いが清国留学生からかけられたためであった。
- This was because the students from Qing suspected that the Taiwanese women on display were actually from Hunan, China.
- 特に江戸は政治の中心地、大坂は経済の中心地であるから、江戸、大坂近海に外国船が来襲した際の危機管理の重要性が課題となる。
- As Tokyo was the center of politics and Osaka was the center of economy, it was especially important to consider risk management in case foreign ships appeared in the sea near Edo and Osaka.
- 縁切寺(えんきりでら)とは、女性の側からの離婚が困難であった当時、そこに駆け込むことによって離婚が達成される尼寺である。
- The divorce temple was a convent, which was a safehouse for women seeking a divorce in those days when women had no right to obtain a divorce from their husbands; once a wife fled into there, she can obtain a divorce from her husband.
- 特に北米では、居留国への忠誠を誓う目的で、あまり日系人が民族性を出さず、居留国に同化するように努力した事も関係している。
- This is possibly related to the fact that Japanese Americans tried harder to assimilate into the countries in which they lived, not asserting their ethnicity, in order to show their allegiance to them.
- そのため、現在ではその方法は実際には用いられなかったのではないかと考えられている(分解できた可能性はあるが現存しない)。
- Therefore, it is now believed that the method was not used actually (such scabbards might be disassembable but do not exist currently).
- この執行罰は、刑事罰と比較して実効性・抑止効果が薄いとされ、現行の法律において規定されている例は砂防法36条のみである。
- This punishment is considered to be weak on practically and prevention effect in comparison with criminal punishment, so only sabo-ho (Erosion Control Act), the Article 36, provides it in current Japanese law.
- しかしその後も民間で後南朝の伝説や伝承は残り、貴種流離譚の一つとしてサンカに利用された可能性を滝川政次郎は指摘している。
- Yet even after this point, legends and folklore about the Gonanch forces remained in existence among the common people, and Seijiro TAKIKAWA pointed out that one of the tales of wandering aristocrats among the Sanka (mountain folk of Japan) may have made use of the Gonancho stories.
- その武家権力としての独立性を保つ機構を作るために近衛大将より格下の征夷大将軍に任ぜられ、その権力機構として幕府を開いた。
- To maintain the independence of the samurai authority, he was appointed seii taishogun, which was ranked below Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards) and established a bakufu as an administrative structure.
- しかし琳聖太子の記録は古代には無く、大内氏が琳聖太子後裔を名乗るのは14世紀以降とされるため、この伝説は信憑性に乏しい。
- However, because there is no record for Rinsho taishi in ancient times, and because it is said that the Ouchi clan came to call itself a descendant of Rinsho taishi from and after the 14th century, this legend lacks credibility.
- 舞鶴港は、京阪神地域の日本海側の最も重要な拠点港であり、近年では上海市航路が就航するなどさらにその重要性が高まっている。
- The Maizuru Port located on the side of the Japan Sea is the most important base port in the Keihanshin area, and its importance has been increasing recently due to marine transportation that is now offered to Shanghai, among other reasons.
- 但し、勧学会の場合は、念仏結社的な性格も有してはいたが、『法華経』を読誦し、作詩も行なうサロン的傾向の強い集団であった。
- However, although Kangaku-e resembled a Nenbutsu association, the group also had an aspect of a salon where 'Hoke-kyo Sutra' (the Lotus Sutra) was chanted and poems were written.
- 乳飲み子を連れた平家方の女性が源氏方の武者に赤子の声を聞かれ、見つかりそうになり親子ともども命を絶ったという伝説がある。
- It has been passed down that a woman of the Taira family side with a baby in arms committed suicide together with her baby when she was almost found by the samurai of the Minamoto clan because of the baby's cry.
- 遊女(ゆうじょ、あそびめ)とは、遊郭や宿場で男性に性的サービスをした娼婦で、「客を遊ばせる女性」と言う意味が一般的である。
- Yujo or Asobime was a prostitute who did sexual service to men at yukaku (prostitute quarters) or a posting station, and the meaning of yujo is generally considered 'a woman who has her guest make merry.'
- いわゆる性格判断などはそういった側面もあるが、更に広く通俗的な分野では、特定の誰かとの相性を知ろうという占いも盛んである。
- The so-called character diagnosis also has such an aspect, and the fortune-telling which predicts the compatibility with a certain person is more popular and common sphere.
- 開拓使の初代長官には、旧幕時代から北方の重要性を説いていた佐賀藩主鍋島直正が就任したが、彼は実務にとりかかる前に辞任した。
- The first chief of the Hokkaido Development Commission was Naomasa NABESHIMA who claimed the importance of Ezo even before the bakufu era ended, but he resigned before embarking on the practical reclamation work.
- 天理や性が天から賦与されたものであることを想起させる言葉であるのに対し、「良知」は人が生来もつものというニュアンスが強い。
- In contrast to 'tenri' and 'sei', which remind people that they are given by Heaven, 'ryochi' contains a strong nuance of that which is endowed to people by nature.
- 朱子学との連続性を考慮するならば、宋以後における聖人の世俗化の動きが、明代中葉・末期に至ってひとつの頂点を迎えたといえる。
- When taken as a continuation of Shushigaku, popularization of the sage after the Song period culminated in Yomeigaku towards the middle and end of the Ming period.
- この説は、当時の合戦にしては異常ともいえる死亡率の高さの説明にもなり、状況証拠などを分析により一定の信憑性があるとされる。
- This theory enables the explanation of the unusually high death rate for battles at that time and is said to have a certain amount of credibility based on analyses of circumstantial evidence and others.
- しかし、外様大名や朝廷の介入による幕政改革の強制は幕府権威をいっそう低下させ、これにより幕府崩壊の方向性は決定的となった。
- However, intervention of 'tozama daimyo' and Imperial Court in politics of the Edo bakufu and their enforcement of reforms on it further decreased its authority, so its collapse became almost inevitable.
- このため、先行した将門の動きが尚範の親族であった純友に何らかの心理的影響を与えた可能性までは否定できないという考えもある。
- Some people believe that the incident caused by Masakado, as previously described, may have had some psychological effect on Sumitomo, as the relative of Hisanori.
- 宋代に隆盛した文人画は総合芸術であり詩書画に加え印章にも同様の高い芸術性が求められ、文人の雅俗認識が鋭く及ぶようになった。
- The literati painting which flourished in the Sung period was a comprehensive art, so the seals were also required to have high artistic value similar to Calligraphy, Poetry, and Painting and strongly influenced by the sense of elegance and vulgarian of Bunjin.
- この社会情勢の変化の中、唐代を過渡期として宋代以降になると文人は公的な官僚生活と私的な文人生活の二面性を有するようになる。
- Because of this change in social situation, Bunjin came to have two aspects of an official bureaucrat and a private Bunjin after the Sung period through a transitional stage in the Tang period.
- このころに実用の書から美術の書への関心の移行、つまり書の芸術性を重んじる思潮が顕著にみられ、書芸を論ずる文章が現れ出した。
- Around this time, people's interest had clearly shifted from the calligraphy for practical use to the one for artistic purposes which emphasized artistic quality of calligraphy, and documents on calligraphic art began to appear.
- 経済都市・大坂は貿易港であった難波津や石山御坊寺内町、豊臣政権の拠点など幾度かその都市の性格を変えながら発展を続けてきた。
- Osaka is an economic center that continued its development over the course of history by changing its function--as a trade port (Naniwa no Tsu), as a temple town under Ishiyama Gobo Temple, and more later as the seat of the Toyotomi government.
- 自家用車利用は高速道路・一般道路利用共に市内とその周辺を含めて渋滞が慢性化しており、特に観光シーズンとなると更に悪化する。
- As for the use of private cars, the traffic on local roads and highways in and around the city is always heavy, and the traffic gets even worse during the tourist season.
- しかし実際には、足利将軍家には鎌倉公方、古河公方、堀越公方などの別家が多くあり、吉良氏が足利本家を継げる可能性は低かった。
- However, the possibility remained low for the Kira clan to be a successor of the head family of the Ashikaga clan, since there were many bekke (branch family) families in the Ashikaga Shogun family; the Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region), the Kogakubo (descendants of one of the Ashikaga families that held the office of the Kanto district administrator), and the Horigoe Kubo.
- また確たる史料はないものの亘理郡の有力者で五位に叙せられ、陸奥の在庁官人として権守候補であった可能性は高いと見られている。
- It is also thought that Tsunekiyo was an influential person in Watari County who was titled Goi (Fifth Rank) and that it is very likely that he was a candidate for Gon no kami (a provisional governor) of Mutsu Province among zaichokanjin (locally hired government officials during the Heian period), although there are no historical materials that can validate it for sure.
- こうした交通網の発達は、明治以降鉄道建設や道路整備により、京阪神を一体の地域としての性格を強めることに大きな影響を与えた。
- The development of such traffic networks had a major effect on strengthening the character of Keihanshin as an integrated area by the construction of railroads and the maintenance of its roads in and after the Meiji era.
- だが、受刑後に宦官として重用されることが多くなると、後の世には自宮、すなわち自ら性器を切り落として宦官となる人間が増加した。
- However, the Courts gave important posts to those punished criminals as eunuchs to work in the Court, and the number of people who cut off the genitals by themselves increased in later periods in order to become eunuchs.
- しかし、弥生時代の墳丘墓や古墳時代には墳丘周辺で副葬品のみられない埋葬施設があり、殉葬が行われていた可能性が考えられている。
- However, burial facilities without funerary goods were found in areas around funkyubo (mounded burials) of the Yayoi period and funkyu (burial mounds) of the Kofun period.it; therefore it is thought that Junso was possibly conducted.
- このために、大藩の大名、江戸城を陰で仕切る大奥の首脳でも奥右筆との対立を招くことは自己の地位を危うくする危険性を孕んでいた。
- Consequently, any confrontations with Oku-yuhitsu (who managed everything in Edo-jo Castle behind the scenes) carried the risk of compromising one's position, and this was true even for the daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) of Taihan (a large domain) or the heads of the O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the shogun and her servants resided).
- しかし最近の研究では、純友が鎮圧の任に当たった海賊と、乱を起こした純友らの武装勢力の性格が異なっていることが指摘されている。
- However, a recent study shows that the characteristics of the pirates that were restrained by Sumitomo and that of the armed group that he later led in the rebellion were not the same.
- 政治と宗教の関係が密接であった当時の事情から『日本書紀』の記述が、厭勝銭に関する規定として置かれた可能性も否定できないこと。
- Considering the close relationship between politics and religion at the time, it is still possible that the description of 'Nihonshoki' was written as regulation of incantation coin.
- 五代将軍徳川綱吉の生母・桂昌院はその最たる例で、公家の女子を除いて存命中の女性としては史上空前絶後の従一位に叙せられている。
- The fifth Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA's real mother, Keishoin was the best example and she was granted juichii (Junior First Rank) during her lifetime as the first female of all time other than the females in the noble court.
- つまり、土地・人民の所有禁止は実際には発令されなかったか、もしくは所有禁止の実効性がなかなか各地へ浸透しなかったことを表す。
- That is, such examples evidences that the ban on private ownership of lands and people was not officially announced or that effects of the ban could not easily spread nationwide.
- そのため、荘園の新規設置を取り締まり、違法性のある荘園を停止させる事で、公領を回復させて国家財政の再建を目指したものである。
- Thus, the purpose was to recover imperial demesne and regenerate national financing by regulating the establishment of new manors and suspending illegal ones.
- 以上のように近代における小辺路は生活道路としての性格を持つ道であり、国道168号が五條・新宮間を全通するまで利用され続けた。
- As explained above, Kohechi was a community road in modern times, and continued to be used until National Highway 168 was constructed at the whole sections between Gojo and Shingu.
- 2つに分裂した王家がさらに分裂する可能性が生じ、伏見は持明院統の分裂を防止するため富仁を後伏見の猶子とする措置をとっている。
- The possibility of further division threatened and Fushimi took measures to make Tomihito as Gofushimi's adopted heir.
- さらに、戦後大きく後退していた日本の歴史の独自性を強調する立場が、平成初年頃から自由主義史観と称してその主張を展開している。
- In addition, the power of strongly insisting on the uniqueness of Japanese history, which has become considerably weaker after the war, has insisted its views as liberalism-based views of history.
- 付近を通る幹線道路のコースを、城下に通じるように付け替えることにより往来が城下を通り、商工業を活性化させる効果を狙っている。
- By realigning nearby main route roads to pass through the joka (castle town), they wished for the traffic to pass the joka and stimulate commerce and industry.
- 近代以前の国家においては、権利は人民には有せず国家など権力を保有する者に対する功労の恩典として授けられる性質のものであった。
- In a state before the modern era, rights did not belong to the people, but they were types of favors given to those in power such as a state for their distinguished services.
- 主に平野部では瀬戸内海式気候、京都府南部・滋賀県南部・奈良県北部・三重県伊賀地方・伊賀地方などの内陸部は内陸性気候に属する。
- The plains mainly belong to the Seto Inland Sea climate, while the southern part of Kyoto Prefecture, the southern part of Shiga Prefecture, the northern part of Nara Prefecture and the Iga region of Mie Prefecture belong to the inland climate.
- この場合は、恋人関係から上司と部下など組織の役職を含む関係や同僚ないし仲間同士など、様々な人間関係でこの「相性」が気にされる。
- In such a case, 'aisho' is placed importance in terms of various human relationships such as the relationship between lovers and the relationships concerning the organizational roles including those between the boss and the subordinates and between co-workers, as well as the relationship between friends.
- アメリカ合衆国の一部の州において、性犯罪者に対して、本人の希望により、あるいは懲役刑との自由選択の形で、去勢刑が行われている。
- In some states within the United States of America today, castration is provided as an alternative to imprisonment and is conducted as a penalty for sex offenders at their request.
- 高島秋帆の西洋砲術、江川英龍(太郎左衛門)の韮山反射炉、勝海舟の長崎海軍伝習所など、幕府洋学は軍事的実学性の強いものであった。
- Bakufu Yogaku such as Western gunnery of Shuhan TAKASHIMA, Nirayama Reverberatory furnace of Hidetatsu (Tarozaemon) EGAWA, and Kaigun Denshu-sho (The Nagasaki Naval Training Center) of Kaishu KATSU were highly practical for military purposes.
- 一方、政府は国会開設の必要性を認めるとともに当面の政府批判をかわすため、10年後の国会開設を約した「国会開設の勅諭」を出した。
- In the mean time, the government acknowledged the necessity of establishing the National Diet and issued the imperial instruction that promised to establish the Diet in 10 years, intending to ward off public criticism.
- 非人は、(1)代々の「非人素性」の者、(2)非人手下(-てか)という刑罰で非人になる者、(3)野非人(無宿非人)の違いがある。
- There are differences in being Hinin such as (1) those who 'inherited their status,' those who were imposed a punishment called Hinin teka and (3) Nobinin (homeless wanderer).
- これらの遺構は南北方向のものが顕著で、東西方向のものは少ないことから、整然とした条坊域が整備されていたのではない可能性もある。
- In these remains, vertical streets are noticeable with few horizontal ones, so there is a possibility that the jobo area was not improved in a methodical way.
- その他挙げなければならないのは、総じて西欧の対日条約の中に見出すことができるものの、その不平等性が増している条項の存在である。
- What should be noted was that the provisions in the treaties between Japan and the countries of Western Europe served to strengthened the unequal character of this treaty.
- 「性」とは天から賦与された純粋な善性を、他方「情」とは感情としてあらわれる心の動きを指し、「情」の極端なものが人欲といわれる。
- Sei' is the pure innate goodness given by Heaven, while 'jo' is the activity of one's mind represented as feelings, and the extreme form of 'jo' is called 'jinyoku', or human desires.
- そのため、本節では史料的な信頼性には欠けるが『甲陽軍鑑』など江戸時代の軍記物語を元に巷間知られる合戦の経過を述べることになる。
- Therefore, popularly known details of the battle are described in this section based on war tales written in the Edo period, such as 'Koyo Gunkan,' although they lack credibility as historical documents.
- 第6回押出しも、養性寺を起点として行われ、農民2000名が東京に向かい、うち7名が3月6日に平田東助農商務大臣との面会に成功。
- Two thousand peasants started from Yosei-ji Temple for the sixth demonstration and of those peasants, seven persons met the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Tosuke HIRATA.
- また、一方では日本人は北海道から沖縄県に至るまで、遺伝学的には大差はなく比較的均一性も高い民族であるという研究結果も出ている。
- On the other hand, the research findings concluded that the Japanese race is comparatively genetically unified, having little variation from Hokkaido to Okinawa.
- (もう一つの可能性としては、白村江の戦いでの敗北(663年)後に天智天皇が軍事制度・各種制度の改革を進めた時期が挙げられる。)
- (Another possibility is that establishment of ekiden-sei was made during the time when the military system and other various systems were reformed by Emperor Tenchi after the defeat in the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663).
- 後醍醐には正式な前天皇としての上皇の称号と待遇が与えられ、これで後醍醐には将来治天として政務を執る可能性が生じることになった。
- Godaigo was officially given the title and privileges of the retired emperor as the previous Emperor and Godaigo had the possibility of ruling as Chiten in the future.
- これは前代の国学や尊王思想を背景とするもので、根底には『日本書紀』以来続いてきた日本の歴史の独自性を強調する考えが流れていた。
- Kokugaku in the previous period and the thought of revering the Emperor existed in the background of such a move, and the thought of emphasizing uniqueness of Japanese that existed in 'Nihonshoki' and had been maintained thereafter as well existing base.
- その連歌といえば、鎌倉時代中ごろから約百年、御霊の鎮魂の性格を持つ花の下連歌が無縁の遁世者によってひらかれ、好評を博していた。
- Concerning that renga, the Hananomoto-renga (a form of renga), which had the characteristic of quelling the soul of the dead, performed by unrelated people who entered the priesthood, was performed for about a hundred years from the mid-Kamakura period and became popular.
- 1971年3月に京都府からトルコ風呂 (性風俗)(当時の名称)が締め出されたため、風俗店は生き残りをかけて当地に多数流入した。
- Many adult-entertainment businesses flew into this area, because Turkish bath (kind of a adult entertainment of the time) businesses were barred from Kyoto Prefecture in March 1971.
- そもそも丹波は、中央集権体制を進める明治政府の大久保利通らにより、但馬・丹後を含め似通った地域性を無視して2府県に分けられた。
- In the first place, Tanba, Tajima and Tango were divided up into two prefectures by people like Toshimichi OKUBO in the Meiji government who wanted to strengthen centralized control, ignoring their regional similarities.
- 秀吉から与えられた山城国の領地は徳川幕府の下でも維持されており、松井家は徳川幕府の直臣・陪臣の性格を併せ持つ特殊な家であった。
- Since during the period of the Tokugawa shogunate the Matsui family had been maintaining their possession in Yamashiro Province which had been given by Hideyoshi before the period of the Tokugawa, it can be said that the Matsui family was a rare family which kept the status of direct vassal of the Tokugawa shogunate as well as the status of indirect vassal at the same time.
- しかしその一方で、鎌倉仏教の普及や、主要寺社の火災による損壊などから、むしろ鎌倉時代後期は、寺社の新築・改築の必要性が増した。
- In the late Kamakura period, however, there were more needs to newly build or rebuild shrines and temples because of the spread of Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura period) as well as damages to major shrines and temples from fire.
- 1904年に日露戦争が勃発すると、その戦費捻出のために日本の国庫が枯渇、台湾は計画を前倒して財政独立を実現する必要性に迫られた。
- The Russo-Japan war, which broke out in 1904, required war expenditure and caused the national treasury to dry up, so Taiwan was forced to realize financial independence by accelerating the implementation of the plan.
- 弾薬や主要部品に関しては新旧の村田銃の間での互換性が成り立っていたため、弾薬などの大量生産が行われて効率的な補給が可能となった。
- Ammunition and major components were compatible with both new and old Murata guns, making mass production of ammunition and more efficient supplies possible.
- しかし、大河内氏の初期段階の動向・系図には不明な点が多く、顕綱も信頼性のある資料に見えていないことから仮冒であるとする説もある。
- However, the clan's activity and family tree aren't clearly defined, and the name 'Akitsuna' doesn't appear in any reliable source, so to some the stated origin is only an assumption.
- 但し、後世において、功績のあった塩谷氏の一族の者に当主の地位を追贈した可能性もあるので、完全に架空の存在であるとも言い切れない。
- However, in subsequent years there was the possibility of giving the rank of family head to the members of the SHIONOYA clan family who rendered distinguished service, and therefore it's impossible to say they were completely fictitious characters.
- こうして唐以降、正史は王朝の支配の正統性を明らかにする道具となり、王朝が成立すると滅亡した前王朝の正史を編纂させるようになった。
- Therefore, beginning in the Tang and continuing thereafter, the official histories became a tool to display the legitimacy of the current dynasty's rule, so before long, whenever a new dynasty arose it would act to compile an official history of the dynasty that had just collapsed.
- また別格官幣社は国家皇室の忠臣を祭神とする性質上、官幣小社と同等の待遇をうけたが、国幣小社よりも上位であったということではない。
- Also, by its nature that loyal subjects to the country or imperial family are enshrined, Bekkaku Kanpeisha was treated equally to Kanpei shosha, but it does not mean that they were in a higher rank than Kokuhei shosha.
- しかし日本においては成人男性に対する労働時間規制は戦前を通じて実現されず、1947年の労働基準法施行を待たなければならなかった。
- On the other hand, working hours for male adults was not regulated in the prewar Japan until the enforcement of the Labor Standards Act in 1947.
- この記録を信じるならば、この時点で頼家は存命していたわけであるし、幕府の使者があらかじめ用意された偽りの報告をした可能性が高い。
- If this description is true, it is highly possible that the envoy from the bakufu made a false report prepared in advance because Yoriie was alive at this point.
- 頼朝は、既に実質的に東国を支配していたが、この宣旨発給は、頼朝が東国支配権を政府に公認され、その正統性を獲得したことを意味する。
- Yoritomo already effectively controlled the East country, but this imperial order officially recognized and legitimized Yoritomo's right to rule the East country.
- しかし、玉置善春の先駆的な業績における小辺路の重要性の指摘をさきがけとして1980年代以降、いくつかの報告が相次いで刊行された。
- However, after Yoshiharu TAMAKI pointed out the importance of Kohechi in his pioneering works, several reports were published in the 1980's or later.
- 小辺路が越えてゆく山々は、いくらかの例外があるものの、1100から1300メートルとおおよそ稜線高が一定し、定高性を示している。
- The mountains that Kohechi crosses have a constant height of ridge lines, from 1100 to 1300 meters, with some exceptions.
- そのため信憑性には難があるものの『平家物語』『源平盛衰記』などの軍記物語を基に巷間で信じられている合戦の経過を述べることになる。
- Hence, there is no choice but to describe the progress of the battle relying on hearsay, and based on war chronicles like the 'Heike monogatari' (Tale of the Taira) or 'Gempei monogatari' (Chronicle of the Rising and Falling fates of the Minamoto and Taira clans), despite the fact that such chronicles are plagued with credibility issues.
- ただ、為兼の強烈な個性は多くの敵をつくり、伏見の積極的な政治姿勢とも相まって、西園寺実兼との対立や幕府の警戒を呼ぶ結果となった。
- However, Tamekane's individualistic character made many enemies and together with Fushimi's progressive governing stance, it led to confrontation with Sanekane SAIONJI and called attention from the bakufu.
- この間、日本には南朝 (日本)(大和国吉野行宮)と北朝 (日本)(山城国平安京)に2つの朝廷が存在し、それぞれ正当性を主張した。
- During the period, two Imperial Courts existed in Japan, the Southern Court (located at the Emperor's residence in Yoshino, Yamato Province), and the Northern Court (in Heian Kyo (Kyoto), Yamashiro Province), and each Court tried to claim sole legitimacy for itself.
- これは短期(北信濃)・長期(関東)に関わらず冬期に行われており、「出稼ぎ」と「口減らし」の性格を持つものであると藤木は指摘する。
- This was carried out during the winter time regardless of whether it was short-time (northern Shinano) or long-time (Kanto) and Fujiki pointed out that this has the nature of 'work away from home' and 'reducing the mouths to feed.'
- しかし、日本においても城下町が発展すると、経済的および政治的価値が上昇し、それにともない城下町を戦乱から防護する必要性が生じた。
- However, as jokamachi developed in Japan, they increased in economic and political value and the necessity for their safeguard against war arose.
- しかし、庶流にも一定の独自性が担保され、嫡流からの自立を図ったり、公然と逆らう者もあった他、宗家の簒奪や打倒を図る者さえあった。
- The shoryu, however, were given a certain level of individuality and some shoryu attempted to be independent from or publicly opposed to the chakuryu; furthermore, there were even those who tried to usurp or overthrow the soke.
- )このほか現在廃坑となっているいずれの鉱山も、京都府レッドデータブックに登録されており、坑道の整備、保存の必要性が叫ばれている。
- In addition, every mine which is now dead, has been recorded in the Red Data Book of Kyoto Prefecture; the need to develop and conserve tunnels is still being debated.
- 鞆町の活性策として1983年に港の一部を埋め立てて道路と公園を整備する構想が広島県から公表され、反対運動などから凍結されていた。
- For revitalizing Tomo-cho town, Hiroshima Prefecture announced a plan of reclaiming the harbor partially for roads and parks in 1983, but it was frozen for a while by the opposition campaign, and so on.
- 島自体は、安山岩を主に火山性の岩石で、周囲のほとんどが切り立った崖になっており、タブノキなどの常緑広葉樹の原生林で覆われている。
- The island itself, which consists of volcanic rocks (mainly Anzangan rock (andesite)), is mostly surrounded by a vertical cliff and is covered by a virgin forest of evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Machilus thunbergii.
- 嶋原の大門は2箇所存在し、廓の女性達は(手形が必要ではあるが)自由に廓の外へ出ることができ、一般人の出入りも老若男女問わず自由。
- Shimabara had two omon (entrance gate to the hanamachi), and, with the tegata (permit, 手形), women in the hanamachi are allowed to go out of the district freely; moreover, it was open to commoners irrelevant of age or gender.
- 公務の執行を妨害する罪及び傷害罪に問われた被告人が捜査の違法性を争ったが、適法とされ、公訴事実それ自体についても、有罪とされた。
- The case was brought for obstruction of performance of official duties and bodily injury and the defendant claimed the illegality of the investigation which was judged as lawful after all and was convicted of the facts constituting the offense charged.
- 「遊女」という呼称は古くからあり、元来、芸能に従事する女性一般を指したものであり、とりたてて売春専業者を意味するものではなかった。
- The naming of 'yujo' had existed since old times, and it originally referred to the women in general who were engaged in the performing arts, so it did not necessarily mean prostitute only.
- しかし知識人階級から六三法撤廃は台湾の特殊性の否定であるとの批判が出ると、台湾に議会設置を求める台湾議会設置請願運動が開始される。
- However, when intellectuals criticized this movement, saying that repealing Law No. 63 meant the denial of the special character of Taiwan, the new movement was initiated to call for the establishment of a parliament in Taiwan.
- 女性には科されなかったとも、生涯幽閉する刑であったとも、実際に膣口を縫い潰したり、卵巣か子宮を切除する場合とがあったとも言われる。
- Studies suggest various possibilities regarding the use of this penalty against female criminals; some suggest that this penalty was not applied to women; some say this penalty was replaced by the penalty of confinement for life for women; and some mention the possibility that the vagina was stitched up, or the ovaries or womb were extracted.
- だが、ほぼ確実に長坂はこの戦に出陣していなかったと見られることや、史料中での3人の扱いが不当に貶められていることから信憑性は低い。
- However, this theory is not so credible in that Nagasaka almost certainly did not participate in the battle and the historical source does not do justice to the three vassals.
- 冊封体制の下での「属国」・「属邦」とは、近代あるいは現代の国際法におけるそれとは表記を同じくしながら、性格を異にする存在とされる。
- Although the terms 'subject state' or 'client state' used under the tributary system have a different meaning in the international law of recent history and the present day, the same expressions are still used.
- また、名義をはじめとする著者の属性に虚偽を含もうと、同一人物によって書かれたと見なされていれば、普通贋作や偽書などとは呼ばれない。
- Moreover, even in case a writer's attribution such as name is fallacious, if it is written by the same person, the work is not usually considered to be forged writings or gisho.
- 同書には続けて、禅鳳から相伝したとして永正13年(1516年)常門孫四郎吉次の署名があり、この人物が実際の編者である可能性が高い。
- This book also includes the signature of Magojiro Yoshitsugu TSUNEKADO who succeeded Zenpo in 1516, and it is highly likely that he served as editor.
- しかし王陽明は「理あに吾が心に外ならんや」と述べるように、「性」・「情」をあわせた心そのものが「理」に他ならないという立場をとる。
- But as can be seen from his statement that 'ri is nothing but my mind', Wang Yangming took a stance that one's mind, which is a combination of 'sei' and 'jo', is nothing but 'ri.'
- 百姓等領民にとって転封は、領主の交替により、それまでに獲得してきた諸権利を否定される可能性もある為、反対一揆を起こすこともあった。
- For the people including peasants, Tenpo meant what the rights they had acquired before would be denied due to the changes of their feudal lords, so the people sometimes staged opposition uprisings.
- 現在でも海上自衛隊舞鶴地方総監部(1952年設置)や第八管区海上保安本部(1948年設置)があり、国防拠点都市としての性格を持つ。
- Even today, Maizuru houses the Maritime Self-Defense Force Maizuru District Headquarters (established in 1952) and 8th Regional Coast Guard Headquarters (established in 1948), taking on the characteristic of a defense base.
- これによって二重政権は解消され、豊臣政権は再び秀吉のもとに一元化されるが、政権の正統性の拠り所である関白職は豊臣宗家から失われた。
- By Hidetsugu's death, the dual government was dissolved and the Toyotomi administration was unified again under Hideyoshi, however, the head family of TOYOTOMI lost the post of Kanpaku, by which the government could justify itself.
- まだ密教は体系化されていなかったが、その呪術的な修行や奇蹟を重視し世俗的な富の蓄積や繁栄を肯定する性格が神祇信仰とも折衷しやすい。
- Although Esoteric Buddhism had not been systematized yet, it might be easy to blend with the Jingi belief because of its magical practice and teachings, focusing on miracles, and affirming accumulation and the prosperity of secular wealth.
- しかし全国六十箇所以上に上る各銭座により鋳造された寛永通寳の製作および素材は多種多様であり、外観上の画一性を欠くものとなっていった。
- But Kanei Tsuho, minted by more than sixty zeniza all over the Japan, was of great variety in production and raw materials, and lacked integrity of appearance.
- そのため、複数年にわたる記述である可能性が高いが、卑弥呼の死が247年か248年か(あるいはさらに後か)については説が分かれている。
- There is a strong possibility that they were recorded over several years, but opinions are divided on the year of Himiko's death, be it in 247, 248, or even later.
- 「力士に腕を折られる」や「商家の跡取り息子が身代を潰す」等、福沢諭吉の人間性を見る上でも、当時の世相を見る上でも興味深い表現が多い。
- Many interesting expressions, such as 'an arm broken by a sumo wrestler', or 'a son of a merchant who took his father's business ruins the business', can be found in his writing, providing good insights for us to review how the society of the time worked, and to understand Fukuzawa himself.
- 1911年、1921年、1925年、1929年の改正で、自治権の強化と公民権の拡張が進むが、この制度の基本的な性格は変わらなかった。
- Although the revisions of the law carried out in 1911, 1921, 1925 and 1929 had increased the autonomy and expanded the civil right, the basic character of this law remained unaltered.
- 尊氏が南朝に降ったときに南朝が要求した条件に、皇位は南朝に任せるという項目があったため、北朝の皇位の正統性が弱められる結果となった。
- Because one of the conditions that the Southern Court demanded when Takauji surrendered was to unify Imperial succession to the Southern Court, the legitimacy of the Imperial succession of the Northern Court was weakened.
- 近世(江戸時代)に入ると、将軍家や大名家は権力を正当化するため、儒教思想を積極的に採用し、歴史の編纂を通じて自らの正当性を主張した。
- Entering the early-modern times (the Edo period), the Shogun family and Daimyo families (feudal lord families) adopted Confucian thought actively to legitimatize their power and compiled their own histories to assert their legitimacy.
- 野州家は将軍近習としての性格を有した一方で、京兆家、典厩家とも密接な関係を保ち、結果として細川氏一門の幕政関与に貢献したと思われる。
- The Yashu family possessed its nature as a shogun attendant, but on the other hand, they maintained the close relationship with the Keicho family and the Tenkyu family, as a result, it is assumed, they had contributed to the involvement of the Hosokawa clan in bakufu.
- 地質調査の結果、平安遷都より古い時代の高野川は、(現在のように)出町柳で鴨川と合流していたわけではないという可能性が指摘されている。
- A geological investigation result points out that, before the Japanese capital was moved to Heian-kyo, the Takano-gawa River might not have been merged into the Kamo-gawa River at Demachiyanagi (as at present).
- しかし、弘文院を大学別曹ではなく一種の図書館であったとする説もあり、和気広世個人が和気氏の氏上としての立場から支給した可能性もある。
- However, some people asserts that Kobun-in was a kind of library, not Daigaku-besso, and there is a possibility that WAKE no Hiroyo personally granted as the chief of the Wake clan.
- その意味で信憑性の程度や事実の如何はともかくとしても、歴史学的に客観的な検証能力を有するものは著しく少ないのが実情であるといえよう。
- In this sense, setting aside the question of the degree of credibility or the existence of facts, there are few legends that can be verified objectively from the historical viewpoint.
- こういった相性では、しばしばあることだが、理知的には説明できないながらも明らかに所定人物同士の関係性が多とは決定的に異なることもある。
- In this type of aisho, the nature of the relationship between the given people is often fundamentally different from that of others even if this cannot be explained rationally.
- 資料的な信用度が高いとされる池田本の方では1000丁と書かれた後に「三」の字が脇に書き足されたようになっている点に信憑性の問題がある。
- The Ikeda book, which is considered to be more reliable, also raises a question as to its reliability since the character of '三' (three) seems to have been added alongside 'a thousand teppo' in the main text.
- 鎌倉時代には叡尊や忍性による悲田院の再興をうけて西大寺 (奈良市)真言律宗の元に組織化されたり、一遍の時宗とともに遊行するものもいた。
- In the Kamakura period, with restoration of Hiden-in Temple by Eison and Ninsho, Hinin residents were organized under the Shingon Ritsu sect of Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City), some of Hinin travelled with monks of Ippen's Jishu sect of Buddhism.
- この時、日本が朝鮮に出兵する可能性を清朝より知らされた朝鮮側では、李裕元や朴珪寿を中心に日本からの国書を受理すべしという声が高まった。
- At that time Korea was informed by the Qing dynasty of the possibility that Japan would dispatch troops, so Yuan YU, Gyu-su PARK and others insisted that Korea should receive the sovereign's message of Japan.
- さらに、鏡の鈕孔を長方形に作る癖を持つ、ある中国工人群が三角縁神獣鏡を製作しており、その手法が魏の官営工房に繋がる可能性が強いという。
- Besides, a group of Chinese craftsmen that made bodkins of the mirrors in a square shape made the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror and their skills could lead to government-operated crafts in the Wei dynasty.
- 当時の民間の流行歌謡であり、白拍子という女性芸人(しばしば遊女を兼ねた)のうたう七五調四句を基調とする今様も貴族社会でもてはやされた。
- The imayo (popular style of song during the Heian period), a popular music among common people, which was based on the seven-and-five syllable meter and four phrases and sung by shirabyoshi, female entertainer (who was often a yujo [a prostitute]), was loved by the noble society.
- また、礫川全次はこの本は歴史書の体裁をとった明治の元勲山県有朋や伊藤博文への批判書だとしており、両者の圧力があった可能性を指摘している。
- Zenji ISOKAWA also asserts that the book also received backlash because although it took the style of a historical document, it was also a criticism of Aritomo YAMAGATA and Hirobumi ITO, outstanding statesmen who made great contributions during the Meiji era.
- 元来開明的で議会制導入に積極的であった木戸に、議会早期開設の必要性を説き、木戸を通じて、大久保が立憲体制を政府方針とすることを画策した。
- His plan was to explain the need to immediately establish a parliament to Kido, who by nature had enlightened ideas and was proactively supportive of the implementation of a parliamentary system, aiming to use Kido to convince Okubo to adopt a constitutional system as the government's policy.
- しかし準備期間が全くないまま唐突に発せられた点は否めず、解放された女性の転職、収入面の補償などのケアは個々の地方に任される状態であった。
- However, since it was announced abruptly with no preparation period, the Meiji Government had to have local governments deal with aftercare services for liberated women in pleasant quarters, particularly prostitutes, such as finding new jobs and compensating for their lost income.
- 北宋の米芾は『画史』において書画鑑賞の本質的な意義は「清玩」することにあると述べているが書画の芸術性が社会に認識されたことを示している。
- BEI Futsu in the Northern Sung Dynasty described in his work, 'Gashi (the history of paintings)' that the significance of viewing calligraphic works and paintings was in 'doing Seigan (appreciating something beautiful),' which showed that artistic quality of calligraphic works and paintings came to be recognized in society.
- 絵文字とも思われる模様が刻まれた土器が発見された事例はあるが、発掘例も少ないため、文字と呼べるだけの規則性は見受けられないとされている。
- There was a case in which earthware with a pattern engraved on it which could be pictographic was found; however, there is not enough regularity to call it a character due to the lack of other excavated examples.
- 照葉樹林帯の植物性食料と内湾性の漁労がこの文化圏の特徴で、特に貝塚については日本列島全体の貝塚のうちおよそ6割がこの文化圏のものである。
- The plant-derived foods from the laurel forests and fish catching in the inner bay areas were the characteristics of this cultural region; especially, approximately sixty percent of shell mounds excavated in the entire Japanese archipelago were from this cultural region.
- 高野・熊野の2つの聖地を結ぶことから小辺路は『修験の道』としての性格をも帯びており、修験宿跡や廻峰記念額も残されていると伝えられている。
- Since it connects two holy places, Koya and Kumano, Kohechi has a function of a 'road for the mountaineering asceticism in Buddhism' and it is said that there are remains of lodgings for the mountaineering asceticism in Buddhism and pilgrimage memorial pictures.
- または邪馬台国論争の隆盛のように歴史ブームというべき現象も起きており、学術的信頼性のない説(九州王朝説など)も一定の広がりを見せている。
- Furthermore, a phenomenon that can be said a history boom, for example, popular and hot disputes about Yamatai-koku kingdom, has been generated, with theories lacking academic reliability (for example, the theory of Kyushu dynasty) gaining a certain amount of support as well.
- 他の日記には、女流作家による『成尋阿闍梨母集』(成尋阿闍梨母)、『讃岐典侍日記』(藤原長子)、男性による『厳島御幸記』(源通親)がある。
- Apart from Sarashina Nikki, 'Jojin Ajari no haha no shu' (A collection of poems by mother of Jojin Ajari) written by a female author (the mother of Jojin Ajari), 'Sanukinosuke Nikki' (the Diary of Sanukinosuke) (by FUJIWARA no Nagako), 'Takakurain in Itsukushima Gyoko ki' (The record of the visit of a retired Emperor Takakura to Itsukushima) (by a male author, MINAMOTO no Michichika) are famous examples as well.
- 雑役免田の集積による雑役免型荘園(ぞうえきめんがたしょうえん)は、荘園としては未完成であり完全な不輸となる前の過渡的性格のものと言える。
- The collection of Zoeki Menden led to Zoekimengata Shoen and was a transient state of Shoen before complete exemption from tax.
- また、元老でありながら参謀総長として戦争を指揮した山縣有朋の発言力が高まり、陸軍は「大陸帝国」論とロシアによる「復讐戦」の可能性を唱えた。
- The war increased the influence of Aritomo YAMAGATA who took command in the war as the Chief of the General Staff, even though he was also a Genro (elder statesman), and the Army raised the possibility that Russia could develop into a 'Continental Empire' or pursue a 'War of Revenge.'
- 「丈」は元々は成人男性の身長を基準とした身体尺であったと考えられる(「丈夫」は元々は身長1丈の男の意で、そこから一人前の男の意となった)。
- It would appear that 'jo' was originally the measurement unit of body length based on the length of adult male ('jobu' (丈夫) originally meant a man whose height was 1 jo [1.8 meters those days], whence it came to mean fully grown man).
- 女御(にょうご)…本来は嬪の別称であったが、後に皇后・中宮に次ぐ地位とされてこれらの地位に昇る予定の女性でもまず女御になるのを慣例とした。
- Nyogo: Originally a nyogo referred to another name for Hin (a mistress) but this term evolved into a position of one in pursuit of the rank of an empress and chugu; therefore, a lady who planed to become an empress or a chugu became a nyogo first, according to custom.
- 嘉承2年(1107年)に堀河が没するとその皇子(鳥羽天皇)が4歳で即位し、独自性が見られた堀河時代より白河は院政を強化することに成功した。
- When Horikawa died in 1107, his prince (Emperor Toba) succeeded the throne at age four; and Shirakawa succeeded in strengthening insei relative to the era of Horikawa, where some originality in government by the Emperor was seen.
- 現在では、考古学からする文化圏の検討と、北東北に分布するアイヌ語地名から、7世紀以降の蝦夷についてアイヌとの連続性を認める説が有力である。
- Nowadays, the leading hypothesis is derived from a theory that considers the issue from the perspective of cultural areas based on archaeology; another theory considers the continuity of Emishi after the seventh century with the Ainu, as examined from the perspective of toponyms of the Ainu language distributed in the northern Tohoku region.
- まず会所の建物そのものの性格からいえば、平安時代、寝殿造りの建築にあった来客と主人が対面するところ、客亭(出居)が、その起源にあげられる。
- From the characteristic of the kaisho building itself, the origin is said to be the Kakutei (lodging) (Idei (guest room or the bedroom of the owner)), where the guest and master of the house met within the shinden zukuri (architecture representative of a residence of a nobleman in the Heian period).
- また埠頭から高速道路へ直接アクセスできる国道27号バイパス「西舞鶴道路」も計画中であり、国際物流港としての重要性がますます高まりつつある。
- In addition, 'Nishi-maizuru Road,' which is a bypass of the National Route 27 is also being planned, and thereby the port is enhancing its importance as an international logistic port.
- 『とりかへばや物語』が有名で、男女の性格が正反対の兄妹が、父によって男女入れ替えて育てられ、それぞれの人生を切りひらこうとする物語である。
- 'Torikaebaya Monogatari' (The Changelings) is a famous tale that depicts a brother and a sister who attempt to live through their lives; they were opposite in personality, and were treated and raised as the opposite gender by their father.
- 倭国における王権形成期とされる弥生時代中期には防御的性格を強め、高地性集落とともに、王権形成過程の軍事的動向を反映していると考えられている。
- As Wakoku was strengthening its position as a kingdom during the mid-Yayoi period, the defensive aspect of moat settlements as well as upland settlements became more evident to reflect the kingdom's military trend.
- 彼らは資本主義の発展にともなって鉄道経営が大きな利益をもたらすとともに、産業支配と鉄道支配との間に密接な関連性があることをよく認識していた。
- They were well aware that railway management would bring a huge profit along with the development of capitalism and there is close relationship between the control of industries and the control of railways.
- 俗称として「文章道」という言葉もまた通用していた可能性はあるものの、「文章道」が公式な学科名として用いられたことは無かったと考えられている。
- The term 'monjodo' may have been used as a common name; however, it is believed that 'monjodo' was never used as an official name for the subject.
- さらに、浅野内匠頭が切腹になったのに吉良上野介が無罪になったことの不当性を、本来は幕府に訴えて、裁判により明らかにすべきであると論じている。
- And he went on to say that the judgment by the government was not adequate to make ASANO Takumi-no-kami to kill himself, leaving the other party KIRA Kozuke-no-suke non-guilty; the ideal closing should have been to bring the case to the government to resolve by court.
- 甲州金および江戸時代の通貨体系となった「両」および「分」は、これを基に定められた可能性が高く、薬種の量目も金銀の単位体系に準じたものである。
- ryo' and 'bu,' which were incorporated into Koshu-kin and the currency system of the Edo period, were highly likely to have been based on the previously-mentioned system, and the weight units' system of drugs was modeled after that of gold and silver.
- 特に朱子学が従来の儒学議論の中から、孟子の「性善説」を取り出し、極端に尊崇したことから、「性」「善」の内容をめぐって議論を呼ぶことになった。
- From among the traditional discussions on Confucianism, Shushigaku took Mencius' 'Theory of Innate Goodness' and held it in high esteem, which led to the debate over 'innateness' and 'goodness'.
- 昭和初期(戦前)、津田左右吉は記紀が天皇家の日本統治の正当性を高めるために高度な政治的な理由で編纂されたとの意見を表現し、有罪判決を受けた。
- In the early Showa period (before the World War II) Sokichi TSUDA was convicted for expressing that Kojiki and Nihon Shoki ('A Record of Ancient Matters' and 'The Chronicles of Japan') were compiled by a highly political reason to raise the legitimacy of the Imperial family, the ruler of Japan.
- なお、この条約の特異性から一部欧米列強から軍事同盟の密約の疑惑を持たれるなどしたことや、治外法権の存在などに対する反対論があり批准が遅れた。
- Because of the uniquness of this treaty, a part of the allied western powers had a suspicion that they made a secret agreement on the military alliance, or had an opposing argument on the exterritoriality, so the ratification was delayed.
- 太政官布告として布告された本法は、その後も長らくこの状態を保っていたが、時間の経過につれ、次第にこの規定の実効性が喪失していくこととなった。
- This act introduced as edict of Grand Council of State remained intact for a long time after that, but lost its effectiveness gradually as time went by.
- 上記のような時代区分論は、発展段階史観の影響を少なからず受けており、歴史の重層性・連続性にあまり目を向けていないという限界が指摘されている。
- The theories concerning the classification of historical periods, described above, are significantly affected by the evolution phase concept of history, and it is pointed out that they have a limitation in not taking into account that history is layered and is continuous.
- しかし同じ足利一門でも、斯波氏や畠山氏の家格が高く本家からの独立性が強かったのとは異なり、この時代の細川氏はさほど有力な御家人ではなかった。
- Although the clan was of the Ashikaga clan, the Hosokawa clan in this period was not a powerful gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and the Muromachi through the Edo periods), unlike the Shiba clan and the Hatakeyama clan whose kakaku (family status) were high and were highly independent from the head family.
- 梅雨前線の南側を構成する2つの気団はともに海洋を本拠地とする気団(海洋性気団)のため、海洋から大量の水蒸気を吸収して湿潤な空気を持っている。
- As both of two air masses which compose the southern part of the baiu front are air masses which have an ocean as its base (martitime air mass), they absorb a large amount of moisture from the ocean and contain wet air.
- 一般的には、宴会席で男性客に踊りを始めとする遊芸を主に接待し、時代、及び立地により、客の求めに応じて性行為を伴う性的サービスをする事もあった。
- Generally speaking, they entertained male guests at a banquet with their arts for amusement including dancing, and depending on the period and location of industry, they sometimes offered sexual service that involved sex in accordance with a request of the guest.
- 日朝修好条規は日米間の条約を研究して結ばれたものであるから、パークスが感じるように日朝修好条規と日英間の条約の性格が似ているのは当然といえる。
- As the Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity was concluded based on the study of the treaties between Japan and the United States, it would be natural that Parkes felt the character of the Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity was similar to that of the treaty between Japan and England.
- また、建長年間(貞応と正嘉の間の時期)に押小路烏丸殿の施設が存在したかも不明であり、少なくても二条良実が押小路烏丸殿の主であった可能性は低い。
- Furthermore, there is a question as to whether the buildings of Oshikoji Karasumadono residence actually existed during the Kencho era (the period between the Joo era and Shoka era), and as such, the possibility that Yoshizane NIJO was the lord of Oshikoji Karasumadono is small.
- 意見書によると、ロシアとの共同行為は、恩を感じた清国から艦隊や貯炭所の割譲または租借ができる唯一の可能性を与えるものである、と認識されている。
- According to a written statement, the concerted intervention with Russia was acknowledged among the high officials as the only way to get a cession or a lease of fleets and coal yards from Qing, as Qing would feel obligated to do so if the intervention was successful.
- なお、「私年号」を時の王朝に対する対抗的性格の薄いものとし、明確な対抗的意志をもって建てられる「偽年号」「僭(窃)年号」と区別する場合もある。
- From the point of view that Shinengo had little intention to oppose the dynasty of the time, they are sometimes regarded as different from 'Itsunengo' and 'Sennengo or Setsunengo (stealing of nengo)' which had a clear rebellious intention.
- 伴善男、伴中庸、生江恒山、伴清縄らが捕らえられ厳しく尋問されるが(杖で打ち続けられる拷問を受けていた可能性もあり)、彼らは犯行を認めなかった。
- TOMO no Yoshio, TOMO no Nakatsune, IKUE no Tsuneyama, and TOMO no Kiyotada were arrested and interrogated (possibly tortured by continuous whipping), however, they denied having committed the crime.
- したがって継受法としての律令法と、大化前代の固有法との間には断絶があって、固有の慣習法を基礎として成立した武家法制とは性格を異にする点が多い。
- Therefore, there is a disconnect between the ritsuryo law which is the adopted law and the inherent law from the pre-Taika era, and its nature differs in many ways from the samurai legal system which was established based upon unique common law.
- 碁盤目状の旧市街を南北に走る新町通り周辺と永原町通り周辺、北の八幡堀の畔には、商家・町家・土蔵といった近世建築の連続性が高い町並みが現存する。
- In the vicinity of Shinmachi-dori Street and Nagaharacho-dori Street which run from south to north in the old town constructed on a grid and on the dike of Hachiman-bori Canal in the north, townscape with high continuity consisting of premodern buildings such as mercantile houses, traditional townhouses and dozo (storehouse with thick earth walls) exists even today.
- その一方で農業生産性の低い土地では、連作が不可能なために人為的に耕作と休耕を繰り返す土地利用も現れたこうした土地を片荒(かたあらし)と呼んだ。
- On the other hand, property with low agricultural productivity could not sustain continuous cropping and property that was deliberately cultivated on alternate years was called Kataarashi.
- このことから、当時の実態はヤマト王権が他の首長より優越はしているが強い支配関係にはなく、ヤマトと他地域の連合政権的な性格だったと考えられている。
- From these records, it is thought that although the Yamato Kingdom was superior to other chiefs, it was not a strongly dominant relationship, but rather more like a coalition government.
- その後浅井氏は勢力を伸張して坂田郡から犬上郡まで勢力を広げるが、元亀元年(1570年)、織田信長と交戦状態になり、再び横山城の重要性が高まった。
- Subsequently, the Azai clan expanded its power from Sakata County to Inukami County, but in 1570 it started a war with Nobunaga ODA, by which the importance of Yokoyama-jo Castle emerged again.
- しかしこの間、『日本書紀』の記述の信頼性が高まったわけでもないので、即位説をめぐる論争は決定打を欠くまま諸学者の推測にゆだねられることになった。
- However, since the reliability of descriptions of 'Chronicles of Japan' did not increase, the dispute regarding the enthronement theory was not solved, and was left to the conjecture of scholars.
- これは中国における「天」概念と非常に類似しており、両者の関連性がしばしば指摘されているが、どちらのほうが起源として古いかは明らかにされていない。
- This is quite similar to the notion of 'Ten' in China and their relevancy is often pointed out, but it is still unknown which is older in terms of origin.
- ただし、火山を多く持つ日本列島は火山灰に覆われており、土壌が酸性であるため化石が残りにくい事から、この時代の人類の化石は未だに発見されていない。
- However, human fossils from that era have not yet been discovered because the Japanese archipelago is covered with volcanic ash and has acidic soil due to its many volcanoes, which makes fossils difficult to retain.
- 高家が饗応役を命じられた大名から進物をもらうことは、賄賂というよりも授業料や必要経費の性格が強く、当時は別に卑しまれている類のものではなかった。
- For koke to receive gifts from feudal lords who appointed them as attendants, it was considered more as tuition and necessary expense and nothing greedy at that time.
- また、商店街などが地域活性化と職業への理解を深めてもらうため、中高生に業務を体験してもらうイベントを「丁稚体験」と呼ぶケースがある。(大阪など)
- In order to revitalize the local area and to deepen the understanding of occupations, organization of shopping streets or other groups organize an event which gives junior and senior high school students an opportunity to experience businesses, and such an event is sometimes called 'experiencing decchi' (in places like Osaka).
- 山口茶屋の屋敷跡の二次林には海岸性のタブノキやカクレミノが見られるが、これが鳥によって運ばれたものなのか住人が持ち込んだものなのかは不明である。
- In secondary forest at the remains of Yamaguchi-jaya Teahouse, there grow tabunoki (machilus thunbergii) and kakuremino (dendropanax trifidus) which usually grow on a seashore, and it is unknown whether they were brought by birds or residents.
- 後鳥羽上皇らが幕府討伐のため起こした承久の乱は、結果としては幕府が朝廷に勝利し、朝廷に対する幕府の政治的優位性の確立という画期的な事件となった。
- The end result of the Jokyu Rebellion, in which Retired Emperor Gotoba and others tried to overthrow the bakufu, was the triumph of the bakufu over the court--this rebellion ushered in a new era, one of the political ascendancy of the bakufu over the court.
- 中古三十六歌仙と呼ばれる和歌の名人三十六撰に、大江氏から大江千里 (歌人),大江匡衡,大江嘉言,女性からは和泉式部,赤染衛門らが選出されている。
- Thirty-six excellent waka poets called 'chuko-sanjurokkasen,'OE no Chisato (wakanpoet), OE no Masahira, OE no Yoshitoki, and from ladies, Izumi Shikibu, Akazome Emon, were chosen from the Oe clan.
- その中でも丹国は、のちのヤマト王権に並ぶ独立性を持っていたとする説(丹後王国論)があるように、大陸との交易により力を備えていたと考えられている。
- In particular Ninokuni is thought to have secured power through trade with the Chinese continent; one theory (Tango Kingdom theory) says that the kingdom was as independent as Yamato Dynasty, which was established later.
- また、去勢を「腐刑」とも称するのは、その傷口から悪臭を発するからだとする説と、外性器を縛って腐らせる事で去勢する方法があったからだという説がある。
- There are two possible reasons for the alternative name of the castration penalty: '腐刑' (literally, 'rot down penalty') that the wound of the castrated criminal gave off a bad smell, or there was a method to remove genital parts by tying them to decay themselves by stopping the blood flow.
- 罪人に対して科されるため、漢代以前には、外性器を切り落とした後も十分な治療もされず、熱した土に首から下を埋めるなどの荒っぽい方法がとられたという。
- Since this was the penalty conducted against criminals, they were not treated well after the excision of the genitals, and a rough treatment method was taken by burying them under heated soil to their neck, which was seen among those castration penalty cases conducted before the Han Dynasty period.
- 江戸時代の伴信友は『万葉集』に収録されている額田王(女性)の和歌の内容から、額田王をめぐる争いが天智・天武間の不和の遠因ではないかと推測している。
- Nobutomo BAN who lived in the Edo period presumed that the remote cause of the dissatisfaction between Emperor Tenchi and Emperor Tenmu was a dispute over Nukata no Okimi (woman) as in the contents of waka (Japanese poetry) written by Nukata no Okimi in the 'Manyoshu' (anthology of Japanese poems).
- また、蘭学を奨励し、工藤平助らの提案によって最上徳内を蝦夷地に派遣し、新田開発や鉱山開発さらにアイヌを通じた対ロシア帝国交易の可能性を調査させた。
- He encouraged Western studies, and following the suggestion of Heisuke KUDO, dispatched Tokunai MOGAMI to Ezo to investigate the potential for development of new rice fields or mines and trade with the Russian Empire through the intermediation of the Ainu.
- 家康が1600年の関ヶ原の戦いに勝利して天下人となり、1603年に征夷大将軍に任ぜられると、幕府の所在地として江戸の政治的重要性は一気に高まった。
- Edo rose in political prominence when it became the seat of the Bakufu government when Ieyasu 's became the ruler of Japan after his victory in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and was annointed 'Seii taishogun' in 1603.
- さらに1987年の球場外野席改修工事で、破壊されたと考えられていた遺構の一部が良好な状態で発見され、残る遺構も同様に残存している可能性が浮上した。
- Furthermore, some of the ancient structural remnants were discovered in good condition when repair work for the outfield bleachers of the stadium was being conducted in 1987, which raised the expectation that other remnants were remaining.
- このオレンジ色の星が、ライチョウなど羽色が橙色系の胸をもつ鳥とともに、「朱雀」という瑞鳥のイメージの成立に、何らかの形で関与している可能性もある。
- This orange colored star, in addition to creating an image of the Ptarmigan or any other birds whose feathers are orange around the breast, may also have possibly influenced the establishment of the image of this auspicious bird 'Suzaku.'
- また『江戸会雑誌』は享和三年正月(1803年)の数字として60万7100人を挙げている(但し男性の人口を誤って十万人多く記載していると思われる)。
- Also, according to 'Edokai zasshi,'the population in New Years 1803 (Japanese Years) was 607,100 (However, it is believed that the male population was mistakenly overstated by 100,000).
- このような名目貨幣は幕府に利益をもたらすものであり、慢性的な財政難に悩む幕府にとって、もはや名目貨幣の発行は止まる所を知らないものとなっていった。
- This nominal money generated profits for the bakufu which was suffering from chronic financial difficulties and they could not stop issuing nominal money.
- 前九年の役、後三年の役で安倍氏 (奥州)や出羽清原氏が軍事拠点として設置した柵は成り立ちや性格が異なるので、一般的にはここでいう城柵には含めない。
- The saku that were located as military footholds by the Abe clan of Oshu and the Dewa Kiyohara clan during Zen Kunen no Eki (the Early Nine Years' War) and Gosannen no Eki (the Later Three Years' War) were different in nature from 'josaku,' so they are generally not included in the 'josaku' discussed here.
- 通常に現地の日本語学校へ進み、ビデオデッキ、インターネット、マンガやアニメといったメディアの発達によりアメリカに住みながらも日本と同じ感性で育つ。
- They usually go to local Japanese schools and are brought up as if they were in Japan thanks to the advancement of media such as VCRs, the Internet, comics, and anime.
- 滋賀県の県庁所在地ではあるが、県の南西端に位置し、また京都市に隣接し京都の衛星都市として発展してきたことから、滋賀県の中核都市としての性格は弱い。
- Although it is the prefectural capital, the feature as a core city of Shiga Prefecture is weak since it is located at the southwest end of the prefecture and adjacent to Kyoto City, and it has been developed as a satellite city of Kyoto.
- 歴史的には能楽や女歌舞伎の舞台で秀でた女性に「太夫」(舞太夫、能太夫)の称号が与えられたことから、嶋原の太夫は舞踊を習得していることが必須である。
- Historically, the title of 'Tayu' (Bu dayu and Noh dayu) has been awarded to those females who excelled in Noh plays and women's kabuki, and accordingly, the tayu in Shimabara are required to master classical Japanese dance.
- 彼らは生業や農作物の多様性に '百姓' の '百' の字義を投影し、しばしばこうした多様性を持った農業を行う者こそが '百姓' であると定義する。
- They project the meaning of the Chinese character '百' (hundred) of the term 'hyakusho' onto the diversity of vocations and crops, and often defines people who engage in agriculture with such diversity are the 'hyakusho.'
- 不平等条約的性格が看取されるのは、この時貿易規則とは別に、宮本小一から趙寅熙に渡された公文(「修好条規付録に付属する往復文書」)の中においてである。
- The character as an unequal treaty can be seen in the official document ('the correspondence attached to the appendix of the treaty of amity') which was handed over from Okazu MIYAMOTO to In Hee CHO, apart from the trade regulations.
- 不平等条約(ふびょうどうじょうやく)とは、条約の性質に基づいてなされた分類の一種で、ある国家が他の国家に、自国民などに対する権力作用を認めない条約。
- An unequal treaty is a category that is formed on the basis of the nature of the treaty, under which one state does not approve the enforcement of authority by another state over nationals of the former state.
- 性文化を始め日本の土着文化を自ら潰し、失われてしまったものが少なくない(例えば今日、茶道を嗜む者はいるが、日常的にちょんまげをしている者はいない)。
- This has resulted in the Japanese throwing away their original native culture of the sexes on their own and they have lost quite a lot (for instance, some Japanese enjoy Japanese tea ceremony, but no Japanese men make a habit of wearing their hair in a topknot).
- 日本では、成人男性の身長はおおむね5尺台(約150 cm - 180 cm)であったので、身長を言う時には「5尺」を省略してその下の寸だけを言った。
- In Japan, most adult men had the height from 5-shaku level (about 150 to 180 centimeters) so when their height was explained, '5 shaku' was omitted from their real height, and merely the remainder was mentioned in sun.
- その結果、宋代以後の儒学は、孔子の思想的側面(聖人の心と解釈者の心)を明らかにすることにも力を費やすことになり、結果として思弁性のあるものとなった。
- As a result, Confucianism after the Song period also placed a strong emphasis on clarifying the ideological side of Confucius (the sage's mind and reader's mind), which made Confucianism more speculative.
- 従って、この乱を「天慶の乱」と呼ぶ事には問題はないものの、単に「承平の乱」と呼んだ場合には事実関係との齟齬を生む可能性がある事に留意する必要がある。
- It should be noted that the wars may be referred to as the 'the Tengyo Wars', but they cannot simply be referred to as 'the Johei Wars' as this may be a contradiction of historical fact.
- が、日本国内における生糸の生産が増加し、輸入生糸の重要性(新しい糸割符制度は日本国内産生糸を保護と生糸の輸入制限の意図を兼ね備えていた)が低下した。
- However, the production of raw silk threads increased in Japan; therefore, the importance of importing raw silk threads decreased; (the function of the new itowappu system included to protect the raw silk threads made in Japan as well as to limit the amount of raw silk threads to be imported to Japan.)
- 以上で述べた式部省の重要性から、式部省の判官である式部大丞(正六位相当)及び式部少丞(従六位従六位相当)は、しばしば従五位に叙せられることもあった。
- As mentioned above, Shikibu-sho was regarded as the important ministry, and therefore the rank of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) was often conferred on the Shikibu no Taijo (Senior Secretary, corresponding to Shorokuinoge [Senior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade] as a rule) and the Shikibu no Shojo (Junior Secretary, corresponding to Jurokuinojo [Junior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade] as a rule) extraordinarily.
- しかしこれらには宋~明中葉の一般官田のように国家財政収入を支える国有地としての意味はなく、学田を除くと、利用を許可された個人の私有地の性質を帯びた。
- However, these lands were, in nature, not the state lands like the general kanden in the period from Song to mid-Ming which supported the national fisacal revenue, and except 学田, they were in the nature of private properties held by individuals who were permitted to use.
- 大正期に入ると、マルクス唯物史観が重んじる歴史法則性を強く否定視する歴史理論(カントやディルタイ)が紹介され、歴史哲学への関心を高める契機となった。
- Entering the Taisho period, the historical theory (by Kant and Dilthey) strongly denying the concept of considering that history progresses according to a law, a concept strongly supported in Marxism-based materialistic views of history, was introduced, strengthening interests in the philosophy of history.
- また、武家政権である鎌倉幕府の性格からの武断的措置であるとする解釈や、対外危機を意識させ防戦体制を整える上での決定的措置であるとする考え方などがある。
- Some also consider that a decision was made, trying to solve the problem by force of arms, taking into consideration the nature of Kamakura bakufu as a military government, or trying to prepare the defense system by alerting its people about a threat from foreign countries.
- 金子は、当初「元老院」と仮称していたが、伊藤博文は外国の元老院は選挙による選出だから今回の議院とは性質が異なると否定し、その結果「貴族院」に決定した。
- Kaneko called Kizokuin 'Genroin' (the Chamber of Elders) initially but Ito disagreed with Kaneko because the Chambers of Elders overseas were selected by election and not in the same way as that of Japan; as a result, it was decided to call it as 'Kizokuin' (The House of Peers).
- そのため、南樺太に施行すべき法律を勅令で定めるほか、施行される法律については勅令により若干の地方的又は種族法的な性質を有する特例を設ける方式を採った。
- Thus, laws which should be enforced in Southern Sakhalin were specified by the imperial edicts, and for such laws the edicts also established some exceptions having regional or tribal characteristics.
- 大河ドラマ『元禄繚乱』などもこの説を採っており、吉良が田舎大名が困るのを面白がるような描き方をして、サディスト的な性格を持っていたことを強調している。
- Taiga-dorama (NHK Historical Drama), 'Genroku Ryoran' (Genroku profusion) adopted this theory, and it emphasized Kira's sadistic personality by portraying Kira entertaining himself by watching the feudal lord from the country being in trouble.
- そして1880年(明治13年)9月20日、3ヶ月にわたる上町町会の運動の末に県令が折れ、日本で初めて(戸主に限定されていたが)女性参政権が認められた。
- On September 20, 1880, after a three-month campaign by the Kamimachi town assembly, the prefectural governor gave in and permitted women's suffrage (of heads of household only), the first such breakthrough in Japan's history.
- 女性参政権(じょせいさんせいけん)または婦人参政権(ふじんさんせいけん)とは、女性が直接または間接的に国ないし地方の政治に参加するための諸権利を言う。
- Women's suffrage, also known as woman suffrage, refers to the right of women to participate in national and local politics directly or indirectly.
- しかし4年後の1884年(明治14年)、日本政府は「区町村会法」を改訂し、規則制定権を区町村会から取り上げたため、町村会議員選挙から女性は排除された。
- Yet four year later, in 1884, the Japanese government revised the 'Local Government Assembly Law' and stripped away the right to establish regulations from the local government, whereupon women were again barred from participating in local government assembly elections.
- その後、両説を折衷する見解や地域差・民族問題などと関連付けて両説の並立の可能性を探る見解も出されているが、通説の確立には程遠い状況にあるとされている。
- Later, the viewpoint eclectically mixing both of the two theories and the viewpoint seeking the possibility of the compatibility between them linking with the regional differences, ethnic problems and so on was proposed, but it is far from establishment as a commonly accepted theory.
- (3) 紀伊山地の神社と仏教寺院は、それらに関連する宗教儀式とともに、1000年以上にわたる日本の宗教文化の発展に関するひときわ優れた証拠性を有する。
- (3) The shrines and Buddhist temples in Kii Mountain Range, together with their associated religious rites, are regarded as particularly excellent evidence on the development of Japanese religious culture over 1000 years.
- 姓名判断や血液型性格分類(ないし血液型占い)、占星術は言うに及ばずラブテスターのような玩具に至るまで枚挙に暇が無く、こういった行為や関連する物品は多い。
- Not to mention the character diagnosis, character grouping by blood types (or fortune-telling by blood types) and horoscope, there is even toys such as a 'love-tester'; there are many activities and commercial products related to predicting aisho.
- などがあり、すでに動作しているパーツやドライバが原因の可能性も考えられ、この状態に陥ると、解決を目指すよりも、諦めて構成を変更したほうが良い場合が多い。
- And, it is also possible that some operating parts and drivers are the cause and when the computer falls into such a state, it is often better to change the configuration rather than trying to solve the problem.
- その際、隋唐以前の訓詁的研究を行いつつも、より率直に聖人と解釈者との一体性を強調し、解釈者の心と聖人の心とが普遍であるという前提を構築することになった。
- To that end, while continuing to read the classics according to the study of kunko handed down from before the Sui and Tang periods, they more straightforwardly emphasized the oneness of the sages and the reader to build the assumption that the minds of the reader and the sage are uniform.
- これは、改革掛には渋沢や前島密など郷士や農民などから幕臣を経て明治政府に仕官した者が多く、早くから人権の確立や四民平等の必要性を自覚していた層であった。
- It so happened because most of those in charge of revision took service with Meiji Government through being goshi (country samurais) or farmers like SHIBUSAWA and Hisoka MAEJIMA and they were of the stratum who were aware of the necessity of the establishment of human rights and the equality of all people early.
- しかし、711年に馬の軍事的な重要性から従五位下ながら皇族である葛木王(後の橘諸兄)が令外官である馬寮監(めりょうげん)に任じられて左右馬寮を統括した。
- However, in 711, Prince Katsuragi (later TACHIBANA no Moroe) who was a member of the Imperial family although his rank was Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) was appointed as Meryogen (the chief of the Bureau of Horses) which was Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system), from the viewpoint of military importance, and controlled the right and left divisions of Meryo.
- 1904年(明治37年)に喜田貞吉が論文「女帝の皇位継承に関する先例を論じて大日本史の大友天皇本紀に及ぶ」を出して壬申年に女帝があった可能性を示唆した。
- In 1904, Sadakichi KIDA published a thesis 'the history of Emperor Otomo with precedents of succession of empresses to the Imperial Throne' to suggest that there was a possibility that an empress was put up in the Jinshin year.
- 今日で言う憲法とは異なり、官僚や貴族に対する道徳的な規範を示したものであり、今日の国家公務員法、地方公務員法、国家公務員倫理法に近い性質のものと言える。
- Unlike today's constitution, it stipulates moral codes for bureaucrats and nobilities, and it can be said that its nature is similar to the National Public Service Act, Local Public Service Act and National Public Service Ethics Act of the present day.
- 殺害された日本人のうち公使館員等で朝鮮人兇徒によって殺害された以下の日本人男性は、軍人であると否とにかかわらず、戦没者に準じて靖国神社に合祀されている。
- Among the Japanese victims, the following men such as legation staff who were killed by the angry Korean mob were, regardless of being soldiers or not, enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine as war dead.
- 駅伝制の確立時期は7世紀後半ごろの日本の古代道路遺構が広い範囲で検出されていることから、改新の詔が契機となって、交通制度の整備が進められた可能性がある。
- Considering from the fact that ancient roads built in the latter half of the seventh century were discovered in a wide range of Japan, there is a possibility that Kaishin no Mikotonori triggered developments on the transportation system.
- 堺市(大阪府堺市)や博多(福岡県福岡市)などでは会合衆を中心に自治的な都市運営を行っており、応仁の乱以後は武装して防衛をしており自治的性格をもっていた。
- Cities like Sakai (part of the Osaka metropolitan area today) and Hakata (the modern-day Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture) were free cities self-governed largely by the egoshu, associations of merchants, and beginning with the Onin War, such cities armed themselves and bolstered their defensive capabilities, developing quite an autonomous, free spirit.
- 実質的に全国の土地を支配していた武士を天皇が直接支配することは全く前例のないことである上、性急な政策であったため武士たちの支持を得ることはできなかった。
- Over and above the fact that to the samurai, who had owned the lion's share of land throughout the country, having the Emperor assert direct control over that land was entirely unprecedented, Emperor Godaigo's government was also impetuous, ensuring that it would not receive the support of the samurai class.
- 一方で、網野善彦はこうした武田氏や甲斐源氏中心の研究に対して甲斐中世史において他氏族の果たした役割を強調し、武田氏以外の氏族研究の必要性を主張している。
- Against these studies that focus on the Takeda clan and Kai-Genji, Yoshihiko Amino stressed the role which other clans played in the medieval history of Kai and asserted the necessity to study other clans.
- 実際はより複雑であるが、こういった思想の類型では四大元素など、相互に影響しあって何らかの結果を招くという意味で、この関係性が「相性」という言葉で表された。
- The actual idea is much more complicated; nonetheless, the relationship, in which things, such as four elements, influence each other and this then leads to a consequence, was expressed with a term 'aisho.'
- 同書は倭人が周王へ暢草(薬草)を献上したと記述しており、早ければ武王紀元前11世紀末頃、記述のある成王とすれば紀元前10世紀頃の出来事である可能性がある。
- The literature mentioned that Wajin presented the King of Zhou with Choso (medicinal plants), which was possibly in the late 11th century B.C. under the reign of King Wu of Zhou at the earliest, or in the 10th century B.C. if it was during the time of King Cheng.
- 断面が深くV字形に掘削された環濠やその周辺に逆茂木(さかもぎ)と称されるような先を尖らせた杭を埋め込んでいる様子から集落の防御的性格があったことが窺える。
- The defensive aspect can be seen by the way moats were dug down, steeply to a point at the bottom making it shaped like a 'V,' being accompanied with abatis called Sakamogi, which are kind of stakes with sharpened tops directed outwards, along its sidelines.
- 手を焼いた伊藤は、明治天皇に貴族院が法案成立に協力するよう求める勅語を出させ、従わせたことがある(貴族院はその性質上、勅語には従わざるを得ないのである)。
- A troubled Ito asked the Meiji Emperor for an Ordinance to require Kizokuin to co-operate on pending the legislation and forced them to accept it (they had no option but to follow the Emperor's Ordinances.)
- 湯立ちの風習は、水と火の神聖・呪性を重視し、精進潔斎を行って湯を沸かして神に献じて参列した人々も浴びることで生命の再生・浄化と息災を願うというものである。
- In yudate, with reverence toward the holiness and magical power of water and fire, after purification by abstaining from eating meat, the conductor of the ritual boils water, presents it to the gods, and at the same time sprinkles it over the attending people to pray for rebirth and purification of life and good health.
- 軍事作戦上の齟齬や各国軍の戦闘への積極性の違いも原因であったが、そもそも北京に早く到達すべきかどうかという根本的な点で意見の一致を見ていなかった為である。
- The contradicting military strategies and the difference in the enthusiasm of each army toward the battle were causes, but it was mainly due to lack of basic agreement about whether to arrive in Beijing early or not.
- そもそも日本を含めた東アジア文化圏においては、民衆は政治的に無権利であり、法的に許されたわずかな権利も支配者の統治・命令の絶対性を前提としたものであった。
- To begin with, in the East Asian cultural area including Japan the people had no political rights and even only a few rights legally approved were premised on the absolutism of administration and orders of a ruler.
- つまり、内地の法律を勅令により施行する措置は採らず(性質上外地にも施行される法律を除く)、勅令を関東州に対して発することにより立法権を行使することにした。
- That is, the government did not enforce the laws of the inland (excluding the laws that should be enforced in the region due to its nature) in the Kwantung Leased Territory with the Imperial edicts, but exercised the legislative power by issuing the Imperial edicts to the Kwantung Leased Territory.
- 伝統的な街並みや過去の優れた建造物の多くが戦災や経済発展の中で失われ、経済性・合理性優先の安上がりな建築が多くなり、スクラップアンドビルドが繰り返された。
- Many of the traditional cityscapes and beautiful old buildings and structures were lost in the war or during the economic growth, and there was a growing number of cheap structures that emphasized economic rationality and repeated 'scrap and build' constructions.
- 地域性として亀岡・園部の南丹(口丹波)地方は山城国・摂津国、福知山・綾部の中丹は丹後・但馬、篠山・氷上の兵庫丹波は但馬・摂津・播磨国に密接に係わっている。
- As for regional characteristics, the Nantan (Kuchitanba) area with Kameoka and Sonobe was closely linked to Yamashiro and Settsu Provinces, the Chutan area with Fukuchiyama and Ayabe to Tango and Tajima Provinces, and the Hyogo Tanba area with Sasayama, and Hikami to Tajima, Settsu and Harima Provinces.
- その個性ある地名は、いずれも力自慢だった龍神(女神)とクジラの大王が、どちらが強いか知恵比べしようと、ここで囲碁で勝負した、との言い伝えによる(を参照)。
- The unique name of Bakuchi (gaming) originates from a legend that a dragon goddess and a whale king, both proud of their strength, played a game of go in a game of wits (reference).
- 主に男性を対象とした刑罰であったが、女性に宮刑を科す場合には、代わりに幽閉して強制労働させたとも言われているが実際に去勢された事例も若干数あったようである。
- This penalty was mostly conducted against male criminals, but it was also applied to female criminals in some cases such as confinement and forced labour instead; however, it also appears to be true that even female criminals were sterilized in some cases.
- 会所では、付書院とか違い棚とか押板とか、唐物の飾りの場としての性質、後世の書院造につながる設備が注目されるが、そういったものがあるのは、附属の小部屋である。
- People focused on the characteristic of Kaisho having the Tsukeshoin (a type of window), Chigaidana (a set of staggered shelves), oshiita, the place to decorate with karamono and equipment that would lead to the later Shoinzukuri (architecture of a study room), but it is the adjoining small room that has those items.
- しかし「沙至比跪」の逸話が史実と見なせるかには疑問の余地があり、これを考慮すると、『書紀』の襲津彦像は総じて没個性的で、各々の記事間にも脈絡がほとんどない。
- However, there is controversy as to whether the legend of 'Hisachiku' can be thought of a historical fact; if we take this into account, Sotsuhiko described in 'Nihonshoki' seems overall to be lacking in personality and articles referring to him do not seem to show coherence in their descriptions.
- 日本に於いては、母系婚が鎌倉初期まで続いた事は論を俟たないが、男系相続の進展と共に、母系の婚家に男が通う形態から、まず、別宅としての男性主体の住処が成立した。
- In Japan, it is a matter of course that matrilineal marriage lasted until the early Kamakura period, but as succession in the male line became common, a man hardly came to visit his spouse's family, but came to have his own residence as a second house.
- 最初の翻訳という性質上仕方ないことであるが、『解体新書』には誤訳も多かったため、のちに大槻玄沢が訳し直し、『重訂解体新書』を文政9年(1826年)に刊行した。
- Not a few mistranslation was found in 'Kaitai Shinsho' although it was naturally unavoidable in any attempt of new translation, so that Gentaku OTSUKI subsequently retranslated it and published 'Jutei Kaitai Shinsho' (re-revised Kaitai Shinsho) in 1826.
- もっとも、文学の場合、大きく時代を遡れば、アイソポス(イソップ)やホメロスなど著者の同一性自体が揺らいでいても偽書・贋作論議の埒外に置かれているケースもある。
- The identities of writers from ancient times such as Aesop and Homer are suspicious, but they are placed outside the discussion as to whether their works are gisho or forged writings.
- なお、諸般の事情により大名脇坂氏2代の脇坂安元が堀田氏から養嗣子を迎えたことで、血統では初代からの連続性は早々と絶えており、その後も堀田氏とのつながりが強い。
- However, due to various reasons the second generation of the daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) Wakisaka clan, Yasumoto WAKISAKA, took an adopted heir from the Hotta clan; the bloodline from the first generation died out in the early stage, and the relationship with the Hotta clan became stronger.
- また、陸続きの隣国が存在せず、また天皇を君主とした国家体制が続いてきたこともあり、隣国との通謀や亡命の可能性が低く、天皇を抜きとした政権転覆も考えにくかった。
- Japan was an island country and with its stable state system with the emperor, betrayal or defection to neighboring countries, as well as overthrowing the government without an emperor, was unlikely.
- しかしながら、『妙法寺記』や武田氏、上杉氏の感状など、この合戦があったことを伝える信頼性の高い史料は残っており、この年にこの地で激戦があったことは確かである。
- However, highly reliable historical documents indicating that the battle was fought actually, for example, 'Myohoji-ki' (literally, records in Myoho-ji Temple), and kanjo letters (letters commending distinguished achievements in a battle) in the Takeda clan and those in the Uesugi clan, remain, and therefore, it is certain that fierce battles were fought in this area in this year.
- 671年、天智天皇が没すると、天皇の子の弘文天皇(弘文天皇)が近江大津宮で跡を嗣いだとされる(正統性は天武天皇のものと併せ江戸時代より議論の的となっている)。
- It is believed that, after Emperor Tenchi died in 671, his son Emperor Kobun succeeded him in the Imperial Palace Omi Otsu no Miya (The legitimacy of his succession to the throne as well as that of Emperor Tenmu have been the focus of controversy since the Edo period.)
- そして中山寺で宝印を探し出し、播磨国書写山の性空上人、河内国石川寺の仏眼上人と中山寺の弁光上人を伴い三十三箇所を巡礼したことから、やがて人々に広まっていった。
- Emperor Kazan then found the hoin at the Nakayama-dera Temple, made the pilgrimage to the thirty-three holy places of Kannon accompanied by Saint Shoku in Mt. Shosha in Harima Province and Saint Butsugen at the Ishikawa-dera Temple in Kawachi Province, and as a result, the pilgrimage began to spread among people.
- しかし、長篠合戦に参戦した織田軍の兵力を通説に従って3万、また先述のように参戦しない武将にも鉄砲隊を供出させた史実を考えれば、数千挺ほど用意出来た可能性はある。
- However, the Oda family could have acquired a few thousand teppo, if we take the standard number of 30,000 men deployed by the family, and if we recall the historical fact that they ordered the non-participating busho to provide teppo.
- しかし、工事の最中に発見された小さな古墳が公にされないまま破壊されている可能性があるほか、2005年には古江古墳が破壊されるなど、小規模の古墳の破壊は今もある。
- However, there have been some cases of minor destruction of kofun such as the incident in which Hurue Kofun was destroyed in 2005, and here is also the possibility that minor kofun are secretly destroyed during construction.
- 九州王朝説を唱えた古田武彦は、『筑後風土記逸文』に記されている筑紫君の祖「甕依姫」(みかよりひめ)が「卑弥呼(ひみか)」のことである可能性が高いと主張している。
- Takehiko FURUTA, who advocated the Kyushu Dynasty theory, claimed that there was a strong possibility that the ancestor of Tsukushi no Kimi, 'Mikayori Hime,' (Princess Mikayori) whose name was written in 'Chikugo no Kuni Fudoki Itsubun' (a surviving fragment of the topography of Chikugo Province), was 'Himika.'
- また、日本植民地時代という呼称も用いられるが、韓国併合条約、日本による朝鮮領有の合法性、有効性を示唆するものであるという認識から、近年では忌避される傾向にある。
- Furthermore, the Japanese colony period is also used, but recently it tends to be avoided based on the recognition that it implies the legitimacy or validity of the treaty of the annexation of Korea and the Japanese occupation of Korea.
- 生きた「人間の展示」とは、観覧者たちが自らとは異なる生活様式を「実際」に見ることによって、差異を「発見」し、それを「劣等性」と読み替え確認する仕組みなのである。
- This means that 'human exhibition' is a way where viewers see the 'real' lifestyles that are different from theirs to 'discover' the differences between them, and to interpret it as 'inferiority'.
- 明治維新とともに法令が一変して、手続が追いつかない事(また、長く掲げる事を目的とした高札の「固定性」も漸進的に法令を改正していく新政府の方針にそぐわなかった)。
- The slow procedure of setting up Kosatsu could not follow the complete changes in the general acts and laws promoted by the Meiji Restoration; (the stationary nature of Kosatsu system for long-term posting of notes in public also did not meet the policy of the new Meiji government who wanted to drastically change and restore the general laws)
- そもそも当時、公地公民制という概念が存在していなかった可能性が高く、また三世一身法・墾田永年私財法は、むしろ律令制を補強することを目的として制定されたのである。
- There is a high possibility that the notion of Kochi Komin sei did not exist at that time and therefore, institution of Sanze-isshin Law and Konden Einen Shizai Law were rather aimed at reinforcing the Ritsuryo system.
- 平氏は、後白河の仲介による京への復帰を目指していたが、後白河にすれば平氏が政権に復帰することになれば再び院政停止・幽閉となる危険性があり、和平はありえなかった。
- The Taira clan aimed to return to Kyoto through the intermediation of Goshirakawa, but from Goshirakawa's point of view, having the Taira clan return to the administration had the possibility of termination of the cloistered government or even capture, and so there was no chance for peace.
- 前光の後を嗣いで伯爵となった柳原義光は野心家であったが、妹・柳原白蓮(あきこ)の離婚騒動や娘・吉井徳子の不良華族事件、最後には自分自身にも同性愛疑惑が発覚した。
- Yoshimitsu YANAGIWARA, who became a count by succeeding Sakimitsu, was an ambitious man, but his ambitions were thwarted by a series of scandals: the divorce of his younger sister, Akiko YANAGIWARA; an incident in which his daughter, Tokuko YOSHII, engaged in conduct that was unbecoming for someone of her station; and the emergence of suspicions that he was homosexual.
- その危険性に気づいた伊藤博文らは大日本帝国憲法制定時に天皇の神格化を図り、「神棚に祭る」ことで第三者が容易に関与できないようにし、合法的に天皇権限を押さえ込んだ。
- Hirobumi ITO and his colleagues realized that risk, and tried to deify the emperor when they legislate the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, to 'enshrine the emperor in the Shinto altar' makes third party incapable of participating easily, and legally suppressed the authority of the emperor.
- しかし、江戸時代中期以降、太平の時代に入ると、軍事機密の意味は無くなり、慢性的な財政難のため、家臣が禄を離れることは、枢要な人物で無い限り事実上自由になっていた。
- From the mid-Edo Period to the Taihei Period, military secrecy was no longer needed and ongoing financial difficulty made it possible for vassals to leave, unless they served in key positions.
- そのため、彼らに経営状況を教える時には、軍事輸送用の臨時列車を走らせることまでも公開する必要に迫られる可能性があり、同時に軍事機密が外国に漏洩される恐れもあった。
- Therefore, when the companies told the foreign investors their managing status, the companies needed to tell them so far as to the information on running the extra trains for military transportation, and at the same time there was a fear that military secrets would leak to foreign countries.
- 両法令は公地公民制の基盤を覆す性格をもったことは確かだが、動機としては班田(口分田)を確保することによって律令体制の立て直しを図ったものであったことも事実である。
- These two laws were no doubt intended to undermine the basis of the kochi komin system, but it was a fact that they aimed to rebuild the ritsuryo system by securing handen (also known as kubunden - the land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).
- しかし系図には疑うべき余地も多く、実際には源平合戦の際は井上一族では無く北安曇の仁科氏らと行動を共にしていたので、当時の慣習から見て別の一族であった可能性がある。
- However, because there are uncertain aspects of its genealogy and the Takanashi clan fought in the Genpei War along with the Nishina clan of northern Azumi, not the Inoue clan, the Takanashi clan probably doesn't belong to the Inoue clan, considering the custom of the time.
- なお、律令制とは、律令に基づく制度を意味する用語であり、律令自体については律令の項を、律令の持つ法典としての性質などについては律令法の項を、それぞれ参照されたい。
- The term Ritsuryo system refers to the system based on the Ritsuryo codes; for the Ritsuryo codes, see the section 'Ritsuryo,' and for features of the Ritsuryo codes, see the section 'Ritsuryo law.'
- 原価が安い生活必需品に高い専売価格を定めることによって莫大な財政収入を得ることが可能になる一方で、専売の過程において生じるリスクを抱え込む危険性も併せ持っていた。
- While it is possible to gain a huge income by setting monopoly prices higher for daily necessities of low cost, there can also be some risk in the process of monopoly.
- また、徳川綱吉の側用人であった柳沢吉保の日記には、生類憐みの令に関する記述があまりなく、重要な法令とは受け止められていなかった可能性が強いのではないかと推論する。
- Moreover, there are few records regarding the law in the diary of Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA, lord chamberlain of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, suggesting that there is a high possibility that the law did not have a high importance attached to it.
- このことで、太上天皇の地位は後任の天皇から与えられることに根拠を持つものに変質し、在位の天皇の優位性が確立して、二頭政治・二重権力の弊害は解消されることになった。
- This led to a change in the position of retired emperor as a position to be given by the coming emperor, and established the superiority of the residing emperor, relieving the harmful effects of diarchy/dual power.
- しかしこの原則は律令法の階級性を否定するものでなく、たとえば現実の刑の適用にみられる貴族の特権的地位の保証は、律令法が貴族階級のための法であったことを示している。
- However, this principle does not deny the hierarchical nature of ritsuryo law, for example, the guaranteeing of the privileged position of kizoku with regard to the actual application of penalties, indicates that ritsuryo law served the kizoku class.
- 神経痛、筋肉痛、関節痛、五十肩、運動麻痺、関節のこわばり、うちみ、くじき、慢性消化器病、痔疾、冷え性、病後回復期、疲労回復、健康増進、きりきず、やけど、慢性皮膚病
- Nerve pain, muscle ache, joint ache, frozen shoulder, motor paralysis, stiff joints, contusion, twisted joint, chronic digestive diseases, hemorrhoid, excessive sensitivity to cold, recovery from illness, soothing effect, health enhancement, cut, burn injury and chronic skin diseases
- 会所の、その副次的な性格から、常御所の前面に配置されるわけがなく、やはり、奥向きにあったのだろう、と川上は推測し、整合性があうように東山殿の復元配置を試みている。
- Kawakami predicted that due to the secondary nature of kaisho, it was not placed in front of Tsune no gosho but was probably placed at the back, and attempted the reconstruction of the coordinated location of Higashiyamadono.
- また、それら文化財自体の地震などへの耐震性についても、現在の基準で判断すると問題のある建物も相当数あるが、解体修理は世紀単位で一度しかできず、莫大な費用を要する。
- When judging the earthquake resistance of those cultural properties in accordance with current standards, there are many buildings that fail but dismantling and repair can only be conducted once every century and requires enormous amounts of money.
- かつては朝鮮語の「ナラ(国という意味)」との関連性を指摘する学者もいたが、現在はほぼ否定されている(「均す(なら-)『平らにする』」という意味が語源とされている)。
- There used to be scholars who suggested a possible connection with the Korean word 'nara' (meaning a country), however, this theory is no longer accepted (the origin of the word is believed to be 'to flatten').
- 同時に彼は日本統治そのものについては朴正煕政権との類似性などをあげ、軍事独裁の一形態であり、韓国の資本家に独裁政権への依存体質をもたらす原因になったとも述べている。
- At the same time, he pointed out the similarity of the Japanese rule to Chung-hee PARK's government, and said it was one form of military dictatorship, and caused Korean capitalists' dependence on dictatorship.
- これは立憲君主制への移行・軍の近代化・経済振興・科挙廃止を視野に入れた教育改革を目指すもので、方向性は数年前西太后が取り潰した康有為らの戊戌変法と同じものであった。
- The aims included transition toward a constitutional monarchy, modernization of the army, economic advancement, and reformation of education through the abolishment of Kakyo (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats), pointing in the same direction as the Hundred Day's Reform of Kang Youwei that Empress Dowager crushed several years ago.
- だが、土地の賦課の是非は大名などの領主の権限と考えられていたこと、従来の検地に代わる大規模な測量の必要性があることから、政府内でも賛否両論があってまとまらなかった。
- However, this proposal was not put into practice because there were arguments for and against within the government; the main reasons for the opposition lied in that at that time it was believed that the authority to impose land tax or not lied in the feudal lords such as daimyo and that it was necessary to conduct a large scale land survey replacing the existing nationwide land survey before getting into the land-tax reform.
- 松尾尊兌は、ここに始まる大正デモクラシーが一部の都市知識人による脆弱な輸入思想ではなく,戦後民主主義に直結する性質を有する、広汎な民衆運動であったことを説いている。
- Takayoshi MATSUO (a Japanese historian) argues that Taisho Democracy, starting with the Taisho Seihen, was not a vulnerable foreign idea superficially scooped by some urban intellectuals but a widespread popular movement that had some characteristic directly reflected in the Japanese democracy after World War Ⅱ.
- 「神皇正統記」は、南北朝時代に南朝の北畠親房が関東で勢力を集めるために南朝の正統性を神代から記した所で、のちの皇国史観に繋がるイデオロギー的性格の強い史書であった。
- The 'Jinno shotoki' (Record of the Imperial Succession) was a work written by Chikafusa KITABATAKE and argues for the legitimacy of the Southern Court line of succession, that it was unbroken since the age of myth, in an attempt to drum up support for the Southern Court in the Kanto; in later times, it was to have a powerful influence on ideologues trying to promote a historiographic view of Japan as divine and Emperor-centered.
- これによって一族の財産や地位の分散を最小限に止め、血筋の尊貴さと正当性を有する嫡流は氏族の栄達を成し遂げ得る存在であり、庶流とも官位などの面で大きな差がつけられた。
- This minimized the risk of dispersing their fortunes and ranks; chakuryu, who held nobility and legitimacy of blood, were those who could advance the status of their clans and were greatly favored over the shoryu in terms of official ranks, for example.
- 渡来人の高い生産性に支えられた葛城氏の実力は極めて巨大で、大王家のそれと肩を並べるほどであり、両者の微妙なバランスの上に、当時のヤマト政権が成立していたのであろう。
- The Katsuraki clan, supported by the high productivity of immigrant workers, was so powerful that it was as strong as the Okimi family; it is thought that the Yamato regime exsited in a delicate balance between the two families.
- 以降尊義の東条吉良氏と、西条に勢力を限定された満貞の西条吉良氏とは、互いに正統性を主張しあって譲らず、両者の子孫が約一世紀に渡って三河一国を舞台に抗争を繰り広げた。
- After this incident, the Takayoshi's family line of the Tojokira clan and the Saijokira clan, which had limited power over the Saijo, persisted on the legitimacy of their respective clans, the conflict continued for over a century staged upon Mikawa Province between the descendents of the two.
- また、将軍家の血筋の予備としての御三家の性格上、御三家自身も当主を絶やさぬように血統の保存装置として支藩を持つ必要があり、御連枝(ごれんし)と呼ばれる分家を持った。
- Since Gosanke acted as a backup bloodline for the shogun family, they necessarily had their own branch domains as a reserve system in order for them to retain their family head, so they had branch families called Gorenshi or Renshi (brothers of prestigious noblemen).
- 道徳的知である良知は実践的性格を有し、また道徳的行いは良知に基づくものであって、もし「知」と「行」が分離するのであれば、それは私欲によって分断されているのだ、とする。
- Wang Yangming stated that practice was a feature of ryochi, moral knowledge, that moral practice was based on ryochi, and that if 'chi' and 'gyo' were separate from each other, they were split by a selfish desire.
- この当時にイギリスの死刑執行人を務めていたウィリアム・マーウッドが考案した物と金具の形状やロープの長さ、床の開き方などが酷似しており、参考にされた可能性が考えられる。
- The shape of metal fittings, the length of the rope and the way the floor opens are similar to those devised by William Marwood, who served as executioner in England in those days, so it is possible that his method was used as a guide for preparing the Scheme.
- しかし、1970年代・1980年代頃から、史料に基づく実証的な研究が進んでいくと、平氏政権も鎌倉幕府に先立って武家政権的な性格を呈していたことが判明するようになった。
- However, when empirical research based on historical documents became popular during the 1970s and 1980s, it was discovered that the Taira clan administration had bushi government-like characteristics before the Kamakura bakufu.
- しかし神祇信仰と習合しやすい呪術的要素を持ちながら国家護持や普遍性・抽象性を備えた教説を整えた中央の大寺院として諸国神宮寺の心を捉えたのが空海の伝えた真言宗であった。
- However, Kukai's Shingon sect of Buddhism attracted Jingu-ji Temples of various countries as a central large temple because it had magical essence, which was easy to combine with Jingi belief, as well as preaching a story, providing protection for the nation, universality, and abstractness.
- その後、律令の専門家を育成する必要性から、神亀5年7月21日 (旧暦)(728年8月30日)の格式において、漢文学・歴史学を掌る文章博士と同時に律学博士が設置された。
- Later doctors of Ritsugaku were appointed together with doctors of Monjodo, a department of Chinese poetry and history on the need to cultivate experts of ritsuryo by ordinance on September 3, 728.
- 性器を切断して生殖能力を奪ってしまえば家系が絶える事になり、先祖に対する供養を人倫の最重要項目に置く儒教においては、宮刑は一種の追放刑として認識されていたとの説もある。
- A study mentions that the removal of genital parts to eliminate the virility meant the discontinuation of his family name, which was understood as a total expulsion from his family and severe punishment under Confucianism, which values the service for the dead as its most important, moral act.
- しかしそれは、半年間の期限付の内閣であると見なされていたこと、清浦内閣を支持する勢力が衆議院でいなければ社会主義者などの過激な運動が高まる危険性を恐れてのことであった。
- However, TAKAHASHI rather supported the cabinet because he thought the KIYOURA cabinet was believed to be in power for only a limited period of time and feared that if the incumbent cabinet lost support in the House of Representatives, it might increase risks of radicalists including socialists gaining momentum.
- 当時においては既に実効性を喪失していると判断した政府は、内閣及び総理府関係法令の整理に関する法律(昭和29年法律第203号)の本則第4号により本法を廃止することとした。
- Considering that Haitorei had already lost its effectiveness at that time, the government decided to abolish this act by the article No.4 of the law on organizing regulations relevant to the Cabinet and the Prime Minister's Office (the 203rd law in 1954).
- しかし、このような新政策は、当然、既得権を侵害される貴族・大寺社の抵抗や全国統一政権としての性格を強めつつあった幕府の規制を受けて充分な成果を挙げることはできなかった。
- However, such new measures naturally did not attain sufficient results because of resistance from aristocrats, large temples and shrines that had their privileges infringed upon and the restrictions imposed by the bakufu, which was strengthening its character as a united national government.
- 90年代後半ぐらいまで旅行ガイドから雄琴の名は意図的に退けられていたり、「琵琶湖の雄琴近隣で女性が泳ぐと妊娠する」といった荒唐無稽ともいえる風評まで飛び交うほどあった。
- Publishers of travel guidebooks intentionally avoided Ogoto from their books and an absurd rumor, said any women swim in Lake Biwa near Ogoto gets pregnant, was running rampant up until the late '90s.
- また、上記の関以外にも北白川口(今路道下→東山道)、東寺口(→山陽道)、法性寺口(→南海道)、西三条道(→(嵯峨道))を七口の1つとして挙げている文書・史料も存在する。
- Other than the checkpoints above, some documents and historical materials name the Kita-shirakawa entrance (the Imamichi michishita: the Higashiyama road), the Higashi-dera entrance (the Sanyo road), the Hossho-ji entrance (the Nankai road) and the Nishi-sanjo road (the Saga road) as one of the Nanakuchi.
- 美男子で知られ娘たちから山ほど恋文を送られていた外道丸こと酒呑童子同様、茨木童子も美少年として多くの女性に言い寄られ、将来を案じた母親に弥彦神社に送られることになった。
- Much like Shuten Doji (known in his boyhood as 'Gedomaru,' meaning 'Apostate Boy'), who was famous for his good looks and received huge numbers of love-letters from the girls in the neighborhood, Ibaraki Doji was also said to be a very handsome youth, wooed by many young ladies in his area, leading his mother, anxious over his spiritual future, to send him off to Yahiko-jinja Shrine.
- これにより李氏朝鮮がロシアの保護国と見なされる危険性もあったと考え、日本は朝鮮への影響力を維持するため1897年に大韓帝国と国号を改めて独立の事実を明確にさせようとした。
- Believing this posed the risk that the Yi Dynasty Korea might be regarded as a Russian protected state, Japan tried to clarify the fact of its independence by changing its name to the Korean Empire in order to maintain Japan's clout on Korea in 1897.
- つまり国歌の必要性は、まずなによりも、外交儀礼の場において軍楽隊が演奏するために生じるのであり、現在でも例えばスペイン国歌・国王行進曲のように、歌詞のない国歌も存在する。
- In other words, the necessity of a national anthem is generated by a military band on the occasion of extending diplomatic courtesy and, even today, there are national anthems that have no words like Spanish National Anthem, Marcha Real.
- なお、元暦2年(1185年)滅亡することがなければ、平清盛の政権は鎌倉幕府とはまた違った、西国を中心とした独自の武家政権へ成長したのではないかとの可能性も指摘されている。
- It has been suggested that if it had not all ended in 1185, TAIRA no Kiyomori's government would have been different from the Kamakura bakufu, possibly developing into an original bushi government with the west provinces as its center.
- それ以前の鞆の成り立ちがどのようなものであったかは、はっきりしないが、遺跡の分布状況などから、弥生時代にはすでにある程度の集落が成立していた可能性が高いと考えられている。
- Although the origin of Tomo until that is unclear, the distribution of ruins and others suggests that it is highly possible that some sort of settlement was organized to some extent in the Yayoi period.
- もともと従来の説の根拠とされた雲揚の公式報告書(10月)は、日朝間の交戦期間をたった1日の間に起きたことのように記し(実際には3日間)、史料の信頼性に疑義が提出されていた。
- There was a doubt about the reliability of the traditional theory, because the official report (October) of Unyo, on which the traditional theory was based, originally describes that Japan and Korea battled for only one day (three days in reality).
- これに対し、一朱金、二朱金、二分金は、純金量が額面に比して少ないことから補助貨幣の性格が強かった(ただし、元禄期に発行された二朱判金は、一分判金と同様に本位貨幣的である)。
- On the other hand, isshu kin, nishu kin, nibu kin were more like subsidiary currencies having less purity compared to the face values, however, nishu bankin issed in the Genroku period had a character of standard coin like ichibu bankin.
- また、明治初期の国家意思形成の不統一性の問題もあり、規制対象を同じくする法令が何度も公布されたり、法令の名称についても、「法」、「条例」、「規則」、「律」など様々であった。
- The early Meiji government internally lacked appropriate means of establishing a uniform direction over state governance, and there were laws and ordinances repeatedly issued with overlapping subjects, using various names for the laws, such as 'act,' 'bylaw,' 'order' and 'code.'
- これらのことから、発掘に当たった奈良国立文化財研究所は、同年1月19日に、和同開珎よりも古く、683年に鋳造されたものである可能性が極めて高いと発表し、大々的に報道された。
- Therefore Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties which had excavated them, announced on January 19 of the same year that it was older than Wado-kaichin and highly probable to have been casted in 683, which was publicized widely.
- この地方統治構造の変化と共に登場した武士は、その初期の一部において、例えば平将門などのように豪族的な性格を持つものであるが、古代史と同様な意味合いでの豪族しては扱われない。
- Samurai appeared along with this change in the structure of local governance, and some had a character of Gozoku like TAIRA no Masakado, in part of the initial stages, but were not treated as Gozoku in the meaning same as that in the ancient history.
- ただし、ヤマト王権は独自性を持った様々な部族の連合政権的な物だったらしく、ヤマト王権の支配域と当時の大和民族の分布域をイコールで結ぶことは必ずしも適切ではないかもしれない。
- However, it might not be appropriate to think that the range of the Yamato sovereignty's domain and the distribution of the Yamato race at that time were equal because the Yamato sovereignty appeared to be a coalition government of various tribes which had their own sovereignty.
- この背景には頼朝が上西門院の蔵人をつとめていたため、上西門院とその近臣・熱田大宮司家が待賢門院(後白河上皇・上西門院の母)近臣家出身の池禅尼に働きかけた可能性が考えられる。
- As a tentative explanation for why she intervened, Yoritomo had served Empress Dowager Josaimonin as a Kurodo (Chamberlain), and it is considered possible that he worked directly for Ike no zenni, who belonged a family of Atsuta Daiguji, that was a vassal of Empress Dowager Taikenmonin (the mother of both retired emperor Goshirakawa and Josaimonin, meaning her family had also served their lady's daughter, Josaimonin), while serving there.
- 第二條 日本國政府ハ韓國ト他國トノ間ニ現存スル條約ノ實行ヲ全フスルノ任ニ當リ韓國政府ハ今後日本國政府ノ仲介ニ由ラスシテ國際的性質ヲ有スル何等ノ条約若ハ約束ヲナササルコトヲ約ス
- ARTICLE II. The Government of Japan undertake to see to the execution of the treaties actually existing between Corea and other Powers, and the Government of Corea engage not to conclude hereafter any act or engagement having an international character except through the medium of the Government of Japan.
- 人口の増大は、江戸を東日本における大消費地とし、東日本各地の農村と結ばれた大市場、経済的先進地方である上方(近畿地方)と関東地方を結ぶ中継市場として、経済的な重要性も増した。
- Population growth in Edo turned the city into the consumption center of eastern japan, and faciliated its rise to economic prominence as a significant market that linked the farming villages of various regions of eastern Japan, and a hub market that linked the economically advanced Kamigata (Kinki region) and Kanto regions.
- 隋・唐の律令では、均田制を採用し、男丁(成人男性)へ一律に口分田と世業田(永業田)を支給することを原則としていたが、それと別に、官職にある者(官人)へ職分田が支給されていた。
- The ritsuyo code of Sui and Tang dynasties adopted an equal-field system under which kubunden (rice fields given to each farmer under the Ritsuryo system) and inheritable fields were provided to all adult men, and shikibunden were granted separately to government officials.
- しかしながら、「父信長だけでなく兄信忠も死んだ事を知った信孝が、予想される織田氏の家督争いの有力者の一人になる可能性のある信澄を言いがかりをつけて殺害した」とする見方もある。
- However, there is a view that advocates 'Nobutaka, who knew that not only his father, Nobunaga, but also his elder brother, Nobutada, were killed, killed Nobusumi who might become a candidate for the family head of the Oda clan, by making a false charge.'
- 相性の、元々の意味は陰陽五行思想の一端で、全ての事物が持つ属性が、相互に良い意味で影響しあってより強まるか、逆に相互の良い部分を相殺しあって悪い状態を招くかといったものである。
- Aisho was originally derived from the part of the philosophy of Onmyo gogyo (Yin-Yang Wu-Xin), which explained that when the attributes of all things influence each other in a good way, they become stronger; when they balance out the good qualities in each other, on the other hand, this invites bad situations.
- だが、信長が出陣した時点で既に退却か長篠城強襲かを決定する必要があるため(信長の岐阜出陣は5月13日、三河牛久保から設楽原へ向かったのが5月17日)その可能性は低いことになる。
- This is however unlikely because they had to decide whether they would retreat or raid Nagashino Castle when Nobunaga set off with his troops (from Gifu on July 1 and left Ushikubo in Mikawa for Shitaragahara on July 5).
- (2)古都奈良の文化財は日本建築と日本美術の進化のひときわ優れた証拠性を有しており、それらは中国と朝鮮との文化的つながりの結果であり後世の発展に重要な影響を与えることになった。
- 2. Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara is exceptionally useful evidence of the development of Japanese Architecture and Art and the result of cultural ties among Japan, China, and Korea; it had the important influence on the development which took place in later years.
- 大鳥圭介の南柯紀行では、ブリュネを「未だ年齢壮(わ)かけれども性質怜悧(れいり)」カズヌーブを「頗る勇敢であり松前進軍のときにも屡(しばしば)巧ありたり」と好意的に書いている。
- Keisuke OTORI left favorable comments in his Nanki Kiko, saying, Brunet is 'still young but quite smart', Cazeneuve is 'very brave and often showed a great performance in the military advance to Matsumae'.
- また第5条では、軍人及び警官、神職僧侶や教員などと共に、女性が政党などの政治的な結社へ加入すること、また政治演説会へ参加し、あるいは主催するという、集会及び結社の自由を禁じた。
- And Article 5 banned women along with military men, policemen, Shinto priests and teachers from political associations such as political parties and prohibited freedom of assembly and association including joining or hosting political speech meetings.
- 江戸時代 名前、出生などの具体的記録は残っていないが、既に移民が開始されていた中国人により、日本人女性が人身売買同然にアメリカに連れて行かれ、売春宿で働かされていたとの記録有。
- Even though there are no specific records from the Edo era including names and births, records do show that Japanese women were trafficked by Chinese immigrants to the U.S. to work in U.S. brothels.
- が、盛季以前の下国家の系譜は諸系図によりまちまちであり、一級史料に見える名と系図の名が一致しない等系図の信憑性に疑問が持たれているため、実態については、いまだ研究の途上にある。
- However, the pedigree of the Shimonokuni family before the time of Morisue varies depending on the various family trees, and as some of the names that appear in some family trees do not concord with the names that appear in the first class historical materials, the credibility of these genealogical records is questioned and the reality is still under study.
- 京都府学連事件(きょうとふがくれんじけん)は、主として、犯罪捜査としての写真撮影の適法性・合憲性が問題とされ、それぞれ適法・合憲と判断された、日本の最高裁判所による判決の通称。
- It is a popular name of a judgment by the Supreme Court of Japan that mainly judged photographing for criminal investigation as lawful and constitutional.
- 江戸時代の遊女の一部は女衒から売られた女性であったが、高級遊女の大部分は、廓の中や、遊芸者層で生まれた女子の中で、幼少時から利発かつ明眸皓歯な者が、禿として見習いから育てられた。
- A part of yujo in the Edo period were women who had been sold from a pander, but most of the high ranking yujo were born to a red-light district or the family of light accomplishments; of such girls, those who were bright and beautiful since they were young were trained as kaburo (child attendants of prostitutes).
- 大彦命に関しては、埼玉県の稲荷山古墳から発掘された金錯銘鉄剣に見える乎獲居臣(ヲワケの臣)の上祖・意冨比垝(オホビコ、オホヒコ)と同一人である可能性が高いとする見解が有力である。
- Regarding Obiko no mikoto, the most convincing explanation is that he was most probably identical to Ohobiko or Ohohiko, a forefather of Owake no omi whose name was inscribed on Kinsakumei-tekken (an iron sword with gold-inlaid inscriptions) excavated at the Inariyama kofun (an ancient tomb at Mt. Inariyama) in Saitama Prefecture.
- さらに、火縄銃など火器類の流入は、従来、非常時には徴発によってかなりの部分を賄いえていた軍需物資に、火薬など大量消費型の品々を加えることになり、ロジスティクスの重要性が高まった。
- In addition, inflow of firearms such as the matchlock caused an increase of mass-consumption type items such as gun powder to munitions materials, a certain part of which could be procured by commandeering in an emergency, increasing the importance of logistics.
- この地ではかつてさまざまな鉱物が産出されており、特に大江山は金属鉱脈が多く河守鉱山では銅鉱・黄銅鉱・硫化鉱・クロム鉄鉱・銀鉱が、また仏性寺鉱山ではモリブデン(水鉛)が採掘された。
- Various kinds of minerals used to be found here, and because Mt. Oe had many metal-bearing veins, copper-bearing ores, copper pyrites, sulfide ores, chrome iron ores and silver-bearing ores were mined in the Komori Mine, while molybdic (yellow lead) was mined in the Busshoji Mine.
- 北条時宗は鎌倉の龍ノ口刑場(江ノ島付近)で杜世忠以下5名を斬首に処した(これは、使者が日本の国情を詳細に記録・偵察した、間諜(スパイ)としての性質を強く帯びていたためと言われる)。
- Tokimune HOJO executed Shizhong DU and other four men at Tatsunokuchi Execution Site (near Eno-shima Island) (it is said to have been because the envoys were mostly spies in nature, recording and investigating the conditions of Japan in detail).
- また、県札を発行して、経済流通の活性化、全国の小学校開設に先立って郷学校を再興して県学として近代教育のスタートを切るなど、中央の統制を越えて、積極的な地方行政を押し進めようとした。
- Furthermore, by going over the authority of the central government and through the issuance of prefectural ordinances, he actively pushed forward regional legislations to stimulate the distribution economy by issuing prefectural bills, and launched the modern educational system as a prefecture-wide model through the restoration of provincial schools ahead of the opening of elementary schools across the nation.
- 芸娼妓解放令は直接的に機能したとは言い難い状態であったが、同令がきっかけとなり、貧農の娘の身売りを防ぐために、女性に対して教育や軽工業に対応する技能習得の場が設けられた地方もある。
- The Geishogi Kaiho Rei wasn't very effective in changing the situation directly; however, as its by-product, in some regions, opportunities for women to study and to achieve vocational skills for light industry were created with the intent of preventing poor peasants from selling their daughters into prostitution.
- これに伴い、戦国大名にとっては、戦国時代から始まるとして世界遺産にも指定された石見銀山に代表されるように、領内にある金山・銀山の運営が、軍資金の調達のために戦略的な重要性を増した。
- As a result, for sengoku daimyo, operation of gold and silver mines in the territory increased their strategic importance as a means to raise war funds as represented by Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine which was designated a World Heritage as commenced in the Sengoku Period.
- 1987年(昭和62年)ごろからは遅れていた高速道路も整備も成され、その交通の利便性などから拠点を置く多数の大手企業が存在し、それらは福知山都市圏を構成し福知山市はその中心を担う。
- From around 1987, the delayed improvement of expressways has started; many major companies are located in Fukuchiyama due to the convenient transportation and these companies comprise the urban area of Fukuchiyama, centered around Fukuchiyama City.
- 1603年に家康は征夷大将軍に就任して江戸幕府を開き、1605年には将軍職を子の徳川秀忠に譲って徳川政権の正統性を確立していき、豊臣宗家は全国政権の座から完全に滑り落ちてしまった。
- In 1603, he became the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and established the Edo bakufu (feudal government headed by Ieyasu), and in 1605, he passed over the shogunate to his son Hidetada TOKUGAWA in order to secure the legitimacy of the Tokugawa Administration, and consequently, the head family of Toyotomi completely lost its authority over the country.
- 荘園領主はこうした事案(所務沙汰)について幕府へ訴訟を起こしたが、意外にも領主側が勝訴し、地頭側が敗訴する事案が多くあった(幕府の訴訟制度が公平性を確保していたことを表している)。
- The lords of shoens filed a suit to the bakufu on these incidents (shomusata, trial dealing with land-related issues), but surprisingly there were many cases where the side of the lords of shoens won a lawsuit and the side of the jitos lost (which means that the fairness of the bakufu's litigation system was secured).
- そればかりでなく、素性の不明ないわゆる「不知銭(ふちせん)」とされる天保通寳も多種存在し、現在のところ判明していない他の藩によるもの、あるいは小規模な民鋳によるものなどが考えられる。
- There are also many kinds of the Tenpo-tsuho coins whose origins were not clear called 'Fuchisen;' they are thought to have been produced by unknown clans or small private casting organizations.
- このため、政府側は新規の政策のための予算を必要とする官庁や軍からの突き上げを受ける事になり、民党に対してポストや金で抱き込んででも予算案を通過させる必要性が出てきてしまったのである。
- For this reason, the government was pressured by the authorities or the military that needed to obtain budget for new political plans, and therefore, had to have the budget plan approved even if they had to bribe the minto with government positions or money.
- 博覧会は元々その開催国の国力を誇示するという性格を有していたが、帝国主義列強の植民地支配が拡大すると、その支配領域の広大さを内外に示すために様々な物品が集められ展示されるようになる。
- Originally exhibitions were held to show off the power of host countries, but as the imperialist powers extended their colonies, they began to collect and display various items to show the vastness of their territories to their nation and the outside the world.
- 例えば、2005年の大河ドラマ『義経 (NHK大河ドラマ)』でも、そのように描かれている(もちろん、ドラマなので考証性は問題にならないが、この説が一般に流布しているという点である)。
- For example, in 'Yoshitsune' (NHK Taiga-dorama [Historical Drama]), produced in 2005, depicted as above (Of course authenticity as historical evidence is not very important since it was constructed as a dramatic production, but we can point out this theory was well circulate to the general audience.)
- 律令制の導入により社会構造が変化し、豪族らが単なる共同体の首長から私的所有地を持つ領主的な性格を持つようになるに伴い、共同体による祭祀に支えられた従来の神祇信仰は行き詰まりを見せた。
- As the social structure changed by introducing the system of the ritsuryo legal codes, local ruling families, who were simply the head of a community, became like feudal-lords with private property, and the conventional Jingi belief supported the religious service by a community was in a deadlock.
- しかしこれを予め知りたいという欲求も、人間がその関係性のなかでしか存在できない(社会的動物)という面もあるために無理の無いところで、しばしばこういった相性を知ろうという考えも存在する。
- However, it cannot be denied that, as social animals that cannot exist outside the social relationships, humans have desire to know it beforehand; as such, often there is a tendency in us which tries to know the compatibility with others in advance.
- 産業革命を迎えた西ヨーロッパ各国は、大量生産された工業品の輸出拡大の必要性から、インドを中心に東南アジアと中国大陸の清への市場拡大に急いでいたが、後にそれは熾烈な植民地獲得競争となる。
- With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, countries in Western Europe sought the expansion of their markets to Southeast Asia, mainly India and Qing Dynasty China, for the export of mass-produced goods--later, these activities evolved into a fierce competition for acquiring colonies.
- だが、マリア・ルース号事件や台湾出兵の影響で批准の必要性が高まり、一連の事件の始末のために清を訪れた外務卿副島種臣によって1873年(明治6年)4月30日に批准書交換がされて発効した。
- But, the María Luz Incident or the Taiwan expedition increased the necessity of the ratification, so Taneomi SOEJIMA, a Chief of Foreign Ministry who had visited Qing to deal with the sequential issues exchanged the instruments of ratification which came into effect on April 30, 1873.
- ちなみに伊予西園寺氏に仕えていた土居清良が書いたとされる軍記物『清良記』(巻七「親民鑑月集」は日本最古の農書とされている)には同氏に関する記述があるが、信憑性には乏しいと言われている。
- In a military epic 'Seiryoki' (volume seven 'Shinmin Kangetu shu' is said to be the oldest agricultural treatises in Japan) which is said to have been written by a retainer of the Iyo Saionji clan, Kiyoyoshi DOI, there is a description on the clan, however, it is said that the description lacks the credibility.
- また、天皇が謝罪したにも関わらずニコライが帰国すると、5月20日には、死を以って詫びるとし京都府庁の前で剃刀で喉を突いて自殺し後に「房州の烈女」と呼ばれた畠山勇子のような女性も出現した。
- After Nicholas went back to Russia in spite of Emperor Meiji's apology, on May 20, a woman named Yuko HATAKEYAMA slit her throat with a razor in front of the Kyoto Prefectural Office to express contrition by her death, and after she died she was called 'retsujo (valiant woman) in Bosyu'.
- 井田は『歴史とテクスト――西鶴から諭吉まで』(光芒社、2001年)の104頁で、「脱亜論」の認定を行い、高橋義雄 (茶人)が起稿した可能性を排除できないとして、次のように結論付けている。
- On page 104 of his book 'Rekishi to Text - Saikaku kara Yukichi made' (History and Text - from Saikaku to Yukichi) (Kobosha Publishing, 2001), Ida concluded as below saying that he could not totally exclude the possibility of Yoshio TAKAHASHI (Chajin [a master of tea ceremony]) wrote it after conducting an identification of the author of the 'Datsu-A Ron.'
- その中の一人イザベリナと呼ばれたゆり(後に杉本姓)という当時52歳の女性がプティジャン神父に近づき、「ワレラノムネアナタノムネトオナジ」(私たちはキリスト教を信じています)とささやいた。
- Among them was then 52-year-old Yuri (later using Sugimoto as the surname), or Isabelina in the baptismal name, who came close and whispered in Father Petitjean's ear, 'we believe in the same religion as you' (we are Christians).
- 家康の将軍任官時には、同時に秀頼が関白に任官されるとする風聞が違和感なく受け止められており、元服を前に秀吉の子として関白就任への可能性を残していた秀頼の存在は無視できないものになっていた。
- When Ieyasu was appointed Shogun, hearsay that Hideyori would be appointed Kanpaku at the same time was taken without any feelings of wrongness: therefore, Ieyasu could not ignore Hideyori, who might be appointed Kanpaku (chancellor) as Hideyoshi's child before his coming to age.
- これに加えて、各藩が出していた藩札の回収・処理を行って全国一律の貨幣制度を実現する必要性もあった(藩札も最終的には発行元の藩がその支払いを保証したものであるから、その藩の債務扱いとなる)。
- In addition, it was required to call in hansatsu (bills usable only in a particular domain) issued by each domain and introduce a uniform monetary system throughout the country (hansatsu constituted a part of domain's debts since the domain guaranteed its repayment as the issuer).
- 鎌倉時代にも京都の朝廷は政治機能を発揮していたが、東国支配を強めていた鎌倉殿に1185年守護・地頭の設置を認め、鎌倉幕府が全国支配を強めたため、京都は相対的に経済都市としての性格を強めた。
- The imperial court of Kyoto fulfilled a political function during the Kamakura period but Kyoto came to function more as a financial city as the imperial court allowed the Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) who was gaining control over the eastern part of Japan to appoint shugo (provincial constables) and jito (managers and lords of a manor) in 1185.
- 「これを要するに、明治十四年初頭から十七年の末までの福沢の東アジア政策論には、朝鮮国内における改革派の援助という点での一貫性があり、「脱亜論」はこの福沢の主張の敗北宣言にすぎないのである。」
- 'To sum up, in Fukuzawa's theory of East Asian policy from the beginning of 1881 to the end of 1884, there was a consistency in supporting revolutionaries within Korea and the 'Datsu-A Ron' was just his concession speech for what he had been insisting.'
- 「太平記」は後醍醐天皇の即位から細川頼之が管領に就任するまでの南北朝時代を扱っており、軍記物語の性格が強く室町時代から江戸時代にかけて太平記よみと呼ばれる物語僧によって庶民にも語られていた。
- The 'Taiheiki' (Record of the Great Peace) describes the Northern and Southern Court period, from Emperor Godaigo's enthronement to Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA's appointment as Kanrei; characterized by its strong stylistic similarities to war chronicles, it also gained popularity among the commoners through the reciting of tales by monks from the Muromachi period through to the Edo period, and was so often recited that such readings aloud, regardless of the title of the work being read, came to be called 'Taiheiki readings.'
- この計画に対しては、予定地の東側では橋ができると街の活性化につながると賛成する意見がある一方で、西側の先斗町では橋ができて通り道になると街の風情が損なわれると反対する意見が多数を占めていた。
- People on the east side of the planned footbridge are in favor of the plan since the bridge may well energize the area; on the other hand, those in Ponto-cho on the west side are mostly opposed to it, thinking the planned footbridge would crowd the street and destroy the landscape of the town.
- ワカタケル王に比定される倭王武が中国へ送った上表文にはヤマト王権が各地を征服していった様が記述されているが、考古史料からは倭国内部に独自性を持った首長層が多数存在していたことが示唆されている。
- A description in the Johyobun (Memorial to the Emperor), sent to China by Waobu, a figure identified as the King Wakatakeru, shows that the Yamato Kingdom appeared to conquer various regions, although some historical materials suggest that many chiefs maintained their autonomy.
- が、この蕪村を含む江戸時代の妖怪画は、滑稽なものや親しみのあるものとして描かれるものが多く、妖怪をフィクションとして楽しもうとする娯楽性が見て取れ、現代の妖怪漫画にも通じているとの見方もある。
- However, ghost pictures in the Edo Period, including these works of Buson's, were intended in many cases to be comical and familiar, showing an entertaining tendency and trying to enjoy specters as a fiction; something that can be similarly seen in modern specter comics.
- 戦争終結後の数日目には、早くも新たな婦人団体が立ち上げられ、再び婦人参政権要求の声が上がり、翌年の総選挙で多数の女性議員が誕生したのも、そのような日本における婦人運動の成果であったと言えよう。
- It is reasonable to say that it was thanks to the legacy of those women's movements that women's associations were re-formed as early as a few days after the war ended, demands for women's suffrage began anew, and several female members were elected to the Diet during the general election held in the following year.
- 6番目のコメントは、1961年6月に発行された、政治学者の岡義武による「国民的独立と国家理性」および中国文学者の竹内好による「日本とアジア」(『近代日本思想史講座』、筑摩書房)の中に発見された。
- The sixth comment was found in 'Kokuminteki Dokuritsu to Kokka Risei' (National Independence and Reason of State) by a political scientist Yoshitake OKA and 'Nihon to Asia' (Japan and Asia) ('Kindai Nihon Shiso-shi Koza' [Modern Japanese History of Ideas], published by Chikuma Shobo) by a scholar of Chinese literature Yoshimi TAKEUCHI in June, 1961.
- 国会開設運動の高まりに伴い、憲法の必要性が認識されるようになり、1880年11月の国会期成同盟第2回大会で、翌年に憲法草案を持参することを決議したため、翌1881年に多数の私擬憲法がつくられた。
- With the growing demand for the establishment of the National Diet, the need for a constitution began to be recognized, and in response to the decision made in the second Kokkai Kisei Domei (League for Founding a national Assembly) in November 1880 to assemble draft constitutions the next year, many Shigi Kenpo were created in the following year, 1881.
- その場しのぎの対応で法皇が実覚処分の要求を飲んだことから興福寺が激怒、天台座主・仁豪と法性寺座主・寛慶の流罪、祇園社を春日大社の末社にすること、実覚の配流停止といった3ヵ条を奏上として提出した。
- The Kofuku-ji Temple was outraged by the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa's makeshift handling of the situation and acceptance of the request to punish Jikkaku, and submitted to the Emperor the three pleas that Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai sect) Ningo and Head priest of Hossho-ji Temple Kankei be banished; that the Gion-sha Shrine be a subordinate shrine of the Kasuga-taisha Shrine; and that Jikkaku's banishment be halted.
- また交差点及びその周辺では、透水性舗装の車道に加えて、電線類地中化や歩道のタイル舗装化、中央分離帯には五重塔の屋根を模したデザインの照明が設置される等、環境・景観向上のための工夫が施されている。
- The intersection and its surrounding areas have devices used to improve the environment and appearance by making the road water permeable, centralizing electricity lines, decorating pedestrian walk with tiles, and having electric lights designed like the roof of Gojo Tower at the central division of the road.
- 平安時代初期には三礼学派・三伝学派という流れが成立して両者の間で論争が行われたが、平安時代中期以降は明経道そのものが儒教の専門家養成コースのような性格を持つようになって学術論争が沈滞していった。
- During the early Heian period, Myogyodo separated into the two schools called 'Sanraigaku' and 'Sandengaku' and debates took place between them; the arguments stagnated after the middle of the Heian period, however, once Myogyodo itself came to have the characteristics of a training course for becoming a professional on Confucianism.
- これは当時、清浦内閣を翌年5月10日に予定されていた総選挙施行のための期間限定の選挙管理内閣であり、中立性に配慮した結果、政党色のない貴族院議員が占めるのは仕方がないとする見方もあったからである。
- Some say that this was because in the first place, the KIYOURA cabinet had a role as a caretaker cabinet to administer the general election planned on May 10 next year and to serve for a limited period of time, so people thought it was only natural that such a short-term cabinet was dominated by members of House of Peers who were less political in order to keep the cabinet neutral.
- 例えば将来的に東京からの首都移転が行われた場合、東京の改称が行われた場合などに、それ以前と以後を区別する必要性から、明治以後の歴史の一括表現としてこの言葉が用いられる可能性があると考えられている。
- For example, if the capital is relocated from Tokyo or if Tokyo is renamed, the term 'Tokyo period' may be used for collectively referring to the period since the Meiji era in order to distinguish the times before and after such relocation or rename.
- 使い手の技量によっては千差万別に使い分ける事が出来る優れた武器ではあるが、反面操り方が難しく、初心者では鎖分銅を自らの体に打ち付けてしまう可能性も高いので、かなりの鍛錬が必要とされる武器でもある。
- Kusarigama is a good weapon which can be used in various ways depending on the skill of the user, but on the other hand, the handling of kusarigama is difficult and a beginner is likely to hit his own body with the chain weight and thus kusarigama is a weapon requiring intensive training.
- このような関白不在が許されない状況下において、長年上卿として太政官において政務にあたってきた高明が臨時に関白に就任する可能性も否定できず、長年の藤原氏による摂関独占の原則が崩壊する可能性があった。
- Under such circumstances where the absence of the grand minister of state would be unacceptable, the possibility of Takaakira, who had been conducting governmental affairs for years as chief of daijokan, temporarily being appointed to Grand Minister of State could not be denied, and this would disrupt the years of dominance in sekkan (regents and advisers) by the Fujiwara clan.
- 近年の研究では、陸奥国一宮鹽竈神社の神人であり鹽竈神社の神領の管理をしていたこと、「津軽山賊」と記載された史料があること等から、「海民」、「山民」としての性格を持つ豪族であったとも推定されている。
- In the recent studies, the following things are assumed: the clan was a jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) at Ichinomiya Shiogama-jinja Shrine in Mutsu Province, in charge of the management of the shrine estate of Shiogama-jinja Shrine, it can be understppd that it was a local ruling lord which had certain characters of 'Kaimin' (maritime people) as well as 'sanmin' (mountain people) according to the historical materials in which the clan's name registered as 'Tsugaru Sanzoku' (bandit of Tsugaru).
- しかし、当時銭貨を鋳造していなかった日本では貨幣経済の発達に伴い、大量の銅銭を必要とし、また「唐物」と呼ばれる陶磁器を初めとした中国の文物の需要も依然旺盛で、貿易船の必要性が減ずることはなかった。
- However the necessity for the trading vessels never faded because the development of money economy required a large quantity of copper coins in Japan, where coins were not cast in those days, and because the demands for Chinese products of culture including ceramic ware, pottery, and chinaware called 'karamono' (things imported from China) were still intense.
- 古参ともいうべき譜代の家臣と新参の家臣や出頭人との対立、藩政改革にともなう守旧派と改革派の対立、幕末期における信条の対立など、家臣間には主導権や藩政の方向性をめぐってあらゆる派閥抗争の動機があった。
- There were all conceivable motives for factional strife, such as rivalry between a veteran elder of established lineage and a newcomer retainer or group leader, clash between conservative and progressive groups over domain government reform, conflict over credo in the last years of the Edo Period, and disagreements over domain policy and race for power between vassals.
- それでも政盛の孫の高梨政頼の頃まで独立性を保ってきたが、村上氏を撃破した甲斐国の武田信玄の侵攻を受け、弘治 (日本)年間(1555 - 1558)に本拠地中野郷から信越国境に近い飯山郷まで後退した。
- Until the time of Masayori TAKANASHI, a grandson of Masamori, the Takanashi clan remained independent, but Shingen TAKEDA, of Kai Province, who had destroyed the Murakami clan, invaded the land of the Takanashi clan and they retreated to the Iiyama area close to the boundary of Shinano and Echigo from Nakano, the base, between 1555 and 1558.
- 大輪田泊の重要性を深くみとめた清盛は、上述したように、従来、南東風による風浪が港湾施設を破壊することが多かったため、湊の前面に人工島を築いて安全な碇泊地を設けようと、私費を投じて修築工事に着手した。
- Considering the importance of Owada no tomari, Kiyomori built an artificial island in front of the port because, as mentioned before, traditionally the southeast wind and wave often destroyed the port facilities, and to build a safe dock, he began the reconstruction work by spending his own money.
- 実朝の代になっても様々な場面で政子が決定的な役割を担っていることも多く、もしこれをそのまま事実であったとするならば、北条氏を含めた東国御家人勢力とは別個に調停者としての政子の個性も認めねばなるまい。
- Even during the reign of Sanetomo, Masako played a decisive role in various occasions, and if this was all true, the unique presence of Masako as an arbitrator should be acknowledged, along with the forces of vassals in the togoku including the Hojo clan.
- その神祇伯の重要性と、源氏という最も高貴な血筋、及び顕広王の室で仲資王の母が大中臣氏である上に、顕康王が有力な村上源氏の源顕房の猶子となっているという、多くの要素により、王氏復帰が成立したのである。
- The Akihiro-o's return to the O clan was attributed to various factors: in addition to the above mentioned importance of Jingi haku and the paramount nobility of the lineage of the Minamoto clan, the Akihiro-o's wife, who was also the mother of Nakasuke-o, had come from the Onakatomi clan, and his father Akiyasu-o was an adopted child of MINAMOTO no Akifusa, who belonged to the influential Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 「現に犯罪が行われもしくは行われたのち間がないと認められる場合であって、しかも証拠保全の必要性及び緊急性があり、かつその撮影が一般的に許容される限度を超えない相当な方法を持って行われるときである。」
- In case that a crime is being committed or it does not seem long since a crime was committed, there is an urgent need for preservation of evidence, and the photographs have been taken by an appropriate method within a generally allowable limit.'
- 朝鮮総督府警察は普通警察に移行した後も、日本内地の警察には無い機関銃、野砲等の重装備を保有しており、日本の支配が及ばない中国領から越境してくる独立派武装勢力との戦闘を行うなど警察軍的性格を有していた。
- The Chosen Sotoku-fu Police possessed heavy arms including machine guns and field guns, which the police in the mainland in Japan didn't, even after they were shifted to the regular police, and they had a character as a police army, which fought against pro-independent armed groups crossing the border of the Chinese territory which was out of Japan's control.
- これが通称としての「紀伝道」の成立である(ただし、『皇代記』には延暦24年(805年)6月に「紀伝儒者始」があったと記されており、紀伝博士成立以前に紀伝を担当する専門教員が置かれていた可能性がある)。
- This is how the name, 'kidendo,' was established (however, as 'Kodaiki' (The Chronicle of the Emperors) states that there was 'Kiden jusha hajime' (Start of Confucianism Class) in June, 805 (old lunar calendar), there is a possibility that an expert in teaching kiden had already been set up before kiden hakase).
- 正史とはあくまで「王朝が正当と認めた歴史書」という程の意味であり、信頼性の高い史料であるとは言えるが、歴史事実を引き出すには歴史学の手法にのっとり厳密な史料批判を経て行う必要があることに変わりはない。
- The term 'seishi' or 'official history', then, refers simply to 'those history books that are endorsed by the ruling dynasty as legitimate', so even when it is possible to describe them as highly reliable historical sources, that does not change the fact that they must still be subjected to a rigorous evalation of their historicity in accordance with established historiographical techniques.
- ただし、この時代の発生期の武士の所領は、後世、身分地位の確立した武士の安定した権利を有する所領と異なり、毎年国衙との間で公田の一部を、経営請負の契約を結ぶ形で保持するという不安定な性格のものであった。
- However, at that time, the territories of the Samurai were acquired through annual contracts of undertaking management of a part of Kuden (field administered directly by a ruler) with the Kokuga (provincial government) and were therefore unstable, unlike in later years when the Samurai's status and rights were better established.
- 一方、公家の乱脈ぶりを憂慮した幕府は、公家統制の重要性を悟り、慶長18年(1613年)の「公家衆法度」の制定を招き、さらに慶長20年(1615年)の「禁中並公家諸法度」制定につながっていくこととなる。
- Meanwhile the Bakufu, worried by the lax morals of court nobles, realized the importance of controlling them more strictly, resulting in the institution of Kugeshu hatto (the regulatory law for court nobles) in 1613 and further leading to that of Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto (the regulatory laws for the Emperor and court nobles) in 1615.
- 平成に入ってからは、西日本旅客鉄道のアーバンネットワーク拡大によって大阪都市圏のベッドタウンとしても注目されるようになり、従来からの京都都市圏の性格と合わせて、地方では数少ない人口増加県となっている。
- Since 1989 (the beginning of the Heisei period), Shiga has attracted attention as a bedtown for Osaka urban zone, and owing to the feature of Kyoto urban area as in the past and the expand of the Urban Network of West Japan Railway Company (JR West) has increased its population, which is quite rare in rural areas.
- したがって、明治憲法に定められた改正手続きによって行われたのは便宜的・形式的なもので、実質的に日本国憲法は、改正ではなく「新たに制定」、両者の間の法的連続性は「実質的には無し」という解釈が取られている。
- So it meant that the constitutional amendment, which had been conducted following procedures defined by the Meiji Constitution (Constitution of the Empire of Japan), was merely expedient and perfunctory, and practically speaking, the Constitution of Japan was 'newly established,' not the amended version, and it had 'no substantial' legal continuity with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- この門葉の顔ぶれを見る限り、門葉たる地位を付与されるためには、血筋上の嫡流庶流や頼朝の血筋との近接性はあまり問題ではなく、あくまで忠勤の目覚ましい清和源氏であることがその要件であったということができる。
- Given the manner in which the members of these monyo were selected, in order to be given the status of monyo, what mattered wasn't the main line or branch of the family blood nor how close one was to Yoritomo's blood but was instead being the faithful Seiwa-Genji, which was the only requirement.
- 社会規範を規定する刑法的な律と社会制度を規定する行政法的な令が中心的な位置を占め、律令の不足を補う改正法としての格および律令と格の施行細則としての性格を持つ式が一つの法体系、即ち律令法典を構成していた。
- The Ritsuryo codes were organized as a legal system centered on 'ritsu,' a criminal code defining social standards, and 'ryo,' an administrative code defining the social system, with 'kyaku,' or amendments, for supplementing ritsu and ryo, and 'shiki' as provisions for enacting ritsu, ryo, and kyaku.
- ただし、この説は明治当初に海軍が陸軍に対抗して自ら国歌の必要性を理解した上で発起したということを知らしめるために利用されていた節があり、現在の国歌研究においては「大山発案説」が事実であると見られている。
- However, this view seems to have been used by the Navy to compete with the Army by making it known that the Navy made the proposal understanding the necessity of the national anthem and, according to the present study of the national anthem, it is understood that 'Oyama's ' was the fact.
- だが、錦連行の実在性は確かではなく、実在人物である錦良助と三善清行・三善茂明との血縁関係の有無も不明である(勿論、「三善清行-錦良助-錦連行-三善茂明」という茂明を清行の曾孫とする系譜は事実ではない)。
- It is uncertain, however, whether Tsurayuki NISHIKI really existed, and whether Ryosuke NISHIKI, who did exist, was related to Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI and Shigeaki MIYOSHI (and it is certainly not true to state that Shigeaki was a great-grandson of Kiyoyuki as depicted in the family line of 'Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI - Ryosuke NISHIKI - Tsurayuki NISHIKI - Shigeaki MIYOSHI').
- 「これらの催しごと(家康の饗応)の準備について、信長はある密室において明智と語っていたが元来、逆上しやすく、自らの命令に対して反対を言われることに堪えられない性格であったので」光秀を折檻し饗応役を解いた。
- With respect to preparation for those events (entertainment for Ieyasu), Nobunaga was talking with Mitsuhide behind closed doors, but because Nobunaga tended to go wild with rage by nature and could not accept that someone oppose to his order, he chastised Mitsuhide and dismissed Mitsuhide from the position of marshal.
- しかし、遣唐使は朝貢の使いであるという性格上、気象条件の悪い6月から7月ごろに日本を出航(元日朝賀に出席するには12月までに唐の都へ入京する必要がある)し、気象条件のよくない季節に帰国せざるを得なかった。
- But because of the fact that the missions to Tang China were commanded by the emperor, they had to leave Japan in June or July, the months during which weather conditions were bad (and had to arrive at the capital of Tang within December in order to be present in the ceremony in which the Emperor received New Years congratulations) and had to return to Japan in a season in which weather conditions were severe.
- 清代の朱子学は、理気論や心性論よりも、朱熹が晩年に力を入れていた礼学が重視され、社会的な秩序構築を具体的に担う「礼」への関心が高まり、壮大な世界観を有する学問よりは、具体的・具象的な学問へと狭まっていった。
- Neo-Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty focused on Reigaku (courtesy science), which Hsi CHU concentrated in his later years, rather than the theory of Li-Ch'i and the theory of Mind, and interest in 'courtesy' increased, which was practically responsible for the establishment of public order, so that Neo-Confucianism was narrowed down from learning having a grand world view to becoming practicable and concrete.
- この時点では寛永通寳は私鋳銭の域を出ないが、幕府が鋳造を命じたとされる慶長11年(1606年)鋳造の慶長通宝、および元和 (日本)3年(1617年)鋳造の元和通宝なども、これと同列のものである可能性がある。
- Although Kanei Tsuho was no more than privately-minted coins at this point, possibly Keicho-tsuho in 1606, which was said to be ordered by the bakufu, and Genna Tsuho, minted in 1617 were on the same level with Kanei Tsuho.
- 落葉性堅果類、いわゆるドングリや栗は秋の一時期に集中的に収穫される為、比較的大きな集落による労働集約的な作業が必要となる為、土偶を用いた祭祀を行うことで社会集団を統合していたのではないかという考え方である。
- Fujio presumes that the nuts from deciduous trees such as acorns and the chestnuts were harvested during a relatively brief period of time in autumn; therefore, a consolidated labor by a fairly large settlement was necessary and the Jomon people used the earthen figures to conduct religious services in order to promote solidarity in the society.
- それは、庶家も主家同様、領土と居城、家臣を養い、主家から一定の独立を保った者も少なくなく、主君と家臣という強固な主従関係というよりは、事実上、宗家を盟主とする同盟関係という性格が強いものであったことによる。
- This was because many shoke, similarly to the employer's household, maintained their territories, their castles as residences, and their vassals and kept their independence from their employer's household to some extent, and this relationship was not a strong one between master and vassals, but, in fact, tended to be more of an alliance with the head of the family as the alliance leader.
- 観光シーズンになると積み残しが続出する状況も珍しくなく、慢性化している渋滞が更に悪化して所要時間が全く読めなくなる事から、鉄道各社線との乗り継ぎ利用でそれらのリスクを最小限に抑える利用方法を取る乗客もいる。
- During the tourist season, however, it is impossible to calculate the travel time by bus because buses often cannot carry all the people waiting at once and the chronic traffic jams get even worse, so some passengers minimize these risks by transferring to the trains of various railroad companies.
- 大都市近郊にあって都市的な利便性を有しながら、保津峡等の豊かな自然を併せつつ、さらに出雲大神宮、丹波亀山城(大本本部)等といった歴史的な観光資源があるものの、湯の花温泉_(京都府)を除けば宿泊施設が少ない。
- Kameoka City in the suburbs of the major metropolitan areas enjoys urban convenience, while the city itself is surrounded by nature, such as Hozu-kyo Gorge for example; the city also possesses many historic resources which attract tourism such as the Izumo-Daijingu Shrine and Tanba Kameyama-jo Castle (spiritual center of Omoto), however, except for the Yunohana-onsen Hot Spring, little accommodation is available for tourists.
- これの危険な点は、例えば天皇に取り入った者が天皇の名を借りて実状にそぐわない法令をだしても、そのまま施行されてしまうという危険性があるというように、天皇を個人的に手に入れた者が政策の意思決定が可能な点にある。
- The dangerous aspect of it is the political decision-making can be possible for someone who get possession of emperor, for example, if someone who insinuated oneself into the emperor establish unreasonable regulations in the name of the emperor, there's possibility that it can become effective directly.
- 安東氏の後裔である旧子爵秋田氏には、長髄彦の兄である安日彦の子孫という伝承が残っているが、これは蝦夷の祖を安日に求めた室町期成立の『曽我物語』の影響を受けている可能性が高いため、信憑性は低いと考えられている。
- The Akita clan, a former viscount family and the descendant of the Ando clan, had handed down a legend that, the Akita clan was the descendant of Abihiko, Nagasunehiko's older brother, however, it is considered to have little credibility due to the possibility that it was influenced by 'Soga Monogatari' (The Tale of Soga), the tale written in the eeriest days of the Muromachi period, in which the ancestor of Emishi (northerners) was claimed to be Abihiko.
- 維新成功の背景として、その前段階たる江戸時代における日本人の労働生産性・教育水準・遵法意識の高さや、近世においてすでに近代的科学(合理)精神を受け入れる素地・教養が準備されていたことなども要因と考えられている。
- Some of the reasons for the success of the Meiji Restoration are that Japanese people in the Edo period worked hard, were well educated, and abided by laws, and they had enough knowledge to accept modern rational scientific spirit.
- 大化前代からの家父長制家族の発達は、このような法を受用する基礎をつくったことは事実であるが、律令法は儒教の精神によって、親または家長の権力を強大にし、同時に女性の法的・社会的地位をいちじるしく低める作用をした。
- Development of the patriarchal authority family since the pre-Taika era did build a basis for accepting and applying such law, but in the Confucian spirit, ritsuryo law gave tremendous power to parents or the head of the family, while drastically lowering the legal and social status of women.
- 「サモラフ」は動詞「モラフ(候)」に語調を整える接頭語「サ」が接続したもので、「モラフ」は動詞「モル(窺・守)」に存在・継続の意の助動詞(動詞性接尾語ともいう)「フ」が接続して生まれた語であると推定されている。
- 'Samorafu' is a combination of the verb 'morafu' (meaning wait) and the prefix 'sa', which was added to fix the rhythm of the word, and the verb 'morafu' is thought to have come from the verb 'moru' (meaning lookout, guard) and the suffix 'fu', which was added to include the nuance of 'existence' or 'continuance'.
- 以前、学界では平氏政権を貴族政権的な性格が強いとする見解が主流であったが、1970年代・1980年代頃からは、平氏政権が地頭や国守護人を設置した事実に着目し、最初期の武家政権とする見解が非常に有力となっている。
- In the past, many theories in the field considered the Taira clan administration as being a strongly aristocratic administration, but from around the 1970s and 1980s, the theory that the Taira clan administration was the first warrior class government which focussed on the fact that the Taira clan administration established Jito (local lord of a manor) and Province officers became dominant.
- 冬の間、本州付近を支配していた大陸高気圧の張り出しや、移動性高気圧の通り道が北に偏り、一方で、その北方高気圧の張り出しの南縁辺に沿って、冷湿な北東気流が吹いたり、本州南岸沿いに前線が停滞し易くなるために生ずる。
- This phenomenon occurs because of the fact that a front tends to become stationary along the southern shore of Honshu as expansion of continental anticyclone which was dominant during winter in the vicinity of Honshu or the path of the migratory anticyclone leans to the north, and on the other hand, cold and wet northeast airstream flows along southern edge of the expansion of anticyclone from the north.
- 日本人が、仏は日本の神とは違う性質を持つと理解するにつれ、仏のもとに神と人間を同列に位置づけ、日本の神々も人間と同じように苦しみから逃れる事を願い、仏の救済を求め解脱を欲しているという認識がされるようになった。
- As Japanese people realized that the Buddha had a nature different from Japanese deities, they began to regard deities and human beings on the same level and thought that like human beings, Japanese deities also wish deliverance for salvation of the Buddha to end suffering.
- さらに、自国で金本位制を実施出来ない場合でも、これを行っている他国の通貨と自国通貨との一定の交換性が保証されている場合には、為替を通じて間接的に金との兌換が行われていると考えて金為替本位制(きんかわせ-)と呼ぶ。
- Furthermore, it is called gold exchange standard system by considering a foreign exchange transaction as the currency is converted indirectly to gold in other countries, even if a country is unable to implement gold standard system domestically when a certain degree of the currency convertibility between countries is guaranteed.
- 現存するのは主に鉄製や金銅製のものであるが、有機質材料が併用されていた可能性が指摘されており、近年は弥生時代終末期の遺跡から木製や革製、植物繊維を編んで漆を塗ったものなどさまざまな有機質材料の短甲も出土している。
- The Tanko existing now are mainly made of iron or gilt bronze, however, some pointed out that it is possible organic material was also used to make them and various Tanko made of organic material such as wood, leather and knitted plant fiber with lacquer on it were unearthed from the remains of the late Yayoi period in recent years.
- 律令法において、天皇の地位、権能について規定がないのも、それが国家的祭祀の執行など大化前代以来の宗教的機能をもっていたことと、専制君主的性格をもったことの結果であって、法を超越した存在と考えられていたからである。
- The position and authority of Emperors were not defined in the ritsuryo law, due to their religious functions, such as; their performing of national religious services since the pre-Taika era, and as a result of their despotic nature, this made them above the law.
- 旧来の商業地は近年の国道沿いの郊外型大型店やロードサイド店舗に押された形となったが、北近畿の都をキャッチフレーズに駅の高架化や未開発の駅南を含む駅周辺の整備を進めることで、中心市街地活性化につなげようとしている。
- Although shops in the conventional commercial land lost ground to a large suburban shop recently built along the national route as well as other roadside shops, efforts are being made, under the catchphrase of creating the capital of Kitakinki, to vitalize the central city by elevating the station, and developing the area around it including the undeveloped area in the south of the station.
- 第一は、最高裁は、捜査としての写真撮影を適法に行うためには、(1)現行犯的状況、(2)証拠保全の必要性・緊急性、(3)相当性という3つの要件が備わっていなければならない、という基準を示したのだ、という解釈である。
- First, it was interpreted that the Supreme Court showed the criteria for photographing in the course of investigation legally required the three conditions as follows: (1) Circumstances in which a crime is being committed or it does not seem long since a crime was committed; (2) There is an urgent need for preservation of evidence; (3) Photographs taken by an appropriate method within a generally allowable limit.
- とはいえ、歴史としての正確性や検証性はともかくとしても、平家の落人伝説にちなんだ姓も日本国各地で存在していることも事実であり、またそうした謎の多き、闇に包まれた伝承がいわゆる歴史のロマンを想起させる要因でもある。
- Setting aside the question of correctness or historical verification, it is true that there exist surnames associated with Heike no Ochudo legends throughout Japan, and such oral traditions filled with mystery and darkness stir people's imagination for history.
- 序文については『日本書紀』で触れられた『天皇記』・『国記』に相当するものを装った偽書であり、物部氏の権威付けのために、その筋に近い物が創作した可能性が高いと言われている(藤原明『日本の偽書』文藝春秋、2004年)。
- With regard to the preface, it is considered that the preface is gisho, assuming that it corresponds to the prefaces for 'Tennoki' (a Record of the Emperors) and 'Kokki' (a National Record), and that a person familiar to the Mononobe clan created the story in order to give authority to the Mononobe clan (Akira FUJIWARA, 'Nihon no gisho' (a book of gisho, apocryphal book in Japan), Bungei shunju, 2004).
- ただ、書簡中では若殿輩(わかとのばら)が逸(はや)らないようにこの鰻温泉を動かないとも記しているので、この「立つと決する」は内乱よりは当時西郷が最も心配していた対ロシアのための防御・外征を意味していた可能性が高い。
- Judging from other description in the letter that he would keep staying at Unagi Hot Spring so as not to make his young Lord impetuous, the words 'I will decide to raise the army' might have meant defense and campaign against Russia, which was his biggest concern in those days, instead of starting a civil war.
- 共に災害の直後の非常時であったため、これらが武家人口を含めた真の江戸の人口であるとする解釈があるが、(1) 男女比が逆転している (2) 50年隔てた両年の人口や後述の計外人口の構成が酷似しているなど信頼性が低い。
- Some have interpreted that these figures, collected shortly after a state of emergency due to a disaster, reveal the true population of Edo that takes into account the population of samurai households, but the reliability of this document is questionable because (1) the male-to-female ratio is reversed, and (2) the populations and composition of non-targeted demographics are similar in spite of a fifty year interval.
- この格闘の末、荒畑寒村、宇都宮卓爾、大杉栄、村木源次郎、佐藤悟、徳永保之助、森岡栄治、百瀬晋のほか、女性4名(大須賀里子、管野スガ、小暮礼子、神川松子)が検挙され、またこれを止めに入った堺と山川も同じく検挙された。
- As a result of this fight, many people including Kanson ARAHATA, Takuji UTSUNOMIYA, Sakae OSUGI, Genjiro MURAKI, Satoru SATO, Yasunosuke TOKUNAGA, Eiji MORIOKA, Shin MOMOSE, and four women (Satoko OSUGA, Suga KANNO, Reiko KOGURE and Matsuko KAMIKAWA) were arrested, and SAKAI and YAMAKAWA, who tried to stop the fight, were also arrested.
- 学術的な視点からは、旧民法が自然法思想に立脚していたことに対して、法の歴史性・民族性を強調した歴史法学からの批判、内容的なものとしては、日本古来の家族制度を始めとする日本の伝統・習慣にそぐわないという批判があった。
- From an academic viewpoint the fact that the Old Civil Code was based on the thought of natural law, there arose criticisms from historical jurisprudence emphasizing a historical and racial nature of law, which included criticisms that the content of the Code would not fit Japanese tradition and customs including Japanese traditional family system.
- 彼らはいずれも皇后もしくはそれに準じる待遇を受けた藤原氏藤原式家出身の女性を母とし、さらに桓武の意向で異母姉妹にあたる内親王を妻としていた(安殿は朝原内親王と大宅内親王の2人、神野は高津内親王、大伴は高志内親王)。
- Their mothers were all from the Fujiwara clan or related family who were empress or received similar treatment, and due to the wishes of Kanmu, they all had wives that were Imperial Princesses and their half-sisters with a different mother (Ate had two wives, Imperial Princess Asahara and Imperial Princess Oyake, Kamino had Imperial Princess Takatsu, and Otomo had Imperial Princess Koshi).
- また、農本主義的に思われている家康だが、実際には織田信長、豊臣秀吉と同時代の人間であり、また信長の徹底的な規制緩和による経済振興策をその目で見てきていることからも、成長重視の経済振興派であった可能性が指摘されている。
- Even though Ieyasu was believed to be an agricultural fundamentalist, it is pointed that Ieyasu was, in effect, likely to pursue the growth-oriented economic promotion because he actually lived in the same period as Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and witnessed Nobunaga's economic promotion policy by thorough deregulation.
- 近隣の藩で藩札が発行された場合、領内の良貨(幕府貨幣)が悪貨(近隣の藩が発行した信用の裏付けの弱い紙幣)に取って代わられる、言い換えれば良貨を近隣他領に吸い上げられることは自領の経済活動に悪影響が及ぶ可能性があった。
- If neighboring domains issued han bills, there was a possibility that good currency (coins issued by the shogunate) was exchanged for bad currency (bills issued by neighboring domains which had low credibility), which could affect the economy of the domain.
- 幕政の改革は、鎖国体制から開国への移行に伴う尊王攘夷運動の激化、将軍継嗣問題を巡る一橋派・南紀派の対立などの政治的混乱の中で、薩摩藩主・島津斉彬や越前藩主松平慶永ら、開明的な大名らの間ではつとに必要性を叫ばれていた。
- In the midst of the political turmoil including an intensification of the Sonno Joi movement (the movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) caused by the change from the national isolation to the opening of the country to the world as well as the dispute over shogun's successor between the Hitotsubashi group (which supported Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA) and the Nanki group (which supported Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA), the enlightened and farsighted daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) had been advocating the necessity of the political reform of the bakufu.
- ところが、この年に東福門院が死去し、3年後に後水尾法皇と将軍家綱が相次いで病死すると、天皇は大覚寺にいた法皇の弟・性真法親王に一宮の弟子入りを新将軍徳川綱吉には一宮の出家と五宮への皇位継承を承諾を求める勅使を出した。
- However, as Tofukumonin died in that year followed by the successive deaths of Cloistered Emperor Gomizunoo and Shogun Ietsuna from illness three years later, the Emperor sent imperial messengers to Cloistered Imperial Prince Shoshin, a younger brother of the Cloistered Emperor who was at the Daikaku-ji Temple then and to the new Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA to obtain the former's acceptance of Ichinomiya as a disciple and the latter's consent to Gonomiya's proposed inheritance of the throne.
- この惣官職は、畿内近国を軍事的に直轄支配することを目的に設置されたもので、平氏政権の武家政権としての性格を如実に表しており、平氏政権が本格的な武家政権へ成長していく可能性をここに見出しうると、学界では考えられている。
- This Sokan position was established to directly control the military aspects of Kinai and its surroundings, clearly indicating the characteristics of the Taira clan administration as a bushi government and the academic field considers that it is possible to see this as a possibility for the bushi government established by the Taira clan administration to grow.
- 眉輪王の物語が暗殺の実情を隠蔽する目的の述作であるとすると、眉輪王を匿ったために滅ぼされたという記紀の筋書きにも疑問が生じ、実際の滅亡原因は、大泊瀬皇子のライバルである押磐皇子と連携していたことにあった可能性が高い。
- If we interpret this incident in the story of Emperor Mayowa as a jussaku (literary work) which conceals the real reason of his assasination, there is a high possibility that the cause of their fall was due to the Katsuraki clan's alliance with Prince Oshihano, who was the rival for Prince Ohatsuse.
- このように、土地資本を基盤とする反面、土地所有者ではない支配者層という独自な立場に立たされた武士の生活の安定と、安定成長政策とは必ずしも上手く融合できずに、金融引き締め的な経済圧迫政策がを打ち出されて不況が慢性化した。
- As noted above, while the economy was founded on land capital, samurai soldiers as the ruling class have no land ownership, and this peculiar situation made it almost impossible to secure a steady livelihood of samurai in harmony with the national stable growth polity, so that the tight monetary policy lying hard on the economy resulted in chronic recession.
- 成人男性の識字率も幕末には70%を超え、同時期のロンドン(20%)、パリ(10%未満)を遥かに凌ぎ、ロシア人革命家メーチニコフや、トロイア遺跡を発見したドイツ人のハインリッヒ・シュリーマンらが、驚きを以って書いている。
- The literacy rate of adult males living in Edo exceeded seventy per cent by the end of Edo Period, far higher than those of London (20%) and Paris (below 10%), which a Russian revolutionist, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, and German archaeologist, Heinrich Julius Schliemann who discovered Trojan Ruins, reported with astonishment.
- 水野は、古事記で没した年の干支が記載されている天皇は、神武天皇から推古天皇までの33代の天皇のうち、半数に満たない15代であることに注目し、その他の18代は実在しなかった(創作された架空の天皇である)可能性を指摘した。
- In the Kojiki, Mizuno focusing on that the Oriental zodiac signs of the year that emperor died were written for 15 emperors, short of half among the 33 emperors from Emperor Jinmu to Empress Suiko, pointed out the 18 rest emperors might not exist (fictional emperors).
- 苛立つ堀部らは、とうとう8月19日付けの書状で「大学様も兄親の切腹を見ながらでは、100万石が下されても人前に立てないだろう」と述べるようになり、大石は江戸急進派鎮撫に使者の派遣の必要性を感じるようになったといわれる。
- When Horibe and others were very frustrated and sent a letter on August 19, which stated 'I am sure Daigaku will not be able to stand in public if he sees his brothers and parents commit seppuku even if he receives 1,000,000 koku.,' Oishi started to feel the urge to send messengers to calm down the Edo radicals.
- 斜体で示した数字は (1) 他の年月に酷似した数字が登場しており、共に誤記が疑われるケース (2) 元の史料の人口に対して寺社方人口や新吉原などの計外人口を独自に加算したと推測されるケースのいずれかであり、信頼性が低い。
- The figures in italics are of questionable accuracy because (1) the recurrence of similar figures over several months points to the likelihood of entry errors; and (2) there are several cases in which the populations of Shaji-kata and Shin-yoshiwara that were not included in the original estimates were retroactively added to the figures in later times.
- こうした土偶の使用の地域性について藤尾は、ブナ、ナラ、クリ、トチノキなどの落葉性堅果類を主食とした地域(つまりこれら落葉樹林に覆われていた地域)と、西日本を中心とした照葉樹林帯との生業形態の差異と関連づけて説明している。
- Fujio explains that the regionality of the earthen figure use might be related to the difference in the main food supplies available in the regions, the difference between the regions where the main food supplies were the nuts, beech, oak, chestnut and buckeye etc., from the deciduous trees (that is, these regions covered with deciduous forests) and the regions covered with laurel forests in much of the western Japan.
- 大久保は、木戸を政府へ復帰させることにより、自らの権力集中に対する批判を和らげる良い機会と考え、この会談に応じたが、板垣に対しては政権に復帰させる必要性を感じていなかったので、当初大久保・板垣両者は面会にいたらなかった。
- Okubo took it as a good opportunity to restore Kido to the government for the purpose to alleviate the criticisms against his political supremacy, and so he agreed to meet Kido; however, he did not consider it necessary to bring Itagaki back to the government, so he did not meet him at the beginning.
- また、斯波家長は奥州総大将として南朝方の北畠顕家らと対抗し、自身は若くして戦死するも、その子孫は室町将軍家と同族という貴種性により奥羽一帯で指導的役割を果たすこととなった(奥羽における斯波氏については奥州斯波氏を参照)。
- Furthermore, Ienaga SHIBA, as a supreme commander of Oshu, confronted Akiie KITABATAKE and others of the Southern Court and he himself died young in battle; however, his descendants, who were of noble birth and in the same family as the Muromachi shogunate family, ended up playing a leadership role in all over the Ou (Mutsu Province and Dewa Province) region (for the Shiba clan in Ou region, refer to the Oshu Shiba clan).
- また、塩谷義通については、義綱が家督を継いだのは天正2年(1574年)11月のことであり、義孝の死去から10年のブランクがあるため、正室の子である義綱が元服するまでの間、繋ぎ的に塩谷氏の当主であった可能性も指摘されている。
- As for Yoshimichi SHIONOYA, it is pointed out that, as it was in November 1574 that Yoshitsuna succeeded to the position of family head and there was an unknown period of ten years after the death of Yoshitaka, until Yoshitsuna, a lawful wife's son, went through genpuku, possibly Yoshimichi might have been the family head on a tentative basis.
- 監禁の後も、藩主に改悛の情が見えず、あるいは偽りの様子としか受け取られない場合、再び悪行や暴政を行う可能性が高いと判断された場合は、藩主は強制的に隠居させられ、藩主隠居の旨幕府に届け出、嫡子や兄弟の妥当な人物が藩主となる。
- If the lord shows no sign of remorse or the remorse is seen as a pretense or the vassals think that the lord is highly like to sink into corruption and tyrannize again, the lord will be forced to retire, and the retirement is reported to the shogunate government and an appropriate person is chosen among legitimate children and brothers.
- 謀議が事実であったかどうかは当時でも疑問視する向きが多く、西光と成親が清盛の呼び出しに簡単に応じていることから、平氏側(清盛)が院近臣勢力を潰すため、もしくは山門との衝突を回避するためにでっち上げた疑獄事件の可能性もある。
- Whether there in fact were any secret plans was questioned even at that point and since Saiko and Narichika readily attended to Kiyomori's call, there is a possibility that it was a plot by the Taira clan (Kiyomori) to destroy close aides of the cloistered government or evade confrontation with the Sanmon.
- 諸大名にあっては、徳川家康によって江戸定住が定められていた水戸徳川家(水戸藩)と、老中・若年寄・寺社奉行など江戸幕府の公職にあって江戸城に詰めている藩主(主に譜代大名)は、江戸に定住する必要性があったので、当然に定府となる。
- As for all kinds of Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), Mito Tokugawa family (Mito Domain) who were obligated to live permanently in Edo by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and lords of domains (mainly fudai daimyo [a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family]) who held public posts of Edo bakufu including roju (member of shogun's council of elders), wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu), and jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines) and stationed at Edo-jo Castle were of course Jofu because they needed to live permanently in Edo.
- その江戸幕府においても高家が大名に礼儀作法を伝授する際に受け取る「束脩」などは一種の幕府公認の礼銭であり、かの『忠臣蔵』の最初の場面である浅野長矩と吉良義央の遣り取りも実は「束脩」の性質を巡るトラブルと考える事も可能である。
- In the Edo bakufu, however, the 'sokushu' (initiation fees) that Koke (government position in charge of rituals and ceremonies) received from Daimyo when teaching manners can be considered to be a type of reisen officially recognized by the bakufu; in fact, it is possible to assume that the fight between Naganori ASANO and Yoshihisa KIRA in the first scene of the 'Chusingura' (The treasury of Loyal Retainers) was over the nature of the 'sokushu.'
- これは朝廷の権威が失墜して、禁中並公家諸法度などによって朝廷にすら支配権を及ぼして「公儀」の体制と「封建王」的な地位を獲得した徳川将軍家でさえ、その支配の正統性は天皇による将軍宣下に依存しなければならなかったことを意味する。
- It means that even the Tokugawa shogun family, who eclipsed Imperial Court's authority, exerted control over Imperial Court by the 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles) etc., and gained the structure of 'kogi' (shogunate) and the position of 'feudal king,' had to rely on the appointment by the Emperor in order to legitimate their dominion.
- なお、明治40年制定の現行刑法では、殺人未遂罪に相当すると考えられるが、現行刑法では、自ら積極的に行為を中止した場合(中止未遂)の場合を除き、未遂による減軽は裁判官の裁量によるため、殺人罪の法定刑である死刑となる可能性はある。
- According to the current penal code enacted in 1907, Tsuda may be accused of attempted murder, but still there is a possibility that he is sentenced death penalty, because commutation for failed criminal cases are decided at discretion of judges except when a criminal gave up completion of crime on his own will.
- もっとも、それら「科学的反証」とは別に、そもそもこのような古典楽曲に科学的根拠を求める必要性があるのかという意見や、国歌とはいえ「詩」という文学的、比喩的表現の中に厳密な「科学性」を求めること自体がナンセンスであるともいえる。
- Some question whether scientific grounds are necessary for classic music even if such scientific facts exist, and they believe that requiring a strict 'scientific nature' for a verse—which is, after all, just a literary and figurative expression—can be described as nonsense, even if it is for a national anthem.
- この年の5月から6月にかけて当時相論で行われていた「三例三答」と呼ばれる手続きに従い、信輔は4度(本来は3度であるが補足として4度目の意見書を出した)、昭実は3度意見書を提出して自己の主張の正当性と相手の主張の誤りを主張した。
- From May to June of the year, according to the procedure of the sanrei-santo (legal proceedings of three questions and three answers, 三例三答) utilized in the soron (legal dispute) at that time, Nobusuke submitted a written statement four times (officially, a written statement should be submitted three times, but he submitted a forth supplementary one), and Akizane submitted three times, in order to insist on the legitimacy of their own statements and the errors of the opponent's.
- いわゆる「一目ぼれ」(訳も判らず一見で気に入ってしまうこと)や「癪に障る」(苛立たしいと感じる・怒りのうち抑圧 (心理学)され継続的なもの)など、当事者には説明しがたい感情に支配された結果、相性が良い/悪いとみなされる場合もある。
- The so-called 'love at first sight' (when one is attracted to someone without even knowing him/her) or 'getting under one's skin' (the emotion of frustration and anger that is suppressed (psychology) and continual) are the situations which are controlled by emotions inexplicable to the one experiencing it, and as a result of which causes one to feel that he/she has a good/bad aisho with the given person.
- 卑弥呼の没したとされる近辺に、247年3月24日と248年9月5日の2回、北部九州で皆既日食がおきた可能性があることが天文学上の計算より明らかになっている(大和でも日食は観測されたが北九州ほどはっきりとは見られなかったとされる)。
- Astronomical calculations have confirmed that total solar eclipses could have occurred on March 24, 247, and September 5, 248, in the vicinity of northern Kyushu where Himiko died (solar eclipses were observed in Yamato, but it is considered that they were not as clear as those in Kyushu).
- また、国防上の必要性から江戸・大坂の大名・旗本領を幕府に召し上げようとする上知令を推進しようとしたところ、大名・商人らの猛反撥を招くこととなり、将軍家慶自ら撤回を命ずる事態となり、水野は失脚し、天保の改革はわずか2年にして崩壊した。
- In addition, 'Agechi-rei' (the decree he was going to implement for national defense, whose contents were to take away the territory of 'daimyo' and 'hatamoto' in Edo and Osaka) caused fierce resistance of 'daimyo' and merchants, so Shogun Ieyoshi himself was made withdraw the decree and Mizuno lost his position, when Tenpo Reforms ended with a span of just two years.
- (ただし、同時代史料においては類似した句が見られるのみで、主に明治11年(1878年)の『武江年表』や大正3年(1914年)『江戸時代落書類聚』など、明治以降に出典が見られることから、後世に喧伝された歌である可能性も指摘されている。
- (Because major sources of the poem are 'Buko Nenpyo,' or 'Chronology of the Edo Period,' published in 1878, as well as 'Edo Jidai Rakusho Ruiju,' or 'Anonymous Documents of Social and Political Satire of the Edo Period,' published in 1914.) and this satirical poem is not found in contemporary publications, while similar poems do appear, one explanation for this is that the poem was both written and circulated after the fact, as is suggested by its major historical sources being published after the Meiji era.
- 一方清朝や義和団側の死傷者は統計としては正確性を欠かざるをえないが、上で引用したように天津城攻防戦だけで4000名ほどの遺体があったと日本軍が書いていることから考えて、一年ほどの戦争期間に多大な死傷者を出したことは容易に想像できる。
- Meanwhile, the number of casualties of the Qing Dynasty and the Boxers lacks valid statistics, but it can be assumed a huge number of casualties were produced over the one year war period because the Japanese army stated that there were about 4000 dead bodies just from the attack of Tianjin.
- 戦国時代の残滓が残っているとはいえ、「武断政治」から「文治政治」への転換が図られて、「喧嘩両成敗」という理非を問わずに双方を処断するというやり方は、無実の人間を残虐な刑罰に晒す危険性があると当時の儒学者などからの批判もあったという。
- Some Confucians criticized 'Kenka Ryoseibai' by pointing out the possibilities of punishing innocent people without making clear what is right and what is wrong, especially now that the politics had shifted from military government to civilian government although there were remnants left from the Sengoku Period (period of civil war).
- その後も東軍は畠山政長・赤松政則、西軍は畠山義就・大内政弘を中心に惰性的な小競り合いを続けていたものの、1477年12月16日(文明9年11月11日)に大内政弘が周防国に撤収したことによって西軍は事実上解体し京都での戦闘は収束した。
- Minor inertial fights continued between the Eastern camp mainly comprising the forces of Masanaga HATAKEYAMA and Masanori AKAMATSU and the Western camp primarily made up of the troops of Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA and Masahiro OUCHI, but the warfare in Kyoto came to an end when Masahiro OUCHI retreated to Suo Province on December 16, 1477, resulting in virtual disbandment of the Western camp.
- しかし、この来目歌がどの程度史実を反映するものかどうかは判然とせず、またここで登場する「えみし」が後の「蝦夷」を意味するかどうかも判然としないため、古い時代の蝦夷の民族的性格や居住範囲については諸説があり確かなことはわかっていない。
- However, it isn't clear how accurately this Kumeuta reflects the history or whether 'Emishi' in this poem means the same '蝦夷' that appeared in later history; instead, there are various theories about the characteristics as an ethnic group of an occupied zone of '蝦夷' in ancient times, but no one knows for sure.
- 従来、この「沙至比跪」と襲津彦を同一人とし、『書紀』紀年を修正して干支2運繰り下げて、壬午年を382年と解釈すると、襲津彦は4世紀末に実在した人物であり、朝鮮から俘虜を連れ帰った武将として伝承化されている可能性などが指摘されてきた。
- If we assume that there was a time lag of 2 uns (120 years; 1 un is equivalent to 60 years) of kanshi (Chinese calendrical system) in the year recorded in 'Nihonshoki' and consider Sotsuhiko as the same person as 'Hisachiku,' there is a possibility that Sotsuhiko was a legendized man who existed in the 4th century and was sent to Korea around 382 and brought some prisoners from the war.
- 朱子学は政治学、存在論(理・気説)、注釈学(『四書集注』等)、倫理学(「性即理」説)、方法論(「居敬窮理」説)などを全て包括する総合的な哲学大系であって、朱子の偉大さはその体系内にはあっては極めて整合性の取れた論理を展開した点にある。
- Shushigaku is a comprehensive system of philosophy covering political science, ontology (the theories of ri and ki), exegetics ('The Four Books', etc), ethics (theory of 'Sei soku ri'), methodology (theory of 'Kyokei Kyuri'), amongst others, and Zhu Xi was great enough to develop an extremely consistent logic in that system.
- その性質上当然に施行されるべき法律は別として、朝鮮統治のために設置された朝鮮総督府の長たる朝鮮総督が発する命令(制令)という形で立法権を委任するほか、内地に施行される法律につき勅令で朝鮮にも施行することができるようにする方針を採った。
- With the exception of the laws that should be enforced in Korea for its nature, the government delegated the legislative power to the governor-general of Chosen Sotokufu, which was founded for the administration of Korea, by granting authority to issue orders (laws) and also allowed the laws enforced in the inland to be enforced in Korea with imperial edicts.
- また治承5年(1181年)に設置した畿内惣官職や諸道鎮撫使は、これもその職能の詳細は不明な点もあるが、数か国にわたる広い領域を軍事的に直轄支配するものと見られており、特に畿内惣官職は征夷大将軍と同様の性格を見出しうるとする見解もある。
- Although some points about the actual details of their work are unclear, Kinai Sokanshiki (a military position with power over the provinces of the Kinai) and Shodo (various roads) chinbushi (one of the posts that were not originally specified in the Ritsuryo system) which were established in 1181, are considered to have directly ruled a wide area with several provinces regarding military aspects and in particular Kinai Shokanshiki is proposed to have had similar properties to the Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- ただ更に時代を下った近代では、陰陽五行思想は一般には余り気に掛けられず、専ら各々の人などが持つ要素・属性などの相互関係で、望ましい方向に発展することを「相性が良い」といい、どうも芳しくない結果に陥りがちな関係は「相性が悪い」と表現する。
- In the modern times, the philosophy of Onmyo gogyo is not much cared for in general; simply, when the mutual relationship between the elements or attributes of people develops to a desired direction, it is said to have a 'good aisho,' and when the combination may produces an undesirable result, it is said to have a 'bad aisho.'
- しかし、江戸時代中期に入り港町や宿場町などの発展、換金性の高い綿が栽培され始めるなど農村部に資本主義が流入され、また(これが最も大きいのだろうが)大名への献金が過重になり過ぎて商家の一部がつぶれるなど、城下町の衰退が目立つようになった。
- Since the middle of the Edo period, however, the decline of castle towns had been given stark expression in the development of port towns and post towns, the influx of capitalism into agricultural communities, such as the cultivation of cotton, one of readily redeemable goods, and bankruptcies of the merchants due to the excessive financial contribution to feudal lords (daimyo), (which might be the biggest cause of the decline).
- この問題の行方によっては薩英戦争同様の事態に進展する可能性もあり、さらに神戸が香港や上海市の様に理不尽な占領下に置かれる事態も起こり得たことから、滝善三郎の犠牲によって危機回避がなされたことは日本史の流れにおいても重大な出来事であった。
- Depending on the conclusion, this incident would possibly have developed into as serious a situation as Anglo-Satsuma War, and Kobe might have been put under the unreasonable occupation like Hong Kong or Shanghai City, so it is also important in the context of the Japanese history that the national crisis could be avoided at the sacrifice of Zenzaburo TAKI.
- 上記のごとく寺社造営料唐船は、幕府や寺社側の必要性から派遣されたというのが通説であったが、近年の研究では、むしろ貿易船の主体は博多などの商人であり、利潤の一部を寺社の造営費用にあてるというのは看板に過ぎなかったとの見方が提唱されている。
- A prevailing view on the Jishazoeiryotosen was that, as described above, they were dispatched out of necessity of the bakufu or shines and temples, but recent studies suggest that merchants in Hakata rather had the purpose of trade and that the willingness to use a part of profits for the building expenses were only a pretext.
- だが、実際の政務を行っているのが最大の荘園領主である摂関家以下有力貴族であったこと、国司側も任期が終了に近づくと次の役職を得るための一種の猟官運動として有力貴族による荘園実施を認める傾向にあったために多くの例外が生まれ、実効性が乏しかった。
- However, since actual government affairs were performed by sekkan-ke and powerful nobles who were also the most powerful manor lords, and kokushi, towards the end of their term, who had a tendency to approve manors by powerful nobles as a form of office-seeking activity to secure their next post, it was not very effective with many exceptional cases.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)以降は、貢納品の独占販売権を取得し座と同様の活動を行ったが、その特権の源泉であった天皇家の権威喪失とともに聖性を失い、一部には大商人として成功する者が出た反面、被差別民の起源のひとつともなったとする部落の起源論争もある。
- Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Kugonin had obtained the exclusive sales rights of the presents and conducted activities similar to those of Za, however, they lost their holiness with the loss of the dignity of the Imperial Family, which was the source of their privileges, some of them succeeded as large-scale merchants, and it is disputed that they were the origin of buraku one of the origins of the discriminated people.
- 3つの形態に分かれた機構を共通にしようとすれば既に中央政府から派遣された官吏によって統治される形式が採られていた「府」・「県」とは違い、知藩事と藩士によって治められた「藩」の異質性・自主性が「三治一致」の最大の障害となることは明らかであった。
- In unifying three different systems, it was obvious that the different nature of 'han', which were governed by chihanji and hanshi unlike 'fu' and 'ken' that were governed by the government officials, became the biggest obstacle for 'sanchi-icchi'.
- 本当に薬効があったかは疑わしく、1948年(昭和23年)薬事法改正に伴う製造販売許可申請において、厚生省は「成分本質効能に関する客観性のある科学的調査研究がなされていない」として石田散薬に限らず、黒焼き全ての薬効を認めないという方針を示した。
- In 1948, in response to its manufacturing license application with the enforcement of amendments to the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law, the Ministry of Health and Welfare concluded that all charred medicines, including the Ishida Sanyaku, did not meet government criteria for efficacy, saying 'any clinical, scientific researches into their components, qualities and efficacy have not been carried out.'
- 河内王朝(応神王朝)は、宋書に倭の五王が10回にわたり遣使したという記事があり、それが傍証となり、倭の五王が河内王朝の大王であったことはほぼ間違いないとされることから、個々の大王に関しての比定は諸説あるとしても、王朝全体の実在の可能性は高い。
- The collateral evidence of the article in Sosho (the history books of Liu Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties of China compiled in 488) that the five kings of Wa (ancient Japan) sent envoys 10 times to Chinashows the five kings of Wa could be little doubt of being great kings of Kawachi Dynasty (Ojin Dynasty), while various theories are concerning the identification of each king, it is very likely that the whole dynasty existed.
- この間、百済滅亡によって亡命してきた百済人や、仏教の僧侶など大なり小なりユーラシア大陸や朝鮮半島から海を渡ってきた人々(渡来人または帰化人)もいたが、それぞれ少数であったために大和民族に統合・同化され、国内での大和民族の優位性は変わらなかった。
- During this time, there were people who came from the Eurasian Continent or the Korean Peninsula by sea, such as the Paekche people in exile due to the collapse of Kudara (Paekche) and Buddhist monks, however, they were minorities and assimilated with the Yamato race, having no effect on the predominance of the Yamato race.
- 墳丘の築造にあたっては、盛り土部分を堅固にするため砂質土や粘性土を交互につき固める版築工法で築成されるものも多いこと、こうした工法は飛鳥時代や奈良時代に大規模な建物の基礎を固める工法として広く使用されていることが、修繕時の調査などで判明している。
- For construction of most tumulus, sandy soil and cohesive soil were alternately tamped down using method called the hanchiku method (a method of making the core of a podium), which was used to make the banking part harder, and according to surveys which were conducted during the repair of buildings of the Asuka and Nara periods, the method was generally used to develop a solid base of large buildings in ancient times.
- 唐の律令の継受も、このような土台のうえに可能となったのであるが、秦・漢以来の歴代の専制主義的法制を集大成した唐の律令と大化前代の日本の法とでは、段階の差が、あまりにはげしかったので、律令法は継受法としての性格を強くもたざるをえなかったとみられる。
- Adopting the Tang ritsuryo was possible based upon such a foundation, but the difference between the Tang ritsuryo, which was a comprehensive compilation of successive despotic legal systems since Qin and Han, and the Japanese law of the pre-Taika era, was so great that ritsuryo law could not avoid becoming, basically, an adopted law by nature.
- 珍しい例では徳川家康の家臣団であった水野勝成は、大将格であったにもかかわらず一番槍をあげ軍令違反として処罰されている(表面的な理由は、大将格が序盤で戦死すると総崩れになる可能性を危惧したものだが、統率者としての自己顕示欲の強さを戒める面もある)。
- In a rare example, one of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's vassals named Katsunari MIZUNO was punished for taking the position of Ichiban-yari in spite of his status as general (this was ostensibly due to the concern that if the general had died at an early stage of the battle, his army would have suffered a debacle, but he was also punished as a warning against being too self-assertive as a leader).
- 大阪親局(生駒山西中腹、アナログ19ch・デジタル18ch(リモコンキーID7))または枚方市局(アナログ21cn・デジタル27ch(リモコンキーID7))の受信となる(デジタル波は指向性の関係でアナログ波と比べると受信可能地域が狭くなっている)。
- The programs must be received, with the remote controller key ID number seven, from the radiowave broadcasted by the parent Osaka parent station (which is for analog channel 19 and digital channel 18 and is located in the middle of the western slope of Mt. Ikoma) or from that by the Hirakata City station (for analog channel 21 and digital channel 27) (the receiving area of the digital wave is limited compared with that of the analog wave, because of its directivity characteristics).
- 前者の宣旨は平重盛へ東山・東海・山陽・南海諸道の治安警察権を委ねる内容であり、源頼朝による諸国の治安維持権を承認した建久2年(1191年)3月新制につながるものと評価されており、武家政権の性格を持つ平氏政権がこの宣旨によって成立したとする見方である。
- The first hypothesis considers that the Imperial order granted TAIRA no Shigemori the policing rights in Higashiyama, Tokai, Sanyo and various Nankai roads and is now considered to be related to the new system approved in March 1191 that allowed MINAMOTO no Yoritomo to hold the policing rights of various provinces, and this order established the Taira clan administration as having the characteristics of a warrior class administration.
- 後白河は「もし叡心果たし遂げんと欲する事あらば、あえて人の制法にかかわらず、必ずこれを遂ぐ(やろうと心に決めた事は、人が止めるのも聞き入れずに必ず遂行する)」(『玉葉』寿永3年3月16日条)という性格であり、この強訴でもねばり強く意思の貫徹を図った。
- Goshirakawa 'accomplished what he had decided to do by all means even if his people tried to stop him' ('Gyokuyo' article of March 16, 1184); he consistently stuck to his intention against the direct petition.
- なお本事件に関しては、従来は専ら自由民権思想及び松方デフレの強い影響下に発生したと考えられてきたが、近年はそれらに加えて、他の養蚕地域との比較や、上述の国際的環境の影響、秩父地方特有の民俗学的状況等に関しても考慮した研究の必要性もようになってきている。
- This incident had been assumed in the past to have occurred under the strong influence mainly of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement and the Matsukata deflation, however, in recent years, in addition to the above, there has been an increased need of studies considering then comparison to other sericulture areas, the influence of the above-mentioned international environments, comparison with other sericulture regions and the above-mentioned international environments influence, the ethnological situation peculiar to Chichibu district.
- また、神風によって日本が救われたという出来事は「神国思想」(=日本は神国なのだから負けるはずがないという考え)を日本人に広く浸透させ、それが太平洋戦争末期の日本軍や国民思想の非合理性の温床となり、神風特別攻撃隊をはじめ数々の悲劇を生んだとも言われている。
- It is also said that the event in which Kamikaze saved Japan led Japanese to widely believe in 'Shinkoku Shiso' (the idea that Japan will never lose because it is a country protected by the gods), which became the grounds for the irrational idea held by the Japanese army and people at the end of the Pacific War, causing many tragedies, including Kamikaze Special Attack Units.
- ただ、意外性の強いお触れであったために江戸の人々は次々に裏をかいておちょくり、そのため幕府側も次々に詳細なお触れで対抗するという、ある意味で不幸なループに陥り、そのため、実質をはるかに上回る「面白い話」として後世に伝えられてしまったのではないか、という。
- However, as the contents of the law were surprising, people in Edo made fun of them, to which the Shogunate responded by issuing further detailed instructions in succession, entering a viscous circle which lead to future generations hearing of them as 'curious tales' which differed greatly from the reality.
- 舞鶴港が1951年(昭和27年)に重要港湾に指定、また1995年(平成7年)には日本海側港湾では初めてFAZ(輸入促進地域)の指定を受けるなど、中華人民共和国や大韓民国、ロシアなど定期コンテナ航路を有する国際貿易港を持つ交流・物流都市としての性格を持つ。
- Since Maizuru Port was designated as an Important Port in 1951 and also designated the first among the Japan Sea coast ports as FAZ (Foreign Access Zone), it has thus taken on the characteristic of a logistics/trade city functioning as an international trade port with periodical container carrier routes between the People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea and Russian Federation.
- 「交戦団体」とは、分離独立・政府転覆を企図した場合で、「土地をよこせ」といった要求のための実力行使などは次元の低いもので該当しない(榎本自身は、別に日本からの「分離独立」や「新政府転覆」を企てているわけでは無いので、「交戦団体」認定を受ける必要性は無い)。
- A 'warring group' can be used in case of attempting separation and independence from Japan or overthrow of the government, therefore, any use of the force for a demand such as taking away someone's land is not serious and is not applable (Enomoto had no intention to attempt 'separation and independence' from Japan nor 'overthrow of the government', so his group did not need to be certified as a 'warring group'.)
- のちに同法は廃止されたが、廃止理由は、東京都が首都でなくなったからではなく、あくまで同法の目的(首都の建設)が達成され、整備の対象を「首都」から「首都とその周辺地域」に広げるための発展的なものであり、後継の首都圏整備法とは連続性、一体性を有するものである。
- Although this law was abolished later, it was not because Tokyo ceased to be the capital, but because the objective of the law (construction of capital) was accomplished and it was necessary to expand the area of city improvement from the capital to the capital and its surrounding region; the succeeding law, 'national capital region improvement law,' has a continuity and unity with the abolished law.
- そのため、中世の公家社会においては日記の家に限らず、その家に相伝された家記は「知識的基盤」として、「経済的基盤」である家領とともに家産の主要部分とされ、その家の後継者(嫡男)に充てられた譲状・置文などによってその重要性や取り扱いについて記されるようになった。
- For that reason, not only 'houses with diaries' but all of aristocratic society during the medieval period depended on these diaries which each successive generation inherited as the 'foundations of knowledge,' and took the diaries to be the principal source for determining house territory and property, which was each family's 'economic base'; eventually the importance of these diaries as well as instructions on how to handle diary-related matters came to be recorded in such documents as the letter of transfer and the last will and testament given to each successor (the eldest son and heir) of each such family.
- ただ、前述した明治初期における国家意思形成の不統一性の問題や、規制対象を同じくする法令が何度も公布されたこともあり、布告・達が後の法令で明示的に廃止されなかった場合は、後に内容が矛盾する法令が制定されたとの解釈により効力を失ったのか否か疑義が生じたものもある。
- Because of the confusion within the early Meiji government as stated above which had led to many laws being issued for overlapping subjects, it was sometiimes doubtful whether Dajokan Fukoku or Tasshi was deemed to cease to be effective due to establishment of a new contradicting law, in cases where such Fukoku or Tasshi had not been expressly abolished.
- そのため、時期によって差異はあるものの、その性質上当然に施行されるべき法律は別として、台湾統治のために設置された台湾総督府の長たる台湾総督が発する命令 (法律)(律令)という形で立法権を委任する(委任が包括的であったため、憲法違反ではないかという議論が起きた。
- Therefore, although some variations were observed depending on the period, the government delegated the legislative power to the governor-general of Taiwan Sotokufu, which was founded for the administration of Taiwan, by granting authority to issue orders (laws or ordinances) with the exception of the laws that should be enforced in Taiwan for its nature (The delegation was comprehensive, so some people argued that it might be against the Constitution).
- 足利直義は立場上、武家によって自領である荘園を蚕食された公家や寺社の訴えを扱うことが多く、鎌倉時代のように、公家や寺社の領地である荘園については半済令の受け入れと引き換えに独立性を認め武家の支配下に置かないことで、公家・寺社と武家との対立を避けようとしていた。
- Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA handled many lawsuits raised by the aristocracy, temples and shrines who had their shoen (private estates) taken by the buke (military class), and he tried to avoid conflict between kuge/temples/shrines and buke by preventing control by buke by recognizing the independence of the shoen of kuge, temples and shrines in exchange for accepting the Hanzei rei.
- また価値観の転換や中世史の研究の進歩で、足利尊氏の功績を評価したり、楠木正成は「悪党」としての性格が研究されるようになり、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政は宋学の影響で中華皇帝的な天皇独裁を目指す革新的なものであるなど、南北朝時代に関しても新たな認識がなされるようになった。
- Also, with changes in values and progress in medieval history research, new views regarding the Nanbokucho period such as re-evaluating the achievements of Takauji ASHIKAGA, researching aspects of Masanori KUSUNOKI as an 'Akuto' (rebel), and establishing that Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration was influenced by Sung-period neo-Cunfucianism and was revolutionary because he aimed for a dictatorship, like a Chinese emperor, have come forth.
- だが、延べ数十万の兵士を都に集結させて11年にもわたり戦闘が続いたにも関わらず、主だった将が戦死することもなく、ただ惰性的に争いを続けてきた挙句に守護大名たちが獲得を目指していた幕府権力そのものが権威を失墜させてしまい、結果的に獲得するものは何もなかったのである。
- However, in spite of the 11-year duration of the war involving an aggregate of hundreds of thousands of soldiers mobilized into the capital, it was a war continued by inertia, tolling the life of none of major military leaders; moreover, the authority of the Bakufu power itself, which shugo daimyos had been vying for, was already lost, eventually nothing for them to win.
- 丹後王国論(たんごおうこくろん)は、門脇禎二が古墳時代に丹後地方(今の京都府京丹後市辺り)を中心に、ヤマト王権などと並び独立性をもって存在したとされる勢力『丹後王国』があったと提唱したもの(丹後国は後年に丹波国から分国したものであるため『丹波王国』とも称される)。
- Tango okoku ron is a theory in which Teiji KADOWAKI asserted an existence of 'Tango Kingdom' in and around Tango region (present Tango City, Kyoto Prefecture) during the Kofun period (tumulus period), which is believed to have been independent and rivaled Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) (It is also referred to as 'Tanba Kingdom' because Tango Province was divided from Tanba Province later).
- これは新国家建設のためには「海陸警備ノ制」(軍事)・「教令率育ノ道」(教育)・「審理刑罰ノ法」(司法)・「理財会計ノ方」(財政)の4つの確立の必要性を唱え、その実現には府藩県三治制の非効率さを指摘して府・藩・県の機構を同一のものにする「三治一致」を目指すものとした。
- In order to construct the new nation, the above proposal argued the necessity of establishing four systems, namely a 'military system' (military), an 'education system' (education), a 'judicial system' (judiciary) and a ' financial/accounting system' (finance), and pointed out the inefficiency of the fu-han-ken sanchisei and proposed to adopt 'sanchi-icchi' (conformation of tripartite governance) system under which fu, han and ken would adopt the same system.
- 朱子学では「理」(万物の法則であり、根拠、規範。「然る所以の故であり、且つ当に然るべき則」)はあらゆるものにあるとし(「一木一草みな理あり」)、そうした理について読書など学問することにより理解を深めた後に「性」(個々に内在する理、五常五倫)へと至ることができるとした。
- In Shushigaku, it is considered that 'ri (理)' (the law of everything, basis or standard for all things, 'it exists because it should be, and thus this is the law that should be so') exists in everything ('there is ri in each tree and each blade of grass'), and that people can reach 'sei (性)' (the 'ri' existing in each individual, the five constant relations and the five cardinal virtues of Confucianism) when they deeply understand 'ri' through study including reading about it.
- この著書で水野は、古事記の記載(天皇の没した年の干支や天皇の諡など)を分析した結果、崇神から推古に至る天皇がそれぞれ血統の異なる古・中・新の3王朝が交替していたのではないかとする説を立てたが、これは皇統の万世一系という概念を覆す可能性のある繊細かつ大胆な仮説であった。
- In this book, MIZUNO, by analyzing description of the Kojiki (including the Oriental zodiac signs of the years an emperor died and okurina [the honorary name given to an emperor after his death]), came up with a sensitively exciting hypothesis that three dynasties in different blood lines such as old, middle, and new, were changed from Emperor Sujin to Empress Suiko, which could turn over the concept of the unbroken imperial line.
- このように軍隊が所属する国家の通貨制度とは分離して軍票を使用する制度を用いるのは、自国の通貨を使用すると通貨供給量が激増し、結果的にはインフレーションで経済破綻する恐れがあるほか、敵国に自国通貨が渡ると工作資金になる危険性があるなど、戦略面からの要請があるためである。
- The reason a military force used their military currency instead of using their own country's monetary system was as follows; the total money supply might increase drastically, which could lead to inflation and economic disaster if they used their own country's currency; the country's currency might be used for power-keeping maneuver if their enemy country got it.
- バテレン追放令は、既に豊臣秀吉が発令していたが、鎖国の直接的契機となったのは島原の乱で、キリスト教と一揆(中世の国人一揆と近世の百姓一揆の中間的な性格を持つもの)が結び付いたことにより、その鎮圧が困難であったため、キリスト教の危険性が強く認識されたためであると言われる。
- Although Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI promulgated the edict expelling the European missionaries before, the Shimabara Uprising is said to be the direct trigger for the national isolation policy for the reason that the combination of Christianity and the riot (the intermediate nature between an uprising of powerful local samurai in the medieval period and a peasant's revolt during the early-modern period) turned out to be so difficult to suppress that Christianity was strongly recognized as danderous.
- 水戸のイデオロギー対立、政争に隠れているが、天狗党の多くに水戸藩領以外からも参加がありそれも武士階級以外の階層が含まれている点、政治的な宣伝を行軍中に行っている点など、乱の初期から過酷な行軍の間にかけて意識や思想に何かしらの変容があった可能性も明記しておくべきであろう。
- Although these facts are behind the conflict of ideology and political battle in the Mito Domain, the facts that many people, including samurai and others, joined Tenguto from other domains than Mito and that political campaign was conducted during the march should be noted because it was possible that their awareness and thoughts might have changed from the early stage of the rebellion through the march in the terrible conditions.
- また、周辺の工場は地下水をくみ上げ、さらに汚染水地下水浸透禁止の水質汚濁防止法が改正されるまでは、汚染水を意識的に地下に浸透していた工場も多く、琵琶湖周辺の工場地帯の地下水汚染は進んでおり、世界一の閉鎖性水域の琵琶湖の水環境を守るために、早急の対策が必要と言われている。
- Because factories around Lake Biwa pumped the water out of the ground, and many of them dumped effluents deliberately until the Water Pollution Control Law was amended to prevent them from discharging effluents into the ground, the contamination of underground water in the factory area near the lake has worsened, and some people have strongly urged quick action in order to protect the water in what is the world's most enclosed watershed area.
- とはいえ一介の国人であった伊達氏が、京都扶持衆に列したのを契機に中央政界との緊密性を獲得し、陸奥国守護職補任、さらには室町幕府において足利一門にのみ許されてきた奥州探題職に補任、かつ足利一門屈指の名門で斯波氏の同族 大崎氏に庶子を入嗣として送り込み事実上の傘下に治めた。
- Nevertheless, what a mere local lord, the Date clan, had done at that time, such as establishing a close relationship with a central government after appointed as Kyoto fuchishu, holding the posts of Mutsu shugoshiki and even Oshu Tandai which was reserved for the Ashikaga clan and also putting the Osaki clan, a family line of the Shiba clan (the most powerful Ashikaga family) under its control by sending its illegitimate child to the Osaki clan, were not what other local lords could easily achieve.
- 『「当時のままの字句」ではないという条件付きで、「直江状」の存在を容認したい』とし、追而書については笠谷和比古も指摘した「後代の偽作挿入の可能性」に留意しつつも、追而書のある直江状が徳川氏周辺から出ていることから、筆写の段階で欠落または意図的に削除された可能性を指摘している。
- He pointed out the possibility that it was missed or intentionally removed during the copying stage because Naoejo with the postscript came out from around the Tokugawa clan, saying that 'I would like to accept the existence of 'Naoejo' with the condition that 'they were not the phrases of that time'' while paying attention to the postscript with 'a possibility that it was forged and inserted in later years', which also pointed out by Kazuhiko KASAYA.
- 「脱亜論」の前段には福沢的でない「東洋に國するもの」、ごく稀な「力めて」「揚げて」、高橋の「了る」(福沢は稀)「横はる」が散見し、自筆草稿が発見されぬかぎり高橋が起稿した可能性を排除できないから、前回同様、福沢が高橋の原稿を真っ黒に塗抹したものとして、ほとんどAとしておこう。
- In the first paragraph of the 'Datsu-A Ron,' there are some unusual expressions for Fukuzawa such as '東洋に國するもの,' '力めて' and '揚げて' which Fukuzawa rarely used, Takahashi's favorite word '了る' (Fukuzawa rarely used this) and '横はる;' so unless his hand written draft was found, we cannot totally exclude the possibility of the author being Takahashi but I say 'Almost A' assuming that Fukuzawa painted Takahashi's draft in black like he did before.
- 戦争中,中支の戦場にいた,のちの戦記作家の伊藤桂一(当時・陸軍上等兵)は,戦陣訓と軍人勅諭を比較して「「戦陣訓」にくらべると,明治十五年発布の「軍人勅諭」は荘重なリズムをもつ文体で,内部に純粋な国家意識が流れているし,軍隊を離れて,一種の叙事詩的な文学性をさえ感じるのである。
- Keiichi ITO was in the central China during the war (as a lance corporal of the Army) and when he became a novelist of military history later, he compared Senjinkun military code with the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and said, ''the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors,' that was issued in 1882, has a literary style with more solemn rhythm than 'Senjinkun military code,' pure national consciousness is seen through it, and it gives impression of a kind of epic literature instead of the military.
- 台湾領有については松方、陸奥、伊藤ら日本政府要人も1894年以来、その領有の必要性や目的を意見書「威海衛を衝き台湾を略すべき方策」(伊藤)、「台湾島鎮撫策に関して」(陸奥)などでマレー半島や南洋群島に進出する根拠地、中国大陸に将来版図を展開する際の根拠地とする意見を表明していた。
- Leaders in the Japanese government such as Matsukata, Mutsu, and Ito expressed their opinion in their papers on the aim and necessity for Japan to occupy Taiwan based on its expansion to the Maly Peninsula and the South Sea Island or as a base in the future to conquer territory on the Chinese continent since 1894: for example 'Strategy for occupation of Taiwan by attacking Weihaiwei' (Ito), and 'A measure to pacify the Taiwan Island' (Mutsu).
- その性格ゆえか、韓国に多い本貫は、新羅王族系、伽耶王族系(中始祖が統一新羅に貢献した功臣)、新羅豪族・貴族系、高麗の功臣及び中国の著名な学者や武将などの渡来系(ただし、中国渡来系の中で王姓・孫姓などは、渡来系を祖先とする本貫が皆無か由来が不明な小さな本貫のみである)が大半を占める。
- Due to this attribute, the common hongan in South Korea consist mostly of the royal families of Silla, the royal families of Gaya (their Chushiso were the meritorious retainers who contributed to Tongilsilla), local ruling families and nobles of Silla, meritorious retainers of Goryeo, and immigrants such as famous Chinese scholars and military commanders (However, Wang families or Son families among Chinese immigrants have no hongan with the ancestry of the immigrants or small hongan with unclear origin.)
- 円融もこのような権力の空白状況のなかで、新皇統を確立する可能性のある候補者として注目され、藤原兼通(師輔の次男)の娘藤原こう子、藤原頼忠(実頼の長男)の娘藤原遵子、藤原兼家(師輔の三男)の娘東三条院ら、皇后となり皇太子を産むにふさわしい身分の妻と有力な外戚の後ろ盾を得ることができた。
- In this situation where there was a power vacuum, Enyu attracted attention as a candidate to establish a new Imperial lineage and was able to obtain wives with high lineage who could become empress and give birth to a crown prince, such as FUJIWARA no Kanemichi (Morosuke's second son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Koshi,FUJIWARA no Yoritada (Saneyori's first son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Junshi, FUJIWARA no Kaneie (Morosute's third son)'s daughter, Higashisanjyoin and also the support of influential maternal relatives.
- 「三職推任問題」は、本能寺の変の直前の出来事であり、その性質上、信長が即答可能な問題ではないこと、京への立ち寄りの理由の1つは、それへの返答にあったと考えられることは、上記根拠への疑問を投げかける(信長が返答することを阻止するためにこの日程で本能寺を襲ったと解する事は可能ではある)。
- The facts that 'sanshokusuininmondai' occurred immediately before Honnoji Incident and from its nature, it was not a matter for which Nobunaga could answer instantly and it seems that the purpose of making stopover at Kyoto was to give his answer raise a doubt with respect to the above-described grounds (It is possible to interpret that Mitsuhide attacked the Honno-ji Temple in order to prevent Nobunaga from giving an answer).
- これは歴史上で見れば、鎌倉時代に皇位継承で朝廷内が紛糾した際に鎌倉幕府が両統迭立原則を呈示して仲裁にあたった事例に近い性質のものである(ここで問題とされたものは、後に紫衣事件や尊号一件などで再び議論が持ち上がったものばかりで、幕府権力をもってしても困難な課題であった事も共通している)。
- Historically, this case is similar to the fact that the Kamakura bakufu presented the principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) to the imperial court which was split over the issue of the succession to the throne. (The issues regarded as questionable on that are also common to which were difficult issues even for the authority of the bakufu to settle and arose discussions later such as the Shie Incident and the Songo Incident.)
- 明治六年政変で征韓論派を一掃して主導権を握った大久保利通ではあったが、この時の明治天皇の勅裁はロシアとの国境を巡る紛争を理由とした「延期」(「中止」ではない)とされたため、ロシアとの国境が確定(1875年5月7日に樺太・千島交換条約締結)した際には征韓論派の要求が再燃する可能性が高かった。
- Although Toshimichi OKUBO gained the initiative, rooting out pro-Seikanron members during Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (Coups of 1873), Emperor Meiji's pronouncement of that time was that Japan postponed (not abandoned) dispatching troops to Korea due to a border dispute with Russia, which left a strong possibility for reigniting demand from pro-Seikanron once the border with Russia was determined (The Treaty of Saint Petersburg was signed on May 7, 1875.)
- 高梨政盛の代に、越後守護代の長尾氏と関係を強めるため、長尾能景に娘(政盛と能景は同年代であるため、政高の娘である可能性が高い)を嫁がせるが、その娘が産んだ長尾為景(上杉謙信の父)が越後守護代となり、室町末期には越後で守護上杉氏と長尾家の争いが起きると、高梨氏もそれに巻き込まれることになった。
- In Masamori TAKANASHI's time, to strengthen the connection between the Takanashi and Nagao clans, the deputy governor of Echigo, Masamori, had his daughter marry Yoshikage NAGAO (since Masamori and Yoshikage were at the same age, she was probably a daughter of Masataka) and the daughter bore Tamekage NAGAO (the father of Kenshin UESUGI), who ultimately became a deputy governor of Echigo, so that the Takanashi clan was involved in the conflict between the Uesugi clan, the governor of Echigo, and the Nagao clan in Echigo during the late Muromachi period.
- 遠景の後について、中原親能・武藤資頼が継いだとする説もあるが、瀬野精一郎は、遠景後の後継者について諸説あることをまとめた上で、「鎮西奉行は一般的呼称にすぎず、鎌倉幕府の正式な官職名ではなかったとする説(佐藤進一説)もあるごとく、その性格がなお不明瞭な点が多いことに起因しているといえる」と指摘している。
- There are theories stating that NAKAHARA no Chikayoshi and Sukeyori MUTO succeeded the post of Chinzei Bugyo after Tokage, but alluding to the existence of numerous theories regarding the successor of Tokage, Seiichiro SENO (Japanese historian) points out that, 'The Chinzei Bugyo was nothing but a common title and we can say that this is due to its vague nature as a job as there are theories denying it an official title (theory purported by Shinichi SATO).'
- また同様に南朝正統論を支持した頼山陽は後小松天皇(北朝 (日本))は後亀山天皇(南朝)から禅譲を受けたことによって正統な天皇になったので、後小松天皇以後の天皇の正統性の問題を理由として、北朝の皇位継承を正当化とすべきではないと主張した(但し史実では神器帰還の儀式が行われたのみで禅譲の儀式は行われていない)。
- In the same way, Sanyo RAI, who supported the Nancho legitimacy theory, claimed that since Emperor Gokomatsu (Northern Court (Japan)) became the legitimate Emperor because Emperor Gokameyama (Southern Court) abdicated in favor of a more virtuous successor, the Imperial succession of the Northern Dynasty should not be legitimatized because there is a problem with the legitimacy of emperors after Emperor Gokomatsu (however, the historical fact is that no ceremony for abdication by an emperor in favor of a more virtuous successor was carried out, only a ceremony to return the sacred treasures).
- 朱熹は、それまでばらばらで矛盾を含んでいた北宋の学説を、程頤による性即理説(性(人間の持って生まれた本性)がすなわち理であるとする)や程顥の天理(天が理である)をもとに、仏教思想の論理体系性、道教の生成論および静坐という行法を取り込みつつも、それを代替する儒教独自の理論にもとづく壮大な学問体系に仕立て上げた。
- Hsi CHU organized various and contradictory theories in Northern Sung Dynasty into a great learning system which replaced these previous theories, and was based on a theory unique to Confucianism, by being based on the Seisokuri setsu (Chinese philosophy, a theory that 'sei' [human inborn nature] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Yi CHENG, and the Tenri (a theory that 'ten' [providence] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Hao CHENG, while adapting the logical system of Buddhistic thought, the generative theory of Taoism, and gyoho (method of ascetic practices) of sitting calmly and quietly.
- ところが大日本帝国憲法に先行して天皇から与えられた「勅諭」であることから、陸軍(および海軍の一部)は軍人勅諭を政府や議会に対する自らの独立性を担保するものと位置づけていた(陸軍の一部には「政論に惑わず政治に拘わらず」について「政府や政治家が何を言おうと気にする必要はない、ということだ」という解釈すらあったという)。
- On the side of the Army (and a part of the Navy), however, since the imperial rescript was given by Emperor ahead of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, there was an idea that the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors secures their independence from the government and the parliament (Some members of the Army even interpreted 'Military men are neither perplexed at political opinions nor involved in politics.' as 'Military men need not care about what the government and statesmen say').
- この契約書に関しては、1966年、参議院商工委員会で鈴木一弘委員(当時)が有効性があるのかと問いただしたところ、農林省、通産省の担当者は、それぞれ、契約書に署名した水利組合理事長に独断でそのような契約を結ぶ権限があったか疑わしく、また、契約後も鉱毒被害が発生していることから、永久示談の成立には否定的な答弁を行っている。
- Regarding this composition, in 1966, the Committee of Commerce and Industry of the House of Councilors, a member (at that time) Kazuhiro SUZUKI questioned its validity, and the representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry answered that they did not think the final composition had been valid nor was valid, since it was doubtful that the chairperson of the water supply union had had the authority to make such a composition with a company and after the composition the mining pollution had been ruining them.
- 1974年の調停で、鉱毒問題については「終止符が打たれた」(『創業100年史』より)と述べているが、古河鉱業がカドミウム汚染に関する責任を認めていないことについての言及はない(1976年に結ばれた公害防止協定への言及もないが、協定成立年とこの文献の発行年が同年であることから、編集に間に合わなかったという可能性もある)。
- It says that in the 1974 arbitration, the mining pollution issues were 'ended' (from 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation') and yet, it is not mentioned that Furukawa Mining had not admitted their responsibility for contamination by cadmium (it does not mention the Agreement of Pollution Control made in 1976 either, however this literature was published in the same year as the agreement was made, and they might not have been able to include it in the editing process.)
- 男鹿半島の領主として確認される安藤孫五郎、安東太の両者や、「市川湊文書」に含まれている寺社修造棟札写に残る寂蔵、安倍忠季、安倍浄宗等が鹿季の南遷と伝えられている時代以前に遡れること、湊家以前の男鹿半島の領主を女川家と伝える伝承があること等から、湊家の成立と伝えられる以前に安東一族が秋田郡に土着していた可能性を指摘する見解
- The theory to point out the possibility that the Ando family had been already settled in Akita Country before the supposed time of the Minato family's establishment, based on such findings; the family's history can be dated back even earlier period than the time of Magogoro ANDO and Andota, both of whom are confirmed as the territorial lords of the Oga Peninsula, and also earlier than the time of the legendary Kanosue's Nansen (provincial capital's relocation to the south), about which Jakuzo, Tadasue ABE, Joso ABE, etc. described in the copy of Jisha shuzo munefuda (ridge tag with history of the reparation and construction of temples and shrines) compiled in 'Ichikawa Minato Monjo' (The letter of Ichikawa Minato), and that there is an oral tradition in which a family called the Onagawa family was the territorial lord of the Oga Peninsula before the Minato family.
- 例えば、恋人として付き合った結果としてお互いの長所も短所も好ましい性質と感じて結婚に至ったり、どうも所定の上司の前で緊張してしまって良い結果が出せず叱られてばかりだとか、所定の部下に対してだけ態度に不満があって強く注意してしまいがちだとか、あるいはあの同僚とは一緒に話していても楽しくないが、別の同僚とは話が弾む...などである。
- For example, as a result of getting to know each other as lovers, two people consider themselves compatible by taking into account both the good and bad qualities in each other and decide to get married; or one always gets nervous in front of a certain boss, and because of it, cannot bring a good result and gets scolded all the time; or one cannot help reprimanding a certain subordinate because of his/her attitude; or one always has great conversations with a certain co-worker, but not with another.
- 現在、大阪城天守閣で所蔵されている、自らも大坂の役に参戦した黒田長政が絵師を集めて描かせたとされる屏風絵「大坂夏の陣図屏風」の左半分には、徳川方の雑兵達が大坂城下の民衆に襲い掛かり、偽首を取る様子や略奪を働き身包みを剥がすところ、さらには川を渡って逃げる民衆に銃口を向ける光景、そして女性を強姦にする様子などが詳細に描かれている。
- At the left hand of painting of 'Osaka Natsu no Jinzu Byobu' (Folding screen with painting of Summer Sieze of Osaka) in the possession of the Tenshukaku (keep or tower) of Osaka-jo Castle, which Nagamasa KURODA who joined in the war ordered painters to make, there are detailed scenes that warriors of Tokugawa side assaulted the public in the town of Osaka-jo Castle, trying to get nisekubi (fake head as a proof to kill someone for awards), plundering and despoiling their possessions including clothes, shooting those who try to escape crossing over river, and raping women, and so on.
- また上記の伝承を元に木原敏江が1978年タイトル「大江山花伝」で漫画化、同作は1986年宝塚歌劇団雪組本公演で柴田侑宏脚色・演出で舞台化(茨木童子役は平みち)されたほか、島田まゆが1996年タイトル「IBARAGI茨木」で舞台を現代に移して、渡辺綱の子孫である高校生と茨木童子(この作品では女性である)のエピソードを創作している。
- Furthermore, in 1978 Toshie KIHARA used the above-mentioned texts as sources for her manga (comic) version of these events, entitled 'Oeyama kaden' (the Legend of Mt. Oe), and in 1986 this manga, in Yukihiro SHIBATA's theatrical version, was adapted for the stage by the winter performance troupe of the Takarazuka Revue Company (with Michi TAIRA in the role of Ibaraki Doji), and in addition to these adaptations, Mayu SHIMADA also created a play in 1996 entitled 'Ibaraki Ibaraki,' which shifted the setting of the story to the present day and focuses on the relationship between WATANABE no Tsuna's grandson, a high school student, and Ibaraki Doji (who is female in this version).
- ただし、フロイスがこの「儀式」について初めて記したのは信長の死後であり、フロイス自身が「儀式」が行われたとされる当時に安土周辺にはいなかったこと、日本国内の一級史料ではこの「儀式」についてまったく言及されていないことなどから、谷口克広はフロイスの記述に信憑性はなく、信長が滅んだことを正当化するために記したものであるとの見解を示している。
- However, as Frois first written about this 'ceremony' only after Nobunaga's death and he was not in the vicinity of Azuchi when such ceremony was held and this 'ceremony' has never been referred to in first-class historical materials in Japan, Katsuhiro TANIGUCHI proposed the view that description by Frois is not reliable and it was written just to justify overthrowing Nobunaga.
- 安康暗殺の背景に葛城氏が直接関与していた可能性も指摘されているが、生前の安康は押磐皇子に後事を託そうとしていたという記述(雄略即位前紀)からすれば、むしろ安康(允恭系)と押磐皇子(履中系)・葛城氏との間には王位継承に関する妥協が成立していて、このことに強く反発した大泊瀬皇子が安康を含む敵対勢力の一掃に踏み切ったと解釈することも出来よう。
- It has been pointed out that the Katsuraki clan was involved in the assassination of Emperor Anko; however, there is a record that Emperor Anko was planning to hand over his future affairs to Prince Oshihano, which could mean that there was a compromise between the Emperor Anko (the Ingyo family), and Prince Oshihano (the Richu family) and Katsuraki clan, but Pince Ohatsuse was strongly opposed to this plan and decided to wipe out his opponents, including Emperor Anko.
- 新撰組組員の墓参りをする女性ファンも多く、坂本龍馬ら勤皇の志士と共に“日本史のアイドル的存在”となっているが、明治政府がかれらと敵対する勤皇派志士たちによって設立された経緯もあり、近年まで史学的にもほとんど注目されることがなく、現在における人気は子母沢寛や司馬遼太郎らによる新選組をテーマにした数々の小説やTVドラマ・映画等の影響が大きい。
- Many female fans also visit the tombs of Shinsen-gumi members, who, together with Imperial loyalists such as Ryoma SAKAMOTO, are 'idols of Japanese history'; but as the Meiji Government was established by Imperial loyalists who were opposed to them, hardly any notice was taken of Shinsen-gumi from a historical standpoint until recently, and their current popularity owes much to many novels about them written by such people as Kan SHIMOZAWA, Ryotaro SHIBA, and also TV dramas, movies, etc.
- 老中松平定信は、その著書『宇下人言』(うげのひとごと)の中でかなりのページ数を裂いて当時の醸造業界のあり方について触れ、「酒というものは値段が高ければ飲むことも少なく、安ければ飲むことが多い。民のために、物価の安定が望まれる日用品とはしょせん性格の違う商品である。多く入荷すれば多く消費し、少なく入荷すれば少なく消費するものである」と述べている。
- Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA who served as roju (a member of shogun's council of elders) wrote much about the sake-brewing industry of the day in his book 'Ugenohitogoto' (an autobiography of Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA), and he said: 'sake is not drunk much when it costs much. It is drunk much when it does not cost much. After all, it differs in nature from daily necessities for which the prices are expected to be stable for our people. The more that is in stock the more will be drunk, and the less that is in stock the less will be drunk.'
- 豊臣政権の三奉行・三中老が家康の上杉征伐を諌めた連書状に「今度直江所行相届かざる儀、御立腹もっともに存じ候」とあることや、上杉景勝が重臣にあてた書状の内容が直江状に酷似している点などから、「多数の伝本があり、少なからず異同も見られるが、全体としては信用できる史料」とし、「(家康を挑発した)追而書だけは後世の偽作の可能性がある」との見方を示した。
- He expressed his view that 'only the postscript (that provoked Ieyasu) may be a forgery from a later period' considering that 'there are many manuscripts with only a few differences, but they are generally reliable historical materials' because in the letter remonstrated with Ieyasu's conquest of Uesugi by three magistrates and arbitration office in the Toyotomi regime, it is written that 'your anger is quite reasonable since Naoe's conduct did not reach you this time', the content of the letter from Kagekatsu UESUGI to senior vassals was remarkably similar to that of Naoejo, among other things.
- しかし、戦後「国民主権」を定めた日本国憲法が成立すると、君が代の歌詞について天皇を中心とした国体を讃えたものとも解釈できることから(例えば、ベン・アミー・シロニーは、『君が代』皇統の永続性(万世一系)がテーマであり、世界で最も短い国歌が世界で最も長命な王朝を称えることになったと解釈している)、一部の国民から、国歌にはふさわしくないとする主張がなされた。
- After the Constitution of Japan which set forth 'popular sovereignty' was formed after the War, because the words of Kimigayo can be interpreted as one that praises the national structure centering around the emperor (For example, Ben-Ami Shillony interpreted that its theme was the perpetuity of 'Kimigayo' imperial line (unbroken imperial line) and that the national anthem which was shortest in the world came to praise the dynasty which lasted for the longest period in the world) certain people assert that it was not suitable as the national anthem.
- 江戸幕府が王政復古 (日本)により倒れると、薩摩藩・長州藩を中心に成立した明治政府は幕府から外交権を引き継いだが、戊辰戦争の終結によって明治政府が日本の正統な政府であることが諸外国に認められると、1869年2月4日(明治元年12月23日_(旧暦))に明治政府は江戸幕府が勅許を得ずに締結した条約には問題がある点を指摘し、将来的な条約改正の必要性を通知した。
- When the Edo bakufu was overthrown in the Restoration of Imperial Rule (Japan), the Meiji government, mainly established by the domains of Satsuma and Choshu, took over the control over the diplomacy from the bakufu, and when the Meiji government was accepted by foreign countries as a legitimate government of Japan after the end of the Boshin War, it announced on February 4, 1869 that the it was necessary to revise the treaties in the future, pointing out that treaties concluded by the Edo bakufu without the admission of the Emperor had some problems.
- 制度改正により、新制度下で「勲○等」の勲等を授与することはできなくなったが、太政官布告の規定上は「六級」(6つの級)という個別呼称のない概念としての勲等が引き続き存置されており、新制度下の勲章はそれら個別名称を持たない6区分の勲等のいずれかに属しているものとなっているため、勲章を授ける(受ける)ことの意義の中に(明示的ではないが)事実上勲等の属性を帯びたものとなっている。
- Under the amended system, the government cannot bestow the medals for merit like 'the XXX Order of Merit,' but the Decrees of Cabinet still stipulates 'Six Classes' as the concept of the medals for merit without individual naming; therefore, the decorations conferred under the new system belong to any of the medals for merit, which is divided into six without individual naming, so that the bestowal (or receipt) of the decoration virtually means, if not explicitly, the bestowal (or receipt) of the medals for merit.
- つまり、門閥、閨閥政治や中華思想また小中華思想など民族(人種)差別、日本蔑視思想で、「平等」の精神に真っ向から反する思想、親子(姑、嫁)が血みどろの権力闘争を繰り広げ、そのために事大主義に走り独立心がなく外交の一貫性がないこと、と福澤諭吉らから見れば、そう見える朝鮮王朝政府に対し、「天は人の上に人をつくらず...」(『学問のすゝめ』)とする思想を重んじる立場から「脱亜論」に至ったのだ、という解釈がある。
- For Fukuzawa, the government of the Korean Dynasties appeared to be totally against 'Equality' by discrimination by putting too much value on lineage and Keibatsu blood connection, Sinocentrism or petit Sinocentrism and disrespect for Japan as well as families repeating bloody strife over authority, no intention to be independent with their Sadaejuui policy and no consistency in their diplomacy; these things led him to write 'Datsu-A Ron' with his standpoint of 'ten wa hito no ue ni hito o tsukurazu...' (The heavens do not create Man above his station...) ('Gakumon no Susume' [An Encouragement of Learning]).
- その説によれば、最初の神託は皇位継承以外の出来事に纏わる(恐らくはこの年に行われた由義宮(道鏡の故郷である河内国弓削)遷都に関する)ものであって、これに乗じた藤原氏(恐らくは藤原永手とその弟の藤原楓麻呂か)が和気清麻呂を利用して白壁王あるいはその子である他戸親王(称徳天皇の父・聖武天皇の外孫の中で唯一皇位継承権を持つ)の立太子するようにという神託を仕立て上げようとしたことが発覚したために清麻呂が流刑にされたとする可能性も指摘されている。
- According to this view, the first oracle was about an event not related to the succession to the Imperial Throne (perhaps it was related to the capital relocation to Yugenomiya Detached Palace [Yuge, in Kawachi Province, hometown of Dokyo] done in the same year), and WAKE no Kiyomaro was exiled because the plan by the Fujiwara clan (probably FUJIWARA no Nagate and his younger brother FUJIWARA no Kaedemaro) to make up an oracle using Kiyomaro was uncovered; according to this plan, the oracle says Prince Shirakabe or his son Imperial Prince Osabe should become Crown Prince (among the grandchildren of Emperor Shomu, Emperor Shotoku's father, born to his daughters married into another family, Imperial Prince Osabe was the only grandchild who had the right to ascend the Imperial Throne).
- なお、統帥権独立の考えが生まれた源流としては、当時の指導者が、政治家が統帥権をも握ることにより幕府政治が再興される可能性をおそれたこと、それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと、南北朝時代 (日本)に楠木正成が軍事に無知な公家によって作戦を退けられて湊川で戦死し、南朝 (日本)の衰退につながった逸話が広く知られていたことなどがあげられる。
- The idea of the independence of the supreme command came originally from the facts that the leaders at that time were afraid of the revival of the government by the shogunate if statesmen acquired the supreme command, despite the contradiction to that, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface, the anecdote of Masashige KUSUNOKI who died at Minatogawa River because his strategy of the war was denied by the ignorant court nobles in the Northern and Southern Court Period (Japan), and it led to the decline of the Southern Court (Japan).
- 古墳の編年などから大型古墳はその時代の盟主(大王)の墳墓である可能性が高いことなどから推測すると、古墳時代の前期(3世紀の中葉から4世紀の初期)に奈良盆地の東南部の三輪山山麓に大和古墳群・柳本大塚が展開し、渋谷向山古墳(景行陵に比定)、箸墓古墳(卑弥呼の墓と推測する研究者もいる)、行燈山古墳(崇神陵に比定)、メスリ山古墳、西殿塚古墳(手白香皇女墓と比定)などの墳丘長が300から200メートルある大古墳が点在し、この地方(現桜井市や天理市)に王権があったことがわかる。
- Assuming from the high possibility of large kofun (tumulus) being a tomb of leader (great king) of the time by the chronological order of kofun and others, the following kofun tumulus show there was a sovereignty in this region (present day Sakurai City and Tenri City): Yamato-kofun Tumulus Clusters and Yanagimoto Otsuka Tumulus built at the foot of the Mt. Miwa, in the southeast of Nara basin in the early Kofun period (from about the middle of the third century to the early fourth century), and large scattered kofun with the hill length of 300 meters to 200 meters such as Shibutani Mukoyama-kofun Tumulus (identified as a mausoleum of Emperor Keiko), Hashihaka-kofun Tumulus (surmised by some researchers to be a grave of Himiko), Andonyama-kofun Tumulus (identified as a mausoleum of Emperor Sujin), Mesuriyama-kofun Tumulus, and Nishitonotsuka-kofun Tumulus (identified as the grave of Tashiraka no Himemiko).