思想: 1346 Terms and Phrases

• 思想
• thought
• idea
• ideology
• Shisou
• consciousness
• His Thought
• Thoughts
• Concept
• Ideas
• Philosophy

• 旧思想
• old-fashioned idea

• 思想家
• thinker

• 思想界
• world of ideas

• 思想劇
• play dealing with ideas

• 思想的
• ideological

• 思想犯
• white-collar crime

• 思想詠
• Shiso-ei

• 思想史
• History of ideas

• 科学思想
• scientific thought

• 過激思想
• extremism
• radical belief

• 危険思想
• dangerous thoughts

• 啓蒙思想
• the philosophy of the European Enlightenment
• Enlightenment philosophy
• Enlightenment in Western secular tradition
• Enlightenment (spiritual)

• 経済思想
• economic ideology
• economic thought
• Economic ideologies

• 現代思想
• contemporary philosophy
• modern thought

• 思想警察
• thought police

• 思想信条
• one's thought and beliefs

• 思想統制
• thought control
• thought censorship

• 事大思想
• admiration of the powerful

• 自由思想
• free thought
• Freethought

• 主体思想
• Juche (North Korean political ideology)

• 神仙思想
• Shenxian thought (ancient Chinese folk belief in the existence of mountain wizards)

• 政治思想
• political thought
• political philosophy
• political idea
• idea about politics
• Political ideologies

• 選民思想
• elitism
• idea of being part of a chosen people

• 中華思想
• Sinocentrism

• 中心思想
• central idea
• leitmotif, leitmotiv

• 排外思想
• anti-foreign sentiment
• xenophobia
• exclusionism
• exclusivism

• 反動思想
• reactionary ideas

• 封建思想
• feudalistic thought or thinking

• 仏教思想
• Buddhist thought
• Buddhist concept

• 平和思想
• pacifism
• pacifist thought

• 末法思想
• pessimism due to decadent-age theory
• Mappo-shiso

• 浪漫思想
• romantic thought
• philosophy of romance

• 老荘思想
• philosophy of Lao-tse and Chuang-tse
• Taoism

• 技術思想
• industrial ethics

• 地形思想
• geomorphic thought

• 東洋思想
• oriental thoughts
• Orient thought

• 思想感情
• thoughts and feelings

• 脱亜思想
• Datsua-shiso thought (thought of leaving Asia)

• 法治思想
• Thought of nomocracy

• 社会思想
• Social philosophy

• 環境思想
• Environmentalism

• 黄老思想
• Huang-Lao

• 五行思想
• Wu Xing

• 思想史家
• Intellectual historians

• 国親思想
• Parens patriae

• 設計思想
• design concept
• design ideology

• 思想の自由
• freedom of thought

• 自由思想家
• freethinker

• 思想の革命
• revolution of ideas

• 思想が深い
• profound

• 思想と評価
• Thoughts and views of others on Ippen

• 学問と思想
• Academic scholarship and philosophies

• 宗教・思想
• Religious and philosophical developments

• 学問・思想
• Studies and thoughts

• 幕末の思想
• Ideology during bakumatsu

• 思想的背景
• Thought background

• 思想と教え
• Ideology and Teaching

• 自身の思想
• His own ideology

• 人物・思想
• Personal Profile and Philosophy

• 学説と思想
• Theory and Thought

• 政治と思想
• His political views and ideas

• 西洋の思想
• Western thought

• 経済思想史
• History of economic thought

• 政治思想家
• Political philosophers

• 主体思想塔
• Juche Tower

• 毛沢東思想
• Maoism

• 政治思想書
• Books in political philosophy

• 神秘思想家
• Mystics

• 啓蒙思想家
• Enlightenment philosophers

• 思想家一覧
• List of philosophers

• チュチェ思想
• Juche (North Korean political ideology)

• 政治思想学会
• Japanese Conference for the Study of Political Thought
• JCSPT

• 思想のはやり
• epidemic

• 陰陽五行思想
• Inyo Gogyo Shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Xing Thought)

• 聡明な思想家
• a clever thinker

• 明瞭な思想家
• a lucid thinker

• 朝鮮の思想史
• Korean philosophy

• 中国の思想史
• Chinese philosophy

• 安全思想の教育
• safety culture

• 末法思想の典拠
• The Source of Mappo Shiso

• 刹那と仏教思想
• Setsuna and Buddhist thought

• 思想・倫理分野
• Thought and Ethics

• 啓蒙思想の源泉
• An origin of the idea of enlightenment

• 中国思想の影響
• Influence of Chinese Thought

• 思想文化学専攻
• Division of Philosophy

• 英霊という思想
• The concept of eirei

• 思想は自由だ。
• Thought is free.

• 19世紀の思想
• 19th century thought

• ダーヴィン思想
• Darwinian thought

• 中心思想･テーマ
• leitmotif
• leitmotif, leitmotiv

• 十王思想との関係
• The relationship to the thought of Juo (Ten Kings)

• その思想について
• About the belief

• 陽明学の根本思想
• Fundamental ideas of Yomei-gaku

• 水戸学と尊皇思想
• Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) and the principle of reverence for the Emperor.

• 保守革命の思想家
• Thinkers of the Conservative Revolution

• 移入した政治思想
• Transferred political thoughts

• 説話の主題と思想
• The subject and philosophy of anecdotes

• 現代の環境と思想
• the circumstances and ideas of the present age

• 革命思想で満たす
• fill with revolutionary ideas

• 思想・哲学の雑誌
• Philosophy journals

• 思想・良心の自由
• Freedom of thought

• 思想などを吹き込む
• instil

• 思想を切売りする人
• peddler

• 末法思想と浄土信仰
• Mappo-shiso and Jodo-shinko (the Pure Land faith)

• 陰陽五行思想の論理
• The Logic of Inyo Gogyo Shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Xing Thought)

• 思想としての武士道
• Bushido as a way of thought

• 『日本倫理思想史』
• 'Nihon rinri shisoshi' (History of Japanese Ethical Thought)

• 思想は行動に出る。
• An idea is expressed in terms of action.

• 実証主義的な思想家
• positivist thinkers

• ホー・チ・ミン思想
• Ho Chi Minh Ideology

• 京都賞思想・芸術部門
• The Arts and Philosophy category of the Kyoto Prizes
• Kyoto Prize in the Category of Arts and Philosophy

• 中川小十郎の教育思想
• Education philosophy of Kojuro NAKAGAWA

• 思想書の『大擬録』。
• His philosophical books include 'Taigi roku.'

• 彼の思想は進歩的だ。
• His thought is progressive.

• 政治家による政治思想
• Political philosophy by politician

• キリスト教神秘思想家
• Christian mystics

• キリスト教関連の思想
• Christian ethics

• 浄土門、浄土思想とも。
• It is also called Jodo-mon (Gateway of the Pure Land) or Jodo-shiso.

• 終末論と末法思想の違い
• Difference Between Eschatology and Mappo Shiso

• 尊皇論、尊王思想、勤王
• Sonnoron (the thought of respecting the Emperor), Sonno-shiso (the thought of reverence for the Emperor), and Kinno (loyalty to the Emperor)

• 『尊皇思想とその伝統』
• 'Sonno shiso to sono dento' (The Idea of Reverence for the Emperor and the Imperial Tradition)

• 影響を与えた人々と思想
• People who influenced him and his ideology

• 徂徠学の成立と経世思想
• Establishment of the Sorai Doctrine and Keisei Thought

• 言葉は思想をあらわす。
• Words stand for ideas.

• 王なる「思想」の領域に
• In the monarch Thought's dominion -

• 思想や感情の精神的混乱
• a psychological disorder of thought or emotion

• 穏健な左翼思想のある人
• a person with mildly leftist political views

• 民主主義的思想の擁護者
• an advocate of democratic principles

• 毛沢東思想のサイドバー
• Maoism sidebar

• 日本における陰陽五行思想
• Inyo Gogyo Shiso in Japan

• 思想は言葉で表現される。
• Thoughts are expressed by means of words.

• 1960年代の政治的思想
• a political orientation originating in the 1960s

• 禅の思想を取り入れた流派。
• It incorporated the idea of Zen.

• 京都賞思想・芸術部門受賞者
• Recepients of the Kyoto Prize in the category of Arts and Philosophy

• (中華思想、皇帝、天参照)
• (refer to Sinocentrism, Emperor and Ten)

• 彼は新しい思想を吸収した。
• He absorbed new ideas.

• 広く流布している思想の流れ
• the prevailing current of thought

• 島薗進「日本仏教実践思想論」
• Susumu SHIMAZO 'Practical Thought Theory of Japanese Buddhism'

• 英米思想的な個人主義である。
• So she was an advocate of westernized individualism.

• 支那思想史（明治40年6月）
• Shina Shiso-shi (The History of Ideologies in China) (June 1907)

• 彼に新しい思想を教え込んだ。
• I impregnated his mind with new ideas.

• 彼らの思想には共通性がある。
• There is a community of thought between them.

• 私は彼の思想にはくみしない。
• I don't support his ideas.

• 言葉は思想を表すのに役立つ。
• Words serve to express ideas.

• 革新的な政治思想の中心だった
• has been a center for radical political beliefs

• 中華思想の変容（世界観の変容）
• Change of Sinocentrism (Change of a view of the world)

• 思想は開明、外国語にも通じた。
• He had enlightened ideas and good knowledge of foreign languages.

• 彼には思想の理想がかけている。
• His thoughts are empty of idea.

• 思想や表現や知性の鋭さと力強さ
• keenness and forcefulness of thought or expression or intellect

• ラーマクリシュナ （神秘思想家）
• Ramakrishna (person of a supernatural idea)

• 「日本思想大系」に翻刻を収める。
• Reprinting was included in 'Nihon Shiso Taikei' (A collection of philosophical thoughts in Japan).

• その代表的思想家は黄宗羲である。
• The major thinker was Huang Zongxi.

• 陰陽五行思想の伝来と陰陽寮の発足
• Introduction to the principles of Inyo gogyo and the founding of Onmyoryo

• 彼の思想は時勢と相いれなかった。
• His ideas were out of harmony with the times.

• 思想かは言葉によって表現される。
• Thoughts are expressed by means of words.

• 主義、悪い思想または罪を浄化する
• purge of an ideology, bad thoughts, or sins

• 現代の生活や思想に特有のならわし
• practices typical of contemporary life or thought

• 知識や思想や感情の深さがないこと
• lack of depth of knowledge or thought or feeling

• これらの思想は、太極図で示される。
• These philosophies are explained using the figure of Taiji.

• 農本的な思想から派生したとされる。
• It is considered to have developed from agricultural fundamentalism.

• 国学を学び、攘夷思想をもっていた。
• He studied kokugaku (provincial schools) and had the thought that the foreigners should be expelled.
• He studied kokugaku and had the thought of expulsion of foreigners.

• 彼はまたとない優れた思想家である。
• He is as great a thinker as ever lived.

• 彼の思想は彼の体験に基づいている。
• His ideas are based on his experience.

• 福沢諭吉は日本に西洋思想を広めた。
• Yukichi Fukuzawa introduced Western ideas into Japan.

• 思想は世界中をアッという間に巡る。
• Around the world thoughts shall fly in the twinkling of an eye.

• 思想の自由は憲法で保証されている。
• Freedom of thought is guaranteed by the constitution.

• 言語は人間の思想を伝達手段である。
• Language is a vehicle of human thought.

• 思想は言葉によって表現されている。
• Thoughts are expressed by means of words.

• 我々は言葉によって思想を表現する。
• We express thought with language.

• 第２章 思想と言論の自由について
• Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion
• Chapter II: Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion

• ――思想でも、言葉でも、動作でも。
• in thought or word or deed.

• 多少なりとも自治的な連邦組織の思想
• the idea of a federal organization of more or less self-governing units

• 慎重に、そして徹底的に考える思想家
• a thinker who considers carefully and thoroughly

• そこで登場したのが、末法思想である。
• Then, there appeared Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief).

• 尊皇攘夷思想に惹かれて鹿児島に下る。
• Being attracted to the thought of Sonno Joi (reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners), he went to Kagoshima.

• 言葉がなければ、思想はないであろう。
• But for language, there would be no thought.

• 私たちは言語によって思想を表現する。
• We express our thoughts by means of languages.

• ある思想の変更やその強さを変える行為
• the act of modifying or changing the strength of some idea

• 個人の思想や行動を型にはめるような信条
• article of faith

• 大乗無我思想のひとつの到達点といえる。
• It could be said an extension of the idea of not-self, or Anatta in Mahayana Buddhism.

• また、異民族を差別する思想が見られる。
• Also, some descriptions reflecting the philosophy of ethnic discrimination are seen in this book.

• 現在の天台宗は本仏思想を説いていない。
• Currently, the Tendai sect is not preaching the thought of Honbutsu.

• 近代における思想としての武士道である。
• The Bushido as a way of thought in modern times.

• 偶像崇拝の影響は垂迹思想によるという。
• Idol worship trend probably comes from the Suijaku theory (Shinto and Buddhist syncretism).

• 彼は自分の思想を作品によって表現した。
• He gave expression to his ideas through his work.

• 彼の思想は私の心にはっきり銘記された。
• His idea was imprinted on my mind.

• 私たちの思想は言語によって表現される。
• Our thought is expressed by means of language.

• 私たちの思想は言葉にとって表現される。
• Our thought is expressed by means of words.

• 君は外来思想に偏見を抱いているようだ。
• You seem to be prejudiced against ideas that come from foreign countries.

• したがって末法思想＝終末論とはいえない。
• Therefore, Mappo shiso is not equivalent to eschatology.

• 本仏思想は12世紀頃の天台宗に見られる。
• The thought of Honbutsu appeared in the Buddhist doctrine of the Tendai sect in the 12th century.

• - 超俗志向・インド哲学、老荘思想の境地
• Otherworldly minded, Indian philosophy, state of the thought of Laozi and Zhuangzi

• （「非僧非俗」の思想はここから生まれる）
• (The concept of 'hiso hizoku' [not a monk nor layman] originated on this occasion.)

• - 茶室を思想的な背景のもとに考察した。
• - Studied chashitsu (tea room), focusing on its ideological background.

• 素行はこの書で、この中華思想に反論した。
• Soko argued against the Sinocentrism in the book.

• 『破壞思想と救治策』 博文館、1911年
• 'Hakaishiso to Kyujisaku' (Destructionism and Remedy) Hakubunkan, 1911

• 人間の歴史は本質的には思想の歴史である。
• Human history is in essence a history of ideas.

• 道教を興した中国の思想家（紀元前6世紀）
• Chinese philosopher regarded as the founder of Taoism (6th century BC)

• 思想と行動において自分の意見を強く示す人
• someone who exhibits great independence in thought and action

• 思想と言論の自由を信念とするイデオロギー
• an ideological belief in freedom of thought and speech

• 律令の基本思想は、儒家と法家の思想である。
• The essential concepts of Luli were derived from the ideas of Confucianism and Legalism.

• 日本人は新しい思想を非常に良く取り入れる。
• The Japanese are highly receptive to new ideas.

• 何の思想が中世英人に一番影響したと思うか。
• What thought do you think had the biggest impact on the English in the Middle Ages?

• 何かがかれに陳腐な思想を生噛りさせている。
• Something was making him nibble at the edge of stale ideas

• この一分野というのは思想の自由なのですが、
• This one branch is the Liberty of Thought:

• 抽象的な思想を目に見えるシンボルで表すこと
• a visible symbol representing an abstract idea

• アリストテレス哲学は西洋思想に深く影響した
• Aristotelianism profoundly influenced Western thought

• 国分寺設置および大仏造立の思想的・時代的背景
• The intellectual and historical background of the construction of the Kokubun-ji Temples and the construction of the Great Buddha

• 中国では、哲学・思想としては儒家思想という。
• In China, its philosophy or thought is called thought of Ju-ka (thought of Confucius).

• 朱は赤であり、五行思想では南方の色とされる。
• The 'Su' from Suzaku means 'vermilion' (that is, red), and the color of the southern direction in the Five Elements Theory.

• 近世における倫理規定、また思想としての武士道
• The Bushido as an ethical code of conduct and way of thought in modern times.

• （岩波書店の近世武家思想に収録されている。）
• (It was included in 'Kinsei Buke Shiso' [Warrior Ideology in early-modern times] by Iwanami Shoten, Publishers.)

• 維新後は攘夷思想を改め自由民権運動にも参加。
• After the Meiji Restoration, he gave up his position on the expulsion of foreigners, and joined the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.
• After the Meiji Restoration, Masuda gave up the thought of expulsion of foreigners and joined Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).

• 勤王思想をもったことで藩主の怒りに触れ自刃。
• His father's ideology of loyalty to the Emperor arouse the anger of the lord of the Aizu Domain, and his father committed suicide by the sword.

• 西田幾多郎とともに京都学派を代表する思想家。
• Along with Kitaro NISHIDA, he was a thinker representative of the Kyoto School.

• 思想・思考・知恵を神格化した神と考えられる。
• Omoikane is a deified form of thoughts, intellection and wisdom.

• 仏法にあわせて陰陽五行思想をもたらしている。
• Eji brought the principles of inyo gogyo in conjunction with Buppo.

• 狂気、そのような頭の良い思想家には皮肉な運命
• madness, an ironic fate for such a clear thinker

• 思想及び良心の自由は、これを侵してはならない。
• Freedom of thought and conscience shall not be violated.

• ジッドゥ・クリシュナムルティ （瞑想的思想家）
• Jiddu Krishnamurti (person of meditation)

• 末法思想を背景に浄土教（浄土信仰）が流行した。
• Jodo sect (faith in Pure Land) was developed on the background of the Latter Day of the Law.

• 市田良彦（1980年卒・経済） 社会思想学者。
• Yoshihiko ICHIDA (class of 1980, economics): He is a scholar of social thought.

• つまり外国人を実力行使で排斥しようという思想。
• In other words, the theory supported the expulsion of foreigners from Japan by force.

• 朱子学の思想は、近代日本にも強い影響を与えた。
• The thought of Neo-Confucianism had a strong influence on modern Japan.

• 勧善懲悪思想などを中心に据えた読み物であった。
• They were books for reading based on the idea of kanzen choaku (rewarding good and punishing evil); encouraging the good and punishing the evil.

• - 江戸前期の儒者・朱子学者・神道家・思想家。
• He was a Confucian, Neo-Confucian Scholar, Shintoist, and thinker who lived during the early Edo period.

• 他の文化圏でも、言霊と共通する思想が見られる。
• There were ideologies seen in other cultural regions similar to kotodama.

• 言うまでもないことだが、その思想は時代遅れだ。
• It goes without saying that the ideology is behind the times.

• 思想哲学や宗教の中には、内道と外道に区別される。
• Ideas, philosophies, and religions are distinguished into Naido and Gedo.

• 新思想の紹介は、必然的に新たな語彙の発明を伴う。
• Introducing a new idea is inevitably accompanied by new vocabulary.

• 「それ以上に思想への憧れを感じさせるのである。」
• Moreover, that shows his adoration for the thoughts.'

• 『庭 こころとかたち』 1968年、社会思想社刊
• 'Niwa Kokoro to Katachi' (Garden Heart and Shape) published in 1968 by Shakai Shinsosha (the mind of a society).

• 他藩の志士たちには正藩合一思想の種を植え続けた。
• He vigorously persuaded royalists of other domains to unite.

• 祖父は今でも新思想を吸収しようと努力しています。
• My grandfather still endeavors to absorb new ideas.

• フランスの啓蒙思想の重鎮であったフランス人哲学者
• French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France

• 冷静に熟考することで特徴付けられる思慮深い思想家
• a reflective thinker characterized by quiet contemplation

• 一般には調和しないような思想や諸学説を融合すること
• syncretism

• 真言密教では、「自性清浄」という思想が根本にある。
• Shingon Esoteric Buddhism is based on the idea 'pure human nature'.

• 奇数を縁起の良い数と考える中国の思想の影響もある。
• It is influenced by the Chinese idea of regarding odd numbers as lucky.

• これは、風水の四神相応の思想を反映したものである。
• This was influenced by the belief in feng shui Shijin Soo, an ideal topography for the four Taoist gods, with a river in the east, a broad avenue in the west, a basin in the south, and a hill in the north.

• また一部には身分制度を否定したりする思想が現れた。
• There were also a few thoughts which opposed the class system.

• 尊王論（そんのうろん）とは、王者を尊ぶ思想のこと。
• Imperialism (sonnoron) is the idea of valuing the emperor above all else.

• その思想は後の神仏分離や廃仏毀釈にも影響を与えた。
• The thought also affected separation of Buddhism and Shintoism, and Haibutsu-kishaku (a movement to abolish Buddhism) happened later.

• 「神風」は日本のその後の思想に大きな影響を与えた。
• Kamikaze' greatly influenced the later ideology of Japan.

• 「人は思想の苦しむ調べに耳を傾ける自分を感じる。」
• 'One feels that one is listening to a thought- tormented music.'

• 藤原頼通が築いた平等院も浄土思想に基づくものである。
• Byohoin Temple was built by FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, based on Jodo-shiso.

• 遁世者へ深く共感しながら、作者は厭世思想を持たない。
• Although identifying with those living in seclusion the author doesn't show a pessimistic view of life.

• 日蓮の本仏思想は、中古天台思想の影響といわれている。
• It is said that Nichiren's belief in honbutsu was affected by Chuko Tendai Shiso (literally, thought of half-old Tendai sect doctrine.)

• 儒教の五行思想における観念の一つ「五常の徳」の略称。
• An abbreviation for 'Gojo no toku' (five eternal virtues), which is one of the concepts in the Confucian Gogyo shiso (Five Element Theory).

• この都城は、周礼が説く思想を表していたとされている。
• It is said that this capital represented the ideology of Rites of Zhou.

• この思想を背景として、中国に条坊制の王城が発祥した。
• The Jobosei-type capital was developed in China based on this concept.

• このことについて朝鮮の小中華思想を指摘する声もある。
• In connection with the above, some people point out the existence of Petit Sinocentrism in Korea.

• ―哲学、思想、主義、主張に基づき人間と社会を詠んだ歌
• Poems composed based on philosophy, ideologies, doctrines, opinions, and on man vs. society.

• 思想的には別として次の天上説と実質的には同じである。
• Although it is different in a thought, it is substantially the same as the following theory of tenjo (in the sky).

• 父・兄の影響により、早くから尊王攘夷思想に目覚める。
• He became aware of the sonno joi (revere the emperor, expel the barbarians) doctrine early on through the influence of his father and brother.

• 『伊藤仁斎　伊藤東涯』（日本思想大系33　岩波書店）
• 'Jinsai ITO Togai ITO'(A collection of philosophical thoughts in Japan 33 Iwanami Shoten, Publishers)

• そのため、思想も篤胤と近く、篤胤を高く評価していた。
• Therefore, he and Atsutane shared similar thought and he rated Atsutane highly.

• 現在では政治的、思想的な論争の対象となることがある。
• Today, it can be a politically or ideologically controversial subject.

• このように、日本の浄土思想形成に多大な影響を及ぼした。
• As seen above, the book greatly influenced the formation of Pure Land Buddhism in Japan.

• 10世紀末には、浄土教にもケガレ思想の影響が見られる。
• The influence of muck idea was seen in Jodo (Pure Land) sect at the end of the tenth century.

• 王土王民思想を最も反映していたのがこの土地制度である。
• This system most closely reflected the concept of odo omin.

• 多くは尊皇攘夷の思想を持って政治運動を行った者を指す。
• The term was frequently used for the political activists who held to ideal of 'Sonno-joi (Reverence of the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners)'.

• 作者の所属する党派（自由党）の思想が中心になっている。
• The main focus was placed on the ideology of the party (Liberal Party) to which the writer belonged.

• 歴史は、古い思想が新しい思想に道を譲りながら進行する。
• History goes on with old ideas giving way to the new.

• 啓発が直接的で直観的な洞察を通じて達せられる仏教の思想
• a Buddhist doctrine that enlightenment can be attained through direct intuitive insight

• これは、当時の信長の思想を推定する上で重要な発見である。
• This discovery is important to infer the Nobunaga's ideal in those days.

• そしてその学問思想の特徴は以下のことばに凝縮されている。
• The features of Yomei-gaku thought can be condensed to the following terms.

• したがって、中華文明や思想を尊重する荻生徂徠を批判した。
• Accordingly, he criticized Sorai OGYU, who respected Chinese culture and philosophy.

• 平田篤胤の復古思想やその学風に共感して直接師事を受ける。
• He was impressed by the restoration thought of Atsutane HIRATA and his academic culture, and studied directly under him.

• 戦後、思想的事由により不適格と判定され京都大学を離れる。
• After the War, he was judged unqualified for ideological reasons and left Kyoto University.

• この思想は旧仏教側から激しく糾弾され、攻撃の的となった。
• This concept met with violent condemnation from followers of traditional schools of Buddhism and became the object of attack.

• 平安時代後期、日本では「末法思想」が広く信じられていた。
• In the latter part of the Heian period, the 'Third Age of Buddhism' theory became widely believed in Japan.

• あなたはかれの頭からそういう思想を追い出そうと努力する。
• You do your best to put such thoughts out of his head.

• 既存の単語を拒否し、思想の抽象的分析に基づく国際人工言語
• an artificial language for international use that rejects all existing words and is based instead on an abstract analysis of ideas

• 教会博士は中世後期までキリスト教思想に多大な影響を与えた
• the Doctors of the Church greatly influenced Christian thought down to the late Middle Ages

• 日本では、平安時代に末法思想と冥界思想と共に広く浸透した。
• The idea of Juo spread during the Heian period together with Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) and Meikai-shiso (the 'realm of the dead' belief).

• その思想は、神道・儒教・仏教の三教合一説を基盤としている。
• Its philosophy is based on the theory for unification of the three religions of Shinto, Confucianism and Buddhism.

• 白石の儒学思想を元に、文治政治と呼ばれる諸政策を推進した。
• Based on the Confucianism concept in Hakuseki, they advanced various policies called civilian government.

• 江戸時代の安定期に山鹿素行は「職分論」の思想へ傾いていく。
• In the stabilized period of the Edo period, Soko YAMAGA gravitated toward the thought of 'Shokubunron (theory of duty)'.

• その思想の根底にあったのは、宋学の流れを汲む天命論である。
• The thought was based on the providence theory, which followed Sogaku (Neo-Confucianism).

• それに対し、入舟は浄土を此岸に見出す思想を表すものである。
• On the other hand, an incoming ship represents the idea of heading for this world from Nirvana.

• 彼の思想は進歩的過ぎて普通の人達には受け入れられなかった。
• His ideas were too far advanced to be accepted by ordinary people.

• その場合、集まっている人々の情念や思想が１つの方向に傾き、
• The sentiments and ideas of all the persons in the gathering take one and the same direction, and their conscious personality vanishes.

• 特に1950年代と1960年代の共産主義中国の思想上の障壁
• an ideological barrier around communist China especially in the 1950s and 1960s

• 5色となっているのは五行思想の五色（ごしき）からと言われる。
• It is said that Goshiki derives from the goshiki as referenced in Gogyo shiso (Five Elements Theory).

• - 明治維新の西洋化思想は、海外の出版物の翻訳にも影響した。
• The westernized thinking of the Meiji Restoration also had an effect on the translation of publications from overseas.

• 教育についての日本では初めて思想として提起されたものになる。
• It's a concept of education that was implemented for the first time in Japan.

• しかし、それ以後は、仏教思想を根拠にした賎民制度が登場した。
• However, the Senmin system based on Buddhistic thought appeared after that.

• 律令法典は、法を統治の基礎に置く法家の思想を背景としていた。
• The Ritsuryo codes were based on the concept of Legalism, which made the law the basis for ruling the country.

• これは、当時の日本が構想した大東亜共栄圏に繋がる思想である。
• This is a thought leading to the Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere which was Japan's concept at the time.

• グロチウスは自然法思想に重きを置いて国際法の基礎を構築した。
• Grotius build a foundation of international law putting emphasis on the idea of natural law.

• 1786年、思想・音韻・仮名遣いなどで、本居宣長と論争した。
• In 1786, he argued his opinions on ideology, phonology and the rules for the use of kana (the Japanese syllabary) with Norinaga MOTOORI.

• 反良妻賢母主義を危険思想だと見る文部省は取り締まり強化した。
• At that time, the Ministry of Education was strengthening the censorship of ideas because the Ministry regarded any ideas as dangerous if they argued that an ideal woman was not a dutiful wife and devoted mother.

• 『伊藤仁斎　附伊藤東涯』（叢書・日本の思想10　明徳出版社）
• 'Jinsai ITO with Togai ITO' (Book series, Japanese thoughts 10, Meitoku Shuppan Inc.)

• 『日本庭園史大系　全35巻』 1971〜76年、社会思想社刊
• 'Nihon Teienshi Taikei Complete Thirty-five Volumes' published between 1971 to 1976 by Shakai Shisosha.

• 彼の思想はあまりに過激で、たいていの人には受け入れられない。
• His ideas are too radical to be acceptable to most people.

• 彼は彼女に本を貸し、思想を与え、知的生活を彼女に分け与えた。
• He lent her books, provided her with ideas, shared his intellectual life with her.

• 共和政体の政府が一番いいという思想を支持する人々の政治的方針
• the political orientation of those who hold that a republic is the best form of government

• 提示された問題から離れ、しばしば新しい考えと解釈を持つ思想家
• a thinker who moves away from the problem as stated and often has novel ideas and solutions

• 「悪人正機」と呼ばれる思想も親鸞独自のものとして知られている。
• The idea called 'Akunin Shoki' is also unique to Shinran.

• したがって末法思想は「この世の終わり」を意味するものではない。
• Therefore, Mappo shiso does not mean 'the end of the world.'

• この国分寺造立の思想的背景には「金光明最勝王経」の信仰がある。
• There was the religious belief of the 'Konkomyo Saisho-o kyo' (Golden Light of the Most Victorious Kings Sutra) in the intellectual background of the construction of Kokubun-ji Temples.

• 詳細な技術内容は、流派や個人の考え・体格・思想等により異なる。
• The technical details vary according to the school, personal ideas, physical build, thought, etc.

• 例としては新陰流と禅、起倒流や関口新心流と老荘思想などがある。
• For example, we can list Shinkage-ryu connected to Zen, Kito-ryu and Sekiguchi Shin Shin-ryu connected to the thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi, and so on.

• 儒教・仏教の思想が習合されており、法家・道教の影響も見られる。
• It synthesizes the concepts of Confucianism and Buddhism, and also shows influences of Legalism and Taoism.

• 華夷秩序の崩壊は、その思想的根拠たる中華思想にも変容を迫った。
• Disappearance of Kaichitsujo affected change of Sinocentrism, which supported Kaichitsujo as the basis of the thought.

• 同じ陰陽の思想である天円地方から建築物は方形をなすことが多い。
• Based on Ten-en-chi-hou (an ancient Chinese view of the universe which considers the heaven as round and the earth as square) which was derived from the same Onmyo (Yin and Yang) idea, many buildings are square shaped.

• 陰陽道の思想は日本の都の建設や神社の創建にも影響を与えている。
• The Onmyodo philosophy influenced the construction of capitals in Japan and the building of shrines as well.

• その語り口は、古代にあっては非常に真新しい思想と表現であった。
• The way of narrating the story was very unconventional for the period and it expressed a new concept.

• 維新後は三叉学舎の開設、明六社への参加等啓蒙思想としても活動。
• After the Meiji restoration, he established Sansha Gakusha and joined Meirokusha, an intellectual society, to work as an enlightenment thinker.

• 土佐藩の庄屋であったが尊王攘夷思想に傾倒して土佐勤王党に加盟。
• He was a shoya (village headman) in Tosa Domain, but, he joined Tosa Kinnoto (loyalist clique of Tosa) devoting himself to antiforeign imperialism

• 生祀は江戸時代に増えたが、それは中国思想の影響であろうという。
• The number of Seishi increased in the Edo period, and this was probably due to the influence of Chinese thought.

• どんな思想が中世のイギリス人に最大の影響を与えたと思いますか。
• What thought do you think had the greatest influence on the English in the Middle Ages?

• −群集を構成する個人の思想や情念が一方向に傾くことと個性の喪失
• --The turning in a fixed direction of the ideas and sentiments of individuals composing such a crowd, and the disappearance of their personality

• その彼ら自身もバルビゾン派という画家たちの思想を受け継いでいた。
• These writers had taken over the thoughts of painters of the Barbizon school.

• 本仏思想は日蓮宗勝劣派と呼ばれる宗派のみが積極的に主張している。
• At present, it is the Shoretsu school of Nichiren sect only that strongly insists on the thought of Honbutsu.

• 先端技術部門、基礎科学部門、思想・芸術部門の三つの賞が贈られる。
• Three prizes which are in the Advanced Technology category, the Basic Sciences category and the Arts and Philosophy category are given.

• 「天上仙家」や「蓬山」が出てくるなど中国渡来の神仙思想が伺える。
• With the words 'heavenly immortal place' or 'immortal land,' the idea of immortals, Shenxian, from China, is seen.

• 特に明治維新の思想的原動力として大きな影響を及ぼしたといわれる。
• It is said Yomeigaku had a great influence on the Meiji Restoration, especially as an ideological driving force.

• これが仏教の地獄の思想と結びついて平安時代以降の山岳信仰となる。
• This belief was connected to a Buddhist concept of Hell and developed into a mountain worship in and after the Heian period.

• 折口信夫の思想体系を考える上でもっとも重要な鍵概念の一つである。
• It is one of the most important key concepts in understanding Shinobu ORIKUCHI's system of thoughts.

• ただその思想がまちがった形でわれわれに伝えられているだけだろう。
• but only that these have been falsely represented to us.

• 思想の現実の哲学的教義の、または、思想の現実の哲学的教義に関する
• of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of the reality of ideas

• この法律で「考案」とは、自然法則を利用した技術的思想の創作をいう。
• 'Device' in this Act means the creation of technical ideas utilizing the laws of nature.

• 正法眼蔵（しょうぼうげんぞう）は、禅僧が執筆した仏教思想書である。
• A Shobogenzo is a Buddhist philosophy-related book written by a Zen priest.

• 董仲舒ら公羊家は陰陽五行思想を取り入れて天人相関の災異説を説いた。
• Kuyo-ka (Kung-yang Chia) such as To Chujo (Dong Zhongshu) adopted the Inyo (Onmyo) gogyo shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Hsing Idea) and preached Saii-setsu (Natural disaster and abnormal phenomenon theory) based on the theory of correlation between Heaven and man.

• 彼岸会法要は日本オリジナルであり、彼岸の仏事は浄土思想に由来する。
• The Buddhist memorial service of higan-e is unique to Japan, and the Buddhist service for the dead in higan originates from Pure Land Buddhism.

• また、善行の種をまいて功徳を得るとする福田思想に由来するともいう。
• According to another view, it originated from the concept of Fukuden (the world's unsurpassed Field of Merit) that teaches people to gain merit by doing good deeds.

• しかし、幕末期には天皇・公家の権威が尊王思想の影響で回復を遂げた。
• However, in the end of the Edo period, the prestige of the Emperor and the court nobles was restored under the rise of imperialism.

• 末法思想は多くの貴族の心を深くとらえ、阿弥陀堂が各地に造営された。
• The thought pf Mappo captivated the hearts of court nobles, and Amida-do Hall was constructed in various places.

• 父は、水戸藩士として「水戸学」の尊皇攘夷思想により志士として活躍。
• His father, a clansman of the Mito Domain, worked actively as a royalist on the basis of the thought of Sonno Joi (reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) of 'Mitogaku' (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain).

• 『「うき世」の思想 日本人の人生観』（講談社現代新書、1975年）
• 'Ukiyo no shiso, Nihonjin no jinseikan' (thought of 'ukiyo (this world),' the Japanese outlook on life) (Kodansha gendai shinsho, 1975)

• 容堂は、思想が四賢侯に共通する公武合体派であり、単純ではなかった。
• Yodo's thoughts were complex, as he was a member of the party that advocated Kobu-Gattai, which aimed to unite the court and the shogunate.

• 今日にも残る結婚式などでの忌み言葉も言霊の思想に基づくものである。
• Even today there are taboo words that should never be used at weddings or other such occasions, and these words have their origins in the concept of kotodama.

• 一切の思想や宗教を比較・検討し、その高低・浅深・勝劣を判定したもの。
• It is a way to compare and examine any ideas or religions, and determines whether it is high or low, shallow or deep, and better or worse.

• 神道家の一部には火葬を仏教徒の残虐な葬儀法として禁忌する思想がある。
• Some of the Shinto leaders consider cremation as a cruel method of funeral practiced by Buddhists and prohibit it.

• 神道思想を中心とした儒仏の思想をも織り混ぜて大和流として大成させた。
• He established Yamato school, incorporating the ideas of Confucianism and Buddhism around Shinto religion thought.

• 如成は僧侶であったため、竹林派の思想・用語には仏教の影響がみられる。
• Because Josei was a monk, the influence of the Buddhism can be seen in the thought and terminologies of the Chikurin school.

• その儒家思想が漢代、国家の教学として認定されたことによって成立した。
• It was established during the age of the Han Dynasty when this thought of Ju-ka was recognized as a national learning of religious doctrine.

• 伝統芸能を見せるだけでなく、その奥にある日本的な思想も合わせて紹介。
• It was intended not only to show traditional performing arts, but also to introduce Japanese thoughts behind them.

• 密教や末法思想が広く信じられ、神仏習合が進み、寺院が多く建てられた。
• Esoteric Buddhism and Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) were believed widely, syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism advanced, and many temples were built.

• ただ朝鮮陽明学は実学・経世致用の思想に影響を与えたことは事実である。
• However, it is a fact that Korean Yomeigaku has influenced the practical learning and ideology of Keiseichiyo.

• 真人（しんじん）は、老荘思想・道教において人間の理想像とされる存在。
• Shinjin (真人) is the ideal of human in the thought of Laozi and Zhuangzi and Taoism.

• 中朝事実（ちゅうちょうじじつ）は、山鹿素行が記した尊王思想の歴史書。
• Chucho Jijitsu (The record of the central nation) is a history book about the thought of reverence for the emperor, written by Soko YAMAGA.

• 華夷秩序では、国際関係を中華思想に基づく「礼制」によって律してきた。
• Under kaichitsujo, international relations had been controlled with 'Li system' based on Sinocentrism.

• それに付随して、多くの思想がアジア諸国の人々に知られるようになった。
• Together with them, many thoughts were made to be known by people in Asian countries.

• 道（タオ）は、自然とか無為と同義とされ、また陰陽の思想で説明される。
• Tao means 'being natural' or 'being inactive,' and uses the principles of Yin and Yang (cosmic positive and negative dual forces).

• しかしながら、陰陽道と同じく日本独自の思想と習合などがなされている。
• However, as is the case with Onmyodo, it is synthesized with the philosophies specific to Japan.

• 「世をあげし思想の中にまもり来て今こそ戦争を憎む心よ」（近藤芳美）。
• Yo wo Ageshi Shiso no Naka ni Mamorikite Imakoso Sensowo Nikumu Kokoro yo' (lit. My hatred for war, on which I place great value against the prevailing ideology of the world, is very precious now) (Yoshimi KONDO).

• これは西郷の思想が儒学を一方の柱にしていたことと無縁ではないだろう。
• It is not extraneous that Saigo's ideology incorporated a pillar of Confucianism.

• 昭和12年 (1937年)、文部省思想局が「国体の本義」を発行する。
• 1937 - Education Ministry's Bureau of Thought Control issued 'underlying principle of national polity.'

• 私たちの達した結論は、その政治思想は時代遅れであるということだった。
• We came to the conclusion that the ideology was behind the times.

• 個人が集団を形成した時にしか現れない思想や感情というものも存在する。
• There are certain ideas and feelings which do not come into being, or do not transform themselves into acts except in the case of individuals forming a crowd.

• 統治者は富や生まれではなく、優れた能力で選ばれるべきであるという思想
• the belief that rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities and not because of their wealth or birth

• しかし、11世紀末、覚鑁（興教大師）が高野山で秘密念仏思想を提唱した。
• However, at the end of the eleventh century Kakuban (Kogyo Daishi) began to preach the thought of Himitsu Nenbutsu at Koyasan.

• 中国に伝わると、道教の冥界思想と関連付けられていた泰山府君と習合した。
• After he was introduced in China, he became amalgamated with Taizanfukun (Taishanfuzhun), who were associated with the Taoist philosophy of a permanent dreamland.

• さらに山岳修行に重点を置く修験道へとつながり、神仏習合思想が発生する。
• It also led to the Shugendo, which emphasized the mountain ascetic practices, and an idea of syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism was created.

• 前者は初期の浄土教思想、後者は後期の発展した浄土教思想を示すとされる。
• Of the above two groups, the former is considered to represent the philosophy of the early Pure Land sect, whereas the latter is supposed to represent that of the late developed stage of the Pure Land sect.

• その学問的側面から儒学(中国語)、思想的側面からは名教・礼教ともいう。
• It is referred to as Ju-gaku (in Chinese) from the scholarly side, and Mei-kyo or Rei-kyo from the side of philosophy.

• あまり家法に拘ることもなく、玄学や仏教理論も取り込んだ思想が行われた。
• They did not dwell on rules and interpretations of the school, and exercised a thought adopting Xuanxue and Buddhist theories.

• また律令法は単に法としてばかりでなく、思想史的にも重要な意味をもった。
• Additionally, ritsuryo law was important not only in the legal sense, but also in the sense of the history of philosophical thought.

• あらたな国家像や天皇像もまた、この思想とのかかわりで構築されていった。
• New images of the nation and the emperor were built up in relation to the trend.

• しかし一方では尊皇攘夷派など反幕府思想、武力による倒幕運動が存在した。
• However on the other hand there was also anti-Bakufu sentiment such as the Sonno Joi ha (supporters of the doctorine of restoring the emperor and expelling the barbarians) and movements to overthrow the Shogunate using armed forces.

• 長州藩は尊皇攘夷・公武合体の倒幕思想を掲げて京都の政局に関わっていた。
• The Choshu clan was committed to the political activities in Kyoto, advocating the ideas of Sonno Joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and Kobu-Gattai (integration of the imperial court and the shogunate) to overthrow the Shogunate.

• 内村鑑三や新渡戸稲造はキリスト教徒であり、教育者であり思想家であった。
• Kanzo UCHIMURA and Inazo NITOBE were Christians, educators and thinkers.

• 律令制の特徴である公民思想を伴って、「天下公民」という形で把握された。
• Along with the philosophy of regarding people as public citizens, which was the characteristics of the Ritsuryo system, it was understood as 'Tenka komin' (Tenka citizens).

• この他、五行思想に基づき文字数を5文字にまとめるということも行われた。
• Moreover, based on the Five Phases theory, the number of characters was fixed at 5.

• 1909年幸徳秋水と菅野スガの創刊した『自由思想』の印刷名義人となる。
• In 1909 his name was registered for printing 'Liberalism' which Shusui KOTOKU and Suga KANNO issued.

• また江戸時代には水戸学の尊王思想の史家によって、忠臣として見直された。
• In the Edo period he was revaluated as a loyal subject by imperialistic historians of Mitogaku.

• 来るべき社会はどのような基本的思想の上に立脚したものになるのだろうか？
• What will be the fundamental ideas on which the societies that are to succeed our own will be built up?

• フランス政府から援助を受けたフランス人の作家や思想家たちの名誉グループ
• an honorary group of French writers and thinkers supported by the French government

• 納経は寺院が主導し、多数作善思想のもと多数の人が加わって行われたという。
• The practice was led and guided by temples and many people participated who were motivated by the Tasu sazen shiso theory (a belief that good deeds will bring them more blessing).

• 奈良時代の鎮護国家思想に支えられた政府の仏教政策への関心の高さを伝える。
• The existence of the Hyakuman-to Tower speaks to the high level of interest in a Buddhism policy within the government, buttressed by the state's protection through out the Nara period.

• そのため日本の敗戦後は、日本の文化・思想界の主潮流から追いやられている。
• As a consequence, it has been excluded from the prevailing currents of Japanese thought and culture since Japan's defeat in the war.

• その神道思想を中心とし、儒仏の思想をも織り混ぜて大和流として大成させた。
• He perfected the Yamato school centering Shintoism that included Confucianism and Buddhism.

• 」と王土思想を強く宣言したこの新制は、荘園整理令を主たる内容としていた。
• Forcefully proclaiming a renewed monarchic ideology with these words, the new government began land reform that was substantively concerned with the Shoen seirirei, their order to reform the shoen (private estate) system of land ownership.

• この時期は社会経済史・文化史・思想史など幅広い分野に関心が拡がっていた。
• During this period, interests were generated in various areas of history, such as socioeconomic history, cultural history, and ideological history.

• 思想としては『仁王護国般若波羅蜜経』や『金光明最勝王経』に説かれている。
• The thought was advocated in 'Ninno gokoku hannyaharamitsu kyo Sutra' and 'Golden Light of the Most Victorious Kings Sutra.'

• 元々は朱子学を重んじた水戸学から発して全国に尊皇攘夷思想として広まった。
• This theory was originally developed by Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) that highly valued Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) and spread nationwide as the thought of Sonno Joi ('Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians').

• だが、それが勤皇思想と結んだ結果において倒幕と言うエネルギーに一転した。
• However, at time when this theory was related to the pro-Imperial thought, it led people to shift to the movement to overthrow the Shogunate.

• 「陰陽思想」は古代中国神話に登場する帝王「伏羲」が作り出したものである。
• Yin-yang' was originated by Emperor 'Fukki,' also known as Fukugi) who appears in ancient Chinese mythology.

• 一方で朱子学は自国を「小中華」「小華」などと認識する小中華思想を生んだ。
• Neo-Confucianism created the sho-chuka shiso (literally, mini-Sinocentrism) under which Korea was understood as 'sho-chuka' (mini-China) or 'sho-ka' (mini-China).

• これは中国の華夷思想によると中国王朝の皇帝にしか許されないことであった。
• According to the Chinese philosophy of kai, however, these were only allowed for the emperors of the Chinese dynasty.

• 木村英一編集・解説 『伊藤仁斎集　日本の思想11』（筑摩書房）1970年
• 'Ito Jinsai Shu Nihon no Shiso 11' (Collected Works of Jinsai ITO - Japanese Philosophy, Volume 11) edited and commented by Eiichi KIMURA, published by Chikuma Shobo in 1970

• 45歳の時に借家の自宅で無料講座を開き、石門心学と呼ばれる思想を説いた。
• At the age of 45, he hosted a free lecture at his rented residence and taught the thought called Sekimon-shingaku.

• 玄道は青年時に学んだ老荘思想の影響により、名誉や高い地位を求めなかった。
• He was profoundly influenced by Taoism which he learned in his younger days, so he did not seek honor or high ranking positions.

• 尊王攘夷思想の基盤を形成し、近代の教派神道各派にも強い影響を与えている。
• His thought formed the foundation of the anti-foreigner ideology of the royalist faction, as exemplified by the slogan 'Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians' ('sonno joi'), which exerted a strong influence on each of the sects of modern Sect Shinto.

• パブで仲間に自由思想を吹聴したり、神の存在を否定したりしたこともあった。
• he had boasted of his free-thinking and denied the existence of God to his companions in public- houses.

• 思想及び良心の自由、信教の自由又は表現の自由の尊重又は擁護を目的とする事業
• Business to pay respect or protect the freedom of ideology and conscience, the freedom of religion or of expression

• 末法思想が流行すると写経した経典を経筒に納めて埋納する経塚造営が行われる。
• When pessimism spread due to decadent-age theory, kyozuka (a mound of Buddhist scriptures) started to be built to put copied Buddhist scriptures in kyozutsu (a tube in which rolled Buddhist scriptures were kept) for burial.

• また涅槃経では、末法思想は単なる段階的説法の方便説として最終的に否定した。
• Nehan-gyo has eventually denied mappo-shiso as a theory of mere expediency for graded preachings.

• 右頁五行目中段から「君子争う所無し〜」とあり、礼射思想の淵源が見て取れる。
• The text 'a wise man doesn't participate in shooting contests' in the middle of the fifth line of the right page shows the origin of Reisha thought.

• 室町時代以降には枯山水は禅宗の思想と結びつき、禅寺などで多く作られていく。
• During and after the Muromachi period, the idea of karesansui was being connected to the thoughts of Zen Buddhism and many karesansui were constructed in Zen temples, etc.

• また、大坂の熊谷直綱より逸見流を学ぶと同時に、直綱の神道思想を受け入れる。
• While Kozan learned the archery technique of Itsumi school from Naotsuna KUMAGAI in Osaka, he also embraced Shintoism Naotsuna believed in.

• 文学や思想などを表現した語句が選ばれることが多く、篆刻家が好んで作印する。
• The words for the seal are often extracted from words or phrases that express literature or thought, which tenkokuka artists (carver using a special Chinese character, tensho) prefer to use.

• 前述の通り、神仏習合の思想が大きく影響していると考えられているためである。
• This results from the profound influence of the concept of syncretization of Shinto and Buddhism, as mentioned above.

• 末法思想とは、こうした時代区分にもとづく仏法衰滅を説く宿命的歴史観である。
• The thought of Mappo was a destined historical standpoint advocating the deterioration and downfall of Buddhism based on the divided periods mentioned above.

• 幕末の政治世界で影響力を持った薩摩藩と長州藩は討幕の思想では共通していた。
• The Satsuma and Choshu Domains, both of which had clout within Japanese political circles in the last days of the Edo period, had the anti-shogunate idea in common.

• すなわち封建社会の一階級の思想を日本人全体に当てはめるとするものではない。
• In other words, it is not a class system of thought from feudal society to be applied to the Japanese people as a whole.

• しかし、この思想は尊皇を説くあまりに、幕府より皇室を重んじる傾向があった。
• However, this thought focused on sonnno (reverence for the emperor) respected the Imperial Family more than the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 興宣大院君派は人材登用の面はあったが総じて小中華思想が強く西欧を排斥した。
• The Heungseon Daewongun group recruited others but most of them had strong 'Petit Sinocentrism' and totally rejected the West.

• 世界の万物の生成と変化は陰と陽の二種類に分類されると言う陰陽思想を説いた。
• Inyoka taught the yin yang concept, in which the generation and change of everything in the world were categorized into two types, yin and yang.

• どのようにして現在のような宗教的思想体系になったのか、ほとんど不明である。
• It is uncertain how this philosophic system with its religious element came into being.

• 国学者・歴史家としても知られていた父の影響で尊皇攘夷思想を持つようになる。
• Under the influence of his father, who was known as a scholar of Japanese classical literature and a historian, Mutsu began to have the thoughts of Sonno Joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners).

• そこには、行動と思想とが言語道断で不可分だった西田哲学の真髄が現れている。
• It is the essence of the Nishida philosophy in which behavior and ideas are unutterable and inseparable.

• 福澤諭吉学校法人慶應義塾を創立、法学・経済学を中心に幅広い思想家として著名
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA: Founded an incorporated educational institution, Gakko Hojin Keio Gijuku, and was a famous thinker in many fields, especially in law and economics.

• さらに後世には全ての存在に仏性が宿るという天台本覚思想を確立することになる。
• Furthermore, in later years, the sect established the Tendai hongaku philosophy, which asserts that Buddhist nature dwells in all beings.

• これは「観無量寿経」に説く九品（くぼんおうじょう）の思想に基づくものである。
• This is based on the idea of kubon-ojo (the nine classes of people reborn in the Land of Happiness according to the nine levels of religiousness), as preached in 'Kanmuryoju-kyo sutra' (The Sutra of Visualization of the Buddha of Measureless Life, meaning Amida).

• 初期の経典にはこのような男尊女卑（とも受け取られかねない思想）は見られない。
• This kind of idea, that could be taken as a reflection of the predominance of men over women, is not found in early Buddhist sutras.

• 法然が、その思想に影響を受け、「浄土三部経」と並べて「三経一論」と重んじる。
• Influenced by the thought, Honen valued it as 'sangyo Ichiron' (the three sutras and one commentary) along with 'Jodo sanbu kyo' (the three Pure Land sutras).

• 夢窓疎石の作庭思想に強く影響を受けた足利義政は山水河原者・善阿弥を寵愛した。
• Strongly influenced from Soseki MUSO's concepts of garden design, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA favored the landscape gardener Zenami over others.

• 啓蒙的な思想家が封建的な思想や習慣を否定し、西洋の政治制度、文物を紹介した。
• Enlightened thinkers denied feudal thoughts and customs, and introduced Western political systems and products of culture.

• 受賞対象分野は、「音楽」、「美術」、「映画・演劇」、「思想・倫理」の四分野。
• The fields covered by this category include the four fields of 'Music,' 'Fine Art,' 'Film and the Dramatic Arts,' and 'Philosophy/Theory.'

• 日本の平安時代の陰陽師、安倍晴明は五行思想の象徴として、五芒星の紋を用いた。
• ABE no Seimei, Onmyoji (Master of Yin yang) in the Heian period in Japan used the crest of Gobosei as the symbol of Gogyo shiso (Five Elements Theory).

• またその内容から神仙思想を基にして古代日本の貴族が書いた官能小説ともとれる。
• Due to the content of the story, it is also regarded as a pornographic novel based on concepts of Taoist immortality written by an ancient Japanese court noble.

• 吉宗に提出した政治改革論『政談』には、徂徠の政治思想が具体的に示されている。
• The political reform theory 'Seidan' (discussion of law cases), which was submitted to Yoshimune, shows Sorai's political ideas in the concrete.

• 光圀の事業は後の水戸学と呼ばれる歴史学の形成につながり、思想的影響も与える。
• This project which later came to be known as Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) was instrumental in forming, and theoretically influencing, historical science.

• 平和にして無為な宗教ではなく、事業と行動を伴い思想を剣で強要する宗教である。
• It was not the religion of peace and idleness, but the one that accompanied enterprises and actions and forced his ideas with the sword.

• 1727年に出逢った在家の仏教者小栗了雲に師事して思想家への道を歩み始める。
• He started to follow the way to a thinker, studying under a lay Buddhist scholar Ryoun OGURI whom he met in 1727.

• 明恵は、法然の唱えた「専修念仏」の思想を痛烈に批判し、華厳宗の復興に努めた。
• Myoe was severely critical of Honen's exclusive nenbutsu practice and strived toward the revival of the Kegon Sect.

• 後に、神国思想の高まりとともに伊勢国内の諸郡は次々と神郡に編入されていった。
• Subsequently, accompanying the rise to prominence of the Shinkoku ideology (thought of Japan as the land of the gods), one gun after another in Ise Province was incorporated into the Shingun.

• 清涼国師 -- 澄観（738年- 839年）華厳、禅、天台の思想統一を図る。
• Seiryo kokushi (清涼国師): Chokan (澄観) (738 - 839) tried to unify the idea of Avataṃsaka Sutra, Zen and Tendai.

• これらは古代中国の思想に基づくもので、中央の紫微垣は天帝の居所を意味している。
• These are based on ideas of ancient China, in which Shibien in the center means the whereabouts of God of Hosts.

• このような思想は両部の大法の一である『大日経』の「受方便学処品」にも見られる。
• These ideas are found in 'Juhobengakusyobon' of 'Dainichi-kyo Sutra,' one of two principle texts of Daiho (great traditions of Esoteric practices).

• 奈良時代には鎮護国家の思想のもとに諸国に国分寺が設置されて僧・尼僧が配された。
• In the Nara period, provincial monasteries had been built and monks and nuns were placed in various provinces under the idea of nation protection.

• さらに、陰陽思想や浄土思想と習合し、地獄における閻魔配下の獄卒であるとされた。
• Furthermore, it is integrated with the Yin-Yan and Pure Land philosophies, and it has been regarded as the Gokusotsu ogre working under the ogre Enma in hell.

• 思想的にも自由と開放・躍動の気分が横溢し、都市を中心とする大衆文化が花開いた。
• In terms of thoughts also, freedom, liberation and saltation spread and popular culture blossomed mainly in the city areas.

• 日本における近代的な歴史思想の導入は、19世紀後半の明治維新以降のことである。
• Modern historical concepts were introduced in Japan during the Meiji Restoration or later, or during the latter half of the nineteenth century.

• 社研という単なる学生の思想研究団体にこの法を適用するのは無理があったとされる。
• Therefore, applying this Law to Shaken, which was only a students' ideological group, was deemed too strict.

• 尊皇攘夷運動の支柱である水戸学には朝廷権威により幕府専制を抑える思想があった。
• The Mito School, which was at the heart of the Sonnojoi Movement, held a belief that the authority of the Imperial Court should suppress the rise of autocratic Shogunate.

• 享保年間は、このように、学問・思想の上でも新しい展開のみられた時代でもあった。
• As stated above, the Kyoho era was also an era when new developments were achieved in the fields of study and thought.

• 王陽明の思想は『伝習録』、『朱子晩年定論』、『大学問』にうかがうことができる。
• Wang Yangming's ideas can be seen in 'Instructions for Practical Living' ('Chuanxilu' in Chinese, 'Denshuroku' in Japanese), 'Conclusions of Zhuxi's Final Years ('Zhuxi wannian dinglun' in Chinese, 'Shushi bannen teiron' in Japanese), and 'Inquiry on 'The Great Learning'' ('Ta xue wen' in Chinese, 'Daigakumon' in Japanese).

• 山鹿素行が提唱した士道論は、この後多くの武士道思想家に影響を与えることになる。
• The theory of shido (morality of samurai) introduced by Soko YAMAGA affected a lot of thinkers later.

• 陰陽家（いんようか）は諸子百家の一つで、六家の一つに数えられる思想集団である。
• Inyoka is a philosophy group regarded as one of Shoshi hyakka (the Various Masters of the 100 Schools: Thinkers of Ancient China), and one of the six major schools.

• その内容は表現も構成も神仙思想を元に古代中国で流行した神仙伝奇小説に似ている。
• The content is based on concepts of Taoist immortality both in expressions used and the structure of the piece, and it resembles Taoist fantastic novels which were widely known in ancient China.

• 以降41年に至るまで中国思想史に関する論文が連続『獨立評論』に掲載されている。
• After that, 'Dokuritsu Hyoron' carried a series of his essays on the history of Chinese thought until 1908.

• 奈良本辰也の下で日本近世思想史を専攻し、卒業後は京都芸術文化研究所に入所した。
• Learned the history of ideas of the early-modern Japan under Tatsuya NARAMOTO, and entered Kyoto Research Institute of Art and Culture after graduation

• 内容は篤胤の神道思想から幽冥論・神仙研究・民俗研究・医道論・書簡日記にも及ぶ。
• The content included Atsutane's Shinto thought, view of the afterworld, study of an immortal, study of folk, view of medical ethics and letters/diaries.

• 日蓮の一部の弟子達が唱え始めた思想であり、異端派として消え行く存在になっている。
• It was some disciples of Nichiren who initiated the idea of identifying Nichiren with the Primordial Buddha, but this idea was doomed to failure as it was considered heretical.

• 復古神道や垂加神道は幕末の尊王思想にも影響を与え、明治期の政策にも影響を与えた。
• At the end of Edo period, reactionary Shintoism and Suika Shintoism also had an influence on the thought of reverence for the emperor as well as on policies in the Meiji period.

• 町内会のさらに下にあり数家庭ごとに一組を組織し、配給の効率化や思想統制を図った。
• It was ranked under a district association, organizing several families into one group, and aimed at higher efficiency of distribution and thought control.

• また、思想が実際の行動に顕現させられていたのが、武士道としての大きな特徴である。
• Also the major characteristics of Bushido is that the way of thought manifested itself in actual behaviours.

• 在野の学者や思想家の間には朝鮮が植民地であるかどうかについて見解の相違があった。
• There was a discrepancy in the opinions of independent scholars and thinkers on whether Korea was a colony or not.

• それらは大陸にももたらされ、政治や思想方面に大きな影響を与えるに至ったのである。
• Later, they were brought to the continent and gave significant influences in politics and thoughts.

• この頃の道場は国事を語る場でもあり、吉村は尊皇攘夷の思想に傾倒していったようだ。
• At that time, the dojo (hall used for martial arts training) was a place to discuss affairs of state, and it seems that YOSHIMURA gradually devoted himself to antiforeign imperialism..

• この頃から金峯山は山岳信仰に密教、末法思想、浄土信仰などが融合して信仰を集めた。
• On Kimpusen Mountain, Esoteric Buddhism, Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief), and Jodo-shinko (the Pure Land faith) started to merge into mountain worship around this period, attracting people's religious belief.

• また国家神道の教義の中心を「天皇現人神思想」や「万世一系思想」とする意見もある。
• There is another argument that the State Shinto's creed center around the thought of Arahitogami (kami (god) who appears in this world in human form) or the thought of an unbroken imperial line.

• 人の思想・感情を創作性に欠く方法により表現したもののため、著作権の対象にならない
• Too simple to be copyrighted

• でも、かれらの思想がだからといって、本当にばかげたものだったわけではないと思う。
• whose thoughts, however, I do not on that account suppose to have been really absurd,

• 思想、信念（特に宗教または哲学で）の異なるシステムの結合（または計画された融合）
• the union (or attempted fusion) of different systems of thought or belief (especially in religion or philosophy)

• この法律で「発明」とは、自然法則を利用した技術的思想の創作のうち高度のものをいう。
• 'Invention' in this Act means the highly advanced creation of technical ideas utilizing the laws of nature.

• また百姓一揆、特に世直し一揆の中に、弥勒思想の強い影響があることが指摘されている。
• Additionally, it is pointed out that peasant revolts, particularly the revolt for social reform, was strongly influenced by the Miroku faith.

• また、浄土教等に見受けられる浄土なる世界は、六道輪廻確立より更に後代の思想である。
• Historically, the pure land philosophy that is held by Jodo-kyo etc. was established long after the establishment of Rokudo-rinne philosophy.

• 親鸞の教えに忠実であり、親鸞会独自の考えや思想は全くないという立場を主張している。
• Believers are faithful to the teachings of Shinran and, there are no ideas or ideology that is unique to Shinrankai.

• 現在、儒教はあくまで思想論の一種であって宗教ではない、とする考えが一般的ではある。
• Currently, Ju-kyo is generally considered a kind of theory of thought and not a religion.

• 一方、中華思想から見た場合、南の部族を南蛮と呼び南蛮人の頭である「蛮頭」説もある。
• It is also said that it was written as '蛮頭' meaning a head of the Southern barbarian because the Southern tribe was called Southern barbarians in terms of Sinocentrism.

• 「陰陽五行思想」とは前述の通り「陰陽思想」と「五行思想」を組み合わせたものである。
• Inyo Gogyo Shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Xing Thought) is a combination of 'Yin-yang' and 'Gogyo shiso' as mentioned above.

• 儒教思想は実践的であることから学問を行えば自ずと徳が磨かれるものと見なされていた。
• Since the Confucian thought put a high value on practicality, it was regarded that leaning naturally promotes learners' virtue.

• しかし、道教が創唱宗教の形態を取る過程で道家の思想を取り入れたことは事実であった。
• However, in the process of formation as a soshoshukyo (religion proposed by a person or a group), Dokyo was indeed influenced by the Doka philosophy.

• 慈光寺本の冒頭は、仏教的な書き出しと、内容で他のものとは若干の思想的な違いがある。
• The opening lines of Jiko-ji bon are slightly different from other manuscripts in that it has a Buddhist ideology.

• 新たな表現方法への移行も出来なかったこともあり、短歌は目標や思想を喪失していった。
• Tanka poetry lost its direction and ideals, partly due to the fact that poets could not find new methods of expression.

• 連歌、和歌、仏教に深く通じ、能楽論と宗教思想をむすびつけた著作を数多くあらわした。
• Well versed in renga and waka poetry and Buddhism, Zenchiku wrote a number of books that discussed theories of Noh in combination with religious philosophies.

• 平安時代中期以降の末法思想から生み出された経塚遺跡からの発掘品も見ることができる。
• Articles excavated from the Ruin of Kyozuka, which are items born from the idea of the Latter Day of the Law during the latter half of the Heian period can also be seen here.

• また、国家神道の教義の中心を「天皇現人神思想」や「万世一系思想」とする意見もある。
• Some say that the core of State Shinto doctrine is the 'idea of the Emperor Arahitogami (kami who appears in this world in human form)' and the 'idea of an unbroken imperial line.'

• 多くの凡人達の思想とは相容れない思想があり、詭弁家の理論とは異なる理論があるのだ。
• - other thoughts than the thoughts of the multitude - other speculations than the speculations of the sophist.

• かれの思想の枠内にとどまっていたら、われわれはほとんど進歩しなかったことでしょう。
• We should have made but little progress if we had not got beyond the range of his ideas.

• 彼の書物はユダヤ人はもとより基督教の思想家に影響を与えた（1878年−1965年）
• his writings affected Christian thinkers as well as Jews (1878-1965)

• 同書は道元の思想や当時の禅界の事情を知る上で欠くことのできない一級資料とされている。
• This book is deemed first-class material in order to study the philosophy of Dogen as well as the state of things in the Zen Sect at that time.

• 道元は、中国曹洞宗の如浄の法を継いだが、さらに道元独自の思想深化発展がなされている。
• Although assuming the principles of Nyojo of the Sotoshu sect in China, Dogen advanced the philosophy to a higher level.

• 漢に再び中国は統一されたが、漢初に流行した思想・学術は道家系の黄老刑名の学であった。
• China was once again unified by Han, and the thought and learning which became popular at the beginning of the Han period was a school of Huang-Lao Taoism from a Taoism (Daoism) lineage.

• これは、大本の合気武道時代からのものと考えられ、親英体道にも同様の思想性が見られる。
• This is believed to be from the days of Oomoto aikido, and the martial art known as Shinei Taido has a similar ideology.

• また、江戸時代に官学となった朱子学系の思想的影響も受けていると指摘されることがある。
• It is also said that Neo-Confucianism, legitimate thought in the Edo period, has exerted ideological influence on the iemoto system

• 性教育のため、性文化の追求、また思想、宗教的意味合いがあったかなどもわかっていない。
• It was not known if it was for sex education or for the pursuit of sex culture, or philosophical or religious implication.

• 特定の利益誘導からともとれる、ごく狭い範囲の人々の考え（思想にすらならない）である。
• They are concepts (not particularly regarded as being part of an ideology) of a small group of people whose motivation may be connected to financial profit.

• また、平安中期は、仏教の末法思想が人々に広く浸透し、浄土思想・浄土教が盛んとなった。
• In the mid-Heian period, Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) was prevalent, and Pure Land Buddhism, the Jodo (Pure Land) sect was widely accepted.

• 水戸藩の国学、天狗党の強烈な尊王攘夷思想の流れをくむ芹沢を危険視したという説もある。
• There's a theory that they considered SERIZAWA a dangerous individual due to the Mito clan's teaching of classical literature and the influence of Tenguto's extremist Sonno joi policy.

• 伊東倫厚『伊藤仁斎　附伊藤東涯』＜叢書・日本の思想家10＞明徳出版社 1983年3月
• Sosho Nihon no Shisoka 10 'Ito Jinsai fu Ito Togai' (Japanese Philosopher Series, Volume 10 - Jinsai ITO with Supplement of Togai ITO) written by Tomoatsu ITO, published by Meitoku Shuppansha in March 1983

• このころは、身辺に題材をとった作品や思想色の濃い作品や教養小説や戯曲などを執筆した。
• At this time, he wrote pieces inspired by things around him, deep pieces about things he was concerned about, educational novels and plays.

• 近代においても法華経は、おもに日蓮を通じて多くの作家・思想家に影響を与えた教典である。
• During modern times the Hokke-kyo sutra also influenced many writers and thinkers, mainly through Nichiren.

• 仏教成立以前の古代インド思想を起源とし、原始仏教においてはさほど重大な意味を為さない。
• Rokudo originated from ancient Indian philosophy before the establishment of Buddhism and did not have a significant meaning in early Buddhism.

• 末法思想は、中国では隋・唐代に盛んとなり、三階教や浄土教の成立に深いかかわりを持った。
• In China, Mappo shiso became prevalent during the era of the Sui and Tang Dynasties and it is closely related to the establishment of Sangai-kyo (Three Stages Sect) or Jodo-kyo (Jodo (Pure Land) sect).

• 東寺講堂の諸仏は、こうした密教の思想を立体的な彫像で表わした立体曼荼羅にほかならない。
• Statues enshrined at the Lecture Hall of To-ji Temple make up a three dimensional mandala that represents such Esoteric Buddhist philosophy in the form of three dimensional sculptures.

• 冥界思想の浸透については源信が記したとされる往生要集がその端緒であると考えられている。
• The spread of Meikai-shiso supposedly originated from the accomplishment of Ojoyoshu (The Essentials of Salvation) compiled by Genshin.

• しかし、唯識の開祖である龍樹は、刹那に具体的な時間的長さを設定する思想を否定している。
• However, Nagarjuna (an Indian philosopher), originator of Yuishiki doctrine, rejects the concept of determining a specific length of time for setsuna.

• 浄土教の教えと、浄土への往生の方法と、親鸞の中心思想である往相還相について述べている。
• Shinran explains the teachings of the Jodo (Pure Land) Sect, the method to be reborn in the Pure Land, and his central idea of the Aspect of Going and the Aspect of Returning.

• 師に無心に尽くすこと、家元の絶対性を是認することなどは、朱子学の根幹をなす思想である。
• The fundamental principles of Neo-Confucianism include dedication to one's master and acceptance of the absoluteness of iemoto.

• 皇位簒奪と言う言葉は、「皇位は不朽の万世一系によるもの」という思想から出る言葉である。
• The usurpation of the imperial throne derives from the thought that 'the Imperial Throne is by an everlasting unbroken imperial line.'

• こうしたなか、西方極楽浄土への往生を願う浄土教が盛行し、末法思想の流行に拍車をかけた。
• Thus, Jodo sect who wished to go to Saiho Gokuraku Jodo - The West Pure Land of Amida Buddha after death became active, and this facilitated the popularity of Mappo thought.

• 陰陽思想と五行思想との組み合わせによって、より複雑な事象の説明がなされるようになった。
• A combination of the cosmic dual forces ideology and Gogyo Shiso made it possible to explain more complicated things.

• 倫理とは共同体の一員としての義務であり、思想とは命題に対して思惟を展開する行為である。
• Ethics is an obligation as a member of community and way of thought is an act to develop manas for proposition.

• 三島由紀夫は、晩年、神風連の乱に強い関心を持ち、敬神党の思想に共感していたといわれる。
• Yukio MISHIMA is said to have become keenly interested in the Shimpuren-no-ran War and have sympathized for the ideology of the Keishin-to party in his later years.

• 脱亜思想を示した著作としては、福澤諭吉の『学問のすゝめ』や『文明論之概略』などがある。
• There are some literary works describing Datsua-shiso thought, such as 'Gakumon no susume' (An Encouragement of Learning) or 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' (An Outline of a Theory of Civilization) written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA.

• でも、Linux はとんでもないソフトウェア思想上の進歩を取り込んだりはしていない。
• But Linux didn't represent any awesome conceptual leap forward.

• 陰陽五行思想、風水思想に基づいて、船岡山は大地の気が溢れ出る、玄武の小山と言われている。
• It is said that, based on the Inyo gogyo shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Hsing theory) and on feng shui theory, Funaoka-yama Mountain is a hill of the god Genbu (a Chinese god) where vital energy of the earth overflows.

• また近世思想史や美術史などを専攻する研究員4人が所属し、まんが文化の研究にあたっている。
• In the museum, four researchers specializing in modern history of thought, art history, and so on, have conducted research on manga culture.

• 武者小路実篤の提唱した「新しき村」の思想に感化され、伊吹山麗の「愛の村」で青年 を指導。
• Inspired by the concept of 'Atarashiki Mura' (new village) propounded by Saneatsu MUSHANOKOJI, he taught young people in 'Ai no Mura' (village of love) at the foot of Mt. Ibuki.

• 仏の悟りの境地のうち、唯識思想で言う「成所作智（じょうしょさち）を具現化したものである。
• This is an embodiment of Josho Sacchi (the wisdom of accomplishing that which is to be done) among the states of enlightenment associated with the idea of Yuishiki (consciousness only, the basic doctrine of the Japanese Hosso school).

• 中世期に成立していた門流の多くと、思想的潮流の相当部分を包含する新生日蓮宗が結成された。
• As a result, a new Nichiren sect was established including many schools and various thoughts which had been formed in the Kamakura period.

• 密教では、人間はそもそも汚れたものではないという、自性清浄（本覚思想）という考えがある。
• Esoteric Buddhism has the thought that human beings are originally not tainted (hongaku philosophy [all living things have an innate ability to achieve enlightenment]).

• また日本本来の伝統を捉え直そうという国学も興り、幕末の尊皇攘夷運動の思想的土壌を作った。
• In addition, the study of Japanese classical literature to review Japanese original traditions arose, and an ideological environment of 'Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians' movement in the end of Edo period was formed.

• そして、華道をする事によって、自らの心を安定させるというのが思想として受け継がれている。
• And then, the philosophy was succeeded by later generations into the thought that people may tranquilize their minds by practicing the flower arrangement.

• 滝川事件（たきがわじけん）は、1933（昭和8）年に京都帝国大学で発生した思想弾圧事件。
• The Takigawa Incident was a crackdown on freedom of thought that occurred at the Kyoto Imperial University in 1933.

• 幕末においてもっとも力と意味を持った思想潮流は、「尊王攘夷」の思想であると言われている。
• Among them, the philosophical movement called 'Sonno Joi' (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) is said to be the most influential.

• 七曜星は五行思想の陰陽と、木・火・土・金・水を表し、天地の象徴を示していると考えられる。
• Shichiyosho is considered to refer to yin yang (positive and negative, light and shade) of Five Phases theory and Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water as symbols of the world.

• また、儒者に限らず他の思想家なども結い、幕末頃には尊皇攘夷思想の若者の間に流行している。
• Furthermore, not only Confucians but also other thinkers selected this hairstyle; thus, Sohatsu became fashionable among young people with the thought of Sonno Joi (anti-foreign imperialism) at the end of the Edo period.

• 日本の都城には他に陰陽道における「四神相応」の思想が影響を及ぼしているという意見もある。
• There are opinions that Japanese Tojo was also influenced by Shijin-soo (an ideal topography for the four Taoist gods, with a river in the east, a broad avenue in the west, a basin in the south, and a hill in the north), an idea of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements).

• 道教の発生は、中国古来の巫術もしくは鬼道の教、不老長生を求める神仙思想を基盤としている。
• Dokyo was generated based on sharmanism or the philosophy of Kido (literally, ogre's path), and the Shinsen philosophy that seeks perennial youth and long life.

• 明治維新の尊王思想の模範とされた、その誠忠・純孝・正義により明治9年従三位を追贈された。
• In 1876, he was conferred court rank posthumously of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) for his sincere loyalty, pure dutifulness and justice which were regarded as the model of the thought of reverence for the emperor in the Meiji Restoration.

• 平安末期の末法思想の流行や阿弥陀信仰の隆盛とともにこの曼荼羅が信仰を集めるようになった。
• This Mandala became popular in line with the spread of Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) in the end of the Heian period as well as the boom of worshiping Amida Buddha.

• 昭和に入ると思想関係の締め付けが強化された世相を反映して、京都大学でも思想事件が相次ぐ。
• Entering the Showa era, Kyoto Imperial University came to be struck frequently by events related to the professors' thoughts, which reflected the social conditions at that time when the control over thoughts was strengthened.

• これは、「東夷・西戎・南蛮・北狄」と呼ぶ、中華思想の「四夷」をあてはめたためと思われる。
• It is thought that this was an adaptation of the Sinocentrism of 'Shii' (four barbarians), 'toi, seiju, namban and hokuteki.'

• かつての、母とかバラとか大望とか友人とか汚れない思想とか純白といったものがあった日々に。
• when his life contained such things as mothers and roses and ambitions and friends and immaculate thoughts and collars.

• 悲田院（ひでんいん）は、仏教の慈悲の思想に基づき、貧しい人や孤児を救うために作られた施設。
• Based on the spirit of mercy of Buddhism, Hidenin Temple was built for the salvation of the poor and orphans.

• 中世以降の日本では末法思想を、この世の終わりとする終末論的なものであると捉えることも多い。
• Since the medieval age, Mappo shiso has often been understood in Japan as similar to eschatology, which means the end of the world.

• 従って、国家の統治理念として儒教的な思想と仏教的な思想（鎮護国家）が共存していたのである。
• Due to this, as a philosophy to rule the nation, the ideas of Confucianism and the ideas of Buddhism (nation protection) coexisted.

• 一方で桓譚や王充といった思想家は無神論を唱え、その合理主義的な立場から讖緯を非難している。
• Meanwhile, thinkers such as Kantan and O Ju (Wang Chong) advocated atheism, and criticized Shini from their rationalistic perspective.

• 創始者個人の存在や思想が個々の修行者間に及ぼすカリスマ的な影響力は、他武道に比しても強い。
• The charismatic influence that the existence and thoughts of the founder have toward individual practitioners is strong compared to other martial arts.

• 明治に入り制度としての切腹はなくなったが、切腹を武人らしい名誉ある自決とする思想は残った。
• In the Meiji period, seppuku was outlawed but the idea of seppuku as an honorable, samurai-like method of suicide remained.

• これが後に対外的危機の際には必ず引用されて神国思想を高揚させる一因となったと言われている。
• It is said that this incident was always quoted when confronting cases of crisis against other countries and this was the reason the belief of the Shinkoku was established in Japan.

• 仏教では鎮護国家思想が強まり、聖武天皇の発願で東大寺・国分寺が国家護持の名目で建立された。
• In Buddhism, the idea of national defense was strengthened, and the Todai-ji and Kokubun-ji Temples were constructed due to the wishes of Emperor Shomu on the pretext of kokka goji (defending and maintaining the nation).

• 神に民族・国の根拠を依拠する思想は、その国・民族が危機に面するほど過激になるのも世界共通。
• It is also the same all over the world that the idea that the ethnic groups and nations originate in God becomes radical as a nation and its people are in crisis.

• 「万物一体の仁」とは、人も含めて万物は根元が同じであると考え、自他一体とみなす思想である。
• Banbutsu ittai no jin' is the concept of considering all things, including man, identical in their origin, thus, all things form one body.

• 北畠典生 『日本中世の唯識思想』　＜龍谷大学仏教文化研究叢書７＞（永田文昌堂　1997年）
• 'Vijnaptimatrata Thought in Medieval Japan' by Tensei KITABATAKE; Ryukoku University Buddhist CultureStudy Library 7 published by Nagata Bunshodo in 1997

• やがてその思想は水戸学同様尊皇攘夷の支柱となり、倒幕後の明治維新変革期の原動力ともなった。
• Before long, the thought became the central pillar of Sonno Joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) as well as Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain), and also became motivating power of the transition period in Meiji Restoration, after overthrowing the Shogunate.

• 1812年（文化9年）篤胤37歳の年には、中庸の思想を基盤とした『霊能真柱』を書き上げる。
• In 1812, aged 37, Atsutane finished writing 'Tama no Mihashira' (The Concept of Afterlife) which was founded on Nakatsune's thought.

• また、曽我量深、金子大栄、山口益等の、近現代を代表する仏教思想家・仏教学者を輩出している。
• The University has produced many Buddhist philosophers and scholars who represent modern and postmodern Japan, including Ryojin SOGA, Daiei KANEKO and Susumu YAMAGUCHI.

• 既に親鸞の師・法然に見られる思想であるが、これを教義的に整備したのが親鸞であるともいわれる。
• This is something you can see in the thinking of Honen, who was Shinran's teacher, but it is also said that Shinran organized the idea as a doctrine.

• 本願寺は民衆が支配者に対して展開した解放運動のささえとなり、社会変革の思想的原動力となった。
• Hongwan-ji Temple supported the freedom movement which the grass roots requested in opposition to rulers, serving as the ideological driving force of social reform.

• 浄土系仏教の教えのひとつであるが、宗派を超越した包括的な思想であるために民間信仰とも言える。
• It is one of the Jodo Buddhist teachings, but it is a comprehensive belief that transcends sects and could be considered as a folk religion.

• 平安時代中期に至り末法思想が広まると、それに伴って浄土教信仰を庶民に普及する僧たちが現れた。
• As Buddhist eschatology diffused in the middle of the Heian period, some priests began to propagate 'Jodoshu' (Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) to the public.

• 陰陽思想では奇数は陽の数であり、陽数の極である9が重なる日であることから「重陽」と呼ばれる。
• According to inyo-shiso (a Chinese ideology of dual cosmic forces, the active and passive), odd numbers are regarded as active numbers, among which the number nine is the ultimate, so that dual nine (September 9) means the highest level of activeness and is written in Chinese characters as 'cho' (meaning 'doubled') and 'yo' (meaning 'activeness').

• 陰陽師の台頭と共にその思想が風俗となって日本独自のものに変化し、現代にまで受け継がれている。
• Along with Onmyoji (Master of Yin yang) gaining power, their thoughts which became a mode of life were transformed to Japan-specific thoughts, and have been passed down to the modern age.

• 仏教による護国思想がいきわたるなかで、神は仏の化身であるという本地垂迹説がいっそう広がった。
• As patriotism through Buddhism was widespread, honji suijaku setsu (theory of original reality and manifested traces) that god turned into Buddha spread further.

• 五覇については五行思想との関連から戦国時代になってから形成されたものであるという見方もある。
• Another version has it that Goha (five strong feudal lords in the Chunqiu period) was formed in the Zhangguo period due to the connection with Gogyo shiso (Five Elements Theory).

• しかし、戦国時代 (日本)の日本にはヨーロッパのように弾幕で敵を阻止する戦術思想がなかった。
• In Japan at that time (the Sengoku period [period of warring states]), unlike in Europe, there were no tactical ideas of using artillery barrage to hold back enemies.

• また、国学思想から来る尊王思想と結びついて「尊王攘夷」運動として幕府批判へつながっていった。
• In addition, the idea of restoring power to the emperor, found in the study of Japanese classical literature, combined with the idea of expelling foreigners, eventually forming 'Sonno Joi' Movement (the Movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) as a tool to revoke the bakufu government.

• 一方で、この思想を基本とする保守派知識人達は戦後世代から「オールドリベラリスト」と呼ばれる。
• The conservative intellectuals that uphold this idea are called 'old liberalists' by postwar generations of researchers.

• 神仙思想は古代中国の陰陽五行説ともつながり、劇中登場する亀の色の五色も五行思想からきている。
• The concepts of Taoist immortality are connected to the doctrine of Yin and Yang and the Five Agents or Elements in ancient Chinese cosmology, and the five colors of the turtle in the tale were derived from this Five Elements Theory.

• また、伊奘諾・伊奘冉のことをそれぞれ陽神・陰神と呼ぶなど、陰陽思想の強い影響がうかがわれる。
• Izanagi and Izanami were also called gods of yang and yin respectively, which suggests a strong influence of cosmic dual forces ideology.

• 万延元年(1860年)に起こった桜田門外の変に強い衝撃を受け、倒幕、尊王攘夷の思想が強まる。
• After being deeply shocked by the Sakurada Gate Incident which occurred in 1860 his ideology shifted towards overthrowing of the Tokugawa Shogunate and of Sonno joi.

• しかし、一般的には、当時の国際色豊かな中国の思想・文化が流入した影響と見なす説が主流である。
• In general, however, it is mainly believed that the legend of the birth of Shotoku Taishi was an example of the influence of Chinese thoughts and culture in those days which had absorbed a lot of other cultures.

• 同様の思想で石田に先行する鈴木正三の職分説が士農工商のうち商人の職分を巧く説明出来なかった。
• Shosan SUZUKI's duty theory, which was a similar thought and preceded Ishida's, did not fully explain the duty of merchants among Shinokosho (hereditary four-status order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants).

• 若い頃から剣術を学ぶとともに、尊王攘夷思想に傾注し、同藩の尊王攘夷派勢力の中心人物となった。
• Learning swordplay from youth, he concentrated on the thought of Sonno Joi (the principle of advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and became the central figure among the power of Sonno Joi party in the clan.

• 人間の心を10段階に分け、それぞれに当時の代表的な思想を配置することによって体系を築いている。
• It establishes a system by dividing human mind into 10 stages and assigns typical thoughts to each of them.

• 様々の汚れは妄想により存在するので、妄想を止めれば、そのものが仏の世界なのだという思想である。
• One idea suggests that various dirtiness exists only as a symptom of delusion, and that without that delusion the world of Buddha can be found.

• 仏教以外の哲学思想（外道の教え）は執着を離れていない世間的な知恵に基づいていると仏教では見る。
• In Buddhism, all the philosophical thoughts other than Buddhism, i.e., the non-Buddhist doctrines, are based on the secular wisdom that does not transcend attachments to things.

• 幕末の京都は政局の中心地となり、尊皇攘夷や勤皇等の思想を持つ諸藩の浪士が潜伏して活動していた。
• Kyoto at the end of the Edo period was the center of political power struggles, and ronins (masterless samurai) from different feudal clans who held such ideas as 'revere the emperor, expel foreigners' and imperialists were active behind the scenes.

• 尊王攘夷（そんのうじょうい、尊攘）とは、王を尊び外圧・外敵を撃退しなければならないとする思想。
• Sonno Joi is a philosophy of respect for the Emperor and rejection of external pressures and foreign enemies.

• 後、戦国時代 (中国)末期に五行思想と一体となった陰陽五行思想として東アジア文化圏に広まった。
• Later, at the end of the Warring States Period (in China), it was incorporated with Gogyo shiso (Five Elements Theory), and it spread across the East Asian cultural sphere as Inyo [Onmyo] gogyo shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Hsing Idea).

• 日本の明治維新も典型的な保守革命とされ、三島由紀夫の「文化防衛論」も保守革命的思想といわれる。
• The Meiji Restoration in Japan is regarded as a typical conservative revolution, and Yukio MISHIMA's 'bunka boei ron' (Discussion on the Defense of Culture) is also said to have been a conservative revolutionary ideology.

• 西園寺は思想的に自由主義を自称し、衆議院での多数派政党が内閣を組織する憲政の常道を慣例にした。
• Saionji ideologically proclaimed liberalism, and he established the constitutional practice of the majority party in the House of Representatives forming the Parliament.

• 福岡では漢学を亀井暘春、国学を富永漸斎に学び、尚古主義（日本本来の古制を尊ぶ思想）に傾倒する。
• In Fukuoka, he learned Sinology from 亀井暘春, studied Japanese classical literature under Zensai TOMINAGA, and was devoted to Shoko Shugi (ideology in harmony with Japan's traditional values).

• 井口が敬愛した人物に、明治から昭和初期の思想界に多大な影響を与えたキリスト教徒内村鑑三がいる。
• Iguchi adored Kanzo UCHIMURA who was a Christian and gave a great impact on the world of thought from the Meiji period to the early Showa period.

• 尊皇思想家、漢学としても著名で、後に一条美子（後の昭憲皇太后）の学問師範（家庭教師）を務める。
• She was also a prominent thinker of the principle of reverence for the Emperor and a scholar of the study of Chinese classics and later became an education grand master (tutor) to Haruko ICHIJO (later to become Empress Dowager Shoken).

• 風土をモンスーン（日本も含む）、砂漠、牧場に分け、それぞれの風土と文化、思想の関連を追及した。
• He classified climates into groups, namely, monsoon (including Japan), desert, or farm in order to examine the relations between the various climates, culture, and human thinking.

• 黄は、五行思想で、土を表象しており、それゆえに、地下を指すために黄という文字を使ったのである。
• The Japanese kanji for 'yo' (黄) in 'Yomi' (黄泉) symbolizes earth in the concept of the five elements and was used when describing things that were underground.

• 先行する『発心集』の影響を受けて、その欠陥を改め、思想を継承・補完することが意図と、作者は言う。
• The author said that the purpose of this book was to correct one's failings and to develop and complement thought, being aware of the lessons of the preceding 'Hosshinshu' (Tales of Awakening).

• 冥界思想の浸透については源信 (僧侶)が記したとされる往生要集がその端緒であると考えられている。
• It is considered that the Ojoyoshu written by Genshin (a Buddhist monk) was the clue to the spread of Meikai-shiso.

• 陽明学は知行合一を説く実践的な倫理思想となり、大塩平八郎の乱など、変革の思想になることもあった。
• Yomei-gaku became a practical thought on ethics advocating Chiko-Goitsu, and at times, became thought for reform, as in Rebellion of Oshio Heihachiro.

• これは儒教思想が、共産主義の根幹を成すマルクス主義とは相容れない存在と捉えられていたためである。
• This was because the thought of Ju-kyo was considered incompatible with Marxism, which was the foundation for communism.

• 戦国時代が終わってこれらの技術が発展し、禅の思想や中国の思想や医学などの影響も受けるようになる。
• After the Sengoku period (the Warring States period), the above-mentioned techniques developed, and they began to be influenced by the philosophy of 'Zen' (a sect of Buddhism, which emphasizes focusing one's mind), and by the Chinese philosophy and medical science.

• 思想、道徳としての儒学は支配階級を中心に学ばれ、明治以降は一般庶民にも直接、間接に影響を与えた。
• Confucianism was studied for its morals and ethics mainly by the ruling class, and after the Meiji period, its influence was directly and indirectly exerted on the ordinary people.

• 近年は、文学分野での学術研究も進められ、江戸思想史研究の資料として利用されるようにもなっている。
• Today there is a lot of academic research on 'Hakkenden' in the field of literature and it has been utilized as material for research on the history of ideas during the Edo period.

• 「白峯」での西行など、『雨月物語』を書く秋成の思想の背景に、国学者賀茂真淵からの影響が見られる。
• An influence of KAMO no Mabuchi, a classical Japanese scholar, seems to have lay behind the author, Akinari, of 'Ugetsu Monogatari,' especially in the character of Saigyo in 'Shiramine.'

• 西郷の思想は武士の道徳と朱子学を二本柱にしてできていて、この朱子学の根本理論を終世、信じていた。
• Saigo's ideology was structured on two pillars, moralsity and Chu His, and he believed in the founding principles of Neo-Confucianism throughout his life.

• また、中岡が龍馬の西洋的な議会主義的思想にどの程度まで理解を示したのかも今日まで不明な点が多い。
• It remains unclear as to how much of Ryoma's western legislative ideology Nakaoka agreed with.

• また、同年に京都府は科学思想啓発のために国内初の有人気球を計画し、源蔵はその実行責任者となった。
• In the same year, Kyoto Prefecture planned to launch the first manned balloon in Japan for the purpose of enlightenment of scientific thought, and Genzo was appointed to the chief executive responsible for the plan.

• そして年末には日本の思想風土の問題点を主題にした徳富蘆花原作の悲劇『灰燼』の撮影にとりかかった。
• At the end of the year, he started shooting 'Kaijin,' Roka TOKUTOMI's original tragedy featuring issues of the climate of thought in Japan.

• 日本的な思想と西洋哲学の融合、あるいは止揚とでもいうべき境地を目指した稀有な哲学者と評価される。
• He is recognized as an unprecedented philosopher who tried to merge Japanese concepts with Western philosophy and aimed at sublating those studies.

• その後、平安後期の阿弥陀信仰の高まりや末法思想の普及にともない、法界寺にも阿弥陀堂が建てられた。
• The later increase in devotion to Amitabha and the spread of pessimism due to decadent-age theory during the latter part of the Heian period led to the construction of an Amitabha hall at Hokai-ji Temple.

• 神宮寺（じんぐうじ）とは、日本において神仏習合思想に基づいて神社を実質的に運営していた仏教寺院。
• Jinguji are Buddhist temples that operated as Shinto shrines under the syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism that occurred in Japan.

• 後に、賓頭盧を別の羅漢として、十六羅漢思想を創始したとされる慶友とあわせ十八羅漢とする場合もある。
• There is a view that includes Binzuru as another Rakan among 'the 18 Rakans' with Keiyu, who is regarded as having originated the idea of the 18 Rakans.

• 阿弥陀仏や極楽浄土に関説する大乗経論は非常に多く、浄土往生の思想を強調した論書としては以下がある。
• There exist many theories of Mahayana Buddhism on Amitabha Buddha and the Land of Bliss, among which the theories emphasizing the concept of a belief in Jodo after death are shown below:

• 中国においては、地蔵菩薩は十王思想と結びついて地藏王菩薩とも呼ばれ、冥界の教主としても信仰される。
• In China, Jizo Bosatsu is called Jizo-o Bosatsu (tied with Juo thought) and is worshipped as a master of the underworld.

• しかし、純正の日本に仏教という外来の不純な思想を持ち込んだとして、本居宣長などによって批判された。
• However, he was criticized by Norinaga MOTOORI and others saying that Kukai brought to pure Japan a foreign impure philosophy called Buddhism.

• 智顗はこの「一心三観」を前提として十界互具を展開し、それがまた一念三千の思想へとつながっていった。
• Chigi developed Jikkaigogu on the premise of 'isshin sangan,' which lead to the thought of ichinen sanzen.

• 『壇経』においては、その思想が明確に（中国禅の典籍にしては、という但し書きが付くが）語られている。
• This idea is clearly laid out in 'Dankyo', although with a proviso of being compared with other Chinese Zen books.

• こうした天台大師智顗の思想の影響を受けて日蓮は法華経を最高の経典とした、という見方が一般的である。
• It is generally thought that since being affected by such idea of Priest Zhiyi of Tiantai, Nichiren regarded Hokke-kyo (Myohorenge-kyo) as the supreme Buddhist scripture.

• 日本の庭園様式の変遷をひもとけば、建築様式の変化や大陸からの宗教や思想の影響が庭を変化させている。
• When reading the books related transition of the forms of Japanese gardens, it is understood that change of a style of building and influences of religion and thoughts came from the Asian Continent changed the form of Nihon teien.

• 吉田松陰の唱えた一君万民思想は擬似的な平等思想であり、幕府の権威を否定するイデオロギーともなった。
• The Ikkunpanmin Shiso (the thought where constitutional authority was given to only one ruler and any discrimination and distinction against social status were generally not allowed among people) is spurious thought on equality, but it also became an ideology to deny the authority of shogunate.

• 根来・雑賀の鉄砲もさることながら、一揆や寺社の体現する思想そのものが天下人への脅威だったのである。
• Not only the guns of Negoro and Saiga but also the idea itself which ikki, temples and shrines embodied was a threat against tenkabito.

• 幕府の官学である朱子学との関係については、幕府は朱子学を支配原理として採用し、儒教思想が定着した。
• The Tokugawa shogunate adopted the teachings of Zhu Xi (a Chinese philosopher of the twelfth century) as the principle of controlling people and Confucian philosophy took hold.

• 当時の朝鮮王朝の中で小中華思想や門閥主義、閨閥主義を脱却していた役人は極めて少数派だったのである。
• In the Korean Dynasties at that time, government officials who cast off the Petit Sinocentrism, lineage, and Keibatsu blood connection were quite a minority.

• この背景には儒教よりも老荘の老荘思想が興起しており文人に大いに影響を与えていたとみることができる。
• It can be said that this was because the thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi were more influential than Confucianism at the time and gave great impact on Bunjin.

• 福澤諭吉は『福翁百話』の第34話「半信半疑は不可なり」において、次のように脱亜思想を説明している。
• In the 34th essay collected in 'Fukuo Hyakuwa' (One Hundred Discourses of Fukuzawa), which was entitled 'Hanshin-Hangi wa Fuka nari' (A half-baked notion is unacceptable), Yukichi FUKUZAWA explained Datsua-shiso thought as follows.

• そうした受容姿勢の変化に大きく寄与したのが、同じく欧米からもたらされた新思想、社会進化論であった。
• This approach to 'Bankoku Koho' was changed dramatically by new thought, social evolutionism also brought from European and American countries.

• しかし『万国公法』とその「勢力均衡」思想が、朝鮮の開国方針と条約に影響を与えたことは明らかである。
• It is certain that 'Bankoku Koho' and 'Balance of Power' exerted influence on the policy of opening of a country and treaty of Korea.

• 一説に原型となった慈光寺本承久記に六代勝事記の思想を受容して流布本が成立したものとする意見がある。
• There is a view that the popular edition came into existence based on the Jiko-ji bon Jokyuki, adding a philosophy of the Rokudai Shojiki to it.

• 上士として安政4年（1857年）には江戸へ遊学し、儒者大橋訥庵の門に学び、尊王攘夷思想に傾倒する。
• In 1857, he left his hometown to study in Edo as a Joshi, and he became a student of Confucian Totsuan OHASHI and got to devote himself to the thought of Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners).

• 晩年の思想は、維新（柏尾）、佐幕（沖田）と正反対ではあるが、共に若くして天才肌の剣客、教授方師範。
• Although their late-life beliefs were completely different, restoration (Kashio) and supporting bakufu (Okita), they were both genius expert swordsmen and teachers or masters at young ages.

• これらの出版物は町人・豪農層の人々にも支持を得て、やがて国学思想の普及に多大の貢献をする事になる。
• These publications gained support from townspeople and wealthy farmers, and in due course, contributed greatly to popularization of the study of Japanese classical literature thought.

• 土井 虎賀壽（どい とらかず、1902年2月19日 - 1971年3月10日）は、思想家・文学者。
• Torakazu DOI (February 19, 1902 - March 10, 1971) was a philosopher and literatus.

• かつては専門の研究者によっても、陰陽家の思想が日本に伝わったものが陰陽道である、と説明されてきた。
• At one time, researchers thought that the philosophy of the Yin and Yang introduced into Japan developed into Ommyodo.

• 述べられているように問題に焦点を合わせて、解決策を達成するために情報と知識を統合しようとする思想家
• a thinker who focuses on the problem as stated and tries to synthesize information and knowledge to achieve a solution

• 思想や芸術について自由に語り合うための場所としての意味合い、思想の拠点という役割も、喫茶店にあった。
• The cafe was intended to provide a place where people could talk about thought and art freely, and also had the function of serving as a center for thinkers.

• 鎌倉仏教の多くは末法思想を肯定しているが、正法眼蔵随聞記には「今は云く、この言ふことは、全く非なり。
• Most of Kamakura Buddhism affirmed the notion of the decadent age, but in his Shobogenzo Zuimonki he wrote 'I tell you now, this is completely false.

• ただし、浄土真宗の場合、人は死後すぐに仏になるという思想を持つため、香典であっても「御仏前」と書く。
• However, in the case of a funeral held in accordance with the teachings of the Jodoshinshu (True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism), the address 'Gobutsuzen' is used for koden, because the deceased is said to become a Buddha immediately after death.

• また同時に、日本人が海外の思想に変化を加えて自分のものにする様子を「造りかへる力」とも表現している。
• At the same time, he called it 'the ability to recreate' that Japanese people made foreign thoughts to change into their own thoughts.

• 天皇が太陽神の子孫であるという思想、すなわち「天皇の死去＝太陽が雲に隠れる」から来ているともされる。
• Another theory says that it is derived from an idea that the emperor is a descendent of Taiyoshin (the sun god), i.e., 'demise of the emperor means that the sun hides behind a cloud'.

• この結果、朱子学は念願の王朝権力との一体化を果たし、思想界に重大な影響を与えることになったのである。
• Consequently, Shushigaku became integrated with Imperial Court power and acquired strong influence on ideological circles.

• 中国人の華夷思想からか専ら宣教師が中国語を習得し中国人がヨーロッパの言語を学習することは少なかった。
• Due to Sino-centrism embraced by the Chinese, however, the missionaries learned Chinese while only a small number of Chinese studied languages used in European countries.

• 風水では天円地方の思想のうち地方の部分が形骸化しており、地方を天円と同じく重くみる陰陽道とは異なる。
• The 'Chiho'part of 'Tenen-Chiho'became obsolete in Fusui theory, thus distinguishing it from Onmyodo, which places equal emphasis on both elements.

• 『和漢朗詠集』や『本朝文粋』さらには仏教語などが頻出しており、紀行文の枠を越えた思想性を含んでいる。
• Content from 'Wakan Roeishu' (lit. Collection of Chinese and Japanese Poems for Singing) and 'Honcho Monzui' (anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese) as well as Buddhist terms are frequently used, and it contains ideological think that transcends the boundaries of other travel journals.

• 幕末、蕃山の思想は再び脚光を浴びるところとなり藤田東湖、吉田松陰などが傾倒し、倒幕の原動力となった。
• In the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, Banzan came under the spotlight once again, and great thinkers, such as Toko FUJITA and Shoin YOSHIDA, admired him, so his ideas became a driving force of the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate.

• 同地で郡役人の間崎哲馬に学問を、また城下に出て武市半平太に剣術を学び尊攘思想に傾倒するようになった。
• In the above-mentioned place, he learned academics from Tetsuma MAZAKI, who was a kori yakunin (official for county), and, by going out to the castle town, swordplay from Hanpeita TAKECHI and devoted himself to antiforeign imperialism.

• 1つの堂に9体もの阿弥陀如来像を安置するという発想は「九品往生」（くほんおうじょう）思想に由来する。
• The idea to enshrine the nine statues of Amida Nyorai within a single hall originated with the concept of 'Kuhon Ojo' (nine future lives).

• 神風連は政府の開明政策に反対する復古主義、排外主義を主張しており、国粋主義的な思想背景を持っていた。
• The Shinpuren, with their undercurrent of extreme patriotism, held a restorationist, anti-foreign philosophy, and as such were deeply opposed to the bakufu's policy of opening the country.

• しかし私たちは懐疑的なそして、こんな言い回しを使ってかまわなければ、思想の苦しむ時代に生きています。
• But we are living in a sceptical and, if I may use the phrase, a thought-tormented age:

• それだから、ことの両面を知るというのは、思想家の間でさえ、よくよく達成するというにはほど遠いのです。
• accordingly it is far from a frequent accomplishment, even among thinkers, to know both sides;

• 著作物　思想又は感情を創作的に表現したものであつて、文芸、学術、美術又は音楽の範囲に属するものをいう。
• "work"　means a production in which thoughts or sentiments are expressed in a creative way and which falls within the literary, scientific, artistic or musical domain;

• これらは密教の思想、特に空海（著作『即身成仏儀』等）や覚鑁（著作『五輪九字明秘密釈』等）の影響が強い。
• This structure comes from the philosophy of Esoteric Buddhism especially of Kukai (in his work 'Sokushin jobutsu gi' (Attaining Enlightenment in This Very Existence)) and Kakuban (in his work 'Gorin kuji myo himitsu shaku' (Secret Explication of the Mantras of the Five Wheels and the Nine Syllables)).

• 最終的には顕教と比べて、密教（真言密教）の優位性、顕教の思想・経典も真言密教に摂包されることを説いた。
• Finally, he preached that Mikkyo (Shingon Mikkyo) was superior to esoteric Buddhism and that the thinking and sutras of esoteric Buddhism were included to Shingon Mikkyo.

• 古来より中国・日本において、浄土思想に言及する註釈書は非常に多いが、この三経典を中心に撰述されている。
• Many commentaries on the Pure Land philosophy that have been written in China and Japan since the ancient times have mainly been compiled according to these three sutras.

• また、『二入四行論』が達磨に関する最も古い語録で達磨伝説の原型であるとともに達磨の思想をも伝えている。
• Furthermore, the oldest goroku (saying) concerning Daruma is found in 'Ninyushigyo ron' (literally, 'the way to the two truths, and methods for the four practices'), which, being the original model for legends concerning Daruma, also conveys Daruma's thought.

• しかしその独特の教義は仏教の各派に多くの影響を残し、後の日本の密教思想の形成の大きな遠因となっている。
• However its peculiar creed had a huge amount of influence on different sects of Buddhism and it is an indirect but nevertheless and important cause of the later development of Esoteric Buddhism thought in Japan.

• 孔子の弟子たちは孔子の思想を奉じて教団を作り、戦国時代 (中国)、儒家となって諸子百家の一家をなした。
• The disciples of Koshi believed in the thoughts of Koshi and organized a religious community, and became a Ju-ka to form a school of Shoshi hyakka during the Warring States Period.

• この思想が東京綜合写真専門学校の理念として引き継がれ、多くの先鋭的で個性的な写真家を輩出し続けている。
• The idea has been carried on into the philosophy of Tokyo College of Photography, and the college continues to produce many radical and individual photographers.

• 史実に取材することがあっても基本的にフィクションであり、勧善懲悪思想などを中心に据えた読み物であった。
• Yomihon books were considered fiction even when the subject was based on historical events as they were fundamentally story-books with themes on good-versus-evil.

• 戦後、思想、信条の自由が保障されると、戦前は取り締まりの対象であったマルクス主義の唯物史観が興隆する。
• After the War, the freedom of thought and religion was secured, the historical materialism of Marxist became popular which was targeted by regulations.

• ただし、近年の研究では倒幕と言っても緩やかなものであり、松平春嶽らの思想に近かったものと言われている。
• According to modern studies, it is theorized that Goryo-eji had thought of overthrowing the shogunate government which was not so radical and closer to those thoughts held by Shungaku MATSUDAIRA and the like.

• これを背景として、中世中期には、北畠親房により神道的な神国思想をテーマとする『神皇正統記』が著された。
• With such a situation as a background, Chikafusa KITABATAKE wrote, in around the middle of the medieval period, 'Jinno shotoki' (records of the legitimate succession of the divine emperors) whose theme was Shinkoku-shiso (the thought considering Japan as the land of the gods) based on the Shinto religion.

• 全体的に朱子学に基づいた水戸学＝大義名分論とする尊皇論で貫かれており、幕末の思想に大きな影響を与えた。
• Over all, it was written based on the idea of Mitogaku based on Shushigaku which considered that retainers should revere the emperor, and the book greatly influenced thought during the end of the Edo period.

• ゆえに権力者が寺内で権力を振りかざすことも認めない――このような寺社の思想を伊藤正敏は「無縁」と呼ぶ。
• Therefore, authorities where not allowed to have power in the temple, and such an idea regarding temples and shrines was called 'Muen' by Masatoshi ITO.

• 武士階級を主体とした場合は封建社会の、近代の思想家を主体とした場合は近代の矛盾を命題とした思惟である。
• In samurai society, the propositions of manas were contradictions in feudal society, while for modern thinkers, they are contradictions in modern times.

• 1967年4月に、西洋思想史研究者河野健二の『福沢諭吉--生きつづける思想家』（講談社）が発行された。
• In April 1967, 'Fukuzawa Yukichi - Ikitsuzukeru Shisoka' (Yukichi FUKUZAWA - Living Theorist) (published by Kodansha) by a scholar of Western History of Ideas Kenji KONO was published.

• 脱亜思想（だつあしそう）とは、福澤諭吉に代表される儒教を廃して中華思想から脱却しようとする思想のこと。
• Datsua-shiso thought is a concept mainly advocated by Yukichi FUKUZAWA, which encourages an abolishment of Confucianism and a departure from Sinocentrism.

• 啄木は、自分の経済的な苦しみの原因は社会にあると考え、社会主義思想に関心を持ち国禁の書を読みふけった。
• Takuboku believed his economic problems were caused by society, developed an interest in the socialist ideology and would immerse himself in books that had been banned by the state.

• 「京都べ平連」の結成に参加するほか、思想の科学研究会・現代風俗研究会の会員としても研究活動に参加した。
• He participated in forming 'Beheiren in Kyoto,' and also took part in the research activities in Shiso no Kagaku Kenkyukai (Association for the Study of Science of Thought, or the Institute for the Science of Thought) and Gendai Fuzoku Kenkyukai (Research Association of Contemporary Culture, or Research Group on Contemporary Popular/Everyday Culture) as a member.

• この際に国学思想の影響を受けて尊皇攘夷論に関心を抱き、次第に意を国事に用いるようになったとされている。
• It is said that on that occasion, influenced by the philosophy of Japanese classical literature, he showed interest in the argument of Sonno-joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and developed a passion for domestic politics.

• また神仏習合思想においては仏法における荼吉尼天が宇迦之御魂神の本地仏とされる（その総本社は豊川稲荷）。
• In the Shinbutsu shugo shiso theory (the amalgamation of Buddhism with Shinto, the Japanese indigenous religion), Buddhist Dakiniten (Dakini - fairy-goddess) is honjibutsu (a Buddha, the true nature of a Shinto deity) of Ukanomitama no Mikoto (the headquarters of all the temples that worship Dakiniten is Toyokawa-inari).

• 戦後、仏教関係者のなかで、仏教とは相容れない「霊」を祀り、英霊思想に従属したことへの反省も生れている。
• After the war, some Buddhist practitioners have reflected on having enshrined 'spirits' that contradict Buddhism and on having been subservient to the concept of eirei.

• 新思想系 - 大本・生長の家・白光真宏会・世界真光文明教団・崇教真光・ス光光波世界神団・神道天行居など
• New thought/idea line: Oomoto, Seicho-No-Ie, Byakko Shinko Kai (White Light Association,) Sekai Mahikari Bunmei Kyodan (World Divine Light Organization,) Sukyo Mahikari, Suhikari Koha Sekai Shindan, Shindo Tenkokyo, etc.

• ところが、日本においては思想（明経道）や実務（明法道）よりも親しみやすい文学・史学への関心が高かった。
• In Japan, however, literature and history attracted more interest due to their approachable nature than philosophical study (myogyo-do) and administrative study (myobo-do) did.

• 文明の結実を一新させる唯一重要な変化とは、それ以降の思想・概念・信念*1に影響をもたらすようなものだ。
• The only important changes whence the renewal of civilisations results, affect ideas, conceptions, and beliefs.

• 綜芸種智院の名に表されるように、儒教・仏教・道教などあらゆる思想・学芸を網羅する総合的教育機関でもある。
• As known from the name of Shugeishuchiin, it was also a comprehensive educational facility where every philosophy, science and art, including Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, were taught.

• 相手の間違った思想に迎合することなく、正しいものは正しいと言い切り、相手と対話を通じて仏法を伝えること。
• It is to preach Buddhism through dialogue, not by compromising oneself to appeal to someone, but by insisting that what is right is right.

• 何よりも、神の存在を完全に否定している事から、宗教として扱われる思想ではない、という見解が圧倒的に多い。
• Above all, an overwhelming majority believe it is a thought that should not be treated as a religion, due to the fact that it completely denies the existence of god.

• 西洋の思想と技術とともに彼らの言語も伝えられ、様々なポルトガル語が外来語としてもたらされることとなった。
• Their language was introduced along with the Western thoughts and technology, and various words of the Portuguese language were brought into Japan as loan words.

• 明治以後は国家神道を支える理念的思想となるとともに欧化・近代化路線に対抗する国粋主義と結びつく事になる。
• After the Meiji period, national shinto was supported and at the same time it was patriotic to go against Europeanized thought and the route to modernism.

• 実際、八木の提唱した倍年説は、かなり彼の思想が深く、一般的な倍年説とも大きな隔たりがあるように思われる。
• In fact, Yagi's Double Year Theory contains a lot of his opinion and has a big difference from general Double Year Theory.

• 更に北ヨーロッパなどでは伝統的な価値観や共同体の維持と言った保守的な思想のもとで出される場合が多かった。
• In Northern Europe, they were issued based on conservative thoughts, which included traditional values and were aimed at maintaining the community.

• 往生要集などには本来の仏教の浄穢思想理解のための手段として神祇信仰のケガレを利用した論理が見受けられる。
• For example, 'Ojoyoshu' (The Essentials of Salvation) describes a logic employing muck of Jingi belief to explain Buddhism's own pure and impure thought.

• 何であれ中華思想に基づいた律令国家にとっては、「自らの支配下の外側にある人々という概念でしかな」かった。
• Whatever they may have been, for the ritsuryo kokka based on Sinocentrism, Ezo was 'simply a concept of people who were out of their control.'

• 上からの「仁政」すなわち民に情け深い治政をすべきだとの強い儒教思想の持ち主で独自の県治方針を抱いていた。
• His strong belief in Confucianism was behind his philosophy of 'Jinsei' (benevolent rule) from above, that is to say, the rule of law for the people based on compassion, and held unique policies for prefectural administration.

• 代表的な思想家として騶衍（すうえん。騶は{馬芻}。鄒衍と表記する場合もある）や、公孫発などが挙げられる。
• The representative thinkers include Zou Yan (騶衍 or 鄒衍) and Koson(公孫発).

• 明末に朱子学に対する批判が起こると、「修身斉家治国平天下」（『大学』）という儒教思想にも変化が起こった。
• When the criticism against Neo-Confucianism was stirred up in the end of the Ming era, there also were changes in the Confucian philosophy of '修身斉家治国平天下' (in order to put 'Tenka' in order, first train one's own moral, then put own family in order, then put the nation in order, and finally bring peace into Tenka) ('Daigaku' [the Great Learning]).

• 貴穀賤金（きこくせんきん）は、江戸時代の経済思想のひとつで、米穀をとうとび、貨幣をいやしめるというもの。
• Kikokusenkin refers to one of the economic thoughts during the Edo period, which respected rice and abhorred money.

• あるいは、｢天が下知る｣というのは、朝廷が天下を治めるという「王土王民」思想に基づくものとの考えもある。
• There is another opinion that the phrase 'heaven governs our land' was based on the idea of the 'Emperor's land and Emperor's people,' meaning the Emperor should govern the whole land.

• 直明のひ孫である藤井多門が岩倉具視と親交を深め、直明の思想が明らかとなり、明治維新後、正四位が贈られた。
• Owing to a friendly tie that Naoaki's great grand son Tamon FUJII deepened with Tomomi IWAKURA, Naoaki's thought came to be recognized and after the Meiji Restoration, he was posthumously given Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank).

• 明恵が自分の見た夢を記録した日記であり、夢の中での宗教的経験が彼の思想に大きく影響していることがわかる。
• A record that Myoe kept of his dreams, the religious experiences of which are said to have greatly influenced his way of thinking.

• 大聖和靜国師 -- 元曉（617年 - 686年）薛聡の父、通仏教を提唱して新羅の仏教思想を融合させた。
• Daishowajo kokushi : Wonhyo (617 - 686) was Seol Chong's father, advocated popular Buddhism and fused Buddhist concepts in Silla.

• これは当時の陰陽五行思想によって順流とされるもので、遣水とよばれ、浅いせせらぎとなるよう工夫が凝らされる。
• Inmyo Gogyoshiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Hsing Idea) then considered the stream a favorable current called yarimizu, and it was designed to be a shallow stream.

• 〔寛政の法難〕によって、一致派、像仏派の思想を強要されたが、現在は曼荼羅を本尊とする富士門流の一派である。
• Although it was once forced to adopt the philosophy of Icchi School and Zobutsu School by Kansei no honan (the religious persecution in Kansei era), it is, at present, a school of Fujimon School whose principal image of Buddha is mandala.

• しかし吉野の金峰山や四国の石鎚山などで山林修行を重ねると共に、幅広く仏教思想を学んだことは想像に難くない。
• However, it can be easily imagined that he performed ascetic performances repeatedly in the forests of Mt. Kinpu in Yoshino and on Mt. Ishizuchi in Shikoku and that he learnt Buddhist thoughts widely.

• 『浄土文類聚鈔』（じょうどもんるいじゅしょう）は、親鸞が著わした浄土真宗の根本思想を書き記した論書である。
• The term 'Jodo Monrui Jusho' refers to a theoretical treatise in which Shinran wrote about the fundamental thoughts of Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism).

• だが、元田永孚ら宮中の保守的な漢学者の影響によって教育勅語などに儒教の忠孝思想が取り入れられ、奨励された。
• However, influenced by conservative scholars of the Chinese classics in the imperial court such as Nagazane MOTODA, the thought of loyalty to one's master and filial piety of Ju-kyo was adopted in the Imperial Rescript on Education, etc. and was promoted.

• 未生流の創始者である未生斎一甫は、当初華道を行う中で、儒教・老荘思想・仏教の宗教的観念を根本的思想にした。
• During the initial stage of practicing the flower arrangement, Ippo MISHOSAI, the founder of Misho school, formed a core of its basic philosophy associated with the religious concepts of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.

• そして、あるべき姿＝元の所有者へ所有権を戻すことこそ、正しい政治＝徳政であるという思想が広く浸透していた。
• Accordingly, there was also a widespread idea that returning the right of ownership to the original owner of that property should be realized in the right governance (or tokusei).

• これは権力に対する独立・中立性の放棄であり、寺社側が拒否したのも「無縁」の思想からすれば当然のことである。
• This was equal to the abandonment of independency and neutrality against authority, so that it is natural that the temples and shrines rejected these requests with the idea of 'Muen.'

• 五行思想の特徴は、「相生」と「相剋」という、それぞれの要素同士がお互いに影響を与え合うという考え方である。
• A distinctive feature of Gogyo shiso is the idea that the five elements influence each other.

• また、六代将軍家宣や儒学思想に基づく新井白石らの政治をことさらに良く見せようとする意図もあったと推測する。
• In addition, she also approximates that Ienobu, the 6th Shogun, and his assistant Hakuseki ARAI must have intended to make their policies look much better.

• これと関連して、その多くが幕末明治期かいずれかに洋行の経験があって、尊皇攘夷思想に染まった経験がなかった。
• In this connection, many of them had an experience to go abroad at the end of Edo period or in the Meiji period, and were never influenced by the thought of Sonno Joi (reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners).

• 山崎闇斎は、人間の心（心神）は、即ち天神と同源であり同一であるとの思想から、自らの心神を自宅の祠に祀った。
• His philosophy declared that the human spirit (Shinshin) and Tenjin (heavenly gods) were of the same source and were identical; Ansai YAMAZAKI enshrined his Shinshin in Hokora (a small shrine) in his house.

• （武者小路実篤の「新しき村」の第二種会員になり、白樺派の思想に触れた茅舎は次第に西洋思想に感化されていく。
• Bosha became a second-type member of Saneatsu MUSHANOKOJI's 'New Village', which introduced the thought of the 'Shirakabaha' (White Birch Group) to him, and he would gradually become influenced by Western thought.

• これらの俳句の比較から、一茶の浄土真宗的な思想と無常観に対して、井月の現世肯定性、楽天性が指摘されている。
• Given the comparison between Issa's and Seigetsu's haiku, it is pointed out that Issa was under influence of the thought of the Jodoshin Sect and viewed life as transitory, on the other hand, Seigetsu had an optimistic and realistic way of thinking.

• 「専修念仏」とは、いかなる者も、一心に弥陀（阿弥陀如来）の名を唱え続ければ極楽往生できるとする思想である。
• Senju-nembutsu' is the idea that all sentient beings can be reborn in Amida's Paradise by reciting the name of Mida (Amida Nyorai) intently.

• 思想の自由が必要なのは、偉大な思想家をつくるためだけとか、あるいは主にそのためだというわけではありません。
• Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers, that freedom of thinking is required.

• もう一つの実例は、ヨーロッパ大陸でしかも教養階級に限られるのですが、十八世紀後半の思想運動にも見られます。
• another, though limited to the Continent and to a more cultivated class, in the speculative movement of the latter half of the eighteenth century;

• 橋の東側には江戸時代の勤皇思想家である高山彦九郎像（俗称・土下座像）があり、待ち合わせスポットになっている。
• At the east side of the bridge there is a statue of Hikokuro TAKAYAMA who was a loyal supporter of the Emperor in the Edo Period (the so called 'dogezazo': a statue of him prostrating himself on the ground), and it is now a meeting spot.

• 浄土は死後に行き着くと言う点では六道と共通するものの、六道輪廻の思想で説かれる世界観とは基本的に別物である。
• The pure land is common with Rokudo in the sense of a place where the dead are destined to go, but it is a completely different notion from the world-view under the philosophy of Rokudo-rinne.

• その思想は東林学派の一員である黄尊素の子で、劉宗周の弟子である黄宗羲の『明夷待訪録』に総括されることになる。
• The thought was rounded up in 'Meiitaiho-roku' (a book awaiting questions in the unlit world) by Ko Sogi, the child of Ko Sonso who was a member of the Torin-gakuha, and a disciple of Ryu Soshu.

• このため、儒教を思想とみなすか宗教とみなすかでは、完全に見解が分かれており、たびたび論争の焦点になっている。
• Thus, opinions are completely divided on whether to view Ju-kyo as a thought or a religion, and this has often been the point of dispute.

• 元寇の勝利によって民族的自覚が強まり、日本は神国であるという「神国思想」が発生し、神本仏従の習合思想が成立。
• After Japan's successful repulsion of the Mongol invasions, racial awareness strengthened among the Japanese, giving rise to the 'Shinkoku shiso,' the belief that Japan was a divine country, as well as the syncretic theory that Japan's kami (gods) were manifestations of Buddhas and bodhisattvas.

• 医師の倫理・医学総論・各種疾患に対する療法・保険衛生・養生法・医療技術・医学思想・房中術などから構成される。
• It covers medical ethics, general medicine, therapies for diseases, hygiene, curing methods, the art of medicine, medical philosophy, and bochujutsu (sexual art).

• 城下町において武家地、町人地とならぶ要素は寺社地であるが、江戸では寺社の配置に風水の思想が重視されたという。
• Among the elements that constitute castletowns, the significance of jisha-chi (lands for temples and shrines) was on par with the bukechi (lands for samurai) and Choninchi (lands for townspeople), but it is said that geomancy also dicated the location of temples and shrines during the Edo period.

• これは、「開国」と「攘夷」という相反する対外思想が「討幕」という一つの行動目的へと収斂される可能性を生んだ。
• This created the possibility for the conflicting principles of opening the country and expelling foreigners to converge toward the goal of attacking the shogunate.

• また江戸の渡辺崋山邸で出会った和歌山池上村庄屋の南繁信と友好を深め、南家に滞在しつつ尊王思想の普及に努めた。
• In addition, he deepened friendship with Shigenobu MINAMI, the shoya (village headman) of Ikegami Village in Wakayama whom he met in the residence of Kazan WATANABE in Edo, and promoted the thought of reverence for the Emperor while staying with the Minami family.

• 記紀神話が形成される上で創造された観念的な神と考えられ、それには中国の天帝の思想が影響したものと考えられる。
• It is considered that this kami is a conceptual god created in the course of the formation of the Kojiki and Nihonshoki mythology under the influence of the Chinese thought of the Lord of Heaven.

• 相似したスタイルによって、または、類似した師によって結ばれた創造的なアーティストまたは作家または思想家の集団
• a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers

• 垂迹曼荼羅 － 日本の神道の神々は、仏教の諸仏が「仮に姿を変えて現われたもの」だとする思想を本地垂迹説という。
• Suijaku Mandala - The philosophy which advocates that deities of the Japanese Shinto Religion are various Buddha from Buddhism that appear tentatively in different figures, is called Honji-Suijaku Setsu (Honji-Suijaku thesis).

• また、この書物で説かれた厭離穢土、欣求浄土の精神は貴族・庶民らにも普及し、後の文学思想にも大きな影響を与えた。
• The spirits of onri-edo (abhorring this impure world) and gongu-jodo (seeking rebirth in the Pure Land) preached in this book also spread among the nobility and common people, having a big influence on literary thought later.

• なお思想的には、大乗の教えは釈迦死去の約700年後に龍樹（ナーガールジュナ）らによって理論付けされたとされる。
• It is said that teachings of Mahayana were theorized by Nagarjuna and others about 700 years after Shakyamuni's death.

• これは天台宗の本覚思想と対比、また同一視されるが、そもそも人間は生まれつき汚れた存在ではないというものである。
• Although this idea is contrasted, or identified with Hongaku philosophy in the Tendai sect, it tells that people are pure beings by nature.

• この時代に隆盛した学問は老荘思想と『易』に基づく玄学であるが、玄学の側からも儒教の経書に注を作るものが現れた。
• The learning which flourished in this period was Xuanxue (Neotaoism) based on the thought of Laozi and Zhuangzi and 'I Ching' (Classic of Changes), and some wrote annotations for Ju-kyo Keisho from the Xuanxue side.

• こういった唐宋変革期のパラダイムシフトは南宋になると体系的な思想として総合され、朱子学が形成されることになる。
• This paradigm shift in the Tang and Song period of change was put together as a systematic thought in the Southern Song Dynasty, and Neo-Confucianism was formed.

• また一方で、租税の確保や武家的な禁欲思想に基づいて、たびたび酒の売買、製造、移出入などを禁ずる政策が出された。
• On the other hand, aiming to secure taxes and based on the asceticism of samurai, policies which forbade the trade, manufacturing, and transportation of sake were often implemented.

• 勘合符の主な目的は、朝貢国と明との国家間の位置づけを明確にすること(中華思想)と公私船の区別を行うことである。
• The main purposes of Kangofu were to clarify the position between a tributary state and the Ming dynasty (Sinocentrism) and to distinguish official ships from private ones.

• 封建制（ほうけんせい）とは、中国など漢字文化圏における政治思想において主張された、周王朝を規範とする政治制度。
• The Hoken system is a political system modeled after the Shu Dynasty in China, which was advocated in the political thought of Kanji using nations, such as China.

• しかし東林党に入った陽明学の人々は右派が中心であったため、陽明学左派の行き過ぎた思想・行動には批判的であった。
• But as most of the Yomeigaku people who joined Dongling were the right-wingers, Dongling was critical of the excessive ideas and actions of the Yomeigaku's left-wing.

• 真理としての宇宙観には多様性があり、中国では三教が各々補完しあって共存しているいるとするのが道教の思想である。
• According to the Taoist philosophy, having a cosmic outlook entails the acceptance of a diversity of truths, and in the same manner the three religions of sankyo coexist and complement each other in China.

• なお、老荘思想すなわち道家の思想と道教とには直接的な関係はない、とするのが、従来、日本の研究者の立場であった。
• Up to now researchers in Japan believed that the philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi, or the philosophy of Doka, had no direct relation with Taoism (Dokyo).

• 翌、昭和11年（1936年）6月、岩波書店の『思想』誌上に発表した「天津教古文書の批判」により偽書と証明した。
• The next year, in June 1936, he proved in 'Criticism on ancient documents of Amatsukyo' published by 'Shiso' of Iwanami Shoten, that they were apocryphal.

• 嗣司は尊王攘夷思想を貫徹するため、松井村を離れ、万延元年（1860年暮れ、天狗党の前身である玉造組に参加した。
• Tsuguji left Matsui Village to accomplish the principles of Sonno-joi, and at the end of 1860, he joined Tamatsukuri-gumi which was the predecessor of Tengu-to Party.

• 乱暴狼藉は表向きの理由で、水戸学を学び、天狗党の強烈な尊王攘夷思想の流れをくむ芹沢を危険視したという説もある。
• There is a view that these outrageous acts of violence were only an outward reason and that they viewed SERIZAWA as a danger because he had a background in Mitogaku in addition to his strong idea of Sonno-joi of Tengu-to Party.

• これらから西郷が陽明学者の潜庵を高く評価していたことは分かるが、思想としてどの部分を学んだかはよく分からない。
• It is understood that Saigo evaluated Senan of Yomeigakusha highly (a scholar of Yomeigaku Neo-Confucianism) from those, but it's not clear which parts he had learned as an ideology.

• その思想の独自性は、放伐を否定した点にあり、水戸学・国学などとともに、幕末の尊王攘夷思想に大きな影響を与えた。
• The distinctive character of his philosophy was the denial of Hobatsu (expel outrageous tyrants, etc. from a capital), and this had significant influence on the Sonno-Joi (Revere the Emperor and expel the foreigners) at the end of the Edo period, as well as for Mito-gaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) and Koku-gaku (the study of Japanese classical literature).

• その説く所は身分の上下をこえた平等思想に特徴があり、武士だけでなく商工人まで広く浸透し「近江聖人」と呼ばれた。
• What he preached was characterized by the egalitarianism ideas beyond the social status and penetrated not only to samurai but also to merchants and workmen so that they called him 'Omi Seijin.'

• またこれに根ざして、源氏と平氏あるいは源家と平家が日本の政権を交互に執るという思想も生まれた（源平交代思想）。
• Also stemming from this came the idea that the Minamoto and Taira clans, or the Minamoto and Taira families, alternately take control of political power in Japan (Gempei kotai shiso).

• しかし、黒船来航で攘夷・尊王思想が高まり、最終的には徳川幕府は倒壊し、700年近く続いた武家政権は幕を閉じた。
• However, with the arrival of the Black Ships, reverence for the Emperor became dominant and led to the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate after 700 years of government.

• 阿弥陀信仰（あみだしんこう）とは、阿弥陀如来を礼拝することで極楽往生できると説く、他力本願を根本とする浄土思想。
• Amida (Amitabha) worship is the religious belief based on the Pure Land of Buddhism which believes in justification by belief and preaches that praying to Amida Nyorai would lead you to heaven.

• 現在の形の神葬祭は江戸時代でも神葬祭を陰ながらも連綿と伝えてきた神社や社家の祭式、思想、伝統等を引き継いでいる。
• The current-style Shinto Funeral succeeds the Rules for Ritual Procedure, thought, tradition and so on of Shinto shrines and Shake (family of Shinto priests serving a shrine on a hereditary basis) which have been uninterruptedly handed down even secretly through the Edo period.

• 輪廻の思想により、人の没後49日目に、次に六道中のどの世界に生まれ変わるかが決まる、と考えられていたからである。
• According to the philosophy of rinne (a belief in reincarnation), on the forty-ninth day after death, that person should reincarnate into which world of the rokudo(Six Realms of Reincarnation).

• そのなかで孟軻（孟子）は性善説を唱え,孔子が最高の徳目とした仁に加え、実践が可能とされる徳目義の思想を主張した。
• Among them, Moka (Moshi (Mencius)) advocated the ethical doctrine that human nature is fundamentally good, as well as humanity, which was considered the most important type of virtue by Koshi, and the thought of justice, the type of virtue which was considered actionable.

• 秦の始皇帝が六国を併せて中国を統一すると、法家思想を尊んでそれ以外の自由な思想活動を禁止し、焚書坑儒を起こした。
• When the first Qin Emperor united six nations to unify China, they respected the thought of legalism while prohibiting the freedom of activities based on other ideas, and burned books and buried scholars.

• 一方、一般民衆においては、石田梅岩の石門心学等わずかな例外を除き、学問としての儒教思想はほとんど普及しなかった。
• Meanwhile, among the common people, other than the few exceptions such as the Sekimon-shingaku (popularized blend of Buddhist, Shinto and Confucian ethical teachings) of Baigan ISHIDA, the thought of Ju-kyo hardly spread.

• しかし、大東流合気柔術と合気道で最も鮮明な相違は、武道の目的と意味をどう位置づけるかという思想性だと考えられる。
• However, the clearest difference between Daito-ryu Aiki Jujutsu and Aikido is in the ideologies of how they position the purpose and meaning of martial arts.

• 李氏朝鮮時代、日常生活に浸透した朱子学を思想的基盤とした両班は知識人・道徳的指導者を輩出する身分階層に発展した。
• During the Yi Dynasty Korea period, yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty), which had Neo-Confucianism permeate their daily lives as their ideological foundation, grew into a status hierarchy that produced intellectual people and ethical leaders.

• 決して、実際の戦闘で役立つ思想や哲学ではないが、高潔な人格を尊ぶ道徳性は、いつの時代にも必要とされるものである。
• It is not a way of thought or philosophy which is useful in actual battle, but is necessary in all ages, due to its morality in respecting those of noble character.

• 集治監に少なからず思想犯が収容されたことから、次第に世間の注目を浴びるようになり、強制労働的な使役は廃止された。
• Since many ideological offenders were locked up in Shujikan, it gradually attracted public attention, which resulted in the abolition of forced labor.

• 仏教や儒教の思想に傾倒していたため、死や貧、老、病などといったものに敏感で、かつ社会的な矛盾を鋭く観察していた。
• Because of his devotion to the teachings of Buddhism and Confucius, he was sensitive to death, poverty, aging, and illness, and he was a keen observer of social injustice.

• 家康は、自分に屈辱的な大敗を経験させた武田信玄を素直に尊敬し、武田氏の遺臣から信玄の戦術や思想を積極的に学んだ。
• Ieyasu candidly respected Kenshin TAKEDA who made him experience a humiliating rout, and actively learned Shingen's military strategies and philosophy from retainers of the Takeda clan.

• しかし、その思想を推し進め、外観上も威風堂々たる物に仕立てた為、久秀が天守建築の創始者と伝えられた可能性がある。
• And yet it is possible that he was regarded its inventor because he improved the turret further to create a magnificent one.

• 最澄の「四種相承」（天台・密教・禅宗・大乗戒）の思想は、道璿が伝えた玉泉天台（荊州玉泉寺の天台）の影響とされる。
• Saicho's idea of 'Shishu Sosho' (literally, four types of inheritance of Buddhism: Tendai, Esoteric Buddhism, Zen and Daijo-kai [Mahayana precepts]) was allegedly influenced by the teachings of Gyokusen Tendai (the Tiantai [Tendai] group at the Gyokusen-ji Temple in Jingzhou) that Dosen had introduced.

• また板垣そして中江も、思想的にはその基礎を王政復古に求めるものであり、天賦人権論も天皇制を基盤としたものだった。
• In that situation, Itagaki, as well as Nakae, based their philosophy on the Restoration of Imperial Rule, and the theory of natural human rights advocated by them were actually based on the Emperor system.

• 伊東は水戸市へ遊学し、水戸藩士・金子健四郎に剣（神道無念流剣術）を学び、また、水戸学を学んで勤王思想に傾倒する。
• Ito left to study in Mito City where he studied swordsmanship (swordplay in Shindo-Munen ryu style) under Kenshiro KANEKO, a retainer of the Mito Domain, learned Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) and devoted himself to imperialism.

• 近世に大きく発展した儒家神道はしだいに大衆に支持基盤を得て尊王攘夷思想を広め、討幕の国民的原理ともなっていった。
• After Juka Shinto (teachings on Shinto as expounded by Japanese Confucianists) made significant progress in the medieval period, it gradually gained support bases among the public and made the antiforeign imperialism widely known, which became a foundation or principle for the nation to attack the shogunate.

• 精神的奴隷制という一般的な雰囲気の中でも、偉大で際立った思想家は存在してきましたし、これからも存在するでしょう。
• There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers, in a general atmosphere of mental slavery.

• 神仏習合の一段階として、日本の神も人間と同様に罪業から逃れ自らも悟りをひらくことを望んでいるという思想が生まれた。
• As a stage of syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism there came the idea that the god of Japan hoped to escape from crime and achieve enlightenment as well as human beings.

• 一向宗に傾倒する一般庶民達は、専修念仏の宗教的な思想よりも、阿弥陀如来や念仏の持つ法力を求めていたとも考えられる。
• Ordinary people believing in the Ikko Sect are thought to have wished for the power held by Amida Nyorai and Nenbutsu rather than the religious thinking of Senju Nenbutsu.

• 幕末にいたって尊皇思想が高揚すると天皇陵にも復古調が取り入れられ、孝明天皇陵は大規模な墳丘を持つ形式で築造された。
• When a political philosophy advocating the reverence for the emperor was adopted by many people toward the end of the Edo period, an ancient style was revived in the construction of imperial mausoleums; thus, Emperor Komei's mausoleum was built with a large burial mound.

• 同時期に浄土信仰（阿弥陀信仰）も中国から伝来しており、平安中期に末法思想が広がると、浄土信仰が貴族の間で隆盛した。
• In the same period, the belief in the Pure Land (worship of Amitabha) was also introduced from China, and when Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) spread in the mid Heian Period, the belief in the Pure Land flourished among the nobles.

• 院政期には、浄土教の広がりや末法思想の影響によって人びとは極楽往生を願い、善美を尽くした装飾経が競って作成された。
• During the Insei period, under the influence of spreading Jodo sect and thought of Mappo, people wished gokuraku ojo, and they competed to create the best soshokukyo.

• 武士道（ぶしどう）とは、封建社会の日本における武士階級の倫理及び価値基準の根本をなす、体系化された思想一般をさす。
• Bushido refers to systemized thought that generally forms the basis of value and ethical standards in samurai hierarchy during feudal Japan.

• 欧米列強が植民地戦争を繰り広げていた明治時代初期に、「富国強兵」と共に政府が実行した政策の根幹となった思想である。
• At the end of the 19th century, when the allied western powers were fighting colonial wars one another, the Japanese government carried out a new policy based on this thought with a slogan 'Fukoku kyohei' (fortifying the country, strengthening the military).

• 浦島太郎がいた蓬莱山（竜宮城）とは仙人が住むという伝説の山であり、古代中国の不老不死を願う神仙思想が背景にあった。
• Mt. Horai (or Ryugu-jo Castle) where Urashima Taro stayed, was a legendary mountain on which sennin (immortal mountain wizards) lived, and behind the story were concepts concerning Taoist immortality in which eternal youth and immortality were prized in ancient China.

• 仏典漢籍の莫大な知識を補助に、著者の主観・思想を交えないという契沖の註釈と方法がもっともよく出ている代表作である。
• This book is representative of Keichu's commentary and approach supported by his extensive knowledge of Buddhist scriptures and Chinese classic books that was not biased by the author's opinion or ideology.

• その怒りの矛先は幕府だけでなく依然として中華思想からなる冊封体制を維持していた清や李氏朝鮮の支配層にも向けられた。
• The bakufu was not the only target of his anger; he also directed his anger at the ruling classes of the Qing dynasty and the Yi dynasty of Korea, both of which clung to the sakuho system based on Sinocentrism.

• 佐藤信寛は長州藩士として御蔵元本締役、大検使役等を歴任、長沼流兵学を修め、幕末期の思想家吉田松陰に兵要録を授けた。
• As a retainer of the Choshu clan, Nobuhiro SATO successively held important positions such as Okuramoto-motojime-yaku (supervisor of managers of the tribute) and Daikenshi-yaku (head of inspectors) and so on; he studied Naganuma-ryu school of the military science and taught Heiyoroku (short summary of military science) to Shoin YOSHIDA, a thinker of the end of the Edo period.

• 法然は唐時代の高僧・善導の著作『観経疏』を読んで「専修念仏」の思想に開眼し、浄土宗の開宗を決意して比叡山を下りた。
• Honen read the work 'Guan Jing Shu' (Commentary on the Meditation Sutra) by eminent Chinese Tang Dynasty monk Shandao, which awakened him to the ideas of 'Senju-nembutsu' (Single-Minded Recitation of the Nembutsu) and led to him departing Mt. Hiei-zan determined to disseminate the teachings of the Pure Land sect.

• 太平洋戦争中の日本では、「万世一系の国体」を擁護する思想や「尊皇精神」の源流として理解され、利用された書でもある。
• Kokuiko was also used in Japan during the Pacific War for its idea of protecting the 'unbroken line of sovereignty in the hands of Emperors' as well as by being understood as the source of the 'reverence for the Emperor.'

• 文学の分野では、従来の神話体系を利用して仏教と同程度の高次形而上的な思考を目指した思想実験として捉え直されている。
• In the field of literature, Chuse Nihongi has been redefined as an ideological experiment that figured on the establishment of high-level metaphysics equal to Buddhism based on the existing system of Japanese mythologies.

• そして、こうした器官が有効に機能していることから、人は神の慈愛を推論している(それに多くの思想家が推論してきた)。
• And from the effective functioning of such organs one might further infer (and many thinkers have inferred) the benevolence of God,

• 私はこのように主張して、天才の重要性と、思想でも実践でも自由に天才を展開できるようにする必要性を強調してきました。
• I insist thus emphatically on the importance of genius, and the necessity of allowing it to unfold itself freely both in thought and in practice,

• 伝統的な見解（1960年代のより自由主義または急進的な思想集団と対照的に）への回帰を表す政治または神学への取り組み
• an approach to politics or theology that represents a return to a traditional point of view (in contrast to more liberal or radical schools of thought of the 1960s)

• 八角墳の意味については、広い意味での中国政治思想の八角形が天下八方の支配者にふさわしいという思想の影響が考えられる。
• The octagonal tumuli are considered to have been made based on the idea that the octagon suits a king who shows his ruling power in eight (all) directions of the world, which came from Chinese political philosophy in general.

• こうした弓射思想は古くから日本にも伝わり、その後も一貫して存在し続け、現代の弓道の思想にまで大きな影響を与えている。
• This Yumiire philosophy was transmitted to Japan from ancient times, has been consistent and has greatly influenced present day Kyudo.

• 禁止が解除された後も、封建思想を廃棄した時代の変化との齟齬は深まる一方で、多様化する大衆の嗜好から取り残されている。
• Even after the ban was lifted, it became increasingly out of touch with the changing times that had abolished feudalistic ideas, and has left behind the diversified public needs.

• 紀伊は寺社勢力や国一揆といった、天下人を頂点とする中央集権思想に真っ向から対立する勢力の蟠踞する地だったからである。
• It was because Kii was the place where the powers such as temples and kuni ikki (uprising in a province) which opposed the idea of central government topped by tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country) had ruled.

• 「当色」は、位階相当の色として、五行思想に基づいた五常の徳目（仁・礼・信・義・智）の青・赤・黄・白・黒が考えられる。
• The 'colors' mentioned in the 'Nihon Shoki' are believed to have been blue, red, yellow, white, and black corresponding to the five Confucian virtues (charity, courtesy, sincerity, justice, knowledge), which was based on the Wu Xing (Five Phases).

• また、儒教的世界観では、支那の帝国が周辺の野蛮人の国よりも勢力も強く、倫理的にも優れるという中華思想が根本にあった。
• In addition, the Confucianism's view of the world is based on the Sinocentrism that the Chinese empire is stronger than any other nearby barbarian countries and that the Chinese people are ethically superior to the barbarian.

• 一方で中国思想の影響の下に周の封建国としての箕子朝鮮神話が形成されており、儒教の教えが古くからこの地に根付いていた。
• On the other hand, the mythology of Gija Joseon (allegedly, one of the ancient Korean dynasties) as a nation feudatory to the Zhou dynasty was created under the influence of Chinese philosophy, and the teachings of Confucius had taken root here since a long time ago.

• 沖永良部島は西郷の「敬天愛人」思想の培養基であり、一説には本土から1,200冊あまりの本を取り寄せていたそうである。
• Okinoerabu-jima Island was Saigo's spiritual base let him develop the idea of 'Revere heaven, Love people'; and according to a story, Saigo had about 1200 books sent from the mainland while he was there.

• マントラ、確認印、およびエロティックな儀礼のような不思議で神秘主義的な要素を含むヒンズーと異教思想の要素を結合します
• combines elements of Hinduism and paganism including magical and mystical elements like mantras and mudras and erotic rites

• 平安時代には神職が道教の陰陽五行思想を取り込み陰陽道と陰陽師という思想と役職を得て官僚として大きな勢力を持ち執政した。
• In the Heian period, the Shinto priesthood, who adopted Inyo (also referred as Onmyo) gogyo shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Zing Idea) of Taoism and obtained the idea of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of five elements) and the position of Onmyoji (Master of Ying yang), controlled the administration with a strong power as a bureaucrat.

• 1867年（慶応3年）3月10日に伊東甲子太郎が思想の違いから新選組を離脱、志し同じ者を新選組から引き抜いて結成した。
• On March 10, 1867, Kashitaro ITO seceded from Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate) because of differences in ideology, and formed Goryo-eji by attracting members from Shinsengumi who shared the same aims as his own.

• しかし、日本では儒教の思想よりも礼節の面が受け入れられ、江戸幕府では道徳的実践を重んじる朱子学が「官学」と定められた。
• In Japan, however, the aspect of reisetsu (propriety) was received more favorably than Confucianism; thus, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) designated the Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) which had always insisted on the importance of moral practice as 'kangaku' (a school of learning advocated by the Tokugawa shogunate).

• このふたつの党派は当時の政治や社会の現状を認めるか否かによって分かたれた集団であって、思想的な差異によるものではない。
• The two factions were split by differing opinions on whether or not to approve the politics and the state of society of the time, and not formed by ideologies.

• 朱雀（すざく・しゅじゃく、ピンイン）とは、中華人民共和国の伝説上の神獣（神鳥）で、四神（四獣・四象）・五行思想の一つ。
• Suzaku (also known as Shujaku, or in Pinyin) is one of the legendary divine beasts (God Bird) of the People's Republic of China, and is one of the four gods (also known as the Four Beasts or the Four Phenomena) who rule over the four directions; it is also important in the Five Elements Theory.

• また、王土王民の理念は、「王だけが君臨し、王の前では誰もが平等である」とする一君万民思想と表裏一体の関係をなしていた。
• The concept of odo omin, together with the idea of ikkun banmin ('one lord, the whole nation'), where 'only one sovereign rules the country and the people are equal under the rule,' formed two sides of the same coin.

• ただし、福澤は急速な欧米思想流入を嫌う者から幾度となく暗殺されそうになっているが、剣を持って戦った事はなく逃げている。
• Although Yukichi was nearly assassinated several times by those who hated the rapid influx of Western ideas, he fled them instead of fighting back with a sword.

• 大観は、熱烈な勤王派であった父・捨彦、思想家としても著名であり国粋主義者とも称された師・岡倉天心の影響を色濃く受けた。
• Taikan was strongly affected by Sutehiko, his father and an ardent loyalist, and his teacher, Tenshin OKAKURA, who was well known as a thinker and was characterized as an ultranationalist.

• 篤胤にとって古道学とは日本古来の神代思想と支那の老荘道家の思想を融合した皇国伝来の独自な神仙道の思想である事に気づく。
• In brief, while advocating Kodo, Atsutane had been studying Japanese original Shinsendo that was a fusion of Japanese ancient philosophy about gods and Chinese Taoism.

• すなわち、言霊思想は、万物に神が宿るとする単なるアニミズム的な思想というだけではなく、心の存り様をも示すものであった。
• In another words, the ideology of kotodama was not the simple animistic ideology that god resided in everything, rather it represented the existence of the mind.

• さらに幕末期には尊皇攘夷思想の高まりとともに「伊勢神宮」（天照大神）を中央に加えた三柱の神名を書いた掛け軸が使われた。
• In the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, as the idea of Sonno Joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) gained momentum, the one containing the names of the three pillar gods with the addition of 'the Ise-jingu Shrine' (Amaterasu Omikami (the sun goddess)) in the center was used.

• 死、出産、血液などが穢れているとする観念は元々ヒンドゥー教のもので、同じくインドで生まれた仏教にもこの思想が流入した。
• The notion that death, child birth and blood were Kegare originated in Hinduism, and flowed into Buddhism which had arisen in India as well.

• 鎌倉時代の僧・慈遍は、『先代旧事本紀』を神道の思想の中心と考えて注釈書『舊事本紀玄義』を著し、度会神道に影響を与えた。
• Jihen, a priest during the Kamakura period, wrote a commentary, 'Kuji Hongi Gengi' (Deep Significances in the Kuji hongi) with the thought that the 'Sendai Kujihongi' was the core of the Shinto concept, influencing Watarai Shinto (A school of Shinto teachings expanded by priests of the Watarai clan at the Outer Shrine (Geku) of the Ise-jingu Shrine).

• それが、王朝国家体制のもと、次第に密教僧や歌学者、各神社の神人に移り、仏教思想を基盤とした神話の再解釈が行われ出した。
• Under the system of the dynasty state, however, the interpreters of Nihonshoki gradually shifted to Esoteric Buddhist monks, pundits of waka poem studies, and the jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) of each shrine, and initiatives to reinterpret mythologies based on Buddhist philosophy started.

• 日本では『地蔵菩薩発心因縁十王経』（略称として『地蔵十王経』）が作られ、平安時代に末法思想と冥界思想と共に広く浸透した。
• 'Jizo Bosatsu Hossin Innen Juo-kyo Sutra' ('Jizo Juo-kyo Sutra' (a late Heian-period Japanese sutra (based on a Chinese counterpart) dealing with Jizo Bosatsu and the Ten Kings of Hell) for short) was composed in Japan, spreading throughout the nation along with Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) and Meikai-shiso (belief that there is a posthumous realm) in the Heian period.

• 釈尊滅後、釈尊が仏になることができたのは、在世の修行のみならず、過去世における長い修行の結果であるという思想が生まれた。
• Then, there emerged a belief among the people that the reason why Shakyamuni could become Buddha after his death was not only because of his ascetic practices he made during he was alive, but also his long-lasting practices he had accomplished in his past world.

• この時の勧学会は末法思想の高まりなどもあって比較的長期にわたって続けられ、断続的であるが勧学会関係の出来事も確認できる。
• Because the Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) became popular in this period of time, Kangakue was held for a comparatively long period, and some events relating to Kangakue can be confirmed, intermittently.

• 本書は華厳経の一部の『十地経（じゅうじきょう）』の注釈だが、大乗菩薩の思想と実践を『十地経』に依拠して説いたものである。
• The book is a commentary on the 'Dashabhumika-sutra' (Sutra of the Ten Stages), in which the idea and practice of Mahayana Bodhisattva is explained based on 'Dashabhumika-sutra.'

• 戦時プロパガンダ - 講談の内容はもともとは封建思想を賛美するものであり、戦時中には軍国主義プロパガンダの一環となった。
• Wartime propaganda: Since kodan originally celebrated feudalistic ideas, it was incorporated into militaristic propaganda during the war.

• いわゆる日本皇室の万世一系の思想とは、簡単に言えば皇位は実系の皇胤に当たる人に継承されなければならないと言うことである。
• The thought of so-called an unbroken line of the Japanese Imperial Family simply means that the Imperial Throne has to be succeeded to the person who is an Imperial descendant.

• 慶応3年3月、伊東らの一派は思想の違いなどから御陵衛士を拝命して隊から分派するが、同年11月、新選組によって粛清される。
• In March 1867, ITO and his group, due to differences in ideology, were assigned the post of Goryo Eji and separated from Shinsen-gumi, but were purged by Shinsen-gumi in November of the same year.

• 元の後退で1368年に成立した新王朝・明は、モンゴルから中華を奪回した王朝としての自負から強烈な中華思想を指向していた。
• The new Ming Dynasty established in 1368 following the retreat of Yuan had a strong Sinocentrism coming from a pretension as a dynasty that was able to recapture the Chinese style from Mongolia.

• その後1886年星亨らによる大同団結運動で民権運動は再び盛り上がりを見せ、中江兆民や徳富蘇峰らの思想的な活躍も見られた。
• The popular rights movement resurged in 1886 following the Daido Danketsu movement led by Toru HOSHI and some leading political theorists, including Chomin NAKAE and Soho TOKUTOMI, came out.

• 清朝廷中心の中華思想、小中華思想への急激な回帰、事大主義政治の復活が起き、そうして金玉均などの開化派は危機的状況に陥る。
• With the movement to a sudden return to Sinocentrism and petit Shinocentrism to have the Qing Dynasty in the middle and revival of the administration based on the Sadaejuui policy, members of the Progressive group such as Ok-gyun KIM were in trouble.

• 前述のように六朝のはじめ、儒教的倫理規範の束縛からわずかに自由になった文人は道家的思想に新たな価値観を見いだそうとした。
• As mentioned above, at the beginning of the Six Dynasties, Bunjin became free a little from the bind of Confusian ethics model and tried to find a new sense of value in the thought of Taoism.

• 『万国公法』の存在は中国を中華思想的観念から脱し、万国の中の一国であるという認識へと向かわせるのに大きな役割を果たした。
• Existence of 'Bankoku Koho' played important role to pull China out of the thought of Sinocentrism and gave recognition that China was one of nations in the world.

• 『万国公法』の伝播という事件は、西欧法思想に留まるものではなく、以下に見るように幕末・明治初期に大きな影響を与えている。
• Arrival of 'Bankoku Koho' was not an encounter with Western Europe origin thought of law and it gave big impact on Japan in the late Edo and the early Meiji periods.

• 思想家横井小楠が、富国・強兵・士道（経済、国防、道徳）の確立を唱えた「国是三論」に酷似しているが、さらに発展させている。
• His petition is remarkably similar to 'Kokuze Sanron' (the Three Major Discussion of State Policy), which a thinker Shonan YOKOI advocated to stress the importance of establishing Fukoku (fortifying the country), Kyohei (strengthening the military) and Shido (morality of samurai) (economics, national defense and ethics), however Kakuma further advanced his idea.

• 釈尊の入滅（一般で言う「死去」）から2,000年目以降は、仏法がすたれ、天災人災が続き、世の中は乱れるとする思想である。
• This is the theory that Buddhism would decline, natural and man-made disasters would continue and the world would be plunged into chaos 2,000 years after Sakyamuni Buddha's passing into Nirvana (death).

• 群集*5の力が急激に大きくなったのはある思想*6が人々の中に普及し、概念の実現のために個人どうしが群れた*7からである。
• The progressive growth of the power of the masses took place at first by the propagation of certain ideas, which have slowly implanted themselves in men's minds, and afterwards by the gradual association of individuals bent on bringing about the realisation of theoretical conceptions.

• しかし、鎮護国家の思想が強まるにつれて僧侶の持戒を重んじる立場から、尼を含めて女性が仏教に接することを厭う風潮が生まれた。
• However, in accordance with the idea of the guard of nation becoming stronger, people tended to dislike that women (including ama) approached Buddhism from the standpoint of emphasizing that priests kept the precepts of Buddhism.

• とあるように、宗祖日蓮の思想の中に既に「女人成仏」の思想がたくさんあるのであるから、この批判は事実相違であるとも思われる。
• Thus, there is many thoughts of 'Nyonin Jobutsu' (attainment of Buddhahood by women) in Nichiren's thought, the founder of the Sect, this criticism is in fact not true.

• この解釈によって、狗子仏性の公案は東洋思想を代表的するひとつ、また禅問答の典型として、世界の思想界に知られることになった。
• By this interpretation, koans of Kushibussho became one of the representative oriental thoughts, becoming well known in the world of thought as to the typical zen mondo (Zen riddle).

• 華厳経の思想はきわめて深遠かつ難解であるが、ごく概括的に言えば、聖武天皇は日本の総国分寺である東大寺に廬舎那仏を安置する。
• Although the thought of the Kegon-kyo was profound and difficult to comprehend, on the extremely whole, the Emperor Shomu enshrined Birushana-butsu inside the Todai-ji Temple of the head of provincial temples.

• 簡潔さの中にこそ美があり、そこにこそ魂、霊が宿り、神や仏に近づくという日本古来の美意識、思想が音に反映された現れといえる。
• It can be said that this resulted from the traditional Japanese esthetic philosophy, in which the idea that only simplicity can provide beauty, only simplicity can foster the soul and spirit, and only through simplicity people can approach God or Buddha, was reflected in the sound of music.

• 尊王攘夷論は、天皇を中心とした政治体制を築き、対外的に独立を保とうという政治思想となり、幕末の政治状況を大きく揺るがせた。
• The Sonno-joi became a political thought to establish a system with the Emperor at its center and to keep independence from foreign powers and destabilized the political situation at the end of the Edo period on a grand scale.

• この主張は銭緒山ら右派のみならず、朱子学からも倫理に背くものとされ、彼らの思想・行動は心学の横流と呼ばれ厳しく批判された。
• This was claimed to run counter by ethics by not only the right-wing, including Qian Xushan, but also by Shushi-gaku, and their idea and actions were said to be muddying the School of Mind and were fiercely criticized.

• 一進会の掲げた目的は、独立協会に見られる民主主義、独立国家主義の思想を継承しており、「政治改革と民主の自由」を掲げている。
• The goal Isshinkai aimed at was 'political reform and people's freedom' which succeeded to the thoughts of democracy and independent nationalism seen in the Independence Club.

• その後も一君万民論は朝野における思想的底流として根強く、断続的に天皇の権威強化と皇室以外の身分特権の縮小がなされていった。
• Meantime, as the Ikkunbanmin-ron theory was still robust as an undercurrent ideology at the court and among ordinary people, the authority of the emperor was consequently reinforced, and the privileges to the nobles other than the Imperial Family became gradually reduced.

• 欧米の諸制度・思想を紹介して、それを文明国標準とする一方で、旧来既存の日本の考え方や制度に批判を加えようとする姿勢である。
• It was a stance to criticize the conventional way of thinking and system in Japan while it introduced the systems and thoughts of Europe and America and considered them as the standard of civilized country.

• 『源氏物語』の現代語訳『新新源氏』、詩作、評論活動とエネルギッシュな人生を送り、女性解放思想家としても巨大な足跡を残した。
• Her energetic works include a contemporary translation of 'The Tale of Genji' called 'Shin Shin Genji,' poetry, and critiques, and she also left a vast mark as a pioneering feminist.

• 明治に入ってからの日本文学は、江戸の戯作の流れを汲む戯作文学か、西洋の思想・風俗を伝え啓蒙するための政治小説が中心だった。
• Japanese literature in the early Meiji Period can be classified in two main categories: gesaku literature (literary work of a playful, mocking, joking, silly or frivolous nature) literature based on gesaku in the Edo period and political novels to introduce Western thoughts and customs and enlighten the readers.

• こうして近代的思想の下生まれた制式機関車が、比較的早く姿を消していく中で、後年まで生き残ったのが構内入換え用の蒸機である。
• While class locomotives created under modern thoughts were disappearing comparatively early, yard-track shunting steam locomotives remained for use years afterwards.

• 本地という思想は、仏教が各地で布教されるに、その土地で様々な土着的な宗教を包摂する、という性格をもっていることに起因する。
• The concept of Honchi originated from the inclusive nature of Buddhism, which encompassed a wide range of indigenous religions as it spread throughout the region.

• また陰陽師も道教や陰陽五行思想の影響は受けているが、分類上は日本の神道に属するものであり、祈祷や依り代としての側面を持つ。
• In addition, practitioners of Onmyodo (a form of divination), while influenced by Taoism, yin and yang, and the Five Elements of Chinese cosmology, are classified as Shinto and can function as yorishiro and conduits for prayer.

• 第二次世界大戦前は神社神道とは近代になって政府による統制の加わった神社における儀礼・思想・組織を指す言葉であったのである。
• Before World War II, Shrine Shinto signified rituals, thought and organization in shrines that were brought under government control with the arrival of the modern age.

• 一霊四魂（いちれいしこん）とは、心は、天と繋がる一霊「直霊」（なおひ）と4つの魂から成り立つという日本の神道の思想である。
• Ichirei shikon (one spirit, four souls) is an idea of Japanese Shintoism in which the mind consists of a spirit called 'naohi' that is connected with the heaven and four souls.

• 神仏が同じ舞台で対等に渡り合ったりと中世における両部神道や山王神道などによる神仏習合思想を下敷きにした神話が語られている。
• Chusei Nihongi features myths built on 'Shjnbutsu Shugo Shiso' (syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism), which prevailed in medieval Japan, such as Ryobu Shinto (a fusion of Shinto and the Shingon sect of Buddhism) and Sanno Shinto (a fusion of Shinto and the Tendai sect of Buddhism), whereby Shinto deities and Buddhist gods play on a level playing field.

• しかしこの自由は思想の自由とほぼ同じくらい重要であり、ほとんど同じ理由によっており、実際上は思想の自由とは不可分なのです。
• but, being almost of as much importance as the liberty of thought itself, and resting in great part on the same reasons, is practically inseparable from it.

• 日本に浄土思想が伝来した時期は早く、仏教が日本に伝来したときとされる538年には同時に中国から朝鮮半島を経て日本に伝来した。
• The Jodo concept arrived at Japan from China via the Korean peninsular as early as in 538 when it is said that Buddhism was introduced into Japan.

• 現在、橘俊綱であるとする説が定説となっており、所収されている岩波書店『日本思想大系』第23巻にも橘俊綱『作庭記』としている。
• At present, it is an accepted theory that the book was written by TACHIBANA no Toshitsuna, and it was included as 'Sakutei-ki' by TACHIBANA no Toshitsuna in volume 23 of 'A collection of philosophical thoughts in Japan' published by Iwanami Shoten, Publishers.

• 語源は、源信 (公卿)の『往生要集』冒頭の章名に由来するが、その内容は欣求浄土とともに、浄土教思想の基本的特質を表している。
• Its origin derives from the name of the opening chapter of 'Ojoyoshu (Buddhism book)' by MINAMOTO no Makoto (a court noble), the content of which shows the basic characteristics of the thoughts of the Jodo sect as well as Gongujodo.

• そして発明家として著名な田中久重に依頼して視実等象論の宇宙を実体化した「視実等象儀」を制作させて自己の思想を広めようとした。
• Kaiseki asked Hisashige TANAKA, a famous inventor to create 'Shijitsu tosho gi' (a globe of shijitsu tosho), which materialized the Shijitsu tosho universe theory and tried to spread his theory.

• 浄土思想で信じられている極楽浄土（阿弥陀如来が治める浄土の一種）は西方の遙か彼方にあると考えられている（西方浄土ともいう）。
• It is thought that the Pure Land of Amitabha (the pure land ruled by Amida Nyorai or Amitabha Tathagata) exists off in the distance in the west (it is also called the Western Pure Land).

• 上記のように世阿弥や金春禅竹の伝書に比べれば全体的な構成を欠き、思想的な深みも見られず、雑多な能の知識を集成した書ではある。
• As noted above, compared to written records by Zeami and Zenchiku KONPARU it lacks an overall structure as well as philosophical depth, and it is a written work that is merely a collection of various information on noh play.

• 律令法の基本思想は、母法と同じく、儒家と法家の思想であったが、ことに儒家の思想は、日本の律令法でも指導的な意義をもっていた。
• Similarly to its mother law, the basic thought of ritsuryo law was Confucianist and legalist, and Confucianism in particular was significant as a leading strand of thought in Japanese ritsuryo law as well.

• 日本教職員組合などの反対派は憲法が保障する思想・良心の自由に反するとして、旗の掲揚並びに「君が代」斉唱は行わないと主張した。
• Opposition factions such as Japan Teachers Union (Nikkyoso) asserted that they did not raise the flag and did not carry out chorus reading of 'Kimigayo' on the grounds that it was against freedom of thought and freedom of conscience guaranteed by the Constitution.

• 経典を研究し「三経義疏」（さんぎょうぎしょ）という注釈書を書いたが、これに彼の教育思想、「一乗思想」が色濃く反映されている。
• He studied Buddhist scriptures and wrote a commentary called 'Sankyogisho (ｔhree sutra annotations written by Prince Shotoku)'; his educational idea, 'ekayana (doctrine that only one teaching, usu. the Lotus Sutra, can lead to enlightenment),' is strongly reflected in it.

• 江戸末期にも延喜・天暦の治を理想視する思想が明治維新の原動力の一つとなり、そうした考えは明治以降の皇国史観にも引き継がれた。
• Also toward the end of the Edo period, the idealization of the Engi and Tenryaku eras became one of the drivers for the Meiji Restoration and this thought carried over into Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto) after the Meiji period.

• 単立であるというのは、あくまで法制度上の問題であって、単立だからといって必ずしも思想・信条的な面で独自性があるとは限らない。
• Being Tanritsu does not mean it has uniqueness in the aspects of its belief or thought, because it is only a matter of the legal system.

• 明朝の政治・思想に多大な影響を与えた陽明学であったが、その明朝と共に衰退し、清朝では考証学に学問の主役の座を奪われるに至る。
• Yomeigaku deeply influenced politics and thought during the Ming Dynasty; it then declined with the Ming Dynasty and during the Qing Dynasty, Kosho-gaku replaced Yomeigaku as the main school of the academic thought.

• なお、現存する律の一部、および令全体の注釈としては、『日本思想大系』（岩波書店）の第三巻「律令」（井上光貞ほか校注）がある。
• The annotations of the existing part of Ritsu and the entire Ryo were compiled in 'Ritsuryo' (the revision and annotation by Mitsusada INOUE and others) in the volume No.3 of 'Nihon Shiso Taikei (A collection of philosophical thoughts in Japan),' published by Iwanami Shoten.

• 4番目のコメントは、1956年6月に発行された、歴史学者の鹿野政直による『日本近代思想の形成』（新評論社）の中に発見された。
• The fourth comment was found in 'Nihon Kindai Shiso no Keisei' (The formation of Japanese modern ideas) (published by Shin Hyoron-sha) by a historian Masanao KANO in June, 1956.

• 読者はその一瞬の休符の合間に、作者を取り巻く環境や作者の思想・感情・情念・背景などを勝手に想像してしまう仕掛けになっている。
• During this momentary pause, the reader is allowed to imagine the environment that surrounds the composer as well as his/her thoughts, emotions or pathos, and history.

• 土方久元「その言行すこぶる意表に出で、時としては大いに馬鹿らしき事を演じたれど、また実に非凡の思想を有し、之を断行し得たり」
• Hisamoto HIJIKATA said that 'Ryoma's words and deeds were something extremely unexpected, and he sometimes did very absurd things, but he had extraordinary ideas and achieved what he believes.'

• その影響から文久3年（1863年）に尊皇攘夷の思想に目覚め、高崎城を乗っ取り、横浜を焼き討ちにして、幕府を倒す計画をたてる。
• From this, he became aware of the concept of Sonno Joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and formed a plan to take over Takasaki-jo Castle and fire Yokohama to topple the Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• この間、昭和初期の左翼思想の高揚に乗じて「都会交響楽」「しかも彼等は行く」などの傾向映画も監督してリアリズム追及に邁進した。
• At the same time, he also focused on realism in the upsurge of left-wing ideology during the early Showa era by directing keiko eiga (tendency film) such as 'Tokai kokyogaku' (Metropolitan Symphony) and 'Shikamo karera wa yuku' (And Yet They Go).

• この時期、元々極めて奔放な性格で映画会社とトラブルが多かったことに重ねて、伊藤の社会的思想は当局によって弾圧の対象となった。
• In addition to many troubles with film companies at this time because of his naturally very free-spirited character, his socialist thinking was suppressed by the authorities.

• 天文地理書・元嘉暦の暦・陰陽五行思想にもとづく遁甲方術・摩登伽経を伝え、聖徳太子をはじめ、選ばれた34名の弟子たちに講じた。
• Kanroku introduced the book of astronomy/geography, Genka-reki (Genka calendar), and Tonko hojutsu as well as Matogakyo based on the principles of inyo gogyo, giving lectures to the 34 selected students including Shotoku taishi.

• 公家出身の大覚を弟子とし、南朝及び北朝と接近したことなど、日蓮が全ての権力に対し批判的であったに対して、思想的な隔たりがある。
• Ideologically Nichizo was different from Nichiren, who was critical of all power, in that he took Daigaku, who was a court noble, as a disciple and approached the Southern Court and the Northern Court.

• しかしながら、ただそのまま写すのではなく、その段階で既に道元の思想から若干の変更が加えられていることが研究の結果分かっている。
• However, research has revealed that he did not simply copy these dialogues but made slight modifications based on his own philosophy when copying them.

• 一方で、剣道の戦闘方法に精神美を求め至上の価値を置く「復興された武士道」思想は、日本人が近代戦を本質的に理解することを妨げた。
• On the other hand, the thought of a 'restored Bushido (the way of the samurai)' which sought spiritual beauty and found supreme value in the fighting method of Kendo, interfered with Japan's essential understanding of modern warfare.

• しかし、政党政治の不全が顕著になり、議会の統制を受けない軍部が台頭すると、軍国主義が主張され、天皇を絶対視する思想が広まった。
• However, when malfunction of the party government became pronounced and the military which wasn't controlled by the diet gained power, the militarism was insisted and the concept accepting the emperor as holy writ prevailed.

• しかし、それに対抗して神官の間では『日本書紀』神話の講読が盛行し、神道の立場を中心として神話と歴史を結合させる思想が起こった。
• For this, however, mythologies in 'Nihonshoki' were read actively by Shinto priests, and the concept of connecting history with the mythologies was created centering on the standpoint of the Shinto religion.

• これは前代の国学や尊王思想を背景とするもので、根底には『日本書紀』以来続いてきた日本の歴史の独自性を強調する考えが流れていた。
• Kokugaku in the previous period and the thought of revering the Emperor existed in the background of such a move, and the thought of emphasizing uniqueness of Japanese that existed in 'Nihonshoki' and had been maintained thereafter as well existing base.

• また11世紀末期から瘰癧の治癒能力がフランス王権の特権として主張され始め、ノルマン朝のイングランドでも同様の思想が形成された。
• By the end of the eleventh century they had started to claim that the ability to heal the king's evil (scrofula) was the privilege of the French Crown; a similar idea was formed in England under the Norman dynasty.

• 幕末の思想の特徴は、幕藩体制の根拠を説明しあるいは批判するもの、またその体制に代わり得るあたらしい国家像を模索することである。
• The thoughts of this period are characterized by explanation and criticizm of the long-held rational of the feudal system, and the search for a new vision of the country to replace the old system.

• この時代には各国が諸子百家と呼ばれる思想家たちから人材を登用し、騎馬戦術やチャリオットなどの新兵器を導入して軍事改革を行った。
• In this period each country appointed thinkers called Shoshi-hyakka (general term of scholars and schools in China), and they introduced new weapons, such as Cavalry Operations and chariots, and conducted military reforms.

• 東アジア世界では、仏教の思想の下、いくつかの生類保護政策がとられており、これらの「生類憐みの令」への影響を指摘する学説がある。
• In East Asia, several policies for the protection of living things had been established and there is a discussion which points out their influence on the law prohibiting cruelty to animals.

• 1874年（明治7年）雑誌『報四叢談』、1875年（明治8年）新聞『明教新報』を発刊し、仏教における啓蒙思想家として活動した。
• He started his activity as an enlightenment thinker in Buddhism, by launching a journal 'Hoshisodan' in 1874, and a newspaper 'Meikyoshinpo' in 1875.

• また、1901年、永年の仏教思想研究の成果に客観的方法論を導入して『仏教統一論』を著し、大乗非仏説を提起、大きな反響を呼んだ。
• In 1901, he introduced an objective methodology into the accomplishments of Buddhist thought research to which he had been dedicated for a long time, and wrote 'Bukkyo Toitsu Ron' (On the Unification of Buddhism) to advocate the thesis that the Mahayana teachings do not stem from the historical Buddha, which produced much controversy.

• 古代中国の思想によれば、亀は地上の支配を、麒麟は天空の支配をそれぞれ意味するものとされ、両者の合体した姿は宇宙全体の姿となる。
• According to ancient Chinese thinking, the turtle dominated the land and the qilin dominated the sky, with a combination of the two representing the entire universe.

• もともと「天下」とは、世界の全体を指す抽象概念であり、古代中国の思想概念だったものが、日本でも古代から用いられるようになった。
• 'Tenka' is a concept, which originated in China that referred to the entire world; it has been used in Japan since ancient times.

• 特に浄土思想の普及や禅宗の伝来の影響によって新しく成立した仏教宗派のことを鎌倉新仏教（かまくらしんぶっきょう）と呼ぶ場合もある。
• Sometimes the Buddhist sects which were newly established by the influence of the spread of Jodo-shiso (Pure Land Buddhism) and the introduction of the Zen sect are especially called 'Kamakura Shin Bukkyo' (Kamakura New Buddhism').

• 実際には各流派には様々な歴史的経緯の上で、上記(1)・(2)の各種に重点を置いた思想・教えがあり、それが流派の特徴となっている。
• Each school has their own philosophy and teaching methods which emphasize the above (1) (2) varieties from different historical processes that distinguish each school.

• その成立に関しては中世期に盛んになった秘伝説と伝授思想の確立と、師系を重んじる禅の発想が大きな影響を与えたと見るのが通説である。
• The establishment of Geido is commonly thought to have been greatly influenced by the popularization of esoteric theories and initiation ideas in medieval times, as well as the development of Zen beliefs, according to which mentors are highly regarded.

• これは、律令の背景思想だった儒教に基づく政策であったが、園人の後に政権を握った藤原冬嗣は一変して墾田開発の促進を政策方針とした。
• This policy was based on Confucianism, a key idea of the Ritsuryo system, but FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu, who took over Sonohito, changed the policy drastically, making it policy to facilitate the development of reclaimed land.

• その後、朝鮮半島や日本などへ周礼思想とともに条坊制が伝わり、これらの地域でも条坊制の王城が営まれるようになったと考えられている。
• It is thought that Jobosei was later introduced to the Korean peninsula and Japan as the Shurai idea was spreading and Jobosei-type capitals were being developed in these countries.

• 更に『古今和歌集』が編纂された醍醐天皇の治世が「延喜の治」と称されたことから、勅撰和歌集の編纂と聖代思想が結びつくことになった。
• In addition, because the Emperor Daigo's reign during which 'Kokin Wakashu' was compiled was called 'Engi no chi' (the peaceful era of Engi), the compilation of Chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command) and the thought of magnificent imperial reign were linked together.

• 日本思想史の研究を基盤に構築された和辻の倫理学の体系は、西田幾多郎の西田哲学と並び、日本人による独自の哲学体系であると言われる。
• The theory of ethics established by Watsuji was based on the study of the history of Japanese thought, and is a body of philosophy unique to the Japanese, together with Kitaro NISHIDA's Nishida philosophy.

• 「世界史の哲学」は大日本帝国陸軍の皇道派により国体思想として攻撃されていたが、大川周明『近世欧羅巴植民史』の亜流とする説もある。
• Although the 'philosophy of world history' was criticized as being the ideology of the kokutai (national polity) by the Kodo-ha ('Imperial Way' faction) of the Imperial Japanese Army, there is another view that it was heavily based on Shumei OKAWA's 'Colonization in Early-modern European History.'

• ここで親房は家行の神国思想に深く影響を受ける事になった（ただし家行の唱えた伊勢神道自体に対しては批判的であったといわれている）。
• Chikafusa, thereby, was deeply influenced by Ieyuki's Shinkoku-shiso (thought of Japan as the land of the gods) (however, he seemed to be critical of the Ise-Shinto religion itself advocated by Ieyuki).

• 思想・政治は、愛山にとって「密着して離れざるもの」であり、歴史をそうした全体として考え、経済社会の背景にも特に関心を払っていた。
• For Aizan, ideology and politics were 'something nondetachable,' and he considered history as the whole of those ideas; especially paying attention to the background of the economic society.

• 尊皇攘夷思想が強く、慶応3年3月に結成された伊東甲子太郎らの御陵衛士に参加を希望していたが、近藤勇がその才を惜しがったため残留。
• He had a strong thought of Sonno Joi (reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and wanted to join Goryo-eji (guards of Imperial mausoleums) led by Kashitaro ITO and others formed in April 1867, but he remained because Isami KONDO did not want to lost his talent.

• 柳 宗悦（やなぎ むねよし、1889年3月21日 - 1961年5月3日）は、民芸運動を起こした思想家、宗教哲学者、美術研究家。
• Muneyoshi YANAGI (March 21, 1889 - May 3, 1961) was a thinker, religious philosopher, and art scholar who triggered the Mingei (National Art) Movement.

• 庶民層に彼の学説が受け入れられたことは、土俗的民俗的な志向を包含する彼の思想が庶民たちに受け入れられやすかったことも示している。
• The fact that the common people accepted his theory tells that his local and folk-like intention thoughts were easy to be accepted to the common people.

• 近代日本を代表する禅・思想家の久松真一は、戦中・戦後の一時期を春光院で過ごし、当寺院で鈴木大拙と禅や近代哲学について語り合った。
• Shinichi HISAMATSU of modern philosopher and Zen Buddhist scholar spent time at the Shunko-in Temple some time during and after the Second World War where he would discuss Zen and modern philosophy with Daisetsu SUZUKI.

• またその思想概念は、後期大乗仏教の密教で、大日如来（本地仏）の化身が、不動明王など（加持身）であるという概念を生むことになった。
• The thought also gave rise to a theory of esoteric Buddhism (of the later Mahayana Buddhism) that Kajishin like Fudo myo-o (Acala) is the embodiment of Dainichi nyorai (Vairocana).

• 彼らは自分たちと異なる思想の持ち主の心理状態に入り込み、その人たちの言わんとすところを熟慮することなど、一度もありませんでした。
• they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them, and considered what such persons may have to say;

• 平安時代の浄土思想は主に京都の貴族の信仰であったが、空也（903年 - 972年）は庶民に対しても浄土教を広め、市の聖と呼ばれた。
• Jodo-shiso in the Heian period was believed mainly by the aristocracy of Kyoto, but Kuya (903-972) preached Jodo-kyo to the grass roots as well and was called the 'saint of the city.'

• 鎌倉時代には、法然の浄土宗や親鸞の浄土真宗などは末法思想に立脚し、念仏により死後に西方極楽浄土の阿弥陀如来の御許への往生を唱えた。
• In the Kamakura period, Honen of the Jodo sect and Shinran of the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) called for, based on Mappo shiso, repeating the name of Buddha in order to be able to go to Amidanyorai (Amitabha Tathagata) at Saiho Gokuraku Jodo (The West Pure Land (of Amida Buddha)) after death.

• 儒教の長い歴史の間には、古文・今文の争い、喪に服する期間、仏教との思想的関係、理や気の捉え方など様々な論争があって枚挙に暇がない。
• In the long history of Ju-kyo, there is an endless list of various disputes including, the dispute between Kobun and Kinbun, the period of time to observe mourning, relation with Buddhism in terms of thought, and view towards law and Qi.

• このように朝廷の権威向上に努め、後の尊皇思想、明治維新への端緒を作った光格天皇のよき補佐をしたことからしばしば「国母」といわれる。
• Thus, she worked hard to restore the authority of the Imperial Palace, and was often called 'Mother of the country' as she was supportive to Emperor Kokaku, who established the ideological base for the reverence of the Emperor and the Meiji Restoration.

• かつて、日本の国家と国土はこの理念（神国思想（しんこくしそう））に基づいて神々によって作られて守られてきたものであるとされてきた。
• In the old days, the Japanese nation and the land was said to be created and protected by various gods based on this belief (the thoughts of Shinkoku or divine land).

• しかし、浄土思想の普及は、ケガレを忌避する神祇信仰に対し、ケガレから根本的に離脱する方法を提示できる仏教の優位を示すこととなった。
• However, the spread of Pure Land Buddhism showed the predominance of Buddhism, which could present the way to fundamentally flee from muck, while Jingi belief could only evade muck.

• また、1052年を「末法」の年と信じる末法思想（「末法」の年以後、釈迦の唱えた正しい仏法が行われなくなると信じられた）が流布した。
• And 'Mappo-shiso' (the end-of-the-world belief) became rampant, which made people in those days believe that A.D. 1052 was the first year of 'Mappo' (Age of the Final Dharma) and that thereafter the Buddhist law taught by Shaka would be neglected.

• 奈良時代の仏教は、鎮護国家の思想とあいまって国家の保護下に置かれていよいよ発展し、国を守るための法会や祈祷がさかんにおこなわれた。
• In the Nara period, Buddhism developed thanks to protection by the government as well as the ideology of Chingo kokka and Hoe (Buddhist mass) and prayers to protect the nation were often held.

• しかし総じて明初期の思想界は朱子学的側面が強く、呉与弼や陳献章にせよ、本人としては朱子学の実践を行っているつもりであったのである。
• But in general, ideological circles in the Ming period were largely under the influence of Shushigaku, and even Wu Yubi (Kangzhai) and Chen Xianzhang must have thought they were practicing Shushigaku.

• これを天人相関思想というが、日本を救った暴風雨を神風と呼ぶこととなったのも、この天人相関思想に起因するという説が有力となっている。
• It is called Tenjin Sokan Shiso (Idea of Correlation between Heaven and Man), and according to a widely-accepted theory, this idea led people to call the storm that saved Japan Kamikaze.

• 政府のトップが長期間政府を離れ外遊するというのは異例であるが、直に西洋文明や思想に触れたという経験が彼らに与えた影響は評価される。
• Although it was unusual for senior government members to leave the government and travel abroad for a long period of time, they are believed to have done so on the basis that it would enable them to directly experience Western civilization and thought, which had a great impact on them.

• それとともに中国領内にある嶺南地方をヴェトナムと一体として考える思想が衰退し、18世紀末には正史において南越国は正統から外された。
• In association with it, the idea of regarding China's Lingnan region as a part of Vietnam declined, and Nanetsukoku finally lost its legitimacy in the official history book at the end of 18th century.

• そして日本では平安時代に「厭離穢土・欣求浄土」に代表される浄土教往生思想が広まり、海の彼方の理想郷と浄土とが習合されたのであった。
• Then, in the Heian Period in Japan, Jodo sect's thought of 'Ojo' epitomized by its cries, 'abhorrence of (living in) this impure world' and 'seeking rebirth in the Pure Land' became popular and the Utopia beyond the sea was syncretized with the Pure Land.

• 現在では、近代における日本人の国家観・民族観への受容等のあらわれとして、写本作成を行う者の思想に対する研究が始まったところである。
• Recently, studies on the ideology of those who prepared the manuscripts as as an expression of acceptance of the concept of a Japanese state/race in modern times.

• 今谷は義満は中国（明）の影響を強く受けていたが、易姓革命思想ではなく当時流行した『野馬台詩』を利用していたのではないかと推測する。
• IMATANI supposes that Yoshimitsu was strongly influenced by China (Ming), but he did not subscribe to idea that incumbent emperors could be overthrown by decree of heaven, instead making use of 'Yamataishi,' a popular prophecy of the time.

• 北海道の開拓に関する建白書を政府に建議した際、網走集治監（網走刑務所）の囚人（思想犯多数）を開拓や道路建設に従事させるように提案。
• He submitted the government a petition about reclamation of Hokkaido, proposing to engage the prisoners of the Abashiri prison in reclamation and road construction works.

• これ以来、小杉の強烈なキャラクターを効果的に使い、当時流行していた、左翼思想を盛り込んだ「傾向映画」の傑作を次々と生み出していく。
• He went on to use Kosugi's strong character to produce a succession of 'tendency film' masterpieces incorporating the leftist ideology popular at the time.

• 特に、平安時代に日本に多く伝わった平安仏教は、この思想を持つものが多かったため、穢れ観念は京都を中心に日本全国へと広がっていった。
• Particularly, most Buddhism imported to Japan in the Heian period had this thought, and the notion of Kegare spread from Kyoto to all other places in Japan.

• 我々のために思想を提供してやろうというこれらの専門家連中が、私たち自身の人生の核心である労働に関して結論が一致することはまずない。
• These experts who offer to do our thinking for us rarely share their conclusions about work, for all its saliency in the lives of all of us.

• そしてわずかにごまかした、この判断基準が、ほとんどの道徳家や思想家によって、宗教や哲学の命ずるところとして、人類に示されています。
• and this standard of judgment, thinly disguised, is held up to mankind as the dictate of religion and philosophy, by nine-tenths of all moralists and speculative writers.

• 最近では神葬祭が仏葬よりも経済的な場合が多い点や、仏教渡来以前からの日本古来の祖霊信仰に立ち返ろうとする思想などから増加傾向にある。
• Shinto Funerals are recently increasing in number due to the fact it is, in many cases, more economical than Buddhist funerals and due to the thought of returning to the time-honored Japanese Sorei shinko which has been handed down from the time before the Introduction of Buddhism.

• 宗祖日蓮以降、本仏の位置付けや、所依の妙法蓮華経に対し勝劣の別を設けるかどうかなどの点から、思想面では大別して3つの分派が成立した。
• After the death of the founder Nichiren, the differences of the thoughts about honbutsu (the true Buddha) and of the thoughts about the relative merit of the early part and the latter part of 'Myohorenge-kyo' made branch groups which is roughly divided into three schools.

• そのため、同説が8世紀後葉に建設された平安京選地の思想的背景であるとの前提に立った主張については裏付けがないことに注意が必要である。
• Therefore, we need to pay attention to the fact that there is no proof of the argument based on the assumption that this theory is the ideological background for choosing the land for Heian-kyo, which was built in the late eighth century.

• この日本の庭園の伝統の上に禅がその寺院の伽藍のなかに後庭を作庭するとき、禅宗思想、大陸から渡来した思想、芸術、文化を多く取り入れた。
• When the Zen monks were building these gardens in the backyards inside large Buddhist temples, the thought of Zen Buddhism, art, and culture from the Asian Continent, were introduced together with the tradition of Japanese gardens.

• こういった清初の思想家たちは理気論上、一様に気一元論であり、朱子学や陽明学の先天的に存在するとした「理」を論理的な存在として斥けた。
• In terms of Li and Qi theory, these thinkers of early Qing all supported Qi monism, and rejected 'law,' which was believed to exist innately in Neo-Confucianism and Yomei-gaku, as a logical existence.

• その拠り所とする公羊学に見られる社会改革思想が清末の社会思潮に大きな影響を与え、康有為を始めとする変法自強運動の理論的根拠となった。
• The social reformism thought to be seen in Kuyo learning which it was rooted in, largely influenced the social climate of late Qing, and became the theoretical basis for the Changing-System Self-Strengthening Movement by Ko Yui (Kang Youwei), etc.

• また、儒教を宗教として扱った場合、教義に平等思想が無い事と死後の世界の観念が無い事による死後の再評価ができない事も問題視されている。
• Additionally, if Ju-kyo is seen as a religion, the fact that its creed does not include the idea of equality, and that having no concept of the afterworld, reevaluation after death is not possible, is perceived as a problem.

• 尊皇思想に基づき、天皇は親政を行い人民を直接統治するとしたが、政治体制は大日本帝国憲法（明治憲法）が制定されるまで、様々に変化した。
• In accordance with the pro-Emperor principles, the Government rule of a state by the direct administration of the Emperor took effect but the political system underwent numerous changes before the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (the Meiji Constitution) was enacted.

• 近世（江戸時代）に入ると、将軍家や大名家は権力を正当化するため、儒教思想を積極的に採用し、歴史の編纂を通じて自らの正当性を主張した。
• Entering the early-modern times (the Edo period), the Shogun family and Daimyo families (feudal lord families) adopted Confucian thought actively to legitimatize their power and compiled their own histories to assert their legitimacy.

• 儒教は本来合理的な思考を有しており、儒教思想の興隆は合理主義的な歴史叙述、例えば新井白石の『読史余論』『古史通』などとして結実した。
• Confucianism is originally provided with rational thinking, and the state of Confucian thought being widely accepted produced descriptions of history based on something like rationalism: Tokushi Yoron (lessons from History) and Koshitsu (study book about ancient history), both of which were written by Hakuseki ARAI, are such examples.

• 神官や儒者は思想上の問題から、戦闘にかかわる意思がないことを誇示するために、武士の印であった月代を剃らないでそのまま髪を残していた。
• Shinto priests and Confucians, in order to show that they had no intention to fight for ideological reasons, did not make Sakayaki (shaved forehead), which was a symbol of samurai (warriors), and retained their hair.

• 「不殺生」といった仏教思想により、721年、および道鏡政権下の764年から769年までは廃止されて放生司(ほうじょうし)が置かれた。
• Due to the Buddhist thought of 'ahimsa,' Shuyoshi was abolished in 721, and in a period from 764 to 769 under Dokyo's government, and then Hojoshi (literally, office of returning animals to nature) was established.

• 宮内貴久の著物では、良い地相の土地に、陽宅と隠宅によって、住まう人々の幸福を願う思想あるいは、思想に基づく実践のことと定義している。
• According to books written by Takahisa MIYAUCHI, it refers to the idea or practice of the Yang (bright) and Yin (dark) houses on a good physiognomy of land, upon the desire for happiness of ones living.

• 山内弘一は大和朝廷が中国から導入した自身を中心とし周辺国を蔑む天下的世界認識や華夷思想によって朝鮮半島の新羅を「蕃国」と位置づけた。
• Koichi YAMAUCHI has pointed out the following; the Yamato Dynasty positioned Silla of the Korean Peninsula as a 'barbarian country' by the recognition of the world which put itself on the center and despised surrounding countries and the Sinocentrism which were introduced by China.

• 吉川幸次郎、清水茂校注『伊藤仁斎　伊藤東涯』　＜日本思想大系33＞　岩波書店ISBN 978-4-00-070033-7　1971年
• Nihon Shiso Taikei 33 'Ito Jinsai Ito Togai' (Japanese Philosophy Collection, Volume 33 - Jinsai ITO and Togai ITO) revised and annotated by Kojiro YOSHIKAWA and Shigeru SHIMIZU, published by Iwanami Shoten in 1971, ISBN 978-4-00-070033-7

• 陰陽道（おんみょうどう）は、古代の中国で生まれた自然哲学思想、陰陽五行思想を起源として日本で独自の発展を遂げた自然科学と呪術の体系。
• Ommyodo, which owes its origin to ancient Chinese natural philosophical theory and Inyo-gogyo-shiso theory (the way of Yin and Yang, combined with the Taoist theory of the five elements), is a system of natural science and the art of spell-casting that uniquely developed in Japan.

• 日蓮の登場によって、「仏教の最高経典」｛正法（妙法）｝としての法華経の地位を不動のものにしようとする思想的系譜は一段と先鋭化を遂げた。
• Nichiren's appearance made a theoretical lineage to try to establish the status of the Hokke-kyo sutra as 'the supreme sutra of Buddhism' and 'the right dharma (正法) (妙法)' appear more radical.

• 神武天皇から順徳天皇までの歴史を、貴族の時代から武士の時代への転換と捕らえ、末法思想と「道理」の理念とに基づいて、仮名文で述べたもの。
• It regarded history from the Emperor Jinmu to the Emperor Juntoku as the transition from the age of aristocracy to the age of warriors, and described it in Kana-bun (publication in kana alone) based on Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) and the idea of 'Dori (Order).'

• 大東流では多く伝わる逆関節技や、足による踏み技・固め技など、荒々しい技の殆どが合気道で省かれているのも、この思想性によると考えられる。
• It is believed that most of the many rough techniques taught in Daito school, such as reverse joint techniques, stamping techniques and grappling using the feet, are omitted from Aikido due to this ideology.

• また武道においても神道が基軸となり、それに道教や儒教、禅宗の思想などが加わって、修練による開眼精神と哲学を持った芸になったといわれる。
• It is said that Budo (martial arts) was also based on the Shinto religion, and developed into arts having kaigan seishin (spiritual awakening) and philosophy through practices after thoughts of Taoism, Confucianism and Zen sect were added.

• 当時の社会通念からして、天皇や将軍の代替わりには土地・物品が元の所有者へ返るべきとする思想が広く浸透しており、これを徳政と呼んでいた。
• Under the social conventions of the time, there was the prevalent idea that land or an article should be returned to the original owner concurrent with a change in the reign of the Emperor or the rule of the shogun; this idea was called tokusei (benevolent rule).

• 5代将軍となった徳川綱吉は、儒教による理念的な政治思想を掲げつつも、財政改革の必要に迫られ、勘定奉行に荻原重秀を抜擢して解決を図った。
• This situation compelled the fifth Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA to implement a financial reform, so he tried to do it by selecting Shigehide OGIWARA as kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) - incidentally, Tsunayoshi waved the banner of ideological ideas by adopting Confucianism into his politics.

• 近世江戸時代に、儒教で見られる政治や道徳に対する思想と、江戸幕府が打ち出した政治や道徳観の教育・方針の影響を受けて生まれた理念である。
• In the early modern age, the Edo period, political or moral ideologies seen in Confucianism and the influence of the political policy and the educational concept, which the Edo bakufu (a Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) set forth, gave rise to the ideology of Kanzen Choaku.

• 「終末論天皇」と呼ばれる天皇が100代で終わるという終末思想は慈円『愚管抄』などに記録されており、幅広く浸透していたことが推測できる。
• The idea that the imperial reign terminates with the 100th emperor is documented in Gukansho by Jien and other writings, and is supposed to have been widely accepted.

• 太平洋戦争中は、西洋思想を日本に広めた福沢が貶められ、それを暗殺しようとした増田の評価が高まり、生家跡地には神社まで建立されたという。
• During the Pacific War, Fukuzawa, who promoted Western Thought, was not supported, and thus Masuda who tried to kill him became highly evaluated and a shrine was even built at the site of his birthplace.
• During the Pacific War, Fukuzawa, who had spread Western thought throughout Japan, was diminished, whereas the reputation of Masuda, who had tried to assassinate Fukuzawa, was much enhanced so that a shrine was built on the site of his birthplace.

• 郷里に近い国泰寺 (高岡市)での禅経験（居士号は寸心）と近代哲学を基礎に、仏教思想、西洋哲学をより根本的な地点から融合させようとした。
• He tried to merge Buddhist concepts with Western philosophy from a more fundamental aspect based on his experience of Zen meditation (Sunshin Koji) in Kokutai-ji Temple (Takaoka City) and philosophy in recent times near his hometown.

• 彼の思想は江戸時代後期の尊皇攘夷思想にも影響し、日本固有の文化を求めるため、日本の優越性を主張する国粋主義や皇国史観にも影響を与えた。
• Atsutane's ideas influenced both the development of the Sonno joi (revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians) ideology at the end of the Edo period as well as the principle of Kokujun (keeping Japan's culture pure) and Kokokukan (the theory that Japanese history is centered around Japan's Emperors), both of which stressed the preeminence of Japan.

• また、「山」の字も「王」の字も、三本の線と、それを貫く一本の線からなっており、これを天台宗の思想である三諦即一思想と結びつけて説いた。
• The Chinese characters 'san' (山) and 'o' (王) are both composed of three straight lines and one line that crosses them, and this pictographic design was associated with the basic principle of Tendai Sect, or Sandai Sokuitsu (three truths taken as one single principle), for proliferation of the teachings.

• 日本では7世紀前半に浄土教（浄土思想）が伝えられ、9世紀前半には円仁（794年 - 864年）が中国五台山の念仏三昧法を比叡山に伝えた。
• In Japan, Jodo-kyo (Jodo-shiso) was transmitted in around the first half of the seventh century, and Ennin (794-864) transmitted the way of nenbutsu-zanmai (nenbutsu samadhi, or mental absorption in the nenbutsu) of Mt. Wutai Shan in China to Mt. Hiei-zan in the first half of the ninth century.

• 真言宗教典の中でも特に有名な密厳院発露懺悔文（みつごんいんほつろさんげのもん）、空の思想を表した月輪観（がちりんかん）の編者として有名。
• He is famous as the compiler of Mitsugonin Confession (Mitsugoninhotsurosangemon) that is especially famous among Shingon sect scriptures and Gachirinkan (Moon Disc meditation) that describes the thought of emptiness.

• 石門心学（せきもんしんがく）は、日本の江戸時代中期の思想家・石田梅岩（1685年 - 1744年）を開祖とする倫理学の一派のことである。
• Sekimon Shingaku is a school of ethics established by Baigan ISHIDA (1685-1744), a Japanese thinker in the middle of the Edo period.

• これは保元の乱,平治の乱から治承寿永の乱と続く、戦乱の時代により厭世観（末法思想）が強まり、魂の救済が求められるようになったためである。
• And as the Hogen Rebellion led to the Heiji War, which blossomed in turn into the Genpei War (the war between the Minamoto (Gen) and Taira (Hei) clans, known as Jisho-Juei no ran in Japanese for the two eras in which it occurred), this age of wars and rebellions only reinforced a pessimistic view of the world (based on the idea of Mappo, the final and worst age in Buddhist theology), and led to many seeking salvation for their souls.

• 武家の思想は、教育による家族制度の徹底化や徴兵制による軍事国家など明治近代日本に変化した形で生き残ってその後の日本を生み出す元になった。
• The ideology of samurai families remained in modern Japan of the Meiji period in the form of a rooted family system enforced through education and a garrison state based on the conscription system, which became a model for later periods in Japan.

• 仲基は、仏教・儒教・神道といった宗教・思想も歴史的に変化してきたのであり、これらを絶対視するのでなく客観的に捉えるべきことを唱えている。
• Nakamoto insisted that religion and philosophy, such as Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shinto, had also changed historically and should be considered objectively, and not considered absolutely true.

• その一方で教養部自治会のように大学側の主張に同意する自治会が現れるなど、一時は思想や運動方針の相違に起因する自治会同士の対立も発生した。
• In the meantime, some councils, such as the council of the department of liberal arts, conceded the decision of the university, and confrontation among councils arising from differences in philosophy or policy for movements also became apparent.

• 鎮護国家（ちんごこっか）は、政府が仏教を利用して内政の安定を図ろうとした政策、または、仏教には国家を守護・安定させる力があるとする思想。
• Chingokokka refers to a government policy to stabilize internal affairs using Buddhism or a thought that Buddhism has power to protect and stabilize a country.

• なお以上の解釈には一定の歴史的根拠が与えられるが、これらの説明は日本の近代中国思想研究に於ける影響下にあることを前もって知る必要がある。
• The above-mentioned interpretation is based on certain historical grounds, but it should be noted that the description is made under the influence of Japanese study on modern Chinese ideology.

• 一方、「五行思想」は夏 (三代)の創始者「禹」が発案したものであり、万物は「木火土金水」という五つの要素により成り立つとするものである。
• Meanwhile, 'Gogyo Shiso' was invented by 'U,' founder of the Ka Dynasty (also translated as the Xia Dynasty), and stated that all things consists of the five elements, 'moku, ka, do, gon, sui.'

• 1968年に東京・多摩地区の農家の土蔵から発見されて有名になった「五日市憲法」は地方における民権運動の高まりと思想的な深化を示している。
• The 'Itsukaichi Draft Constitution,' which is known to have been found at a warehouse owned by a farmer in Tama area, Tokyo in 1968, signifies how the movement powerfully and deeply permeated in the local areas.

• 1963年8月に、竹内は『アジア主義』（現代日本思想大系第9巻）（筑摩書房）の解説「アジア主義の展望」に「脱亜論」の全文を引用している。
• In August 1963, Takeuchi contained the full text of 'Datsu-A Ron' in 'Asia Shugi no Tenbo' (Foresight of Asianism), a commentary in 'Asia Shugi' (Asianism) (Gendai-Nihon Shiso Taikei Vol.9 [The survey of current Japanese ideas], published by Chikuma Shobo).

• こうした開国への政策転換に対し「衛正斥邪」思想を持つ保守官僚から激しい反発が起こり、 1882年には儒者たちによる反対運動も起きている。
• Against the change to the policy, conservative government officials, who believed the thoughts of 'Eisei Sekija' (put value on justness and reject evil and wrong way) triggered a backlash, and there was also an opposition movement by Confucian scholars in 1882.

• さらに新興川柳では、プロレタリアート思想と結びついたり、純詩的作風が生れたりして、川柳の表現分野は、人事面360度の幅広いものとなった。
• Moreover, in the field of this newly risen senryu, the range of its expression became wider and covered almost all human feelings by being linked with a proletarian point of view and by producing a pure poetic style.

• これは、日本思想史の流れのなかで政治と宗教道徳の分離を推し進める画期的な著作でもあり、こののち経世思想（経世論）が本格的に生まれてくる。
• This is an epoch-making literary work that pushs forward the isolation of politics and religious morality in Japanese intellectual history, and after this, Keisei thought (Keiseiron (policies planned for governing a nation and providing relief to people, or ideas behind those)) was generated.

• これら神道や国学の目覚めが欧米列強に植民地化されつつあったアジアの中で、日本の自覚を促し、明治維新を成功に導く思想的流れの一角を成した。
• Shinto and interest in the study of Japanese classical literature raised awareness for Japan and formed part of the trend of thoughts which led the Meiji Restoration to success in Asia where there were increasing plantations by powerful countries such as America and European countries.

• 末法思想とは、釈迦入滅後千年を正法、次の千年を像法とし、計二千年を経過した次の一万年を末法とする終末論とも言える思想で、中国から伝播した。
• Mappo-shiso was a end-of-the-world theory that originated in China and considered the thousand years after Shaka's death as Shobo, Age of the Right Dharma, the next thousand years as Zobo (Age of the Semblance Dharma) and the next 10,000 years after the two thousand years as 'the latter days of Buddhism' (Mappo).

• 抱き首の形にするのは、首が飛んで落ち、土砂に汚れるのを防ぐための配慮と、「身体を分割するのは親不孝」との儒教思想の影響があるためとされる。
• Daki-kubi was performed in order to prevent the severed head from falling to the ground and getting dirty, and is also thought to be due to the influence of the Confucian ideology that 'dividing up the body displays a lack of filial piety.'

• 明治維新によって武家の学問としての朱子学は立場を失ったが、宮中の保守的な漢学者の影響によって儒教の忠孝思想が教育勅語などに取り入れられた。
• Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) lost its position as part of the education of samurai due to the Meiji Restoration, but chuko shisho (thought of loyalty and filial piety) of Confucianism was adopted in the Imperial Rescript on Education due to an influence of conservative scholars of the Chinese classics in the imperial court.

• 空海、最澄らが伝えた仏教思想や文物は美術の面でも大きな影響をもたらし、密教曼荼羅や、奈良時代には見られなかった本格的密教彫像がつくられた。
• The Buddhist thought and culture, introduced by Kukai, Saicho, and others, had a great influence on Japanese art, so the Mandala of Esoteric Buddhism, and the full-blown Esoteric Buddhism statues, which could not be seen in the Nara period, were made in this period.

• 陰陽道は神道（古神道）に道教の陰陽五行思想や、密教などの思想を取り入れ習合したもので、現在の神社神道にもその系譜としての思想や儀式がある。
• Onmyodo is a combination of Shinto (Ancient Shinto) and the Inyo Gogyo Shiso (Yin-Yang Wu Hsing Ideal) of Taoism and the philosophy of mysticism, and strains of this can be found in the present day Shrine Shinto theology and ceremony.

• その国際法を（『万国公法』の訳出を介して）中国に普及することで、西欧を夷狄視する中華思想的思いこみを徐々に是正していこうと考えたのである。
• He intended to correct gradually assumption by Sinocentrism that deemed the western world as iteki by making international law widely understood in China (through translating work for 'Bankoku Koho').

• 明治23年（1890年）には吉井友実や千家尊福らと神祇院再興運動を進めるが採用されず、また西村茂樹らと敬神・尊王・愛国思想の普及に尽くす。
• In 1890, following an unsuccessful bid by SASAKI, Tomozane YOSHII and Takatomi SENGE to revive the Jingiin (Institute of Divinities), SASAKI worked with Shigeki NISHIMURA to promote piety, reverence for the emperor, and patriotism.

• 『風土』の中に見られる「風土が人間に影響する」という思想は、悪しき環境決定論であるという批判や、天皇制肯定論になっているという批判がある。
• His idea that 'climate affects human begins,' which is seen in 'Fudo,' has been exposed to some criticisms; for example, some think that his idea is a poor environmental determinism or that it leads to affirmation of the emperor system of Japan.

• 過去の思考は半ば崩壊したけれども、いまだ十分に力を保っており、それに替わるべき思想もいまだ形成段階で、現代は移行期・無秩序時代とも言える。
• The ideas of the past, although half destroyed, being still very powerful, and the ideas which are to replace them being still in process of formation, the modern age represents a period of transition and anarchy.

• しかし、これはあくまでも般若波羅蜜の実践を思想以前の根本から追究した真摯な仏教であり、唐代から宋代にかけて禅宗が興隆を極めたのも事実である。
• However, this is a sincere Buddhism which sought the practice of Hannya-haramitsu (completion of the supreme wisdom) from the foundation behind thought, and it is true that the Zen sect flourished from Tang to Sung.

• 日常雑器の中に新たな美を見つけ茶の湯に取り込もうとする彼らの態度は、後に柳宗悦等によって始められた「民芸」の思想にも一脈通ずるところがある。
• They discovered new beauty in daily pottery tried to incorporate it into the tea ceremony and their attitudes were also along the same line with the thought of 'mingei' (folkcraft) started later by Muneyoshi YANAGI.

• 前漢末から災異思想などによって、神秘主義的に経書を解釈した緯書が現れた（「経」には機織りの「たていと」、「緯」は「よこいと」の意味がある）。
• At the end of former Han, due to thoughts based on Saii-setsu, etc., isho, which interpreted Keisho in a manner of mysticism appeared ('Kei' means 'the warp' in weaving and 'i' means 'the woof').

• 江戸時代を通して、武家層を中心として儒教は日本に定着し、水戸学などにも影響、やがて尊皇攘夷思想に結びついて明治維新への原動力の一つとなった。
• Throughout the Edo period, Ju-kyo took root in Japan mainly in the samurai family class, impacting Mitogaku and so on, and eventually connected to the thought of Sonno Joi (reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) to become one of the driving forces behind the Meiji Restoration.

• 明治中期に入ると初等教育の開始や徴兵制の徹底、日清戦争・日露戦争での勝利等を背景に、愛国心の高まりと共に社会情勢は国家主義的思想が台頭した。
• In the mid-Meiji, with the beginning of elementary education, full enforcement of conscription, victory in the Japanese-Sino and Japanese-Russo wars, etc., a nationalistic thinking arose in society along with a surge in patriotism.

• 批評家であると同時に教育者である重森弘淹の基本的な思想は、『表現とは、作者の批評行為であり、それなくして表現は存在しない』というものでした。
• Koen SHIGEMORI's fundamental idea both as a critic and an educator was: 'An expression is a creator's critical act so that there is no expression without it.'

• この背景には、19世紀後半にヨーロッパで興った文芸における耽美主義や同時代のダダイズム、あるいは政治思想であるアナキズムなどの影響もあろう。
• Behind this, there were the influences from aestheticism and dadaism, both of which emerged in Europe during the late 19th century, or anarchism (a political thought).

• 神領興行（しんりょうこうぎょう）とは、主に鎌倉時代中期以降に、天人相関思想に基づき、天皇、鎌倉幕府が行った神事の興行を図る政策のことである。
• Shinryo Kogyo was a policy implemented by the Emperor and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a Shogun nominally appointed by the Emperor) mainly in the mid-Kamakura period to promote the performance of Shinto rituals on the basis of tenjin sokan shigo (an idea of correspondence between Heaven and Man).

• 慈円は末法思想と「道理」をテーマとして国初以来の歴史を説き起こし、武家が大きな政治権力を握ったことを「道理」観念で合理的に理解しようとした。
• Jien described Japanese history based on Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) and dori (order), and tried to rationally understand, based on the concept of dori, why samurai came to gain such strong political power.

• 後に斉の陰陽家鄒衍により5つの惑星と、さらにその後様々な事象と結び付けられ、陰陽思想と五行説が統合されて観念的な陰陽五行思想として完成する。
• Later, Suen, an Inyoka (a practitioner of the Yin and Yang school of philosophy) from Sei (State of Qi in ancient China), completed the Inyo Gogyo Shiso by combining Yin-yang ideology and Gogyo Setsu (the Five Elements Theory), making a connection between Gogyo, the five planets and various phenomena.

• 西園寺はフランスで身に着けたリベラルな思想と名門公家の責務として皇室の藩屏たらねばならない意識というある意味で相反するものを共に有していた。
• In a way, Saionji had two conflicting tendencies within him: the liberal thinking he acquired in France and his feeling of having to guard the honor of the Imperial family as the duty of his elite court noble family.

• 平安時代末期、いわゆる末法思想の普及に伴って、来世に阿弥陀如来の西方極楽浄土に生まれ変わろうとする信仰が広がり、阿弥陀堂が盛んに建立された。
• At the end of the Heian period, in accordance with the spread of Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief), a faith in the rebirth at Saiho Gokuraku Jodo of Amida Nyorai (Amitabha Tathagata) after life and Amida-do Hall (temple hall having an enshrined image of Amitabha) was actively built.

• 葦が芽吹く力強さから、中国から伝わった陰陽思想の影響により「陽の神」とみなされ、「ヒコ」という男性を表す言葉が神名に入ったものと考えられる。
• It is believed that due to the vigor of reeds budding, it was considered the 'god of yang,' influenced by the cosmic dual forces ideology introduced from China, and the word 'hiko' which is indicative of male was included in the shinmei.

• ただここでしようとしているのは、私なりのやりかたで、その論述の仕方や思想上の位置付けを一般読者に分りよいものにしようとしているだけなのです。
• we shall endeavour only to make its line of argument and its philosophical position intelligible to the general reader in our own way.

• しかし末法思想はあくまでも仏法の衰退、つまり仏の教えが時代を経て次第に通用しなくなる事のみを指しており、そこに世情不安や天変地異は含まれない。
• However, Mappo shiso solely points to the decline of Buddhism, namely it is the prediction that Buddhism would lose its influence over time and it does not relate to social unrest and natural catastrophe.

• このように仏の末法の予言が現実の社会情勢と一致したため人々の現実社会への不安は一層深まり、この不安から逃れるため厭世的な思想に傾倒していった。
• As the Buddhist prediction of Mappo coincided with the real social situation, people's anxiety for real society deepened and they became addicted to pessimistic philosophy in order to escape from such anxiety.

• 最澄、空海の両雄は、弘仁7年（816年）には訣別することになるが、これは、天台法華経一乗と真言一乗の優劣をめぐる思想的差異によるものであった。
• Saicho and Kukai decided to break away from each other in 816, owing to their ideological difference in terms of deciding which school, Hoke-kyo ichijo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra) of the Tendai sect or Shingon ichijo, was superior.

• また『大日経疏』では、「諸々の仏が人々を観察し、彼らを救うために最も相応しい姿を表す」という大乗仏教の下化衆生思想に基づく解釈も行われている。
• A commentary on a sutra 'Dainichikyosho' interprets Butsugenbutsumo as 'various Buddha observe people and appear to them in the right form to save them' based on the Mahayana Buddhism idea such that Bodhisattva is trying to save all sentient beings.

• 具体的には日本の民間信仰である古神道に、密教や道教の陰陽五行思想などとの習合した様々な信仰において、祈願祈念や感謝や慰霊の記念として建てた碑。
• Specifically, the mound is a monument erected to offer prayers, to express gratitude, or as a memory of memoria service, in various faiths constituted through syncretization of the Ancient Shinto (a Japanese folk religion) with esoteric Buddhism and Inyo gogyo shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Hsing Idea) of Taoism.

• また死者に死に装束を着せる場合通常と反対に左前に着せるが、これは「死後の世界はこの世とは反対になる」という思想があるためであると言われている。
• It is also said that a dead person is dressed Hidarimae, in contrast to the way before death, from an idea of having them understood that 'in the world after death, everything is opposite to this world.'

• 京都賞思想・芸術部門（きょうとしょうしそう・げいじゅつぶもん）は、京都賞の一部門であり、優れた業績を上げた芸術家や思想家に与えられる賞である。
• The Kyoto Prize in the category of Arts and Philosophy is a prize awarded to an artist or philosopher for outstanding achievements in his or her respective field.

• 書道思想の普及、宣伝の新たな方策として、明治時代末期から大正時代にかけて書道の刊行物が発行され、今日の書道界におけるPR運動の先駆けとなった。
• From the end of the Meiji period to the Taisho period, publications on calligraphy were available as a new promotion tool to make calligraphic philosophy more popular, constituting an early form of the PR movement in the today's calligraphic world

• 来日した外国人や、熱心な宗教信者となった日本人は、多くの日本人が無意識の内に「和」を至上のものとする思想をもつことを見出すことができるという。
• Foreign visitors to Japan and the Japanese who become avid religious followers say they can see that many Japanese people unconsciously have an idea of placing supreme importance on 'harmony.'

• 特に、仏教思想・仏教史を近代的学問体系からの批判に耐え得る形で研究するとともに、その成果を自ら整備に関与した公私の諸教育機関において公開した。
• He researched Buddhist concepts and history while coming under fire from the modern academic system, and he disclosed his accomplishments in various public and private educational institutes in which he was involved when they were established.

• そのため「B級映画」等と評されることもあるが、本人は「一部で無思想無節操の職人監督の典型との評があるが、それが何よりの褒め言葉」と語っている。
• As a result, his works were regarded as 'second-rate films,' but he himself said, 'some say that I am a typical case of a mindless and inconsistent director, but those words flatter me.'

• 笠置山はこうした巨石信仰、山岳信仰が仏教思想と結び付き、山中の巨岩に仏像が刻まれ、次第に仏教寺院としての形を整えていったものと推定されている。
• It is hypothesized that mountain worship and megalithic religion became syncretized with Buddhist concepts at Mt. Kasagi, followed by the carving of the Buddhist image in the large rock and the gradual formation of a Buddhist temple.

• 奈良時代の公卿・学者で、遣唐使として派遣された際唐から陰陽五行思想を学び、これににかかわる文献を多数持ち帰って、陰陽家としての才能を発揮した。
• KIBI no Makibi was a nobleman and scholar who studied the principles of inyo gogyo while visiting Tang as a Kentoshi brought back the numerous related literature and demonstrated the talent as onmyoji.

• しかし曹洞宗を開いた道元は、釈迦在世でも愚鈍で悪事を働いた弟子もいたことや、末法を言い訳にして修行が疎かになることを批判し、末法思想を否定した。
• However, Dogen, the founder of the Soto sect, denied Mappo shiso asserting that there were some dull disciples who committed evil deeds while Shaka was in life and people might use Mappo as an excuse for not doing ascetic training.

• 日本に伝わった絵画は、『達磨図』・『瓢鮎図』などのように禅の思想を表すものであったが、徐々に変化を遂げ、風景を描く山水画も書かれるようになった。
• The pictures brought to Japan showed the thoughts of Zen such as 'Daruma-zu (portrait of Dharma)' and 'Hyonen-zu (painting of catching Japanese catfish with a bottle gourd),' but they had changed gradually and Sansui-ga landscapes were painted as well.

• 定信は寛政の改革によって幕藩体制の再建を進めていく中で、その思想的根幹である朱子学を保護して「寛政異学の禁」や「処士横断の禁」を打ち出していた。
• While Sadanobu was hastening a reformation of the shogunate system through the Kansei Reform, he also set out the 'Kansei Igaku no kin' (the ban of Kansei's illegitimate learning) and 'Shoshiodan no kin' (the ban of non-officer crossing) to protect the Shushi-gaku which was the root of the ideology.

• そのため、近江令、飛鳥浄御原令を制定するなど、当時の政権は、唐・朝鮮半島の統治制度を参照しながら、王土王民思想に基づく国家づくりを進めていった。
• Therefore, the government at that time promoted the national development based on Odo omin shiso (the thought that all the land and people belong to the emperor), through the establishment of Omi-Ryo (Omi Administrative Code), Asukakiyomihararyo and so on, while referring to the governing system in Tang and Korean Peninsula.

• このように中華思想的な発想がすぐさま清朝首脳部から一掃されたわけではなく、むしろ中国を特別な存在として国際法の適用外であることを当然としていた。
• As explained above, the idea based on Sinocentrism was stuck in minds of topsiders of the Qing dynasty, and those topsiders recognized China as a special exception and thought international law should not be applied to China.

• 朱子学は学問体系としては非常に整ってはいたが、その成立過程に流入した禅学や老荘思想といった非儒教的な思想のために経書の解釈において偏りがあった。
• Neo-Confucianism was a very systematic study, but had a biased interpretation of scriptures because of the influence of non-Confucian philosophy it had received in the process of its establishment, such as the Zen study and philosophy of Lao-tse and Chuang-tse.

• その思想もやはり営利活動を否定せず、倫理というよりむしろ「ビジネスの持続的発展」の観点から、本業の中で社会的責任を果たしていくことを説いている。
• The thought also does not deny a profit-making activity and teaches to achieve social responsibility in main business from a viewpoint of 'sustainable development of business' rather than ethics.

• 「20年早かった監督」と言われたり、思想よりも洗練とテクニックを重んじる中平の作品は、現在の観客にこそ受け入れられるのではないかという声もある。
• Some people say that 'he was a film director who appeared 20 years early' or guess that Nakahira's works emphasizing sophistication and technique rather than ideas, will be accepted by the audience of the present time rather than viewers at that time.

• 西田は思想輸入的・文献学的なアプローチを取らず、先人らの思考法だけを学び独自に思想を展開させたがゆえに、彼の著作は一見すると独創的で難解である。
• Nishida did not use an approach that imported ideas or a philological approach, learned only ways of thinking of his predecessors, developed his ideas uniquely, and therefore, his works are original and difficult to understand at first sight.

• 我々は、自分がしていることが何であろうとそれに目的を与えてくれるような目標あるいは指導的な思想を、今までのいかなる時代にまして、必要としている。
• More than ever do we need goals or leading ideas that will give purpose to whatever we are doing.

• 先に述べた五大思想（宇宙の構成要素についての考え）は元来インドにあった思想で、五輪塔の成立にはインド思想を構築し直した密教の影響が色濃くみられる。
• The theory of Godai (five elements of the universe) was born in India, and the development of Gorinto shows the deep influence of Esoteric Buddhism which reconstructed this Indian philosophy.

• 名前の起こりは殿主、殿守から由来するか、仏教思想やキリスト教の天主（でうす、ゼウスのこと）の訛ったものなどの宗教思想からの命名とも考えられている。
• The name is considered to have originated from Densu and Tenshu, or also to have been given by religious thought such as Buddhistic thought or by a corruption of Tenshu (Deus, which means Zeus) of Christianity.

• 「浄土」という語は中国での認識であるが、思想的にはインドの初期大乗仏教の「仏国土」がその原型であり、多くの仏についてそれぞれの浄土が説かれている。
• The word 'Jodo' originated in China, but ideologically it was first modeled on the 'Buddha Lands' in the early Mahayana Buddhism of India, and each Jodo of many Buddhas was explained.

• 現代に連なる、体を成したものとしての阿弥陀信仰は、大乗仏教の菩薩思想と関連して易行としての称名念仏を説く浄土教が中国で成立してきたのが最初である。
• The first example of Amida worship that is traceable to modern times was when the Jodo Sect was established in China, which teaches Shomyo Nenbutsu (Invocation of the Buddha's Name) as easy progress associated with Bosatsu belief of Mahayana Buddhism.

• （仮字）『正法眼蔵』は、道元の禅思想を表現するために、語録から特に公案で使われてきた重要な問答を取り出し、それに説明注釈する形で教えを述べている。
• In the 'Kana Shobogenzo' important question-answer dialogues, in particular those used in koan, were selected from goroku (descriptions of what priests said during their lives) in order to express Dogen's Zen philosophy, this philosophy being explained by annotating each of the dialogues.

• また日本にもこの思想が入っており、人が死ぬことを指して「鬼籍に入る」などと言う言い方がある他、元来の意味合いと混交したイメージでも捉えられている。
• This idea spread throughout Japan so the death of a person became expressed as 'Kiseki ni iru' (Join the ranks of Oni); this image mixed together with the original meaning has remained.

• 本来は農業国が持つ農耕儀礼に基づく信仰に由来するものであったが、後に選民と結びつき、更には国粋主義・排外主義・覇権主義的な思想へと転化していった。
• Originally it came from a belief based upon farming, following agricultural ceremonies, but later on it was connected with the chosen people and it changed into nationalism, anti-foreignism, and hegemonism.

• 脱亜入欧（だつあにゅうおう）とは、「第三世界であるアジアを脱し、ヨーロッパ列強の一員となる」ことを目的とした、日本におけるスローガンや思想である。
• Datsua Nyuo (Leave Asia, enter Europe) is a Japanese slogan or thought that 'Japan should get out of Asia which belongs to the Third World, and catch up with European powers.'

• この人物は7世紀後半の学者官僚で『律令』選定、史書編纂に係わり皇太子学士を勤め、『壊風藻』に神仙思想を基にした漢詩を残す当代一級の知識人であった。
• He was regarded as the greatest intellectual of the day, and was a scholar and government official in the late 7th century, selecting 'Ritsuryo' (a kind of law), being involved in the compilation of history books, working as Kotaishigakushi (an official in charge of the education of the Crown Prince), and who left Chinese poems based on concepts of Taoist immortality in 'Kaifuso' (Fond Recollections of Poetry).

• 西村 茂樹（にしむら しげき、1828年4月26日（文政11年3月13日 (旧暦)） - 1902年（明治35年）8月18日）は日本の啓蒙思想家。
• Shigeki NISHIMURA (April 26, 1828 – August 18, 1902) was a Japanese enlightenment thinker.

• そして一般には、思想や感覚で社会に先んじている人々は、たとえ些細な点では衝突したとしても、原理上はこうした事態を手つかずのまま放置してきたのです。
• And in general, those who have been in advance of society in thought and feeling, have left this condition of things unassailed in principle, however they may have come into conflict with it in some of its details.

• 『般若心経』（はんにゃしんぎょう、サンスクリットPrajñā-pāramitā-hṛdaya）は大乗仏教の空 (仏教)・般若思想を説いた経典の1つ。
• 'Heart of Great Perfect Wisdom Sutra (Hannya Shingyo, Prajñā-pāramitā-hṛdaya in Sanskrit)' is one of the Buddhist sutras that preaches the Ku (Buddhism) of Mahayana Buddhism and Prajna thought.

• 日蓮は、釈迦仏一代の教えはもちろん、世間にあるすべての思想や宗教を比較検討し、教理の高低・浅深・勝劣を比較し、すぐれたものを段階的に五重に選択した。
• Nichiren compared and examined all ideas and religions, of course including the lifetime teaching of Shaka, and evaluated whether the religious principles are high or low, shallow or deep, and better or worse by five steps.

• 施薬院（せやくいん）は、聖徳太子が仏教の慈悲の思想に基づき、その地に薬草を栽培し、怪我や病気で苦しむ人を救うために四天王寺内に作ったと言われる施設。
• Seyaku-in was a facility that Prince Shotoku, based on the Buddhist philosophy of mercy, had allegedly erected within the premises of Shitenno-ji Temple, where medical herbs were cultivated to relieve people who suffered from injuries or diseases.

• その結果、宋代以後の儒学は、孔子の思想的側面（聖人の心と解釈者の心）を明らかにすることにも力を費やすことになり、結果として思弁性のあるものとなった。
• As a result, Confucianism after the Song period also placed a strong emphasis on clarifying the ideological side of Confucius (the sage's mind and reader's mind), which made Confucianism more speculative.

• 陰陽五行思想（いんようごぎょうしそう、おんみょうごぎょうしそう）とは、中国の春秋戦国時代ごろに発生した陰陽と五行思想が結び付いて生まれた思想のこと。
• Inyo (also pronounced Onmyo) Gogyo Shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Xing Thought) is the idea that linked together the principles of Yin-Yang (positive and negative, light and shade) and Gogyo Shiso (Five Elements Theory) during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period in China.

• 編纂が進むにつれてその思想体系などが整備され、やがて水戸学と呼ばれる学問の一派へと成長し、水戸藩士は皆等しく水戸学の尊皇論の影響を受けることとなる。
• As the compilation progressed, the system of thought came to be developed, which resulted in the formation of a school of learning called Mitogaku, and all the feudal retainers of Mito Domain were affected by the sonnoron (the thought respecting the Emperors) of the Mitogaku.

• 特に最後の10帖は「宇治十帖」と呼ばれ、京と宇治市を舞台に、薫・匂宮の2人の男君と宇治の三姉妹の恋愛模様を主軸にした仏教思想の漂う内容となっている。
• Particularly, the last 10 chapters are called the 'Ten Quires of Uji'; the story takes place in Kyo and Uji City, mainly dealing with the romance between two Otokogimi (Kaoru and Nioumiya), and the three sisters of Uji, containing Buddhist thought.

• 芳賀によると、公家社会、門閥社会の中で生まれ育った実隆は、身分制度を絶対視する思想に染まっており、下克上の現象をとうてい理解しうるものではなかった。
• According to Haga, Sanetaka, who was brought up in a society of court nobles and distinguished families, got affected by the idea of seeing a class system as more important than anything else, and couldn't understand revolts of vassals against their lords at all.

• この系統では、原理的著作群で展開された「間柄」という概念を日本思想史に応用し、具体的な文脈によって日本の倫理を正統化しようとする試みがなされている。
• In this category, he applied the concept of 'connection', described in books on theory, to the history of Japanese thought in an attempt to justify Japanese ethics within a specific context.

• 戦時下には大東亜戦争（太平洋戦争）を「世界史の哲学」の立場から思想的に位置付けようと試みた「世界史的立場と日本」座談会や「近代の超克」座談会に出席。
• During the War, he participated in the symposia entitled 'World-historical position and Japan' and 'Overcoming the Modern' in which they tried to clarify the ideological position of the Greater East Asia War (the War of the Pacific) from the standpoint of 'Philosophy of the world history.'

• 雑誌『新青年 (中国)』を主宰する陳独秀・呉虞・魯迅らは「孔家店打倒」をスローガンに家父長制的な宗法制度や男尊女卑の思想をもつ儒教を排斥しようとした。
• Chin Dokushu (Chen Duxiu), Go Gu, and Ro Jin (Lu Xun) who supervised the magazine 'La Jeunesse' (New Youth) (China), attempted to cast aside Ju-kyo, which supported a patriarchal head family dominant system and the thought of predominance of men over women, under the slogan 'overthrow the Confucians.'

• それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
• The adoption of such a principle would mean that a shogun would be able to expel an emperor; consequently the Kimon school founded by Ansai YAMAZAKI took a position opposed to the expulsion of a disqualified monarch and transformed Zhu Xi's teachings from a pro-establishment ideology to one that was anti-establishment.

• 当時の新聞紙上では私学の自由を犯すものであるという見解が出る一方で、そもそもこの思想を教授した方法に問題があったのではないかという擁護論も交わされた。
• On the newspaper at that time there were opinions that the measure would hamper freedom of private schools, but on the other hand, some people supported the measure because they thought there might have been a problem in the way to teach the thought.

• 当初の受刑者には、西南戦争などで捕縛された不平士族、後年には加波山事件や秩父事件などに参画して逮捕された者など、思想犯的な傾向を持つ収容者も多かった。
• Many of the first inmates at the Shujikan tended to have been imprisoned for ideological offenses; these inmates included fuhei shizoku (discontented former samurai) who had been captured during the Seinan War, and in later years, those who had been arrested due to their participation in the Kabasan Incident, the Chichibu Incident, and so on.

• とりわけ、古神道の「清め」「祓え」の思想が、天武天皇以後、明治維新まで千数百年にわたって陰陽道によって担われ、維新以後ふたたび神道に戻ったことを指摘。
• Particularly, he pointed out that thought of Koshinto (as practiced prior to the introduction of Confucianism and Buddhism to Japan) such as 'kiyome' (purification) and 'harae' (purification) was assumed by onmyodo for over a thousand years after Emperor Temmu, then, returned to Shinto after Meiji restoration.

• 他の神仏に優る超越的絶対者としてではなく、衆生の心のあり方は一様でないので悟りに到る道も個々によって異なるという前述の思想を受けたものと考えられている。
• In those sutras Fudo Myoo is not described as a transcendental absolutist that is superior to other gods and Buddhas but is described on the basis of the above thought, that the way to reach enlightenment is different individually because the ways of living things' minds aren't the same).

• しかし釈尊滅後、女性は成仏するのが難しいという思想が広まり、大乗仏教では、そういう女性蔑視の思想を否定しようとして変成男子の思想を示したとも考えられる。
• However, the idea of women's difficulty in attaining Buddhahood spread after Shakyamuni passed away, and the idea of Henjo Nanshi may be cited in Mahayana Buddhism to deny such misogyny.

• しかし、室町時代に大成した本覚思想と相まって現実の世界や愛欲の煩悩を積極的に肯定して、交会（性行為）の儀式を以って悟りを得ようと解釈する向きが強まった。
• However, combined with Hongaku philosophy which was perfected in the Muromachi period, it actively accepted the real world and sexuality and tended to awaken by sex.

• 古代中国においては、天上の星は地上にある国家を象徴しており、その動きに異常があれば、政治的な異変が発生する前兆現象であるととらえられていた（上天思想）。
• In ancient China, it was believed that the stars in the heavens symbolize the nations on the earth and that unusual movements of stars were portent of political upheaval (上天思想.)

• 承久記の流布本とは内容、思想的な違いが見え、序文で仏説に基づき、日本における神武天皇以来のそれまでの国王兵乱について述べてから承久の乱への記述を始める。
• The details of the Jiko-ji bon are philosophically different from the popular edition of Jokyuki, and after the preface based on Buddha's teachings, it tells about disturbances which had taken place since the reign of Emperor Jinmu, and then the Jokyu Disturbance is told.

• 伴林光平に師事して国学を学び、過激な尊王攘夷思想に傾倒、天誅組が起こると師の伴林に随伴してこれに参加するが、天誅組は鎮圧され、師である伴林も処刑される。
• Studying under Mitsuhira TOMOBAYASHI to study Japanese literature and culture, he concentrated on the radical thought of Sonno Joi (the principle of advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners), and then joined Tenchu-gumi (royalist party to inflict punishment) with his teacher Tomobayashi once it arose but Tenchu-gumi was suppressed and Tomobayashi was executed.

• なお、東洋では十五夜（満月）にあたる15という数字を「完全」を表すものとしてとらえる思想があり、15に一つ足りない14は「不完全さ」を表すとされている。
• Another explanation is that the number 15 signifies completion in the Oriental thought, because the full moon falls on the 15th night of the lunar month. The number 14, 1 less than 15, therefore signifies 'incompleteness.'

• このように天台教学・戒律・密教・禅の4つの思想をともに学び、日本に伝えた（四宗相承）ことが最澄の学問の特色で、延暦寺は総合大学としての性格を持っていた。
• Learning four thoughts of the Tiantai doctrine, the precepts, esoteric teachings and Zen, and transmitting them all to Japan (Shisosojo) was an important part of Saicho's scholarship; and Enryaku-ji Temple took shape as a general university.

• 天喜元年（1053年）、仏説による末法思想の世の1年目にあたることから、後冷泉天皇の勅願により源頼義が六条左女牛井(さめがい)の地に造営し、創建された。
• Wakamiya Hachiman-gu Shrine was founded 1053 in Rokujo Samegai by Yoriyoshi MINAMOTO under the imperial order of the Emperor Goreizei due to the first year of the Age of Dharma Decline according to Buddha's teachings.

• 608年（推古天皇16年）の小野妹子の第1回遣隋使に随行、その後24年間にわたって隋に留学して仏教・儒学・陰陽五行思想・天文・易学など広く諸学を修めた。
• In 608, So MIN accompanied the first Kenzuishi ONO no Imoko and subsequently studied in Sui for 24 years mastering a wide range of studies including Buddhism, Confucianism, the principles of Inyo Gogyo, tenmon and eki.

• しかしこれらの出来事をより注意深く調査すれば、それらの表面的な原因の背後に、民衆に関する思想についての根本的な修正という原因があったことが明らかになる。
• But a more attentive study of these events shows that behind their apparent causes the real cause is generally seen to be a profound modification in the ideas of the peoples.

• そして、人々が再びそのことを体系立てて訓練されるまでは、数学や物理という理論部門を除けば、大思想家はほとんどいないし、一般の知的水準も低いままでしょう。
• and until people are again systematically trained to it, there will be few great thinkers, and a low general average of intellect, in any but the mathematical and physical departments of speculation.

• 礼射思想については大陸文化の『射禮』を取り入れたものであり、大陸に習って国家としての基本を作り上げて行った飛鳥時代～奈良時代にその起源があると考えられる。
• Reisha (礼射) thought originates from 'Jarai (ceremonial shooting)' in culture and seems to have been created sometime in between the Asuka Period and the Nara Period, when basic policies of state were implemented, following China as a model.

• 他の東アジア諸国と同様に「道教」や「儒教」（儒教は哲学や思想であるが宗教ではないとする見解もある）も受容しているが、その影響は朝鮮半島や中国ほどではない。
• As in the case of other East Asian countries, Japan has also accepted 'Taoism' and 'Confucianism' (there is an opinion that Confucianism is a philosophy or thought, but not a religion), but was not influenced by those as much as the Korean Peninsula and China.

• 1720年（享保5年）に著された「大明律例訳義」は人道・恤刑思想を重視して正確かつ平易（当時の日本で使われている用語に置き換えた）を旨とした全訳書である。
• Authored in 1720, 'Daiminritsureiyakugi' is a complete translation based on accuracy and simplicity (translated into terms used in Japan at that time), with a focus on thoughts on humanity and merciful punishment.

• しかしながら東洋の再評価の立場や独自のアイデンティティを模索することは次第に「西洋は行き詰まり東洋こそが中心たるべき」との大東亜思想に近づくこととなった。
• However, the position to reevaluate the East and search for it's own identity gradually approached the Great East Asian idea, 'the West is a dead-end and the East should be the center.'

• 実際はより複雑であるが、こういった思想の類型では四大元素など、相互に影響しあって何らかの結果を招くという意味で、この関係性が「相性」という言葉で表された。
• The actual idea is much more complicated; nonetheless, the relationship, in which things, such as four elements, influence each other and this then leads to a consequence, was expressed with a term 'aisho.'

• 水戸学に発する尊氏観はその後も継承され、尊王思想が高まった幕末期には尊皇攘夷論者によって等持院の尊氏・義詮・義満3代の木像が梟首される事件も発生している。
• Mitogaku's view of Takauji was inherited by the later generations, and in the late Tokugawa period when Sonno-Joi (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarian) culminated, the heads of wooden statues of Takauji, Yoshiakira and Yoshimitsu (ASHIKAGA) in Toji-in were pilloried.

• 637年（舒明天皇9年）に流星が現れた時には天狗の吠え声と主張し、639年（舒明天皇11年）に彗星が現れた時には飢饉を予告するなど、祥瑞思想に詳しかった。
• He had a detailed knowledge of zuisho shiso (literally, auspicious thought, referring to fortunate omens): for example, in 637, when a meteor appeared, he claimed it was the howl of a tengu (goblin) and in 639, when a comet appeared, he claimed it was a portent of famine.

• 新政府内部の過激尊攘派の拠点ともいえる弾正台に職を得たことから見て取れるように、この時期の吉岡の思想はいまだ攘夷論志士としてのそれを引きずるものであった。
• As can be seen from the fact he had a job at the Danjodai which formed the base of the radical advocates of Sonno Joi within the new government, he still held the nationalistic idea of Joi (expelling the foreigners) at that time.

• 同門の京都向日神社神官で平田門下の筆頭の一人でもある神習舎塾主催者六人部是香の思想的影響もあり、意を決して後に大阪に出て塾を開き国学の啓蒙育成に奔走する。
• Having been affected by the thoughts of the organizer of Shinshusha Juku, Yoshika MUTOBE, who was a Shinto priest in Muko-jinja Shrine in Kyoto and one of the lead students under Hirata, he determinedly went to Osaka, open a private school and endeavored to promote the study of Japanese classical literature.

• 最澄の説く天台の思想は「一向大乗」すなわち、すべての者が菩薩であり、成仏（悟りを開く）することができるというもので、奈良の旧仏教の思想とは相容れなかった。
• To Saicho the Tendai philosophy was 'Ikko Daijo', or the idea that everybody is a Bodhisattva and can become a Buddha (achieve enlightenment); in this sense he was in conflict with old Nara Buddhist thought.

• 妙覚寺 (京都市)（京都府）日習を師として出家し、下総国の飯高檀林（現在千葉県匝瑳市飯高寺）、中村檀林（現在千葉県多古町日本寺）で不受不施派の思想を学んだ。
• He studied and entered the Buddhist priesthood under Nisshu, a monk of Myokaku-ji Temple (Kyoto City) (Kyoto Prefecture), and thereafter learned the philosophy of Fujufuse school (a school of Nichiren Sect which held philosophy insisting that nothing could be received from or given to people who believe in sutras other than Hokke-kyo Sutra) at Hanko Danrin (seminary) (Hanko-ji Temple in Sosa City, Chiba Prefecture) and Nakamura Danrin (Nichihon-ji Temple in Tako-machi, Chiba Prefecture).

• 仏教経典を書写する写経は国家仏教中心の奈良時代には官営事業として行われていたが、平安時代には浄土思想が普及し、個人的な祈願成就を目的に行われるようになった。
• During the Nara period when Buddhist deities were believed to protect the nation, Buddhist scriptures were copied as a national project, but by the Heian period when Jodo-shiso (Pure Land Buddhism) prevailed, they were copied by individuals who wished for their prayers to be fulfilled.

• 慶円（けいえん/きょうえん、保延6年（1140年） - 貞応2年1月27日 (旧暦)（1223年2月28日））は、鎌倉時代初期に神仏両部思想を確立した僧侶。
• Keien (also read as 'kyoen;' 1140 - February 28, 1223) was a priest who established Shinbutsu ryobu shiso (the idea of Dual-Shinto and Buddhism) during the early part of the Kamakura period.

• しかし、末法思想が流行った当時は他界観がクローズアップされ、明確な情報をもった仏教的他界である地獄 (仏教)が広く受け入れられる結果となったのは自然だった。
• However in the time when Mappo-shiso was popular, the world after death was under scrutiny and it was natural for people to widely accept the idea of hell,which was the other world in Buddhism, with clear description.

• また中国から、朱子学と陽明学が静座（静坐）（座禅）などの行法をなくした純粋な学問として伝来し、特に朱子学は幕府によって封建支配のための思想として採用された。
• Additionally, Neo-Confucianism and Yomei-gaku were introduced purely as a learning, without the gyoho (method of ascetic practices) such as sitting on the floor calmly (Zen sitting meditation), and Neo-Confucianism in particular was adopted by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as thought for feudal governance.

• 大正5年の「日蔭茶屋事件」から同12年の「甘粕事件」にいたる間の、思想家・大杉栄と女性開放活動家・伊藤野枝を取り巻く動きについては逐一新聞などで報道された。
• Affairs bewseen the thinker Sakae OSUGI and a feminist activist Noe ITO were kept being reported during the period from the Hikage Chaya Incident in 1916 to the Amakasu Incident in 1923.

• 一方、朝鮮の両班階層（支配層）の間では明の援軍のおかげにより朝鮮は滅亡を免れたのだという意識（「再造之恩」）が強調され、明への恩義を重視する思想が広まった。
• On the other hand, among yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea) (ruling class) of Korea, understanding that Korea could narrowly avoid ruin thanks to reinforcements from Ming ('再造之恩') was underscored and the thought to attach importance to gratitude towards Ming spread widely.

• 隋唐を承け、北宋を経過した儒学は、南宋中頃以後に徐々に道学と呼ばれる思想集団が頭を擡げ、南宋中頃に朱熹が道学を集大成して、遂に江南思想界を席巻するに及んだ。
• In Confucianism, which had emerged before the Sui and Tang Dynasties and continued through the Northern Song Dynasty, an ideological group called Dogaku gradually rose to the fore after the middle of the Southern Sung period, when it was founded by Zhu Xi, and came to dominate ideological circles in the Jiang Nan area.

• また論争は法律論にとどまらず資本主義経済の矛盾の問題、国家思想や国体の位置づけなどにも及び、商法典論争と相まって一種の政治対立の様相さえ呈するようになった。
• Moreover, the disputes, ranging from legal theories to contradictions of capitalist economy, national ideology and positioning of the national structure and so on and combined with the disputes over the Commercial Code, came to present a kind of political confrontation.

• 当時は朝鮮は、人材登用という思想でなく親族を優先的に高官に抜擢するという旧弊を断ち切れず、閔妃派が興宣大院君派と宮廷での権力闘争を繰り広げていた時であった。
• At that time, in Korea, it was when there was no hiring of personnel outside of families and they could not shed their old system of selecting high officials from families and the Queen Min group was fighting with the Heungseon Daewongun (regent of Joseon) group in the Imperial Court.

• が、やがてそういった枠組みを受容するだけではなく、人間という中身も変革（雑誌のことばでいえば「民心の一新」）することを目指す啓蒙思想 (日本)が興ってきた。
• However, the enlightenment thought (Japan), which aimed not only to accept such schemes but also to reform people's mind (by the words in the bulletin, 'Refurbishing of people's mind'), soon appeared.

• 当時、承久の乱で朝廷軍が敗北して鎌倉幕府軍が勝利して、後鳥羽上皇らが流されると言う前代未聞の事態が生じて、朝廷の権威や神国思想が大きく揺らいだ時期であった。
• The military of Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) defeated the Imperial forces in the Jokyu War and the retired Emperor Gotoba and his followers were exiled, and such unprecedented events shook the authority of the Imperial Court and the Shinkoku-shiso (the thought of Japan as the land of the gods) at the time 'Rokudai Shojiki' was written.

• この論争は、愛山が文学と政治を同一視し、さらには個人と国家の目的を分けようとしないこと、思想とは行動を引き起こさなければ無益であると考えていることを示した。
• This dispute indicated that Aizan regarded literature in the same light as politics, and showed that he thought no lines should be drawn between a person's purpose and the nation's, and that ideas were useless unless they were followed by actions.

• また、日本には、日光東照宮の陽明門にみられるように、「物事は完成した時点から崩壊が始まる」という思想があり、建造物をわざと不完全なままにしておくことがある。
• Also, in Japan, structures are deliberately left incomplete in some cases, as can be seen in the Yomeimon gate at Nikko Toshogu, the thinking being that things begin to decay from the time they are completed.

• これは、仏教の六道輪廻の思想（全ての生命は6種の世界に生まれ変わりを繰り返すとする）に基づき、六道のそれぞれを6種の地蔵が救うとする説から生まれたものである。
• This is originated from a theory that six kinds of Jizo Bosatsu relieve each of the six worlds, based on the Buddhist concept of Rokudo-rinne or Rebirth in the Six Worlds (whereby all lives repeat incarnation in the six worlds).

• 特に欠史八代の天皇については、古代中国の革命思想（讖緯説）に則って天皇家の歴史を水増したのではないかと指摘する否定説が戦後学会では主流である（実在説もある）。
• Especially with the Emperors of Kesshi-Hachidai (Eight Undocumented Sovereigns), a negative theory stating that the history of the Imperial Family was padded out following the revolutionary idea (Shinisetsu, or theory of predicting future with magic) in Ancient China is the main stream in learned society after the war (there are also theories that support the existence).

• 王土王民思想に基づく律令制は、天皇とその官僚による一元的な支配を志向しており、民衆に対しては編戸制・班田制・租庸調制・軍団 (古代日本)などの支配が行われた。
• The Ritsuryo system based on Odo omin shiso (the principle that all the land and people belong to the emperor) intended unified control of the nation by the Emperor and national government officials, and the people were controlled through henko-sei (a system for organizing the people), handen-sei (a land-allotment system based on Ritsuryo), Soyocho system (a tax system, corvee) and troops (in ancient Japan).

• 同時に当時の神祇に関する宗教思想のあり方を知ることができる点や、平安後期における院による熊野三山への支援を知ることができる点において、重要な史料となっている。
• At the same time, Chokan-kanmon is a precious historical material by which we can well understand the religious philosophy of Jingi (gods of heaven and earth) at the time as well as the reality of the Retired Emperors' support for Kumano sanzan in the late stage of the Heian period.

• おそらくは、分別があり思慮に富んだ人たちの間にはその思想の基盤は残っていたのですが、教会や世間が寛容をもってその学説を聞くだけの準備が整っていなかったのです。
• In all probability it held its ground among sober-minded and thoughtful men, though neither the church nor the world was prepared to hear of it with tolerance.

• 全ての人間がもつ資格があり、その実行については政府が干渉すべきではない基本的な権利や自由（生存と自由に対する権利、および思想と表現の自由と法の前の平等を含む）
• any basic right or freedom to which all human beings are entitled and in whose exercise a government may not interfere (including rights to life and liberty as well as freedom of thought and expression and equality before the law)

• 戦争への足跡が聞こえる中、思想や芸術について自由に語り合える場を作ろうと、創業者の立野正一が友人のイタリア人（京大建築科の留学生ベンチ・ベニ）に改築を依頼した。
• With war looming, Tateno asked Benci BENI, an Italian studying architecture at Kyoto University who was a friend of his, to remodel the private house in order to provide a place where people could talk about ideas and art freely.

• 宮沢賢治（詩人・童話作家）や高山樗牛（思想家）、妹尾義郎（宗教思想家）、北一輝（右派革命家）、石原莞爾（軍人・関東軍参謀）らがよく知られたその例といわれている。
• It is said that Kenji MIYAZAWA (a poet and author of children's stories), Chogyu TAKAYAMA (a thinker), Giro SENO (a religious thinker), Ikki KITA (a rightist revolutionary) and Kanji ISHIWARA (a warrior and staff person in the Kwantung army) were well-known examples.

• 中華人民共和国（中国共産党）は儒教を道徳思想としているが、前述の通り「儒教は革命に対する反動である」との理由から儒家の活動を弾圧の対象にし、大幅に制限していた。
• The People's Republic of China (Communist Party of China) treats Ju-kyo as a thought of ethics, but as mentioned above, Ju-kyo activities are the subject of suppression, and are largely limited due to the idea that 'Ju-kyo is the counter reaction to revolution.'

• なお、酒造家という表現には、杜氏だけでなく、単なるビジネスライクな生産者に留まらないで、自らの酒造りを一つの理念や思想にまで昇華させているような蔵元も含まれる。
• In addition, the expression of 'shuzo-ka' refers to not only toji but also some breweries who do not just produce sake on the business level but elevate sake brewing to their own belief or philosophy.

• 近代以後、日本の中国思想研究は、哲学（西欧の哲学）を模倣する必要に迫られた結果、朱子学の思弁的側面を強調し、これを以て哲学と比較可能であると見なすようになった。
• In the modern era, Japanese scholars of Chinese ideology have been required to follow philosophy (Western philosophy), and have therefore emphasized the speculative side of Shushigaku and considered it as comparable with the philosophy.

• また理学がその成立当初から禅宗の影響を強く受けていることは、宋代より言われ続けてきたことであるが、陽明学左派はとりわけ仏教の、そして老荘思想の影響が顕著である。
• It had been said from the Song period that from its establishment, Rigaku was strongly influenced by Zen Buddhism, and the left-wingers of Yomei-gaku were especially influenced by Buddhism and Taoism.

• 一方、外国からの開国要求を警戒した江戸幕府により、政治・思想面では抑圧が加わり、シーボルト事件、蛮社の獄などの弾圧事件が起こり、続いて蘭書翻訳取締令が出された。
• On the other hand, the Edo bakufu, on the alert for foreign countries calling for the opening of Japan, started to suppress political and ideological activities, and crackdowns such as Siebold Incident and Bansha no goku (Imprisonment of scholars of Western learning) took place, which were followed by orders to restrict translation of foreign books.

• すなわち中国王朝の天下思想と同じように「天下」の中心に律令国家の中心を設定し、天皇を主宰者とした秩序の及ぶ範囲で、周囲には「夷」に対応する異民族が配されていた。
• As with the Chinese dynasty's philosophy of Tenka, Ritusryo kokka was set in the center of 'Tenka' and different ethnic groups, which correspond to 'i' (barbarians) of China, were set around it within the reach of the emperor's authority.

• たとえば中国ではなく自国を中心（「華」）だと自認する「小中華思想」をもった国家が複数あり、中国の華夷秩序が一元的に東アジア国際秩序を貫いていたわけではなかった。
• For example, there were multiple states that had 'petit Sinocentrism' and recognized not China but themselves as the center ('ka') and, therefore, it was not that kaichitsujo of China covered uniformly international order of East Asia.

• 一方でアロー戦争後まで中国は中華思想に基づいた唯我独尊的外交姿勢を守り続け、国際法や条約といった近代的国際関係に不可欠な概念を積極的に取り込もうとはしなかった。
• On the other hand, China had maintained until the Arrow War its solipsistic diplomatic attitude based on Sinocentrism and would not adopt vital notions indispensable for modern international relation such as international law and treaty.

• 連合国軍最高司令官総司令部による神道への危険視は、神国・現人神・聖戦などの思想が対象となっており、天皇の人間宣言もこのような背景で出されたものと考えられている。
• General Headquarters (GHQ) regarded Shinto as dangerous due to ideas such as Shinkoku (land of the gods), arahitogami and holy war, and it is considered that the Emperor's Humanity declaration was made against such a background.

• 『往生要集』は、阿弥陀如来を観相する法と極楽浄土への往生の具体的な方法を論じた、念仏思想の基礎とも言える非常に実践的でわかりやすいでもので、広く庶民にも読まれた。
• 'Ojoyoshu' preached rules for seeing Amida Nyorai and specific methods for entering Jodo upon death, and was extremely easy to understand and practical and was considered the basis of nenbutsu thinking that was widely read by the ordinary public as well.

• 幕府が諸外国と通商条約を締結して開国を行うと、在野の志士(活動家)たちは、水戸学の思想的影響のもと、名分論に基づき攘夷を断行しない幕府に対する倒幕論が形成された。
• When Bakufu executed trade agreements with various countries and opened the country to foreign trade and diplomatic relations, activists outside of government, who were under the influence of Mito-gaku, built up the argument of tobaku against Bakufu, which, for reasons that were superficial, did not carry out the expulsion of foreigners.

• また、儒教思想の日本への定着はすなわち、中華思想（華夷思想）の日本への定着を意味し、近代の皇国史観などに影響を与え、日本版中華思想ともいうべきものの下地となった。
• Moreover, the establishment of Confucianist thought in Japan meant the establishment of a China-centered view of the world in Japan, which had an influence upon emperor-centered historiography in later times and became the foundation for a Japanese style China-centered view of the world.

• 軽々に思想と経済の間の因果関係を結論づけることはできないが、陽明学における人欲の肯定が、発展著しい商業経済にとって非常にタイムリーな思想であったことは間違いない。
• It might be superficial to conclude that there is a relationship between ideology and the economy, but the approval of desire in Yomei-^gaku at a time the commercial economy was rapidly developing was, undoubtedly, an extremely timely ideology.

• フランスの植民地思想に影響を受けた原は、人種・文化が類似する台湾は日本と同化することが可能であるとし、台湾を内地の一部とし、内地法を適用させるというものであった。
• Hara, who was influenced by French colonialism, claimed that it was possible to assimilate Taiwan to Japan as Taiwanese were similar enough to Japanese in race and culture, and that Japan should treat Taiwan as a part of Japan and apply the Japanese law to Taiwan.

• この二作は、当時の社会主義思想の影響を受けた「傾向映画」とされるもので、『一殺多生剣』は内務省の検閲によって、完成フィルムから300フィート余りが削除されている。
• These two works were referred to as 'Keiko Eiga' (trend film), influenced by socialist thought at that time, and more than 300 feet of the completed film of 'Issatsu Tasho Ken' was censored by the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs.

• 悪人正機（あくにんしょうき）は、浄土真宗の教義の中で重要な意味を持つ思想で、「悪人こそが阿弥陀如来の本願（他力本願）による救済の主正の根機である」という意味である。
• This thought is very meaningful in Jodoshinshu doctrine, meaning 'It is evil people who are the major object of salvation based on the Vow of Amida Nyorai (Primal Vow of Other Power).'

• 変成男子（へんじょうなんし）とは、古来、女子（女性）は成仏することか非常に難しいとされ、いったん男子（男性）に成ることで、成仏することができるようになるとした思想。
• The term Henjo Nanshi refers to the idea that a woman, who has been thought to have great difficulty in becoming a Buddha since ancient times, is able to accomplish it by once changing into a man.

• 日本曹洞宗の開祖である道元が、1231年から示寂する1253年まで生涯をかけて著した87巻（＝75巻＋12巻）に及ぶ大著であり、日本曹洞禅思想の神髄が説かれている。
• This is a voluminous book written by Dogen, the founder of the Nihon Sotoshu sect (Sotoshu sect in Japan), over a large period of his life, from 1231 to his death in 1253, which consists of eighty-seven volumes (seventy-five volumes, plus a further twelve volumes), and includes the essence of the philosophy of the Nihon Sotoshu sect.

• この表現が日本の皇室について用いられる理由としては、日本神話において天皇は神の末裔であり、一般の人間とはかけ離れた存在という思想背景があったためと解釈する説がある。
• This expression is used for the Japanese Imperial family because there is an idea that the emperors are descendents of gods in the Japanese mythology and are different from ordinary people.

• 鋳造品では、中尊寺円乗院所蔵品として神仏習合思想を端的に示す『金銅釈迦如来像御正体』（重要文化財）、金色堂内陣長押に掛けられた『金銅華鬘』（国宝。金色院蔵）がある。
• 'Kondo Shaka Nyorai zo mishotai' (an important cultural property) possessed by Chuson-ji Temple Enjo-in that partly represents the thoughts of syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism and 'Kondo-Keman' (a national treasure, possessed by Konjiki-in Temple) are some of the casting products.

• そして、従来は同じく中国思想であったものが日本化した攘夷論とむすびつき、幕府や幕藩体制を批判する先鋭な政治思想へと展開していき、この思想が明治維新の原動力となった。
• Furthermore, conventional Chinese thoughts were Japanized in the same way, and united with the doctrine of excluding foreigners, developing into a radical political position criticical of the shogunate and its domain system, and as such, this became a driving force for the Meiji Restoration.

• ただ人欲を人間本来の自然とみる考えを全否定することはなく、それを認めつつ、人欲をコントロールする役目を「理」に与えることにより現実的な政策・思想を構想しようとした。
• The Dongling movement did not deny the idea of considering desire to be innate human nature, rather, it approved the idea, while making 'ri' play the role of controlling desire to establish more realistic policy and ideology.

• 松尾尊兌は、ここに始まる大正デモクラシーが一部の都市知識人による脆弱な輸入思想ではなく，戦後民主主義に直結する性質を有する、広汎な民衆運動であったことを説いている。
• Takayoshi MATSUO (a Japanese historian) argues that Taisho Democracy, starting with the Taisho Seihen, was not a vulnerable foreign idea superficially scooped by some urban intellectuals but a widespread popular movement that had some characteristic directly reflected in the Japanese democracy after World War Ⅱ.

• ベストセラーになった『西洋事情』や『文明論之概略』などの著作を発表し、明治維新後の日本が中華思想、儒教精神から脱却して西洋文明をより積極的に受け入れる流れを作った。
• He wrote a lot of books, including those marked as bestsellers, 'Seiyo jijo' and 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku,' having set a trend in Japan after the Meiji Restoration to lead the Japanese to grow out of Sinocentrism and Confucianism and positively accept Western culture.

• 自由民権運動の指導者であるため、一般には近代立憲的な自由主義の思想を持っていたとされ、また中江兆民がルソーを翻訳したことから、近代思想の輸入者というイメージもある。
• As he was the leader of Jiyu Minken Undo, Itagaki has been generally regarded as having the philosophy of modern constitutional liberalism, and also, he has the image of an importer of modern philosophy like Chomin NAKAE, who translated the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau into Japanese.

• 篤胤の提唱する古道に於ける幽顕の弁や神仙思想とは、実は皇国に古来から伝播した玄学(神仙道)の事であり、玄学とは現象を動かす物の奥にある本質を解明する学問の事である。
• The theory of the Dark and the Light and the idea of unworldly men's world, which Atsutane taught based on Kodo, were, in fact, Chinese ancient philosophies that had been introduced in centuries past, especially Gengaku ('xuanxue', philosophy fused by Confucianism and Taoism during the period from the third century until the fifth century) and Shinsendo ('shenxiandao', method for becoming unworldly man); Gengaku was regarded as the scholar to analyze the essence beneath the surface of the phenomenon.

• 政府の為しうることに制限を加えてもよいとする人たちは、そういう政府が存在すべきでないと考えられる場合を除き、大陸の政治思想家の中では著しい例外として目立っています。
• Those who admit any limit to what a government may do, except in the case of such governments as they think ought not to exist, stand out as brilliant exceptions among the political thinkers of the Continent.

• イギリスの博愛家たちが熱心にやっていること、つまり人々をみな似たものにし、その思想や行為を同じ格律と規則で管理することにおいて、中国人たちは希望以上に成功しました。
• They have succeeded beyond all hope in what English philanthropists are so industriously working at―in making a people all alike, all governing their thoughts and conduct by the same maxims and rules;

• なお梁瀬一雄など一部の研究者からは、流布本の巻一～六と巻七・八では背景となる思想などが異なるとして「流布本の巻七・八は別人による増補ではないか」との指摘がされている。
• In addition, some scholars such as Kazuo YANASE pointed out that 'the 7th volume and the 8th volume might have been added by other person,' because in a same rufu-bon the writer's thoughts expressed in the 1st - 6th volumes are different from those of the 7th and 8th volumes.

• 昭和維新を標榜した一連の変革運動でも、君民一体の思想から、天皇による直接支配こそ社会の閉塞をうちやぶるものであり、「君側の奸」がそれを妨げているという主張がなされた。
• In a series of transformative movements which shaped the Showa Restoration, activists insisted from the viewpoint that the Emperor was the symbol of the unity of people, Emperor's direct reign of Japan could open a closed society, but 'Wily vassals surrounding the Emperor' caused criticism against it.

• その対策として発行された万延小判の品位の低さなどにより諸物価が高騰、開国策・不平等条約への批判が噴出し、外国人排斥の攘夷思想が次第に隆盛し、各地で異人斬りが横行する。
• In responce to the situation the government issued Manen oval gold coins, but the low quality of the coins led to steep inflation, triggering severe criticism of the unequal treaty and opening of the country and a growing anti-foreigner movement, provoking the rampant killing of Westerners in many places in the country.

• しかし無論、儒教思想がそのまま取り入れられた訳ではなく、儒学の中では『四書』の一つとして重要視されている『孟子』を、国体にそぐわないものであると評価する思想家も多い。
• However, it is not just an adoption of Confucian thought and many of the thinkers evaluated 'Moshi (Mencius)' which was emphasized as one of the 'The Four Books of Confucianism' that were unsuitable for national policy.

• というのも西欧列強との交渉においては、清朝がいくら「天朝の定制」（中華思想的慣例）を持ち出しても議論が噛み合わず、列強側の要求を拒絶することはできなかったためである。
• The reason for it was that in the negotiation with western countries, discussions did not mesh even if the Qing dynasty refer to 'Fixed Rule of the Dynasty (precedents based on Sinocentrism)' and requirements of the western countries could not be refused.

• しかし、事実上は日本陸軍はロシア、大日本帝国海軍はアメリカ合衆国を仮想敵国とする事態は変わらず、その国防思想を統一するという当初の狙いは不十分にしか達成されなかった。
• However, in fact, the situation never changed in which the Japanese Army considered Russia as the imagined enemy and the Imperial Japanese Navy considered the United States of America as the imagined enemy, and therefore the original intentions to unify the ideas of national defense was achieved imperfectly.

• 平安時代も後期になり、貴族の政治が衰え武士の台頭、僧兵の出現などにより争乱の不安定な時代を迎えるにつれ、民衆の不安感から源信らによる無常観、末法思想が広まっていった。
• In the late Heian Period, the declining aristocracy and the rise of warriors and armed priests threw the nation into turmoil, and the people's anxiety nurtured the Mujokan (Buddhist concept of the impermanence of worldly things) and Mappo-shiso (belief in the 'end of the world') propagated by Genshin and others.

• 明治41年（1908年）には日露戦争後の自由主義・社会主義思想の勃興や弛緩した世情を危ぶみ、思想統制政策としての公布を仰ぎ、また地方政策では、地方改良運動を推進した。
• Concerned about the precariousness of society and the rise of the post-Russo-Japanese war liberalism and socialism, Tosuke in 1908 attempted to issue laws to control the people's thinking and also promoted local improvements as regional measures.

• すでにこの頃には『古道大意』『漢学大意』『医道大意』『俗神道大意』『仏道大意』『歌道大意』などの講本を多く執筆し、平田学の思想の根幹は堅固で揺ぎ無いものとなっていた。
• By that time, Atsutane already had written many texts such as 'Kodo Taii' (Lectures of Atsutane HIRATA), 'Kangaku Taii' (The Meaning of Chinese Classics), 'Ido Taii' (Synopsis of Medicine), 'Zokushinto Taii' (The Outline of Vulgar Shinto), 'Butsudo Taii' (The General Idea of Buddhist Way) and 'Kado Taii' (The Essentials of Poetry), and basic thought of Hirata school had became strong and solid.

• 日本の律令法における学令は、唐の制度に倣って中国王朝の支配思想であった儒学を教える明経道を中心に置いた規定がなされ、文章博士はそれを補う目的で設置されたものであった。
• Gakuryo (the law on scholarship) formulated under the ritsuryo codes focused, following Tang's system, on myogyo-do which was to teach Confucianism, the dominant philosophy in Chinese dynasties, and the post of monjo hakase was installed for the purpose of supplementing myogyo-do.

• 不受不施義（ふじゅふせぎ）とは、日蓮宗における思想の1つでの不受とは法華経の信者以外からは施しを受けず、不施とは法華経以外の教えを広める僧侶には施しをしないということ。
• Fuju-fuse-gi is a concept of the Nichiren sect of Buddhism; 'fuju' means refusing offerings from those who don't believe in the Hokekyo (Lotus Sutra) and 'fuse' means giving no offerings to priests who propagates beliefs other than Hokekyo.

• この思想運動が古代から続くタントラ教と結びつき、ブッダとは非歴史的な「物自爾」ともいうべき存在（法身）の自己表現であるという視点が生まれ、その存在を大日如来と想定した。
• This ideological movement was linked with ancient Tantrism, creating a point of view that Buddha is a self-expression of a non-historical existence (hosshin (Dharma Body)) that may be called 'Butsujiji', and this existence was assumed to be Dainichi Nyorai (Mahavairocana).

• 平安時代には最澄による天台宗、空海による真言宗の導入による密教の流行、末法思想・浄土信仰の隆盛などの契機を経験し、貴族層や都周辺の人々による仏教信仰は拡大しつつあった。
• In the Heian period, Esoteric Buddhism became popular in accordance with the introductions of the Tendai sect by Saicho and the Shingon sect by Kukai, and Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) and Jodo-shinko (the Pure Land faith) were in full flourish, and as a result, more and more nobles and people around the capital came to believe in Buddhism.

• 幕末期になり世の中が騒然としてくると、復古主義の思想から、水心子正秀（すいしんしまさひで）らを中心に古刀の鍛錬法の復元を試み、再び実戦的な日本刀が作られるようになった。
• In the late Edo era, when Japan became turbulent, Suishinshi Masahide and some others tried to restore the forging method of Koto (Old Swords) from the philosophy of revivalism, and practical Japanese swords started to be made again.

• ただし国民思潮全般が維新による革新的思想であふれていた時代であり、また盲人以外にも広く箏曲が解放され多数の人間が箏曲界へ参入したこともあって、多くの曲がこの頃作られた。
• However, many pieces were composed around that time thanks to the situation where the society was filled with revolutionary philosophy in the wake of the Meiji Restoration and many people other than the blind entered the world of Soh music.

• こうした経緯から戦後の日本国憲法では政治の場から神国思想を排除するために、政教分離原則の厳格化と信教の自由の導入が行われ、日本社会の表舞台から神国思想は退く事になった。
• Considering the above, the strict principle of separation of government and religion, and the freedom of religion in the Constitution of Japan were later introduced to rid Shinkoku belief from politics, and it appeared that belief in Shinkoku was wiped from the surface of Japanese society.

• 日本共産党は2004年に綱領を改正し、元首化・統治者化を認めないという条件の下、天皇制の是非については主権在民の思想に基づき国民が判断すべきである、という趣旨に改めた。
• The Japanese Communist Party amended their policy and although they do not accept any head of state or ruler, about the Tennosei, they decided to leave it to the people because the sovereignty rests with the people.

• さらに巨大な帝国だった中国諸王朝が中華思想、華夷秩序に基づいて周辺諸国を冊封して朝貢関係を築き、それが経済交流と外交秩序の一定の安定を東アジアにもたらしたことにもよる。
• Another reason is the sovereign-vassal relationship with tributes between Chinese dynasties, great empires, and surrounding countries based on Sinocentrism and Suzerainty, that brought economic exchanges and a certain stability of diplomatic orders to East Asia.

• 「天皇（大帝）」は中国古代の宇宙の最高神天帝の名で、道教思想と深い関わりを持つが、天武の施政には道教的色彩が認められ、天武が天皇表記を用い始めたとする説を補強している。
• The 'tenno (great emperor)' is the name of the supreme god of space in ancient China and has a deep relationship with Taoism thoughts, and also during the administration of Emperor Tenmu the Taoism influence was accepted, which supports the theory that the Emperor Tenmu started using the notation of tenno.

• 一君万民論（いっくんばんみんろん）はただ一人の君主にのみ生来の権威・権限を認め、その他の臣下・人民の間には原則として一切の差別・身分差を認めないとする思想・主張である。
• Ikkunbanmin-ron is a theory in which constitutional authority is given to only one ruler, and under this sovereignty any discrimination and distinction from social status shold not be allowed among all other people.

• 厳復が『天演論』（1898年刊）というタイトルで翻訳紹介したこの思想は、瞬く間に世紀末の中国を席巻し、「弱肉強食」「適者生存」「優勝劣敗」ということばが流行語となった。
• Yan Fu introduced the thought by his translation, titled '天演論' (translation of 'Evolution and Ethics' by T.H. HUXLEY) (published in 1898), and it dominated China in end of the century making phrases such as 'The best always win' (弱肉強食), 'the survival of the fittest' (適者生存)' and 'struggle for existence' (優勝劣敗) famous.

• 紫式部の酷評に加え、女の才はかえって不幸を招くという中世的な思想が影響し、鎌倉時代に書かれた『無名草子』『古事談』『古今著聞集』などには清少納言の落魄説話が満載された。
• In addition to the severe criticism made by Murasaki Shikibu, the influence of medieval thought that the talented woman became unhappy was such that many anecdotes of Sei Shonagon's reduced circumstances were written in 'Mumyozoshi' (Story Without a Name), 'Kojidan' (Collection of Folk Literature), 'Kokon Chomonju' (Collection of Folk Literature), etc., during the Kamakura period.

• 和辻哲郎（わつじ てつろう、1889年3月1日 - 1960年12月26日）は、『古寺巡礼』『風土』などの著作で知られる日本の哲学者、倫理学者、文化史家、日本思想史家。
• Tetsuro WATSUJI (March 1, 1889 - December 26, 1960) was a Japanese philosopher, ethicist, cultural historian, and scholar of Japanese history of ideas who was well known for his literary works such as 'Koji Junrei' (A Pilgrimage to Ancient Temples) and 'Fudo' (Climate and Culture).

• 平安時代以降、武士の尊崇をあつめて全国に八幡神社が勧請されたが、本地垂迹思想が広まると、僧形で表されるようになり、これを「僧形八幡神（そうぎょうはちまんしん）」という。
• Reverence among the samurai class led to the establishment of Hachiman shrines all over the country from the Heian period, but as the belief spread that Shinto deities are manifestations of Buddhist deities, he began to be depicted in the form of a Buddhist priest known as 'Sogyo Hachiman-shin' (lit. Hachiman Daibosatsu in a priest style).

• そもそも、古神道は原始宗教ともいわれ、自然崇拝・精霊崇拝といわれるアニミズムと祈祷（祈りによる神との交信）や占い（神が憑依による予言や予見）といった価値観や思想がある。
• Koshinto, which is originally said to be a primitive religion, has values or beliefs based on the animism such as nature worship and worship of the dead and prays (communication with gods through prayers) as well as on the fortune-telling (prediction and foreknowledge depending on gods).

• しかし、末法思想が流行った当時は他界観がクローズアップされ、明確な情報をもった仏教的他界である地獄 (仏教)が広く受け入れられる結果となったのは極自然な事だったのだろう。
• As the takai-kan was stressed at the time when Mappo-shiso gained popularity, the takai-kan of Buddhism was quite naturally accepted nationwide for its definite information about takai, Jigoku.

• これに反する事になるとする当時の思想に由来する紫式部が源氏物語という人々を惑わす絵空事を描いたため死後地獄に落ちてしまったとする伝承をもとに紫式部を供養しようとした行動。
• Based on the tradition, Genji Kuyo was started in order to hold a memorial service for Murasaki Shikibu because she had authored a fictional story, the Tale of Genji, which could confuse readers, and fell into Hell after her death.

• 山王神道では山王神は釈迦の垂迹であるとされ、「山」の字も「王」の字も、三本の線とそれを貫く一本の線からなっており、これを天台宗の思想である三諦即一思想と結びつけて説いた。
• In the Sanno shinto, it was considered that the deities of Sanno are manifestation of Shakyamuni, and as each of the Chinese characters '山' and '王' consists of three lines and a line going through the three lines, the Sanno shinto worship was taught in connection with the thoughts of the Tendai sect known as Santai Sokuitsu, meaning three forms of truth is originally one thing.

• それ故、栄西の『興禅護国論』、日蓮の『守護国家論』、『立正安国論』など、鎌倉新仏教の開祖たちによって、仏教の思想（自派の教義）こそ国を救うものであると盛んに説かれている。
• Therefore, the founders of Kamakura New Buddhism had energetically preached that Buddhist doctrines of their school would save the country, for example, Eisai's 'Kozengokoku-ron' and Nichiren's 'Shugo kokka-ron' (Treatise on protection of the nation) and 'Rissho Ankoku-ron' (Treatise for Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Teaching).

• 士農工商を春夏秋冬に当てはめるのは五行思想と関連していると思われるが、四季という循環性のあるものになぞらえ、身分を階級序列というよりは順次並列させているところが興味深い。
• The comparison of shi-no-ko-sho to spring, summer, autumn, and winter may be associated with the concept of Wuxing (The Five Practices), and it is quite interesting that shi-no-ko-sho are compared to a cycle of four seasons so as to arrange the social statuses in a row instead of putting them in a hierarchical order.

• 憲法学者の美濃部達吉、植民政策学者の新渡戸稲造、矢内原忠雄など社会科学者は概ね植民地であると見なしていたが、歴史学者の田保橋潔や思想家の北一輝などは植民地ではないとした。
• Tatsukichi MINOBE, a scholar of constitutional law, and Inazo NITOBE, a scholar of colonial policies, as well as social scientists such as Tadao YANAIHARA generally considered it as a colony, while Kiyoshi TABOBASHI, a historian, Ikki KITA, a thinker, and others did not.

• それまで西欧列強が中華思想的に見て夷狄と断定されていたのは、礼や徳よりも力や利を追求することに重きをおき、無秩序に争いをしかけるというイメージが先験的にあったためである。
• Until then powerful western countries were recognized as iteki because they seemed to put weight on power and profit rather than the proprieties and virtue and disorderly attack others by prior experiences.

• 西洋近代哲学の素養の上に立って浄土真宗の信仰を受け止め、近代思想界に紹介した功績、また、そうした素養と信仰とに基づき、内外両面において仏教の近代化を推進した功績は大きい。
• Due to his education in modern Western philosophy, he was able to better understand the beliefs of Jodo Shinshu and introduce it to modern ideas and, on the basis of his education and faith, he greatly contributed to propelling the modernization of Buddhism both domestically and internationally.

• 大内 青巒（おおうち せいらん、弘化2年4月17日 (旧暦)（1845年5月22日）- 大正7年（1918年）12月16日）は、明治期から大正期における仏教学者・思想家。
• Seiran OUCHI (May 22, 1845 - December 16, 1918) was a scholar of Buddhist Studies and a thinker, who lived during the Meiji to Taisho periods.

• しかし、溝口自身は左翼思想の持ち主でもなく、プロレタリア運動が退潮後の7年には新興キネマに招かれて国策映画「満蒙建国の黎明」を撮るなど、変わり身の早いところも見せている。
• He himself, however, did not believe in left-wing ideology; in 1932 after the decline of the proletarian movement, he showed his opportunistic side by being invited by Shinko Kinema to direct the propaganda film called 'Manmo kenkoku no reimei' (Dawn in Manchuria).

• 一説によると一部の平田門下のものが、参澤の力説する神仙思想に魅せられて彼の主催する塾に入門したり、参澤を崇めるようになったからだとも言われているが詳細は藪の中であります。
• The truth is unknown, however, some people said that several students of Hirata's school had become interested in the theory of unworldly men which Sotetsu had been teaching, and had entered Sotetsu's school or respected him, so Tetsutane became worried about it and reacted.

• 思想家個々人の変わった見解はさておき、世論の力によっても、またさらに法制化の力によっても、世界全体でも個人にたいする社会の力をむやみと拡げようとする傾向が強まっています。
• Apart from the peculiar tenets of individual thinkers, there is also in the world at large an increasing inclination to stretch unduly the powers of society over the individual, both by the force of opinion and even by that of legislation:

• 平安中期には流行した、永承7年（1052年）に末法の世が訪れるという予言思想である末法思想が成立した信仰形態であると考えられており、起源は中国や朝鮮半島にあるとも言われる。
• This practice is considered to be a form of belief of 'mappo-shiso' (latter day pessimism, which prevailed in the middle of the Heian period, predicting that the mappo era ('latter day') would come in 1052), which may have originated in China or the Korean Peninsula.

• それまでも、知的な「浮浪子」（なまけ者などの意味の上方語）であった秋成だが、美樹からのてほどきからは、思想的深化、古典学の体系的だった智識の整理、という重大な影響をうけた。
• Akinari had been an intelligent 'Noramono' (means a lazybones in Kansai dialect) until then, but after he was taught by Miki, his thought was deepened and knowledge of the classics was organized systematically, which meant a lot to him.

• 杉浦 重剛（すぎうら じゅうごう、安政2年3月3日 (旧暦)（1855年4月19日）- 大正13年（1924年2月13日）は、明治時代・大正時代の国粋主義的教育者・思想家。
• Jugo SUGIURA (April 19, 1855 - February 13, 1924) was a nationalistic educator and thinker of the Meiji period and the Taisho period.

• また、現実を肯定する本覚思想を持つ天台宗の教義を流用し、神道の理論化が試みられ、さらに空海に化託した数種類の理論書も再編され、渡会行忠・家行により、それらが体系づけられた。
• Additionally, an attempt was made to theorize Shinto by borrowing the doctrine of the Tendai sect, which had adopted the reality-affirming Hongaku philosophy, and to re-edit several kinds of theory books by falsely attributing them to Kukai; but later these works were organized by Yukitada and Ieyuki WATARAI.

• つまり閉鎖的改宗コモンズの司祭長は、オープンな改宗コモンズの価値を認識していたけれど、閉鎖的コモンズの守護者たちはそれに対し、自由思想による裏切り者との烙印を押したわけだ。
• In other words, the high priest of the closed proselytization commons recognized the value of an open one, but the custodians of the closed commons branded him a freethinking traitor.

• 阿弥陀如来は多くの仏教宗派で信仰され、阿弥陀信仰はひとつの経典に制限されない懐の広さを持つが、ともすれば偶像崇拝・（阿弥陀如来のみを尊ぶ）一神教的思想に陥りやすい側面もある。
• Amitabha Nyorai is revered in many Buddhist sects and Amida worship is a wide encompassing belief that is not restricted to one Buddhist writing, but does have an aspect that could easily fall into idol worship or a single-god (only Amida Nyorai is revered) type of thinking.

• このキャンペーンのなかで、かつて不純な思想を持ち込んだと批判された空海は、外来の思想を日本流に換骨奪胎して紹介し、日本文化の形成に一役買った人物として評価されるようになった。
• In this campaign, Kukai, who was once criticized for bringing an impure philosophy to Japan, came to be evaluated as a person who introduced foreign philosophy after totally altering the contents to conform to Japanese ways and contributed to the formation of Japanese culture.

• 陰陽道自体が中国の学問、思想、呪術、祭祀等を包括して体系化したものである為、日本に取り入れた中国の諸文化を元に日本流に昇華させた文化行事であると言うのが正確であると思われる。
• It is believed to be true that Shihohai is a cultural ceremony that came from China and was changed to suit the Japanese culture while retaining various aspects of Chinese culture, since the Way of Yin and Yan originally came from China and has been systematized, including Chinese studies, thinking, magic and rituals.

• 他者との比較を通じて文明／野蛮の差異を計測し、その差異を埋める／広げるという欲望を喚起することによって富国強兵を達成しようとする思想構造が列強諸国にも、非列強諸国にもあった。
• Both powerful and non powerful countries shared a mindset to accomplish fortifying their country by measuring the difference between being civilized and barbarian by comparison, and inciting a desire to minimize or expand the difference.

• 当時攘夷思想によって欧米人を襲撃する事件が多発し、神戸事件や堺事件、京都事件がその代表例であるが、これらの事件は「万国公法」の名の下に外国人を殺傷した日本人を極刑としている。
• At that time, attacks on Europeans and Americans as represented by the Kobe Incident, the Sakai Incident and the Kyoto Incident were frequently carried out by supporters of Joi-ron, but Japanese, who killed or injured foreigners were subjected to capital punishment.

• 14歳の時からは単身で藍葉の仕入れに出かけるようになり、この時の経験がヨーロッパ時代の経済システムを吸収しやすい素地を作り出し、後の現実的な合理主義思想につながったとされる。
• When he was fourteen, he started to go to purchase indigo plants by himself, which created the foundation on which he could easily absorb economic systems in the Europe era and later brought about his thoughts of realistic rationalism.

• 石田 梅岩（いしだ ばいがん、貞享2年9月15日 (旧暦)（1685年10月12日） - 延享元年9月24日 (旧暦)（1744年10月29日））は江戸時代の思想家、倫理学。
• Baigan ISHIDA (October 12, 1685 - October 29, 1744) was a thinker and ethicist of the Edo period.

• 神社神道の神主などの神職は、古くから政（まつりごと）の執政をし、平安時代には道教の陰陽五行思想を取り込むことによって陰陽師という組織とその政治における官僚としての役職を得た。
• Shrine Shinto priests have been involved in governance since ancient times, and in the Heian period, they incorporated the Taoist concept of Inyo (Onmyo) gogyo shiso (yin and yang and the Five Elements) into their beliefs and practices and in so doing, obtained official positions in the government as Onmyoji (masters of divination and sorcery).

• 思想家としては、どんな結論にたどり着くにしろ、そこまで自分の知性に従っていくことが自分の第一の義務だということを認めないなら、だれであれ偉大な思想家にはなることができません。
• No one can be a great thinker who does not recognise, that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead.

• 第2次世界大戦後、支配者に都合のよい前近代的な思想として批判を受け、影響力は弱まったが、現代でも『論語』の一節が引用されることは多く、日本人にとっては親しまれている存在である。
• After World War II, it was criticized as a feudalistic thought, convenient for the ruler, and its influence diminished, but lines from 'The Analects of Confucius' are frequently quoted even today, and is a familiar thing for the Japanese people.

• また、穢れの思想が強かった時代に葬儀に携わる故人の親族が人々と接触して穢れを広めないようにするために故人の家族と親族の食料を予め用意しておくという配慮があったとも言われている。
• It is also said that the concept of kegare (dirtiness/impurity) was dominant at that time, and a koden of food was offered to the bereaved family so that the bereaved family, who conducted the funeral, could avoid contact with other people so as not to spread this kegare.

• 1960年代の欧米の文化人やロック (音楽)ミュージシャンの間では、東洋的な思想や宗教が流行したことがあり、中には着物（あるいは着物に似せてデザインした服）を着る者も見られた。
• During the 1960s, there was a trend among western intellectuals and rock musicians to study Eastern Thoughts and religions, and some of them wore Kimono or clothes modeled after Kimono.

• 全ての事象は、それだけが単独で存在するのではなく、「陰」と「陽」という相反する形（例えば明暗、天地、男女、善悪、吉凶など）で存在し、それぞれが消長をくりかえすという思想である。
• It is the idea that all the phenomena do not exist independently, but exist in one of two conflicting forms, 'yin' and 'yang' (for example, light and darkness, heaven and earth, men and women, good and evil, good fortune or bad), each one repeating rise and fall.

• 相性の、元々の意味は陰陽五行思想の一端で、全ての事物が持つ属性が、相互に良い意味で影響しあってより強まるか、逆に相互の良い部分を相殺しあって悪い状態を招くかといったものである。
• Aisho was originally derived from the part of the philosophy of Onmyo gogyo (Yin-Yang Wu-Xin), which explained that when the attributes of all things influence each other in a good way, they become stronger; when they balance out the good qualities in each other, on the other hand, this invites bad situations.

• 近世後期には、平田篤胤が、キリスト教の最後の審判の観念の影響を受けた幽明審判思想や、アメノミナカヌシを創造神とする単一神教的な観念を展開するなど近代に連なる教理の展開を遂げた。
• In the late medieval period, Atsutane HIRATA developed Yumei shinpan shiso, which was ideologically influenced by the Last Judgment in Christianity and an idea of henotheism with Ame no Minakanushi as god of creation, and the development of the theories provided a way leading to the modern era.

• 7世紀には、壬申の乱の際に自ら栻（ちょく）を取って占うほど天文遁甲の達人で陰陽五行思想に造詣の深かった天武天皇が、676年（天武天皇4年）に「陰陽寮」や日本初の占星台を設けた。
• In the 7th century, Emperor Tenmu, a master of tenmontonko who personally performed divinations with a choku during the Jinshin War and who had great knowledge of the principles of inyo gogyo, set up 'Onmyoryo' and Japan's first senseidai (astrology station) in 676.

• が、大乗の求道者は俗世間で生活しながらしかも最終的にはブッダに成れると主張し、自らを菩薩と呼んで、自らの新しい思想を伝える大乗経典を、しばしば芸術的表現を用いて創りだしていった。
• However, Mahayanic seekers claimed that they could ultimately become Buddha even as they lived in the real world, called themselves Bosatsu (Bodhisattva), and created Mahayana Sutras that conveyed their new thoughts, often using artistic expressions.

• 義経に再度敗れた後、平知盛が戦乱を「潮（うしお）にて水に渇（かっ）せしは、これ餓鬼道。・・・」と六道に例えて述べるくだりは、仏教思想の影響の強い平家物語色を感じられる場面である。
• After being defeated by Yoshitsune, the scene where TAIRA no Tomomori describes the battle by comparing Rokudo (six posthumous worlds) as 'being thirsty and wanting water in the ocean is exactly what Gakido (the Buddhist hell of starvation) is' clearly shows the nature of the Heike Monogatari (The tale of the Heike) which is featured by the strong influence by Buddhist thought.

• 一説には、中華思想により、他国の地名、人名には『蔑字』を使っているため、このような表記になっている原田常治『記紀以前の資料による 古代日本正史』 同志社・婦人生活社 1976年。
• According to another account, 'characters of contempt' were used for the names of foreign places and people as a result of Sinocentrism (Tsuneji HARADA, 'Official History of Ancient Japan Based on the Materials before Kiki' Doshisha, Fujin Seikatsusha, 1976.)

• また、名古屋大学名誉教授の安川寿之輔は、初期の福澤の思想にも国権論的立場を見出し得るのであるから、「脱亜論」がそれ以前の福澤の考えと比較して特段異なるものとはいえないと指摘する。
• Also, Junosuke YASUKAWA, a professor emeritus at Nagoya University said that, because Fukuzawa's national power perspective can be detected in his earlier thoughts, the 'Datsu-A Ron' was no different from what he had said before.

• また、製作会議で起用しようとした映画監督（一説に今井正とされる）が思想的に「左翼であるから」と嫌う周囲を笑って、「右も左もあるかい。わいは大日本映画党じゃ。」と言い放ったという。
• During a production meeting where the employment of a certain movie director (Tadashi IMAI, according to a source) was proposed but attendants were rejecting the proposed director because of his 'left wing' ideology; Mitsuo allegedly laughed them off by saying 'Right or Left does matter, I belong to the Dainippon Movie Party.'

• それまでの「四書五経」をはじめとする儒教の古典や仏典の研究を中心とする学問傾向を批判し、日本独自の文化・思想、精神世界を日本の古典や古代史のなかに見出していこうとする学問である。
• Kokugaku criticized the heretofore strong academic focus on Confucian and Buddhist classics, especially the 'Four Books and Five Classics' of Confucianism, trying instead to unearth native Japanese cultural, philosophical, and spiritual traditions to be found in the Japanese classics and ancient histories.

• 陰陽五行の思想に基づいた陰陽道によって占筮及び地相などを行う方技（技官）として配置され、後には本来の律令規定を超えて占術・呪術・祭祀全般をつかさどるようになった職掌のことをいう。
• Onmyoji, who were assigned as hogi (otherwise known as a gikan, meaning a bureaucrat with specialized skills), originally performed only senzei and chiso (rituals performed to determine lucky and unlucky directions) using Onmyodo, which is based on the principles of Inyo gogyo (Yin-Yang and the Five Elements), but later were given responsibility for all divinations, magic, and religious services outside the provisions of the Ritsuryo legal system.

• かつては正しいものとして扱われたが現在では滅びてしまった思想や、相次ぐ革命により倒された政権などの廃虚の上に、この新たな勢力・群集は立ち上がり、他の勢力をも呑み込もうとしている。
• On the ruins of so many ideas formerly considered beyond discussion, and to-day decayed or decaying, of so many sources of authority that successive revolutions have destroyed, this power, which alone has arisen in their stead, seems soon destined to absorb the others.

• 熊野権現（くまのごんげん、または熊野神〈くまののかみ〉、熊野大神〈くまののおおかみ〉とも）は、熊野三山に祀られる神 (神道)であり、本地垂迹思想のもとで権現と呼ばれるようになった。
• Kumano Gongen (also known as Kumano no Kami or Kumano no Okami) is a deity (Shinto) enshrined in Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano-hongu-taisha Shrine, Kumano-hayatama-taisha Shrine and Kumano Nachi Taisha Shrine) and became to be called gongen (avatar) under Honji-suijaku thought (theory of original reality and manifested traces).

• 全日本学生自治会総連合では少数派（非主流派）であった所感派の思想的・政治的影響下にあった当時の同学会（京都大学の全学学生自治会）は、1950年度のレッド・パージ粉砕闘争を主導した。
• Dogakukai (students' self-governing association of Kyoto University) which was under the philosophical/political influence of the Shokan sect, a minority group (a non-mainstream faction) of the All-Japan Federation of Students' Self-governing Associations, played a leading role in the anti Red Purge struggle in 1950.

• 七分積金や人足寄場の設置など、今日でいう社会福祉政策を行ってもいるが、思想や文芸を統制し、全体として町人・百姓に厳しく、旗本・御家人を過剰に保護する政策を採り、民衆の離反を招いた。
• Although Sadanobu also implemented present social welfare policies such as the accumulation of relief fund for the poor (seventy-percent reserve fund) and the establishment of independence support facilities for minor offenders and the homeless (ninsokuyoseba), the support of the people was lost due to the strict control over thought, art and literature, in short townspeople and peasants as a whole, and the excessive protection of his retainers on the other hand.

• しかし同時にソビエト連邦が誕生したことにより、赤化(共産主義)思想が広まり、共産主義者による革命運動を懸念した政府は治安維持法を制定し、国民の運動に対し規制がかけられる形となった。
• However, the birth of the Soviet Union during the period spurred the spread of communism in Japan and prompted the government fearing revolutionary movement by Communist agitators to pass the Peace Preservation Act and control popular movements.

• これに対して学生が「許される」としたため、哲学館の教育方針は「目上を殺してよいということは天皇も殺してよいということだ。この思想は国体を危うくする恐れがある」という見解をまとめた。
• As one student answered 'Yes it would be excusable', the views on the education policy of Tetsugakukan was summarized as follows: 'if it is excusable to kill superiors, it would be excusable to kill an Emperor and this thought would endanger the fundamental character of the nation'.

• この時代の歌論はその枠を超えて一つの芸術論、思想体系とも言うべきものになっており能の大成者世阿弥も「能楽師に必要な学問は歌学のみである」と述べるなど他の芸能にも大きな影響を与えた。
• Karon in this period had already moved beyond its original narrow focus on poetry and began to include essays on art in general or essays that outlined an entire ideological system, and thereby came to have a deep influence on other art forms; Zeami, who perfected the art of Noh, commented that 'Kagaku is the only type of learning a Noh actor really needs.'

• 高山 彦九郎（たかやま ひこくろう　延享4年5月8日 (旧暦)（1747年6月15日） - 寛政5年6月28日 (旧暦)（1793年8月4日））は、江戸時代後期の尊皇思想家である。
• Hikokuro TAKAYAMA (June 15, 1747 - August 4, 1793) was a thinker who had fostered a theory of reverence for the Emperor at the end of Edo period.

• 佐久間 象山（さくま しょうざん（ぞうざん）、1811年3月22日（文化 (元号)8年2月28日） - 1864年8月12日（元治元年7月11日））は、日本の武士、兵学者・思想家。
• Shozan (also known as Zozan) SAKUMA (March 22, 1811 - August 12, 1864) was a Japanese warrior, military strategist, and thinker.

• 特に明治維新の際に打ち出された神仏分離によって神仏習合思想は壊滅的な打撃を受け、神社非宗教論のもと宗教色を切り捨てて国民の慣習・儀式・精神的支柱を目指した神道教義の中心から外れた。
• In particular, due to the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism, which was promoted during the Meiji Restoration, the synthesis of Shinto and Buddhism suffered a fatal blow and was excluded from the center of Shinto teachings, which, under Jinjahishukyoron (theory that Shinto is not a religion), shed religious colors and figured on becoming practical, ritualistic, and spiritual pillars for the people.

• その早期の例としては、北斉・陳 (南朝)の天台宗二祖・慧思によって記された「立誓願文」に見られるし、隋代以降1000年にわたって継続される房山の石経事業も、末法思想によるものである。
• Its early example is seen in 'Ryusei Ganmon' which was written by Eshi, the second founder of the Tendai sect, during the period of Northern Ch'i and Chen (southern dynasty) and the Stone Sutra Project at Fangshan, which had been continuing for over 1,000 years since the period of the Sui dynasty, was also based on Mappo shiso.

• 日蓮は、いかなる凡夫にも「仏性」が秘められており、「南無妙法蓮華経」（なむ・みょうほうれんげきょう）と題目を唱える「唱題」の行 (仏教)を行えば「仏性」が顕現するという思想を説いた。
• Nichiren taught the idea that any unenlightened person kept 'bussho' (the Buddhist nature) in the inside of him and once he performed a Buddhist practice (called 'gyo') of chanting the Nichiren chant 'Nam Myohorenge-kyo' (called 'shodai'), 'bussho' would appear on the outside of him.

• しかしながら、律令制の根幹を成す王土王民思想や一君万民思想は武家政治の根幹を成す封建制とは相容れない存在であり、建武の新政は謂わば時代遅れの政治体制であったことは否めなくなっていた。
• However, the concepts of odo omin and ikkun banmin, which were the basis of the Ritsuryo system, were incompatible with the feudal system, which was the basis of the samurai government and therefore it could not be denied that the Kenmu Restoration was, in a sense, an outdated political system.

• また同年、東京大学文学科教授で明治美術会賛助会員の外山正一が日本画･洋画にかかわらず、最大の問題として画題の貧困と思想の欠如とを指摘し、とりわけ直次郎の「騎龍観音」をやり玉に挙げた。
• In the same year, Masakazu TOYAMA, who was a literature professor at the University of Tokyo and a supporting member of the Meiji Art Society, pointed out as the biggest problem poor painting subjects and a lack of philosophy, whether it is a Japanese-style painting or a Western-style painting, and he criticized Naojiro's 'Kiryu Kannon' in particular.

• しかし、父が職務怠慢の咎により郡目付役を解職永蟄居の処分となったため生活は困窮し外生課程に進学せずに弘道館教授で儒学・国学者であった枝吉神陽の私塾に学び、神道や尊皇思想に影響される。
• However, his father was punished for negligence of duty by being removed from the position of superintendent officer of the district and placed under house arrest which forced the family into poverty and meant that Shinpei could proceed to tertiary education, so instead he studied at the private school of Shinyo EDAYOSHI, a scholar of Confucianism and ancient Japanese literature and culture, where he was influenced by Shinto and the principle of reverence for the Emperor.

• また、灌頂が古代インドの国王即位の儀式に源流があるとはいえ、密教の教義に基づく印明伝授と実修からなる即位灌頂は、古代インドで行われていた儀式とは思想的にも内容的にも異なったものである。
• Although kanjo originated from the ritual of enthronement of the king in Ancient India, sokuikanjo consisting of inmyodenju and practice based upon the creed of Esoteric Buddhism is different from the ritual in Ancient India with regard to philosophy and content.

• 平安時代後期になると、源信 (僧侶)の『往生要集』などの影響で、阿弥陀如来の住する西方極楽浄土への再生を願う浄土信仰が広まり、また、現世を仏法の衰えた末法の世とする末法思想が広まった。
• In the late Heian period, as influenced by 'Ojoyoshu' (The Essentials of Salvation) by Genshin (a priest) and other writings, Jodo-shinko (the Pure Land faith) which prays for resurrection to Saiho Gokuraku Jodo were spread, and also Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) which considers the present world as the end of the world where Buddhism has declined was spread.

• そもそもこれらの八代の天皇については、中国の革命思想（辛酉革命）に合わせ、また天皇家のルーツがかなり古いところにあると思わせるべく、系譜上の天皇を偽作したため生まれたのであろうとする。
• It is generally believed that these eight generations of emperors are fictive characters created for the pedigree record based on the Chinese Shinyu (year of the Metal-Rooster ('Kanototori' in Japanese) in the Chinese sixty-year calendar cycle) revolution philosophy in order to make the origin of the Imperial Family look more ancient than it actually was.

• 当時の西洋列強が行っていた、植民地支配と現地住民に対する扱いとは違い、皇民化政策は思想と言語統一によって他民族を日本人化することで、日本人と植民地住民を対等に扱おうとするものであった。
• Different from the way of Western powers' governing colonies and treating their local residents, the Japanization policy was to Japanize other ethnic groups by integrating thoughts and the language, and treating Japanese and the residents in colonies equally.

• この一連の出来事は蛮社の獄と呼ばれ、近年までは江戸時代における一大思想弾圧事件として取り扱われていたが、上述のように実態は鳥居による政敵とみなされた者への排除のための冤罪事件といえる。
• The series of incidents is called Bansha no goku (Imprisonment of scholars of Western learning), which has been, until recent years, treated as an important event to crack down on thought during the Edo period, but in fact, it can be said that it was an incident of a false charge to exclude people regarded as political enemies, caused by Yozo TORII as mentioned above.

• 打ちこわしや一揆そのものは生活苦の改善や新規の徴税や徴兵に反対するものが中心であり、思想的・政治的な背景に欠くもので、最終的には幕府・諸藩・明治政府のいずれかの兵に鎮圧されて終わった。
• Having no ideological and political background, most of the destructive riots and uprisings simply aimed at requiring the relief from hardships of life, and demonstrating their displeasure against the taxation and conscription imposed anew, and all of them ceased in the end when suppressed by Edo bakufu, domains, or the Meiji government.

• 与謝野 晶子（よさの あきこ、正字体：與謝野晶子、明治11年（1878年）12月7日 - 昭和17年（1942年）5月29日）は明治時代から昭和時代にかけて活躍した歌人、作家、思想家。
• Akiko YOSANO (与謝野 晶子 or 與謝野晶子 in orthographic style; December 7, 1878 - May 29, 1942) is a kajin (waka poet), novelist, and thinker active during the Meiji through Showa Periods.

• 伊藤 仁斎（いとう じんさい、寛永4年7月20日 (旧暦)（1627年8月30日） - 宝永2年3月12日 (旧暦)（1705年4月5日））は、江戸時代の前期に活躍した儒学者・思想家。
• Jinsai ITO (August 30, 1627 - April 5, 1705) was a Confucian scholar and philosopher in the early Edo period.

• のちに眼科医として名声をはせたが、華岡青洲の「乳がん手術図」を模写している事からも分かるように、「病人に普く一灯をともす（普一）」の思想の下、あらゆる分野の医術を学んでいた事が分かる。
• Later he won a fame as an eye doctor, however, as it is comprehensible from the fact that he copied out 'the drawing of an operation for breast cancer' performed by Seishu HANAOKA, he studied all fields of medical science under the policy 'kindle a light for all patients.'

• この時代の日本における仏教は中国と同様、鎮護国家の思想の下、国家の管理下で統制されており、年ごとに一定数の得度を許可する年分度者の制度が施行され、原則として私度僧は認められていなかった。
• The Buddhism during this period in Japan was, under the idea of national protection, governed under the control of the nation and the system of nenbundo-sha (approved people who enter the Buddhist priesthood) was enforced, which admitted a certain number of tokudo (entering the Buddhist priesthood) each year, and in principle, shidoso (priests having entered Buddhist priesthood without permission) was not admitted.

• その後、朝露密約がされるが、そのような経緯の中で井上角五郎等から具に事情を聞いた福澤諭吉らは、ここに至り事大主義、小中華思想で、平等や義や独立の精神に反する朝鮮王朝政府に見切りをつけた。
• Later on, when a secret agreement was signed between Korea and Russia and Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others who heard about it from Kakugoro INOUE, they gave up on the government of the Korean Dynasties that were against equality, righteousness and independence with their Sadaejuui policy and petit Sinocentrism.

• ちなみに、「脱亜思想」と「脱亜論」とは混同されがちであるが、「脱亜思想」は一般的な思想の名前であり、「脱亜論」は新聞『時事新報』の社説の名前であることから、両者を区別して扱う必要がある。
• By the way, 'Datsua-shiso' and 'Datsua-ron' (literally meaning 'theory of leaving Asia') which tend to be confused with each other, should be distinguished, because 'Datsua-shiso' is a common thought and 'Datsua-ron' (On Departure from Asia) is a title of an editorial article in the newspaper, 'Jiji Shinpo' (News of current affairs).

• これらの逸話を総合すると、やや硬直した思想の持ち主であったようであるが、その一方で『太平記』の作者は実世を「大才」と賞し、中厳円月も彼を「賢臣」と称える詩を残している（『東海一漚集』）。
• Considering all of these anecdotes together, he seems to have had a rigid way of thinking, but on the other hand, the author of 'Taiheiki' praised Saneyo as a 'Capable person' and Chugan Engetsu wrote a poem describing him as a 'Subject of wisdom' ('Tokai ichioshu').

• 平等院が創建された永承7年（1052年）は、当時の思想ではまさに「末法」の元年に当たっており、当時の貴族は極楽往生を願い、西方極楽浄土の教主とされる阿弥陀如来を祀る仏堂を盛んに造営した。
• The thinking at the time of Byodo-in Temple's founding in 1052 coincided with the first year of the 'Third Age of Buddhism' and members of the noble classes prayed to be reborn in paradise and built numerous Buddha halls devoted to Western Pure Land Paradise overseer, Amitabha.

• しかし天才の本当の意味での、思想や行動の独創性という点では、それが称賛に値しないという人はいないにせよ、大抵の人が、心の内では、そんなものがなくてもうまくやっていけると考えているのです。
• But in its true sense, that of originality in thought and action, though no one says that it is not a thing to be admired, nearly all, at heart, think that they can do very well without it.

• かねてより厚く仏教を信仰していた聖武天皇は鎮護国家の思想により、社会の動揺をしずめようと考え、741年（天平13年）に国分寺建立の詔、743年（天平15年）には盧舎那大仏造立の詔を発した。
• The Emperor Shomu, who was a deep believer in Buddhism, wanted to settle social unease based on the ideology of Chingokokka (keeping the nation tranquil by the reciting of Buddhist prayers and other Buddhist ceremonies) and issued in 741 an Imperial edict establishing Kokubunji (state-supported provincial temples) and, in 743, an Imperial edict for construction of Rushana daibutsu (a large statue of Buddha).

• 秩父地方では、自由民権思想に接していた自由党員らが中心となり、増税や借金苦に喘ぐ農民とともに「困民党（秩父困民党）」を組織し、1884年（明治17年）8月には2度の山林集会を開催していた。
• In Chichibu region people, mainly members of the Liberal Party organized 'Konminto Party (Poverty Party)' together with peasants suffering from increased taxes and debt burdens and held the second rally called Sanrin Shukai (literally, 'gathering of mountains and forest') in August, 1884.

• 中華思想のもとでは、外来概念は「真であること」（「普遍」的に優れている）と「自己に由来すること」（中国起源であること）の二つが同時に認められない限り、受容されることはない（佐藤1996）。
• Under Sinocenturism, imported concept was never accepted unless it was understood to be 'true' (to be excellent universally) and 'being originated in itself (to be of Chinese origin) at the same time (Sato 1996).

• 竹越の著作は歴史上における国民または個人の思想動向とその分析の重要性と時期区分とその変化の法則性把握を提唱し、歴史における経済的要因を重視するなど、市民的立場からみた発展的歴史観を示した。
• Takekoshi's literary works advocated the importance of understanding and analyzing the trend of thought formented among the national public and individuals, and finding out a certain principle in the relationship between the classification of each period of history and its change, and thus, he presented a developmental view of history from the standpoint of an ordinary citizen.

• 征韓論が台頭したとき、そして実際に大韓帝国を併合する際（韓国併合）や、日韓同祖論が生まれて外地における同化政策（皇民化教育など）が進められるようになったときも、その思想的背景の一つとなった。
• Japanese militaristic authorities utilized this theory as background support in many ideological situations; on the occasion of rising the Seikanron (Debate to conquer Korea), merging Korean Empires (the annexation of Korea) practically and when Nikkan Doso Ron (Japan and Korea have a common ancestor) was birthed, then the assimilation policy in foreign lands (for example, imperialization education on Korea during Japan's colonial rule) was implemented and went forward.

• これらの思想は、現世における修行で仏になったのではなく、長い長い輪廻の間、気の遠くなるような修行（歴劫修行＝りゃっこうしゅぎょう）の果てに、ようやく成仏ができるという思想を生み出す元と成った。
• This thought has caused to bring about a belief that Buddhahood may be attained not through practices in this mortal world, but only after completion of mind-boggling ryakko-shugyo (countless kalpas of practices to reach enlightenmment in Buddhism) through the long long circle of transmigration.

• 文明開化、欧化思想の中で武術そのものが『時代遅れ』とされ、弓術もその例に漏れず衰退の一途をたどり、大衆の意識では『弓』と言えば賭け弓等の娯楽・性風俗の弓を指す程までにかつての弓術は影を潜める。
• In the middle of civilization and enlightenment and Europeanized thought, martial arts were considered to be 'out of fashion' and Kyujutsu also declined like other martial arts so much that the 'bow and arrow' came to mean entertainment and sex culture such as Kakeyumi among the feelings of the common people.

• 従来の通説では、このことによって儒教が国教となったとしていたが、現在の研究では儒家思想が国家の学問思想として浸透して儒家一尊体制が確立されたのは前漢末から後漢初にかけてとするのが一般的である。
• Conventionally, it was believed that this was what made Ju-kyo the state religion, but in current studies it is commonly believed that it was between the end of former Han and early later Han that the thought of Ju-ka spread as the national learning of thought and the system admiring Confucianist alone was established.

• また、藁塚や密教塚のように藁屑や焼却灰まで集積した塚などの思想が、藁屑や焼却灰や下肥などを肥料にし流通に乗せ、経済振興と大豆食文化などに繋がる穀倉地や、穀物農耕の隆盛の一端を担ったともいえる。
• Additionally, it can be said that thinking on the mounds of wara zuka (a mound for rice straw) and mikkyo zuka (esoteric Buddhism mound) stacking straw bits and even ashes, caused the conversion of the straw bits, ashes and human wastes into fertilizers and put them into distribution to partly contribute to the development of grain-growing region related to economic growth and food culture of soybeans as well as to the development of grain farming.

• 明末清初の王夫之は『大学』のあげる「平天下」はつまるところ国を治めるための思想（すなわち「治国」）を述べるに過ぎず、天下の次元には通用しないものであると述べて、これを尊重する朱子学を批判した。
• O Fushi, who lived from the end of the Ming era to the beginning of the Quin era, criticized Neo-Confucianism which highly regarded 'Daigaku' by arguing that '平天下' (to put 'Tenka' in order) described in 'Daigaku' was no more than the philosophy of ruling a nation (namely, '治国') and that it could not be applied to the level of Tenka.

• 以上の説明は歴代中国王朝が構想した華夷秩序であるが、日本や朝鮮、琉球、ベトナム等の周辺諸国もその華夷秩序及びその根拠となった中華思想を選択的に受容、あるいは共有し、華夷秩序の一翼を担っていた。
• The above description applies to kaichitsujo which Chinese dynasties had and neighboring states including Japan, Korea, Ryukyu and Viet Nam accepted or shared selectively such kaichitsujo and its basis, Sinocentrism, and involved in a part of kaichitsujo.

• こういうもの見方は、思想家の知性にも、また実際であれ仮想のものであれその利害に民主主義が敵対しているヨーロッパ社会の有力階級の好みにも、同じように魅力的であり、容易に世間に受け入れられました。
• This view of things, recommending itself equally to the intelligence of thinkers and to the inclination of those important classes in European society to whose real or supposed interests democracy is adverse, has had no difficulty in establishing itself;

• 今日の日本は、真に新しい思想をはらみ、世界を包括し、様々な文化を統合した（あるいは文化を持たない）トレンドを生み出すことで、現代美術、ファッション、建築などにおいて他国と競うほどの影響力を持つ。
• Today's Japan is powerful and competitive with other countries in modern art, fashion, and architecture by containing truly new ideas, embracing the world, and creating trends to unify various cultures (or beyond culture).

• 尚歯会そのものは僅かの期間で消滅したが、その思想や遺志は江川や川路などの幸運にも生き残ったメンバーによって伝えられ、幕末の日本において勝海舟や佐久間象山など進歩派に大きな影響を及ぼすことになる。
• Although Shoshikai itself lasted only for a short period of time, their thoughts and last wishes were taken over by the rest of the members, who survived fortunately such as Egawa or Kawaji, gave impacts on members of a reformist group including Kaishu KATSU or Shozan Sakuma.

• 6番目のコメントは、1961年6月に発行された、政治学者の岡義武による「国民的独立と国家理性」および中国文学者の竹内好による「日本とアジア」（『近代日本思想史講座』、筑摩書房）の中に発見された。
• The sixth comment was found in 'Kokuminteki Dokuritsu to Kokka Risei' (National Independence and Reason of State) by a political scientist Yoshitake OKA and 'Nihon to Asia' (Japan and Asia) ('Kindai Nihon Shiso-shi Koza' [Modern Japanese History of Ideas], published by Chikuma Shobo) by a scholar of Chinese literature Yoshimi TAKEUCHI in June, 1961.

• また、道教が日本の文化に受け入れられなかった理由の一つとして、仙人思想が日本文化に確立された天皇制を覆す思想に繋がるという理由で日本人には受け入れることができなかったためである、という説もある。
• Some claim that Dokyo was not accepted in Japanese culture because the sennin-related philosophy was connected to the thought of destroying the emperor system that had been firmly established in Japan.

• 内容面で言うと、読本の形式をとり、場面場面ではなく話の運びや、登場人物の人間性に重点をおいたものにしたこと、読者の想定を知識層におき、思想や歴史観、作中での議論を盛り込んだことなどがあげられる。
• As for the contents, it takes the form of yomihon without focusing on each scene but on the development of the plot and the human nature of the character; and it targets intellectuals, incorporating his ideas, view of history and arguments in the work.

• この思想で考えると斑鳩の地に都を置いた推古天皇9年（601年）の辛酉の年より二十一元遡った辛酉の年を第一蔀のはじめの年とし、日本の紀元を第一の革命と想定して、神武の即位をこの年に当てたのである。
• Based on this idea, the Kanototori year, which was the first year of the former 21 cycles from the Kanototori year of 601 when a capital was placed at Ikaruga, was defined as the first year of the first period and the year of the enthronement of Emperor Jinmu on the assumption that the beginning of Japan was the first revolution.

• しかし本書では仏教や儒教にも通じた元隣が、百物語のひとつひとつの話題をとりあげ、その妖怪・怪異現象を、陰陽五行思想をはじめとする当時の合理的な思惟に基き、和漢の故事を引用しつつ解説（評判）する。
• In the present work, however, Genrin versed in Buddhism and Confucianism takes up the subject of each tale to explicate (critique) its specter or supernatural phenomenon on the basis of the day's rational thoughts such as the Yin-Yang Wu-Hsing Doctrine, quoting Chinese and Japanese proverbs.

• パリ留学で自由思想を学んだ西園寺は自由民権運動に傾倒し、明治14年（1881年）3月18日には、自由党結党に向けて創刊された『東洋自由新聞』の社長となり、中江兆民、松田正久らと共に発行に携わる。
• Saionji, who learned liberalism while he studied in Paris, became committed to Democratic Rights Movement, and on March 18, 1881, he became the president of 'Toyo Jiyu Shinbun' journal company, which was founded with the goal of establishing the Liberal Party, and he became involved in its publications along with Chomin NAKAE and Masahisa MATSUDA.

• 荻生 徂徠（おぎゅう そらい、寛文6年2月16日 (旧暦)（1666年3月21日） - 享保13年1月19日 (旧暦)（1728年2月28日）は、江戸時代中期の儒学者・思想家・文献学学者である。
• Sorai OGYU (March 21, 1666 - February 28, 1728) is a Confucian, thinker and philologist in the middle of the Edo period.

• 現在の学会でも現存する南伝および北伝の教典に釈迦の言葉が実際に伝えられているのか、それともあくまで、その時代時代のサンガの思想が釈迦の言葉としてのちのサンガに伝えられたのかは大いに議論されている。
• In current academic society, the issue of whether existing Nanden and Hokuden scriptures actually reflect Shakyamuni's words, or whether thoughts of the sangha themselves in each era were transmitted as the words of Shakyamuni to sangha in later era, is hotly debated.

• このようなメタファーを用いたのは、それが表現するものを不特定多数の人に伝える浄土式庭園や神仙などのような古来の思想を含んだ庭には表現すべきモデルとしての、人々が共有する景が必要であるからとされる。
• It is said the reason why they used these metaphors is that common scenery that people share was necessary for a Jodo style garden (a garden of the style of the Jodo sect of Buddhism) and Shinsen (the thought of immortality), gardens that relate thoughts from ancient times because these gardens need to communicate what they expressed as models, with a large number of the general public.

• 第二に、『自由民権運動』の看板を掲げながら、思想よりはむしろ感情で行動する失業士族の多い当時の日本の国情を踏まえれば、『政党政治の早期断行には「小党分立による国政の迷走」というリスクが伴う』こと。
• Secondly, 'the premature implementation of party government would involve a risk of 'political confusion caused by divisions between small parties,'' if Japan's then situation, in which many unemployed warriors took emotional rather than ideological action under the banner of 'the Movement for Liberty and People's Rights,' were taken into account.

• 具体的には、それまで清朝は諸外国を中華思想的価値観から「夷狄」とみなしていたが、清朝の公文書に西欧諸国を指して「夷」と表記することを禁じ、同時に総理衙門という近代的国際関係を担う外交機関を設けた。
• In more details, the Qing dynasty that had deemed foreign countries as 'iteki' from its sense of value based on Sinocentrism, but it prohibited to denote western countries as 'i (夷, a character means other ethnic groups)' in its official documents and, at the same time, established Zongli Yamen which was a diplomatic organization in charge of modern international relations.

• 以後、西欧と同じ「文明国」（＝富強国）とならなければ、不平等条約を解消し、「万国公法」の恩典には与れないという考えが広がっていき、西欧列強をモデルとした富国強兵改革が推進される思想的要因となった。
• Later, as spreading of thought that to be a civilized country (equal to a strong country) was necessary to dissolve unequal treaties and reap a benefit of 'Bankoku Koho,' the thought became a factor to promote fukoku kyohei reform (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) aiming powerful western countries.

• ここで論壇に登場した女性解放思想家山川菊栄は、保護（平塚）か経済的自立（与謝野）かの対立に、婦人運動の歴史的文脈を明らかにし、差別のない社会でしか婦人の解放はありえないと社会主義の立場で整理した。
• Here a women's liberation activist Kikue YAMAKAWA participated in this dispute of protection (Hiratsuka) versus financial independence (Yosano) by clarifying the historical context of feminist movement and arguing logically from a socialist viewpoint that women's liberation could be achieved only in a society without discrimination.

• 遣唐使の廃止以来、独自の小中華思想に基づく孤立政策を採っていた公家社会では明皇帝の臣下となる朝貢貿易に対して不満や批判が多くあったが、義満の権勢の前では公な発言ができず日記などに記すのみであった。
• After the abolition of the embassies to China, in the Japanese aristocratic society, in which an isolation policy was practiced based on a petit Sino centrism, there were accumulated discontent with and criticism of the tribute trade because Japan was treated as vassal to the emperors of Ming; but, as the aristocrats were not able to speak out publicly in the face of the Yoshimitsu's strong influence, they could do nothing but comment on their dissatisfaction in diaries or other documents.

• 以下、『禅鳳書物写し』を除き表章・伊藤正義『金春古伝書集成』（わんや書店、1969年）に収録されるほか、『禅鳳雑談』が日本思想大系『古代中世芸術論集』（岩波書店）に収録されている（北川忠彦校訂）。
• Except for 'Zenpo Shomotsu Utsushi' (copy of Zenpo's books), Zenpo's authored books were included in 'Konparu Kodensho shusei' (Collection of the Ancient Treatises of Konparu) by Akira OMOTE and Masayoshi ITO (published by Wanya Shoten in 1969) and also 'Zenpo Zodan' (Miscellaneous conversations with Zenpo) was included in 'Collection of theories of art in the ancient and the medieval period,' a collection of philosophical thoughts in Japan (Iwanami Shoten, publishers) (revised by Tadahiko KITAGAWA).

• 平安時代後期には末法思想（釈迦の没後2,000年目を境に仏法が滅び、世が乱れるとする思想）の広がりとともに、未来仏である弥勒への信仰も高まり、皇族、貴族をはじめ当寺の弥勒仏へ参詣する者が多かった。
• During the latter part of the Heian period, belief in the future Buddha Miroku increased with the spread of Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief that the idea of an age 2,000 years since Shakyamuni Buddha's passing in which Buddhism declines and the world is plunged into chaos), causing many including members of the imperial family and nobility to visit the Miroku image at Kasagi-dera Temple.

• 七年制高等学校構想には当時の先端的な教育思想を信奉する教育家や英国流のパブリックスクールに傾倒していた国際派経済人がとびつき、おおくの七年制高等学校はスマートな気質の学生をそだてることをめざした。
• Educators who believed in the most advanced educational philosophy at the time as well international businessmen who were committed to the British public schools jumped on the idea of the seven-year higher schools, and many seven-year higher schools aimed to nurture students to have sophisticated disposition.

• そうした国際法を肯定的に捉える受容は、 洋務運動時期にはまだ少数であったが、それは中国を唯我独尊的な存在と自認する中華思想とそれに基づく華夷秩序が動揺し、変化させられていく契機の一つだったといえる。
• This positive acceptance of international law was not shared by large numbers of people at the time of yomu undo but it was a chance that Kaichitsujo based on Sinocentrism, in which China maintained self-centered attitude was unsettled and changed.

• この方式の庭園は、仏教の浄土思想の影響を大きく受けたものであり、平等院鳳凰堂に代表されるように、極楽浄土の世界を再現しようとしたため金堂や仏堂をはじめとした寺院建築物の前に園池が広がる形をとっている。
• As typically seen in Hoo-do of Byodo-in Temple, in gardens of this style, a pond is placed in front of a temple building, such as a kondo (main temple hall) or a hall housing Buddhist statues, to reproduce the world of Gokuraku-jodo (a Pure Land of paradise), because these gardens were made influenced largely by the Jodo (Pure Land) concept of Buddhism.

• これは天文道及び天文密奏が次第に実際の星の動きを見て占うという中国由来の上天思想的な解釈から日本独自に発達していった占いの技法である陰陽道的な解釈へと変化していく状況を示した事例であると考えられてる。
• That was considered to be an example of a transition of tenmondo and tenmon misso from the prediction originated from China, which was made according to the actual movement of stars based on 上天思想, to the divination based on Onmyodo, which was a divination technique originally developed in Japan.

• 尚、津城寛文は、著作「折口信夫の鎮魂論」（春秋社1990年）で、鎮魂とは神道の根本となる、一般に考えられているよりももっと大きな思想で、折口の有名なまれびと論も鎮魂論で置き換えられる、と主張している。
• It should be noted that in his book titled 'Repose of Souls Theory of Shinobu ORIGUCHI' (Shunjusha Publishing Company, 1990), the author Hirofumi TSUSHIRO maintains that the concept of the repose of souls represents the foundation of Shinto, and that it consists of a greater body of thought than is generally considered to be the case; he stresses that ORIGUCHI's famous Marebito theory (theory of visitation by a divine being bringing spiritual gifts and wisdom) and the theory of repose of souls are interchangeable.

• 中産階級というものは狭量な思想を持ち、決まりきったものの見方をし、表層的な懐疑主義に陥り、極端なエゴイズムになっているものだが、そういう彼らのお気に召すような文筆家は、新たな群集の勃興に警鐘を鳴らす。
• The writers who enjoy the favour of our middle classes, those who best represent their rather narrow ideas, their somewhat prescribed views, their rather superficial scepticism, and their at times somewhat excessive egoism, display profound alarm at this new power which they see growing;

• もともと仏教では、過去七仏にみられるように釈迦仏が仏教という大宗教を成したのは単に釈迦一代のみの事業ではなく、過去においてすでに成道し成仏した仏陀たちの前世の功徳が累積した結果であるという思想があった。
• Originally in Buddhism, as may be seen in the legend of Kako-shichibutsu (seven Buddhas in the past), Shakyamuni Buddha was believed to have successfully established such a great religion as Buddhism not within his generation, but as a result of the accumulated good conduct of his many predecessor Buddhas who had attained enlightenment and Buddhahood in the past world.

• これは「夫に妻は身を持って尽くす義務がある」と言う思想（五倫関係の維持）を強調し続けた結果、と現在ではみなされており、儒教を男女同権思想と見るか男尊女卑思想と見るかの論争も度々行われるようになっている。
• This is seen today as a result of continuous emphasis on the thought that 'wives have the obligation to devote themselves to their husbands' (maintenance of the five human relations arranged in order), and it is frequently debated whether Ju-kyo should be considered a thought of equal rights for men and women or a thought of predominance of men over women.

• だが、明治になってから逆に国粋主義の立場から儒教や仏教、異端視された伊勢神道の影響を受けすぎているという理由で“重訂”という名の改竄（親房思想の否定）を行う動きも起こったが、これは定着には至らなかった。
• Beginning in the Meiji period, however, when looked at from an ultranationalist point of view, Chikafusa's book was denounced as far too heavily influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism, and the Ise sect of Shinto--which were all considered heretical--and for that reason, efforts were made to alter the text (to criticize Chikafusa's opinions) under the name of 'the re-revision,' but such efforts never really took root.

• 讖緯思想・道教・仏教特に密教的な要素を併せ持った呪禁道を管掌し医術としての祈祷などを行う機関として設けられていた典薬寮の呪禁博士や呪禁師らが、陰陽家であった藤原鎌足の代に廃止され陰陽寮に機構統合された。
• Jugon hakase and Jugonshi in Tenyaku no ryo was established as an agency in charge of Shini (prediction), Taoism, and Buddhism, particularly Jugondo with its element of esoteric Buddhist prayers as a healing art were eliminated or consolidated into Onmyoryo during FUJIWARA no Kamatari's generation, who was Inyoka.

• その後末法思想の流れを受け、阿弥陀如来に帰依することで極楽浄土への救済を求める阿弥陀浄土信仰とも言える念仏思想を伴うものに形を変え、平安時代中期に空也、源信_(僧侶)らの民間布教によって爆発的に流行した。
• Later, as part of the flow of Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief), it transitioned into Nenbutsu belief as Amida Jodo Shinko (Amida Buddha in the Pure Land worship) in which people wished to be saved and enter heaven by believing in Amitabha Nyorai

• 従来この運動は「日本における信教の自由」を主張したものと評価されてきたが、三条教則批判を展開した島地や明如自身も国家神道に前向きであり、今日必ずしも思想・信条の自由を求めた運動ではなかったとの見方がある。
• Although this movement had been appraised as insisting on 'the freedom of faith in Japan' so far, some modern people think that Shimaji and Myonyo themselves were positive towards the idea of State Shinto and that it was not necessarily a movement to seek the freedom of faith and creed.

• 西洋哲学と東洋思想の融合を目指した『善の研究』などで表される西田哲学の立場に立ち、東洋でありながら西洋化した日本で、ただ西洋哲学を受け入れるだけではなくそれといかに内面で折り合うことができるかを模索した。
• They held the position of Nishida philosophy expressed in 'A Study of Good' and other books which aimed at the integrity of Western philosophy and Eastern ideology and searched how they could inwardly make terms with Western philosophy not just simply to accept it in Japan, eastern, but westernized.

• 対外政策としては明に替わり日本がその中心になる華夷思想を打ち出し、ルソン・琉球国・高山国（当時、台湾に存在すると考えられていた国）・李氏朝鮮などに服属と朝貢を求める武威を背景にした強硬政策を推進している。
• In regards to diplomatic policy, Hideyoshi insisted 'Sinocentrism' in which Japan would be the center instead of Ming and based on military force, applied a hard-line policy that required Luzon, Ryukyukoku, Takasagun (the country believed to exist in Taiwan in those days), Joseon Dynasty and others to yield allegiance and bring tributes to Japan.

• 明治時代、事実上武士が滅び、その思想のみがいたずらに活用されだした武士道爛熟期にあって、元武士階層出身者が中心となって臣民教育政策が施されたが、これはそこで歴史観が改められるのと同時に造られた標語である。
• In the Meiji period, the age of samurai ended in effect, but the Bushido way of thought was used unnecessarily during its mature period, therefore mainly ex-samurais carried out subject education policy and the catch-phrase was made when the historical view was changed.

• 小中華主義は明代中国に流行しながら朝鮮では流行しなかった陽明学を異端視する風潮、清朝による中国支配を「中国が夷狄の支配に服するもの」と規定する認識となり、朝鮮こそが中華の本流であるという思想をはぐくんだ。
• The philosophy of sho-chuka brought the trend to regard Yomei-gaku (Neo-Confucianism based on the teachings of Wang Yangming), which was popular in China in the Ming dynasty but was not so in Korea, as a heresy, as well as the cognition to define China ruled under the Qing dynasty as 'China subjugated by iteki (barbarians),' and accordingly it promoted the idea that Korea is the mainstream of chuka (China).

• やがて8世紀末ごろから、日本の神々は仏と同体と考えられ、本地である仏が日本の人々を救済するために仮に神に姿をかえてあらわれたとする本地垂迹（ほんじすいじゃく）説が発生し、のちの神仏習合思想の基礎となった。
• Around the end of the 8th century, Japanese gods were considered as one with Buddha, and the Honji-suijaku theory was born, which claims that the true form of Buddha, appeared temporarily in form of a god to save the people of Japan, and this later became the foundation for the idea of synchronizing Shinto and Buddhism.

• 宗祖・空海（774 - 835年）は、讃岐国屏風浦（現・香川県善通寺市）の出身で、仏教者であるとともに思想家、著述家、また「三筆」の1人に数えられる能書家として、後の日本文化に多大な影響を与えた人物である。
• The founder of the sect, Kukai (774-835) was born at Byobu-ga-ura Sanuki-no-kuni (讃岐国屏風浦) (current Zentsu-ji City, Kagawa Prefecture); and as a thinker, writer and talented calligrapher from among the Sanpitsu (the three great calligraphers of history), as well as a Buddhist, he had a strong influence on Japanese culture in later years.

• そこでは、自己と社会、自己と宇宙は、理という普遍的原理を通して結ばれており（理一分殊）、自己修養（修己）による理の把握から社会秩序の維持（治人）に到ることができるとする、個人と社会を統合する思想を提唱した。
• In this learning system, the thought of unification of an individual and the society was advocated, that is the self and the society, and the self and the universe were tied together by 'Li' as universal principles (Chinese philosophical theory in which it is believed that the universe and one are connected through his reason), and that the maintenance of social order (governing people) could be achieved through understanding of 'Li' through self-discipline.

• 貿易額の制限そのものは綱吉時代の踏襲に過ぎず、更に新井の意見書には綱吉時代の改革で金銀の海外流出はほとんどなくなっていた事実を意図的に無視するなど、儒教的な抑商思想に由来する貿易統制ありきの発想が存在する。
• In the first place, Arai's plan was developed based on the intention to implement trade controls originating from Confusion commerce suppression policy, so limiting the amount of trade simply followed the system developed in the Tsunayoshi era and his plan intentionally ignored the truth that the outflow of gold and silver had already stopped by Tsunayoshi's reform.

• 本地垂迹（ほんちすいじゃく）とは、仏教が興隆した時代に表れた神仏習合思想の一つで、日本の八百万の神は、実は様々な仏（菩薩や天部なども含む）が化身として日本の地に現れた権現（ごんげん）であるとする考えである。
• Honchi-suijaku is one of the thoughts of Shinbutsu-shugo (the amalgamation of Buddhism with Shinto) that emerged during the era in which Buddhism flourished in Japan; it supports the view that yao yorozu no kami (eight million gods) are Gongens, the embodiment of various types of Buddhas (including Bosatsu (Bodhisattva) and Tenbu (Deva)), which appeared in the land that was Japan.

• 宗教的理論や綱要、体系はすべて、宇宙論的概念を受け入れるか、さもなくば科学の領域に踏み込みので、宗教がこうしたものである限りは、科学が統制するのを甘受し、科学を統制しようという思想をまったく放棄すべきです。
• All religious theories, schemes and systems, which embrace notions of cosmogony, or which otherwise reach into the domain of science, must, in so far as they do this, submit to the control of science, and relinquish all thought of controlling it.

• それが第一に意識という内面的領域をなし、最も広い意味での良心の自由を、思想と感情の自由を、実践的、思弁的、科学的、道徳的、あるいは神学的といったあらゆる事柄についての意見や心情の完全な自由を要求するのです。
• It comprises, first, the inward domain of consciousness; demanding liberty of conscience, in the most comprehensive sense; liberty of thought and feeling; absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subjects, practical or speculative, scientific, moral, or theological.

• 更に当時の日本の法思想では行政権と司法権の分離は行われておらず（例えば、町奉行は江戸の行政・司法の両方の権限を有する）、却って刑事事件である吟味筋の吟味を通じた治安の確保こそが行政行為の中核と捉えられていた。
• Moreover, in thought of law in Japan of the times, executive power and judicial power were not isolated (for example, machi-bugyo 〔town magistrate〕 held both of administration power and judicial power in Edo), on the contrary, securing public security through ginmi (investigation) of ginmisuji that was criminal case was considered a core of public administration.

• 無論、逃げる事は最も安全な護身術であるが、福澤自身、居合はあくまでも求道の手段であり殺人術でないと考えていたと思われ、同じく剣の達人と言われながら生涯人を斬ったことが無かった勝海舟・山岡鉄舟の思想と似ている。
• Escaping danger is undoubtedly the safest art of self-defense, and Yukichi supposedly regarded Iai as entirely a way of seeking after truth and not a way of killing a person, which is close to the ideas of Kaishu KATSU and Tesshu YAMAOKA, who had also never killed a person, although they had a reputation for their mastery of swordsmanship.

• 近藤 真琴（こんどう まこと、1831年10月29日（天保2年9月24日 (旧暦)） - 1886年（明治19年）9月4日）は、明治の教育家、思想家、明治の明治六大教育家の一人、攻玉社中学校・高等学校創立者。
• Makoto KONDO (October 29, 1831 - September 4, 1886) was an educator, a thinker during the Meiji period, one of the six greatest educators of the Meiji period and the founder of Kogyokusha Junior High School and High School.

• 慶応3年6月に新選組の幕臣取り立てが決定すると、尊皇攘夷思想の強かった佐野七五三之助・茨木司・富川十郎らと共に脱退を決意して、伊東らが新選組と分離して結成していた御陵衛士への入隊を希望するが拒否されてしまう。
• When the Shinsengumi's promotion to Shogun's retainer was determined in July 1867, he decided to break away from the Shinsengumi with other members including Shimenosuke SANO, Tsukasa IBARAKI and Juro TOMIKAWA who had strongly believed the idea of Sonno Joi (reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners), and asked them to join Goryo-eji (guards of Imperial mausoleums) formed by Ito who also separated from the Shinsengumi, however his request was turned down.

• まさにひたすら「南無阿弥陀仏」と唱え続けるその姿から、専修念仏の一派に括られがちであるが、実際は修験道や密教などの思想も複雑に混合し、呪術・祈祷などの民間信仰を行う信徒もいたため、必ずしも専修とは言えなかった。
• Because they keep on chanting 'Namu Amidabutsu,' they are often considered as part of the Senju Nenbutsu group, but in reality, other thinking such as Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts) and Esoteric Buddhism were incorporated and some monto believed in local beliefs such as jujutsu (an occult art) and incantations, so it cannot be considered as Senshu (Single-Minded).

• この、阿弥陀如来による救済思想と、自己救済としての仏道という二つの矛盾する考え方を、どのように理解していくかという試みの中で、称名念仏行を重視し、信心を「心が澄んで清らかになる」として理解する教学が形作られた。
• Attempts to understand the two contradictory concepts, the idea of salvation by Amida Nyorai, and Buddhism as a way of self-help, led to the formation of the kyogaku which emphasized exercise of invoking the name of Amida Buddha and which regarded faith as 'the mind being clear and pure'.

• 24歳で儒教・道教・仏教の比較思想論でもある『聾瞽指帰（ろうごしいき）』を著して俗世の教えが真実でないことを示した（「聾瞽指帰」は、後に序文と巻末の十韻詩を改定、『三教指帰』（さんごうしいき）と改題されている）。
• At the age of 24, he wrote 'Rogoshiki,' where the thought of Confucianism, that of Taoism, and that of Buddhism were comparatively discussed, showing that what was taught popularly was not true (the title of 'Rogoshiki' was later changed into 'Sango shiiki,' with the ten rhyme-based poems in the preface and at the end of the book revised).

• 儒教では火葬は身体の毀損行為であり、中国の歴代王朝の法典においても禁止が明記されている（中純夫「樗村沈錥における華夷観念と小中華思想」「京都府立大学学術報告人文・社会」2003年12月ISSN13433946）。
• In Confucianism, cremation is an act of mutilation to the body, and in the codes of Chinese imperial dynasties, its prohibition is clearly stated (Sumio NAKA, 'A study on Jeo chon Sim Yuk's Thought of Hwayi and of So Junghwa' (A study on Centric vs. Barbarian concept and Small Sino centrism in Jeo chon Sim Yuk (literary remains of Jeo chon, edited by Sim Yuk)), 'Academic Report of Kyoto Prefectural University, Humanities and Social Science,' December 2003: ISSN13433946).

• 改革開放が進む中で儒学や老荘思想など広く中国の古典を元にした解釈学である国学 (中国)が「中華民族の優秀な道徳倫理」として再評価されるようになり国学から市場経済に不可欠な商業道徳を学ぼうという機運が生まれている。
• With reform and opening-up under way, the study of Chinese classical literature, which was an interpretative learning based on a wide range of Chinese classics from Ju-kyo and the thought of Laozi and Zhuangzi, was reappraised as 'the brilliant moral values of the Chinese people,' and a momentum to learn business ethics essential for the market economy from the study of Chinese classical literature is rising.

• 江戸時代中期には、南北朝時代 (日本)に始まった本覚思想の口伝法門が広まり、天台教学・僧儀の退廃が目立ってきたことから、定慧の二学を刷新し、戒律学における四分律兼学による律儀を導入するなど僧風の是正につとめた。
• By the middle of the Edo period, as Hongaku philosophy (philosophy of awareness) through oral instruction, which had started in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), was becoming more prevalent, and Tendai doctrine and manners of priests had deteriorated markedly, he worked hard to correct the priestly ethic by reforming two types of learning, namely Jo (Samachi) and E (Wisdom), and introducing additional precept learning based on Shibunritsu (Four-Part Vinayapitaka, which explains about regulations and prohibited matters of the priests) in perceptive science.

• これはかつて利休が北向道陳から学んだ書院の茶と、武野紹鴎から学んだわび茶を止揚したという主張の根拠となっていた部分であるが、その思想の明確な違いは後述するように複数の秘伝書から編纂された痕跡と捉えることもできる。
• This part has supported the opinion that Rikyu sublated 'tea ceremony in Shoin' learned from Dochin KITAMUKI and 'wabicha' learned from Joo TAKENO, but the clear difference between the thoughts can be assumed to be, as described later, the sign of compilation from several books of secrets.

• その上に、墨家の上帝鬼神の思想信仰、儒教の神道と祭礼の哲学、老荘（道家）の「玄」と「真」の形而上学、さらに中国仏教の業報輪廻と解脱ないしは衆生済度の教理儀礼などを重層的・複合的に取り入れてできあがった物であろう。
• Dokyo seems to have been created by incorporating, both in an integrated fashion and in a layer by layer fashion, Bokka's philosophy and belief of 上帝鬼神 (jotei-kishin: god in the heaven and the ogre preventing disasters), the philosophy of Shintoism and festival rites in Confucianism; the metaphysics of '玄' (gen) '真' (shin: truth) in Laozi and Zhuangzi (Doka); and finally, 業報輪廻 (gyoho-rinne: philosophy concerned with 'cause and effect '[業報], 'rebirth' [輪廻]), Gedatsu (being liberated from earthly desires and the woes of man, [reaching] nirvana, moksha, and mukti) and doctrines and rituals in salvation by Buddha and the Bodhisattvas (Shujyo Saido).

• 山崎 闇斎（やまざき あんさい、元和 (日本)4年12月9日 (旧暦)（1619年1月24日） - 天和 (日本)2年9月16日 (旧暦)（1682年10月16日））は、江戸前期の儒者・朱子学者・神道家・思想家。
• Ansai YAMAZAKI (January 24, 1619 - October 16, 1682) was a Confucian scholar, neo-Confucian scholar, Shintoist and philosopher of the early Edo period.

• このように賀茂忠行（賀茂氏）が陰陽道の三部門すべてを統括するにいたった背景にあるものは、894年に菅原道真による遣唐使の廃止によって陰陽五行説に関わる諸説・諸思想の最新の情報が日本に伝播されなくなったことである。
• In the background of the integration of the three departments of Onmyodo that KAMO no Tadayuki achieved, there was a circumstance, in which various updated theories and philosophies related to the Taoist theory of the five elements were no longer conveyed to Japan due to the abolishment of the Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) by Michizane SUGAWARA in 894.

• 「九品往生」とは「観無量寿経」に説かれる思想で、極楽往生（人が現世から阿弥陀如来のいる西方極楽浄土へと生まれ変わる）のしかたには、仏の教えを正しく守る者から、極悪人まで9つの段階ないし種類があるという考えである。
• The concept of 'Kuhon Ojo' is advocated in 'Kanmuryoju-kyo' (The Sutra of Visualization of the Buddha of Measureless Life, meaning Amida), which preaches that there are nine stages or categories on Gokuraku Ojo (to rebirth from this world into Amitabha's Western Pure Land Paradise) from those who correctly adhere to Buddhist teachings to the most evil people.

• このように、仏塔や仏像を創設し、その中に宿る仏性を見つめていくことで、仏の世界へ近づくことが出来るという解釈が成立していることから、仏舎利への敬慕信仰という思想自体も正道から外れたものではない、と考える向きもある。
• As described above, there is an interpretation that people can get closer to the world of Buddha by creating stupas and Buddhist statues and staring into the eyes of Buddha-nature within; thus there are those who believe the philosophy that respects and worships Buddha's sariras is not an unrighteous act.

• 学術的な視点からは、旧民法が自然法思想に立脚していたことに対して、法の歴史性・民族性を強調した歴史法学からの批判、内容的なものとしては、日本古来の家族制度を始めとする日本の伝統・習慣にそぐわないという批判があった。
• From an academic viewpoint the fact that the Old Civil Code was based on the thought of natural law, there arose criticisms from historical jurisprudence emphasizing a historical and racial nature of law, which included criticisms that the content of the Code would not fit Japanese tradition and customs including Japanese traditional family system.

• 日本を強国にするため積極的に西洋の文物を取り入れようとする動き（脱亜思想）と、独立のために伝統を強調しようとする動き（国粋主義）の両者が存在し、時には極端な西洋崇拝になったり、逆に外国を排斥するようになったりもした。
• A movement to actively accept products of western culture for strengthening Japan (thought of leaving Asia) and a movement to strengthen traditions for independence (nationalism) coexisted, and Japan sometimes leaned toward an extreme worship of the West or toward exclusion of foreign countries.

• 元寇を画期として、上述する天人相関思想に基づき、地上の戦争に勝利したのは「神の戦争」において勝利したからだとの思想が広まり、神仏の加護に報いるため、祈祷等の諸儀式の興行、社領の拡張と寺社造営とが全国的に叫ばれ始めた。
• With Genko (Mongolian invasion attempts against Japan) marking a new epoch, there spread the idea that the victory in the secular war was due to the victory in the 'divine war' based on the aforementioned tenjin sokan shiso, and a nationwide call arose for the performance of praying and various other rituals, expansion of shrine estates and construction of temples and shrines as expressions of gratitude for the divine protection.

• 秋成は丁度和歌における本歌取りの技法のように、当時でも古典であったものを踏まえつつ、和文調を交えた流麗な文を編み、日本の要素や独自の部分を混ぜ、思想を加えるなど、原話を超えたものに仕上げていることに注目すべきだろう。
• It should be noted that Akinari brought his work to a higher state than the original, adapting classics of the day such as by using a poetic device of Honkadori in composing waka poems; he wrote in an elegant style, interweaving Japanese writing, mixing Japanese elements and his original parts, adding his thoughts.

• 一方で、一見するだけでは年代的に思想が展開されているように見えながら、西田は最初期から最晩年まで同じ地点を様々な角度で眺めていた、と解釈する見方もあり、現在では研究者（特に禅関係）の間でかなり広く受け入れられている。
• Although at a glance, his ideas appear to have developed chronologically, there is also the interpretation that NISHIDA viewed the same point from a variety of angles from the outset to his final years, and this viewpoint is now widely accepted among researchers (particularly those associated with Zen).

• 作られて誕生して長い時間を経て、健在でありつづけた器物や生き物などには、霊魂が宿るとして「畏怖や畏敬の念を抱く」といった習慣・価値観は、日本に普遍的に存在するものであり、根底に流れる思想は神道や古神道と同じものである。
• The practice/sense of values of believing in the existence of spirits in long-lived articles/living things and 'having a feeling of reverence/awe' for them was common in Japan, and the philosophy of Tsukumogami is the same with that of contemporary and ancient Shinto.

• この原因として韓国の「小中華思想」の他、朝鮮が清国の冊封体制から自立した後、大韓帝国と改称して憚りなく皇帝を称するようになったのに日本により再び「皇帝」から「王」に格下げされたことに対する報復であると指摘する説もある。
• There is a theory stating that the reason for this naming is not only because of 'little Sino-centrism,' but also because of retaliation for being demoted from 'Kotei' to 'O' (King) once again by Japan even after they came to call themselves the Korean Empire and held the title of Emperor without hesitation after the independence from the Sakuho system of Qing.

• 教育者で思想家の新渡戸稲造など、文学・思想に大きな足跡を残したキリスト者達（新渡戸、内村鑑三、植村正久など）による異文化接合の形として顕われたのが、もう一つの「武士道」である（詳細は武田清子の「人間観の相克」を参照）。
• Another Bushido appeared as a combination of different cultures by Christians who left a major mark on literature and a way of thought including an educator and thinker Inazo NITOBE, Kanzo UCHIMURA and Masahisa UEMURA (refer to 'Ningenkan no Sokoku [Rivalry of human view]' written by Kiyoko TAKEDA for details).

• 後に私塾の閉鎖について感想を求められた西園寺公は、「立命館の諸生が高談放論するのを、革命思想とでも勘ちがいして、ぬきうちに止めよと云ってきたらしく、塾はよほど盛んになっていて惜しかったけれど、廃校にした」と述べている。
• Later, asked to give his comments on the closing of the private academy, Prince Saionji mentioned 'It seemed that they misunderstood that letting the students of Ritsumeikan speak freely was a revolutionary idea, but they asked that it be stopped, and while it was a shame, since the academy was quite active, I closed it.'

• この傾向は明治時代以降も続き、征韓論が台頭したとき、そして実際に大韓帝国を併合する際（韓国併合）や、日韓同祖論が生まれて外地における同化政策（皇民化教育など）が進められるようになったときも、その思想的背景の一つとなった。
• It continued to support this theory in and after the Meiji period.

• 日本に仏教が伝来した飛鳥時代には、神道と仏教はまだ統合される事はなかったが、平安時代になり、仏教が一般にも浸透し始めると、日本古来の宗教である神道との軋轢が生じ、そこから神は仏の仮の姿であるとする神仏習合思想が生まれた。
• During the Asuka period in which Buddhism was first transmitted to Japan, Shinto and Buddhism had not yet integrated with one another, but in the Heian period when Buddhism began to diffuse throughout the nation, a certain degree of friction arose between the new beliefs and the ancient Japanese Shinto religion and out of this rose a syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism in which Shinto kami were considered to be the temporary forms of Buddhist deities.

• また、教部省廃止以降もその思想的展開として、東京大学で宗教学を講じた加藤玄智は『我が国体の本義』（1912年）で「現人神とも申し上げてをるのでありまして、神より一段低い神の子ではなくして、神それ自身である」と述べている。
• Even after the abolition of the Ministry of Religion, this ideological development continued, with Genchi KATO, who lectured in philosophy of religion at Tokyo University, said that the Emperor 'was an arahitogami and therefore a god himself, not a child of a god, which was a being one level lower than the god' in 'Waga Kokutai no Hongi' (Meaning of Our National Polity) in 1912.

• ただし現在でも「弓術」を名乗り古流を厳格に維持する流派や、また古流を維持しながらも「弓道」とする流派・団体も有り、「弓道」「弓術」の境界は必ずしも明確にあるものではなく、思想・技術面から見ても明確に分類できるものではない。
• However, some schools are still in existence which use the term 'Kyujutsu' to maintain a strict Tradition and others use the term 'Kyudo' even though they maintain a Traditional School, so, the borderline between 'Kyudo' and 'Kyujutsu' is not necessarily clear nor classified clearly from the aspect of concept and technique.

• 「徳政（とくせい）」とは天人相関思想に基づき、代替わり或いは災害などに伴い改元が行われた際に天皇が行う貧民救済活動や神領興行（儀式遂行とその財源たる所領等の保障）、訴訟処理などの社会政策のことであり、「新制」とも呼ばれる。
• Tokusei' (acts of Virtuous Government), also called 'Shinsei' (new system), are social policies that the Emperor initiated upon ascending to the throne or when the name of the era was changed because of natural disasters, etc. and were based on the theory of correlation between heaven and man and entailed activities to save the poor, 'Shinryo-kogyo' (conducting ceremonies and securing property for revenue) and court case processing.

• 「専修念仏」とは、仏法が衰えた「末法」の時代には、人は菩提心（さとり）によって救われることはなく、念仏以外の方法で極楽往生することはできないという主張であり、これは菩提心や戒律を重視する明恵の思想とは相反するものであった。
• In an 'age of decadence' in which Buddhism's standing was weakening, the teachings of 'exclusive nenbutsu' that people are not saved by the aspiration for Buddhahood and that, with the exception of nenbutsu, there is no other method of being reborn in paradise were in contradiction to the beliefs Myoe who emphasized discipline and the attainment of enlightenment.

• 特にペリーの来航について幕府は直に朝廷に奏聞し、以後、幕府は外交問題について朝廷の判断を仰ぐようになったことから朝廷の権威にふたたび日が差すようになり、尊王攘夷思想・討幕運動と相まって王政復古 (日本)の実現へと繋がった。
• In particular, the bakufu reported the arrival of Perry to the Emperor immediately, and thereafter came to seek Imperial Court's decisions concerning diplomatic issues, which revived the Imperial Court's authority and, together with the Sonno Joi (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) and anti-shogunate movements, led to the realization of the restoration of imperial rule.

• 國學院の編になる『賀茂真淵全集』（6巻）、またその増訂版である『増訂賀茂真淵全集』（12巻、吉川弘文館）および、『校本賀茂真淵全集』（思想編上下）、久松潜一監修『賀茂真淵全集』（28巻、続群書類従完成会）が刊行されている。
• They have been published in 'Kamo no Mabuchi Zenshu' (The Complete Works of Kamo no Mabuchi) (six volumes) compiled by Kokugakuin, its revised edition 'Zotei Kamo no Mabuchi Zenshu' (The Revised Edition of the Complete Works of Kamo no Mabuchi) (twelve volumes, published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan), 'Kohon Kamo no Mabuchi Zenshu' (The Conflated Edition of the Complete Works of Kamo no Mabuchi) (on his thoughts, two volumes) and 'Kamo no Mabuchi Zenshu' (The Complete Works of Kamo no Mabuchi) (twenty-eight volumes, published by Zokugun Shorui Ju Kanseikai) edited by Senichi HISAMATSU.

• しかし、ただ平均的にすぎない人たちからなる大衆の意見がどこでも支配的力となっているか、なりつつあるとき、その傾向に釣合いを保ち、それを矯正していくのは、思想のより高い高みに立つ人のますます顕著となる個性なのだと思われます。
• It does seem, however, that when the opinions of masses of merely average men are everywhere become or becoming the dominant power, the counterpoise and corrective to that tendency would be, the more and more pronounced individuality of those who stand on the higher eminences of thought.

• 施行を翌年に控えた1892年（明治25年）、法典論争はピークに達し、施行延期派は天皇制に絡めて日本の伝統を基にした論陣をはり個人主義的な施行断行派を批判し、施行断行派はフランス法的自然法思想と市民法理論をもって反論を加えた。
• In 1892, one year before the effectuation, the dispute over legal codes reached its peak: Seko-danko-ha Group, taking a firm stand on Japanese tradition related to the Emperor system, criticized individualistic Seko-enki-ha Group, while Seko-danko-ha Group put up an argument with the thought of French law-like natural law and the civil code theory.

• 中国王朝から見た華夷秩序は、中華思想に基づく世界観を現実に投影したもので、中国を「華」（文明）と自認し、中国という同心円的ヒエラルキーの中心から離れるに従い「華」から離れ「夷狄」（野蛮）に近づいていくと考える国際秩序である。
• Kaichitsujo looked from Chinese dynasty was a view of the world based on Sinocentrism projected to the reality and it was international order in which China is recognized as 'Ka' (culture) and the more remote from China, which was the center of concentric circle-shaped hierarchy the more remote from 'Ka' and come closer to 'iteki' (barbarians).

• 対外硬（たいがいこう）とは、国際社会における日本国家の現状を対外的に危機的状況と考え、国際協調を否定して、国家の自主・独立を重んじて軍事力をも視野においた強硬的な外交でのみによってこの危機を打開できるとする思想・主張のこと。
• Taigaiko was the idea or concept that considered the situation of Japan in the international community as the critical externally, and only the forceful diplomacy including the military force which denies the international cooperation, and values national independence can defuse a crisis.

• 普仏戦争敗北と第二帝政の崩壊、かわって樹立された革命政府パリ・コミューンとドイツ軍によるその鎮圧という、混乱の真ただ中にパリに到着した西園寺は、以後10年近くにわたってフランスやヨーロッパの知識や思想、文化を吸収していった。
• Saionji, who arrived in Paris amidst the chaos of France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the fall of the Second Empire, and the rise of The Revolution Government (the Paris Commune) in its stead, and the suppression of it by the German forces, absorbed French and European knowledge, ideology and culture over almost the next 10 years.

• なぜなら、だれかに罰金を科したり、投獄するといった不愉快な手続きを踏むことなしに、あらゆる支配的意見を外見上は平穏に保ちながら、一方では思想の悪病に取りつかれた異義申し立て者による理性の行使を完全に禁止しないで済むからです。
• because, without the unpleasant process of fining or imprisoning anybody, it maintains all prevailing opinions outwardly undisturbed, while it does not absolutely interdict the exercise of reason by dissentients afflicted with the malady of thought.

• 末法思想（まっぽうしそう）とは、仏教の予言思想の一種であり、釈迦の立教以来1,000年（500年とする説もある）の時代を正法（しょうぼう）、次の1,000年を像法（ぞうぼう）、その後10,000年を末法の三時観で分けて考える。
• Mappo-shiso is a kind of Buddhist prediction philosophy under three periods which the period of 1,000 years (also said to be 500 years) after the establishment of Buddhism by Shaka is called Shobo, and the following period of 1,000 years is called Zobo and the following period of 10,000 years is called Mappo and these three periods are considered as different.

• 本来は仏教や老荘思想など、中国思想の分野で用いられる漢語であったが、平安時代後期から鎌倉時代前期の代表的歌人であり、千載和歌集を撰集した藤原俊成により、和歌を批評する用語として多く用いられて以来、歌論の中心となる用語となった。
• Originally it was a word of Chinese origin used in Chinese thought like Buddhism and the thought of Laozi and Zhuangzi, but since FUJIWARA no Toshinari, a famous poet from the late Heian period to the early Kamakura period, who selected poems of Senzai Wakashu, often used the word to criticize waka poems, it became a major word in treatises on waka poetry.

• 彼らは篤胤の八家の学問を吸収するとともに、篤胤同様に死後の世界の存在に深く関心を抱いており、夫々の弟子達がさらにその研究を敷衍し、各人が独自の解釈に於ける幽冥観の認識を持ち其々の立場から幽冥思想を展開して敷衍して行く事となる。
• They not only learned classical literature and ideas ('hakka') from Atsutane but also had deep interest in the underworld like their teacher, and each of them evolved theories of mysterious things based on their own views.

• 民主と自由の思想による民族自決が世界の潮流となり、1918年1月にアメリカ合衆国大統領ウッドロウ・ウィルソンが提唱する民族自決の原則と、ウラジーミル・レーニンの提唱した植民地革命論は世界の植民地に大きな影響を与えるようになった。
• Self-determination based upon democracy and freedom became a mainstream of the world, and the principle of self-determination advocated by Woodrow Wilson and the colonial revolutionism by Vladimir Lenin had a great influence on colonies in the world.

• 江戸時代には、尊皇思想の勃興とともに、天皇陵探索の気運が高まり、松下見林、本居宣長、蒲生君平、北浦定政、谷森善臣、平塚瓢斎などが、陵墓の所在地を考証したり、現地に赴いたりしており、江戸幕府による修陵もこうした動きと無関係ではない。
• As the philosophy advocating the reverence for the emperor was adopted by an increasing number of people, attempts were made to search for lost imperial mausoleums, with scholars such as Kenrin MATSUSHITA, Norinaga MOTOORI, Kunpei GAMO, Sadamasa KITAURA, Yoshiomi TANIMORI, and Hyosai HIRATSUKA studying historical evidence and visiting past mausoleum sites; mausoleum repairs performed by the Tokugawa government are not unrelated to these attempts.

• 根本的な事実である律令国家体制下の編纂という時代の性質、編纂の主体が置かれていた天皇の臣下という立場の性質、政治的な地位の保全への期待という思想性、それらを無視して百済三書に基づく日本書紀の記述を読むことは全くもって不可能である。
• It is totally impossible to understand the descriptions of Nihonshoki based on the three books of Baekje without regard to the backgrounds such as the period under the system of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, the position as a follower of the emperor who led the compilation, and the expectation to maintain their political status.

• 僧肇は『注維摩詰経』で、魏の王弼（おうひつ）などが用いた“本末”の思想を引用し、“所以迹”を“本”と言い換えて、“本”を菩薩の不可思議なる解脱（悟りの内容）とし、“迹”を菩薩が衆生を教化するために示現した方便という意味で使用した。
• Seng-zhao cited, in his writing 'Chuyuimakitsukyo (Vimalak?rti Sutra commentary),' the idea of 'Honmatsu,' which had been referred to by Wang Bi of Wei, and other scholars replaced the word '所以迹' with '本' (hon) and defined it (hon) as an unfathomable nirvana (enlightenment) achieved by Bodhisattva and '迹' (jaku) as a means to enlighten people, as used by Bodhisattva.

• 古来から大規模集落にみられた祈祷や祭礼の場所としての古神道の神殿が、仏教思想の影響により、神社の本殿に神が鎮座するとする「神常在思想」が発生したと、池辺弥はしていることなども、古神道の場所に神社が建立された、とする説明に合致する。
• The theory proposed by Wataru IKEBA that shrines in Ancient Shintoism traditionally built as places of incantation or festival in large communities were modified by the influence of Buddhist concept and that the 'idea of permanent presence of deity' as presented by the enshrined deity always dwells in the main building of the shrine was born also agrees with the explanation that shrines were built at places of Ancient Shintoism.

• これは中国における西欧側の非道を知ったこともあるが、朱子学以外を認めない衛正斥邪という思想政策を積極的に推し進めたことから分かるように、大院君は中華思想的発想の持ち主であり、その点から西欧諸国を夷狄視していたことも理由の一つである。
• Daewongun knew the atrocities of West Europeans in China, and he actively promoted the wijŏng ch'ŏksa policy (defense of Confucian orthodoxy and rejection of Christian heterodoxy), which was not to admit ideas other than the doctrines of Zhu Xi, and also he believed in Sinocentrism, and because of this he presumed the Western Europe countries to be barbarous.

• また1868年にだされた政体書は、日本の国家体制を規定しようとした、いわば維新政府の青写真・計画書であるが、その構想とは太政官をトップに、議政官（立法）・行政官（行政）・刑法官（司法）を配置するもので、三権分立思想を取り入れている。
• The Constitution of 1868 was blueprint or plan document of the restoration government to define state system of Japan and it adopted thought of separation of powers, headed by Dajokan (Grand Council of State), Gisei kan (legislative power), Gyosei kan (administrative power) and Keiho kan (judicial power) were deployed.

• こうしたことが民衆に裁判・訴訟に対する不信感を植え付けるとともに、それとともに、支配者の統治・命令の絶対性及び訴願そのものを「恩恵的行為」と捉える政治思想が、日本における「権利」意識や「法」観念の発達に深刻な影響を与えることとなる。
• These things instilled a sense of distrust in people with regard to trials and lawsuits, as well as in the absoluteness of the ruling authority's governance and orders and in the political concept of an appeal being a 'beneficial action'; all of which had a critical impact on the development of the concept of 'rights' and the 'law' in Japan.

• 二十三ヵ条にわたる本文の冒頭に「一期一会」の思想を、『本日の出会いは、再び同じ出会いではないと考え、主人は全てのことに、気を配り、客も亭主の趣向を何一つおろそかにせず、心に留めて、双方が誠意をもって交わるべきである』と主張している。
• At the beginning of this book consisting of 23 articles, Ii states the idea of 'ichigo ichie': 'We should keep in mind that an encounter today can never be experienced again, so the host should pay attention to every single matter and guests should never neglect the host's care; both should communicate in earnest.'

• 私の折に触れて提供する、特異な人物の思想や行動に対して、多少の興味を持ってくれる読者諸君におことわりしなければならないが、私がこれほどの大事件に対して持っていた知識を、早速読者諸君に披瀝しなかったことを、非難しないようにお願いする。
• Let me say to that public, which has shown some interest in those glimpses which I have occasionally given them of the thoughts and actions of a very remarkable man, that they are not to blame me if I have not shared my knowledge with them,

• この思想が広まり始めるのは奈良時代にはいってからで、このころの思想は平安中期以降のように自分が死後極楽浄土に往生するいうものを願ったのではなく、もっぱら死んだ方を追善する慰霊あるいは自分の両親の報恩的な性格のものとして捉えられていた。
• It was during the Nara period that this concept became known widely, and people did not desire to be reborn in Gokuraku-Jodo (the Pure Land paradise) after their death, but they mostly considered that the concept would be for offering memorial services for the dead or for consoling spirits or for repaying their parents' kindness.

• 保守革命（ほしゅかくめい、Konservative Revolution）とは、ドイツの思想史家のアルミン・モーラー (Armin Mohler) がヴァイマル共和政時代の、非ナチス的でナショナリズム的な一連の思想に与えた総称である。
• The Conservative Revolution (Konservative Revolution) is a general name that Armin Mohler, a German intellectual historian, gave to a set of anti-Nazi and nationalist intellectual trends during the Weimar Republic.

• 当初は民の抵抗の多かった徴兵制度も、軍人勅諭や教育勅語による国防思想の普及、日清戦争・日露戦争の勝利などを経て、組織的な抵抗はなくなったものの、徴兵忌避の感情は自然の感情であるので、さまざまな徴兵忌避対策が庶民レベルで繰り広げられた。
• The conscription, initially subject to the people's resistance, was eventually accepted and organized resistance ceased thanks to the awareness of the need for national defense prevailing among the people by the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and the Imperial Rescript to Education, and the victories of the Japanese-Sino War and the Japanese-Russo War and so on, but the sentiment of conscription evasion was a matter of natural sentiment so that various measures for conscription evasion were developed among the common people.

• 末法思想は、『大集経』（正式には『大方等大集経』）の「我が滅後に於て五百年の中は解脱堅固、次の五百年は禅定堅固、次の五百年は読誦多聞堅固、次の五百年は多造塔寺堅固、次の五百年は我が法の中に於て闘諍言訟して白法隠没せん」などを典拠とする。
• The source of Mappo shiso is the description of 'Daijkkyo Sutra' (officially, 'Daihododaijikkyo Sutra' (Mahsamnipata sutra)) saying, 'Gedatsu Kengo (Age of enlightenment) will remain solid for 500 years after my death, Zenjo kengo (the age of meditation) will remain solid for the following 500 years, Dokuju tamon kengo (the age of reading, reciting, and listening) will remain solid for the following 500 years, Tazo toji kengo (the age of building temples and stupas) will remain solid for the following 500 years and in the following 500 years, there will be disputes concerning my teaching and correct teaching will be forgotten.'

• 特に、千利休による茶道の大成は、禅の思想に基づく“わび・さび”の考え方と、豊臣秀吉の発案との言い伝えを持ち、美醜について大きく意見の分かれる“金の茶室”という極限的な豪壮さを一つに内包したものと言え、今も日本文化全体に強く影響している。
• In particular, completion of 'sado (tea ceremony)' by SEN no Rikyu, which can be said to include the idea of 'wabi, sabi' based on Zen Buddhism and the ultimately splendid 'golden tea arbor,' which is handed down as the idea of Hideyoshi and for which opinion on beauty is divided, gives strong influence on the whole culture of Japan even today.

• ただ更に時代を下った近代では、陰陽五行思想は一般には余り気に掛けられず、専ら各々の人などが持つ要素・属性などの相互関係で、望ましい方向に発展することを「相性が良い」といい、どうも芳しくない結果に陥りがちな関係は「相性が悪い」と表現する。
• In the modern times, the philosophy of Onmyo gogyo is not much cared for in general; simply, when the mutual relationship between the elements or attributes of people develops to a desired direction, it is said to have a 'good aisho,' and when the combination may produces an undesirable result, it is said to have a 'bad aisho.'

• 彼は、暗く、表情の乏しい眼──あたかもこれまでどんな思想も懐いたことがなく、つねに、自身の感覚のみを通して直に生に触れていて、彼の振舞いも、いつも本能そのままであったことを語るような──無表情な眼の上に、はっきりと目立つ眉を持っていた。
• He had firmly marked eyebrows over dark, expressionless eyes, that seemed never to have thought, only to have received life direct through his senses, and acted straight from instinct.

• しかし後述のように、天皇の詔として仏教思想を全国に広げることを意図して始められた行事であったが、いつの時代も人として、生を終えた後の世界への関心の高いことは同じであり、いつの間にか生を終えていった祖先を供養する行事として定着するに至った。
• Although Higan was begun with the intent to spread Buddhism throughout the country by Imperial order, it was gradually became for the repose of ancestors since people regardless of age are interested in the other world.

• 農学者で思想家の新渡戸稲造は『武士道』（1900）において19世紀末の哲学や科学的思考を用いながら、島国の自然がどのようなもので、四季の移り変わりなどから影響を及ぼされた結果、社会という枠の中で日本人はどのように生きたのかを説明している。
• Agriculturist and thinker Inazo NITOBE explained the nature of the island country and how Japanese who lived in society were affected by the four seasons, using philosophy and scientific thinking of the late 19th century in 'Bushido' (1900).

• 明治政府の外交政策にとって、この是正は重要な課題のひとつとなるが、逆に一部の国粋主義者からは居留地の存在が外国の思想や宗教から日本の伝統・文化を守る防壁になっているという見地からの存続論も登場して複雑な論争を招くことになった（内地雑居）。
• While this change was an important policy issue for the Meiji government, complicated disputes arose among some nationalists as to whether the settlements acted as a bulwark protecting Japanese tradition and culture from foreign ideas and religion.

• しかし、律令制が確立していくにつれて、唐を「隣国」、新羅・渤海_(国)を「蕃国」、そして蝦夷を「化外の民」として隼人とともに「夷狄」として、天皇の統治下にある日本内地の王民と峻別する一種の小中華思想を掲げた「小帝国」が成立することになる。
• However, as the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) was established, a 'small empire' came to be established with a kind of Sino-centrism, which distinguished people in inland Japan under the Emperor's rule from Tang as a neighbor country, Silla and Balhae as foreign countries, and Emishi as barbarians as well as Hayato (ancient tribe in Kyushu) looking upon them as social outcasts.

• 福澤は、明治維新になって欧米諸国の女性解放思想をいちはやく日本に紹介し、「人倫の大本は夫婦なり」として一夫多妻制や妾をもつことを非難し、女性にも自由を与えなければならぬとし、女も男も同じ人間だから、同様の教育を受ける権利があると主張した。
• During the Meiji Restoration, Yukichi immediately introduced feminism of Western countries to Japan; he stated that polygyny and the keeping a mistress are bad practices because 'the married couple is the base of morality', that women should be emancipated, and that women should be granted the right to receive an equal education because women and men are equally human beings.

• 『源氏物語』自体の中に儒教や仏教の思想が影響していることは事実としても、当時の解釈はそれらを教化の手段として用いるためという傾向が強く、物語そのものから出た解釈とは言い難いこともあって、後述の「もののあはれ」論の登場以後は衰えることになった。
• It is true that 'The Tale of Genji' was influenced by the Confucian philosophy and Buddhism, but those interpretations were mainly made for the enlightenment of people at that time and it's hard to say they were generated from the story itself; thus they disappeared with the emergence of the 'Mono no Aware' theory (to be mentioned later).

• 平安時代になって末法思想が蔓延するにしたがい源信_(僧侶)らによって平安初期には貴族、平安後期には一般民衆と広く布教されるようになり、鎌倉初期には預修十王生七経から更なる偽経の『地蔵菩薩発心因縁十王経』（略して『地蔵十王経』）が生み出された。
• In the early Heian period when Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) prevailed, it was expounded by the monk Genshin and others to the nobility in the early Heian period and then widely to ordinary people in the late Heian period, and early in the early Kamakura period, 'Jizo Bosatsu Hosshin Innen Juo-kyo Sutra' ('Jizojuo-kyo' for short), which was also a bogus sutra, was created based on Yoshu Juo Shoshichi-kyo Sutra (Yuxiu Shiwang Shengqijing).

• その後、古来からある神殿の形式や祭礼の様式・儀式に加え、奈良時代頃からは、仏教や仏教建築の形式や儀式の影響を受け、平安時代には、道教の陰陽五行思想を神道に取り入れ、陰陽師と陰陽思想が台頭し、そして現在の神社神道にもその陰陽五行思想が存在する。
• Later, in addition to the forms of the ancient temples and the styles and the rites of the ceremonies, with an influence of Buddhism, the form of the Buddhist architecture, and the rites since Nara period, Inyo (Onmyo) gogyo shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Xing Idea) was taken into Shinto in the Taoism in Heian period, Onmyoji (Master of Yin yang) and the cosmic dual forces ideology emerged, whereby the Inyo gogyo shiso is present in the present Shrine Shinto.

• なお、「朱子学は憶測にもとづく虚妄の説にすぎない」と朱子学批判をおこなった荻生徂徠が頃に吉宗に提出した政治改革論『政談』には、徂徠の政治思想が具体的に示されており、これは日本思想史のなかで政治と宗教道徳の分離を推し進める画期的な著作でもあった。
• In addition, around 1726 a political reform theory, 'Discourse on Government' (Seidan) was submitted to Yoshimune by Sorai OGYU, who criticized the doctrines of Zhu Xi, saying that 'the doctrines of Zhu Xi was only a delusional theory based on speculations,' and this book not only demonstrated Sorai's political philosophy concretely but stood out as an epoch-making work in Japanese history of thought which promote the separation of politics from religious morals.

• 幕府と朝廷の両立体制は近代国家としての日本を創成していくには不都合であったが故の倒幕運動であり、天皇を中心とする強力な君主国家を築いていきたい明治新政府の意向とも一致したため、万世一系の天皇を祭政の両面でこれの頂点とする思想が形成されていった。
• The movement to overthrow the Shogunate arose because the system of coexistence between the bakufu and the Imperial Court was not appropriate for creating Japan as a modern nation, and it agreed with the new Meiji government's intentions to build a powerful monarchy centered around the Emperor, therefore giving rise to the idea of the Emperor, coming from an unbroken imperial line, being the head of both Shinto and the state.

• 空海は著作「秘密曼荼羅十住心論」（ひみつまんだらじゅうじゅうしんろん）、「秘蔵宝鑰」（ひぞうほうやく）で、空海が執筆していた当時に伝来していた仏教各派の教学に一応の評価を与えつつ、真言宗を最上位に置くことによって十段階の思想体系の中に組み込んだ。
• In his works 'Himitsu Mandala Jujushinron' and 'Hizohoyaku,' Kukai expressed appreciation for another Buddhist sect, Dharma, which was at that time established to some extent, and built that thinking into a rating system of 1 to 10 by placing the Shingon sect above the Dharma.

• 滝川事件は法学部のみの処分で決着し、理学部とはほとんど関係のない事件であるので、この人物設定は歴史的な意味では正確さを欠くものともいえるが、「思想信条を理由に大学教員が弾圧された戦前の事件」としては象徴的な意味を今なお持っていることを示している。
• The punishment related to the Takigawa Incident was concluded within the Faculty of Law and has almost nothing to do with the Faculty of Science, and although this character setting is inaccurate historically, it shows that the 'incident was the oppression of thinking and ideology of pre-war university staff' has a figurative meaning to this day.

• 『地獄草紙』（東京国立博物館本、奈良国立博物館本、ともに国宝）、『餓鬼草紙』（京都国立博物館本、東博本、ともに国宝）、『病草紙』（京博本＝国宝ほか）は、それぞれ、末法思想にもとづいて、地獄の様相や餓鬼のあり様、飢えや病の苦しみを扱った絵巻物である。
• 'Jigoku zoshi' (scrolls depicting Buddhist hell) (a book of Tokyo National Museum, a book of Nara National Museum, both are national treasures), 'Gaki soshi,' (Hungry Ghosts Scroll) (a book of Kyoto National Museum, a book of Tokyo National Museum, both are national treasures), 'Yamai no soshi' (Diseases and Deformities) (a book of Kyoto National Museum, a national treasure) are emakimono that deal descriptions of the Hell, preta, and suffering from starvation or disease.

• この以降に現れたあらゆる傑出した思想家たちの広く認められた師は、二千年を経た今なおその名声が高まっており、その生れた市を輝かせているあまたの名前の中でも抜きん出ていますが、その彼が不敬と不道徳の廉で有罪判決を受けて、同胞によって死刑に処されたのです。
• This acknowledged master of all the eminent thinkers who have since lived―whose fame, still growing after more than two thousand years, all but outweighs the whole remainder of the names which make his native city illustrious―was put to death by his countrymen, after a judicial conviction, for impiety and immorality.

• 奈良時代から平安時代初頭にかけての天皇陵は、土葬される例（聖武天皇）や、墳丘を作ったと思われる事例（桓武天皇）を経て、仏教思想の影響により、火葬の導入（持統天皇）や火葬後に散骨して大規模な造営を行わない事例（嵯峨天皇、淳和天皇）などが見られるようになる。
• Mausoleums built from the Nara to the early Heian periods include graves of emperors (e.g. Emperor Shomu) whose bodies were buried, graves with burial mounds (Emperor Kanmu), graves of emperors in later periods (Empress Jito) whose bodies were cremated due to the influence of Buddhism and graves of cremated emperors that were built without large-scale construction work (Emperors Saga and Junna).

• また、神風によって日本が救われたという出来事は「神国思想」（＝日本は神国なのだから負けるはずがないという考え）を日本人に広く浸透させ、それが太平洋戦争末期の日本軍や国民思想の非合理性の温床となり、神風特別攻撃隊をはじめ数々の悲劇を生んだとも言われている。
• It is also said that the event in which Kamikaze saved Japan led Japanese to widely believe in 'Shinkoku Shiso' (the idea that Japan will never lose because it is a country protected by the gods), which became the grounds for the irrational idea held by the Japanese army and people at the end of the Pacific War, causing many tragedies, including Kamikaze Special Attack Units.

• 「民間神道・民俗神道」や原始神道・縄文神道・古道（中華文明の原始儒教も同意であるがここでは除く）とも呼ばれ、日本で古くから民間でおこなわれてきたものや、修験などの古神道と習合した密教や仏教、あるいは道教の思想を取り入れた古神道などの信仰行事をいう。
• It is also called 'Minkan Shinto and Minzoku Shinto' (Folk Shinto and the Folk or Popular Shinto,) Primitive Shinto, Jomon Shinto (縄文神道) and Kodo (ancient moral teachings) (Primitive Confucianism of Chinese Civilization is the same in meaning, but it is excluded here), and means things that have been continued by common people in Japan from the olden times and events of faith related to Buddhism or Sutra syncretized with Koshinto, such as Shugen or Koshinto incorporating the thoughts of Taoism.

• しかし釈尊滅後、やや時代が下ると、法華経などのような一部の経典において、たとえば如来寿量品第十六には、「我実に成仏してより已来、無量無辺百千万億那由陀劫なり」などと書かれ、釈尊は、生まれる前にすでに仏であり長い間、法を説いていたという思想が生まれた。
• However, somewhat later during the period after Shakyamuni's death, there came to the world a thought that Shakyamuni had already been a Buddha preaching dharma for a long time before he was born into this mortal world, as written in some Buddhist sutra like Hokke-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra), which mentions in its Chapter 16 (the Life Span of the Tathagata), for example, 'it has been immeasurable, boundless hundreds, thousands, ten thousands, millions of nayutas of kalpas since I in fact attained Buddhahood.'

• なお本事件に関しては、従来は専ら自由民権思想及び松方デフレの強い影響下に発生したと考えられてきたが、近年はそれらに加えて、他の養蚕地域との比較や、上述の国際的環境の影響、秩父地方特有の民俗学的状況等に関しても考慮した研究の必要性もようになってきている。
• This incident had been assumed in the past to have occurred under the strong influence mainly of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement and the Matsukata deflation, however, in recent years, in addition to the above, there has been an increased need of studies considering then comparison to other sericulture areas, the influence of the above-mentioned international environments, comparison with other sericulture regions and the above-mentioned international environments influence, the ethnological situation peculiar to Chichibu district.

• 江戸時代末期に、古神道と称する思想や儀礼などが、尊皇攘夷思想や平田国学の隆盛と連動して、世に出たものが多くあるが、しかし当時の記録文書は無きに等しく、原始仏教同様、実際には後世の資料などから、間接的に推理・類推される存在に過ぎないことも指摘されている。
• Many concepts and ceremonies from Koshinto were introduced into Japanese society during the late Edo period, their popularization tied to the rise of both the sonno joi (revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians) philosophy and the Hirata school of Kokugaku, but few historical records detailing Koshinto influence survive today, so much like the case of primitive Buddhism, it seems it is in fact only possible to make inferences on Koshinto based on later documents or by analogy.

• また、「太平記」にしか記載がないとされている南朝方の武将・児島高徳の実在性を巡って、これを否定する重野安繹と、より慎重な資料批判を求める川田甕江（甕江）との間で論争が起こった（重野＝進歩的、川田＝保守的という思想的対立に理由を求める見方には誤りがある）。
• Additionally, there was a dispute about the historicity of a warlord on the side of the Southern Court named Takanori KOJIMA, said to be described only in the 'Taiheiki,' between Yasutsugu SHIGENO, who denied it, and Oko KAWADA, who sought a more careful interpretation of the materials (it is erroneous to see this as rooted in ideological opposition, with Shigeno as progressive and Kawada as conservative).

• 厚生労働大臣は、安全管理者、衛生管理者、安全衛生推進者、衛生推進者、産業医、コンサルタントその他労働災害の防止のための業務に従事する者の資質の向上を図り、及び労働者の労働災害防止の思想を高めるため、資料の提供その他必要な援助を行うように努めるものとする。
• The Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare shall provide safety officers, health officers, safety and health promoters, health promoters, industrial physicians, consultants and others, who are to perform their duties to prevent industrial accidents, with the necessary information and assistance in order to improve their abilities, as well as to enhance workers' interest in the prevention of industrial accidents.

• 彼女の墓に葬られたその偉大な思想と気高い感覚の半ばでも世界に説明できるのであれば、彼女のほとんど敵うもののない知恵によって刺激され助けられることなしに私が書くことのできるいかなる著作から得られるよりも、もっと大きな恵みを世につたえる媒介となりうるものを。
• Were I but capable of interpreting to the world one half the great thoughts and noble feelings which are buried in her grave, I should be the medium of a greater benefit to it, than is ever likely to arise from anything that I can write, unprompted and unassisted by her all but unrivalled wisdom.

• 『歎異抄』に「善人なおもて往生をとぐ、いわんや悪人をや（善人が極楽往生できるのなら、悪人ができないはずが無い）」と有るのは、上記「他力本願」とも関係する思想であるが、その意味は、＜人（凡夫） は自力で善（往生の手段となる行為）を成しとげることは不可能である。
• In the book 'Tannisho' is written that 'if even good people can be born in the Pure Land, how much more so the evil people', and this has also something to do with the concept of 'Tariki Hongan,' which was mentioned above. The meaning of this is that people (sentient beings) are too ignorant to do something good that leads to the Pure Land.

• 新撰組と敵対していた阿部十郎のからは「近藤の高弟の沖田総司、大石鍬次郎という者はまことに残酷な人間でございまして、もとより国家朝廷のあるを知らぬようなもので」（『史談会速記録』）と、岡田以蔵などと同様に思想的背景を持たない“人殺しの道具”として非難されている
• Juro ABE, who was opposed to the Shinsengumi, said, 'Kondo's high-caliber disciples, Soji OKITA and Kuwajiro OISHI, are very cruelhearted men and, from the beginning, appear not to have realized even the existence of the state or the Imperial Court' ('Shidankaisokkiroku') and attacked them and Izo OKADA for having no ideological background and for being used as 'tools to kill people'.

• やがて寅吉少年を幽冥から啓導されている、岩間山の山人・杉山僧正なる異人に興味を抱き信仰を重ねていく間に、道家の玄学思想に魅せられて、我が国に伝来する古道の思想と道家玄学の思想を折衷した神仙道の教義をうち立て、弟子達にこの秘教密儀的な秘儀を伝授することとなる。
• He also became interested in an unworldly man from Mt. Iwama called Sojo (meaning 'highest-ranking monk') Sugiyama, who had enlightened Torakichi from the other world, and grew to believe in such a mysterious existence; having become fascinated with the Gengaku of Taoism, he then formed a new theory of Shinsendo by fusing Japanese Kodo and Chinese Gengaku and began inducting his students into the theory as some kind of esoteric ceremony.

• 諸学の導入が進むと、日本においては『日月星辰の運行・位置を考え五行思想相生相克の理による吉凶禍福を判じて未来を占い、人事百般の指針を得る』ことが重要であると考えられるようになり、吉凶を判断し行動規範を得るための方策として陰陽五行思想が重視されることとなった。
• As the introduction of these learnings progressed, a perception developed, whereby, to 'predict the future and receive guidance for everything concerning human life by studying the movements and positions of nichigetsuseishin (the sun, the moon, and the stars) and to judge good, bad, auspicious or harmful signs based upon the principles of gogyo and the way of productive and conflicting relationships in the natural world' became important and greater faith in the principles of inyo gogyo as a measure used to establish codes of conduct by judging good and bad fortunes.

• 法然の思想の根底には、『選択本願念仏集』や『黒谷上人語灯録』などには、「罪悪深重の衆生」「妄想顛倒の凡夫」などという表記が数多く見られるように、まず自分を含めた衆生の愚かさや罪といったものへの深い絶望があり、そこから凡夫である衆生の救済への道を探り始めている。
• Because words such as 'the multitude who are deeply sinful' and 'unenlightened people who are confused with delusions' appear often in 'Senchaku Hongan Nenbutsu Shu' and 'Kurodani Shonin Gotoroku,' at the base of Honen's ideology there is a deep despair in the sinfulness and foolishness of the multitude including himself, and he uses that as the starting point for exploring the path to deliver the multitude who are unenlightened.

• 江戸時代には儒教や仏教などの外来思想に批判的な立場から古典や神道を研究する国学が盛んになると、神国思想もまた広く受け入れられるようになり、それが幕末の黒船来航などの外的圧力の増大とともに攘夷論へと発展し、尊王攘夷運動が展開されてやがて江戸幕府滅亡の原因となった。
• In the Edo period, once the study of ancient Japanese thought, classics, and Shinto became popular under the view point of criticizing beliefs from overseas like Confucianism and Buddhism, the belief of Shinkoku was widely accepted, it developed the principle of excluding foreigners in the face of pressure from Western ships coming to Japan in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, the movement of 'Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians' (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of the barbarians or foreigners) was established which caused of the fall of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 福澤 諭吉（ふくざわ ゆきち、天保5年12月12日 (旧暦)（1835年1月10日）- 明治34年（1901年）2月3日）は、日本の武士（中津藩士）、著述家、啓蒙思想家、新聞時事新報の創刊・発行者、教育者、東京学士会院（現在の日本学士院）初代会長、慶應義塾創設者。
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA (January 10, 1835 - February 3, 1901) was a samurai warrior (served in the Nakatsu domain), writer, enlightenment thinker, the founder and publisher of the Jiji Shinpo (a newspaper), educator, the first president of the Tokyo Gakushikaiin (present Nihon Gakushiin,) and the founder of Keio Gijuku.

• 仁明天皇・文徳天皇の時代（833年‐858年間に藤原良房が台頭するとこの傾向は著しくなり、宇多天皇は自ら易学（周易）に精通していたほか、藤原師輔も自ら「九条殿遺誡」や「九条年中行事」を著して多くの陰陽思想にもとづく禁忌・作法を組み入れた手引書を示したほどであった。
• This trend became prevalent as FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa gained power during the eras of Emperor Ninmyo and Emperor Montoku (833 - 858) and aside from Emperor Uta being personally familiar with the art of divination (shueki (eki established in the Zhou Dynasty)), FUJIWARA no Morosuke was so well versed in Onmyodo that he wrote 'Kujodonoikai' and 'Kujo nenchugyoji' (Kujo annual events) incorporating many taboos and manners based upon the principles of Onmyo into guidebooks.

• 仏教における縁起 (えんぎ、サンスクリット：pratiitya-samutpaada、パーリ語：paTicca-samuppaada)は、仏教の根幹をなす思想の一つで、世界の一切は直接にも間接にも何らかのかたちでそれぞれ関わり合って消滅変化しているという考え方を指す。
• Engi in Buddhism (Sanskrit: pratiitya-samutpaada; Pali: paTicca-samuppaada) is one of the fundamental ideas in Buddhism, and its meaning is the idea that everything in this world is related to the other in direct and indirect ways, changing and disappearing in the relationship.

• 周の礼制を規範とする儒教では周の封建制を重視するが、官僚となり中央集権政治を担うようになった儒者たちにとって大きな矛盾をはらみ、たびたび封建論あるいは郡県論として論議された（ここでいう封建制・郡県制は歴史学上の実際のものではなく儒教思想上の理念として語られたものである）。
• Confucianism, which follows the example of the Li system of Zhou, put importance on the Hoken system of Zhou, but for confucianists who began to take part in centralized politics, the hoken system was very contradictory and was often discussed in the form of essay on the Hoken or Gun Ken system.

• 仕事はそれに携わるすべての人の性格に関わってくるので、同じ過程により、人間の生活も豊かで多様で活気に満ちたものとなり、もっと豊富な滋養を高い思想に与え、感情を高揚させ、また民族に帰属する価値を限りなく高めることによって、個々の個人を民族に結びつけている紐帯を強めるのです。
• and as the works partake the character of those who do them, by the same process human life also becomes rich, diversified, and animating, furnishing more abundant aliment to high thoughts and elevating feelings, and strengthening the tie which binds every individual to the race, by making the race infinitely better worth belonging to.

• 晶子は『明星』11月号に『ひらきぶみ』を発表、「桂月様たいさう危険なる思想と仰せられ候へど、当節のやうに死ねよ死ねよと申し候こと、またなにごとにも忠君愛国の文字や、畏おほき教育御勅語などを引きて論ずることの流行は、この方かへつて危険と申すものに候はずや｣と国粋主義を非難した。
• Akiko published 'Hirakibumi' in the November issue of 'Myojo' to criticize extreme patriotism by stating 'Dear Mr. Keigetsu, you said that I had very dangerous ideas, but don't you think that it is far more dangerous to tell young men to die for the country, and to cite loyalty, patriotism and the Imperial Ordinance on Education in any discussions, don't you?'

• ところが、平安時代末期より鎌倉時代にかけて末法思想や鎌倉新仏教の広がりによって現世を否定する思想が広がり、実社会と乖離した儀礼中心の政治が打ち続く戦乱によって存亡の危機に立たされると貴族社会を中心に皇室とそれを支える貴族社会の由来を神国思想に求める考え方が出現した。
• However, from the late Heian period, there was a belief to deny the current world such as Mappo (Age of the Final Dharma) or spread of the New Kamakura Buddhism founded during, and after people were experiencing the crisis of having a ceremony centered government that was becoming estranged, instead of having a realistic government, the belief of Shinkoku became popular among the nobility and the Imperial family.

• 新政府から朝敵とされるや否や、寛永寺に謹慎した事などから、天皇や朝廷を重んじる心ある者だと評価される（尊王思想である水戸学や、母親が皇室出身であることなどが多分に影響していると思われる）が、一方で、主君として敵に毅然とした対応を示さなかったため、「弱腰」とも言われた。
• Because he entered Kan'ei-ji Temple for disciplinary confinement as soon as the New Government designated him as the Imperial Court's enemy, he was considered as a reasonable man who respected the Emperor and the Imperial Court (perhaps this was due to the teaching of Mito-han [Clan] that highly respected the Emperor and also to the fact that his mother was from the Imperial Family); however, on the other hand, he was also called weak-kneed because as the lord of his people, he was not able to stand resolutely in the face of the enemy.

• この時代には前代に引き続き来迎図や装飾経なども制作されているが、六道輪廻思想を背景とした六道絵、亡者を裁く冥界の王たちを描いた十王像、日本の神を仏教の仏が姿を変えたものとする本地垂迹説に基づく垂迹画など、新しいジャンルが現れた時代でもあり、仏教絵画の内容は多彩になった。
• In this period, Raigo-zu (painting of Descent of Amitabha Tathagata) and sosyoku-kyo (copying of a sutra with decorative ryoshi-paper) were created following the previous period, but we see the advent of new genres such as Rokudo-e (paintings of the six realms) in the context of philosophy of the six realms, Juo-zo (the statue of Juo) depicting the dead realm's king who judges the dead, and suijakuga which are paintings based on the theories of Buddhist/Shinto unity, and the contents of Buddhist paintings became diverse.

• 水戸のイデオロギー対立、政争に隠れているが、天狗党の多くに水戸藩領以外からも参加がありそれも武士階級以外の階層が含まれている点、政治的な宣伝を行軍中に行っている点など、乱の初期から過酷な行軍の間にかけて意識や思想に何かしらの変容があった可能性も明記しておくべきであろう。
• Although these facts are behind the conflict of ideology and political battle in the Mito Domain, the facts that many people, including samurai and others, joined Tenguto from other domains than Mito and that political campaign was conducted during the march should be noted because it was possible that their awareness and thoughts might have changed from the early stage of the rebellion through the march in the terrible conditions.

• 空海は、こうした現状を打破しようと、天長5年付で「綜芸種智院式并序」（『性霊集』巻十）を著して、全学生・教員への給食制を完備した身分貧富に関わりなく学ぶことのできる教育施設、俗人も僧侶も儒教・仏教・道教などあらゆる思想・学芸を総合的に学ぶことのできる教育施設の設立を提唱した。
• Kukai, who tried to move beyond this status quo, wrote 'Shugei Shuchiin School Shiki narabinijo' ('Shoryoshu' (Collected Works of Prose and Poetry of Kukai) with ten volumes) in 828, proposing the establishment of an educational facility that would fully provide school lunches to all students and teachers; where all people could learn whatever their social status, rich and poor alike; and where both secular people and priests could comprehensively learn all manner of thought and liberal arts, such as Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and so on.

• このため、浄土思想・鎌倉新仏教側もこれを取り入れていく方向に変化して行き、神々は仏に従属するとした「仏教の超越性」を唱えていた法華宗を含めて、日本の仏教は神々の加護によって初めて成立しており末法の世を救う教えも日本が神国であるからこそ成立したという主張に転換していく事になる。
• Due to this, Pure Land Buddhism and the New Kamakura Buddhism seemed to change in order to adopt this tendency, Japanese Buddhism changed with the idea that protection of the gods come first, the teaching of saving the Mappo (Age of the Final Dharma) was established based on the idea that Japan was the country of Shinkoku, including Hokke sect which taught that gods were subordinate to Buddha.

• そのような背景の中で「二重の利を取り、甘き毒を喰ひ、自死するやうなこと多かるべし」「実の商人は、先も立、我も立つことを思うなり」と、実にシンプルな言葉でCSRの本質的な精神を表現した石田梅岩の思想は、近江商人の「三方よし」の思想と並んで、「日本のCSRの原点」として脚光を浴びている。
• Within the context, Baigan ISHIDA's thought, which expressed the essential spirit of CSR with very simple words, such as 'taking double profit and eating sweet poison often cause destruction' and 'a true merchant thinks others as well as one self,' is spotlighted as 'the origin of Japanese CSR,' along with 'Sanpo-yoshi principle' of Omi shonin (Omi merchants).

• 源氏物語に耽溺したために自身が不幸になったとする思想は1060年ころ著された更級日記の中にすでに現れているが、具体的な行動としては『宝物集』などに現れており、治承（1177年から1180年）・文治（1185年から1189年）のころに始まったとされており、中世には実際に何度か行われている。
• His thought that an indulgence in the Tale of Genji made him unhappy had already appeared in Sarashina Nikki (Sarashina Diary), written around 1060; his concrete actions are recognized in 'Hobutsushu' (A Collection of Treasures) and the Genji Kuyo, which is thought to have been started between 1177 and 1180 and between 1185 and 1189, was actually held several times in medieval times.

• 久野収はこの事件の特色について、「危険思想の内容がもはや共産主義やマルクス主義といった嫌疑にあるのではなく…国家に批判的な態度を取る学者たちの思想内容に及んできた」点にあると回顧しており、言論弾圧の対象が従来の共産主義思想から自由主義的な言論へと拡大することとなった大きな転機であることを強調している。
• Osamu KUNO recollects that the characteristic of this incident was 'Dangerous ideology was not only communism and Marxism, but started to include the content of thinking of academics who took a critical stance against the government' and emphasizes that this was a big step when the target of freedom of speech changed from communism to liberalism.

• 具体的には王心斎は、『孝経』と四書を重視したが、経書の注釈に拘らない自得の学問を説き、独特な「淮南格物」を主張したこと、古代を理想とする尚古思想をもっていたことがその思想的特徴といえるが、なによりも重要なのは、知識人層以外の階層に陽明学を広めることを己が責務としたことである。
• Specifically, Wang Xinzhai put emphasis on the 'Classic of Filial Piety', or 'Xiao Jing', and The Four Books but, ideologically, was characterized by preaching the teachings that he had learned himself without being obsessive about commentaries on the Classics, advocating his original idea of 'Junnan kakubutsu,' and maintaining a primitivism whereby he made the ancient times his ideal, but above all he made it his duty to propagate Yomeigaku outside of the intellectual classes.

• 初めて日本において暦（元嘉暦）が官暦として採用され、仏法や陰陽五行思想・暦法などを吸収するために607年（推古天皇15年）には先進文明国である随に向けて遣隋使の派遣が始められたほか、聖徳太子の十七条憲法や冠位十二階の制定においても陰陽五行思想の影響が色濃く現れることとなった。
• The influence of inyo gogyo became significant when the almanac (Genka-reki or Genka calendar) was adopted as the official calendar for the first time in Japan, and when Kenzuishi (Japanese delegates to the Sui Dynasty) were dispatched to the culturally advanced Sui commencing in 607 to absorb Buppo (Law of Buddhism/ Dharma), the principles of Inyo Gogyo and rekiho (method of making calendars), and when the Seventeen-Article Constitution and Twelve-cap rank system were established by Shotoku taishi.

• そのほか、釈迦が入滅してから1500年が経過すると仏教はその有効性を失うとする末法思想を背景に、末法の世において娑婆世界で成道すること（自力聖道門）の困難を主張し、それを放棄することでいったん阿弥陀仏の極楽浄土へ往生してから成道すること（他力浄土門）を提唱する浄土教も起こった。
• The Jodo (Pure Land) sect also appeared, preaching, based on the Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief), that Buddhism loses its effectiveness 1500 years after Shakyamuni's death, the difficulty of Jodo in this corrupt world in the era of Mappo (Age of the Final Dharma) (Jirikishodomon), and that, by giving it up, one can perform Jodo in the Pure Land of Amida Buddha after dying (Tarikijodomon).

• 「新皇」と名乗った史実に反し「日本将軍平親王」としての伝説が中世近世を通じて流布した背景に、板東の分与・独立という危険な思想を意味する前者を排除し、遵法的存在としての名称に換え伝えたもので、軍事権門として朝廷と併存する道を選択した源頼朝を投影したものだとする関幸彦の指摘がある。
• As to the background of the spread of his legend during the middle ages and in the modern era under the title 'Hinomoto Shogun TAIRA no Shinno' as opposed to the title he had assumed himself, 'New Emperor,' Yukihiko SEKI points out that the legend was passed down with the new title as a means of eliminating the possibility of interpreting the name as representing the potentially divisive and dangerous notion of a separate, independent Bando, thereby facilitating respect for the law, and that it reflects the administrative philospphy of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who chose to become the head of a separate military administration that could peacefully coexist with the Imperial Court.

• 儒教では、放伐を認めるかどうかが難題とされてきたが、徳川幕府は朱子学について孟子的理解に立ち、湯武放伐、易姓革命論を認めていたが、それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
• In Confucianism, whether to allow the expulsion of a disqualified monarch had been a difficult problem to deal with, but the Tokugawa Shogunate adopted a position taken from the standpoint of Mencius (a Chinese thinker in the fourth century BC) concerning the teachings of Zhu Xi, and approved of the Tang-Wu revolution (the expulsions of disqualified monarchs by King Tang and King Wu) and the revolution (change of dynasty) decreed by Heaven (when the incumbent emperor is found lacking in moral virtue).

• 「思想取締りの秘密警察は現在なお活動を続けており、反皇室的宣伝を行う共産主義者は容赦なく逮捕する。……さらに共産党員であるものは拘禁を続ける……政府形体の変革、とくに天皇制廃止を主張するものは、すべて共産主義者と考え、治安維持法によって逮捕する」 内務大臣山崎巌、1945年10月。
• The secret police to control public opinions are steel active and we will arrest the communists who advocate the anti-imperial family movement mercilessly; also we will keep the communists locked up; anyone who insists on the transformation of the current political system or abolition of the Tennosei are to be considered as communists and will be arrested under the Public Peace Preservation Act.' October 1945, the Minister of Home Affairs Iwao YAMAZAKI

• 昭和21年（1946年）10月から昭和25年（1950年）12月まで、昭和天皇の「西洋の思想と習慣を学ぶ」という方針に従い、アメリカ合衆国の著名な児童文学者にしてクエーカー教徒のエリザベス・ヴァイニング（日本では「ヴァイニング夫人」として知られている。enElizabeth_Gray_Vining）が家庭教師として就き、その薫陶を受ける。
• Following the policy of the Emperor Showa, 'Learn the thought and custom of the West,' he studied from October 1946 to December 1950 under a Quaker enElizabeth_Gray_Vining, a famous juvenile literary person in the U.S. (in Japan, she was known as 'Mrs. Vining'), who was invited as a tutor.

• 事件は、京都帝国大学法学部の瀧川幸辰教授が、1932年10月中央大学法学部で行った講演「『復活』を通して見たるトルストイの刑法観」の内容（レフ・トルストイの思想について「犯罪は国家の組織が悪いから出る」などと説明）が無政府主義的として文部省および司法省内で問題化したことに端を発する。
• The incident started when a lecture, 'Tolstoy's view on penal law through his novel, 'Resurrection'' in October 1932 by Professor Yukitoki TAKIGAWA of the Faculty of Law, Kyoto Imperial University explained in his talk that 'Criminal offenses occur when organization of the national governmental is bad,' which was considered problematic by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Law as being anarchist.

• さらに1933年には鳩山一郎文部大臣が法学部の滝川幸辰教授の刑法理論が「赤い思想」であるとして休職処分にした事から法学部の全教官が辞表を提出、総長も文相と会見、辞意を表明したものの文部省からの切り崩しにあい、結局滝川ら7人の教官が大学を去る事態となったいわゆる「滝川事件」が起きている。
• Moreover, in 1933, Prof. Yukitoki TAKIGAWA in the Faculty of Law, was laid off by Ichiro HATOYAMA, the then Minister of Education, for the reason Professor Takigawa's theory about the criminal law included 'Marxist thought', so all teaching staff of the Faculty submitted their resignation letters as the demonstration against the layoff, and Kyoto University's president also declared his resignation when he met with the Minister, but the Ministry's splitting operation worked and seven of the staff, including Mr.Takigawa, were forced to leave in the end, and this whole event is what's called, 'Takigawa Jiken (Oppression of Professor Takigawa)'.

• 「我らの信仰に依れば、人類の思想信仰の統一は結局人類が日本国体の霊力に目醒めた時初めて達成せられる。更に端的に云えば、現人神（あらひとがみ）たる天皇の御存在が世界統一の霊力である。しかも世界人類をしてこの信仰に達せしむるには日本民族、日本国家の正しき行動なくしては空想に終る。」とも主張した。
• He also said 'According to our belief, the unifying human belief is only possible when all the people in the world realize the spiritual power of Japan's national identity. To put it briefly, the existence of the Emperor (Arahitogami) as the spiritual power for the unified world. To make people all over the world believe this, we have to behave well as people and as a nation; otherwise it will end as a dream.'

• 平安時代の源氏物語に見られるような、貴族階級による願掛けを中心とした神社参詣がその初期形態ではないかとされ、その後仏教の末法思想の流行により、後白河法皇の熊野三山詣でなど浄土信仰を背景とした極楽往生を願う巡礼へと変化し、中世に入ると、戦乱や貧困の中で一般階級による巡礼も行なわれるようになった。
• As depicted in the Tale of Genji set in the Heian period, the initial form was thought to be the shrine visits that the nobility made, which further transformed into Junrei to wish for a peaceful death through Jodo Shinko (belief of a pure land after death) such as the Kumano Sanzan (three shrines in Kumano) visits of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa due to the spread of pessimism in a decadent age, and in the middle ages, Junrei were done by the ordinary public during the age of war and poverty.

• 六観音は六道（ろくどうりんね、あらゆる生命は6種の世界に生まれ変わりを繰り返すとする）の思想に基づき、六種の観音が六道に迷う衆生を救うという考えから生まれたもので、地獄道－聖観音、餓鬼道－千手観音、畜生道－馬頭観音、修羅道－十一面観音、人道－准胝観音、天道－如意輪観音という組み合わせになっている。
• The image of Roku Kannon was created from the idea that six kinds of Kannon relieve people who have lost their way in six worlds, based on Rokudo (Rokudo Rinne, a belief that every life repeats reincarnation into six types of worlds) as the following combinations show: Jigoku-do (地獄道) - Sho Kannon, Gaki-do (餓鬼道) - Senju Kannon, Chikusho-do (畜生道) - Bato Kannon, Shura-do (修羅道) - Juichimen Kannon, Jin-do (人道) - Jundei Kannon, Ten-do (天道) - Nyoirin Kannon.

• すなわち「八宗九宗」の中にキリシタンを加えているのも含め、イエズス会を本願寺や金剛峯寺と同様に、信仰の保護と所領の給付と引換に秀吉による政治的支配に服属させる意図があったと考えられており、歴史学者の安野眞幸は「キリスト教のイデオロギーと秀吉政権の統一思想との衝突」が原因ではなかったかと述べている。
• That is, including Christians in the addition of 'eight schools and nine schools,' it was probably intended to place the Society of Jesus under Hideyoshi's political dominance in exchange for protection of faith and grant of a domain as in the case of Hongan-ji Temple and Kongobuji Temple, and Historian Masaki ANNO said that the cause could be 'a conflict between the Christian ideology and the unification concept of the Hideyoshi regime.'

• これに対し、垂迹という思想は、中国の『荘子』天運における迹（教化の迹）や、所以迹（教化を成立させている道＝どう）に由来し、西晋の郭象（かくしょう）がこれを註釈した『荘子注』で、これを聖王（内聖外王）の説明において展開させ、“迹”を王者としての統治・主導とし、“所以迹”を本質的な聖人として引用した。
• On the other hand, the concept of Suijaku came from a Chinese character, 迹 (jaku), which first appeared in the Tenun chapter of 'Soshi (Zhuang-zi)' or in its phrase of '所以迹' (the path of edification), and was later referred to by Guo Xiang of West Jin, the writer of 'Zhuang-zi Commentary' who developed his own theory in the chapter of 'Seong-wang (Daiseigaio)' and defined jaku as a royal reign, citing '所以迹' as a born saint.

• 同宣言には「日本国政府ハ日本国国民ノ間ニ於ケル民主主義的傾向ノ復活強化ニ対スル一切ノ障礙ヲ除去スベシ」「言論、宗教及思想ノ自由並ニ基本的人権ノ尊重ハ確立セラルベシ」等と定められたため、ダグラス・マッカーサー率いる連合国軍最高司令官総司令部（GHQ/SCAP）は、大日本帝国憲法の改正を日本政府に求めた。
• According to the sentences of the declaration, 'the Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people' and 'Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established,' the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) led by Douglas MACARTHUR demanded modification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.

• ここでの「悪友」とは、福澤諭吉らの「平等」や「義」や「独立心」を重んずる思想と違って、福澤らから見れば、閨閥、門閥政治、小中華思想（日本蔑視思想）などの旧弊に固執し血なまぐさい権力闘争を繰り返し、事大主義で外交において信義がなく、外交方針がころころ変わる清国や李氏朝鮮という認識で用いられた言葉である。
• Unlike the thought which put a high value on 'Equality,' 'Righteousness' and 'Independence' by Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others, 'Bad friends' in the 'Datsu-A Ron' was the word used meaning the Qing and Joseon Dynasty Korea where, adhering to their old customs of Keibatsu (network by blood connection), lineage government and petit Sinocentrism (idea of disrespect for Japan), bloody strifes over authority were repeated, being Sadaejuui (Loving and admiring the great and powerful) and faithless in diplomacy and diplomatic policies changed so often.

• しかし近代に入ると文献学的研究が進み、仏教思想は段階的に発展したもので、そもそも上座部をも含む仏教の経典全体が数世紀という長時間をかけて徐々に成立してきたものであるだけでなく、北伝・南伝の最古の教典には「如是我聞」の記述が見られないことが日本でも「法華経無内容説」を唱えた富永仲基によって指摘されている。
• However, as philological study has developed in modern times, many people have pointed out that, since Buddhist thought developed in stages, entire sutras of Buddhism, including Theravada, were established gradually over periods as long as several centuries to begin with, and that the oldest sutras of Hokuden (Mahayana) Buddhism and Nanden Buddhism (Buddhism that spread from India to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia) do not contain description of 'Nyozegamon' (I heard this); Nakamoto TOMINAGA, who dealt with the 'Hokke-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra) has no meaning theory', is one such person.

• 道徳大系としての武士道とは「君に忠、親に孝、自らを節すること厳しく、下位の者に仁慈を以てし、敵には憐みをかけ、私欲を忌み、公正を尊び、富貴よりも名誉を以て貴しとなす」。　ひいては「家名の存続」という儒教的態度が底流に流れているものが多く、それは江戸期に思想的隆盛を迎え、武士道として体系付けられるに至る。
• Bushido as a moral system is 'being loyal to one's lord, being dutiful to one's parents, controlling oneself strictly, being merciful to those of lower rank, having sympathy to the enemy, abstaining from selfish desire, respecting justice and respecting honor more than wealth.' Many of those who followed the Bushido code also possessed a Confucian attitude of 'continuance of family name,' which prospered during the Edo period and was formulated as Bushido.

• しかしながら内務省 (日本)の反対により政治犯釈放は実現せず、その民主化を阻害する姿勢に対し、GHQから1945年10月4日に「政治的・民事的・宗教的自由に対する制限撤廃の覚書」を突き付けられ、治安維持法・特別高等警察等の廃止、政治犯・思想犯の釈放、自由化・民主化に抵抗する内務省幹部の更迭などを命じられた。
• However, the release of political prisoners was not realized due to the opposition of the Ministry of Interior and then, in opposition to the impediment of democratization, GHQ sent out the 'Memorandum on Removal of the Restrictions on the Political, Civilian and Religious Freedom' on October 4, 1945, in which GHQ ordered the Peace Preservation Law and the Special Higher Police abolished and the officials of the Ministry of Interior who opposed liberalization and democratization dismissed.

• これは平安後期の覚鑁興教大師以降、『金剛界／胎蔵界』という並立的表現方法が顕著となる以前の出来事であり、日本固有の信仰観について、後の応永の大成を頂点とする二而不二／不二而二に係わる各法匠の立場／背景、さらには日本の密教思想史、殊に事教二相を実践／検討する上で銘記するべき事象として理解することを求められよう。
• This happened before the parallel mode of expression, 'Kongokai (Diamond Realm) or Taizokai (Womb Realm),' became remarkable after Kakuban Kokyo Daishi in the latter Heian period, and should be understood as an epoch, regarding the religious beliefs particular to the Japanese, in conducting and discussing each master's standpoint or background related with Nini-Funi (also known as Funi-Nini (two sides of the same coin)) in which Oei no Taisei (Perfection in Oei era) reached the summit, more over in the Japanese intellectual history of Esoteric Buddhism, especially practicing or considering Jikyo niso (Jiso (method to practice the doctrine) and Kyoso (logical study of doctrines)).

• このため、天武天皇は大陸の礼楽思想を取り入れる意図をもって五節舞を考案したとする見方もある（なお、聖武天皇が元正上皇のために孝謙天皇（孝謙天皇）に五節舞を舞わせた際に、天皇が上皇に対して「天武天皇が天下統治のために礼と楽を整備するために五節舞を考え出された」と述べている（『続日本紀』天平15年5月辛丑条））。
• Based on this interpretation, a number of people assert that Emperor Tenmu invented the Gosechi no mai with the aim of introducing Reiraku philosophy (ancient Chinese philosophy emphasizing propriety and music) (Incidentally, when Emperor Shomu got Empress Koken to dance in a Gosechi no mai for the Retired Empress Gensho, the Emperor said to the Retired Empress, 'Emperor Tenmu invented Gosechi no mai with the intention to govern the nation and in order to make rei (propriety) and raku (music) take root among the people' ('Shoku Nihongi' - June 3, 743)).

• 朱熹は、それまでばらばらで矛盾を含んでいた北宋の学説を、程頤による性即理説（性(人間の持って生まれた本性)がすなわち理であるとする）や程顥の天理（天が理である）をもとに、仏教思想の論理体系性、道教の生成論および静坐という行法を取り込みつつも、それを代替する儒教独自の理論にもとづく壮大な学問体系に仕立て上げた。
• Hsi CHU organized various and contradictory theories in Northern Sung Dynasty into a great learning system which replaced these previous theories, and was based on a theory unique to Confucianism, by being based on the Seisokuri setsu (Chinese philosophy, a theory that 'sei' [human inborn nature] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Yi CHENG, and the Tenri (a theory that 'ten' [providence] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Hao CHENG, while adapting the logical system of Buddhistic thought, the generative theory of Taoism, and gyoho (method of ascetic practices) of sitting calmly and quietly.

• 戦時下の1942年から翌年にかけて 『中央公論』誌上で三回にわたり掲載され、大東亜戦争を「世界史の哲学」の立場から思想的に位置付けようと試みた「世界史的立場と日本」座談会（「世界史的立場と日本」1942年一月号、「東亜共栄圏の倫理性と歴史性」1942年四月号、「総力戦の哲学」1943年一月号）の出席者である。
• During the war, they were participants in the symposiums on 'The World Historic Position and Japan' ('The World Historic Position and Japan' in the January 1942 issue, 'The Ethics and Historical Position of the East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere' in the April 1942 issue and 'The Philosophy of Total War' in the January 1943 issue), which appeared three times in 'Chuo koron' magazine from 1942 to the following year and in these they had tried to determine what the ideological standing of the Greater East Asia War was from the point of view of the 'philosophy of world history.'

• 更に前述のように共同体の自治に基づく内済・相対による解決を良しとする伝統的な思想があり、民衆が訴えを起こす際には原告による訴状に名主の奥印が押されていること、他領にまたがる訴訟の場合には領主による添状（大名）・添簡（旗本）の添付がない場合には書類不備を理由に却下されるなど、訴状を受理されるまでに壁が存在していた。
• In addition, as mentioned above, there was a traditional tought that encouraged settlement out of court or without arbitrator, so when people sued, they needed to get through a lot of obstacles before petition was received, such as having nanushi put signature on plaintiff's petition, and in case of suit involving another territory, also attachment of an accompanying letter (daimyo) and another letter called tenkan (hatamoto) from feudal lord, and if documents had deficiency, the suit was turned down.

• 一方、釈迦の教えを忠実に実行し、涅槃（輪廻からの解脱）に到ることを旨とした上座部仏教に対し、それが究極においてみずからはどこまでも釈迦の教えの信奉者というにととどまるもので、自身が「仏陀」（如来）として真理を認識できる境地に到達できないのではないかという批判的見地から起こった仏教における一大思想運動という側面もある。
• On the other hand, it can be seen as a major thought shift in Buddhism occurring from a standpoint of criticism against Theravada Buddhism, which includes the principle of devoted practice of the teachings of Shakyamuni in order to attain nirvana (deliverance from the wheel of life); as the practitioner ultimately remains no more than a believer of the Buddha's teachings, one cannot reach the state of recognizing the truth as a 'Buddha' (Nyorai (Tathagata)).

• この法律による規制及び規制のための調査は、第一条に規定する目的を達成するために必要な最小限度においてのみ行うべきであつて、いやしくも権限を逸脱して、思想、信教、集会、結社、表現及び学問の自由並びに勤労者の団結し、及び団体行動をする権利その他日本国憲法の保障する国民の自由と権利を、不当に制限するようなことがあつてはならない。
• The control and investigations for control under this Act shall be conducted only to the minimum extent necessary to achieve the purpose prescribed in Article 1, and shall not under any circumstances whatsoever be carried out, in deviation from the prescribed authority, to unlawfully infringe freedom of thought, freedom of religion, freedom of assembly and association, freedom of expression, academic freedom, the right of workers to organize and act collectively, or any other liberty or right of the people which is guaranteed by the Constitution of Japan.

• これが中世期から近世期にかけて、さまざまな芸が体系化され伝授の形式を整えてゆくにつれて、単に芸能、技芸の体系というにとどまらず、それをめぐる思想や哲学的背景、さらに修行や日常生活の場においてこうした形而上的な問題をいかに生かし、みずからの芸を高めてゆくかという問題が含められてゆくようになって成立したのが、芸道という観念である。
• When various arts became systematized from the middle ages to the early modern period, it started to take on more meanings, not simply meaning system of performing arts and techniques, but also including ideas and philosophical backgrounds of arts, and the issue of how these metaphysical problems could be used in ascetic practice and daily life to heighten one's own art, leading to the establishment of the concept of geido.

• その要旨は「過去と未来とが現在において互いに否定しあいながらも結びついて、現在から現在へと働いていく」、あるいは、鈴木大拙の「即非の論理」（「Aは非Aであり、それによってまさにAである」という金剛経に通底する思想）を西洋哲学の中で捉え直した「場所的論理」（「自己は自己を否定するところにおいて真の自己である」）とも言われている。
• It is said that it can be summarized as 'the past and the future deny each other, but join together at the present and move from the present to the present' or 'the Logic of Topos' (locational logic) (the self is a true self when the self denies itself') which reinterprets 'the Logic of Sokuhi' (Superrational Logic) (an idea in Kongo-kyo Sutra that 'A is non-A and therefore is A') of Daisetsu SUZUKI in Western philosophy.

• 平民社（へいみんしゃ）は、1903年11月に、日露戦争を開戦しようとする動きに対して非戦論を主張していた『萬朝報』が、社論を開戦論へと転換したときに、非戦論を訴えつづけていた同紙記者の幸徳秋水と堺利彦（枯川）が、非戦論の主張を貫くために朝報社を退社し、あらたに非戦論を訴え、社会主義思想の宣伝・普及をおこなうために開業した新聞社。
• Heiminsha is a newspaper company established by newspaper reporters of 'Yorozu-choho' newspaper company, Shusui KOTOKU and Toshihiko SAKAI (KOSEN), to promote and spread socialist thoughts, who retired from the Choho press company in order to insist their claim of pacifism, when the company, which had been claiming pacifism against the move to the Russo-Japanese War, shifted its policy from pacifism to the theory of making war.

• 戦いに於いては「義は山嶽より重く死は鴻毛より軽しと心得よ」と、「死は或いは泰山より重く或いは鴻毛より輕し」という古諺を言換え、「普段は命を無駄にせず、けれども時には義のため、喩えば天皇のため国のために、命を捨てよ」と命じた物とされる（戦陣訓『生きて虜囚の辱を受けず』、戦陣訓降伏・投降の否定の思想を参照）が、換言の意図は不明である。
• In terms of the war, an old saying 'Life is heavier than Mount Taishan in a sense, and lighter than a feather of a stork in another sense' was put in a phrase 'Keep it in mind that justice is heavier than a mountain and life is lighter than a feather of a stork,' that was an order meaning 'Do not waste life usually, but sometimes die for justice, for example for Emperor and the state' (cf. Senjinkun military code says, 'Do not live as a captive to be subjected to humiliating treatment', and the Senjinkun idea of denying surrender), though why it was rephrased is unclear.

• もっとも活動的で探求心に富む知識人の大部分が、自分の信念の偽らざる原理と根拠を自分の胸中にとどめ、公衆にむかって述べることにおいて、自分の結論を内心では拒絶している前提にできるだけ適合させたほうが得策だと思っているような状況では、偏見のない恐れを知らぬ人物や、かっては思想界を飾った論理的で首尾一貫した知識人が出現することはありえません。
• A state of things in which a large portion of the most active and inquiring intellects find it advisable to keep the general principles and grounds of their convictions within their own breasts, and attempt, in what they address to the public, to fit as much as they can of their own conclusions to premises which they have internally renounced, cannot send forth the open, fearless characters, and logical, consistent intellects who once adorned the thinking world.

• 685年（天武天皇13年）には「陰陽師」という用語が使い始められるなど、陰陽五行思想はさらに盛んとなり、718年の養老律令において、中務省の内局である寮 (律令制)としての陰陽寮の設置が明文化され、これに技官として天文博士・陰陽博士・陰陽師・暦博士・漏刻博士が常任されることが規定されると、神祇官の龜卜と並んで公的に式占を司ることとなった。
• In 685, as the principles of inyo gogyo grew more popular, with the term 'onmyoji' starting to be used, it was put into statutory form to install Onmyoryo as a ryo (in line with the ritsuryo system) as a division of Department of Nakatsukasasho, by the ritsuryo formally announced in the Yoro period in 718 and when it was stipulated that tenmon hakase, onmyo hakase, onmyoji, reki hakase, and rokoku hakase be made permanent posts as gikan (bureaucrats with specialized skills), they began to officially perform divinations alongside jingikan (a bureaucrat in charge of Shinto ceremonies) who were responsible for kiiboku (fortune telling using turtle shells).

• 三善清行による「革命勘文」（『群書類従』　第貮拾六輯 雜部　所収）で引用された『易緯』での鄭玄の注「天道不遠 三五而反 六甲爲一元 四六二六交相乗 七元有三變　三七相乗 廿一元爲一蔀 合千三百廿年」から一元60年、二十一元1260年を一蔀とし、そのはじめの辛酉の年に王朝交代という革命が起こるとするいわゆる緯書での辛酉革命の思想によるという。
• It is said that it was based on the idea of Shinyu kakumei (a prediction of revolution in Kanototori of the Chinese astrological calendar) in isho (Chinese books which describe predictions and others), that is, a revolution to change the dynasty would occur in the first Kanototori year considering 60 years as one cycle (元) and 1260 years of 21 cycles as one period (蔀), in accordance with the note from Zheng Xuan, '天道不遠 三五而反 六甲爲一元 四六二六交相乗 七元有三變 三七相乗 廿一元爲一蔀 合千三百廿年,' in 'Yi wei' which was cited in 'kakumeikanmon' (in zatsubu (overall section) in the 26th section of 'Gunsho ruiju'(Collection of historical documents compiled by Hokiichi HANAWA)) by Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI.

• ただし一葉が経済的に窮乏した原因には、父親が薦めた許婚者を父親の死後に樋口家側が破棄したこと（ちなみに許婚者は後に秋田県知事・山梨県知事となる）や、一葉の労働に対する蔑視意識、士族や華族を崇拝する思想などの一葉自身の内面的事情が少なくないため、一葉を才能に恵まれながら資金的に不遇な生涯を送った聖人のように考えるのは一方的な見方であるとの意見もある。
• However, because some of the causes for Ichiyo's financial troubles can be attributed to the internal affairs of Ichiyo herself - for example, the Higuchi family's annulment of the engagement that her father had recommended after her father's death (parenthetically, the fiance later became the governor of Akita and Yamanashi prefectures), Ichiyo's disdain for labor, and her worshipful feelings towards shizoku and kazoku (the peerage) - some think it one-sided to consider Ichiyo a talented but financially troubled saint.

• これは当時日本で一国ほどの価値があるとされた茶器や陶器を作り出す陶工を大名が藩の庇護の下、士分を与えるなど手厚い待遇をしていたのに比べ、李氏朝鮮では儒教思想による身分制において陶工は最下層の賤民に位置づけられ、奴隷的な労働を強いられるとともに、失策を犯した場合には体罰を課せられるという過酷な状況にあり、職人に対する根源的な差別があったことが原因である。
• The reason is considered as follows: In Japan at that time, potters who produced chaki (tea utensils) and earthenware, considered having a value equal to that of a province, were treated favorably, for example, given the samurai status, but in Yi Dynasty Korea, potters were designated as humble or lowly people with the lowest social status in the social status system based on the Confucian thought: They were forced to work like slaves and were placed in such harsh conditions that they were punished physically when committing an error, or in other words, there existed fundamental discrimination against craftsmen.

• しかし、近年では、陰陽五行説が、自然界の万物は陰と陽の二気から生ずるとする陰陽と、万物は木・火・土・金・水の五行からなるとする五行思想を組み合わせ、自然界の陰陽と五行の変化を観察して瑞祥・災厄を判断し、人間界の吉凶を占う実用的技術として日本で受容され、神道、道教、仏教などからも様々な影響を受け取って日本特異の発展を遂げた結果誕生したものと考えられている。
• In recent years, however, it is thought that Ommyodo developed as follows; the Ommyo-gogyo-setsu theory, that combined the theory of Ommyo (the Yin and Yang), which considers that the universe has been derived from the Yin and Yang, and the theory of Gogyo-shiso, which considers that the universe consists of the five elements of wood, fire, earth, metal, and water, developed uniquely in Japan into a practical fortune telling technique that could serve human needs based upon the auspicious and inauspicious signs obtained by observing the Yin and Yang in Nature and changes in the five elements, while being affected by Shinto, Taoism, and Buddhism.

• また朱子学（旧来の思想に対抗して生れたように考えられた）、特に陽明学（後に説明されるように、これは明朝が正式に認めた学問であった朱子学に対抗して生まれ出たように見えた）は、敗戦後の日本に於ける近代思惟・反権力・人間解放などの概念と容易に結びつき、朱子学及び陽明学の中、比較的それらの概念に近似する部分を抜き取り、そこに思想的価値を与えるという試みが盛んに行われた。
• Shushigaku (considered to have arisen in opposition to traditional thinking), and especially Yomei-gaku (as described later, considered to have arisen in opposition to Shushigaku, which was officially authorized by the Ming Court), were easily linked in a defeated Japan to concepts such as modern thinking, antiauthoritarianism and human emancipation; as a result, most scholars have frequently attempted to extract from Shushigaku and Yomei-gaku the elements that are relatively close to these concepts and attempt to attach an ideological value to them.

• つまり明治十四年の政変の結果、英米系および仏系の法学が官立学校から排除され、これらの拠点が私立の五大法律学校にシフトしたことから、政府は私学に対抗し官学（＝東大）をドイツ系法学・国家学の砦にしようとしたのである（阪谷芳郎の回想によれば、この点に関連して、当時「政府当局者が自由思想を抑圧し独逸系の国家学説を我邦に注入せんと試みんとするもの」という憶測が流れていた）。
• That is, as a result of the failed Meiji-14 coup of 1881, British, American and French studies of law were eliminated from national schools and their base was shifted to five top private law schools, so the government tried to make the government school (=Todai [the University of Tokyo]) a fort of German study of law and the science of the nation in rivalry with private schools (According to Yoshio SAKATANI's reminiscence, as for this point, speculation that government officials tried to repress Liberalism and infuse German doctrine of the science of the nation into our country was spread at that time).

• この結果、土地は天皇のものであり、臣民は天皇または領主からその使用を許されているに過ぎないと考える公地公民制思想（王土王民説）や封建領主による領主権や村などの地域共同体による共同保有といった封建制度的な土地保有形態が完全に崩壊し、土地にも保有者個人の所有権が存在する事が初めて法的に認められることになり、土地が個人の財産として流通や担保の対象として扱われるようになった。
• As a result, the idea in that all land was under the sole ownership of the emperor and individuals were merely borrowing the land from the emperor or the idea in that feudal lords had the land ownership or the idea of cooperative ownership by local communities such as villages were completely collapsed; private land ownership by individuals was recognized legally for the first time in Japan; and land came to be treated as the objects of circulation or collateral as the property of individuals.

• その後も、650年（大化6年）に白戸国司から白い雉が献上された際、珍鳥出現の祥瑞を中国漢代の緯書の語句と中国の史書に見られる先例を根拠に「帝徳が天に感応して現われた祥瑞であるから天下に大赦するべきである」と孝徳天皇に祥瑞改元（吉兆とされる現象をもって新しい年号をたてるべきであるとする陰陽道思想）を上申して取りいれられ、元号が白雉と改められるなど、653年（白雉4年）に病没するまで重用された。
• In 650, when a white pheasant was presented by Kokushi of Shirato Province, on the basis of a precedent in which the appearance of an uncommon bird was considered as an auspicious sign written in an isho in the Han period in China as well as in Chinese books on history, So MIN submitted a jonzui kaigen (a principle of Onmyodo which suggests a new era name be established when a phenomenon considered as a lucky omen occurs) to Emperor Kotoku urging that 'since heaven presented an auspicious sign responding to the Emperor's virtues, a general amnesty should be granted to the entire nation,' thereby the imperial era name was changed Hakuchi (white pheasant) and he remained in an important post until his death in 653.

• つまり、門閥、閨閥政治や中華思想また小中華思想など民族（人種）差別、日本蔑視思想で、「平等」の精神に真っ向から反する思想、親子（姑、嫁）が血みどろの権力闘争を繰り広げ、そのために事大主義に走り独立心がなく外交の一貫性がないこと、と福澤諭吉らから見れば、そう見える朝鮮王朝政府に対し、「天は人の上に人をつくらず...」（『学問のすゝめ』)とする思想を重んじる立場から「脱亜論」に至ったのだ、という解釈がある。
• For Fukuzawa, the government of the Korean Dynasties appeared to be totally against 'Equality' by discrimination by putting too much value on lineage and Keibatsu blood connection, Sinocentrism or petit Sinocentrism and disrespect for Japan as well as families repeating bloody strife over authority, no intention to be independent with their Sadaejuui policy and no consistency in their diplomacy; these things led him to write 'Datsu-A Ron' with his standpoint of 'ten wa hito no ue ni hito o tsukurazu...' (The heavens do not create Man above his station...) ('Gakumon no Susume' [An Encouragement of Learning]).

• 平田篤胤の思想に共鳴した平田派の神道家たち、また津和野藩出身の国学者たちは明治維新の精神を神武天皇の精神に基くものとし、近代日本を王政復古による祭政一致の国家とすることを提唱していたが、王政復古の大号令には王政復古と神武天皇の語が見え、従来理想として唱えられていた王政復古と「諸事神武創業ノ始ニ原」くことが、実際の国家創生に際して現実性を帯び、「万機御一新」のスローガンとして公的な意義を持つようになったのであった。
• Shintoists of the Hirata-ha school, who sympathized with Atsutane HIRATA's way of thinking, and scholars of Japanese classical literature from Tsuwano Domain proposed that the spirit of the Meiji Restoration should be based on the spirit of Emperor Jimmu and the restoration of imperial rule should make modern Japan a country of 'saisei icchi' (unity of religion and state) and the declaration of the restoration of imperial rule contains the phrases 'restoration of imperial rule' and 'Emperor Jimmu'; the restoration of imperial rule and 'doing everything as in the time of Emperor Jimmu,' which until then had been advocated as ideals, became reality when building an actual country and took on public significance with the slogan of 'renewal of everything.'

• 全ての事象が陰陽と五行思想の組み合わせによって成り立っているとする、中国古代の夏、殷王朝時代にはじまり周王朝時代にほぼ完成した陰陽五行思想、ないしこれと密接な関連を持つ天文学、暦、易、時計などは、5世紀から6世紀にかけて飛鳥時代、遅くとも百済から五経博士が来日した512年（継体天皇7年）ないし易博士が来日した554年（欽明天皇15年）の時点までに、中国大陸（漢・隋）から直接、ないし朝鮮半島西域（高句麗・百済）経由で伝来した。
• The principles of inyo gogyo, that began in the Xia and Shang Dynasties and nearly completed within the Zhou Dynasty, assume that every event occurs due to certain combinations of inyo together with the principles of gogyo or astronomy, calendar, eki and clock, all closely linked to inyo gogyo, and were introduced to Japan directly from mainland China (Han/Sui) or via the Korean Peninsula (Goguryeo/Baekje) during the Asuka Period in the 5th and 6th centuries, or, at the latest, when Gokyo Hakase in 512, and Eki Hakase in 554 from Baekje, visited Japan.

• 以蔵が晩年、武市らから冷遇されていた理由について諸書の記述によれば、他の同志より身分が低く教養が無いことによる差別的感情、彼が手がけた数々の暗殺が露見することにより他の同志に累が及ぶ危機感、彼が自刃してしまえばその露見が防げるにも拘らず彼自身がそれを行わなかったことに対する焦燥感や怒り、さらに“尊王攘夷・倒幕”を旨とする土佐勤王党に属しながら“開国派・幕臣”の勝海舟らの護衛を行うなどした（後述）ことにより“剣術こそ強いが確固たる思想・信念を持たぬ者”として軽蔑されたこと、などが原因ではないかと考えられている。
• According to some books, the reason why TAKECHI treated Izo coldly in his later years was, for example, from the discriminative feeling for Izo who had low social standing and no education compared with the other comrades, a sense of danger that exposure of many of the assassinations that Izo took part in may have unfavorable effects to his fellow comrades, and resentment and anxiety toward Izo for not taking his own life although those exposures could be prevented if he had committed suicide; furthermore, even if he had been a member of the Tosa kinnoto that aimed for 'Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and overthrowing the Shogunate', he became a bodyguard to Kaishu KATSU (to be explained later) who was 'a member of the open country wing and a vassal of the shogun'; Izo was disdained, for 'although skillful in swordplay, he was a man with no resolute ideas and beliefs.'