心: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 乱行、乱心
- Misconduct or outrageous behavior due to mental instability
- 寄騎同心制
- The yoriki doshin system
- うっ血性心不全
- congestive heart failure
- CHF
- congestive cardiac failure
- 狭心症性不快感
- anginal discomfort
- - 妙心寺塔頭
- Tatchu of Myoshin-ji Temple
- 王心斎と泰州学派
- Wang Xinzhai and the Taizhou school
- 無善無悪是心之体
- The mind is free from good and evil.
- (11)徒士・同心
- (11) Kachi (Foot Guards), Doshin (a police constable)
- - 詳細は妙心寺参照
- For more information, refer to section for Myoshin-ji Temple.
- フェノロサ・岡倉天心
- Ernest Fenollosa and Tenshin OKAKURA
- 観心寺如意輪観音坐像
- Seated statue of Cintamani-cakva (manifestation of Avalokitesvara), Kanshin-ji Temple
- 陽明学左派-心学の横流-
- Yomeigaku's Left Wing - Muddying the School of Mind
- 民心の一新-国民精神改革-
- Refurbishing of people's mind: Kokumin Seishin Kaikaku
- - 温泉を中心に形成された町
- town formed around a hot spring
- - 城郭を中心に形成された町
- a town formed around a castle
- 木造如意輪観音坐像(観心寺)
- The wooden seated statue of Nyoirin Kannon: enshrined in Kanshin-ji Temple
- 連隊長心得:川上操六陸軍少佐
- Assistant Regimental Commander: Soroku KAWAKAMI, Major of the Imperial Army
- 連隊長心得:乃木希典陸軍少佐
- Assistant Regimental Commander: Maresuke NOGI, Major of the Imperial Army
- 『後深心院関白記』 近衛道嗣著
- 'Goshinjinin Kanpaku Ki ' by Michitsugu KONOE
- -善無く悪無きは是れ心の体なり
- The mind is free from good and evil.
- - 街道の宿場を中心に形成された町
- the town formed around a post station on a Highway
- 衆またこの趣旨に基き協心努力せよ。
- (modern written Japanese) 衆またこの趣旨に基き協心努力せよ。
- 比較的小地域を中心に結合している。
- They were unified in a relatively small area.
- (『一心戒文』によれば602年。)
- (According to 'Isshinkaimon' [The Precepts of One-Mind], it was established in 602).
- 第2章 安心・安全の確保(6・7条)
- Chapter 2: Ensuring security and safety (Article 6 and 7)
- - 陣屋・代官所を中心に形成された町
- the town formed around jinya (feudal lord's residence) or daikansho (district office)
- 彼は、中心的な役割を果たしたらしい。
- Tamuramaro seems to have played a central role in the expedition.
- 一、上下心ヲ一ニシテ盛ニ經綸ヲ行フヘシ
- 1. All classes, high and low, shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state.
- 退蔵院本堂〔京都市右京区花園妙心寺町〕
- Hondo of Taizoin Temple [Hanazono Myoshinji-cho, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City]
- 天球院本堂〔京都市右京区花園妙心寺町〕
- Hondo of Tenkyuin Temple [Hanazono Myoshinji-cho, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City]
- 衡梅院本堂〔京都市右京区花園妙心寺町〕
- Hondo of Kobaiin Temple [Hanazono Myoshinji-cho, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City]
- 一 上下心ヲ一ニシテ盛ニ経綸ヲ行フヘシ
- 2. 上下心ヲ一ニシテ盛ニ経綸ヲ行フヘシ(All classes, high and low, shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state.)
- 朝鮮側輸出品は木綿や綿が中心であった。
- Imports from Korea were mainly cotton.
- 李氏朝鮮へ渡る心づもりだったともいう。
- His plan is said to have been an escape to Korea of the Rhee Dynasty.
- 玉鳳院開山堂〔京都市右京区花園妙心寺町〕
- Kaizando of Gyokuhoin Temple [Hanazono Myoshinji-cho, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City]
- (歩兵第1連隊中隊長心得):安東貞美中尉
- (Assistant Company Commander of the first infantry regiment): Teibi ANDO, First Lieutenant
- 岩倉の腹心玉松操のデザインを元を作った。
- The design of this Imperial standard was based on the plans of Misao TAMAMATSU, a trustworthy assistant of IWAKURA.
- のちの図書寮の業務はこれが中心になった。
- Later these became central duties of Zushoryo.
- 計画の中心者井上馨の失脚により挫折した。
- The plan was cancelled because the leader of the plan, Kaoru INOUE fell from power.
- 1540年(嘉靖19) 大内氏(湖心硯鼎)
- 1540: The Ouchi clan (Koshin Sekitei)
- 此表之儀、仕置等彌丈夫申付候、可御心安候。
- I assure to punish Kagekatsu, and therefore you do not need to worry about it.
- まず李は良知説を改良し、「童心説」を唱えた。
- At first, Li advocated the 'Theory of the Child's Mind' ('tongxin shuo' in Chinese, 'doshin setsu' in Japanease) by reforming the theory of ryochi.
- 一方、官軍は熊本城を中心に守備兵を配置した。
- On the other hand, the government army deployed garrisons centered on Kumamoto Castle.
- 吉宗が最も心を砕いたのは米価の安定であった。
- He directed his attention toward stabilizing the rice price more than anything else.
- しかし泊城にも仙石秀久・杉若無心が攻め寄せた。
- However, Hidehisa SENGOKU and Mushin SUGIWAKA attacked Tomari-jo Castle.
- 吉宗が最も心をくだいたのは米価の安定であった。
- He devoted himself the most to stabilizing the price of rice.
- 季長を中心に元寇での実戦の様子が描かれている。
- The pair of picture scrolls depicts scenes of the battles including Suenaga at the center of them in Mongol invasion attempts against Japan.
- - 比較的大規模な市場(いち)を中心に栄えた町
- town that prospered around a relatively big market
- 皆もまたこの趣旨に基づき心を合わせて努力せよ。
- (Meaning) everybody, make your own effort supporting each other based of the aim.
- 名田経営を中心的に担っていたのが、田堵である。
- The tato people played a primary role in myoden farming.
- 医心方は、この点で非常に優等生的な書と言える。
- Ishinbo is very exemplary in this respect.
- まず、豊臣家宿老の大野治長を中心とする籠城派。
- One was a group of people centering on Harunaga ONO, a shukuro (chief vassal of a samurai family) insisting rojo (staying in a castle to fight enemies).
- 陸上の動物性食料としてはシカとイノシシが中心。
- Deer and wild boar were the main sources for animal-derived foodstuff from the land.
- 得宗家を中心に鎌倉幕府を主導する北条氏の内紛。
- It was the internal conflict in the Hojo clan leading the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with the Tokuso family (the direct line of the regency Hojo family) as its center.
- 剥片をはぎとったあとの中心部(石核)を用いた。
- The central part (stone core) of the stone after the broken pieces were taken off was used as materials.
- 端的に言えば心の不正を正すと王陽明は再解釈した。
- In short, he reinterpreted the word as rectifying the incorrect mind.
- (福岡案第三条)上下心を一にし盛に経綸を行ふべし
- (The third article of Fukuoka draft) 上下心を一にし盛に経綸を行ふべし (All classes, high and low, shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state.)
- 形状は、円形で中心部に正方形の穴が開けられいる。
- Kanei-tsuho was round and included a square hole in the center.
- 当時の貴族社会の歌語りを中心とした歌物語である。
- Yamato Monogatari is an uta-monogatari (poem-tale) based on the poems composed by the members of the aristocratic society.
- 大内裏の中心的施設であったが、たびたび焼失した。
- Although they were the main facility in the daidairi, the chodoin were often burned down.
- 一方で上方を中心に元禄文化が栄えることとなった。
- On the other hand, Genroku Culture prospered mainly in Kamigata (urban area around Kyoto and Osaka).
- その分布の中心は北部九州ではなく畿内地域である。
- The center of their distribution was Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), not the northern part of Kyushu region.
- 文化の中心は上方(京都・大阪)と江戸に二分される。
- The center stages of the culture were Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area) and Edo.
- 「外京」はむしろ今日の奈良市の中心街となっている。
- Gekyo' has become the central part of present-day Nara City.
- (由利案第二条)士民心を一にし盛に経綸を行ふを要す
- (The second article of Yuri draft) 士民心を一にし盛に経綸を行ふを要す (All classes, shimin (warrior and ordinary people) shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state.)
- この時期、都市町人を中心とする化政文化が花開いた。
- During this era, Kasei culture flourished centered on townspeople in urban areas.
- 一般に律令制での軍団は歩兵中心とのイメージが強い。
- There is a strong public image of the army under the Ritsuryo system mainly consisting of foot soldiers.
- その中でも特に中心的存在であるのが島田一郎である。
- Among this group, Ichiro SHIMADA was the central figure.
- 仍此表之儀、國割申付、各國々へ指下候、可御心安候。
- I will give each domain instruction fief redistribution and therefore you do not need to worry about it.
- 「鋳銭場」の地名は現在の石巻市中心部に残っている。
- The area where the mint stood in the heart of Ishinomaki City still retains the name 'Isenba'.
- こののち、兼実を中心に朝廷は回っていくことになる。
- After this, the Imperial Court was controlled mainly by Kanezane.
- 1. 心即理 ― 陽明学の倫理学的側面を表すことば。
- 1. Shinsokuri - a word representing the ethical side of Yomei-gaku.
- 既存の財閥では貧弱な化学産業を中心に発展していった。
- The development of the existing zaibatsu was promoted as revolving around the limited chemical industry.
- しかし、4月27日には名越高家が赤松円心に討たれた。
- On April 27, Takaie NAGOE was defeated by Enshin AKAMATSU.
- 下記は日本、特に中世期の土豪を中心とした説明である。
- The following mainly pertains to dogo in Japan particularly during the middle ages.
- また当初、有力貴族層を中心としていた知行国制だった。
- Initially, the chigyo-koku system was used mostly by powerful nobles.
- 属僚として組頭、手代、門番同心、小揚者などがあった。
- Kura-bugyo's subordinates included kumigashira (head of the group), tedai (clerk), monban-doshin (gatekeeping constable) and koagemono (rice unloading laborer).
- このほか南九州を中心に畦原(うねはら)型が知られる。
- Additionally, the Unehara type (type of Unehara Remains) is known mainly in southern Kyushu.
- 反対の中心人物は明治政府の実力者大久保利通であった。
- The main person who was against the declaration was Toshimichi OKUBO, a powerful figure of the Meiji Government.
- 関西北部を中心に中国地方・四国地方まで被害がおよんだ。
- The earthquake devastated the northern Kansai region, as well as the Chugoku region and the Shikoku region.
- 東大寺正倉院所蔵の人参や桂心などの薬草も供されている。
- Seyaku-in offered medical plants including ginseng and cinnamon cortices, which had been stored in the Todaiji Shosoin.
- (現代表記)上下心を一にして、さかんに経綸を行うべし。
- (modern written Japanese) 上下心を一にして、さかんに経綸を行うべし。(All classes, high and low, shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state.)
- 江戸後期には、医学を中心に蘭学の塾(私塾)が興隆した。
- In the latter half of the Edo period, private schools of Western learning, mainly medicine, were prosperous.
- 町奉行同心が捕物で使ったものを小者と呼ぶことがあった。
- When a doshin (police constable) of a town magistrate's office arrested people he sometimes called them komono.
- 藤原氏を中心とする貴族文化の特色を言うための語である。
- The term describes the characteristic of aristocratic culture centered on the Fujiwara clan.
- 京都中心の記録で、武家方の『吾妻鏡』とは対照的である。
- The book is Kyoto-oriented in contrast to the 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East) of the samurai warriors.
- 永観2年(984年)には丹波康頼が『医心方』を撰進した。
- In 894, TANBA no Yasuyori wrote 'Ishinbo' (the oldest book on medicine of all remaining ones written by Japanese) and dedicated it to the emperor.
- 後醍醐天皇を中心とした勢力による鎌倉幕府討幕運動である。
- The movement was driven by the powers that had gathered together with Emperor Go-Daigo as the central figure.
- 平安京を中心とした貴族文化で、晩唐文化の影響が見られる。
- An aristocratic culture centered in Heian-kyo (ancient Kyoto) with influences from the late Tang culture.
- 層塔建築では、従来は心柱を地下もしくは地上に据えていた。
- Regarding soto architecture, a central pillar was originally put under or over the ground.
- 安居神社は天王寺公園・茶臼山の北にある一心寺の北にある。
- The Yasui-jinja Shrine is located in the north of Isshin-ji Temple in the north of Tennoji Park/Mt. Chausu-yama.
- その後戊辰戦争の各地の戦いで薩長両軍を中心に使用された。
- The army of the Satsuma clan and the Choshu clan put it up at many battle fields of the Boshin War.
- 5つの戸で保を編成し、保長を中心に相互監視にあたらせた。
- Ho is composed of five households and they engaged in mutual surveillance under the leader of ho.
- まさに「今は心に懸る事もなく、威稜日月に増長」であった。
- Indeed, all of his concerns were gone, and the power of the government increased from day to day.
- 当初はオランダ陸軍の操典類の翻訳による教育が中心だった。
- At the beginning, they were educated mainly by using the translated manuals of the Dutch army.
- 宗族的関係も儀礼を中心としたものに変質したとする説もある。
- Another theory is that the Sozoku-based relations became ceremonial.
- (由利案第一条)庶民志を遂げ人心をして倦まざらしむるを欲す
- (The first article of Yuri draft) 庶民志を遂げ人心をして倦まざらしむるを欲す (The common people shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.)
- 編纂の実質的中心は、菅原道真と大蔵善行の二人と推測される。
- It is assumed that SUGAWARA no Michizane and OKURA no Yoshiyuki were responsible for the majority of the compilation work.
- 現在のところ、黄砂の気象観測としては目視が中心だと言える。
- It can be said that so far, meteorological observations are mostly based on visual ones.
- 平衡神経科の第一人者として心身症とめまいの関係を解明した。
- He was the leading person of the study of the vestibular nerve and he clarified the linkage between psychosomatic illness and dizziness.
- 氷川神社のある埼玉県は古代製鉄産業の中心地でもあるという。
- Saitama Prefecture, where Hikawa-jinja Shrine is located, was the center of iron production industry in ancient times.
- 緑濃い山中に営まれた境内には池を中心とした浄土庭園がある。
- Jodo Teien having a pond in the center was located within the temple in some green mountains.
- 10世紀後期から現れ始め、藤原道長執政期を中心に頻発した。
- It started to appear in the second half of the 10th century and often occurred particularly when FUJIWARA no Michinaga was an administrator.
- 心痛した天皇は基経に丁重に了解を求めるが、確執は解けない。
- Although the Emperor, who was in agony, politely asked for Mototsune's understanding, the dispute couldn't be resolved.
- 播磨国三日月藩は、美作国に近い佐用郡を中心に所領を有した。
- The territories of Mikazuki Domain of Harima Province were centered around Sayo-gun, near Mimasaka Province.
- 近畿地方は札遣いの中心地であり、旗本の知行地も少なくない。
- The Kinki region was at the center of the location where the Satsu-tsukai (Han-satsu) was used, and not a few chigyo-chi territories of Hatamoto existed there as well.
- そのため、戦後も農家を中心に、欠食児童は多く存在し続けた。
- Therefore, even after the war, many poorly-fed children remained in the farm family.
- 江戸時代初期には旧豊臣系大名を中心に大名廃絶政策が取られた。
- In the early Edo period, the Daimyo system abolishment measure was implemented mainly targeting Daimyo of the former Toyotomi family.
- 朱子学のテーゼ「性即理」では、心を「性」と「情」に分別する。
- According to Shushigaku's 'Sei soku ri' thesis, one's mind is divided into 'Sei' and 'Jo.'
- それ以前は人心の一新を目的とする改元もしばしばなされていた。
- Before that, an era name had often been changed to radically change public sentiment.
- 台南において地元民(高山族)を中心とする頑強な抵抗が続いた。
- Obstinate resistance mainly by local people (mainly by Kao-shan Tribe) continued in Tainan,
- 町割りは城を中心に、侍町、足軽町、町人、寺町などが配された。
- The town distribution centered on the castle and had town districts for Samurai, Ashigaru (common foot soldier), townsmen, and temples.
- 田堵は、免田を中心に田地を開発し、領域的な土地支配を進めた。
- Tatos developed rice fields centering on menden and went ahead with territorial land governance.
- 信貴山中興の祖とされる命蓮という聖の物語が中心となっている。
- The story of hijiri named Myoren who was believed to be the ancestor involved in the Mt. Shigi restoration, is the main story of this emakimono.
- これは中国において書斎を中心に文化が発展してきたからである。
- This was because cultures had developed centering on libraries in China.
- 中島は小心者であったため、狼狽し走行中の列車から飛び降りた。
- Being a coward, Nakajima panicked and jumped off the running train.
- 高橋も本心では清浦内閣にはあまり好意的ではなかったのである。
- The fact was that TAKAHASHI was not supportive of the KIYOURA cabinet at heart.
- 一方、西北九州を中心に、福井型と呼ばれる細石刃核が存在する。
- On the other hand, the core of saisekijin, which is called the Fukui type (type in Fukui Prefecture), is found mainly in northwest Kyushu.
- 江戸を中心に隆盛した今体派の篆刻は装飾過多で卑俗に陥っていた。
- The tenkoku of the Kintai school flourished mainly in Edo, but it became overly decorative and vulgar.
- 靈雲院書院(れいうんいんしょいん)〔京都市右京区花園妙心寺町〕
- Shoin of Reiunin Temple [Hanazono Myoshinji-cho, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City]
- 後醍醐は即位すると、天皇を中心とする政治体制の再構築を企てた。
- After ascending to the imperial throne, he attempted to restructure a political system centering on the Emperor.
- このことにより、人心が徐々にではあるが勝頼から離れつつあった。
- As a result, Katsuyori gradually lost trust among his followers.
- 5世紀には大阪平野を中心にさらに大規模な前方後円墳が営まれた。
- In the fifth century, some zenpo-koen-fun, much larger than before, were constructed mainly in the Osaka Plain.
- 1900年前後に美術学者の関野貞と岡倉天心によって提案された。
- The use of this name for the period of history itself was proposed by two art scholars, Tadashi SEKINO and Tenshin OKAKURA, in around 1900.
- これに対して国人勢力が中心となって波及したものを国一揆という。
- In contrast, an uprising that was led mainly by a kokujin (local samurai) group was called kuni ikki (provincial uprising).
- 江戸時代に入っても商業の中心地であり続け天下の台所と言われた。
- It continued to be the center of commerce in the Edo period and was called the 'Kitchen of the land.'
- (そのため、)宗氏は両氏との関係の緊密化に腐心することになる。
- Therefore, the So clan made great efforts to strengthen ties with both the clans.
- 手で直接投げたり縄を付けて遠心力で投げたりする手榴弾の様な物。
- It is similar to a grenade, thrown directly by hand or sometimes with a rope using centrifugal force.
- これらは文房具の中心であるので文房四宝・文房四友とも称される。
- Since these are major stationery, they were also called Bunboshiho or Bunboshiyu.
- 戦いの激戦地は現在の福島市街地の中心部であり、面影は全くない。
- Its fierce battlefield was located in the present city center of Fukushima, which shows no sign of it.
- 江戸は米中心の経済であり、税金の徴収のため表記が米で表された。
- Edo had a rice-centered economy and amount of tax collected was displayed in terms of an amount of rice.
- 中心概念の道(タオ)とは宇宙と人生の根源的な不滅の真理をさす。
- Do (Tao), its central concept, indicates the fundamental and immortal truth of the universe and life.
- そこに描かれるのは、付喪神と呼ばれる器物の妖怪たちが中心である。
- Specter of a variety of things called Tsukumo-gami are drawn in this picture scroll.
- 水軍は中国の南方を中心に海賊勢力に対する防衛力として維持された。
- And the suigun navy was maintained mainly in the southern part of China as a defense force against pirates.
- 商業中心地としては、ハブ港としての役割を担った堺や博多が栄えた。
- As central commercial areas, Sakai and Hakata, which played the role of a hub port, flourished.
- 画面が求心的でしかも動的に構成され、きわめて表現性に富んでいる。
- The painting is centripetal, dynamically configured, and highly expressive.
- 院政期に入ると、人びとは虚構の世界よりも事実への関心に目覚めた。
- In the Insei period, people became more aware of reality rather than the fictional world.
- それでも王朝国家体制論がこの時代の研究の中心に位置し続けている。
- Nevertheless, the theory of Dynastic polity still remains as the key issue of study of the period.
- 土倉・酒屋はそれに対抗し、金で用心棒を雇い自衛するようになった。
- Doso-sakaya protected themselves from the attacks by employing yojinbo (bodyguards).
- 鎌倉期に入っても、在庁官人を中心とした国衙行政は継続していった。
- Even during the Kamakura period, the kokuga administration centering on zaichokanjin continued.
- この価値基準の確立によって文人の画芸に対する関心は一層高まった。
- This establishment of the standard of value contributed to further stirring up Bunjin's interest in painting art.
- 文房趣味とは、文房(書斎)を中心に発展した中国文人の趣味である。
- The word 'Bunbo shumi' refers to the hobbies of Bunjin in China which developed centering around Bunbo (library).
- これを不満とした元兵士などを中心として、抗日目的の反乱が起きた。
- Former soldiers and others who were dissatisfied with this raised an anti-Japanese rebellion.
- 歴史学の関心が拡散する中でこの論争は明確な解答を得ぬまま終息した。
- The interest of historical science became diffused and the controversy came to an end without any clear result.
- - 寺社を中心に形成された町、神社の場合は鳥居前町と呼ぶ場合もある
- town formed around a temple; in the case of a shrine, it was sometimes called Toriimaemachi (town below a shrine gate)
- そのため幕府の経済政策の主力は米相場を安定させる事が中心になった。
- Therefore, the economic policy of the shogunate government focused on the stabilization of rice price.
- 『雑兵物語』で詳しく当時の生活や操典、心得などを知ることができる。
- Information about aspects such as the lifestyles, drill manuals and the hints of ashigaru of the time is known from 'Zohyo Monogatari' (Stories of Common Soldiers).
- 播磨国では赤松則村(円心)が挙兵し、その他の各地でも反乱が起きた。
- In Harima Province, Norimura AKAMATSU (Enshin) raised an army, and revolts occurred in other areas.
- 足軽、武家奉公人の他、江戸町奉行所の与力、同心、代官所の手代など。
- In addition to ashigaru or buke hokonin, there existed yoriki, doshin, tedai (clerk) in the magistrate's office and so on.
- 末法思想は多くの貴族の心を深くとらえ、阿弥陀堂が各地に造営された。
- The thought pf Mappo captivated the hearts of court nobles, and Amida-do Hall was constructed in various places.
- しかしその後、司法省を中心に本格的弾圧に向けて態勢が立て直された。
- After that, however, the Ministry of Justice and other authorities set ready for full-scale oppression.
- 医心方は、撰者丹波安頼により984年(永観2年)朝廷に献上された。
- Ishinbo was presented by the editor TANBA no Yasuyori to the court in 984.
- 一、官武一途庶民ニ至ル迄各其志ヲ遂ケ人心ヲシテ倦マサラシメン事ヲ要ス
- 1. The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.
- 「事」とは心の動きである「意」の所在であって、「知」とは良知を指す。
- Affairs' means the place where 'yi' (will), which is the activity of one's mind, exists, and 'chi' means ryochi.
- 郡山遺跡(宮城県仙台市)は当時の中心的な官衙であったとみられている。
- Koriyama ruins (Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture) is considered to have been the central governmental office at that time.
- 一 官武一途庶民ニ至ル迄各其志ヲ遂ケ人心ヲシテ倦マサラシメン事ヲ要ス
- 3. 官武一途庶民ニ至ル迄各其志ヲ遂ケ人心ヲシテ倦マサラシメン事ヲ要ス(The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.)
- 南方の台湾でも最高500µg/m3程度の黄砂が春を中心に観測される。
- Even in Taiwan located in the south, kosa in the level of 500 µg per cubic meter are observed centered on spring.
- 室町時代・戦国時代 (日本)を中心とした中世後期の日本社会を考える。
- Consider the Japanese society of the later middle ages around the Muromachi and Sengoku periods (the Warring States period).
- 成親は32歳の若さで権中納言の地位にあった、院近臣の中心人物である。
- Narichika served as Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state) at the tender age of thirty-two and was a central figure of In no Kinshin (the Retired Emperor's courtier).
- こうして成立したのが、国衙を中心とする軍制、すなわち国衙軍制である。
- Thus, the kokuga forces system, military system organized by kokuga, was established.
- それにより、頼朝を中心とする朝廷との協調路線との矛盾が潜在していた。
- It incurred latent contradiction to the cooperative policy with the Imperial Court led by Yoritomo.
- 仁和寺・大覚寺・勧修寺・三寳院・随心院・蓮華光院(坊官・諸大夫・侍)
- The Ninna-ji Temple, the Daikaku-ji Temple, the Kaju-ji Temple, the Sanbo-in Temple, the Zuishin-in Temple and the Rengeko-in Temple (Bokan [residential retainers serving at those temples], Shodaibu [fifth and fourth rank officials] and samurai [warriors])
- 肥後国米良の中心地小川(現・宮崎県児湯郡西米良村村所)に館を構えた。
- The clan built its residence in Ogawa, at the center of Mera of Higo Province (present Murasho, Nishimera Village, Koyu County, Miyazaki Prefecture).
- これはできるだけ犠牲を出したくない戦国大名の心理に依拠するものだった。
- This was based on the feeling of Sengoku daimyo who avoided big sacrifices as much as possible.
- そのため五大老や五奉行を中心に、密かに朝鮮からの撤収準備が開始された。
- Under this situation, preparations for retreat from Korea were commenced in secrecy by the Gotairo (Five Elders) and Gobugyo (five major magistrates).
- その中心には「宝戒寺二世普川国師入定窟」と伝わる巨大なやぐらがあった。
- And at their center existed a giant cave that was said to be 'the cave in which Fusen, the second chief priest of Hokai-ji Temple, practiced his calm contemplation.'
- 満貞は野心家で尾張守護職を欲して度々義満へ康行と詮直の讒言をしていた。
- Mitsusada was an ambitious person and wanted to have the shugoshiki of Owari Province, so he pandered to Yoshimitsu, making false accusations against Yasuyuki and Akinao.
- 監視役の同心が説教しても開き直る(「どんなことをしても首が落ちるだけ。
- Even when a Doshin, who was working as a supervisor, reprimanded them, they talked back ('whatever I do, my head will fall off in the end.
- 旗本の知行地は、江戸がある武蔵国を中心とした関東地方にも広く存在した。
- The chigyo-chi of Hatamoto existed widely in the Kanto region centered on Musashi Province where Edo was located.
- 古墳時代終末期の6世紀から8世紀頃にかけて東北地方を中心に制作される。
- It was made in the late Kofun period (tumulus period), from the sixth century to the eighth century, primarily in Tohoku Region.
- 元は1281年(弘安4)夏に再度、九州北部を中心に日本への侵略を試みた。
- The Yuan Dynasty again attempted to invade Japan, concentrating their forces on northern Kyushu, in the summer of 1281.
- 井伊が暗殺されると主に諸藩の下級武士を中心とする尊攘派の活動が激化した。
- Once Ii was assassinated, the Sonjo Movement led by the lower ranking warriors from various clans became more violent.
- 多田庄を本拠とする源満仲を中心とした初期清和源氏全般を指して用いる場合。
- In one case, 'Tada-Genji' means all of the early Seiwa-Genji branches whose center figure was MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka who was based in Tada Manors.
- まず府兵制が機能しなくなり、募兵を中心とする募兵制・節度使が導入された。
- First, the fubing system stopped functioning, and the mubing mercenary system and Jiedushi military governors were adopted.
- 中国の朝廷は皇帝を中心とし、丞相などの宦官を含めた中国古来の政府である。
- Chinese Imperial Court was the ancient Chinese government which centered on an emperor and involved eunuchs such as Chancellor and the like.
- そのため、ヤマト王権の支配権もそれらの地域を中心としていたと考えられる。
- It is thought that the Yamato Kingdom also exerted its hegemony mainly in these regions.
- 城下町(じょうかまち)とは、日本において、領主の城を中心に成立した都市。
- Jokamachi (castle towns) were cities that were established with the lord's castle in the center.
- 岩手の里から最上の庄へ行く途中の山中での心細さを表現するのに用いている。
- Basho used it for expressing apprehension about passing a mountainous area on the way going from a village in Iwate to another village in Mogami.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると大都市や商工都市を中心として座の数が増加するようになる。
- Once the Kamakura period began, the number of za increased in big cities and in commercial and industrial cities.
- この時期は社会経済史・文化史・思想史など幅広い分野に関心が拡がっていた。
- During this period, interests were generated in various areas of history, such as socioeconomic history, cultural history, and ideological history.
- これに触発されて播磨では赤松則村(円心)が蜂起し、伊予でも反乱が起こる。
- Encouraged by this, Norimura AKAMATSU (Enshin) rose in rebellion in Harima Province and a similar rebellion occurred in Iyo Province.
- このような一元的支配を一円知行といい、東国を中心に地頭請が行われ始めた。
- Such centralized ruling of lands refers to ichien chigyo (monistic ruling), and establishment of the jitouke system (the contract system where the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) started in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region).
- この改革は、特に弱体化されることを恐れた上級家臣を中心に反感が強かった。
- This reform provoked high-ranked vassals' antipathy in particular those who were afraid of being weakened.
- 鎌倉時代中期から南北朝時代 (日本)までを中心に、主に西日本で見られた。
- Shitaji chubun was implemented mainly in the western part of Japan from the mid-Kamakura period to the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 各組は持之頭(持筒頭・持弓頭)の元、与力10人・同心50人で構成された。
- Each unit included 10 yoriki (police sergeants) and 50 doshin (police constables) led by the commander of each unit.
- 当時、李氏朝鮮は清朝中国を中心とした冊封体制を堅持し、鎖国状態にあった。
- The Yi Dynasty Korea maintained a tributary system with the Qing Dynasty China as its center, and was closed off to the outside world at that time.
- が、豊臣軍は宮部継潤らを中心にした1万の軍勢が空堀や板塀などを用いて堅守。
- But the Toyotomi army with 10,000 soldiers led by Keijun MIYABE, persistently protected the site utilizing karabori (dry moat) and a board fence.
- しかし、薩長の倒幕派が太政官制度を復活させ、天皇を中心とした新政府を樹立。
- The anti-shogunate party of Satsuma and Choshu domains, however, revived the Great Council of State (dajokan) System, and established a new government headed by the Emperor.
- 陽明学左派の中心人物は王龍溪と王心斎であって、この両者を王学の二王と称す。
- Yomei-gaku's left-wing was led by Wang Longxi and Wang Xinzhai, who are known the Two Wangs of O-gaku.
- この時、桐野が人吉を中心に南北に両翼を張る形で薩軍を以下の通りに配置した。
- On this occasion, KIRINO organized the Satsuma army with the both flanks extending in the north-south direction from Hitoyoshi in the center as below.
- そして、万里の長城以北と満州に勢力圏を拡大し極東への野心を実行していった。
- Russia also expanded its influence area to regions north of the Great Wall of China and Manchuria, fulfilling its ambitions in the far East one by one.
- この結果同学会は解散させられ、中心人物と目された学生2名が逮捕起訴された。
- As a result, the Dogaku-kai was forced to dismantle and two students who were considered the leaders were arrested and charged.
- 上流貴族を中心に子弟の家庭教育で行う旧来の風潮を打破するには至らなかった。
- Daigaku-ryo failed to conquer traditional practice of teaching the children of high-ranking noble families at home.
- 現在では、復元された八角塔(基壇)を中心に周辺一帯が史跡公園となっている。
- Today, the site is in a historic park, and has a reconstructed octagonal tower (a stylobate).
- 陣屋を置いていた福本村及び隣村の粟賀村は同地域の政治経済の中心地であった。
- Fukumoto-mura, where the jinya was located, and neighboring Awaga-mura were the political and economic center of the region.
- 騎兵は与力や旗本である御目見以上の小普請組から、砲兵は同心から編成された。
- The horse soldier troops were composed of Kobushin-gumi in the rank over omemie such as yoriki (a police sergeant) or hatamoto, while artillery was composed of doshin (a police constable).
- 同文会は東亜会設立の翌1898年、貴族院議長・近衛篤麿を中心に結成された。
- The Dobun-kai was formed, led by Atsumaro KONOE, the Chairman of the House of Peers, in 1898, the year following establishment of the Toa-kai.
- 安土桃山時代の作とされる福井県小浜市発心寺の屏風絵などがその代表作である。
- Masterpieces include the painting on the folding screen in Hasshin-ji Temple in Obama City, Fukui Prefecture, which is said to have been drawn in the Momoyama period.
- 西の脇庵の砦(城将は西方院覚心)……茶臼山城(現紀の川市(旧那賀町))を指す
- The Fort of West Wakian (脇庵) (the commander was Kakushin of Seiho-in Temple) which referred to Chausuyama-jo Castle (Kinokawa City at present [former Naga Town])
- この政策は、忠棟が熱心な一向宗門徒であったことが関係しているとする説がある。
- According to an opinion, this policy was related to the fact that Tadamune was a devoted Ikko believer.
- 岡山藩や水戸藩、淀藩などの儒教が興隆した藩を中心に神仏分離政策が行なわれた。
- The policy to separate Buddhism and Shintoism was adopted in Domains where Confucianism flourished, such as the Okayama Domain, the Mito Domain, and the Yodo Domain.
- 地球温暖化による降水量減少が原因で、先進国を中心とした世界全体に責任がある。
- It has been caused by a decrease in rainfall due to global warming, and the responsibility resides in advanced nations.
- 「彼らの経済的基盤がいかなるものであるかは、ここでは中心的な問題ではない。」
- Their economical base is not a main problem here.'
- 中国では古代において東アジアの中心的な位置を占めており早くに文明が起こった。
- In ancient times, China occupied the central position in East Asia.
- 中国は自らが東アジアの中心となり近隣諸国・地域との冊封体制を構築していった。
- In China, civilization occurred during earlier times and as the center of East Asia, China built a tributary system with neighboring countries and areas.
- それは中国王朝を中心とする天下のなかにあった時期が極めて長かったことによる。
- The reason for the above is because Korea was included in the Tenka of the Chinese dynasty for a quite long time.
- 藤原良相が勅を受けて編纂を開始し、その没後は藤原氏宗が中心となって編纂した。
- FUJIWARA no Yoshimi, who received the Imperial order, started the compilation and after his death, mainly FUJIWARA no Ujimune compiled it.
- 一方では、商人の経済活動が活発化し、都市を中心に庶民文化(化政文化)が栄えた。
- Meanwhile, economic activities by merchants became active, and a popular culture (Kasei culture) flourished mainly within the cities.
- 心の外に理を認めない陽明学では、経書など外的知識によって理を悟るわけではない。
- In Yomei-gaku, which denies the existence of 'ri' outside of one's mind, people do not attain 'ri' through external knowledge like the Classics.
- 心全体を理とするならば、その内にある欲望のみを否定することは原理的にできない。
- If the entire mind is considered to be 'ri', it is fundamentally impossible to deny only the desire in the mind.
- (福岡案第二条)官武一途庶民に至る迄各其志を遂げ人心をして倦まざらしむるを要す
- (The second article of Fukuoka draft) 官武一途庶民に至る迄各其志を遂げ人心をして倦まざらしむるを要す。 (The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.)
- また、初期の自由民権運動は不平士族が中心になっていた(士族民権ともいわれる)。
- In addition, the Freedom and People's Rights Movement (also called Shizokuminken) was initiated mostly by fuhei shizoku (dissatisfied former samurai).
- 前九年の役から『平家物語』の時代まで、武士の戦闘は騎馬武者の弓射が中心である。
- The battles of bushi mainly consisted of mounted warrior archers from the Zenkunen War (the Early Nine Years' War) to the period of the 'Tale of Heike.'
- 物語の挿絵にとどまらず、人物の心意や場面の情趣をも描いた物語絵巻の傑作である。
- This is the great story emakimono which described the feelings of characters and emotions as illustrations are going beyond the role as an illustration.
- 心柱が初層の天井裏で止まり、板床となるその上には中央方一間に仏壇を構えている。
- Its central pillar ends under the roof of the first-level pagoda, and on the wooden floor located over the roof, a Buddhist alter is put on a square whose side is ikken (appox. 1.8 m) in the center of the floor.
- 若衆は、惣村の警察・自衛・消防・普請・耕作など共同体の労働の中心を担っていた。
- Wakashu played a central part in the work of the community, such as police, self-defense, firefighting, construction and cultivation.
- また、丹波康頼の『医心方』にも引用されるなど後世の医学・博物学に影響を与えた。
- In addition, the dictionary influenced medical science and natural history in later ages; for example, it was quoted in 'Ishinho' (an ancient medical book) written by TANBA no Yasuyori.
- 定住生活には、植物質食料、特に堅果類が食料の中心になっていたと想像されている。
- The main food source is thought to be of plant foods especially nuts during the sedentary life.
- 一般の小売は銭遣いが中心であり、銭一枚は一文 (通貨単位)という単位であった。
- General retail market was traded in zeni (the auxiliary currency) where one zeni was equivalent to one mon (a unit of currency).
- 以後、ロンドンは20世紀まで世界経済及び金融の中心的地位を占めることになった。
- London had since been the center of world economy and finance up to the 20th century.
- 久扶は再興軍に参加することなく、吉川元春に起請文を提出して異心無きことを示した。
- Hisasuke did not participate in the restoration army, and presented written vows to Motoharu KIKKAWA to show that he harbored no treacherous designs.
- 江戸時代は征夷大将軍徳川氏を中心として、武士階級が支配していた封建社会であった。
- The Edo period was a feudal society where the soldier class (samurai) ruled with the barbarian-quelling generalissimo, or the shogun, the Tokugawa clan as the central figure.
- 1871年の琉球島民殺害事件にたいして薩摩藩出身者を中心に台湾出兵が建言された。
- In response to the murders of some Ryukyu sailors in 1871, politicians mainly from the Satsuma Domain strongly suggested the dispatch of troops to Taiwan.
- 江戸時代には、主に大坂を中心とした西日本および北陸、東北と広域に亘って流通した。
- In the Edo period, Chogin were circulated widely in western Japan mainly in the Osaka and Hokuriku and Tohoku regions.
- 宗氏は当初恒居倭を掌握しておらず、自身の支配下にある対馬への送還に熱心であった。
- At the beginning, since the So clan did not have a command of kokyowa, they actively sent kokyowa back to Tsushima, which was the place under the control of the clan.
- この時点ではまだ東国中心の地方政権であったが天皇・上皇と並ぶ武家権力が誕生した。
- At this stage, the bakufu was a local government mainly in the eastern countries, but a samurai authority that was comparable to the emperor and the retired emperor was born.
- 寺社や天皇陵などの歴史遺産が豊富にある京都市北西部地域の住民・大学が中心の団体。
- The main members of the conference are residents and academics from universities in the north-western part of Kyoto City where there are a large number of historical heritage sites, such as temples, shrines, and Emperor tombs.
- 中心となる両流造の社殿は後世に再建されたものだが、平氏の時代の様式を残している。
- The main building in ryonagare-zukuri (a style of early Shinto shrines that have 'hisashi,' a kind of envelope, in front and behind) were reproduced after ages, an example of the remaining style in the period of the Taira clan.
- 一方の上杉軍は福島城の本庄繁長、梁川城の須田長義を中心に約6千の兵のみであった。
- On the other hand, the Uesugi army had only about 6,000 soldiers mainly led by Shigenaga HONJO in the Fukushima-jo Castle and Nagayoshi SUDA in the Yanagawa-jo Castle.
- 曹喜の『筆論』、蔡ヨウ『篆勢』、張芝『筆心論』などに書体や筆法が論じられている。
- Calligraphic styles and ways of writing were dealt with in books such as 'Hitsuron'of SO Ki, 'Tensei' of SAI Yo and 'Hisshinron' of CHO Shi.
- 日本は、アメリカの植民地となっていたフィリピンに対して野心のないことを表明する。
- Japan declared that it had no aggressive plans for the Philippines which had been the colony of the United States.
- その結果、海軍・陸軍、官僚、国家主義団体などを中心に政党政治への不満が高まった。
- Consequently, there was increasing disaffection with party government among the Navy, the Army, the bureaucracy, nationalist organizations, etc.
- 1873年より、大蔵省租税寮を中心として地租改正の作業が本格的に進められていた。
- Since 1873, Land-Tax Bureau of the Ministry of Finance had been proceeding Land-Tax Reform in full-scale.
- 渡来僧の中でもうひとり特筆すべきは延宝5年(1677年)に来日した東皐心越である。
- There is another notable priest, Toko Shinetsu, who came from China in 1677.
- 佐々木惣一、大石義雄、阿部照哉、佐藤幸治 (憲法学者)らを中心とした憲法学の学派。
- The school for Study of the Constitution centered on Soichi SASAKI, Yoshio OISHI, Teruya ABE, Koji SATO (constitutional scholars), and others.
- 唯一の例外は1629年(寛永6年)に漢城に送られた僧を中心とした対馬藩使節である。
- The envoy from the Tsushima Domain in 1629, which consisted mainly of priests and was sent up to Hanseong, was the only exception.
- 農耕社会の発展とともに地域集団は大型化していき、その中心部には環濠集落が営まれた。
- Corresponding to the advancement of an agriculture-based society, the sizes of the local communities had become larger, being surrounded-by-moat type settlements at their centers
- 蝦夷の性格については、後のアイヌとの関係を中心に、江戸時代から学説が分かれている。
- There have been two different theories concerning the characteristics of the Emishi, revolving around the relationship with the Ainu since the Edo period.
- さらに今日の歴史学では西欧中心の単線的な発展段階史観が強く批判されるようになった。
- In today's historical science, the unilinear evolution phase concept of history focused mainly on Western Europe is sharply criticized.
- 没落しつつある貴族層の関心が庶民や新興階級である武士に向かったのも院政期であった。
- It was the Insei period when the interests of fallen court nobles moved to the common people or samurai, an emerging class.
- 医心方(いしんぼう)とは平安時代の宮中医官である鍼博士丹波康頼撰によって書かれた。
- Ishinbo was compiled by TANBA no Yasuyori, who was a court physician and acupuncturist in the Heian period.
- 替わって年季奉公を中心としたものに変わり、「下男、下女」という呼称が定着してくる。
- Instead, the duties of the genin were shifted to those based on apprenticeship, and the new naming of the genin, 'genan' (man servant) and 'gejo' (maid servant), began to take root.
- 6月(盗賊討伐への出陣、武具乗馬の借用、出陣の命令系統と心得、武具・馬具の名称)、
- June: Departure for the subjugation of robbers, borrowing of weapons and horses, knowledge of departure for battle and of the chain of command, and nomenclature of weapons and harness
- かつては『保暦間記』の記述により、野心を抱いた北条宗方が引き起こしたものとされた。
- According to descriptions in 'Horyakukanki' (a history book of the 14 century in Japan), it was once said that this incident was caused by ambitious Munekata HOJO.
- 当時、日本とロシアの関係が問題となっており、河野は心中深く決心するところがあった。
- At that time, relationship between Japan and Russia was at issue, and KONO really did make up his mind.
- 大成会を中心とした政府(第1次松方内閣)支持の政党・会派に属する95名が結成した。
- It was formed by 95 people who belonged to political parties ・ parliamentary groups headed by the Taisei-kai Group which supported the government (the 1st Matsukata cabinet).
- 試行錯誤しながら、律令国家・天皇中心の専制国家・中央集権国家を目指した時代であった。
- It was an age which aimed, through trial and error, to create ritsuryo kokka (a nation centrally governed in accordance with Chinese-based legal codes), an autocratic nation centered around the emperor and centralized authority.
- 酒屋役(さかややく)とは、室町幕府によって京都を中心とする酒屋に課された課税のこと。
- Sakaya-yaku was a tax imposed upon sake breweries in Kyoto by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 8日、院側の武力の中心である行家が、重大な局面にも関わらず平氏追討のため京を離れた。
- On December 30, Yukiie, the center of the force on the side of the Cloistered Emperor, left Kyoto to search and kill the Taira clan though it was a crucial time.
- この趣味生活が文学を中心に書画や音楽など芸術全般に広がり、文人の余技となっていった。
- This enjoyable pastime was expanded to encompass all kinds of arts not only literature but also calligraphic works, paintings and music and became an avocation of Bunjin.
- その後、特に銀遣い経済地域である西国の諸大名を中心として、多くの藩が藩札を発行した。
- Later, han bills were issued by many domains, mainly territorial lords in Saigoku (the western part of Japan) where silver coins were commonly circulated.
- が、しかしその中心に位置する清朝自体が近代国際法に対応した動きをし始めるようになる。
- However, the Qing dynasty, the center of the structure started acting to abide by international law.
- 東京大学を中心とする学派の政治学的解釈に対する法律学的解釈を志向するなどを特色とする。
- They were characteristically oriented towards legal analysis against political analysis by schools centered in Tokyo University.
- 心を外的な規範から解放した結果、六経などの経書を尊び学ぶ姿勢が減退していくことになる。
- When the mind was freed from external norms, the attitude of respecting and learning the Classics such as the Six Classics declined.
- 我ら臣下は謹んで天皇の意向を承り、死を誓い、勤勉に従事し、願わくは天皇を安心させよう。
- We subjects will gracefully accept the wish of the Emperor, pledge our lives, engage diligently and make the Emperor feel at ease, hopefully.
- 法華経30巻、阿弥陀経1巻、般若心経1巻、平清盛自筆の願文1巻と、経箱・唐櫃からなる。
- The donated scriptures comprise 30 volumes of the Lotus Sutra, one each of the Sukuhavati sutra, the Heart Sutra and TAIRA no Kiyomori's gammon (Buddhist prayer) in his own hand, kyobako (boxes in which the Buddhist scriptures are kept) and a karabitsu (six-legged Chinese-style chest).
- 氏族の血統が重んじられた古代・中世において、氏族の秩序は氏長者を中心に維持されてきた。
- In ancient times and during the medieval period when the blood line of a clan was highly regarded, the order within the clan was maintained mainly by the ujinochoja (head of a clan).
- 有司専制(ゆうしせんせい)とは、明治政府の藩閥官僚中心・超然主義の政府を批判した言葉。
- Yushi Sensei is a term criticizing the Meiji government for their domain cliques and transcendentalism.
- 摂津国の豊嶋郡、能勢郡、川辺郡、有馬郡に散在する同藩の領地を中心とした地域で通用した。
- The ginsatsu was mainly circulated in the domain's territories located in Teshima-gun, Nose-gun, Kawabe-gun, and Arima-gun in Settsu Province.
- すでに一定の洋式化が進んでいた八王子千人同心も編入され、八王子千人隊と改称されている。
- Hachioji Sennin Doshin (junior officials in Hachioji), which was already westernized to a certain degree, was also incorporated, changing its name to Hachioji Sennin tai.
- このころから高綱を中心に勧進への東国の支援の態勢も整い、大仏殿の工事はすすんでいった。
- In these days, the Great Buddha Hall construction work began to proceed smoothly with full financial support from the eastern provinces led by Takatsuna.
- 海軍に関しては軍制掛の一人である軍艦奉行・木村摂津守を中心に改革の計画立案が行われた。
- In terms of Navy, a military reform plan was formulated, centering on gunkan bugyo (the government's naval magistrate), Kimura Settsu no kami (the governor of Settsu Province) who was a member of gakari for military reforms.
- この騒動の首謀者は山之内某で、久米郡 (伊予国)を中心に3000人もの参加者があった。
- The riot was led by a certain YAMANOUCHI, and about 3,000 people mainly from Kume-gun county (Iyo Province) joined the riot.
- 戦後景勝は、腹心の直江兼続の弟、樋口与七を養子に入れて強引に小国氏を継がせ、大国と改姓。
- After the war, Kagekatsu had a younger brother of his confidant Kanetsugu NAOE, called Yoshichi HIGUCHI, adopted, whereupon he took on the Oguni clan and changed the name to Okuni.
- 民間の憲法案も多数発表されたが、憲法起草の中心になった伊藤博文は以下のように述べている。
- Many common people published their own ideas for a constitution, but Hirobumi ITO who was a leading editor of the draft mentioned about them as follows;
- 中心には、彼らがテンシュと呼ぶ一種の塔があり、私たちの塔より気品があり壮大な建築である。
- In the center of the castle town, there was a kind of tower that people called 'Tenshu,' which was more elegant and magnificent than the towers we know.
- また、東大寺や興福寺の仏像再興には、康慶、運慶、快慶ら慶派を中心とする仏師が登用された。
- And in the reconstruction of statues in Todai-ji Temple and Kofuku-ji Temple, busshi (sculptors of Buddhist statues) from the Kei school (a school of sculptors at that time), such as Kokei, Unkei, and Kaikei, played a major role.
- しかし、坂本城跡の中心部で大規模な宅地開発が計画されたので、これに伴う調査を実施された。
- However, as a large scale housing development was planned right in the center of Sakamoto-jo castle, a survey was conducted with the developing plan.
- 「心即理」は陸象山が朱子の「性即理」の反措定として唱えた概念で、王陽明はそれを継承した。
- Shin soku ri' is a concept advocated by Lu Hsiang-shan as the antithesis to Zhu Xi's 'Sei soku ri', and taken up by Wang Yangming.
- 西郷は新政府に必要なのは士族を中心とした軍備強化と農本主義的な国家経営であると主張した。
- Saigo argued that what was necessary for the new government was a strong military power based on samurai and an agriculture-oriented nation management.
- 当時の荘園・公領で現地での生産活動の中心だったのが、上層農民の名主(みょうしゅ)である。
- In shoen and koryo in those days the center of production activity on the spot was myoshu (owner of rice fields) of high-ranking farmers.
- これらの神宮寺は雑密系の経典を中心とし、地域の豪族層の支援を受けて確立しようとしていた。
- Such Jingu-ji Temples were led by the Zo-mitsu Buddhist scripture and tried to settle with the support of the local ruling families.
- 平安時代の末になると、日本でも大量の宋銭が輸入され、都市を中心に貨幣経済が浸透してくる。
- In the late Heian period, a lot of Sung Dynasty Chinese coins were imported into Japan, and a monetary economy prevailed mainly in cities.
- 惣村の結合の中心である宮座への参加が認められた百姓を惣百姓といい、惣村の構成員とされた。
- A peasant who was allowed to participate in the miyaza, or the center of the connection of soson, was called Sobyakusho (member of the soson village system) and was recognized as a member of the soson.
- 異文化の概念を紹介するに当たって、もっとも苦心を要するのが自文化とのすり合わせといえる。
- In introducing concepts in foreign culture, the largest difficultly exists in harmonization between such culture and culture of the own country.
- また、天皇家が同社の株式を所有していたことも含め、名実とも日本の朝鮮経営の中心となった。
- Furthermore, it became the center of Japanese colonial administration in Korea both nominally and virtually as symbolized by the fact that the Imperial Family owned the stock of the company.
- 兼実は東大寺再建に熱心なのだから、国政の中心人物になったことは、東大寺にいいこともある。
- Kanezane, who was eager to reconstruct Todai-ji Temple, became a key person in the national government, which also worked favorably for Todai-ji Temple.
- 江戸時代に体制教学であった朱子学は人間の欲望充足・利害への関心に厳しい抑制を求めていた。
- Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism), a system teaching and learning in the Edo period, required severe restraint against people's satisfaction of desires and interests.
- その後天心らが東京美術学校から追放され、横山大観や下村観山らとともに日本美術院を結成する。
- After that, Tenshin and his followers were in turn purged from the university, so Tenshin established the Japan Art Institute with Taikan YOKOYAMA, Kanzan SHIMOMURA and others.
- 政治的な中心である江戸に対し、古くからの文化的な中心地・先進地域を指す語として用いられた。
- Edo was the political center while Kamigata was the ancient cultural center or culturally developed area.
- 新政府を諸藩と対峙させることによって政権両派の再統一と求心力を回復させようとしたのである。
- They intended to reunify both groups recuperate its centripetal force by making the new government face off against the domains.
- このため、重工業中心で「芋づる」方式と呼ばれる、企業間において関連性の強い生産関係を持つ。
- Accordingly, the major sector of the zaibatsu is heavy industry; they have strong production relationships among companies, which is called the 'Imozuru' system (one-after-another system).
- 平清盛の時代に平氏政権の中心となるが、後に清盛は洛中に「西八条邸」を造営して拠点を移した。
- In the days of TAIRA no Kiyomori, Rokuhara became the center of the Taira clan government, however, Kiyomori later constructed his 'Nishihachijo residence' in central Kyoto and moved his base to this residence.
- 藤原氏は子女を入内させると天皇の歓心を得るために有能な女性を選抜し、女房として近侍させた。
- Once their daughters entered the Imperial Family, the Fujiwara clan selected capable women and put them beside the emperor as female personal assistants to gain the emperor's favor.
- 正史である六国史の編纂は「撰国史所」などと呼ばれていた機関を中心に国家事業として行われた。
- The Rikkokushi, the official histories, were compiled as a national project centered on an organization called Senkokushisho the (history compilation bureau).
- この堂は、当時京都を中心に多数建立された九体阿弥陀堂として唯一残った遺構として貴重である。
- The hall is precious since it is the only one in existence as a ruminant of a Kutai Amida-do Hall (Hall of Nine Amidas) of many that were built around Kyoto at that time.
- 二人は身の潔白を主張したが聞き入れられず、11月12日にそろって毒を飲んで心中したという。
- Though two persons insisted on their innocence, it was not accepted and they poisoned themselves on December 18.
- 明治時代には陸軍を中心に迂回奇襲説が、近年では信長公記に基づいて正面攻撃説が主流であった。
- In the Meiji period, it was particularly believed by the army that the Oda army attacked by way of a detour, but in recent years, the belief that they attacked head-on has been favored, based on Shincho Koki (Biography of Nobunaga ODA).
- なお、この過程において、国司(国衙機構)を中心とする軍事制度、すなわち国衙軍制が成立した。
- In the course of these events, a military system centering on kokushi (the kokuga system); namely, the kokuga forces system was formed.
- 且ツ手廻リノ人数ニモ高名ノ心懸ヲ止テ、只鎗ノ柄ヲ短く切詰メ、眞丸ニ成テ突懸ルへシト下知シ。
- He also ordered his aides to attack together by choking up on a spear without thinking of a military exploit.
- また寺社奉行、町奉行、勘定奉行は三奉行と呼ばれ、評定所のもっとも中心になる構成員であった。
- The Jisha-bugyo, Machi-bugyo, and Kanjo-bugyo were called san Bugyo (three magistrates) and they were major members of the Hyojosho.
- 鉄器の初現は弥生時代早期とされ、弥生時代中期前半までには北部九州で工具を中心に一般化した。
- Ironware emerged in the earlier Yayoi period and it became widespread around northern Kyushu mainly as tools, by the first half of middle of Yayoi period.
- 刑事法を中心として72の事例について、律令格式の正文及び家学の学説を引用して解説している。
- In this book, he explains 72 cases, mostly the criminal law, quoting from the text of the Ritsuryokyakushiki (laws of codes and ethics [conduct]) and the theories of his hereditary learning.
- 金弘集は何如璋らの説得に心を動かされ、その意向を朝鮮へ帰国した後に高宗や官僚たちに伝えた。
- Hong-jip KIM was moved by the conviction by Ruzhang HE and others and told Gojong and government officials about this after he went back to Korea.
- また演説会・雑誌という当時目新しかった情報伝達手段もそれ自体が関心を引くのに十分であった。
- In addition, the ways of transmission of information themselves such as speech meetings and bulletin fully gathered attention.
- 現在の博多から箱崎の海岸が貿易の中心となり、大宋国商客宿坊と名を変えた鴻臚館での貿易は衰退。
- As a result, with the transfer of the trade center from the present Hakata to the coast of Hakozaki, trade at Korokan, the name of which had already been changed to the Daisokoku shokyaku shukubo (lodgings in a temple for visitors from the Great Song Dynasty), declined.
- そのうちの一官として、公議輿論の中心となる立法議事機関である議政官を設けることなどを定めた。
- One of seven departments was Giseikan which was a legislative assembly for public opinion.
- 江戸時代の藩・知行所における陣屋、もしくは天領における代官所などを中心に形成された町である。
- Jinyamachi was formed around jinya (feudal lord's residence) in the feudal domain and chigyosho (sub-fief) or daikansho (district office) in Tenryo (shogunal lands) during the Edo period.
- これは、理そのものである心は善悪を超えたものだが、意(心が発動したもの)には善悪が生まれる。
- They mean that one's mind, which is ri itself, transcends good and evil, and that it is one's intentions (i.e. one's activity of mind) that cause good or evil.
- 薩軍は都城敗退後、官軍の北・西・南からの攻撃に備え、宮崎を中心に諸隊を以下のように配置した。
- After having been defeated in Miyakonojo, the Satsuma army deployed its troops in the following formation around Miyazaki, preparing for attacks by the government army from the north, west and south.
- この琉球問題の決裂と日本の台湾への野心の疑いから清側ではこの後対日強硬論が唱えられるに至る。
- This breakdown in negotiations over the Ryukyu issue and the suspected ambition of Japan to rule Taiwan caused opinions supporting a hard-line policy against Japan.to increase in Qing.
- 倒幕派の諸藩を中心とする維新政府は戊辰戦争を経て旧幕府勢力を退けると、明治新政府を樹立した。
- The restoration government centered on the domains for overthrowing the bakufu expelled the former bakufu powers via the Boshin Civil War, and then established the new Meiji government.
- また、出席者も太政大臣以下の公卿や官人が出席して熱心な講義・意見交換が行われたとされている。
- It is also said that there were lively lectures and traffic in ideas among the participants composed of the Grand Minister, Kugyo (the top court officials), and other government officials.
- 全国でそのような状況を解決するために、仏教寺院などを中心にして造られたのが「布施屋」である。
- In order to resolve such conditions on a nationwide basis, places like Buddhists temples were used as a focal point to establish 'Fuseya.'
- 義仲は入京した同盟軍の武将を周辺に配置して、自らは中心地である九重(左京)の守護を担当した。
- Placing busho (military commanders) of the allied troops that had entered the capital on the outskirts of the capital, Yoshinaka took charge of guarding Kokonoe (Sakyo), the central area.
- 4月(領地の繁栄と為政の心得、市町の経営と諸職業人の招致、商取引の施設と業種、諸国特産品)、
- April: Prosperity of territories, understanding of politics, administration of villages and towns, invitation of various professionals, facilities for commercial trades and types of business, and indigenous local products
- 例えば、生花心得・詩歌・小謡・文書様作法・商売往来・筆を取る方法・筆づかい・十二月異名など。
- Represented in some of these materials were: Appreciation of the art of flower arrangement, poetry, small pieces of song, manners for writing, business know-how, penmanship, brushwork, and synonyms for the names of the months.
- 韓国統監であった伊藤博文と彼を中心とするグループは、「併合は時期尚早である」として反対した。
- Hirobumi ITO, Inspector General of Korea, and his group were opposed to it, because 'the annexation was too early.'
- それは氏子調における中心となる神社で、江戸時代の宗門改の檀那寺にかわるものとして設定された。
- It was positioned as a main shrine for Ujiko shirabe (religious policy introduced by the Meiji government which obliged people to become ujiko [shrine parishioner] of their local shrines) and was established as an alternative to Danna-dera (family temple) under Shumon aratame (the inquisition for suppressing Christianity) in the Edo period.
- その後、日本では北海道を除く、関東・中部地方を中心に100箇所から650本ほどの出土がある。
- After that, about 650 of the artifacts were unearthed at 100 sites in Kanto and Chubu regions and other areas except Hokkaido.
- 室町時代に流行した私印は江戸時代初期にも見られ、藤原惺窩や林羅山などの儒者を中心に用いられた。
- Private seals, which became popular in the Muromachi period, were still used by people, centering around Confucians such as Seika FUJIWARA and Razan HAYASHI in the early Edo period.
- だが同月末には再度攻勢に出て、討伐に当たった杉若無心・桑山重晴・宇多頼忠らは苦戦を強いられた。
- However, it began to attack again at the end of November, and made Mushin SUGIWAKA, Shigeharu KUWAYAMA, Tadayori UTA and others face an uphill battle.
- 平安時代後期には源信_(僧侶)(恵心僧都)の『往生要集』などの影響で浄土教信仰が盛んとなった。
- In the later Heian period, Priest Genshin (also called Eshin Sozu) wrote 'Ojoyoshu' (The Essentials of Salvation), and this helped the spread of the faith in Jodo Sect (the Pure Land Sect of Buddhism).
- 1960年代より「大逆事件の真実をあきらかにする会」を中心に、再審請求などの運動が推進された。
- After 1960s, 'the association to find a truth of Taigyaku Jiken' led the movement to demand retrial of the case.
- しかし陽明学では心以外の外的な権威を否定するため、もう読書などは不可欠なものとは認められない。
- In contrast, as Yomeigaku denies authorities outside of one's mind, reading is considered dispensable.
- しかし、秀家は関ヶ原の戦いで西軍の中心武将と見られて流罪となり、大名としての宇喜多氏は滅んだ。
- However, Hideie was deemed as the leading busho (Japanese military commander) and condemned to exile and the Ukita clan, as a daimyo, was ruined.
- 同じ談話者の『富家語』とともに、有職故実・公事を中心に当時の公家社会の実況を伝えて貴重である。
- As well as 'Fukego,' a quotation collection from Tadazane's discourse, Chugaisho is precious because it conveys the real lives of aristocracy at the time including yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) as well as official court events.
- これは、キリスト教の宣教師たちに「坂東の大学」といわれ、当時の日本の中心的な学校と考えられた。
- This was called 'the college of Bando' by Christian missionaries, and in those day it was thought as a central school in Japan.
- これが発展し鎌倉を本拠とした地方政権を樹立し、東国を中心に守護と地頭の設置を朝廷に認めさせる。
- Due to development of this system, he established a Kamakura-based local government and convinced the Imperial Court to allow him to deploy provincial constables and lords of manors mainly in eastern countries.
- 昭和期に入ると国粋主義的な天皇を中心とする歴史観(皇国史観)や勧善懲悪史観が隆盛するに至った。
- Then, entering the Showa period, nationalistic views of history centered on the Emperor (Kokoku Shikan, that is emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto) and poetic justice views of history became prosperous.
- 『童子教』・『実語教』などが教科書として用いられたが、次第に往来物が教科書の中心となっていく。
- Books like 'Dojikyo' and 'Jitsugokyo' were originally used for textbooks, but eventually most textbooks were replaced with Oraimono.
- 幕末に、江戸幕府が多紀に校勘させた「医心方」の元本には、半井家に伝わっていたものが使用された。
- The original text of 'Ishinbo' that the Edo bakufu had Taki revise at the end of the period was based on the manuscript that had been handed down in the Nakarai family.
- これを寄騎同心制といい、重臣に大きな権力を与えずに備を構成・指揮させるのに有効な手段であった。
- This is called the yoriki doshin system, and it was an effective strategy in organizing and commanding sonae without giving too much power to the senior vassal.
- 畿内における宗門の責任者であった蓮淳は、熱心な法華宗徒であった元長に対し深い恨みを抱いていた。
- Renjun, who was responsible for the religious community in Kinai, had strong resentment against Motonaga, who was a pious follower of the Hokke sect (Nichiren sect).
- 議論の中心となったのは、加藤弘之の民撰議院時期尚早論(「民撰議院不可立の論」第4号)であった。
- The discussion focused on an opinion by Hiroyuki KATO that establishment of democratic representatives was too early ('A theory of impossibility of democratic representatives' No.4).
- ①書状中に「可御心安候」という文言があることから直江は「尊意」とは明らかに区別して使用している。
- (1) Naoe's use of 'your thought' is obviously distinguished because there was the phrase 'your will shall be at peace' in the letter.
- 家康の関東入国に従って代官頭(関東郡代の前身)となり、徳川氏の関東領国支配の中心的役割を担った。
- When Ieyasu entered the Kanto region, Tadatsugu followed him to become daikangashira (head of Edo-period prefectural governorship (magistrate, bailiff)), the predecessor of Kanto gundai (a magistrate of the Kanto region), playing a leading role in Tokugawa's rule of their Kanto territory.
- これに対して野心は無いと答え、人質に母親を差し出せと織田信長の命に従わず、亀裂は決定的になった。
- Murashige ARAKI replied that he had no ambition, but refused Nobunaga's requirement to submit his mother as a hostage and the chasm became decisive.
- この時代の前期には引き続き院政が行われていたものの、政治・文化の中心は次第に鎌倉へ移っていった。
- In the former half of the Kamakura period, the nominal rule of the cloistered emperor still continued in Kyoto, but Kamakura gradually replaced Kyoto as the center stage of Japanese politics and culture.
- 豊臣秀頼・淀殿は、豊臣秀吉没後から秀吉の追善供養として畿内を中心に寺社の修復・造営を行っている。
- Hideyori TOYOTOMI/Yodo-dono built or repaired temples and shrines mainly in Kinai region as memorial services for Hideyoshi after his death.
- しかし、京・畿内を中心とした地域の外では、稲や布などを物品貨幣とする交易が広くおこなわれていた。
- However, outside of the area around Fujiwarakyo and Kinai, trade based on material currencies such as rice plant and cloth was widely conducted.
- (現代表記)官武一途庶民にいたるまで、おのおのその志を遂げ、人心をして倦まざらしめんことを要す。
- (modern written Japanese) 官武一途庶民にいたるまで、おのおのその志を遂げ、人心をして倦まざらしめんことを要す。(The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.)
- これによって、貿易再開の見込みが絶たれ、東アジアでは倭寇(後期倭寇)による密貿易が中心となった。
- Thereby the possibility of resuming the trade was thwarted, with the result that the illegal trade carried on by wako (late wako) became the key trade in East Asia.
- 関東や在京の御家人を中心に構成されており西日本の有力御家人、武勇に優れた武士が多く所属していた。
- The group's central members were the gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) from Kyoto and the eastern regions, and many powerful gokenin and other outstanding bushi (samurai) from the west Japan belonged to the group.
- 庸調などの人頭税は,財源の中心と位置づけられており,民衆にとっては極めて負担過重なものであった。
- Yo and Cho of So-Yo-Cho, kinds of Jintozei, were recognized as the core financial resources, becoming an overwhelming burden on people.
- 伝統的権威を求心力とした時代、その重要な要素である血縁や格式が武士の心理において大きく作用した。
- Because it was an age when traditional authority was used as a centripetal force, blood relations and the social standing which were the important elements of traditional authority significantly acted on the psychology of the warriors.
- 連歌をおこなうときは、貴賤を問わず参加者は、紙に書き取る執筆を中心に円になって、一座をつくった。
- The participants lined up in a circle around a writing written on paper when performing the renga without regard for high or low social status.
- 稲作を中心とする農耕社会が成立し、北部九州から本州最北端以北を除く日本列島各地へ急速に広まった。
- Agriculture-based society centered on rice cultivation was established and spread rapidly to various parts of the Japanese islands, from northern Kyushu to throughout Honshu, except for the northernmost part of the Honshu and the further northern territories.
- 換言すれば、田堵負名層の下に編成された下人、従者、所従らは国家の関心の埒外となったとも言えよう。
- In other words, it can be recognized that those people who were organized under the tato and fumyo class, such as low-ranked people, servants, and retainers, were placed outside the nation's interest.
- 江戸時代に入ると、大坂を中心とした金融網の形成によって全国的な為替制度へと発展することとなった。
- In the Edo period, a financial network was formed with Osaka at its center, which developed into a national currency exchange system.
- しかし室町幕府が求心力を失った後、再び倭寇が出没するようになり、また日朝貿易は一時的に中断した。
- However, after Muromachi bakufu lost its centripetal force, wako (Japanese pirates) made frequent appearances and Japan-Korea trade was interrupted for some time.
- これにより多くの国に共通の文化圏、経済圏が形成され、黄河中流域を中心に「中国」概念も拡大された。
- Because of these movements, a common cultural or economic sphere was established in many provinces, and the notion of 'China' became widespread in the area located along the middle reaches of the Yellow River.
- 磨かれた鏡面の裏側には中心に鈕(つまみ)があり、その周囲にさまざまな画像や文様が鋳出されている。
- There was a handle on the center of the reverse side of the polished mirror, around which various images and designs were given.
- 童心とは経書など外的権威・道徳を学ぶ以前の純真な心を指し、読書学問によってかえって失われるとした。
- The child's mind is the pure mind before learning about morals and external authorities such as the Classics, and he said this is lost through reading and learning.
- この傾向は王心斎の一派にも見られ、それ故にもはや儒教ではなく 禅宗の学だという批判を招くに至った。
- This tendency was also seen in the Wang Xinzhai's group, which led to Yomeigaku being criticized as no longer Confucianism but Zen Buddhism teaching.
- 江戸幕府は、直属の足軽を幕府の末端行政・警備警察要員等として「徒士(かち)」や「同心」に採用した。
- The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) employed the ashigaru under its direct control in administrative and policing roles as kachi (foot guards) and doshin (police constables).
- 施政にあたる人物で、最初に教育に関心を示したといわれるのは、聖徳太子(574年-622年)である。
- Among those who had administrative rights, the first person who was considered to be interested in education was Prince Shotoku (574- 622).
- これをマルティリウムといい、礼拝の場である教会と並び、キリスト教コミュニティの重要な中心となった。
- This was called 'martyrium' and along with the church, which was a place for worship, this became an important core of the Christian community.
- 京都市におかれた平安京が、鎌倉幕府が成立するまで政治上の唯一の中心だったことから平安時代と称する。
- The period is named so due to the fact that Heian-Kyo in Kyoto City was the only political center before the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu.
- なお、寛平・延喜の政策を、律令回帰ではなく土地中心体制への転換準備期と位置づける有力説も存在する。
- There is also another widely accepted theory alleging that the policies in Kanpyo and Engi era were not attempts to return to the Ritsuryo system but preparation for the shift towards the system based on land.
- 惣村の精神的な中心である神社(鎮守)を維持するために神田を設定し、共同耕作することも広く見られた。
- To maintain a shrine, the Chinju (local Shinto deity), which was the spiritual center of the soson, a shinden (or kanda) (sacred rice field) was established, and joint cultivation prevailed.
- 受容される場合には、中国側の心理的抵抗が少ないように受容対象の発生起源の偽装が施されることが多い。
- In the case where such concept was accepted, it was often disguised with respect to its origin of the object of acceptance so that mental resistance could be reduced on Chinese side.
- このことから、奈良を中心とする近畿地方(奈良・大阪・京都)に三角縁神獣鏡の出土が多いことがわかる。
- This shows that many Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors were discovered in the Kinki region (Nara, Osaka, and Kyoto Prefectures) centering on Nara Prefecture.
- だが、坂本政均・岡本健三郎ら若手官僚より、渋沢がその体制を作る中心になるべきであると説得を受けた。
- Young bureaucracy such as Masahito SAKAMOTO and Kenzaburo OKAMOTO convinced Shibusawa that he should play a main role of creating the system.
- であるから、戦うたびに大きな犠牲を払うような不経済なことは極力避けたいというのが彼らの心理であった。
- For this reason, they wanted to avoid something as uneconomical as paying a big sacrifice in every battle.
- 近・現代の日本とスペインの関係は、むしろ文化・芸術・スポーツ面の関心や影響、往来が主であるといえる。
- In modern times, Spain and Japan are mainly related to each other concerning interest, influence and exchange in the fields of culture, art and sports.
- 業倫の勘申により、伊勢と熊野が同体であるか否かが問題となり、断罪以上に重要な問題として関心を集めた。
- When Gyorin's kanmon was submitted, a question concerning whether or not Ise and Kumano were identical was raised and it attracted attention as the more important problem than punishment.
- 中国では「南船北馬」という言葉があるように、長江を中心に水路が入り組んだ南方において水軍が発展した。
- In China, as the phrase 'south ship north horse (travel far and wide) indicates, suigun navy developed in the south, mainly in the area along the Yangtze River, where a maze of waterways ran through.
- 王心斎も王龍溪と同じく「現成良知」を奉じていたが、思弁性よりも、社会に向けた実践活動に特徴を有する。
- Like Wang Longxi, Wang Xinzhai also believed in 'gensei ryochi' but he stressed practical activities aimed at the good of the community instead of speculation.
- また、首都については、当初京都では旧弊が多いとして、大阪市遷都論が大久保利通を中心として唱えられた。
- In addition, Toshimichi OKUBO insisted at first that the capital should be transferred to Osaka as there were many old-fashioned customs related to the old regime in Kyoto.
- 特に、江戸城を中心とする現在で言う東京特別区中心部(東京都千代田区・中央区 (東京都)周辺)を指す。
- It refers to an area centered around Edo Castle that encompasses the center of present day Tokyo Special Ward (Chiyoda and Chuo Wards and their surrounding areas).
- 幕末になると政治的中心が再び京都に移り、15代将軍徳川慶喜は将軍としては江戸に一度も居住しなかった。
- The political center had shifted back to Kyoto by the end of the Edo Period, and the 15th shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA never resided in EDO.
- それは大久保が批判対象とする旧幕臣を飛び越して一連の政策立案の中心である大隈をその最大の対象とした。
- The above was mainly targeted at Okuma, who was a key person in a series of policy planning, rather than the former retainers of shogun whom Okubo criticized.
- 保護する側を寄親(よりおや、指南・奏者)、保護される側を寄子(よりこ、寄騎(与力)・同心)とも呼ぶ。
- The person who provided protection was called Yorioya (shinan, soja), and the protected person was called Yoriko (Yoriki, doshin).
- 町小路(まちこうじ)とは、中世日本京都の町衆の中心となった通りであり、そこには土倉が建ち並んでいた。
- Machi-koji Street was a street that was central to the townspeople of Kyoto in the middle ages, and was lined with doso (underground warehouses).
- これに加えて、環境問題への関心が高まっていることなどもあり、黄砂に対する社会的な関心も高まっている。
- In addition, with interest in environmental problems being heightened, social interest in kosa has increased as well.
- さらに現代においては、城跡がいわゆる心霊スポットなど怪奇現象の舞台としての関心をもたれることもある。
- Furthermore, in the modern age, ruins of castle sometimes attract attention as a stage for mysterious phenomenon, for example, so-called shinrei spot (haunted places).
- 西征日記(せいせいにっき)は、文禄・慶長の役の際、小西行長軍に従軍した妙心寺の外交僧天荊の陣中日記。
- Seisei Nikki was a camp diary written by Tenkei, a diplomat priest of Myoshin-ji Temple, who accompanied Yukinaga KONISHI's army during the Bunroku-Keicho War.
- 長禄3年は全国的な旱魃に加えて、関東地方の享徳の乱、畿内の台風などによって西日本を中心に飢饉が発生、
- In 1459, a nation-wide drought, the Kyotoku war in the Kanto region, and a typhoon that struck the Kinai area triggered a famine in Japan that mainly affected the western part of the country.
- これは公家法の中心地である京都に中枢部を置いた室町幕府の建武式目では更にその傾向が強まることになる。
- This tendency was to be further increased in the Kenmu Code of the Muromachi bakufu which placed its center in Kyoto, the central place of the court noble law.
- こうした支配体制を改変する動きは、1040年代を中心とする11世紀中期になって非常に顕著に見られる。
- These reforms of governing structure were actively implemented in the mid-11th century, especially around 1040s.
- 日宋貿易に関心を寄せた平忠盛は独自にこれを活発にし、輸入品を朝廷にもたらして権力を持つようになった。
- TAIRA no Tadamori who was interested in the trade between Japan and Sung, made the trade prosperous and grasped authority by bringing imported goods to the Imperial Court.
- 鉄道の敷設計画は上記の影響を受け、幕末には既に薩摩藩や佐賀藩、江戸幕府などを中心にいくらか出てきた。
- Under the circumstances described above, some railroad projects were already being drawn up in some places, such as Satsuma Domain, Saga Domain and Edo, in the end of the Edo period.
- また軍隊からは、先にそちらの強化をおこなうべきだとして、西郷隆盛などを中心に反対の声も上がっていた。
- Moreover, military personnel such as Takamori SAIGO opposed the project, insisting that armaments should be strengthened first.
- ヤマト王権の成立期には、従前のものより格段に大規模な墓(前方後円墳)が奈良盆地を中心に登場している。
- Following the establishment of the Yamato sovereignty, tomb mounds (large keyhole-shaped tomb mound), which were greater in scale than any previously constructed tomb mounds, appeared in Japan and were concentrated in the Nara Basin.
- ただし、水野の腹心・鳥居燿蔵は蘭学を嫌い、蛮社の獄を起こした人物でもあり、政権内で不協和音となった。
- But Yozo TORII, the vassal trusted most by Mizuno, hated Western learning and carried out 'Bansha no Goku' (Imprisonment of scholars of Western learning), which caused discord within the administration.
- 初代幹事長に二条基弘が選出されたが、実際には曾我祐準・小沢武雄・谷干城らが中心として運営されていた。
- Motohiro NIJO was elected the first chief secretary of the Doyokai, but in reality the Doyokai was run by others, chief among them Sukenori SOGA, Takeo OZAWA, and Tateki TANI.
- 一部の国主の藩を除いて、藩の領地は中心城と城下町周辺と、その他は少し離れた飛び地を持っていた(相給)。
- Except some domains of feudal lords owning more than one fief, the territory of a domain lay around the castle at the center and the castle town with enclaves a little apart (villages under control of several feudal lords).
- なお、均賦制は夫婦に対して課税することとしていたため、課税単位の中心が戸単位から夫婦単位へと移行した。
- As the equal assessment system was targeted at married couples, the unit of tax assessment was changed from households to married couples.
- 読み書きを中心とした寺子屋や郷校が城下町のみならず農村部にも建てられたため、日本人の識字率は高かった。
- The literacy rate among the Japanese was high, because private elementary schools (terakoya) and village schools, where reading and writing was mainly taught, were established not only in castle towns but also in agricultural communities.
- これは、草創期の日本の鉄道行政を頂点に立って牽引した井上勝が、熱心な鉄道国有論者であったことが大きい。
- The policy was largely due to the fact that Masaru INOUE, who was the leader and the driving force of railway administration in Japan, was an ardent advocate of railway nationalization.
- これに苦悩した信輔は次第に「心の病」に悩まされるようになり、文禄元年(1592年)に左大臣を辞任する。
- Disturbed by this, Nobusuke was increasingly suffering from 'mental illness' and resigned from Sadaijin in 1592.
- 浄瑠璃寺三重塔・一乗寺三重塔以降の三重塔では、心柱はすべて初重天井上の梁 (建築)から立つようになる。
- Regarding the three story pagodas constructed after the three storied pagoda of Joruri-ji Temple and that of Ichijo-ji Temple, a central pillar was put on hari (a beam) of the ceiling of the first-level tower (architecture).
- 縄文草創期当時の日本列島の植生は冷涼で乾燥した草原が中心であったが、落葉樹の森林も一部で出現していた。
- The Japanese archipelago during the incipient period was cold and the vegetation cover was mostly dry meadows; however, forests of deciduous trees appeared in some regions.
- 1903年、井上勝が中心となって設立した汽車製造で軸配置1B1タンク機の国鉄230形蒸気機関車が完成。
- In 1903, the Japan National Railways model 230 steam locomotive with an axis arrangement 1B1 tank machine was completed at Kisha Seizo founded by Masaru INOUE and his group.
- 天下の中心にあるのが中国王朝の直接支配する地域で、「夏」「華」「中夏」「中華」「中国」などと呼ばれる。
- What existed in the center of Tenka was the area which the Chinese dynasty directly ruled, and it was called 'Ka', 'Ka', 'Chuka', 'Chuka', or 'Chugoku' etc.
- だが、その後ロシア軍の満洲撤退が行われなかったことから、近衛を中心に対露同志会が結成されることになる。
- Later, however, Russia failed to withdraw from Manchuria and KONOE and his group formed a new organization called 'Tairodoshikai (Comrades against Russia)'.
- 東大寺の中心である大仏造立は天平17年からのことであるが、これは、国分寺建立とは別にあった計画である。
- Construction of the Great Buddha, the center of Todai-ji Temple, started in 745, which was planned separately from the construction of the provincial temple.
- 同年7月、雑賀荘・十ヶ郷の諸士を中心とする雑賀衆が兵を動かし、先に信長に与した三組の衆への報復を始めた。
- In August of the same year, Saiga shu consisting of warriors of Saigaso and Jikkago rose an army and began to retaliate against the three groups who previously sided with Nobunaga.
- 平安時代末期、平清盛を中心とする平氏政権が成立していたが、旧勢力や対抗勢力には強い反感・抵抗感があった。
- At the end of Heian period, the Taira clan government centered around TAIRA no Kiyomori was established, but old forces and rival forces harbored strong feelings of animosity and opposition.
- この解釈では心の内にある「性」(=理)を完成させるために、外的な事物の理を参照する必要は無いことになる。
- According to this interpretation, there is no need to reference the ri in the things outside one's mind to bring the 'sei' (= ri) in one's mind to perfection.
- 明治29年(1895年)3月4日、屯田兵を中心とした臨時第七師団の編制が命じられると、全兵力が出動した。
- On March 4, 1896, an order was given to organize a temporal Dainana Shidan (Seventh Division) centering on todenhei, and all soldiers were mobilized.
- 初期の頃は京都、美濃国、伊勢国、若狭国などを中心に行商を行っていたが、徐々に活動地域や事業を拡大させた。
- From the earlier period when Omi merchants peddled mainly in Kyoto and the provinces of Mino, Ise, and Wakasa, they gradually extended their businesses and the areas of activity.
- それに合わせて、建物の一部にあった会所は、室町時代にはいると、やはり独立した建物がその中心になってくる。
- The kaisho, which was a part of the building, became the center of that independent structure upon entering the Muromachi period.
- 平安・鎌倉時代の武士は「武芸を特業とする職能集団」であり、その「武芸の中心は騎馬と射技(弓)」であった。
- The bushi of the Heian and Kamakura periods were a 'functional group that specialized in martial arts,' and the 'center of martial arts was cavalry and archery.'
- このようにして、京都市中に大きな店舗をかまえ、手代や丁稚などの店員のほか、用心棒なども養う豪商となった。
- In this way, sakaya became wealthy merchants who had big stores at the center of Kyoto City and employed bodyguards in addition to store personnel, such as clerks and apprentices.
- その後、武士の起源に関する研究は、職能論などが議論の中心となり、国衙軍制論は半ば忘れられた状態となった。
- After that, research about the origin of samurai was conducted centered on job-function-based theories, and theories based on the kokuga forces system were almost forgotten.
- また、受領への権限集中が行われ、国衙機構内部は受領直属部署(「所」という)を中心とするよう再編成された。
- In addition, various rights were concentrated in the zuryo, and the kokuga system was reorganized with the office directly controlled by the zuryo (called 'sho') at the center.
- 全体として町人・百姓に厳しく、武士を優遇する改革でもあり、人心は定信の理想についていけないままであった。
- But people could not catch up with the Sadanobu's high ideal, partly because his reforms as a whole favored samurai while being strict on merchants and peasants.
- 印譜(いんぷ)とは、印籍の一種で、鑑賞や研究を目的として印章の印影および印款を中心に掲載した書籍である。
- An inpu is a kind of books on tenkoku (engraving letters on the material of a seal), that mainly introduces mainly inei (impressions of seals) and inkan (names of authors) for the purpose of appreciation and study.
- この会談で日本が官民の(二分金を中心とした)贋貨の回収と近代貨幣制度の導入を国際公約とすることになった。
- At this conference, the collection of counterfeit coins of Japanese citizens (centered around nibukin) and the introduction of the modern currency system were decided as international commitments.
- 非人は、心中の生き残り、近親相姦者、税金不納者、権力に収容された浮浪者(病人を含む)がこの身分に置かれた。
- Those who survived from joint suicide, persons of inbreeding, tax delinquents and street people accommodated by the authorities (including the sick) were placed in this rank of Hinin.
- 秀吉が三法師を推したのは腹心の黒田孝高(官兵衛)の策で、他の宿老たちにも根回しが行き渡っていたと言われる。
- It is said to have been the plan of Yoshitaka KURODA, a trustworthy assistant of Hideyoshi, that Hideyoshi backed up Sanboshi in the conference and that the consensus was secretly built among other chief vassals in advance.
- 律令の枠内でも様々な名目で大土地所有が可能となっており、貴族層を中心に荘園が存在していたという事実もある。
- Even within the framework of the Ritsuryo system, it was possible under various pretexts to privately own large tracts of land, so that there existed private estates, owned mainly by families of noble rank.
- この書簡には士族の反乱を愉快に思う西郷の心情の外に「起つと決した時には天下を驚かす」との意も書かれていた。
- In the letter, SAIGO expressed his delighted feelings about the rebellions of warrior class together with his own will as 'once I will decide to raise the army, I will surprise the whole world.'
- 幕末期には病弱であった明治天皇も、士族による養育のためか健康も回復し、西洋的立憲君主としての心得も学んだ。
- Although Emperor Meiji was in poor health when he was a child, he recovered thanks to the education by warrior class palace staff, and then he learned how to be a western-style constitutional monarch.
- しかし9世紀になると「国なくして敵なく、損ありて益なし」といわれたように律令国家の関心は薄くなっていった。
- However, as the ninth century began, interest in ritsuryo kokka weakened as we can see from sources such as, 'If there is no nation, there is no enemy and there is only loss but no profit.'
- その一方で後白河院庁別当として後白河への奉仕も怠らず、両派の争いに巻き込まれないように細心の注意を払った。
- On the other hand, he worked diligently for Goshirakawa as well as Betto of the Office of the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, and was careful not to become entangled in the conflict between the two groups.
- これらはいずれも歴史学と呼びうるレベルにはないが、一般の歴史に対する関心の反映として認識することができる。
- Each of these examples have not reached the level called history, but the interests of the general public in history can be recognized.
- 10世紀の初め頃から11世紀の摂関政治期を中心とする文化であり、12世紀の院政期文化にも広く影響を与えた。
- It was a culture developed during the Sekkan seiji (regency government) period from the early 10th century to the 11th century and has much influenced the culture during the Insei (cloister government) period in the 12th century.
- 秀吉による天下統一が成り、政治や経済の安定がもたらされると、大名と武士を中心として豪壮な桃山文化が栄えた。
- After Hideyoshi unified control of Japan, stabilizing the politics and economy, the magnificent Momoyama culture flourished centered on daimyo and samurai.
- 八角塔を中心に南側には基壇を持つ中門が検出され、南面回廊や東側・西側には築地が巡っていた塀跡も確認された。
- Also, remains of a chumon (an inner gate) with a base mound were found at the south of the octagonal tower, along with remains of a cloister facing south and mud walls with a roof surrounding the tower at the east and the west.
- 荘園・公領内部で、百姓階層の経済力向上と均質化が進んだことで、百姓階層は名主を中心に団結するようになった。
- As the farming class improved its economic status and became more homogenized, peasants learned to act together led by myoshu farmers.
- また列強を苦々しく思っていた点は西太后以下も同じであり、その点も義和団への対処に手心を加えることとなった。
- Even Empress Dowager Cixi was the same in resenting the powerful countries, and was lenient when handling the Boxers.
- 残った要人は、急速かつ無秩序に行われたこれまでの制度改革を整理すべく大久保を中心に内務省 (日本)を設置。
- The rest of the leaders established the Naimusho (Japan's Ministry of the Interior) under Okubo's initiative to readjust the makeshift and chaotic political reforms thus far made.
- その中に「早相止連日酒宴、可被催暇景遊事」と貞時が政治への関心を失い酒に明け暮れていた様を知る事が出来る。
- From the description of '早相止連日酒宴,可被催暇景遊事' in it, we can know that Sadatoki lost interest in politics and almost always drank sake while he was awake.
- ---江戸前寿司の始まりは、物売りや屋台であったので今でも名残として立ち食いの鮨屋も東京を中心にみられる。
- Since edomae-zushi (hand-rolled sushi) originated from monouri and food stalls, still the original style can be seen in some sushi restaurants around Tokyo as their stand-and-eat bars.
- これを受けて明治6年(1873年)3月には明治天皇も散髪を行い、官吏を中心にこれに従うものが増えていった。
- In March 1873, The Meiji Emperor had his haircut and then many, mainly government officials, also followed and had haircut.
- 守護所の固定化によって守護の居館を中心に重臣の居館が配置され、その周辺に市場や寺社などが集まるようになった。
- Due to fixation of Shugosho, the residences of chief retainers were located centered around the residence of Shugo, then markets and temples and shrines gathered around them.
- 北信濃の南朝方香坂心覚(根津氏一族と思われる香坂氏6代目)との抗争にも高梨五郎・高梨時綱らの名前が出てくる。
- It is recorded that Goro TAKANASHI and Tokitsuna TAKANASHI fought Shinkaku KOSAKA (the sixth head of the Kosaka clan, which seems to have been the Nezu clan) in northern Shinano on the Southern Court side.
- 近年では、朝鮮半島が戦場となったため、朝鮮側が受けた被害に関心をもつ研究者を中心に朝鮮侵略と呼ぶ場合もある。
- In recent years, in certain cases, it has been called chosen shinryaku (literally, invasion into Korea) by people centering on researchers who are interested in damage the Korean side suffered because the Korean Peninsula was the battlefield.
- 木製品、繊維などの有機物は土中で遺存しにくいため、この時代の出土遺物は土製品、石製品、骨角製品が中心となる。
- Organic matter, such as wooden ware and fiber, deteriorates easily in soil, so the excavated relics of this period are mainly occupied with clay artifacts, stone objects, and bone and antler objects.
- こういった背景から、現在のところ、砂漠化防止のため、砂漠緑化と農業の改良を中心とした対策が重要視されている。
- Based on these backgrounds, so far it is considered important, to prevent desertification, to take measures centered on planting tress in deserts and improving farming methods.
- なお、1884年の華族令で華族に爵位が導入された際、岩倉具視らを中心に士族の爵位を創設することも検討された。
- In 1884 when a title was introduced to the peerage, Tomomi IWAKURA and others considered establishing a title for the warrior class.
- 一方、明治政府の立場からは、天皇を中心とする国民国家を建設するため、国家主義的な歴史叙述が構築されていった。
- On the other hand, from the viewpoint of building a nation-state centered on the Emperor, the Meiji government developed nationalistic descriptions of history.
- 朝廷側も、国家鎮護の大寺院の系列とすることで諸国の神宮寺に対する求心力を維持できることから、これを推進した。
- The Imperial-Court promoted the movement to keep centripetal force of Jingu-ji Temples in various countries by joining Jingu-ji Temples to the main temples that were under national protection.
- 日本史において公家の「家」を構成する諸要素及びこれを管領する家督とその家族を中心に構成された親族集団のこと。
- In the context of Japanese history, this term refers to a kinship group formed on the basis of various factors comprising a 'family' of court nobles and by the headman of the family who reigned in his family, as well as his own family.
- しかし、室町時代はとかく守護の力も強く、武士が中心の社会であり、こうした慣行が取り締まられることはなかった。
- But this customary practice was not controlled as provincial military governors (shugo) were influential and samurai played a central role in society.
- その後新井白石により貿易量が制限されるようになるが、田沼意次が政治の中心につくと輸出が奨励されるようになる。
- Afterwards Hakuseki ARAI limited the trade volume, but Okitsugu TANUMA promoted trade after he took political power.
- 知らせを聞いた明治天皇はこの遭難に大いに心を痛め、政府として可能な限りの援助を行うよう指示したと伝えられる。
- Having received the news, the Emperor Meiji was deeply troubled and directed the government to help as much as possible, as they say.
- 江戸時代に江戸は政治・行政の中心と認識され、首都として機能もし、外国人も江戸を首都と認識していたとするもの。
- The view that in Edo era Edo was recognized as the center of politics and administration and functioned as the capital, and it was also recognized by foreigners as the capital.
- これら改革案は徳川家中心の政体案であり、且つ三権分立を取り入れたもので、大政奉還後の展望を示したものである。
- Those reform proposals were plans for system of government centered on the Tokugawa family and indicated future after Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor), in addition, separation of powers was also included in the plans.
- さらに地方の都市にも開業されるようになり、大坂の両替商を中心に互いに連絡を取り合い三貨制度の発達に貢献した。
- Exchangers also started business in provincial cities, keeping close contact mostly with those in Osaka and contributing to the development of the tri-metallic monetary system.
- 後に本山より菊間藩に送られた書簡には、末寺の心得違いにより不始末の挙動に至ったとして寛大な処置を願っている。
- A letter from the head temple to Kikuma Domain said that the misinterpretation of branch temples ended with the misconduct and they hoped for clemency.
- しかし、清を中心とする周辺諸国はいずれも銀本位制を採っており、洋銀と同価値の1円銀貨の発行を余儀なくされた。
- However, neighboring countries including Qing adopted the silver standard system and Japan was obliged to issue one yen silver coins that were equivalent to foreign silver coins.
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると守護京極氏の所領を奪った尼子氏とは対立関係となり、尼子経久追放の中心として活躍した。
- During the period of warring states, the provincial constable Kyogoku clan was taken over its manor by the Amago clan which clashed with the Misawa clan by playing an active and central role in deporting Tsunehisa AMAGO.
- 黄宗羲は、陽明学左派のようなひたすら唯心的に事柄を論ずる学風を好まず、事実に即した実証的な学問の確立を求めた。
- Huang Zongxi did not approve of the Yomei-gaku left-wing's approach of discussing matters idealistically, and sought to establish empirical scholarship that was based on fact.
- しかし東林党に入った陽明学の人々は右派が中心であったため、陽明学左派の行き過ぎた思想・行動には批判的であった。
- But as most of the Yomeigaku people who joined Dongling were the right-wingers, Dongling was critical of the excessive ideas and actions of the Yomeigaku's left-wing.
- 王陽明は心そのものに善悪の区別はないとしたが、「四句教」にあるように「意」・「良知」・「物」には善悪を認めた。
- Wang Yangming stated that mind is free from good and evil, but in the 'Four Sentences'', he recognized good and evil in 'intention', 'ryochi' and 'things'.
- この時代は農本主義のため、幕府・大名の拠点のある城を中心とした町(城下町)の他は基本的に農村と考えられていた。
- Due to the agricultural fundamentalism of this period, places other than towns around castles (castle town), the base of the shogunate government or each daimyo, were basically considered to be agricultural communities.
- 明治に至り廃藩置県等の体制の変革により、同心・足軽等一部は羅卒・兵卒・下士官・末端役人として引き続き出仕した。
- The arrival of the Meiji period and system reforms such as Haihan-chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) meant that some doshin and ashigaru continued to serve as police officers, soldiers, noncommissioned officers and low-level officials.
- 逆に、好奇心旺盛な郷士の子弟は、それらの制度を利用して、見聞を広めるために江戸詰め足軽に志願することもあった。
- Conversely, curious children of goshi would also use these systems in order to broaden their horizons by volunteering to serve as domain ashigaru who were dispatched to work in Edo.
- In a strange twist, inquisitive sons of goshi (rural samurai) made use of these arrangements to volunteer as foot soldiers to serve in Edo as a means to broaden their horizons.
- 江戸時代になると、防衛都市としての色合いが薄くなり、江戸幕府や藩による政治・経済の中心としての色が濃くなった。
- In the Edo period, the requirements as a defensive city waned and they became increasingly the center of politics and economics by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Han (domain).
- ところで、9世紀ごろから関東地方を中心として、富豪層による運京途中の税の強奪など、群盗行為が横行し始めていた。
- From the 9th century onwards especially in the Kanto region, millionaires who brought taxes to Kyoto were assaulted and robbed.
- はじめは同族を中心に形成されていたが、異姓がしだいに加わり、南北朝時代には一族一揆という地域連合になってゆく。
- It formed around the same clan at the beginning, but outsiders began to join and became the regional union or the uprising clan during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 経典の内訳は法華経30巻、阿弥陀経1巻、般若心経1巻、平清盛自筆の願文1巻であり、さらに経箱・唐櫃をともなう。
- The sutras consisted of thirty scrolls of Hoke-kyo Sutra, one scroll of Amida-kyo Sutra, one scroll of Hannya Shingyo (Heart Sutra), and one scroll of ganmon (Shinto or Buddhist prayer - read) in his own writing by TAIRA no Kiyomori as well as kyobako (a box in which Buddhist scriptures are kept) and karabitsu (six-legged Chinese-style chest).
- 備中国(現岡山県)の賀夜・宇都・窪屋(現在の岡山市・総社市を中心とする地域)の死亡者72名を記した帳簿である。
- This register recorded 72 deceased persons in Kaya, Uzu (宇都), and Kuboya (area around present-day Okayama City and Soja City) of Bitchu Province (present-day Okayama Prefecture).
- このころの「天下」は黎朝の皇帝の下に成立しているトンキン・コーチシナを中心とした世界であったと考えられている。
- 'Tenka' at the time is thought to have been the world which consisted of Tonkin and Cochinchine under the emperor of the Lê dynasty.
- しかし、府藩県の中には府藩県庁所在地を中心とする一まとまりの区域の外に遠隔地に飛地を持つものが少なくなかった。
- But there were still many prefectures that have detached territories outside a lump of areas around their capital.
- 信長軍は九鬼嘉隆の鉄甲船を中心として立ち向かったが、毛利水軍はまたも火矢や焙烙玉で積極果敢に攻撃を繰り返した。
- The Oda army led by the Yoshitaka's armored warships counterattacked it while the Mori navy repeated aggressive attacks with flaming arrows and horokudama bombs.
- 紀元前5世紀中頃に、大陸から北部九州へと水稲耕作技術を中心とした生活体系が伝わり、九州、四国、本州に広がった。
- Around the fifth century B.C., life style of rice-paddy cultivation was introduced from the continent to northern Kyushu, and it spread to Kyushu, Shikoku, and Honshu (the main island of Japan).
- なお、この文化期の終わり頃の1.5年前かやや遡る頃になると、関東・中部地方を中心に槍先形尖頭器の石槍が現れた。
- At the end of this cultural period (1.5 year ago or before), stone spear points appeared around Kanto and Chubu region.
- これは、宣祖実録の「人心怨叛,與倭同心耳」、「我民亦曰:倭亦人也,吾等何必棄家而避也?」で伺い知ることができる。
- We can guess this by '人心怨叛,與倭同心耳' and '我民亦曰:倭亦人也,吾等何必棄家而避也?' in Senso Jitsuroku.
- 同じく中国の分割に関心をもつイギリス、フランス、ドイツの3国に提唱し、仏・独の賛成を得て3国による勧告を行った。
- Russia consulted with other three nations, England, France and Germany, which were also interested in the division of China, France and Germany agreed with the Rassian proposal and the three nations made a recommendation to Japan.
- 中でも臨時徴募巡査で編成された新撰旅団は士族が中心の旅団で、その名称から新撰組が再編成されたと誤認されたりした。
- Among others, the Shinsen-ryodan brigade, which was organized by extraordinarily recruited police officers and mainly consisted of the warrior class, was mistook for a reorganized Shinsengumi due to its name.
- 相次ぐ遷都による造営工事もあって人心はさらに動揺し、そのうえ疫病や天災もつづいたので社会不安はいっそう高まった。
- Partly because of construction works for repeated transfers of the capital, people's emotions got further confused, and, as epidemics and natural disasters continued, social anxiety was further increased.
- さらにそれを発展させたのが豊臣秀吉で、豊臣政権の政治経済の中心となった大坂城下は富の集積地となって殷賑を極めた。
- Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI developed this further and the castle town of Osaka-jo Castle, which became the center of politics and economy under the Toyotomi government, became a center for riches and was very prosperous.
- 院御所鳥羽殿東殿の仏堂の後身の安楽寿院領を中心に鳥羽天皇領と美福門院領を相続したあき子内親王の所領を起源とする。
- The Hachijoin-ryo originated in the territory of Imperial Princess Akiko, who had inherited mainly the territory of the Anrakuju-in Temple, a temple built after a Buddhist temple in Higashi-dono Palace (East Palace) of Toba-dono Palace, an imperial palace for retired and cloistered emperors, as well as the Emperor Toba's territory and the Bifukumonin's territory.
- 良房執政期を中心とした時期は、政治も安定し、開発奨励政策や貞観格式編纂などの成果により、貞観の治と呼ばれている。
- this era is called Jogan no chi (glorious Jogan rule) due to the political situation having become stable and the success of the development support policy and Jogan Kyakushiki Code (Regulations and Procedures of the Jogan Era).
- 「清慎公」は実頼の諡号で、その字の偏より水心記(すいしんき)、邸宅の名称から小野宮記(おののみやき)とも称した。
- The name 'Seishinko' is Saneyori's Shigo (posthumous title), and ''Seishinko-ki'' is also referred to as Suishinki which is named after the left-hand radicals of the Chinese characters (清慎), and Ononomiyaki which is named after Saneyori's mansion.
- 後白河が園城寺に肩入れしたのは個人的な信仰心だけでなく、強大な勢力を誇る延暦寺を牽制する狙いもあったと見られる。
- It is thought that Goshirakawa backed up Enjo-ji Temple not only because of his faith, but also because he intended to divert Enryaku-ji Temple, which held extreme power.
- 室町時代の楷書中心の書体から、楷書と行書・草書を二列併記する「真草二行(真草二体)」が広く使われるようになった。
- Instead of Kaisho, which had been the main calligraphic style of the setsuyoshu in the Muromachi period, a writing style called 'Shinsonigyo' (also referred as Shinsonitai), in which Kaisho and Gyosho (a cursive style of writing Chinese characters) or Sosho (a very cursive style of writing Chinese characters, more abbreviated and flowing than Gyosho) were written in two rows side by side, came to be widely used.
- 「中華の物力を量りて、與国の歓心を結べ」(「清朝の〔そして西太后の〕地位さえ保証されるなら金に糸目はつけるな)。
- 'Measure the amount of resources in China and win the favor of the allies' (if the social status of Qing Dynasty (and the Dowager Empress) could be guaranteed, do it regardless of expenses).
- 主として官幣社は二十二社や天皇・皇族を祀る神社など朝廷にゆかりのある神社、国幣社は各国の一宮を中心に列格された。
- Kanpeisha mainly included shrines associated with imperial court, such as Nijuni-sha Shrines (the 22 most important Shinto shrines, as designated during the Heian period) and shrines dedicated to emperor or the imperial family, while Kokuheisha mainly included Ichinomiya (shrine with the highest ranking in the area) of the each region.
- 定長は行隆のようには東大寺再興に熱心ではなかったものの、その役割上、朝廷や幕府への協力を取付けるのは適任だった。
- Although Sadanaga was not as eager to renovate Todai-ji Temple as Yukitaka was, he was an appropriate person to obtain support from the Imperial Court and the bakufu as its director.
- また江戸は武家屋敷が多く点在し、上級武士が大口取引に主に小判を使用したことも江戸を中心として流通した一因である。
- One of the reasons why Koban was circulated around Edo was there were many samurai residences in Edo and high-ranking warriors used mainly Koban in a large amount transactions.
- 海陽省とはハイフォンを中心とする省であるが、そのハイフォンは第二サイゴン条約によって開港地に指定された港である。
- Hai Duong Province was a province, which has Hai Phong port as its center and the Hai Phong port was designated as a port opened under The Second Treaty of Saigon.
- 一方、には大坂の豪商が朱子学を中心に儒学を学ぶ懐徳堂を設立して、後に幕府官許の学問所として明治初年まで続いている。
- On the other hand, a wealthy merchant in Osaka established Kaitokudo school, where Confucianism, mainly the doctrines of Zhu Xi, was taught, and later this school was officially licensed by the shogunate government as gakumonjo (a school) and existed until 1886.
- 織田信忠は寺を焼き討ちし、寺の和尚である快川紹喜は「心頭滅却すれば火も自ら涼し…」という辞世を残し炎の中に消えた。
- Nobutada ODA burnt down the temple, and the temple priest, Kaisen Joki, died in the fire, leaving the well-known farewell words, 'Suppress your self, and even fire is cool.'
- 713年、靺鞨族や旧高句麗人(狛族)を中心に中国東北部に建国された渤海 (国)とは緊密な使節の往来がおこなわれた。
- Japan carried out rigorous diplomatic missions to Balhae, which had been established in 713 mainly by the Makkatsu tribe and people from former Goguryeo(狛族) in the north-eastern area of China.
- もっとも信長は代わりに嫡男織田信忠の官位昇進の要望を出している事から朝廷の官位に全く関心がなかった訳ではなかった。
- This does not necessarily mean Nobunaga had no interest in the rank awarded by the Imperial Court, for he appealed to the court for the promotion of his eldest son and heir, Nobutada ODA, in rank instead of himself.
- 武士団(ぶしだん)とは主に平安時代後半から、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代 (日本)を中心に室町時代までの武士の集団を指す。
- Bushidan (warrior bands) refers to the group of bushi (samurai) that existed mainly from the late Heian, Kamakura, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (Japan), and lasted until the Muromachi period.
- 1985年より行われている東京都衛生局の予測等をもとに、東京都心と多摩地域向けに毎日の飛散予報を出すようになった。
- The service came to provide daily airborne pollen level forecasts for central Tokyo and the Tama area based on forecasts that have been made by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Public Health since 1985.
- ここには、多くの絵巻物の制作や今様の蒐集など芸能の中心に立ち続けた後白河法皇の膨大なコレクションも納められていた。
- It stored numerous collections of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, who stood in the center of entertainment such as production of various emakimono (illustrated scroll) and collection of imayo (a popular style of song during the Heian period).
- 朝敵となることを恥じた尊氏が出家するなど足利側の士気が上がらなかったため、尊氏軍は直義が中心となり作戦行動に出る。
- Since Takauji entered into priesthood because he was ashamed of becoming the Emperor's enemy, the morale of the Ashikaga side was low, thus, Tadayoshi led Takauji's army and performed a mission.
- そのため、さらにこうした「営業所」は、自分の蔵の酒を良さをお客に熱心に説いて回る、いわば営業活動もまめに行なった。
- Therefore, in these 'sales offices,' sales activities to explain the superiority of sake manufactured by their own sake-factories were conducted actively.
- 国司の代わりに代々国押領使・国追捕使の地位を世襲してきた「一国棟梁」を中心とした軍事力編成がなされるようになった。
- The Ikkoku-toryo' (the provincial leader) who held the offices of provincial Oryoshi and Tsuibushi in place of the provincial officials organized military forces.
- 更に元寇以降、海岸防備の必要性から九州を中心とする領主側の一円地と、西国の地頭側一円地を交換する動きが活発化した。
- After Genko (Mongol invasion attempt against Japan), a movement to exchange ichienchi (land under ichien shihai) in Kyushu owned by the lords of shoen and those in the western part of Japan owned by jito became active because of the need to defend the coast.
- 5月20日、木戸孝允が長崎を訪れて処分を協議し、信徒の中心人物114名を津和野、萩、福山へ移送することを決定した。
- On July 9, Takayoshi KIDO visited Nagasaki to discuss how to punish them and decided to transport 114 leading Christians to Tsuwano, Hagi, and Fukuyama.
- ただし外交官として海外に派遣される官僚が増加してくると、そうした人々の間では『万国公法』への関心が高まっていった。
- However, the number of officials who were dispatched to overseas countries as diplomats increased and interest in 'Bankoku Koho' among such people was increased.
- 1900年には憲政党の旧自由党派を中心に伊藤を総裁として立憲政友会が結成され、これを基に第4次伊藤内閣が発足した。
- In 1900 the Rikken seiyukai (立憲政友会 Friends of Constitutional Government, a political party) was formed with members of the Kenseito former Liberal Party faction as its base and Ito as its leader; the fourth Ito Cabinet was inaugurated on the basis of the Rikken seiyukai.
- このように、多くの石鏃が胸部付近に集中して見つかる墓の事例は、瀬戸内海を中心とする西日本一帯に比較的多く見られる。
- Cases of graves that yielded human bones with many Sekizoku around chest area are often found in western Japan, around the Seto Inland Sea.
- 6月13日に武蔵国秩父郡を中心とした武蔵15郡・上野国2郡の地域で総勢十数万とも言われた武州世直し一揆が勃発した。
- On July 24, 1866 (表記の変更), a large-scale uprising called Bushu Yonaoshi Ikki broke out in 15 counties of Musashi Province including Chubu Country and in two counties of Kozuke Province, and the total number of the participants is said to have reached up to 100-odd thousands.
- 海外では、アフリカを中心に多くの開発途上国で食糧不足の問題が深刻化しており、日本でいう欠食児童も多く存在している。
- In other countries, a deficiency of food became a serious problem in many developing countries mainly in Africa and children, a substantial number of so called 'Poorly-fed Children' in Japan, exist.
- 岩倉具視を中心とする勢力は、明治十四年の政変によって大隈重信を罷免し、その直後に御前会議を開いて国会開設を決定した。
- A group led by Tomomi IWAKURA dismissed Shigenobu OKUMA during the political upheaval in 1881, and immediately after that, they held a conference in the presence of the emperor and decided the establishment of a national diet.
- そのために、天皇を中心として国民を一つにまとめる反面、議会に力を持たせ、バランスの取れた憲法を制定する必要があった。
- Therefore, the new constitution needed to make a power balance between the emperor and the diet by defining the emperor as the symbol to unite people and giving the powers to the diet.
- このような状況下、前年の八月十八日の政変以降影響力を減退していた尊王攘夷派の中心・長州藩では、京都への進発論が沸騰。
- Under these circumstances, in Choshu domain, which had been the center of the Sonno Joi Movement but started to wane after the Coup of August 18 in the previous year, debate began over a proposed move to Kyoto.
- また、京都を中心に活躍した一橋派各藩の工作員らも井伊の指示を受けて、老中間部詮勝(鯖江藩主)らが取り締まりを行った。
- Also, under the direction of Ii, roju Akikatsu MANABE (the lord of the Sabae clan) cracked down on the activities of the Hitotsubashi group in Kyoto.
- これらの没収領は畿内・西国を中心に3000箇所にのぼり、御家人たちは恩賞として没収領の地頭に任命された(新補地頭)。
- The number of these confiscated lands was up to 3000, centering on the Kinai and Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) regions, and the gokenins were appointed to the jitos of the confiscated lands as onsho (reward grants) (Shinpo-Jito, new estate steward for territories confiscated from the imperial court).
- 忠平以降は朝政の中心としての摂関が官職として確立し、忠平の子孫のみが摂関に就任するという摂関政治の枠組みが確定した。
- After Tadahira, Sekkan (regents and advisers) was established as a central post in the government and also the framework in which only descendents of Tadahira were able to become Sekkan was established.
- 新興勢力である武士や庶民の生活にも目が向けられるようになり、そこに文化的関心が寄せられたのもこの時代の特徴であった。
- Meanwhile, one characteristic in this period is that interests from the cultural aspect were drawn to the lives of samurai or common people as attention was paid to them.
- 実語教(じつごきょう)は、平安時代末期から明治初期にかけて普及していた庶民のための教訓を中心とした初等教科書である。
- Jitsugokyo was a textbook used for elementary education from the end of the Heian Period to the early Meiji period in which precepts for ordinary people were mainly compiled.
- 現在では地上から失われた多くの佚書を、この医心方から復元することができることから、文献学上非常に重要な書物とされる。
- The book is regarded as philologically very important in that it can allow us to reconstruct many books that have been lost from the earth.
- しかし女性の結社権を禁じた5条1項は残されたため、婦人団体を中心に、治安警察法5条全廃を求める運動がその後も続いた。
- However, the campaign for abolition of Security Police Law Article 5 was continued by mainly women's organizations after that because the first clause of Article 5 that prohibited women's freedom of association was not revised
- 三代 藤原秀衡は陸奥守・鎮守府将軍の地位を得たが、敵対心を抱いた頼朝により免官運動がなされ、程なく免官されたという。
- FUJIWARA no Hidehira, the third head of the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, got the position of Mutsu no kami and Chinju-fu shogun; however, it is said that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who developed a feeling of hostility toward Hidehira, took actions for Hidehira's dismissal and soon Hidehira was dismissed.
- 立憲改進党を中心とする進歩党_(明治)結成(1896年3月1日)に先立って解党して所属議員の殆どが進歩党に参加した。
- Before the Rikken Kaishinto (Constitutional Reform Party) merged with several smaller nationalist parties to form the Shinpoto (Progressive Party [in the Meiji period]) (on March 1, 1896), the Rikken Kakushinto dissolved and then most of its lawmakers joined the Shimpoto.
- 民事法を中心として33の事例について、律令格式のからの引用と著者である坂上明基の解釈を記した案文から構成されている。
- It consists of thirty-three cases, mainly civil legal ones, which include citation from Laws of codes and ethics (conduct) as well as texts for interpretation by the author, SAKANOUE no Akimoto.
- これは幼くして即位した同治帝がある程度成長したこと、欧米人よりは日本人の方がまだ心理的抵抗がなかったことが影響した。
- This was because the Emperor had already grown up and did not have much psychological resistance to Japanese compared to European.
- なおも、要求が認められない場合には神木を京都に安置したまま社司らが奈良に引き上げること(振棄て)で心理的圧迫を加えた。
- If their petition was yet to be permitted here, the chief Shinto priest and others left Shinboku behind and returned to Nara - this was called 'Furisute' - thereby putting psychological pressure on the court.
- 八条目とは三綱領の細目で「格物」・「致知」・「誠意」・「正心」・「修身」・「斉家」・「治国」・「平天下」の八つである。
- The Eight Steps are the eight detailed items of Sankoryo, consisting of investigation of things ('kakubutsu'), extension of knowledge ('chichi'), sincerity of the will ('seii'), rectification of the mind ('seishin'), cultivation of personal life ('shushin'), regulation of family ('seika'), national order ('chikoku') and world peace ('heitenka').
- だが、いまだに関東を中心に旧幕府の勢力圏が広がっている中で、朝廷が真の意味で倒幕を実現させるまでにはなお時間を要した。
- But as the former Shogunate's sphere of influence was still spreading out of the Kanto region, it took the Imperial Court more time to overthrow the Shogunate in any real sense.
- 元は豊臣政権時代は一大名に過ぎなかった徳川家康のさらに臣下であった譜代大名は、さほど有力ではない小大名が中心であった。
- The fudai daimyo, merely vassals to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who himself had been a simple daimyo under the Toyotomi government, were mainly uninfluential, small daimyo.
- 一揆(いっき)とは、日本において何らかの理由により心を共にした共同体が心と行動を一つにして目的を達成しようとすること。
- The term 'ikki' refers to an attempt made by a community in Japan to achieve an objective when members of the community that share the same sentiment work closely together for a certain reason.
- 平氏政権(へいしせいけん)は、平安時代末期(1160年代-1185年)に登場した平清盛を中心とする伊勢平氏による政権。
- The Taira clan administration was the administration by the Ise-Taira clan led by TAIRA no Kiyomori who lived in the late Heian period (1160s to 1185).
- 神祇信仰の初穂儀礼に由来すると見られている租庸調の徴収や神祇信仰を通じた国家への求心力の低下が懸念されることとなった。
- There was a concern that it might affect collection of the Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), which was thought be derived from first-crop-offering ritual of Jingi belief, and the centripetal force of the country through Jingi belief.
- 当時の日本で貨幣経済の中心をなした宋・元・明などの銅銭(永楽銭など)、絹、羅、紗などの織物、生糸、薬材、書画、工芸品。
- Copper coins (such as Eiraku-sen) of Sung, Yuan and Ming which were the basis of money economy in Japan, textile such as silk, lightweight fabric and gauze, raw silk thread, medicine, calligraphic works/ paintings and handicrafts.
- この「学問を修める」とは経書経学(儒学的知識)を中心に、史学・漢学など幅広い知識を有する読書人であることを前提とする。
- It was assumed that 'an educated person' had wide knowledge of studies such as History and Sinology, centering on Keisho (most important documents in Confucianism) and Keigaku (study of Keisho in Confucianism).
- その他にも、青森県の亀ケ丘遺跡では花粉の分析により、トチノキからソバへと栽培の中心が変化したことが明らかになっている。
- In addition, the analysis of pollen revealed that the main crop changed from buckeye to buckwheat at the Kamegaoka remains in Aomori Prefecture.
- 時枝小笠原氏は中津藩藩主家の分家で、豊前国時枝(現・大分県宇佐市下時枝)を中心とした5,000石を領する旗本であった。
- Being a branch family of the lord family of the Nakatsu clan, the Tokieda-Ogasawara clan was a Hatamoto that had a territory that produced 5,000 koku of rice crop, centered on Tokieda of Buzen Province (present Shimo-Tokieda, Usa City, Oita Prefecture).
- 日本の道教研究をリードし、道教学会を組織した中心は、吉岡義豊・福井康順・窪徳忠・福永光司・宮川尚志・澤田瑞穂等である。
- The people best known for pioneering research of Dokyo and organizing the Dokyo society in Japan were Yoshitoyo YOSHIOKA, Kojun FUKUI, Noritada KUBO, Mitsuji FUKUNAGA, Hisayuki MIYAKAWA, and Mizuho SAWADA.
- この計画には、民衆の人気がありすぎて、一時期政権の悩みの種でもあった行基を起用、重用し、大仏造立計画は求心力をもった。
- For the Great Buddha construction plan, Gyoki, whose overwhelming popularity among the people sometimes annoyed the government, was appointed to a responsible person in order to acquire centripetal force.
- そして、1930年に発生した昭和恐慌により農村は大打撃を受け、東北地方を中心に各地で欠食児童が深刻な社会問題となった。
- The farmers were greatly affected by the Showa Depression in 1930, and the poorly-fed children became a serious social problem in various regions mainly in Tohoku.
- 1221年(承久3年) - 北条氏を中心とする軍勢が承久の乱で後鳥羽天皇方を破る(全国特に西国掌握の完了、朝廷の掌握)。
- 1221 - The forces mainly consisting of the Hojo clan defeated Emperor Go-Shirakawa's faction (the completion of taking control of the whole of country, especially Saigoku (western part of Japan (especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki) and taking control of Imperial Court).
- まず王陽明にあって良知はあくまで人の心にあるものであったが、弟子王龍溪はそれを「天則」(天のことわり)にまで拡大した点。
- First, Wang Yangming considered ryochi to be completely in one's mind, but his disciple, Wang Longxi, expanded ryochi into 'Tensoku,' meaning 'the rule of Heaven'.
- この時の薩軍(約3,000~3,500名)は和田峠を中心に左翼から以下のように配置していた(『大西郷突囲戦史』に依る)。
- On this occasion, the Satsuma army (of approx 3,000 to 3,500 soldiers) was deployed in the following formation with the Wada-toge Pass at the center (according to 'Daisaigototsui Senshi' (a war chronicle of Great Saigo breaking through the besieging armies)):
- ここに中央政府の地方への求心力が失墜し、各地豪族は自ら力を蓄え、或いは力ある存在に身を寄せる法なき時代に入ったのである。
- Here, the force of the central government to provinces declined and the lawless era, in which gozoku (local ruling families) in various provinces developed power or relied on others who had power, commenced.
- 兼実は「義仲の申状は穏便なものであり、院中の御用心は法に過ぎ、王者の行いではない」としている(『玉葉』11月18日条)。
- Kanezane wrote 'Yoshinaka's moshijo was moderate, but the security measures in the Imperial Palace are excessive. The stance is not regal ('Gyokuyo,' entry of January 9, 1184).
- 公卿らを中心に『日本書紀』の故事・逸話に因んだ和歌(「日本紀竟宴和歌」)を詠み、大歌御琴師がそれに合わせて和琴を奏でた。
- In the party, the participants, mainly Kugyo recited waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) related to traditions and anecdotes described in the 'Nihonshoki' to the accompaniment of wagon (Japanese harp) played by Oouta no mikotoshi.
- 例えば石井進の国衙軍制論を発展させるとして、「国衙軍制」を中心に武士を論ずる下向井龍彦は「武士職能論」を激しく批判する。
- For example, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI who argued that bushi centered around 'the kokuga forces system' to develop 'the theory of the kokuga forces system' and greatly opposed 'the theory of samurai function' of Susumu ISHII.
- 寺内町(じないちょう、じないまち)とは、室町時代に浄土真宗などの仏教寺院、道場(御坊)を中心に形成された自治集落のこと。
- Jinaicho (also called Jinaimachi) refers to self-governing communities formed during the Muromachi period, which centered on the Buddhist temples of the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) and training seminaries (gobo).
- これは1819年のシカゴ・マーカンタイル取引所(現在の穀物先物取引の世界的中心)の設立より100年以上も前のことである。
- This was many years before the establishment of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in 1819 (present center in the world for grain futures transaction)
- このように「天下」概念に対する検討・批判が加えられたが、このころの「天下」はいまだに中華帝国を中心として捉えられている。
- As seen in the above, there were a lot of studies and criticisms concerning the notion of 'Tenka,' but at the time 'Tenka' was still understood as the one with the Chinese empire in its center.
- 清朝廷中心の中華思想、小中華思想への急激な回帰、事大主義政治の復活が起き、そうして金玉均などの開化派は危機的状況に陥る。
- With the movement to a sudden return to Sinocentrism and petit Shinocentrism to have the Qing Dynasty in the middle and revival of the administration based on the Sadaejuui policy, members of the Progressive group such as Ok-gyun KIM were in trouble.
- 江戸は政府の所在地で首都と意識されていたが、幕末に政治の中心となった京都が首都となり、更にそれが東京に移ったとするもの。
- The view stating that Edo was regarded as a capital because of its political location, but in the end of the Edo period, Kyoto became the capital because it came to be the center of politics, before the capital moved to Tokyo (Edo) again.
- これは律令制が稲作を制度の中心に据えており、稲作に適さないシラス (地質)の広がる九州南部には適合しなかったためである。
- This was because southern Kyushu was a vast stretch of volcanic ash and sand inappropriate for rice cropping while the ritsuryo system was centered on rice cropping.
- これまで『万国公法』と近代国際法が各国それぞれにおいてどのように受容されたのか、及びその国内的影響を中心に記述してきた。
- Heretofore, acceptance of 'Bankoku Koho' and modern international law in each countries was described above, centering on internal influences.
- この主張は銭緒山ら右派のみならず、朱子学からも倫理に背くものとされ、彼らの思想・行動は心学の横流と呼ばれ厳しく批判された。
- This was claimed to run counter by ethics by not only the right-wing, including Qian Xushan, but also by Shushi-gaku, and their idea and actions were said to be muddying the School of Mind and were fiercely criticized.
- 王陽明自身は「吾が心に省みて非なれば、孔子の言といえども是とせず」と言い切ってはいても、未だ経書への姿勢は謙虚さがあった。
- Although Wang Yangming said, 'if I reflect on myself and find nothing wrong, I cannot accept it as correct even if Confucius says it is,' he still treated the Classics respectfully.
- ただし、その国家建設は内発的なものではなく、唐を中心とする東アジアの国際関係の緊張を背景とする外発的な要因を主としていた。
- The construction of the state was not triggered internally, but chiefly by external factor of tension in East Asian international relations, mainly with the Tang Dynasty.
- 宋代の学者に従って儒学の歴史を振り返ると、隋唐以前は経書の音訓(音読)や訓詁(単語の意味)を重視した訓詁学が中心であった。
- Looking back at the history of Confucianism, as scholars during the Song Dynasty did, the mainstream before the Sui and Tang Dynasties was Kunkogaku ('xunguxue' in Chinese), which emphasized the readings of characters and exegetics (interpretation of words) of Confucian classic writings.
- 東京の町並が東京市、東京都へと変遷しつつ拡大してゆく過程で、かつての江戸は都心となり、その中核としての役割を果たしている。
- As the townscape of Tokyo expanded and transformed from a city to a metropolis, the area formerly known as Edo became downtown Tokyo, and serves as its center.
- 内部には宴享庁(使者の応接所)を中心に館主家、客館、東向寺、日本側の番所、酒屋、その他日本家屋が対馬藩によって建築された。
- Inside it, with the reception office for envoys at the center, the house of the manager, a building for visitors, Toko-ji Temple, the Japanese guard house, liquor stores, and some other Japanese-style houses were constructed by the Tsushima clan.
- 延喜式においては、年料別納租穀を負担しない畿内周辺及び沿岸諸国を中心とした18ヶ国で計24,500石 (単位)を負担した。
- 'Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) states that 18 provinces surrounding Kinai and the coastal provinces that did not pay Nenryobetsunosokoku paid a total of 24,500 koku.
- 騎馬武者は中世武士の専売特許ではなくて、弓射騎兵が武力の中心という伝統は律令軍団から中世武士までの一貫したスタイルである。
- The cavalry busha was not a specific right of medieval bushi, but a tradition of having cavalry with archers as the main military force that continued uniformly throughout from the cohort of the Ritsuryo system to medieval bushi.
- 小形ながら頑丈無比の耐火耐震構造、さらに威厳を損ねぬよう荘厳重厚なデザインになるようにとの苦心の跡が垣間見えるようである。
- Hoan-den provides observers with a glimpse of the great efforts to attain a fire-proof and earthquake-proof structure with matchless strength despite its small size, as well as a design with solemnity and gravity so as not to damage dignity.
- 10月(大斎の行事にちなんで、点心、寺家の諸役、僧位僧官の名称、布施物、点心用の食品・菓子・茶具・汁・菜などの食品食物)、
- October: Refreshments, miscellaneous taxes in temples, names of soi and sokan (ranks and positions of Buddhist priest), offerings, food served as refreshments such as sweets, tea utensils, soups and side dishes for the occasion of taisai (grand festival) events.
- このころに実用の書から美術の書への関心の移行、つまり書の芸術性を重んじる思潮が顕著にみられ、書芸を論ずる文章が現れ出した。
- Around this time, people's interest had clearly shifted from the calligraphy for practical use to the one for artistic purposes which emphasized artistic quality of calligraphy, and documents on calligraphic art began to appear.
- 「四方」というのは王朝成立の対象領域で、その経営の中心は周王のいる中国であり、その周囲にある異民族のいる土地のことである。
- 'Shiho' referred to the territory of the dynasty including China, its center where the emperor of Zhou resided, and the surrounding regions where different ethnic groups lived.
- 特に泰時の次弟・北条朝時を祖とする名越家は北条氏嫡流(のち得宗と呼ばれる)に対抗心が強く、名越光時らは不満を募らせていた。
- Particularly, the NAGOE family which was the descendent of Tomotoki HOJO, was in strong rivalry with the main branch of the Hojo clan (later called Tokuso), and Mitsutoki NAGOE and others aggravated discontent.
- 数々の改革も財政の健全化には結びつかず、また倹約令の徹底によって庶民の恨みも買ったことから、水野の求心力は急速に低下した。
- A number of reforms did not lead to healthy finance, and strict implementation of a sumptuary decree earned the public resentment, so the moving force of the reforms declined rapidly.
- 現代でも、庚申堂を中心とした庚申信仰の行われている地域では、軒先に身代わり猿を吊り下げる風習が見られ、一目でそれと分かる。
- In the areas where Koshin belief centered on a Koshin hall is deeply rooted, the custom of hanging a monkey effigy from the edge of the eaves is observed, an obvious manifestation of the belief.
- これらの土器は、吉備地方で発生し、美作国・備前国・備中国・備後国の地域に分布し、その発達の中心は、備中南部の平野であった。
- These earthenware emerged in the Kibi region and spread to Mimasaka Province, Bizen Province, Bicchu Province and Bingo Province, where the earthenware matured mainly in Hirano in southern Bicchu.
- そのために、徳川幕府は、能力よりも忠誠心や家柄、譜代家臣を重視する旧来の封建体制を復活させ、体制維持に努めたとの意見もある。
- Some believe that, in order to avoid making the same mistake, the Tokugawa shogunate restored the old feudal system under which loyalty, family lineage and fudai daimyo (hereditary vassals) were more important than the ability to maintain the regime.
- しかし、これを契機に得宗専制に不満を持つ楠木正成、赤松円心など各地の悪党と呼ばれる武士が各地で反幕府の兵を挙げるようになる。
- However, samurai known as akuto in various areas, including Masashige KUSUNOKI and Enshin AKAMATSU, were dissatisfied with the Tokusho autocracy and raise forces opposed to the bakufu throughout the country.
- 本能寺の変以降もしばらく織田氏の居城として、信長の嫡孫織田秀信が清洲会議の後入城するなどと、主に二の丸を中心に機能していた。
- The castle worked as a stronghold of the Oda clan mainly centered around the Ninomaru for a while after the Honnoji Incident; for example, Nobunaga's heir Hidenobu ODA made a triumphal entry into the castle after the Kiyosu conference.
- 戦国中期頃から核家族の存在が確認されはじめ、客や遊侠といった誠実関係を中心とした支配-被支配の関係が見出されるようになった。
- Nuclear families were confirmed in the middle of the Zhangguo period and rulers and subjects relations base on sincere relationships such as Ke and Youxia.
- 南北朝分裂の時代を経て、室町幕府3代将軍足利義満の時代、1392年にようやく南北両朝は合一し、文化の中心は再び京都へ戻った。
- After the period of separation, the Northern and Southern Courts were at last unified in A.D. 1392, when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA reigned over the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as the third shogun, and the center stage of Japanese culture returned to Kyoto.
- 王心斎らの一派は泰州学派といわれ、この派からは何心隠、羅如芳(近渓)、楊復所、李贄(りし、卓吾)、周海門、陶望齢を輩出した。
- Wang Xinzhai's group was called the Taizhou school, which produced He Xinyin, Luo Rufang (also known as Jinxi), Yang Fusuo, Li Zhi (also known as Zhuowu), Zhou Haimen, and Tao Wangling.
- 一族や腹心の僧を高官に登用して権勢をふるい、西大寺 (奈良市)の造立や百万塔の造立など、仏教による政権安定をはかろうとした。
- He promoted family members and trusted monks to high positions and constructed Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City) and Hyakumanto stupa aiming at stabilization of the reins of government.
- 室町時代に入ると、貨幣経済が一層進展し、年貢の銭納または代銭納(銭貨による年貢納入)が畿内を中心に広く普及するようになった。
- In the Muromachi period, the monetary economy developed further, and the payment of the nengu by coins became widely spread mainly in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto).
- 日本教職員組合などの反対派は憲法が保障する思想・良心の自由に反するとして、旗の掲揚並びに「君が代」斉唱は行わないと主張した。
- Opposition factions such as Japan Teachers Union (Nikkyoso) asserted that they did not raise the flag and did not carry out chorus reading of 'Kimigayo' on the grounds that it was against freedom of thought and freedom of conscience guaranteed by the Constitution.
- 荘園などを中心とした支配体制である荘園公領制はこの時期に成立し、以後、16世紀まで荘園は貴族たちの収入源として存在し続ける。
- Shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) mainly based on shoen, was established in this period, and after that until the sixteenth century, shoen continued to exist as a source of income for the nobles.
- 紀伊の熊野三山はじめ、大和国の大和葛城山・金峰山・大峰山、出羽国の出羽三山などは特にその中心として、修験の活動の場となった。
- Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano-Hongu-Taisha, Kumano-Hayatama-Taisha and Kumano-Nachi-Taisha) in Kii Province, Mt. Yamato Katsuragi, Mt. Kinpu, in Yamato Province, Mt. Omine in Yamato Province, and Dewa Sanzan (Three Mountains of Dewa) in Dewa Province turned into the central place for Shugendo.
- 同社の日本人移民事業は挫折したが、接収した土地で朝鮮民族を寄生地主制として働かせ、地主兼金融業を中心業務とするようになった。
- Although the immigration project of the company fell through, it placed the focus on land-owning and money-lending businesses making Korean people work in the condemned land under Kisei Jinushi Sei (the landownership in the period of the establishment of the Japanese capitalism).
- 氏による反証では、強制執行は行われておらず、洞村の人々が陵墓への畏怖心などから自主的に移転を決めたとの事実が明らかにされた。
- According his rebuttal, the people in Hora Village was not enforced to move but voluntarily decided to relocate in awe of the imperial mausoleum and so on.
- 幸倶楽部派(さいわいくらぶは)とは、明治後期から昭和初期にかけて茶話会を中心とした貴族院_(日本)の中小院内会派の連合組織。
- The faction of Saiwai-club was a union of medium and small parliamentary factions in the House of Peers (Japan) led by the Tea Party group from the late Meiji period to the early Showa period.
- 鳥居の代わりに門を模したものを付加する場合もあるが、これらの門はそれぞれ「発心門」「修行門」「菩提門」「涅槃門」と呼ばれる。
- In other cases gate-like structures are used instead of Torii, and those are called 'Hosshinmon gate,' 'Shugyomon gate,' 'Bodaimon gate,' and 'Nehanmon gate' respectively.
- 宮内省において明治天皇の補佐・指導を担当する侍補を中心とした宮中側と政策の実務を行う太政官の間で路線対立が生じたからである。
- The Imperial Household Ministry was divided by the difference in policy course into the Imperial Court side, centering on jiho (an aide) who assisted and provided directions to the Emperor Meiji, and Dajokan (Grand Council of State) side, who managed practical affairs.
- 『明六雑誌』は特定の意見を発信するというよりも、様々な問題を提起し、知識を紹介して人々の関心を高めること自体が目的であった。
- 'Meiroku Zasshi' aimed to raise awareness of people by proposing various problems and introducing knowledge rather than sending specific opinions.
- 16世紀後半になるとポルトガル船が日本に来航するようになって海外への関心が高まり、東南アジア方面にまで進出する日本人も現れた。
- Interests toward foreign nations grew at the end of sixteenth century when the Portuguese ships began to arrive in Japan, and there were some Japanese who advanced into the Southeast Asia.
- 令制国の行政機関を国衙(こくが)または国庁(こくちょう)といい、国衙の所在地や国衙を中心とする都市域を国府(こくふ)といった。
- The administrative organ in a Ryosei province was called Kokuga or Kokucho, and the city area centering around Kokuga and the location of Kokuga was called Kokufu.
- 「性」とは天から賦与された純粋な善性を、他方「情」とは感情としてあらわれる心の動きを指し、「情」の極端なものが人欲といわれる。
- Sei' is the pure innate goodness given by Heaven, while 'jo' is the activity of one's mind represented as feelings, and the extreme form of 'jo' is called 'jinyoku', or human desires.
- 特にこうした商人が続出した大阪(大坂から改称)は経済的に大打撃を受けて、日本経済の中心的地位から転落する要因となったのである。
- Osaka was particularly hard hit since many such merchants were in Osaka, and it became the cause for Osaka's fall from being in a position as the center of Japanese economy.
- しかし、聖徳太子の法律(十七条憲法)・官制改革(冠位十二階)を経て、大化の改新(645年)後、天皇中心の政治へ変換していった。
- But through a law introduced by Prince Shotoku (the Seventeen Article Constitution of the Asuka Period) and government organizational reform (the system of twelve courtly ranks), after the Taika Reform of 645 the political system shifted to an emperor-centered system.
- また、石高で30~60万石程度(後には90万石まで引き上げられた)にして行財政の負担に耐えうる規模とすることを心がけたと言う。
- It is said that the kokudaka (territorial land value) of prefecture was determined to be 300,000 to 600,000 goku (later 900,000 goku) so that prefectures could afford administrative expenses.
- しかし、それに対抗して神官の間では『日本書紀』神話の講読が盛行し、神道の立場を中心として神話と歴史を結合させる思想が起こった。
- For this, however, mythologies in 'Nihonshoki' were read actively by Shinto priests, and the concept of connecting history with the mythologies was created centering on the standpoint of the Shinto religion.
- 遠国を中心として年料租舂米を負担しない国を中心に負担した(ただし、年料舂米と重複することでは、年料租舂米負担国と同様である)。
- This was collected mainly in provinces that were far away from the center and did not pay Nenryo soshomai (however, the fact that it is duplicated with Nenryo shomai is the same as provinces that pay Nenryo soshomai).
- 南北朝時代には少なくとも旧勢力からは「悪党」と呼ばれる者の増加と参戦があり、例えば赤松円心や、楠木正成は代表的な悪党とされる。
- There was an increase of people called 'akuto' and their participation in wars during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) at least from former powers, and Enshin AKAMATSU and Masashige KUSUNOKI were their representatives.
- 前近代における東アジア国際社会は、政治的・経済的・文化的に大きな存在感を放つ中国王朝を中心とする形で国際秩序が成り立っていた。
- In the international society in East Asia in pre-modern times, international order was formed and maintained having China dynasty, which had significant presence politically, economically and culturally, in its center.
- 頼るところは最早人心のみ」と述べながら、北京陥落後あっさり義和団を切り捨てた清朝・西太后の姿勢は大きな失望を一般民衆に与えた。
- All we can rely on now is the heart of the people,' but she simply cut ties with the Boxers after the fall of Beijing, and commoners lost trust in the attitude of the Empress and the Qing dynasty.
- また、酒造好適米の生産地である播磨国東部から酒造の一大中心地である摂津国武庫郡西宮町への陸路による輸送の重要な中継点であった。
- Moreover, it was located on an important ground transportation route for rice running from eastern Harima Province, where good rice for brewing sake was grown, to Nishinomiya-cho, Muko-gun, Settsu Province, which was the center of brewing.
- 立石木下氏は日出藩藩主家の分家で、豊後国立石(現・大分県杵築市山香町立石)を中心とした5,000石の交代寄合表御礼衆であった。
- The Tateishi-Kinoshita clan, a branch of the lord family of the Hiji clan, was given the kotaiyoriai-omoteoreishu status, with a 5,000 koku of rice crop centered on Tateishi, Bungo Province (present Tateishi, Yamaga-machi, Kitsuki City, Oita Prefecture).
- しかし、同時に兼実が藤氏長者となったことで、氏寺である興福寺を中心に法成寺や東寺の再建にもより力を注がなければならなくなった。
- However, Kanezae, who became head of the Fujiwara clan at the same time, had to put much effort into reconstructing Hojo-ji and To-ji Temples with a focus on Kofuku-ji Temple built by his clan.
- 高野山は真言宗の本山として延暦寺と並ぶ信仰の中心であると共に、全国に散在する寺領の合計は17万石に達する紀伊の一大勢力であった。
- The Koyasan Temple was the center of belief as the head temple of the Shingon sect as well as the Enryaku-ji Temple and a big power in the Kii Province which had 170,000 koku (approximately 30.6 million liters of crop yield) of scattered jiryo (temple estate) all over the country.
- 信長は戦局を打開すべく、本願寺の主力となっていた雑賀衆の本拠である紀伊雑賀(現和歌山市を中心とする紀ノ川河口域)に狙いをつける。
- Attempting a breakthrough in the battle, Nobunaga targeted Kii Saiga (the estuary region of the Kino-kawa River around the present Wakayama City) which was the base of Saiga shu who was the main force of the Hongan-ji Temple.
- 平安時代においては、節会や節供などの恒例・臨時の宮中行事の際に、椀(埦)に高く盛った姫飯を中心に酒肴や菓子などの副食物を添えた。
- During the Heian period, scheduled and temporary court events such as Sechie and Sechiku (seasonal festivals) had Himeii (cooked rice) piled high in a bowl as the centerpiece with side dishes such as dishes for drinking and snacks.
- 心理面においては明・朝鮮軍が連合軍であるために指揮統制が難しく、一度不測の事態によって混乱すると収拾が難しかったと思われること。
- Looking from the morale perspective, it was difficult to give out commands since the Ming and Korean army was the allied force and was difficult to rally once the confusion occurred due to any unpredicted events.
- これを見送りに行った桂久武は貧弱な輜重への心配と西郷への友義から急遽従軍し、西郷軍の大小荷駄本部長(輜重隊の総責任者)となった。
- Hisatake KATSURA went to see SAIGO off, but immediately decided to join the army because he felt anxious about the poor military goods they transported and because of his chivalrous spirit toward his comrade SAIGO, and became director-general of laborers transporting large and small provisions of Saigo's army (chief executive of transport corps.)
- しかし、都の衰退と共に、仏教寺院や学識僧が徐々にその担い手として台頭し、その中でも鎌倉五山を中心とした五山文学はその代表である。
- However, with the decline of the capital, Buddhist temples and learned priests came to be responsible for those studies; the most representative of them was Gozan Bungaku (Literature of the Five Official Temples), the center of which was Kamakura Gozan Temple.
- だが、室町幕府の征夷大将軍足利義政はこの最中に花の御所を改築し、世事に全く関心を示さず、堪りかねた後花園天皇の勧告をも無視した。
- However, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), had no interest in the real world, renovated the Hana-no-gosho residence, and ignored the advice from the Emperor Gohanazono who became concerned with the situation.
- ところで、王朝国家体制が成立して以来、11世紀中期にかけて、中心的な税目である官物の収納については受領が大きな権限を有していた。
- By the way, in the period from the time when the dynastic nation system was established to the middle 11th century, zuryo had a significant right to collect kanmotsu, a main tax.
- しかし、これらはいずれも王の居所である宮(みや)にすぎず、国家の中心都市である京(みやこ)には至っていなかったと考えられている。
- However, it is thought that these palaces were just the Emperors' residences (Miya) and were not the capitals which were the central cities of the state.
- 家老ら重臣により、藩主が十分に改心して今後の行いも改まるであろうと判断された場合、藩主は「誓約書」を書いて、元の地位に復帰する。
- If senior vassals including karo conclude that the lord fully reformed himself and will mend his ways, the lord is allowed to get back to the original position after making a written promise.
- 紀伊一国は豊臣秀長領となり、秀長は紀伊湊に吉川平介、日高入山に青木一矩、粉河に藤堂高虎、田辺に杉若無心、新宮に堀内氏善を配置した。
- The Kii Province became the territory of Hidenaga TOYOTOMI and he arranged Heisuke KIKKAWA at Kiiminato, Kazunori AOKI at Hidakanyuyama (日高入山), Takatora TODO at Kokawa, Mushin SUGIWAKA at Tanabe and Ujiyoshi HORINOUCHI at Shingu.
- 安忠の子柳沢吉保は綱吉の腹心となり、綱吉が5代将軍になると元禄元年(1688年)1万石を与えられて側用人になり、松平姓を許された。
- Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA, the son of Yasutada, became a confidant of Tsunayoshi, and when Tsunayoshi became the fifth shogun, Yoshiyasu was given 10,000 koku, became a goyonin (one of the most senior retainers of the shogun) and was allowed to use the name MATSUDAIRA.
- 東大寺の倉庫であった正倉院の宝物は聖武天皇の遺愛品を中心とする8世紀美術の宝庫で、日本製品とともに唐からの舶載品を数多く所蔵する。
- Shoso-in Treasure Repository (formerly, the storehouse affiliated to Todai-ji Temple) is literally the treasury of the eighth century's art - this art is mainly occupied with the articles treasured by the late Emperor Shomu - so Shoso-in owns many goods from Tang-dynasty China as well as Japanese goods.
- 実際に朝廷は外交に関しては全く為す術が無く、10月23日に外交については引き続き幕府が中心となって行なうことを認める通知を出した。
- As expected, the Imperial Court had no ability for diplomacy and served a notice to admit that the bakufu would keep on dealing with diplomatic matters on November 18.
- しかし王陽明は「理あに吾が心に外ならんや」と述べるように、「性」・「情」をあわせた心そのものが「理」に他ならないという立場をとる。
- But as can be seen from his statement that 'ri is nothing but my mind', Wang Yangming took a stance that one's mind, which is a combination of 'sei' and 'jo', is nothing but 'ri.'
- 1221年の承久の乱の結果、後鳥羽上皇を中心とする朝廷が幕府に敗れる事態となり、上皇方についた貴族・武士の所領はすべて没収された。
- As the result of Jokyu War in 1221, the imperial court centering on the Retired Emperor Gotoba was defeated by the bakufu and all the lands of the aristocrats and samurais who were on the side of the Retired Emperor were confiscated.
- 院政期という比較的早い時期において成立し、有職故実・公事を中心とする題材を後世の説話集に提供したため、説話に分類されることもある。
- Fukego is sometimes classified as a setsuwa (a collection of anecdotes) because it was written in the earlier period, in the times under cloistered rule, and presented such subjects as yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) and official court events to setsuwa collections of the later period.
- 大欽茂が唐との融和を図る時代になると軍事的な意味合いは薄れ、専ら文化交流と経済活動を中心とした使節へとその性格を変化させていった。
- When Kinmo DAI reconciled with the Tang Dynasty, envoys no longer implied military activities and were carried out for the sole purpose of cultural exchange and economic activities.
- こうした状況下で、関東を中心に武士団が形成されていったが、武士団では主人がトップに立ち、家子・郎党と呼ばれる従者たちを率いていた。
- Under such situations, samurai groups formed being centered in the Kanto region, and in such a group, the master took top position and led his servants called Ienoko or roto.
- その意見に基づけば、明治維新以後は政治の中心が東京にあったのであるから、「東京時代」として一括されるべきではないかというのである。
- From that viewpoint, the period of time after the Meiji restoration should be collectively referred to as the 'Tokyo period' because the political center has existed in Tokyo since the restoration.
- 結局、改革も人心収攬に失敗し、また尊号一件などにより家斉の不興を買ったことで、定信は改革わずか6年目にして失脚して老中を辞任する。
- In the end, his reforms failed to win the hearts of the people, and also earned Ienari's displeasure in 'Songo ikken' (Songo Incident) and others, so he resigned 'roju' after only six years from the start of his reforms.
- 下関条約(1895年)によって、最後の朝貢国朝鮮が華夷秩序から離脱したことにより、中国を中心として機能していた華夷秩序は消滅した。
- Kaichitsujp, of which China was the center completely disappeared by conclusion of Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) because the last country, which conducted choko to the Qing dynasty dropped from Kaichitsujo by the conclusion of the treaty.
- 一例として弓組約10組と筒組(鉄砲組)約20組の計30組で、各組には組頭1騎、与力が10騎、同心が30から50人程配置されていた。
- For example, it had thirty groups in total, consisting of about ten groups of the Yumi (archery) troop and about twenty groups of matchlock infantry, with each group being stationed with one kumigashira (a head of the group), ten yoriki (police sergeants), and thirty to fifty doshin (police constables).
- 石器には、縄文文化より伝わった打製石器を中心とする一群と、朝鮮半島無文土器文化より伝わった磨製石器の一群(大陸系磨製石器)がある。
- There were two types of stoneware; chipped stone tools passed down from the Jomon culture and ground stoneware (continental ground stoneware) introduced from the Mumun pottery culture on the Korean Peninsula.
- 丁銀および豆板銀は「上方の銀遣い」と呼ばれるように大坂を中心とする西日本はもとより北陸地方から東北地方の日本海側を中心に流通した。
- As they were called by 'using silver by kamigata (kinki region including Kyoto and Osaka)', chogin and mameitagin were used not only in western Japan centering around Osaka but also along Sea of Japan in Hokuriku and Tohoku region.
- 「心を一にして」は日本国民の団結を表現する当時の決まり文句であり、江戸期の水戸学者の著作から後の教育勅語に至るまで広く使われている。
- 心を一にして (Shall be united) ' was cliche expressing the unity of Japanese people at the time and was used widely from literary works of Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) academics in the Edo period to the Imperial Rescript on Education.
- 慶長5年(1600年)に関ヶ原の戦いで徳川家康が勝利して覇権を確立すると、諸大名は徳川氏の歓心を買うため江戸に参勤するようになった。
- After Ieyasu TOKUGAWA won the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and attained supremacy, various daimyo started to make their pilgrimage to Edo to gain the Tokugawa clan's favor.
- 宗教については、日蓮宗や浄土真宗といった厭世気分と免罪への求心から発しその後救世への渇望と強い結束を見せた宗派の布教が成功している。
- With respect to religion, propagation of religious schools that started with a pessimistic way of thinking and desire for indulgence and later showed anxiety for salvation and strong solidarity such as the Nichiren sect and Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) succeeded.
- 近年、中世の河原者の居住地と、近世の被差別民の居住地が重なる例が京都や奈良を中心に報告され、部落の起源論争の大きな焦点となっている。
- Cases have been reported mainly in Kyoto and Nara, in which the domicile of the Kawaramono in the Medieval Period coincided with those who were discriminated in modern times, while reported cases focused on the controversy of the origin of Buraku (discriminated hamlet).
- また、このような仏教優位の考え方は、ケガレと日常的に接する武士の心を捉え、以後の八幡神信仰や天神信仰の興隆にもつながることとなった。
- Moreover, such a view of Buddhism predominance touched the hearts of samurai, who were commonly close to muck, and led to prosperity of future Hachimanshin and Tenjin beliefs.
- それまでの加持祈祷や学問中心の仏教から、内面的な深まりを持ちながら、庶民など広い階層を対象とする新しい仏教への変化が胎動していった。
- The Buddhism focusing on incantation and prayer, and study was beginning to change into a new Buddhism focusing on internal maturity for broad range of people including common people.
- ロシアの満州占領は日露戦争を導き、さらに辛うじてその勝者となった日本は一層の領土的野心を滾らせ、日中戦争へと邁進していくようになる。
- Russia's occupation of Manchuria led to the Russo-Japanese War, and when Japan won, their ambition moved up a level and they pushed on towards the Sino-Japanese War.
- 天明3年(1783年)に浅間山が大噴火し、噴煙が長らく諸国の空を覆い、くわえて天候不順から東日本を中心として凶作が続くようになった。
- Fumes from the major eruption of Mt. Asama in 1783 hung over various districts for a prolonged period, which, being combined with unsettled weather, caused a long-lasting famine mainly in eastern Japan.
- こうなると今度は、株持ち酒屋のあいだに疑心暗鬼が生じ、自分たちの中にそうした裏切り者がいないか、相互監視するネットワークが築かれた。
- That made kabumochi breweries suspicious of each other, so much so that they established a mutual surveillance network to find a possible traitor.
- 官奏の内容は、不堪佃田や不動倉開用など、地方行政において中央の判断を仰ぐ必要のある重要な申請を中心に数通から十通が勅裁にかけられた。
- Several or ten reports were submitted at a time to obtain decision of the Emperor, and main subjects of which were major provincial affairs that needed judgement of central government, such as Fukan-denden (a report about uncultivable lands), Fudoso-kaiyo (a request to open a door of storage house of rice paid as tax) and others.
- 高野山側は伊都郡・那賀郡 (和歌山県)・有田郡の領内の武士を総動員し、軍師橋口隼人を中心に「高野七砦」をはじめとする多数の砦を築いた。
- The side of Koyasan mobilized all samurai in the territories of Ito County, Naga County (Wakayama Prefecture) and Arida County and built many forts such as 'Koya seven forts' led by a strategist Hayato HASHIGUCHI.
- また、紀伝道に求められるものも、天皇や公卿からも強い関心を抱かれていた漢詩などの文学の材料としての歴史的知識に移るようになっていった。
- Also, what was required of kidendo changed to the historical knowledge that could be used in Chinese poetry and therefore drew much attention from the emperors and the nobles.
- 生野代官所支配地を中心に分離運動が高まり、1869年(明治2年)、但馬(但馬北部の一部除く)、播磨、美作3ヶ国を生野県として分離した。
- As separatist movements was mounted in places dominated by the Ikuno magistrate's office, three provinces of Tajima (except for a part of northern Tajima), Harima and Mimasaka were separated from Kumihama Prefecture and formed Ikuno Prefecture in 1869.
- (一方、賀茂氏側も暦道における自己の立場を主張し、鎌倉時代に入ると本来は陰陽頭が中心となる御暦奏の儀式において安倍氏が陰陽頭の場合には
- (Meanwhile, the Kamo clan also claimed their position in rekido: in the Kamakura period, when a member of the Abe clan was onmyo no kami, the Kamo clan insisted that the ceremony of goryaku no so (the annual presentation of the calendar to the emperor), which had been conducted mainly by onmyo no kami, should be conducted by reki hakase.
- 当初は畿内を中心にした概念と考えられていたが、後に九州の事例を研究した工藤敬一らによって日本全国的な事象として考えられるようになった。
- Initially Zoyakumen kei shoen were regarded as the cases that were seen mainly in kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), but thanks to Keiichi KUDO's research on the cases in Kyushu, it is now believed that such cases were seen across the nation.
- 長可を追った後も引き続き信濃に進駐していた景勝は、御館の乱の影響もあってかかねてから北条に対して警戒心を露にし、合戦準備を進めていた。
- Kagekatsu, who was stationed in Shinano even after repelling Nagayoshi, displayed his wariness of Hojo, probably due to the influence of the Otate War, and was getting ready for battle.
- 刀鍛冶らの職人も、それまでの銘物としての一品生産を中心とする生産方法から、ある程度の使い捨てを念頭に置いた大量生産を行うようになった。
- Craftsmen such as swordsmith also switched from a manufacturing method centering on article-by-article production with swords inscribed with the name of the swordsmith to quantity production with an eye on disposal to a certain extent.
- 韓国気象庁によれば、韓国に飛来する黄砂は内モンゴル、ゴビ砂漠、黄土高原などを中心に発生し、発生からおよそ1日 - 8日かけて到達する。
- According to South Korea's weather agency, the kosa coming to Korea is produced mostly in Inner Mongolia, the Gobi Desert, or the Loess Plateau, and reaches Korea in around one to eight days after it is produced in these areas.
- 会津藩でも9月22日に会津若松城が落ちると、領内(特に戦場にならなかった地域を中心)に会津世直し一揆が発生、領内のほぼ全域に拡大した。
- When Aizu Wakamatsu-jo Castle surrendered to the new government on November 6 (表記の変更), an uprising known as Aizu Yonaoshi Ikki broke out (particularly the insurgence was intense in the areas that escaped from having been involved in the Aizu War), and it extended to almost all the territory of the domain.
- 北朝方の勝利の下室町幕府が安定して以後も、幕府の支持を得た筒井氏に対し、越智氏も大和国南部を中心として勢力を維持し紛争は継続していた。
- Even after the triumph of the Northern Court side stabilized the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the conflict lasted between the Tsutsui clan, who won the support from the shogunate, and the Ochi clan, who continued to maintain power especially in the southern part of Yamato Province.
- 古墳は規模や化粧方法の違いとともにその平面形状によってと、さらに埋葬の中心施設である主体部の構造や形態によって細かく分類編年されている。
- Kofun is chronologically and particularly classified according to the size, decoration, surface shape, as well as the construction and shape of the main part, which is the most important part of entombment.
- 加藤清正・福島正則などを中心とした豊臣政権内部の2つの派閥の一つで、石田三成・小西行長などの「文治派(文吏派とも)」と対比して呼ばれる。
- This was one of the two factions in the Toyotomi government with Kiyomasa KATO and Masanori FUKUSHIMA, etc. taking a leading part, and it is often mentioned in contrast with the Bunchi-ha (also called the Bunri-ha) which was led by Mitsunari ISHIDA, Yukinaga KONISHI and others.
- 歴代の足利将軍は禅宗に帰依し、これを保護したため、京都を中心に禅宗寺院が隆盛し、そこから造園、文学、茶道など、さまざまな文化が生まれた。
- Successive shoguns of the Muromachi bakufu devoutly believed in and patronized the Zen sect of Buddhism, so Zen-sect-style temples were constructed one after another mainly in Kyoto, and these temples became the stage of various kinds of culture, such as landscape gardening, literature, and Japanese tea ceremony.
- 彼らは領国の阿波国を始め、讃岐国、淡路国、摂津国、和泉国、河内国、山城国、丹波国、大和国などを実力で支配し、それぞれ腹心をして支配した。
- They controlled, in addition to their territory, the Awa Province, the Sanuki Province, the Awaji Province, the Settsu Province, the Izumi Province, the Kawachi Province, the Yamashiro Province, the Tanba Province and the Yamato Province with raw power through their trusted retainers.
- これによって、御前沙汰は最終決裁者である将軍とその直臣官僚とも言える御前沙汰衆を中心とする室町幕府における事実上の最高評議機関となった。
- Here, gozen-sata had become the virtual highest consulting body in the Muromachi bakufu centered around the shogun as the final decision-maker and gozen-sata shu as the officials under the shogun's direct command.
- 一方、元田の理念はそのままの形では実現されなかったものの、その儒教的・絶対的な天皇中心主義は『教育勅語』という形で実現することになった。
- On the other hand, Motoda's idea was not realized in its original form but his Confucian and absolute Imperialism was realized in the form of the 'Kyoiku Chokugo' (Imperial Rescript on Education).
- ただし、名越氏は光時の弟北条時章を中心に依然として北条氏内部における反得宗勢力として残り、時頼の死後の二月騒動で再び敵対することとなる。
- However, as the Nagoe family, with Tokiaki HOJO, a younger brother of Mitsutoki, as its center, remained as the anti-Tokuso power inside the Hojo clan, it stood against Tokuso in Nigatsu-sodo (February rebellion) after Tokiyori's death.
- 「此所を能く呑込んで、金銀は命を救ふ第二番の物なることを知て米穀を第一、金銀を第二と心得て、平日食糧になるべき物を蓄ふることを勤むべし」
- You should understand that rice is the most important, and gold and silver are the second for surviving and try hard to store everyday food,'
- 同時に『万国公法』を含む西欧について書かれた著作(西学書)への関心が徐々に高まっていき、開化派と呼ばれる開明的な一派も形成されていった。
- At the same time, more and more people were interested in the books with topics related Western countries (Seigakusho 西学書, books on western studies) and an open and liberal group called the Kaehwadang (Progressive Party) was formed.
- 戦争遂行には膨大な物資の輸入が不可欠であり、日本銀行副総裁高橋是清は日本の勝算を低く見積もる当時の国際世論の下で戦費調達に非常に苦心した。
- It was critical to import a vast amount of resources to carry out war, and Korekiyo TAKAHASHI, the Deputy Governor of the Bank of Japan had difficulty in raising such funds because international opinion underestimated the prospects of a Japanese victory.
- 領地は、領主の居館を中心として、その近接地や資産建物、さらに自由農民や農奴の保有地の間を縫うように存在する小片の土地群から構成されていた。
- The land, centering on the lord's residence, consisted of the neighboring lands, asset properties and furthermore the group of patches of land which existed threading through the lands owned by free farmers or serfs.
- しかし、人為的な処置によって黄砂の量を減らすことはできるのではないかと考えられており、発生地の砂漠化の防止を中心とした対策が行われている。
- However, it is considered that the amount of kosa can be reduced by taking appropriate measures, and various measures have been taken centered on the prevention of desertification of the areas where kosa occurs.
- これに対し、在寮生で構成する吉田寮自治会を中心に卒寮生も含めた廃寮反対運動が高まり、自主入寮選考の成功で寮生数は減少するどころか増加した。
- With the rise in the opposition movement against the above decision conducted by the council of Yoshida dormitory and the graduates, however, the number of dormitory residents increased, instead of decreased, thanks to the success of autonomous selection of residents.
- 七道は京を中心にして四方にのびる幹線交通路(水路も含む)に沿った行政区分で、東海道・東山道・北陸道・山陰道・山陽道・南海道・西海道である。
- The shichido were administrative areas that followed the main roads (including water channels) which stretched away from the capital in all directions, and consisted of Tokaido, Tosando, Hokurikudo, Sanindo, Sanyodo, Nankaido and Saikaido.
- 23日、園城寺で衆議が行われ、六波羅(平氏の本拠)夜討が提案されたが、平氏に心を寄せる者が議論を長引かせ、夜討は立ち消えとなってしまった。
- On the twenty-fourth (twenty-third in lunar calendar), a meeting of all the clergy was held at Onjo-ji temple, at which a plan to launch a night raid on Rokuhara (the stronghold of the Taira clan) was proposed, but those more favorable towards the Taira among the priests managed to prolong the debate until the plan for a night raid fell through.
- 俘囚が有していた狩猟技術・武芸技術は、乗馬と騎射を中心とするものであり、俘囚の戦闘技術は当時登場しつつあった武士たちへ大きな影響を与えた。
- Fushu's hunting and military arts were centered on horseback riding and Kisha (shooting an arrow while riding a horse), and thus many samurai who came to the forefront at the time were heavily influenced by the Fushu's skills in battle.
- こうした「今年は多い/少ない」の予測、たとえば「少ない」との予測が出されると、患者の多くは安心してしまい、対策がおろそかになることがある。
- A forecast of 'low' according to a system that states 'values for this year will be high/low' would serve to make many patients feel at ease and less likely to take preventative steps.
- すなわち1860年代以降の清朝は、西欧の諸知識・技術を摂取しようという機運が高まっており、国際法への関心もその延長線上にあるものであった。
- Namely, in the Qing dynasty since 1860's, movement to absorb knowledge and technologies of western countries had been gathering momentum and interest in international law was its extension.
- 陸奥は硬六派などを中心とした対外硬派の「条約励行運動」に反対して、漸進的な条約改正を目指して、まずイギリスとの間で治外法権の解消に努めた。
- Mutsu was against 'treaty enforcement movement' of the hard-line foreign policies faction centering on the hard-line six parties and others and worked to dissolve the extraterritoriality with the United Kingdom, aiming at incremental revision of treaties.
- 経済の中心地である大坂への物流の利便性の高さから、本郷や佐治など、加古川水運の船着場が発達し、郡の範囲を超える広い範囲の物流を担っていた。
- Because of convenience of commodity distribution to Osaka, the economic center, river ports for the water transportation of the Kako-gawa River, such as Hongo and Saji, developed there, providing goods transportation functions in a broad area beyond the county.
- また、人骨に武器の切っ先が嵌入している事例も、北部九州を中心に数例が確認されているが、これらは武器による受傷人骨であることが明らかである。
- Also there are several cases with tip of weapons impacted human bones in northern Kyushu, and they are clearly human bones showing weapon trauma.
- 西日本を中心に銀山から山出しされた灰吹銀に極印を打ち、その量目(質量)に応じて実質価値が定まる秤量銀貨が大口取引に利用されるようになった。
- Mainly in western Japan, large-amount transactions were conducted in 'shoryo ginka' or silver coins which were hallmarked pieces of cupelled silver mined from a silver mine and whose real values were determined by their weight (mass).
- 大航海時代になると金融の中心は経済の変動に追いつけずに衰退しつつあった北イタリアから、次第にイングランドの首都ロンドンへと移るようになる。
- In the Age of Exploration, the financial center gradually shifted from North Italy which was on the decline, failing to catch up with the volatile economy, to London, the capital of England.
- フェノロサや岡倉天心らは、政府から万国博出展のために「日本美術史」の解説を書いてほしいとの依頼を受け、短期間で日本の美術の通史を書き上げた。
- The Japanese government asked Ernest Fenollosa, Tenshin OKAKURA and others to write a guide of Japanese art history, which should be attached to the art works shown at the international exhibition, so they finished writing the complete history of Japanese art in a short period of time.
- 太田資長は文明 (日本)10年(1478年)に剃髪し道灌と号し、文明18年(1486年)に謀殺されるまで江戸城を中心に南関東一円で活躍した。
- Even after entering into priesthood in 1478 by shaving his head and calling himself Dokan, Sukenaga OTA ruled over the southern Kanto region from his base of power in the southern Kanto region until his assasination in 1486.
- また新兵組とともに軍費自弁のためにできた膨大な借金は名主仲間共有の山林を売り払うなどして賄われ、肝心の宮座は維新後間もなく消滅してしまった。
- But much like the Shinpeigumi, they were left with enormous debts because they were shouldering the financial burden of their wartime activities themselves, so although the council of village headsmen managed to cover their expenses by selling the lumber and other things they owned jointly as villages, this led to the shrine organization--the heart and soul of the troop--quickly ceasing to exist soon after the Restoration.
- なぜならば、9月6日に幽斎を降した小野木らの丹波・但馬の諸大名を中心とした西軍は、それから9日後の関ヶ原の戦いに間に合わなかったからである。
- This is because the western army with Onogi, consisting of various Daimyo of Tanba and Tajima, did not make it to the Battle of Sekigahara, which started 9 days after the western army captured the castle from Yusai on September 6.
- こうした就学政策に加えて、唐風文化への関心の増大などがあり、平安時代前期に相当する9世紀から10世紀初頭にかけてが大学寮の全盛期にあたった。
- In addition to these school attendance policies, because of a rise in interest in a Tang Dynasty-style culture, Daigaku-ryo saw its heyday between the 9th century and the early 10th century, which corresponds to the first half of the Heian period.
- その和田義盛の乱において、三浦氏の惣領三浦義村は和田義盛に同心すると見せかけ、起請文まで書いたが、実際に乱が始まると、北条義時の側に立った。
- During that Rebellion of Yoshimori WADA, Yoshimura MIURA, who was the Soryo of the Miura clan, made it seem as if he agreed with Yoshimori WADA by writing even kishomon (sworn oath), but stood on the side of Yoshitoki HOJO when the real war began.
- 彼は、これを曼荼羅に擬え、空海の脳裏にあったのは、天・地を中心としてそれを東・南・西・北が時計回りに取り巻く曼荼羅的構図であったと考察する。
- He compared it to Mandala and assumed that Kukai should have imagined a Mandala-like configuration with Heaven and Earth in the center and East, South, West, and North surrounding them clockwise.
- 蓮如は親鸞直系の末裔である一族の団結を求め、法主を継承した実如を中心に各地の住持となった子供達がその藩屏として教団を守ってゆくことを求めた。
- Rennyo wanted the solidarity among his families which were the direct descendants of Shinran and also wanted his children who became chief priests at various places, especially Jitsunyo who succeeded to hoshu, to protect the religious community as the guarding walls.
- 現実例から抽出されたモデルに現実に用いられた呼称を適用することからはじまったが、先行モデルを中心に価値判断を排除すべく概念規定されつつある。
- The naming started from applying actually used names to models extracted from actual examples, and the concept of colony is being determined to exclude value judgments mainly from prior models.
- 「天文道は天文密奏、暦道は御暦奏を掌る」という独自の論理を主張して安倍氏の陰陽頭を排除して賀茂氏の暦博士が中心となって行うようになっていった。
- Saying, 'Tenmondo should deal with tenmon misso and rekido should handle goryaku no so', they excluded the Abe clan's onmyo no kami from the ceremony, changing the tradition.
- 9月1日、鹿児島入りすると、辺見は私学校を守っていた200名の官軍を排除して私学校を占領し、突囲軍の主力は城山 (鹿児島市)を中心に布陣した。
- On September 1, upon entering Kagoshima, HENMI seized Shigakko by removing the government army of 200 soldiers who had guarded, and the main part of the Totsui-gun forces set up a battle formation with Shiroyama (in Kagoshima City) at the center.
- 律令編纂に中心的な役割を果たした藤原不比等は、その後、大納言・右大臣へ昇進し、政府の中枢において最大の権力者となり、藤原氏繁栄の基盤を作った。
- FUJIWARA no Fuhito, who played a key role in compiling the Ritsuryo, was promoted to Dainagon (Major Counselor of State) and then to Udaijin (Minister of the Right), becoming the most influential person in the political center and laying the foundations for the prosperity of the Fujiwara clan.
- 弘仁・貞観文化(こうにん・じょうがんぶんか)とは、日本史において、弘仁・貞観_(日本)年間を中心とする平安時代前期(ほぼ9世紀に相当)の文化。
- Konin-Jogan culture is considered in Japanese history to be the culture that flourished in Japan during the Konin and Jogan era of the early Heian period (about the ninth century).
- 坂本の議論は広範な支持を得るところとなり、その後の10世紀・11世紀史研究は坂本論を中心に展開し、坂本論の深化・批判という形で行われていった。
- Sakamoto's theory received support from many researchers and since then, the study of the 10th and 11th centuries has been conducted in the form of deepening/criticizing it with Sakamoto's theory as a starting point.
- 沢と井上から「中心人物の処刑と一般信徒の流罪」という厳罰の提案を受けた政府では4月25日(5月17日)に大阪で御前会議を開いてこれを討議した。
- Following a proposal of severe punishment of 'execution for leading figures and deportation for other general Christians' made by Sawa and Inoue, the government held a conference in the presence of the emperor in Osaka on May 17 to discuss the proposed punishment.
- 甲賀五十三家(こうがごじゅうさんけ)は、「鈎の陣」にて六角氏に味方した甲賀の地侍五十三家のことであり、後の甲賀流忍術の中心となった家々である。
- Koka fifty-three families refers to jizamurai (local samurai) fifty-three families in Koka, who stood by Rokkaku clan's side in 'Siege of Magari,' who later became the center families of Koga-ryu school ninjutsu (ninja techniques).
- 特に東大寺は東大寺盧舎那仏像など主要建築物の殆どを失い、中心より離れた法華堂と二月堂・転害門・正倉院以外は全て灰燼に帰するなど大打撃を蒙った。
- Especially, Todai-ji Temple was given heavy damage; most of major buildings including the statue of Birushana Buddha were lost, and all but those apart from the center such as Hokke-do Hall, Nigatsudo Temple, Tengaimon (literally, 'the gate of shifting the evil') and Shoso-in Treasure Repository burned to the ground.
- 8月11日に大蔵省と民部省が合併されて大蔵省が財政の全権を掌握できるようになると、大隈や伊藤を中心に整理のための方策が検討されることになった。
- On August 11 when the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Popular Affairs merged into the Ministry of Finance to be able to control financial affairs with absolute authority, measurements for putting the things in order were planned to be examined by Okuma and Ito as leaders.
- 杉若無心はおよそ一千人を率いて山本康忠の籠る龍松山(市ノ瀬)城(現上富田町)に向かい、仙石秀久・尾藤知宣・藤堂高虎は千五百の兵で湯河勢を追った。
- While Mushin SUGIWAKA left for Ryushosan (Ichinose)-jo Castle (present Kamitonda-cho) where Yasutada YAMAMOTO stayed, leading about 1,000 soldiers, Hidehisa SENGOKU, Tomonobu BITO and Takatora TODO chased the Yukawa troops, leading 1,500 soldiers.
- 目的は、「鴨川等の安心・安全で良好かつ快適な河川環境を実現するための施策を推進し、もって府民の誇りである鴨川等を後世に引き継ぐ」(前文)にある。
- Its purpose is 'to promote the policy to achieve a peaceful, safe, good and comfortable environment for Kamo-gawa River and other rivers, and to hand down provincial heritage Kamo-gawa River and other rivers to our descendants' (from the preamble).
- 老臣溝井六郎は秀吉に対して異心のないことを闡明することを主張するが、秀吉軍が迫る中で賛同する者はなく、ついに伊達家に仕えることを余儀なくされた。
- A senior vassal Rokuro MIZOI insisted on Akimitsu's clear assertion that he bear no treacherous intentions against Hideyoshi, but nobody agree to that opinion; and at last, they were obliged to serve the Date family.
- まず「良知」とは貴賤にかかわらず万人が心の内にもつ先天的な道徳知(「良知良能は、愚夫愚婦も聖人と同じ」)であり、また人間の生命力の根元でもある。
- First, 'ryochi' is the innate moral knowledge that everybody has in their mind irrespective of rank or social status ('innate knowledge and ability are the same for the foolish person as they are for the sage') and the source of a person's vitality.
- 辺見は雷撃隊を中心に正義隊・干城隊・熊本隊・協同隊などの諸隊を加えて大塚付近に進み、8日の朝から久木野本道に大挙して攻撃を加え、官軍を撃退した。
- HENMI led the Raigeki-tai troop together with other troops including the Seigi-tai, Kanjo-tai, Kumamoto-tai, and the combined troop, and advanced to the area around Otsuka; on the morning of May 8, he attacked in full force on the main road of Kukino and defeated the government army.
- そしてついに、明治9年(1876年)内務卿大久保利通は、内閣顧問木戸孝允を中心とする長州派の猛烈な提案に押し切られ、鹿児島県政改革案を受諾した。
- At last in 1876, Naimukyo (Secretary of Interior) Toshimichi OKUBO was pushed by vigorous proposition of the Choshu faction led by Naikakukomon (adviser to the Cabinet) Takayoshi KIDO and accepted the Kagoshima prefectural government reform bill.
- ところが、中川宮を取り込もうとしたところで折りしも発生した広沢真臣暗殺事件の捜査中であった政府側に情報が漏れ、山縣有朋を中心に摘発に乗り出した。
- However, trying to count Nakagawa no miya in, information was leaked to the government that was investigating the assassination of Saneomi HIROSAWA, Aritomo YAMAGATA and others started to investigate what was happenening.
- 百姓らの生活・経済活動はモザイク状の名を中心としていたため、彼らの住居はまばらに散在しており、住居が密集する村落という形態は出現していなかった。
- Because the peasants' livelihoods and economic activities depended on the myo, which were located in a mosaic-like manner, their residences spread thin and there was no community in the form of a village where residences were densely packed.
- これより前、王府から沖縄県庁に対する不服従の指令を各地に発しており、ここ宮古島でも、仲村、与那覇親雲上、亀川恵備ら旧吏を中心に盟約を作り上げた。
- Before their arrival, Ofu (royal government) gave a command to each area not to obey the Okinawa Prefectural Government, and in Miyako-jima Island, the former officials including Nakamura, Bechin YOHANA and 亀川恵備 made a covenant following this command.
- 唐の都の長安は西アジアやインドからの使節や商人が集まる国際都市となり、長安を中心にさまざまな商品や知識が日本を始め東アジア各地に広まっていった。
- Chagan, the capital of Tang became an international city with envoys and merchants from West Asia and India, and various kinds of commodities and knowledge were spread to Japan and East Asia from Chagan.
- 来日したベックマンは、築地から霞が関に都市の中心軸を置き、中央駅、劇場、博覧会場、官庁街、新宮殿、国会議事堂などを配する壮大な都市計画を立てた。
- When Böckmann came to Japan, he undertook the grandiose project of city planning of Tokyo; it was to set the center of the capital around the area from Tsukiji to Kasumigaseki, and to place buildings, such as a central station, a theater, a venue for exhibitions, government offices, a new palace and a congress hall.
- 貴族院議長近衛篤麿の東亜同文会を中心として貴族院議員や憲政本党・帝国党などの衆議院議員、頭山満に代表される右翼のような対外硬派の人々が結集した。
- Led by Chairman Atsumaro KONOE and his group, 'Toa-dobunkai (an association of Pan-Asianism)', members of the House of Peers, members of the House of Representatives belonging to right-wing parties such as Kenseihonto or Teikokuto having a strong foreign policy, rightist like Mitsuru TOYAMA joined forces to found the society.
- 戦争が起こったと仮定すれば、近畿地方の大和勢力を中心に、広域の政治連合、例えば邪馬台国連合のような同盟ができあがっていたとことが想定されている。
- Assuming that there was a war, the formation of a wide area political alliance, such as the Yamatai-Koku kingdom alliance, centering on powers of Yamato in Kinki region is also assumed.
- 別所氏を滅ぼした三木合戦においては腹心の竹中重治(半兵衛)が陣没し、その他多くの将兵を失い、また上月城の戦いでは尼子勝久ら尼子氏の残党軍を失った。
- Hideyoshi also lost his right-hand man, Shigeharu, or Hanbei, TAKENAKA at the Battle of Miki, which put the Bessho clan to an end, while he lost the remnant troops of the Amago clan including Katsuhisa AMAGO at the Battle of Kozuki-jo Castle.
- 武田家菩提寺、恵林寺領の例を見ると家臣団の末端に位置して武芸を専らとする「同心衆」のほかに、年貢の一部負担を免除された「軍役衆」の存在が見られる。
- According to the example of the estate of Erin-ji Temple, the Takeda family's ancestral temple, in addition to the smallest unit of the lowest position of vassals devoted themselves to military arts, there were a band of farmers exempt from a part of their land taxes.
- 開拓使貫属は、開拓使に所属するが士族の身分を失わずに開拓に従事する者であり、身分が保障されるうえ移住に関しても資金調達の心配が無くなる身分である。
- Kanzoku of the Hokkaido Development Commission referred to a person who belonged to the Commission to be engaged in reclamation work but did not have to give up his or her social status as a warrior class and even given necessary funds for relocation.
- 形状は、小判を意識した楕円形で、中心部に正方形の穴が開けられ、表面には「天保通寳」、裏面には「當百」と表記され、金座後藤家の花押が鋳込まれている。
- The coin had an elliptical shape that resembled koban (former Japanese oval coin), having a square hole in the center, of which Chinese characters '天保通寳' (Tenpo-tsuho) was written on the front, '當百' (Tohyaku; referring that 1 Tenpo-tsuho was equivalent to 100 mon [a unit of currency]) and Kao (written seal mark) of the Goto family, kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) on the back.
- このため9世紀から10世紀にかけて、従来は祓いで済んでいたケガレ除去の方法が、陰陽道の影響もあり物忌み中心に変わってきていることが確認されている。
- Accordingly, the way of muck removal had been changed; it is confirmed that from the ninth century to the tenth century, purificatory asceticism was mainly applied, under the influence of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements), instead of former purification.
- 今後実用化されるであろうある新しい治療法(薬剤)に関しても、費用がかかるため、保険で認められるかどうかわからないといった心配も一部でなされている。
- New treatments (pharmaceuticals) that will likely be put to practical use in future require significant expense, and there is concern about whether or not these will be recognized by the insurance industry.
- 笛・鼓・ささらなどの囃しにあわせて踊る田楽も同様に貴族の関心をひくようになり、やがて京都や奈良にはいって芸能化されると、宮廷にも流れ込んでいった。
- Dengaku, a dance in time with hayashi (musical accompaniment played on traditional Japanese instruments) such as fue (Japanese flute), drum, sasara (a Japanese traditional percussion instrument) also started drawing attentions of court nobles; it eventually was introduced to the Imperial Court after it entered Kyoto or Nara and became a public entertainment.
- しかし承久の乱以降は西日本を中心に荘官と地頭が並立する荘園も見られ、後述するように地頭請が行われるようになると、徐々に地頭職という観念が定着した。
- However, after the Jokyu War, shoen in which shokan and jito stood abreast were also seen mainly in western Japan and, as described below, with the beginning of Jitouke (the contract system that manor's owner entrust a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) the conception of Jito shiki gradually took root.
- 2007年から、トルコを中心とする数カ国からなる水中考古学の調査団は海中のエルトゥールル号の調査を進めており、海底からの遺品引き揚げを進めている。
- Since 2007, the multinational underwater archaeological research group, consisting of Turkey as a leading country and several countries, has been investigating the Ertuğrul in the water and working on the salvage of her remains from the seabed.
- 朝鮮最初の条約が不平等条約であったのは、日本側の砲艦外交の結果でもあるが、国際法や条約体制に関し、朝鮮側が関心を払っていなかったことも要因である。
- The first treaty, which Korea concluded was an unequal treaty due to the gunboat diplomacy of Japan but it is also pointed out that Korea did not pay attention to it.
- 初期の大学寮においては儒学を教える明経道が中心とされ、律令を教える明法道と算術を教える算道が実務的な観点からこれを補う構造であったと考えられている。
- It is thought that in the early daigakuryo, myogyodo, which was the study of Confucian classics, was centered on supplementary subjects: myobodo to teach the Ritsuryo codes and sando to teach arithmetic, added from practical viewpoints.
- この政府案を元に国民の間で広く議論が行われ、4月10日には衆議院議員総選挙が行われた(もっとも、国民の最大の関心は、新憲法より生活の安定にあった)。
- People extensively discussed on the Draft on March 6, and the general election of members of the House of Representatives was held on April 10 (But people's actual greatest concern was their lifestyle stability, not the constitution.)
- 黒船来航・開国以来、尊皇攘夷が高まりを見せ、天皇・朝廷が急速に政治的求心力を備えてくると、幕府の所在する江戸から離れた京都が政治動向の中心となった。
- After the Perry Expedition and the Opening of Japan, the following of Sonno Joi greatly extended their influence, accordingly the Emperor and the Imperial Court rapidly gathered momentum, and the political center moved from Edo to a distant city, Kyoto (the Imperial Court and its vicinity).
- 当初の鎌倉幕府は東国を中心に成立した鎌倉殿を主宰者とする武士を首班とした地方政権であり、承久の乱後、全国政権へと飛躍し、権力を拡大させたものである。
- The Kamakura Bakufu was originally a local government headed by the Kamakura-dono founded in the Tokoku region which presided over the samurai but rapidly developed throughout the nation and expanded its power following the Jokyu War.
- 西は油小路通・北は今出川通・東は河原町通・南は錦小路通に囲まれた上京を中心とした417ヶ町、10351軒、仏光寺や下鴨神社などの諸寺社などを焼いた。
- Centering on the area of Kamigyo (Upper Kyoto), which is surrounded by Aburakoji-dori Street on the west, Imadegawa-dori Street on the north, Kawaramachi-dori Street on the east, and Nishikikoji-dori Street on the south, the fire burned down 417 cho blocks, 10351 households, temples, and shrines including Bukko-ji Temple and Shimogamo-jinja Shrine.
- そのうちの1つ、南方朱雀に属する7宿のうち、中央の「星宿」は、西洋星座のうみへび座の心臓部に当たり、その中心は、うみへび座の主星アルファルドである。
- Among the seven constellations grouped into the south, Suzaku's domain, the central constellation, called the 'Star' is the heart of the Hydra constellation in Western astronomy; its central star is the principal star in the Hydra constellation, Alphard.
- ほぼ同時に宮中の改革も行われ、旧来の宮中職や女官は廃され、士族を中心とした侍従らが明治天皇を武断的な改革君主にふさわしい天皇に養育することとなった。
- The reform of the Imperial court was implemented at almost the same time, and in this reform, a number of positions from the former imperial court, including court ladies, were abolished, and palace staff mainly consisting of 'warrior class' educated Emperor Meiji so he could become fit for the role of a militaristic reform leader.
- 604年(推古12年)には、冠位十二階を制定し、聖徳太子が憲法十七条をつくり、仏教の興隆に力を注ぐなど、天皇中心の理想の国家体制づくりの礎を築いた。
- In 604, Prince Shotoku established a system of twelve courtly ranks, promulgated the Seventeen-Article Constitution, strived to develop Buddhism and laid the foundation for an ideal national system with the emperor as the nation's center.
- その結果、宋代以後の儒学は、孔子の思想的側面(聖人の心と解釈者の心)を明らかにすることにも力を費やすことになり、結果として思弁性のあるものとなった。
- As a result, Confucianism after the Song period also placed a strong emphasis on clarifying the ideological side of Confucius (the sage's mind and reader's mind), which made Confucianism more speculative.
- 今日の日本では嫡流という価値観や概念は日常的なものとしては存在していないが、それでも本家や長男を中心に家の祭祀や家名存続を考える志向が強いといえる。
- The values and concepts of chakuryu no longer exist in the daily life of today's Japan, and yet there is a strong tendency to consider the family's religious services and the continuation of the family name mostly in terms of honke and the eldest son.
- 大正期に入ると、マルクス唯物史観が重んじる歴史法則性を強く否定視する歴史理論(カントやディルタイ)が紹介され、歴史哲学への関心を高める契機となった。
- Entering the Taisho period, the historical theory (by Kant and Dilthey) strongly denying the concept of considering that history progresses according to a law, a concept strongly supported in Marxism-based materialistic views of history, was introduced, strengthening interests in the philosophy of history.
- また、国家権力や領主権力が把握対象として関心を示す範囲の階層こそが百姓であるという事態は、以後の歴史においても基本線となっていくことに注目してよい。
- It should be noted that the scheme where hyakusho were the people of the class regarded by national and lord authorities as subjects of their control became the baseline in history thereafter.
- そうならなかったのは、むしろ粗悪な渡来銭を積極的に流通させていたのが、室町幕府ら中央の権門のほうであり、悪銭の中心は渡来銭だったことを明示している。
- However, the reason why such a situation did not occur actually was that the parties responsible for circulating low-quality Torai-sen were the Muromachi bakufu and influential families in the central government, explicitly showing that Torai-sen were at the center of the low-quality coins.
- 会見県設置運動(あいみけんせっちうんどう)は明治23年(1890年)から翌24年(1891年)にかけて鳥取県米子市を中心に起きた新県設置運動のこと。
- The movement to create Aimi Prefecture was a movement that people requested to create a new prefecture, and the movement was centered in Yonago City, Tottori Prefecture from 1890 to 1891.
- まだ戦争の帰趨が覚束なかった2月末、政府は鹿児島の人心を収攬し、薩軍の本拠地を衝くために旧藩の国父であった島津久光に議官柳原前光を勅使として派遣した。
- Towards the end of February when it was still uncertain which side would win the war, the national government sent Gikan (councilor of Chamber of Elders or Senate) Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA as an Imperial messenger to Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, who was called the father of his country in the former fief, to win the general public in Kagoshima over to the government side in attacking the base of the Satsuma army.
- 実際、人民の負担が増加傾向にあるにもかかわらず、肝心の支配層、すなわち貴族階級は贅沢を続け政治から遠ざかっていくようになる、と教えられる時期も有った。
- In fact, it was taught that the burden on the people increased, while the ruling class, i.e., the noble class, continued living luxuriously and had less to do with the politics.
- これは、文化を取り込んで箔付けするという面が強いが、動乱の時代に文化によって心を休めるという、安らぎを求める思いのあらわれとしても捉えることができる。
- This was done mainly with the aim to make themselves look important by taking culture in, but it can be also understood as an expression of their wish to obtain consolation to ease their spirit by culture in an age of disturbance.
- 教育内容も藩によって異なるが一般に四書五経の素読と習字を中心とし、江戸後期には蘭学や、日本武術として剣術・槍術・弓術・砲術・馬術・柔術などが加わった。
- Although the content of education differed according to each domain, general teaching focused on reading of shishogokyo (the Four Books and Five Classics of Confucianism, or the Nine Chinese Classics) without comprehension or calligraphy; in the latter half of the Edo period, Western learning and Japanese martial arts were also taught, including swordplay, spearmanship, archery, gunnery, horsemanship and jujitsu.
- 以上のような名田を中心とする収取体制(これを名体制または名田制という)は、11世紀~12世紀以降、一円化して領域制を高めつつあった荘園にも導入された。
- The taxation system centered on the myoden (known as the myotai or myoden system) was also introduced to shoen (manors in medieval Japan) that were expanding their areas of control since the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
- 一方、江戸後期には幕藩体制の矛盾と対外緊張の高まりの中、庶民の間でも歴史への関心が広がり、『日本外史』『皇朝史略』など通俗的な歴史書が多く出版された。
- On the other hand, during the latter half of the Edo period, as the bakufu-domain system became unmatched with needs at that time and pressure from foreign nations had heightened, interests for history had increased among general public as well, and many popular histories, such as 'Nihon Gaishi' (historical book on Japan) and 'Kochoshiryaku' (brief history book about emperors from Jinmu to Gokomatsu), were published.
- 法華経の方便品第2で、肝心な教えが説かれる前に5000人の増上慢の比丘が去ったという「五千起去」(ごせんきこ、ききょ)は、逆縁の典型的な例といわれる。
- The incident 'Gosenkiko, or Gosenkikyo' in which 5,000 arrogant ascetic monks, believing to have become enlightened, left before being taught the crucial lessons in the chapter two of the Buddha's words in the Hoke-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra), is said to have been a classic example of the gyaku-en.
- 一揆(連合、同盟)は元々、心を一つにするという意味を持っており、参加者が同一の目的のもとで、相互に対等の立場に立って、強く連帯することが一揆であった。
- An uprising (combination or alliance) originally meant the unification of people, whereby the participants strongly associated with a common purpose, doing so on equal footing.
- このうち貴族や豪族の氏寺はともかく、村々の住民が信仰の中心として建てた小規模な寺まで実際に監督することが可能であったのかについては疑問が残されている。
- Among these, aside from family temples of nobles or local ruling families, whether small temples worshiped by people in villages could be supervised has been questionable.
- これは政務への関心を失った義隆が守護代に軍事を一任したため、彼らと任地における国人の癒着を強めさせ、かえって守護代の軍事力を増強させていたからである。
- This was because Yoshitaka who lost interest in government affairs left military affairs to Shugodai (deputy military governors), which enhanced collusion between them and local lords at their duty stations and military forces of Shugodai.
- また、伊藤を明治政府の中心的人物として重んじるようになり、立憲政友会結党の際に意見の相違はあったものの、両者の間に強い信頼関係を形成することになった。
- The both sides established a strong mutual trust, respecting Ito as the leading figure of the Meiji government, despite their differences in opinion about the launch of Rikken seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO).
- そこで、頼朝の腹心である大江広元が献策するには、この際、頼朝から朝廷に対し諸国の国府・荘園に守護地頭の設置の許可を願い出るのがよいということであった。
- So, by having OE no Hiromoto who was Yoritomo's trusted retainer submit the plan, Yoritomo should request the permission to the Imperial Court to place shugo and jito in kokufu and shoen in the various districts.
- 元禄期の作とされる『土芥寇讎記』によれば、当時243の藩のうち地方知行が行われていたのは外様大名系の大藩を中心とした39藩に過ぎなかったとされている。
- According to 'Dokai Koshuki, ' a compilation of reports which is said to have been written in the Genroku era (1688-1707), jigatachigyo was conducted in only 39 domains out of the 243 domains in those days, and a majority of them were the domains of tozama daimyo (outside daimyo who were not hereditary vassals of the shogun).
- 岩倉が軽傷と知ってひとまず安心するが、不平士族による政府高官の襲撃という事態を重く見た大久保は、ただちに警視庁大警視川路利良に早急な犯人捜索を命じた。
- Okubo was relieved to hear Iwakura's injury was slight one, but as he was strongly concerned about the fact the assault was made to a high government official by the Fuheishizoku, he told Toshiyoshi KAWAJI, the Daikeishi (top of the police) to search for the criminals.
- 箱館府が置かれていた箱館(函館市)は旧・蝦夷地の人口・産業の中心であったが、位置が南に偏りすぎているため、北海道の中央部に本庁を設けることになっていた。
- Although Hakodate (Hakodate City) where Hakodate-fu was established played a central role in Ezo in terms of population and industry, it was planned to establish a new head office in central Hokkaido because Hakodate was positioned far south.
- そのため、当時の人々、特に晴明に占いを依頼できるような堂上家の人達がどのような暮らしをしていたか、どのようなことに関心をもっていたかを知ることができる。
- From such descriptions, we can gather the ways of living of people at the time, especially those of nobilities' family who were the client of Seimei, as well as the subjects they were interested in.
- 三角縁神獣鏡が畿内を中心に出土することから、卑弥呼の鏡説をとるのは邪馬台国=畿内説をとる研究者に多く、日本製説をとるのは邪馬台国=九州説をとる者に多い。
- Because Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors were discovered mainly in the Kinai region, many researchers advocating the Yamatai-Koku kingdom in the Kinai region maintain Himiko's mirror and many researchers advocating Yamatai-Koku kingdom in Kyushu region maintain the mirrors were produced in Japan.
- 会合では、100名近くの僧侶が集まったが、問題の2寺が出席しなかったので、護法会員の中から台嶺を中心に僧侶が38人有志で西方寺と光輪寺を詰問に向かった。
- Although there were nearly 100 monks in the meeting, the controversial two temples did not attend, therefore 38 voluntary monks centering on Tairei among the members from the Mikawa Goho Association went to examine Saiho-ji Temple and Korin-ji Temple.
- 『明六雑誌』の登場と広範な読者の獲得、その論説の地方新聞への転載とそれへの反響としての読者の投稿、これらは様々な問題関心を共有する言論空間を生み出した。
- The appearance of 'Meiroku Zasshi' and its wide readership, reprinting of those articles on local newspapers and readers' letters to them as responses led to create a space of speech which has a common interests against various problems.
- 新宮氏滅亡後、会津は豊穣になったとの記載が『心清水八幡神社塔寺八幡宮長帳』にあり、このことから新宮氏と蘆名氏との戦いで会津盆地が荒廃していたことが窺える。
- The record asserting that the productiveness in Aizu increased after the fall of the Shingu clan was found in 'Todera-hachimangu Nagacho (record) of the Kokoroshimizu-hachimanjinja Shrine,' which reflected the fact that the Aizu Basin had been devastated due to fights between the Shingu and Ashina clans.
- 現在、及川という苗字は岩手県の中部南部と宮城県の北部を中心としつつも(両県合わせて全及川氏の53%)、青森・秋田・山形・福島の東北地方各県に散在している。
- Currently, the OIKAWA family name centers on the middle and southern parts of Iwate Prefecture and the northern part of Miyagi Prefecture (53% of all OIKAWA clan live in both prefectures), but was scattered around the prefectures of the Tohoku region such as Aomori, Akita, Yamagata and Fukushima.
- この時代の美術は多様化し、その性格を一言で言い表わすことは困難であるが、古代・中世の美術が宗教(仏教)中心であったのに比べ、著しく世俗化の傾向が強まった。
- This period's art was so diversified as to be difficult to define its character in a word, but it could be said to become extremely popularized, compared with the art of the ancient and middle ages, which was mainly occupied with religious (Buddhist) art.
- しかしながら東洋の再評価の立場や独自のアイデンティティを模索することは次第に「西洋は行き詰まり東洋こそが中心たるべき」との大東亜思想に近づくこととなった。
- However, the position to reevaluate the East and search for it's own identity gradually approached the Great East Asian idea, 'the West is a dead-end and the East should be the center.'
- すなわち、秦漢時代までを上古(古代)、魏晋南北朝時代隋唐時代を中世、北宋以降を近世、アヘン戦争以降を近代とする四時代区分法を中心に中国史の研究を展開した。
- That is, they developed research on Chinese history focusing on the method dividing the historical ages into four, namely, ancient times up to the Qin and Han dynasties, middle ages up to the Wei and Jin periods in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the Sui and Tang periods, recent times from the Northern Song Dynasty and later, and modern times from the Opium War and later.
- 日本では勧告を受諾した政府に対して世論は激しく反発したが、政府は臥薪嘗胆をスローガンにこれを対露敵対心に振り向けて六六艦隊計画をはじめとする軍拡を進めた。
- Although the Japanese strongly accused the government of its acceptance of the recommendation, the Japanese government transformed the anger to hostility against Russia and proceeded with military expansion with projects, including 'rokuroku kantai keikaku' (literally, 66 fleets project) with the slogan, 'endurance of hardship'.
- また漢唐の訓詁学や清の考証学との違いを鮮明にするときは、(宋 (王朝)明)理学と呼び、同じ理学でも朱子学と区別する際には心学あるいは明学、陸王学ともいう。
- In order to highlight its differences with Kunko-gaku (exegetics) during the Kan and Tang dysnasties and Koshogaku (study of old documents) during the Qing dynasty, Yomei-gaku is sometimes called Somin Ri-gaku, which is a general term used to describe Confucian studies during the Song and Ming dysnasties, and among Ri-gaku, Yomei-gaku is further called Shin-gaku, Min-gaku, or Rikuo-gaku to distinguish it from Shushi-gaku (Zhu Xi school).
- 7教授罷免に際して京都帝大法科大学(現・京大法学部)の教授・助教授たちは仁保亀松学長(現在の学部長)を中心に結束し、教授の人事権は教授会にありと主張した。
- When they learned of the dismissal of seven professors, professors/assistant professors of the law school of Kyoto Imperial University (current law department of Kyoto University) stood together with the principal of the school, (current dean) Kamematsu NIHO being in the center, arguing that authority over personal issues of professors should belong to faculty councils.
- 甲賀二十一家(こうがにじゅういっけ)は、甲賀五十三家の中でも六角氏より感状を貰うほど信頼の厚かった二十一家を指し、後の甲賀流忍術の中心となった家々である。
- Koga Nijuikke (Twenty-one Families of Koga) refers to the most trusted twenty-one families of all the fifty-three families of Koga, which received letters of commendation from the ROKKAKU clan and later played a central role in the Ninjutsu (Ninja Art) of the Koga-ryu School.
- 江戸幕府の崩壊とともに成立した明治政府は、これまで尊皇攘夷を掲げて様々な行動を起こしてきた朝廷や薩摩藩・長州藩などの攘夷派志士が中心となって結成していた。
- The members of the Meiji government which was established by the collapse of the Edo Shogunate were patriot of joi (principle of excluding foreigners) group of Imperial court, Satsuma-han, Choshu-han which supported anti-foreigner policy.
- そのため三都を中軸とする全国経済と各地の城下町を中心とする藩経済との複合的な経済システムが形成され、各地の特産物が主に大坂に集中し、そこから全国に拡散した。
- In this way, a complex economic system was formed, in which the nationalwide economy with three pivotal cities, Kyoto, Osaka and Edo, and the regional economy of each domain interacted with each other especially in Osaka, where local specialties all parts of the country were concentrated to distribute to all over Japan.
- その後、水堀埋め立てなどの意見も出されたが、昭和47年に将軍家宿館遺跡としての価値が評価され、滋賀県の史跡に指定されたのを契機に保存整備への関心が高まった。
- Later, its value as the remains of a Shukukan for the Shogun family was appraised in 1972, after avoiding ideas such as filling in the Mizubori, the castle site was designated a historic site by Shiga Prefecture, and the interest of caring and maintaining it was built up.
- ヤマト王権(やまとおうけん)とは、古墳時代に「大王」(おおきみ)と呼称された大王 (ヤマト王権)といくつかの有力氏族が中心となって成立した王権・政権である。
- The Yamato Kingdom is a term used to refer to the royal authority and government that developed around a monarch, known as an okimi, and several powerful clans during the Kofun period (tumulus period).
- 川中島の戦いは、戦を行う理由として、武田氏、長尾氏両氏が内乱を起こしかねない臣下に対して求心力を高めるためのパフォーマンスのようなものだったとする説がある。
- One view states that the Takeda clan and the Nagao clan fought the Battle of Kawanakajima to strengthen centripetal force in their respective clans, against the retainers that might have rebelled internally in their respective clans otherwise.
- 1590年、後北条氏が小田原の役で豊臣秀吉に滅ぼされると、後北条氏の旧領に封ぜられ、開拓の命を受けた徳川家康は、関東地方の中心となるべき居城を江戸に定めた。
- With the destruction of the Gohojo clan by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Siege of Odawara (1590), TOKUGAWA Ieyasu, who was assigned to govern and develop former Gohojo territories designated Edo as the central place in the Kanto region from where he would govern.
- 郡司・郷司・保司・別名名主などの職の体系に補任された開発領主は、開発田の勧農を中心とする所務、私的な雑役・夫役の徴収、検断権といった根本領主権を保証された。
- Kaihatsu-ryoshu were assumed the position of the officers' organization, such as Gunji (a local government for Gun territory), Goji (a local government official for Go territory), Hoji (a local government official for Ho territory), and Bechimyo myoshu (a local government official for Bechimyo territory), and guaranteed the local load rights, which included the rights for shomu (land management) centered on Kanno (encouragement of agriculture) of developed fields, private tax collection of zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks) and buyaku (labor service), and judgment of criminal cases.
- しかし、鎌倉後期ごろになると、地頭が荘園・公領支配へ進出していったことにより、名を中心とした生活経済は急速に姿を消していき、従来の荘園公領制が変質し始めた。
- However, in the late Kamakura period, since Jito (a manager and lord of the manor) moved into the governance of the manor and public land, the livelihood and economy that had been dependent on the myo rapidly disappeared, and the conventional shoen koryo sei began to change.
- ジャポニズムによって切り開かれた東洋美術への関心は、次第に中国伝統美術にも注がれはじめ、争奪の的となり、さらには多くの模造品(贋物)が作られるようになった。
- The interest in oriental art gradually shifted from Japonism to traditional Chinese art, and this became the target of a scramble, and many fake objects (replica) were created.
- これは、麻田藩領の多くが経済の中心地であった大阪に程近い摂津国豊島郡 (摂津国)(豊嶋郷)、川辺郡 (兵庫県)(高平郷)にあったことによるものと考えられる。
- This might have been because most of the territories of Asada Domain were located in Toshima-gun (Toshimago) and Kawabe-gun (Takahirago) in Settsu Province close to Osaka, which was the center of finance.
- 同年1月、西川光二郎らによる「日本平民党」の結党が認められたのに続いて堺利彦らを中心に「日本社会党」が結成、翌2月には両党が合同して日本社会党が結成された。
- In January, 1906, the government approved the 'Nihon Heiminto' (Japan Commoner Party) founded by Kojiro NISHIKAWA and his comrades, which was followed by the formation of the 'Nihon Shakaito' with Toshihiko SAKAI as its main founding member; the next month these two parties joined together to form a new party retaining the party name Nihon Shakaito in February, 1906.
- が、やがてそういった枠組みを受容するだけではなく、人間という中身も変革(雑誌のことばでいえば「民心の一新」)することを目指す啓蒙思想 (日本)が興ってきた。
- However, the enlightenment thought (Japan), which aimed not only to accept such schemes but also to reform people's mind (by the words in the bulletin, 'Refurbishing of people's mind'), soon appeared.
- しかし大欽茂の時代になり、唐との融和が図られる時代になると軍事的な意味合いは薄れ、もっぱら文化交流と経済活動を中心とした使節へとその性格を変化させていった。
- However, when it became the period of Heummu DAE and of reconciliation with Tang, its military implication wore off and changed its characteristics to the envoy for cultural exchange and economic activities.
- 今体派と古体派が江戸時代における篆刻の二大潮流といえるが、その他にも水戸において立原杏所などの水戸派や頼春水などが中心となった文人学者の篆刻の流れも見られた。
- Other than the two major schools of tenkoku in the Edo period--the Kintai school and the Kotai school--there were the Mito school established by people such as Kyosho TACHIHARA and the trend of tenkoku by the literati such as Syunsui RAI.
- 天正14年(1586年)に毛利輝元、吉川広家、小早川隆景の上洛に従い、その際に徳川家康に面会したことが毛利輝元の疑心を生み、三刀屋久扶は出雲の地を追放される。
- Hisasuke met Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in 1586 when he attended Terumoto MORI, Hiroie KIKKAWA, and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA as they visited Kyoto; that raised Terumoto MORI's suspicions about Hisasuke MITOYA, who was expelled from the land of Izumo.
- 特に、南北朝時代の南朝方武将楠木正成の忠誠心を朱舜水に示唆された(そもそも日本の正史にとって、北朝と南朝のどちらをとるのかは最大の選択「本朝の大事」だった)。
- SHU Shunsui indicated the idea of loyalty of KUSUNOKI Masashige, a military commander of the Nancho court during the Nanbokucho period (it was 'an important matter of Japan' whether one should side with the Nancho or with the Hokucho as for a historiography in Japan).
- また、呉錦堂財閥や小曽根財閥のように中心的な生産事業を保有せず、統轄司令部としての持ち株会社が、様々な企業に投資することで財閥を形成する多角的投資財閥がある。
- However, there is also the diversified investment zaibatsu, such as Gokindo Zaibatsu and Ozone Zaibatsu, which doesn't have a core production business but is instead a holding company as the controlling headquarters, which invests in various enterprises to form a zaibatsu.
- 前後して前関白藤原忠通(1164年死去)、太政大臣藤原伊通(1165年死去)、摂政藤原基実(1166年死去)など、政治の中心人物たちが相次いでこの世を去った。
- Around that time, several of the major political players died, such as former Imperial Regent FUJIWARA no Tadamichi (1164), Grand Minister of State FUJIWARA no Koremichi (1165) and Regent FUJIWARA no Motozane (1166).
- 年貢は、官物、ひいては田租に由来しており、荘園租税体系の中心に位置する税目であり、現地の下級荘園領主(開発領主や荘官など)が上級領主へ納入すべき税目であった。
- The nengu came from kanmotsu, eventually denso (rice field tax), and became central items of taxation in the land tax system for shoens and the item of taxation that were paid to high grade lords of the manor by local low grade lords of the manor (kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land) or shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor))).
- 東国から赴任した地頭が現地の開発領主や名主の上に位置した西日本を中心に、もう一つの解決手法として見られたのが、地頭と領主との間で下地を折半する下地中分である。
- Another measure, which was seen mainly in the western part of Japan where jito came from the eastern part of Japan were placed higher than local kaihatsu-ryoshu or myoshu (owner of rice field), was Shitaji chubun by which jito and the lord of shoen divided the land equally.
- 更に徳川政権が慶長5年(1600年)から同7年(1602年)にかけて主要な宿場町の伝馬役の代償として地子免許を与え、後に五街道を中心に各地の宿場町で認められた。
- And also, the Tokugawa regime gave jishi menkyo to the major post station towns from 1600 to 1602 in exchange for the duty to provide the post horses, and afterward, jishi menkyo was given to the local post station towns - mainly, those on 'Gokai-do Road' (the Five Highways radiating from Edo).
- また、城砦としての防衛能力を重視した場所は必ずしも交通の便が良いところではなく、交易都市の色彩を強めるにつれ城が放棄され陣屋などに行政中心が移ったケースも多い。
- Additionally, places that placed an emphasis on defensive ability as a castle retreat were not in places with good transportation, and as they started to increasingly become trade cities, Jinya instead of castles became the center of government.
- 倭寇の中心的活動の一つで拠点であった前期倭寇当時の朝鮮半島は李氏朝鮮が成立直後であった事もあり、自立的な治安維持能力が不足し倭寇活動を抑制する事が困難であった。
- During the days of the early Wako, the Korean peninsula was not only one of the Wako's principal targets, but also their base of operations, and because the Joseon dynasty had only just been established in Korea, the new government lacked the independent ability to preserve peace, making it extremely difficult for them to suppress Wako pirate activity.
- 幕府の役所の下役で一代限り雇用名目の者達のうち、与力は本来は寄騎、つまり戦のたびに臨時の主従関係を結ぶ武士に由来する騎馬戦士身分で「侍」、同心は「徒士」である。
- Among those who worked under the bakufu's office and were nominally hired only in one generation, the '与力' (yoriki, a police sergeant) was originally '寄騎' (yoriki, lower-ranked samurai), that is, they were in the class of cavalry warriors who came from the bushi who established a temporal master-subordinate relationship every time war happened and were 'samurai,' and doshin (a police constable) were 'kachi.'
- また、遣唐使の廃止による中国文化への関心低下と律令制の弛緩、藤原氏摂関政治の確立による中下流貴族の没落などによって、大学寮の地位も徐々に低下していくようになる。
- Also, the status of Daigaku-ryo gradually declined due to reasons such as a decrease in interest in Chinese culture because of the abolishment of Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China, the relaxation of the Ritsuryo system, and the downfall of low and middle ranking peers owing to the establishment of Fujiwara's Sekkan (regents and advisers) government.
- 梁川中心市街(梁川城下)から国道349号線を1.5kmほど北上して阿武隈川を越えると、左手に、当時、梁川城に対峙して伊達軍が布陣したという小山…大枝城跡がある。
- Across the Abukumagawa River 1.5 km north from the Yanagawa city center (Yanagawa-jo castle town) through National Route 349, Oyama, the Oeda-jo Castle where the Date army lined up to face Abukuma-jo Castle can been seen on the left.
- すなわち中国王朝の天下思想と同じように「天下」の中心に律令国家の中心を設定し、天皇を主宰者とした秩序の及ぶ範囲で、周囲には「夷」に対応する異民族が配されていた。
- As with the Chinese dynasty's philosophy of Tenka, Ritusryo kokka was set in the center of 'Tenka' and different ethnic groups, which correspond to 'i' (barbarians) of China, were set around it within the reach of the emperor's authority.
- たとえば中国ではなく自国を中心(「華」)だと自認する「小中華思想」をもった国家が複数あり、中国の華夷秩序が一元的に東アジア国際秩序を貫いていたわけではなかった。
- For example, there were multiple states that had 'petit Sinocentrism' and recognized not China but themselves as the center ('ka') and, therefore, it was not that kaichitsujo of China covered uniformly international order of East Asia.
- 第一に朝鮮の統治政策に関して「将来、朝鮮で日本への抵抗・独立勢力になり得る芽を先に除去すべき時期である」と考えて抵抗勢力や反乱についての対策に腐心していたこと。
- Firstly, in line with their policy on the rule of Korea, they were trying hard to take measures against the resistance forces and rebellions, believing that 'it was time to defuse potential resistance or independence forces beforehand.'
- 美嚢郡高木(現・三木市別所町高木)の一柳氏は、伊予西条藩主家が改易となり、のち許されて旗本として取り立てられるにあたり、高木を中心とした村々に知行を与えられた。
- When the lord family of the Iyo-Saijo clan was abolished then pardoned later to become a Hatamoto, the Hitotsuyanagi clan in Takagi, Mino County (present Takagi, Bessho-cho, Miki City), was given villages centered on Takagi as its territory.
- だが、実際には大学・国学誕生当初には存在しなかった紀伝道が主要科目として重んじられるようになり、大学・国学も紀伝道中心の教育システムに変化していくことになった。
- However, in fact Kidendo (the study of the histories), which did not exist at the birth of daigaku and kokugaku, came to be valued highly, and the educational system of daigaku and kokugaku was changed into Kidendo-oriented one.
- 切れ者とはいえ当時中納言で太政官での序列が第6位でしかなかった良房ひとりが中心となってこのような事件を起こす(しかも上位者2人の排斥を含む)ことは不可能であった。
- Furthermore, considering Yoshifusa's post as Chunagon at the time; the sixth highest rank in the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), it is impossible for him to cause such an incident alone (notably, Yoshifusa expulsed two senior people) by taking a leading role, even if he was famous as an able person.
- 運動の中心であった柳は、当時ほとんど研究が進んでおらず、美術品としての評価も定まっていなかった日本各地の民衆的工芸品の調査・収集のため、日本全国を精力的に旅した。
- Yanagi, who was the key figure of the movement, actively traveled to various places in Japan to investigate and collect folkish handicrafts that had hardly been researched or evaluated as art.
- 雑誌『白樺』の同人であり西洋近代美術の紹介者でもあった柳は、1914年(大正3年)、朝鮮陶磁研究家の浅川伯教との出会いを通じて朝鮮の美術に関心をもつようになった。
- Yanagi, who was a member of the magazine 'Shirakaba' and introduced Western modern art, became interested in Korean art through meeting Noritaka ASAGAWA, a researcher of Korean clay, in 1914.
- 著名な歌人や宮廷人の作品ばかりではなく、東歌や防人歌など、地方の農民の素朴な感情をあらわした作品も多く収められており、このなかには心に訴える優れた歌が多くみられる。
- The Waka are not only by famous poets and court nobles, but also many poems showing unassuming sentiments of local farmers such as azumauta (poems in ancient Japan in the dialect of the eastern region) and sakimori-no-uta (poems by soldiers deployed for boarder defenses) and many of the latter are excellent ones which appeal to human sentiment.
- 旧幕府側の武士を中心として明治政府から独立した政権を模索し蝦夷共和国の樹立を宣言するが箱館戦争で、翌明治2年(1869年)5月新政府軍に降伏し、戊辰戦争が終結した。
- Enomoto wanted to form a new state independent from the newly formed Meiji government and based around samurai from the previous bakufu regime, and declared that the Republic of Ezo was established, but lost the Battle of Hakodate, surrendering to the government in May 1869 and ending the Boshin War.
- だが、婦敵討が行われた場合、本夫が姦夫の不正の証拠を出そうにも肝心の相手を討ち取ってしまったために自白させることが不可能であり、殺人罪として処罰されることがあった。
- But when megataki uchi was practiced, sometimes the husband was punished for the crime of murder because it was impossible for the husband to produce evidence by having the adulterer confess because he had killed the adulterer.
- 後村上天皇の正平 (日本)年間から明徳の和約による北朝との合一直前まで何度か出され、紀伊国・和泉国・河内国など、南朝の勢力が強かった近畿地方南部を中心に適用された。
- Choyobun was imposed a few times from the Shohei era of Emperor Gomurakami until just before the unification with the North Court by the Meitoku Treaty, which was applied mainly in the southern part of the Kinki region where the South Court had influence, such as the Kii Province, Izumi Province and Kawachi Province.
- 乙名は元々、村落の祭祀を執り行う宮座(みやざ)の代表者をさしていたが、惣村の結合が宮座での儀式を中心として行われていたことから、惣村の指導者を意味するようになった。
- The Otona originally meant a representative of miyaza (organization of shrine parishioners in a hamlet), which executed religious services in a village; however, as the soson was connected mainly through a ceremony held at miyaza, Otona came to mean the leader of the soson.
- 水野のいう「王朝」の拠点が時代により移動していることも政治の中心地が移動しただけで往々にして見られる例であり、必ずしも劇的な権力の交替とは結びつかないとされている。
- What Mizuno says the transfer the base of the dynasties according to times is a common example of simply moving the political center, which does not necessarily linked with the drastic change of the political power.
- 交戦状態でもないにもかかわらず、また義和団に占拠されていたのでもないにもかかわらず、列強がこの挙に出たことが、清廷内の排外主戦派を勢いづかせ、西太后の決心を促した。
- The fact that the allied western powers used force despite not being at war or being conquered by Boxers motivated the anti-foreign war party within the Qing dynasty and led to the decision made by Empress Dowager.
- 三田藩が陣屋を置いた三田町は、周辺の摂津・播磨内陸部の国境地帯が幕府領、小藩領、関東諸藩の飛地領、旗本領等の錯綜地であったこともあり、商業の一大中心地として栄えた。
- Mita-cho, where Sanda Domain established its jinya, flourished as the center of commerce because it was close to the border between Settsu Province and Harima Province (where many territories of the shogunate, small domains, detached areas of domains in Kanto region, and hatamoto were located).
- 皇居の所在地を都とする見方に照らせば鎌倉は古都とは言えないが、幕府の所在地が実質的政治の中心だったという歴史から東京のマスコミなどでは鎌倉を古都と称する場合が多い。
- Though Kamakura cannot be referred to as an ancient capital when seen from the standpoint that 'an ancient capital' must be a place where Imperial residence existed, the Tokyo media often describe Kamakura as an ancient capital, since Kamakura was once a political center of the Kamakura Shogunate which held the reigns of government.
- 罪状が書かれた木の捨札や紙で出来た幟、刺股や槍を持った非人身分の雑色が周りを固め、南北町奉行所の与力と同心が検視役として罪人を挟む形で後ろを固め、江戸市中を辿った。
- The criminal was paraded through the streets of Edo, surrounded by zoshiki (town officials), whose social status was hinin (the people who belonged to none of the four 'classes' of the Edo period and were therefore considered outcasts), who carried such articles as a wooden 'sutefuda' on which the details about the crime were written, paper banners, two-pronged weapons and spears, with a group of coroners consisting of yoriki (police sergeants) and doshin (police constables) of South or North town magistrate's office of Edo who guarded the rear part of the procession sandwiching the criminal.
- 従前の高官に代わって平氏一族や親平氏的貴族が登用され、また知行国の大幅な入れ替えもあって中央・地方の両面において平氏一門を中心とする軍事的な支配体制が強化していった。
- Members of the Taira clan and pro-Taira aristocrats took the places of previous high officials and there was an extensive replacement of province governors, leading to the strengthening of military control organization on the central and local level by the members of the Taira clan.
- しかし神祇信仰と習合しやすい呪術的要素を持ちながら国家護持や普遍性・抽象性を備えた教説を整えた中央の大寺院として諸国神宮寺の心を捉えたのが空海の伝えた真言宗であった。
- However, Kukai's Shingon sect of Buddhism attracted Jingu-ji Temples of various countries as a central large temple because it had magical essence, which was easy to combine with Jingi belief, as well as preaching a story, providing protection for the nation, universality, and abstractness.
- 後藤象二郎と陸奥宗光が戦争中に板垣あるいは木戸孝允を司令官とした旧土佐藩を中心とした西郷隆盛討伐の義勇軍を持ちかけて一旦は明治政府の方針とされた(4月15日に中止)。
- During the civil wars, Shojiro GOTO and Munemitsu MUTSU approached Taisuke ITAGAKI and Takayoshi KIDO with a proposal to organize and command a voluntary army consisting of ex-Tosa domain retainers to suppress Takamori SAIGO and for a while it was the policy of the Meiji Government but was revoked on April 15.
- いずれも養老律令の欠陥を補うことを目的としたが、弘仁3年5月26日 (旧暦)(812年7月8日)には訴訟の頻発など民心の不安定を招くとして刪定律令の施行が停止された。
- Both were edited to fix the flaws in Yoro ritsuryo code, however, on July 8, 812, the enforcement of Santei Ritsuryo Code was suspended because it was thought to provoke the public to feel insecure causing many lawsuits to be filed.
- ええじゃないかは、日本の江戸時代末期の慶応3年(1867年)7月から翌明治元年(1868年)4月にかけて、東海道、畿内を中心に、江戸から四国に広がった社会現象である。
- Eejanaika is a social phenomenon observed from the end of the Edo period, August 1867 (表記の変更) to the beginning of the Meiji period, April 1868 (表記の変更), starting from Edo and extending to the Shikoku region with the Tokai and Kinki regions as its centers.
- 下級武士や知識人階級を中心に、「鎖国は日本開闢以来の祖法」であるという説に反したとされた、その外交政策に猛烈に反発する世論が沸き起こり、「攘夷」運動として朝野を圧した。
- The public opinion of foreign exclusionism among low-ranking samurai and intellectuals in particular overwhelmed all over Japan, insisting furiously that the national seclusion had been the fundamental law since the dawn of Japanese history and the opening up of the country was against it.
- この戦いで、美濃国で行われた関ヶ原での決戦に秀忠軍を遅参させることに成功したが、肝心の関ヶ原では西軍の敗北に終わり、西軍に与した昌幸と信繁は戦後処理で死罪を命じられた。
- In this battle, Masayuki succeeded to cause Hidetada's army to be late for the Battle of Sekigahara in Mino Province, but in the battle of Sekigahara itself, the West Camp was defeated, and Masayuki and Nobushige who were on the Western Camp's side were sentenced to death.
- 士族を中心にした西郷軍に、徴兵を主体とした政府軍が勝利したことで、士族出身の兵士も農民出身の兵士も戦闘力に違いはないことが実証され、徴兵制による国民皆兵体制が定着した。
- The fact that the government army, mostly composed of conscripted soldiers, won the war against Saigo's army, mainly consisted of persons in the warrior class, verified that the fighting ability of soldiers from the warrior class and that of those from farmers were not different; accordingly, a system of general conscription was established.
- 中国の新聞の報道によれば、砂塵の飛散時には肺の感染症・心臓血管の疾病・心筋梗塞・高血圧・脳卒中などの増加が見られるという(『新生網』2002年5月28日付記事による)。
- According to a newspaper report in China, it was found that, when dust is scattered, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cardiac infarction, hypertension, and cerebral strokes increased (according to an article on May 28, 2002 of 'Xin Sheng net').
- 日本の税体系は,10世紀頃の籍帳支配崩壊に伴う公地公民制の崩壊をうけて,課税が個別的人身賦課方式から土地賦課方式へ転換されるまで,人頭税を財源の中心とするものであった。
- Jintozei (primitive taxes which were imposed individually) were the core financial resources in the tax system of Japan until around the 10th century, when the taxation system was converted from an individual tax imposition system to a land tax imposition system: this conversion was triggered by the collapse of the system of complete state ownership of land and citizens, after the managing system based on the family register and Keicho (the yearly tax registers) had collapsed.
- この新制は後白河天皇即位という代始めの意味合いとともに、直後に発生した保元の乱によって動揺する社会を沈静化させ、徳政を実行することで朝廷の求心力回復を図ったものである。
- This shinsei not only marked the beginning of a new era ushered in by the enthronement of Emperor Goshirakawa but also aimed at the restoration of centripetal force of the Imperial court by exercising a benevolent rule over the society and allaying the disturbance caused by the Hogen War, which had occurred immediately after the aforementioned event.
- しかし、惣村の持っていた自治的性格は、祭祀面や水利面などを中心に近世村落へも幾分か継承され、村請制度や分郷下における村の統一維持に大きな役割を果たしたと考えられている。
- However, the soson's predisposition toward self-government was passed down to early-modern villages mainly in terms of religious service and water supplies, and it is considered that such a characteristic was instrumental in unifying and maintaining the village under the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) and Bungo (system of governing the Go).
- ドイツの参加理由は、露仏の接近を妨害すること、ロシアの注意を東に向けて欧州における脅威を減らすこと、ドイツ自身の極東への野心、また皇帝が主張した黄禍論などに基づいている。
- The reasons why Germany joined the intervention was 1. to impede closer ties between Russia and France, 2. to divert Russia's attention from Europe to the Far East to lessen its threat to Europe, 3. to fulfill its own ambition in the Far East, and 4. to combat the 'yellow peril' claimed by the Emperor himself.
- なお、元暦2年(1185年)滅亡することがなければ、平清盛の政権は鎌倉幕府とはまた違った、西国を中心とした独自の武家政権へ成長したのではないかとの可能性も指摘されている。
- It has been suggested that if it had not all ended in 1185, TAIRA no Kiyomori's government would have been different from the Kamakura bakufu, possibly developing into an original bushi government with the west provinces as its center.
- しかしホイートンが活躍した時代は自然法から実定法へという流れがさらに加速しつつある時期にあたり、自著『国際法原理』を改訂するにあたって実定法的立場へと徐々に重心を移した。
- With respect to the era in which Wheaton was active, however, it was a period in which the flow from natural law to positive law was accelerated, and in revising his work 'Elements of International Law,' he shifted his standpoint gradually toward positive law.
- 学制以来の明治政府の啓蒙主義的な教育政策を否定し、明治以前の儒教中心の教育に戻すこと、庶民教育は読み書き算盤を主体とする実学と儒教的徳目育成のみで十分とする趣旨であった。
- Opposed to the thought-provoking education policy of the Meiji government that had been in place since the Government Order of Education in Japan, Kyogaku Seishi wanted to return to the type of Confucian-centered educational system that had been pursued prior to the Meiji period; he believed that just practical learning with the main focus on reading, writing and arithmetic combined with the teaching of Confucian-type virtues was sufficient for the masses.
- また招いた結果が国権を喪失し植民地支配に陥ったという重大事態であるので「騙されたとしても、騙された事に対する責任がある。」とする厳しい意見も南北朝鮮を中心に存在している。
- There are some barbed criticism in North and South Korea saying 'Even if they were betrayed, they were still responsible for being betrayed' considering that the serious result that the group brought was the loss of the sovereignty and to fall under colonial rule.
- 21世紀に入った現代でも、海産物に関しては海から遠い山間部や、また流通の主流が集中する都会から遠い離島や僻地などの地域を中心に食品や生活雑貨一切の行商の仕事が残っている。
- Even in our time of the 21st century, peddling of seafood still remains in the mountains far from the seas and peddling of all kinds of food and everyday goods also remains mainly in solitary islands or remote areas far from urban areas where the mainstream of circulation centers.
- 日高郡を中心に大きな勢力を持っていた湯河直春は抗戦を主張したが、有田郡では神保・白樫氏が、日高郡では直春の娘婿玉置直和(和佐玉置氏)が湯河氏と袂を分かって上方勢に帰順した。
- While Naoharu YUKAWA who held great power around Hidaka County insisted on resistance, the Jinbo and Shirakashi clans in Arida County and Naokazu TAMAKI (Wasa Tamaki clan), a husband of Naoharu's daughter, in Hidaka County separated from the Yukawa clan and followed the Kamigata army.
- また清でも1860年代から漢人官僚曽国藩、李鴻章らによる近代化の試みとして洋務運動が展開され中国の伝統的な文化、制度を土台としながら軍事を中心として西洋技術の導入を進めた。
- Qing had also been introducing western technologies centering on military ones based on Chinese traditional culture; bureaucrats of the Han race including Zeng Guofan and Li Hung Chang promoted the Western Affairs Movement in an attempt to modernize China.
- 一方の武家においては、武士の棟梁として台頭した河内源氏の流れを汲む源頼朝が源氏嫡流を称して、鎌倉幕府を開き、門葉という一族や有力御家人を中心とする武家政治の基礎を形成した。
- Among the samurai class, however, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, a descendant of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) who rose as the leader of samurai, called himself chakuryu of the Minamoto clan, established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and established the basis of samurai government mainly led by the monyo (clans basically connected by blood) of his clan members and prominent gokenin (shogun's vassals).
- 院政期文化は総じて、貴族の文化的関心が都での現実生活から、地方、庶民、過去(歴史)へと向かう傾向が顕著であり、また、武士・庶民文化の萌芽もみられる点を大きな特色としている。
- In general, Insei period culture was significantly characterized by the tendency for cultural interests of court nobles to be shifted from life in Kyoto to local regions, common people, past (history), and the eruption of samurai and popular culture.
- むしろ討たれる者が士分の場合、何も抵抗せずにただ無礼打ちされた場合は、国家鎮護守・外敵制征圧(軍事警察力)を担う兵(つわもの)である武家としての「不心得者である」とされた。
- When the attacked was a warrior and was attacked in Bureiuchi without resisting the attacker, he was punished severely as an 'imprudent person' since he was expected to be a soldier who worked for the protection of the nation and to conquer outside enemies (military and police power).
- 戦後における明治日本への関心の高まりと、それに比例して起こった日本への留学ブームによって、近代国際法の受容と富国強兵の間には密接な関係があることが大陸へと伝えられていった。
- Because of increase in interest after the War on Japan in the Meiji Period and resulted booming of study in Japan, it was disseminated to the continent that there was a close relationship between acceptance of modern international law and fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military).
- 「尊意安かるべく候」は「御心安かるべく候」、「申し宣ぶべく候」は「申し入るべく候」とあるべきとし、ほかにも体言止めの横柄な言い回しや敬念を欠いた略称の使用に疑問を投げかけた。
- He said that 'your thought shall be at peace' should be 'your will shall be at peace' and 'it shall be said' should be 'it shall be proposed', and also questioned the arrogant form of expression using nouns at the end of sentences, and the use of abbreviated names without due respect.
- しかし、明治以降の日本とスペインは、スペイン内戦~第二次世界大戦にかけての一時期を除き、政治・外交上の懸案も少ない代わりに関係や関心も希薄という状況が続き、現在に至っている。
- Since then, there have been few political or diplomatic concerns between Japan and Spain and the two countries have had little interest in each other (except during the period of the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War) to date.
- この合議制の中心にいたのは頼家の外戚にあたる北条氏であり、北条時政・北条義時父子は他の有力御家人を次々と滅ぼしていった(1200年:梶原景時の変、1203年:比企能員の変)。
- The central persons of the parliamentary system were Hojo clan, maternal relatives of Yoriie, and the father and son of Tokimasa HOJO and Yoshitoki HOJO abolished the other senior vassals in sequence (1200: the incident of Kagetoki KAJIWARA, 1203: the Conspiracy of Yoshikazu HIKI).
- 例えば、隋以前に均田制は北朝のみで施行されており、南朝では実施されていなかったので、唐初期において均田制は、おそらく華北を中心に施行されたにとどまっただろうと考えられている。
- For example, as the equal-field system before the Sui period was enforced only in the Northern Dynasties and not in the Southern Dynasties, it is considered that the it was enforced only around the North China in the early Tang Dynasty.
- 1869年(明治2年)の版籍奉還の後、藩に属する者の身分階級は華族(元大名・徳川将軍家などの知藩事)、士族(旗本、藩士、上級郷士)、卒族(足軽・同心などの軽輩)に編成された。
- After the return of lands and people to the emperor in 1869, the status of those belonging to the clan was classified into the peerage (Chihanji such as a former daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Tokugawa Shogun family), the warrior class (hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun), a feudal retainer of domain, and upper-ranking goshi (country samurai)), low-ranking samurai called sotsuzoku (keihai (a person of low rank) such as ashigaru (common foot soldier) and doshin (a police constable)).
- 江戸時代に入って幕藩体制が確立されると、朱子学が教育の中心的地位に立ち、幕府や藩における教育は経学・史学・文学などの漢学を中心として、これに習字や算術が付随するものとなった。
- After the Shogunate system with clans was well established during the Edo period, the Zhu Xi school of Neo-Confucianism took a central role in education, and education focused mainly on Chinese classics such as Scriptures of Confucianism, History, and Literature, with Calligraphy and Mathematics taking on a supplemental role.
- 柴同様籠城していた西徳二郎公使が「清国政府としてはそれまでの決心がない」というように、清朝側も公使団の扱いに困惑し、非情な決断をしかねたという背景が二ヶ月の籠城戦にはあった。
- The envoy Tokujiro NISHI, who was under siege with SHIBA, stated, 'The Qing government lacked its former decisiveness,' and the Qing dynasty was also confused about the treatment of the group of envoys, and could not made a harsh decision within the two months of besiegement.
- 関ヶ原の戦いに勝利して覇権を確立した徳川家康は海外交易に熱心な人物で、1600年豊後の海岸に漂着したオランダ船の航海士ウィリアム・アダムスらを外交顧問として採用したほどである。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who won the Battle of Sekigahara and established hegemony, had great passion for foreign trade and even employed William Adams, who was the navigator of the Dutch ship that drifted ashore to Bungo in 1600, as his foreign advisor.
- しかし全くの絶学とはならず、清初においては右派が中心だったため穏健となり、陽明学は「聖学(=朱子学)と異同非ず」と 康熙帝が言うように必ずしも異学視されていたわけではなかった。
- But Yomeigaku did not completely disappear, and led by the right-wingers during the early Qing period it became more moderate; as Emperor Kangxi's statement that Yomeigaku was 'not different from Seigaku (= Shushigaku)' shows, Yomeigaku was not considered unauthorized teaching.
- 更に寺院の財物である祠堂銭は本来は仏の所有物であり、返済を怠れば死後の成仏もままならないのではという利用者の信仰心に由来する不安感が祠堂銭の返済に対する心理的圧力として働いた。
- On account of Shidosen being the property of a temple, people were afraid of being unable to rest in peace after death if they failed to repay their debts, which worked as psychological pressure to repay Shidosen.
- 以下では最初に翻訳命名されたW.マーチンの『万国公法』とその重訳本を中心に記述し、この本がもたらした西欧起源の国際法がアジア諸国にどのように受容されていったかについても触れる。
- The first part of this article will focus on 'Bankoku Koho', the first translation of the commentary, translated and named by W. Martin and its re-translations to other languages and it will mention how international law originated in Western Europe brought by this book was accepted in Asian countries.
- また、それとは別に滝川一益にも白仕立ての大船の建造を命じており、天正6年(1578年)6月26日、鉄甲船六隻と白舟一隻の計七隻を中心とした船団が熊野から大坂沖に向けて出航した。
- Nobunaga also ordered Kazumasu TAKIGAWA to make a large white ship and then on August 9, 1578, a fleet led by the seven ships, six armored warships and a large white ship, left Kumano for Osaka.
- 近年ではむしろ北部九州勢力が中心となって、鉄などの資源の入手や大陸からの舶載品などを全国に流通させていた物流システムを畿内勢力が再編成し直そうとして起こった戦いであったという。
- Recently the point of view is the battle occurred because of the Kinai power trying to reorganize a logistics system, originally taking initiative of the northern Kyushu power who took the lead in acquisition and nation-wide distribution of raw materials including iron and shipped goods from the continent.
- 正安二年(1300年)に成立した度会行忠の『古老口実伝(ころうくじつでん)』に、飛鳥記、大宗秘府、心御柱秘記、神皇実録と共に、「伊勢神宮秘記 数百巻 内 最極書」とされている。
- In 'Koro Kujitsu-den' written by Yukitada WATARAI in 1300, the book is recorded as 'a postscript of Ise-jingu Shrine Hiki (secret record of Ise-jingu Shrine) of several hundred volumes' together with Asuka-ki, Taiso Hifu, Shin no Mihashira Hiki, and Jinno Jitsuroku.
- 現在の大阪府大阪市の中央区 (大阪市)と北区 (大阪市)に架かる天満橋から天神橋 (大阪府)の間、あるいは中央区高麗橋近辺、または中央区心斎橋筋の三津寺付近にあったと考えられる。
- There are three opinions surrounding the location of Korokan; the first opinion was the area lying between the present Tenma-bashi Bridge and Tenjin-bashi Bridge (Osaka) connecting Chuo Ward and Kita Ward (Osaka City), the second opinion was the area near the present Korai-bashi Bridge in Chuo Ward, and the last opinion was the area near Mitsu-tera Temple in the present Shinsaibashi-suji Street, Chuo Ward.
- 宗族制度がいつごろ活期を迎えたかについては定説がないが、春秋あるいは戦国初期のころには原始共同体が完全に解体され、邑を中心として貴族支配が確立されていたとする見方が一般的である。
- There is no accepted theory on when the Sozoku system reached its zenith, but the generally accepted view is that the system broke down in the Chunqiu or Zhangguo period and rule by nobility was established with Mura at its core.
- なお、仏教界には廃仏毀釈などで神道とその庇護者である明治政府との関係が悪化していたため、『共通の敵』であるキリスト教への敵対心を利用して関係を改善しようという動きも存在していた。
- Because of the worsening relations with Shinto and the Meiji Government which had protected Shinto due to the anti-Buddhist movement at the beginning of the Meiji period, the Buddhist world showed some moves to improve such relations by taking advantage of hostility toward Christianity, or 'the common enemy.'
- なお、結果的に梯子を外された形となった後藤象二郎直系を中心とした集団は国民自由党を結成して吏党に転じるが、第1回総選挙で5議席しか獲得できなかったためにほとんど影響力は無かった。
- In the meantime, Shojiro GOTO and his followers consequently lost support and organized Kokumin Liberal Party (National Liberal Party), which turned into a government-leaning party; however, they could gain only five parliamentary seats in the first general election, which barely bestowed them much political clout.
- 教科書としては歴史からは「三史」と呼ばれた『史記』・『漢書』・『後漢書』と文学からは『文選_(書物)』を中心として、『三国志_(歴史書)』・『晋書』・『爾雅』などが用いられていた。
- The materials used as textbooks were 'Sanshi' (three historical records of ancient China), which included 'Shiki' (Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty and Qin Dynasty), 'Kanjo' (Historical records of the Han Dynasty) and 'Gokanjo' (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty) from history and 'Wen Xuan' as a main book, and others such as 'Sanguo Zhi' (History of the Three Kingdoms), 'Jin shu' (History of the Jin Dynasty) and Erya from literature.
- 幕末、ヨーロッパの万国博覧会に出展した幕府や各藩の工芸品や美術品はすぐれた装飾品として絶賛され、日本の工芸へのヨーロッパからの関心が高まり、外貨を稼ぐ輸出品となる可能性が開かれた。
- In the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, the shogunate and some domains put handicrafts and art works in international European exhibitions, and they were highly praised as excellent decorations, so that Japanese crafts attracted the attention of European people, and their export enabled Japanese to gain foreign currency.
- しかしながら、仮に日本が「産業界を中心に世界有数の環境対策を施してきた」としても、 人口一人あたりの化石燃料由来温室効果ガスの排出量は高く、温室効果ガス排出量の削減もできていない。
- However, even though Japan has implemented world's leading environmental measures particularly in the industrial field, the per capita emissions amount of greenhouse gases originating from fossil fuel is still high and Japan has not achieved the reduction goal of emissions of greenhouse gases in fact.
- 露仏同盟を結びロシアへ資本を投下していたフランスと、ヴィルヘルム2世 (ドイツ皇帝)とニコライ2世とが縁戚関係にあるドイツは心情的にはロシア側であったが具体的な支援は行っていない。
- France which invested capital into Russia under the Franco-Russian Alliance and Germany whose Emperor Wilhelm II (the Kaiser) was a relative of Nicholai II were sympathetic of Russia, but offered no specific assistance to Russia.
- 18世紀末から19世紀初めには、上方にかわる文化的な中心地ともなり、経済活動や参勤交代を通じた江戸を中心とする人の往来は江戸から地方へ、地方から江戸へ盛んな文化の伝播をもたらした。
- From the end of the 18th century through the beginning of the 19th century, Edo surpassed Kamigata (This is a commonly used term referring to Kyoto and the Kansai region) as a cultural center, and the active traffic of people between Edo and the provinces due to economic activities and the sankinkotai (a system that required feudal lords to reside in Edo every other year) facilitated the active transmission of culture between Edo and the provinces.
- 応仁の乱では足軽集団が奇襲戦力として利用されたが、足軽は忠誠心に乏しく無秩序でしばしば暴徒化し、多くの社寺、商店等が軒を連ねる京都に跋扈し暴行・略奪をほしいままにすることもあった。
- During the Onin War, ashigaru groups were used in surprise attacks but their lack of loyalty and their disorder meant that they frequently formed unruly mobs, and there was an incident in which they ran riot and looted Kyoto with its numerous shrines, temples and shops.
- そして皮肉な事に荘園整理事務の中心的役割を果たしていた院(上皇・法皇)に対する開発領主からの寄進が相次ぐようになり、この自己矛盾によって荘園整理政策は破綻へ向かう事になるのである。
- And ironically, kaihatsu-ryoshus donated to the cloister (Retired Emperor and Cloistered Emperor) which played a central role of the office work for arranging shoens and this self-contradiction led to the breakdown of the policy for arranging shoens.
- 義貞は播磨国の白旗城に篭城する足利方の赤松則村(円心)を攻めている間に時間を空費し、この間に尊氏は多々良浜の戦いで九州を制覇して体制を立て直すと、京都奪還をめざして東進をはじめた。
- Yoshisada wasted time during his assault on Norimura AKAMATSU (Enshin) of the Ashikaga faction who was held up within Shirahata-jo Castle of Harima Province, and during this time Takauji conquered Kyushu in the Battle of Tatarahama and regrouped before heading east with the aim of recapturing Kyoto.
- 藤原京の頃を頂点として、次第に政事庶務の中心が朝堂院から周辺官衙に移っていき、平安京の頃にはその規模は縮小され、朝賀や即位、饗宴など、主に朝廷の盛典、儀礼に用いられるようになった。
- After the peak period of Fujiwara-kyo (the Fujiwara Palace; the ancient capital of Fujiwara), the center of political and general affairs had gradually shifted from the chodoin to the kanga (government office) around them, and by the time of Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto), the scale of the chodoin had been reduced; as such, the chodoin came to be used mainly for rituals and ceremonies of the Imperial Court such as Choga (New Year's greetings or well-wishes offered by retainers to the Emperor), enthronement and a banquet.
- そして、「悪友を親しむ者は共に悪名を免かる可らず。我は心に於て亜細亜東方の悪友を謝絶するものなり」といい、東アジアの悪友とは縁を切って近代化を進めて行くことが望ましいと結んでいる。
- With 'Those who cherish bad friends cannot escape the fate of being branded as a bad person,' my heart and determination lie in the refusal of bad friends,' he says that Japan should promote modernization by cutting ties with bad friends in East Asia.
- 日本では、明治維新の後、立憲政治・議会制度の創設が朝野で論議されるなかで、1870年代には福澤諭吉をはじめとする三田派の言論人たちを中心に政党内閣制を採用するように主張され始めた。
- In Japan, after the Meiji Restration, Yukichi FUKUZAWA and other intellecturals from the Mita-ha (Mita faction, named after the place where current Keio University exists) started aruguing in the 1870s that Japan should adopt a party cabinet system, while the establishment of a constitutional government and a parliament system came up for dabate across the county.
- 当時、茶話会を中心としていた「幸倶楽部派」は3会派(茶話会・同成会・公正会)から構成されて「幸三派」とも呼ばれていたため、これに「無所属」を加えて幸四派あるいは幸無三派と呼ばれた。
- At that time, the 'Saiwai-Club' that was centered on the Sawa-kai was consisted of three factions (Sawa-kai, Dousei-kai, Kousei-kai) and termed 'Saiwai Sanpa' as well as termed Saiwai Yonpa or 幸無三派 with adding the 'Independents.'
- 王陽明の高弟としては、王畿(龍溪)、王艮(おうこん、心斎)、徐愛、欧陽崇一 (南野)、銭徳洪(緒山)、鄒守益 (東廓)、羅洪先 (念奄)、聶豹 (じょうひょう、双江)らが有名である。
- The best-known of Wang Yangming's top disciples include Wang Ji (also known as Longxi), Wang Gen (also known as Xinzhai), Xu Ai, Youyang Chongyi (also known as Nanye), Qian Dehong (also known as Xushan), Zou Shouyi (also known as Dongkuo), luo Hongxian (also known as Nianyan), Nie Bao (also known as Shuangjiang.)
- 江戸は明治維新により東京とされるまで皇居を置かなかったため都ではなかったが、江戸時代には江戸幕府が置かれた事実上の日本の首都(行政首都)であり、日本の政治経済の中心地として発展した。
- Edo did not become the capital until the Meiji Restoration when it was renamed Tokyo because the Imperial Palace was not located there; However, Edo served as the seat of Bakufu authority and thus the defacto capital of Japan (administrative capital) in the Edo period, and developed into a political and economic center of power.
- また、城下町時代の町人地だった場所が現在でもその都市の中心街としての機能を保っていたり、城下町時代からの祭りや風習を残していたりといった形で、城下町時代の痕跡が残っていることは多い。
- Many places that were the townspeople area during their jokamachi period are still currently the center of the city, and festivals and customs from that time still exist.
- そして、『今昔物語集』巻19第4話「摂津守満仲出家せる語」で源満仲は出家した我が子に「我が心に違う者有れば、虫などを殺すように殺しつ、少し宜しと思う罪には手足を切る」と嘆かれている。
- Furthermore, MINAMOTO no Mitsutaka was grieved by his own child that went through shukke (to become a Buddhist monk) 'if there is someone who defies your will, you kill him as though he was an insect, and cut off his arms and legs for a minor crime' in the 'Story of Mitsunaka, who was the Settsu no kami (governor of Settsu Province) and underwent shukke (become Buddhist Priest)' in Volume 19 Story 4 of 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past).
- そのため、長屋王を中心とする朝廷は722年(養老6年)に百万町歩開墾計画を立て、計画遂行を期して723年(養老7年)には田地開墾を促進する三世一身法(さんぜいっしんのほう)を施行した。
- As a result, the Imperial Court lead by Prince Nagaya established a plan in 722 to reclaim a million hectares and, in order to ensure successful execution of the plan, enforced a law called Sanze Isshin no Ho in 723.
- この事件と同じ1951年、同学会を中心に京大生が企画・開催した「綜合原爆展 (京大)」は盛況を呼び、京都市民から好意的に迎えられていた(「質問状」でも天皇の原爆展参観を要望している)。
- In 1951, the same year as this incident, students of Kyoto university with the Dogakukai in the center held 'The synthetic exhibition of the A-bomb (Kyoto University),' and it attracted many people and was favorably received by the citizens of Kyoto (in the open letter, they asked the Emperor to visit the A-bomb exhibition).
- 洞(うつろ)とは、室町時代後期から安土桃山時代にかけて、現在の東北地方及び関東地方の戦国大名に見られた形態で惣領である当主を中心に一族・家臣をまとめた擬似的要素のある族縁共同体のこと。
- Utsuro was a quasi family-related community from the late Muromachi period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period that organized family members and vassals around the head of the family, called soryo (heir); organizations such as these were seen among Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) in the Tohoku and Kanto regions.
- 延享2年(1745年)にも「町人が絹・紬・木綿・麻以外の物を着てはならず、熨斗目などの衣装を着ているものがいれば、同心は捕えてその場で衣装を没収すべきである」と言う指示が出されている。
- In 1745, an ordinance was issued stating that 'if doshin (police constable) find townspeople wearing clothes like noshime (a kind of kimono for samurai), they should arrest them and confiscate the clothes on the spot, as townspeople are not allowed materials other than silk, tsumugi, cotton, and hemp.'
- 大久保を中心に岩倉具視・大隈重信・伊藤博文らが政府の再編を行うが、直後に台湾出兵をめぐる意見が対立、その結果、長州閥のトップ木戸孝允までが職を去る事態に陥り、ほぼ大久保専制体制となる。
- Under Okubo's leadership, Okubo, Tomomi IWAKURA, Shigenobu OKUMA and Hirobumi ITO reorganized the government, but immediately after that, they clashed over the issue of the Taiwan expedition; eventually, Takayoshi KIDO, the leader of the Choshu faction, resigned from the office and thus Okubo's despotic regime virtually came into being.
- 産業革命を迎えた西ヨーロッパ各国は、大量生産された工業品の輸出拡大の必要性から、インドを中心に東南アジアと中国大陸の清への市場拡大に急いでいたが、後にそれは熾烈な植民地獲得競争となる。
- With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, countries in Western Europe sought the expansion of their markets to Southeast Asia, mainly India and Qing Dynasty China, for the export of mass-produced goods--later, these activities evolved into a fierce competition for acquiring colonies.
- 打ちこわしや一揆そのものは生活苦の改善や新規の徴税や徴兵に反対するものが中心であり、思想的・政治的な背景に欠くもので、最終的には幕府・諸藩・明治政府のいずれかの兵に鎮圧されて終わった。
- Having no ideological and political background, most of the destructive riots and uprisings simply aimed at requiring the relief from hardships of life, and demonstrating their displeasure against the taxation and conscription imposed anew, and all of them ceased in the end when suppressed by Edo bakufu, domains, or the Meiji government.
- 全国通用を前提とするものであるが、金鉱山が主に常陸国、甲斐国、伊豆国および佐渡国などに位置し、金貨の一般通用は家康により新たに取り入れられた政策であったため主に関東地方を中心に流通した。
- It was planned to circulate nationwide, however, the distribution was mainly in Kanto Region because gold mines were located in Hitachi, Kai, Izu and Sado Provinces and the policy of circulating gold coins in public was newly adopted by Ieyasu.
- ただし徳川家としての武家権力は残るが、やがて鳥羽・伏見の戦いに始まる徳川家を中心とする勢力と改革により復興した西日本の薩長土肥雄藩との内戦は朝廷による官軍となった薩長土肥側の勝利となる。
- The samurai authority remained in the form of the Tokugawa family; however, some civil wars, starting from the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, were held between forces mainly consisting of the Tokugawa family and the Sacchodohi yuhan (the domains of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Higo), a force of the western Japan which was restored by the reform, as a result, the Sacchodohi yuhan, which became a government army formed by the Imperial Court, defeated the forces of the Tokugawa family.
- 江戸時代になると、大都市となった江戸を中心として、金融業でも醸造業でもない、他のところで醸造した酒を販売する(今日でいう「酒屋」のイメージに近い)商店として酒屋が多く出現するようになる。
- Entering the Edo period, many sakaya selling the sake manufactured by others, not doing financial business operation nor manufacturing sake, (or business close to the image of the 'sakaya' in the present day), appeared centered on Edo that had become a big city.
- 配下には町奉行所から目代として派遣された与力、同心、寄場差配人(模範的な人足の中から選抜された身寄が遠国にいる人足の身元を引き受ける保証人の類)、医師、心学の教師、船頭等が所属していた。
- Also working for Ninsokuyoseba were Yoriki (police sergeant), who was sent by the town magistrate's office as Mokudai (Deputy), Doshin (police constable), and Yoseba Sahainin (the kind of sponsor who guarantees the characters of the criminals who were chosen out of the exemplary criminals and whose relatives were living away from Edo), doctors, teachers of Shin school (popularized blend of Buddhist, Shinto and Confucian ethical teachings in the Edo period), boatmen and others.
- 日露戦争終結直後の1905年8月日英同盟の改訂が行われた事を受けて、イギリスとロシア帝国との間で開戦となった場合の日本軍の対処方針について山縣有朋を中心に検討したのがルーツとされている。
- Following the revision of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in August, 1905, just after the end of the Russo-Japanese War, it was the beginning of the Imperial Defense Policy that Aritomo YAMAGATA reviewed the action policy of the Japanese army if the war between Great Britain and the Russian Empire should start.
- 反徳川勢力は五奉行の石田三成を中心に結集し、慶長5年(1600年)6月、家康が会津の会津征伐の兵を起こして大坂を離れると、三成は毛利輝元を総大将として西軍を組織し挙兵した(関ヶ原の戦い)。
- Anti-Tokugawa powers gathered together around one of the Gobugyo (five major magistrates) Mitsunari ISHIDA, and when Ieyasu commanded an army for conquest of Aizu in July 1600, Mitsunari organized the Western Camp with Terumoto MORI as the supreme commander, and rose up in arms (the Battle of Sekigahara).
- また『柳烟雑記』は享保九年五月(1723年)の武家人口として、大名264人、旗本5205人、御目見以下1万7004人、与力・同心並びに六尺・下男3万0909人、その他487人と伝えている。
- Additionally, according to the 'Ryuenzakki' [柳烟雑記] (Miscellaneous Records of Smokey Willow), the samurai population as of May 1723 (Kyoho 9) comprised of 264 daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), 5,205 hatamoto (bannermen), 17,004 subordinates, 30,909 of those including yoriki (police sergeant), doshin (police constable), rokushaku (servant) and genan (houseboy), and 487 others.
- 椀を伏せたような形をした国東半島には、両子山を中心として四方へと谷筋が走り、古代にはこの谷筋に沿って六郷と呼ばれる6つの集落が形成され、そのうち半島の西側にあたるこの地には田染郷があった。
- Channels radiate out from all directions of Mt. Futago on the upturned bowl-shaped Kunisaki Peninsula, and in ancient times settlements known as 'Rokugo' (lit. Six Townships) were formed along each of these channels, of which Tashibu Township was the settlement on the west of the peninsula.
- これは、泰時が「消息文」で述べている通り、新しい法体系を作成する意図は無く、むしろ公家法を中心とした法秩序と武家社会の調和を図り、そのために必要な規則・注釈であったからだと考えられている。
- That was supposedly because, as Yasutoki mentioned in the 'shosokubun,' he never meant to create a new legal system but contemplated a legal order based on the court noble law and harmony in the samurai society, therefore the Goseibai-shikimoku were the regulations and notes required to achieve this goal.
- 大成会は程無く解散したものの、その後中央交渉部に引き継がれ、更に1892年に佐々友房が品川弥二郎を盟主として国民協会_(日本)を結成することによって同党を中心とする吏党の枠組みが完成した。
- Although the Taiseikai party was dissolved shortly after, it was later taken over by the Chuo kosho-bu (Central Negotiating Section), and Tomofusa SASSA set up the Kokumin Kyokai (National Union Party in Japan) appointing Yajiro SHINAGAWA as a leader in 1892, thereby completing the framework of the the Rito party core.
- そのため西欧では、19世紀後半に両方を指す語としてタオイズム(Tao-ism)の語が造られ、アンリ・マスペロを筆頭とするフランス学派の学者たちを中心に両者の間に因果関係を認める傾向がある。
- Therefore, in Europe in the latter half of the 19th century, the term of Tao-ism was created for indicating both of the religions, and a French academic school, headed by Henry MASPERO, went as far as to point to a causal relationship between the two religions.
- 「余ハ此篇ヲ読ミ、私ニ我邦現今ノアル神道熱心家ハ決シテ緘黙スベキ場合ニアラザルヲ思フ、若シ彼等ニシテ尚ホ緘黙セバ余ハ彼等ハ全ク閉口シタルモノト見做サザルベカラズ」と述べ、神道家を挑発する。
- He wrote, 'I read the article and believed that true Shintoists in our country must not be silent with this article, if they keep quiet over this issue, I shall assume that they must be overwhelmed.' and provoked the Shintoist.
- 皇帝を中心とする華夷秩序に理念づけられ、朝貢と冊封によって外国との関係を維持していた「天下」概念が変容するのは、1793年イギリスの外交使節ジョージ・マカートニーが派遣されたころからである。
- The notion of 'Tenka,' which had been formed based on the order of kai (the Chinese and barbarians) and maintained the diplomatic relations by the sakuho and choko (bringing tribute) system, started to change when George Macartney, a British diplomat, was dispatched in 1793.
- 生活指導プログラムとして、月3回三のつく日の暮六つ時から五つ時まで石門心学(神道・仏教・儒教を混ぜて仁義忠孝や因果応報などの教訓や逸話をわかりやすく説く)の大家・中沢道二の講義も実施された。
- As part of the lifestyle guidance progrram, on three days a month, namely 3, 13, and 23, from 5 to 8 pm, a lecture was given by Doni NAKAZAWA, an expert on Sekimon Shingaku (giving clear teachings and episodes of humanity, loyalty, and justice by mixing Shintoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism).
- 然ルニ最早大使御帰朝以来既ニ数月ヲ閲シ候得共、何等ノ御施設モ拝承不仕、昨今民心洶々上下相疑、動スレバ土崩瓦解ノ兆無之トモ難申勢ニ立至候義、畢竟天下輿論公議ノ壅塞スル故卜実以残念ノ至ニ奉存候。
- However, although it has been a few months since the group returned home, we have not yet seen anything done about setting up such a place, and people and government are having doubts about each other these days; if anything happens, society shall collapse like mud, it means that the people's opinions are neglected and we feel much sorrow over this.
- 天正遣欧少年使節(てんしょうけんおうしょうねんしせつ)は1582年(天正10年)に九州のキリシタン大名、大友義鎮・大村純忠・有馬晴信の名代としてローマへ派遣された4名の少年を中心とした使節団。
- Tensho Ken-o Shonen Shisetsu was a mission of four boys and others dispatched to Rome in 1582, acting for Yoshishige OTOMO, Sumitada OMURA, and Harunobu ARIMA, who were the Christian feudal lords in Kyushu.
- 科学、農学、洋学、洋風、珪素、砒素、電磁、冤罪、検事、議会、領事、領事館、圧政、学制、原価、資金、外債、社交、社用、官権、広告、眼識、痴呆、熱心、保健、確保、確立、過食、玩具、現象、工場、申告
- Science, agriculture, Western studies, yofu (western style), silicone, arsenic, electromagnetic, false charge, prosecutor, parliament, consul, consulate, oppression Educational system, cost, capital, foreign loan, social intercourse, business, power of government, advertisement, discernment, dementia, ardor, health, securing, establishment, overeating, toy, phenomenon, factory, and declaration
- さらに、これらの王たちの宮(都)は『記紀』によれば、先に挙げた大古墳のある地域と重なっていることを考え合わせると、崇神に始まる政権はこの地域を中心に成立した推測でき、三輪政権と呼ぶことができる。
- Furthermore according to the 'Kojiki' and the 'Nihon Shoki,' the capitals of these kings overlap with a region with previously-mentioned kofun, the regime started with Emperor Sujin is estimated to have been established centering on this region and can be called as the Miwa Regime.
- 横山党(よこやまとう)は、平安時代後期から鎌倉時代にかけて、武蔵国多摩郡(現・東京都八王子市)横山庄を中心として、武蔵国(大里郡・比企郡 - 橘樹郡)および相模国北部に割拠した同族的武士団である。
- The Yokoyama Party, centered in the Yokoyama-sho estate in Tama County, Musashi Province (the present Hachioji City, Tokyo), was an armed group from the same family that existed from the late Heian period to the Kamakura period, and based themselves in Musashi Province (Osato County, Hiki County, and Tachibana County) and the northern part of Sagami Province.
- しかし、議会制度を発足させるためには、官制改革・民度・国民教育などが未成熟であり、時期尚早であったため、大久保利通を中心に「有司専制」と呼ばれる薩長藩閥による官僚を中心とした改革体制が維持された。
- However, it was too early to establish the Diet because the reform of the organization of the central government, the cultural level of the people, and national education were still immature, and due to the Saccho (Satsuma and Choshu) clanship a bureaucracy centered system called 'Yushi-sensei' led by Toshimichi OKUBO was maintained.
- 武家の棟梁の地位が源氏から平氏へ移動した背景には、中央政界の中心が摂関家から院政を布く治天の君へシフトしたという事情がある(源氏は摂関家の権威を背景に、平家は院の権威を背景に台頭したことによる)。
- The leader of samurai families changed from the Minamoto clan to Taira clan as the center of politics shifted from the regent family to Chiten no kimi who established the cloister government (the Minamoto clan gained power using the power of the regent family, and the Taira clan gained power using the power of the cloister government).
- 読み書きが中心だが、寺子屋の師匠と教え子たちのつながりは、かなり長く続いたようで、房総半島では、そうした師匠が亡くなったのち、教え子たちがそのお墓をつくったものが、「筆子塚」として多数残っている。
- Reading and writing were mainly taught there, and apparently the teachers and students kept in touch for a long time; in the Boso Peninsula, many 'fudeko-zuka' are found, which are the graves of teachers constructed by their students.
- 古代においては、天皇・朝廷に海水産物を中心とした御食料(穀類以外の副食物)を贄(にえ)として貢ぐ慣習があり、律令制のもとにおいても租庸調などの税とは別に、贄の納付が定められていたと考えられている。
- In ancient times, there was a custom where Oshokuryo (side dishes excluding grain) including mainly fishery products were presented to the Emperor and the Imperial Family as sacrifices, and it is considered that, under the Ritsuryo system, this was stipulated in addition to Soyocho (a tax system).
- 高句麗・新羅・百済の古代王朝、そして高麗の時代にも朝鮮を中心とする独自の天下概念がなかったわけではないが、高麗後期に朱子学が流入すると、名分論の立場から朝鮮中心の天下的世界認識に批判が加えられた。
- There was the notion of the Korea-centered Tenka in the period of old dynasties like Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje as well as in the Goryeo period, but the notion was criticized from the standpoint of meibunron (the theory of justification of titles and social standings) when Neo-Confucianism was introduced in the late Goryeo period.
- 周辺に西欧列強が現れ、清朝や日本が近代化するという国際環境にあって、朝鮮はいかに生存を図るべきかということが、人々の主要な関心事として浮上しはじめていたため、国際法の知識は積極的に求められていた。
- Knowledge on international law was actively required because Korea was in the international circumstance where Western powerful countries appeared and the Qing dynasty and Japan promoted their modernization, and people were greatly concerned about how Korea should survive in such situation.
- 中世の土地売買には今日の売却に相当する永代売、元金をもって買い戻す本銭返、そして年期売があったが、売主である本主の権限が最も色濃く残された年期売が農民層を中心として広く行われていたと考えられている。
- Medieval methods for selling land included the permanent sale, which corresponds to land sales today, the honsengaeshi, under which those with capital could buy back the sold land, and finally the nenki-uri, but it is thought that the nenki-uri, under which the seller had the most pronounced authority and power, became the most widely used contract, especially among farmers.
- 台湾出兵時に西郷従道が装備したガトリング砲も九州へ送られるなど、徴兵で構成された政府軍は精強な薩摩士族相手に戦うために、相当な意気込みを見せたが、一番肝心な歩兵銃の弾薬調達でトラブルが発生していた。
- The government army, which consisted of conscripts, was so enthusiastic about fighting against the powerful band of warrior class in Satsuma that it even sent the Gatling gun that had been equipped by Tsugumichi SAIGO for the Taiwan expedition to Kyushu but had a trouble in the essential matter of supplying ammunition for infantry rifle.
- 基本的にどの治世においても将軍は完全な独裁者、もしくは(将軍が幼少の場合を除き)幕閣の完全な傀儡という状態ではなく、老中を中心とする幕閣による合議で決定された事案を将軍が決裁するシステムが存続した。
- Basically, no shogun was a complete dictator nor a complete puppet of the cabinet officials (other than when the shogun was very young), and there was a system in place whereby the shogun had the final say on issues discussed by cabinet officials (mainly senior councilors, 'roju').
- そして武士は京の貴族から生まれた、つまり騎馬と弓箭を中心とした武芸が、奈良・平安時代を通じて、支配階級である都の貴族とその周辺に面々と受け継がれ、それが中世の武士に引き継がれたと言うことを強調した。
- In addition, he stressed that bushi originated from aristocrats in Kyo (Kyoto), and martial arts that centered mostly around cavalry and archery passed down through aristocrats of the ruling class and their surrounding members during the Nara and Heian periods down to the medieval bushi.
- それは樹齢30年ごろから多く花粉を飛ばす早生品種ではなく、樹齢50年ごろから多く花粉を飛ばす晩生品種といわれており、それが真実であれば関東以西ではヒノキのみならずスギ花粉もさらに増加する心配がある。
- It is said that this is not an early season cultivar that disperses pollen from around the age of 30 years but a late season cultivar that disperses pollen from around age 50 years and, if this is true, then there is a concern that pollen from not only Japanese cypress trees but also from Japanese cedar trees will increase in the west of the Kanto region.
- 織田信長軍の攻囲を受ける石山本願寺への兵糧搬入を目的とした毛利水軍・小早川水軍・村上水軍を中心とする瀬戸内の水軍戦力と、それを阻止せんとする織田方の水軍戦力が大阪湾木津川 (大阪府)河口で激突した。
- As the naval force of the Seto Inland Sea, consisting of the navies of the Mori Clan, the Kobayakawa Clan, and the Murakami Clan, attempted to deliver provisions to Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, which had been surrounded by the army of Nobunaga ODA, they were confronted by the naval force of the Oda clan, who tried to block them, and clashed with them at the mouth of the Kizu-kawa River in the Osaka Bay.
- このため、岩倉や伊藤らは侍補を廃止して親政路線を停止しようと図ったが、明治天皇自身が元田永孚・佐々木高行ら侍補に心を寄せて彼らを私的なブレーンとして遇し、彼らが期待する君主像を実現させようと試みた。
- So Iwakura and Ito eliminated the position of jiho to eradicate the course of direct imperial rule but the Emperor Meiji himself sided with jiho such as Nagazane MOTODA and Takayuki SASAKI, treating them as his private brains, and tried to realize their ideal monarch.
- これに対して、比較的余裕を有していた江戸幕府では地方直を行って旗本の知行を蔵米知行から地方知行に改めることでこれまでの働きに対する恩賞として、旗本たちの歓心買うとともに将軍への忠誠を高めようとした。
- On the other hand, the Edo bakufu, which had relatively affluent resources, tried to win the favor of hatamoto, and at the same time, to raise their allegiance by changing the provision form of chigyo to hatamoto from kuramaichigyo to jigatachigyo, and applied jikata-naoshi to them in the name of the reward for their past achievements and services.
- 財団法人大学コンソーシアム京都(ざいだんほうじんだいがくこんそーしあむきょうと)とは、日本の京都府京都市周辺に所在する立命館大学、龍谷大学、同志社大学などを中心とした大学 によって構成された財団法人。
- The Consortium of Universities in Kyoto is a foundation consisting of universities in and around Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, including Ritsumeikan University, Ryukoku University, and Doshisha University.
- もっとも、検地における土地の評価は担当者の判断に依拠するところが大きく、街道沿いなどの商工業が盛んな地域の田畠では高く見積もられ、政治的・軍事的要地や僻地では民心掌握のために低く見積もられ事があった。
- Evaluations of land in land surveys depended largely on the judgment of the person in charge, and this sometimes resulted in rice paddies and fields in commercial and industrial business areas being given high estimates and those in important political and military areas as well as remote areas being given low estimates in order to attract support from the public.
- 続く東巻は対句の種類と用法を解説し、南巻は文章のあるべき形、またそれを作る際の心構え等を述べ、西巻は韻律上の避けるべき事柄を論じ、そして最終の北巻は対句に関して守らねばならぬ法則のまとめを綴っている。
- The following volume of East explained the kinds and usage of distich, the volume of South mentioned the ideal pattern of sentences and attitude to make, the volume of West discussed the things to be avoided about rhythm, and the last volume of North referred to the summary of the rules to be followed concerning distich.
- 一会桑政権(いちかいそうせいけん)は、幕末の政治動向の中心地京都において、禁裏御守衛総督兼摂海防禦指揮・一橋慶喜、京都守護職・松平容保(会津藩)、京都所司代・松平定敬(桑名藩)三者により構成された体制。
- The Ichikaiso Government was a politically prominent group in Kyoto, the center of politics at the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate; it was formed of Kinri-goshuei-sotoku (Governor-general of the inner palace's guard) Sekkai-bogyo-shiki (Commander of the coastal defense of Osaka-wan Bay) Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI, Kyoto-shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto) Katamori MATSUDAIRA from the Aizu clan, and Kyoto-shoshidai (Deputy for Governor-general of Kyoto) Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA from the Kuwana clan.
- 社会規範を規定する刑法的な律と社会制度を規定する行政法的な令が中心的な位置を占め、律令の不足を補う改正法としての格および律令と格の施行細則としての性格を持つ式が一つの法体系、即ち律令法典を構成していた。
- The Ritsuryo codes were organized as a legal system centered on 'ritsu,' a criminal code defining social standards, and 'ryo,' an administrative code defining the social system, with 'kyaku,' or amendments, for supplementing ritsu and ryo, and 'shiki' as provisions for enacting ritsu, ryo, and kyaku.
- 更に都市部を中心とした商工業者は地租よりも営業税 (日本)などの方が収益に対する税負担の割合が高いにも関わらず、民党が地租軽減ばかりを唱えることに不満を抱き、財政革新会などを通して独自の運動を起こした。
- Furthermore, business and industrial men around urban areas were frustrated by assertions of Minto calling only for the reduction in the land tax despite the fact that the fraction of business tax (Japan) on profits was higher than that for land tax, and established their own movement through Zaiseikakushin kai (conference on reform of financial affairs) and others.
- 対外政策としては明に替わり日本がその中心になる華夷思想を打ち出し、ルソン・琉球国・高山国(当時、台湾に存在すると考えられていた国)・李氏朝鮮などに服属と朝貢を求める武威を背景にした強硬政策を推進している。
- In regards to diplomatic policy, Hideyoshi insisted 'Sinocentrism' in which Japan would be the center instead of Ming and based on military force, applied a hard-line policy that required Luzon, Ryukyukoku, Takasagun (the country believed to exist in Taiwan in those days), Joseon Dynasty and others to yield allegiance and bring tributes to Japan.
- これにより、5世紀ごろには簡易な官僚制が形成されていたとして、それまでの王の権威を権力の源泉としていた「ヤマト王権」から王を中心とする政治組織が権力を担う「ヤマト政権」への転換がなされたとする見方もある。
- As seen from these organizational changes, it is thought that a simple bureaucratic system was already being formed around the fifth century; there is an opinion that during this time, the 'Yamato Kingdom', where the king's authority was the source of power, was replaced by the 'Yamato administration', where a political organization, with a King at the center, held the power.
- どの戦国大名も従来の大名に替わって室町幕府に「郡検断」「軍勢催促」「段銭徴収」等の諸権力を公認されることで各地域の中心勢力を形成し、そして新しい中央政権たる豊臣秀吉の奥州仕置によって既得権益を追認された。
- Each sengoku daimyo formed the central power of influence in each region by being authorized to execute various powers such as 'jurisdiction,' 'demand for military assistance,' and 'collection of Tansen (tax on rice fields)' by the Muromachi bakufu in place of the existing daimyo and then had their vested interests confirmed by Oshu-shioki (repression of the Oshu region) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as the new central government.
- またこの事件は、奈良の『菩提泉(ぼだいせん)』『山樽(やまだる)』『大和多武峯(たふのみね)酒』、越前の『豊原(ほうげん)酒』、近江の『百済寺酒』、河内の『観心寺酒』などの僧坊酒が台頭する一因ともなった。
- This incident also contributed to the rise of sobo shu (sake produced by monks) such as 'Bodaisen,' 'Yamadaru,' and 'Yamato Tafunomine zake' in Nara, 'Hogen zake' in Echizen, 'Hyakusaidera shu' in Omi, and 'Kanshinji shu' in Kawachi.
- 国衙軍制成立の過程で武芸、すなわち軍事を専門とする諸大夫身分の貴族(軍事貴族)や侍身分の官人層が出現し、これらの層の上層身分たる軍事貴族層では、特に東国を中心として、自ら国司として現地赴任する者も現れた。
- In the process of establishing the kokuga forces system, shodaibu (aristocrat lower than Kugyo) (military aristocrat) or samurai officials who specialized in military arts appeared and some of the military aristocrats went to various provinces, especially those of eastern Japan, in order to serve as kokushi.
- その理由としては、まず西欧列強に都合の良い運用(外圧正当化)がされたことによって、『万国公法』への根強い不信感が中国側に植え付けられ、その心理的抵抗からスムーズな受容がなされなかったという点が挙げられる。
- As Western countries had been using 'Bankoku Koho' for their profits, people in China had strong distrust in 'Bankoku Koho' and this psychological resistance among people made smooth acceptance of 'Bankoku Koho' impossible.
- また、朝鮮半島南部を中心にいくつもの倭独特の前方後円墳が発見されており、中国の史書からも倭への朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める記述があることから朝鮮半島南部(任那)は大和王権が統治していた地と有力視されている。
- Furthermore, from the discovery of keyhole-shaped mounds, a feature unique to Wakoku, together with descriptions in Chinese historical sources of Wa controlling the southern Korean Peninsula, it is regarded that the Yamato Kingdom governed southern Korea.
- 最大の激戦となった第4次の戦いが信濃川と犀川 (長野県)が合流する三角状の平坦地である川中島(現在の長野県長野市南郊)を中心に行われたことから、その他の場所で行われた戦いも総称として川中島の戦いと呼ばれる。
- Because the fourth battle, the fiercest one of them, was fought in the area centering on Kawanakajima (present southern suburb of Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture), triangular flat area where the Shinano-gawa River and the Sai-gawa River meet, the term of the Battle of Kawanakajima is used for totally indicating the battles fought in and around the area.
- 武田氏の家臣団には、守護の兄弟子女、或いは女婿を中心とするご親類衆があるが、板垣氏や甘利氏など、同じ甲斐源氏を祖に持つ庶流の家柄にあるものは、主に武田氏の家老を務める御譜代衆、国衆として位置づけられていた。
- The vassal groups of the Takeda clan included shinsekishu (a group of relatives) which mainly included siblings and children, and the husbands of daughters of shugo, and those who were in the shoke lineages whose origin was Kai-Genji (the Minamoto clan) similarly to the Takeda clan, such as the Itagaki and the Amari clans, were positioned as Gofudaishu (hereditary daimyo) and kunishu who mainly acted as chief retainers of the Takeda clan.
- また、子供達の関心を呼ぶために他地域の地理や風物・物産などを織り込んだ往来物も作られ、『日本国尽』・『都名所往来』・『浪花往来』・『中仙道往来』、そして明治維新期には『世界風俗往来』まで作成されるに至った。
- Furthermore, oraimono featuring geography, scenery, and produce of other regions were written to interest children, which include 'Nihonkunizukushi,' 'Miyakomeisho Orai' (Correspondence on Sights in Miyako (present-day Kyoto)), 'Naniwa Orai' (Letters On Sights of Naniwa (present-day Osaka)) and 'Nakasendo Orai,' and in the period of the Meiji Restoration, 'Sekaifuzoku Orai' was composed.
- なお王陽明の「心即理」は基本的に陸象山のそれをトレースしたものであるが、陸が心に天理・人欲という区別を立てなかったのに対し、王陽明は朱子と同様「天理を存し人欲を去る」という倫理実践原理を持っていた点は異なる。
- Shin soku ri' (literaly, mind is nothing but ri) as advocated by Wang Yangming is basically a copy of Lu Hsiang-shan's idea, the only difference being that Lu Hsiang-shan did not divide one's mind into Tenri and Jinyoku but Wang Yangming, like Zhu Xi, believed in the 'awareness of the heavenly principal (tenri) expels human desires'.
- それに対し、714年(和銅7年)に紀清人・三宅藤麻呂に国史を撰集させ、舎人親王が中心となって神代から持統天皇までの歴史を編集、720年(養老4年)に撰上されたのが『日本紀(日本書紀)』30巻・系図1巻である。
- In contrast, for the 'Nihongi (Nihon Shoki),' composed of 30 volumes and a roll of genealogical chart, compiled and offered to the emperor in 720, KI no Kiyohito and MIYAKE no Fujimaro in 714 selected accounts from provincial historical literature from the mythological age to the Empress Jito, and then Imperial Prince Toneri and his assistants edited the work.
- 同じ、源氏であって頼朝が、足利義兼や甲斐源氏などの一門を従え、従弟である源義仲や叔父 源義広 (志田三郎先生)、源行家、同族の源義重や佐竹昌義を圧倒し得たのも、源氏嫡流としての求心力によるところが大きかった。
- Mainly because of his uniting power as chakuryu of the Minamoto clan, Yoritomo was able to preside over the descendants of the same Minamoto clan such as Yoshikane ASHIKAGA and the Kai-Genji and dominate his cousin MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, his uncles of MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro (Master Saburo SHIDA), and MINAMOTO no Yukiie, and MINAMOTO no Yoshishige, and Masayoshi SATAKE of the same clan.
- 延喜式においては、畿内周辺及び沿岸諸国を中心とした22ヶ国より貢進が行われ、大炊寮に対して白米17,330石 (単位)ともち米260斛、内蔵寮に対して黒米200斛、民部省に対して黒米500斛の貢進が行われた。
- 'Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) states that about 22 provinces surrounding Kinai and the coastal provinces donated 17,330 koku of white rice and 260 koku of mochi rice to the Oiryo (Bureau of Palace Kitchens under the Ministry of the Imperial Household), 200 koku of black rice to the Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses) and 500 koku of black rice to the Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs).
- 円歩金(えんぶきん)は表面中心部に桐紋、さらに周囲にも五箇所の桐紋、裏面は中心に後藤庄三郎光次の花押、周囲に五箇所の桐紋の極印が打たれた円形の金貨であり、形状は西洋金貨風で日本の金貨としては異例のものである。
- Enbukin was oval gold coin which had Kiri-mon (paulownia patterns) on the center of head, Kiri-mon of Gokasho around it, Kao (written seal mark) of Shosaburo Mitsutsugu GOTO on the center of tail, hallmark of Kiri-mon of Gokasho around it, and its western gold coin shape was unusual for Japanese gold coin.
- 作成年代によって違いはあるものの、基本的な形態として平安京のある山城国を中心として、令制国を俵あるいは卵状(主として楕円もしくは円 (数学))に表して、これを連ねることで日本列島の大まかな輪郭を形成している。
- Different versions were produced in different periods, but as the basic format, the general outline of the Japanese archipelago was formed by arranging (partly overlaying each other) tawara (straw bags for rice) or oval shapes (mainly ellipses or circles) expressing ryoseikoku (provinces) centering around Yamashiro Province where Heian-kyo (ancient capital in current Kyoto).
- 租・調 (律令制)・庸および雑徭、出挙、交易などからなる律令租税体系は10世紀から11世紀中期にかけて、米納を中心とする官物(かんもつ)と、夫役・雑物からなる雑役(ぞうえき)といった2つの体系に移行していった。
- Around the tenth to mid-eleventh century, the Ritsuryo Taxation System of So (rice tax), Cho (tributes [Ritsuryo system]), Yo (labor) and zoyo (irregular corvee), suiko (government loans), kyoyaku (trading tributes) changed into Kanmotsu, which was basically paid in rice, and Zoeki, consisting of Buyaku (labor service) and Zatsumotsu (tributes).
- 長享元年(1487年)、9代将軍足利義尚は六角高頼征伐を決定し、将軍直属の奉公衆を中心とした軍を率いて近江坂本へ出陣、9月には管領細川政元・若狭国守護武田国信・加賀国守護富樫政親を近江に召集し、高頼を攻撃する。
- In 1487, the ninth Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA decided to subjugate Takayori ROKKAKU, and headed an army mainly consisted of hokoshu (the shogunal military guard) directly under him to go into the battle in Sakamoto in Omi Province, and in September, the Shogun ordered the Shogunal Deputy Masamoto HOSOKAWA, Wakasa no kuni shugo (the provincial constable of Wakasa Province) Kuninobu TAKEDA and Kaga no kuni shugo (the provincial constable of Kaga Province) Masachika TOGASHI to Omi Province and attacked Takayori.
- これに対し雑賀衆は雑賀城を本城となし、雑賀川(和歌川)沿いに弥勒寺山城を中心として北に東禅寺山城・上下砦・宇須山砦・中津城 (紀伊国)、南に甲崎砦・玉津島砦・布引浜の砦を築き、川岸には柵を設けて防衛線を構築した。
- On the other hand, Saiga shu placed its headquarter at Saiga-jo Castle and built up the line of defense with Tozenjiyama-jo Castle, Joge Fort (上下砦), Usayama Fort, Nakatsu-jo Castle (Kii Province) in the north, Kosaki Fort (甲崎砦), Tamatsushima Fort and Nunobikihama Fort in the south and barriers on the riverside, centering on Mirokuyama-jo Castle along the Saiga-gawa River (Waka-gawa River).
- 鎮西神領興行令は以後、弘安8年(1285年)、永仁6年(1298年)、正和元年(1312年)に相次いで出され、宇佐八幡宮と伊勢神宮を先頭に、全国的に適用され、特に伊勢神宮の神領は東国を中心に次々に広がっていった。
- Chinzei Shinryo Kogyo Kaifukurei was thereafter successively issued in 1285, 1298 and 1312, and applied to Shinto shrines in the whole country, including Usahachiman-gu Shrine and Ise-jinja Shrine above all; the estates of Ise-jinja Shrine expanded especially in eastern provinces.
- 同じく江戸城下の治安を預かる町奉行が役方(文官)であり、その部下である町与力や町同心とは対照的に、御先手組は番方であり、その部下である組与力・組同心の取り締まり方は極めて荒っぽく、江戸の民衆から恐れられたという。
- While Machi-yoriki and Machi-doshin were the subordinate of machi-bugyo (town magistrate) who were civil officers to maintain the public security of the Edo castle town, Kumi-yoriki and Kumi-doshin were under the control of the sakite-gumi, which was bankata (military officers), and regulated the Edo castle town so roughly that they were said to be feared by the Edo people.
- 一、冤罪も御免の上は、双方とも誠心を以て相合し、皇国の御為に砕身尽力仕り候事は申すに及ばず、いづれの道にしても、今日より双方皇国の御為め皇威相輝き、御回復に立ち至り候を目途に誠しを尽くして尽力して致すべくとの事なり
- Article 6 : When the false charge is cleared up, both the Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain are sure to be reconciled sincerely with each other and to do their best for the sake of the Japanese Empire, and regardless of the result of the Satsuma Domain's appeal about the charge, both clans shall make every effort from today with sincerity to revive and extend the imperial authority for the empire's sake.
- フランシスコ・ザビエルの日本来航以来、スペインやポルトガルの宣教師の熱心な布教によって、また戦国大名や江戸時代の藩主にもキリスト教を信奉する者が現れたため、キリスト教徒いわゆる切支丹の数は九州を中心に広く拡大した。
- After Francis Xavier came to Japan, the number of Christians increased in Kyushu and other regions due to missionaries from Spain and Portugal ardently propagating Christianity, as well as a number of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) and feudal lords during the Edo period becoming followers of Christianity.
- ただ、書簡中では若殿輩(わかとのばら)が逸(はや)らないようにこの鰻温泉を動かないとも記しているので、この「立つと決する」は内乱よりは当時西郷が最も心配していた対ロシアのための防御・外征を意味していた可能性が高い。
- Judging from other description in the letter that he would keep staying at Unagi Hot Spring so as not to make his young Lord impetuous, the words 'I will decide to raise the army' might have meant defense and campaign against Russia, which was his biggest concern in those days, instead of starting a civil war.
- また、楽市楽座政策をもって彼の先進性と見なす向きもあるが、戦国期に畿内を中心とした土地を大規模な範囲で支配出来たのは信長が最初であるという事情もあり、むしろ経済史の流れに沿っている側面も強いことに注意が必要である。
- The rakuichi-rakuza policy is considered to demonstrate Nobunaga's progressive outlook but there is also the fact that he was the first to achieve wide-reaching territorial control centered around the Kinki region during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), and it is necessary to note that the phenomenon was very important part of economic history.
- 黄砂(こうさ)とは、特に中華人民共和国を中心とした東アジア内陸部の砂漠または乾燥帯の砂塵が、風を伴う砂嵐(砂じんあらし)などによって空に巻き上げられ、春を中心に東アジアなどの広範囲に飛来し、地上に降り注ぐ気象現象。
- Kosa indicates the following weather phenomenon: Dust in inland deserts or dry zones in eastern Asia centered around People's Republic of China, is flung up into the air, for example, by a sandstorm, and is carried and falls over a wide area of eastern Asia centered around spring.
- 弥生時代後期に倭国王だった卑弥呼を中心とする政治勢力(邪馬台国)が各地の勢力を服属させ、もしくは各地の勢力と連合してヤマト王権を築いたとする説のほか、邪馬台国を滅ぼした別の勢力がヤマト王権となったとする説などがある。
- Some theories claim that the political power led by Himiko (Yamataikoku) either brought other regional powers under its control or allied with them and established the Yamato Kingdom; others believe that a different political power destroyed Yamataikoku and established the Yamato Kingdom.
- 奈良時代に編まれた記紀によれば、歴代大王 (ヤマト王権)の宮室が磯城 ・磐余(奈良県桜井市)のほか、難波 ・河内国地方(大阪府)などに複数営まれたため、各々の宮室を中心に萌芽的な都邑が形成されていたことも考えられる。
- According to 'Records of Ancient Matters' and 'Chronicles of Japan' edited in Nara period, it is thought that as an initial stage of capital, cities centering around palaces sprang up, because the palaces of successive great kings (Yamato sovereignty) (the ancient Japan sovereignty) were constructed in multiple places including Shiki, Iware (Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture), Nanba and Kawachi Provinces (Osaka Prefecture).
- この時期には、畿内を中心として北部九州から瀬戸内、あるいは山陰から北陸、東海地域以東にまで高地性集落が見られること、環濠集落が多く見られることなどから、これらを倭国大乱の証拠であるとする考え方はほぼ定説となっている。
- These are many upland settlements and moat settlements are found around Kinai to northern Kyushu, Setouchi, Sanin, Hokuriku, Tokai region, and east in this period, and it is an established theory that these are evidence for the Wakoku War.
- 関ヶ原合戦後、伊達政宗は徳川家康からみだりに軍勢を動かすべからずとの命を受け、心ならずも岩手山城へ引き返したが、上杉領への侵略やみがたく、家康の下知をまたずに慶長5年10月6日、本庄繁長が立て籠もる福島城へ押し寄せた。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara, Masamune DATE reluctantly returned to the Iwatesan-jo Castle because he was ordered by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA not to move his troops without permission, but he invaded the Fukushima-jo Castle held by Shigenaga HONJO on October 6, 1600 without waiting for command from Ieyasu because it was hard for him to give up the invasion to the Uesugi's territory.
- 種類としては、北部九州の弥生遺跡から出土する方格規矩鏡(ほうかくきくきょう)や内行花文鏡(ないこうかもんきょう)、大和を中心として全国各地の前方後円墳から出土する三角縁神獣鏡(さんかくぶちしんじゅうきょう)などがある。
- There are Hokakukikukyo Mirror, excavated from the Yayoi remains in northern part of Kyushu, Naiko Kamonkyo Mirror, and Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror (triangle-edged divine beasts mirror), excavated from keyhole-shaped mound centering around Yamato throughout the country.
- 明治維新後にも明治政府の修史事業が進められ、漢文体の大日本編年史が企画されたものの、その編纂方針をめぐる対立や、編纂の中心となっていた久米邦武の久米邦武筆禍事件により中止され、代わりに大日本史料が編纂されることとなった。
- Even after the Meiji Restoration, the new Meiji government proceeded to launch history compilation projects, planning to create a chronological history of Greater Japan, but this effort petered to a halt because of opposition to the objectives of the plan and due to the 'slip of the pen' incident involving Kunitake KUME, who was central to the compilation effort; in place of the proposed chronological history, Dainippon Shiryo (Historical Materials of Greater Japan) was compiled instead.
- 豊臣方も同じく兵糧に加え弾薬の欠乏や徳川方が仕掛けた心理戦、大砲で櫓・陣屋などに被害を受けて将兵は疲労し、また豊臣家で主導的立場にあった淀殿も本丸への砲撃で身近に被害が及び、態度を軟化させて和議に応じたという(16日)。
- With lack of army provisions and ammunition, psychological warfare that the Tokugawa side conducted, and damages of the towers and camps by cannons, the Toyotomi officers and soldiers had been exhausted, and also Yodo-dono, who was in a leading position in the Toyotomi Family, having seeing damage around her brought by bombardments to Honmaru, Toyotomi side decided to take a softer line, and agreed to have peace negotiations (16th) (the old calendar).
- こうした土偶の使用の地域性について藤尾は、ブナ、ナラ、クリ、トチノキなどの落葉性堅果類を主食とした地域(つまりこれら落葉樹林に覆われていた地域)と、西日本を中心とした照葉樹林帯との生業形態の差異と関連づけて説明している。
- Fujio explains that the regionality of the earthen figure use might be related to the difference in the main food supplies available in the regions, the difference between the regions where the main food supplies were the nuts, beech, oak, chestnut and buckeye etc., from the deciduous trees (that is, these regions covered with deciduous forests) and the regions covered with laurel forests in much of the western Japan.
- 宇多天皇が次期天皇の決定について菅原道真以外には関与させなかったという事実は、一面において天皇や貴族社会における道真への警戒心と反発を高め、後年菅原道真が大宰権帥に左遷された事件(昌泰の変)の原因になったとも言われている。
- The fact that Emperor Uda did not involve anybody but SUGAWARA no Michizane in deciding the next emperor, in one sense, intensified wariness and backlash against Michizane within the society of emperor and the nobles, and it was allegedly one of the causes of the incident in the later years (the Shotai Incident) in which SUGAWARA no Michizane was demoted and transferred to Dazai gon no sochi (provincial governor-general of the Dazai-fu [local government office in Kyushu region]).
- 660年(斉明天皇6年)に唐・新羅連合軍の攻撃によって百済が攻め滅ぼされたのち、百済の遺臣は、鬼室福信・黒歯常之らを中心として百済復興の兵をあげ、倭国に滞在していた百済王の太子扶余豊璋を擁立しようと、倭国に救援を要請した。
- In 660, after Kudara was destroyed by the Silla-Tang allied forces, Fukushin KISHITSU and Joshi KOKUSHI led the surviving members of Kudara to take up arms for Kudara's restoration, and sought help from Wakoku to enthrone the King of Kudara, Prince Fuyo Hosho, who was residing there at the time.
- モンゴル帝国にいずれは組み込まれる歴史であるという意味でモンゴル帝国中心ではあるけれども、主要地域の歴史をそれぞれ自立した形で並列的に扱っており、同時代までの中国歴代王朝の正史やヨーロッパ側の歴史書とは大きく異なっている。
- Although it was compiled with the Mongolian Empire in the center on the premise that all regions would be incorporated into the Mongolian Empire in future, it is quite different from the official history of Chinese dynasties or history books written in Europe in the sense that it treated the history of major regions independently as well as in parallel.
- 設立経緯により東京府を中心とした都市部で活動し、地租軽減は訴えても営業税などの商工業者への課税の軽減には積極的とは言えなかった民党に代わる受け皿としての期待から、同年の第4回衆議院議員総選挙では須藤・田口ら4名が当選した。
- Teikokuzaiseikakushin kai operated in urban areas around Tokyo Prefecture due to its reason for establishment, and its four candidates including SUDO and TAGUCHI were elected in the fourth general election of members of the House of Representatives in 1894 in the hopes of changing from Minto (general term of the political parties such as Liberal Party, Progressive Party and so on which conflicted with a domain government when the Imperial Diet was inaugurated) that was reluctant to reduce business taxes of commercial and industrial men while asserting a reduction in land taxes.
- そもそも行基が生きていた時代の「行基図」が実際に存在するならば、日本の首都は大和国平城京(数年の例外はあっても)に存在したのであるから、大和国を中心とした地図であった筈であるがこうした地図は実際のところ見つかってはいない。
- If the 'Gyoki-zu' which was made when Gyoki was alive would exist in the first place, then the map should have been centered around Yamato Province because Japan's capital was located in Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) in Yamato Province (except for several years), but such a map has not been actually found.
- その際、宿の屏風絵に感心した源内がその絵の作者だという直武を呼び、「供物餅を上から描いてみなさい」と直武に描かせてみせたところ、二重丸を描いた直武に「それではお盆なのか餅なのか分からない」と言い、即座に陰影法を教えたという。
- Impressed by a screen painting in the home, Gennai summoned the artist named Naotake and said to him, 'Try to paint the rice cake offering as if looking at it from above,' and when Naotake painted only a double circle, Gennai exclaimed, 'I cannot tell if that is the tray or the rice cake,' and immediately taught him a method of painting with shadows.
- このため、領主側は、地頭に管理させる一円内の年貢を毎年一定額と定め、地頭がその納入を荘園領主や国司に対して請け負う代わりに地頭を荘官に任命する地頭請が、主に地頭自身が開発領主であることが多かった東国を中心として行われ始めた。
- As a measure to counter such situations, the Jito-uke system, under which the lord of shoen decided a fixed amount of nengu for shoen under jito's management and appointed jito to shokan (manager of shoen) in return for their obligation to pay nengu to the lords of shoen or kokushi (provincial governor), came into use in the eastern part of Japan where jito themselves were often kaihatsu-ryoshu (the local lord who actually developed the land).
- 反対派は土井利位を盟主に担いで上知令撤回と、水野忠邦の老中免職に動き出し、水野忠邦の主だった腹心達(町奉行鳥居耀蔵、勘定奉行榊原忠職)らも土井派に寝返り、鳥居に至っては忠邦の機密資料を残らず土井に流すという徹底ぶりであった。
- The opponents, appointing Toshitsura DOI as their leader, began to conspire revocation of Agechi-rei and dismissal of Tadakuni MIZUNO from Roju, and even Tadakuni's most trusted retainers (machi-bugyo (town magistrate) Yozo TORII and kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) Tadamoto SAKAKIBARA) revolted to DOI's side; TORII was so resolute that he passed all of Tadakuni's confidential materials to DOI.
- 中国王朝から見た華夷秩序は、中華思想に基づく世界観を現実に投影したもので、中国を「華」(文明)と自認し、中国という同心円的ヒエラルキーの中心から離れるに従い「華」から離れ「夷狄」(野蛮)に近づいていくと考える国際秩序である。
- Kaichitsujo looked from Chinese dynasty was a view of the world based on Sinocentrism projected to the reality and it was international order in which China is recognized as 'Ka' (culture) and the more remote from China, which was the center of concentric circle-shaped hierarchy the more remote from 'Ka' and come closer to 'iteki' (barbarians).
- 『続日本紀』には、陸奥按察使紀広純は、はじめ呰麻呂を嫌ったが、後にはなはだ信用するようになったこと、しかし同じ俘囚出身である牡鹿郡大領の道嶋大盾は呰麻呂を見下して夷俘として侮り、呰麻呂は内心深く恨んでいたことが記載されている。
- 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) describes that the Inspector of Mutsu (Mutsu no azuchi) KI no Hirozumi disliked Azamaro at first then fully trusted him later, but Azamaro secretly bore a deep grudge against MICHISHIMA no Otate, Dairyo of Oshika County, who was the same barbarian as Azamaro, looked down on Azamaro as Ifu (Emishi).
- 外務卿(後の外務大臣 (日本))井上馨を中心として条約改正の実現のために、憲法などの法典編纂と並行して、日本の文化をヨーロッパ風にすることで彼らが国際法の適用対象として見なす文明国の一員であることを認めさせようとしたのである。
- They, led by Kaoru INOUE, Gaimukyo (chief of Foreign Ministry, the later Minister of Foreign Affairs [in Japan]), attempted to get recognized as part of civilized nations, regarded as subject to international law by Europeanizing Japanese culture in tandem with work on the compilation of a legal code such as The Constitution of Japan to achieve the revision of a treaty.
- しかし、あくまで国家の中心は朝廷であり、公家、寺家、そして武家の権門が相互補完しながら国家を形成していたとする黒田俊雄らの権門体制論、そうではなく西国の朝廷に対して東国に事実上の国家を樹立したとする佐藤進一らの東国国家論がある。
- However, there are the other theories, such as the argument on the governing structure of the powerful family by Toshio KURODA and his allies, which states that the center of the nation state was the Imperial Court and influential families such as kuge, families that own and reside in temples and samurai families complemented each other and formed the nation state, and the theory of the east state founded by Shinichi SATO and his allies, which says that, instead of the above, the nation state was established in fact in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) against Imperial Court in Saigoku (western part of Japan (especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)).
- 中世における家門とは、家督を有する当主とその管領(管理)のもとにある家業・家職・家記(日記)・家屋・寺院・道具及びその共有者である当主夫婦・親子を中心とした親族集団を指し、家門そのものも家督とともに継承される性質のものであった。
- The term for family in the Medieval Age referred to a kinship group that was mainly composed of the family head who owned the family estate and the family business, trade, record (diary), their house, temple and tools under his reign (control), as well as his wife and children, who were the joint owners; the family itself, as well as the family estate, was succeeded to the descendents.
- これに対して西軍側は高次の裏切りに対する報復として、毛利元康を大将とし、それに立花宗茂、毛利秀包、筑紫広門ら九州方面の諸大名の軍勢を中心とした総勢1万5000人の軍勢をもって、慶長5年9月7日より大津城に対して包囲攻撃を開始した。
- In response, the West squad started to besiege Otsu-jo Castle on October 13, 1600 with a force of 15,000 strong mainly organized by daimyos in the Kyushu areas such as Muneshige TACHIBANA, Hidekane MORI and Hirokado TSUKUSHI and led by Motoyasu MORI in retribution for Takatsugu's treachery.
- 薩軍諸隊が熊本城・植木から逐次撤退してきた4月17日、桐野らは本営木山を中心に、右翼は大津・長嶺・保田窪・健軍、左翼は御船に亘る20km余りの新たな防衛線を築き、ここで南下する官軍を迎え撃ち、官軍を全滅させる作戦をとることにした。
- On April 17 when troops of the Satsuma army retreated from Kumamoto Castle and Ueki one after another, KIRINO and others decided to establish a new 20-km plus line of defense from the right flank in Otsu, Nagamine, Hotakubo and Kengun to the left flank in Mifune with the headquarters in Kiyama at the center to make a stand against the government army that was coming towards the south and to annihilate the government army.
- この様な銀相場の高騰は江戸の物価高につながるため、田沼意次の政治を批判する立場であった松平定信を中心に進められた、寛政の改革の一環として、天明8年(1788年)4月に南鐐二朱銀の鋳造を中断し、南鐐二朱銀から丁銀への改鋳が進行した。
- Because such a rise in the price of silver would lead to high cost of living in Edo, Nanryo Nishu Gin was stopped to mint in May 1788 and re-refined into Chogin as a part of the Kansei Reforms carried out mainly by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA judging the Okitsugu TANUMA's politics.
- 1971年(昭和46年)に大映が倒産し、当時収録が始まったばかりのテレビドラマ「木枯し紋次郎」の制作を中止させないため、翌1972年に市川崑の提唱によって当時大映京都撮影所に所属していた俳優、制作・美術・技術各スタッフを中心に発足。
- The Daiei film company went bankrupt in 1971, and in order not to suspend the production of the TV drama 'Kogarashi Monjiro' which had just started filming, the company, proposed by Kon ICHIKAWA, was founded in 1972 mainly by actors and production/art/tecnical staff members who then belonged to Daiei Kyoto Studios.
- また、戦闘の証拠とされる上記のような事例のうち、武器の切っ先が棺内から出土する例、頭部がない人骨、あるいは人骨に残る受傷例などは、前期後半~中期前半の北部九州地域、特に福岡県小郡市を中心とした地域に多く認められることが特徴的である。
- Among the above described evidence of battles, cases with a tip of a weapon in the coffin, human bones without a head and bone trauma are often found from the latter half of the early period to the first half of middle period in the northern Kyushu region, especially in regions around Ogori City, Fukuoka Prefecture.
- 理由として致命的な打撃を与えられなかったということもあるが、当時の処刑手順の定めでは「重石を架けて3分後に死相が現れてから縄を解くというもので、心臓停止後5分間経過するまで執行を継続しなければ蘇生する可能性がある事が指摘されている。
- Resuscitations occurred because the equipment was not able to provide fatal blow but also the instruction at that time stated 'the rope will be set free after 3 minutes after putting stone as weight, when seal of death is confirmed', however it is said unless the execution is continued 5 minutes after arrest of the heart, there is a possibility of resuscitation.
- 一、伴天連其知恵之法を以 心さし次第に檀那を持候と被思召候へは 如右日域之仏法を相破事曲事候条 伴天連儀日本之地ニハおかされ間敷候間 今日より廿日之間に用意仕可帰国候 其中に下々伴天連に不謂族(儀の誤りか)申懸もの在之ハ 曲事たるへき事
- 1. The missionaries held temples' supporters with their wits as they desired and destroyed the Buddhist law, therefore, they should not be allowed in the land of Japan, and should prepare to leave and return to their country within twenty days from this day, and also those who harm the missionaries during this period shall be punished.
- たとえば後者を要約すると、日本人の気風には専制政治を甘んじて受ける「奴隷根情〔ママ〕」が見うけられ、幕末まで美点とされてきた「忠諒易直」(心根が真っ直ぐであること)は、鎖国を国是としない明治の世では「無気無力」の別名に過ぎないとまでいう。
- For example, the latter is summarized as follows; Japanese has a character of 'slave sprit' by which they quietly accept autocracy, and 'Churyoekichoku' (忠諒易直) (simple mind) which had been regarded as the virtue until the end of the Edo period was merely another name of 'apathy and sense of powerlessness' in the Meiji period when national isolation was not a national policy.
- これに対して高山らの国体論は、当時広く浸透していた「家」を中心とする国民意識に基づき、「皇室は宗家にして臣民は末族なり」とし、宗家の家長たる天皇による日本(=「君臣一家」)の統治権を正当化する(高山「我国体と新版図」、『太陽』3巻22号)。
- On the contrary, the national polity theory of Takayama was based on pervasive public sense which put priority on 'family,' and insisted that 'the Imperial Family was a head family and subjects belonged to branch families,' the emperor regarded as a head of the family (= 'Imperial members and subjects belonged to the same family lime') had a right to rule Japan (Takayama's 'Our national polity and new territory,' 'the sun' No. 22, volume 3).
- 尊皇攘夷の中心的な役割を果たしてきた薩摩藩・長州藩両藩を中心とした明治政府が成立したことにより、攘夷が断行されると信じていた全国の攘夷派は明治政府が戊辰戦争が終わると直ちに「開国和親」を国是とする方針を打ち出したことに強い失意と憤慨を抱いた。
- The joi-ha all over the nation believed that foreigners would be expelled by the establishment of the Meiji Government whose main members were from Satsuma and Choshu clans that played important roles in the expulsion of the foreigners, but they were deeply disappointed and outraged by the Meiji Government's issuance of the 'Kaikoku Washin (opening the country to the world with peace and amity)' policy immediately after the end of the Boshin War.
- しかし髙橋昌明が「ここでは中心的な問題ではない」というその「ここ」、つまり「武士職能の発生論」ではなくて、「武士」という存在全体、髙橋昌明がいうところの「存在の真の根拠」を理解しようとするときには、在地領主としての存在も無視する訳にはいかない。
- However, the existence of estate owners cannot be ignored in order to understand 'bushi' existence and 'the real origin of existence' mentioned by Masaaki TAKAHASHI, but excluding 'the theory of origin of bushi performance' that he pointed out in 'this' is not a central problem.'
- また、天皇の信頼する宮中側近を宮内大臣の管轄下の宮中顧問官に任じて天皇との直接的な関係を絶ったものの、漢学者として内外の信望の厚い元田を引き続き天皇の私的顧問として遇し、他の側近には爵位を与えて天皇と彼らの天皇への忠誠心を尊重する姿勢も見せた。
- Although he cut direct ties between the Emperor and his trusted close advisors in the Imperial court by assigning them to Imperial court councilor under the jurisdiction of Minister of the Imperial Households, he showed his respect for the Emperor and the close advisors' royalty for the Emperor by continuously treating Motoda, who gained both domestic and international prestige as a scholar of the Chinese classics, as the private advisor to the Emperor and by conferring the dignity of a peerage to other close advisors.
- 大和国国人は、興福寺の二大門跡である大乗院・一乗院の衆徒、あるいは春日社の神人(国民)として組織されていたが、南北朝時代 (日本)には、南朝 (日本)方であった国民の越智氏と北朝 (日本)方であった一乗院衆徒の筒井氏を中心とし激しく争っていた。
- The local lords of Yamato Province were either monk-soldiers of Daijo-in or Ichijo-in, the two biggest monzeki (temple formerly led by founder of sect, temple in which resided a member of nobility or imperial family) of Kofuku-ji Temple, or kokumin who were jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) of Kasuga-sha Shrine, but in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), they fought each other divided into the Southern Court (Japan) side led by the Ochi clan of kokumin and the Northern Court (Japan) side led by the Tsutsui clan of Ichijo-in monk-soldier.
- 1990年代になると伽耶研究の対象が従来の金官伽耶・任那加羅(いずれも金海地区)の倭との関係だけではなく、井上説を支持する田中俊明 (朝鮮史)の提唱になる大伽耶連盟の概念により、高霊地域の大伽耶を中心とする伽耶そのものの歴史研究に移行していった。
- From the 1990s, the study of Gaya targeted not only the relationship between Wa and Geumgwan Gaya or Mimana Gaya (in Gimhae District) as in the past, but also the history of Gaya itself, which centered Dae Gaya in Goryeong region, inspired by the concept of Dae Gaya confederacy proposed by Toshiaki TANAKA (Korean history) who supported Inoue's theory.
- 江戸時代に入ると主従関係の再編成によって制度としての寄親・寄子は消滅するが、奉行所における与力・同心のように下級役人の役職名などに残されたほか、各種奉公人の斡旋を行う口入屋を「頼親(寄親)」、奉公人を「寄子」と呼ぶなど制度の名残が広く残されていた。
- During the Edo period, as the master-servant relationship was restructured, Yorioya-Yoriko ceased to exist as a system, but the vestiges of the system remained widely, and yoriki and doshin remained as the titles for low-level functionary at magistrate's office, as well as 'Yorioya' the name for an employment agency that placed various servants and 'Yoriko' which meant servants.
- こうした動きは、院と深く連携して院政の軍事警察部門を担当することを平氏政権の基盤に置くものであり、その中心には重盛がいたが、その一方で清盛は、西国に築いた強固な経済・軍事・交通基盤によって院政とは独自の路線を志向するようになっていたと考えられている。
- Such actions required a close relationship with the Retired Emperor and left the Taira clan administration, with Shigemori at its center, in charge of the military guard division of the cloister government, while on the other hand, Kiyomori is thought to have pursued a route independent of the Retired Emperor and established strong financial, military and transportation foundations in the west.
- 後白河は「もし叡心果たし遂げんと欲する事あらば、あえて人の制法にかかわらず、必ずこれを遂ぐ(やろうと心に決めた事は、人が止めるのも聞き入れずに必ず遂行する)」(『玉葉』寿永3年3月16日条)という性格であり、この強訴でもねばり強く意思の貫徹を図った。
- Goshirakawa 'accomplished what he had decided to do by all means even if his people tried to stop him' ('Gyokuyo' article of March 16, 1184); he consistently stuck to his intention against the direct petition.
- 江戸時代になると、諸藩の藩主は、強大な統治権を得るために、家臣の知行を、土地を直接給付して独自に徴税を行わせる地方知行制から、藩が一括して徴税した米を中心とした農産物を家臣に給付して、その一部を商人を通じて換金させる蔵米知行に転換することを目指した。
- In the Edo period, the lord of each domain tried to change the fief system of their vassal from a local enforcement system in which the land was provided directly for the vassal and the vassal collected tax individually into kuramaichigyo in which the lord of the domain collected rice and farm products collectively and provided them for their vassal who, in turn, changed them into money through a dealer, in order to extend their ruling power.
- しかし、「民の声は神の声なり」(=天声人語)というホメロスの『オデュッセイア』にある言葉「朕民の心を追つて朕の心とする」という禹の故事明治天皇が五箇条の御誓文において誓った「広く会議を興し、万機公論に決すべし」という言葉を引いて以下のように主張した。
- They, however, cited the phrase 'the voice of the people is the voice of God' from 'Odyssea' by Homer, 'I try to understand the citizen's mind to make it into mine' from Emperor Yu's anecdote, and 'broad-based assemblies should be held and all critical issues settled by public debate' from the Five-Article Imperial Oath by Emperor Meiji to make the statements below.
- 「此故に金銀を第一として穀を心とせざるは甚だ危き心掛なり、其故に三四ヶ国の饑饉なれば、有年の国のより饑饉の国へ廻し遣はす米穀も有べきなれども、もし、二三十ヶ国も一統に饑饉せば廻し遣はす米穀も有べからず。その時に至て、金銀を煎じて飲むとも命は助る間敷なり」
- It is dangerous to respect gold and silver and abhor rice like this because if three or four Provinces are in famine, Provinces with rice to spare can help them, but, if twenty or thirty Provinces are simultaneously in famine, there will not be enough rice to spare. In such a time, it is not possible for people to survive by drinking decocted gold and silver.'
- 「悪金ノ儀ハ、兼テ御布令ノ通、府藩県ニテ取調十月中ニ可申出筈ノ所、此度引換ノ道被為立、銀台ノ分ハ格別ノ訳ヲ以百両ニ付先金札三十両ニ御引換被成下、追テ総員数銘々持分等巨細御取調ノ上、猶御詮議ノ品モ可有之候条、御趣意ノ程厚ク相心得可申候......(以下略)」
- 「悪金ノ儀ハ、兼テ御布令ノ通、府藩県ニテ取調十月中ニ可申出筈ノ所、此度引換ノ道被為立、銀台ノ分ハ格別ノ訳ヲ以百両ニ付先金札三十両ニ御引換被成下、追テ総員数銘々持分等巨細御取調ノ上、猶御詮議ノ品モ可有之候条、御趣意ノ程厚ク相心得可申候......(以下略)」
- 更に宮中の保守派や政教社の三宅雪嶺らを中心とした国粋主義者も井上が進める外国人裁判官の起用といった条約改正交渉に対する批判も加えて政府を攻撃し、これに内大臣三条実美の周辺(東久世通禧・土方久元・尾崎三良ら)や政府の要人である井上毅や谷干城までが乗ったのである。
- Furthermore, nationalists such as the conservatives of the Imperial Court or Setsurei MIYAKE of Seikyo-sha also attacked the government by adding the criticism for treaty revision negotiation such as hiring foreign judges INOUE proceeded with, and people around Sanetomi SANJO known as the Minister of the Interior (including Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE, Hisamoto HIJIKATA, and Saburo OZAKI) or even Kowashi INOUE and Tateki TANI, who were the important persons of the government, joined them.
- 京都学派(きょうとがくは)とは、一般に西田幾多郎と田辺元および彼らに師事した哲学者たちが形成した哲学の学派のことを指すが、京都大学人文科学研究所を中心とした学際的な研究を特色とした一派も、京都学派、あるいは哲学の京都学派と区別するために、新・京都学派とも称する。
- The Kyoto school is a school of philosophy formed by Kitaro NISHIDA, Hajime TANABE, and philosophers learned from these two, while a group featured interdisciplinary research centered on Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, is called New Kyoto school to distinguish it from the Kyoto school or school of philosophy.
- 1868年(慶応4年)、丹後国、丹波国、但馬国、播磨国、美作国5ヶ国の久美浜代官所、生野奉行支配地および但馬、丹波の旗本領は久美浜県となっていたが、生野代官所支配地を中心に分離運動が高まり、但馬(一部除く)、播磨、美作3カ国の地域が生野県として分離され、成立した。
- In 1868, places dominated by Kumihama or Ikuno magistrate's office in the five provinces of Tango, Tanba, Tajima, Harima and Mimasaka, and the Hatamoto domain in Tajima and Tanba were already consolidated into Kumihama Prefecture, but as separatist movements grew in places dominated by Ikuno magistrate's office, Tajima (except a part of it), Harima, and Mimasaka areas were separated and consolidated into Ikuno Prefecture.
- 丹後王国論(たんごおうこくろん)は、門脇禎二が古墳時代に丹後地方(今の京都府京丹後市辺り)を中心に、ヤマト王権などと並び独立性をもって存在したとされる勢力『丹後王国』があったと提唱したもの(丹後国は後年に丹波国から分国したものであるため『丹波王国』とも称される)。
- Tango okoku ron is a theory in which Teiji KADOWAKI asserted an existence of 'Tango Kingdom' in and around Tango region (present Tango City, Kyoto Prefecture) during the Kofun period (tumulus period), which is believed to have been independent and rivaled Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) (It is also referred to as 'Tanba Kingdom' because Tango Province was divided from Tanba Province later).
- また、いわゆる南都六宗の教学、さらに平安時代以降は、天台宗、真言宗などが同居して「八宗兼学」と呼ばれながら、なかでも重視した華厳経|華厳経学の中心地とも見られ、その教えを体現する本尊の東大寺盧舎那仏像|盧舎那仏像でもって、時の権力者や、庶民からの信仰をあつめてきた。
- In addition, Todai-ji Temple was regarded as a place for learning about the six sects in Nanto, and then as the center of the Kegon sect or study on the Kegon sect, on which emphasis was put in the Heian period and thereafter, when the temple was called a place for 'interdisciplinary study on the eight sects' including the Tendai and the Shingon sects, by attracting attention from people in power of the times and the common people with its principal image representing the philosophy, the statue of Birushana Buddha.
- 薩長や岩倉らが実権を掌握するためには、武力蜂起により親徳川派中心の摂政・関白その他従来の役職を廃止して天皇親政の新体制を樹立し、慶喜には辞官・納地(旧幕府領の返上)を求めて新政権の中心となることを阻止することが必要となり、王政復古 (日本)へ向かっていくことになった。
- In order for Saccho and Iwakura group to obtain real power, it was necessary for them, through military uprising, to abolish regent, chancellor and other conventional posts mainly taken up by pro-Tokugawa people, to establish a new system to realize direct rule by the emperor, and to inhibit Yoshinobu from being the core of the new government by asking him to surrender the post and domains (former terriroty of the bakufu) to the Imperial Court, and this situation led to the movement of the Restoration of Imperial Rule.
- 例えば、明治元年8月の「奥羽士民に対する告諭」は御誓文の第一条を元に「広く会議を興し万機公論に決するは素より天下の事一人の私する所にあらざればなり」と述べ、同年10月の「京都府下人民告諭大意」は第三条を元に「上下心を一にし、末々に至るまで各其志を遂げさせ」と述べている。
- For example, in August 1868, 'official notice to shimin (warrior and ordinary people) of Ou region stated 'All affairs of State shall be referred to public opinion through general conferences because affairs of state shall not belong to a single person' based on the first article of Charter Oath, in October of the same year, 'an outline of official notice to residents in Kyoto Prefecture stated 'The government and the people shall act in harmony to accomplish one's aspiration' based on the third article of Charter Oath.
- またこの大宮を中心とする氷川神社群(三ツ星である氷川神社、中氷川神社、女氷川神社に調神社、宗像神社、越谷の久伊豆神社まで含めたもの)はオリオン座の形、つまりカムド(神門)の形に並んでおり、脇を流れる荒川を天の川とすれば、ちょうど天を映した形になっている点は注目に値する。
- It is also worthwhile to note that the shrines in Hikawa-jinja Shrine group in Omiya (the three stars, Hikawa-jinja, Nakahikawa-jinja and Onnahikawa-jinja shrines, along with Tsuki-jinja Shrine, Munakata-jinja Shrine and Hisaizu-jinja Shrine in Koshigaya) are aligned in the shape of the constellation Orion, or Kamudo (god's gate) and if the Ara-kawa River that follow beside them is considered as the Milky Way, it seems to depict the skies.
- 秤量銀貨が商人に広く受け入れられたのは、秤量により実質価値を定めることの合理性、「貫」、「匁」、「分(ふん)」を単位とする十進法の計算の利便性、また馬蹄銀などの銀錠(銀挺、灰吹銀と呼ばれる銀塊)を高額取引用通貨の中心とする中国との取引が盛んであったことなどが挙げられる。
- The reason that silver by weight standard was widely accepted by merchants are as follows; 1. Rationality where value is defined by standard 2. Convenience where calculation is made by decimal method by the unit of 'kan','monme' and 'fun'(unit of weight) 3. Trade with China, where ginjo (silver mass called by gincho and cupellated silver) such as batei-gin was the main currency for trading by high price, was frequently conducted.
- また、近年は関心の高まりを受けて第三者機関が認証する排出削減量 (VER Verified Emissions Reduction) が民間で取引されるようになったが(カーボンオフセット、グリーン電力証書などを参照)これらは一般に京都メカニズムの枠外で行われる取引である。
- Also with escalation in interest these days, the amount of emissions reduction verified by the third-party institution (VER: Verified Emissions Reduction) is being traded among private sectors (see Carbon Offset, Green Electricity Certificate and so on); note that these trades are made in general out of the framework of the Kyoto Mechanisms.
- 一方、公家の岩倉具視や薩摩藩の大久保利通ら討幕派は、親徳川派の摂政・二条斉敬や久邇宮朝彦親王(維新後久邇宮)が主催する下で徳川中心の朝廷政府が成立することを阻止するため、満15歳の明治天皇を手中にして二条摂政や朝彦親王を排除し、朝廷を掌握するためのクーデター計画を進めた。
- On the other hand, in order to prevent establishment of an Imperial Government centered on Tokugawa under the sponsorship of Nijo and the Imperial Prince, members of the anti-Shogunate group including Tomomi IWAKURA, a noble, and Toshimichi OKUBO of the Satsuma Domain manipulated the 15-year-old Emperor Meiji, expelled pro-Tokugawa members of the court such as Nariyuki NIJO (the Imperial Regent) and Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko (Kuninomiya after the Meiji Restoration) and planned a coup to seize control of the Imperial Court.
- このため、東軍に与して会津攻めに参加していたのだが、石田三成はその田辺城を制圧するために、西軍に与した小野木重次(小野木公郷)・前田茂勝・織田信包・小出吉政・杉原長房・谷衛友・藤掛永勝・早川長政ら、丹波国・但馬国の諸大名を中心とした軍勢、1万5000人に攻撃させたのである。
- Therefore, while Tadaoki HOSOKAWA was joining the army to attack the Aizu Domain as a member of the eastern army, Mitsunari ISHIDA raised an army of 15,000 soldiers mainly consisting of various Daimyo of Tanba Province and Tajima Province, such as Shigetsugu ONOGI (Kimisato ONOGI), Shigekatsu MAEDA, Nobukane ODA, Yoshimasa KOIDE, Nagafusa SUGIHARA, Moritomo TANI, Nagakatsu FUJIKAKE and Nagamasa HAYAKAWA, all of whom were members of the western army, to attack and capture Tanabe-jo Castle.
- 特に当時の欧米を中心とした通貨制度の主流が金本位制であったこと、当時の小判の形状が対外的な運搬・流通などに不便であったことから、代わりに対外決済の分野で最もよく使われていた二分金の贋貨鋳造が盛んに行われ、中には銀貨に金鍍金を施した贋貨とほとんど変わりのないものまで出現した。
- Especially because at the time, the currency system centered around Europe and America was mainly the gold standard system, along with the fact that the shape of the koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) of this period was inconvenient for external transport and circulation, instead, the coining of counterfeit nibukin, which was the most used in the field of external settlement, was done frequently, and even gilded silver coins which were not so different from the forfeit coins appeared.
- 「そもそも西洋諸国に行わるる国会の起源またはその沿革を尋ぬるに、政府と人民相対し、人民の知力ようやく増進して君上の圧制を厭い、またこれに抵抗すべき実力を生じ、いやしくも政府をして民心を得さる限りは内治外交ともに意のごとくならざるより、やむを得ずして次第次第に政権を分与したる.
- In western countries, people confronted their government, and were enlightened, and rebelled against oppression, and built up arms, and a government which loses public favor could not control domestic and diplomatic affairs, and was gradually compelled to distribute ruling powers, and finally a national diet was established.
- 具体的には王心斎は、『孝経』と四書を重視したが、経書の注釈に拘らない自得の学問を説き、独特な「淮南格物」を主張したこと、古代を理想とする尚古思想をもっていたことがその思想的特徴といえるが、なによりも重要なのは、知識人層以外の階層に陽明学を広めることを己が責務としたことである。
- Specifically, Wang Xinzhai put emphasis on the 'Classic of Filial Piety', or 'Xiao Jing', and The Four Books but, ideologically, was characterized by preaching the teachings that he had learned himself without being obsessive about commentaries on the Classics, advocating his original idea of 'Junnan kakubutsu,' and maintaining a primitivism whereby he made the ancient times his ideal, but above all he made it his duty to propagate Yomeigaku outside of the intellectual classes.
- 以上に見るように、政治世界における武力が占める比重の増加、後白河と清盛の強い連携、後白河と滋子の関係、高倉の即位、清盛の大臣補任、日宋貿易や集積した所領(荘園)に基づく巨大な経済力、西国武士や瀬戸内海の水軍を中心とする軍事力などを背景として、1160年代後期に平氏政権が確立した。
- As shown above, the Taira clan administration was established in the latter half of the 1160s due to increased influence of military force in the political scene, strong collaboration between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori, the relationship between Goshirakawa and Shigeko, Takakura's ascension, Kiyomori's support of the Daijin, substantial financial power based on Japan-Song trade and accumulated properties (shoen), and military power based on the western bushi and the Seto Inland Sea naval force.
- 宇多上皇(程なく宇多法皇になる)は醍醐天皇に譲位した後も、『寛平御遺誡』という君主の心構えを新帝に説くばかりでなく、道真を始め源善・中納言源希・蔵人頭平季長・侍従藤原忠平といったいわゆる「寛平の治」の推進役だった一種の側近集団を新帝の周囲に配置して新帝の政策を主導しようと図った。
- Even after Retired Emperor Uda (who soon after became Cloistered Emperor Uta) abdicated the throne to Emperor Daigo, he went far beyond merely his written injunction, the Kanpyo goyuikai--which advised the new emperor on how to prepare himself to rule--and actively planned to continue his leadership role in the new emperor's government by surrounding Emperor Daigo with the group of his closest aides and ministers who had been the driving force behind the administration of the Kanpyo era, notably Michizane but also including MINAMOTO no Yoshi, the Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) MINAMOTO no Mare, the Kuroudo no kami (Majordomo of the palace) TAIRA no Suenaga, and the Jiju (Chamberlain) FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- その一方で明治4年(1871年)に中央政府に復帰して下野するまでの2年間、上京当初抱いていた士族を中心とする「強兵」重視路線が、四民平等・廃藩置県を全面に押し出した木戸孝允・大隈重信らの「富国」重視路線によって斥けられた事に対する不満や反発が西郷の心中に全く無かったとも考えられない。
- Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that SAIGO might have resentment and antagonism toward the incident that a policy of placing a great importance on 'military buildup' mainly with the warrior class, which he had fostered during his early days in Tokyo for two years from his comeback to the central government in 1871 until he left the government, was defeated by a policy of placing a great importance on 'national enrichment' by Takayoshi KIDO and Shigenobu OKUMA, which emphasized the equality of all people and the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures.
- 『甲子夜話』第1巻には、「神祖駿府御在城の内、江戸にて御旗本等の若者、頻りに辻切して人民の歎きに及ぶよし聞ゆ。(省略)所々辻切の風聞専ら聞え候、それを召捕候ほどの者なきは、武辺薄く成り行き候事と思召候。いづれも心掛辻切の者召捕へと御諚のよし申伝へしかば、其のまま辻切止みけるとぞ」とある。
- The 1st volume of 'Kasshi Yawa' said, 'It has been said that, while Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was at the Shinpu-jo Castle, young individuals such as bakufu hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) in Edo frequently committed tsujigiri and citizens were mourning the situation. (snip) Although rumors of tsujigiri occurring were occasionally heard, there was no one to capture them and it appeared that there were less and less individuals who were skilled in martial arts. (snip) Those who were at a high official rank announced that everyone should keep in mind that they must capture those who committed tsujigiri so that tsujigiri would stop in the end.'
- やがて広大な領土支配のため北部と西部方面の辺境地域を藩部とし南のネパール、ビルマ、シャム、越南(ベトナム)、東の朝鮮及び琉球(なお琉球は日本側とも冊封関係にあった)を冊封して清を中心とする国際秩序をアジアに構築、北辺ではシベリアに進出したロシア帝国との間に条約を締結して国境を漸次確定した。
- The dynasty soon established an international order in Asia with Qing as the center by joining northern and western remote regions as its provinces and had its vassal system with Nepal, Burma, Siam, and Vietnam in the south and Korea and Ryukyu Islands (although ryukyu had also a peerage relationship with Japan) in the east, and temporarily defined its northern border by concluding a treaty with the Russian Empire that had advanced into Siberia.
- これらは原安三郎が率い朝鮮で事業を展開した中外コンツェルンや沖縄・大東諸島においてプランテーション・鉱山事業をおこなった大日本製糖を中心とした藤山コンツェルン、マレーシア・シンガポールを拠点として鉱山・海運・化学事業を手がけた石原産業など、おもに朝鮮や南方における諸事業を展開して成長した。
- These zaibatsu included Chugai Konzern Group, which was led by Yasusaburo HARA and developed its business in Korea; Fujiyama Konzern Group, which was mainly formed by Dai-Nippon Sugar Co., Ltd. and developed plantation and mining business on Okinawa and the Daito Islands; ISHIHARA SANGYO KAISHA, LTD., which developed businesses in mining, maritime industry and chemical operations based in Malaysia and Singapore, all of which grew by developing a variety of businesses, mainly in Korea and the south.
- これは泰時が『法曹至要抄』や明法道の目安(訴状・陳状などの法律文書)を研究していたことや、編纂に参加しているのが泰時とともに六波羅探題を務めた叔父の北条時房(幕府連署)や京都の下級官人出身者やその子弟が中心であったのも御成敗式目の法源を武家慣習法ではなく公家法に求めたからと考えられている。
- It has been believed that the reason why Yasutoki studied 'Hososhiyo-sho' (a legal book compiled by the Sakanoue clan between the end of Heian period and the early Kamakura period) as well as the criterion of Myobodo (study of Codes) (legal documents of petition, petition for objection, and so forth) and why his uncle Tokifusa HOJO, a bakufu rensho (assistant to regents in bakufu) who had worked as Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) with him and person who had come from lower-ranking government official in Kyoto and their descendents participated in the compilation were that he sought the source of law not for the common law for samurai families, but for the court noble law.
- まず林田書記官について議院の先例をただし、法規の解釈上許す範囲の道を求めて決心するところがあり、先例である書記官長起草の原案、議員から成立した奉答文、起草委員の起草文は単に議長の参考にとどまるものと解釈し、自分が起草した上記一通を懐中し議場に臨み、これを朗読し、議場の賛同を求めたのである。
- He first asked the secretary HAYASHIDA about the precedent of the House, then he made up his mind to seek for the way as long as an interpretation of the law allowed and he interpreted that drafts written by the chief secretary as precedent, Hotobun formed by the members of the House, and drafts by draft committee only remained as a reference for the chairman, so he took the approach with his draft which was mentioned above in his pocket, read this and asked for approval in the House.
- これは徳川家康が通貨統一にあたり、以前から秤量銀貨が大坂を中心として商人に広く使用されている実情を踏まえ、この形態をそのまま継承し、慶長銀を豊臣秀頼の膝元である上方に流通させることにより、常に天下は徳川のものであることを知らしめ全国統一を円滑に進めるという、したたかな政略のひとつであった。
- In unification of the currency, it was Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's ambitious strategy to show people that he was a ruler of the country facilitating the smooth unification of the country, by way of taking over the system in which silver by weight standard had been widely used among merchants centering around Osaka, as well as distributing the keicho-chogin in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area), the base of Hideyori TOYOTOMI.
- 平安時代の源氏物語に見られるような、貴族階級による願掛けを中心とした神社参詣がその初期形態ではないかとされ、その後仏教の末法思想の流行により、後白河法皇の熊野三山詣でなど浄土信仰を背景とした極楽往生を願う巡礼へと変化し、中世に入ると、戦乱や貧困の中で一般階級による巡礼も行なわれるようになった。
- As depicted in the Tale of Genji set in the Heian period, the initial form was thought to be the shrine visits that the nobility made, which further transformed into Junrei to wish for a peaceful death through Jodo Shinko (belief of a pure land after death) such as the Kumano Sanzan (three shrines in Kumano) visits of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa due to the spread of pessimism in a decadent age, and in the middle ages, Junrei were done by the ordinary public during the age of war and poverty.
- その様な中真宗大谷派の三河護法会はこの様な動きが他藩に波及することを恐れ、何度か協議を重ねた後まず宗規を破って請書を提出した西方寺と光輪寺を詰問するため、総監の碧海郡高取村専修坊星川法沢と幹事である同郡小川村(安城市)の蓮泉寺石川台嶺を中心に同年3月8日同郡矢作村暮戸に真宗僧侶の会合を開いた。
- Meanwhile, the Mikawa Goho (the defense of Buddhism) Association of Otani sect of Shinshu was afraid of spreading those movements into the other domains, therefore, the association held a meeting of Buddhist monks of Shinshu sect in Yahagi Village, Aomi County by Hotaku HOSHIKAWA, a Senju-bo (specialized monk) and a general office director, from Takatori Village, Aomi County and Tairei ISHIKAWA, a manager, from Rensen-ji Temple in Ogawa Village, Aomi County on March 8, 1871 in order to examine Saiho-ji Temple and Korin-ji Temple closely which submitted the letter of acknowledgement with the violation of the religious regulations after a series of conferences.
- しかし、纏向遺跡に搬入された土器特徴から、考古学的にはおそくとも弥生時代末期までには、纏向遺跡の地を支配する勢力を中心に東海地方から北陸・近畿・阿讃瀬戸内・吉備・出雲ならびに北部九州までの各地の政治勢力がなんらかの形で参加したヤマト王権の原型ともいえる緩やかな政治連合が形成されていたことになる。
- However, from features observed in pottery from the Makimuku sites, it is believed that by the end of the Yayoi Period at the latest, regional political powers from the Tokai region down through Hokuriku, Kinki, Asan Setouchi, Kibi, Izumo to northern Kyushu participated in the central polity located in the Makimuku sites, forming a loose political alliance that is thought to have been the foundation of the Yamato Kingdom.
- そこで佐々木宗雄は、基経の本心は「阿衡」という言葉よりも光孝天皇の時に基経に与えられていた政務の全面委任(王権代行の権限)の授与を示す言葉が2度の詔には明記されなかったために、天皇が自己の政治権限の削除を図っているとの反感を抱いて、光孝天皇の時と同等の権限を求めたのではないかという説を立てている。
- Muneo SASAKI pays attention to the fact that the Japanese word indicating the full delegation of state affairs (authority to act as the Emperor's deputy), to which Mototsune was entitled during the Era of Emperor Koko, was not explicitly used in these two shochokus, and asserts that Mototsune felt antipathy toward the Emperor because he suspected the Emperor might be trying to reduce his political authority, rather than because the term 'Ako' had been used, leading Mototsune to request that he be given the same level of authority as he had held during the era of Emperor Koko.
- 室町幕府や戦国大名なども市場や道路などのいわゆる「アジール」的な場所での質取行為は禁止したものの、前述の地縁に関する認識の存在と慣習法としての一般認識の存在、他に債務者に対して債務返済への心理的圧力としてある程度までは有効性があったことから、規制は行われても禁止にまで踏み切った法は存在しなかった。
- While the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) banned Shichitorikoi in so-called sanctuary-like places such as markets and streets, there were only restrictions and was no law to ban the actions because Shichitorikoi was effective as the existence of the above-mentioned cognition of the group responsibility in a local community and the general cognition as a common law and mental pressure on the debtor to pay for his or her debt.
- 「やまと」の語源は山に囲まれた地域であるからと言う説、この地域を拠点としたヤマト王権が元々「やまと」と言う地域に発祥したためとする説、「やまと」は元は「山門」であり山に神が宿ると見なす自然信仰の拠点であった地名が国名に転じたとする説、三輪山から山東(やまとう)を中心に発展したためとする説など諸説ある。
- There are a variety of views about the origin of the word 'Yamato': the area is a region surrounded by mountains; the Yamato Dynasty located in this region originated in an area called 'Yamato'; 'Yamato' means 'Sanmon' (temple gate) and the name of a place of belief in nature that gods exist in mountains was changed to a country name; or it was developed in the area centered around Mt. Miwa and Yamato.
- 当初は儒教を教える後の明経道が中心であったが、728年と730年の2度の学制改革(前者の改革で文章博士・律学博士(後の明法博士)が設置され、後者の改革で文章生・明法生・得業生制度が発足した)を経て、757年には大学寮公廨田(後の勧学田)が設定されて学生に対する給食が行われるなど、制度の充実が図られた。
- At first, Daigaku-ryo mainly taught Confucianism, the study referred to as Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics) in later years, but after two educational system reforms in 728 and 730 (through the former, Monjo Hakase [professor of literature] and Ritsugaku Hakase [professor of the law], which was later referred as Myobo Hakase [professor of law], were introduced, and through the latter, the systems of monjosho [students of literary studies], myobosho [students of law studies] and tokugosho [distinguished scholars] were established), the facilities and system of Daigaku-ryo were improved; for example, Daigaku-ryo kugaiden (referred to as Kangakuden (rice fields for schooling) in later years) was introduced, whereby food services were provided to students.
- ここでの「悪友」とは、福澤諭吉らの「平等」や「義」や「独立心」を重んずる思想と違って、福澤らから見れば、閨閥、門閥政治、小中華思想(日本蔑視思想)などの旧弊に固執し血なまぐさい権力闘争を繰り返し、事大主義で外交において信義がなく、外交方針がころころ変わる清国や李氏朝鮮という認識で用いられた言葉である。
- Unlike the thought which put a high value on 'Equality,' 'Righteousness' and 'Independence' by Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others, 'Bad friends' in the 'Datsu-A Ron' was the word used meaning the Qing and Joseon Dynasty Korea where, adhering to their old customs of Keibatsu (network by blood connection), lineage government and petit Sinocentrism (idea of disrespect for Japan), bloody strifes over authority were repeated, being Sadaejuui (Loving and admiring the great and powerful) and faithless in diplomacy and diplomatic policies changed so often.
- やがて、1924年に成立した清浦内閣は研究会を中心とした総理大臣(前枢密院議長)と外務大臣(外交官)・陸海軍大臣(共に現役武官)以外を全て貴族院議員が占めるという文字通りの超然内閣を樹立させた(ただし、この内閣が間近に控えた総選挙の実施のための選挙管理内閣としての側面があった事に留意する必要がある)。
- Then, the Kiyoura administration established in 1924, formed a transcendentalist administration in which the Kizokuin members occupied the government except for the Prime Minister (former chairman of the Privy Council), the Minister of Foreign Affairs (diplomat), the Minister of the Army, and the Minister of the Navy (military officers at that time) (It should be noted that the lower-house general election was close and the government was therefore also acting as an election administrator).
- ただし、公家社会において政所及びこれを構成する家司の制度が解体された中世後期に入ると、公家の家臣層も諸大夫と青侍を中心とする家僕に再編成されることになるが、諸大夫を持てない中下層公家では青侍のみで家僕が構成されて公家家政を運営するようになり、青侍と家僕が同義語として扱われる場合もあった(『教言卿記』など)。
- In the late Medieval period, with the mandokoro (Administrative Office) and Ie no tsukasa (house steward) system that constituted mandokoro being broken up by the court, those of the court nobles at the level of vassals were to be reassigned to retainers, mainly including shodaibu and Aozamurai; however, the court nobles at the lower and middle levels who could not have vassals at shodaibu rank had only Aozamurai constituting their vassals and managing their households, whereas Aozamurai and vassals were treated as synonyms in some cases (according to 'Noritoki Kyo ki' [The Diary of Noritoki YAMASHINA]).
- だが、その一方で西南戦争以後民権派に反政府運動・民党の主導権を握られてきた国粋主義者を中心とした外交問題を軸とした政界再編構想の一環とも言え、本来親政府の吏党である筈の国民協会から普通選挙を掲げる急進民権派である東洋自由党までを巻き込んで、ゆくゆくは国粋主義を軸とした統一政党化も視野に入れた動きでもあった。
- Meanwhile, however, the movement was also, in a sense, part of the plan to create a national political realignment focusing on foreign affairs among nationalists in particular, who allowed popular rights groups to take the initiative in the anti-government movement Minto (political parties including the Liberal Party and the Progressive Party) since the Seinan War (a local war by Satsuma ex-samurai against the Meiji government); In other words, it also represented a political trend to unify all political parties with nationalism at the core in the future by involving the parties from the Kokumin Kyokai, a Rito which was fundamentally a pro-government political party, to the Toyo Jiyuto, a radical popular rights party which advocated universal suffrage.
- 基準年を1990年に設定したのはロシアの批准を促すことなどにも配慮されたという国際政治の現場にありがちな話を指摘する向きや、「産業界を中心に世界有数の環境対策を施してきた日本が6%もの高水準を求められている」といった論調により、「この議定書が締結・発効に至る過程で政治的に歪められている」とする意見が散見される。
- An opinion saying 'the Protocol was politically biased in the process of ratification and effectuation' is heard here and there along with the following views: setting 1990 as the reference year was to give time to Russia for ratification, which is quite a political consideration; Japan has implemented world's leading environmental measures particularly in the industry, but is required for a high reduction level of 6%.
- 社会不安の高まりと相次ぐ災害に憂慮をした一条天皇及び内覧左大臣藤原道長を中心とした朝廷は、7月11日、内裏の再建を決定するとともに、神仏の信仰を通じた社会不安の沈静化と法規制の強化による秩序の回復を目指して仏神事違例(仏事・神事における違反)と制美服行約倹事(服装の贅沢禁止)に関する審議が行われた(『小右記』・『権記』)。
- The Imperial Court, including Emperor Ichijo and nairan sadaijin (minister of the left who has a right to read and deal with documents before reporting to the Emperor from Daijokan, the Great Council of State) FUJIWARA no Michinaga, was so concerned about growing social unrest and a series of disasters that it decided to rebuild the dairi on July 11 and discussed unconventionality in the Buddhist and the Shinto rituals as well as a ban on luxurious dressing, in order to subdue social unrest through a belief in God and to restore order by reinforcing control. ('Shoyuki' (the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke), 'Gonki' (FUJIWARA no Yukinari's diary))
- 三浦らは、ヨーロッパの中世が、ゲルマン民族の大移動によって辺境で発生した「武装した封建領主」である騎士によって支えられていたことに着目し、日本で平安時代中期から東国を中心とした辺境社会で活躍した武士を騎士と同じ「武装した封建領主」と位置づけ、アジアで唯一日本にも中世が存在したことを「発見」し、日本は近代化できると主張した。
- MIURA and so on noted that medieval Europe was supported by the knights who were 'armed suzerain' emerging on the frontier by the Great Barbarian Invasion of Germanic peoples, positioned the bushi, who flourished in the frontier society centering on Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) from the middle of Heian period in Japan, as 'armed suzerain' who were the same as the knights, 'discovered' that there also existed medieval times in Japan, which was the only country in Asia, and insisted that Japan could be modernized.
- 「右の子細〔貨幣流通の弊害を指す〕どもをつねづねよく心得居て、総体正物にて取引すべき事は少々不便利はありとも、やはり正物にて取引をして金銀の取引のすぢをばなるべきだけはこれを省き、なほまたさまざまの金銀のやりくりなどをも、なるべきだけは随分これを止め、またなすべきことを金銀にて仕切るやうのすぢはなほ更無用にあらまほしきことなり」
- You should always keep in mind the above details (the negative effect of money circulation) and deal in real things though it is a little inconvenient to deal in real things all the time, and avoid the transaction by gold and silver as much as possible, and stop to handle gold and silver as much as possible, and also, it is desirable that gold and silver would not limit what you have to do.'
- 近年ではかわぐちかいじの漫画作品『ジパング (かわぐちかいじ)』に「滝川事件に連座して京大理学部を免職になり、日本軍の原子爆弾計画に関与する科学者」という設定の倉田万作(モデルは『世界文化』同人として検挙されたことがあり、戦時期には理化学研究所を中心とする日本の原子爆弾開発に関わっていた物理学者・武谷三男であると思われる)が登場する。
- In recent years, the manga work of Kaiji KAWAGUCHI 'Jipang' set Mansaku KURATA (the model is thought to be the physicist Mitsuo TAKETANI, who was involved in developing a nuclear bomb in Japan during the war period at Rikagaku Kenkyujo who had also been arrested as a member of 'Sekai Bunka') as a 'scientist who was working on the nuclear bomb plan of the Japanese army and was fired from the Faculty of Science at Kyoto University in relation with the Takigawa Incident.'
- 廃藩置県後、新通貨が整備されて普及するまでは、太政官札・民部省札などといった藩札類似の政府発行紙幣、旧幕府領に設置された府県のいくつかが発行した札、新政府が各地の商業中心地に開設させた為替会社や通商会社が発行した札などと並び、藩札に円銭厘の単位を示した大蔵省印が加印された藩札が、新貨交換比率が設定された寛永通寶銭などの銭貨と共に使用された。
- After Haihan-chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), and until the new currency had spread and circulated, the government issued the following: Daijokan bills and Minbusho bills (bills issued by the government akin to han bills); bills issued by prefectures placed in the old shogunate's territories; bills issued by exchange companies and commerce companies (companies established in the heart of commerce in various places by the government); han bills with a stamp of the Ministry of Finance showing yen, sen, and ri (units of old currency); and coins with a newly established exchange rate, such as Kanei Tsuho.
- 中には「按するに、虎哥か此の論、孟子の性善良知の説を本とし、終に王陽明か心を師とするの論に帰着す」(加筆者訳:思うにグロチウスのこの論は孟子の性善説・良知の説を基礎として、 最終的には王陽明が説く心即理の説へと到達するものである。〔注:原文の片仮名は平仮名に変換〕)というように、グロチウスの自然法に関する説明は陽明学と同一視する部分すらある。
- This is a part of translator's note: original '按するに、虎哥か此の論、孟子の性善良知の説を本とし、終に王陽明か心を師とするの論に帰着す' (translation by Yasutsugu SHIGENO: the theory of Grotius has theories of Mencius as the ground such as the ethical doctrine that human nature is fundamentally good and human nature that is ability to judge good or bad and the theory finally achieves to the theory of Yangming WANG that considers mind itself is the law); as seen above, among the such notes, there is a part that explains the explanation about international law by Grotius seems the same as Yomei-gaku (neo-Confuciasnism based on teaching of Yangming WANG).
- 鏡面のような心(心即理)の状態に無いのに、致良知に基づいて、自分の心の叫びを行動(知行合一)に移してしまうと、革命志向になりやすいという説もある(後述の山田方谷も、陽明学について誤った理解をすると重大な間違いを犯す危険があると考えて、朱子学を十分に理解して朱子学と陽明学を相対化して理解が出来る門人にのみにしか陽明学を教授しなかったと言われている)。
- Some people say that if a person puts his clamor to his action (to realize Chigyo goitsu) based on chiryochi when he has not attained the state of mind that reflects ri (Shinsokuri), the person is apt to aspire to start a revolution (Hokoku YAMADA, described later, also believed that wrong understanding of Yomeigaku might cause serious mistakes, so that he taught Yomeigaku only to the disciples who understood Shushigaku well enough to understand Yomeigaku in comparison to Shushigaku.)
- 一方、自治体としての東京都が公式に用いている「東京都」の英称は ' Tokyo Metropolis' (metropolisは首都・首府・大都市、あるいは主要都市・中心市)で、都知事は 'Governor'(知事)として国際会議に出席するなど、東京都という1つの自治体で都市の扱いになっており、対外的に23区と多摩地域や島嶼部を分離する意味はない。
- On the other hand, the common name that Tokyo officially uses, is 'Tokyo Metropolis' (note, metropolis means capital, metropolis, big city or main city, central city), and the Governor of Tokyo attends the international conferences as 'Governor,' so Tokyo is treated as a single autonomous body and there is no meaning to separate the Tama area and islands area from the 23 boroughs.
- しかし、戦後「国民主権」を定めた日本国憲法が成立すると、君が代の歌詞について天皇を中心とした国体を讃えたものとも解釈できることから(例えば、ベン・アミー・シロニーは、『君が代』皇統の永続性(万世一系)がテーマであり、世界で最も短い国歌が世界で最も長命な王朝を称えることになったと解釈している)、一部の国民から、国歌にはふさわしくないとする主張がなされた。
- After the Constitution of Japan which set forth 'popular sovereignty' was formed after the War, because the words of Kimigayo can be interpreted as one that praises the national structure centering around the emperor (For example, Ben-Ami Shillony interpreted that its theme was the perpetuity of 'Kimigayo' imperial line (unbroken imperial line) and that the national anthem which was shortest in the world came to praise the dynasty which lasted for the longest period in the world) certain people assert that it was not suitable as the national anthem.
- 江戸幕府は貨幣の全国統一を行うべく、三貨制度(小判、丁銀、銭貨)の整備を行ったが、これは既存の貨幣流通すなわち、大坂の商人を中心とする極印銀すなわち秤量銀貨の流通と、庶民の渡来銭の使用に加えて、武田信玄が鋳造させた甲州金の貨幣単位である「両」、「分」、「朱」を踏襲したものであり、家康の尊敬する武将であった信玄の甲州金の四進法の体系を採用したのであった。
- Edo bakufu improved three currency system (Koban, Chogin [collective term of silver]and coin) to unify the currency of the whole country: it consited of the existing currency circulation; hallmark silver which was a silver-by-weight standard used by mainly merchants in Osaka and Torai-sen (imported currency from China) used among commers, and the currency unit, 'Ryo' 'Bu' and 'Shu', based on quarternary system of Koshu gold which was cast by the order of Shingen TAKEDA whom Ieyasu looked up to.
- 連合艦隊は、東郷平八郎司令長官の優れた戦術、二人の参謀(秋山真之、佐藤鉄太郎)による見事な作戦、上村彦之丞将軍率いる第二艦隊(巡洋艦を中心とした艦隊)による追撃、鈴木貫太郎の駆逐隊による魚雷攻撃作戦、下瀬火薬(世界最強火薬)、伊集院信管、新型無線機、世界初の斉射戦術、世界最高水準の高速艦隊運動などによって、欧州最強と言われたバルチック艦隊を圧倒、これを殲滅した。
- The Combined Fleet overwhelmed and annihilated the Baltic Fleet which was said to be the strongest in Europe through the superior tactics of the commander Heihachiro TOGO, the outstanding strategy of his two staff officers (Saneyuki AKIYAMA and Tetsutaro SATO), the pursuit of the enemy by the Second Fleet (a cruiser fleet) under the command of General Hikonojo KAMIMURA, torpedo operations with destroyers led by Kantaro SUZUKI, and the use of Shimose gunpowder (What was then the world's most powerful gunpowder), Ijuin fuse, cutting-edge radio sets, the invention and application of volley tactics, and the deployment of the world's fastest fleet in battle among several other factors.
- 「天皇は國民の輿論を荷はない所の内閣を信任し玉ふ道理がない故に國務大臣の責任は法理上天皇に對して之を負ふと云ふも實は議會を通じて國民に對して負ふべき」ものであるとし、「輿論とは沒交渉で議會から不信任を受けても天皇の信任ある間は進退すべきではないと公言するは民の聲を以て神の聲とし、民の心を以て朕の心とすとの玉ふ名君を貶し、萬機公論に決すと宣へる聖旨を裏切る」ものである。
- It said that 'there's no reason for the emperor to give his confidence to the cabinet that is not responsible for the public, thus the ministers of the state should be responsible for the public through the parliament, even though, in theory, it is the emperor for whom they are responsible', and 'if you say that you should not resign as long as you are trusted by the emperor, even though you have lost the confidence of the parliament, and have never consulted with the general public, it means that you injure the great emperor, who takes the voice from the people as the one from the god, identifying himself with the public, and betray the divine tenor that had stated the broad-based assemblies should be held and all critical issues settled by public debate.'
- また、旧薩摩藩士の心情として、鹿児島属廠の火薬・弾丸・武器・製造機械類は藩士が醵出した金で造ったり購入したりしたもので、一朝事があって必要な場合、藩士やその子孫が使用するものであると考えられていた事もあり、私学校徒は中央政府が泥棒のように薩摩の財産を搬出した事に怒るとともに、当然予想される衝突に備えて武器・弾薬を入手するために、夜、草牟田火薬庫を襲って弾丸・武器類を奪取した。
- Since all the gunpowder, bullets, arms, and making machinery in the Kagoshima arsenal had been constructed or purchased with the money contributed by the then retainers of the Satsuma Domain, the former retainers took it for granted that these things were to be used by the retainers and their descendants in an emergency; therefore, because the Shigakko students got angry with the central government for carrying the domain's property out from there like a thief and for the purpose of being prepared with arms and ammunition for a possible conflict with the central government, they made a night attack on the powder house at Somuta and seized bullets and arms.
- 東国には甲斐国の黒川金山を始めとして、伊豆国の土肥鉱山、常陸国および陸奥国と金鉱山が多く偏在し、さらに江戸時代初期は多額に上る銀の日本国外流出に対し、主に中国から印子金(いんすきん)が輸入されていたため貨幣鋳造用地金の準備も整い、また家康は甲州金を手本とし基本通貨を金貨とする方針であったことから、「江戸の金遣い」と呼ばれるように、小判は江戸を中心とする関東地方で主に流通した。
- Koban was circulated mostly in Kanto region around Edo as it was called 'financial habit of Edo', because in Togoku, there were many gold mines such as Kurokawa Kinzan (Kurokawa Gold Mine) in Kai Province, Doi Mine in Izu Province, Hitachi Province and Mutsu Province, in addition, the preparation of metal for currency casting was completed as Insu gold was imported mainly from China against the outflow of the large sum of silver from Japan in the early Edo period, and Ieyasu planned to make gold basic currency after the Koshu gold.
- 日本民藝館の創設者であり民芸運動の中心人物でもある柳宗悦は、日本各地の陶磁器、染織、漆器、木竹工など、無名の工人の作になる日用雑器、朝鮮王朝時代の美術工芸品、江戸時代の遊行僧・木喰(もくじき)の仏像など、それまでの美術史が正当に評価してこなかった、西洋的な意味でのファインアートでもなく高価な古美術品でもない、無名の職人による民衆的美術工芸の美を発掘し、世に紹介することに努めた。
- Muneyoshi YANAGI, who was the founder and key figure of the Mingei (National Art) Movement worked hard to discover beauty of folkish art craftworks by unknown craftsman of ceramic ware, dyeing and weaving, lacquer ware, and woodwork such as daily use ware in various places in Japan and art crafts in Korean Dynasties period and Buddha statues of traveling monk or mokujiki in the Edo period which had not been fairly evaluated and not fine arts or expensive antiquities in the western sense and introduced them to public.
- この中で日蓮は災害の原因を人々が正法である法華経を信じずに浄土宗などの邪法(邪悪な教え)を信じているからであるとして対立宗派を非難し、法華経だけではなく鎮護国家の聖典とされた金光明最勝王経なども引用しながら、このまま浄土宗などを放置すれば国内では内乱、外国からは侵略を受けると唱え、逆に正法である法華経を中心とすれば(「立正」)、国家も国民も安泰となる(「安国」)と主張したのである。
- In his treatise, Nichiren criticized other competing Buddhist sects, arguing that these sects, including Jodoshu (Pure Land Buddhism), which led people to believe in false teachings (evil teachings) other than the Lotus Sutra, the only true teachings of Buddhism, were the reason for the disasters, that leaving Jodoshu and other heretical sects unattended would lead to a civil war in Japan and invasion by foreign countries and that the only way to provide the nation and the people with peace and security would be to establish the Lotus Sutra as the true religion.
- 中には会社組織として営業無尽をするものが多く現れるようになったものの、これらの事業者には脆弱な経営、詐欺的経営や利用者に不利な契約をさせる者も多かったが、当時は、これを規制する法令がなかったため、業界団体無尽集会所などを中心に規制する法律の制定が求められるようになり、1915年に旧・無尽業法が制定され、免許制となり、悪質業者は排除されていった(注:現在の「無尽業法」は1931年に改めて制定)。
- Though many Mujin dealers operated as a company organization and they often had fragile or fraudulent management or concluded contracts unfavorable to users, there was no law to regulate them in those days, therefore, enactment of a regulation law was demanded mainly by industrial groups, Mujin meeting places, and others, and thereby the old Mutual Loan Business Act was enacted in 1915 to make it a licensing system (note: the current 'Mutual Loan Business Act' was newly enacted in 1931).
- つまり、門閥、閨閥政治や中華思想また小中華思想など民族(人種)差別、日本蔑視思想で、「平等」の精神に真っ向から反する思想、親子(姑、嫁)が血みどろの権力闘争を繰り広げ、そのために事大主義に走り独立心がなく外交の一貫性がないこと、と福澤諭吉らから見れば、そう見える朝鮮王朝政府に対し、「天は人の上に人をつくらず...」(『学問のすゝめ』)とする思想を重んじる立場から「脱亜論」に至ったのだ、という解釈がある。
- For Fukuzawa, the government of the Korean Dynasties appeared to be totally against 'Equality' by discrimination by putting too much value on lineage and Keibatsu blood connection, Sinocentrism or petit Sinocentrism and disrespect for Japan as well as families repeating bloody strife over authority, no intention to be independent with their Sadaejuui policy and no consistency in their diplomacy; these things led him to write 'Datsu-A Ron' with his standpoint of 'ten wa hito no ue ni hito o tsukurazu...' (The heavens do not create Man above his station...) ('Gakumon no Susume' [An Encouragement of Learning]).
- これに対して、12月22日(1868年1月16日)に朝廷は「徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事」という告諭を出した。
- In response, the Imperial Court issued a statement that '徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事' on January 16, 1868.
- 1905年(明治38年)-1925年(大正14年)とする説、1918年(大正7年)-1931年(昭和6年)とする説、1905年(明治38年)-1931年(昭和6年)とする説など、「大正デモクラシー」と呼称されるべき期間もその定義内容に応じて変動するが、いずれも大正天皇の在位期間(1912年(大正元年)-1926年(昭和元年))を中心とし1918年の第一次世界大戦の終了と、富山県で発生した米騒動をデモクラシー運動はじまりの中核として取り上げる点においては共通している。
- Although there are differences also regarding the time period for Taisho Democracy depending on the definition of this period, with some dating it from 1905 to 1925 and others claiming the period to be from 1918 to 1931 or from 1905 to 1931, consensus can be found in the facts that the period centers on the reign of Emperor Taisho (1912-1926), along with the end of World War I in 1918 and the rice riots in Toyama Prefecture marking the rise of movements calling for greater democracy.
- この日、西郷を中心に作戦会議が開かれ、小兵衛の「海路から長崎を奪い、そこから二軍に分かれて神戸・大阪と横浜・東京の本拠を急襲」する策、野村忍介の「三道に別れ、一は海路で長崎に出てそこから東上、一は海路から豊前・豊後を経て四国・大坂に出てそこから東上、一は熊本・佐賀・福岡を経ての陸路東上」する策即ち三道分進策が出されたが、小兵衛・野村忍介の策は3隻の汽船しかなく軍艦を持たない薩軍にとっては成功を期し難く、池上の「熊本城に一部の抑えをおき、主力は陸路で東上」する策が採用された。
- On the same day, SAIGO held a council of war, and Kohei proposed the plan that 'the troops should attack Nagasaki from sea and then divide into two groups, one of which would raid Kobe and Osaka and the other of which would raid Yokohama and the headquarters in Tokyo', whereas Oshisuke NOMURA proposed the plan of heading east through three courses that 'the army should divide into three groups, one of which would go to Nagasaki by sea and head east from there, another of which would go to Shikoku and Osaka by sea through Buzen and Bungo Provinces and head east from there, and the other of which would head east by land through Kumamoto, Saga, and Fukuoka,' but both of the plans seemed to have little chance of succeeding for the Satsuma army, which had no warship but only three steamships; finally, they adopted the IKEGAMI's plan of 'deploying part of the army in Kumamoto Castle to defend the region and having the main force headed east by land.'
- 松川の戦い(まつかわのたたかい)は、『改正三河後風土記』(第42巻:上杉・伊達合戦の事)、『常山紀談』(巻之16:伊達上杉陸奥国松川合戦の事 附永井善左衛門 岡左内が事)、『東国太平記』(巻第15:松川合戦政宗福島ノ城ヲ攻ムル事)、『会津陣物語』(第4巻:松川合戦に政宗、福島城を攻める事、井せて須田大炊介、政宗と逢隈川合戦(陣幕を切り取る)事)によれば、慶長6年(1601年)4月26日に、現在の福島県福島市の中心部で伊達政宗と上杉景勝麾下の本庄繁長・須田長義が戦った合戦だとされる。
- The Battle of Matsukawa is said to be the battle where Shigenaga HONJO and Nagayoshi SUDA under the command of Kagekatsu UESUGI fought against Masamune DATE in the central area of the present Fukushima City, Fukushima Prefecture on April 26, 1601, according to 'Kaisei Mikawago Fudoki (Foundation of the Tokugawa clan)' (Vol. 42: The battle between Uesugi and Date), 'Jozenkidan (a collection of anecdotes compiled in the Edo period)' (Vol. 16: The Battle of Matsukawa between Date and Uesugi in Mutsu Province with the episode of Zenzaemon NAGAI and Sanai OKA), 'Togoku Taiheiki (the battle chronicle on the eastern Japan)' (Vol. 15: Attack to the Fukushima-jo Castle by Masamune in the Battle of Matsukawa), 'Aizujin Monogatari (stories on the Battle in Aizu)' (Vol. 4: Attack to the Fukushima-jo Castle by Masamune in the Battle of Matsukawa and the episode of Oiinosuke SUDA cutting off the camp enclosure during the Battle of Abukuma-gawa River against Masamune).
- 東西それぞれに与力20騎と同心50人が付いていたが、享保年間から元文年間にかけて訴訟の受付と市中警備を担当する番方、闕所された財物の処分を入札監督などを担当する闕所方、制札や各種証明書の発給や宗門改・鉄砲改・浪人改を行う証文方、建築の届出・確認や道路管理などの都市計画を行う新家方、奉行所内外の監察業務を行う目付(後に新家方を統合して目付方とも)、奉行所内の会計・公的な入札業務及び天領の年貢収納を行う勘定方、一般の刑事・行政を扱う公事方、鴨川の管理を行う川方といった担当部門に分離されてそこに与力・同心が配置されるようになる。
- During the Kyoho and Genbun era, 20 yoriki (a police sergeant) and 50 doshin (a police constable), who used to serve for each of the East and West Magistrates, came to be dispatched to separate divisions such as Ban-kata responsible for lawsuit registration and city guard, Kessho-gata responsible for bidding and managing confisticated properties, Shomon-gata responsible for issuing paper bills and various certificates as well as checking the religion, gun-owning and ronin status, Niinomi-gata responsible for urban development including construction registration and checking as well as road management, Metsuke responsible for auditing the Magistrate both internally and externally (later merged with Niinomi-gata to be collectively called Metsuke-gata), Kanjo-gata responsible for the Magistrate's accounting, official bidding and collecting land taxes from the shogunate demesne, Kuji-kata responsible for general criminal investigation and administration, and Kawa-gata responsible for management of the Kamo-gawa River.