徴: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 仮徴収
- Provisional Collection
- 銘文の特徴
- Characteristics of the inscription
- 定義と特徴
- Definition and characteristics
- 用語と特徴
- Terms and characteristics
- 地域的特徴
- Geographical Features
- 商業の特徴
- Characteristics of commerce
- 特徴と背景
- Characteristics and background
- 鐚銭の特徴
- Feature of bitasen coins
- 沿線の特徴
- Characteristics of the line
- 病理学的特徴
- pathological feature
- pathological characteristic
- 沿革及び特徴
- History and characteristics
- 一般的な特徴
- General characteristics
- 建築上の特徴
- Architectural characteristics
- 神葬祭の特徴
- Characteristics of Shinsosai
- 禅宗様の特徴
- Characteristics of Zenshu-yo
- 大仏様の特徴
- Characteristics of Daibutsu-yo
- ファロー四徴症
- tetralogy of Fallot
- Fallot's tetralogy
- 気象現象の特徴
- Characteristics of weather phenomena
- 禅鳳能楽論の特徴
- Characteristics of Zenpo's theory of Nohgaku
- 保険料の特別徴収
- Special Collection of Insurance Premiums
- 『明六雑誌』の特徴
- The characteristics of 'Meiroku Zasshi'
- 下記の特徴がある。
- Its features are as follows:
- 方言の発音の特徴。
- The word 'Keihan' means the characteristics of pronunciation in the dialect.
- 『占事略决』の特徴
- Characteristics of 'Senji ryakketsu'
- 特別徴収額の通知等
- Notification, etc., of Amount of Special Collection
- 保険料の徴収の方法
- Insurance Premium Collection Method
- 系列会社の車両の特徴
- Characteristics of cars by business group
- 概算保険料の追加徴収
- Additional Collection of Estimated Insurance Premiums
- - 第1回徴兵検査開始
- Start of the first examination for conscription
- 十二月将が象徴するもの
- Symbolism of Juni Gessho
- 十二天将が象徴するもの
- Symbolism of Juni Tensho
- 納付金の徴収及び納付義務
- Obligation of Collection of Payment and Obligation of Payment
- 普通徴収保険料額への繰入
- Transfer to Insurance Premium of an Amount Subject to Collection
- 1月10日、徴兵令の詔発布
- On January 10, Conscription Ordinance was issued.
- そして、それが特徴である。
- And this is the characteristics.
- また、檜皮葺の屋根も特徴。
- Roofs covered with Japanese cypress barks are also characteristic of these temples.
- 唐では地方官庁が徴発した。
- In the Tang Dynasty, the local governments impressed people.
- 法号:謙徳院明誉高久道徴。
- His posthumous Buddhist name: 謙徳院明誉高久道徴
- 印紙保険料の決定及び追徴金
- Determination of Stamp Insurance Premiums and Supplementary Charges
- 普通徴収に係る保険料の納期
- Due Date of an Insurance Premium Pertaining to General Collection
- 日本の鉄道の他国と比べた特徴
- Features of railways in Japan relative to those in other nations
- これを元に徴収が行われていた。
- Based on the regulations, tax was collected.
- 一部は大仏様の特徴にも通じる。
- Has some elements in common with the daibutsu-yo style.
- 法第五十条の規定による報告徴収
- collection of reports under the provisions of Article 50 of the Act;
- 普通徴収に係る保険料の納付義務
- Payment Obligation of an Insurance Premium Pertaining to General Collection
- 片目は製鉄神の特徴とされている。
- Having one eye is said to be a characteristic of the god of iron production.
- 徳川家光誕生を寿ぐ内容が特徴的。
- It is characterized by its celebration of the birth of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.
- 入山料(9月1日より総見寺が徴収)
- Entrance fee (Soken-ji Temple has assumed the responsibility of collecting the fee since September 1).
- 打製石斧の使用も特徴の一つである。
- The use of chipped stone axes was one of the characteristics of the region.
- 以下、翻訳の主要な特徴を列挙する。
- Main characteristics of the translation are as follows:
- 占術書としてみた『占事略决』の特徴
- Characteristics of 'Senji ryakketsu' grasped as a divination book
- 金屋子神には、以下の特徴がある。、
- Kanayago-kami had the following features.
- 宝形造瓦葺、飛天の彩画などが特徴。
- Features a characteristic hogyo-zukuri (pyramidal style of roof constructed over a square building) style tiled roof and colored pictures of heavenly beings.
- 前述の入山料はこの場合徴収されない。
- The entrance fee, which was mentioned earlier, is not charged in this case.
- 餅つき道祖神(男女の性交を象徴する)
- Steamed-rice-pounding Doso-shin (sexual intercourse is symbolized)
- 趙孟頫や文徴明の法帖を模刻している。
- He did mokoku (to engrave letters in order to print on paper) of copybook printed from the works of old masters of calligraphy written by Mengfu ZHAO and Wen Zhengming.
- 労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律
- Act on the Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance
- 医療保険者から納付金を徴収すること。
- to collect a Levy from a medical insurer;
- それを象徴するのが九畳篆の採用である。
- The installation of Kujo seal script symbolized the situation.
- 一部は禅宗様(唐様)の特徴にも通じる。
- Has some elements in common with zenshu-yo (kara-yo).
- ヨットの帆をイメージした駅舎が特徴的。
- The station house, which is designed to suggest a sail, is impressive.
- 明治元年2月、徴士・貢士の制度を定めた。
- In February, 1868, the system of choshi (official) and koshi (representative of each domain) was established.
- さらに各地で徴兵令反対の一揆が起こった。
- Moreover, uprisings against the conscription ordinance broke out in various regions.
- 他に臨時の段銭や棟別銭などが徴収された。
- Additionally, Tansen (段銭) and Munabetsu-sen (棟別銭), etc., were charged.
- 757年以降は九州からのみの徴用となる。
- Since 757, soldiers were only conscripted from Kyushu.
- 1889年には徴兵令の免除規定を全廃した。
- In 1889, the exemption clause was completely abolished.
- 以後、毎年徴兵による新兵の入営日となった。
- Since then, the above date of enforcement became the day the new soldiers entered the army every year.
- 豊かな色彩と力強い線描、雄大な構図が特徴。
- They were characterized by rich colors and strong lines, and grand composition.
- 律令制においては、田租を租として徴税した。
- Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), Denso was collected as So.
- 水神の象徴として河童、ヘビ、龍などがある。
- Kappa (water imp), snakes, and dragons are among those symbolizing suijin.
- 計帳は、課役を徴収するための基本台帳である。
- Keicho is a basic ledger to levy duties.
- 徴兵や植民地支配強化を目的とした政策である。
- It was a policy with a purpose of conscription and reinforcement of colonial occupation.
- 基経執政期で特徴的なのが、官田の設置である。
- The Mototsune administration is characterized by the establishment of Kanden (imperial estates).
- 鎌倉時代から徴収が行われたと推定されている。
- It has been estimated that the collection of dosoyaku began during the Kamakura period.
- - 矛は武力の象徴で、武神としての性格を表す
- A hoko (long-handled Chinese spear) as in Yachihoko symbolizes military power and the name Yachihoko no Kami therefore expresses Okuninushi as a bushin (the god of war).
- 靖国神社は国家神道の象徴的存在とされている。
- Yasukuni-jinja Shrine is considered to be a symbol of State Shinto.
- 皇室・公家領の支配と租税徴収の代行・諸作事。
- administration of the Court fief, court nobles, and deputies to collect tax, and so on,
- また最恵国待遇がないことも特徴の一つであろう。
- Another characteristic of this treaty was that it did not include a description of most-favored nation status.
- 同日正午、在京の公卿・諸侯・徴士ら群臣が着座。
- At noon on the same day, Kugyo, lords and choshi in Kyoto were seated.
- この草創期の特徴は以下のように指摘されている。
- Characteristics of the incipient period are pointed out as follows.
- 球状道祖神(球状は、胞衣を象徴するといわれる)
- Spherical Doso-shin (it is said that a sphere symbolizes a placenta)
- そのため、客戸が増えれば徴兵数は減ることになる。
- Therefore, an increase in the number of visiting families meant a decrease in the number of people available for the conscripted army.
- 貴族達においては2つの特徴的な目録が作成される。
- Two types of notable mokuroku were made by court nobles.
- それは一方的な物資徴発、ともすれば略奪であった。
- It could be one-seded requisition of supplies, or sometimes plunder.
- 次に特徴的なのは、多くの新語や音訳の存在である。
- The next characteristics was existence of many new words and transliteration.
- 受領が徴税権を担う国衙領と勢力を二分していった。
- Shoen shared the power with Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office), where zuryo were responsible for levying taxes.
- 河内源氏の守護神であり、鎌倉の象徴的存在である。
- Enshrining the guardian god of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), it serves as the symbol of Kamakura.
- 皇子はその荷を下ろさせて馬を軍馬として徴発した。
- He had the horses discharged and requisitioned as war-horses.
- かつては江戸歌舞伎の女形を象徴する大名跡だった。
- It was a great myoseki representing onnagata (female-role actor) of Edo kabuki.
- 古田重然の影響を受け、作為的な造形に特徴がある。
- He was influenced by Shigenari FURUTA, and his works are characterized by the factitious forms.
- 3月25、26日の両日で1500名ほどを徴兵した。
- In two days of the 25th and 26th of March, they recruited around 1,500 soldiers.
- 外観は下見板張りで、複雑に入り組んだ屋根が特徴的。
- The outer wall adopted the shitami itabari style, and complicated roofs were characteristic.
- 観音寺城に数多くの支城があるのが特徴の一つである。
- The existence of many subsidiary castles is one of the characteristics of Kannonji-jo Castle.
- つまり軍票は徴発した物資にたいする領収書であった。
- In short, military currency was a receipt for commodities the military force got.
- 五條文化博物館(安藤忠雄設計の円筒形の外観が特徴)
- Gojo City Museum (characterized by a cylindrical appearance designed by Tadao ANDO)
- 玉兎は月に棲むとも言われるウサギで、月を象徴する。
- A Gyokuto, a rabbit that symbolizes the moon, is said to be an inhabitant of the moon.
- また、無線の使用料を乗務員から徴収する会社もある。
- In addition, some taxi companies charge radio fee to the drivers.
- 東大寺盧舎那仏像は、鎮護国家の象徴として建立された。
- The statue of Birushana Buddha at Todai-ji Temple was constructed as a symbol of national pacification (chingo kokka).
- これを犯す者は「神木犯穢」の罪で清祓料を徴収された。
- If somebody broke the taboo, he (or she) was fined the fee of Shinto purification ritual for the sin of 'Shinboku han-e' (profanity to Shinboku).
- 中央部と前方部の2カ所にくびれがあるのが特徴である。
- It features two narrowest parts: one in the center part and the other in the front part.
- 分野は多岐に渡るが、それらにはある特徴を看取できる。
- It ranged over various areas, in which there were the same features.
- 1927年、徴兵令を全部改正し、兵役法が制定された。
- The Conscription Ordinance was fully revised and the Military Service Law became effective in 1927.
- 円形港湾で近世の港湾施設がよく残されているのが特徴。
- Tomonoura is a circular harbor, which is characterized by having the well-conserved harbor facilities of the Japanese early modern period.
- この鉱山には中華民国・朝鮮から多くの人が徴用された。
- Many workers were recruited from the Republic of China and Korea to work in the mines.
- 古い時代のものは男女一対を象徴するものになっている。
- These from the old era symbolize a pair of male and female.
- 同時期に高架化された二条駅同様の特徴的な上屋を持つ。
- Hanazono Station has the same characteristic shed as that of Nijo Station, because these two stations were converted into elevated stations at nearly the same time.
- 将軍の地位はまさに傀儡か象徴的意味しか持ち合わせず。
- The Shogun's position to be precise was no more than as a puppet or symbolic figurehead.
- そのなかで、この時代を特徴づける出土品は埴輪であろう。
- Of all, the most characteristic excavated article of this period must be the 'haniwa.'
- 表面は槌目(つちめ)であることが天正大判の特徴である。
- The Tensho oban's characteristic is tsuchime (streaks made when craftsmen beat it) on the surface.
- 切妻造本瓦葺きの2階建てで、幕末上層民家の特徴が残る。
- This two-story house is built in kirizuma (an architectural style with a gabled roof) and hongawarabuki (a style of tile roofing in which round and square tiles are laid down alternately) styles, which displays the characteristics of a private residence of people in the upper class in the end of the Edo period.
- 日本海側では珍しい、大規模なリアス式海岸が特徴である。
- The characteristic of Wakasa Bay is the large-scale ria coast, which is rarely seen on the coast of Japan Sea.
- 赤松家と有馬家の縁の強さを象徴している一幕といえよう。
- This is a symbolic episode of the intimate relationship between the Akamatsu family and the Arima family.
- 『日葡辞書』には、「所務は年貢を徴収すること」とある。
- According to 'Nippo jisho' (Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam [Japanese-Portuguese dictionary], published 1603 - 1604), 'shomu was to collect nengu.'
- 餅つき(男女の性交を象徴する)などにもその痕跡が残る。
- The trace remains, for example, in steamed rice pounding, which symbolizes sexual intercourse.
- また、ここから「八雲」は出雲を象徴する言葉ともなった。
- From that, 'Yakumo' became the word that symbolized Izumo.
- 神懸かりとなり神託を伝えるのはシャーマンの特徴である。
- Shamans are famous for communicating messages from the gods while in a state of trance.
- 聖地への入口、俗界と聖地の境界を象徴する建造物である。
- It is architecture that represents the entrance to a sacred place and the boundary between the everyday world and a sacred place.
- 三種の神器の中では天皇の持つ武力の象徴であるとされる。
- Among the 'Sanshu no Jingi' (the Three Imperial Regalia), it is considered to be the symbol of the Emperor's military power
- 府県会は府県の予算と税の徴収に関する議定の権限を持った。
- Prefectural assemblies had the power to confer and agree on their budgets and tax collection.
- つまり「理」の遍在性・内外貫通性が朱子学の特徴であった。
- That is to say, Shushigaku is characterized by the ubiquity of 'ri' and the existence of 'ri' both inside and outside of one's mind.
- そしてその学問思想の特徴は以下のことばに凝縮されている。
- The features of Yomei-gaku thought can be condensed to the following terms.
- また、軍事力として坂東諸国から徴発された鎮兵が駐屯した。
- Soldiers were also dispatched as military force from the Bando countries to pacify and defend their area.
- この賽神場とそこでの現世信仰が朝鮮寺の大きな特徴である。
- Sainokami-jo and the belief in material benefits are outstanding features of Korean Temple.
- それでも地方では、富と権力を象徴する宝物として使われた。
- Wado-kaichin coins were used as a treasure to symbolize the wealth and the power in the country.
- 市司と要路の渡守に田地を与え、渡し賃の徴収をやめさせた。
- He gave rice fields to ichi-no-tsukasa (governmental organization) and boatmen on main channels and stopped the collection of transport fees.
- (日葡辞書によると、所務は年貢を徴収すること、とある。)
- (According to a Japanese - Portuguese dictionary, 'shomu' means to collect the nengu.)
- なお、寄宿料のほか、水道光熱費、自治会費を別途徴収する。
- In addition to a boarding fee, students pay utility expenses and a membership fee for dormitory council.
- それらの多くが、鼻が大きいという身体的特徴を持っている。
- A large portion of them are physically characterized by their large noses.
- それぞれに特徴的な神体があり、また神体(神)としている。
- Each of them has its own characteristic shintai, and each characteristic deity is worshiped.
- 福知山線の最大の特徴はトンネル無しに分水界を越えること。
- The greatest characteristic of the Fukuchiyama Line is that it crosses the watershed with no tunnels.
- 寺を集めた目的は、税の徴収の効率化と京都の防衛であった。
- The purpose of bringing temples together in this district was to levy taxes efficiently and defend Kyoto.
- また、三権がいずれも太政官の下に置かれた事が特徴である。
- The new government system was characterized by placing the offices, to which three powers were vested, under Dajokan.
- 公家歌人が撰ばれず、武将歌人や連歌師が多いのが特徴である。
- The collection is characterized by the fact that many of the poets included are not court noble poets, but warrior-poets and renga-shi (linked verse poets).
- また、寺社領内では政府の徴税権も及ばなかった(諸役不入)。
- In addition, in the areas of temples and shrines, the right to collect taxes by government was also not admitted (shoeki funyu [refusal of many obligations]).
- また主に飛騨国から徴発される匠丁(飛騨工)が付属していた。
- Also woodworkers mainly requisitioned from the Hida Province came along with them as their subordinates.
- その後、718年(養老2)には、国別の徴発数が定められた。
- Later, the number to be levied by the province was fixed in 718.
- 過料(かりょう)とは、日本において金銭を徴収する制裁の一。
- Karyo (non-penal fine) is the one of sanctions in the collection of money (fines) in Japan.
- 一つは、領主が荘園・国衙領内の百姓を夫役と称して徴発する。
- The first type was that where a feudal lord requisitioned peasants in a manor or a Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) as a compulsory service.
- 中国では辺境領の警備のために設置され、農村から徴兵された。
- In China, sakimori ('fangren' in Chinese) was deployed for the security of outlying territories and the soldiers were conscripted from farming villages.
- 土倉・酒屋の中には貴族や寺社から荘園の徴税権を担保にした。
- Some doso-sakaya took the power to levy taxes on manors as collateral from these nobles, temples and shrines.
- 幕府は納銭方と呼ばれる役職を設けてこれらの徴税にあたった。
- The bakufu formed Nosenkata (an institution for collecting taxes from moneylenders and sake breweries) and collected taxes from these institutions.
- 天の象徴である天照大神に対し、大地を象徴する神格でもある。
- While Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess) symbolizes the sky, Okuninushi symbolizes the earth.
- しかし、そのようなやり方は外聞が悪く、徴発相手の反感を招く。
- However, such methods were disreputable and could cause antipathy from those who were pressed.
- 阪神間の特徴として、大きな河川を何本も横断している点がある。
- A characteristic of the Hanshin Line was its crossing of several big rivers.
- そのために、院政期の摂関家に関する記事が多いのが特徴である。
- Accordingly, many descriptions of the sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) in the cloister government period are seen.
- 租庸調制の崩壊に伴って、人頭税的な庸・調は徴収されなくなる。
- With the deterioration of the Soyocho system, per capita taxes such as yo and cho were not enforced.
- だが、洞の形態をもっとも特徴的に示しているのが伊達氏である。
- The form of Utsuro is observed most characteristically in the Date clan.
- 帽子の白線は二条または三条であり、旧制高校生の象徴であった。
- The cap had either two or three stripes, and it was a symbol of higher school student under the old system.
- 労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律の一部改正に伴う経過措置
- Transitional Measures upon Partial Revision of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance
- 田畠1段当たり5升の米(加徴米)の徴収権を新補地頭へ与える。
- The right to collect five sho (approximately 0.25 bushels) of rice per tan (approximately 10 ares) of farmland was given to newly appointed land stewards.
- このうち、時代を象徴する代表的遺物と目されるのは銅鐸であろう。
- Of all, the most symbolic, typical bronze ware of the period is supposed to be the bronze bell.
- 江戸は米中心の経済であり、税金の徴収のため表記が米で表された。
- Edo had a rice-centered economy and amount of tax collected was displayed in terms of an amount of rice.
- 広嗣は企救郡の隣の遠珂郡に到着して烽火を発して国内の兵を徴集。
- Hirotsugu arrived at Onga-gun adjacent to Kiku-gun and sent up a rocket as a signal to summoned soldiers.
- 東播磨一帯は平家の地盤であり、兵・兵糧の徴発徴収を行っていた。
- The Taira clan established their stronghold in the Higashi-Harima region and initiated the commandeering and collection of their soldiers and army provisions from the region.
- 1873年1月には徴兵制の施行により家禄支給の根拠が消失する。
- In January, 1873, a conscription system was enforced, and due to this new system, necessity of the stipend system was gone.
- 室町幕府は本来、土倉から土倉役、酒屋から酒屋役を徴収していた。
- The Muromachi bakufu originally collected a tax called doso-yaku from doso and a tax called sakaya-yaku from breweries.
- 正丁(成年男子)3人に1人が兵士として徴発される規定であった。
- According to its provisions, a cohort could commandeer one out of three adult men as a soldier.
- 名前は「手の力の強い男神」の意であり、腕力・筋力の象徴である。
- Ameno Tajikarao, whose name means 'a male god having strong arms,' representing physical strength or muscular strength.
- すなわち、葦の芽に象徴される万物の生命力を神格化した神である。
- Thus, it is a god deifying the vitality of all things symbolized by reed buds.
- 正面柱間八間、禅式瓦敷を特徴とし、祀堂に開山国師像を安置する。
- The front of the building is eight bays long, it features a Zen style floor featuring tiles placed over hard-packed earthen surface, and it houses a statue of Kaisan Kokushi.
- 保険関係の成立及び消滅については、徴収法の定めるところによる。
- The establishment and extinguishment of insurance relationships shall be governed by the provisions of the Premiums Collection Act.
- また、国衙も同様の名目で自ら賦課・徴収を行うようになっていく。
- In addition, the provincial government officers themselves also imposed duties and collected taxes under a similar pretext.
- 被保険者資格喪失等の場合の市町村の特別徴収義務者等に対する通知
- Notification to Persons under Duty of Special Collection by a Municipality in the Case of Loss of Status of Insured Person, etc.
- 常山隊(指揮長平野正介)・狙撃隊(中隊長小倉壮九郎)・宮崎徴募隊
- The Jozan-tai troop (Commander: Shosuke HIRANO), Sharpshooting Squad (Company Commander: Sokuro OGURA), and the troop of the soldiers recruited in Miyazaki
- 権力の所在や運用が未熟・未分化であった時代を象徴した事件である。
- This incident reflected the times that a power structure and proper ways to exercise powers were still unclear.
- 長身で丸味があり、変化のある衣の線、アルカイク・スマイルが特徴。
- Statues are tall and rounded and features include an archaic smile and clothes with a variety of folds.
- これらの論の基準となる所は封建制の特徴とされる農奴の存在である。
- These views are based on the existence of serfs which are said to be characteristic of the Hoken system.
- 高句麗の僧、曇徴(どんちょう)が絵具や紙・墨を作る方法を伝えた。
- Damjing (or Doncho in Japanese), a monk from Goguryeo, introduced methods for producing paint, paper and sumi (Chinese ink).
- この文化は禅宗の影響を受け、簡素さと深みという特徴も持っていた。
- Affected by the Zen sect, this culture was provided with features of simplicity and depth.
- 時代区分名称は、この時期に特徴的に見られた弥生式土器に由来する。
- The term used for identifying this period originated from Yayoi-style earthenware characteristic of this period.
- 古代より皇位を象徴するものとしていわゆる三種の神器が挙げられる。
- What are referred to 'the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family' can be mentioned as the symbols of the Imperial Throne of Japan as they have been since ancient times.
- 嵐山の中心部を流れる桂川にかかる渡月橋は嵐山の象徴になっている。
- The Togetsu-kyo Bridge over the Katsura-gawa River running through the central part of Arashiyama is a symbol of Arashiyama.
- 特に荘園では年貢徴収を指して勧農と呼ぶ例も見られるようになった。
- Especially in shoen, nengu (render) collection was sometimes referred to as kanno.
- 財物も稲粟も、非常に高い利子率が設定されているのが特徴的である。
- It is characteristic of the Suiko dealing with property as well as that dealing with rice and millet in that it charges interest at an extremely high rate.
- 政府は、労働保険の事業に要する費用にあてるため保険料を徴収する。
- The government shall collect the insurance premiums for appropriating to the costs required for the labor insurance services.
- 石刃、ブレード (Blade)後期旧石器時代に特徴的な石器の素材。
- Sekijin (stone blades), Blades: Characteristic materials for stone tools in the late Paleolithic Period
- 「兵粮米が無ければ、若い者が片隅で徴発することのどこが悪いのだ。」
- What is wrong with young men requisitioning in one corner when there is no provision of rice for the army?
- 悪魔の象徴としてとらえる際には、デビルスターと呼ばれることもある。
- When it is regarded as the symbol of the devil, it is sometimes called a devil star.
- 西洋風の町並み、ホテル、教会堂、洋館はハイカラな文化の象徴となる。
- These western-style towns with their hotels, churches, and western-style houses became symbols of fashionable ('high-collar') western culture.
- 従ってその方言はこれらの地方の特徴が若干混在するものとなっている。
- As a result, the dialect contains some characteristics of dialects from these areas.
- 江戸時代、徴税吏の総称として、給人という語を使用することがあった。
- In the Edo period the term kyujin was also used as a general term to collectively mean a tax collector.
- 定免法(じょうめんほう)とは、江戸時代における年貢徴収法のひとつ。
- Jomen ho is one of the methods of land tax collection in the Edo period.
- 1429年当時、恒居倭の徴税権は宗氏ではなく早田氏が掌握していた。
- The Soda clan had the authority of tax collection over kokyowa instead of the So clan in 1429.
- こうして班給された田は課税対象であり、その収穫から租が徴収された。
- As the allotted rice land was subject to taxation, rice tax was collected from the yield of the rice land.
- 惣村もまた、領主と交渉して年貢徴収の請負権を獲得するようになった。
- As a result of negotiation with the feudal lords, the soson also came to acquire the contract which gave them the right to collect nengu themselves.
- もともと日本の荘園公領制において、年貢の徴収権は領主が有していた。
- In shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) of Japan, the feudal lords originally had the right to collect the nengu.
- 倒幕・攘夷派の象徴として、また近代国家日本の指導者として活躍した。
- He acted as a symbol of the force to overthrow the Shogunate and antiforeign sentiment, and was also a leader of modern Japan.
- また、以下のような特徴を持った文化財登録はされていない建物もある。
- And, some characteristic buildings also exist, though not registered as cultural assets.
- 「春」の祭祀によって「秋」の豊穣が与えられることを象徴されている。
- This episode symbolizes that celebrating 'Haru' (spring) brings a bumper harvest in 'Aki' (autumn).
- その中で特徴的なのが、高さ3.8m、長さ32mにも及ぶ虎口跡である。
- There are the distinctive remains of a Koguchi, 3.8 meters high and 32 meters in length.
- 都道府県や市町村は公共サービスへの対価として住民から税金を徴収する。
- Tax is collected by prefectures and municipalities in exchange for the provision of public services.
- 特徴的な点は、墓石が全体として筆の穂先のような形をしている点である。
- A unique feature of monuments is that tombstones are commonly shaped like the tip of a brush.
- 葛城氏の特徴として、5世紀の大王家との継続的な婚姻関係が挙げられる。
- One of the features of the Katsuraki clan is their successive marital relations with the Okimi family during the 5th century.
- 所務(しょむ)とは、所領の管理(検断及び年貢・租税徴収)を行うこと。
- Shomu meant management of territory (trial and collection of nengu [main land tax levied on the peasants based on the estimated productivity of land] and sozei [single land tax or combined land tax].)
- 実際に荘園領主の代官として現地に乗り込んで年貢を徴収する者も現れた。
- Some actually entered the manor as governor and collected land tax.
- 1943年、文系学生の徴兵猶予が停止され、学生が続々と戦場に赴いた。
- In 1943, the draft deferment was stopped for the humanities' students, and they went to the battlefront one after another.
- 平安時代の応天門を模した、大きく赤く光る朱色の正面の門が特徴である。
- The large vermillion front gate, based on the Heian period Oten-mon Gate, is a well-known feature of Heian-jingu Shrine.
- 本屋駅舎の外壁は白磁タイル装で、海園都市である宮津市を象徴している。
- The exterior of the main structure of the station is tiled with white porcelain and is symbolic of Miyazu City, the Kaien-toshi (literally Sea Garden City).
- 側水槽、炭庫などには沈み鋲を多用しており、平滑な表面が特徴的である。
- As the side water tank and coal storage box were fixed mainly with flush rivets, its smooth surface is characteristic of this model.
- 下司や公文の下で年貢の徴収・出納・算用などの経理的な業務にあたった。
- They were in charge of accounting work, such as tax collection, keeping financial records, and computation of land tax, under the instruction of geshi/gesu (local officials in charge of a manor) and kumon (local shoen officials below the geshi in rank).
- 納銭方となった土倉や酒屋は一旦徴収した税を自己の倉庫に保管していた。
- The Doso and sake brewers that assumed the position of Nosenkata temporarily stored collected taxes in their own warehouse before transporting them to the government.
- 西南戦争の教訓から、徴兵兵士に対する精神教育を重視する傾向が強まった。
- From the lessons obtained through the Seinan War, the tendency of emphasizing moral education for conscripted soldiers became stronger.
- 甲斐の黒駒伝承に象徴されるように甲斐国は古来から馬産地として知られる。
- Symbolized by the legend of Black Horse, Kai Province is known of old as the production area of horses.
- 律令制の特徴である公民思想を伴って、「天下公民」という形で把握された。
- Along with the philosophy of regarding people as public citizens, which was the characteristics of the Ritsuryo system, it was understood as 'Tenka komin' (Tenka citizens).
- 建設には兵卒および近隣住民が徴用され、突貫工事で造り上げたと言われる。
- It is said that the fort was built in a rush by soldiers and local residents who were recruited for the construction work.
- このうち4枚は富本銭の特徴とされてきたアンチモンが含まれていなかった。
- Four of those did not include antimony which was considered as characteristics of Fuhonsen coin.
- 徴収に先立って壷数と営業状況を把握するために酒屋の実地調査が行われた。
- Prior to the collection, field research for Sakaya was conducted in order to figure out tsubo-su and business conditions.
- 以後、鶴岡八幡宮は鎌倉の象徴となり、都市計画は八幡宮を中心に行われた。
- Since then Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine has been the symbol of Kamakura and placed at the center of its city planning.
- 土倉役は土倉が抑えている質物の員数に応じて徴収されたと考えられている。
- It is believed that dosoyaku was charged in accordance with the number of items held by a doso.
- 被官化は、守護が被官国人らへ所領や徴税権などを給与することで行われた。
- Shugo carried out 'Hikanization' by providing the vassalized kokujin and others with territory and the privilege of collecting taxes and so on.
- 古代には氏族の権威の象徴、あるいは氏族の祭祀に使用されたものであった。
- In ancient times, it symbolized the ruling clan's authority, and it was also used in religious rituals by the ruling clan.
- アーバンネットワークの特徴として他線区との直通運転を柔軟に行っている。
- As a part of the Urban Network, many direct trains run to the stations of other lines.
- しかし詐欺や貸借の不払いがあれば両国の官吏はこれを取り締まり追徴すべし。
- However in the case of fraud or nonpayment of borrowing and lending, the government officials of both countries should regulate this and impose additional charges.
- これにより、同地を通過する青苧に対して公事を徴収したのである(苧公事)。
- With these measures, the Sanjonishi family collected 'kuji' (temporary tax) from aoso merchants who passed through those checkpoints, and the kuji imposed on aoso merchants was called 'so-kuji.'
- 世尊寺流の書風をもとに力強さと豪放さを加えた男性的な書を特徴としている。
- It is characterized by masculine calligraphy with a powerful and dynamic touch based on the calligraphic style of Sesonji school.
- 徴兵告諭に「血税」という言葉があったためとされ、「血税一揆」と呼ばれた。
- It was assumedly because the proclamation of conscription included the word 'ketsuzei' (blood tax,) and the uprising was called 'ketsuzei ikki' (blood tax uprising.)
- また当時「徴兵、懲役、一字の違い、腰にサーベル鉄鎖」という句が流行った。
- At that time, a verse became popular: '徴兵 ('chohei' meaning conscription) and 懲役 ('choeki' meaning imprisonment)are only one-word different - saber at a waist or chain at a waist.'
- 地頭は公領や荘園ごとに設置され、年貢の徴収や土地管理などが役割であった。
- Jito were placed at both shoen (private estates) and koryo (public territories), and were responsible for both levying the annual tax and managing and otherwise overseeing the land.
- しかし木簡からは若狭国では塩により調が納められたという大きな特徴がある。
- However, the outstanding characteristic seen on mokkan was that Wakasa Province paid salt as cho.
- 特徴ある販売法でテレビ番組の特集(ムーブ!)として取り上げられたことも。
- Its sales method was featured on the Move! TV program.
- 第二十章から二十三章は六壬神課で特徴的な基礎知識の解説にあてられている。
- Specific fundamental knowledge of Rikujinshinka is explained in Chapters 20 to 23.
- 今日の国語辞典の他、漢和辞典や百科事典の要素を多分に含んでいるのが特徴。
- It is not only provided with factors of a Japanese language dictionary in the present day, but also provided with those of a Chinese-to-Japanese dictionary and of an encyclopedia, constituting its rare feature.
- だが、そのために国例に定められた賦課を上回る官物が徴収されることになる。
- However, as a result, Kanmotsu more than that decided in the Kokurei was collected.
- 高皇産霊神と対になって男女の「むすび」を象徴する神でもあると考えられる。
- Also Kamimusubi is thought to be a symbol of 'ties' between men and women in pairs with Takamimusubi no Kami.
- 明治5年(1872年)、玉城の指揮により新徴組元隊士80名とともに脱走。
- In 1872, under the direction of Tamaki, he escaped from there with 80 members of Shinchogumi.
- 唐破風屋根が付いた桧皮葺の門で、室町時代の禅宗建築様式の特徴がみられる。
- The undulating bargeboard cypress bark-covered roof exhibits a characteristic Zen architectural style of Muromachi period.
- これにより、租税の徴収や戸籍の作成を一律的に行うことができるようになった。
- The sanchang system enabled uniform tax collection and creation of family registers.
- 浪士組、新選組(壬生浪士組、甲陽鎮撫隊、靖兵隊、御陵衛士)、新徴組、見廻組
- Roshigumi (an organization of masterless samurai), Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate: Mibu-Roshigumi, Koyo Chinbutai [a military unit formed specially for the campaign in Kai Province], Seiheitai, Goryo-eji [guards of Imperial mausoleums]), Shincho-gumi (the Tokugawa Shogunate guard organization), Mimawari-gumi (an organization to maintain public order)
- だが、現地における兵粮米の賦課・徴発は兵士による濫妨を招く可能性があった。
- However, imposition and commandeering of military provisions in the field could cause solders' act of violence.
- 強制に基づく徴兵は監獄に行くのと同じであり嫌だ、という反抗の表れとされる。
- This verse is considered to reflect the people's resentment that being drafted forcedly was the same with being imprisoned.
- また、登録抹消の対象となる荘園を摂関家領にまで拡大したところに特徴がある。
- Additionally, it is noteworthy that the target manors for deregistration were extended to the territories of sekkan-ke.
- 特定の権門が独占的に徴税権を得る荘園が、時代の節目ごとに段階的に増加した。
- Shoen (manor in medieval Japan), where particular influential families exclusively obtained the power to levy taxes, increased gradually in accordance with each milestone of the time.
- 花笠踊の特徴は美しい造花を飾った花笠と呼ばれる風流灯籠を用いることである。
- A feature of Hanagasa-odori Dance is that elegant lanterns called Hanagasa (flower hat) adorned with artificial flowers are used.
- また、守護や荘園領主なども私段銭と呼ばれる私的な段銭を徴収するようになる。
- At the same time, provincial governors and owners of manors began collecting shitansen, which was private tansen.
- この点については「占事略决占術書としてみた占事略决の特徴」の節で解説する。
- Regarding the above, we will explain in the section of 'The characteristics of Senji ryakketsu grasped as a Senji ryakketsu Senjutsusho' (a book of divination).
- ヨーロッパ荘園制の特徴は、法的・経済的な権力が領主に集中していた点にある。
- Characteristically in shoens in Europe, the legal and economical power was concentrated on the lord.
- 子宝・子作り信仰の強い土地では、子孫繁栄の象徴としての男根が神体でもある。
- In areas with strong folk beliefs to help having babies, a phallic symbol can be a shintai for fertility.
- その著作の多くは、和歌もよく挿入されており、歌人が書いたという特徴がある。
- Most of his works include many waka poems and such aspect characterizes these literature as being produced by a poet.
- なお、7200系の特徴であるLED式車内案内表示器は全く使用されなかった。
- However, the LED type in-car guidance indicator that featured the Series 7200 was never used.
- この制度の下で、班給・課税・徴兵の台帳となる戸籍・計帳の作成が可能となった。
- This system enabled the creation of the family register and yearly tax records, which were to be used as the original registers in allotting land, imposing taxes, and conscription.
- 成年男性の中から徴兵され、3~4郡ごとに置かれた軍団に兵士として配属された。
- Soldiers were conscripted from the adult male population and assigned to 'gundan' (army corps), which were deployed every three to four counties.
- 穂積氏、采女氏をはじめ、同族枝族のすこぶる多いことがその特徴として知られる。
- It is well known that there are many clans that have same lineage, such as the Hozumi clan and the Uneme clan.
- 輸租田に該当する田地はたとえ権門所有の荘園であったとしても田租が徴収された。
- Rice fields categorized as yusoden were imposed denso even though they were influential families' shoen (manor).
- 男性的で端厳、杏仁形の眼、仰月形の鋭い唇、左右対称の幾何学衣文を特徴とする。
- This style was characterized by solemn and majestic masculine figures with apricot kernel-shaped eyes, lips of a sharp crescent shape and symmetric and geometric patterns on their clothes.
- 日本の平安時代の陰陽師、安倍晴明は五行思想の象徴として、五芒星の紋を用いた。
- ABE no Seimei, Onmyoji (Master of Yin yang) in the Heian period in Japan used the crest of Gobosei as the symbol of Gogyo shiso (Five Elements Theory).
- また、実際の軍事行動の際には地元有力者からの献納や徴発に頼ることが多かった。
- During the actual military affairs, they also relied on dedication and requisition to be supplied by locally influential people.
- 関所(せきしょ)とは、交通の要所に設置された、徴税や検問のための施設である。
- Sekisho (barrier station) were facilities installed at the important points of traffic, in order to collect taxes and perform inspections.
- 本年貢・本地子の加徴分として賦課されたことから加地子と呼ばれるようになった。
- It was called Kajishi because it was imposed as a surcharge on honnengu/honjishi (normal nengu/jishi).
- また、「ト」は「ミトのマグワイ」の「ト」で、性器の象徴であるとする説もある。
- Also in a theory, 'to' in the names of Otonoji and Otonobe is thought to come from 'to' as in the 'mito no maguwai' (literally, intercourse of genitals) and therefore suggesting genitals.
- 後に浪士組は新徴組に改編されて庄内藩御預かりとなり、江戸市中警護に当たった。
- Roshigumi was later reorganized to Shinchogumi (Tokugawa Shogunate guard organization), put under the control of Shonai Domain, and was in charge of guarding Edo.
- 詩人の特徴によって2人ずつ対になっており、堂内でもそのように掲げられている。
- 2 poets were selected to demonstrate each characteristic and portraits hung in the building to reflect this selection.
- 第十七条第二項の規定は、前項の規定により差額を徴収する場合について準用する。
- The provision of Article 17, paragraph (2) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the cases where the difference is collected pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph.
- 市町村は、第一項の規定にかかわらず、第二号被保険者からは保険料を徴収しない。
- A Municipality, notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), shall not collect an insurance premium from a Secondary Insured Person.
- 官奴婢の一部は徴税を代行していたために、地方の農民より裕福な者も存在していた。
- Some of the Kannuhi were richer than local peasants because they collected taxes as a proxy.
- 「地方税法」は、地方自治体が住民から徴収できる税のかたち(税目)を定めている。
- The 'Local Tax Act' stipulates tax items on which a local governments can impose taxes.
- また福澤を除けば、明治以後は官吏として維新政府に仕えていたことも特徴といえる。
- In addition, except Fukuzawa, they were characterized by the fact that they worked for the government of restoration as government officials after the Meiji period.
- 特に天皇を元首又は象徴とする近代以降の国家体制(近代天皇制)を指すこともある。
- It sometimes specifically indicates the state system after the Meiji period (modern Tennosei) when the emperor acted as the head or symbol of the state.
- 正門を入って正面にある時計台記念館とクスノキは、大学の象徴として知られている。
- Enter the main gate, and you will see just at the front the Clock Tower Centennial Hall and the camphor tree, both known as the symbol of Kyoto University.
- 同年、江戸に戻った浪士組が新徴組に改組され、玉城は剣術教授方の一人に選ばれた。
- In the same year, roshi-gumi was reorganized into Shinchogumi after returning to Edo, and Tamaki was selected for one of the Teacher of Swordsmanship.
- 第十七条第二項の規定は、前項の規定により追徴金を徴収する場合について準用する。
- The provision of Article 17, paragraph (2) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the cases where the supplementary charges are collected pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph.
- 住所地特例対象施設に入所又は入居中の被保険者の特例に係る特別徴収義務者への通知
- Notification to a Person under Obligation of Special Collection pertaining to an Exception of Insured Person that is Staying at or in Residence of a Facility Subject to Domicile Exception
- 特徴としては、この書が自然法及び実定法双方に立脚して書かれているという点がある。
- One of characteristics of this book is that it was written based on both of natural law and positive law.
- また、思想が実際の行動に顕現させられていたのが、武士道としての大きな特徴である。
- Also the major characteristics of Bushido is that the way of thought manifested itself in actual behaviours.
- 今日的な意味での姓(セイ)の特徴は、基本的にはこの苗字(名字)から発生している。
- The characteristic of a family name in the current sense comes from this family name derived from Azana basically.
- これに従わないときは国税滞納処分の例により当該過料を強制的に徴収することとなる。
- If the obligated party does not obey the order, Karyo conserned is collected forcibly, following the disposition of the National Tax delinquency.
- 「いひとよ」とは古語でフクロウのことをいい、古代ギリシアでは知恵の象徴であった。
- Iitoyo' is an owl in ancient words and was the symbol of Chie (wisdom, knowledge) in ancient Greek.
- 屋根・内部の壁・柱などすべてを金で覆い奥州藤原氏の権力と財力の象徴とも言われる。
- With its roof, internal walls and pillars all coated with gold, it is said to be the symbol of political and financial power of the Oshu Fujiwara clan.
- また、名主は、百姓から徴収した中から加地子を中間得分として自らの収入としていた。
- Myoshu also collected kajishi (supplementary taxes) from peasants as their own income.
- この章は特徴的な四課三伝のパターン36種が持つ象意の解説に全体があてられている。
- The symbolism of 36 characteristic patterns of Shikasanden are explained throughout this Chapter.
- その徴税の頻繁ぶりは建武式目では土倉の保護について1条を置いているほどであった。
- The taxation was so frequent that there was an article protecting doso in the Kenmu code.
- 新たに徴収したもの(フロー)を租といい、租を貯蓄したもの(ストック)を税という。
- So is what is newly collected (Flow), and saved So (Stock) is Zei.
- しかし正税徴収には戸籍の作成、百姓への班田など非常に煩雑な事務を必要としていた。
- However, collecting Shozei needed excessively complicated clerical work such as forming the family register and allotting farmland to peasants (Handen).
- または岩(夫婦岩)や滝(那智の滝)などの特徴的な自然物がある神のいる場所をいう。
- Kannabi also includes natural objects such as rocks (Meotoiwa) and waterfalls (Nachi no Taki) with distinctive characters where a deity is believed to reside.
- 治世下の秩父での年貢増徴反対一揆や伝馬騒動等が発生し苦難の藩政運営を強いられた。
- Masachika was forced to have a hard time in managing his domain when an anti-tax-increase ikki (a riot) in ruled Chichibu area, tenma sodo (Post Horse Rebellion) and so on arose.
- また、割拠された地域の境界には関所が設けられ、通行する人々から通行税を徴収した。
- Sekisho (checking stations) were also installed at regional boundaries with the aim of collecting tolls from people who passed the boundaries.
- 交通の要所には、幕府や戦国大名や有力寺社などが関所を設置して、関銭が徴収された。
- The government, daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period, and major temples and shrines set up sekisho (checking stations) at check points of traffic to collect sekisen (toll).
- 第十七条第二項の規定は、第一項の規定により追徴金を徴収する場合について準用する。
- The provision of Article 17, paragraph (2) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the cases where the supplementary charges are collected pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1).
- 明治元年(1868年)1月24日明治政府により14代中山信徴が大名と認められる。
- On the January 24, 1868, Nobuaki NAKAYAMA, the 14th Nakayama clan head was recognized as a daimyo by the Meiji government.
- また、1883年には徴兵令を改正し、免役規定中の代人料を廃止して兵員増をはかった。
- In addition, a Conscription Ordinance was revised in 1883 aiming at increasing soldiers by abolishing payment for substitutes to be exempt from conscription provided for in the exemption clause.
- 同時に税の趣旨から行政が一律に納税者より徴税する形式が実情にそぐわない場合もある。
- On the other hand, depending on purpose of taxation, a form in which tax is collected uniformly from taxpayers by an administrative body is sometimes inappropriate to the real situation.
- しかし、当時の藩領と天領は複雑に入り組んでいたため、年貢の徴収は非効率的であった。
- At that time, the land of domains and tenryo (a Shogunal demesne) were intricate; and collecting nengu (land tax) was totally inefficient.
- 最も注目すべき特徴は、この翻訳が原著よりも一層自然法的性格を強めていることにある。
- Most important feature to be noted is that this translation had strengthened nature of natural law compared to the original text.
- 特徴的な色は、粘土中の赤い酸化第二鉄が還元されて酸化第一鉄に変質するために現れる。
- The characteristic color emerges when red ferric oxide in the clay changes into ferrous oxide through reduction.
- この論文はそのタイトルのため最も注目を集め、民法典論争の象徴ともいえる論文である。
- This thesis is the one that attracted the most attention because of the title, and may be said to symbolize the disputes over the Civil Code.
- 文化面では、連歌・猿楽・喫茶など身分を超えた交流に特徴付けられる室町文化が栄えた。
- In culture, the Muromachi culture, which is characterized by interaction among people in different social strata, as seen in renga, sarugaku (the predecessor of Noh), and drinking tea, flourished.
- 後に造酒正が徴収を担当するようになり、造酒正を務める押小路家がその役目にあたった。
- Later, miki no kami (Chief of the Sake Office) was responsible for collecting tax, and the Oshikoji family, who served as miki no kami, fulfilled the role.
- なお、この巡幸の目的には、新たな象徴天皇崇敬の国民の意識形成があったともいわれる。
- Further, it is said that there was also anticipation of people forming a consciousness of the Emperor as the new symbol to be respected as an object of this Junko.
- かりに年貢しか徴収しないとすると、現地の下級領主の得分は何も存在しないことになる。
- If only nengu was collected, there was nothing left that local low grade lords could have as their profit.
- 9世紀には広範囲の国で、公出挙と私出挙を組み合わせた租税徴収方法が模索されていた。
- In the ninth century, many provinces had examined the land tax collecting system by combining the Ku-Suiko with the Shi-Suiko.
- 卵形の頭の形と細い眼が特徴の独特の風貌は、各地に残る円珍の肖像に共通のものである。
- The characteristic features are an egg-shaped head and narrow eyes common to other statues of Enchin in all areas of the country.
- キリスト教神学のみならず、ユダヤ教、イスラーム関連科目が設置されていることも特徴。
- It not only has Christian theology courses but also those related to Judaism and Islam.
- 太陽神(お日様・日輪)にとっての太陽(日)やそれを象徴する鏡などが依り代にあたる。
- The yorishiro for the sun god (also called ohisama or nichirin) are the sun (hi) and a mirror, which is a symbol of the sun.
- 前項の規定により徴収する保険料(以下「労働保険料」という。)は、次のとおりとする。
- The insurance premiums collected pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph (hereinafter referred to as the "labor insurance premiums") shall be as follows.
- 日本の律令制の特徴は、貴族の合議機関である太政官が政治決定の枢要とされた点にある。
- A feature of the Ritsuryo system in Japan was that, when a political decision was made, importance was placed at Daijokan (the grand council of the state), a Kizoku consultation council.
- 徴兵制だった当時の日本において、屯田兵は長期勤務の志願兵制という点でも特殊であった。
- Tondenhei were unique in that they were long-term volunteers in the then Japan under the draft system.
- ただ、漢文体で書かれた他の2書と違って漢字仮名交じり文で書かれているのが特徴である。
- Unlike two other books written in kanbun (classical Chinese), however, the characteristics of this book is that it was written utilizing the mixture of kanji (Chinese characters) and kana (Japanese phonetic characters).
- 扱い方一つで守護に用いることもあれば、上下を逆向きにして悪魔の象徴になることもある。
- Depending on the usage, it can be used as protection, or it can symbolize the devil, when it is placed upside down.
- 城陽市の「陽」は「南」とほぼ同義であるが、方位以外の意味も籠められており特徴がある。
- The meaning of 'Yo' in Joyo City is almost synonymous with 'the south,' however, it has other meanings beside the direction; this city name is characterized by the multiple meanings of 'Yo.'
- 半済(はんぜい)は、室町幕府が荘園・公領の年貢半分の徴収権を守護に認めたことを指す。
- 'Hanzei'means that the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) gave the power of collection of half of the customs or taxes on production from manors and lands under the control of the feudal government to the provincial constables.
- 1873年には徴兵制度の施行により国民皆兵を定め、1876年には廃刀令が実施された。
- Universal conscription was established through the enactment of conscription in 1873, and a decree banning the wearing of swords was issued in 1876.
- 銅造毘沙門天立像-平安時代後期、西域に起源を持ついわゆる兜抜昆沙門天の特徴を備える。
- Bronze standing statue of Bishamonten - It has features of so-called Tobatsu Bishamonten that is rooted in the western regions of China in the late Heian period.
- 同志社大学の学生寮は、居住する学生自身によって管理・運営される点が大きな特徴である。
- The big feature of the student dormitory of Doshisha University is that it is managed and run by the students who live there.
- 国つ罪は病気・災害を含み、現在の観念では「罪」に当たらないものもある点に特徴がある。
- Crimes described as Kunitsu tsumi include diseases and disasters that are not considered to be 'crimes' in today's notion, which is a distinctive characteristic of Kunitsu tsumi.
- 明治政府の瓦解を恐れた伊藤博文が、これらに反対し、結局、徴兵令による国軍が出動した。
- Fearing that the Meiji government might collapse, Hirofumi ITO opposed them and dispatched the national army, which was formed through the conscription orders.
- 督促状に指定した期限までに労働保険料その他この法律の規定による徴収金を完納したとき。
- The labor insurance premiums and any other money collected pursuant to the provisions of this Act are paid in full on or before the payment due date designated in the written demand;
- 因みに、『隋書』の著者は、魏徴(ぎちょう ?- 貞観_(唐)17年(643))である。
- By the way, the author of 'Suishu' is Gicho (? - 643).
- 関連して武田軍には騎馬の最大の特徴である機動力を生かした作戦がほとんど見受けられない。
- The Takeda cavalry moreover had few tactics drawing on its mobility, albeit one of its greatest traits.
- 大永年間には長尾氏は越後苧座の頭人であった蔵田氏に青苧の公事徴収・流通統制権を認めた。
- During the Daiei era (A.D. 1521- 1528), the Nagao clan gave both the kuji collection right and the distribution control right of aoso to the Kurata clan, which was 'tonin' (the director) of Echigo so-za.
- 日本の中世日本における妖怪画は、恐怖と災厄の象徴としての妖怪を描いたものがほとんどだ。
- Most of the ghost pictures drawn during Medieval Japan were intended to be symbols representing terror and disasters.
- 間の子である他戸親王(持統天皇の来孫)が、天智・天武皇統融合の象徴として立太子された。
- Their child, Imperial Prince Osabe (the Empress Jito's great-great-great grandchild) received the investiture of the Crown Prince as a symbol of fusion of the two Imperial lines of Tenchi and Tenmu.
- 滋賀県は中央部に広大な琵琶湖を持つために、湖を挟んだ地域同士で特徴が異なることが多い。
- Since Shiga Prefecture has vast Lake Biwa in the middle of it, the features vary according to different areas surrounding the lake.
- 一定の租税額が確保できたことを背景として、朝廷は国司へ徴税・軍事などを委任していった。
- Against this background, the Imperial court started entrusting tax collection and military affairs to kokushi.
- 守護は、半済給付権や段銭徴収権などを根拠として、領国内の荘園・国衙領へ侵出していった。
- Wielding authorities such as the authority to collect half of the nengu as well as the authority to collect tan-sen, shugo gradually encroached upon shoen and territories governed by kokuga (provincial government office) within their territories.
- 各像の光背にはそれぞれの像に対応する種字(各尊を梵字1字で象徴的に表したもの)を刻む。
- The halo of each statue is engraved with a shuji (the characteristic one syllable word to depict the Bodhisattva, which is a Sanskrit syllable symbolizing each statue).
- かつての駅名標には、歴史的仮名遣に則り平仮名で「たかをぐち」と表記されていたのが特徴。
- Formerly, the station's name was notable as it conformed with the conventions of pre-war Japanese hiragana spelling by being written as 'Takawoguchi.'
- 初見は『吏徴別録』の寛永4年(1632年)12月にある水野守信ら4名の任命の記事である
- The description in 'Richobetsuroku' that four persons, including Morinobu MIZUNO, were appointed to the post in December of 1632 (in the old calendar) was the first historical record of the post.
- おそらく下賜された人物とその子孫が権威の象徴として「伝世」としたことによるものであろう。
- This is probably because the person who was given the tsuka gashira and his descendants made it heritage as a symbol of power.
- 常滑では三筋文壺が特徴的であるのに対し、渥美ではヘラによる各種の線彫り文様が特徴である。
- In Tokoname, sankinmonko is typical while in Atsumi, various patterns of lines curved with a pallet is typical.
- 藩札と異なり標符は、通帳のようになっており商取引が書き込む形式となっている特徴があった。
- The hyofu was used differently from han bills; it was similar to a bankbook, and business transactions were recorded on it.
- 江戸城下町建設のために、千石夫(役高1000石につき1人の人足)を徴発したことに始まる。
- It started with the requisition of Sengokufu (one laborer per yakudaka (salary paid in accordance with the rank of one's post) of 1000 koku (approximately 278 cubic meters of crop yields)) for the construction of the castle town of Edo-jo Castle.
- 特徴としてまず気づくのが、『万国公法』は時に意訳ともいえる大胆な訳となっている点である。
- The first characteristics to be noticed is that 'Bankoku Koho' is bold translation of which certain parts can be called free translation.
- 太刀身の柄端を飾る刀装具である柄頭が、蕨の若芽のように渦をまくのがデザイン的特徴である。
- An accouterment of sword, tsuka-gashira (pommel) which decorates the hilt of the sword is characteristic for its circinate design like crosier of bracken.
- 七曜星は五行思想の陰陽と、木・火・土・金・水を表し、天地の象徴を示していると考えられる。
- Shichiyosho is considered to refer to yin yang (positive and negative, light and shade) of Five Phases theory and Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water as symbols of the world.
- 港や街道の要所には幕府や寺社、地方領主らにより関所が設置され、関銭や津料を徴収していた。
- Barriers and checkpoints were erected by the bakufu or by influential temples, shrines, or local lords at key points around ports and on highways, collecting tolls (sekisen) for land and customs (tsuryo) for sea travel and trade.
- 天皇制(皇室制度)(てんのうせい/こうしつせいど)は、天皇を君主又は象徴とする国家体制。
- The Tennosei (Imperial Family system) is a state system with the emperor acting as the monarch or titular head.
- このため、藩政においても財政基盤の脆弱さから人夫の徴発さえままならず、財政は苦しかった。
- Due to this spread of territory, the financial basis of its administration was fragile, it was hard to secure sufficient labor, and the domain was in financial difficulty.
- 白川家の特徴は、神祇伯の世襲と、神祇伯就任とともに「王 (皇族)」を名乗れたことである。
- The characteristics of the Shirakawa family were that Jingi haku was hereditary and that the family descendants could use the title of 'prince' (a member of the Imperial Family) on becoming Jingi haku.
- 日本国憲法において、「日本国の象徴であり日本国民統合の象徴」(第一条)と位置づけられる。
- It is positioned as 'The symbol of the country of Japan and the symbol of unity of the people in Japan' in the Constitution of Japan.
- 明治には新政府の政策に反対する徴兵令反対一揆や解放令反対一揆、地租改正反対一揆が起こる。
- In the Meiji period, uprisings in objection to the policies of the new government, including choheirei hantai ikki (conscription ordinance objection uprising), kaihorei hantai ikki (edict of Grand Council of State objection uprising), and chiso kaisei hantai ikki (land-tax reform objection reform), occurred.
- 6体の阿弥陀仏は「南無阿弥陀仏」の6字を象徴し、念仏を唱えるさまを視覚的に表現している。
- The six Amida Buddhas symbolize the six words of the 'Na Mu A Mi Da Butsu' chant and serve to visually represent his chanting of the Buddha's name.
- そのため、桐野の命で淵辺群平・別府晋介・辺見らが鹿児島に戻って新たな兵力の徴集にあたった。
- Therefore, according to Kirino's order, Gunpei FUCHIBE, Shinsuke BEPPU, and HENMI returned to Kagoshima and recruited new soldiers.
- 当時の文章に多く見られる特徴と同じように、比喩的な表現が多く、特にユーモラスな比喩が多い。
- Like many authors of the time, he used many figurative expressions, particularly humorous metaphors.
- しかし、2世紀後半から3世紀初頭には、弥生時代の集落を特徴付ける環濠が各地で消滅していく。
- Between the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century, however, this distinctive Yayoi period style of moat settlement started to disappear from many regions.
- 滞納処分他の法律への準用によって徴収される(地方自治法 第二編 第九章 財務231の3)。
- It is collected by corresponding application for disposition of delinquency and other laws (The Local Autonomy Law II, Chapter 9, Finance, Article 231-3)
- この他、特徴的なものとして高野山周辺で商品作物として栽培されていたコウヤマキが挙げられる。
- In addition, among the plants of Kohechi, koyamaki (Japanese umbrella pine) has a feature as one of the farm products that had been cultivated around Mt. Koya.
- 4月、出羽守よりの急使を受けた朝廷は、下野国と上野国にそれぞれ1000ずつの徴兵を命じた。
- In April the Imperial Court, which had received an emergency messenger from Dewa no Kami, ordered Shimotsuke and Kozuke provinces to each deploy 1,000 soldiers.
- 任命された受領の俸禄の一部とする説と受領が徴収した租税などの収入の一部とする説が存在する。
- One theory argues that a portion of the salary of an appointed zuryo was granted, while another theory states that a part of the income from such sources as taxes collected by zuryo was granted.
- 金烏は太陽に棲むとも太陽の化身とも言われる三本足の金の烏であり、太陽を象徴する霊鳥である。
- A Kinu, a sacred bird that symbolizes the sun, is a golden bird with three legs that is said to be an inhabitant or an incarnation of the sun.
- 後に神社の造営や徴税を行う者のことになり、さらに祭祀を行う神職者のことを指すようになった。
- Later, the job of the Guji was changed to a position engaging in the construction of shrines and tax collection, which was further changed to a position for those who served the gods and were in charge of court rituals.
- 江戸時代の最も代表的な賤民が穢多(穢れが多いと言う意味)と呼称されたのは、その象徴である。
- It is represented by the fact that the most typical humble people in the Edo period were called Eta (meaning much Kegare.)
- たいまつ(トーチ)は、「闇を照らす」「世を照らす」ことを象徴する一般的なエンブレムである。
- The torch is a common symbol of 'lighting up the darkness' or 'enlightening the world.'
- 狩野派様式を確立した狩野元信作と伝わるもので、元信がめざした狩野派の新しい特徴が見られる。
- This work is attributed to Motonobu KANO who established the Kano School style, and shows the new characteristics of the Kano School that he aimed to achieve.
- 保険料その他この法律の規定による徴収金の先取特権の順位は、国税及び地方税に次ぐものとする。
- An order of a statutory lien related to an insurance premium or other levy pursuant to the provisions of this Act shall have priority subordinate to national tax and local tax.
- 郡司は徴税権のみならず、保管、貢進、運用、班田の収受も任されるなど絶大な権限を有していた。
- Gunji not only had the right to collect taxes, but also had great authority to be in charge of: saving the taxes, paying taxes as tribute and using them, as well as controlling Handen Shuju (a regulation of land ownership).
- また、兵士も占領した高麗人や漢民族を徴用した多民族軍であったため、士気が低かったと思われる。
- The army also seems to have had a low morale because it consisted of various ethnic groups, including people of Goryeo and Han who had been conquered.
- 宿場では公用人馬継立てのため定められた人馬を常備し、不足のときには助郷を徴するようになった。
- Shukuba always had designated riders and horses available that would work in relays for official transportation, and when they ran short, sukego (labor which was imposed on neighboring villages to help the primarily imposed village) was sought.
- 珊瑚礁内での漁労も特徴であり、漁具としてはシャコ貝やタカラガイなどの貝殻を網漁の錘に用いた。
- The fishing in the coral reef was one of the characteristics of the region; as for the fishing tools, shells, tridacna shells, and porcelain shells, were used for sinkers for fishing nets.
- これ令外の官の特徴はその分担する政務において、完結的に処理することが可能だということである。
- The feature of this ryoge no kan was that the officials could process government affairs for which they were responsible all on their own.
- 守護が荘園領主から年貢徴収を請け負う守護請も活発に行われ始め、守護による荘園支配が強まった。
- Shugouke, where shugos undertook the collection of nengu from lords of shoen, started to be done actively and shugos' governance of shoens was strengthened.
- 通常は神職によって独自の節まわしによる朗誦が行われ、文体・措辞・書式などに固有の特徴を持つ。
- In general, Norito are chanted by Shinto priests in a special intonation, and Norito are characterized by their unique writing style, diction, and fonts.
- 名前の通り、着衣から台座まで真っ白に塗られているが、これはヒマラヤの雪を象徴するものという。
- As the name Byakkoshin (lit. White Light God) indicates, the statue is painted entirely in white from its clothing to the pedestal, which is said to represent the snow of the Himalayas.
- 向上関より石段を上がった所に指東庵という禅堂があり、この山腹に巨石を組み、滝を象徴している。
- Atop the stone staircase through Kojokan gate sits a Zen hall known as Shito-an with an large stones on the hillside that have been arranged to symbolize a waterfall.
- だが、応仁の乱後には京都の荒廃や納税拒否の動きによって請負額に徴税額が達せずに赤字となった。
- After the Onin War, with the devastation of Kyoto city and refusal of tax payment, the tax income did not reach the expected income calculated on the basis of the contract system, and as a result the bakufu finances went into the red.
- それは、律令制的な統治方法によらなくとも、一定の租税を徴収することが可能になったからである。
- This was because it became possible to collect these taxes without relying on the Ritsuryo system of governance.
- 物部氏の特徴のひとつに広範な地方分布が挙げられ、無姓の物部氏も含めるとその例は枚挙に遑がない。
- A characteristic of the Mononobe clan was its distribution throughout the country, and including Mononobes which are not given Kabane, they are too numerous to count.
- 依然として、屈辱の歴史の象徴であることには変わりはなく、保存か解体かの論議がしばしば再燃した。
- Still, it remained a symbol of the humiliating history, and debates about whether to conserve or to demolish were often recurred.
- 平安時代後期に成立した年貢・公事・夫役を徴収するために、名田単位でそれらの賦課が行われていた。
- In the later Heian period, the system of 'nengu' (land tax), 'kuji' (public duties/temporary taxes), and 'bueki' (compulsory service) was established, and their imposition was done per 'myoden' (the farming land that served as the unit of taxation and labor-enforcement in those days).
- 漢字の音と訓をたくみに組み合わせて日本語を記す万葉仮名が用いられていることも大きな特徴である。
- Its significant feature is the use of Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu) which describes Japanese language by combining on and kun readings of Chinese characters.
- また、岡田内閣も右翼・軍部の攻撃を恐れ、国体明徴声明を出し、また美濃部の著書を発禁処分とした。
- Okada's cabinet issued Kokutai Meicho Seimei (Declaration of Clear Evidence of the National Polity) to avoid attacks from right-wing groups and the military, and banned Minobe's writings.
- 銀の延べ板を裁断加工して作られ、古銭の特徴である四角い孔がみられず、小さな孔があるだけである。
- Mumon-ginsen coins are made by cutting a silver plate and has no square hole that is characteristic of old coins but has a small round hole.
- 一番特徴的なのは章法で、まず印面の内側に「田」型の枠を切り、その中に文字を入れるようになった。
- The most distinctive feature was the way of placing the characters; first a 'Ta (田)' shape was cut into the stamping surface as a framework, then characters were put inside the small frameworks.
- 長岡藩では5月19日に長岡城が落城すると、米の払下や藩による人夫徴用に反対する一揆が発生した。
- In Nagaoka Domain, when Nagaoka-jo Castle surrendered on July 8 (表記の変更), the uprising occurred protesting against the disposition of rice by the new government and the compulsory recruitment of laborers by the domain.
- 当初は古墳に伴うという時代的特徴が手がかりとなったが、現在では、全国的斉一性が重視されている。
- Initially, occurrence with tumuli was regarded its distinctive historical features, but the emphasis today is on nationwide occurrence.
- 室町幕府の特徴としては、荘園公領制の崩壊=守護領国制への移行や貨幣経済の進展などがあげられる。
- The collapse of the public ownership system of manors = transfer to the system of ownership by Shugo daimyos and the development of a monetary economy are part of the characteristics of Muromachi Bakufu.
- 近年においては、各戦国大名がそれぞれ得意とし、特徴を持つ築城術を個々に扱った研究も進んでいる。
- In recent years, studies on individual castle building technology that each sengoku daimyo was specialized in and showed unique character has been advanced.
- 『君が代』は、日本国民の総意に基づき天皇を日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴する我が国のこととなる」
- 'Kimigayo' indicates our State, Japan, which has the Emperor enthroned as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people by the consensus-based will of Japanese citizens'
- 里倉負名制では、負名と呼ばれるようになった地域の富豪・有力百姓ら請負人は徴税役人に任命された。
- In the Riso-fumyo system, undertakers including rich people and influential farmers in local areas, who had come to be called Fumyo (a local tax manager), were appointed to the officials for collecting taxes.
- 名主・荘官は名田に係る官物・年貢を徴収して、国衙・荘園領主(領家)へ納入する義務を負っていた。
- Myoshu/shokan were obliged to collect kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes)/nengu imposed on myoden and deliver them to kokuga/lord of shoen (ryoke).
- 書は左へ斜めにずれるのが特徴で、桑田忠親は本阿弥光悦に影響を与えたのではないかと推測している。
- His calligraphy strokes was characteristic of slanting to the left, which Tadachika KUWATA believes to have affected the calligraphy of Koetsu HONAMI.
- 労働保険料その他この法律の規定による徴収金の先取特権の順位は、国税及び地方税に次ぐものとする。
- The order of statutory lien assigned to the labor insurance premiums and any other money collected pursuant to the provisions of this Act shall come after the national tax and local tax.
- そこには人口、性別、年齢から一人ひとりの身体的特徴までが里長(郷長)によって書き上げられていた。
- The Satoosa (village chief) wrote in the population as well as each individual's gender, age and bodily characteristics in the keicho.
- 徴兵令を推進する山縣とこれに反発する桐野を代表する薩摩系を中心とした保守的な軍人の対立があった。
- There was a conflict between YAMAGATA who was promoting Conscription Ordinance and opposing military men from Satsuma represented by KIRINO.
- この時代は文人画で優れた業績を遺した沈周・文徴明・唐寅・徐渭などが代表的な文人として挙げられる。
- ZHOU Shen, WEN Zheng Ming, To in and JO I who left excellent achievements in literati paintings are the typical Bunjin of this period.
- 当初、地租増徴を実現させるために憲政党(自由派)と連携して地租増徴や日本興業銀行法を実現させた。
- At first, he cooperated with Constitutional Party (liberal group) to achieve the plan to increase land taxes and implemented the plan to increase land taxes and the Industrial Bank of Japan Act.
- 室町時代は、義満の時代と義政の時代に特徴的な文化が栄え、北山文化・東山文化と呼ばれることがある。
- Two distinct cultures flourished during the Muromachi period, the Kitayama culture of Yoshimitsu's day and the Higashiyama culture of Yoshimasa's time.
- 壷銭は定期的なものについては月ごとに年間12回徴収するのを原則として、他に臨時の課税が行われた。
- Tsubo-sen was collected each month, totaling 12 times per year as a general rule and was also collected on a temporary basis in other occasions.
- しかしながら、主体となるのはやはり丹波弁であり、丹波氷上の特徴でなる「丹波弁ちゃった弁」である。
- However, the main dialect is a Tanba-ben dialect, and is 'Tanba-ben Chatta-ben dialect' which is a unique dialect in Tanba Hikami.
- 福知山には元伊勢とされる神社や、祭神が武内宿禰や明智光秀であるなどの特徴ある寺社が多数所在する。
- Fukuchiyama has many characteristic temples and shrines; such shrines include those deemed to be Motoise, shrines enshrining TAKEUCHI no Sukune and Mitsuhide AKECHI as deity, etc.
- これらの権限を根拠として、守護は守護使を荘園・公領へ派遣し、段銭・兵糧・人夫などを徴発し始めた。
- Based on these authorities, Shugo sent Shugotsukai (messenger from Shugo) to shoen and koryo, starting to requisition tansen, army provisions and laborers.
- やがて、三事兼帯は名家 (公家)の嫡流であることを示す指標となり、形式的・象徴的なものとなった。
- In the end, Sanji kentai became the superficial and symbolic one as the index to prove that a family was the direct descendant of a distinguished family (court noble).
- 免田(めんでん)とは、日本の古代末期から中世にかけて、国が規定の課税を徴収するのを免除する田地。
- Menden were rice fields that were exempt from the tax determined by the government during the late ancient times to the middle ages of Japan.
- 当初朝鮮政府は日本人には徴税権・検断権も行使出来なかった為、彼等を統制下に置こうと圧力をかける。
- Since the Korean Government was at first unable to exercise on Japanese the right to collect taxes nor the right to judge criminal cases, it pressured them in an attempt to put them under its control.
- 医療崩壊を象徴する現象・行動として、2005年ころから2ちゃんねるの医者板で広まった用法である。
- Symbolizing the phenomenon and movement of medical care break down, the term spread on the physician's thread of 2 Channel (an online forum) from around 2005.
- 地下請(じげうけ)とは、中世日本の村落が、荘園・国衙領への年貢徴収を領主から請け負っていた制度。
- Jigeuke was a system in which village communities of medieval Japan undertook the task of feudal lords to collect nengu (land tax) to be paid to shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- また、税の一種である段銭や棟別銭の徴収なども行うなど、経済的権能をますます強めていったのである。
- They also collected tansen and munabetsusen, kinds of taxes, greatly increasing their economic power.
- 下を向いたたいまつは死を象徴し、一方、上を向いたたいまつは再生する炎の力を表し生の象徴であった。
- Downward-pointing torches symbolized death, while upward-pointing torches represented the regenerative power of flame and symbolized life.
- 勝頼期の発給文書は信玄期の方式を踏襲しているが、特徴として竜朱印状の比率が高いことが指摘される。
- The documents issued during the era of Katsuyori followed the system of the Shingen era, but it is pointed out that the ratio of license with a red seal with a dragon engraved was high.
- 前二項の規定による徴収金は、地方自治法第二百三十一条の三第三項に規定する法律で定める歳入とする。
- The amounts collected pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall be revenues specified by the act provided in Article 231-3 paragraph (iii) of the Local Autonomy Act.
- 第一項の介護給付費交付金は、第百五十条第一項の規定により支払基金が徴収する納付金をもって充てる。
- The payment that is collected by the Payment Fund pursuant to the provisions of Article 150, paragraph (1) shall be allocated to the Grant for Long-Term Care Benefit Expenses as set forth in paragraph (1).
- 盛氏の死から10年を経ずして3人もの当主が入れ替わったことは、蘆名氏の衰微を象徴するものであった。
- The decline of the Ashina clan was symbolized by a change in the leadership of the clan which occurred three times in less than ten years from the death of Moriuji.
- また領収書であるため、手持の貴金属による支払いに比べ、実際の経済力以上の物資の徴発が可能でもある。
- In addition, since military currency was a receipt, it was possible to get more commodities than the military force could actually buy with its precious metal.
- 租庸調、雑徭および各種の臨時の賦課も、それに対応した徴収方法を採用しなければならないことになった。
- Soyocho, zoyo, and various temporary impositions had to adopt corresponding collection methods.
- 将軍家の会所の多くの特徴として、庭の一角の、池に面している場所に泉殿に接していたことがあげられる。
- It was connected to a pond located at the corner of the garden and Izumidono (a small building built next to a spring) as a special feature of the house of the shogun.
- 紀伊山地は第四紀に隆起して形成された山地で、急斜面が多く起伏の大きい壮年期山地の特徴を示している。
- The Kii Mountains was formed by the upheaval in the Quaternary period and has characteristics of mature mountains with many steep slopes, uphills and downhills.
- 歌風は、本家である二条家および京極派(武家の京極氏とは別)に比べるならば、そう特徴的なものはない。
- The family's style of waka does not stand out next to that of the Nijo family, the main house, or the Kyogoku school (different from the Kyogoku family of bushi).
- あわせて郡衙、寺院の遺跡も見つかり、これらと照らし合わせて国府に共通する特徴が浮かび上がってきた。
- With the additional discovery of the ruins of gunga (county government offices) and temples, these elements made the common feature of Kokufu clear.
- その名のとおり福知山を特徴付ける地層であり、近畿地方の山間盆地埋積層を特徴づける学術上価値を持つ。
- As the name shows, it is a layer which personifies Fukuchiyama, and has academic value in characterizing the aggraded layer in the intermountain basin within the Kinki Region.
- 彼ら武士は、受領から委任された徴税権・検断権・勧農権などを根拠として、在地領主へと成長していった。
- Based on the tax collection right, the right to judge criminal cases, and the right to promote farming, all of which were entrusted by zuryo, these samurai grew into local lords.
- 名田において、名主は百姓らから年貢・公事・夫役を徴収し、国司や荘園領主へ納入する義務を負っていた。
- In the myoden system, myoshu were obligated to collect taxes (taxes in kind, public duties and labor services) from peasants for territorial governors or manorial lords.
- 検田権は国衙の側にあり、官物徴収のため国検田使の入部も多く、給主の権利は国衙に対して不安定だった。
- Kendenken (right to survey land) belonged to Kokuga and Kokukendenshi (inspector) would often enter the fields to collect Kanmotsu and the rights of the Kyunushi to the Kokuga were often unstable.
- 別符による「郷」は、「郡」の下の「郷」ではなく、独立した徴税単位として「郡」と並列するものである。
- The 'go' by beppu was not the 'go' of the 'district' and was at the same level with a 'district' as an independent tax collection unit.
- 第二十一条第三項の規定により市町村から委託を受けて行う第三者に対する損害賠償金の徴収又は収納の事務
- affairs of collection or payment of compensation for damages to a third party that is conducted based on the entrustment of a Municipality pursuant to the provisions of Article 21, paragraph (3);
- また、防人制も人民負担の軽減から健児制に取って代わられ、農民徴用も九州地方出身者のみに限定している。
- The system where soldiers were garrisoned at strategic posts in Kyushu was replaced with the 'kondei' system of military service for the purpose of lightening the burden on the people, and only peasants from northern Kyushu were conscripted.
- 王心斎も王龍溪と同じく「現成良知」を奉じていたが、思弁性よりも、社会に向けた実践活動に特徴を有する。
- Like Wang Longxi, Wang Xinzhai also believed in 'gensei ryochi' but he stressed practical activities aimed at the good of the community instead of speculation.
- 憲兵は一般行政事務として「日本語普及」や徴税も行い、農事改良をし、「所有者のいない」農地を接収した。
- The military police conducted 'Japanese language education' and tax collection as their general administrative works, and requisitioned 'ownerless' agricultural lands for agricultural improvement.
- 主な改革としては、学制、地租改正、徴兵令、グレゴリオ暦の採用、司法制度の整備、散髪脱刀令などがある。
- The members of the 'Rusu-seifu' mainly reformed the educational system, the land-tax system, the conscription ordinance, the calendar (they adopted the Gregorian Calendar), the administration of justice, and introduced rules allowing freedom of hairstyle and banning the carrying of swords.
- 石刃技法(せきじんぎほう)とは、後期旧石器時代に出現し、同時代を特徴づける縦長剥片の剥離技術のこと。
- The blade technique is a technique of removing vertically-long lithic flakes from stone, which emerged during the upper Paleolithic period and characterizes the period.
- この他の国衙職員としては、国博士・国医師・国師といった専門職員や雑徭によって徴発された徭丁らがいた。
- As for the other employees, Kokuga employed specialists such as Kunihakase (teacher of Japanese classical literature), Kuniishi (local governmental doctor) and Kokushi (the most reverend priest) and a Yotei (a mandatory laborer) who was requisitioned by the zoyo (irregular corvee).
- 「下剋上する成出者」と二条河原の落書に唄われ戦国時代 (日本)の社会的風潮を象徴する言葉ともされる。
- The term also appeared in the phrase 'Those who establish themselves by gekokujo (overthrowing their lords)' in the book 'Scrawlings from the Nijo gawara,' coming to be used as a symbol of the social tendencies of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in Japan.
- 兵粮料所(ひょうろうりょうしょ)とは、中世において兵粮米を徴収するために指定された特定の所領のこと。
- Hyoro-ryosho were areas of land set aside during the medieval period and devoted to producing rations and provisions (specifically, rice) for soldiers.
- 国府には正倉が付属するが、奈良時代には徴税実務上郡の重要性が大きく、地方の正倉は大部分郡家にあった。
- In spite of the custom that 'Shoso' (warehouse) was established in the site of Kokufu, most Shoso in the local area were established at 'Gunke' (municipal government office in a county) in the Nara period, because the county played an important role in collecting taxes.
- これを官物加徴(かんもつかちょう)と呼び、それによって徴収された米を加徴米(かちょうまい)と呼んだ。
- This was called Kanmotsu kacho and the rice collected by this system was called Kacho-mai.
- その特別な命令書(符)ということから、その地は「別符」と呼ばれ、また徴税単位として「郷」と呼ばれた。
- That property was called as 'beppu' by taking after the name of a special order (fu - tally) in addition to being called as 'go' (village) for the tax collection unit.
- 在地御家人の中から選ばれ、荘園・公領の軍事・警察・徴税・行政をみて、直接、土地や百姓などを管理した。
- Jitos (land stewards) were chosen from among immediate vassals of the shogunate who lived in local territories in order to manage land and peasants directly by supervising the military affairs, police forces, tax collection and administration of manors and imperial territories.
- 養老律令の軍防令は、正丁(せいてい、21~60歳の健康な男)三人につき一人を兵士として徴発するとした。
- Gunboryo (the Statute on Military Defense) under the Yoro ritsuryo code regulated that every 3rd Seitei (a man in good health between 21 and 60 years of age) was requisitioned as a soldier.
- その規模、容姿は太田牛一や宣教師の記述にあるように天下布武、信長の天下統一事業を象徴する城郭であった。
- According to the descriptions made by Gyuichi OTA and the missionary, the scale and appearances of the castle symbolized Nobunaga's task of unifying the whole country that was expressed in his policy 'Unify Japan by the military government.'
- 銅鏡は、銅鐸とともに弥生時代を特徴づける出土品とされ、分布により銅鏡・銅鐸文化圏などが論じられている。
- Bronze mirror is considered to be an unearthed article characteristic of Yayoi period along with bronze bell, and discussions on the mirror and bronze bell cultural region, and others according to the distribution have been under way.
- また、この日露戦争当時、一進会会員は、当時の伝統であった長髪、髷をやめ、自主独立運動の象徴としている。
- Also, during the Russo-Japanese War, the members of Isshinkai quit their long hair and beard which was a tradition of the times, as a symbol of the independent movement.
- 地租は収穫量を今日でいう課税標準とし、直接に耕作者である百姓からその生産物をもって徴収された(物納)。
- The base of taxation of land-tax was crop yields and the yields were collected from the farmers, direct cultivators (payment in kind).
- 徴兵令では、満20歳の男子から抽選で3年の兵役(常備軍)とすることを定め、常備軍終了後は後備軍とした。
- The Conscription Ordinance required all male at the age of 20 to be selected by lottery and to serve in the army for three years (standing army) and to serve in reserve after finishing the service at standing army.
- 以上のように近世に確立した参詣道であることから、小辺路は信仰の側面においても近世的な特徴を示している。
- Since it was established as a pilgrimage road in the Edo period, as for the aspect of beliefs, Kohechi had the characteristics of the early-modern period.
- 様式は平安時代に改め、新時代の象徴として式典に於いて地球儀を用い皇威を世界に知らしめる事を目的とした。
- The style was changed to the style of the Heian period, and at the ceremony, a terrestrial globe was used as a symbol of the new era in order to show majesty of the Emperor to the world.
- 国体明徴声明に対しては軍部に不信感を持ち「安心が出來ぬと云ふ事になる」と言っていた(『本庄繁日記』)。
- For the government announcement, he distrusted the military and said 'peace of mind through faith or ascetic practice wouldn't be obtained' ('HONJO Shigeru Nikki' (Shigeru HONJO's Diary).
- 地方において国司が徴発・編成し、治水灌漑工事をはじめとする各種インフラ整備や国衙等の修築などをさせた。
- The kokushi (provincial governors) in local areas impressed and organized people so as to compel them to develop an infrastructure (such as flood control work and irrigation construction) and to renovate buildings such as the kokuga (provincial government offices).
- 財源は租庸調として令制国から徴収された米・塩・布・綿などであり、民部省より支給されることとなっていた。
- The income was rice, salt, cloth and cotton collected from Ritsuryo provinces as Soyocho (a tax system, corvee) and was supplied from the Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs).
- 検地は他の戦国大名も行っていたが、秀吉の太閤検地の特徴は、1つの土地に1人の耕作者のみ認めた点にある。
- The other Sengoku-daimyos also conducted land surveys, but the characteristics of Taiko-kenchi by Hideyoshi was to admit only one cultivator in each land.
- 註:飛騨は調・庸を免除され替わりに匠丁(しょうてい、たくみのよほろ)を里ごと10人1年交替で徴発した。
- Note: Hida Province was exempted from paying Cho and Yo, instead 10 members of Shotei (woodworkers, also called Takumi-no-yohoro) were commandeered for one year of duty from each village every year.
- 狛犬は中国や大韓民国にも同様の物があるが、阿吽(あ・うん)の形があるのは日本で多く見られる特徴である。
- Although similar statues are found in China and Korea, those that come in a pair of A-un (Agyo and Ungyo) are typically seen in Japan.
- その代表的なものが山や峰峰(連峰)であり、特に特徴的な大きな山に神が宿るとされ、これを山岳信仰という。
- What typically represents such idea is mountains, and the idea that deities dwell in particularly big unique mountains is known as mountain worship.
- ここから「むすひ」の、死んでもなお多くの命を生み出すという、生命の連続性の象徴という意味が見えてくる。
- From this point, it becomes clear that Musuhi can also be defined as a symbol of the continuity of life in that a host of lives are produced even after death.
- 2代義詮時代には、検非違使庁の職務が侍所へ移り、京都の治安維持を行う市中警察権や徴税権を掌握している。
- In the era of the second shogun Yoshiakira, the job of Kebiishicho (the office dealing with police and judicial matters) was transferred to Samuraidokoro, and Samuraidokoro became to gain police power for maintaining security of Kyoto as well as the power to levy taxes
- 明治政府が打ち出した徴兵令や秩禄処分などの新政策によって窮乏しつつある士族を見て、以下のように言った。
- Seeing the warrior class becoming poor due to new policies made by the Meiji Government, such as Conscription Ordinance and Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend), he said as follows:
- 第二条中労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第二十一条の次に一条を加える改正規定 昭和六十三年四月一日
- The revised provision adding an Article following Article 21 of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance in Article 2: April 1, 1988
- また島津氏の薩摩藩では、およそ田畑にすることは困難であると考えられる土地まで検知帳に載せて徴税を行った。
- In the Satsuma Domain of the Shimazu clan, tax was collected based on the land survey list that even included the land not suitable for rice fields and vegetable fields.
- 第一条で、「府県会は地方税を以て支弁すべき経費の予算及びその徴収方法を議定する」と府県会の目的を定めた。
- Article 1 specified that the purpose of Fuken-kai was 'to set the expense budget needed, based on local taxes, as well as the method for its collection.'
- 井田メソッドとは、無署名文において使用される語彙や言い回しの特徴を分析して起稿者の認定を行う方法である。
- The Ida Method is a way to identify the author by analyzing the pattern of word choices and the usages in anonymous written works.
- 地租増徴を目指して衆議院を解散したものの、政局運営に自信を失った前総理松方正義に代わって伊藤が組閣した。
- ITO organized the Cabinet in place of Masayoshi MATSUKATA, the previous prime minister, who dissolved the House of Representatives aiming for increase in land taxes, but lost confidence in management of such political situation.
- 大きな特徴は、平安時代までの鎮護国家から離れた大衆の救済への志向であり、国家から自立した活動が行われた。
- One major characteristic of such reforms was the shift away from the mission to protect the state spiritually, which was Buddhism's main goal up through the Heian period, and towards the salvation of the general public, and the Buddhist clergy began taking the first steps towards a burgeoning independence from the state.
- 国衙領については国府が大田文と呼ばれる台帳を作成し、農地の面積や収量を把握し、徴税の基礎資料としていた。
- The provincial governments created registers called 'Ota bumi' (cadastral surveys) for all the kokugaryo, thereby getting a sense of the total agricultural land area and total yield, and so these Ota bumi became the basis of the system of taxation.
- ここに上級貴族や大寺社が派遣した荘官が、行政や徴税を国家から依託される、統治領域としての荘園が成立した。
- Thus, shoen as a governing domain was established, where a shokan (an officer governing shoen dispatched by the senior aristocracy and main temples and shrines) was delegated authority for local administration and tax collection for the nation.
- 沖田林太郎(おきたりんたろう 文政10年(1827年)- 明治16年(1883年))は幕末の新徴組隊士。
- Rintaro OKITA (1827 to 1883) was a member of Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate) at the end of the Edo period.
- 江戸時代には『甲陽軍鑑』が流行し、赤法衣と諏訪法性の兜に象徴される法師武者姿としてのイメージが確立した。
- During the Edo period, 'Koyo Gunkan' became popular, and the image of Shingen, as Hoshi-musha (armed priests) with a red clerical garment and the helmet of Suwahossho, was established.
- 雪舟と同じく周文に師事した墨谿筆の達磨図で、衣服にみる力強く野太い筆線描写は墨谿画の特徴のひとつである。
- An image of Bodhidharma painted by Bokkei who, like Sesshu, also studied under Shubun which features one of his main characteristics of using powerful, bold lines used to depict clothing.
- 室町時代の方丈建築様式の特徴をみせる入母屋造・檜皮葺の建物で、床の間は日本で最初のものであるといわれる。
- A hip-and-gable cypress bark covered roof building in the hojo (Abbot's quarters) architectural style of the Muromachi period in which the alcoves are said to be the earliest in Japan.
- 第二条中労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第二十二条の改正規定及び附則第十七条の規定 平成六年八月一日
- The revised provision of Article 22 of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance in Article 2, and the provision of Article 17 of the Supplementary Provisions: August 1, 1994
- 五行思想の特徴は、「相生」と「相剋」という、それぞれの要素同士がお互いに影響を与え合うという考え方である。
- A distinctive feature of Gogyo shiso is the idea that the five elements influence each other.
- 鎌倉時代には白拍子・宿々の遊君といった遊女が現れたが、鎌倉幕府・室町幕府も遊女を取り締まり、税を徴収した。
- During the Kamakura period, yujo such as shirabyoshi and shukushuku no yukun appeared, but both Kamakura and Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) exercised strict control over yujo and collected taxes.
- 両脇侍像が跪座している点が特徴であり、勢至菩薩像内の銘文から久安4年(1148年)作であることが判明した。
- It features statues of wakiji (attendants statues) kneeling on both sides, and was identified as a creation of 1148 according to the inscription inside the statue of Seishi Bosatsu.
- 一般の教育が式部省被官の大学寮で行われたのに対して、医道は宮内省被官の典薬寮で行われたところに特徴がある。
- Under the Yamato Court, the general youth education was implemented at 'Daigakuryo' (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) under the direct control of 'Shikibusho' (the Ministry of Ceremonial), while the I-do education was distinctively implemented at 'Tenyakuryo' (the Bureau of Medicine) under the direct control of Imperial Household Ministry.
- 日本の軍事史(にほんのぐんじし)は、国内安定から長い封建的な戦いと帝国主義による海外遠征に特徴づけられる。
- Japanese military history is characterized by the long feudal battles inside the nation and the overseas expedition during the age of imperialism.
- 儒家的隠逸とは儒教的な倫理を基盤とし、隠逸そのものは目的を達成するための手段としているところに特徴がある。
- The recluse of Confucianists are characterized by being based on the ethic of Confucianism and using recluses as means to realize their goals.
- これは、その時期までに、倭国内で「中国世界とは異なる独自の天下」概念が発生していた徴証だと考えられている。
- The above is thought as the evidence that the notion of 'own Tenka which is different from that of China' had already been born by that time.
- 西洋式兵制(三兵戦術)の導入、兵賦令(旗本から石高に応じて農兵もしくは金を徴収する)の発布などが行われた。
- The military reform included the introduction of western military system (tactics of the three combat arms) and the issuance of Heifu rei (ordinance to draft farm soldiers or collect money from Hatamoto [direct retainers of the bakufu] depending on their kokudaka [a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period]).
- 伊藤博文の立憲政友会は軍備増強の必要性は認めたものの、桂の進める地租増徴ではなく行財政改革の徹底を求めた。
- Although Rikken Seiyukai led by Hirobumi ITO admitted the necessity of Japan's military expansion, they required a thorough administrative and financial reform, not increased land taxes, which Katsura was going to promote.
- 官人らは、支給された職分田の耕作権を、希望する均田農民へ与えて、収穫の一部を私的な租税として徴収していた。
- Government officials (especially of low to medium ranks) devolved the right to cultivate shikibunden to peasants who only had equally allocated fields, and instead collected part of the harvest as a private land tax.
- 守護大名に対する武家役は守護出銭と呼ばれ、普通は国内に一国平均役として段銭や棟別銭などの形式で徴収された。
- The bukeyaku imposed on Shugo daimyo was called Shugo-desen, which was usually imposed on each territory in the form of Ikkoku heikinyaku, such as tansen and munabetsu-sen.
- 商人に対しては特権や保護の代償に営業税などを取り、各港からの津料、関所のからの関銭(通行税)も徴収された。
- Operating taxes, etc., were collected from merchants in exchange for the special privileges and protection provided to them, and Tsuryou (津料) was charged from various ports and Sekisen (tolls) from barriers.
- 彫りが浅く平行して流れる衣文、丸い顔に細い目の穏やかで瞑想的な表情が特徴で、こうした仏像を定朝様式と呼ぶ。
- The characteristics of his technique include: shallow and parallel pleats and folding, and a mild and meditative expression with a round face and half-opened eyes, and this style of statue is called Jocho style.
- 俘囚は、一般の公民百姓らとは大きく異なる生活様式を有しており、狩猟および武芸訓練が俘囚生活の特徴であった。
- The Fushu had a lifestyle that was very different from that of the public peasants in general, and their lives were mainly centered on hunting and training in the art of warfare.
- 一戦場において単独で作戦を遂行する事が可能という意味において後述の特徴も併せて戦略単位といえる部隊である。
- This squad was a tactical battle unit in terms of its ability to execute plans independently on a battleground, as well as in terms of other characteristics mentioned later.
- すなわちこれは気の循環を知り、日月の運行によって占うと言う陰陽師の秘伝書であることを象徴しているのである。
- These symbols indicate that this book contains the secrets of the Onmyoji (practitioners of Onmyodo, the Way of Yin and Yang), who are said to have understood the circulation of ki (energy) and been able to divine the future by observing the movements of the sun and the moon.
- 古代においては、祭祀を主導した豪族がその費用や供物とするために支配民から徴収したものが初穂であったという。
- It is said that in ancient times, a local ruling family who spearheaded Saishi (religious service) collected hatsuho from subjects in order to cover the expenses or to use it as altarage.
- 種別としては準急よりも下位であるが、当時準急停車駅であった守口(現・守口市)を通過していた点が特徴である。
- It was lower than the sub-express in type, but it even went nonstop at Moriguchi Station (currently Moriguchishi Station), which was a sub-express stop at that time.
- 観光事業振興の動きの中で信玄は県や甲府市によって歴史的観光資源となる郷土の象徴的人物として位置付けられた。
- Shingen was positioned as a symbol of the local region by Yamanashi Prefecture or Kofu City, becoming a resource for historic tourist business, in the process of promoting tourist business.
- このような他の地域にはない特徴もあり、福岡 - 名古屋間では新幹線と航空会社との競争が非常に激化している。
- Due to this nature not seen in other areas, competition between the Shinkansen line and airline companies has become intensified for the transportation between Fukuoka and Nagoya.
- 合わせて2部作成し、1部は荘官が在地での荘務のために用い、もう1部は荘園領主が年貢・公事の徴収の際に用いた。
- Two copies of kenchucho were made: One copy for the use of the shokan for conducting managerial duties in the local manor, and the other for the manor owner for determining the amount of nengu (land tax) and kuji (public duties).
- 本来こうした荘園の取り分である雑役が国衙が官物とともに一括徴収していたが、負所では荘園領主に直接納入された。
- Zatsueki gained from such Shoen was originally collected by Kokuga together with Kanmotsu, but in the case of Ossho, it was directly delivered to the lords of Shoen.
- この際、清の冊封の象徴であった「迎恩門」や「恥辱碑」といわれる大清皇帝功徳碑を倒し「独立門」を記念に建てた。
- At this time 'Yeongeunmun' and the Samjeondo Monument that is dubbed as 'disgrace gate' were destroyed and 'Independence Gate' was errected to celebrate its independence.
- 明治5年(1872年)には徴兵制度を採用し、国民皆兵主義となったため、士族による軍事的職業の独占は破られた。
- Since the government introduced a conscription system in 1872 and Japan became a nation with universal conscription, the military forces were no longer monopolized by the warrior class.
- 後三年の役が平定された後は、奥州藤原氏が奥羽一帯の実質的な支配者となり、陸奥国司は徴税官的側面が強くなった。
- After the Gosannen War was suppressed, the Oshu-Fujiwara clan became the effective ruler of Ou region and the position of kokushi of Mutsu Province became more like a revenue agent.
- やはり現代歴史用語ではあるが、藩に対して幕府の直轄領のことを「天領」と呼び、代官や郡代が年貢の徴収を行った。
- In addition, direct control territories of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) are called 'Tenryo' in modern historical terms in comparison to Han, and Daikan (local governor) or Gundai (intendant of a region or administrator of a town) collected land taxes there.
- 鎌倉文化の特徴としては、武士や庶民の新しい文化が以前の貴族文化と拮抗し、文化の二元性がでてきたところにある。
- One of the most striking features of Kamakura period culture is the rise of a new warrior and commoner culture in opposition to the existing aristocratic culture; the period saw the emergence of dual cultures.
- やがて政府が動かざるをえなくなり(国体明徴声明)、従来主流であった立憲学派および天皇機関説の命脈は絶たれた。
- Soon after, the government had no other way but to take actions (government announcement), and the thread of life of the constitutional school and the Emperor Organ Theory, which had been a main stream, was broken.
- 奈良時代から平安時代前半の国府では、方形区画と正殿・脇殿などで構成される政庁が他の施設にはない特徴であった。
- Kokufu established from the Nara period to the early Heian period has a unique feature in its Seicho which consists of a square lot, Seiden, Wakiden and others.
- ただ、雨季が訪れる土地は世界中に多くあるが、梅雨はそれほど雨足の強くない雨が長期に亘って続く点に特徴がある。
- There are many countries in the world which have rainy season, but baiu is characterized by the fact that not so heavy rain lasts for a long period of time.
- このため国家による租税徴収体制は、律令制的な人的支配の枠組みから中世的な土地支配の枠組みへと移行していった。
- Therefore, the land tax collection system by the ancient government moved from the framework based on the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system into the one on medieval land ruling.
- 耕作者は奴婢と土地の無い良民であったが、彼らは5割にものぼる小作料の他、運送・飲食代など諸経費も徴収された。
- The cultivators were the farmers, who did not have slaves and lands, but up to fifty percent of the farm rent and miscellaneous expenses such as shipping costs or dining and wining costs were also levied on them.
- 新徴組(しんちょうぐみ)は、江戸時代後期の文久2年(1862年)に結成された、江戸幕府による警備組織である。
- The Shinchogumi was a security force established by the Edo bakufu (a Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1862, during the late Edo period.
- これに伴って、名主・荘官にも加徴的な得分が認められるようになり、これが加地子と呼ばれるようになったのである。
- Under such arrangement, myoshu/shokan were also entitled to their own share, which was imposed on top of nengu/jishi, and this was called Kajishi.
- 保険料その他この法律の規定による徴収金の督促は、民法第百五十三条の規定にかかわらず、時効中断の効力を生ずる。
- A demand for an insurance premium and other levies pursuant to the provisions of this Act shall, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 153 of Civil Code, have the effect of interruption of a prescription.
- 西南戦争後の軍の近代化路線では、徴兵を基盤とした常備軍を置き、装備統帥の近代化を追求する路線に変更はなかった。
- Therefore, in the policies of modernizing forces after the Seinan War, the government army kept its policies of deploying regular troops based on conscription, and of modernizing equipment and the supreme command.
- 俳画に長ける蕪村の妖怪画は、妖怪として真に迫ったものというよりはむしろ、漫画に近いユニークな画風が特徴である。
- Phantom images depicted by Buson, who was an excellent Haiga (simple paintings which accompany and interact with the 17-syllable poetic verse called haiku) artist, were characterized by their unique, cartoon-like painting style, rather than realistic depiction of grotesque specters.
- 中村正直の「人民の性質を改造する説」(第30号)、西周の「国民気風論」(第32号)などにその特徴が濃厚である。
- This character was apparently shown in 'An idea to change people's character' (No.30) written by Masanao NAKAMURA and 'A theory on people's sprit' (No.32) by Amane NISHI.
- 北京議定書は列強諸国によって清朝の国権や財政力をもぎとる、まさに当時の中国に対する侵略を象徴する内容であった。
- The Peking Protocol was really a symbol of the invasion of China by the Powers by depriving the state rights and financial power of the Qing Dynasty at that time.
- しかし、公家社会そのものの変化に伴い、構造上あるいは実際的な運用上、律令国家とは大きく異なる特徴が見出される。
- However, due to changes of the court noble society itself, significantly different features from the system of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes can be seen in its structure and in practical operation.
- 軽微な犯罪を「過怠」と称して実刑の代わりに金銭などを徴収して神社や寺院、道路、橋梁などの修繕費用の一部とした。
- A minor crime was called 'katai (negligence),' which was utilized for the toward the cost of repairing shrines, temples, road and bridges by collecting money instead of imposing a prison sentence.
- そのため、国衙機構が戸籍に基づく人別支配をし、なおかつ中央政権の維持に必要な税の徴収を行うことは困難となった。
- Therefore, the system of kokuga executed dominance by person based on the census and it became difficult to collect tax to maintain the central government.
- 形状の最も大きな特徴としては直垂と大紋は袴の腰紐が白布であるのに対し、素襖のそれは共裂であることが挙げられる。
- The largest difference is that hitatare and daimon used a white waist cord while the suo's cord was made with the same cloth.
- 徴兵制度の戸主は兵役義務から免除される規定を受けるため、20歳のときに分籍して戸主となり「平民」に編入された。
- Because the head of a family was exempt from conscription, he was segregated from the family register, became the head of a family and was admitted as a commoner.
- 遷霊祭は「御魂移しの儀」を執り行い、夜を象徴して部屋を暗くし、神職により遺体から霊璽(れいじ)へ魂が移される。
- In Senreisai, 'mitama utsushi no gi' (a rite for transferring spirit) is performed, whereby a Shinto priest transfers the spirit of the deceased from the body to reiji while the room is darkened so that it represents a night.
- 「我古道の学問に考徴すべきこと少なからず、然れど此は容易く神の道を知らざる凡学の徒に示すべきものには非らず。」
- I have studied knowledge of Kodo for a long time, however this is not something to be shown to those who does not know god's way and only hold mediocre knowledge'
- 大部分を占めた500石以下は徴租権(年貢の納入)以外の知行権は幕府の代官または郡代に委任される事になっていた。
- For the hatamoto with 500 koku or less, who constituted most of hatamoto, the right to manage their fief except collecting tax, were entrusted to governmental officers of the bakuku, called Daikan or Gundai.
- 中でも臨時徴募巡査で編成された新撰旅団は士族が中心の旅団で、その名称から新撰組が再編成されたと誤認されたりした。
- Among others, the Shinsen-ryodan brigade, which was organized by extraordinarily recruited police officers and mainly consisted of the warrior class, was mistook for a reorganized Shinsengumi due to its name.
- しかも後者が山縣の抑制に期待をかけた西郷隆盛は、却って山縣を評価して弟の西郷従道とともに徴兵令の実施を支援した。
- In addition, KIRINO relied on Takamori SAIGO to play a major role in restraining YAMAGATA, but on the contrary SAIGO appreciated YAMAGATA and, together with his younger brother Tsugumichi SAIGO, supported him to enact Conscription Ordinance.
- 大名家における家臣への軍役が貫高基準(貫高制)から近世に入って石高基準(石高制)へと移っていくのも特徴的である。
- The basis for the military service imposed on the vessels in the terrritorial lords's families was changed from the money taxation system to the food taxation system in the Early-Modern period, which is another characteristic of gunyaku system.
- 細石器(さいせっき、マイクロリス、microlith)とは、打製石器の一種で、小型かつ刃の特徴を持つ石器である。
- Saisekki (microlith) is a kind of chipped stone tools, which is small and is characterized by a cutting edge.
- その一方で、同時に旧幕府時代の高札の廃棄も命じているところから、新政府の権威とその支配圏を象徴するものであった。
- On the other hand, the notice boards from the Old Shogunate era were ordered to be disposed of at the same time, which symbolized the power and sphere of control of a new government.
- 律令制の最盛期とちがって、租税を強力な力なしには徴収できない階級関係の変化が、検非違使の機能の変化にも反映した。
- Unlike during the prime of the ritsuryo system, changes in class relationships made it impossible to collect taxes without enforcing power, and this was reflected in the changes in the function of kebiishi.
- 仏像は前代に流行した金銅仏、乾漆造、塑造などが影をひそめて木造が主流となり、一木造で、着衣が波打つ翻波式が特徴。
- Regarding Buddha statues, Buddha statues made of copper coated with gold, Kanshitsuzo (a method of making a Buddha statue, which is made of canvas and Japanese lacquer, and inside of the statue is cavity) and molded statues became less popular and the majority became wooden statues, with characteristic Ichibokuzukuri (a method of making a Buddha statue from one piece of wood) and Honba-shiki (rippling style), where the clothing has undulating waves.
- 眺望、景観を守ることを目的としたものとして、かなり厳しい規制を建築物の新築・増改築に課すことに大きな特徴がある。
- The ordinances have distinct features in terms of considerably strict regulations on the construction of new buildings and the extension and reconstruction of old buildings in order to protect surrounding scenery and vistaed views.
- 常に国民の幸福を願いつつ、日本国憲法を遵守し、日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴としてのつとめを果たすことを誓います。
- I swear to accomplish the duties as a symbol of Japan and the unity of the Japanese people as I always wish people's happiness and follow the Constitution of Japan.
- 1180年に発足した初期鎌倉幕府は、御家人の中から荘園・公領の徴税事務や管理・警察権を司る地頭を任命していった。
- The early Kamakura bakufu, established in 1180, appointed the jito who was responsible for the office work of tax collection and the control and police power in shoen and koryo from gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
- これによって朝廷は租庸調に代わる安定した財源を確保する一方で、国司による恣意的な徴税に制約を加えることになった。
- This made it possible for the court to obtain a stable income instead of Soyocho and also prevent arbitrary taxation by Kokushi.
- 租(そ)は、税(ぜい)と並んで、国家維持に必要な財政を調達するために、政府が徴収する財物・サービスのことである。
- So as well as Zei are the goods and services that the government collect to ensure public finance for the nation.
- しかし、武田二十四将には家臣が23名しか入らず、信玄自身が二十四将の一人に数えられていることが最大の特徴である。
- However, there are only 23 vassals in the Twenty-Four Generals, with Shingen added to the last one to make them the Twenty-Four Generals, which is the most distinctive feature.
- 天正14年(1586年)に豊臣秀吉の援助により建立された本瓦葺・入母屋造の建物で、禅宗特有の特徴がよくみられる。
- A traditional tiled hip-and-gable roof building constructed in 1586 with the support of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI that clearly exhibits the characteristic Zen style.
- 外国の使臣入京や天皇行幸の列などの威儀を張るため、または警衛のために諸国より徴発された騎兵を率いる指揮官のこと。
- Kihei Taishogun was a commander to head cavalrymen who were conscripted throughout Japan, and led the cavalry to escort and dignify the entrance of foreign envoy or Imperial visit.
- 各郡にあった正倉の管理も国司が行うようになり、徴税権のみならず、郡司の主要な収入源であった出挙の権限も奪われる。
- Kokushi became in charge of Shoso (warehouse) in each Gun, and deprived Gunji of the right to collect taxes as well as the authority over the suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through 12th centuries) which had been the Gunji's major source of income.
- これは、一律に耕作地を支給し一律の基準で徴税を行うというもので、これにより律令制の基礎形成が完了したとされている。
- These systems were for allocating cultivated land to the people and collecting taxes from them on a uniform basis, and with this, the basics of the Ritsuryo system are considered to have been complete.
- 総督の組織は中央集権式に特徴があり、台湾総督により行政、立法、司法、軍事が総覧され専制的な統治権が施行されていた。
- The Sotoku-fu, characterized by the highly centralized system with the Governor-General wielding supreme executive, legislative, judicial and military power, governed Taiwan dictatorially.
- その職務は、徴税・賦役・生産力向上などの経済、刑罰・賞与などの司法、軍事、教育、戸籍調査など多岐に渡るものだった。
- Chihanji had a range of responsibilities from taking care of economy such as taxation, compulsory labor and productivity improvement, administration of justice such as punishment and reward, to military affairs, education, and the family register survey.
- 『明六雑誌』のこれまで述べてきたような特徴は、彼らの論説に混じって掲載された翻訳の中にその源泉を見ることができる。
- The origin of above characteristics of 'Meiroku Zasshi' can be seen in the translations published along with their articles.
- 検非違使をも動員して徴税を強行する造酒正と酒屋の座を支配下に置く延暦寺などの有力寺院との対立が生じることになった。
- However, conflict occurred between miki no kami, who enforced tax collection by pressing 'kebiishi' (a police and judicial chief) into service, and influential temples, including Enryaku-ji Temple, which had 'za' (a trade guild) of Sakaya under their control.
- 院政期には荘園の一円領域的な集積と国衙領(公領)の徴税単位化が進み、荘園公領制と呼ばれる体制へ移行することとなる。
- During the period of the Cloister Government, many shoen (manors in medieval Japan) were collected together and Kokugaryo formed into a tax unit, which led to the new system dubbed shoen koryo sei (the System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
- 京都と大阪でそれぞれ一番の繁華街である四条河原町界隈と梅田界隈を最安値かつ乗り換えなしで移動できるのが特徴である。
- This line features the lowest fare and the direct transition between the Shijo-Kawaramachi area and the Umeda area, both of which are very busy quarters.
- 市町村は、条例で定めるところにより、特別の理由がある者に対し、保険料を減免し、又はその徴収を猶予することができる。
- A Municipality, pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, may reduce an insurance premium or suspend said collection for a person in special circumstances.
- 勘定所は、幕府財政の収支、天領での年貢徴収、長崎貿易、郡代・代官の勤怠、貨幣改鋳など財政に関する事務一切を扱った。
- The Kanjo-sho office dealt with all finance-related matters, including the balance of the bakufu's finance, the collection of tax in Tenryo (the areas controlled directly by the bakufu), trade at Nagasaki, the attendance of the Gundai officers and of the Daikan officers, and reminting coins.
- またこの頃、北海道の人口は徴兵制で兵士を集めることが可能な水準に達しつつあり、第7師団 (日本軍)創設につながった。
- And also about that time the population of Hokkaido was reaching a level at which it was possible to recruit soldiers under the conscription system, which led to the foundation of the Dainana Shidan (Seventh Division).
- 新興勢力である武士や庶民の生活にも目が向けられるようになり、そこに文化的関心が寄せられたのもこの時代の特徴であった。
- Meanwhile, one characteristic in this period is that interests from the cultural aspect were drawn to the lives of samurai or common people as attention was paid to them.
- さらに、天皇や将軍といった権威と権力の源泉についてのあらたな意味づけを模索していることも、大きな特徴のひとつである。
- In addition, there was a significant trend to seek a new interpretation of the source of authority or power, such as the Emperor and Shogun.
- 日本列島の各地に形成されたこのような地域国家的な公儀を天下の公儀として形成しようとしたのが安土桃山時代の特徴である。
- The characteristics of the Azuchi-Momoyama period was that many sengoku daimyo tried to integrate such kogi, which had been founded at many places throughout Japan as if they were local states, into the kogi of Tenka.
- だが、平安時代に入ると、荘園の拡大によって租税の徴収が困難になった国司がそうした土地を荒田として届け出る例があった。
- However, with the enlargement of Shoen (private estates) in the Heian period, it became harder for the Kokushi (officers of local government) to collect taxes and there were cases where kokushi would report such property as koden.
- 室町時代に入ると、守護に直接、荘園からの年貢徴収を認める半済が行われるようになり、領家の権益はさらに奪われていった。
- At the beginning of the Muromachi period, the introduction of the hanzei system (the system where the Muromachi bakufu allowed military governors or Shugo to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military funds) further encroached on ryoke's vested interests.
- キャンパス内には明治から昭和初期にかけての建物も多く残されており、各時代の建築の特徴を伝える貴重な資料となっている。
- In the campus, there still remain a lot of buildings established in the period from Meiji to early Showa, which are precious heritages that teach us the character of architecture in each period.
- 古代において、鏡、玉、剣の三種の組み合わせは天皇家だけに特有のものではなく、一般に支配者の象徴であったと考えられた。
- A combination of the three items--a mirror, a sword, and a jewel--was not unique only to the Imperial family but regarded as symbols common to all rulers.
- 甲種本の特徴としては、文永の役におけるモンゴル・高麗連合軍である蒙古軍の対馬・壱岐侵攻に関するほぼ唯一の史料である。
- The first category books are almost the only extant historical documents about the invasions of the Mongol army, namely the coalition force of Mongolia and Goguryeo, into Tsushima and Iki Provinces during the Bunei War.
- 労働保険料その他この法律の規定による徴収金を納付しない者があるときは、政府は、期限を指定して督促しなければならない。
- In the event that any person fails to pay the labor insurance premiums or any other money collected pursuant to the provisions of this Act, the government shall demand the payment by designating the payment due date.
- 第二条中労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第二十条第一項の改正規定及び附則第七条第二項の規定 昭和五十六年四月一日
- The revised provision of Article 20, paragraph (1) of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance in Article 2, and the provision of Article 7, paragraph (2) of the Supplementary Provisions: April 1, 1981
- 議題には、決算報告の受領(第6条)、予算、地方税徴収(第1条)の他に、地方税によって行なう事柄が定められた(第5条)。
- The agenda specified receipt of financial results (Article 6), budget, local taxes collection (Article 1) as well as issues to be handled with the local taxes (Article 5).
- 守護・地頭には、兵糧米の徴収権、在庁官人の支配権などが与えられ、これは頼朝政権が全国的に在地支配を拡げる契機となった。
- Shugo and Jito were given the power of collection for provisions of rice for the army and the control of Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) and so on, which was the opportunity for Yoritomo administration to expand control over local lands across Japan.
- 検注目録(けんちゅうもくろく)は、検注帳の明細にあたる文書で荘園領主の元で保管されて土地支配や徴税の際の参考にされた。
- Kenchu mokuroku was an accounting document in the kenchucho which was kept by the manor owners for the purpose of governing their lands and imposing taxes.
- なお、荘園の四至牓示や公領・荘園を問わず一国平均役などを徴収する場合などは国司による検注も行われ、検注状が作成された。
- In addition, when ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on manors and provincial land in a province) were imposed regardless of shiishiboji (notices on every corner of the territory in order to clarify the boundaries) of manors or whether the land is public (koryo) or private manors, kenchu by kokushi (an officer of local government) was carried out, and kenchujo (the report of the kenchu) was issued.
- その元で駐屯する兵士は、徴兵制たる府兵制によって集められたものではなく、募兵制である長征健児制によってのものであった。
- Soldiers who were stationed under them were not gathered through fuheisei, which was conscription, but through chosei kondeisei (selection of healthy, talented men for military service over an extended distance), which was a voluntary enlistment instead.
- 荘務(しょうむ)とは、荘園内部の勧農・検断・徴税など、在地における実際の支配・管理を行うこと、またはその権限を持つ者。
- Shomu refers to the actual practice of control and administration over kanno (encouragement of agriculture), trials, and the collection of taxes within shoen (the manor); it also refers to the individuals who were authorized to practice shomu.
- この革命の象徴となり、アジア初の本格的立憲君主となった明治天皇について、諸外国では日本以上に高く評価されることもある。
- Emperor Meiji, who became the symbol of this revolution and the constitutional monarch for the first time in Asia, is sometimes more valued in foreign countries than in Japan.
- 巡査は駆けつけた署員に犯人の特徴を詳細に述べた後、直ちに進駐軍用救急車で病院に運ばれたが、同日午前3時5分に死亡した。
- After giving descriptions of the suspects to a police officer who ran to the scene, he was immediately taken to a hospital in an ambulance for the occupation forces but died at 3:05 that morning.
- 神祇信仰の初穂儀礼に由来すると見られている租庸調の徴収や神祇信仰を通じた国家への求心力の低下が懸念されることとなった。
- There was a concern that it might affect collection of the Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), which was thought be derived from first-crop-offering ritual of Jingi belief, and the centripetal force of the country through Jingi belief.
- 大坂・江戸などの中央市場での米価の低下が深刻化し、新田開発による耕地の増大や年貢増徴による収入の増加も頭打ちとなった。
- The price of rice became alarmingly low on such central markets as Osaka and Edo, and the increase in the income due to the increase of agricultural land made by the development of new fields and the increase of land tax also reached the limit.
- 連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は占領政策上、天皇制が有用と考え、日本国憲法に象徴としての天皇制(象徴天皇制)を存続させた。
- The General Headquarters of the Allied Powers thought the Tennosei would be useful for their occupation policy, they let the Tennosei survive in the Constitution of Japan with the Emperor as the titular head (Emperor system with the emperor as a symbol of the unity of the people).
- 説文解字には「田賦なり」とあり、元々は田からの徴税である田租(でんそ)をさし、祭祀の費用としての徴収を名目としていた。
- According to Setsumon-kaiji (Shuowen Jiezi) (Explaining Simple and Analyzing Compound Characters), So is defined as 'Tax levied on rice crops,' which was originally Denso, and was collected nominally for ritual expenses.
- ヤマタノオロチ退治の英雄譚は優秀な産鉄民を平定した象徴と見る説も根強く、天叢雲剣の取得はその象徴であるとの解釈も多い。
- There was a theory that the Eiyutan (a story told to describe a hero's success) of Yamatanoorochi's extermination was a symbol to subjugate the clever Santetsumin (people who had technology for iron-making), and many people believed that attaining the Ama no Murakumo no Tsurugi Sword was symbolic of that.
- これらのことから、むすひの神には衰えようとする魂を奮い立たせる働き(すなわち生命力の象徴)があるとされたことがわかる。
- From these episodes, we can understand that gods whose names contains the word 'Musuhi' were endowed with power to reinvigorate diminishing souls (in other words, a symbol of life force).
- この塔の特徴は初層内部に心柱がないことで、四天柱(仏壇周囲の4本の柱)に支えられた初層天井の上に心柱が立てられている。
- This pagoda is unique as its ground storey does not have a center pillar but instead the center pillar extends from the ceiling supported by the four pillars around the altar.
- 前項の規定による徴収の請求を受けたときは、厚生労働大臣又は都道府県知事は、国税滞納処分の例により処分することができる。
- The Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare or the prefectural governor, when receiving a demand for collection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, may dispose of the demand as governed by the disposition of a matter with regard to a failure to pay a national tax.
- 都道府県は、財政安定化基金に充てるため、政令で定めるところにより、市町村から財政安定化基金拠出金を徴収するものとする。
- A prefecture shall collect a Fiscal Stability Fund contribution from a Municipality in order to allocate said contribution to said Fiscal Stability Fund, pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Order.
- 生産力以上の農地に検知帳上は登録されることもあり、それを基礎に年貢高を計算したため、実態は過酷な徴税となることもあった。
- Sometimes uchi-daka registered in the land survey list was higher than the actual productivity of the land, and nengu was calculated based on that uchi-daka, which resulted in harsh tax collection.
- 転じて近現代になると西欧中世社会を特徴づける社会経済制度であるフューダリズム(Feudalism)の訳語にも援用された。
- In the modern and present-day era, it also came to be used as a Japanese equivalent for Feudalism, the socioeconomic system characterizing medieval European society.
- そして、太政官の発する太政官符や太政官の指令に基づいて民部省が発する民部省符によって、租税の徴収権を国家より公認された。
- And the state granted them the right to collect surtax by issuing the Dajokanpu (the official documents of the Dajokan) issued by Dajokan or Minbushofu (the official documents of the Minbusho) issued by Minbusho.
- 曲輪を土塁で囲む、構築法がシンプルであるなど、府施氏の城であった府施山城、大森城と類似点が多いのもこの曲輪の特徴である。
- The Dorui that surrounded the Kuruwa and its simple construction style is similar to that of Fuseyama-jo Castle and Omori-jo Castle, belonging to the Fuse clan, and it is one of the characteristics of Awajimaru.
- 天皇(てんのう)は、日本国憲法において、日本の象徴であり日本国民統合の象徴と定められる地位、もしくはその地位にある個人。
- Emperor (Tenno) is a position, or an individual who is at the position, seen as the symbol of Japan that integrates the Japanese people under the Constitution of Japan.
- 宸翰と断定できるのは、光定が撰した伝述一心戒文の中に「厳筆徴僧が戒牒を書し給ひ、恩勅之を賜ふ」と記されていることによる。
- The grounds for proof is Emperor Saga's shinkan, there is a description that '厳筆徴僧)が戒牒を書し給ひ,恩勅之を賜ふ' in the Denjutsu isshin kaimon which was composed by Kojo (Saicho's biography.)
- 律令制においては、国司が郡司・富豪などの地方の有力者の馬を駄賃と引換に徴発して年貢を日本の首都に運ばせるのが主であった。
- In the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), a Kokushi (provincial governor) usually had nengu (land tax) delivered to the Japanese capital by requisitioning horses of local leaders, such as a Gunji (local magistrate) or wealthy families in exchange for dachin.
- 室町幕府が京都の支配権を確立するにつれて朝廷の徴収代理から、財政基盤の弱かった幕府独自の土倉への課税を行うようになった。
- As the Muromachi bakufu was establishing authority in Kyoto, deputy collecting officials of the Imperial court took on the task of imposing independent taxes on doso for the bakufu that had a weak financial base.
- 江戸時代前期の年貢徴収は、田を視察してその年の収穫量を見込んで毎年ごとに年貢率を決定する検見法(けみ-)を採用していた。
- In the early Edo period, kemi-ho (annual crop inspections), with which the amount of the crop yield during that year was estimated and the rate of nengu to be paid each year was determined, was carried out.
- 名田(みょうでん)は、日本の平安時代中期から中世を通じて見られる、荘園公領制における支配・収取(徴税)の基礎単位である。
- The term 'myoden' (rice field lot manage by a nominal holder) refers to a basic unit of the governance and (tax) collection in the shoen-koryo system (the system of public lands and private estates), and this existed from the mid-Heian period, throughout the Middle Ages in Japan.
- 第二条中労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第十二条の次に一条を加える改正規定及び附則第三条の規定 平成九年三月三十一日
- The revised provision adding an Article following Article 12 of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance in Article 2, and the provision of Article 3 of the Supplementary Provisions: March 31, 1997
- 親藩出身者を幕府の役職に就任させたり、外様の大藩を政治顧問として、幕政に参与させないのが、徳川政権の大きな特徴でもある。
- It is a major characteristic of the TOKUGAWA regime to appoint members from shinpan to the posts of the shogunate, and to avoid some powerful tozama daimyo with a large domain from joining the politics of the shogunate as a political adviser.
- 延暦寺に代表される有力寺院や朝廷の造酒正(押小路家)などは、こうした土倉や酒屋を支配下においてそこから税を徴収していた。
- Leading Buddhist temples such as Enryaku-ji Temple, as well as the miki no kami (Chief of the Sake Office, the Oshikoji family took charge for generations) in the Imperial Court, had collected taxes from the doso and sakaya by dominating them.
- 民衆は無秩序に食料を求めて朝鮮・明軍・日本軍を襲い、食料調達が不足した日本軍・明軍・朝鮮軍は朝鮮民衆から現地徴発を行った。
- Common people attacked the troops of Korea, Ming and Japan disorderly looking for food and the latter, which suffered short supply of food, conducted local procurement from common people of Korea.
- 中世以後は一国平均役の一環として徴収される例が見られ、特に源平合戦においては平家・河内源氏双方が兵粮米の賦課を行っている。
- After the medieval period, hyoro was collected as part of Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen [manor] and kokugaryo [provincial land] in a province), and especially during the Genpei War, both Heike; the Taira family and Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) imposed military provisions.
- 熱帯ジャポニカは、インディカの分布と重なりながら、更に広い範囲に分布し、陸稲と密接に結びついているのが特徴であるとされる。
- The distribution of Indica is wider and overlaps partly with tropical Japonica; in addition, it is assumed that the characteristic of cultivation of the Indica is closely related to the upland rice agriculture.
- 近年行われたアメリカの国勢調査によると、日系人の特徴として「高所得」、「高学歴」、「低失業率」、「低貧困率」が挙げられる。
- According to a recent American census, 'high income,' 'high education,' 'low unemployment rate,' and 'low poverty rate,' are considered characteristics of Japanese Americans.
- また、銅鐸の製造集団の負う文化的背景に由来すると思われる地域的な銅鐸の特徴差について考慮を全く欠いているという批判がある。
- Also, another critic says that this theory completely lacks a consideration regarding regional differences in the characteristics of dotaku, which probably deprived from differences of the cultural background each local producing group had.
- この複雑な賤民の等級は、唐令の賤民制度の継承であるが、それは中世武家法における賤民制度とちがった律令法の特徴をなしている。
- This complex classification of senmin succeeded the senmin system of torei (codes in the Tang era), and characterizes ritsuryo law as something different from the senmin system under medieval samurai law.
- また天皇の神聖不可侵を強調して、政府に圧力を加え軍部大臣現役武官制や統帥権干犯問題、国体明徴宣言を通じて勢力を強めていく。
- The sacred and inviolable nature of the Emperor was also emphasized, the government was pressured, and using the rule that Military ministers were officers on active-duty, incidents violating supreme command, and declarations of proved national polity, strengthened the military's power.
- 7世紀末~8世紀初頭に始まった律令制における租税は、租庸調制と呼ばれ、人民一人ひとりを対象に課税・徴税する性格が強かった。
- The taxation system under the ritsuryo system, which was started during the late 7th century to the early 8th century, was called 'the soyocho (tax paid by rice, labor, or textile) system', and it was imposed on and collected from each member of the community.
- 前三項の場合において、犯人が収受した賄賂は、没収する。その全部又は一部を没収することができないときは、その価額を追徴する。
- The bribes in the preceding three paragraphs, which were received by the criminal person shall be confiscated. If it was unable to confiscate the whole or a part of the bribes, the corresponding amount of money shall be confiscated.
- 第二条中労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第十二条第三項の改正規定及び附則第七条第一項の規定 昭和五十五年十二月三十一日
- The revised provision of Article 12, paragraph (3) of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance in Article 2, and the provision of Article 7, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions: December 31, 1980
- 前項に規定するもののほか、前条の規定による労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律の改正に伴い必要な経過措置は、政令で定める。
- In addition to what is prescribed in the preceding paragraph, any transitional measure necessary following the revision of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance by the provision of the preceding Article shall be specified by a Cabinet Order.
- 10世紀になると国司による徴税請負体制が確立し、皇室や上流貴族、官司はこうした国司からの進納に依存するところが大きくなる。
- It was in the 10th century when the system to undertake an actual tax collection by kokushi (provincial governors) was established, and accordingly, imperial households, high court nobles and guji financially depended upon 'shinno' (gifts) from the kokushi.
- 彼らは現地の村々における責任者として荘園ならびにそこに住む百姓を監督する役目を担い、年貢・夫役などは彼らを通じて徴収された。
- As a responsible person of the village, they served as a supervisor of shoen and peasants living in there, and nengu (annual tribute, land tax) and the compulsory service were paid through them.
- 最大の特徴は九州島と韓半島の間に広がる多島海を舞台とした外洋性の漁労活動で、西北九州型結合釣り針や石鋸が特徴的な漁具である。
- The most notable characteristic was open sea fishing in the archipelago that extended between Kyushu Island and South Korean peninsula; the characteristic fishing tool was the assembled fishing needle and Ishinoko (a stone saw) which was unique to northwest Kyushu region.
- 明治6年(1873年)11月29日に徴税以外の国内行政部門は再度分離されて、新しく内務省 (日本)が創設されることとなった。
- Domestic and administrative sections other than the section engaged in collecting taxes were divided again on November 29, 1873, with the result that the Ministry of Home Affairs (prewar Japan) was newly established.
- さらに、1352年、守護が軍費調達の名目で荘園・公領からの年貢の半分を徴発する半済を、近江・美濃・尾張3国に限定して認めた。
- Furthermore in 1352, the bakufu admitted that only three provinces of Omi, Mino and Owari had hanzei (the system in the Muromachi period where the Muromachi bakufu allowed Shugo to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military funds).
- この平泉文化は現代でも大阪商工会議所会頭による東北熊襲発言に際して、国会で東北地方の文化の象徴として引き合いにだされている。
- Even in the present age, this Hiraizumi culture was quoted as the symbol of the culture of the Tohoku region in the Diet when the gaffe committed by the president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Osaka Prefecture (an inappropriate remark on residents of the Tohoku region calling them 'Kumaso' [a discriminatory word which originally means the tribes who lived in the ancient Kyushu district]) was discussed.
- 公認一円化した荘園からの一国平均役は荘官を通じて徴税されたが、それに対応して公領も新たに郡、郷、保単位の地域再編が行われた。
- Tax was collected from ikkoku heikin-yaku from the accredited and unified shoen through shokan (an officer governing shoen), and koryo underwent regional restructuring into new units of gun, go, and ho accordingly.
- 寺伝では中央の像が釈迦如来、向かって右の像が千手観音、左の像が弥勒菩薩を本地とし、それぞれ過去・現世・来世を象徴するという。
- The temple legend says that the statue in the center is the manifestation of Shaka Nyorai, the statue on the right is the honji (original ground or true nature) of Senju Kannon (Thousand Armed Avalokiteshwara), and the statue on the left is the honji of Miroku Bosatsu (Buddha of the Future, Bodhisattva of the Present), each of them representing the past, current, and future worlds.
- 逢坂関は鎌倉時代以降も京都の東の要衝として機能し、南北朝時代_(日本)以降には園城寺が支配して関銭が徴収されるようになった。
- From the Kamakura period, Osaka no seki held a strategically important position to the east of Kyoto, and starting in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), it was managed by Enjo-ji Temple, which began charging a toll.
- 『高麗史』の最大の特徴は、歴代の高麗王の記述が天子を意味する「本紀」ではなく、諸侯の歴史をさす「世家」となっていることである。
- The most noteworthy characteristic of 'The History of Goryeo' is that the history of the Goryeo kings is written as a 'history of a lordly family', invoking feudal terminology and a vassal connotation, rather than as an 'imperial chronicle' which would claim Son of Heaven (i.e. Imperial) status for them.
- 幕末の思想の特徴は、幕藩体制の根拠を説明しあるいは批判するもの、またその体制に代わり得るあたらしい国家像を模索することである。
- The thoughts of this period are characterized by explanation and criticizm of the long-held rational of the feudal system, and the search for a new vision of the country to replace the old system.
- 「太田の決戦は、中世を象徴する宗教的な民衆武力と、兵農分離の近世秩序が、真正面から戦いあった日本史上のクライマックス」である。
- The battle of Ota was the climax of Japanese history in which the military force of religious common people which symbolized medieval times and the order of heinobunri in recent times confronted.'
- 紐(ちゅう、持ち手)の部分に印綬(いんじゅ、太いひも)を通し、常に腰のベルトにぶら下げていたため官吏の象徴として見られていた。
- Kanin was seen as a symbol of government officials because government officials attached inju (a thick string for kanin) to the grip of kanin and always wore kanin on their obi (a waist belt).
- その結果、刈田狼藉取締権・使節遵行権・半済給付権・闕所地処分権・段銭徴収権などを得た守護は、国内に領域的な支配を及ぼしていく。
- As a result, the Shugo who acquired the following rights came to control the province territorially: the right to control Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the right to send a delegate for executing the bakufu's order, the right to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund, the right to confiscate land property from criminals or if it is left derelict, and the right to collect temporary special tax levied on arable land.
- 公営田制の主要な目的は、百姓らから直接、調・庸を徴収することを廃し、交易によって調・庸を調達することにあったと評価されている。
- It is evaluated that the major aim of Kueiden was to abolish collecting Cho or Yo directly from farmers and to gain Cho and Yo by commerce.
- これらは、朝鮮王朝が徴税権を行使出来なかったこと、1429年の時点で恒居倭は宗氏ではなく早田氏が掌握していたことを示している。
- These facts prove that the Korean Dynasty was not able to use their authority of tax collection and kokyowa were under the control of the Soda clan instead of the So clan in around 1429.
- 保甲法制定以後、管理者から佃戸の中から雇用されて佃戸に甲を編成させるとともに租税・小作料徴収業務の補佐を行う甲頭が設置された。
- After the bao-jia system (an administrative system organized on basis of households) was enacted, managers were hired from the denko and made the denko organize the ko and the head of ko, who helped the collection of taxes and farm rent, was set up.
- 領家は荘官を通じて、荘園からの収穫を年貢として徴収したり、荘園内の百姓(荘民)に労役を課したり(公事)して、自らの収入とした。
- Through those shokan, ryoke collected harvests from their shoen as nengu (land tax), and imposed labor service (kuji [public duties]) on the shomin (farmers living in their manor), taking those taxes as their own revenue.
- 文政3年夏に、書肆の主人の紹介で、篤胤の『霊能真柱』『古史成文』『古史徴』その他に目を通し皇国に伝わる古道の学に憧憬思慕した。
- In the summer of 1820, a shopkeeper of a bookshop introduced Kanetane to Atsutane HIRATA's works including 'Tama no Mihashira' (Concept of Afterlife), 'Koshi Seibun' (Early History) and 'Koshicho' (Clarification of Early History), then he grew a longing for the study of Japanese Kodo.
- 地方の御料所(将軍直轄領)の管理を任されており、所領地の守護不入や段銭(田畑に賦課される税)の徴収などの特権を与えられていた。
- Hokoshu was entrusted to the management of local goryosho (shogunate's estate) and was also given the rights to prevent Shugo (provincial constable) from entering their own lands and to collect tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan).
- しかし、の天皇機関説事件で美濃部ら立憲学派が排撃され、同年に政府が発表した国体明徴声明では天皇主権を中心とした解釈が公定された。
- However, in the emperor-as-organ theory incident, constitutional school sect, led by Minobe, was driven out and interpretation focusing on imperial sovereignty was set in the statement of the fundamental character of the nation which was announced by the government in the same year.
- 流通経済の発達で国内の水運がさかんになると、荘園からの年貢減少に苦しむ大寺社ではその維持のために船から関銭を徴収することとした。
- With the development of distribution economy, water transport became active and large temples and shrines, which suffered from the decrease of nengu (land tax) from shoen, tried to collect sekisen (toll) from the ships to maintain the income.
- 中世には、朝廷や武家政権、荘園領主・有力寺社などの権門勢家がおのおの独自に関所を設置し、金儲けのため、関銭(通行税)を徴収した。
- During Japan's middle ages, powerful and influential families or other groups, including the Imperial Court, the various warrior governments, lords of private estates, and powerful temples and shrines all established their own dedicated barrier stations, levying a 'barrier toll' (also known as a 'passage tax') at such barriers in order to make money.
- 「御雇(おやとい)」とは(とくに外国人に限らず)武家でない身分の者を、その専門技芸において幕府の「御用」に徴用することを指した。
- Oyatoi' refers to the hiring of someone (unnecessary to be a foreigner) who does not belong to a samurai family for his or her special skills or knowledge in order to accomplish the bakufu's 'goyo' (official business).
- 大日本帝国憲法(明治憲法)では天皇を元首とし、また日本国憲法では天皇を日本国の象徴であり日本国民統合の象徴として位置付けている。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan (Meiji Constitution) states the Emperor as the head of state and the Constitution of Japan placing the Emperor as the symbol of Japan and of the unified citizens of Japan.
- (「君」とは)「日本国憲法下では、日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴であり、その地位が主権の存する国民の総意に基づく天皇のことを指す」
- 'Accoding to the Constitution of Japan, 'Kimi' indicates the Emperor, who is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people, and whose position is derived from the consensus-based will of Japanese citizens, with whom sovereign power resides.'
- しかし、に生じた天皇機関説事件で、美濃部の一部著書が出版法の発売禁止処分を受け、政府が国体明徴声明で学説の事実上の公定を行った。
- However, due to the incident of the Emperor Organ Theory, some of Minobe's books were banned under the publishing law, and the government effectively made an official evaluation of the theory in the government announcement.
- しかし、本書の特徴・内容から、平安時代後期の実務官僚であった源経頼(宇多源氏)が、公務遂行の為に編まれたとする新説が提示された。
- However, a new theory was proposed saying that MINAMOTO no Tsuneyori (Uda-Genji (Minamoto clan)), a governmental official responsible for practical works, compiled it for necessities for carrying out his official duties.
- 衛府舎人は大粮米徴収権の既得権を有していたが、朝廷は延喜年間(900年代)に相次いで衛府舎人の既得権を剥奪する政策を打ち出した。
- Efutoneri had the right to collect tairomai (rice as food), but in the Engi era (in the 900s), the Imperial Court announced the key policies of depriving the Efutoneri of their vested rights one after another.
- ただし、堺商人の影響力の及ばない西国の大内氏が経営する勘合船にはこの規定が及ばず、依然として帰港後に独自に抽分銭を徴収していた。
- However, the vessels managed by the Ouchi clan based in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) were beyond the reach of the above regulation, and the Chubunsen was still independently collected after their return to port.
- 当初鎌倉幕府はこうした業者を禁止していたが、京都の朝廷では財源不足を補うために酒屋を認めてその代わりに酒造役(壷銭)を徴収した。
- Although the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) initially prohibited such operation of business, the Imperial Court in Kyoto permitted the sakaya business but collected sake-related tax called shuzo-yaku (or tsubo-sen) instead, to compensate for its financial shortage.
- 奈良時代に成立した『万葉集』には防人のために徴用された兵や、その家族が詠んだ歌が100首以上収録されており、防人歌と総称される。
- 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), a collection of poetry written during the Nara period, contains more than 100 poems collectively called sakimori-no-uta (Sakimori poems) that were composed by soldiers drafted for sakimori and their family members.
- 吉野から大峯山(山上ヶ岳)までの修行道には発心門、修行門、等覚門、妙覚門という、悟りへの4つの段階を象徴した門が設定されている。
- There are four gates-- Hosshinmon gate, shugyomon gate (gate of practice), Togakumon gate, and Myougakumon gate--that represent the four stages to attain enlightenment along the ascetic exercise path from yoshino to Mt. Omine (Mt. Sanjogatake).
- もともと第三高等学校のあるクラスのクラス歌であったものが、全校で歌われるようになり、第三高等学校・京都大学を象徴する歌となった。
- Originally, this had been a class song, sung in a certain class of Third High School (Daisan Kotogakkou), and it came to be sung in the whole school and finally became the symbolic song of Third High School and Kyoto University.
- 納銭方(のうせんかた/なっせんかた)とは、室町幕府が土倉役・酒屋役を徴収するために土倉・酒屋の有力者から任命した徴税委託の機関。
- The Nosenkata was an organization commissioned to collect the dosoyaku (taxes imposed on pawnbrokers and moneylenders by the Muromachi bakufu - Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and sakayayaku (taxes imposed on sake brewery by the Muromachi bakufu), whose members were appointed by the Muromachi bakufu from among influential figures belonging to the doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) or the sakaya (sake breweries).
- 以後1873年徴兵令公布、1876年廃刀令、秩禄処分に至る過程で士族反乱が相次ぎ明治政府はこうした不満を海外に向ける必要もあった。
- Revolts by Shizoku occurred one after another during a process that ended in the promulgation of a Conscription Ordinance in 1873 and a decree banning the wearing of swords in 1867, and Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend), and the Meiji government needed to turned their attention to the outside of Japan.
- 戦後は連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ)の占領下に置かれ、象徴天皇制、国民主権、平和主義などに基づく日本国憲法を新たに制定した。
- After the war, Japan was placed under control of General Headquarters (GHQ), and enacted the Constitution of Japan based upon the national system with Emperor as a symbol of the unity of the people, on popular sovereignty and on pacifism.
- 軍団兵士制は、古代の戸籍制度に登録された正丁(成年男子)3人に1人を徴発し、1国単位で約1000人規模の軍団を編成する制度である。
- In the gundan-soldier system, one out of every three adults registered in the family registration system was conscripted to organize a gundan of around 1000 persons in a province.
- ツクヨミは太陽を象徴するアマテラスと対になって誕生するが、比較神話学の分野では、様々な神話に同様の発想があることが指摘されている。
- Tsukuyomi was born in a pair with Amaterasu, the god of the sun, and this idea is, in comparison mythology, common across various myths.
- 連合会は、規約の定めるところにより、その施設(介護保険事業関係業務に限る。)の使用に関し十万円以下の過怠金を徴収することができる。
- An Association, pursuant to the provisions of a constitution, may collect a fine for default in an amount not to exceed 100,000 yen with respect to the use of said facility (limited to Business Relevant to A Long-Term Care Insurance Project).
- 地頭が百姓を強引に徴発した様子、抵抗すると「耳を切り、鼻を削ぎ、髪を切って、尼にしてしまうぞ」と脅した様子などがよく記されている。
- The document describes how the land steward conscripted peasants for forced labor by threatening to 'cut off the ears and noses' of resistant peasants and to 'cut the hair of their wives to make them nuns.'
- 市町村は、介護保険事業に要する費用(財政安定化基金拠出金の納付に要する費用を含む。)に充てるため、保険料を徴収しなければならない。
- A Municipality shall collect insurance premiums in order to allocate these amounts to the disbursements necessary for an Insured Long-Term Care Project (including the disbursements necessary for payment of a Fiscal Stability Fund contribution).
- まもなく民事裁判に関与するようになり、追捕使とともに諸国にもおかれるようになると、百姓からの年貢所当の徴収にまで参与するにいたった。
- Before long they became involved in civil trials, and once they were assigned to provinces along with the tsuibushi (envoys to pursue and capture), they even participated in the rendering and collection of taxes.
- 関所の代官は年貢・公事の納入以外で京都に入る商品や往来する人馬から率分に応じた商品あるいは一定の金額を通行税(関銭)として徴収した。
- A local magistrate of a checkpoint collected pro rata goods or a certain amount of money as passenger tax (sekisen, checkpoint charge) from goods coming to Kyoto, and people and cargoes passing up and down, except delivery of land taxes, political operations and ceremonies by the Imperial Court.
- やがて酒屋は、酒屋万流(さかやばんりゅう)といわれるように、総合商社的な特徴を生かして日本国中に強力な民間ネットワークを築いていた。
- As there is the term of sakaya banryu, sakaya established before long a strong private network by effectively using its general trading house-like features.
- こうしてなし崩し的に公領に虫食い状に発生した新立荘園、つまり国免荘(こくめんのしょう)は、次第に公領からの租税徴集を圧迫していった。
- In this way, newly-established shoen, namely, kokumen no sho (a shoen allowed exemption from rice tax or other tributes), had been vermicularly spreading within koryo, strangling the tax collection from koryo.
- そのため、2つ目の見解、すなわち荘園公領制における支配・収取(徴税)の基礎単位とする見方が広範な支持を得ており、支配的となっている。
- This makes the other opinion more dominant, and many researchers support this idea that a myoden was a basic unit of governance and tax collection in the shoen-koryo system.
- 地侍層は、戦国大名や国人領主から加地子(地代=中間得分)の徴収権を保証される代わりに、家臣となり、戦時には軍役を果たす義務を負った。
- Ji-zamurai undertook obligations of serving as a part of military at the time of war in return for the privilege to collect Kajishi (intermediate taxes) guaranteed by Sengoku Daimyo and Kokujin Ryoshu.
- 3位になった主な理由として圧倒的なボリュームの統計データや、Cyber学長室、同志社クイズに見られる特徴的なコンテンツが評価された。
- The overwhelming volume of statistical data, and characteristic contents such as the cyber president room and Doshisha quiz were the main reasons for winning the third place.
- 1352年(文和1)には、軍事兵粮の調達を目的に、国内の荘園・国衙領の年貢の半分を徴収することのできる半済の権利が守護に与えられた。
- In 1352, with the aim of procuring military provisions, the right of hanzei, the ability to collect half of the annual tribute from manors/kokugaryo within the province, was granted to the Shugo.
- また政方が行き詰まった藩財政と自らの浪費のために不法に御用金を徴収し、総額は11万両にも及ぶことが発覚して12月27日に罷免された。
- Moreover, it was revealed that Masamichi illegally collected goyokin (the money the Edo bakufu charged temporarily on farmers and merchants) as much as 110,000 ryo in total due to the clan's financial problems and his own spending and he was dismissed on January 26, 1786.
- また、尼崎~宝塚間も含めて国鉄時代に大阪電車特定区間に含まれなかったため大阪近辺のJR線にしては運賃が高くなっているのが特徴である。
- The Fukuchiyama Line features expensive fare for a JR line around Osaka because the line, including the section between Amagasaki and Takarazuka, wasn't included in the Osaka Train Specific Section in the JNR years.
- 明治には信玄のイメージが広く定着するが、江戸期を通じて天領であった山梨県においては信玄は郷土史の象徴的人物と認識されるようになった。
- During the Meiji Period, Shingen's image became prevalent, and in Yamanashi Prefecture, which was tenryo (bakufu-owned land) during the Edo period, Shingen was recognized as a person who represented local history.
- 1942年には台湾で陸軍特別志願兵制度が始まり、1944年には徴兵制も実施され、それに伴い、台湾からも衆議院を選出できるようになった。
- The volunteer soldier recruiting system and the army draft system started in 1942 and 1944 respectively, in line with which incidents House of Representative members were selected from Taiwan as well.
- だが、実質的には騎馬武者に率いられたその従者(武家奉公人)及び徴集された農兵による歩兵部隊であった(これは当時の一般的な軍制である)。
- The cavalry was in fact the infantry comprised of mounted warriors and their attendants (buke hokonin or servants of a samurai family) as well as conscripted peasant soldiers (which was a common military organization of the time).
- 「登明」は本来は「徴明」であったが北宋の仁宗 (宋)以降は、仁宗の諱である「禎」と通音の「徴」を嫌って「登明」と書かれるようになった。
- Even a letter in a name was changed in order to avoid using the same letter and sound as in Jinso (Renzong)'s name after the Northern Sung Dynasty.
- 現伊勢神宮より50年以上前の創建との伝承があり、全国でも二例しかない黒木の鳥居(皮を剥がないままの杉木で組まれた鳥居)が特徴的である。
- It is said that this Shrine was established fifty years before the establishment of current Ise-jingu Shrine; its characteristic black wooden shrine gate (shrine gate assembled with cedar without peeling the bark) is rare in Japan, with only one other shrine gates of its kind in existence.
- 在庁官人は、前述した「富豪の輩」(田堵・負名層)から登用された者が多く、国衙領の経営・租税徴収を行うことで、国司の租税収取に貢献した。
- Many zaichokanjin were employed from the above-mentioned 'fugo-no-yakara' (tato, leading farmer and fumyo, tax collector), took on the management of the kokuga region and tax collection and contributed to levying taxes by kokushi.
- 朝鮮王朝は恒居倭の倭寇化を恐れ、検断権(警察・司法権)・徴税権といった行政権を行使できず、日本人有力者による自治に任せるままであった。
- Since the Korean Dynasty was afraid that kokyowa might become wako, they hesitated to use their administrative powers such as the police authority, the legal jurisdiction, and the authority of tax collection, and they just left the government of that area to some influential Japanese people.
- これに対して、災いが生じた信者が寺院と巫女(ポサル)に依頼してその都度行われる賽神の儀式は、明らかにシャーマニックな特徴を備えている。
- On the other hand, ceremony of sainokami conducted by temple and miko upon request by devotees who suffered through a disaster has features of shamanism.
- 他の京都市内にある各線の駅や大都市の主要駅と比べると、烏丸中央口は駅前のターミナル(バス・タクシー)が広くゆとりがあるのが特徴である。
- Compared with other stations on different lines in Kyoto City and the terminal stations in other large cities, Karasuma Chuo-guchi is distinguished by its spacious terminal for buses and cabs.
- また、年貢増徴政策なども行なっているが、このために加藤氏が水口藩に移封された後も、天領の中では特に税率の高い地域になったといわれている。
- Additionally, the Kato clan evolved nengu (land tax)-increase policy, so that the domain was said to still be a particularly high-tax area after it was transferred to the Minakuchi Domain.
- 照葉樹林帯の植物性食料と内湾性の漁労がこの文化圏の特徴で、特に貝塚については日本列島全体の貝塚のうちおよそ6割がこの文化圏のものである。
- The plant-derived foods from the laurel forests and fish catching in the inner bay areas were the characteristics of this cultural region; especially, approximately sixty percent of shell mounds excavated in the entire Japanese archipelago were from this cultural region.
- 鳥羽伏見の戦いの報が江戸に伝わった直後の1月15日、関東取締出役渋谷鷲郎が関東一帯の村々から公私領を問わずに農民を徴兵する決定を下した。
- On February 8, 1868 (表記の変更), soon after the details of the Battle of Toba-Fushimi were informed to Edo, Washiro SHIBUYA, of the Kanto Torishimari Shutsuyaku (public security authorities of Kanto region under Edo bakufu), decided to conscript peasants from villages all over the Kanto region, no matter whether the village was of a shogunal demesne or a private territory.
- 徴兵令(ちょうへいれい、太政官布告無号)(明治22年法律第1号)は、1873年(明治6年)に制定され、国民の兵役義務を定めた日本の法令。
- The Conscription Ordinance (Edict of Dajokan [Grand Council of state] Non-number) (1889 Law No.1) was enacted in 1873, which stipulated the obligation of Japanese citizens to military service.
- 武家の思想は、教育による家族制度の徹底化や徴兵制による軍事国家など明治近代日本に変化した形で生き残ってその後の日本を生み出す元になった。
- The ideology of samurai families remained in modern Japan of the Meiji period in the form of a rooted family system enforced through education and a garrison state based on the conscription system, which became a model for later periods in Japan.
- いずれにせよ、受領は名田請負契約などを通じて富豪層を育成する存在であるとともに、富豪から規定の税を徴収しなければならない存在でもあった。
- At any rate, zuryo had to develop millionaires through the Myoden contract system and collect set taxes from them.
- 大王大妃は現王の母后である大妃と比べて政治的実権は少なかったが、王の祖母であるため王室最高位としての礼遇を受け、王室の威厳の象徴だった。
- Although Daio ohi had less political power compared to the empress dowager, she received the highest rank in the royal family and was highly respected as the grandmother of the King and she was a symbol of the royal family.
- 後に清河八郎に率いられて江戸に戻るが、4月に清河が暗殺されると幕府により新徴組として再組織され、主に江戸市中の警戒、海防警備に従事する。
- Subsequently, they returned to Edo led by Hachiro KIYOKAWA, but after Kiyokawa was assassinated in April, the Roshi-gumi was reorganized as the Shinchogumi by the Edo bakufu, and they maintained vigilance inside Edo City and served as the naval defense and guard.
- 一般の仏像に比べ眼が大きいのが特徴で、「聖武天皇が光明皇后の眼病平癒を祈願して」云々の伝承も、この像の眼の大きさと関連するかもしれない。
- It is characterized by larger eyes not seen in those of ordinary images of Buddha, and the size of the eyes might be related to the legend that 'Emperor Shomu prayed for the recovery of the Empress Komyo from an eye disease.'
- しかし、10世紀以後は国衙の正税から捻出されるようになり、更に11世紀には国衙の許可を得た寺社が直接現地から雑役を徴収する仕組が確立した。
- In the tenth century, however, it came to be financed by shozei (rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse) of kokuga (provincial government offices) and in the eleventh century, the system was established under which temples/shrines were allowed to directly collect zatsueki by obtaining kokuga's permission.
- その範囲は現任の文武官をはじめ徴税や官物輸送その他の職役を負担する戸や胥吏 にまで及び彼らは 5 段階の戸等制で1、2等の上等戸であった。
- Their duties ranged from the management of literary and military affairs to tax collection and the transport of government property as well as duties which were the responsibility of other officials and 'xuli' (petty officials), and they occupied the top two ranks of the five-tier system of household ranks (hudengzhi).
- 漁業面では切目石錘(石を加工して作った網用の錘)の使用が特徴であるが、これは関東の土器片による錘の技術が伝播して出現したと考えられている。
- In terms of fishery, the use of stone sinkers with slits (the sinkers for nets shaped out of stone) was the characteristic of the region; it is assumed that the technique of using earthenware sinker pieces in the Kanto region was handed down and lead to the use of the stone sinkers with slits.
- ところが、その際に一部の村役人が徴兵の選定に際して不正があったとして下旬より三国の村々で村役人の追放などを訴える大規模な一揆へと発展した。
- Nevertheless, from the mid-March, large-scale uprisings recurred in villages of the three provinces, demanding the expulsion of some village officers for the reason that they acted wrong in recruitment to decide whom to draft.
- 現地派遣の筆頭国司(受領)が前代より大幅に権限委譲された上で、富豪百姓層を通じて地域支配、税の徴収を行う王朝国家体制が10世紀に確立した。
- As a result a system of the dynasty state was established in the 10th century, in which the heads of the provincial governors (Zuryo) who had been sent to each region received much stronger empowerment than their previous generation and ruled the region and collected tax through the rich peasants.
- 文治元年(1185年)に源頼朝が守護・地頭の設置求めて文治の勅許を受けると、同時に荘園・国衙領の田1段から兵粮米5升を徴収する権利を得た。
- In 1185 (the first year of the Bunji era), MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, seeking to establish a system of Shugo (provincial constable) and jito (manager and lord of manor), was granted the Bunji Imperial Sanction to do so, simultaneously obtaining the authority to collect five sho (measures) of rice, for the purpose of supplying troops, from each tan (section) of each rice paddy on shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) alike.
- In1185, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo asked the Imperial Court for permission to place Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) and got the Bunji imperial sanction, and at the same time, he also gained a right to collect five sho (about 9 liter) of military provisions of rice from every one tan (an old unit showing the area of land of 300 tsubo; 991.7 square meters) of rice paddy of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、北朝 (日本)を擁した室町幕府は、兵粮確保を名目に半済令を出して荘園・公領の年貢半分の徴収権を守護に認めた。
- Upon entering the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Muromachi bakufu, which championed the Northern Court, issued Hanzeirei (order allowing military governors, or Shugo, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund) on the pretense of keeping the army provisioned; the law recognized the authority of Shugo (provincial constable) to levy a half-tax (50% of all rice) annually on all private estates and public territories.
- 672年(天武天皇元年)6月に壬申の乱が起こったときには、父栗隈王とともに筑紫にいたが、弘文天皇側が軍兵を徴収する旨の要求を拒否している。
- He was in Tsukushi with his father Kurikuma no Okimi, when the Jinshin War happened in July, 672, and he denied the request of the Emperor Kobun side to conscribe soldiers in Tsukushi.
- 義倉(ぎそう)とは、災害や飢饉に備えて米などの穀物を一般より徴収し、または富者から寄付を得て、これを貯蓄するために国内の要地に設けた倉庫。
- Giso was a warehouse which was constructed in important domestic places to store rice and other grain in case of natural disasters and famine, and the grain in stock was collected from ordinary people or acquired using the cash contributions by the rich.
- これは、古代遺跡の木簡等の遺物出土例から推して、京進文書ではなく、地方の役所にとどめ置く公文書に特徴的な、「実用的」な記載様式とみられる。
- Guessing from unearthed relics from ancient remains such as mokkan and so on, it is considered that this Shibocho adopted a 'practical' description style which was characteristic of official documents retained in regional offices, not of documents sent to Kyoto.
- 主に人口の多い東日本から徴兵され、その間も税は免除される事はないため、農民にとっては重い負担であり、兵士の士気は低かったと考えられている。
- Because the soldiers, who were mainly drafted from eastern Japan which had a larger population, were not exempt from taxation during their service, they bore a heavy burden as farmers and it is thought that morale was low.
- これは同年5月の長篠の戦いにおける敗戦の影響から領国体制の再建を意図したものであるとされ、領国内の諸公事や納物徴用において用いられている。
- This is said to have been created with the intention of rebuilding the territory system in the aftermath of the defeat in the Battle of Nagashino in June or July (May in old lunar calendar) 1575, and it was used for various official service and requisition of votive offerings.
- この幕府移転は規模こそ小さいもののいわば遷都であり、将軍独裁時代からの心機一転を図り、合議的な執権政治を発足させる象徴的な出来事であった。
- Though the scale of this transfer of the bakufu was small, it was a transfer of the capital in fact and was therefore a symbolic event that facilitated the change of people's minds over the period of shogun autocracy, ultimately giving rise to council-based regent politics.
- 更に領主権力の許可が必要とされる鉱山労働や鯨などの捕獲など領主が支配する山野河海から何らかの利益を得た者にからも冥加を徴収するようになった。
- Further, they imposed Myoga on people who gained profit from business that required a license from the domain, such as mine workers, as well as people who gained profit from mountains/fields/rivers/seas that were under the rule of the lords, such as whale fishermen.
- その形式主義的な機構は、行政の慣行と経験に基づいて形づくられた武家法の官制といちじるしく相違しており、律令法の基本的特徴の一つをなしている。
- Such a formalistic structure was markedly different from the rules on administrative organizations under samurai law, which were based on administrative practices and experiences, and is one of the basic features of ritsuryo law.
- 反対の立場からは、歌詞は天皇崇拝の意味合いが強く(君=天皇)、軍国主義を象徴しており、君主制ではない日本にはふさわしくないとする意見がある。
- From the opposing standpoints, there is the opinion that the words have too strong a shade of meaning of worshiping the emperor ('kimi' = the emperor) and it symbolizes militarism and, therefore, it is not fit to Japan which is not a monarchy.
- だが、徴税体制の中に依然として従来の名体制・職の体系を継承した部分も残されたものの、次第に大名主導による年貢などの負担の平均化が進められた。
- Although a part of myo taisei (local tax management system based on rice land) and the shiki system (system of occupation) was left in the taxation system, averaging of burdens such as tax progressed gradually led by daimyo.
- 同時に由良川に架かる橋であった音無瀬橋も2度流され、その費用補填のために大人4厘、子供2厘、牛馬は5厘という通行料を徴収したほどでもあった。
- Since the Otonase-bashi Bridge over the Yura-gawa River was also washed away twice, tolls of four rin (rin is an old auxiliary currency used until 1953; one rin is equivalent to 0.001 yen) for adults, two rin for children and five rin for cattle were collected to make up for the cost of repairs.
- それまでの年貢徴収法は、年毎に収穫量を見てその量を決める検見法がとられていたが、これでは収入が安定しないので、享保の改革の一環で導入された。
- Until then, kemi ho (annual crop inspections), in which the amount of tax is determined based on the amount of crop that was produced each year, was adopted as the method of land tax collection, but the income was unstable with this method and jomen ho was adopted as part of the Kyoho reforms.
- 平氏はまた、墨俣川の戦いに備えて、伊勢国へ水夫と船の雑役を課しており、宣旨が国司へ発出されてから10数日の内に水夫と船の徴発が完了している。
- Also, to prepare for the Battle of Sunomatagawa, the Taira clan imposed zatsueki on Ise Province so they would provide sailors and ships, and in this case, a request for sailors and ships was issued within 10 days after a senji was issued to the provincial governor.
- 神札は、神名や神社名・天照皇大神宮(アマテラスこうたいじんぐう)また神を象徴する物を紙、木札、御神砂、御神水、金属片などに記したものである。
- Shinmyo or the shrine name, Amaterasu-kotaijingu Shrine, or what represents a deity is written on or infused in a paper, a wooden plate, osuna (sacred sand), goshinsui (sacred water), or a metal piece.
- 1985年、京都市が市内の観光寺院へ古都保存協力税の特別徴収義務者を依頼したが清水寺は拒否、他の寺と古都税騒動と呼ばれる政治事件を起こした。
- When Kyoto City tried to designate the temples in the city where tourists frequently visit as agents responsible for paying a special tax, the so-called 'Kyoto Old Capital Preservation Cooperation Tax' in 1985, Kiyomizu-dera Temple rebuffed it and caused political trouble called the 'Koto-zei-sodo' (dispute over the old capital tax) in concert with other temples.
- 大化の改新以降、日本全土を統一した基準で治めるために律令制が制定され、各地の統治や租税の徴収を円滑に行うために各地を結ぶ交通路が整備された。
- After the Taika Reforms, with the enactment of the Ritsuryo system aiming to govern all of Japan under the unified standard, traffic routes connecting each district were improved for governing and collecting taxes smoothly.
- 第二条中労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第十五条第一項及び第十九条第一項から第三項までの改正規定並びに附則第四条の規定 平成九年四月一日
- The revised provisions of Article 15, paragraph (1) and Article 19, paragraphs (1) to (3) inclusive of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance in Article 2, and the provision of Article 4 of the Supplementary Provisions: April 1, 1997
- 徴税機構と財政機構の一本化を目指して明治2年8月11日 (旧暦)に両省を合併、民部卿松平慶永が大蔵卿を大蔵大輔大隈重信が民部大輔を兼任した。
- On October 23, 1868, the ministries were merged for the purpose of integrating the tax collection and finance systems, and Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, the Minbukyo, held the position of Okurakyo, and Shigenobu OOKUMA, the Okurataifu, held the position of Minbutaifu.
- それでも、いよいよ財政的に行き詰まった旧幕府軍首脳は、箱館の豪商から金品を徴収しようとしたが、これは土方歳三が強硬に反対して取り止めになった。
- When the financial situation finally got to the deadend, the leaders of the Old Bakufu planned to collect money and valuables from wealthy merchants in Hakodate, but Toshizo HIJIKATA was strongly againt it, and the plan was turned down.
- これを受け三条は「貿易の催進を要する為、彼我共に輸出入税を徴するなし。是通商章程中の要旨なり」(句読及び強調、加筆者)と使節団に訓示している。
- In response to this, Sanjo instructed the envoy 'In order to promote trade, export and import duties will not be imposed on both sides. This is the point of the provision of trade (punctuation and emphasis were improved by a writer).'
- しかしこれも身分表象としての二本差し帯刀の規制による象徴的なものに留まり(脇差参照)、農村に蓄えられた膨大な武器を消滅させるには至らなかった。
- This was no more than a symbolic policy of control over wearing two swords which represents the status (see wakizashi), and fell short of eradicating the great deal of weapons stored in the rural villages.
- これは、徳川統治下の太平の世においては、城郭というものがすでに軍事施設としての役目を終えて、その存在理由が、権勢の象徴物へと変じたためである。
- This is because in peace time under the reign of the Tokugawa government castles finished their original purpose as military facility and its reason for existence changed to the symbol of the power.
- しかしこの方法では、全国一律公平の租税を徴収する目的は達しがたく、また、の改租結果から、目標の租税額が確保できそうにないことが明らかとなった。
- However, it became clear that it was difficult for the government to reach the goal of collecting land tax uniformly and fairly throughout the country and that the result of the land-tax reform of 1874 made the government know that it was difficult for the government to secure the amount of land tax it had aimed at.
- なお、全国的な徴兵制を敷くことを可能にした前提条件として、明治4年制定の戸籍法に基づいて翌明治5年壬申に壬申戸籍が編製されたことが挙げられる。
- As a precondition to realize the nationwide conscription, the creation of Jinshin-koseki (family registries in Jinshin) in 1872 following the Family Registration Law enacted in 1871 should be mentioned.
- 地方の民衆生活のなかでは、「村」は基本的な共同体の単位であったが、それが、法的には全然認められていない事実のなかにも、律令法の特徴がみられる。
- In the provincial lives of people, the 'village' was a basic unit of the community, but the fact that it was not recognized by law at all is characteristic of ritsuryo law.
- また、朝廷や幕府が臨時的な事業(御所造営など)のため田の面積に応じて賦課した段銭や、家屋ごとに賦課した棟別銭の徴収は、守護が行うこととされた。
- Additionally, the shugo were granted the right to collect the tansen, a tax imposed in proportion to the area by the Imperial Court or the shogunate for the contingent project (for example, building the palace) and to collect the munebetsu-sen, a tax imposed on each house.
- 応仁の乱は将軍や守護大名の没落を促進し、守護代であった朝倉孝景が守護大名の地位を得たことに象徴されるように、真の実力者の身分上昇をもたらした。
- The Onin War served to accelerate the downfall of Shoguns and shugo daimyos and to raise the status of true strongmen, as symbolized by the acquisition by Takakage ASAKURA, who had been a deputy shugo, of the rank of shugo daimyo.
- 貞治年間の北朝_(日本)において、年間200貫を朝廷に収めることを条件に押小路家に酒麹売課役(さけこうじうりかやく)として徴税権を与えられた。
- In the Northern Dynasty (Japan) during Joji era (1362-1368), the Oshikoji family became Sakekojiurikayaku and was bestowed the power to levy taxes.
- バックグラウンド黄砂の特徴として、発生地付近で砂嵐の発生が無く、砂塵を巻き上げて運ぶ低気圧さえ無い状態にも関わらず、発生することが挙げられる。
- A feature of background kosa is that it originates even in the following conditions: No sandstorm is generated in its vicinity and not even low pressure that will fling up dust into the air.
- さらに荘園や、郡・郷・保を単位とする国衙領は荘園領主や国司(受領)に任命された荘官・郡司・郷司・保司らが知行して治安維持、租税徴収に当たった。
- For a shoen or Kokugaryo, which had been organized into Gun, Sato, and Ho, shokan (an officer) appointed by the ryoshu of the shoen or Gunji (an officer for Gun), Goji (an officer for Go - Sato) and Hoji (an officer for Ho), all of whom were appointed by the kokushi (provincial governor) (also called zuryo), executed their respective chigyo right, working for maintaining security and for collecting taxes.
- しかし、鎌倉時代に入り、地頭が荘園・公領支配に進出してくると、現地の地頭(又はその代官)に年貢徴収を請け負わせる地頭請が行われるようになった。
- However, after entering into the Kamakura period, as jito (manager and lord of manor) extended their control over the shoen and koryo (an Imperial demesne), jitouke, which awarded the local jito (or the deputy) the contract to collect the nengu, came to be put into practice.
- 天皇陵や寺院に建てられていることもあるが、一般的には神社を象徴するものとして捉えられており、神社の地図記号は鳥居を図案化したものになっている。
- Although some torii have been built at imperial tombs and Buddhist temples, a torii is typically a symbol of Shinto shrines and a symbol representing a gate is used on maps to identify shrines.
- 他宗教と比べて現世主義的であり、性善説的であり、まつられるもの(神)とまつるもの(信奉者)との間の連体意識が強い、などといった特徴がみられる。
- As compared with other religions, shinto religion is more inclined to secularism and belief in the innate goodness of man and seems to have a characteristic that a strong sense of solidarity has been built up between an enshrined subject (Kami (God)) and worshipers (believers).
- 日月神示の内容は極めて広範囲にわたり、そのそれぞれに多くの記述が見られるが最も大きな特徴は神霊自身が「黄金の巻」第二帖で次のように述べている。
- Hitsuki Shinji covering very broad and many descriptions features a description in chapter 2 of volume 'Ogon' (gold) as follows:
- そこで遂に慶応3年(1867年)9月、旗本に対する軍役が事実上廃止され、知行所からの収益金の半分を軍役金に徴収(年4回の分納)する事になった。
- Therefore, in September 1867, the military service imposed on hatamoto was actually abolished, and it was decided that a half of the revenue from their fief to be collected (in four installments) as money for military use.
- 鎌倉時代、郡を単位として軍事・警察権を行使していた守護代(守護の代官)が室町時代に入り、租税関係(年貢の徴収)も行うようになったことに始まる。
- The post of Gundai was created when a Shugodai (deputy of Shugo; provincial constable) who had been exercising military and police powers during the Kamakura period began taking charge of affairs related to taxation (tax collection) as well at the start of the Muromachi period.
- 良港の有無・鉱山の有無・江戸までの参勤交代の距離、商業の発達に伴う税の徴収などを総合的に判断しないと、諸藩の実際の実力は、把握できないと云える。
- It can be said that in order to understand the actual power of domains, comprehensive judgment is required based on whether there are good ports or mines, the distance of Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo), tax collection according to the development of commerce, and so on.
- 他にも当時はニコライの訪日が軍事視察であるという噂もあり、シベリア鉄道もロシアの極東進出政策を象徴するとして国民の反発があったことは確かである。
- At that time, it was rumored that an actual reason for Nicholas's visit to Japan was a military inspection, and also many Japanese people regarded the Trans-Siberian Railway as a symbol of Russian invasion of Far Eastern countries, and they had a sense of aversion against Russia.
- だが、明治政府は全ての土地から地税を徴収する(免税地を認めない)方針を打ちたて、明治4年(1871年)に地租改正に先立って地子免除が廃止された。
- However, the Meiji government formulated the policy of collecting land tax from every tract of land - in other words, permitted no tax-free land - and in 1871, it abandoned the jishi menkyo before the Land Tax Reform.
- 1180年には平重衡による南都焼き討ちで奈良(南都)の2大仏教勢力であった東大寺と興福寺が炎上したが、このことは美術史上、象徴的な事件であった。
- In A.D. 1180, Todai-ji Temple and Kofuku-ji Temple (the two Buddhist powerhouses in Nanto (the southern capital, which refers to Nara)), were burned down in Nanto Yakiuchi (Burning of Nanto) by TAIRA no Shigehira, and this was a symbolic incident in Japanese art history.
- 当時の明治政府にとって解放令とは、「四民平等」理念による身分解放ではなく、「地租徴収」実施のためだけに出された形だけの身分解放に他ならなかった。
- Kaiho Rei for Meiji Government at that time was not abolition of the class system based on the philosophy of 'shimin byodo' but only a formal abolition of the class system enacted just to proceed 'chiso choshu (collection of land tax)'.
- 彼らは御家人としては鎌倉殿に奉仕し、地頭としては従来の郡司、郷司、荘官の任を引き継いで、徴税、警察、裁判の責任者として国衙と荘園領主に奉仕した。
- They served kamakura-dono as shogunal retainers, while serving kokuga and lords of shoen as jito who were in charge of tax collection, police, and trials to take over the duties of conventional gunji, goji, and shokan.
- なお特徴として車内運賃表の表示が変わる(運賃が上がる)ときには次停留所名案内の放送の最後に必ず「これから先運賃が変わります」という案内が流れる。
- It is a feature of these buses that, when the fare display in the bus is going to be changed (the fares are going to be raised), the announcement, 'The fares are going to be changed,' is made following the announcement of the name of the next stop.
- 政府は、一般保険料率、第一種特別加入保険料率、第二種特別加入保険料率又は第三種特別加入保険料率の引上げを行つたときは、労働保険料を追加徴収する。
- The government shall, if it increases the general insurance premium rate, the Class I special enrollment insurance premium rate, the Class II special enrollment insurance premium rate or the Class III special enrollment insurance premium rate, additionally collect the relevant labor insurance premiums.
- そこで幕府も土倉・酒屋からの徴税によって不足分を補う方針を採るようになり、軍事力による京都市中の掌握を背景に他の権門の影響力を排除しつつあった。
- Therefore, the Muromachi bakufu tried to cover the financial shortage by collecting taxes from the doso and sakaya, and started to exclude the clout of other influential families using the military force employed for keeping the peace in Kyoto city.
- 朝鮮総督府庁舎が完成すると街から宮殿は見えなくなり、これらにより朝鮮民族(朝鮮人)にとって総督府庁舎は屈辱的な歴史の象徴ともいわれるようになった。
- When the Chosen Sotoku-fu building was completed, the palace got out of sight from the town, which made the Sotoku-fu building called a symbol of the humiliating history for the Korean people (the Koreans).
- 幕府財政は、享保の改革での年貢増徴策によって年貢収入は増加したが、宝暦年間(1751年 - 1763年)には頭打ちとなり、再び行き詰まりをみせた。
- Land income tax increased due to an additional tax collection policy in the Kyoho Reforms, but hit a ceiling in the Horeki era (1751 - 1763), after which, the financial affairs of bakufu started to hit an impasse yet again.
- 土師器までの土器が日本列島固有の特徴(紐状の粘土を積み上げる)を色濃く残しているのに対し、須恵器は全く異なる技術(ろくろ技術)を用いて製作された。
- Whereas the ancient pottery including Haji pottery was made with clear characteristics of stacking up ring-shaped clays which was unique to Japanese archipelago, Sueki was made using the potter's wheel which was a completely different technique.
- 徴税(民部省)と財政(大蔵省)機構の一体化による中央集権体制の確立を主張する大隈重信(民部大輔)、伊藤博文(大蔵少輔)が強く推進した結果であった。
- This merger resulted from the strong pressure exerted by Shigenobu OKUMA (Minbu-no-Taifu) and Hirobumi ITO (Okura-no-Shofu) aiming to establish the centralized administrative framework by integrating a tax collection system (Minbu-sho) and a financial system (Okura-sho).
- 「徴兵告諭」の一節:「人たるもの固(もと)より心力を尽し国に報ひざるべからず。西人(西洋人)之を称して血税と云ふ。其生血を以て国に報するの謂なり」
- One passage of 'Proclamation of Conscription': 'A man should devote himself to the nation mentally and physically. The Westerners call it blood tax. This means a man should devote himself to his country with his own blood.'
- もちろん、「私営田領主」「私営田経営者」の説明がそれで済む訳ではないが、それに続く「開発領主」との対比においては、そのひとことが大きな特徴となる。
- Of course, this did not fully explain the 'lord of shieiden' and 'manager of shieiden' but pointed out their special characteristics in contrast to later 'kaihatsu-ryoshu.'
- なお、中世の法慣習では、支配権を有する領主や地頭などが検断権を持つこととされていたが、支配される側の惣村が検断権を持っていた点に大きな特徴がある。
- A major feature was that the laws and customs of the medieval period specified that a lord or a Jito who had the right to rule should have the right of kendan, but the soson under control had such a right.
- これらの事実について京都大学の関係者は「幅広い分野において日本を代表する学術研究拠点となってきた、京都大学の社会的特徴を表している」と考えている。
- Kyoto University people think that these facts symbolize the public character of Kyoto University, that is, the role that it has played as the representative base in Japan of the academic research over wide-ranging fields.
- 後述するような特徴はあっても明六社として、雑誌全体として何か統一的なアピール(たとえば民撰議院を導入せよ/するなといったもの)を行うことはなかった。
- Although it had following characters, it did not make a unified appeal representing Meirokusha or a bulletin (for example, for or against an introduction of democratic representatives).
- 原則として守護は小荷駄に用いる駄馬と陣夫の徴発を行う権利を有しており、戦国大名も同様の実権を保有していたが、実際には小荷駄奉行の裁量に任されていた。
- In principle, shugo (provincial constable) had a right to press packhorses and servicemen used for konida, and so did warring lords, but actually it was konidabugyo (the commissioner of rear-echelon support troops) who was the decision maker.
- 江戸時代を通じて幕府の諸大名に対する絶対的な権力であった為、天保11年(1840年)の三方領地替えの失敗は、幕府権力の低下を象徴する出来事であった。
- Tenpo was the bakufu's absolute authority over all the daimyo during the Edo period, so the failure in 1840 of changing three daimyo's territories one another at the same time symbolized the diminishing authority of the bakufu.
- 1352年(文和元)、観応の擾乱における軍事兵粮の調達を目的に、国内の荘園・国衙領から年貢の半分を徴収することのできる半済の権利が守護に与えられた。
- In 1352, the shugo were given the right of hanzei to collect half the customs from the manor and the Kokuga's territory within the province, in order to secure military provisions for the Kanno-no-Joran (turmoil of the Kanno).
- 武田氏関係文書の特徴として、文書の多くは戦国期に武田氏の拡大領国が確立した信玄・勝頼期に集中し、信虎期以前のものが極端に少ないことが指摘されている。
- Concerning the characteristics of the documents related to the Takeda clan, it is pointed out that while many documents written during the Shingen/Katsuyori era, the era after the Takeda clan established its wide territory, are existing, the number of those written during Nobutora era or before is quite small.
- 他の旧帝国大学では、大学が所在する都道府県からの入学者が最も多いが、京大では京都府出身者が3番目であり、唯一そのようになっていないという特徴がある。
- For other former imperial universities, students come the most from the prefecture the university is located in, but, for Kyoto University only, those from high schools in Kyoto Prefecture rank the third peculiarly.
- 医療保険者は、納付金の納付に充てるため医療保険各法又は地方税法の規定により保険料若しくは掛金又は国民健康保険税を徴収し、納付金を納付する義務を負う。
- A medical care insurer, in order to allocate to said Levy, pursuant to the provisions of each Act related to medical insurance or the Local Tax Act, shall be subject to an obligation to collect insurance premiums, installments premium, or taxes for National Health Insurance and to pay said Levy.
- 延滞金は、次の各号のいずれかに該当する場合には、徴収しない。ただし、第三号の場合には、その執行を停止し、又は猶予した期間に対応する部分の金額に限る。
- A delinquent charge shall not be collected when the case corresponds to any of the following items, however, provided that in a case as set forth in item (iii), said execution of judgment shall be suspended or limited to the portion of the amount corresponding to the suspension period:
- 延滞金は、次の各号のいずれかに該当する場合には、徴収しない。ただし、第四号の場合には、その執行を停止し、又は猶予した期間に対応する部分の金額に限る。
- The delinquency charges shall not be collected in any case falling under any of the following items; provided, however, that in case of item (iv), the provision of this paragraph shall only apply to the amount of the portion corresponding to the period during which the disposition is suspended or stayed.
- If the case falls under any of the following items, the penal interest shall not be collected, provided that in the case of Item 4, the same shall apply only to the amount corresponding to the portion of which the execution is discontinued or suspended.
- 第一項の規定による特別徴収義務者に対する通知(社会保険庁長官に係るものに限る。)は、当該年度の初日の属する年の七月三十一日までにしなければならない。
- A notification issued to a Person Under Obligation of Special Collection pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) (limited to a notification pertaining to the secretary of a Social Insurance Agency) shall be issued by July 31 of the year that includes the first day of said fiscal year.
- この規定では国の正丁人口の三分の一が軍団に勤務することになるが、実際の徴兵はこれより少なかったようで、一戸から一人が実情ではないかとも考えられている。
- Under this statute, one third of the population of Seitei in the nation was obliged to work in Gundan, but the actual number of soldiers inducted seemed to be smaller than that, and it is considered that, in fact, one Seitei was inducted from one Ko (smallest organization unit in provincial administration).
- 刑部(おさかべ)・額田部(ぬかたべ)など、王(宮)名のついた部のことで、伴造に統括される一種の品部であるが、特に王家・王族の所有である点が特徴である。
- Divisions named after names of kings (princes), such as osakabe and nukatabe, which were a kind of shinabe controlled by the tomonomiyatsuko, with a characteristic that they particularly belonged to the royal families.
- また納税や返還の実行あるいは誓約が行われ神木が撤去される際にも「注連の本(もと)」と呼ばれる一種の手数料を徴収するなど、相手側に金銭的な制裁を課した。
- When the nengu was paid - or the disseized real estate (or the embezzled nengu) was returned (or promised to be returned) - to the temple or the shrine, Shinboku was removed, and the temple and the shrine imposed punitive money, such as 'shime no moto' (a kind of a commission), on the person who caused the trouble.
- 陵墓参考地のために詳細な調査がなされておらず不明確な点があるものの、埴輪の存在が明らかでないなどの特徴から、前方後円墳終末期のものであるとの説が強い。
- This mausoleum is generally supposed to have been constructed as one of the last keyhole-shaped mounds judging from the fact that it does not furnish Haniwa (unglazed terra-cotta cylinders and hollow sculptures arranged on and around the mounded tombs (kofun)), although no detailed investigation has been carried out because this is just a referable mausoleum.
- この闘争は正にそうして発生した富をめぐって朝廷から地方統治と租税徴収を任された受領と、富を集積していた富豪百姓層が、激しく衝突したものだったのである。
- These conflicts were brought about by severe competition for wealth between Zuryo who took responsibility in the local governance and tax collection and the wealthy farmer class who were gathering wealth.
- 公認化された荘園の領主は、田地の地子(じし)(賃租料)に加え、租庸調、庸や徭役にあたる公事(くじ)も徴収し、同様に公領においても租税体系は一本化した。
- The certified shoen lords collected Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), yo (tax in kind) and yoeki (corvee under Ritsuryo system) in addition to jishi (land tax) on rice fields, and similarly in koryo the taxation system was consolidated.
- そうなると、人民一人ひとりを収取(課税・徴税)単位としていた人別支配はもはや不可能となり、政府や支配層にとって別の支配体制を構築する必要が生じていた。
- Under such circumstances, controlling each member of the community by imposing and collecting taxes was no longer possible, and the government and the ruling class were becoming aware of the necessity for a new control system.
- 日本の幹線用蒸気機関車における実用上の最高運転速度が、大正期から戦後まで100km/h未満のままだった事実は、その行き詰まりを象徴していると言えよう。
- The practical maximum running speed of the Japanese trunk-line steam locomotive remained less than 100 km/h from the Taisho period to the postwar period, which can be said to represent its checkmate.
- 第一項から第三項まで又は第七項の規定による費用の徴収は、これを本人又はその扶養義務者の居住地又は財産所在地の都道府県又は市町村に嘱託することができる。
- The collection of expenses pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs (1) to (3) inclusive or paragraph (7) may be commissioned to the prefectural or municipal government where the place of residence or the location of property of the referenced person or his/her supporter under duty exists.
- そこで、「衆中」と呼ばれていたそれぞれの業者内の有力者が責任者となって、数十軒単位で幕府に代わって徴税を行い、その収入を幕府に納付する方針に変更した。
- Therefore, the bakufu adopted a new policy; the 'shuchu' (leading figures among individual traders) takes responsibility in collecting taxes from every tens of traders on behalf of the bakufu, and pays income generated by the taxation to the bakufu.
- 魏は、戦乱によって耕作者がいなくなった田地を人民に支給して軍糧を徴収する屯田制と、兵役義務を持つのは兵戸であり他の一般戸と区別する兵戸制を採用していた。
- Wei adopted the tuntian system, where farmland deserted during the war was granted to people and the crop collected as military provisions, and the binghu military household system, where only military households were required to do military service, separating them from general households.
- また、守護地頭設置の申請が諸国の土地の年貢徴収のみならず、土地の管理権を含む権限について許諾を求めるものであることについて、驚いた様を述べたものである。
- Also, it stated the surprising condition where the application to place shugo and jito was meant to request the permission to collect annual land tax of the districts and to have rights including the right to manage the land.
- 幕府要職や複数国守護のほとんどが細川氏、斯波氏、山名氏、一色氏、畠山氏、渋川氏、今川氏、上杉氏(外戚)など足利一門によって占められているのが特徴である。
- Major posts of the bakufu and shugos governing several lands were held by the Ashikaga family such as the Hosokawa clan, Shiba clan, Yamana clan, Isshiki clan, Hatakeyama clan, Shibukawa clan, Imagawa clan, Uesugi clan (cognate), etc.
- また、大和屋の参詣記に、新宮・那智で熊野牛王符を授かり、本宮で熊野講もちをついたとあるように、こうした参詣風俗も関東ベエ・奥州ベエに特徴的なものだった。
- And the record of pilgrimage by Yamato-ya says that they obtained Kumano Goo-fu (talismans of Kumano shrines) in Shingu Shrine and in Nachi-taisha Shrine, and pounded Kumano-ko mochi (rice cake of the religious association of Kumano shrines), which was a characteristic custom of the kanto-be and oshu-be.
- ただし、武装集団である武士社会の行動原理に、現代社会ではヤクザなどの暴力団組織に特徴的に認められる行動原理が無視できないほど共通しているのも確かである。
- It is certain that the behavioral principle of bushi society, which were an armed group, is significantly similar to the behavioral principle which is characteristically seen in a gangster organization like yakuza and so on in modern society.
- 甲斐武田氏では武田信玄が江戸時代から近代にかけて『甲陽軍鑑』の流行により一般においても広く知られ、地元においては郷土史の象徴的人物と位置づけられいった。
- Shingen TAKEDA of the Kai-Takeda clan was widely known by people during the Edo period to early modern times thanks to the popularity of 'Koyo Gunkan,' and he became the symbol of the local history at his birthplace.
- 例としては、1990年(平成2年)2月は月の後半を中心に曇雨天続きで、東京での同・月間日照時間は僅か81時間しかならず、大暖冬を象徴するかのようだった。
- As an example, in February 1990, cloudy days continues centering on the latter half of the month and total hours of sunlight was only 81 hours symbolizing quite unusually warm winter.
- この変化は9世紀末の宇多天皇から醍醐天皇にかけての国政改革で基準国図に登録された公田面積を富豪層に割り当て、この面積に応じて徴税する機構として結実した。
- This change resulted in a mechanism in which an area of a field administered directly by a ruler and registered in the standardized map of provinces in the reform of the national administration from Emperor Uda to Emperor Daigo in the late ninth century was allocated to the rich and powerful class, and the tax was collected according to the area.
- 古代中国においては、天上の星は地上にある国家を象徴しており、その動きに異常があれば、政治的な異変が発生する前兆現象であるととらえられていた(上天思想)。
- In ancient China, it was believed that the stars in the heavens symbolize the nations on the earth and that unusual movements of stars were portent of political upheaval (上天思想.)
- 国司は、国内の国衙領(公田)を名田へ再編成し、当時台頭していた富豪層へ名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負わせることで、租税を確実に収取するようになっていった。
- The kokushi reorganized the kokugaryo (public fields administered directly by a ruler) in the province into the myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), and by entrusting the myoden and tax management to the newly-influential wealthy class, they ensured the collection of taxes.
- このことは、長く生きた生き物を自然の象徴として慈しみ、長く使われた道具に対する感謝であり、これらを粗末にすれば、良くないことが起こるという戒めでもある。
- This shows affections to long-lived things as a symbol of nature and appreciations to long-used tools, serving as a warning that a misfortune may occur when these things are handled without due respect.
- 累進歩合制給与とは、売上高に応じて累進的に給与が加算される能力給制給与の一種であるが、ベースとなる固定給が極めて低いのがタクシー業界の一般的特徴である。
- The graduated commission system is a type of pay-for-performance wage system in which salary is progressively increased according to sales, but the base fixed wage is very low in general characteristics of taxi companies.
- 12世紀に入る頃から、荘園領主である寺社は経営安定化のために雑役免系荘園の一円支配を目指し、寺田・神田などの封戸と同様に官物徴収権も獲得するようになった。
- From the beginning of the twelfth century, some of temples/shrines, the lord of shoen, began to seek ichienshihai (complete rule of the land) of Zoyakumen kei shoen and eventually obtained the right to collect kanmotsu as with the case of fuko (lands allotted to temples/shrines) called jiden (land allotted to temples) or shinden (land allotted to shrines).
- このことから、襲津彦は特定の実在人物ではなく、4・5世紀に対朝鮮外交や軍事に携わった葛城地方の豪族たちの姿が象徴・伝説化された英雄であったと見る説もある。
- For these reasons, some theories view that he was a fictious hero figure that was symbolized and turned into a legend by the Gozoku (local ruling family) in the Kazuraki region, who were invloved in diplomacy with Korea, and military affiars during the 4th and 5th century.
- 現存する写真によれば、太く力強い眉毛、大きく鋭い眼、鼻筋の通った高い鼻、引き締まった口、面長で鋭い輪郭、男らしくたくわえられた髭(ひげ)などが特徴である。
- According to the existing photograph, he was characterized by thick masculine eyebrows, big sharp eyes, high bridge of the nose, a compressed mouth, long sharp shape, masculine mustache and so on.
- 在地領主は本宅を拠点として、その軍事的・経済的基盤を背景に勧農・検注・夫役徴収などの権限を行使し、後には公領所職や荘園荘官(下司・公文)の地位を獲得した。
- With the residence as his home base, the local lord exercised his authority, such as in the promotion of agriculture (kanno), land survey (kenchu), and labor service and tax collection backed by his military and economic infrastructure, and afterwards, the local lord came to take the post of Koryojo (an officer of Imperial demesne) or the position of Shoen shokan (officers governing manors, including geshi and kumon).
- 政府は、赤字財政健全化のため、生産活動をせずに俸禄を受けている特権階級の士族の廃止を目的に四民平等を謳い、1873年に徴兵制、1876年に秩禄処分を行った。
- To rebuild the deficit-ridden finance into a more sound one, the national government introduced a conscription system in 1873 and Chitsuroku-shobun (an abolition measure of hereditary stipend) in 1876, appealing equality of all people in order to abolish the warrior class, a privileged class the persons in which could receive salary without being engaged in any productive activity.
- 留守政府の元で徴兵令(海陸警備ノ制)・学制(教令率育ノ道)・司法改革(審理刑罰ノ法)・地租改正(理財会計ノ方)といった新しい制度が行われていくことになった。
- Various new systems were implemented by rusu-seifu, including Conscription Ordinance (kairiku keibi no sei), education system (kyoiku sotsuiku no michi), judicial reform (shinri keibatsu no ho) and land tax reform (rizai kaikei no ho).
- 元和 (日本)・寛永年間には、朱印船貿易をする船は従来より外航に用いられたジャンクやガレオン・さらには和船の特徴を引き継いだ、朱印船を主力とするようになる。
- In the Genna and Kanei eras (1615 - 1644), the shuinsen that inherited features of wasen in addition to those of the junks and galleons, which had been used for sailing over oceans, became used mostly for shuinsen-using trade.
- 彼らの目的は、強硬な取締りを行った辺将を討取り、朝鮮王朝の行なった交易の制限、恒居倭に対する検断権・徴税権の行使といった倭人抑圧政策の変更を迫る事にあった。
- Their objectives were to defeat Hensho who abused their powers, and to persuade the Korean Dynasties to change their repressive policy over the kokyowa, such as trade restrictions, or the execution of the right to judge criminal cases and the power to levy taxes over the kokyowa.
- 封建社会の法的・組織的な枠組みを荘園制とともに形づくる封建制がそうであるように、荘園構造もまた、封建的な特徴を示す社会に普遍的な一定現象であるとは言えない。
- Like the feudal system which forms the legal and organizational framework of feudal society as well as the shoen system, the shoen structure was also not a certain universal phenomenon in the society which was characteristically feudal.
- 郡司・郷司・保司・別名名主などの職の体系に補任された開発領主は、開発田の勧農を中心とする所務、私的な雑役・夫役の徴収、検断権といった根本領主権を保証された。
- Kaihatsu-ryoshu were assumed the position of the officers' organization, such as Gunji (a local government for Gun territory), Goji (a local government official for Go territory), Hoji (a local government official for Ho territory), and Bechimyo myoshu (a local government official for Bechimyo territory), and guaranteed the local load rights, which included the rights for shomu (land management) centered on Kanno (encouragement of agriculture) of developed fields, private tax collection of zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks) and buyaku (labor service), and judgment of criminal cases.
- 地方税規則(ちほうぜいきそく)とは、日本の明治及び大正時代において、府県が徴収できる税金の種目(税目)とその税収によって支払われるべき費目を定めた規則のこと。
- The local tax regulations were defined as tax items (items of taxation) prefectures can collect and expense items paid by the tax revenue during Japanese Meiji and Taisho periods.
- NHKスペシャル「象徴天皇 素顔の記録」(2009年4月10日放送)では、麻生太郎首相ほか三権の長が春季皇霊祭・春季神殿祭に出席している映像が放映されている。
- The NHK TV program 'Emperor as a Symbol, the Record of the Real Emperor,' which was aired on April 10, 2009, included a scene in which the heads of the three powers such as Prime Minister Taro ASO attended the Spring Korei-sai Festival and the Spring Shinden-sai Festival.
- このような中にあって、大学相互の結びつきを深め、又、経済界との連携を強めるための財団法人大学コンソーシアム京都(通称、コンソーシアム)があるのも特徴的である。
- The city has a unique foundation called the Consortium of Universities in Kyoto (or simply called the Consortium) to bring local universities together and link them to the business community.
- 更に土一揆によって徳政令が出された場合には、幕府は土倉役の徴収を停止しなければならず、幕府に欠く事の出来ない財政収入でありながら不安定さとも隣り合わせていた。
- When Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts) was issued due to a peasant uprising, the bakufu had to suspend the collection of dosoyaku, making it an unstable form of revenue even though it was an indispensable form of income.
- また、一円が幕領支配となった甲斐国においては、大小切税法や甲州金、甲州桝の甲州三法に象徴される独自の制度を創始した人物と位置づけられ、崇められるようになった。
- In Kai Province which was entirely governed by the Tokugawa Shogunate, Shingen was respected as a person who commenced the original system based on Koshu sanpo (taxation law); Daishogiri zeiho (tax collection law), Koshu gold, and Koshu masu (measuring container).
- その年のさまざまなイベントなどとタイアップしてコースが定められている『京の冬の旅』『京の夏の旅』のコースはそれが最もその特徴が顕著に出ているコースとも言える。
- The most remarkable tours are the 'Winter Tour in Kyoto' and 'Summer Tour in Kyoto' and are included as tie-ups to various events throughout the year.
- 既に江戸時代中期頃から各藩ともに深刻な財政難を抱えており、大坂などの有力商人からいわゆる「大名貸」を受けたり領民から御用金を徴収するなどして辛うじて凌いでいた。
- Every domain had faced serious financial difficulties since the middle of Edo period, and barely survived by borrowing money from leading merchants in Osaka etc, so-called 'daimyo-gashi' (lending money to daimyo), or collecting goyokin (money temporarily charged on farmers and merchants) from the people of the domain.
- 日本側は、朝廷の徴税能力が衰え、使節供応と回賜のための経費が重荷となった後は、使節来朝を12年に1度にするなどの制限を加えたが、その交流は渤海滅亡まで継続した。
- After tax collection capability by the Imperial Court diminished and the expenses for entertaining the envoy and kaishi became burden, Japan side added the limitations to have the envoy's visit once in 12 years, but the exchange had continued until the fall of Bo Hai.
- なお、足利義満の時代に京都の土倉や酒屋に対して恒常的に役銭を取る権利を認められると、段銭や棟別銭などとともに納銭方と呼ばれる幕府御用達の土倉によって徴収された。
- Furthermore, when a permanent right to charge Yakusen (役銭) from Doso (土倉) and Sakaya (酒屋) in Kyoto was allowed during the era of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, Yakusen were charged together with Tansen, Munabetsu-sen, etc., by the doso appointed by Bakufu, who were referred to as Nosen-kata.
- その象徴的な出来事がハーグ密使事件であり、朝鮮に対する日本の支配を排除するため、その不合理を国際社会に訴えたが、これが頓挫した上、日本との関係をより悪化させた。
- One symbolic episode is the Hague Secret Emissary Affair, in which Korea tried to exclude Japanese rule by demonstrating its illegitimacy to the international community, but the trial failed and the Korea-Japan relationship deteriorated.
- 平安期の10世紀頃、大きな社会変化を背景として、朝廷は、徴税・軍事をもはや官司機構で担うのではなく、国司や富豪などへ請け負わせる官司請負制への転換を進めていた。
- Around the tenth century during the Heian period when a large social change occurred, the Imperial court abandoned the policy of entrusting tax-collecting affairs and military affairs solely to the central government system and promoted to entrust these affairs to kokushi (provincial governors) or rich persons, or, in other words, to introduce the kanshiukeoi-sei system.
- 一方、各地方では国司・郡司・有力百姓などを出自とする「富豪の輩」と呼ばれる階層が登場しており、国衙から名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負って、経済力をつけ始めていた。
- On the other hand, the class called 'fugo-no-yakara' (rich guy) originated from kokushi, gunshi (local government administrator sent from the central government, working under kokushi), leading people, appeared, managed myoden (rice fields as the basic unit for levying taxes) and the duty of tax collection from kokuga and began to be economically stronger.
- 軍事動員を必要とするときは、国衙から太政官へ上申し、太政官から「発兵勅符」を得た上で、国衙が国内の各戸から兵を徴発したり健児を動員するという方式で対応していた。
- When military mobilization was required, kokuga (provincial government offices) reported to the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), received 'a charter to send troops' from the Daijokan, and conscripted soldiers from domestic households or mobilized kondei (regular soldiers guarding kokubu (ancient provincial offices) or sekisho (checking stations)).
- 例えば「売上四分、買上八分」すなわち、両替商が南鐐二朱銀を売るとき買手に一両当り銀四分を与え、買上げるときは南鐐二朱銀の売り手から銀八分を徴収するよう取り決めた。
- For example, it was '4 bun when selling, 8 bun when buying' which means when money changers sell Nanryo Nishu Gin silver coins they would give 4 ichibu gin coins per ryo (0.6%) to the buyers but when they were buying they charged 8 ichibu gin coins (1.2%) to the sellers of Nanryo Nishu Gin.
- ある範囲の土地を約109m間隔で直角に交わる平行線(方格線)により正方形に区分するという特徴があり、現在も北海道と沖縄を除く日本各地に条里地割の遺構が残っている。
- The system had a feature to devide a certain area of land into squars with perpendicular parallel lines (hokaku sen [grid lines]) at about 109-meter intervals, and there are remains of jori chiwari (lands allocated using jo and ri) throughout Japan except Hokaido and Okinawa even now.
- 寛文9年(1669年)には1万石、延宝4年(1676年)には1万3,000石が大洪水によって徴収できず、それによって参勤交代の免除を幕府に願い出ているほどである。
- Because the clan could not collect 10,000 koku in 1669 and 13,000 koku in 1676 due to great floods, the finance became worse to the extent of asking the bakufu for exemption from Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo).
- 新撰組は、武士になることを宿願としており、目的達成のために武士に匹敵する活躍をしたため、特に現代の若者たちから幕末日本を象徴する存在とみなされ、根強い人気を誇る。
- The ambition of Shinsen-gumi was to become samurai, and with this goal in mind they were just as active as samurai, and modern day young people in particular regard them as a symbol of Japan during the last days of the shogunate, and Shinsen-gumi continues to be popular.
- 特徴としては、平仮名・片仮名の発明で中古日本語の表記が容易になったことによる、和歌・日記・物語文学の隆盛、官衣束帯の登場(官服の国風化)、寝殿造の登場などがある。
- It is characterized by the following: the prosperity of waka, diaries, chronicles, which occurred because description of ancient and medieval Japanese became easier following the invention of hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries); the appearance of Kan-i-sokutai (official uniform in aristocratic culture), and the appearance of Shinden-zukuri style (architecture representative [characteristic] of a nobleman's residence in the Heian period).
- 現存している茅葺き屋根の家屋の多くが江戸時代中頃から末期にかけて建てられたものであり、昔話に出てくる民家を思わせる屋根形状が特徴である「北山型民家」に分類される。
- Many of the existing thatched-roofed houses were built between the mid and late-Edo period that are classified as the 'Kitayama-style houses,' characterized by the shape of roof reminding one of houses in folk tales.
- 都道府県は、政令で定めるところにより、第三項の規定により市町村から徴収した財政安定化基金拠出金の総額の三倍に相当する額を財政安定化基金に繰り入れなければならない。
- A prefecture shall transfer the amount equivalent to three times the total amount of Fiscal Stability Fund contribution collected from a Municipality pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (3) to a Fiscal Stability Fund, pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Order.
- 室町幕府の軍事指揮と京都市中の警察・徴税等を司る侍所の長官(頭人、所司)に交代で任じられた守護大名の赤松氏、一色氏、京極氏、山名氏の4氏を指して「四職」と称する。
- The Akamatsu, Isshiki, Kyogoku and Yamana clans, whose heads were feudal lords that ruled local territories as military governors, were known as the 'Shishiki (or Shishoku)' clans (meaning 'four top ranking clans') and the military police director (called 'tonin' or 'shoshi' in Japanese) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was chosen from among these clans in turn in order to take charge of military leadership, law enforcement and tax collection in the city of Kyoto.
- 更に検非違使が徴税に関する業務を行うことがあったことから、検非違使の不入を求める動きも現れ、結果的には検非違使本来の業務である警察権の排除にも発展するようになった。
- In addition, because kebiishi sometimes worked to collect taxes, a movement to keep kebiishi from entering shoen also arose and this led to the elimination of their policing rights, which was the actual task of kebiishi.
- 森博達は1999年の『日本書紀の謎を解く』において、「十七条憲法の漢文の日本的特徴(和習)から7世紀とは考えられず、『日本書紀』編纂とともに創作されたもの」とした。
- Hiromichi MORI commented in 'Nihon shoki no nazo o toku' (Solving the Enigma of the Chronicles of Japan) published in 1999 as follows: 'Considering the grammatical deviations affected by Japanese (washu) in the kanbun (Chinese classics) used in The 17-Article Constitution, it is unlikely that the Constitution was established in the seventh century, and it was created at the time when the 'Nihonshoki' was compiled.'
- 律令法の身分制度は人民を良・賤(せん)に二大別することを特徴とし、両者の中間に大化前代の部民(べのたみ)の後身である品部(しなべ)、雑戸(ざつこ)の身分がおかれた。
- The class system under ritsuryo law is characterized by the division of the people roughly into two groups, ryo (law-abiding people)/sen (humble or lowly people), and shinabe (technicians in offices) with zakko (special technicians) who were descendants of benotami (officers and people serving the Yamato dynasty) from pre-Taika era placed in between them.
- 当駅から西舞鶴駅方面へ向かう宮津線、京都駅・大阪駅方面へ向かう宮福線が分岐しているが、利用者数は宮津線が圧倒的に多い反面、宮福線は長距離利用者が多いのが特徴である。
- The Miyazu Line for Nishi-Maizuru and the Miyafuku Line for Kyoto Station and Osaka Station branch at this station; the characteristics are that, although the number of passengers using the Miyazu Line far surpasses that of the Miyafuku Line, the latter carries more long-distance travelers.
- 戦争になると台湾の豊富な食料物資が内地への供給に貢献したほか、高雄市には飛行基地が建設され、徴兵制度が敷かれるなど、日本人と同様に台湾人も兵士や労働力として活躍した。
- Once the war broke out, the rich food resources in Taiwan became a useful source of supply to Japan and an air base was constructed in Kaohsiung and, with the draft system enforced in Taiwan, Taiwanese were also employed as labor force or soldiers like Japanese.
- この結果、朱子学とその派生形態である陽明学の中にある、思弁的側面に集中的に研究が加えられ、或はその思弁的側面こそが朱子学ないし陽明学の特徴であると考えられるに至った。
- As a result, the speculative sides of Shushigaku and its derivative Yomeigaku have been intensively studied and these speculative sides are considered to characterize Shushigaku and Yomeigaku.
- また、秀吉のもとに徳川家康・上杉景勝・毛利輝元・大友義統など各地の戦国大名が相次いで使者を派遣し、戦勝を慶賀し親交を求めたことも秀吉の畿内における権力掌握を象徴した。
- In addition, warlords across the country, including Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Kagekatsu UESUGI, Terumoto MORI and Yoshimune OTOMO, dispatched envoys to Hideyoshi one after another to celebrate his victory and to establish friendly relations with him, all of which also symbolized Hideyoshi's assumption of power in the Kinai Region.
- 当時の根本法令であった律令においては、原則として国の土地は全て国有地であり、公の土地を民衆へ耕作割り当てを行い(口分田)、その収穫から徴税する(租)と規定されていた。
- According to the Ritsuryo Code which was the fundamental law at the time, all the land in the country were, in principle, state-owned, and such public lands were allotted to common people for their cultivation (this allotment was called 'kubunden'), and it was stipulated that the collection of taxes be made from their harvests (this tax was called 'so').
- 鎌倉幕府に代わって成立した室町幕府は財政基盤が弱かったためにその軍事力を背景に造酒正・有力寺院の対立に割ってはいる形で京都の酒屋から「酒屋役」を徴収するようになった。
- The Muromachi bakufu, which was established in place of the Kamakura bakufu, had a weak financial base; so, backed up by the military force, the Muromachi bakufu began to collect 'sakaya-yaku' (the tax charged on sake dealers) from Sakaya in Kyoto while intruding into the conflict between miki no kami and influential temples.
- 源義朝が相馬御厨を寄進しえたということは、単なる書類上のことだけではなくて、現地での徴税の請負の意味をもっていた以上、事実上の在地支配を離れて可能であったはずはない。
- He also discusses that since the fact that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo could donate Soma-mikuriya, it was not just a piece of paper and indicated a contract for the local collection of tax, and the donation could not have been made independently from the de facto land ruling.
- 日本の律令では、口分田として男性へ2段(720歩約24アール)、女性へはその3分の2(480歩約16アール)が支給され、その収穫から徴税(租)が行われるとされていた。
- It is said that, in the ritsuryo code in Japan, a field of approx. 24 ares was supplied to each male as kubunden, and a field of approx. of 16 ares to a female as kubunden, and tax was collected from the crops from these fields.
- 辺将による納税の論告を行い、三浦代官の協力を得た上ながら海賊行為を働いた者を捕らえ処刑するなど、それまで恒居倭に対し行えなかった検断権・徴税権行使を試みるようになる。
- The Dynasty tried to exercise their administrative powers such as the police authority, the legal jurisdiction, and the authority of tax collection that they had not been able to exercise against kokyowa until then, and the Dynasty told hensho (commanders who guard the border of the territory) to remind the residents of their obligation of tax payment, and furthermore, they arrested and executed those who had piracy activities with the support from the local governor in Sanpo.
- 1811年(文化8年)大いに奮発する事があって師走には駿河国府中の門人柴崎直古の寓居に籠もり、『古史成文』『古史徴』『古史伝』など古代研究の本を一気に数多書き上げる。
- Between January and February 1812, he made strenuous exertions and shut himself up at a temporary residence of Naofuru SHIBASAKI, a disciple in Fuchu, Suruga Province, and he at once finished writing several books about Kodai Kenkyu (Ancient Study), including 'Koshiseibun', 'Koshicho' (Clarification of Early History) and 'Koshiden' (Commentary on Ancient History).
- これに対して立憲君主制の国歌(たとえばイギリスの『女王陛下万歳』など。)と比較しても極端な天皇賛美の意味はなく、天皇象徴制の国歌ではごく普通の国歌だと考える意見もある。
- On the other hand, there is an opinion that, compared to national anthems of a constitutional monarchy (for example, 'God Save the Queen'), Kimigayo does not have a meaning of extreme praises for the emperor and it is a quite normal national anthem for the system that recognized the emperor as a symbol of the unity of the people.
- 領家は、開発領主を現地管理者として荘官に任命し、荘官を通じて、荘園からの収穫を地子として徴収したり、荘園内の百姓(荘民)に労役を課したり(公事)して、自らの収入とした。
- Ryoke appointed kaihatsu ryoshu to shokan to manage the lands, and through them, ryoke obtained income for themselves by collecting harvests from shoen as jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) and required peasants (shomin) who worked within shoen to provide labor for kuji (public duties).
- 初期の官物徴収は特に基準がなかったためにそれぞれの国例に従って官物率法が決定されて賦課されたが、国司による恣意的な賦課(官物加徴)やこれに対する農民側の抵抗も強かった。
- The initial Kanmotsu collection did not have any standards and Kanmotsu ritsuho was customarily decided and taxed in each province, but arbitrary taxation (Kanbutsu kacho) by Kokushi (officiers of the local government) occurred and resistance by farmers against this was strong.
- 日本は中国と戦争を行っていたことから、台湾の漢民族を兵士として採用することには反対が多かったが、兵力不足からやむをえず志願兵制、そして1945年からは徴兵制が施行された。
- As Japan was fighting a war with China, many objected to accept the Taiwanese of the Han race as soldiers, but the shortage of soldiers caused the government to introduce the volunteer soldier system and then the draft system in 1945.
- この時代を象徴する言葉として有名なものに「散切り頭を叩いてみれば、文明開化の音がする」という言葉があり、散切物と呼ばれる歌舞伎芸能の新形態発生などといった現象がみられる。
- There was a well-known phrase describing the period, saying that 'Zangiri atama wo tataite mireba, Bunmei Kaika no otogasuru,' ('Knocking on the short-cut hair by removing a topknot, we can hear the sound of civilization') which became the origin of the movement to produce a new style in Kabuki theatrical play called 'Zangiri-mono.'
- 第一項の規定による督促を受けた者が、その指定の期限までに、労働保険料その他この法律の規定による徴収金を納付しないときは、政府は、国税滞納処分の例によつて、これを処分する。
- In the event that the person who has received the demand pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) fails to pay the labor insurance premiums or any other money collected pursuant to the provisions of this Act within the designated payment due date, the government may impose a disposition on such person pursuant to the same rules as those for the disposition for national tax delinquency.
- 西郷軍の白兵戦が強かったのは、地の利が西郷軍にあったことと、幼い頃より刀剣に慣れ親しんでいた士族と、訓練されたとはいえ数年程度の徴集兵では錬度に雲泥の差があったからである。
- The reasons why Saigo's army was stronger in hand-to-hand fights are considered as follows: Saigo's army occupied a vantage ground, and there was a tremendous difference in the sword-handling ability between the warrior class, who had been familiar with handling swords, and the conscripted soldiers, who had had only a few years of sword-handling training.
- これを教訓とした日本は、地租改正や殖産興業で経済力をつけ(=富国)、徴兵制や軍制改革により軍備を増強(=強兵)して、列強に追いつくことにより条約改正と国家の保全を目指した。
- Learning a lesson from this, Japan aimed to revise the treaties and improve national security by strengthening its economic power with land-tax reform and encouragement of industries (national enrichment), and military power with the conscription system and reformation of the military system (strengthening of the military) to catch up with other great powers.
- これらの全般的な特徴として、まず首位の昇叙があり、ついでそれに連なる直系親族のみに対し氏姓の変更が行われるといった順序により同族の中から有力な者が抽出されるという点にある。
- The general characteristic of these lies in the point that at the beginning the top rank is raised and then for the direct line that connected with the raised rank changes of clan name and hereditary title is made; because of this procedural order, an influential person is extracted.
- 室町時代、殿原衆は延暦寺から堅田関の運営を委任されて、堅田以外の船より海賊行為を行わない代償として上乗(うわのり)と呼ばれる一種の通行税を徴収する権利を獲得するようになる。
- In the Muromachi period, Tonobara-shu were delegated in charge of Katata checkpoint; afterwards they gained the right to get a kind of transit duty, called Uwanori, in compensation for not pirating non-Katata ships.
- 政権を担当する者・勢力はいつの世でもそうすることが多いが(そうなることが多いが)、黒船に象徴される圧倒的な武力を見せ付けられた江戸幕府は、現実的な解として、開国を選択する。
- As is the general course for all persons/powers in charge of the government in any age, Edo Bakufu, which had shown the overwhelming military power symbolized by the black ships, chose to open the country to the world as a practical solution.
- 百姓に属する民の主体であった公民は、平安時代初期までは古来の地方首長層の末裔である郡司層によって編成され、国衙における国司の各国統治、徴税事務もこの郡司層を通じて成された。
- The citizens, who were main constituents of people belonging to the hyakusho class, were organized by the gunji class, the descendants of classes of ancient local governments' heads up to the early Heian period, and the ruling and tax collection by kokushi (provincial governors) at kokuga (provincial government offices) were conducted through the gunji class.
- 優れた馬などは最前線にて用いられたために、小荷駄隊は足軽及び農村から徴発された人夫(陣夫)が駄馬や荷車に兵糧などを載せて引率するという機動性・戦闘力いずれも劣る部隊である。
- Since swift horses were used on the front lines, a Konidatai was a troop with inferior mobility and fighting capability that carried provisions on daba (packhorses) and carts by ashigaru (common foot soldiers) and laborers (servicemen) levied from farming villages.
- 神籬・磐座信仰(いわくらしんこう)という自然崇拝も古神道の一部であり、神や命や自然に対する感謝や畏怖・畏敬から、環境が変わる場所にある象徴的なものを、木に限らず神体とした。
- The nature worship such as himorogi and iwakura-shinko (large rock worship) is a part of the Koshinto and includes not only trees but also any symbolic object which is located at a border between environments and is treated as an object of worship because of gratitude, fear, and reverence towards gods, life, and nature.
- これを賄うために、朝廷は専売制度を復活させて財政の立て直しを図る共に、国家の直接所有地(官田)を設定して民間に貸し出し、小作料である高税率の公課(租)を徴収するようになった。
- To cover them, the Imperial Court restored monopolization and tried to rebuild the finances and established areas which were under the direct control of the state (kanden) to lease them to private hands and collected a high-rate tax as a farm rent.
- 勘合船の経営者の室町幕府や細川氏・大内氏などの守護大名、寺院などが勘合船の帰港後に輸入品の売値総額(日本国内の価格に換算した総額)の1割をその船に便乗した貿易商から徴収した。
- The managers of kangosen (trading vessels between Japan and the Ming in the Muromachi period), such as the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), namely the Hosokawa clan or Ouchi clan, etc. and temples, collected about a tenth of the total amount of selling prices (the amount converted into Japanese domestic prices) of the imported goods from the traders who had been on board the vessels.
- 頼朝政権=鎌倉幕府には、荘園・国衙領の田1段から兵粮米5升を徴収する権利と、国衙の在庁官人を指揮する権利が認められ、これを執行する職として惣追捕使・国地頭が置かれたのである。
- The Yoritomo administration/Kamakura Shogunate's right to collect five sho of rice for army provisions from each shoen (manor in medieval Japan)/Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office), and its right to command officials in the provincial administrative offices were recognized, and Sotsuibushi and Kunijito were put in place to exercise these rights.
- 総じて政治的能力への評価は高いが、論評者が勤王家かどうか、儒教の倫理観に近いか等の見方によって全体の評価が上下する傾向があるほか、時代によっても評価が揺らぐのも特徴と言える。
- Overall, Yoritomo's political capabilities were highly rated, but the overall rating tends to vary according to the critics, as to whether they are persons of loyalty to the Emperor or persons abiding by the ethics of Confucianism, and also, the rating fluctuates depending upon the period.
- しかし、東国の支配者の象徴として頼朝が熱心に希望していた征夷大将軍に任官できず、代わりに大納言への任官を求められるが、頼朝は辞退し、後鳥羽天皇への拝謁を終えると六波羅に戻る。
- However Yoritomo could not be appointed to Seii taishogun, the position he desired earnestly as a symbol of a Togoku ruler, instead, he was requested to be appointed to Dainagon (chief councilor of state), to which he declined, and returned to Rokuhara after having an audience with Emperor Gotoba.
- 本来、幕府の財貨や文書を管理する倉奉行という役職が存在していたが、運搬の手間や安全を考えて納銭方に徴税だけではなく、幕府財政の出納実務をも特定の納銭方に一任するようになった。
- Originally, there was a post called kurabugyo in the bakufu, which had managed the property and documents belonging to the bakufu, however, in the light of the labor involved in shipment and security, some Nosenkata took charge not only of taxation but also of business relating to revenue and expenditure for the bakufu finance.
- 尊氏は幕府成立後は民政のみならず軍権の一部まで弟の足利直義に譲って、半ば象徴的存在にもなっていたが、恩賞方の業務のみは自らが把握して親裁を行い、必要があれば審議にも参加した。
- After the establishment of the bakufu, Takauji transferred not only the civil administration, but also partial authority as a commander to his younger brother Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA for him to be a symbolic person, however, concerning the Onshogata, Takauji made the ultimate decision by understanding the work and participated in discussions when necessary.
- 第一項の規定による特別徴収義務者に対する通知(特定年金保険者に係るものに限る。)は、当該年度の初日の属する年の七月三十一日までに、社会保険庁長官を経由してしなければならない。
- A notification to a Person Under Obligation of Special Collection pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) (limited to notifications pertaining to a Specified Pension Insurer) shall be issued by the secretary of a Social Insurance Agency by July 31 of the year that includes the first day of said fiscal year.
- 以後に説明される陽明学の特徴も、その様な意味づけを与えられた結果であり、それが朱子学及び陽明学の歴史的・全面的な結果であると言い得るか否かは大いに疑問とする立場も一部にはある。
- The features of Yomeigaku described below are also the result of the above-mentioned reasoning; therefore, there are doubts that these features are the historical and general results of Shushigaku and Yomeigaku.
- 朝鮮が清朝の冊封から独立した国家主権を持つ独立国であることを明記したが、片務的領事裁判権の設定や関税自主権の喪失といった不平等条約的条項を内容とすることなどが、その特徴である。
- It was described in the treaty that Korea was a nation independent from the tributary system of the Qing dynasty, holding state sovereign power, however it was characteristic of an unequal treaty with the provisions describing the establishment of one-sided consular jurisdiction and the loss of tariff autonomy.
- このとき幕府は銭貨の質の管理および、需要が逼迫していた銅の統制を強めていた関係上から、銭の背面に鋳造地を示す文字を鋳出させたり、また面文に特徴を持たせて鋳銭地の明確化を図った。
- The bakufu tried to specify the location of mintage by making letters indicating the location of mintage cast on the back side of coins and by making letters on coins different according to the location of mintage, for the purpose of maintaining the quality of coins and strengthening copper regulation, which was in urgent demand.
- 1594年(文禄3年) - 豊臣秀吉が伏見城の城下町として町割、開発を行ない、町の原型が形作られる(現在も区内に残る地名や鍵状に曲がった道路には城下町の特徴が色濃く表れている)
- 1594: Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI built the foundation of the castle town for Fushimi-jo Castle through urban development and zoning (the distinct features of the castle town can be found today in the place names and hook-shaped roads that still remain in the ward).
- だが、土倉役を巡る延暦寺との対立は引き続き、その後も延暦寺などが勝手に徴収を行い、幕府が禁令を出すという事態の繰り返しが100年近く経た文明_(日本)年間にも繰り返されている。
- A conflict over dosoyaku with the Enryaku-ji Temple continued for nearly a hundred years, and the state that Enryaku-ji Temple collected dosoyaku at their discretion and the bakufu issued the ban was occurred repeatedly even in Bunmei Era (1469-1487).
- 荘園領主や地頭などへの年貢は、元々、領主・地頭側が徴収することとされていたが、惣村が成立した後は、惣村が一括して年貢納入を請け負う地下請(じげうけ)が広く行われるようになった。
- Although the nengu (land tax) paid to the lord of the manor or the Jito was conventionally collected by the lord or the Jito, the jigeuke (under which soson undertook the payment of nengu in a lump sum) prevailed after the soson was formed.
- 「むすひ」は生産・生成を意味する言葉で、神皇産霊神とともに「創造」を神格化した神であり、女神的要素を持つ神皇産霊神と対になって男女の「むすび」を象徴する神であるとも考えられる。
- The word 'Musuhi' means production or formation, which leads to a possible interpretation that Takamimusubi no Kami and Kamimusubi no Kami are the deification of 'creation,' and that this couple, along with the goddess factor held by Kamimusubi no Kami, symbolizes 'musubi' (uniting) of man and woman.
- 都道府県は、偽りその他不正の手段により障害児施設給付費等の支給を受けた者があるときは、その者から、その障害児施設給付費等の額に相当する金額の全部又は一部を徴収することができる。
- When there is a person who receives Institutional Benefits for Disabled Children, etc. by a deception or other wrongful means, the prefectural government may collect the amount equivalent to such Institutional Benefits for Disabled Children, etc., in full or in part, from that person.
- 日本の律令制においては、人民統治の基盤として、古代の戸籍制度(世帯=戸ごとに人民を詳細に記載登録したもの)と計帳(調・庸の税を徴収するための台帳)が作成され、毎年更新されていた。
- According to the Japanese Ritsuryo system, government of the people was based on the creation of the ancient family register system (detailed records of the people registered for each household) and yearly tax records (a register for collecting taxes of tributes and tax in kind), which were updated every year.
- 江戸時代の学問の特徴としては、研究者個人の直感的、連想的な思考を軸とする中世的な発想で研究を進めるのではなく、文献などに基づき実証的に研究するという態度が現れたことが挙げられる。
- One of characteristics of studies in the Edo period was the appearance of the positivistic approachs based on written materials, which was different from those in the medieval times laying stress on the intuitional and associational thoughts of the researcher.
- これによって加賀を初めとする北陸地方の門徒は本願寺派遣の代官による直接支配下に置かれることとなり、天文15年(1546年)にその象徴として金沢市に尾山御坊が建立されることになる。
- After this battle, the followers in the Hokuriku region including Kaga fell under the direct dominance of the magistrates dispatched by the Hongan-ji Temple, and in 1546 Oyama Gobo was built in Kanazawa City as its symbol.
- だが、攻撃の主要な対象が今まで徴税を行ってきた幕府や諸藩及びこれと結びついた村役人・御用商人などに向かったことによって、結果的には幕府・諸藩の軍事行動の足を引っ張る結果となった。
- However, these revolts resulted in hindering the military action of the Edo bakufu and the domains, because the main targets of the revolts were directed to those who had been the authority of taxation until then, such as the Edo bakufu and the domains, as well as the people related to the authorities, such as village officers and chartered merchants.
- さらに、火縄銃など火器類の流入は、従来、非常時には徴発によってかなりの部分を賄いえていた軍需物資に、火薬など大量消費型の品々を加えることになり、ロジスティクスの重要性が高まった。
- In addition, inflow of firearms such as the matchlock caused an increase of mass-consumption type items such as gun powder to munitions materials, a certain part of which could be procured by commandeering in an emergency, increasing the importance of logistics.
- なお、軍港及び国際貿易港たる舞鶴港を有し、海上自衛隊舞鶴地方総監部や第八管区海上保安本部、国土交通省舞鶴港湾事務所など日本海広域を指揮監督する海事機関があるのも特徴の1つである。
- Characteristically, it also has Maizuru Port which is a naval as well as international trade port, and maritime organizations to control and supervise a wide area of the Sea of Japan such as Maritime Self-Defense Force Maizuru District Headquarters, Maizuru Ports Office of the Eighth Regional Coast Guard Headquarters, and Kinki Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.
- その後、摂津国の国衆で細川澄元派であった池田貞政は討死、阿波国に逃れたようとした芥川豊後守も台風で遭難、近江国からだと徴兵もままならず、細川澄元は八方ふさがりの状態に陥っていた。
- Sumimoto HOSOKAWA was hemmed in on all sides -- Sadamasa IKEDA who was a kunishu from Settsu Province taking the side of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA died in the battle, Akutagawa Bungo no kami (governor of Bungo Province) wrecked in typhoon on his way to Awa Province retreated, and there had been little progress in draft enrollment from Omi Province.
- 『伝奇ヘヴィメタルバンド』を標榜する陰陽座のリーダー黒猫 (ボーカリスト)は、平安時代末期のオカルティックなイメージを象徴する宮廷陰陽道から「陰陽」の名をとってバンド名に用いた。
- Onmyo-za calls itself a 'Fantasy Heavy Metal Band' and the bandleader, Kuroneko (also one of the vocalists, her name means black cat), incorporated the 'Onmyo' part of Kyutei Onmyodo (literally, Onmyodo of the Imperial Court), which symbolized the occult image that prevailed at the end of the Heian Period, in the name of her band.
- 政府は、前項の規定により労働保険料を追加徴収する場合には、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより、事業主に対して、期限を指定して、その納付すべき労働保険料の額を通知しなければならない。
- The government shall, when it additionally collects the labor insurance premiums pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, notify the business operators of the amount of the labor insurance premiums payable by each such business operator by designating the payment due date pursuant to the provisions of the Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
- 臨時雑役は主に雑徭にあたる賦課が変質したものでそこに交易(租庸調などで徴収された米を元手に国家・国衙に必要な物資を調達すること)などの要素が加えられたものであると考えられている。
- Rinjizoeki is considered to be a modified form of the corvee imposing forced labor, but later other elements, such as Kyoyaku (a task to acquire the necessary materials for the State and kokuga, using the rice collected through the Soyocho and other tax levying system) were added.
- 清盛はこれにより京の富裕層から兵粮を徴収すると同時に、伊勢周辺の水軍に動員をかけて、反平氏勢力の追討に意欲を燃やしていたが、同年閏2月に熱病で急死し、平氏政権は大きな打撃を受けた。
- Kiyomori raised taxes from the wealthy class in Kyoto to feed the troops and at the same time, moved the naval forces around Ise, and was energetic about attacking the anti-Taira clan forces, but died suddenly from a febrile disease in February of that year (a leap year), which was a large blow for the Taira clan administration.
- 金屋子神の特徴の解釈としては、陰陽五行説より、桂(土が2つ字の中にある)や死体は土性であり、土性は金性を生ずることから、鉱山・鍛冶の歩留まりが良くなるからではないか、との説がある。
- There is a theory that interprets the features of Kanayago-kami based on inyo-gogyo-setsu (negative-positive-five-line theory), the features are because katsura tree (the Chinese character for katsura includes two Chinese characters meaning soil as its parts) and dead human bodies are soil-natured and the soil nature generates the gold nature therefore improving the yield of mines and metal forging.
- 第一条中雇用保険法第四十八条、第四十九条及び第五十四条の改正規定、第二条中労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第二十二条第四項の改正規定並びに附則第八条の規定 昭和五十九年九月一日
- The revised provisions of Articles 48, 49 and 54 of the Employment Insurance Act in Article 1, the revised provision of Article 22, paragraph (4) of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance in Article 2, and the provision of Article 8 of the Supplementary Provisions: September 1, 1984
- 第百三十六条から前条まで(第百三十六条第二項を除く。)の規定は、前二項の規定による特別徴収について準用する。この場合において、これらの規定に関し必要な技術的読替えは、政令で定める。
- The provisions of Article 136 to the preceding Article (except for Article 136, paragraph (2)) shall apply mutatis mutandis to a special collection pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs. In this case, the necessary technical replacement of the terms of these provisions shall be provided by a Cabinet Order.
- 縄文時代の終りについては、地域差が大きいものの、定型的な水田耕作を特徴とする弥生文化の登場を契機とするが、その年代については紀元前数世紀から紀元前10世紀頃までで、多くの議論がある。
- The end of the Jomon period, that varies greatly in different regions, was marked by the emergence of the Yayoi culture characterized by typical paddy cultivation; however, many scholars have different theories about the date, which was placed sometime between the tenth century B.C. and several centuries B.C.
- 明治政府は華族制度の創設や武士身分の士族への編入など、当初は旧来の身分制度をある程度継承したものの、廃藩置県・徴兵令・秩禄処分といった政策の強行は特権身分に対して大きな打撃を与えた。
- At first the Meiji Government kept the class system, introducing the peerage system by transferring the samurai class, the previous ruling class, into one of the classes of the new system as Shizoku (literally, the warrior class), but the major political changes the government took, including Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domain and establishment of prefectures), Conscription Ordinance and Chitsuroku-shobun (measures to abolish hereditary stipends) were significant blows to the privileged class.
- 中世の国家体制については、一般的には天皇・公家の後退と武家の伸張によって特徴付けられるが、公家と武家が両々相俟って国家を維持したとする権門体制論も提出されているなど学説も多様である。
- As for the system of the country during the Medieval period, it is generally characterized as the regression of the Emperor and Kuge and extension of Buke (samurai families), but the theories are various, like the kenmon taisei theory, a theory that suggests Kuge and Buke both kept the country together, is presented.
- 特にローソン三条大橋店は、道路に面している壁面が前面ガラス張りであるため、大変特徴的でわかりやすいことから、初めて三条京阪を訪れる人にも待ち合わせとしてわかりやすい場所となっている。
- The Lawson Sanjo-ohashi Bridge Branch is noted for having a unique glass covered wall facing the road, and is considered to be an easy place to spot and meet even for people visiting Sanjo Keihan for the first time.
- 厚生労働大臣又は都道府県知事は、医療保険者に対し、納付金の額の算定に関して必要があると認めるときは、その業務に関する報告を徴し、又は当該職員に実地にその状況を検査させることができる。
- The Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare or a prefectural governor, as pertaining to a medical insurer, when he or she determines the necessity for a calculation of an amount of payment, may collect reports concerning said operation, or direct personnel to investigate said conditions in practice.
- これにおいて幕府は造酒正が朝廷財政に納入する分などを例外として、諸権門が土倉・酒屋より税を徴収することを禁じ、その代償として土倉・酒屋が年間6,000貫を幕府に納税することとなった。
- By this ordinance, the bakufu prohibited the influential families from collecting taxes from the doso and sakaya, except for such taxes as the miki no tsukasa paid to the Court, instead, the bakufu imposed an annual payment of 6,000 kan on the doso and sakaya.
- 打ちこわしや一揆そのものは生活苦の改善や新規の徴税や徴兵に反対するものが中心であり、思想的・政治的な背景に欠くもので、最終的には幕府・諸藩・明治政府のいずれかの兵に鎮圧されて終わった。
- Having no ideological and political background, most of the destructive riots and uprisings simply aimed at requiring the relief from hardships of life, and demonstrating their displeasure against the taxation and conscription imposed anew, and all of them ceased in the end when suppressed by Edo bakufu, domains, or the Meiji government.
- 消費物資から租税を徴収する仕組としては消費税などが考えられるが、専売制はこれを更に徹底して生産・流通・販売の過程を全面的に支配することで競争原理を排除して独占的利益を収める方法である。
- One of the systems for collecting tax from consumption goods is consumption tax, but monopolization is a system that develops this further and monopolizes profits by completely controlling the processes of production, distribution, and sales and excluding competition.
- しかし宝暦3年(1753年)末、杉浦や吉田らが行なった年貢増徴政策に対して預かり地における百姓一揆が頻発して発生し、遂には百姓たちが芝村藩を批判して預かり地の所替えを要求するに至った。
- However, in 1753, the tax increase measure imposed by SUGIURA, YOSHIDA and others triggered frequent peasant's revolts, eventually leading farmers to criticize Shibamura Domain and demanding the relocation of the land in custody.
- 守護使不入(しゅごしふにゅう)とは、鎌倉時代・室町時代において幕府が守護やその役人に対して犯罪者追跡や徴税のために、幕府によって設定された特定の公領や荘園などに立ち入る事を禁じたこと。
- Shugoshi funyu means that in the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period, the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) forbade shugo (provincial constables) and their officials from entering some specific koryo (public lands), shoen (manors), and so on, which were specified by the bakufu, when pursuing criminals and collecting taxes.
- 自検断権の象徴たるこれらの膨大な刀槍、銃器が完全に廃棄されたのは、第二次世界大戦の敗戦後、警察が軍国主義の排除という名目と占領軍の武力と威光を背景に、没収の実行に成功してからであった。
- It was after losing in the World War II when the police succeeded in confiscating and destroying completely these large amount of swords, spears, and firearms, the symbols of the right of Jikendan, under the guise of elimination of militarism and backed by the force and prestige of the occupation forces.
- 明治期の和風駅舎建築として唯一の残存例であり、京都の近代化を象徴する建物でもあることから、1996年4月1日京都市指定文化財に指定され、幅を縮小して梅小路蒸気機関車館に移築されている。
- Being the only Japanese-style station house remaining from the Meiji period as well as a building to symbolize the modernization of Kyoto, the station house became a Kyoto-designated cultural property on April 1, 1996 and was dismantled and reconstructed, albeit at reduced width, in the Umekoji Steam Locomotive Museum.
- これら万次郎が幕府に徴用されたのは、英語話者やアメリカ滞在者としての経歴だけでなく、アメリカの目的が捕鯨基地であり、万次郎自身がそのアメリカの捕鯨船船員であったことも無視できないだろう。
- The Shogunate valued Manjiro, not only for his English proficiency and experience in America, but also for his experience as a seaman on an American whaler, relating to America's intention that it would set up the base for whaling in Japan.
- 受領は、大きな権限を背景として富豪層からの徴税によって巨富を蓄え、また恣意的な地方政治を展開したとされ、その現れが10世紀後期~11世紀中期に頻発した国司苛政上訴だったと考えられてきた。
- It is thought that Zuryo saved a large amount of money by collecting taxes from millionaires, due to their authority and developed arbitrary regional politics, leading to Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against Kokushi) which often happened from the end of the 10th century to the middle of the 11th century.
- 日本の歴史上の領主はヨーロッパの農奴制における領主のように無制限に所領の土地と人民を私有財産として所有したのではなく、徴税権・支配権にかかわる一定の権利義務の体系を所持した存在であった。
- Territorial lords in Japanese history were not like those under the serf system in Europe who owned the land and people in his or her territory as his or her private property without any restrictions, but possessed a system of certain rights and responsibilities concerning tax-collecting and territory-control.
- 以上のうちに特徴的なのは「~と申す(白す)」と結ぶ奏上体が大半を占めるのに対して祈年祭、六月月次祭(大祓)、大嘗祭・神嘗祭においては「~と宣る(宣ふ)」とする宣命体がとられていることだ。
- As characteristics of these pieces, the sojo-tai style, in which sentences end in 'to mousu (hakusu),' account for the majority of the pieces while the senmei-tai style, in which sentences end in 'to noru (nou),' are used for Kinensai, Minazuki-no-tsukinami-no-matsuri (Oharae), Daijo-sai festival, and Kannamesai festival.
- 明徳4年(1393年)には「洛中辺土散在土倉并酒屋役条々」が出され、幕府が京都の土倉・酒屋に対する一律に役銭課税が開始された後に土倉や酒屋の有力者の中から徴収を担当する納銭方が選ばれた。
- After the bakufu issued 'five rules regarding Doso and sake brewers scattered Rakuchu' in 1393 and started to levy the uniform yakusen tax on the Doso and sake brewers in Kyoto, Nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) was elected from leading Doso and sake brewers.
- 官職は奈良時代に法文化された当時はその本来の意味を有していたが、平安時代に入ると新しく血脈的な尊卑をも表現するようになり、ひいては家格の象徴となり、国家的な意味はほとんどなくなってしまう。
- At the time when government posts were put into statutory form in the Nara Period, they kept their original meanings, but in the Heian Period, they started to represent high or low lineage as well and became symbols of Kakaku (family status), and lost the original meaning as government posts of Japan.
- 中世期の特徴は、土地の支配権および収益権をめぐって、中央貴族や有力寺社、在地領主・地頭・名主など様々な主体が入り組みながら重層的な権利関係を形成している点にあった(これを職の体系という)。
- A feature of the medieval period was that, concerning land-controlling rights and tax-collecting rights, persons in various social statuses, such as nobles in Kyoto, powerful temples and shrines, local ryoshu, jito and nanushi, were related with each other and formed multi-tiered right oriented relationships (this structure called shiki-no-taikei (literally, a job system)).
- 第一項の規定による特別徴収義務者に対する通知(地方公務員共済組合に係るものに限る。)は、当該年度の初日の属する年の七月三十一日までに、地方公務員共済組合連合会を経由してしなければならない。
- A notification to a Person Under Obligation of Special Collection pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) (limited to those pertaining to a Local Public Service Mutual Aid Association) shall be issued by the Pension Fund Association for Local Government Officials by July 31 of the year that includes the first day of said fiscal year.
- 兵士には、博徒・やくざ・雲助・馬丁・町火消などの江戸の無頼の徒を徴募して編成し、シャルル・シャノワーヌやジュール・ブリュネなどのフランス軍顧問により直接フランス式の調練を施された部隊である。
- The soldiers were composed of a gang of outlaws in Edo including Bakuto (gamblers), Yakuza (Japanese mafia), Kumosuke (shifty carrier), Batei (horse keeper) and Machibikeshi (civilian firefighters), and the troops received the French style military training directly from French military advisers, such as Charles Chanoine and Jules Brunet.
- 戊辰戦争における官軍、すなわち明治新政府の軍は、長州藩・薩摩藩・土佐藩など諸藩の軍の集合で、大村益次郎、西郷隆盛、板垣退助らがそれぞれ指揮しており、政府が独自に徴兵して組織した軍はなかった。
- The imperial army which fought the Boshin War, that is the army of the Meiji new government, consisted of the armies from various domains such as Choshu, Satsuma and Tosa under the commands of Masujiro OMURA, Takamori SAIGO and Taisuke ITAGAKI, respectively, and there had been no army the government recruited and organized on its own.
- 荘園の増大は摂関家などの有力貴族や彼らに保護された寺社などに莫大な収入をもたらす一方、国司等による税の徴収が不可能(すなわち公領の減少)となってしまうために国家財政に深刻な打撃を与えていた。
- An increase in the number of manors brought enormous income to powerful nobles such as sekkan-ke (regent family), as well as temples and shrines under their protection, but on the other hand, tax collection by kokushi (provincial governors) became impossible (in other words, imperial demesne decreased), causing serious harm to national finance.
- 支払基金は、第一項の規定による猶予をしたときは、その猶予期間内は、その猶予に係る納付金につき新たに第百五十六条第一項の規定による督促及び同条第三項の規定による徴収の請求をすることができない。
- The Payment Fund, when issuing a suspension pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1), shall not present additional demands for payment of said Levy pertaining to said suspension pursuant to the provisions of Article 156, paragraph (1), and shall not present a demand for collection pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (3) of the same Article.
- 第一項の規定による特別徴収義務者に対する通知(社会保険庁長官及び特定年金保険者並びに地方公務員共済組合に係るものを除く。)は、当該年度の初日の属する年の八月三十一日までにしなければならない。
- A notification issued to a Person Under Obligation of Special Collection pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) (except for a notification pertaining to the secretary of a Social Insurance Agency, a Specified Pension Insurer, or a Local Public Service Mutual Aid Association) shall be issued by August 31 of the year that includes the first day of said fiscal year.
- 所有の規定が多いのが特徴であり、とくに第八条は「権利の上に眠る者は、これを保護せず」という法原則で、他にも現在の日本の法律の原点とも言えるべきことが多く含まれていることが注目されるべき点である。
- The characteristics of Goseibai-shikimoku was that it had many regulations regarding possession; what is noteworthy is that the Article 8 included a principle 'those who do not enforce their rights will not be protected,' and there are also many others which can be said the origin of Japanese law.
- たとえば、現在の日本は日本国憲法に「主権者」は日本国憲法前文に「主権は国民に在する」と、「天皇」は日本国憲法第1条に「国民統合の象徴」とあるが、実情は「立憲君主」とみなされている(日本国参照)。
- For example, in the current Constitution of Japan, it is mentioned that 'sovereign power resides with the people' in its Preamble and 'the emperor' is 'the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people' in Article 1, however, it is actually regarded as 'constitutional monarch' (refer to Japanese Nation).
- 8世紀初頭に確立した律令制は、個人を徴税単位とする個別人身支配(人別支配)を基本原則としており、高度に体系化された律令法典・官僚制度・地方制度や古代の戸籍制度・計帳などを基盤として存立していた。
- The Ritsuryo system, which was established in early 8th century, adopted the principle of people-based governance (ruling individuals) and existed on the basis of the highly systematized Ritsuryo code of law/bureaucracy system/local administration system as well as the family registration system/keicho (yearly tax registers) etc.
- だが、加徴を巡って国司と現地の農民との対立が激化するようになり、11世紀中期には一定の基準(官物率法)に従って官物・雑物が徴収されるようになり、それ以外の臨時の賦課を臨時雑物と呼ぶようになった。
- However, conflicts between Kokushi and the local farmers over Kacho became serious, and in the middle of the eleventh century, Kanmotsu and Zatsumotsu were collected following a certain standard (Kanmotsu rippo) and other temporary taxation was called Rinjizatsumotsu.
- 戦闘部隊としての戦国時代から江戸時代における足軽の動員は多様な階層からの徴募制が採られており、その召抱える条件も戦時における一時的なものや平時においても雇用され続ける者など様々な待遇が存在した。
- Ashigaru were conscripted from diverse levels of society as combat troops from the Sengoku period to the Edo period, and there were various employment terms which ranged from temporary employment during wartime to continued employment during peacetime.
- また、室町時代の近衛家における経済状況を記した『雑事要録』によれば、摂関家の所領に設置されていた大番領には大番米を徴収する出納が設置され、中には問丸などの他の業種を営んでいたことが記されている。
- According to 'Zatsuji Yoroku' (the record of miscellaneous things), which records the financial affairs of the Konoe family in the Muromachi Period, it is recorded that in the Obanryo parcel set up within the territory of the Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief advisor to the Emperor) family, there was a post of treasurer to collect rice for a land tax called Oban-mai, and among the officers in charge of it, there were those who did business as wholesale merchants.
- また五条大橋の造営奉行となった京極道誉が、造営費捻出のため京都の家々から棟別銭を徴収していたが、高経は造営が遅いとして自らの出費で数日の内に架橋してしまったため、道誉は面目を潰された格好となった。
- Doyo KYOGOKU, who was zoei bugyo (administrator) of the construction of Gojo-ohashi Bridge and collected munebetsu-sen Tax from households in Kyoto in order to finance construction cost, also lost his face because Takatsune completed the bridge in a few days at his expense saying Doyo's construction work was too slow.
- むしろ、幕府に直属する武士は御家人と地頭の両方の側面を持ち、御家人としての立場は鎌倉殿への奉仕であり、地頭職は、徴税、警察、裁判の責任者として国衙と荘園領主に奉仕する立場であったとする解釈もある。
- It is even possible to see samurai who were under the direct control of the bakufu as being hereditary retainers who served the Kamakura family and, at the same time, territorial governors who served imperial government officials and manorial lords by performing their duties to collect taxes, supervise police activities and preside over trials.
- 台湾出兵時に西郷従道が装備したガトリング砲も九州へ送られるなど、徴兵で構成された政府軍は精強な薩摩士族相手に戦うために、相当な意気込みを見せたが、一番肝心な歩兵銃の弾薬調達でトラブルが発生していた。
- The government army, which consisted of conscripts, was so enthusiastic about fighting against the powerful band of warrior class in Satsuma that it even sent the Gatling gun that had been equipped by Tsugumichi SAIGO for the Taiwan expedition to Kyushu but had a trouble in the essential matter of supplying ammunition for infantry rifle.
- この時の使節団訪朝前に、日本では寺島宗則外務卿が、「朝鮮輸出税は今より無論に是を徴せす。彼国より輸入し来る物品と雖少数、且多くは実用品にて国害となるへき物品無之候」と三条太政大臣に意見具申している。
- Before the envoy visited Korea from Japan, Munenori TERASHIMA, the chief of the Foreign Ministry, gave his opinion to the Grand Minister Sanjo, 'Export duties to Korea will not be imposed from now on. As the imported products from Korea would be not so many and most of them were utilities, those would not be harmful to our country.'
- 近代国際法は「先占の原則」(早期発見国が領有権を有する原理)を特徴の一つとして持っていたので、「未開国」は自動的に「無主の地」とされ、そこに植民地を自由に設定できるということになる(小林2002)。
- As modern international law has 'Rule of occupation' (rule under which the county that discovered a land first has sovereignty) as one of its features, 'undeveloped country' was automatically deemed as 'terra nullius,' and, therefore, colonies could be established freely (Kobayashi 2002).
- また、鎌倉時代には源実朝が「将門合戦絵」を描かせたり、神田明神が江戸幕府によって「江戸総鎮守」とされたりするなど、武家政権が将門を東国武家政権の先駆けとして強い親近感を抱いていることも特徴的である。
- In addition, during the Kamakura period, military governments strongly promoted Masakado as a pioneer of military government in Togoku, an attitude which can be seen in the commissioning of a painting by MINAMOTO no Sanetomo called 'Masakado Kassen-e' (Masakado's Picture of War), and also at Kanda-Myojin Shrine, which was designated as 'Edo Sochinju' by the Edo bakufu (the feudal government of the Edo period).
- そのため、政府内にも島津久光を筆頭に前原一誠・桐野利秋ら保守的な反対論者を多数抱えており、また西郷隆盛も「壮兵」といって、中下層士族の立場を考慮した志願兵制度を構想していて徴兵制には消極的であった。
- Therefore, there were a lot of conservative people against it within the government, with Hisamitsu SHIMAZU as the leader, Issei MAEBARA, Toshiaki KIRINO and others, and Takamori SAIGO took a passive stance for conscription because he had his own plan of the volunteer 'sohei' military system in consideration of the middle to lower class samurai.
- 1569年(永禄12年)には、堺近郊にある摂津五カ庄の塩・塩合物の徴収権と代官職、淀過書船の利用(淀川の通行権)を得て、1570年(元亀元年)には長谷川宗仁とともに生野銀山などの但馬銀山を支配する。
- In 1569, Sokyu gained the right to levy a tax of salt and chloride compound as well as the post of daikan (local governor) of Settsu Gokasho (five private lands of Settsu Province), and the right to use Yodo Kashobune (the right of boats that run regularly on the Yodo-gawa river), and in 1570 Sokyu and Sonin HASEGAWA controlled the Tajima-ginzan silver mines including the Ikuno-ginzan silver mine.
- 第三条の規定による改正後の徴収法第十四条の二第一項の規定の適用については、附則第六条の政令で定める日までの間は、同項中「業務災害及び通勤災害に係る災害率」とあるのは、「業務災害に係る災害率」とする。
- With regard to the application of the provision of Article 14-2, paragraph (1) of the Collection Act as revised by the provision of Article 3, the term "the injury rate pertaining to employment injury and commuting injury" in the same paragraph shall be deemed to be replaced with "the injury rate pertaining to employment injury" on or before the day specified by a Cabinet Order set forth in Article 6 of the Supplementary Provisions.
- 朝鮮総督府は宮殿正門の光化門を移築の上保存し、朝鮮王朝の正宮だった景福宮の付随的な建物の多くは破却したが(一説に8割以上とも)、正殿の勤政殿や慶会楼などの象徴的な建物の大部分は保存されることとなった。
- The Gwanghwamun gate as the main gate of the palace was moved and conserved in the Chosen Sotoku-fu, and although most of the annexed buildings of the Gyeongbokgung Palace, the main palace of the Korean Dynasties, were destroyed (some say it was more than 80%), the most parts of the symbolic building including the Geunjeongjeon Hall as the main hall and the Gyeonghoeru Pavilion were conserved.
- 縄文時代は、縄文土器が使用された時代を示す呼称であったが、次第に生活内容を加えた特徴の説明が為されるようになり、磨製石器を造る技術、土器の使用、狩猟採集経済、定住化した社会ととらえられるようになった。
- The Jomon period is the term for the time when Jomon earthenware was in use; however, it comes to include the characteristics of people's lives at the time and to describe the society characterized by the ability to produce ground stoneware, the use of earthenware, the economy based on hunting and gathering, and the sedentary life.
- ところが、一向一揆にとって法華宗の象徴ともいうべき仏敵 三好元長との戦いが終わっても一揆軍の蜂起は収まらず、法華宗以外の仏教宗派を追放すべきだとする門徒の声が、証如や蓮淳による静止命令をも振り払った。
- However, the uprising of the Ikki army did not calm down even after the battle against Motonaga MIYOSHI, the enemy of Buddhists and a symbol of the Hokke sect, and the voice of followers to drive away other Buddhist schools than the Hokke sect overwhelmed the withholding orders by Shonyo and Renjun.
- 建久7年(1196年)、東大寺の俊乗坊重源は、大輪田泊の修築事業の中絶とその後の泊の損壊状況を嘆き、山陽道・南海道・西海道の諸国および荘園からこの港を経て運ばれる運上米のうち1石あたり1升を徴収した。
- In 1196 Shunjobo Chogen in Todai-ji Temple deplored the derailment of reconstruction work for Owada no tomari and the latter damaged situation and collected one sho (of rice) per one koku of rice tax carried through this port from each province and shoen (manor in medieval Japan) in Sanyodo Road, Nankaido Road and Saikaido Road.
- また、「武者は犬ともいへ、畜生ともいへ、勝つことが本にて候」という朝倉宗滴の言葉に象徴されるように、卑怯の謗りを受けてでも戦いに勝つことこそが肝要であるという冷厳な哲学をも内包しているのが特徴である。
- As symbolized by the words of Soteki ASAKURA 'winning is everything for a warrior, even though he may be called a dog or beast', it involves a harsh philosophy where winning a battle is important, even if one might be criticized for being a coward.
- しかし、帯刀はもともと実質的な武備というよりも特権身分の表象としての意味合いが大きく、それを否定する事は、実質的な特権の否定である同年の徴兵および秩禄処分とともに身分アイデンティティーの否定であった。
- However, to belt on a sword was originally more like a symbol of privileged class rather than a practical weapon and denying it meant denying their status and identity along with conscription and Chitsuroku-shobun (abolition measure of hereditary stipend) introduced in the same year which actually denied their privileges.
- また武家権力による天下統一のため農地を基礎とする農本主義を選択せざるを得ず商業の隆盛による前期資本主義的社会の成立に財政徴税などの基本体制が対応できず幕府各藩とも大商人からの借入が拡大し破綻していく。
- Each domain of the bakufu ran into debt from large-scale merchants and eventually went broke because of their dependence on agricultural fundamentalism to rule the nation, in addition, basic systems such as tax collection, did not respond to the establishment of the lower capitalist society made up of flourishing commerce.
- 第二条の規定による改正後の労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第十二条第七項の規定は、平成元年度以後の年度において同項に規定する場合に該当することとなった場合における雇用保険率の変更について適用する。
- The provision of Article 12, paragraph (7) of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance as revised by the provision of Article 2 shall apply to the modification of the employment insurance rate in the case where the situation comes to fall under the provision prescribed in the same paragraph during any fiscal year including and after the fiscal year of 1989.
- 封建制に代わる、中国史上の経済制度を特徴づける概念や歴史像はいまだ構築されていないが、最近では階級構造を描き出そうとする従来の方法に代わって、地域社会の中における地主の役割に注目した研究がなされている。
- Concepts and views of history which characterize the economic system in Chinese history have yet to be constructed, but recently, more studies are focusing on the role of landlords in a local community, instead of describing the class structure by conventional methods.
- しかし、藩内の検地による打ち出しで内高が増加することは、これまで生産力に対して余裕をもって徴収されていた年貢が、生産力相応の高い額に引き上げられることを意味したので、領民にとっては一種の負担増でもあった。
- However, if uchi-daka was increased as a result of land survey by the domain, it meant that nengu will be increased in accordance with the productivity - although it was previously collected at comparatively low rate for the actual productivity - and the load of the people of the domain will also be increased.
- その他、島津氏と結んでいた筑前の秋月種実が日向に移封され、大村氏との対立から長崎港の襲撃や南蛮船からの通行料徴収を強要などを繰り返していた深堀純賢を海賊禁止令違反として所領没収にするなどの処分が行われた。
- Furthermore, Tanezane AKIZUKI in Chikuzen who colluded with the Shimazu clan was transferred to Hyuga, and Sumimasa FUKABORI, who repeatedly attacked Nagasaki Port and charged transport dues on the early European ships because of his confrontation with the Omura clan, was punished by depriving him of his territory for violation of Ban on Piracy.
- 日本の領主の封建制は「税の徴収権」に過ぎず(参照→職の体系)、つまり西欧に見られるような領地の私有と領民への農奴としての隷属的支配権は存在しなかったので、本当の意味の封建制は存在しなかったとする説もある。
- There is a view that the Hoken system in its true sense did not exist in Japan, because the Hoken system of feudal lords was just 'the right to collect taxes' (see Shiki system), and there was no private ownership of land and rights of control over the people as serfs in the domain, which were commonly seen in the West.
- 株仲間の奨励策による運上金・冥加金の徴収、町人資本による印旛沼・手賀沼の干拓事業を行ういっぽう、長崎貿易の推奨(特に俵物など輸出商品の増産)など、積極的に改革を推し進め、幕府財政を立て直すことに成功した。
- He aggressively pushed forward his reforms, such as collecting business taxes and forced contribution in exchange for promoting 'kabu nakama,' doing reclamation works of Inba-numa Lake and Tega-numa Lake with merchants' funds, and promoting trade with foreign countries at Nagasaki - particularly through production increase of goods for export, including 'tawara mono' (goods in straw bags), thereby succeeding in reconstruction of bakufu finance.
- 藩士である武士を城下町に集めて軍人・官吏とし、彼らの支配のもとで城下町周辺の一円支配領域にある村に石高を登録された百姓から年貢を現物徴収して、藩と藩主の財源や藩士の給与として分配する形態が藩の典型である。
- The typical pattern of Han was to have samurai, Hanshi, in the castle town as military men or government officials who collected land taxes in rice from peasants whose yields were registered in villages located in the whole ruling region in the vicinity of the castle town, and divided the taxes into the financial resources for the Han and Hanshu as well as the salaries for the Hanshi.
- どの戦国大名も従来の大名に替わって室町幕府に「郡検断」「軍勢催促」「段銭徴収」等の諸権力を公認されることで各地域の中心勢力を形成し、そして新しい中央政権たる豊臣秀吉の奥州仕置によって既得権益を追認された。
- Each sengoku daimyo formed the central power of influence in each region by being authorized to execute various powers such as 'jurisdiction,' 'demand for military assistance,' and 'collection of Tansen (tax on rice fields)' by the Muromachi bakufu in place of the existing daimyo and then had their vested interests confirmed by Oshu-shioki (repression of the Oshu region) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as the new central government.
- これは当時の政権が大規模な輸送を行う能力を持っていたことを裏付けている(この徴発によって反乱軍を率いる皇子側は軍馬を確保するとともに、結果的には敵の本拠である大津京への兵糧搬入を妨害したことにもなった)。
- Operations of this size give evidence to support the capability of the government of the time to have large-scale transportation (As a result of this requisition, the rebel troops on the Prince's side gained war-horses while simultaneously interrupting the delivery of provisions to the enemy's base in Otsukyo).
- 私領といってもその地の課税が免除される訳ではないが、国衙は旧来の郡とは別の、新しい徴税単位として、特別な命令書により税を軽減し、開発領主の私領領有を認め、同時に開発領主がその地の納税義務を負うことになる。
- Even though it is called a private estate, it did not mean that one was exempt from tax, but Kokuga were treated differently from former districts as a separate tax unit, lowered tax under a special order, permitted cultivating land owners to have their own private estates, and the kaihatsu-ryoshu gained the responsibility to collect other taxes simultaneously.
- 川・堀の水路網と蔵は江戸を象徴する町並の特徴であり、蔵造りの町並が残された川越市、栃木市、佐原市などの関東地方の河港都市は、江戸に似た構造という点や江戸と交流が深かったという点から「小江戸」と呼ばれている。
- Channel networks of rivers and moats and kura (the earthen-walled storehouses) characterized the Edo cityscape, and those river port cities in the Kanto area where the kura cityscape have survived such as Kawagoe, Tochigi, and Sawara are called 'small Edo' for their architectural resemblance to Edo and the fact that these cities were actively traded with Edo.
- 第一条中雇用保険法第四十八条、第四十九条及び第五十四条の改正規定、第二条中労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律附則第十条の次に一条を加える改正規定並びに附則第十一条及び第十三条第一項の規定 平成六年九月一日
- The revised provisions of Articles 48, 49 and 54 of the Employment Insurance Act in Article 1, the revised provision adding an Article following Article 10 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance in Article 2, and the provisions of Article 11 and Article 13, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions: September 1, 1994
- 前条の規定による改正後の労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第十二条第四項の規定は、昭和五十四年四月一日以後の期間に係る労働保険料について適用し、同日前の期間に係る労働保険料については、なお従前の例による。
- The provision of Article 12, paragraph (4) of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance as revised by the preceding Article shall apply to the labor insurance premiums pertaining to the period on and after April 1, 1979 and, with regard to the labor insurance premiums pertaining to the period prior to the same date, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.
- 山城の特徴として、居住に便利なように山麓に居館を設け、山上付近に戦闘、防備施設があるのが一般的だが、観音寺城は山麓全体に分譲地、もしくは団地のような居住性の高い曲輪が配されている点が他の山城とは大きく異なる。
- Unlike the usual characteristics of Japanese mountain castles, in which they had residences at the foot of mountains for their convenience and had facilities for combat and defense on mountaintops, the Kannonji-jo Castle had Kuruwa, which were like areas for residential complexes, comfortable to live in, throughout the entire area of the foot of the mountain, which is the biggest difference between other mountain castles in Japan.
- しかし、室町時代に入ると、室町幕府は守護に対して刈田狼藉取締権をはじめ、使節遵行権・半済給付権・闕所地処分権・段銭徴収権など、国内の荘園・公領へ統治的・経済的支配を及ぼしうる様々な権限を付与するようになった。
- But early in the Muromachi period, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) granted various authorities to Shugo, which would enable them to exert a range of administrative and economic influences on shoen and koryo in the country, such as the right to control Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the right to enforce the bakufu judicial decisions in land disputes (Shisetsu jungyo), the right to permit hanzei (half payment of tax), the right to confiscate property from criminals or if it is left derelict, the right to collect tansen (a tax on arable land).
- 彼らは確かに、佃、手作(てづくり)、門田(かどた)などという直接耕作農地も持ってはいたが、大きな特徴は基本的には農業経営から離れ、農民から「加地子(かぢし)」を取る本格的な「領主」へと転化し始めることである。
- While they definitely directly held cultivation land such as tsukuda (directly-managed rice fields by a lord or an officer of shoen), tezukuri (handmade), or kadota, their biggest characteristic was leaving the farm management to a genuine 'manor lord' that collected 'kajishi' (land rent) from peasants.
- 古代の戸籍制度・班田収授法などによる律令制的な人別支配の維持が困難となっていた当時、国司は公田を名田という単位へ再編するとともに、有力農民層(田堵という)へ名田の経営と名田からの租税徴収を請け負わせていった。
- At that time, it became difficult to maintain control over each person like in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), based on a family registration system and Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land), and therefore, kokushi (provincial governors) reorganized Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) into myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) and came to entrust the work of managing myoden and collecting taxes from there to powerful farmers (called tato).
- さらに同時期までに、守護職には大犯三ヶ条の検断沙汰権、刈田狼藉の検断権、使節遵行権、半済給付権、闕所地給付権、段銭・棟別銭の徴収権など、軍事・警察的職権から経済的利得権まで広範な権能が付与されるようになった。
- In addition, in the same period, the shugo-shiki came to assume a wide spectrum of authority ranging from military and police authority to the authority for gaining an economical profit, such as the authority to make an investigation and give instruction (kendan-sata) over three kinds of criminal cases (Taibon-sankajo, three major tasks for peacekeeping), the authority to investigate the karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the authority to pass delegation of the word, the authority to collect half of the nengu (land tax), the authority to provide confiscated land or land without a governor (called kessho-chi), as well as the authority to collect tan-sen (surtax on the rice fields) and munabechi-sen (surtax on the houses).
- 中国の律令制が皇帝にすべての権限を集めて三省(中書省・門下省・尚書省)がこれを補佐する体制であるのに対し、日本の律令制では、天皇と各省の間に天皇の代理機能を果たす緩やかな合議体、太政官を置いたことに特徴がある。
- While the ritsuryo system in China concentrated all power in the emperor, who was supported by three ministries of Secretariat, Chancellery and State Affairs, Japanese ritsuryo system was characterized by the establishment of a loose consultative body, namely Daijokan (Grand Council of State), which worked as the emperor's proxy between the emperor and ministries.
- 大日本帝国憲法では、天皇は統治権の総攬者とされていたのに対し、日本国憲法では日本国・日本国民統合の象徴とされ、かつ国民主権原理を採用したため、日本国憲法の制定により日本の国体が変わったか否かについて起きた論争。
- Since in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Emperor was in a position to control the right to rule, but against that, in the Constitution of Japan, is a symbol of Japan and the unity of the Japanese people and has also adopted the principle of sovereignty with the people, disputes over whether or not the national structure of Japan changed by the establishment of the Constitution of Japan, broke out.
- 不破内親王の姉の井上内親王(聖武天皇の娘)と白壁王(後の光仁天皇)との間の子である他戸親王(草壁皇子の玄孫)が、伯母の孝謙天皇称徳天皇が崩御に伴い、父王が即位した時に天智・天武皇統融合の象徴として立太子された。
- Imperial Prince Osabe (the great-great-grandson of Prince Kusakabe), who was the son of Imperial Princess Inoe (a daughter of Emperor Temmu), a older sister of Imperial Princess Fuwa, and Shirakabe no okimi (Prince Shirakabe, later Emperor Konin), was formally installed as Crown Prince as the symbol of merger of Tenchi and Temmu Imperial Line at the time of enthronement of his father, with demise of his aunt, Empress Koken Empress Shotoku.
- 1355年(文和4年/正平10年)、幕府は半済の拡大を防ぐため、戦乱の収まった国の半済を停止するとともに、戦乱国においても、守護が年貢半分を直接徴収するのではなく、本所(荘園領主)から守護へ納入させることとした。
- In 1355, to prevent the spread of the hanzei law, the feudal government exempted provinces in which the disturbance had settled from its application and made the Honjo (lord of the manor) pay half of the customs or taxes to the provincial constable, instead of letting the provincial constable directly collect the customs or taxes from peasants even in the provinces in which the disturbance was still continuing.
- 荘園は所有者が直接経営に携わる場合もあったが、所有者に雇われた管理者が直接耕作者である佃戸及び奴隷を監督して生産物や金銭などの形式で租税や小作料を徴収して管理し、時には相場を利用して運用を図り差額を儲ける者もいた。
- Sometimes the owners were directly involved with the management of shoens, but the managers who were hired by the owners supervised denko (tenant farmers) or slaves, collected the land tax or farm rent in the form of products or money from them and at times gained the amount of difference by investment using the market price.
- 第一条中労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第四十六条、第四十七条及び附則第七条第一項の改正規定、第二条中雇用保険法第八十三条から第八十五条までの改正規定並びに附則第十条の規定 公布の日から起算して一月を経過した日
- The revised provisions of Articles 46 and 47 of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance and Article 7, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions in Article 1, the revised provisions of Articles 83 to 85 inclusive of the Employment Insurance Act in Article 2, and the provision of Articles 10 of the Supplementary Provisions: the day on which one month from the day of promulgation has elapsed
- さらに太平洋戦争の勃発にともなって香港、マレー半島、シンガポール、フィリピンなどで日本軍が捕獲した多数の連合軍捕虜、中国大陸からは強制連行されてきた中国人労働者、さらに朝鮮半島から徴用された朝鮮人が現場に投入された。
- Furthermore, following the outbreak of the Pacific War, many prisoners of the allied forces who the Japanese army captured in Hong Kong, the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, the Philippines, etc., Chinese laborers who were forced to be brought against their will from the Chinese continent, and Koreans who were drawn from the Korean Peninsula were poured into the scene of labor.
- 納銭方は天正元年(1573年)の室町幕府解体とともに廃止されるが、当時の正実坊の当主であった正実坊掟運は織田信長によってそのまま徴税担当に起用されており、その仕組みは織田政権によって吸収されていったと考えられている。
- While the Nosenkata was abolished along with the dissolution of the Muromachi bakufu in 1573, the system of Nosenkata is thought to be absorbed by the Oda administration, because Shojitsubo Joun, the family head of Shojitsubo at that time, was continuously appointed by Nobunaga ODA to the post for collecting taxes.
- 酒株を持った酒造人が生産する酒の量を酒造石高といい、籾米1石(当時の徴税はこの状態であり、精米すると精米度合いにもよるがおよそ6割になる。つまり玄米だけの体積は0.6石程度となる)を使った際に生成できる酒の歩合である。
- The amount of sake produced by a brewer with sakekabu is expressed in sake brewing kokudaka (yield in the unit of koku), which is the percentage of sake produced using one koku (about 180 litters) of unhulled rice (Taxation was based on rice in this stage at that time. When polished, it becomes some 60 percent in volume depending on how well it is polished. That means the volume of only the brown rice is about 0.6 koku).
- 武士は当初、「侍」に象徴されるように天皇・貴族の警護や紛争の鎮圧を任とする階層であったが、平清盛の平氏政権を経て鎌倉幕府の成立に至り、旧来の支配権力である朝廷・国司・荘園に対して全国の軍事・警察を担う公権力に発展した。
- Bushi were firstly in the class which guarded the Emperor and aristocrats and suppressed the conflicts as symbolized in 'samurai,' but when the Kamakura bakufu was established through the Taira clan government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, bushi developed into the official authority which were in charge of military affairs and police activities against the Imperial Court, kokushi (provincial governors) and shoen which were traditionally ruling powers.
- 保険料その他この法律の規定による徴収金(第百五十条第一項に規定する納付金及び第百五十七条第一項に規定する延滞金を除く。)については、地方税法第九条、第十三条の二、第二十条、第二十条の二及び第二十条の四の規定を準用する。
- With regard to an insurance premium and other levies pursuant to the provisions of this Act (except for a payment as prescribed in Article 150, paragraph (1) and a delinquent charge as prescribed in Article 157, paragraph (1)), provisions of Article 9, Article 13-2, Article 20, Article 20-2, and Article 20-4 of the Local Tax Act shall apply.
- 労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第二十条第一項の厚生労働省令で定める有期事業であって、施行日前に同法第三条に規定する労災保険に係る労働保険の保険関係が成立したものに係る確定保険料の額については、なお従前の例による。
- With regard to the amount of final insurance premiums pertaining to the businesses with a definite term specified by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare set forth in Article 20, paragraph (1) of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance in respect of which the insurance relation of labor insurance pertaining to the industrial accident insurance prescribed by Article 3 of the same Act has been established prior to the effective date, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.
- 江戸幕府を全ての武士の頂点とし、最高の統治機関としながらも、各大名がそれぞれの領地においてある程度独立した統治機構(藩)を形成していることと、米などを現物で納めさせて年貢とする石高制をその基礎においていることが特徴である。
- It was characterized with the Edo bakufu as the supreme governing institution at the top of warriors, and yet with each feudal lord which maintained somewhat independent governing structure in its own territory (domain), as well as with the tax system based on annual yield of rice, Kokudaka-sei, whereby tax is paid by rice and other actual goods.
- 日本書紀によれば、天智天皇より皇位継承するのは大海人皇子とされていたとあり、天武天皇(後の天武天皇)は672年6月に吉野から東方へ脱出し、美濃国を拠点に軍兵を徴発した上で近江大津宮へ進軍し、同年7月、大友側に決戦を挑んだ。
- According to Nihonshoki, Prince Oama (later Emperor Tenchi) was to ascend the throne, who escaped eastward from Yoshino in June 672 to base in Mino no Kuni where he commandeered troops and advanced toward the Imperial Palace to challenge the OTOMO side to a battle in July of the same year.
- 近親者を殺されてその復讐をする例は、南イタリアを始めとして、世界各地で見られるが、江戸時代の敵討は、喧嘩両成敗を補完する方法として法制化されていたことと、主眼は復讐ではなく武士の意地・面目であるとされていた点に特徴がある。
- Cases of revenge after the killing of a close relative are found in various parts of the world, including southern Italy; however, the characteristic of Katakiuchi in the Edo period is that it was legitimized as a method to supplement Kenka Ryoseibai (in a quarrel both parties are to blame) and that the aim was not the revenge but the pride or honor of a samurai.
- 同年10月15日にはより進んで「所謂天皇機関説は、神聖なる我が国体に悖り、その本義を愆るの甚しきものにして厳に之を芟除(さんじょ)せざるべからず。」とする国体明徴声明を発表して、天皇機関説を公式に排除、その教授も禁じられた。
- Furthermore, on October 15 of the same year, he published a government announcement saying that 'the Emperor Organ Theory, as it is called, damaged the primordial doctrine of our divine fundamental character of the nation and this should be eliminated' to officially eliminate the Emperor Organ Theory, and the instruction of it was also prohibited.
- また、軍国主義的だという点から見ても、古い軍歌であるラ・マルセイエーズを国歌としているフランスを始めとして、過激な軍歌調或いは軍歌そのものの国歌を持っている国は多く、君が代が特別軍国主義を象徴するものではないとする意見もある。
- With respect to the point that Kimigayo is militaristic, there is an opinion that, starting with France of which national anthem is old martial music, La Marseillaise, there are many countries that have national anthems that are extremely militaristic or a martial song itself and Kimigayo does not particularly symbolize militarism.
- 労働保険関係法令の規定により政府が追徴金又は延滞金を徴収する場合において、その徴収について労働保険事務組合の責めに帰すべき理由があるときは、その限度で、労働保険事務組合は、政府に対して当該徴収金の納付の責めに任ずるものとする。
- When the government collects the supplementary charges or delinquency charges pursuant to the provisions of the laws and regulations concerning labor insurance, and such collection is made due to any cause attributable to the labor insurance administration association, the labor insurance administration association shall be responsible, to such extent, for the payment of such collected money to the government.
- 労働保険料その他この法律の規定による徴収金に関する処分の取消しの訴えは、当該処分についての審査請求に対する厚生労働大臣の裁決又は当該処分についての異議申立てに対する厚生労働大臣の決定を経た後でなければ、提起することができない。
- A lawsuit seeking the rescission of disposition concerning the labor insurance premiums or any other money collected pursuant to the provisions of this Act may not be filed until the determination on the request for examination concerning such disposition is made by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare, or the decision on the objection in respect of such disposition is made by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare.
- 3代征夷大将軍足利義満が在任していた応安4年(1371年)に後光厳天皇譲位のための諸経費を補うためとして京都の土倉より土倉役を徴収し、明徳4年(1393年)には「洛中辺土散在土倉并酒屋役条々」という5ヶ条からなる法令を出した。
- In 1371, during the third Seii taishogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's service, the Muromachi bakufu collected the dosoyaku from the doso in Kyoto to supplement various expenses needed for Emperor Gokogon's abdication, and in 1393, the bakufu issued an ordinance comprised of five rules regarding doso and sakaya in and around Rakuchu (inside the capital Kyoto).
- また、バックグラウンド黄砂の成分の特徴として、通常ではCa(カルシウム)が主にCaSO4(硫酸カルシウム)の形で存在しているのに対して、バックグラウンド黄砂では主にCaCO3(炭酸カルシウム)の形で存在していることが挙げられる。
- The components of background kosa are provided with the following feature: While Ca (calcium) in ordinary kosa exists in the form of CaSO4 (calcium sulphate), Ca in background kosa exists in the form of CaCO3 (Calcium carbonate).
- 上皇と平家の栄華を象徴する法住寺殿ではあったが、1183年(寿永2年)木曾義仲の軍勢によって南殿に火がかけられ(法住寺合戦)、上皇は北の門から新日吉神社へむけ輿にのって逃亡、以後上皇は六条西洞院の長講堂に移りそこで生涯をおえる。
- Hojuji-dono Palace came to symbolize the glory of the Retired Emperor and the Taira family, but Nan-den was set ablaze in 1183 by Yoshinaka KISO's forces (Siege of Hojuji-dono Palace), the Retired Emperor escaped to Ima Hie-jinja Shrine in a palanquin and later moved to Rokujo Nishinoto-in Temple's Choko-do Hall where he lived out the remainder of his life.
- 支払基金は、第一項の規定による督促を受けた医療保険者がその指定期限までにその督促状に係る納付金及び次条の規定による延滞金を完納しないときは、政令で定めるところにより、その徴収を、厚生労働大臣又は都道府県知事に請求するものとする。
- The Payment Fund, when a medical insurer that is presented a demand for Levy pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) does not pay the full amount of the Levy pertaining to said demand note or the delinquent charge pursuant to the provisions of the following Article by said specified due date, shall demand said collection from the Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare or the prefectural governor, pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Order.
- 当時、全国的な争乱(観応の擾乱)が続いており、兵糧調達のため、激戦地であった近江国(守護:六角氏)・美濃国(守護:土岐頼康)・尾張国(守護:土岐頼康)の本所領(荘園)を対象として、その年の収穫に限り、守護に年貢半分の徴発を認めた。
- At that time, the government allowed provincial constables to requisition half of the taxes from the production of the year to obtain provisions in the midst of a nationwide disturbance (the Kanno Disturbance), aiming at the manors of the Province of Omi (provincial constable: Rokkaku clan), the Province of Mino (provincial constable: Yoriyasu TOKI) and the Province of Owari (provincial constable: Yoriyasu TOKI) all of which were the bloodiest battlefields in the disturbance.
- 京都市における定期観光バスの特徴として一番に挙げられるのは、入場料や食事代がセットになっていることから、人気の観光スポットがほぼ待ち時間なしで入場できる点や、個人旅行ではまず入場不可能なところへのコースを設けられていることにある。
- As the typical features of the regular tour bus in Kyoto City, it is prepared as a set with entrance fee and meal so that people are able to get in to the popular sightseeing spot without waiting time, and it makes a course which is not able to enter as individual tour.
- 「株式会社和泉宗家」の代表取締役である節子はこの問題に関し、「税務調査が入り見解の相違があったことは事実だが、簿外口座などは存在しない」として、この疑惑を全面的に否定しているが、追徴課税は、重加算税などを含め1億円を越すといわれた。
- Setsuko, the representative director of Izumi Soke Co., denied the suspicion by saying 'It is the case that tax inspection was conducted and difference of views existed, but the company has no off-the-book account,' but the company was imposed reportedly over \100M of back taxes including a penalty for tax evasion.
- 戦国時代では赤以外にも黒色・黄色等の色で統一された色備えがあったが、当時赤は高級品である辰砂で出されており、戦場でも特に目立つため、赤備えは特に武勇に秀でた武将が率いた精鋭部隊である事が多く、後世に武勇の誉れの象徴として語り継がれた。
- In the Sengoku period, there were other Irozonae (colored arms) which were formed in a single color such as black or yellow other than red, but the red of the times came from cinnabar which was a high-quality product, and it also highly stood out in the battlefield, therefore, Akazonae were mostly elite troops led by a busho with outstanding bravery, and were passed down as a symbol of honor of bravery from generation to generation.
- しかし、本来の神道の源流である古神道(こしんとう)には、神籬(ひもろぎ)・磐座(いわくら)信仰があり、森林や森林に覆われた土地、山岳(霊峰富士など)・巨石や海や河川(岩礁や滝など特徴的な場所)など自然そのものが信仰の対象になっている。
- However, Koshinto, which is the origin of Shrine Shinto, worships at Himorogi (a temporarily erected sacred space or 'altar') and Iwakura (dwelling place of a kami, usually a large rock), with nature itself, including forests and the land covered by forests, mountains (such as holy Mt. Fuji), gigantic stones, the sea and rivers (distinguished places include reefs and waterfalls), being the sacred object.
- 前条の規定による改正後の労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第十二条第四項ただし書及び第五項の規定は、附則第一条ただし書に規定する日以後の期間に係る労働保険料について適用し、同日前の期間に係る労働保険料については、なお従前の例による。
- The proviso to paragraph (4) and the provision of paragraph (5) of Article 12 of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance as revised by the provision of the preceding Article shall apply to the labor insurance premiums pertaining to the period on and after the date prescribed in the proviso to Article 1 of the Supplementary Provisions and, with regard to the labor insurance premiums pertaining to the period prior to the same date, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.
- 11世紀に寄進地系荘園及び職の体系が確立されると、公家領においては天皇家や摂関家などの上級貴族層が在地領主などからの寄進を受けて本家職や領家職などを集中させ、家司・政所などの家政組織を運営して、現地から年貢・公事などを徴収していった。
- As kishinchikei-shoen (donated manors) and shiki (the right of Shoen clerks in a Shoen) were established in the 11th century, within kuge-ryo (territory owned by court nobles), the high-ranked nobles of the Imperial Family and Sekkan-ke (the line of regents and advisers) received land donated by zaichi-ryoshu (resident landholders), concentrated their honke-shiki and ryoke-shiki (economical right as patron and proprietor), and collected nengu and kuji (land tax and public duties) from the land by setting and making use of a domestic governing system such as Keishi (household superindendent) and Mandokoro (an office set up in the houses of powerful aristocrats in the Heian Period for the administration of their vast property estates).
- 始めは政経が高清を近江から追放し、出雲、隠岐、飛騨の守護職を得るが、政経はその後の六角氏との戦いに敗れ、さらには徴税の命令に従わなかった出雲、隠岐の守護代である尼子経久を追放するも、逆に出雲の拠点である月山富田城を奪い返されたと伝わる。
- At the beginning, Masatsune expelled Takakiyo from Omi Province thereby gaining the position of Shugo (military governor) of Izumo, Oki and Hida Provinces, but Masatsune lost the battle against the Rokkaku clan after that, and moreover although he expelled deputy Shugo of Izumo and Oki Tsunehisa AMAKO who did not obey the order of tax collection and he was deprived, in return, of Gassan Tomita-jo Castle that was a foothold in Izumo.
- 第四十九条の二に規定する費用を国庫が支弁した場合においては、厚生労働大臣は、本人又はその扶養義務者(民法に定める扶養義務者をいう。以下同じ。)から、都道府県知事の認定するその負担能力に応じ、その費用の全部又は一部を徴収することができる。
- In the case where expenses provided in Article 49-2 are paid by the national treasury, the Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare may collect the full amount of those expenses or part thereof from the referenced person or his/her supporter under duty (which shall mean a supporter under duty provided in the Civil Code; the same shall apply hereinafter) in accordance with the financial capacity recognized by the prefectural governor.
- ナイフ形石器(ナイフがた せっき)とは、後期旧石器時代に特徴的な、石刃(刃器)などの剥片に刃潰し剥離(剥片自身がもつ鋭い側縁の一部をナイフの刃のように残し、ほかの側縁を鈍くつぶす調整剥離)を加え、現在のナイフに似た形に仕上げた石器である。
- Stone tools resembling a knife were characteristics to the end period of the Paleolithic period, and they were made by blunting and exfoliating flakes like stone knives (blades) (i.e. Exfoliation was adjusted so that the sharp edge of flake would be partly remained like a knife blade and the rest of the edge would be blunted), and by forming the flakes into a shape similar to modern knives.
- 前節で述べたように、南蛮寺の建物自体は一切現存しておらず、その建築上の特徴は、同時代の日本人によって描かれた絵画資料(南蛮屏風等)、文字資料(主に宣教師の記録)、および教会跡と推定される遺跡の考古学的調査の結果から、以下のように推測される。
- As stated previously, the Nanban-ji Temple building itself no longer exists, but contemporary Japanese paintings (Nanban-ji folding screens etc.), written works (mainly the records of missionaries) and archaeological investigations of ruins thought to be those of churches have led to the following speculations as to the church's architectural characteristics.
- 平成六年九月一日前の日に係る日雇労働求職者給付金の日額及び労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第二十二条第一項に規定する印紙保険料の額の区分に係る賃金の日額(第三項及び第四項において「等級区分日額」という。)については、なお従前の例による。
- With regard to the daily amount of the benefit for daily work job applicant pertaining to a day prior to September 1, 1994 and the daily amount of the wages pertaining to the classification of the amount of stamp insurance premiums prescribed by Article 22, paragraph (1) of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance (hereinafter referred to as the "classified daily amount" in paragraphs (3) and (4)), the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.
- 土地には耕作権を意味する「作職」、年貢徴収請負権の「名主」、荘園領主への年貢納入を請け負う「地頭職」などが重層に存在し、さらに国衙や守護職が令制国単位で影響力を及ぼしていたため、武士の主従関係も一対一の単純なものであるとは限られていなかった。
- There was a multilayered structure of rights claimed for a land including 'saku-shiki' which meant the right of cultivation, 'myoshu' which referred to the right to collect land taxes, and 'jito-shiki' which was responsible for paying out land taxes to the lord of the manor; besides, as the provincial government office and the military governor possessed influence on each province, master-servant relationships among samurai were not necessarily a simple one-to-one relationship.
- 施行日以後平成十七年三月三十一日までの期間に係る新徴収法第三十条第一項の規定により被保険者の負担すべき一般保険料の額については、同項の規定にかかわらず、厚生労働大臣が労働政策審議会の意見を聴いて定める一般保険料額表により計算することができる。
- The amount of the general insurance premiums to be borne by the insured person pursuant to the provision of Article 30, paragraph (1) of the New Collection Act pertaining to the period on and after the effective date and up to and including March 31, 2005 may be calculated, notwithstanding the provision of the same paragraph, based on the table of amounts of the general insurance premiums prescribed by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare after consulting the Labor Policy Council.
- 市町村は、前項の規定により過誤納額を還付すべき場合において、当該第一号被保険者の未納に係る保険料その他この法律の規定による徴収金があるときは、同項の規定にかかわらず、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより、当該過誤納額をこれに充当することができる。
- A Municipality, in a case when an Amount Paid in Excess or in Error should be refunded pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, when there is an unpaid amount of insurance premium pertaining to said Primary Insured Person or other levy pursuant to the provisions of this Act, notwithstanding the provisions of the same paragraph, pursuant to the provisions of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, may allocate said Amount Paid in Excess or in Error to said insurance premium.
- 創設当初にあった徴兵免除の規定も徐々に縮小・廃止され、1889年に大改正が行われ、ほぼ国民皆兵制となった(ただし、中等学校以上の卒業後に志願したものは現役期間を1年としたり、師範学校を出て教員になったものは現役6週間とするなどの特例があった)。
- The initial exemption conditions of conscription were gradually reduced or abolished and,in 1889, a major revision was made for universal conscription (however, there were special cases, for example, those who volunteered after graduating from secondary school or higher education served for one year and those who became teacher after graduating from school for teacher training served for six weeks.)
- 当時の守護人は、在庁官人らを指揮して国内の治安維持・民政にあたり、兵粮徴発や兵士動員などを任務としていたが、1185年(文治1)に平氏政権が滅亡すると、朝廷との円滑な関係を構築するため、頼朝政権は独自に設置した国守護人を一旦廃止することとした。
- The Shugonin of the time were in command of Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) and were in charge of domestic security and civil government; they were in charge of requisition of army provisions and mobilization of soldiers, but in 1185, when the Taira clan fell, in order to build a smooth relationship with the imperial court, the Yoritomo administration briefly did away with the Kokushugonin that they had appointed themselves.
- 滝川事件は法学部のみの処分で決着し、理学部とはほとんど関係のない事件であるので、この人物設定は歴史的な意味では正確さを欠くものともいえるが、「思想信条を理由に大学教員が弾圧された戦前の事件」としては象徴的な意味を今なお持っていることを示している。
- The punishment related to the Takigawa Incident was concluded within the Faculty of Law and has almost nothing to do with the Faculty of Science, and although this character setting is inaccurate historically, it shows that the 'incident was the oppression of thinking and ideology of pre-war university staff' has a figurative meaning to this day.
- また、日本の神として古事記や日本書紀にある人格神(人の形や人として捉えられる神)を崇拝する場合にも、根底に同じ考え方があり、所縁のある物や象徴する物などに内在している、あるいは、それらに依り憑いて具象化することで力を及ぼすと考えられたようである。
- In addition, the same idea underlay the enshrinement of humanized divinities (gods in human form or captured while human) who appeared in the Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) and the Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) as gods, and people thought that a god's power resided in something related to or symbolic of that god, and they even believed that a god could influence people by embodying himself or herself in such things.
- 昭和六十一年十二月三十一日以前に旧徴収法第十二条第三項に規定する場合に該当した事業に関する昭和六十二年四月一日から始まる保険年度(四月一日から翌年三月三十一日までをいう。以下同じ。)以前の各保険年度に係る労災保険率については、なお従前の例による。
- With regard to the industrial accident insurance rate pertaining to each insurance year (meaning the period starting on April 1 of the year and ending on March 31 of the following year; the same shall apply hereinafter) including or before the insurance year starting on April 1, 1987 concerning the businesses falling under any of the cases prescribed by Article 12, paragraph (3) of the Old Collection Act on or before December 31, 1986, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.
- その際、木戸孝允は、福岡案第一条の「列侯会議を興し」を「広ク会議ヲ興シ」に改め、「徴士」の任用期間を制限していた福岡案第五条を削除して木戸最終案第四条を新たに組み込み、五箇条の順序を体裁良く整え直すなどして大幅に変更を加え、より普遍的な内容にした。
- At that time, Takayoshi KIDO changed 'setting up a council by feudal lords' in the first article of Fukuoka's draft to 'setting up deliberative assemblies widely' and deleted the article 5 which restricted the term of 'choshi' (official) and added newly the article 4 of Kido's final draft and put the order of the whole five articles in proper order and the contents became more universal by those big changes.
- 宋代の官田は、民田が州・県などの地方政府によって管理されるのに対し、官田を専管する中央官庁の下に置かれ、国家は契約した小作人(官佃戸)から租を徴収していたが、元、明と時代が下るにつれて、官田の多くは民田と共に地方政府によって管理されるようになった。
- Unlike private estates which were managed by local governments such as zhou (prefecture) and xian (county), Kanden in the Song period was under the control of central authorities and the state collected land taxes from contracted tenant farmers, but in more recent years in Yaun and Ming, most kanden were controlled by local governments as well as private estates.
- これは、ヤマト王権の拡大にともない、各地方土着の神に対する崇敬を天皇に対するものに転化させ、初穂献上としての租税の徴収を容易にするためと推察されているが、そのため、時代により当時の権力者に都合の良い解釈がなされたり改変が加えられたりした経緯がある。
- It is inferred that this was done so to divert the reverence toward the native gods of the local regions to that toward the Emperor in order to facilitate tax collection in the form of presenting of the first rice harvest, and therefore, depending on the specific period, alterations and interpretations convenient to the authority at the time were added to the mythology.
- 支払基金は、第百六十条第一項に規定する業務に要する費用に充てるため、年度(毎年四月一日から翌年三月三十一日までをいう。以下この節及び次章において同じ。)ごとに、医療保険者から、介護給付費・地域支援事業支援納付金(以下「納付金」という。)を徴収する。
- The Payment Fund, in order to allocate to the costs, expenses, and disbursements necessary for operation as prescribed in Article 160, paragraph (1), shall collect Long-Term Care Benefit Expense and supporting payments of a Community Support Project (hereinafter referred to as "Levy") from a medical care insurer for each fiscal year (which means from April 1 to March 31 of the following year, in each year; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Section and the following Chapter).
- 第五十条第五号、第六号、第六号の三、第七号及び第七号の二に規定する費用を支弁した都道府県又は第五十一条第一号及び第二号に規定する費用を支弁した市町村の長は、本人又はその扶養義務者から、その負担能力に応じ、その費用の全部又は一部を徴収することができる。
- If a prefectural government has paid expenses provided in Article 50 items (v), (vi), (vi)-3, (vii) and (vii)-2, or if a municipal government has paid expenses provided in Article 51 items (i) and (ii), the head of such a prefecture or municipality may collect the full amount of those expenses or part thereof from the referenced person or his/her supporter under duty in accordance with his/her financial capacity.
- 第二条中労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第十二条第三項の改正規定(「第二十条第一項」を「(第二十条第一項第一号」に、「「調整率」」を「「第一種調整率」」に改める部分を除く。)及び同法第十三条の改正規定並びに附則第九条の規定 昭和六十二年三月三十一日
- The revised provision of Article 12, paragraph (3) of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance (excluding the portions replacing the term "(in Article 20, paragraph (1)" with "(in Article 20, paragraph (1), item (i)" and the term " "the adjustment rate" " with " "the Class I adjustment rate" ") and the revised provision of Article 13 of the same Act in Article 2, and the provision of Article 9 of the Supplementary Provisions: March 31, 1987
- だが、松方・進歩党が希望するこの二大課題が解決すると、元々大隈との提携に不満があった薩摩閥系閣僚と進歩党側の対立が激化、更に松方が財政難の解決のために地租改正反対一揆以来一種のタブーとなっていた「地租増徴」を提案したことから進歩党内に倒閣の機運が生じた。
- However, once two major tasks the Progressive Party represented by MATSUKATA aimed for were solved, conflicts were intensified between the cabinet members from Satsuma Domain clique who had been dissatisfied with cooperation with OKUMA from the beginning and the Progressive Party side, and moreover to solve economic difficulties, MATSUKATA proposed 'the plan to increase land taxes' which had been a sort of taboo since the peasant revolt against the land-tax reform, which gathered momentum within the Progressive Party of overthrowing the Cabinet.
- 後醍醐天皇の元亨2年(1322年)以後、壷銭を通常の課税とする議論は度々行われてきたが、延暦寺などの反対もあり漸く南北朝時代_(日本)に入って以後、造酒正によって徴税が行われるようになったが、延暦寺などの支援を受けて課税忌避を図る酒屋もあり対立が続いた。
- Since 1322 when Emperor Godaigo was in power, arguments to turn tsubo-sen into a form of regular taxation had arisen many times, but opposition by Enryaku-ji Temple delayed collecting taxes from sake dealers by miki no kami (Chief of the Sake Office) until the period of Northern and Southern Courts, and conflicts continued because some sake breweries refused to pay tax with Enryaku-ji Temple on their side.
- 政治的側面としては、”国司の下の地方官”としての意味合いが強く、立場上は国司よりも下であったが、徴税や軽い刑罰の執行など地方行政の実務を執り行っていたために、律令制の地方支配は、中央政府が郡司による地方社会の把握を媒介として成立していたと評価されている。
- Politically, they were more like 'local officials under Kokushi' and their position was lower than Kokushi, however, since they were practically in charge of local administration including the tax collection and the execution of the punishment of minor criminals, it is recognized that the central government maintained the local ruling through Gunji who kept track of the local societies.
- これらの中で三島由紀夫は「自分の吃音や不幸な生い立ちに対して金閣における美の憧れと反感を抱いて放火した」と分析し、水上勉は「寺のあり方、仏教のあり方に対する矛盾により美の象徴である金閣を放火した」と分析したが、実際のところ真相は解き明かされる事はなかった。
- Yukio MISHIMA analyzed the motives behind his conduct and said 'The young man set fire because he had great admiration for beauty of and felt antipathy toward Kinkaku-ji Temple, contrasting his dysphemia and unhappy background,' while Tsutomu MIZUKAMI said, 'He set fire to Kinkaku-ji Temple, which was a symbol of beauty for him, owing to the antilogy of how temples and Buddhism should be.'; however, the truth was in fact never clarified.
- 三室戸敬光は昭和初期に貴族院 (日本)議員(会派は研究会)に互選され、特に1935年(昭和10年)に起こったいわゆる天皇機関説問題に際して、男爵菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)議員とともに美濃部達吉を追求し辞職に追い込み、さらには国体明徴声明を岡田内閣に出させている。
- During the early Showa period, Yukimitsu MIMURODO was elected a member of the House of Peers (belonging to the group 'Kenkyukai') through mutual election; and in a dispute over the 'Emperor as an organ of government Theory' started in 1935, Yukimitsu, together with another member of the House, Baron Takeo KIKUCHI (a Japanese Imperial Army soldier), questioned Tatsukichi MINOBE, the advocate of the theory, and forced him to resign from the House of Peers, and also, made the Okada Cabinet to issue the Kokutai Meicho proclamation.
- 平家一門と高倉・安徳両帝の冥福をひたすら祈っていた建礼門院をたずねて後白河天皇が寂光院を訪れるのは文治2年(1186年)のことで、この故事は『平家物語』の「大原御幸」の段において語られ、物語のテーマである「諸行無常」を象徴するエピソードとして人々に愛読された。
- Emperor Go-Shirakawa's 1186 visit to Kenrei Mon-in, who was praying for the souls of members of the Taira family and Emperors Takakura and Antoku at Jakko-in Temple, is recorded in the 'Ohara Goko' paragraph of 'The Tale of the Heike,' which has been fondly read for the story's theme that symbolizes the transience of worldly things.
- しかし勲功への処遇の不満や、国衙側が彼等の新興の武人としての誇りを踏みにじるような徴税収奪に走ったり、彼らが武人としての自負から地域紛争に介入したときの対応を誤ったりしたことをきっかけに起きたのが、藤原純友や平高望の孫の平将門らによる反乱、承平天慶の乱であった。
- However, they were dissatisfied with the treatment for their deeds of valor and were disgraced as emerging warriors by kokugas, who forcibly collected taxes from them; also when they interfered with the regional conflicts out of their self-pride as warriors, the kokugas failed to handle the situation well, all of which triggered the revolts by FUJIWARA no Sumitomo and TAIRA no Masakado who was a grandson of TAIRA no Takamochi, and others, namely, the Johei and Tengyo War.
- 吉左衛門を「家長様」と呼んでいた事に象徴されるように、上は総理事から下は一般社員までに至る吉左衛門に対する敬愛の念はすこぶる高く、歴代吉左衛門もまた、一方では文化事業を通じて住友の名を高め、他方では家長・財閥本社社長として企業モラルの引き締めの任に当たっていた。
- As symbolized by the fact that Kichizaemon was called 'Kacho-sama,' extremely high respect was accorded to the Kichizaemon, from the high-ranking position of head of the directors down to the rank and file, and the successive Kichizaemon elevated the Sumitomo name through the cultural enterprise on one hand while on the other hand trying to raise the corporate morale as the family head and president of the Zaibatsu main company.
- また、大学寮の学生が退学した場合は本貫に通告すること(学令)、徴発された労役者が帰還前に死亡した場合には本貫に通告すること(賦役令)、本主が死亡した帳内・資人は本貫に送還すること(選叙令)、病気になって倒れた防人は本貫に送還すること(軍防令)などの規定が存在した。
- Furthermore, there were stipulations such as when a student withdrew from Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) notification must be made to hongan (Gaku-ryo [law on scholarship]); when a commandeered laborer died before his return, notification must be made to hongan (Fueki-ryo [law on tax]); chonai and shijin (lower rank officers) whose master died must be returned to hongan (Senjo-ryo [law on recruitment and promotion of government officials]); and sakimori (soldiers deployed for boarder defenses) who fell sick must be returned to hongan (Gunbo-ryo [law on military defense]).
- だが地租増徴に反対する進歩党 (日本)と自由党 (日本)(日本 1890-1898)からの協力は得られなかったために、文部大臣・農商務大臣・逓信大臣を自派(「伊藤系官僚」)が、内務大臣 (日本)・司法大臣・陸軍大臣を山縣有朋系が占める超然内閣を作らざるを得なかった。
- However, without cooperation by the Progressive Party (Japan) and the Liberal Party (Japan) (Japan 1890-1898) opposing to the plan to increase land taxes, he had to organize the Chonen (doctrine of superiority) cabinet consisting of the Minister of Education, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce and Minister of Communication from his own group ('government officials from ITO group'), and the Minister of Home Affairs (Japan), Minister of Justice and Minister of Army from Aritomo YAMAGATA group.
- また、騎馬隊といえば、戦国期甲斐国の武田信玄の騎馬隊が有名であるが、これは古来から甲斐や信濃国に御牧が設置され騎馬の扱いに長けた者や馬の産地が多く甲斐の黒駒伝承に象徴されるイメージ的な要素や、かの地の馬が山岳機動に優れた能力を示したといった様々な説が唱えられている。
- Speaking of cavalry, the one that belonged to Shingen TAKEDA in the Kai Province during the Sengoku period was famous because of following reasons; the imperial pastures were established in the Kai and Shinano Provinces from ancient times, so there were many people who excelled in handling horses, and also many places for breeding horses; these areas had an image symbolized by the legend of a black horse of Kai; the horses bred in these areas showed high mobile ability in mountainous regions.
- 皇祖考古今ニ鑑ミテ維新ノ鴻図ヲ闢キ中外ニ徴シテ立憲ノ遠猷ヲ敷キ文ヲ経トシ武ヲ緯トシ以テ曠世ノ大業ヲ建ツ皇考先朝ノ宏謨ヲ紹継シ中興ノ丕績ヲ恢弘シ以テ皇風ヲ宇内ニ宣フ朕寡薄ヲ以テ忝ク遺緒ヲ嗣キ祖宗ノ擁護ト億兆ノ翼戴トニ頼リ以テ天職ヲ治メ墜スコト無ク愆ツコト無カラムコトヲ庶幾フ
- 皇祖考古今ニ鑑ミテ維新ノ鴻図ヲ闢キ中外ニ徴シテ立憲ノ遠猷ヲ敷キ文ヲ経トシ武ヲ緯トシ以テ曠世ノ大業ヲ建ツ皇考先朝ノ宏謨ヲ紹継シ中興ノ丕績ヲ恢弘シ以テ皇風ヲ宇内ニ宣フ朕寡薄ヲ以テ忝ク遺緒ヲ嗣キ祖宗ノ擁護ト億兆ノ翼戴トニ頼リ以テ天職ヲ治メ墜スコト無ク愆ツコト無カラムコトヲ庶幾フ
- すなわち、地方税は地租(5分の1以内)、営業税・雑種税、及び戸数割により徴収する(第1条)こととされたところ、各町村については「各町村限及区限ノ入費ハ其区内町村内人民ノ協議二任セ地方税ヲ以テ支弁スルノ限ニアラス」(第3条)とされ、必ずしも地方税による必要はないものとされた。
- Local tax was to be collected via land (within one- fifth), sales, miscellaneous and individual assets tax (Article 1), it was specified for each town and village as 'revenue of each town and village and district is left to negotiations among residents and local tax will not be used to support it' (Article 3), indicating the lack of need for the local tax.
- 例示された伊勢貞孝の討伐が象徴的であるが、自前の軍事力を持たない義輝の時代の幕府権力の回復(特に書簡と使者があれば事足りる大名間の調停者としてではなく、軍事力に裏打ちされた畿内の統治者としての権力の回復)は事実上三好長慶の幕府への融和的姿勢により支えられていたものであった。
- As is symbolized by the cited victory over Sadataka ISE, recovery of the Bakufu's power in the age of Yoshiteru, who had no real military force (recovery of power not as a mediator of inter-daimyo (feudal lord) strifes who would need only letters and messengers but as the ruler of the areas surrounding the capital whose position was supported by military force) was virtually supported by the conciliatory posture of Nagayoshi MIYOSHI toward the Bakufu.
- 具体的には王心斎は、『孝経』と四書を重視したが、経書の注釈に拘らない自得の学問を説き、独特な「淮南格物」を主張したこと、古代を理想とする尚古思想をもっていたことがその思想的特徴といえるが、なによりも重要なのは、知識人層以外の階層に陽明学を広めることを己が責務としたことである。
- Specifically, Wang Xinzhai put emphasis on the 'Classic of Filial Piety', or 'Xiao Jing', and The Four Books but, ideologically, was characterized by preaching the teachings that he had learned himself without being obsessive about commentaries on the Classics, advocating his original idea of 'Junnan kakubutsu,' and maintaining a primitivism whereby he made the ancient times his ideal, but above all he made it his duty to propagate Yomeigaku outside of the intellectual classes.
- 喜八郎の祖父は長崎番十人組頭をし彼の孫の松雄が第二次世界大戦前夜の上海で特務機関員をしていた時にドイツ軍の親衛隊から迫害されていたユダヤ人の一団を三菱から徴用した船で米国へ逃がしたが、そのことは如何にもキリシタン大名を輩出した大村藩と開明的長崎港の歴史的縁を偲ぶ物語と言えよう。
- Kihachiro's grandfather was Nagasaki-ban Junin-gumi kashira, head of an autonomous group of 10 families, and is known for helping a group of Jews who were being persecuted by the Schutzstaffel (SS) to escape to the U.S. on a ship conscripted from Mitsubishi when Matsuo, his grandson was serving as in Special Service Agency in Shanghai on the eve of the Second World War; a story which reminds us of the historical bond between the domain of Omura that produced Christian daimyos and the open and liberal port of Nagasaki.
- 第五項に規定する措置が行われた場合において、本人又はその扶養義務者が、これらの規定により支払うべき旨を命ぜられた額の全部又は一部を支払わなかつたため、都道府県においてその費用を支弁したときは、都道府県知事は、本人又はその扶養義務者からその支払わなかつた額を徴収することができる。
- In the case where a measure provided in paragraph (5) is taken, when the referenced person or his/her supporter under duty fails to pay the amount ordered to be paid pursuant thereto, in full or in part, and thus the prefectural government pays the amount of such unpaid expenses, the prefectural governor may collect such unpaid amount from the referenced person or his/her supporter under duty.
- そこで平安時代に入ると、朝廷も公廨稲の利息より正税の不足分を補わせる「正税率分」の導入や格式に必要最低限の正税出挙に対する国司の支出義務(農民への強制的な貸付強制と徴収(返済)の義務化)を定めた「正税式数」を規定するなど、中央への上供体制維持を目的とした正税回復政策を取り始めた。
- Thus, in Heian period, Imperial Court began to launch political measures to recover the shozei for the purpose of maintaining the tribute-to-central system, such as introduction of 'shozei ritsubun (the tax system where two-tenth of the tax delivered from the provinces to the Ministry of Finance at Heian-kyo [the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto] were supplied to the tax storage called 'ritsubun-do')' that made up the shortage of shozei with the interest on kugaito and establishment of 'shozei shikisu' in which kokushi's minimum liability for shozei suiko (compulsory loaning to and collecting repayments from peasants) was prescribed in kyakushiki (a kind of law in the ritsuryo system).
- 都道府県知事又は市町村長は、第一項の規定による負担能力の認定、第二項若しくは第三項の規定による費用の徴収又は第五項の規定による費用の支払の命令に関し必要があると認めるときは、本人又はその扶養義務者の収入の状況につき、官公署に対し、必要な書類の閲覧又は資料の提供を求めることができる。
- When it is found necessary for the recognition of the financial capacity pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1), for the collection of expenses pursuant to the provision of paragraph (2) or (3), or for the order for payment of expenses pursuant to the provision of paragraph (5), the prefectural governor or the mayor of municipality may request the concerned public agency to inspect necessary documents or provide necessary materials with regard to the state of income of the referenced person or his/her supporter under duty.
- 国民皆兵を理念とはしたが、体格が基準に達しない者や病気の者などは除かれ、また制度の当初、「一家の主人たる者」や「家のあとを継ぐ者」、「嗣子並に承祖の孫」(承継者)、「代人料(270円)を支払った者」、「官省府県の役人、兵学寮生徒、官立学校生徒」、「養家に住む養子」は徴兵免除とされた。
- Though the idea was universal conscription, those who did not meet the physical standard or were ill were exempted, and the other exemptions included 'masters of the family,' 'heirs,' 'grandsons to succeed directly from their grandfather' (collectively successors,) 'those who had paid proxy fee (270 yen),' 'officials of central and local governments, students of military schools and public schools,' and 'adopted children living in their foster parents.'
- 前条第一項の規定により納付金の納付を督促したときは、支払基金は、その督促に係る納付金の額につき年十四・五パーセントの割合で、納付期日の翌日からその完納又は財産差押えの日の前日までの日数により計算した延滞金を徴収する。ただし、督促に係る納付金の額が千円未満であるときは、この限りでない。
- When payment of the Levy is demanded pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, the Payment Fund shall collect a delinquent charge that is calculated by using the percentage of 14.5 percent per annum of the amount of Levy pertaining to said demand for the number of days from the date following the due date of said Levy until the date prior to the date of an attachment of property, however, provided that this provision shall not apply when the amount of Levy pertaining to said demand is less than 1,000 yen.
- 戦国時代に築城あるいは使用された大部分の城は、戦国時代末期から江戸時代にかけて築城された、現存の姫路城や松本城のように世界遺産や国宝に指定されたり、あるいは大坂城、江戸城、名古屋城のように、都市の歴史の象徴として、広い年齢層の人々があまねく一般知識として認知するまで敷衍されてはいない。
- With the exception of certain castles constructed around the end of the Sengoku Period or in the Edo period, such as Himeji-jo castle and Matsumoto-jo castle (both of which still exist and have been designated as world heritage sites and national treasures), as well as Osaka-jo castle, Edo-jo castle, or Nagoya-jo castle (which are well known symbols of the history of the city by people of a wide range of ages), the majority of the castles that were constructed or used in the Sengoku Period are not well known.
- 特に聖武天皇の発願によって建立されて、以後鎮護国家体制の象徴的存在として歴代天皇の崇敬を受けてきた東大寺と藤原氏の氏寺であった興福寺は、それぞれ皇室と摂関家の権威を背景と大衆と呼ばれる僧侶集団が元来自衛を目的として結成していた僧兵と呼ばれる武装組織の兵力を恃みとしてこれに反抗していた。
- Especially Todai-ji Temple which was constracted at the wish of the Emperor Shomu and since then had been revered by successive emperors as a symbol of polity for nation protection, and Kofuku-ji Temple built for praying Fujiwara clan's glory, rebelled against this, relying on military power of armed organization called armed monks which was originally organized for self-defense by Buddhist monk group called as Daishu, each with authorities of Imperial family and Sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers) in the background.
- 『太平記』と『梅松論』では、病気と称して新田荘に逼塞していた義貞が、軍費の取立てのため新田荘の検分に来た幕府の徴税使・金沢親連 (金沢流)(幕府引付奉行、北条氏得宗の一族、紀氏とする説もある)と黒沼彦四郎(御内人)を捕えて、親連を幽閉し、彦四郎を斬ったことで、挙兵を決意したと記してある。
- The 'Taiheiki' and 'Baishoron' describe Yoshisada, who was then residing at Nitta-no-sho on the pretext of being ill, as having made up his mind to raise an army after he captured chozeishi (person in charge of tax collection) Chikatsura KANAZAWA (Kanazawa line) (bakufu hikitsuke bugyo (the chief of shogunate office of high court), a member of tokuso family of the Hojo clan, another view is the Ki clan), and Hikoshiro KURONUMA (miuchibito) who came to Nitta-no-sho in order to collect military expenses, and imprisoning Chikatsura and killing Hikoshiro.
- 京の出入口を表す言葉としての「口」は、鎌倉時代後半から使われていたようであるが、室町時代になるとその出入口をはじめとして、幕府、寺社、朝廷(公家)などさまざまな主体が「七口の関」と称される関(関所)を設け関銭(通行料)を徴収するようになったため、記録に関として「口」がみられるようになる。
- Although 'Kuchi' (literally meaning a mouth) --a word that refers to the entrances of Kyoto--seems to have been used to refer to the entrance in the late Kamakura period, we can see their descriptions in historical records of the subsequent Muromachi period as a seki (choking station); during the Muromachi period authorative organizations such as the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), temples, and the Imperial court (or nobles) started to establish checking stations called 'Nanakuchi no seki' at the entrances to Kyoto and other locations to levy travelers sekisen (tolls).
- なお天皇・上皇の院号の場合「後」を冠して重複する院号を使用したが、女院号は殆どが「新」を冠したのも特徴のひとつであり(西園寺禧子のみ例外)、また院号と重複する女院号は採用されなかったのに対し、逆に院号を決める際には、二条天皇のように先例である女院号の二条院との重複は考慮されなかったと見られる。
- In the case of emperors and retired emperors the same ingo would be used again with 'Go' (later) prefixed, but it is notable that Nyoin titles mostly had the prefix 'Shin' (new) (Kishi SAIONJI is the only exception); and whereas Nyoingo that repeated ex-emperors' ingo were not used, duplication of Nyoin titles was not considered when deciding an emperor's ingo, as in the case of Emperor Nijo who was preceded by the Nyoingo Nijoin.
- しかし、纏向遺跡に搬入された土器特徴から、考古学的にはおそくとも弥生時代末期までには、纏向遺跡の地を支配する勢力を中心に東海地方から北陸・近畿・阿讃瀬戸内・吉備・出雲ならびに北部九州までの各地の政治勢力がなんらかの形で参加したヤマト王権の原型ともいえる緩やかな政治連合が形成されていたことになる。
- However, from features observed in pottery from the Makimuku sites, it is believed that by the end of the Yayoi Period at the latest, regional political powers from the Tokai region down through Hokuriku, Kinki, Asan Setouchi, Kibi, Izumo to northern Kyushu participated in the central polity located in the Makimuku sites, forming a loose political alliance that is thought to have been the foundation of the Yamato Kingdom.
- 寄生地主制(きせいじぬしせい)は、田畑など農地の所有者である寄生地主(単に地主と略すこともある)が、小作人(こさくにん)と呼ばれる農民(小作農や単に小作と呼ばれることもある)に土地を貸し出して耕作させ、成果物である米やムギなどの農作物の一部を小作料(こさくりょう)と言う名の地代として徴収する制度。
- The parasitic landlord system was the system that allowed a parasitic landlord, who owned farmlands such as rice fields, vegetable fields, etc., to lend a farmland to a farmer called kosakunin (a tenant farmer) (also known as kosakuno or kosaku), to have him cultivate the land, and to take away some farm products, such as rice, barley, etc., as the land rent called kosakuryo (farm rent).
- 律令制が解体すると、貴族や寺社に給付する封戸物(ふこもつ、位・官・勲功などによって位封・職封・功封があり、貴族・寺社の収入の大部分を占める)や、寺社への正税物(しょうぜいもつ、国衙が徴収した田租・官稲を合わせた正税を交易により他の必要物資に変えて給付するもの)といった国家的給付が滞るようになった。
- After the break up of the Ritsuryo system, benefits from the government such as Fukomotsu (depending upon the class, position, awards, there were Ifu, Shokufu and Kofu and this made up a large part of the income for the aristocracy and temples/shrines), which were given to the aristocrats and temples/shrines, and Shozeimotsu (shozei, a combination of rice tax and government rice collected by kokuga that were exchanged with other necessities by trade and given) to temples/shrines started to fall into arrears.
- ところが、1793年にインドの植民地化を進めるイギリスは北インドにおいてザミンダーリー制を導入して領主・地主を土地の近代的な土地所有権者と認める一方で、従来現地住民が持っていた土地所有権・耕作権を強制的に剥奪して領主・地主の小作人として所属させ、領主・地主を通じて恒久的に現金を徴税する制度であった。
- However in 1793, the United Kingdom, which tried to colonize India, introduced the Zamindari system in the north of India, admitted the lords and landowners as those who had a modern landownership, but forcibly deprived the traditional local people of landownership and the right to cultivate and made them tenant farmers who belonged to the lords and landowners and systematically collected tax as cash money through the lords and landowners permanently.
- 保険給付に関する処分(被保険者証の交付の請求に関する処分及び要介護認定又は要支援認定に関する処分を含む。)又は保険料その他この法律の規定による徴収金(財政安定化基金拠出金、納付金及び第百五十七条第一項に規定する延滞金を除く。)に関する処分に不服がある者は、介護保険審査会に審査請求をすることができる。
- A person that is dissatisfied with the action executed concerning an Insurance Benefit (including the action pertaining to a request for issuance of a Certificate of Insured Person and action concerning a Certification of Needed Long-Term Care or Needed Support Certification) or an action concerning an insurance premium and other levies pursuant to the provisions of this Act (except for a Fiscal Stability Fund contribution, payment and delinquent charge as prescribed in Article 157, paragraph (1)), may apply to a Certification Committee for Long-Term Care Insurance for an examination.
- 天皇及び皇族の選挙権・被選挙権は、象徴的な立場にある天皇とその一家として「政治的な立場も中立でなければならない」という要請や、天皇は「国政に関する権能を有しない」(憲法4条1項)という規定の趣旨などを根拠として、有していないとされているのであり、公職選挙法の規定が根拠になるわけではないと解されている。
- Since the Emperor and members of the Imperial Family, who are in a symbolic position, 'are required to be politically neutral,' and the Emperor 'shall not have powers related to government' (Article 4, Paragraph 1 of the Constitution), they are not allowed to have suffrage and eligibility for election, and it is understood that the provisions of the Public Offices Election Act do not provide grounds for that.
- しかし11世紀半ばに荘園の一円化が進み、諸国の荘園公領間で武力紛争が頻発するようになると、荘園及び公領である郡、郷、保の徴税、警察、裁判責任者としての荘園の荘官(荘司)や公領の郡司、郷司、保司に軍事紛争に対応できる武士が任命されることが多くなり、これらを領地とする所領経営者としての武士が成立したのである。
- However during the middle of the 11th century shoens spread rapidly and the armed conflicts between shoen koryos (public lands and private estates) in various provinces often happened, and many bushi were appointed to shokan (an officer governing shoen) of shoen or gunji (district managers), goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and hoji (an officer governing koryo, or public land) of koryo (public lands) as the managers of tax collection, police activity and justice for shoens or koryo such as gun, go, and ho; consequently the bushi were established as the managers of public lands who owned these lands.
- 都道府県は、地方自治法 (昭和二十二年法律第六十七号)第二百二十七条 の規定に基づき保育士試験に係る手数料を徴収する場合においては、第一項の規定により指定試験機関が行う保育士試験を受けようとする者に、条例で定めるところにより、当該手数料の全部又は一部を当該指定試験機関へ納めさせ、その収入とすることができる。
- In the case where the fees pertaining to nursery teacher examinations are collected pursuant to Article 227 of the Local Autonomy Act (Act No. 67 of 1947), the prefectural government may, pursuant to the provisions of a Prefectural Ordinance, require that a person who desires to take a nursery teacher examination held by a Designated Examining Body pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) to pay the whole or part of said fees to the said Designated Examining Body and account for the fees so collected as the prefecture's income.
- 平安時代には、『日本後紀』の弘仁3年(812年)6月条に大輪田泊修築のことが記されるのをはじめ、造大輪田船瀬使がおかれ、防風と防波を兼ねて石の堤(石椋)を築くなど、たえず修築がおこなわれ、その経費を充当するため勝載料もしくは船瀬庄田稲を徴収していたことのあったことが各種の文献資料 (歴史学)で確認されている。
- During the Heian period, as the reconstruction of Owada no tomari is described in the June 812 chapter in 'Nihonkoki' (Later Chronicle of Japan), Zo Owada funaseshi was set up and the reconstruction work was always done like building stone dikes (iwakura) for storm and wave prevention and so on and to cover the cost, shosairyo (custom duty for freight) or funaseshodento was levied, which is confirmed in various documents (historical study).
- 顕隠二教を以って一体となすのが特徴で、顕露教の教説を語るものとしては『古事記』『日本書紀』『先代旧事記』(三部本書)、隠幽教の教説は『天元神変神妙経』『地元神通神妙経』『人元神力神妙経』(三部神経)に基づくとするが、兼倶独自のものとは言い難く、その教理や儀礼は密教や道教、陰陽道等の教理や儀礼を取り入れている。
- It is characterized by being composed of two religions, Kenro kyo and Inyu kyo, and while 'The Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters),' 'The Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan),' and the 'The Sendai kujiki' (Sanbu honsho (three books on ancient Japan)) describe the lessons of Kenro kyo, and Inyu kyo are said to be based upon 'Tengenshimpen shimmyokyo,' 'Chiggenshintsu shimmyokyo,' and 'Jingenshinryoku shimmyokyo' (Sanbu shinkyo), it is not likely to be uniquely Kanetomo's, and includes principles and rituals from Esoteric Buddhism, Taoism, Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; an occult divination system based upon the Taoist theory of the five elements), etc.
- これらの外国語学校は外交・貿易・布教など海外活動実務者の養成機関として位置づけられ、旧制高等学校 - 帝国大学進学者にとって必須の教養であった英語・フランス語・ドイツ語のみならず、中国語・ロシア語・スペイン語・ポルトガル語・マレー語・印度諸言語など、よりマイナーな語学の教育を重視していたという点に特徴がある。
- Those schools of foreign languages were positioned as institutes for training of people who would conduct some activities in foreign countries such as diplomatic activities, trading or missionary work, and what characterized those schools was that they emphasized education of minor languages such as Chinese, Russian, Spanish, Portuguese, Malay and Indian languages other than English, French, and German, the essential academic subjects for those who intend to enter Imperial universities from senior high schools (old education system).
- 1185年、頼朝政権が平家を滅ぼした直後、頼朝政権の一員だった源行家・源義経が頼朝へ反抗姿勢を見せ始めると、同年11月に頼朝義父の北条時政が上京し、後白河側と交渉を行い、その結果、頼朝側へ、行家・義経追討を名目として荘園・公領から兵糧米を徴収する職(=地頭・守護)の設置が勅許されることとなった(文治の勅許)。
- In 1185, when MINAMOTO no Yoshiie and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, who were members of the Yoritomo government, began to oppose Yoritomo immediately after his government defeated the Taira clan, Tokimasa HOJO, Yoritomo's father-in-law, visited Kyoto to negotiate with Emperor Goshirakawa's group in order to obtain imperial permission (the Bunji imperial permission) to create positions ('jito' (land steward) and 'shugo' (provincial military governor)) and to collect supplies of rice for soldiers from manors and imperial territories for the purpose of hunting down and killing Yoshiie and Yoshitsune.
- しかし東京都が首都とみなされる理由としては、日本国憲法で「日本国の象徴であり日本国民統合の象徴」と規定される天皇が常在し、皇居が東京都に所在すること、同じく憲法で国会(立法府)、首相官邸や中央省庁(行政府)、最高裁判所(司法府)という三権の最高機関のいずれもが東京都(中でも千代田区)に所在することが挙げられる。
- As for reasons supporting that Tokyo is regarded the Capital of Japan, two are generally given: the Emperor who is prescribed by Japanese Constitution as 'the symbol of Japan and the symbol of Japanese people's integration' is permanently stationed and the Imperial Palace is located in Tokyo, and also the highest organs of the three powers ruled by Japanese Constitution such as the Diet (legislature), the prime minister's official residence and central government ministries and agencies (administration) and the Supreme Court (administration of justice) are located in Tokyo (they are especially concentrated in Chiyoda Ward).
- また、また旗本や大藩の上級家臣の中には独自の法制(地頭法)を持つ者もいたが、徴税権・司法権、その他の行政権などの所領に対する支配権(知行権)の行使は主君である将軍・大名によって規制されるのが一般的であり、時代が進むにつれてその傾向が強くなった(もっとも、所属する主家の方針や地頭である家臣の方針によってその強弱に格差があった)。
- Additionally, although some hatamoto or high-ranked vassal of large scale domains had their unique legislation (law for jito), exercise of chigyo-ken (right to enfeoffment) over shoryo (territory) including tax collection right, judicial power and other administrative power was usually controlled by a shogun or daimyo as a lord, and that tendency became stronger with the time (however, binding strength was different depending on the policy of a master or a vassal (jito).
- 三道の一郡一荘それぞれから船1艘を課し、和泉国・摂津・播磨・備前国・備中国・紀伊国・伊勢・淡路国・讃岐国・阿波の計10か国の海岸に漂着して破損した船を没収、また、山城国・河内国・摂津・播磨・淡路の5か国の公田・荘園の竹木を伐採し、さらに摂津・播磨・淡路の民家から人夫を徴用して、河尻泊・魚住泊とともにこの泊を修築することを奏請した。
- He imposed one ship on each one county and one manor in the three Roads, confiscated wrecked ships washed ashore on beaches in ten provinces such as Izumi, Settsu, Harima, Bizen, Bicchu, Kii, Ise, Awaji, Sanuki and Awa provinces, cut down bamboo grove in Koden (field administered directly by a ruler) and shoen in five provinces such as Yamashiro, Kawachi, Settsu, Harima, Awaji, furthermore recruited laborers from folk dwellings in Settsu, Harima and Awaji provinces and petitioned the Emperor to reconstruct the port as well as Kawajiri no tomari and Uozumi no tomari.
- この習性は近世になり、産業革命による信仰の重要度の低下と、情報伝達手段が発達したことによって薄れていったが、それでも、本来、キリスト教の要素である十字架が一般に「聖なる物」として認知されたり、月(特に新月、イスラーム)、六紡星(ユダヤ教)といった要素を「人知を越えた存在の象徴」としてとらえたりするなどといった文化的な形で残っている。
- In the medieval period, this custom was disappearing because belief was getting less important due to the industrial revolution and progress in means of information transmission, but the custom lasts in a cultural way like the cross as an essence of Christianity has been generally recognized as 'sacrament' and essences such as the moon (particularly, new moon and Islam) and Rokubosei (Hexagram) (Judaism) have been regarded as 'a symbol of existence beyond human wisdoms.'
- スナイドル弾薬の製造設備を失った事は、薩摩を象徴する新兵器だったスナイドル銃が無用の長物と化し、既に旧式化していた前装式のエンフィールド銃で戦わなければならなくなった事を意味しており、後装式と前装式の連射速度の違いがもたらす決定的な戦力差を戊辰戦争での実体験として知る西郷は、この報を聞いて「ちょしもたー」(しまった)との言葉を発したという。
- Now that they lost the production equipment of Snider Ammunition, the Snider rifle, which had symbolized the Satsuma Domain as the new weapon, meant nothing to them and they had to be armed with the outdated muzzle-loading Enfield rifles; it is said that SAIGO shouted 'Damn!' to hear the report because he had realized in the Boshin War that a difference in the burst speed between the muzzleloader and the breechloader makes a crucial difference in fighting power.
- 厚生労働大臣又は都道府県知事は、支払基金又は第百六十一条の規定による委託を受けた者(以下この項及び第二百七条第二項において「受託者」という。)について、介護保険関係業務に関し必要があると認めるときは、その業務又は財産の状況に関する報告を徴し、又は当該職員に実地にその状況を検査させることができる。ただし、受託者に対しては、当該受託業務の範囲内に限る。
- The Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare or a prefectural governor, with regard to a person that is entrusted by the Payment Fund or pursuant to the provisions of Article 161 (hereinafter referred to as "Trustee" in this paragraph and Article 207, paragraph (2)), when he or she determines it necessary with respect to business related to insured long-term care, may collect a report concerning the status of said operations or property, or direct personnel to inspect said condition in practice, however, provided that with regard to a Trustee, this provision shall apply as within the business of said Trustee business.
- 平成十四年度における雇用保険率に関する新徴収法第十二条第五項の適用については、同項中「雇用保険法第六十六条第一項、第二項及び第五項並びに第六十七条」とあるのは「雇用保険法等の一部を改正する法律(平成十二年法律第五十九号)第一条の規定による改正前の雇用保険法(以下「旧雇用保険法」という。)附則第二十三条」と、「同法」とあるのは「旧雇用保険法」とする。
- With regard to the application of Article 12, paragraph (5) of the New Collection Act concerning the employment insurance rate of the fiscal year of 2002, the term "Article 66, paragraphs (1), (2) and (5) and Article 67 of the Employment Insurance Act" in the same paragraph shall be deemed to be replaced with "Article 23 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Employment Insurance Act prior to revision by the provision of Article 1 of the Act Revising a Portion of the Employment Insurance Act, etc. (Act No. 59 of 2000) (hereinafter referred to as the "Old Employment Insurance Act"), and the term "the same Act" with "the Old Employment Insurance Act".
- 事業主が納付した労働保険料の額が、第一項又は第二項の労働保険料の額(第四項の規定により政府が労働保険料の額を決定した場合には、その決定した額。以下「確定保険料の額」という。)をこえる場合には、政府は、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより、そのこえる額を次の保険年度の労働保険料若しくは未納の労働保険料その他この法律の規定による徴収金に充当し、又は還付する。
- If the amount of the labor insurance premiums paid by the business operator exceeds the amount of the labor insurance premiums set forth in paragraph (1) or (2) (or, if the amount of the labor insurance premiums is determined by the government pursuant to the provision of paragraph (4), such determined amount; hereinafter referred to as the "amount of final insurance premiums"), the government shall, pursuant to the provisions of the Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, appropriate such exceeding amount to the labor insurance premiums for the following insurance year or the labor insurance premiums in arrears or to any other amount to be collected pursuant to the provisions of this Act, or refund the same.
- 事業主が、正当な理由がないと認められるにもかかわらず、印紙保険料の納付を怠つたときは、政府は、厚生労働省令で定めるところにより、前項の規定により決定された印紙保険料の額(その額に千円未満の端数があるときは、その端数は、切り捨てる。)の百分の二十五に相当する額の追徴金を徴収する。ただし、納付を怠つた印紙保険料の額が千円未満であるときは、この限りでない。
- If the business operator fails to pay the stamp insurance premiums despite the fact that no justifiable grounds are found, the government shall collect the supplementary charges, pursuant to the provisions of the Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, in the amount equal to twenty five one-hundredth (25/100) of the amount of the stamp insurance premiums determined pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph (if such amount includes a fraction less than one thousand yen, such fraction shall be rounded down); provided, however, that this shall not apply to the cases where the amount of the stamp insurance premiums that the business operator has failed to pay is less than one thousand yen.
- 政府は、事業主が第十九条第五項の規定による労働保険料又はその不足額を納付しなければならない場合には、その納付すべき額(その額に千円未満の端数があるときは、その端数は、切り捨てる。)に百分の十を乗じて得た額の追徴金を徴収する。ただし、事業主が天災その他やむを得ない理由により、同項の規定による労働保険料又はその不足額を納付しなければならなくなつた場合は、この限りでない。
- If the business operator is required to pay the labor insurance premiums or any shortfall thereof pursuant to the provision of Article 19, paragraph (5), the government shall collect the supplementary charges in the amount obtained by multiplying such amount payable (if such amount includes a fraction less than one thousand yen, such fraction shall be rounded down) by ten one-hundredth (10/100); provided, however, that this shall not apply to the cases where the business operator has come to be required to pay the labor insurance premiums or any shortfall thereof pursuant to the provision of the same paragraph due to a natural disaster or other unavoidable grounds.
- 政府の公式見解は、国家国旗法案が提出された際の1999年6月11日段階では、「『君』とは、『大日本帝国憲法下では主権者である天皇を指していたと言われているが、日本国憲法下では、日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴である天皇と解釈するのが適当である。』(「君が代」の歌詞は、)『日本国憲法下では、天皇を日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴とする我が国の末永い繁栄と平和を祈念したものと理解することが適当である』」とした。
- According to the official view of the Government of Japan, it was explained on June 11, 1999 as 'Although it is said that, under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan,' the word 'Kimi' meant the emperor, who was the sovereign, but under the Constitution of Japan, it is appropriate to interpret it as the emperor who is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people' and '(the words of 'Kimigayo' is) under the Constitution of Japan, it is appropriate to understand them to be the hope for prosperity of Japan, which has the emperor as the symbol of State and the unity of the people and peace.'
- 政府は、事業主から、預金又は貯金の払出しとその払い出した金銭による印紙保険料以外の労働保険料(以下この条において単に「労働保険料」という。)の納付(厚生労働省令で定めるものに限る。)をその預金口座又は貯金口座のある金融機関に委託して行うことを希望する旨の申出があつた場合には、その納付が確実と認められ、かつ、その申出を承認することが労働保険料の徴収上有利と認められるときに限り、その申出を承認することができる。
- If the business operator makes an application for entrusting the payment of the labor insurance premiums other than the stamp insurance premiums (hereinafter merely referred to as the "labor insurance premiums" in this Article), made by means of the repayment of deposit and using such repaid money (limited to those specified by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare), to any financial institution at which the business operator has its deposit account, the government may approve such application only if such payment is deemed certain and the approval of such application is deemed advantageous for the collection of labor insurance premiums.
- しかし、そのおよそ2週間後の6月29日に「(「君」とは)『日本国憲法下では、日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴であり、その地位が主権の存する国民の総意に基づく天皇のことを指す』『『代』は本来、時間的概念だが、転じて『国』を表す意味もある。『君が代』は、日本国民の総意に基づき天皇を日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴する我が国のこととなる』(君が代の歌詞を)『我が国の末永い繁栄と平和を祈念したものと解するのが適当』」と変更した。
- On June 29, approximately two weeks after that, however, it was changed as ''Kimi' means the emperor who is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people, deriving this position from the will of the people with whom resides the sovereign power 'and 'Although 'yo' is originally a temporal concept, it has also a transferred the meaning of 'state'. It is appropriate 'to understand (words of Kimigayo) them as hope for the long-lasting prosperity of Japan, which has the emperor as the symbol of the State and the unity of the people and peace.'
- 第三条中労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第十二条第三項の改正規定(「業務災害に関する保険給付」の下に「(労災保険法第三十条第一項の規定により保険給付を受けることができることとされた者(以下「第三種特別加入者」という。)に係る保険給付を除く。)」を加える部分及び「第一種特別加入保険料の額」の下に「から通勤災害に係る率に応ずる部分の額を減じた額」を加える部分を除く。)及び附則第十一条の規定 昭和五十一年十二月三十一日
- The revised provision of Article 12, paragraph (3) of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance in Article 3 (excluding the portion adding the term "(excluding the insurance benefits pertaining to persons deemed as entitled to receive the insurance benefit pursuant to the provision of Article 30, paragraph (1) of the Industrial Accident Insurance Act (hereinafter referred to as the "insured of Class III special enrollment"))" following the term "the insurance benefits pertaining to employment injury", and the portion adding the term "after deducting the amount of the portion corresponding to the rate of commuting injury" following the term "the amount of the Class I special enrollment insurance premiums"), and the provision of Article 11 of the Supplementary Provisions: December 31, 1976
- 京都町奉行の成立に先立つ寛文8年12月5日 (旧暦)に作成された「町代役之覚」という17ヶ条の町代と町奉行間で交わされた文書によると、町奉行から出された法令・触書の伝達、町から出された様々な請願・届出の提出、京都市民を代表して江戸城の征夷大将軍への年頭拝礼、町人役(町々への賦課)の徴収、火災・闕所・見廻などの出役などがあり、訴訟事務などのために公事・訴訟が行われる日には交替で1名が奉行所内の町代部屋に出仕して事務処理の補佐を行った。
- There was documents exchanged between Machidai and the Kyoto city magistrates called 'Machidaiyaku no Oboe' consisting of 17 Articles compiled on January 7, 1669 (prior to the establishment of the Kyoto city magistrates), which states duties of Machidai as follows: Outside works of transmission of ordinance and notification issued by the city magistrates, submission of various applications and written reports entrusted by the town, New Year visit to the shogun in Edo-jo Castle as a representative of Kyoto citizens, collection of levy from towns, examination of the scene of a fire and a confiscated estate, and patrol; and Machidai alternately does desk works in Machidai room of the Kyoto city magistrates' office to assist court clerical on the day when a court is held.
- 前条第一項の規定により各医療保険者から徴収する納付金の額は、当該年度の概算納付金の額とする。ただし、前々年度の概算納付金の額が前々年度の確定納付金の額を超えるときは、当該年度の概算納付金の額からその超える額とその超える額に係る調整金額との合計額を控除して得た額とするものとし、前々年度の概算納付金の額が前々年度の確定納付金の額に満たないときは、当該年度の概算納付金の額にその満たない額とその満たない額に係る調整金額との合計額を加算して得た額とする。
- The amount of Levy to be collected from each medical insurer pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article shall be the amount of estimated Levy in said fiscal year, however, provided that when the amount of estimated Levy of the year prior to the first preceding fiscal year exceeds the fixed Levy of the year prior to the first preceding fiscal year, the amount shall be the amount obtained by deducting the total amount of said exceeding amount and the Adjustment amount pertaining to said exceeding amount from the amount of estimated Levy of said year, and when the amount of estimated Levy of the year prior to the first preceding fiscal year is deficient with regard to the amount of fixed Levy of the year prior to the first preceding fiscal year, the amount shall be the amount obtained by adding the amount of estimated Levy of said year to the total amount of said amount of deficit and the Adjustment amount pertaining to said amount of deficit.
- 第一条中労働者災害補償保険法第七条第三項ただし書及び第十四条の改正規定、同条の次に一条を加える改正規定並びに同法第二十二条の二第二項及び第二十五条第一項の改正規定、第二条中労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第四条の次に一条を加える改正規定、同法第十二条第三項の改正規定(「(第二十条第一項」を「(第二十条第一項第一号」に、「「調整率」」を「「第一種調整率」」に改める部分に限る。)及び同法第二十条第一項の改正規定並びに次条、附則第五条から第八条まで及び第十条の規定 昭和六十二年四月一日
- The proviso to Article 7, paragraph (3) and the revised provision of Article 14 of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act, the revised provision adding an Article following the same Article, and the revised provisions of Article 22-2, paragraph (2) and Article 25, paragraph (1) of the same Act in Article 1; the revised provision adding an Article following Article 4 of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance, the revised provision of Article 12, paragraph (3) (limited to the portions replacing the term "(in Article 20, paragraph (1)" with "(in Article 20, paragraph (1), item (i)" and the term " "the adjustment rate" " with " "the Class I adjustment rate" ") and the revised provision of Article 20, paragraph (1) of the same Act in Article 2; and the provisions of the following Article, Articles 5 to 8 inclusive and 10 of the Supplementary Provisions: April 1, 1987
- 毎月末日において、既に徴収した印紙保険料の総額に相当する額に厚生労働省令で定める率を乗じて得た額と雇用保険法の規定により既に支給した日雇労働被保険者に係る失業等給付の総額の三分の二に相当する額との差額が、当該月の翌月から六箇月間に同法の規定により支給されるべき日雇労働被保険者に係る失業等給付の額の二分の一に相当する額に満たないと認められるに至つた場合において、国会の閉会又は衆議院の解散のために、印紙保険料の額の変更の手続をすることができず、かつ、緊急の必要があるときは、厚生労働大臣は、労働政策審議会の意見を聴いて、第一級保険料日額、第二級保険料日額及び第三級保険料日額を変更することができる。
- If, at the end of every month, the difference between the amount obtained by multiplying the amount equal to the total amount of the stamp insurance premiums already collected by the rate specified by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and the amount equal to two-thirds of the total amount of the benefits for unemployment etc. pertaining to the daily work insured person already paid pursuant to the provisions of the Employment Insurance Act, comes to be found as less than the amount equal to one half of the amount of the benefits for unemployment etc. pertaining to the daily work insured person to be paid pursuant to the provisions of the same Act during six months from the month following such month, and the procedures for modifying the amounts of the stamp insurance premiums cannot be taken due to the close of the Diet or the dissolution of the House of Representatives and an urgent necessity exists, the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare may modify, after consulting the Labor Policy Council, the Level I daily insurance premium amount, the Level II daily insurance premium amount and the Level III daily insurance premium amount.
- この法律は、昭和五十二年十月一日から施行する。ただし、第一条中雇用保険法第六十六条第三項第三号の改正規定(「千分の三」を「千分の三・五」に改める部分に限る。)、第二条中労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第十二条第四項の改正規定及び同条第五項の改正規定(「千分の十一から千分の十五まで」を「千分の十一・五から千分の十五・五まで」に改める部分及び「千分の十三から千分の十七まで」を「千分の十三・五から千分の十七・五まで」に改める部分に限る。)、次条第一項の規定並びに附則第五条中建設労働者の雇用の改善等に関する法律(昭和五十一年法律第三十三号)附則第四条から第六条までの改正規定は、昭和五十三年四月一日から施行する。
- This Act shall come into force as from October 1, 1977; provided, however, that the revised provision of Article 66, paragraph (3), item (iii) in Article 1 (limited to the portion replacing the term "three one-thousandth (3/1000)" with "three point five one-thousandth (3.5/1000)), the revised provision of Article 12, paragraph (4) of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance and the revised provision of the same Article, paragraph (5) in Article 2 (limited to the portion replacing the term "eleven one-thousandth (11/1000) to fifteen one-thousandth (15/1000) inclusive" with "eleven point five one-thousandth (11.5/1000) to fifteen point five one-thousandth (15.5/1000) inclusive" and the portion replacing the term "thirteen one-thousandth (13/1000) to seventeen one-thousandth (17/1000) inclusive" with "thirteen point five one-thousandth (13.5/1000) to seventeen point five one-thousandth (17.5/1000) inclusive"), the provision of the following Article, paragraph (1), and the revised provisions of Articles 4 to 6 inclusive of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act on Improvement, etc. of Employment of Construction Workers (Act No. 33 of 1976) in Article 5 of the Supplementary Provisions shall come into force as from April 1, 1978.
- 第一条中労働者災害補償保険法目次及び第一条の改正規定、同法第二条の次に一条を加える改正規定並びに同法第三章の二の改正規定、第二条中労働者災害補償保険法の一部を改正する法律附則第十五条第二項の改正規定並びに第三条中労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第十二条第二項の改正規定、同法第十四条第一項の改正規定(労働福祉事業に係る部分に限る。)及び同条第二項の改正規定並びに附則第九条及び附則第十五条の規定、附則第二十一条中炭鉱災害による一酸化炭素中毒症に関する特別措置法第十条第一項の改正規定、附則第二十四条中労働保険特別会計法第四条の改正規定並びに附則第二十九条及び附則第三十条の規定 公布の日から起算して六月を超えない範囲内において政令で定める日
- The table of contents and the revised provision of Article 1 of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act, the revised provision adding an Article following Article 2 of the same Act and the revised provision of Chapter III-II of the same Act in Article 1; the revised provision of Article 15, paragraph (2) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act Revising a Portion of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act in Article 2; the revised provision of Article 12, paragraph (2) of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance, the revised provision of Article 14, paragraph (1) of the same Act (limited to the portion pertaining to the labor welfare services) and the revised provision of the same Article, paragraph (2) in Article 3; and the provisions of Article 9 and Article 15 of the Supplementary Provisions, the revised provision of Article 10, paragraph (1) of the Act on Special Measures concerning Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Caused by Coal-Mine Accident in Article 21 of the Supplementary Provisions, the revised provision of Article 4 of the Labor Insurance Special Account Act in Article 24 of the Supplementary Provisions, and the provisions of Article 29 and Article 30 of the Supplementary Provisions: the day specified by a Cabinet Order within a period not exceeding six months from the day of promulgation
- 厚生労働大臣は、毎会計年度において、徴収保険料額並びに雇用保険法第六十六条第一項、第二項及び第五項並びに第六十七条の規定による国庫の負担額の合計額と同法の規定による失業等給付の額(以下この項において「失業等給付額」という。)との差額を当該会計年度末における労働保険特別会計の雇用勘定の積立金(第七項において「積立金」という。)に加減した額が、当該会計年度における失業等給付額の二倍に相当する額を超え、又は当該失業等給付額に相当する額を下るに至つた場合において、必要があると認めるときは、労働政策審議会の意見を聴いて、一年以内の期間を定め、雇用保険率を千分の十五・五から千分の二十三・五まで(前項ただし書に規定する事業(同項第三号に掲げる事業を除く。)については千分の十七・五から千分の二十五・五まで、同号に掲げる事業については千分の十八・五から千分の二十六・五まで)の範囲内において変更することができる。
- The Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare may modify the employment insurance rate, after consulting the Labor Policy Council and by setting a definite term of one year or less, within the scope of fifteen point five one-thousandth (15.5/1000) to twenty-three point five one-thousandth (23.5/1000) inclusive (or seventeen point five one-thousandth (17.5/1000) to twenty-five point five one-thousandth (25.5/1000) inclusive in case of the businesses prescribed in the proviso to the preceding paragraph (excluding the businesses listed in item (iii) of the same paragraph), or eighteen point five one-thousandth (18.5/1000) to twenty-six point five one-thousandth (26.5/1000) inclusive in case of the businesses listed in the same item) if, in every fiscal year, the amount obtained by increasing or decreasing the reserve fund of the employment account under the labor insurance special account (in paragraph (7) referred to as the "reserve fund") at the end of such fiscal year, by the difference between the aggregate of the amount of the collected insurance premiums and the amount of the state contributions prescribed by Article 66, paragraphs (1), (2) and (5) and Article 67 of the Employment Insurance Act, and the amount of the benefits for unemployment, etc. paid pursuant to the provisions of the same Act (hereinafter referred to as the "amount of benefits for unemployment, etc." in this paragraph) comes to exceed the amount equal to twice of the amount of benefits for unemployment, etc. for such fiscal year, or fall below the amount equal to such amount of benefits for unemployment, etc., and the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare finds it necessary.
- 施行日の属する保険年度及びこれに引き続く三保険年度においては、前条の規定による改正後の労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律第十二条第一項中「過去三年間の業務災害(同法第七条第一項第一号の業務災害をいう。以下同じ。)及び通勤災害(同項第二号の通勤災害をいう。第三項において同じ。)に係る災害率」とあるのは「過去三年間の業務災害(同法第七条第一項第一号の業務災害をいう。以下同じ。)に係る災害率並びに労働者災害補償保険法の一部を改正する法律(昭和四十八年法律第八十五号。以下「昭和四十八年改正法」という。)の施行の日の属する保険年度及びこれに引き続く三保険年度における通勤災害(同項第二号の通勤災害をいう。第三項において同じ。)に係る災害率又はその予想値」と、同条第三項中「過去三年間の通勤災害に係る災害率」とあるのは「昭和四十八年改正法の施行の日の属する保険年度及びこれに引き続く三保険年度における通勤災害に係る災害率又はその予想値」とする。
- For the insurance year including the effective date and for three insurance years following such insurance year, the term "the injury rate pertaining to employment injury (meaning the employment injury set forth in Article 7, paragraph (1), item (i) of the same Act; the same shall apply hereinafter) and commuting injury (meaning the commuting injury set forth in item (ii) of the same paragraph; the same shall apply in paragraph (3)) during the past three years" in Article 12, paragraph (1) of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance as revised by the provision of the preceding Article shall be deemed to be replaced with "the injury rate pertaining to employment injury (meaning the employment injury set forth in Article 7, paragraph (1), item (i) of the same Act; the same shall apply hereinafter) during the past three years and the injury rate or the prospective value thereof pertaining to commuting injury (meaning the commuting injury set forth in item (ii) of the same paragraph; the same shall apply in paragraph (3)) during the insurance year including the effective date of the Act Revising a Portion of the Act on Collection, etc. of Insurance Premiums of Labor Insurance (Act No. 85 of 1973; hereinafter referred to as the "Revised Act of 1973") and three insurance years following such insurance year", and the term "the injury rate pertaining to commuting injury...during the past three years" in the same Article, paragraph (3) with "the injury rate or the prospective value thereof pertaining to commuting injury...during the insurance year including the effective date of the Revised Act of 1973 and three insurance years following such insurance year".
- 健康保険法(大正十一年法律第七十号)第二百八条、第二百十三条の二若しくは第二百十四条第一項、船員保険法(昭和十四年法律第七十三号)第六十八条、第六十九条ノ三若しくは第七十条第一項、労働者災害補償保険法(昭和二十二年法律第五十号)第五十一条前段若しくは第五十四条第一項(同法第五十一条前段の規定に係る部分に限る。)、厚生年金保険法(昭和二十九年法律第百十五号)第百二条第一項、第百三条の二、第百四条第一項(同法第百二条第一項若しくは第百三条の二の規定に係る部分に限る。)、第百八十二条第一項若しくは第二項若しくは第百八十四条(同法第百八十二条第一項若しくは第二項の規定に係る部分に限る。)、労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律(昭和四十四年法律第八十四号)第四十六条前段若しくは第四十八条第一項(同法第四十六条前段の規定に係る部分に限る。)又は雇用保険法(昭和四十九年法律第百十六号)第八十三条若しくは第八十六条(同法第八十三条の規定に係る部分に限る。)の規定により罰金の刑に処せられ、その執行を終わり、又は執行を受けることがなくなつた日から起算して五年を経過しない者
- any person sentenced to a fine under the provisions of Article 208, Article 213-2 or paragraph (1) of Article 214 of the Health Insurance Act (Act No. 70 of 1922), Article 68, Article 69-3 or paragraph (1) of Article 70 of the Mariners Insurance Act (Act No. 73 of 1939), the first sentence of Article 51 or paragraph (1) of Article 54 (limited to the part pertaining to the provisions of the first sentence of Article 51) of the Workers Accident Compensation Insurance Act (Act No. 50 of 1947), paragraph (1) of Article 102, Article 103-2, paragraph (1) of Article 104 (limited to the part pertaining to the provisions of paragraph (1) of Article 102 or Article 103-2), paragraph (1) or (2) of Article 182 or Article 184 (limited to the part pertaining to the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) of Article 182) of the Welfare Pension Insurance Act (Act No. 115 of 1954), the first sentence of Article 46 or paragraph (1) of Article 48 (limited to the part pertaining to the provisions of the first sentence of Article 46) of the Act Concerning the Collection of Premiums on Labor Insurance (Act No. 84 of 1969) and Article 83 or Article 86 (limited to the part pertaining to the provisions of Article 83) of the Employment Insurance Act (Act No. 116 of 1974), and for whom five years have not elapsed from the date of completion or punishment becomes no longer executable;
- 第一項の雇用保険率の変更があった場合において、平成十九年四月一日から始まる保険年度において新徴収法第十九条第一項又は第二項の規定により申告書を提出すべき事業主(変更日以後に同条第一項又は第二項の規定により申告書を提出すべき事由が生じた事業主を除く。)及び同条第三項の規定により労働保険料を納付すべき事業主(変更日以後に同項の規定により労働保険料を納付すべき事由が生じた事業主を除く。)に係る同条の規定の適用については、同条第一項中「保険年度ごとに、次に」とあるのは「次に」と、「次の保険年度」とあるのは「平成十八年四月一日から始まる保険年度の次の保険年度」と、「保険年度の中途」とあるのは「その保険年度の中途」と、「五十日以内」とあるのは「五十日にその保険年度の初日から雇用保険法等の一部を改正する法律(平成十九年法律第三十号)附則第五十三条の二第二項に規定する変更日(以下この条において「変更日」という。)の前日までの日数を加えた日数以内」と、「その保険年度に使用した」とあるのは「平成十八年四月一日から始まる保険年度に使用した」と、「消滅したもの」とあるのは「平成十九年四月一日から始まる保険年度の中途に保険関係が消滅したもの」と、「その保険年度において」とあるのは「当該保険関係が成立し、又は消滅した保険年度において」と、「一般保険料及びその保険年度」とあるのは「一般保険料及び平成十八年四月一日から始まる保険年度」と、「並びにその保険年度」とあるのは「並びに平成十八年四月一日から始まる保険年度」と、「、その保険年度における」とあるのは「、平成十八年四月一日から始まる保険年度における」と、同条第二項中「五十日以内」とあるのは「五十日にその保険年度の初日から変更日の前日までの日数を加えた日数以内」と、同条第三項中「次の保険年度」とあるのは「平成十八年四月一日から始まる保険年度の次の保険年度」と、「五十日以内」とあるのは「五十日に平成十九年四月一日から始まる保険年度の初日から変更日の前日までの日数を加えた日数以内」とする。
- If the employment insurance rate has been modified pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1), with regard to the application of Article 19 of the New Collection Act to the business operators who are required to submit the notification pursuant to the same Article, paragraph (1) or (2) during the insurance year starting on April 1, 2007 (excluding the business operators in respect of which the cause of the submission of the notification pursuant to the same Article, paragraph (1) or (2) occurs on and after the date of modification) and to the business operators who are required to pay the labor insurance premiums pursuant to the same Article, paragraph (3) in the same year (excluding the business operators in respect of which the cause of the payment of the labor insurance premiums pursuant to the same paragraph occurs on and after the date of modification), the term "every insurance year the declaration form...the following" in the same Article, paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be replaced with "the declaration form...the following", the term "the following insurance year" with "the insurance year following the insurance year starting on April 1, 2006", the term "the midst of an insurance year" with "the midst of such insurance year", the term "within 50 days" with "within the number of days calculated by adding to 50 days the number of days from the first day of such insurance year to the day preceding the date of modification prescribed by Article 53-2, paragraph (2) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act Revising a Portion of the Employment Insurance Act, etc. (Act No. 30 of 2007) (hereinafter referred to as the "date of modification" in this Article)", the term "employed during such insurance year" with "employed during the insurance year starting on April 1, 2006", the term "in case of establishment or extinction of the insurance relation in the midst of an insurance year" with "in case of establishment of the insurance relation in the midst of an insurance year or extinction of the insurance relation in the midst of the insurance year starting on April 1, 2007", the term "during such insurance year" with "during the insurance year in which such insurance relation is established or becomes extinct", the term "the general insurance premiums...and...for such insurance year" in item (ii)(a) of the same paragraph with "the general insurance premiums...and...for the insurance year starting on April 1, 2006", the term "and...for such insurance year" in item (ii)(c) of the same paragraph with "and...for the insurance year starting on April 1, 2006", the term "for such insurance year" in item (iii) of the same paragraph with "for the insurance year starting on April 1, 2006", and the term "within 50 days" in the same Article, paragraph (2) shall be deemed to be replaced with "within the number of days calculated by adding to 50 days the number of days from the first day of such insurance year to the day preceding the date of modification", and the term "the following insurance year" in the same Article, paragraph (3) shall be deemed to be replaced with "the insurance year following the insurance year starting on April 1, 2006", the term "within 50 days" with "within the number of days calculated by adding to 50 days the number of days from the first day of the insurance year starting on April 1, 2007 to the day preceding the date of modification".