得: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- あり得
- to be possible
- to be likely
- to be probable
- 暦得業生
- Reki tokugyo no sho (top calendar students)
- 1.得度
- 1. Tokudo (enter the Buddhist priesthood)
- 陰陽得業生
- Onmyo tokugyo no sho (top onmyo students)
- 天文得業生
- Tenmon tokugyo no sho (top astrology students)
- 皇族の身分の取得
- The Acquisition of Imperial Status
- 義時流、得宗家。
- It is also known as the Yoshitoki line or the Tokuso family.
- 1951年 得度
- 1951 Entered the Buddhist priesthood
- 医得業生 上級学生
- Itokugosho, upper-level students
- 得宗家による権力独占
- The Tokuso Family's Monopoly of Power
- 元・宋の画法を習得。
- He learned the brushwork of the Yuan (Mongol) (dynasty) and the Song (dynasty).
- 得宗専制と御内人の擡頭
- Tokuso Autocracy and Rise of Miuchibito
- これが好評を得たという。
- This received favorable reviews.
- 「それは心得ちがいだ。」
- You are mistaken.'
- 文章得業生 2名 上級学生
- 2 Monjo Tokugosho: Advanced students
- 同門組織として未得会がある。
- Its fellow organization is Mitokukai.
- 紀伝得業生 紀伝道の上級学生
- Kiden Tokugosho: Advanced Kidendo students
- その下で学生・得業生が学ぶ。
- Gakusei (students) and tokugyo no sho (student like postgraduate, student taking the graduate program) studied under these staff members.
- 武芸に秀で、薙刀を得意とする。
- She was skilled in martial arts and naginata (a long pole with a sharp curving sword).
- 金銅舎利塔(伝叡尊於伊勢感得)
- Gilt copper bussharito (stupa) (As legend goes, Eison obtained it in Ise.)
- 1591年には雄勝郡を獲得した。
- He gained Ogachi County in 1591.
- のちの末裔が北条得宗につかえた。
- Their surviving descendants served the Tokuso Family (stem family) of the Hojo clan.
- 絶海中津は説得を諦めて帰京する。
- Chushin ZEKKAI gave up his attempts to persuade Yoshihiro otherwise and returned to the capital.
- 1938年(昭和13年)に得度。
- In 1938, Ennei entered the Buddhist priesthood.
- ここから得宗と執権の乖離が始まる。
- This made the dissociation of Tokuso and the regency.
- 然るに本門の得道は衆経に数倍せり。
- The level of truths revealed in the Lotus Sutra far exceeds the level of other sutras.
- 算得業生 2名 730年新設の上級学生
- 2 Myogyo tokugosho: Advanced students introduced in 730
- 勧修寺に入寺得度し寛宝入道親王を名乗る。
- He entered the Buddhist priesthood at Kaju-ji Temple and called himself priestly Imperial Prince Kanpo.
- 極官は清岡長時が得た参議・式部省である。
- The highest court positions achieved were Sangi and Shikibusho appointed to Nagatoki KIYOOKA.
- 今は中村又五郎 (2代目)が得意とする。
- Today, this role is a specialty of Matagoro NAKAMURA (the second).
- 明経得業生 4名 730年新設の上級学生
- 4 Myogyo Tokugosho: Advanced students introduced in 730
- 明法得業生 2名 730年新設の上級学生
- 2 Myobo Tokugosho: Advanced students newly introduced in 730
- 天暦8年(954年)に得度受戒を受ける。
- He entered the Buddhist priesthood (tokudo) and received religious percepts (jukai) in 954.
- しかし皇子は鵠を得てもまだ物言わなかった。
- However, the prince did not speak a word, even after having the kugui (swan).
- 極官は桑原長義が得た中納言・式部省である。
- The highest positions achieved were Chunagon and Shikibusho appointed to Nagayoshi KUWABARA.
- 賠償金2億両(テール:3億1千万円)を獲得
- Payment of war reparations in the amount of 200 million teal (or 310 million yen)
- そこへ梅吉が止めに入り命を賭けて説得する。
- Then, Umekichi comes to break it up and persuades them at the risk of his own life.
- 成仏得道の種を衆生の心田に蒔いて下すこと。
- This describes the sowing of the seeds of Buddhahood and salvation in people's field of the mind and to let them take root.
- 永禄6年(1563年) 得度し、尊朝と号す。
- In 1563 he entered the Buddhist priesthood and was named Soncho.
- 北条高時(北条貞時の三男。得宗。14代執権)
- Takatoki HOJO (the third son of Sadatoki HOJO; the fourteenth Shikken)
- 秩父氏の力は衰え、北条氏得宗が実権を握った。
- With the decline of the Chichibu clan, the Hojo clan Tokuso seized control of the province.
- 多くは新規に獲得した領地に対して行っている。
- Most concentrated only on carrying out surveys of newly seized territory.
- 同志たちが説得に来るが由良之助は相手にしない。
- Although his comrades come and persuades him, Yuranosuke ignores them.
- '許可なく得度する僧(私度僧)は禁じられた。'
- Those who entered Buddhist priesthood without permission (shidoso) were illegal.
- 個人としてはまずは武官の地位を得ることだろう。
- An individual must first gain the rank of a military officer.
- また、大学院生に相当する学生(得業生)もいた。
- There were also top students (tokugosho) who can be defined as 'a graduate student' in the modern sense.
- 上野の輪王寺に入寺得度し、公現入道親王と名乗る。
- He entered Rino-ji Temple in Ueno and was ordained, and announced his name as monk-Prince Kogen.
- 元徳3年/元弘元年(1331年)7月に出家得度。
- He became a priest in July, 1331.
- 得宗(とくそう)は、鎌倉幕府の北条氏惣領の家系。
- Tokuso was a family line of the successors of the Hojo clan of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 約半年の審議を経て、委員9人中7人の賛成を得た。
- After about 6 months of discussions, seven out of nine members approved the day.
- 大内義隆の任命は、周囲の説得で翌年に漸く認めた。
- In the following year, the Emperor finally approved Yoshitaka OUCHI's appointment after being persuaded by others.
- また本来、官物収得権は院宮家のみに認められていた
- The right to acquire kanmotsu was given only to Innomiya families.
- 天台座主・明雲は早くから大衆の説得をあきらめた。
- Myoun of Tendai-zasu quickly gave up trying to persuade the daishu.
- 法華より已後、得道有るは、捃拾の如くならんのみ。
- Buddha's teachings preached after his Lotus Sutra sermons are just like gleanings collected after a harvest.
- 鳥羽天皇の皇女で、母は美福門院(皇后・藤原得子)。
- She was Emperor Toba's Princess and her mother was Bifukumonin. (Empress, FUJIWARA no Tokushi)
- 石母田は、幕府が大きな権限を得たことを認めている。
- ISHIMODA acknowledges that the bakufu was greatly empowered by the decree.
- その見返りとしてある程度の得分を荘園から得ていた。
- In return, they gained a certain amount of profit from the shoen.
- 51年37歳(数え)で得度、天台宗の僧侶ともなる。
- In 1951, when he was at the age of 37 by the traditional Japanese system, he enter the Buddhist priesthood of Tendai Sect.
- これにより敵対する斯波氏を廃して、遠江守護職を獲得。
- He defeated the hostile Shiba clan and became Totomi shugoshiki (military governor).
- 同研究所は2006年に同志社大学によって取得された。
- The laboratory was acquired by Doshisha University in 2006.
- 勘平は、この山崎で狩人(猟師)をして収入を得ている。
- Kanpei works and earns his income as a hunter in Yamazaki.
- しかし、義平はこれを拒み、長持ちに座って見得を切る。
- Gihei, however, refuses this request, sits down on the nagamochi (large oblong chest) and strikes a swaggering pose.
- 小石を堀に投げて煙管を構え、耳を澄ます見得も美しい。
- He throws a pebble into the moat and listens carefully to the sound of water with kiseru (a (tobacco) pipe with metal tipped stem), and this pose is beautiful.
- 鎌倉時代には、知行国制が次第に公的な認知を得ていく。
- In the Kamakura period, the chigyo-koku system became officially recognized gradually.
- 師義の子の山名満幸は新たに播磨国の守護職も得ている。
- In addition, Moroyoshi's son, Mitsuyuki YAMANA, newly gained a position as a shugo of Harima Province.
- そのため文帝は止むを得ず本軍を撤退するはめになった。
- As the result, Emperor Wen was forced to withdraw the main army.
- 鳥羽天皇の皇女で、母は美福門院藤原得子(藤原長実女)。
- She was Emperor Toba's Princess, and her mother was Bifukumonin FUJIWARA no Nariko (FUJIWARA no Nagazane's daughter).
- この時に奥州探題職を得たと言う説もあるが定かではない。
- Some suggest that he was appointed as Oshu Tandai (supervisors for the civil government and military affairs in Mutsu Province) in return, but it has not been verified yet.
- いずれも淀君が登場する演目で、五代目が得意としたもの。
- All the programs contained in the selection are the ones featuring Yodogimi, and were best performed by Utaemon the fifth.
- 終戦後、日本は高度経済成長により国民の所得は増加した。
- After the end of the World War II, Japan's rapid economic growth increased its national income.
- 竹久夢二の美人画や高畠華宵の挿絵などが人気を得ている。
- Bijinga (pictures portraying beautiful women) of Yumeji TAKEHISA and illustrations drawn by Kasho TAKABATAKE attained popularity.
- その後、幕府配下になると、各隊士は幕府から給料を得た。
- Subsequently, when they became vassals of the shogunate, each member received wages from the shogunate.
- これらの和太鼓集団は固定ファンを獲得したところも多い。
- A lot of these Japanese drum groups secure their loyal admirers in this way.
- 罪を得た場合、罰として品位の剥奪が行われることがあった。
- There were cases where court ranks were stripped as a form of punishment when imperial princes were found to be guilty of a crime.
- 東京帝国大学理学部を卒業、理学博士号を取得した鳥類学者。
- He was an ornithologist with a Doctorate of Science, graduating from science department of Tokyo Imperial University.
- 人物設定:叔父に薬を得るための資金を頼まれ、盗賊となる。
- Character setting: Person who became a thief because his uncle asked him for money to buy a medicine
- 愛嬌と妙を得た即興など役者のユーモアの感性が求められる。
- To act the role the actor is required to have the sensitivity of humor including improvisation with amiability and skillfulness.
- 豊臣秀吉の太閤検地によって、中間得分の収取が否定された。
- Due to the taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, collection of interim dividends was disapproved.
- 不妄語戒を犯したもの(但し、得道を詐称した大妄語に限る)
- Violation of Fumogokai (the commandment against falsehood) (only serious lies to pretend that he or she has attained enlightenment)
- しかし、時代の変遷により止むを得なかったという事情もある。
- However, there were also unavoidable circumstances due to transition of time.
- 満江は納得するも二度と喧嘩はならぬと、紙子の服を着させる。
- Manko understands Sukeroku's words but she tells Sukeroku to stop fighting, giving him a paper kimono.
- 1374年(文中3年/応安7年1月29日)に病を得て崩御。
- In 1374 (January 29) he died of illness.
- また、手先が非常に器用な女性であり、特に押絵を得意とした。
- She was also clever with her hands, especially good at making a raised cloth pictures.
- 近年は市川段四郎 (4代目)、坂東彌十郎が得意としている。
- Danshiro ICHIKAWA (the fourth) and Yajuro BANDO are good at it recently.
- 幕臣の家来が御所に用向きがある際は、信長の許可を得ること。
- When the shogun's retainer is to visit the imperial palace on business, the retainer shall ask the permission of Nobunaga.
- また、それに伴う得分(所務職(しょむしき))のことを指す。
- It also meant the income from management (shomu shiki).
- 陶氏が大内氏を滅ぼすと、これを支援し、豊前・筑前をも得た。
- When the Sue clan ruined the Ouchi clan, the Otomo clan supported the Sue clan and acquired also Buzen and Chikuzen.
- 1927年(昭和2年)15歳で得度して第23世門主を継職。
- In 1927 when Kosho entered the Buddhist priesthood at the age of 15, he succeeded to the position of Kozui and became the 23rd chief priest.
- 建治 3年(1277年)には和泉国久米田寺の別当職を買得。
- In 1277, he bought the position of betto (the head priest) of Kumeda-dera Temple in Izumi Province.
- 幕府の了承を得てその構想が現実のものとなった矢先、崩御した。
- The Emperor died just after receiving the approval from the government and the plan was about to proceed.
- また、落飾(得度)したため、僧侶としての法諱・金剛性がある。
- As he became a priest, (entering the Buddhist priesthood), he also had a monk name, Kongosho.
- 「女方の心得ではあっても男役らしく」(尾上梅幸 (7代目))
- Act as a male role even though having a heart of a female (Baiko ONOE VII)
- 元々、高野山が大田荘から得る年貢は年1800石とされていた。
- Originally, the nengu Koyasan received from Otanosho was 1,800 koku per year.
- ただし、令制国から何を得たのかについては2つに分かれている。
- It is noteworthy, however, that there are two theories about what was granted from provinces.
- この後、日蓮宗門徒は京都市中の警衛などにおける自治権を得た。
- Later followers of the Nichiren-sect gained autonomy for guarding the inside of Kyoto City.
- 鎌倉時代は武士が政権を獲得した時代と一般には認識されている。
- The Kamakura period is generally recognized as the period in which warriors managed to seize political power.
- これも中世の日本の一揆とは似て非なるものと言わざるを得ない。
- However, it should be noted that those uprisings may appear similar but are in fact quite different from the ikki that occurred in Japan during the middle ages.
- 鎌倉時代後期、鎌倉幕府では北条氏得宗家が権勢を振るっていた。
- In the late Kamakura period, the Tokuso family of the Hojo clan exercised authority over the Kamakura bakufu.
- 氏清は大義名分を得るために南朝に降り、錦の御旗を下賜される。
- Ujikiyo descended to the Southern Court in order to obtain a legitimate reason, and he was granted the Imperial standard made of a gold brocade.
- 原作は源氏物語の宇治十帖に題材を得た瀬戸内寂聴の小説「髪」。
- The original work is a novel 'Kami' (hair) by Jakucho SETOUCHI who obtained the subject matter of this novel from Uji-jujo (The Ten Books of Uji) of the Tale of Genji.
- 末法の世にはどんなに努力しても誰も悟りを得ることができない。
- In the age of Mappo, nobody would be able to attain enlightenment no matter how hard they tried.
- 以後小槻氏は代々官人としての職を担い、地下家筆頭の地位を得る。
- Thereafter, generations of the Ozuki clan served as government officials (esp. ones of low to medium rank) and finally reached to the status of top Jige-ke (non-noble retainers who are not allowed into the Emperor's living quarters in the imperial palace).
- 院政に院近臣として勢威を得た藤原通憲(信西)はその代表である。
- The typical case is FUJIWARA no Michinori/Shinzei, who gained power in the cloister government as In no Kinshin (a courtier of the ex-emperor).
- 叡子の生母、美福門院得子と泰子の仲は比較的良好であったらしい。
- The relationship between Eishi's birth mother, Bifukumonin Tokushi and Taishi's was relatively good.
- 由良之助は郷右衛門らとみんなを説得させ退場させた後、一人残る。
- With the help of Goemon Yuranosuke persuades them and gets them to leave, then he remains there alone.
- また、見得をする時も真っ赤な舌を出してグロテスクさを強調する。
- In addition, when performing Mie (a tense and symbolic pose at the emotional climax), he sticks out his red tongue to emphasize his grotesqueness.
- 團十郎は「饗応」が、團蔵は「愛宕山」がそれぞれ不得意であった。
- Danjuro was not good at 'The banquet,' and Danzo was not good at 'Mt. Atago.'
- 上流貴族だけでなく、中下流貴族もまた数千万円の給与を得ていた。
- A salary of tens of millions of yen was not limited to those in the upper class of nobles, middle and lower classes of nobles also received such amounts.
- 地方官である受領もまた、多くの収入を得ていたと考えられている。
- It is thought that local Zuryo officials also earned a significant amount of money in terms of income.
- また、聖なる存在として国役の免除、給免田の付与なども獲得した。
- Kugonin also obtained exemption from national duties and the provision of Kyumenden as a holy existence.
- 2007年には高齢者講習を受講し、紅葉マークを取得したと伝わる。
- He is reported to have received the elderly driver sticker in 2007 after attending a lecture to teach the elders the driving technique.
- 発祥の地は、上野国新田郡得川郷(現・群馬県太田市徳川)とされる。
- The clan had its origins in Tokugawa hamlet, Nitta County in Kozuke Province (present day Tokugawa, Ota City, Gunma Prefecture)
- 1884年の華族令によって、華族になる資格を得て成立した家の事。
- This family became eligible to join the nobility by the Kazoku Rei (Law of Nobility) enacted in 1884.
- 天皇の外祖父の地位を得て園家は宮中に隠然たる力を持つにいたった。
- Holding the position of maternal grandfather of the emperor, the Sono family acquired latent power in the imperial court.
- いずれにせよ豊国の作品からヒントを得て作られたことは間違いない。
- In any way, there is no doubt that it was made by getting a hint from Toyokuni's work.
- 自然居士はかの衣は幼い者が人買いに自らを売って得たものと見抜く。
- Jinen Koji perceives that the child had gotten the garment by selling himself to the human trafficker.
- 日本において宗教団体は、宗教法人として法人格を得ることができる。
- In Japan, religious bodies can have corporate status as a religious corporation.
- 祖父・市川猿翁が創作し、得意とした舞踊劇を十番選んだものである。
- Ten dance dramas which were created and performed best by his grandfather, Eno ICHIKAWA, were selected.
- 団七と徳兵衛の立ち回りは、双方同じ見得をする古風なやり方である。
- The stage fight between Danshichi and Tokube is an old style one where both perform the same poses.
- そして、様々な美しい殺陣の見得は、この狂言一番の見せ場でもある。
- And various beautiful poses of the sword fight are the highlights of this kyogen.
- 凶作・水害・疫病が起こると大名は食料獲得のため隣国へ戦争をした。
- In the event of poor harvest, water damage, or epidemic, daimyo made war on neighboring territories for food.
- 輔平と後桜町上皇の説得を受けて天皇も渋々尊号一件から手を引いた。
- The Emperor was convinced by Sukehira and the Retired Emperor Gosakuramachi, and reluctantly withdrew from the Songo-ikken.
- 宮騒動二月騒動などで得宗家に反抗する名越北条家などは排除された。
- With the Palace and February Disturbances, the Nagoshi branch of the Hojo clan and other factions who opposed the Tokuso branch (the main lineage) were driven from the government.
- また、学生の一部には得業生として大学に残り博士を目指す者もいた。
- In addition, some students stayed in Daigaku-ryo as Tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars) and aspired to a career as a hakase.
- 風邪や病気などで、止むを得ず勤行が出来ない場合は、無理はしない。
- Do not do a gongyo when it is hard to do it for reasons such as illness.
- (その)ように、修行を完全にして円満なる証果を得て成仏すること。
- This describes attaining Buddhahood through obtaining harmony and perfection by fully practicing asceticism.
- 724年(神亀元年)夫の即位とともに後宮の位階である夫人号を得る。
- When her husband ascended the throne in 724, she received the the title of Fujin (consort of the emperor) as Ikai (Court rank) of kokyu (empress's residence).
- 久邇宮朝彦親王を戒師として得度し、公現(こうげん)の法諱を称する。
- He did tokudo (enter the Buddhist priesthood) with Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko being as kaishi (the priest who imparts the Buddhist commandments) and called himself Kogen as hoi (given name to a Buddhist priest).
- 岳父遊佐長教の援軍を得たうえで、細川高国の遺児細川氏綱を擁立した。
- With the reinforcement from his father-in-law Naganori YUSA, he supported Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA, the bereaved child of Takakuni HOSOKAWA.
- 明治以降はこの伝統に基づき、「入山者の心得」なるものが定められた。
- In the Meiji period, 'the guideline for visitors' was defined based on the tradition.
- 現在でもその点前は受け継がれているが、近年は習得者が激減している。
- The temae (the manner of a Japanese tea ceremony) of this school has been inherited from the past until today, although the number of the disciples who try to learn its temae has dramatically decreased in recent years.
- 惣村もまた、領主と交渉して年貢徴収の請負権を獲得するようになった。
- As a result of negotiation with the feudal lords, the soson also came to acquire the contract which gave them the right to collect nengu themselves.
- このように、惣村は支配者側との交渉を通じて各種権利を獲得していく。
- Thus, the soson acquired various rights through negotiation with their rulers.
- 幕府は地口銭・酒屋役・土倉役・馬上役などを課して多額の収入を得た。
- The bakufu earned a large income by imposing Jiguchi sen (taxes imposed based on size of frontage), Sakaya yaku (taxes imposed on sake brewery by Muromachi bakufu), Doso yaku (taxes imposed on an underground warehouse), Bajo yaku and so on.
- その結果として領土を勝ち得、家臣団に与えて下克上の芽を摘み取った。
- This led to acquisition of territories, which were then given to the daimyo's vassals to ease their ambition to come through the ranks.
- 『雑兵物語』で詳しく当時の生活や操典、心得などを知ることができる。
- Information about aspects such as the lifestyles, drill manuals and the hints of ashigaru of the time is known from 'Zohyo Monogatari' (Stories of Common Soldiers).
- それに対し、大乗教は自利・利他共に解脱・悟り、得脱せしめんとする。
- Against that, in Mahayana Buddhism, the object is the Gedatsu and the Satori of oneself and the others.
- かくして有世の家系は堂上家(半家 (公家))の資格を得る事になった。
- In this way, Ariyo's family ended up being qualified to become Tosho-ke (the hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks), specifically hanke (a kind of family status of the Court nobles) of lower rank.
- 真一は小柄ではあったが声がよく通り、太郎冠者物や座頭物を得意とした。
- Though Masakazu was small in stature, he had a well-projected voice and was very good at performing 'Tarokajamono' (story of a servant) and 'Zatomono' (story of a blind man).
- 本来の握ることによって一体感を得て「つける」握りずしとは別物である。
- This type of sushi is different from the quintessential nigiri-zushi that are made on the feeling of oneness generated between a sharidama and a topping by pressing them by hand.
- こうして、加地子を得る権利は分化していき、売買や寄進の対象となった。
- Over time, the right to gain Kajishi was divided and became the object of sale or donation.
- 海賊らの実態は富豪層であり、彼らは従前から衛府舎人の地位を得ていた。
- The pirates were actually persons in the rich and powerful class, and held the position of Efutoneri (guard officers in the imperial court).
- 中には他者の戸籍に入って口分田や蔭位を不正に獲得する者まで出現した。
- A number of people even had their names entered in another family's registry to illegally obtain kubunden (farm land given under the Ritsuryo system) or onni (a system of passing court ranks onto a new generation through ancestors under the Ritsuryo system).
- また、この時までに関東政権は関東南部の実質的な支配権を獲得している。
- By this time, the Kanto government had effectively obtained control of Southern Kanto.
- これらはいずれも生死の根源を観じて、悟りを得ようとするものであった。
- These are awakened through seeing the origin of life.
- このため後嵯峨は以後の皇位継承に際しても幕府の内諾を得てから決定した。
- Accordingly, Gosaga also decided the following heir to the imperial throne with the approval of the Kamakura bakufu.
- これを得意とした二代目三遊亭円歌は、出囃子も七段目幕開きの音楽だった。
- Enka SANYUTEI the second, who was good at telling this story, used the starting music of Act Seven for his debayashi (stage music for rakugo).
- 祇園一力の女将お才は花車役という遊里の女性役を得意とする俳優が演じる。
- The role of Osai, okami of Gion Ichiriki, is performed by an actor called hanaguruma-yaku, who is good at playing the role of women in the red-light district.
- こうした移動販売車は一般的な飲食店と比較すると低投資で取得可能である。
- A primary benefit of the Mobile Food Vendor Vehicle business is the considerably low startup investment cost when compared with a traditional restaurant.
- 後白河は、興福寺権別当・覚珍を派遣して大衆を説得し、事態は沈静化する。
- Goshirakawa sent Gon no Betto (a steward) of Kofuku-ji Temple, 覚珍, to persuade the priests, and the situation settled down.
- ここでの光秀の大見得は観客に一種のカタルシスをもたらす効果抜群である。
- The pose struck by Mitsuhide here has a great cathartic effect on the audience.
- また、そうなった場合にはもはや良貨をそのまま発行するのは得策ではない。
- Once such a situation occurs, it is not a good policy to continue issuing high-quality coins.
- 24日、後白河はやむを得ず、成親解官と備中国配流、政友の禁獄を認めた。
- On January 19th, Goshirakawa reluctantly allowed Narichika's dismissal and exile to Bicchu Province as well as the detention of Masatomo.
- 本宣旨を獲得したことにより、頼朝政権は対朝廷協調路線の度合いを強めた。
- The obtainment of this decree made the Yoritomo government facilitate the trend of a cooperative relationship with the Imperial Court.
- 宝誌、傅大士、衡山慧思、智ギ、僧伽 (僧)、万廻、豊干寒山拾得、布袋。
- It includes biographies of Baozhi, Fu Daishi, Kozan Eshi, Zhi-yi, sangha (priest), Mane, Bukan, Kanzan Jittoku and Hotei.
- 王が死亡し、かつやむを得ない特別の事情があり、皇室会議の承認を得た場合。
- When an emperor passes away and the Imperial Household Council approves the particular inevitable circumstances.
- 周防国の娑麼(さば、山口県防府市)で神夏磯媛から賊の情報を得て誅殺した。
- He got the information about rebels from Kamunatsusohime at saba (the land under direct control of an emperor), Suo Province (Hofu City, Yamaguchi Prefecture) and killed them.
- 信憑性に乏しいが、系図上では新田氏系得川氏の末裔ということにされている。
- Whilst the veracity is doubtful, it is said that descendants come from the Egawa clan of the Nitta clan branch that sits at the top of the family tree.
- 1426年(応永33年) - 丹波猿楽の矢田座が伏見御香宮の楽頭職を得る
- 1426: Yata-za of Tanba Sarugaku (form of theater becoming the basis for Noh) assumed the post of Gakuto-shiki (right to play sarugaku) of Fushimi Gokogu-jinja Shrine.
- 首都である東京と、その代替地と成り得る京都・大阪をまとめたものでもある。
- It also refers to a collective term for Tokyo, the capital of Japan, and Kyoto and Osaka, either of which could be a substitute for Tokyo.
- 足利尊氏は後醍醐天皇の勅状を得ないまま乱の討伐に向かい、時行を駆逐した。
- Without receiving the official order from the Emperor Godaigo, Takauji headed for putting down the rebellion and expelled Tokiyuki.
- しかし、信義の五男武田信光だけは頼朝から知遇を得て甲斐国守護に任ぜらた。
- However, only Nobumitsu TAKEDA, the fifth son of Nobuyoshi, was taken under Yoritomo's wing and appointed to shugo of Kai Province.
- この事は、得宗とその家臣である御内人の発言力が強まるという結果を齎した。
- This resulted in the increased influence of Tokuso and the miuchibito, their vassals.
- 近年では片岡我童 (13代目)(十四代目片岡仁左衛門)が得意としていた。
- In these years, Gado KATAOKA the 13th (Nizaemon KATAOKA the 14th) excelled at this role.
- 戦後は中村歌右衛門 (6代目)、澤村宗十郎 (9代目)などが得意とした。
- After the World War II, Utaemon NAKAMURA (6th), Sojiro SAWAMURA (9th) and others performed this as their speciality.
- これを聞いた師長は、老人が琵琶の心得のある者と気がつき、一曲を所望する。
- Hearing this, Moronaga realized that the master knew biwa, and asked the master to play a piece.
- この童子は後にも怪力で活躍をした末に得度出家し、道場法師となったという。
- The doji made other accomplishments using his marvelous strength and entered the Buddhist priesthood, and was called Buddhist monk Dojo.
- なお、加地子のみを得る名主を加地子名主職(かじしみょうしゅしき)という。
- In the meantime, myoshu, who only gained Kajishi, was called Kajishi myoshushiki.
- 初日ないし最終日には法会と共に各寺院の得度を朝廷から賜る儀礼が行われた。
- On the first or final day of a Kinomidokyo, a ritual was performed through the Imperial Court, together with a hoe, for those entering into Buddhist priesthood at each temple.
- 以後、西園寺は原敬らの説得にも関わらず暫くの閉居生活を送ることになった。
- After that, Saionji remained in Kyoto for a while in spite of the advice of Takashi HARA, etc.
- また巨富を得た手段を冠して「株長者」「土地長者」と表現されることもある。
- In addition, expressions such as 'Kabu choja' (stock market billionaire) or 'Tochi choja' (property billionaire) may be used, in which 'choja' is capped with the means to get enormous fortune.
- 「もし衆生あって是の経を聞くことを得るは、則(すなわ)ちこれ大利なり。」
- 'If the people had a chance to listen to the sutra, it would be a huge profit.'
- 結果的に兄の説得に折れる形で顕宗天皇元年(485年)正月、弘計が即位する。
- As a result, yielding to persuasion by his elder brother, the younger Oke acceded to the throne in February, 485.
- 親王が死亡し、かつやむを得ない特別の事情があり、皇室会議の承認を得た場合。
- When a Shinno dies, she shall, in case of special and unavoidable circumstances, leave the status of the member of the Imperial Family by the approval of the Imperial House Council.
- 『日本書紀』には才能に恵まれ、武徳に優れ天文・占星の術を得意としたとある。
- According to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), he was a gifted and physically and psychologically healthy person and also was good at astronomy and astrology.
- 女形の心得を失わずにバイオレンスな演技をするところにこの役の難しさがある。
- The difficulty of this role is to perform violently without losing the flavour of an actor of female roles.
- 平氏一門は主要官位を占め、多数の知行国を得て、事実上の平氏政権が成立した。
- Members of the Taira clan held principal posts and obtained governorship of chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom), effectively establishing a Taira clan government.
- 教育は第一に数字の習得から始まり、次いで文字の習得が為される事が多かった。
- Education first started with learning numbers and then went on to writing.
- 特定の権門が独占的に徴税権を得る荘園が、時代の節目ごとに段階的に増加した。
- Shoen (manor in medieval Japan), where particular influential families exclusively obtained the power to levy taxes, increased gradually in accordance with each milestone of the time.
- 若しは実にもあれ、若しは不実にもあれ、此の人は現世にハンセン病の病を得ん。
- Either he is faithful or faithless, he will suffer from Hansen's disease in this world.
- 皇太子が死亡し、かつやむをえない特別の事情があり、皇室会議の承認を得た場合。
- The crown prince dies and unavoidable special circumstances exist and the Imperial Household Council approves.
- 驚いた頼長はただちに法皇に多子の立后を求めるが、明確な返答は得られなかった。
- Yorinaga was surprised to hear that, and immediately asked the Cloistered Emperor for Masaruko to be enthroned as an empress; a clear answer was not obtained.
- ただし、民間信仰や新宗教などの宗教団体の中には法人格を得ていない場合も多い。
- Many organizations of folk religions and new religions do not gain corporate status.
- 印刷技術や稿料制度など出版の体制が整っていたこともあり多くの読者を獲得した。
- As there was a good publishing system such as an advanced printing technology and the system of payments for manuscripts, Yomihon gained many readers.
- しかし義昭に信長に逆らう実力があるはずも無く、これも承認せざるを得なかった。
- Incapable of retaliating against Nobunaga, Yoshiaki was forced to accept the Articles.
- それまでにない半済や守護請の権限を獲得し荘園への収税権をかけることができた。
- They obtained the authority to impose taxes on shoen based on new systems like hanzei (a system under which Shugo were allowed to collect half of the taxes from shoen) and shugouke (the contract system under which the owner of a shoen entrusted a Shugo to manage their shoen and pay customs).
- 権大納言から後継の関白の地位を得た兼通は、内覧・内大臣を経て関白に就任した。
- Kanemichi, coming from the post of acting major counsellor, became the next chancellor, by being appointed as chancellor after becoming a Private Inspector, then Great Minister of the Center.
- 円融も幼帝の父として一定の政治的影響力を獲得し“院政”的な状況を生み出した。
- Enyu also obtained a certain degree of political clout by being the young emperor's father, leading to a 'cloistered government'-like situation.
- 尊氏は勅状を得ないまま出陣し、後醍醐天皇は尊氏に追って征東将軍の号を与える。
- Takauji went to the front without obtaining the emperor's authorization, but Emperor Godaigo later conferred the title of seii taishogun on Takauji.
- 後に、貢納する物品の独占販売権を取得し、座に属する商人と同様の活動を行った。
- Kugonin later obtained exclusive sales rights of the products presented and conducted activities similar to those of merchants belonging to Za.
- 八千の声聞は法華経に於いて記別を受けることを得たり。唯、冬氷の一闡提を除く。
- The Lotus Sutra enabled 8000 disciples of Buddha to achieve religious salvation, except for non believers of Buddhism.
- 内応を得て軍を従わせた吹負は、穂積百足を殺し、穂積五百枝と物部日向を捕らえた。
- By using traitors, Fukei successfully subdued the enemy troops and killed HOZUMI no Momotari and captured HOZUMI no Ioe and MONONOBE no Himuka.
- また、阿波小笠原氏の一部は元寇の戦功により石見に所領を得て石見小笠原氏となる。
- Also some of the Awa-Ogasawara clan received territory in Iwami due to the distinguished war service at Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, and became the Iwami-Ogasawara clan.
- 「得宗」とは、2代目である北条義時の法名に由来して北条泰時が名づけたとされる。
- Tokuso was named after the posthumous Buddhist name of Yoshitoki HOJO, who was second in the Tokuso line, by Yasutoki HOJO.
- 勘平が武士としての不心得、申しわけなさのあまり、ここで切腹して死にたいと言う。
- Kanpei says that he wants to commit suicide by disembowelment because of his increasing sense of a need to apologize.
- むしろ、祖先の弟の系統である頼朝の方が東国において圧倒的求心力を得るに至った。
- Instead, Yoritomo, who belonged to the lineage of his ancestor's younger brother, gained an overwhelming unifying power in the eastern provinces.
- この事件は皇統統一を狙った仁明が、藤原北家の協力を得て起こしたとする説もある。
- There was another theory that Emperor Ninmyo caused the disturbance to unify the Imperial line of Imperial succession with the support of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
- しかし、納得しない入鹿は実否をただすまで鱶七を人質にせよと言い棄てて奥に入る。
- However, Iruka does not believe it and tells others to hold Fukashichi hostage until he confirms the truth, and leaving the scene, goes inside.
- その後は、市川壽海 (3代目)、松本白鸚 (初代)などが源五兵衛を得意とした。
- In the subsequent years, Jukai ICHIKAWA III and Hakuo MATSUMOTO I among others were renowned for playing the role of Gengobei.
- 対策(たいさく)は、献策・方略試・秀才 (科挙)試・文章得業生試ともよばれた。
- Taisaku was also called kensaku (recommended proposal), horyaku shi (exam for selecting government officials), shusai (or kakyo) shi, monjo tokugosho shi.
- 強訴で何の成果も得ることができなかったことは、延暦寺にとって大きな屈辱だった。
- It was a huge disgrace for Enryaku-ji Temple that nothing was achieved by the direct petition.
- そして、鎮圧した武士たちが、勲功をもとに満足のいく恩賞を獲得することとなった。
- The samurai who suppressed the rebels were rewarded sufficiently based on their achievements.
- しかし、いずれも新政府側から他の諸藩と同格とは見なされず恩恵を得られなかった。
- However, they were not equally treated as some other domains, and did not receive any privilege.
- そのため、本来個室として運用されてきた部屋を相部屋にせざるを得なくなっている。
- As a result, rooms originally used as individual rooms are being shared by two persons now.
- こうして形成された荘園支配体系の中で実効的な支配権を得たものが本所と呼ばれた。
- In the shoen governing system formed in this way, the lords who had effective dominion over the shoen were called honjo.
- 「頼朝軍が入京すれば戦わざるを得ないが、入京しないのであれば西国に下向する。」
- If Yoritomo's army enters Kyoto, I will have to fight, but otherwise, I will leave for the west.
- 短気な若狭介は刃傷に及ぼうとするが、通りがかった判官の仲裁によって事なきを得る。
- Short-tempered Wakasanosuke tries to slash Moronao, but Hangan, who happens to pass by, successfully mediates the squabble.
- 酒造用に用いる精白割合の高い白米を得るには、この縦型精米機を使用する必要がある。
- This vertical type rice-milling machine is required to produce polished rice with high rice polishing ratios to be used for sake brewing.
- 初代宮城酵母の中から、アルコール耐性が高く酸の生成が少ない株を選抜して得られた。
- It was obtained by selecting strains having high alcohol resistance and producing low acid from shodai Miyagi yeast.
- そのころ、上総館山城主蟇田素藤は八百比丘尼妙椿の助力を得て里見家に反旗を翻した。
- In the meantime Motofuji HIKITA, the lord of Tateyama-jo Castle in Kazusa Province, launched a rebellion against the Satomi family with the help of Happyaku-bikuni Myochin.
- その反面、実際に能を演ずる上での実際的な知識を得るためにはきわめて有意義である。
- On the other hand, however, it is extremely useful in accessing practical information when putting on an actual noh performance.
- サンプル調査によらざるを得ないことが多いが、一般に回収率が低く、信頼性に欠ける。
- The data are mainly collected by sampling surveys, but the collection rate is generally low, thus the data are not very reliable.
- 義平次はここに飛び込み、団七にからみ蛙の見得をしたりするので「泥場」と呼ばれる。
- This is called 'Doroba' (mud field) because Giheiji jumps in here and shows a frog's pose hassling with Danshichi.
- このとき半四郎が得意としていた八百屋お七を基本として旅役者崩れの女装盗賊とした。
- The role of Yaoya Oshichi, which was Hanshiro's specialty at that time, became the base for the robber dressed like a woman who used to be an itinerant actor.
- 現在では松本幸四郎 (9代目)、中村吉右衛門 (2代目)の兄弟が得意としている。
- Currently, brothers, Koshiro MATSUMOTO (the ninth) and Kichiemon NAKAMURA (the second), are good at playing the role.
- また、名主は、百姓から徴収した中から加地子を中間得分として自らの収入としていた。
- Myoshu also collected kajishi (supplementary taxes) from peasants as their own income.
- 国人領主も幕府の奉公衆の地位を得て守護の干渉を防いだり逆に牽制することもあった。
- A number of Kokujin ryoshu protected themselves from intervention by a Shugo or checked the movements of Shugo by obtaining the status of bakufu hokoshu (a military post of the bakufu).
- 遺跡・景観保全のためやむを得ないが、この厳しい開発規制のため人口は減少している。
- The village's population has been decreasing because of these strict regulations, which is unavoidable in order to preserve historical sites and scenery.
- その過程で守護・地頭補任権を獲得し、朝廷(公家政権)と並びうる政権へと成長した。
- In the process, the bakufu acquired the right of appointing Shugo and Jito (military governors and estate stewards), growing into a government that could rank with the Imperial Court (the Kuge government).
- 「無量無辺阿僧祇劫を過ぐれども、終(つい)に無上菩提を成ずることを得ず、云々。」
- 'Even if they spent an immense and limitless, incalculable eon, they would not attain Mujo bodai after all…'
- 叔父の聖護院門跡道増に付いて得度し、園城寺長吏、熊野三山検校、僧正、准后を歴任。
- He entered the Buddhist priesthood with his uncle Dozo, Monzeki of Shogoin Temple, and he successively served as Chori (chief priest) of Onjo-ji Temple, Kumano Sanzan Kengyo (inspector of the three Kumano Shrines), Sojo (high-ranking Buddhist priest) and Jugo (honorary rank next to the three Empresses: Great Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager, and Empress).
- そしてその第二祖といわれる慧文が竜樹の中論を読み、一心三観を会得したといわれる。
- It is said that the secondary founder Emon read the Madhyamaka-karika (Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way) written by Ryuju, and attained isshin sangan (threefold contemplation in a single mind).
- この形式は伊勢古市の花街で踊られていた『亀の子踊り』にヒントを得て作られている。
- This form gives a hint for 'Kamenoko-Odori Dance' performed in the red-light district of Isefuruichi.
- 鎌倉時代後半になると、得宗家は北条一門を含む他の有力御家人を圧倒するようになった。
- In the late Kamakura period, the Tokuso family came to overwhelm other gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), including the Hojo clan.
- 最期は、後の黒幕がはらりと落ちて舞台が明るくなり、舞台の俳優は見得をして幕となる。
- At the end of the performance, the black curtain in the background is dropped suddenly, making the stage lighted, and then the main curtain is closed after the actors on the stage make their final poses.
- 戦後は尾上多賀之丞 (3代目)が、現在では澤村田之助 (6代目)が得意としている。
- After the war, Taganojo ONOE III, now Tanosuke SAWAMURA VI, was perfect for the role.
- 友切丸は助六の手に入り、捕り手がでてきて助六、揚巻による引っ張りの見得で幕となる。
- At last, Tomokirimaru returns to Sukeroku, and then, the scene ends with a collective dramatic pose performed by pursuers who have just entered onto the stage, Sukeroku, and Agemaki.
- なお、ある者が最も得意とする芸のことを「おはこ」というが、これを「十八番」と書く。
- Someone's specialty is called 'ohako' (a box), and it is written in Chinese characters as 'juhachiban' (number eighteen).
- 6月(盗賊討伐への出陣、武具乗馬の借用、出陣の命令系統と心得、武具・馬具の名称)、
- June: Departure for the subjugation of robbers, borrowing of weapons and horses, knowledge of departure for battle and of the chain of command, and nomenclature of weapons and harness
- かりに年貢しか徴収しないとすると、現地の下級領主の得分は何も存在しないことになる。
- If only nengu was collected, there was nothing left that local low grade lords could have as their profit.
- 親王が現地へ赴任することはまずあり得ず、いわば遥任を朝廷公認で制度化したのである。
- Because it never happened that a shinno moved to the province to whose kokushu he was appointed, it can be said that the Imperial court publicly approved the yonin system.
- 嘉元4年(1306年)、称名寺 (横浜市)(現横浜市金沢区)造営料獲得のため派遣。
- In 1306, a Shomyo-ji zoeiryotosen was dispatched to make profits to cover the costs of repair and construction of Shomyo-ji Temple (Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama City).
- このことから、経営基盤を失った大学寮と新たに当該地を得た穀倉院の間で対立が生じた。
- As a result, a conflict occurred between Daigaku-ryo, which lost its financial base, and Kokusoin, which obtained new territory.
- しかし、範頼軍に援軍が来るという情報を得た平氏軍は長門国へ撤退する戦略を選択する。
- However, the Taira clan forces obtained information that Noriyori's troops would get reinforcements, so they decided to retreat to Nagato Province.
- だが、晴元が政権獲得の最終段階で功臣・三好元長を殺害した事が後年大きく裏目に出る。
- However, Harumoto's murder of the meritorious retainer Motonaga MIYOSHI, who had climbed to the highest rungs of power within the government, had a profound backlash in later years.
- その他の地域から見れば1km四方の温泉街が同一視されるのはやむを得ない部分もある。
- However, it is partly unavoidable that the resort area is mixed up with the red-light area by the people living in the other areas of Japan, because they are located within 1 square kilometer.
- 古代の戸籍制度・計帳に基づいて、政府から受田資格を得た貴族や人民へ田が班給された。
- Based on the family registration system and Keicho (the yearly tax registers) in the ancient times, rice land was allotted to nobles and people who had obtained the qualifications for receiving rice land from the government.
- 『風信帖』と『久隔帖』とは、両雄が近接して最も意気投合したころの得難い真筆である。
- The genuine works of Kukai and Saicho in 'Fushinjo' and 'Kyukakujo' are valuable, partly because they were created during a time when the two great men were getting along well together.
- 僧侶として戒律を遵守する私度僧に対しては処罰ではなく得度をさせて体制に取り込んだ。
- Lay priests who observed the religious precepts were encouraged to enter the priesthood so that they could be integrated into the established order.
- 江戸時代になりようやく新義真言宗は紀州徳川家より復興の許しを得て根来寺と共に復興。
- In Edo period, Shingi Shingon sect was finally got leave to restore from Kishu Tokugawa Family and restored itself and Negoro-ji Temple.
- 1616年(元和2年)に得度して尭然と号し、1623年(元和9年)二品に叙せられた。
- In 1616, he became a monk and was named Gyonen, and he was appointed to nihon (the second rank for an Imperial Prince) in 1623.
- また、まったく根も葉もないことが人々を説得する論拠として通用するかという疑問もある。
- There is also a question whether such a completely unfounded supposition can be used as a premise to persuade the people.
- が、女性の髪を手がける女髪結いは遊郭(遊女は上得意だった)や顧客の家を訪問していた。
- But Onnakamiyui (female Kamiyui) who dealt with female hair visited yukaku (red-light district) (yujo [prostitutes] were their best customers) and customers' houses.
- 困った忠弥は舅に真相を話し納得させようとしたが、かえって驚愕した藤九郎に訴人される。
- Chuya was perplexed and tried to persuade his father-in-law to understand him by telling the truth, but Tokuro was astounded and went to the police about him.
- 馬琴の出世作であり、武者絵に描かれたり、歌舞伎化されたりと、当時の大衆の支持を得た。
- It was a work that brought Bakin success, drawn as the busha (samurai) illustrations, adapted into Kabuki, and received the popularity of a general public back then.
- 窮地に立たされる小町だが、黒主の入れ筆と見破り、許しを得て水を以ってその草子を洗う。
- Although Komachi faced a difficult situation, she detected Kuronushi's lie and rinsed the bound book with water with lord's permission.
- 経済力を獲得した一般百姓は、名田を購入するなどし、名主の支配から次第に逃れていった。
- Having accumulated considerable wealth, these peasants purchased myoden and other properties, thereby gradually achieving freedom from the control of myoshu farmers.
- 領主は所領に対して支配権を行使することで、年貢・公事・夫役といった収益を得ていった。
- Ryoshu came to acquire incomes of nengu (land tax), kuji (public duties) and buyaku (labor service) through execution of the right to control areas he managed.
- そして彼らを説得し、田堵負名として国衙支配に組み込んだ功労者が実は藤原純友であった。
- The largest contributor of having incorporated them into the control of kokuga as Tato fumyo was FUJIWARA no Sumitomo.
- しかし、上卿が常に太政官にいるとは限らず、天皇の側が臨時の勅旨を発する事もあり得た。
- Nevertheless, the shokei was not always present at the Daijokan, which was why the emperor's side could have issued an extraordinary edict.
- この結果、恩賞の仲介者であった武士自らが恩賞の授与権者の地位を獲得するようになった。
- Consequently, the samurai who were originally mediators of rewards came to acquire the position of reward-giver.
- 実仁は、異母兄白河天皇の即位にあたり皇太子に立てられたが即位の機会を得ずに早世した。
- Sanehito became Crown Prince upon the accession of his half brother Emperor Shirakawa, but died early without a chance to ascend to the throne.
- 「それ衆生あって聞くことを得ざる者は、まさに知るべし、是等はこれ大利を失えるなり。」
- 'The people who had no chance to listen to it should know that they missed something huge. '
- 前回に引き続き少数激戦となり、総じて市長与党的な立場にある保守系議員が得票を伸ばした。
- As had happened previously, the election was strongly contested, with mayor-supporting ruling-party candidates, such as those of a conservative bent generally garnering the votes.
- 時宗の息子・9代執権北条貞時は平禅門の乱で内管領の平頼綱を滅ぼして得宗専制を確立する。
- The ninth regent Sadatoki HOJO, a son of Tokimune, killed TAIRA no Yoritsuna the Uchi-Kanrei in the Heizenmon War to secure a Tokuso autocracy.
- そこで親王が生まれるとすぐに皇太弟の生母である藤原得子(美福門院)の養子に迎えられた。
- As soon as the Imperial Prince was born, he was adopted by FUJIWARA no Tokushi (Nariko) (Bifukumonin) who gave birth to the younger brother of the Emperor who was heir apparent.
- 創業当時は日清戦争・日露戦争の戦勝祈願として、「勝ち栗」に通じるとして高い評判を得た。
- At the time when the company was established, their Kurimanju gained a high reputation because people bought it as the 'Kachiguri' (literally 'a winning chestnut'), praying for a victory in the Japanese-Sino War and the Japanese-Russo War.
- 折しも登城した木村重成の説得に、秀頼は重成を使者に立てて且元の本心を探ることを命じる。
- Hideyori was pursuade by Shigenari KIMURA, who attended the castle at that time, ordered Shigenari to act as an envoy to find out Katsumoto's real intentions.
- 遥任国司は、目代と呼ばれる代理人を現地へ派遣するなどして、俸禄・租税などの収入を得た。
- Yonin kokushi received his income, salary, and taxes from his deputy called mokudai who was sent to the province.
- 平治の乱ののち、平清盛は後白河上皇の信任を得て、法住寺御所の近くに蓮華王院を造営した。
- After the Heiji War, TAIRA no Kiyomori was trusted by Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, and constructed and operated Rengeo-in Temple near Hoju-ji Temple Gosho (palace).
- 一方、全人衆の中には商工業によって富を得るものも多く、殿原衆との共存関係を築いてきた。
- On the other hand, in Zenjin-shu, some gained wealth by trade and craft and built a coexistence relationship between Tonobara-shu.
- しかし政局の混乱が続き、また恩賞の不公平により武士階級の支持を得ることはできなかった。
- But the political situation remained bogged down in chaos, and because of inequalities and unfairness in the giving of rewards, Godaigo was never able to gain control over the warrior class.
- しかし建武政権は武家の支持を得られず、北条一族の残党などは各地で蜂起を繰り返していた。
- However, the Kenmu government failed to gain the support of samurai and the remnants of the Hojo clan repeatedly revolted against the government at various places.
- 中にいた子供たちは遊びに夢中で火事に気づかず、長者が説得するも外に出ようとしなかった。
- Children in the house were so absorbed in playing that they did not become aware of fire and did not try to get out of the house despite the Choja's persuasion.
- これまで世界中で高い評価を得た100人を超えたアーティストが珠玉の表現を披露している。
- To date, over 100 celebrated artists, who are respected worldwide, have delivered performances of artistic triumph.
- このような格子遣戸の用い方は、隔ての機能を果たしながら、採光や通風を得ることができる。
- A sliding latticed door allows the indoor space to be naturally lit and ventilated with the shielding function that a door fulfilled.
- In this way, koshi-yarido allows utilizing outside natural light and air effectively while functioning as a divider.
- 弘計は置目老嫗(おきめのおみな)の案内から亡父の遺骨の所在を知り得て、改めて陵を築いた。
- Prince Oke located the resting place of the remains of his late father, through the varied guidance of Okime no Omina, and he built a new mound for his father.
- (フェラーリ所属。戦前からの名選手で、1950年には初代F1チャンピオンを獲得している)
- (Giuseppe Farina, a star player since the prewar period and a member of Ferrari, became the first Champion of F1 Grand Prix in 1950.)
- 「内裏式」には、「褰帳命婦二人、内親王以下三位已上為之、若無者王氏四位五位亦得」とある。
- It is described in 'Dairi-shiki' as 'two of kencho no myobu,' 'Naishin-nou 以下 sanmi 已上為之' and '若無者王氏 shii goi yakutoku.'
- 久安4年(1148年)6月、頼長は近衛天皇への養女の入内を鳥羽天皇に奏請して承諾を得た。
- In June 1148, Yorinaga asked Emperor Toba for the entry of his adopted daughter into the palace of Emperor Konoe, obtaining approval.
- おっと合点だ、心得田圃の川崎宿・神奈川宿・程ヶ谷宿・戸塚宿は走って行けば、灸を擦り剥く。
- Otto gatten da, kokoroetanbo no Kawasaki Kanagawa Hodogaya Totsuka wa hashitte yukeba, yaito wo surimuku (oh, all right, I understand; running through Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Hodogaya and Totsuka station, you'll graze the part on which moxa is burned).
- 室町時代には、賛詩を必須とする詩画軸、上部に賛のある寒山拾得などの禅画が多数制作された。
- In the Muromachi period, many shigajiku (paintings with a san of Chinese poetry in the form of a hanging scroll) for which a san poem is essential were produced in large numbers, as were paintings by Zen monks such as Kanzan Jittoku or motif paintings with a san on their upper part (Kanzan and Jittoku were unworldly persons who lived in the Tang period and who were often used as the subject matter for paintings by Zen monks).
- 生母の藤原得子が鳥羽天皇の寵愛を受けていたため、わずか2歳で崇徳天皇と代わって即位した。
- Since his birth mother, FUJIWARA no Tokushi, was Emperor Toba's favorite lady, Emperor Konoe succeeded to the throne after Emperor Sutoku, when he was two years old.
- 団七は、かつては二代目實川延若、戦後は三代目實川延若、十三代目片岡仁左衛門が得意とした。
- For Danshichi, Enjaku JITSUKAWA, the second in prewar years, Enjaku JITSUKAWA, the third and Nizaemon KATAOKA, the thirteenth in postwar years were good at it.
- しかし、修行の実績がある私度僧には却って得度を許して官僧へ取り込む措置すら取られている。
- On the other hand, shidoso with ascetic practice were allowed to enter the Buddhist priesthood as official monks.
- 義貞が箱根に迫ったとの報に接し、一時出家していた尊氏が直義の説得に応じ、戦線に復帰する。
- When Takauji who was temporarily a priest received the report that Yoshisada was approaching Hakone, he agreed to get back to the battle line by Tadayoshi's persuasion.
- ただ、これはあくまでも逸文蒐集によって得られた結果であるため、正確なところは明瞭でない。
- The title and its rendering in Chinese characters of the document varies greatly, including; 'Rihooki' (李部王記), 'Rihoki' (吏部記), 'Rihoki' (李部記), 'Shigeakira Shinnoki' (重明親王記), 'Shigeakiraki' (重明記), and 'Juki' (重記).
- しかし、守護及びその傘下武士たちは、半済を既得権として、荘園・公領へ不当な介入を続けた。
- However, some provincial constables and their subordinate samurais treated the hanzei law as their established right and continued to intervene in the taxes on manors and lands under the control of the feudal government unreasonably.
- 義朝の武力という切り札を得た信頼は、自らの妹と摂関家の嫡子・藤原基実の婚姻も実現させる。
- Having obtained the ultimate trump card, Yoshitomo's military might, Nobuyori was able to marry his younger sister to FUJIWARA no Motozane, an heir in the Fujiwara branch of regents and advisors.
- 尊氏が勅状を得ないまま北条軍の討伐に向かうと、後醍醐天皇は追って尊氏を征東将軍に任じる。
- When Takauji set out to suppress the Hojo army despite not having obtained an Imperial decree, Emperor Godaigo belatedly appointed him seito shogun (literally, 'general who subdues the eastern barbarians').
- 生誕の藤津庄が京都仁和寺領であったため、13歳で仁和寺成就院へ入り、16歳で得度・出家。
- Because his birthplace Fujitsu no sho was in the estate of Ninna-ji Temple in Kyoto, he entered Ninna-ji Temple Jojuin when he was 13, and entered the Buddhist priesthood to become a priest at age 16.
- この佐々木氏は、源頼朝が関東地方で勃興するとこれに積極的に加わり、近江一国の守護職を得た。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised his army in the Kanto region, the Omi Sasaki clan took part in it positively and gained Omi shugoshiki (provincial constables of Omi Province).
- 子孫の一人である吉見頼行は能登吉見氏の庶家で、石見鹿足郡の地頭職を得て下向したものである。
- One of the descendants, Yoriyuki YOSHIMI was from a branch family of the Noto-Yoshimi clan and left the capital when he was appointed as a Jitoshiki (manager and lord of an estate) of Kanoashi District, Iwami Province.
- そのころ毛野は湯島天神で扇谷定正夫人蟹目前らの知遇を得て奸臣籠山逸東太の殺害を依頼される。
- In the meantime Keno had an opportunity to meet Kaname no mae, Sadamasa OGIGAYATSU's wife, in Yushima Tenjin and asked to assassinate Itsutota KOMIYAMA, a cunning retainer.
- 立后の翌年、彼女は上皇の寵姫藤原得子(のちの美福門院)所生の皇女、叡子内親王を養女とした。
- After one year she became an Empress, she adopted Imperial Princess Eishi, who was the Retired Emperor's loving wife, FUJIWARA no Tokushi's (later called Bifukumonin) Princess.
- 後白河に難は及ばなかったが、治承2年(1178年)安徳天皇の立太子を認めざるを得なくなる。
- Although Goshirakawa was not in trouble, later on he had to accept Emperor Antoku to become Crown Prince in 1178.
- こうして彼らは国衙から「国内武士」としての認知を受け、それによって武士身分を獲得していた。
- Thus, they were acknowledged as local samurai by kokuga and thereby obtained their status as a samurai.
- 卒業者は試験の結果によっては官人に登用されたり大学寮や典薬寮に入る資格を得ることが出来た。
- Depending on the results of examinations, graduates from Kokugaku were recruited as local government officials or granted the qualification for entering daigakuryo or tenyakuryo.
- 地下請の実施は、被支配者からなる惣村が、支配者の信頼を得るまでに至っていたことを意味する。
- The implementation of jigeuke indicates that the soson gained the trust of the ruling class although it consisted of people under the rule of such class.
- これらによって守護は、各地の荘園・国衙領の下地進止権(土地支配権)を主張し、獲得していく。
- Thereby, requesting the right to appropriate the land (called Shitaji-shinshi-ken or Tochi-shihai-ken [land ruling right]) of the shoen and the territories of kokuga nationwide, shugo gradually attained land.
- 5月2日の会談で、長岡藩は武装中立の姿勢と会津説得の猶予を嘆願したが新政府側はこれを拒否。
- In a conference on June 21, the Nagaoka domain petitioned for a stance of armed neutrality and an extension of time to persuade the Aizu Domain, and yet the new government rejected them.
- 藤原氏は子女を入内させると天皇の歓心を得るために有能な女性を選抜し、女房として近侍させた。
- Once their daughters entered the Imperial Family, the Fujiwara clan selected capable women and put them beside the emperor as female personal assistants to gain the emperor's favor.
- 土葬が基本であるが、日本ハリストス正教会では諸々の事情により止むを得ず火葬が行われている。
- Although a burial is normal, a cremation is unavoidably observed in the Orthodox Church in Japan due to various circumstances.
- しかし多様な文化的理由から、火葬の普及は必ずしも諸手を挙げての賛同を得ているわけではない。
- However, for various cultural reasons, the spread of cremation is not wholeheartedly supported.
- 4年後に同様の申請を行って藤原頼通の許可を得るが、またも道長の反対によりまたも見送られた。
- When the same request was resubmitted four years later they did obtain FUJIWARA no Yorimichi's permission, but because Michinaga was still against it, once again Ryoen could not secure a promotion.
- 火葬が主流の日本国内で暮らすイスラム教徒が、土葬が行い得る墓地を自力で確保した事例もある。
- There are cases in which Muslims living in Japan, where cremation is predominant, secured burial sites for themselves in order to be able to directly bury the dead body under the earth.
- なお、近代の皇族制度とは違い、婚姻によって皇親身分を獲得したり喪失したりすることは無かった。
- Furthermore, unlike the modern imperial family system, with this system one could not obtain or lose the status of Koshin through marriage.
- この年には右大臣左兵衛督加賀美濃権守の位に昇るが、これを極官として、その翌年に病を得て死去。
- In the same year, he was promoted to the position of Udaijin (Minister of the Right), Sahyoe no kami and director of Kaga and Mino Provinces, it was his gokkan (the highest official rank) and he died of illness next year.
- 後醍醐天皇が吉野に移った後も、持明院統側の説得をうけてそのまま京都に留まって亡くなっている。
- After Emperor Godaigo moved to Yoshino, the Imperial Prince was persuaded by the Jimyoin Imperial line and stayed in Kyoto until he passed away.
- 北条氏は、得宗と呼ばれる嫡流を中心に名越、赤橋、常葉、塩田、金沢、大仏などの諸家に分かれた。
- The Hojo clan was composed of the head family called Tokuso and branch families including the Nagoshi, Akahashi, Tokiwa, Shiota, Kanazawa and Osaragi.
- 時政は鎌倉幕府の創立に尽力し、頼朝が征夷大将軍に任じられると、有力御家人としての地位を得る。
- Tokimasa devoted himself to establishing the Kamakura bakufu, and after his son-in-law Yoritomo was appointed to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), he gained the status of powerful gokenin (an immediate vassal of the Shogunate).
- 「もし一紙半銭なりと奉れば、この世では無比の楽を得、来世では数千の蓮の上に座すことになる。」
- If contributing even just a little, you will get extraordinary comfort in this world, and will sit on the thousands of lotuses (in the paradise) in the after life.'
- 決められた料金のほかに、「あごつき」といって得意先に食事を出してもらう契約のところもあった。
- Some contracts included meals from the customer as well as the fixed price, which was called 'agotsuki' (work with meals).
- または、海外の怪人や精霊(せいれい)や得体の知れない生き物で、不気味なものを言う傾向にある。
- Or, a mysterious person, the soul of a dead person and a mysterious creature abroad that tends to say spooky things.
- のちに歌六の長男・中村吉右衛門 (初代)が得意とし、彼の撰んだ「秀山十種」に数えられている。
- It was selected as one of `Shuzan Jusshu,' which Kichiemon NAKAMURA (the first generation), the eldest son of Karoku, is good at.
- 4月(領地の繁栄と為政の心得、市町の経営と諸職業人の招致、商取引の施設と業種、諸国特産品)、
- April: Prosperity of territories, understanding of politics, administration of villages and towns, invitation of various professionals, facilities for commercial trades and types of business, and indigenous local products
- そのため、下級領主たちは自らの得分とすべく、様々な名目で地代を荘民から収取するようになった。
- Therefore, to get their shares, the low grade lords collected the land rent under various pretexts from shomin (people of the manor).
- 「臣下の得失、政道の奥旨、詩歌の興、大旨此御記に在り」(寛元4年(1246年)閏4月9日条)
- This gyoki includes the interests of subjects, the secrets of politics and the pleasure of poetry (Entry dated on leap month April 9, 1246).
- 例えば、生花心得・詩歌・小謡・文書様作法・商売往来・筆を取る方法・筆づかい・十二月異名など。
- Represented in some of these materials were: Appreciation of the art of flower arrangement, poetry, small pieces of song, manners for writing, business know-how, penmanship, brushwork, and synonyms for the names of the months.
- この場合、国の上進官物は院宮家に納入され、受領の俸料・得分は知行国主へ納入されることとなる。
- In this case, the kanmotsu dedicated to the nation was delivered to the Innomiya family concerned and the salary and tax gained by the zuryo was paid to the chigyo-kokushu.
- こうして田堵は、荘園・公領経営に深く携わるようになっていき、荘官や名主の地位を得るのである。
- Thus, Tato were deeply engaged in the management of shoen/koryo (public land) and eventually gained the status of shokan (an officer governing shoen) or myoshu (owner of rice fields).
- 元弘2年(1332年)に摂津国住吉大社(現大阪市住吉区)の造営料を得る名目で派遣された唐船。
- It was a Tosen dispatched in 1332 for the purpose of making profits to cover the costs of construction of Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine in Settsu Province (present-day Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City).
- 家康はうろたえ、一時は京に行き本能寺で信長に殉じるとまで言ったが、家臣に説得され帰国を図る。
- Ieyasu got flustered and said that he would go to Kyoto and follow Nobunaga to the grave in Honno-ji Temple, but he was convinced by his vassals and tried to go back to his territory.
- 平井備前入道も恭順して嘆願すべきであり、さもなくば朝敵となり御家滅亡になると義弘を説得した。
- Bizen Nyudo HIRAI also argued along the same lines, trying to persuade Yoshihiro that he should re-swear his allegiance and appeal to the Shogun's good graces, for if he did not he would be declared an enemy of the Imperial Court and his whole family would be destroyed.
- 戸籍において、新たに受田資格を得た者に対して田が班給されるとともに、死亡者の田は収公された。
- Based on the family register, rice land was allotted to the people who had newly obtained the qualifications for receiving rice land, while rice land was confiscated from people who had died.
- 奉行人が折紙に記した正月の神事などの議題3つを読み上げて将軍の決裁を得た後に、三献を開いた。
- After the Shogun passed his decision concerning three issues on the agenda such as divine services in the New Year which was recited by a bugyonin (a magistrate), and the sankon (three trays of drink and food) ceremony was conducted.
- また、本所の政治力を背景として関所における通行税や市場における営業税の免除の特権を獲得した。
- Additionally, a za received the privilege of exemptions from tolls at sekisho (checking stations) and business taxes in marketplaces backed up with the political power of their honjo.
- 即位灌頂を行うことにより、天皇は大日如来と同一化し、極めて高い宗教的な権威を得ることになる。
- By conducting sojuikanjo, the emperor was identified with Dainichi Nyorai and obtained extremely high religious authority.
- 心を寛大にして相手やその間違いを即座に否定せず反発せず受け入れ、穏やかに説得することをいう。
- Shoju means tolerant approach to a person without denying the person or the person's misunderstanding shortly, and calmly waken the person out of the misunderstanding by means of moral suasion.
- しかし結局明治10年7月に帰国し、岩倉具視らの説得で婚約を破棄、京都でまた謹慎することになる。
- However, he finally returned to Japan in October 1877 and broke off his engagement by persuasion of Tomomi IWAKURA and others and resulted in confinement to his residence in Kyoto again.
- 原則的には直衣姿での参内(御所への出入り)は認められないが、特別な勅許を得た臣下は参内できた。
- Originally it was not allowed to enter the Imperial Palace wearing a Noshi costume except for some aides who had special permission from the emperor to do so.
- このため、筒井氏は家臣の多くを改易し、伊賀の土豪をも潰していかざるを得なかったといわれている。
- It is said that because of this transfer, the Tsutsui clan had to dismiss many of their subjects and dissolve local clans of Iga.
- 1246年、経時が嗣子無くして没した際、時頼の得宗家家督、執権職就任は就任寄合で決定している。
- In 1246, when Tsunetoki died without a heir, the decision was taken at a meeting to choose his successor that Tokiyori would assume the reins of the Tokuso family and the regent post.
- しかし、いい結果が得られなかったため、入手が容易になりつつあった黒糖を使用したと言われている。
- However the result was not desirable, therefore it is said that confectioners used unrefined sugar, which was becoming available at that period, as a substitute for water and mineral deposits.
- ただし、一部のメーカーで液化仕込みで得られた'かす'(液化粕)を使用した研究が進められている。
- However, some producers are now researching about the use of sake lees which are produced during the process of liquefaction.
- However, some manufacturers are advancing their research on products in which the 'dregs' (liquid lees) obtained in the liquefied preparation.
- However, some sake manufacturers has been investigating the 'lees' (sake lees produced by liquefaction) generated by sake brewing from liquefied-rice solution for use.
- そのため、熾仁親王は血縁者が朝敵となった事を恥じて自ら東征大総督となる事を志願し、勅許を得た。
- Therefore, Imperial Prince Taruhito felt shame about his relatives going against the Imperial Palace and he, himself, accepted the charter to become the Great Governor-General in charge of the military expedition to the east.
- これらの租税を中央へ納入する過程で、国司(受領)は租税の一部を私財化し巨富を得ていたとされる。
- It is believed that kokushi (zuryo) embezzled taxes through the process of paying it to the central government and obtained big profits.
- が、知行国制が公的認知されるに伴って、知行国主が官物収得権を獲得する例も見られるようになった。
- However, as the chigyo-koku system became recognized officially, some of the chigyo-kokushu were bestowed the right to acquire kanmotsu.
- 現代では、国語学において、漢字表記・読み・字体・用字など漢字の用法の知識を得るのに利用される。
- In modern times, the setsuyoshu has been utilized in the field of Japanese philology (linguistics) for the purpose of acquiring the knowledge about uses of kanji, such as writing, reading, forms and usage of kanji.
- 京都に駐留していた範頼・義経軍は、後白河上皇による寿永三年宣旨を獲得して京都から福原へ向かう。
- Noriyori and Yoshitsune's troops who were staying at Kyoto obtained the Imperial Order issued in 1184 by the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa and headed from Kyoto to Fukuhara.
- 遣明船には博多や堺などの有力商人も同乗し、明政府の許可を得た商人との間で私貿易が行われていた。
- Powerful merchants in Hakata and Sakai, etc. also got on Kenminsen, carrying on private trades with merchants who had obtained permission from the Ming government.
- そのため1975年(昭和50年)頃までは旧戸籍謄本を取得した場合には「士族」と明記されていた。
- Because of this, when obtaining an official copy of the family register until around 1975, one was able to see the description of the warrior class.
- 近年においては、各戦国大名がそれぞれ得意とし、特徴を持つ築城術を個々に扱った研究も進んでいる。
- In recent years, studies on individual castle building technology that each sengoku daimyo was specialized in and showed unique character has been advanced.
- 独覚は、仲間をつくって修行する部行独覚と、麒麟の一角の如く独りで道を得る麟角喩独覚とに分ける。
- There are two types of dokkaku; bugyo-dokkaku (部行独覚) who pursues enlightenment in company with his peers, and rinkakuyu-dokkaku (麟角喩独覚) who searches after enlightenment alone, looking as solitary as a single horn (角) of a qilin (麒麟) does.
- しかし人臣の賛同を得られず、また天災など不幸なことが相次ぎ、同年5月に平城京へ戻ることになった。
- However, he had to return to Heijokyo (Heian Palace) in May the same year because he was not getting the corporation of his subordinate; subsequently, disasters occurred one after another.
- おそらくは定家から九条家歌壇の動向や所謂新儀非拠達磨歌などの情報を得たことなどもあったであろう。
- Presumably she received some information from Teika as to the movement of the Kujo family tanka circles or on the style of FUJIWARA no Teika's tanka.
- 当時幕府の実権は執権の北条氏(中心は得宗家)が握っており、鎌倉将軍は名目的な存在に過ぎなかった。
- It was the Hojo clan (mainly the Tokuso family), a Shikken (shogunal regent) who took the real control of the bakufu then; the Shogun of Kamakura bakufu was just nominal.
- その前後では前年12月20日と同年4月19日も庚辰の日であるが、これらは「春正月」になり得ない。
- Around February 11, December 20 in the previous year and April 19 in the same year are also Kanetatsuno hi, but these two days cannot be 'harushogatsu.'
- The two Kanoe-Tatsu before and after this date fell on December 20 of the previous year and April 19 of the same year, but neither could be considered 'the first spring month.'
- そして、三河における足利氏の所領のうち、八条院領上野荘の地頭職を得て足利一門として重きをなした。
- Moreover, the family established a presence by gaining stewardship for the Hachijoin's manor (Ueno no sho) which was one of the family's territories in Mikawa Province.
- 史料においては北条氏嫡流の当主を「得宗」と指した例は少なく、行政用語であったとも考えられている。
- Few historical records refer to the family heads of the legitimate line of the Hojo clan as Tokuso; thus, this is also regarded as having been an administrative term.
- 尊氏は九州へ落ち延びるが、翌年に九州で体制を立て直し、光厳上皇の院宣を得たのちに再び京都へ迫る。
- Takauji fled to Kyushu, but after reconstructing his army, he again approached to Kyoto in the following year, with a decree previously obtained from the abducted Emperor Kogon.
- また、東国では多くの在庁官人が征夷大将軍と主従関係を結び御家人身分を獲得し、地頭にも任じられた。
- Also in the eastern regions, many zaichokanjin formed a master-subordinate relationship with seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), attained the status of gokenin (retainers) and were also appointed as jito.
- これにより、多くの御家人が西国に恩賞を得、東国に偏重していた幕府の支配が西国にも及ぶようになる。
- Many gokenin were awarded land in western Japan for their service putting down the rebellion, and thereby the bakufu extended their control beyond the eastern provinces, where their power had been concentrated, into the western provinces as well.
- 鎌倉時代後期には、鎌倉幕府は北条氏得宗家による執政体制にあり、内管領の長崎氏が勢力を持っていた。
- In the latter days of the Kamakura period, the government of the Kamakura bakufu was controlled in all but name by the tokuso (head) of the Hojo family; the naikanrei (inner administrator) Nagasaki clan held power at that time.
- 当時の木綿は高級生地であったため、これらから得た利益が彼らを豪商と呼ばれる存在へと高めていった。
- As cotton at that time was regarded as a high-class cloth, the profit made from the cotton business improved their status so much that they were called wealthy merchants.
- この動きは13世紀後半の元寇によって加速し、幕府の対応策は徳政令発布や得宗専制という形で現れた。
- This move was accelerated due to the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, and the measures taken by the bakufu against this move appeared in the forms of Tokuseirei (ordering the return of land sold and the dissolution of debts) and the tyranny of the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan.
- 時間が無いなど、止むを得ず勤行が出来ない場合でも、合掌礼拝・称名念仏は欠かさないように心掛ける。
- Try to do gassho raihai and shomyo nenbutsu regularly even if a gongyo is impossible for reasons such as lack of time.
- 資格はそれぞれ得るために必要な許状ということで記したが、許状があれば資格が得られるわけではない。
- Although yurushijo is required as recognition of competence for the respective levels, yurushijo does not necessarily correspond to competence.
- 天皇位にある間は制約が多かったものの、譲位して上皇となると自由な立場になり君主としての実権を得た。
- While in the position of the Emperor, there were so many restrictions but once they abdicated the throne to become Joko (Retired Emperor), they became free and gained complete power as the monarch.
- 幕府の信任を得たものの、少弐氏・大友氏との戦いに敗れ、永享3年(1431年)に大内盛見は敗死する。
- Morimi OUCHI won the confidence of the shogunate, nevertheless, he was defeated in a battle with Shoni clan, Otomo clan, and died in the battle in 1431.
- その結果、佳姓を撰んで豊臣の新姓使用を朝廷に奏聞し、1586年(天正14年9月9日)に勅許を得た。
- As a result he, who chose 'Toyotomi' as an auspicious surname, reported to the Imperial Court on the use of it, and on October 21, 1586, he attained the imperial permission.
- しかし、あまりに数多くの宗派が発生した為に、どの宗教宗派も大量の信者を獲得しているとはいいがたい。
- So many religious schools have appeared that few religions and schools have gained sufficient followers.
- 後に、市川中車 (7代目)、市川團十郎 (11代目)、片岡仁左衛門 (13代目)などが得意とした。
- Following Danzo and Danjuro, actors such as Chusha ICHIKAWA VII, Danjuro ICHIKAWA XI and Nizaemon KATAOKA XIII played this role well.
- 惣太は、市川猿翁、当代の市川猿之助 (3代目)、当代の片岡仁左衛門 (15代目)が得意としている。
- The role of Sota is specialized by Eno ICHIKAWA, the present Ennosuke ICHIKAWA (the third), and the present Nizaemon KATAOKA (the 15th).
- 錦絵版東京日日新聞は、錦絵のわかりやすさと「新聞」の目新しさ、トピックの面白さで大変な人気を得た。
- The nishiki-e-version Tokyo-nichinichi Shinbun became extremely popular for the understandability of its nishiki-e prints, the novelty of its 'shinbun', and the interestingness of its topics.
- しかしその支配が地域的であったことや鐚銭を排除しようとする民衆が多く、満足な結果は得られなかった。
- However, since the control was local and many of the general public wanted to eliminate Bitasen (low-quality coins whose surfaces were worn away), the results were not satisfactory.
- このように、地頭の中には下地と上分の両方を獲得し、所領の一円支配を実現していく者が現れたのである。
- As described above, some jito acquired both shitaji and jobun to realize ichien control of shoryo (territories).
- 荘園が一円化して公領(国衙領)と対等な権利地位を獲得した11世紀以降の在地秩序を荘園公領制と呼ぶ。
- The consolidation of manors allowed equal privileges and status with an Imperial demesne (or kokugaryo, a territory governed by a provincial government office) in the 11th century, and the land regularity in and after that century was called the shoen-koryo system.
- 武家政権の長は自己の軍事力によって政権を獲得して、封建制度的な土地所有と法律による支配を実施した。
- The head of the military government gained the administrative power by his own military force and governed according to feudalism land ownership and law.
- 後には民間の土倉が延暦寺を本所として山門公人(くにん)の身分を獲得してその庇護を受ける者を指した。
- In later years, it came to mean doso operated by common people under the protection of Enryaku-ji Temple by means of acquiring a position called Sanmonkunin, which was given to the servants whose honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a manor) was a temple.
- これは、藤原氏の氏寺である興福寺がその権威により、大和の国司に圧力を加えて獲得したものと思われる。
- It is thought that Kofuku-ji Temple, which was the Fujiwara clan temple, used its authority and obtained these rights by pressuring the Yamato Kokushi.
- また、医博士、針博士、按摩博士、呪禁博士、薬園師がおり、その下には学生である医得業生が学んでいた。
- There were also ihakase (Masters of medicine), harihakase (Masters of acupuncture), anmahakase (Masters of massage), jugonhakase (Masters of healing magic), and yakuenshi (an official in charge of managing medicinal-herb garden), under whom the bureau's students, called Itokugyosho (distinguished scholars of medicine), learned.
- 幕府や大名などの保護を得ることで大がかりな遊行が行われるようになると、庶民教化への熱意は失われた。
- However, once they began to do a large scale of yugyo by the supports of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), they lost the passion to teach the common people.
- 「所以(ゆえん)は如何(いかん)、もしよく修行すれば必ず疾(と)く無上菩提を成ずることを得べし。」
- 'The reason is because they would certainly attain Mujo bodai (perfect Buddhist enlightenment) early if they worked hard in their ascetic practices.'
- 仏の種がない末世の凡夫衆生には、折伏により下種して未来に得脱の縁を結ばせることが肝要であるとした。
- He believed that it is essential for ordinary people in Mappo, who do not have the seed of Buddhahood, to sow the seed of Buddhahood through Shakubuku (a method of propagating Buddhism which was practiced by Nichiren Daishonin) and make a connection with a future enlightenment.
- これにより寧子は国母待遇となり、後伏見上皇の本后の地位を得た(以下、本項では寧子を広義門院と呼ぶ)。
- After that, Neishi was treated as empress dowager, and acquired the empress position of the Retired Emperor Gofushimi (hereinafter, Neishi was referred to as Kogimonin in this section).
- また、得宗家の家政を取り仕切る最高責任者は内管領と呼ばれ、長崎円喜のように権力を振るうものも現れた。
- The chief officials of the private affairs of the Tokuso family were called Uchi-Kanrei, and some of them, such as Enki NAGASAKI, wielded power.
- 豊臣秀吉の治世に、遊郭を設けるため京の原三郎左衛門と林又一郎が願い出を秀吉にしており許可を得ている。
- During the reign of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Saburozaemon HARA and Mataichiro HAYASHI in Kyoto asked for the construction of Yukaku and obtained his permission.
- 関ヶ原の合戦後、後陽成は家康の了承を得て良仁親王を強引に仁和寺で出家させて第3皇子政仁親王を立てる。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara, Emperor Goyozei forced Imperial Prince Nagahito to abdicate from the throne to allow him to became a priest at Ninna-ji Temple, he then appointed the third Prince, Imperial Prince Kotohito to succeed to the throne.
- 本因坊元丈・安井知得仙知・井上因砂因碩・林元美・服部因淑が討議し、元丈から「如仏非に成りし」と回答。
- Honinbo Genjo, Chitokusenchi YASUI, Insainseki INOUE, Genbi HAYASHI and Inshuku HATTORI held a discussion and Genjo announced their answer denying Nyobutsu.
- 三方を踏み砕き刀を担ぐ(團十郎)と中二階で欄干に足を掛け揚幕を見込む(團蔵)との二通りの見得がある。
- The pose ('mie' in Japanese) here has two variations - stepping on and breaking the stand holding the sword by Danjuro, and looking into the curtain with his foot on a parapet on a mezzanine by Danzo.
- しかし、幕府は1185年の源義経謀叛を契機に、諸国の荘園・公領に地頭を任ずる権利を得ることとなった。
- The bakufu however, got the right to appoint the jito in shoen and koryo of various provinces, when the rebellion of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune happened in 1185.
- これは互助会加入時に、会員獲得のセールスマンが過剰なセールストークを展開してしまうことにも起因する。
- This is partly caused by excessive sales talks to obtain members by some salesmen to potential customers before joining a Gojokai.
- また、将門の叛乱自体も、関東の武士たちの支持を得られず、わずか3ヶ月で将門が戦死して新政権は崩壊した。
- Also, the insurrection of Masakado itself couldn't gain support of the samurai in Kanto, and the new government collapsed because Masakado died in battle in just 3 months.
- 近隣には古河公方と親密な結城氏、千葉氏の勢力が存在し、真里谷氏はその下風に立たざるを得なくなっていた。
- However, as there were influential families nearby, such as the Yuki clan, the Chiba clan, both of which had close relationship with Koga-kubo, the Mariya clan had no choice but to fall under the sway of their influence.
- 1333年に御家人の足利尊氏(高氏)や新田義貞らによって幕府が倒され、高時は自害し、得宗家も滅亡した。
- In 1333, gokenin including Takauji ASHIKAGA and Yoshisada NITTA overthrew the shogunate, after which Takatoki killed himself and the Tokuso family went to ruin.
- ただ、活魚は魚の生活する海水までもを一緒に輸送するため、輸送コストを含め些か割高になるのは避け得ない。
- However, live fish cannot avoid being a bit costly because they have to be transported with sea water where the fish live, including transportation costs.
- 竹鶴はスコットランドで蒸留技法を学んでおり、1920年代初頭にそこで得た知識を日本に持って帰っていた。
- Taketsuru had learned the distillation technique in Scotland and came back to Japan in the early 1920's with the knowledge acquired there.
- とくに日本では明治維新を経て開国し、二度の戦勝(日清戦争・日露戦争)による好景気も得て国力も高まった。
- Japan experienced the Meiji Restoration and opening of the country, and enhanced its national strength thanks to the favorable economic situation triggered by its victory in two wars (Japanese-Sino War and Japanese-Russo War).
- この間に藤原北家の藤原良房が嵯峨上皇と皇太后橘嘉智子(檀林皇太后)の信任を得て急速に台頭し始めていた。
- Meanwhile, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa belonging to the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan began to gain power rapidly by winning the confidence of the Retired Emperor Saga and the Empress Dowager TACHIBANA no Kachiko (Empress Dowager Danrin).
- その結果、競合する武士が対等な地位を得られるように、それぞれの経営責任者に任ぜられたと考えられている。
- It is considered that, resultantly, each of the competing samurai came to be provided with the same social status and to be appointed the manager of a koryo.
- この時代には国家による寺院・僧侶統制が形骸化する一方で寺院が権門としての地位を獲得した時代でもあった。
- During this period, the system of control over the temples and Buddhist priests by the nation lost substance, while the temples got the status of influential families.
- 1996年(平成8年)に鎌倉市が土地と建物を取得し、通称旧華頂宮邸として庭園部分が一般に公開されている。
- In 1996 Kamakura City acquired the land and building and the garden is open to the general public with the common name of the former Kachonomiya residence.
- 4月に軍を率いて筑紫国に至り、志摩郡 (筑前国)に屯営したが、6月に病気を得て新羅への進軍を延期とした。
- In April in the same year, leading the army, he reached Tsukushi Province and stationed in Shima County (Chikuzen Province), but had to postpone his military advance to Shiragi after falling ill in June.
- 元寇以来、得宗専制に走った鎌倉幕府は次第に他の御家人を圧迫するようになり、社会に不満が溜まるようになる。
- After the Mongol invasions of Japan of 1274 and 1281, the Kamakura Bakufu, which turned to the tokuso (the title held by the head of the mainline Hojo clan, who monopolized the position of regents of the Kamakura shogunate) dictatorship, gradually began to oppress the other Gokenin (Shogunal retainers), resulting in increasing dissatisfaction among people.
- 小笠原氏が将軍家弓馬師範なる地位を得るのは足利義教の代で、それも信濃小笠原氏ではなく京都小笠原氏である。
- Actually it was in the period of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA that the Ogasawara clan gained the position of the master of kyuba of the shogun family and furthermore it was not the Shinano-Ogasawara clan, but the Kyoto-Ogasawara clan.
- ただしこの意見には、平忠常の乱では忠常の息子たちも罪を得ていないので頼遠連座はあり得ないとの反論がある。
- Yet, there is an opposing opinion to it, which claims that it is unthinkable that Yorito was punished for his implication in Tadatsune's revolt on the ground that even Tadatsune's sons were not punished on this occasion.
- 「思うことがかなわないのが憂き世だとは知るものの、まっすぐな人は苦しんで、讒言をするものは勢いを得る。」
- I know that a wish cannot be realized in this world, but honest people suffer and those who slander gain power.'
- その後、北条氏得宗による訴訟権限の掌握によって、判決に対する異議申立機関である越訴方の存在は疎外される。
- Then, the ossokata, an institution to handle adverse claims to a judicial decision, was excluded when the Hojo clan Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan) seized the lawsuit authority.
- 源頼朝を政治的な基盤は関東武士団だったが、頼朝にとって彼ら関東武士の支持を得ることが最重要課題であった。
- As the basis of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's political power was the Kanto warrior bands, it was of utmost importance for Yoritomo to gain the Kanto samurai's support.
- また大内氏の直奏による大宰大弐の獲得に始まる戦国大名の勢力拡大の実利目的の官職任免もされるようになった。
- Moreover, appointment and dismissal of the government post for utilitarian purposes to expand the power of the daimyo in the Sengoku period, starting from acquisition of Dazai no daini (the next seat position of Dazaifu) by directly reporting to the throne of the Ouchi clan, also began.
- 作法はすべからく戦場にあるが如く、大将の首級などは敵方から奪還に来襲することも大いにあり得るからである。
- Etiquette was maintained as if on the battlefield; decapitated heads of commanders were highly likely to have been recovered from the enemy side.
- これらの職についた中下流貴族らは自らが得た職の確保をはかり、職を「家業」として世襲することに努めている。
- The middle and lower class nobles who gained such positions strived to secure such positions, attempting to make them hereditary or a 'family business.'
- 日蓮正宗などの富士門流では三大秘法の本尊を受持することで、歴劫修行を得なくても成仏が可能だと説いている。
- Fujimon school such as Nichiren Sho Sect preaches that people can become a Buddha by remembering (and honoring) the teachings of Buddha by having honzon (principal image of Buddha), one of Sandaihiho (the three great secret dharmas); even if they don't practice ryakko shugyo.
- 夕方5時から東大寺の協力を得て11人の僧侶が「日中」の法要を行い、7時から大松明が11本境内を行道する。
- Eleven priests hold Buddhist memorial service of 'nicchu' in collaboration with Todai-ji Temple from five o'clock in the evening and from seven o'clock eleven big Taimatsu torches do gyodo (the circular walk about a Buddha statue or stupa) in the temple.
- この場合、やむを得ない特別の事由があるときは、本人の意思に関わらず、皇室会議の判断で、皇族の身分を離れる。
- In cases of compelling reasons, they will renounce their Imperial status through the discretion of the Imperial Household Council regardless of their own will.
- 天皇制は昭和天皇の各地への行幸や明仁結婚などのイベントを通して大衆に浸透し、一定の支持を得るに至っている。
- People accepted the Tennosei through events such as the Emperor Showa's visits to various places and Akihito's wedding ceremony and the Tennosei is receiving reasonable support.
- こうした周囲の混乱を横目に2代の天皇の国母となった姞子は、実家である西園寺家の支援もあり内外の崇敬を得た。
- With only a side glance at the trouble around her, Kitsushi, who became the empress dowager for two generations, gained reverence both internally and externally, also due to the support from her own birth family, the Saionji family.
- 南北朝時代には駿河国守護今川氏と対立していたが、やがて今川氏が遠江国の守護職を得るとその支配下に置かれる。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Ii clan was in rivalry with Suruga no kuni shugo (provincial constable of Suruga Province) Imagawa clan, but eventually, the Ii clan was put under the control of the Imagawa clan after the Imagawa clan was appointed to the position of shugo of Totomi Province.
- 大王家とも比肩し得る雄であった葛城氏は、雄略とその配下の軍事力の前に、完全に潰え去ることとなったのである。
- The Katsuraki clan, which used to be so virile as to have comparable strength as the Okimi family, finally lost their power with this incident.
- この様な執権職と得宗の関係は、同時代の朝廷における天皇と治天の君との関係に類似しているとも指摘されている。
- It has been pointed out that the relationship between the regent and the head of the Tokuso was similar to that between the emperor and the retired emperor in the Imperial Court during the same period.
- 女形が「やんや、やんや、」と褒めちぎり、助六は「どうでんすな。どうでんすな。」と得意満面で舞台中央に出る。
- The women in the quarters acclaim to him 'Wow. Wow.' and Sukeroku greets them saying 'How are you?' while swaggering into center stage.
- 天皇は寵愛の更衣、紀静子所生の第一皇子惟喬親王に期待したが、良房の圧力で惟仁を皇太子とせざるを得なかった。
- The Emperor wanted his first prince, Koretaka, the son of his favorite Koi (KI no Shizuko), to succeed the throne; however, due to Yoshifusa's political pressure he had no choice but to let Korehito become the crown prince.
- 865年、皇帝の勅許を得て従者3人とともに広州より海路天竺を目指し出発したが、その後の消息は不明となった。
- In 865, after obtaining Emperor's Imperial sanction, he left for Tenjiku (India) from Canton with three other aides, however there was never any news heard about him since then.
- これにより、鎌倉幕府は1221年の承久の乱で幕府に敗れた後鳥羽天皇の血統から天皇を選ばざるを得なくなった。
- Due to this, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) had to chose the successive emperor from Emperor Gotoba's line who lost the Jokyu Disturbance in 1221.
- 朝比奈の衣装、得意な隈や「モサ言葉」とばれる科白は17世紀の歌舞伎役者初代中村傳九郎が考案したものである。
- Asahina's costumes and makeup as well as his special lines called 'Mosa kotoba' were originally the idea of Denkuro NAKAMURA the First, the Kabuki actor from the seventeenth century.
- 主となった者に武芸や律令知識などの家業とする専門技能で奉仕し(奉公)、代わりに官職等の利益(御恩)を得た。
- They served a master with a special skill of family businesses, such as military arts and knowledge of the Ritsuryo codes, (service) and gained benefit, such as a government post, in exchange (favor).
- もともとは、名主などの有力百姓だった者が、守護大名や在地の国人領主などと主従関係を結び、侍身分を獲得した。
- Originally, powerful farmers such as Myoshu (officer of the field) made master-servant relationship with Shugo Daimyo (provincial governors) and Kokujin Ryoshu (local samurai governors) and achieved the position of samurai.
- 彼らは年利30%で公出挙の本稲を借り受け、年利50%で貸し付けることにより20%の利息を得ることとなった。
- Borrowing the Honto through Ku-Suiko at 30% interest a year, they lent it at 50%, which brought them in 20% a year.
- 儒家でない者で文章得業生になることができない文章生については、特に方略宣旨を申請して、「対策」を受験した。
- Those Monjosho who were not Confucian and could not become Monjo tokugosho, made a special petition for Horyaku senshi (an imperial letter) to take the 'taisaku' exam.
- その後、天平2年(730年)からは算博士候補者となる特別給費生として算得業生2名が算生の中から選抜された。
- Later, beginning in 730, two San tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Numbers) were selected from among the Sansho as special fellowship students to be candidates for San hakase.
- だが、幕府はその動向を恐れて6月 (旧暦)、義興追討の綸旨を得て安芸国・石見国の国人らに義興追討を命じた。
- The bakufu was afraid of their movements, however, and after acquiring a rinji (Emperor's command) in July, ordered the local lords of the Aki and Iwami Provinces to hunt down and kill Yoshioki.
- 源氏や平氏の棟梁はこうした戦功を勝ち得る中で中央政界における地位と、諸国における武力を確立を図っていった。
- The toryo (leader) of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan thus achieved their standing in the central politics as well as establishing their military power in the countryside through their military achievements.
- 反対に支配者側も惣村の了解が得られない限り、勝手に惣村への法令・規制を発布できない状況も生まれていた。
- Moreover, rulers could no longer issue a statute and regulation for a soson without consent.
- 九州は大友氏や龍造寺氏が信長に属する意志を伝えており、島津氏は単独で信長に対抗せざるを得ない情勢であった。
- In Kyushu, the Otomo clan and the Ryuzoji clan had informed of their intention to obey Nobunaga and, therefore, the Shimazu clan alone was obliged to compete with Nobunaga.
- したがって荘園としては未完成であり、完全な不輸権を得た12世紀の領域型荘園の前の過渡的性格のものと言える。
- Thus, the shoen manors exempted from the miscellaneous labor tax were imperfect as the shoen and had a transitional character before the territorial shoen manor of the twelfth century which got the complete right of tax exemption.
- 蝦夷は平時には交易を行い、コンブ・ウマ・毛皮・羽根などの特産物を日本にもたらし、代わりに米・布・鉄を得た。
- In times of peace, trade was carried out between the Emishi and Japan; Emishi offered their specialties such as seaweed, horses, fur pelts and feathers, and in return they obtain rice, cloth and iron.
- 同様の理由で六曜「友引」には葬儀を控えるが、これには大抵の火葬場が休業であるという止むを得ない事情もある。
- For the same reason, on 'Tomobiki' of Rokuyo, funeral rites are avoided, which is due to the unavoidable circumstances that most crematories are closed.
- この説は1970年代にかなりの支持を得たが、天皇家側の動機や藤原氏の台頭時期に疑問が投げられ、勢いを失った。
- This theory gained a considerable support in 1970's, however, the motives of the Emperor's family side and the time of emergence of the Fujiwara clan in the theory were not convincing, and therefore, it had lost its power.
- 将棋の分野では、竜王、王将などのタイトルを取得した勝者に与えられるタイトルの授与を記した文書を贈位状という。
- In the field of Shogi, zoijo means a document that shows conferment of titles to the winners which have gained the titles including ryuo (promoted rook), osho (king), and so on.
- 戦前では上方は梅王・松王・桜丸それぞれにツケ打ちが付いていて、三人が見得をする時はかなりの音量が出たという。
- Umeo, Matsuo, Sakuramaru each had Tsukeuchi (sound effects made with a pair of wooden sticks to exaggerate actors' emotions or movements such as running or dropping things on the ground) in Kamigata before the World War II, and a huge sound was made when three of them made their poses.
- 知行権を獲得した有力貴族・有力寺社らを知行国主といい、知行国主は、知行国の国司推薦権や官物収得権を保有した。
- A dominant noble, shrine or temple that acquired chigyo-ken was called chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor), and chigyo-kokushu had the right to make a recommendation of kokushi (provincial governors) of the province and the right to get kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes).
- これに伴って、名主・荘官にも加徴的な得分が認められるようになり、これが加地子と呼ばれるようになったのである。
- Under such arrangement, myoshu/shokan were also entitled to their own share, which was imposed on top of nengu/jishi, and this was called Kajishi.
- ただし国人・地侍等の既得権授益層の解体を意味するため、最終的に徹底しされるのは、豊臣秀吉の天下統一後である。
- However, as the measures meant to dissolve the classes such as kokujin (local lord) and jizamurai who had had vested interests, it was after the unification of the whole country by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI that heinobunri was thoroughly accomplished.
- ただし、この当時、領主が行使し得た支配権は決して一様ではなく、領主の地位・身分などによって大きな差があった。
- However, the control right that a ryoshu could execute was not necessarily the same, being largely different depending upon rank and social status.
- これを不輸の権 (日本)・不入の権 (日本)を獲得した荘園に対しても適用を拡大しようとしたのが国免荘である。
- Kokushi managed to extend his influence even to shoen that had already been granted Fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption, Japan) and Funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property, Japan), which had resulted in Kokumen no sho.
- そのため、給料学生がそのまま優先的に文章得業生に選抜され、大学寮の教官や式部省などの官人への登竜門となった。
- Accordingly, kyuryo-gakusei were preferentially selected as Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and this examination became a gateway to the instructor of Daigakuryo or official post of Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies).
- 名簿(みょうぶ)を差し出すことによって得られる対価が何であるかによってもその結合度が変化するのは当然である。
- The level of unity differed with the value of what could be gained by myobu submission.
- 両統迭立が鎌倉幕府(最高権力者は得宗北条貞時)の公式な方針として表明されたのは、この交替のときが最初である。
- This change is the first time when Ryoto tetsuritsu was announced as being the official policy of the Kamakura Shogunate (when its supreme leader was Tokuso Sadatoki HOJO).
- この乱の過程で鎌倉幕府は朝廷から東国の支配権、軍事警察権を獲得し、朝廷から独立した地方政権へと成長していた。
- During the war, the Kamakura bakufu obtained the right to rule Togoku as well as military and police authorities, becoming a local government independent of the Imperial Court.
- また法華経に対する時は、是の経の出世は乃至法華の中の八千の声聞に記別を授くることを得て大菓実を成ずるが如し。
- Also, when facing the Lotus Sutra, this sutra is believed to have owed its success to the Buddha's teachings revealed in the Lotus Sutra, which brought salvation to 8000 disciples of his.
- 頼長は諸大夫出身の美福門院を日頃から見下していたので躊躇するが、忠実は「已に国母たり」と説得した(『台記』)。
- Yorinaga who looked down on Bifukumonin who was Shodaibu (generic term for the fourth or fifth rank) hesitated to do so, but, Tadazane persuaded him saying `已に国母たり' ('Taiki' (diary of FUJIWARA no Yorinaga)).
- さて、白河院政の後期以降、院への荘園寄進が非常に集中するようになり、天皇家は莫大な経済基盤を得ることとなった。
- After the late era of Retired Emperor Shirakawa's government, there were many donations of private estates (owned by a noble, a temple or a shrine) to the retired Emperor's Palace, it caused the Imperial Palace to have an enormous financial base.
- 元和5年9月17日 (1619年10月24日)に16歳で満誉尊照を戒師として出家・得度を行って、良純と名乗る。
- On October 24, 1619, at the age of 16, he entered into the priesthood (Tokudo) lead by Manyo Sonsho as Kaishi (the priest who imparts the Buddhist commandments), and became a Ryojun.
- 当初、奥平氏に再嫁する母とは離別させられたため、母の弟の養嗣子として菅沼藤蔵を名乗り、家康に仕える機会を得た。
- At first, he was separated from his mother who remarried into the Okudaira clan, therefore, he referred to himself as Tozo SUGANUMA as the adoptive heir of the younger brother of his mother, and had an opportunity to serve Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 幕切れは、平右衛門が九太夫を担ぎ、由良之助がおかるを傍に添わせて優しく思いやる心根で、扇子を開いて見得を切る。
- As the curtain falls, Heiemon carries Kudayu over his shoulder, and Yuranosuke, with Okaru beside him, spreads a Japanese fan gently and caringly, and strike a swaggering pose.
- その演者の得意な演目に際し、期待をこめて掛ける事が多い(『菅原伝授手習鑑・寺子屋』の「いろは送り」の前など)。
- At the performances in which the performers are good at, the audience does kakegoe with expectation; for example, at the opening of the song 'Iroha-okuri' of the scene 'Terakoya' of 'Sugawara-denju Tenarai-Kagami.'
- 以後、守護は国内の所領紛争へ介入する権限を獲得することとなり、次第に国内の荘園・国衙領への支配を強めていった。
- Since then, the Shugo acquired the right to intervene in disputes over territory within their province and gradually increased their domination over shoen (manor) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- その中から、名主・荘官が自らの得分である加地子を差し引いて、残分を年貢として国衙・領家へ納入していたのである。
- Myoshu/shokan deducted their share and delivered the balance to kokuga/ryoke.
- そして、義興が後見する室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義稙の使者として派遣された弸中の助力を得て通交再開の交渉を行った。
- With the help of Hochu, who was dispatched as an envoy of Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) under the guardianship of Yoshioki, the So clan negotiated the resumption of the relationship with the Korean Dynasties.
- 但し、室町時代以前の守護大名や守護代、国人領主と戦国大名の大きな違いは強固な家臣団を形成し得たかどうかにある。
- The big difference between the Sengoku daimyo and the Shugo daimyo (military governors), Shugodai and Kokujin ryoshu from the Muromachi period, however, was in whether or not they could organize strong Kashindan.
- 混乱の収拾のためには代替の武力が必要であり、義朝と密接なつながりのある信頼との提携もやむを得ないことであった。
- In order to bring the chaos under control, they needed a new source of military might, making their cooperation with Nobuyori, who had a secret alliance with Yoshitomo, something they dared not jeopardize.
- 武家権力は決定的な勢力となるがその一方で成り上がった戦国大名は朝廷から官位官職を受けて、権威や大義名分を得た。
- The samurai authority became a decisive power, but parvenu daimyo in the Sengoku period, on the other hand, received official rank and government post from the Imperial Court and obtained administrative power and legitimate reasons.
- その後、しばらく伊勢国に滞在した義視は、勝元や義政に説得されて東軍に帰陣するが、再度出奔して比叡山にのぼった。
- After staying for some time in Ise Province, Yoshimi was persuaded by Katsumoto and Yoshimasa into returning to the Eastern camp, but he ran away again and went to Hiei-zan temple.
- この戦いで対延暦寺戦で大敗を喫した殿原衆は権力を失墜させて逆に全人衆は彼らと対等な発言力を獲得する事になった。
- Tonobara-shu, who suffered a crushing defeat in the battle, lost power while Zenjin-shu made their power as influential as that of Tonobara-shu.
- 受領が強大な権限を得た一方で、補佐官である任用たちは権限を奪われ、受領の私的従者のように使役されるようになる。
- While the zuryo retained most of the power, the ninyo, who were assistants to the zuryo, lost their influences and were treated like private servants to the zuryo.
- 知行国制は、荘園公領制の進展と軌を一にしたものであり、経済的利得権が権門勢家へ集中していったことを表している。
- Chigyo kokusei developed together with shoen koryosei, which means only the influential could derive economic profits.
- なお、鎌倉市にある華頂侯爵の旧邸は、1996年に鎌倉市が取得し、旧華頂宮邸として庭園部分が一般に公開されている。
- The former residence of Marquis Kacho located in Kamakura City was acquired by Kamakura City in 1996 and the garden has been opened to the general public as the former residence of Kachonomiya.
- 15歳のときに皇太子となり、長じて吾平津姫(あひらつひめ)を妃とし、息子の手研耳命(たぎしみみのみこと)を得た。
- He became the crown prince at the age of 15, then he took Ahiratsuhime as his wife and had a son, Tagishi-miminomikoto.
- 政友は商売上の心得を『文殊院旨意書』にまとめたが、これは現在に至るまで住友グループ各社の社是の原型となっている。
- Masatomo wrote instructions pertaining to business in 'Monjuin's Directions,' which remains the prototype for company codes in each company of the Sumitomo Group to the present day.
- 平安時代末期、左大臣時代の実能が衣笠山の西南麓を所有した別邸を営み、その中に持仏堂を建て徳大寺(得大寺)と命名。
- During the late Heian period, Saneyoshi, who were then minister of the left, owned a villa at the southwest foot of Mount Kinugasayama, and built therein a jibutsudo (the hall for the family's protective deity) called Tokudai-ji Temple.
- しかし土地柄辰巳芸者のお得意客の多くは人情に厚い粋な職人達でその好みが辰巳芸者の身なりや考え方に反映されている。
- Most of the regular customers of Tatsumi Geisha were heartful and fashionable artisans who were typical in Fukagawa, so their tastes affected the style and manner of Tatsumi Geisha.
- 見学には、事前に宮内庁京都事務所に、郵送・直接申請あるいはインターネットを通じて申し込んで許可を得る必要がある。
- To visit, it is necessary to obtain permission from the Imperial Household Agency's Kyoto office by mail or direct application or through an internet application beforehand.
- 天皇の皇子であるので、とうぜん親王となる資格があったが、平家政権の圧力があり、親王宣下を得られなかったともいう。
- He had the right to become Imperial Prince since he was the son of the Emperor, however he did not receive a title to become Prince by the Imperial Palace due to the Taira family politically pressuring him.
- 中村吉右衛門 (初代)、市川中車 (7代目)、松本幸四郎 (7代目)、松本白鸚 (初代)らが長兵衛を得意とした。
- Some actors such as Kichiemon NAKANURA (the first), Chusha ICHIKAWA (the seventh), Koshiro MATSUMOTO (the seventh), Hakuo MATSUMOTO (the first) are good at playing Chobei.
- 日本列島への渡来時期や製法、文化を考えると、同じく米を原料としている日本酒の原形とはなり得ないと考えられている。
- In view of the time of importation into Japan, method of production and culture, it is thought that kuchikami-sake couldn't be the origin of Japanese sake, though both use rice as ingredient.
- 感得画として名高い園城寺「黄不動」を模した京都曼殊院の「黄不動」は12世紀前半の作であり、国宝に指定されている。
- The 'Ki Fudo' (Yellow Fudo) of Manshu-in Temple in Kyoto which modeled on 'Ki Fudo' (Yellow Fudo) of Onjo-ji Temple which was famous as kantokuzu (image of spiritual reception) was created in the first half of the 12th century, and is designated as a national treasure.
- この守護請によって、守護は土地自体を支配する権利、すなわち下地進止権(したじしんしけん)を獲得していくのである。
- With this shugo-uke, the shugo obtained the right to govern the land itself, i.e., the shitaji-shinshi-ken (the right to appropriate the land).
- 2時間半に及ぶ交渉を行ったが結局合意が得られず、同年度における吉田寮建て替え予算の提出は見送られることとなった。
- In spite of two and a half hours of negotiation, no agreements were reached and the submission of the budget for reconstruction of Yoshida dormitory in the academic year 2006 was not reached.
- 当時、朝鮮は医学先進国であり、内科・外科・鍼・灸などを習得するために倭館に来るものが藩医、町医を問わず多かった。
- Since Korea was the pioneer in the medicine field at that time, a number of doctors, both town doctors and doctors working at a public clinic, came to wakan to study internal medicine, surgery, acupuncture, and moxibustion, and so on.
- 1575年長篠の戦いに織田、徳川軍が鉄砲の力を利用して武田軍を破ると1582年徳川軍は武田領の遠江、駿河を得た。
- When troops of Oda and Tokugawa defeated the troops of Takeda in the Battle of Nagashino in 1575 thanks to the power of guns, the troops of Tokugawa obtained Totomi and Suruga, which were territories of Takeda, in 1582.
- 「今の釈迦牟尼仏は、釈氏の宮を出でて伽耶城を去ること遠からず、道場に座して阿耨多羅三藐三菩提を得たりと思えり。」
- The present Siddhartha Gautama left the Siddhartha (Gautama) Kingdom and his Gaya-jo Castle not so long time ago and wished that he could acquire Anokutara sanmyaku sanbodai (supreme perfect enlightenment, the unsurpassed enlightenment of a Buddha) while meditating in a training hall.'
- その後は光明皇太后の大葬などの遂行に活躍して、藤原仲麻呂の信任を得て何事もなかったかのように昇進するようになった。
- Afterward, he won the confidence of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro by working hard in events including the Imperial funeral for Empress Dowager Komyo, and came to be promoted as if nothing had happened.
- しかし、祖母である陽明門院の寵愛を得ていたことから、世間からも「いと清らかなる男」称されて、将来を期待されていた。
- However, as he won his grandmother Yomeimonin's favor, he became known as 'the virtuous man' and as a promising person.
- 承久の乱以降、足利氏は三河国内に多くの所領を得たが、長氏の吉良氏はその中でも総指揮・監督権を委ねられる立場にある。
- After the Jokyu War, the Ashikaga clan received much of the shoryo (territory) within Mikawa Province, but Osauji of the Kira clan was the position to be entrusted as the supreme commander and the supervisor among them.
- かぶき者たちは、一方で乱暴・狼藉を働く無法者として嫌われつつ、一方ではその男伊達な生き方が共感と賞賛を得てもいた。
- On one hand, Kabuki-mono were hated as violent outlaws committing assaults, but on the other hand, they were praised and sympathized with their lifestyle as chivalrous men.
- 丸山徳弥という村人が日向国(現在の宮崎県)へ赴き、サトウキビの苗と栽培法を習得して帰ったのが始まりと云われている。
- It originated from the fact that a villager named Tokuya MARUYAMA went to the Hyuga Province (present-day Miyazaki Prefecture) and returned having mastered the way to cultivate sugar cane seedling.
- 1307年(徳治2年)、レイ子内親王が亡くなり、このことが契機となり、仁和寺で出家(得度)を行い、金剛性と称した。
- Because Imperial Princess Reishi died in 1307, he became a priest (entering the Buddhist priesthood) at Ninna-ji Temple and was named Kongosho.
- 長兵衛は、「行かないで」と嘆く女房やわが子、子分達、そして、急を聞いて駆け付けた唐犬らの説得にも耳を貸さなかった。
- His wife, children, following and Token, who rushes to him after knowing the incident, shout, 'Don't go there!' and persuade him out of going, but he turns a deaf ear to them.
- ただし、奉行や守護による徴収の場合、実際には彼らが算定した賦課額に上乗せをした金額を徴収して差額を得る場合もある。
- Sometimes a magistrate or a provincial governor would add a top-up above the tax they calculated and put the difference in their pockets.
- そのため、各地の守護が戦乱などを口実に幕府の許しを得ずに行ってきた半済・押領を追認・永続化させる法的根拠を与えた。
- This provided the legal grounds to authorize and perpetuate the usurpation of territories and hanzei that had been enforced by Shugo in various regions on the pretext of war without approval from the bakufu.
- 義詮死去の直前には四国地方、中国地方で南朝側と戦っていた細川頼之が佐々木など反斯波氏派の支持を得て管領に就任する。
- Just before Yoshiakira died, Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had been fighting the Southern Court forces on the island of Shikoku and in the Chugoku region (of western Japan), was appointed Kanrei after obtaining the support of Sasaki and others of the anti-Shiba faction.
- 権門層は、荘園を国衙に収公されないよう太政官、民部省や国衙の免許を獲得し、前者を官省符荘といい後者を国免荘という。
- The influential obtained licenses from Daijokan, Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) or Kokuga to prevent Kokuga from confiscating their shoen, (the former was called Kanshofu sho: a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs, and the latter was called Kokumen sho: a shoen allowed exemption from so or other tribute in bempo or binho system).
- しかし善鸞は、異端を説く者を説得しようと試みるも応じなかったため、私は親鸞より真に往生する道を伝授されたと称した。
- Zenran tried to persuade the people who preached heterodoxy, however they did not accept his teaching, so he told that he had been taught a true way to achieve Ojo (birth in the Pure Land) by Shinran.
- またその後には「未だ六波羅蜜を修行することを得ずといえども、六波羅蜜自然在前(じねんざいぜん)す」とも説いている。
- Following that, it also preached, 'Even if Rokuharamitsu (the six practices of charity, morality, patience, effort, meditation, and wisdom) has not been practiced yet, Rokuharamitsu naturally face mankind.'
- これは為平親王の外戚で既に一上の地位を得ていた高明が更なる権力を得ることに対する藤原氏側の危惧があったとされている。
- It was (the reason why the Imperial Prince Tamehira did not become Crown Prince) presumed that the Fujiwara clan's concern about Takaakira having more political power, himself already being the maternal relative to Imperial Prince Tamehira and had a certain position in the Imperial Palace.
- また、私家での使用は、宣旨を得なくてもよかったが、私家での使用は、平安末期には狩衣にとってかわられて、まれになった。
- People were allowed to wear Noshi privately at home without receiving Senshi, but permission changed to Kariginu (informal clothes worn by Court nobles) and it was rare to see people wearing Noshi at home.
- 袍(ほう=うわぎ)を位階にあわせた色にしないため「雑袍」と呼ばれ、参内には「雑袍宣旨」という宣旨を得てから使用した。
- Noshi used to be worn with the outer jumper called 'Ho' which was not color coordinated with Noshi, it was called 'Zappo,' this was worn after obtaining permission from the Imperial Palace called 'Zappo Senshi.'
- 広義門院の受諾を得るほかに解決策が皆無の幕府は、広義門院へ懇願を重ね、6月19日にようやく承諾を取り付けるに至った。
- The Bakufu had no choice but to obtain the acceptance of Kogimonin; they asked Kogimonin over and over, finally obtaining her approval on June 19.
- 貧鉱ながらも鉱量は無尽蔵であり、同年中に子会社として大江山ニッケル工業(株)を設立し、鉱業権を取得、調査を継続した。
- Although its ore is poor, ore reserves are inexhaustible and in the same year, Nihon Kako established Oeyama Nickel Kogyo Co., Ltd., obtained a mining concession and continued the survey.
- 本来は出家することで正式な仏教徒となるが、多くの日本人の場合は自身の葬儀の場において戒名を得ることにより仏門に入る。
- Those who become priests are supposed to be formally recognized as Buddhists, but many Japanese enter the Buddhist priesthood by receiving posthumous Buddhist names at their own funerals.
- 掘り出される以前は民法上の「埋蔵物」であり掘り出されたり拾われた時点で「拾得物」となるという法的解釈がなされている。
- The legal interpretation is that a relic before being unearthed is a 'hidden treasure' in accordance with the Civil Codes, but once it is unearthed or picked up, it is regarded as a 'found article.'
- 現在では十八代目中村勘三郎、中村吉右衛門 (2代目)、四代目坂田藤十郎、市川猿之助 (3代目)などが得意としている。
- Nowadays Kanzaburo NAKAMURA, the eighteenth, Kichiemon NAKAMURA (the second), Tojuro SAKATA, the fourth, Ennosuke ICHIKAWA (the third), and others are good at it.
- 鎌倉時代、地頭は、荘園公領支配への進出を積極的に展開したが、特に下地の支配権(下地進止権という)の獲得に力を注いだ。
- During the Kamakura period, jito made an aggressive attempt to control soen and koryo, and in particular, they focused on acquisition of the right to control shitaji (shitaji-shinshi ken - the right to appropriate land).
- 大乗仏教は、その構造上利他行を通じて罪の救済を得られる教えとなっており、この点が豪族たちに受け入れられたと思われる。
- The reason Mahayana Buddhism became popular among local ruling families might be that it taught that sin was forgiven through Ritako (Altruistic Practice).
- 前述のように表向きは一揆の盟約が禁止されていながらも、百姓身分の権利行使の慣例として現実的には認めざるを得なかった。
- In reality, even if ikki was ostensibly prohibited, they virtually had to admit ikki as a social custom by which to execute rights by people of peasant status, as mentioned above.
- 永禄9年(1566年)、朝廷の許可を得て、家康個人が「徳川」に「復姓」(事実上の改姓)し、従五位下三河国に叙任された。
- In 1566, Ieyasu obtained the consent of the imperial court to use 'Tokugawa' as his hereditary surname (in actual fact a change of name) and was invested with the imperial court rank of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) of Mikawa Province.
- 徳川氏の系譜は、系図上は清和源氏の新田氏の支流得川氏の末裔と位置付けられており、従って本姓は源姓であり、源朝臣という。
- In the Tokugawa clan pedigree sitting at the top of the family tree is the Egawa clan branch (decedents of Nitta clan of the Seiwa-Genji) and accordingly the original family name is said to have been either; the Minamoto surname or Minamoto no Ason.
- 有名なものとしては、観世元章が将軍の後援を得、寛延3年(1750年)に江戸筋違橋で15日間に渡って行った勧進能がある。
- One of famous kanjin-Noh performances of this type is the kanjin-Noh performance played by Motoakira KANZE near Sujikai-bashi Bridge in Edo in 1750 backed up by the shogun, and this kanjin-Noh performance was held for 15 days.
- そして花道付け際に一旦走って短刀を口にくわえ、両手で袴の股立ちを取り右足を踏み出し見得をする緊迫した型が残されている。
- Then he runs to the section where Hanamichi joins the stage, puts the short sword in his teeth, pulls up the right and left sides of Hakama (skirt) with his hands, steps his right foot forward, and performs a Mie (a tense and symbolic pose at the emotional climax); this formalized tense movements have been handed down.
- ちょうど自家用車が普及し始めた時代であり、駐車場不足により中学校の校庭を駐車場に開放せざるを得ない状況であったという。
- It was the time when people had started owning their own cars, and the village had to use the playground of a local junior high school to compensate for the lack of parking.
- 国司に付与された権限については、租税収取に関するものに注目が集まりやすいが、軍事警察の面でも大きな権限を獲得している。
- Although the authority for tax collection tends to be focused, kokushi were also given great authority for military police.
- このように、地頭の中には下地と上分の両方を獲得し、所領の一円支配を実現し、在地領主としての性格を強めていく者が現れた。
- Accordingly, some of the jito achieved ichien shihai (complete ruling) of their territory by obtaining the right to both shitaji and jobun and started to take on the character of zaich-ryoshu (local lord).
- こうして開発した荘園について、寺院は寺田であると主張し、政府から不輸の権 (日本)(租税免除の権利)を獲得していった。
- Temples insisted that the manors developed in this way constituted jiden fields, acquiring Fuyu no ken (in Japan) (the right of tax exemption).
- 高国は近江坂本に逃走するが、近江の六角定頼・京極高清、丹波の内藤貞正らの支援を得て5月、京に侵攻し、澄元・之長を破る。
- Takakuni fled to Sakamoto in Omi, but in May he invaded the capital, defeating Sumimoto and Yukinaga after gaining support in Omi from Sadayori ROKKAKU and Takakiyo KYOGOKU and Sadamasa NAITO from Tanba.
- 当時武田氏と今川氏は同盟していたため「敗因を間違えるとは考え難く、第三者が敗者から得た信頼できる情報に基づく」とした。
- Given the fact that the Takeda clan and the Imagawa clan were allied, he said, 'it would be hard to believe that they mistook the reason for the Imagawa's defeat, and this is based on a reliable source obtained from the losers by a third party.'
- 荘園においても、荘園領主らは必要物資を得るために荘園内に手工業者・職人を確保し、職能に応じて彼らへ給田を与えていった。
- As for Shoen, shoen landholders kept handicraftsmen within their shoen to obtain necessary supplies and gave Kyuden according to their ability.
- 藤原伊通はこの除目について「人を多く殺した者が官位を得るなら、なぜ三条殿の井戸に官位をやらないのか」と皮肉ったという。
- FUJIWARA no Koremichi had the following cynical comment on this promotion session: 'If killing many people is the key to winning promotions in rank, why then was the well at Sanjo Palace not promoted?'
- 規制以降入山するには、予め申し込んで有料の認定証を取得し、入山当日は大台ヶ原ビジターセンターで講義を受ける必要がある。
- After implementation of the restriction, climbers are required to apply for the paid entry to the mountain in advance to obtain a permit, and to take a lecture at the Odaigahara visitor center on the day of entry to the mountain.
- 山伏の姿になった一行はさまざまな人々の助けを得ながら、一晩の宿を求める振りをして酒呑童子の本拠にはいることに成功した。
- The group, dressed as mountain monks, received the help of all manner of people on their journey until they successfully infiltrated Shuten Doji's lair by posing as travelers seeking lodging for the night.
- 応仁の乱以降には堺を本拠とする管領家の細川氏や、乱で兵庫を得た大内氏、博多や堺市などの有力商人が経営するようになった。
- After the Onin War, the trade was managed by the Hosokawa clan; a Kanryo Family (families in the position of the shogunal deputy) putting headquarters in Sakai, the Ouchi clan that had won Hyogo as a reward after the war, as well as influential merchants in Hakata and Sakai City.
- 群盗の活動は9世紀を通じて活発化していき、朝廷は群盗鎮圧のために東国などへ軍事を得意とする貴族層を国司として派遣した。
- After robbery became more common in 9th century, the Imperial Court sent military aristocrats to Togoku (eastern part of Japan) as kokushi (provincial governors) to discourage such acts.
- 時を経て再び親友と出会うと、親友から宝珠のことを聞かされ、はじめてそれに気づいた男は、ようやく宝珠を得ることができた。
- The man met his best friend again after a lapse of time and was told about the gem from his best friend, where he realized it for the first time and finally obtained the gem.
- 現在の歴史学界では、継体が応神の5世孫かどうかは不明とするが、中央豪族の支持を得て即位したのは事実とする説が有力である。
- Widely-accepted theory in the present Japanese historical community is that Keitai was enthroned with the approval of central ruling families, while the question of his origin as the fifth generation descendant of Emperor Ojin remains unsolved.
- 王権の強化のため、有力皇族や豪族の主を除き、その残党を納得させ、財産を王権に統合するために妃を取るということの様である。
- His aim was to abolish masters of powerful imperial families and local ruling families and subdue the remnants so as to strengthen the imperial power; then to get married to women in those families to integrate the fortune to his own.
- この結果、治天になれなければ、自らの子孫へ皇位継承できないことを意味しており、治天の座を獲得することは死活問題であった。
- As the result of this, it was necessary to become Chiten to pass the Imperial succession to his descendant, therefore it was a matter of life and death to obtain the position of Chiten.
- 江戸時代においては、天皇は政治的実権を取得することなく、実際の石高は1万石(のち3万石)程度の経済基盤しか持たなかった。
- In the Edo period, the Emperor did not hold actual political power, and had an economical base of only 10,000 koku (unit for measuring land in Japan) (later 30,000 koku) of territory.
- また古くから祝儀(懸賞金という表現)を得る為の生業(生きる手段)として選ばれた者によって大相撲という興行が行われている。
- In addition, chosen people have held performances called Ozumo (grand sumo tournament) in order to obtain money gifts (prize money) to make a living from olden times.
- ここで見せる弾正の見得は、短刀を頭に振り上げる一本角の見得、左足のみで立って短刀を振り上げる鷺見得など美しい型を見せる。
- Danjo performs a beautiful Mie here, such as Mie of single horn, raising up the short sword over his head, or Mie of heron, standing with only left foot and raising up the short sword.
- 大衆は「幼主であっても内裏に参って天皇に訴え、勅定を承るのが先例・恒例である」と拒絶し、明雲の説得にも耳を貸さなかった。
- However, the daishu insisted, 'even if he is young, it is right to come to the dairi to appeal to the Emperor and hear a chokujo (something that the emperor decided) according to precedent and established practice' and ignored Myoun's persuasion.
- 免税特権を獲得した荘園は領域が統合される一円化の措置などを通じて拡大する傾向を示し、国衙が支配する国衙領を蚕食し始めた。
- The manors, acquired tax exemption privilege, started enlarging their territories through the unification of their territorial control and encroaching on the kokugaryo territories controlled by kokuga.
- 特に湯殿がある部分は明治41年(1908年)に増築登記されたもので、当時のものではあり得ない(お龍はその2年前に病没)。
- Since the space of the bathroom was added to the new building and registered in 1908, it can not be the same one as the time of the incident (Ryo had passed away two years before).
- 薩摩藩は、薩英戦争の経験から攘夷は不可能であると判断し、開国に論を変え、藩力の充実と先進技術の取得に努めることになった。
- The Satsuma clan concluded, from the Anglo-Satsuma War, that the expulsion of foreigners was impossible; thus it changed its opinion to one in favor of opening the country, and endeavored to strengthen the clan and acquire advanced technology.
- したがって法華経本門の文底にある、本因妙・文底下種益の南無妙法蓮華経を信受けなければ成仏し得脱することはできないという。
- Because of that, if people don't believe and receive Nanmyohorengekyo, which is Honinmyo, or a Geshu sunk under the words of Honmon of Hokekyo, they can't become like a Buddha and earn Gedatsu.
- 番所や会所と融合したものを内床、橋のそばや辻で営業するものを出床、道具を持って得意先回りをするものは廻り髪結いと呼ばれた。
- Those who were integrated with bansho or kaisho (meeting place) were called Uchidoko, those who did their business near a bridge or on the street were called Dedoko, and those who visited customers with their tools were called Mawarikamiyui.
- その実践道徳の根本は、天地の心に帰することによって、その心を獲得し、私心をなくして無心となり、仁義を行うというものである。
- The basis of its philosophy of practical morality is to bring your heart into oneness with the spirit of the universe, to be selfless, to achieve a state of mind that is free from delusion, and to observe a code of humanity and justice.
- 帝国主義の国として欧米列強と肩を並べ、勢いを得て第一次世界大戦にも参戦、勝利の側につき国中が国威の発揚に沸いた時代である。
- During this period, as a country of imperialism, Japan ranked with the western powers, which invigorated them to join the victorious side in World War I, and the whole nation were thrilled with the enhancement of the national prestige.
- または、死に装束で他界(聖なる世界)を行く者であることを象徴し、巡礼者は一度死んだものとして霊場を巡り新たな生を得て蘇る。
- Or it expresses that they are in the next world (sacred world) in burial outfit, and they make pilgrimage of sacred ground as a man who once died and return with a new life.
- 公領経営に深く携わるようになった田堵は、名主の地位を得て耕地の経営に当たるとともに、自ら墾田して領主(開発領主)となった。
- Tato that became deeply involved in the management of Imperial demesne, obtaining the position of myoshu (owner of rice field), not only ran the management of cultivated land but also developed new rice fields by themselves, and became feudal lords or kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who developed the land).
- 1791年(寛政3年)12月、天皇は「群議」を開き、参議以上40名の公卿のうち35名の賛意を得て尊号宣下の強行を決定する。
- In December 1791, the Emperor held the 'Gungi' (multitude of opinions), and achieved a determination for the enforcement of the imperial proclamation, of the honorary title, by gaining the approval of 35 out of 40 nobles who had ranks higher than Sangi (government advisor).
- その結果、人口の多数を占める全人衆の多数が組織していた堅田門徒の発言力が高まり、堅田衆の指導的地位を獲得するようになった。
- As a result, Katata-monto, organized by many Zenjin-shu, majority in Katata, enhanced their power and took the leadership position in Katata-shu.
- ニライカナイ(海の深淵、海の彼方、地下にある)に住まうとされており、新しい国王の即位の儀式中、聞得大君に憑依するとされる。
- Kimitezuri is believed to live in Niraikanai paradise (located deep in the sea, beyond the sea, or underground), and to take possession of the Kikoe Okimi (chief-priestesses) during the enthronement ceremony of a new king.
- 2回目の試みは744年1月、周到な準備の上で出航したが激しい暴風に遭い、一旦、明州の余姚へ戻らざるを得なくなってしまった。
- With careful preparations, Ganjin made the second attempt to sail for Japan in January, 744, but a heavy wind forced him temporarily return back to Yuyao, Mingzhou.
- 孝明天皇の意を得て懐妊し、嘉永5年(1852年)9月22日、実家中山邸において皇子祐宮(さちのみや、のちの明治天皇)を産む。
- She was loved by the Emperor Komei and got pregnant, then on November 3, 1852 she gave birth to Prince Sachinomiya (later the Emperor Meiji) in her parents' home, the residence of Nakayama.
- 主権は法人たる国家にあり、天皇はその最高機関として、内閣をはじめとする他の機関からの輔弼を得ながら統治権を行使すると説いた。
- It suggested that the state, as a public authority, is sovereign, and Emperor exercises sovereignty as the highest organ while being given hohitsu (an advice on affairs of state, assistance, or counsel) by other organs such as Cabinet
- また、明治政府の財政難の原因となる不労所得者である士族の特権(秩禄、賞典禄)を削減したり(秩禄処分)、廃刀令を出したりした。
- Okubo, additionally implemented Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend) reducing special privileges (such as Chiroku (hereditary stipend) and Shotenroku (bonus)) of the warrior class who received unearned income and contributed to economic difficulties for the Meiji Government, and issued a decree banning the wearing of swords.
- さらに白河法皇の後ろ盾を失った中宮璋子にかわり、藤原得子(美福門院)を寵愛して、所生の皇子体仁親王(近衛天皇)を即位させた。
- Furthermore, the Emperor loved FUJIWARA no Tokushi (Bifuku mon in), taking over as the second consort of the emperor, Shoshi who lost support from the Cloister government Goshirakawa, and appointed his son, Prince Narihito (the Emperor Konoe) to succeed the throne.
- ちなみにこの事件で天皇と定信の双方を説得にあたって事態収拾を図った関白鷹司輔平は初代直仁親王の末子で典仁親王の実弟に当たる。
- Consequently, Chancellor Sukehira TAKATSUKASA worked to improve the situation by persuading both the Emperor and Sadanobu during this incident, he was the youngest child of the first Imperial Prince Naohito and also the younger brother of Imperial Prince Sukehito.
- 道玄役を得意とした尾上菊五郎 (6代目)は、一番の眼目を質屋の強請り場と位置づけ「道玄はここさえできたらよい」と言っていた。
- Kikugoro ONOE VI who considered the role of Dogen as his forte, regarded the scene of extortion at the pawnshop as the most essential part, and said 'The role of Dogen is complete if this scene is performed well.'
- 57歳の時に蝦夷地測量の功績によって江戸幕府から改めて苗字帯刀の許可を得て佐原以外でも「伊能」姓を名乗ることが許されている。
- At the age of fifty-seven, he was provided with the myojitaito right by the Edo bakufu due to his accomplishments of geographical measuring of the Ezo area, and it was after this that he became able to use the family name of 'INO' outside Sawara as well.
- 寿永・治承の内乱から奥州合戦に至るまでの恩賞給与に当たっては、関東武士らの満足が得られるものとなるよう最深の注意を傾注した。
- He paid careful attention to ensure that Kanto samurai warriors were content with the rewards they received during the period between the Jisho-Juei Civil War and the Battle of Oshu.
- これらの検断権を獲得したことにより、守護は、国内の武士間の紛争へ介入する権利と、司法執行の権利の2つを獲得することとなった。
- As a result of obtaining the right of judgment over criminal cases, the shugo now had two rights: the right to intervene in the dispute between samurai in the province and the right to enforce the law.
- こうした慣習は古代から存在したが、鎌倉時代には訴訟当事者が有利な判決を得るために担当者を宴会に招く事がしばしば行われていた。
- This kind of custom had existed since ancient times, and then, in the Kamakura period, a party to a suit often invited those in charge of the case to a drinking party to receive a favorable sentence.
- 1567年(永禄10年)の兵火により大仏殿が焼失し、大仏が露座のままとなっていることを嘆き、幕府の許可を得て全国に勧進した。
- After the Daibutsu-den (the Great Buddha hall) was burnt to the ground due to a fire caused by war in 1567, he grieved over the loss and obtained permission from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to launch a nationwide solicitation campaign.
- 高市皇子は正しく答え、蓁措(ハンノキ染め)の衣を3、錦の袴を2、絁(あしぎぬ)20匹、糸50斤、綿100斤、布100端を得た。
- Prince Takechi gave a right answer and received three pieces of Kinu of Shinso (Japanese-alder dyed), two pieces of Hakama of Japanese brocade, 20 pieces of thick silk fabric, 50 kins of yarn, 100 kins of cotton and 100 pieces of cloth.
- 待望の男子を得た天皇の喜びはひととおりではなく、生後わずか32日、11月2日 (旧暦)(12月22日)には皇太子に立てられた。
- When the Emperor finally got a son, he felt great joy and installed the son as a Crown Prince only 32 days after his birth.
- 北条得宗家のうち、4代執権北条経時、5代執権時頼は摂家将軍九条頼経より偏諱を賜り、8代執権北条時宗は宗尊親王より偏諱を賜った。
- Among the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan, Tsunetoki HOJO, the fourth Shikken and Tokiyori, the fifth Shikken were allowed to use a portion of the real name of Yoritsune KUJO who was Sekke Shogun (Shogun from a regent family), and Tokimune HOJO, the eighth Shikken were granted use of a portion of the real name of Imperial Prince Munetaka.
- しかし、生母が北条氏一門では非主流派の名越氏の出身であったため、得宗の北条時宗の叔母が産んだ弟の足利頼氏が足利宗家を継承した。
- Since his real mother came from the Nagoe family which was a minority group in the Hojo clan, his younger brother, Yoriuji ASHIKAGA whose mother was an aunt of Tokimune HOJO, became the successor to the head family of Ashikaga.
- 1986年6月 国土庁、「関西文化学術研究都市関係省庁連絡調整会議」の承認を得て、「関西文化学術研究都市建設基本方針」を策定。
- June, 1986: National Land Agency compiled 'Basic policy on the constructions of Kansai Science City' approved by 'the liaison and adjustment meeting of the ministries concerned with Kansai Science City.'
- しかし、当時の唐は武宗の仏教弾圧政策(会昌の廃仏)の影響により仏教は衰退の極にあったため親王は長安で優れた師を得られなかった。
- However due to Wu Zong's policy of suppressing Buddhism (the anti-Buddhist movement during the Kaisho era) in Tang at the time, Buddhism was on the edge of a decline, the Imperial Prince was not able to find his great teacher in Changan.
- こうして幕府の許可を得た伊能は寛政12年(1800年)、私財を投じて第1次測量として蝦夷地および東北・北関東の測量を開始した。
- Granted permission, INO, at his own expense, started to survey North Kanto and Tohoku regions as well as Ezochi in his first survey in 1800.
- 登山を希望する場合は、大神神社から北北東250mあたりに位置し、境内にある摂社・狭井神社の社務所にて許可を得なければならない。
- To climb the mountain, the climber have to receive the permission at the shrine office of Sai-jinja Shrine, an auxiliary shrine of Omiwa-jinja Shrine, which is located in the precincts, 250 meters away to the north-northeast from Omiwa-jinja Shrine.
- 古代・中世の日本において、六位以下の無官の者(散位)に対して救済及び任官、昇叙の機会を得させるために輪番で散位寮に出仕させた。
- In ancient and medieval Japan, the government made post-less courtiers (Sani) with ranks lower than Rokui (Sixth Rank) serve for Saniryo (the office controling Sani, courtier without post) in order to help and give them chances for appointments or promotions.
- その結果、刈田狼藉取締権・使節遵行権・半済給付権・闕所地処分権・段銭徴収権などを得た守護は、国内に領域的な支配を及ぼしていく。
- As a result, the Shugo who acquired the following rights came to control the province territorially: the right to control Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the right to send a delegate for executing the bakufu's order, the right to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund, the right to confiscate land property from criminals or if it is left derelict, and the right to collect temporary special tax levied on arable land.
- 平安中期頃になると、高級貴族や有力寺社(権門勢家)が、ある国の租税収取権を掌握し、国司を自由に任命する権利を得るようになった。
- Entering the middle era of the Heian period, high-class nobles, dominant temples and shrines (or powerful groups in other words) took hold of the right to collect taxes in a province, acquiring the right to freely appoint kokushi there.
- 後白河は目代・師経を備後国に流罪にすることで事態を収拾しようとしたが、大衆は納得せず4月12日に神輿を持ち出して内裏に向かう。
- Goshirakawa tried to settle the situation by exiling the Mokudai, Morotsune, to Bingo Province (present eastern half of Hiroshima prefecture), but the monks were not satisfied and brought out a mikoshi (portable shrine) and headed towards the inner Imperial Court on May 18.
- 源頼光・源頼親兄弟、源頼義・源義家父子が正四位という軍事貴族最高位に相次いで叙せられ、武家の棟梁というべき立場を得るに至った。
- MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, his brother MINAMOTO no Yorichika, MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi, and his son MINAMOTO no Yoshiie were one by one appointed to the highest rank for military aristocrats, which was shoshii, and Seiwa-Genji ascended to be the leader of the samurai families.
- 本如自身も混乱回避のため様々な手段を尽くそうとするが、学林の暴走を止めることはできず、やむを得ず幕府の介入を頼むこととなった。
- Honnyo himself employed various means to avoid the confusion, but could not stop the domineering of Gakurin and was forced to resort to having the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) intervene.
- しかし、逆に言えば、そのような意見が出てくるということは、それだけ旧宮家復活には国民の支持を得ることが困難だということでもある。
- Conversely, however, the fact that such an opinion is presented also means that it is difficult to obtain public support for restoration of Miyake.
- 蜂子皇子はこの後、海岸から三本足の烏(ヤタガラスか?)に導かれて、羽黒山に登り羽黒権現を獲得し、出羽三山を開いたと言われている。
- After this, Prince Hachiko is said to have climbed the Hagurosan Mountain and acquired the Haguro Gongen deity guided from the seaside by a three legged bird (perhaps a sacred crow), and founded the Dewa Sanzan (three mountains of Dewa).
- 小早川茂平が、四男・小早川政景に、承久の乱に得た都宇・竹原荘、沼田荘梨子羽郷の一部を分与し、木村城を本拠としたのが始まりである。
- The clan started when Shigehira KOBAYAKAWA gave his fourth son Masakage KOBAYAKAWA a part of the estates of the Tsuunosho and Takeharanosho which he received after the Jokyu War and Nutanosho Nashi-go village, and Masakage settled in the Kimura-jo Castle.
- また、元市民病院院長や元舞鶴市長(故人)の親族の応援を得て無所属で出馬した元舞鶴市会議員で前府会議員の斎藤によって保守分裂した。
- At the same time the former city assembly member and previous prefecture assembly member, SAITO, ran the race for mayor as an independent candidate backed by the former hospital director for Maizuru Municipal Hospital and relatives of the (now defunct) former Maizuru mayor, resulting in a split among the conservatives.
- 一人ずつ「渡り台詞」で見得を切り、縁語や掛詞を駆使した七五調のリズミカルな「連ね」で名乗る姿には歌舞伎の様式美が凝縮されている。
- The beauty of form is concentrated in the scene that each man makes Mie (a pose) while saying 'watarizerifu' (dialogue passed along), and makes a speech using rhythmical 'tsurane' (range) in shichigo-cho (seven-and-five syllable meter rhythm) commanding engo (associated words) and kakekotoba (pivot words).
- 19世紀末に西洋で隆盛を得たジャポネスクブームとともに紹介された日本のいけばな「華道」の花姿はほとんどが遠州流の花の図であった。
- Most of the paintings of 'kado,' Japanese ikebana, that were introduced to the Western world at the end of 19th cenury under the boom of Japanese culture were those of Enshu school.
- スポンサー(旦那、お旦)からのお小遣いや、妻の賃労働収入をあてにしたり、落語家自身がお座敷(酒席)での余興から収入を得たりした。
- Some received a stipend from sponsors called danna or odan, relied on their wives' income, or earned money for themselves by putting on entertainment at Japanese-style banquets.
- この刈田狼藉検断権と使節遵行権の獲得は、室町期守護が守護大名へと成長し、国内に守護領国制を布くに至る重要な契機となったのである。
- The acquisition of the karita-rozeki kendan power and shisetsu jungyo power provided an important opportunity for shugo in the Muromachi period to become shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) and implement shugo-ryogoku system (the system in which a shugo dominates a manor) in the state.
- 神職身分を獲得したい百姓神主と百姓身分に留めたい村落側との意向が異なる場合があり、百姓神主と村落とが裁判を繰り返すこともあった。
- There were cases in which a hyakusho priest, who desired to obtain the Shinto priest rank, and a village, which desired to keep the hyakusho priest at the hyakusho rank, had different wishes and repeated trials.
- 頼朝は、既に実質的に東国を支配していたが、この宣旨発給は、頼朝が東国支配権を政府に公認され、その正統性を獲得したことを意味する。
- Yoritomo already effectively controlled the East country, but this imperial order officially recognized and legitimized Yoritomo's right to rule the East country.
- 大名に貸し付けを行い藩の蔵元を務めていたほどの豪商だったが、明治維新後の廃藩置県により貸付金が凍結し今井を離れざるを得なかった。
- This merchant family was very wealthy, made loans to daimyo (Japanese territorial lord), and took charge of accounts in clan's warehouse, but after the Meiji Restoration, the family was forced to leave Imai because Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) caused the freezing of loans.
- 平氏政権の崩壊とともに、中央政府である朝廷とは別個に、内乱を収拾して東国の支配権を得た鎌倉幕府が登場し、平安時代は幕を下ろした。
- With the collapse of the Taira clan administration, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) came to power after sorting out the civil wars aside from the Imperial Court, and the central govenment gained the right to rule the Eastern provinces, leading to the end of the Heian period.
- 宗教団体法の制定によって、一般の宗教団体は初めて法人となり、キリスト教も初めて法的地位を得たが、監督・統制色が強い法律であった。
- With the enactment of the Religious Organizations Act, general religious groups became legal entities for the first time and Christianity also gained legal status for the first time, but it was a very restrictive and controlling law.
- 上記の説は歴史的に二条家が即位灌頂を勤める機会が多く、即位灌頂が二条家の家業として定着していくことについて説得力がある説である。
- The above-mentioned is a convincing view of establishing the sokuikanjo firmly as the family business of Nijo family, based on the historical fact that the Nijo family had many opportunities to conduct sokuikanjo.
- 声聞や縁覚は人間的な生活を否定して涅槃を得てはいるが、自身はブッダとして新しい教えを告げ衆生の悩みを救える、というわけではない。
- Although shomon and engaku (paccekabuddha, who have come to Bodhi independent of any other person) attain nirvana by rejecting life as humans, they themselves cannot convey new teachings or save people from suffering.
- またそうした辛いときに両親である天皇皇后と別々に暮らさざるを得なかった体験が、後に子供たちを手元で育てることを決意させたともいう。
- Such painful experience that he had been obliged to live separately from his parents led him to make a resolution to keep his children at hand, it is believed.
- これを機に鎌倉幕府は非御家人への軍事指揮権も獲得したほか、西国での支配権が強化され、北条一門が鎮西探題、長門探題として派遣された。
- The Kamakura bakufu used this opportunity to take command of higokenin (non-vassals) and strengthen their control over Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) where members of the Hojo clan were dispatched as Chinzei tandai (military governor of Kyushu) and Nagato tandai (Shogunal deputies in Nagato (in present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture).
- (ただし、明治10年(1877年)にすでに五条家から横綱免許を得ていた14代・境川浪右エ門は、吉田司家から横綱免状を発給される。)
- (However, Namiemon SAKAIGAWA, the fourteenth, who had already received a yokozuna license from the Gojo family in 1877, had a yokozuna certificate issued to him from the Yoshida Tsukasa family.)
- 幕切れの見得は、工藤が立って鶴の見得、十郎、五郎、朝比奈が富士山の見得、鬼王が平伏して亀の見得とそれぞれ縁起物で名づけられている。
- The poses at the curtain fall have auspicious names as follows; the standing pose of Kudo (Tsuru no mie or crane's pose), Juro, Goro, and Asahina's Fujisan no mie (pose of Mt. Fuji), and the prostration of Kio (Kame no mie or turtle's pose).
- やがて本家とも言える三大遠州流が貞松斎一馬、春草庵一枝、本松斎一得らによりそれぞれ正風遠州流、日本橋遠州流、浅草遠州流として興る。
- Thereafter, three great Enshu schools which can be said as the originators, namely Seifu Enshu school, Nihonbashi Enshu school and Asakusa Enshu school, were founded by Ichiba TEISHOSAI, Isshi SHUNSOAN and Ittoku HONSHOSAI respectively.
- 騎士は知行取り、御目見得であるのに対し、徒士は蔵米取り、御目見得以下とされており、幕府でいえば旗本が騎士、御家人が徒士に対応する。
- Kishi with a fief and vassals were allowed to have an audience with the Shogun, whereas Kachi were given kuramai (rice preserved in a depository by Edo Shogunate and domains) and were not allowed to have an audience with the Shogun, and in the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Hatamoto corresponded to Kishi and Gokenin corresponded to Kachi.
- 大阪府藤田美術館所蔵の国宝『両部大経感得図』は、密教の重要経典「大日経」と「金剛頂経」がインドで感得されたという場面を描いている。
- In 'Ryobu taikyo kantokuzu' (Paintings of the Spiritual Reception of the Two Great Sutras), a national treasure, possessed by Fujita Museum of Art in Osaka, the scene that the important Buddhist scriptures of Esoteric Buddhism; 'Dainichi-kyo Sutra' and 'Kongocho-kyo' (Vajrasekhara Sutra) were inspired in India, is described.
- 最澄は『法華秀句』を著した直後に没し、徳一もその後の動向は不詳なため、両者の論争が必ずしも明確な結論を得て終結した訳ではなかった。
- After Saicho wrote 'Hokke-shuku' he died and it is unknown where Tokuitsu was after that and thus the dispute between them did not reach a clear conclusion.
- 智光曼荼羅(ちこうまんだら)とは、奈良市の元興寺に伝わる智光が感得したという曼荼羅の図像に基づいて作られた浄土曼荼羅の総称である。
- Chiko Mandala is the generic name for Jodo Mandalas made after the style of the Mandala which is said to have been envisioned by Chiko and has been preserved in Gango-ji Temple of Nara City
- このとき正親町天皇は前例のない申請に対して躊躇したが、新田氏系得川氏が「藤原氏」を称した前例が公家の奔走により見つかり、許可された。
- At the time, Emperor Ogimachi hesitated over this unprecedented petition however, permission was granted based on the efforts of nobles working behind-the-scenes who found that the Nitta branch of the Egawa clan was purported to be part of the dynastic Fujiwara clan (which had close ties to the court).
- あまりの重さに逃げることができないでいたところ、彼の家にあった代々伝わる銘刀が飛来して牛鬼の首に突き刺さり、九死に一生を得たという。
- Although the rock was too heavy for him to run away, a noted sword handed down in his family flew from his house and stuck in the neck of the Ushioni, and he narrowly escaped death.
- 米の品種改良や農業技術の進歩に伴い農作物(特に、江戸時代の税の柱であった米)の収穫量が増え、農民でも現金収入を得る事が容易になった。
- Improvement in rice varieties and development of agricultural technologies had increased crop yields (especially rice which was the mainstay of the tax in the Edo period) and made it easier for peasants to earn cash.
- 地侍層は、戦国大名や国人領主から加地子(地代=中間得分)の徴収権を保証される代わりに、家臣となり、戦時には軍役を果たす義務を負った。
- Ji-zamurai undertook obligations of serving as a part of military at the time of war in return for the privilege to collect Kajishi (intermediate taxes) guaranteed by Sengoku Daimyo and Kokujin Ryoshu.
- そのため、2つ目の見解、すなわち荘園公領制における支配・収取(徴税)の基礎単位とする見方が広範な支持を得ており、支配的となっている。
- This makes the other opinion more dominant, and many researchers support this idea that a myoden was a basic unit of governance and tax collection in the shoen-koryo system.
- 長徳の変(ちょうとくのへん)とは長徳元年(995年)4月10日 (旧暦)の藤原道隆の死後、藤原道長が内覧の宣旨を得た後に起きた政変。
- The Chotoku Coup, occurred after FUJIWARA no Michinaga received Nairan no senji (an imperial edict to appoint a person to the position of Nairan, who has a right to read and deal with documents before reporting to the Emperor from Daijokan, the Great Council of State), after the death of FUJIWARA no Michitaka on May 17, 995.
- また、ポルトガル商人に対しては生糸の独占的利益を得ていた為、これを削ぐことを目的として京都・堺・長崎の商人に糸割符仲間を結成させた。
- Against the Portuguese merchants who had exclusively gained profits from trade of raw silk, Ieyasu made merchants in Kyoto, in Sakai and in Nagasaki form itowappu nakama (the thread tally union) to diminish their profits.
- 1557年にポルトガルがマカオの使用権を獲得すると、マカオを拠点として、日本・中国・ポルトガルの三国の商品が取引されるようになった。
- In 1557 when Portugal acquired the right of using Macao, goods in Japan, in China and in Portugal were traded with Macao as the trading center.
- いわゆる戦時教学を確立させ、指導的立場にあった僧侶の戦争責任を問う声も根強い一方、時代の流れとして止むを得なかったとする評価もある。
- Priests, who established so called wartime doctrine at the helm of the school, were either accused persistently of their responsibilities for the war, or evaluated that they had no other choice in the circumstances at that time.
- 懸緒は和紙製の紙縒(こびねり)が正式で、蹴鞠で知られる飛鳥井家の考案で組み紐を使う組懸(くみかけ)が勅許を得たもののみ略式に使われた。
- Strings called kobineri, which were made from traditional Japanese paper, were official kakeo, but kumikake (strings made from twine) were also used informally only when Imperial sanction was given, and this kumikake type was developed by the Asukai family, who was well known for kemari (a game played by aristocrats in the Heian period).
- ただしこの時は父天皇の許可を得ていなかったと見られ、天皇により内親王の降嫁が裁可されたのは、三条天皇皇女禔子内親王の例が最初とされる。
- However, Imperial Princess Isoko supposedly did not get permission from her father Emperor and therefore it is said that the first case of koka with an emperor's approval is that of Imperial Princess Teishi, a daughter of Emperor Sanjo.
- 氏満の子の氏置は徳川家の旗本となり上総に2千石余を得て、宝永年間の遠国奉行・範恭の代に赤松姓に復して5千石余の旗本として幕末まで存続。
- In addition, Ujimitsu's son Ujioki became a Hatamoto (direct retainer) of the Tokugawa Shogunate, and was conferred a territory of more than 2,000 koku crop yield in Kazusa Province, and in the Hoei era, when the clan was holding the position of Ongoku-bugyo (the collective name if the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period) in the generation of Noritada, he recovered the sei (authentic surname) of Akamatsu, and after that, the family persisted as Hatamoto with a stipend of more than 5,000 koku crop yield until the end of the Edo period.
- ある猪役の役者は本舞台にかかると、松の木に手をかけ見得をして「あすこに見えるは芋畑。どりゃひとつ食べてみるべえかい」との科白を吐いた。
- Another time, an actor playing the role of the inoshishi touched a pine tree on the stage and said, 'I can see a sweet potato field. I think I'm going to eat one.'
- 即位と同時に皇子を多く臣籍降下させたが、病を得たため仁和3年8月25日に子宇多天皇(さだみ)を親王に復し、翌8月26日に立太子させた。
- As soon as he was enthroned, he allowed many princes to be demoted from nobles to subjects; due to his illness, his son, Emperor Uda (Sadami) was returned as a prince on August 25, Ninna 3 and Emperor Uda became the crown prince on August 26, Ninna 4.
- 「三丁陸六つ、一鼓六足、天地人の乱拍子、この山鹿流の妙伝を心得ている者は、上杉の千坂高房と、今一人は赤穂の大石、そしてこの松浦じゃ」。
- `三丁陸六つ、一鼓六足、天地人の乱拍子, the ones that know Yamagaryu (Yamaga school) military science are 千坂高房, Oishi from Ako, and me, Matsu-ura.'
- これに伴う得分は職の体系の中で所務職として確立され、また所務を預所が務める事が多かった事から、預所職(あずかりどころしき)とも称した。
- The income from management and rights and obligations involved therein was established as shomu shiki in the structure of offices, and as azukaridokoro (a deputy of 'Shoen' manor lord) often did shomu, it was also called azukaridokoro shiki (the right that azukaridokoro - a deputy of Shoen manor lord - had.)
- もっとも喧嘩両成敗は分かりやすく、また双方納得しやすいことからその後も日本人の精神観としては現在まで脈々と受け継がれているともいえる。
- Nevertheless, since the idea of Kenka Ryoseibai was simple to understand and convincing for both parties of a quarrel, it was considered that the idea was passed down up to now through the minds of Japanese people.
- 追捕官符によって兵力動員権を得た受領のもと、警固使に任じられた者は国内の郡司・富豪層を軍事的に編成し、有事に際しては指揮権を行使した。
- The person appointed Keigoshi by the zuryo, who obtained the right to mobilize soldiers based on tsuibu kanpu, organized gunji and persons in the rich and powerful class in the province into a military system and exercised the right to command in the event of an emergency.
- 地子交易(じしこうえき)とは、律令制において国司が公田から得た地子稲を中央に上供する際に運搬に便利なように軽貨に交換(売買)すること。
- Jishi Koeki refers to the exchange (buying and selling) of rice as a land tax that was collected from koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) by a provincial governor under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code); rice was exchanged for light commodities that were easier to carry and submit to the central government.
- しかし新政は武家への恩賞施策と武家領地を減らし国衙領の復活を目指す後醍醐天皇の独裁と公家優先の政策で、武家の支持を得られずに混乱した。
- However, the restoration was dictatorial and the Court noble-oriented policies of Emperor Godaigo who tried to reduce reward measures and territory of samurai families in order to restore Kokugaryo, were not supported by the samurai families and only served to confuse them.
- 期待していた親類の細川幽斎、与力の筒井順慶ら近畿の有力大名の支持を得られなかったことが戦力不足につながり、敗因の一つであったと言える。
- It can be said that one of causes of his defeat was that he did not have sufficient military strength caused by his failure to acquire support from powerful warlord in the Kinki area such as Yusai HOSOKAWA, who was his relative, and Junkei TSUTSUI, who was a yoriki (warlord attached to another) to Mitsuhide.
- 8月、本学学生センターは「学生関連施設のための予算を獲得できるので、吉田寮の建て替え予算を申請しないか」という旨の提案を吉田寮に行う。
- In August, the student center of Kyoto University made a proposal to the executives of Yoshida dormitory saying 'as we will be able to secure the budget for the improvement of students' facilities, why don't you request the budget for reconstructing Yoshida dormitory?'
- 禅宗では現在もこれを仏の教えにより恐怖や不安から解放されて悟りの境地に到達し、心の安らぎを得て主体性を確立することという意味で用いる。
- In the Zen sect, the term is still used for being released from fear and anxiety, attaining a state of enlightenment and spiritual peace to establish one's independence by teachings of Buddha.
- 修験道(しゅげんどう)とは、山へ籠もって厳しい修行を行う事により、様々な「験」(しるし)を得る事を目的とする日本独特の混淆宗教である。
- Shugendo is a Japan-specific Konko-shukyo (a religion combining Buddhism, Shintoism and other religions) whose objective is to do ascetic practice while confining oneself in the mountains, in order to obtain various shirushi (evidence) which indicate that certain practice levels have been reached.
- 『渓嵐拾葉集』第39「常行堂摩多羅神の事」に記されるように、摩多羅神は円珍が唐から帰国する際に感得して、常行堂に勧請したと伝えられる。
- As shown in the 39th article 'Jogyo-do Hall Matarashin no Koto' of 'Keiran shuyo shu' (a collection of oral transmissions in the Japanese Tendai Sect which contains four stories about Myoe), it was said that Enchin was inspired by Matarashin on the way back from Tang and ceremonially transferred to Jogyo-do Hall.
- 更に職そのものが、本来の身分的な性格から単なる得分権となり、在地領主的な職を本家や領家が直接保持する場合や、その逆の場合が見られてきた。
- Moreover, shiki itself became mere tokubunken (the right to share of profits of each shiki) from the one indicating the class difference, and the cases that honke (head family) and ryoke held the shiki containing the feature of local lords and vice versa came to be seen.
- 本郷和人は、頼朝は本宣旨によって権限や優越的地位を得たのではなく、既に実力で獲得していたものに宣旨の追認を受けたのではないかとしている。
- Yoritomo did not acquire authority or superior social position by this decree but acquired ratification by the decree for what he had already earned through his ability, according to Kazuto HONGO.
- 律令の規定上、上皇は天皇と同等の権力行使が可能であり、天皇の実父であるという強みも得て、政治権力は摂政・関白から上皇へシフトしていった。
- As a retired emperor he was able to use power equal to an emperor under the provisions of the ritsuryo system, and had the advantage of being the real father of an emperor, so political power shifted from the regents and chancellors to the retired emperors.
- はやくから社会人のための単位取得プラン「京(みやこ)カレッジ(2006年度まではシティー・カレッジ)」や、産学連携事業もおこなっている。
- The foundation started 'Miyako College (City College until 2006),' a credit earning plan for working people, and a collaboration with industries and universities in the early stage.
- 当初、受領たちは東北制圧戦争に伴って各地に捕囚として抑留された蝦夷集団、すなわち俘囚を騎馬襲撃戦を得意とする私兵として鎮圧に当たらせた。
- The Ezo (northerners) group, that is, barbarians, who were in custody as prisoners in each region after the war for conquest of the north-east region, were first made by zuryos to be the private armies who were in charge of suppression and good at cavalry attack.
- 天皇自身、占星を得意としたのに加え、当時陰陽道などが律令国家である唐や新羅で盛んに行われたのが影響もしてか占星台や陰陽寮も設置させている。
- Senseidai (astrology station) and Onmyoryo (a government office that had jurisdiction over calendar preparation, astronomy, divination, etc.) were established probably because the Emperor was good at Astrology, or they were influenced by the nations under the Ritsuryo codes like Tang and Shiragi (ancient Korean kingdom), in which Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements) was popular.
- 明治に入ると海外から高い評価を得て主に輸出用に生産されるようになるが、この頃になると実用性を失い穴の空いた小型の精緻な彫刻となってしまう。
- However, after the Meiji period netsuke became highly valued abroad and began to be produced mainly for export, losing its original function and coming to be no more than a pierced small elaborate carving.
- 義倉(ぎそう)とは、災害や飢饉に備えて米などの穀物を一般より徴収し、または富者から寄付を得て、これを貯蓄するために国内の要地に設けた倉庫。
- Giso was a warehouse which was constructed in important domestic places to store rice and other grain in case of natural disasters and famine, and the grain in stock was collected from ordinary people or acquired using the cash contributions by the rich.
- 明法道の試験は難関であったために弘仁4年(813年)には、6問以上正解者には不合格であっても国博士に任命される資格を得ることが認められた。
- Because the examination of Myohodo was difficult, in 813 unsuccessful applicants were still allowed to have the qualification to be appointed as Kunihakase (a teacher of local institute).
- 荘園に対する収税についても守護使不入を勝ち得た荘園には介入の余地がなく、非合法で横領する他はこれらを支配下に組み入れることは困難であった。
- In terms of tax collection as well, taxes could not be collected from Shoen after they obtained the right of Shugoshi funyu (a right to reject the entrance of a Shugo) and they had no way to collect money without embezzling illegally.
- また秀吉にとって都合の良い状況で光秀と戦って勝利を収め、また本能寺の変をきっかけに秀吉が天下人となり、結果的に一番利益を得ていることから。
- It is also because Hideyoshi fought with Mitsuhide under very favorable condition and won the battle and he became a tenkabito (a person who holds the reins of government) taking advantage of Honnoji Incident and as a result, obtained the largest advantage.
- 越境してきた密偵はたとえ幕府関係者であろうと厳しく断罪し、情報の漏洩防止に努め、密貿易によって外貨を蓄え続け、幕府に勝る軍事力を獲得した。
- Any spies entering its territory were severely punished, even if they were related to Bakufu, and thereby the clan endeavored to avoid the leakage of information, continued to accumulate foreign currency through secret trade with overseas countries, and acquired military power exceeding that of Bakufu.
- 文治元年(1185年)に源頼朝が守護・地頭の設置求めて文治の勅許を受けると、同時に荘園・国衙領の田1段から兵粮米5升を徴収する権利を得た。
- In 1185 (the first year of the Bunji era), MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, seeking to establish a system of Shugo (provincial constable) and jito (manager and lord of manor), was granted the Bunji Imperial Sanction to do so, simultaneously obtaining the authority to collect five sho (measures) of rice, for the purpose of supplying troops, from each tan (section) of each rice paddy on shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) alike.
- In1185, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo asked the Imperial Court for permission to place Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) and got the Bunji imperial sanction, and at the same time, he also gained a right to collect five sho (about 9 liter) of military provisions of rice from every one tan (an old unit showing the area of land of 300 tsubo; 991.7 square meters) of rice paddy of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- 性差別の問題、一切において平等という教義の問題から女性に、「尼」の字をつけない場合がある(本願寺派では現在、得度式・帰敬式には用いない)。
- The character '尼' is sometimes not used for females in consideration of the doctrine which is supposed to be totally equal in terms of gender (now, it is not used in Tokudo-shiki and Okamisori in Hongan-ji school).
- 私たちが住むこの世界は、耳根の得道の国であり、あらゆる人々は声を縁として妙法を知り、修行して、成仏の境涯に到達することができる世界である。
- The world we live in is the realm of nikon no tokudo, and all the people can learn Myoho (excellent methods) through voice, and attain the mental state of entrance into Nirvana through ascetic practices.
- 三井寺には、円珍が感得したとされる「黄不動」「新羅明神像」等の美術品の他、円珍の手による文書が他数残されており、日本美術史上も注目される。
- Arts, such as 'Kifudo painting' and 'Shinra Myojin zo', which inspired Enchin, and a lot of documents written by him remain in Mii-dera Temple, and they are regarded as important materials in the Japanese art history.
- また、この場合、やむを得ない特別の事由があるときは、本人の意思に関わらず、皇室会議の判断で、皇族の身分を離れる(皇室典範14条1, 2項)。
- Furthermore, in cases of compelling reasons, they will renounce their Imperial status regardless of their own will through the discretion of the Imperial Household Council (Clause 2, Article 14 of the Imperial House Act).
- ちなみに、チベット仏教などの諸外国の仏教は、一部のインテリ層には支持されているものの、大衆からの支持は得られておらず、存在感はきわめて薄い。
- Buddhist schools in other countries, such as Tibetan Buddhism, are not supported by the public, except by some intellectuals, and have a very weak presence.
- 北方と南西海域は豊富な水産資源が得られ、鉱物資源や天然ガス、わずかながら石油そしてメタンハイドレートの存在など経済的にも重要な海域とされる。
- The areas on the north and southwest are rich with marine resources and it is considered economically important because minerals, natural gas as well as small amount of petroleum and methane hydrate are also available.
- そのため、公家や寺院、奉公衆・奉行衆などの室町幕府官僚集団などは、段銭免除や京都の幕府倉奉行への直接納付(京済・直進)の特権を幕府から得た。
- This encouraged the court nobles, shrines and temples, and the bureaucratic groupings in the Muromachi bakufu, such as hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate) and bugyoshu (group of magistrates), to acquire the privilege from the bakufu either to be exempted from tansen or to pay directly to the bakufu's magistrate in Kyoto, who was in charge of monetary and rice payment to the bakufu.
- 更に領主権力の許可が必要とされる鉱山労働や鯨などの捕獲など領主が支配する山野河海から何らかの利益を得た者にからも冥加を徴収するようになった。
- Further, they imposed Myoga on people who gained profit from business that required a license from the domain, such as mine workers, as well as people who gained profit from mountains/fields/rivers/seas that were under the rule of the lords, such as whale fishermen.
- 官符によって正当な軍事動員権を獲得した受領は、国衙における軍事指揮者である追捕使・押領使・警固使に凶党捜索や犯罪捜査などの追捕活動を命じた。
- Receiving the kanpu and provided with the right to mobilize soldiers for military purposes, zuryo ordered Tsuibushi, Oryoshi, or Keigoshi, who was the leader of military affairs in the kokuga, to take the actions of searching for and capturing gangsters.
- しかし、西国をはじめ、日本国内を中央集権的に統治しようとする北条氏嫡流家である得宗家が御家人を排除し、被官である御内人を重用するようになる。
- But the Tokuso family--the primary lineage of the Hojo clan--which was bent on extending and strengthening their central authority and rule throughout the country and especially in the west, started to exclude gokenin, and began trying to promote only miuchibito (private family retainers) who were Hikan (vassals working for the Rokuhara Tandai).
- 元寇を機に幕府は非御家人を含む日本全国の武士へ軍事動員をかける権限を得たほか、鎮西探題や長門探題などの出先機関を置き、西国への支配を強めた。
- Using the Mongol invasions as an opportunity, the bakufu seized the authority to issue military mobilizations of all warriors throughout the country, including non-gokenin, and also worked to solidify its control over western Japan by creating offices such as Chinzei tandai (military commissioner of Kyushu) and Nagato tandai (military commissioner of western Honshu).
- しかし強引な就任をした俊尭は比叡山の衆徒からは信望を得ることはできず、元暦元年(1184年)1月、義仲が敗死するとすぐさま比叡山を追われた。
- However after gaining the appointment in such a forceful way, Shungyo could not gain the confidence of the priests of Mt. Hiei and he was chased from Mt Hiei immediately upon the death of Yoshinaka in February, 1184.
- 官職に就くことは、その官職に付随する収益権を得ることも意味しており、官職に就いた家系の長(家督者)は、収益を一族へ配分する権限・義務を持った。
- To succeed the official government position means to have the right to receive profit that came with the position, the head of the family of the official government position had a right and a duty to contribute the profit to the family.
- 泰福の末子土御門泰邦(1711-84)は、在野の暦算家の協力を得て宝暦暦を制定する事に成功し、改暦の権限を再び土御門家に取り戻す事に成功した。
- Yasukuni TSUCHIMIKADO (1711-1784), the youngest son of Yasutomi, established Horyaku reki (Horyaku calendar) with the cooperation of a professional rekizan (calculation of calendar) who was out of power, and successfully regained the authority for kaireki.
- ほかに、自動車を利用した移動販売店舗も認められるが、許可取得に要する費用が高く、営業できる場所も制限を受けるため、日本のように一般的ではない。
- Another type of mobile shop that is permitted, is one that uses motor vehicles, but this shop type is not common, unlike Japan; the expense in obtaining a license permit is very high; and the places of operation for these motorized stalls is very limited.
- しかし、遼東半島は露仏独の三国干渉により返還させられた(代償として3000万両を獲得)結果、国民に屈辱感を与え、報復心が煽られた(臥薪嘗胆)。
- Due to the Triple Intervention of Russia, France and Germany, however, Liaodong Peninsula was returned to China (in exchange for 30 million teal in compensation paid to Japan) that consequently was perceived as an insult and fueled retaliatory sentiment among Japanese people (as in a proverb it was struggling against difficulties for the sake of vengeance).
- だが、東山天皇は今まで上皇が全てを握って自分が無力であった事に不満を抱いており、近衛基熙の補佐を得て親政を開始して幕府との関係改善をはかった。
- However, Emperor Higashiyama was frustrated that the Retired Emperor Reigen had all the political power and he did not have any means of control, so he tried to rule the government directly with the help of Motohiro KONOE in order to improve the relationship with the government of Edo.
- 坂本の議論は広範な支持を得るところとなり、その後の10世紀・11世紀史研究は坂本論を中心に展開し、坂本論の深化・批判という形で行われていった。
- Sakamoto's theory received support from many researchers and since then, the study of the 10th and 11th centuries has been conducted in the form of deepening/criticizing it with Sakamoto's theory as a starting point.
- 更に、上の身分の者が奉公などの褒賞として下の者に下賜された衣装を実際に着用した場合には、儒教の忠の観念との兼ね合いから黙認せざるを得なかった。
- Also, when lower-ranked people put on clothes granted by higher-ranked people for their good service, this had to be tolerated from the viewpoint of Confucius's teaching of loyalty.
- 守護が積極的に幕府へ働きかけ、守護請の権利を獲得することもあれば、守護側との紛争・訴訟で疲弊した荘園領主側から、守護請を承認することもあった。
- In some cases Shugo obtained the right of Shugouke by actively pressing the bakufu, and in other cases lords of manors, exhausted by the disputes and suits with Shugo, approved Shugouke.
- 久光は大久保利通等を遣わしこの騒ぎを抑えようと試みたが失敗したため、彼らの同志である尊王派藩士を派遣して藩邸に呼び戻し、自ら説得しようとした。
- Hisamitsu attempted to suppress this disturbance by sending Toshimichi OKUBO, who failed; then, he sent retainers from the royalists, comrades of the rebels, to bring them to the domain residence, so that he himself could dissuade them from partaking in the raid.
- 摂関家を嗣いだ藤原基房は伊勢平氏による押領だと非難したが、この事件は摂関家の威信の低下を如実に表しており、清盛一族は大きな経済基盤を獲得した。
- FUJIWARA no Motofusa, who succeeded FUJIWARA no Motozane as family head of the line of regents, criticized this as an usurping by the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) but this incident clearly shows the decrease in authority of the line of regents and the Kiyomori family gained a substantial financial foundation.
- 応仁の乱は将軍や守護大名の没落を促進し、守護代であった朝倉孝景が守護大名の地位を得たことに象徴されるように、真の実力者の身分上昇をもたらした。
- The Onin War served to accelerate the downfall of Shoguns and shugo daimyos and to raise the status of true strongmen, as symbolized by the acquisition by Takakage ASAKURA, who had been a deputy shugo, of the rank of shugo daimyo.
- 能(よ)く衆生をして仏性を見せしむ、法華の中に八千の声聞の記別を受くることを得て大果実を成ずる如く、秋収め冬蔵(おさ)めて更に所作無きが如し。
- Just as the teachings revealed in the Lotus Sutra achieved great success by enabling 8000 disciples of Buddha achieve religious salvation, this sutra will teach Buddhist truths to the unenlightened masses, who will have nothing more to learn, just as farmers who have harvested crops in fall for winter storage have nothing more to do,
- 旧令では皇統譜の持ち出しに関しては定めていないが、現行令では内閣総理大臣の承認を得た場合に限って、尚蔵の部局外に持ち出すことを認めた(現6条)。
- The old Kotofu Rei did not regulate external use of the Kotofu, while the existing Kotofu Rei permits use of the Kutofu outside the Department of Kuranokami (which also read Shozo, referring to Lady of the Storehouse and Director of Zoshi) only when the prime minister approves of it (the existing Article 6).
- さらに鳥羽は、永治元年(1141年)、同年に即位した自分の末子近衛天皇の生母藤原得子を、天皇の生母であることを根拠に皇后(皇后宮)に立てている。
- Moreover, Toba made FUJIWARA no Tokuko, who was the real mother of his last son, Emperor Konoe, an empress, based on the fact that she was his real mother.
- 同25日に道長の計らいで小一条院太上天皇の尊号が贈られ、いわゆる准太上天皇としての処遇を得る一方で、道長の娘藤原寛子(母・源明子)を妃に迎える。
- On September 23 of the same year, Michinaga arranged to grant the honorary title of Ko-Ichijo-in Daijo tenno (the Retired Emperor) to Atsuakira, which meant he was treated as so-called Jun Daijo tenno (quasi Retired Emperor), and he took FUJIWARA no Kanshi (her mother was MINAMOTO no Akiko), the daughter of Michinaga as his wife.
- 親王は五条頼元らに補佐されて四国伊予国忽那島(愛媛県松山市)へ渡り、当地の宇都宮貞泰や瀬戸内海の海賊衆である熊野水軍の援助を得て数年間滞在した。
- The Imperial Prince, with the support of Yorimoto GOJO or others, crossed the sea to Kutsuna-jima Island, Iyo Province (Matsuyama City, Ehime Prefecture) in Shikoku region, and stayed there for a few years with the support of Sadayasu UTSUNOMIYA in that region or Kumano Suigun Navy, pirates around Seto Inland Sea.
- 昇殿とは天皇の日常生活の場である清涼殿南廂にある殿上へ昇ることで、平安時代は家格・官位に関係なく、廷臣ごとに勅許を得ることでこれを許されていた。
- Entering the Courtiers' Hall in the Imperial Palace' means entering the Courtiers' Hall called Tenjo No Ma in the emperor's private living quarters, i.e., in the south side of the emperor's residence Seiryoden; and during the Heian period, court officials were authorized by imperial sanction to enter the Hall without regard for their family rank and court rank.
- また、のポーツマス条約で獲得した遼東半島南部(関東州)及び長春以南の東清鉄道に対し、それぞれ関東都督府、南満州鉄道株式会社(満鉄)が設置された。
- Kantototokufu (Japan's Guandong Governor-General Office) and South Manchuria Railways Company (Mantetsu) were installed for the southern Liaodong Peninsula (Guandong) and the Chinese Eastern Railway in south of Changchun, respectively, that Japan had received under the conditions stipulated by the Treaty of Portsmouth of 1905.
- そのため、知行国からの上進官物は国家へ納付しなければならず、知行国主が獲得しえたのは(本来、受領の収入となるべき)受領の俸料・得分のみであった。
- Therefore, the kanmotsu dedicated by the chigyo-koku provinces had to be delivered to the nation, with only the salary and tax gained by the zuryo (which originally should be zuryo's won income) allowed to be acquired by chigyo-kokushu.
- 後に彼らの中で治安維持の武功によって勲功を得、特に承平天慶の乱で勲功を認められた者たちが中核になって武士身分が形成されていくことになるのである。
- Later, those who were distinguished because of military contributions to maintain security, especially during the Johei and Tengyo War, would become the bushi class as the core group.
- また逆に、元の禅僧清拙正澄(得宗北条高時が来日を要請)や、すでに渡元していた日本僧古先印元・無隠元晦らが同船し、来日・帰国を果たしたと見られる。
- On the other hand, Zen priests in Yuan, Seisetsu Shocho (at the request of Takatoki HOJO), as well as Japanese priests, Kosen Ingen and Muin Genkai are believed to have been on board traveling to and return from Japan.
- やむを得ず、都に残っている高倉天皇の皇子2人の中から新天皇を擁立することを決めるが、ここで義仲は突如として以仁王の子息・北陸宮の即位を主張する。
- Having no choice, he decided to enthrone one of the two princes of Emperor Takakura, but Yoshinaka suddenly insisted on enthroning Hokuroku no miya, the son of Prince Mochihito.
- しかし、他の地域については美濃国や土佐国などにわずかに記録が見られるものの、実際には北朝/室町幕府の勢力を前にほとんど行い得なかったようである。
- Although marginal records of the tax have been found from Mino Province and Tosa Province, in other areas the tax was almost never conducted due to the influence of the North Court and the Muromachi bakufu.
- 雑役免田は定免田化されると給主の権利が強まり、官物の不輸や国使入部を拒否する不入権を獲得することで、給主の一円支配を認めた荘園に転化していった。
- The Jyomenden of Zoeki Menden strengthened the rights of the Kyunushi and led to the Funyuken (right to refusal of entry of Kokushi), or exemption of tax, changing into the overall control of the Kyunushu of Shoen.
- この中で、壇ノ浦に平家を滅ぼしてさらに全国統治の基礎となる守護・地頭の設置権を獲得した1185年を画期とする考え方が現在では比較的有力であろう。
- Among these views, in recent years it is the theory that 1185 was the critical year, citing as evidence the Minamoto's annihilation of the Taira clan at Dannoura coupled with Yoritomo's usurpation of the right to appoint shugo and jito--who were the true power base critical to ruling throughout the country--that carries the most relative weight.
- 永治元年(1141年)、鳥羽天皇は藤原璋子との子である崇徳天皇を退位させ、藤原得子との子である躰仁親王(崇徳上皇の弟)を即位させた(近衛天皇)。
- In 1141, Emperor Toba made Emperor Sutoku, his son with FUJIWARA no Shoshi, abdicated and had Imperial Prince Narihito, his son with FUJIWARA no Tokushi and a younger brother of retired Emperor Sutoku, ascend the Imperial Throne (Emperor Konoe).
- 荘園を構成する田畠は主に皇帝よりの恩賜地や墾田、質入や買入による購入、寄進、更には暴力を伴う強奪などの手法によって獲得されたものも含まれていた。
- The fields (of rice and other crops) which made up the shoens included the land from the Emperor, the new rice field, the land by purchase or by pawning or donation and also land acquired by robbery with violence and so on.
- 不改常典が直系継承法だとすると、天武天皇は不改常典を破って皇位を得たことになり、その子孫が不改常典を自らの正統の拠りどころにするのは不自然である。
- If Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is a direct line imperial succession code, Emperor Tenmu broke Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten to take the Imperial Throne, and therefore, it is unnatural that his descendents rely their legitimacy on Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.
- 親子ほども年の差があることも手伝ってか、二人の間には、待賢門院璋子(鳥羽院中宮)と得子の間に見られたような、憎悪の火花を散らす戦いは終になかった。
- Considering the fact that there was a big age difference between the two women, almost like mother and daughter, the relationship between them did not end up a bad one, like the one between Taikenmonin Shoshi (the Retired Emperor Toba's second consort of an emperor) and Tokushi, who hated and fought against each others.
- 歴史的には能楽や女歌舞伎の舞台で秀でた女性に「太夫」(舞太夫、能太夫)の称号が与えられたことから、嶋原の太夫は舞踊を習得していることが必須である。
- Historically, the title of 'Tayu' (Bu dayu and Noh dayu) has been awarded to those females who excelled in Noh plays and women's kabuki, and accordingly, the tayu in Shimabara are required to master classical Japanese dance.
- 国内の兵乱を平定、朝廷の信望を得るとともに東国を拠点として武家の棟梁としての名声をあげ、義家の三男である源義国が下野国足利荘に住し足利氏となった。
- Based in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly in the Kanto region), the family enhanced its reputation as a leader of the samurai families and gained the confidence of the Imperial Court by suppressing civil wars, until eventually it acquired the name 'Ashikaga clan' when MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni, the third son of Yoshiie, settled in Ashikaga Manor, Shimotsuke Province.
- 得宗邸で行われる北条一門や御内人の私的会合である寄合が評定衆による幕府の公式の合議体(評定)に代わって実質上の幕政最高機関となり、専制体制を築く。
- A body made up of the Hojo clan and their miuchibito that held private meetings at the Tokuso residence effectively replaced the bakufu's official advisory body, the Hyojoshu (Council of State), as the highest organ of the shogunate administration and established the autocracy system.
- 「入るや月漏る片庇、ここに刈り取る真柴垣、夕顔棚のこなたよりあらわれ出でたる武智光秀」の勇壮な義太夫で、笠を取った光秀の大見得から後半部が始まる。
- With a heroic Gidayu (Japanese traditional music) (入るや月漏る片庇、ここに刈り取る真柴垣、夕顔棚のこなたよりあらわれ出でたる武智光秀) and Mitsuhide's omie (kabuki's highly theatrical pose) taking off his kasa (a Japanese hat), the last half starts.
- 一方、得意先と年季契約して出張する「廻り髪結い」は大店などに抱えられており、主人からは一回100文前後、ほかの従業員はその半額程度の料金を取った。
- On the other hand, 'Mawarikamiyui' who visited customers with articles of apprenticeship was hired by big stores, and charged the owner around 100 mon each time and his employees about the half price.
- 細部はほとんど伝わっていないが、関羽が髭をしごいて見得をきる型があったらしく、これが「関羽見得」として現在まで伝わっている(『平家女護島』など)。
- Its detail has not been handed down, but there was a 'mie' (a pose) of Kanu by stroking his beard, and this 'Kanu-mie' (a pose of Kanu) has come down up to now (such as in 'Heike nyogo no shima' (The Heike and the Island of Women).
- 初代市川団十郎が坂田金平を主人公にした人形浄瑠璃の台本を舞台用にしたものを上演する際、人形からヒントを得て、紅と墨で描いたのが最初の隈取であった。
- The first Kumadori was done by first generation Danjuro ICHIKAWA after taking a hint from a doll to paint in crimson and charcoal in order to perform theatrical adaptation of a script of ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) as the main character Kinpira SAKATA.
- 主たるモチーフを画面の左下に集め、画面右方を広い空間とする構図法は「残山剰水」「辺角の景」と呼ばれるもので、南宋の画家馬遠が得意としたものである。
- The drawing method, in which the main motifs are gathered together in the lower-left corner of the painting and void space on the right side, is called 'Zanzanjosui' and 'Henkaku no Kei,' which were the specialty of Baen (Ma Yuan), a Chinese painter from the Southern Sung Dynasty.
- 6. 役者の姓一座のほぼ全員が同じ屋号をもつ場合、上記 3 で役者の住所が不明な場合、前進座の役者で歌舞伎の名跡を得ていない場合などにこれが出る。
- 6. Surnames of actors: Used when almost all the co-starring actors share the same yago, and when the address of the actors as the above example No. 3 is unknown, and when the actors belong to Zenshin-za and don't have myoseki (successive names) of kabuki, and so on.
- 父とは打って変わって二代目は立役を得意とした立役で、その豪快な五右衛門は一躍彼の当たり役となり、『山門』以外の演目でも五右衛門を何度も演じている。
- Unlike his father, Hinasuke excelled at acting as 'tachi-yaku' (male part); he was successful in the role of Goemon and he also played Goemon on other programs many times.
- 足利義満は、応永8年(1401年)に僧の祖阿と博多商人の肥富を派遣し、明との交易を申し入れ、明の使者から「永楽の勘合符」を得て、勘合貿易が始まる。
- Kango trade started in 1401 when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA proposed to start the trade with Ming by dispatching a Buddhist monk Soa and a merchant in Hakata Koitomi and received 'Eiraku kangofu' from the envoy of Ming.
- 後に公田そのものが官務を世襲した小槻氏の事実上の所領と化して、そこから地子稲及び地子交易で得られた物資が太政官の経費として捻出されるようになった。
- Later on, Koden became territories of the Ozuki clan who took over the official position, and rice taxes from these territories, as well as commodities obtained through Jishi Koeki were spent as expenses for the Daijokan.
- これらの海賊は、有力な在地領主、神人・供御人の特権を得た沿岸住民などが経済活動の合間に略奪しているケースが多く、国衙の力だけでは追討が困難だった。
- These pirates were in most cases prominent local landowners or coastal residents with privileges such as Jinin or Jugonin (purveyors to the imperial household) that were pirating when not conducting their usual commercial activities and were difficult to control with only the power held by the Kokuga.
- この頃になると、職そのものが、本来の身分的な性格から単なる得分権となり、在地領主的な職を本家や領家が直接保持する場合や、その逆の場合が見られてきた。
- Meanwhile, shiki itself shifted from being an expression of an official position to being the right to tax profit, and there were cases where honke or ryoke directly held the shiki of a local lord, or the other way around meaning local lords holding the shiki of honke or ryoke.
- 掾官はその名の通り掾や目といった下級国司の子孫が土着したものと見られ、衛門府の尉官などの官位を得ていることが多く、国衙で指導的立場にいたと思われる。
- Jokan is, as the name suggests, were regarded as localized lower-ranking kokushi descendants such as jo or sakan, and jokan often attained official ranks such as ikan and so on in emonfu (bureaucracy in the ritsuryo system of governance) and seemed to have been in a position of leadership within the kokuga.
- しかしながら、1960年代に戸田芳実や石井進 (歴史学者)らによる国衙機構に関する研究が進展すると、武士の起源武装農民説はもはや成立し得なくなった。
- However, as research about the kokuga system was advanced by Yoshimi TODA and Susumu ISHII (each of them a historian) in the 1960s, it became impossible to consider that samurai originated in armed farmers.
- この給与は莫大なもので、例えば藤原北家の当主は、職田・位田・職封・位封・資人・季禄など現在の貨幣価値に換算して約3-5億円の収入を国家から得ていた。
- This salary was huge, and for example, the head of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan earned about 300 to 500 million yen by the government when converted to modern currency, which included Shikiden (a rice field provided for Dainagon and the higher rank), Iden (a rice field provided for yuhon-no-shinno or the fifth and higher rank officials), Shikifu (a fief to the Imperial families, higher-rank officers, and shrines and temples), Ifu (a fief to the third rank and higher vassals and princes), Shijin (lower-rank officers provided to the Imperial or noble families and used as a guard or miscellaneous services), and Kiroku (salary paid to the officers under the ritsuryo system).
- 以下、「サブラフ」の語史について述べれば、まず奈良時代には「サモラフ」という語形で登場しており、これが遡り得る最も古い語形であるであると考えられる。
- The following is a brief history of the word 'saburafu'. The oldest form of this word to have been found is 'samorafu', which made its appearance in the Nara period.
- 寛和2年(986年)兼明親王が嵯峨野の亀山に山荘(雄倉殿)造営の際清泉が無いのを嘆き、亀山の神に祈って霊泉を得られたことが『本朝文粋』に記されている。
- It is recorded in 'Honcho monzui' that in 986, Imperial Prince Kaneakira lamented because there was no seisen (pure spring) when he constructed a villa (Oguradono) at Kameyama in Saga-no and prayed to the God of Kameyama, then he could gain a spiritual spring.
- また鎌倉時代初期以前より近衛府の中将や少将(公卿以外の殿上人であっても)は宣旨を得ずに参内に用いることができたが、公卿でないものは無文直衣を使用した。
- Also Chusho (assistant position to Konoe fu) and Shosho (assistant position to Konoe fu, one rank below to Chusho) of Konoe fu (even tenjobito (a high ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) apart from the court nobles) were allowed to wear Noshi in the Palace without receiving Senshi since early Kamakura period, those who were not court nobles wore plain Noshi without a pattern.
- 結局のところ頼通、藤原教通の努力も実を結ぶことがなく、後冷泉天皇は皇子はおろか皇女すら得ることなく病により崩御し、尊仁親王が後三条天皇として即位する。
- Eventually, efforts made by Yorimishi and FUJIWARA no Norimichi wound up to nothing, and Emperor Goreizei passed away due to disease without having any prince and princess, and as a result, Imperial Prince Takahito acceded to the throne as Emperor Gosanjo.
- このとき文部省令の「小学校教則大綱」によって「唱歌ハ平易ナル歌曲ヲ唱フコトヲ得シメ兼テ美感ヲ養ヒ徳性ノ涵養ニ資スルヲ以テ要旨トス」と目的を定められた。
- On this occasion the 'Fundamental Principles of Elementary School Rules' of the Monbusho Order ruled that 'the goal of shoka is enabling students to sing plain songs, and at the same time to cultivate a sense of beauty and to develop virtue.'
- 日本の飴細工では手袋を使う伝統がほとんど見られず、豆炭で熱せられた熱いままの飴を素手で練り加工していくので、火傷の危険とは隣り合わせの技術習得となる。
- In Japanese amezaiku, craftsmen did not put on gloves traditionally and kneaded and shaped hot candy heated on mametan (oval charcoal briquette) with bare hands, where the acquisition of technique goes hand in hand with the danger of burns.
- 12世紀末の治承・寿永の内乱(源平合戦)を経て、初期鎌倉幕府政権は、国追捕使の権限を継承した惣追捕使を各国に設置することについて、朝廷から承認を得た。
- After the Jisho-Juei Civil War (the Genpei War) towards the end of the 12th century, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) at its initial stage gained the approval of the Imperial Court to establish Sotsuibushi (government post in charge of police and military roles), inheriting the rights of koku-tsuibushi, in each province.
- たとえ、刑部省などで死罪が適当とする判決が出されたとしても、3回天皇に覆奏(三覆奏)を行って天皇から許しを得た場合に死罪が執行されることとなっていた。
- Even if the gyobusho (ministry of justice) decided that the death sentence was appropriate, fukuso (reporting to the Emperor after repeating research) was performed three times with the Emperor, and the Emperor had to approve the execution of the death sentence.
- その後行われた、寮自治会と大学当局との話し合いの場で、これまで得ていた確約の引き継ぎを求める寮自治会に対し、西村氏は吉田寮の早急な建て替えを提案する。
- In a meeting in which the council of the dormitory and the university authority participated, Nishimura proposed to reconstruct Yoshida dormitory as soon as possible while the council of the dormitory requested him to keep previous promises.
- 天皇家の御厨は畿内近国に限られており、特権を獲得した供御人やその統括者は渡辺党がその典型であるように西日本における武士の淵源となったとする見解もある。
- The mikuriya of the Imperial Family were limited to Kinai (the five provinces in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto) and provinces nearby, and there is the opinion that Kugonin and their leaders were the origin of warriors in western Japan including the Watanabe-to seen as a typical model for them.
- 同様の枠組みで製作した『サザエさん』の配給は松竹が行なったが、同社は1948年10月に親会社の「マキノ芸能社」が解散したため、畳まざるを得なくなった。
- Distribution of 'Sazaesan,' produced in the same manner, was handled by Shochiku; however, since its parent company, Makino Geinosha, dissolved in October 1948, Makino Eiga was also forced to close.
- 大乗経典の観音経系経典に属し、わずか42文字の最も短い経典として知られる偽経だが、古来ただ何度も唱えるだけでご利益を得られるとされており、人気が高い。
- It is one of the Buddhist scriptures in the lines of the Kannon-gyo Sutra; it has only 42 words and is known as the shortest gikyo (apocryphal scripture), but because it has been said from ancient times that one can receive a blessing by merely repeating it, it is very popular.
- 五代目菊五郎は『盲長屋梅加賀鳶』(加賀鳶)の梅吉や『江戸育御祭左七』(お祭り左七)の左七など町火消役を得意としたが、さまざまな演じ方の口伝を残している。
- Kikugoro the fifth was good at the role of a fireman such as Umekichi in 'Mekuranagaya Umega Kagatobi' known as 'Kagatobi' (The Firefighters of the Kaga clan) or Sashichi in 'Edosodachi Omatsuri Sashichi' (The Festival and Sashichi, a Son of Edo) known as 'Omatsuri Sashichi;' he left oral instructions of various ways of acting.
- タイミング狂言によってさまざまなポイントがあるが、「面張り(とくに揚幕)」「引っ込み」「見得(ツケが入る)」「幕切れの拍子木」にかけるのが一般的である。
- Good timing of kakegoe: It is different for each performance; usually, the audience practices kakegoe while the actors are crossing 'hana-michi' (elevated runway), walking in or out of 'age-maku' (the end of a hana-michi; hana-michi is stretched from age-maku to the stage, actors use it for performing important scenes and entrances and exits), doing 'hikkomi' (exit), performing 'mie' poses and during 'hyoshi-gi' (wooden clappers) are beaten at 'maku-gire' (the end of an act).
- 十和田湖火山噴火に伴う洪水から高台に逃げ出した集落からは、専門に鉄製品を作っていた集落も発掘されており(大館市)蝦夷は鉄を朝廷側から得る必要も無かった。
- The settlement specializing in iron products was found in Odate City from the settlements that had escaped the flood caused by the eruption of the volcano in Lake Towada-ko, thus demonstrating that the Emishi didn't need to obtain even iron from the Imperial Court.
- そして803年(延暦22年)、勘解由使の菅野真道により『撰定交替式』(延暦交替式)が編纂され、桓武天皇の裁可を得て、正式な国司交替の例規として扱われた。
- Then in 803 SUGANO no Mamichi, a kageyushi, compiled 'Sentei kotaishiki' (literally, selected kotaishiki) (Enryaku kotaishiki) (literally, kotaishiki in the Enryaku era), approved by Emperor Kanmu and was handled as the rules covering official replacement of kokushi.
- 元木泰雄は、この時点で頼朝は王権擁護者の地位を得たとし、宣旨による頼朝の最大の成果は、東国行政権というよりも王権擁護者の地位だったとの見解を示している。
- Yasuo MOTOKI presents his view that Yoritomo gained a position as a supporter of the royal authority at this time, and the foremost achievement of Yoritomo gained by the decree was the position of a supporter of the royal authority rather than the administrative authority over the Togoku region.
- 「追捕官符」に基づき、一国棟梁たる軍事貴族らは家人である武士団(田堵負名層(在地領主層))を率いて謀叛や蜂起を鎮圧すると、軍事貴族自らも恩賞を獲得した。
- Suppressing revolts and rebellions by leading their private warrior bands (whose constituents were the Tato fumyo class who were also local lords) under 'tsuibu kanpu,' the military nobles earned rewards.
- 戦闘に堪え得る乗馬と鎧、そして馬を乗りこなしての騎射(弓)の訓練ができる者とは、平安時代後期ではごく一握りの特種技能集団でしかあり得なかったはずである。
- Only a handful of special skill unit forces existed during the late Heian period, that could go through horseback training, wear armor, and practice horseback skills that could stand battle, and could shoot arrows while riding a horse.
- 実質的に全国の土地を支配していた武士を天皇が直接支配することは全く前例のないことである上、性急な政策であったため武士たちの支持を得ることはできなかった。
- Over and above the fact that to the samurai, who had owned the lion's share of land throughout the country, having the Emperor assert direct control over that land was entirely unprecedented, Emperor Godaigo's government was also impetuous, ensuring that it would not receive the support of the samurai class.
- 事実、受領になると巨額の富を得ることができたため、国司に任命されるために人事権に強い影響を及ぼしうる摂関家へ取り入る者が後を絶たなかったと言われている。
- In fact, since the zuryo was in the position to accumulate an immense amount of wealth, it is said that an endless stream of people ingratiated themselves to the sekkanke (the aristocratic families of regents and advisers), which had a great influence over personnel issues, in order to attain the post of the kokushi.
- いずれも租税免除を目的とした動きであり、不輸権だけでなく、不入権(田地調査のため中央から派遣される検田使の立ち入りを認めない権利)を得る荘園も出現した。
- The moves were for the purpose of tax exemption and the shoens which had not only the right of tax exemption but also funyu no ken (the right to keep kendenshi (investigator of a rice field), who were sent from the central government for the survey of rice field, from entering the property) also appeared.
- しかし、室町時代に大成した本覚思想と相まって現実の世界や愛欲の煩悩を積極的に肯定して、交会(性行為)の儀式を以って悟りを得ようと解釈する向きが強まった。
- However, combined with Hongaku philosophy which was perfected in the Muromachi period, it actively accepted the real world and sexuality and tended to awaken by sex.
- 道長は翻意するよう(形式的に)説得するが敦明親王の意思は固く、結果として後一条天皇の皇太弟である敦良親王(のちの後朱雀天皇)が新たに東宮として立てられる。
- Although Michinaga persuaded Imperial Prince Atsuakira to change his mind (in form), his intention was resolute, and as a result, Imperial Prince Atsunaga (later Emperor Gosuzaku), younger brother of Emperor Goichijo, was named as the new Crown Prince.
- 選叙令に従五位下以上の官人(貴族)が致仕する場合には必ず上表をして天皇の許可を得ることとなっていたため、貴族が官職を退く際には辞表が行われるようになった。
- Under the Senjoryo (the regulations for the recruitment and promotion of government officials), when government officials (nobles) of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and over wished to resign his positions, they had to get the Emperor's permission; so it became a custom that they wrote a Jihyo when nobles resigned from government posts.
- この間、室町幕府を打倒しこれにとってかわった織田信長の後継者たる地位を得た豊臣秀吉が関白となり、その権威を以って天下に惣無事令を発し、諸国の戦乱を禁じた。
- During the same period, in the central government, Nobunaga ODA overthrew Muromachi bakufu and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI became Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) as a successor of Nobunaga and issued with his authority sobuji rei (Peace edicts) throughout the nation to ban wars in all the provinces.
- いままでの諸事に厩戸の策略があったことを悟った毛人は、厩戸に二人が結べば万物を自由に動かす力が実現されこの世を意のままにできるから共に生きようと説得される
- Emishi who saw through Emayado's schemes was persuaded by Umayado to live together, because if they were united, they could get the power to control all nature freely and twist the world around their little fingers.
- 江戸幕府の征夷大将軍徳川吉宗の助力と関白一条兼香の補佐を得て朝廷の儀式の復古に力を入れ、大嘗祭の再復活や新嘗祭、奉幣使などの他の儀礼の復活にも力を注いだ。
- He had the help and support of the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, and the chancellor (chief adviser to the Emperor), Kaneka ICHIJO, and accordingly he endeavored to restore the events of the Imperial Palace, such as the Great Thanksgiving Service (after the Emperor's enthronement), or other events such as the Harvest Festival and Hohen shi (an imperial messenger to a Shinto shrine).
- ゆえに、一つの国がある院宮家の分国であると同時に、ある貴族・寺社の知行国であるという状況も十分あり得たのであり、実際そうした事例もあったと考えられている。
- Therefore, it could occur that a province was not only a bunkoku (a province under control) of an Innomiya family but also a chigyo-koku province under control of a noble, shrine or temple, and it is considered that such examples existed actually.
- このことは、耕作者である作人(さくにん)が直接の年貢負担者としての地位を獲得したこと、そして名主・荘官層が加地子を得るだけの地位に低下したことを意味する。
- The above indicates the fact that sakunin, cultivator, obtained the status as a direct bearer of the burden of nengu while the status of myoshu/shokan declined to the one only gaining Kajishi.
- 敦明は、皇太子の地位と引き換えに、太上天皇に准じた待遇を得て、さらに道長の娘婿となることを交換条件として提示し、道長に承諾させたうえで皇太子を退いている。
- Atsuaki indicated the exchange conditions to obtain treatment equivalent to that of the Retired Emperor and also becoming Michinaga's son-in-law in exchange for the position of Crown Prince, and got Michinaga to agree before leaving the position of Crown Prince.
- 南朝は、北朝が保持していた三種の神器(南朝は贋物であると主張)を渡し、政権を返上することなどを条件に和睦に応じ、10月には尊氏は南朝に降伏して綸旨を得る。
- The Southern Court agreed to peace under conditions such as the return of the Three Sacred Treasures that the Northern Court held (the Southern Court claimed that they had fakes in their possession) and the administration, and in October, Takauji surrendered to the Southern Court and received the Imperial order.
- 鎌倉時代には陸奥国・下野国・常陸国の他にも出雲国、但馬国、伊勢国、駿河国、備中国、上野国、出羽国、越後国などでも地頭職を得ており、各地に分流が派生している。
- During the Kamakura Period, the Date clan was appointed as jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) not only in Mutsu Province, Shimotsuke Province and Hitachi Province, but also in other provinces including Izumo Province, Tajima Province, Ise Province, Suruga Province, Bicchu Province, Kozuke Province, Dewa Province and Echigo Province, which helped its branch families spread in those areas.
- そこで秀吉が多くの学識者から意見を聴取した結果、朝廷より源平藤橘(源氏・平氏・藤原氏・橘氏の総称)に匹敵する新姓を賜ることが公明正大であるという結論を得た。
- Then, after consulting many academic experts, Hideyoshi reached a conclusion that it would be justifiable to be granted a newly created honsei (original name) by the Imperial Court, matching the genpeitokitsu (general term of four major honseis : the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, the Fujiwara clan, and the Tachibana clan).
- 隈取は初代の市川団十郎が浄瑠璃の人形にヒントを得て創作したものといわれ、顔の血管や筋肉を誇張するために描かれたもので、役柄により、施される隈取や色が異なる。
- Kumadori was supposedly created after the first generation Danjuro ICHIKAWA took a hint from dolls of Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment), and painted in order to stress the blood vessels and muscles of face, and Kumadori and color differed depending on the role.
- 加地子(かじし)は、日本の中世において、荘園領主・国衙(国司)へ納入する年貢・地子の他に、名主などの在地領主に対して納入した米(作得米)を指す租税の一形態。
- The term Kajishi (加地子) means rice (sakutokumai) delivered as a tax to a resident land-owner like myoshu (owner of rice fields) in the Japanese medieval period on top of nengu (customs)/jishi (land tax) for the lord of shoen (manor)/kokuga (provincial government officials) (kokushi (provincial governor)).
- 行年とは男は生まれた年を寅年として、その後は年毎に十二支の順に従って進み、女性は生まれた年を申年としてその後は年毎に十二支の逆に進めて得られる十二支のこと。
- Gyonen is one of 12 signs of junishi obtained, in the case of men, by counting one year for one sign in order of junishi on the premise that their year of birth is the year of the tiger and in the case of women, obtained by counting one year for one sign in reverse order of junishi on the premise that their year of birth is the year of the monkey.
- また幕府が当初、農民に限定した徳政令を発布して事態の収拾に乗り出したのに対し、公家や武家も含む一国平均の徳政令を要求し、支配者層の支持をも得ようとしている。
- From the shogunate which set out to settle the situation by spreading Tokuseirei exclusively for the farming population, the uprisers demanded that Tokuseirei be issued throughout the country including the court nobles and samurai in order to obtain support from the ruling classes.
- 江戸時代に初演された人形浄瑠璃・歌舞伎の『義経千本桜』は大当りとなり、劇中の舞踊「道行初音旅(みちゆきはつねのたび)」も好評を得て、吉野山の愛称で呼ばれる。
- A ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) and kabuki story titled 'Yoshitsune Senbonzakura' (Yoshitsune and One Thousand Cherry Trees) was played for the first time in the Edo period and became a big hit, and 'Michiyuki Hatsune no Tabi,' a dance number performed in the story, also gained a good reputation and was affectionately called Mt. Yoshino.
- 生まれたのは愛媛県松山市道後温泉の奥谷である宝厳寺の一角といわれ、元弘4年(1334年)に同族得能通綱によって「一遍上人御誕生舊跡」の石碑が建てられている。
- It is said that he was born at a corner of Hogon-ji Temple located in the deep valley of Dogo-onsen Hot Spring in Matsuyama City, Ehime Prefecture, and a stone monument which is inscribed 'Ippen Shonin Birthplace Site' was built there in 1334 by Michitsuna TOKUNO who had come from the same family.
- この事件を契機として、以後、追捕官符を根拠として、国司は追捕のため国内の人夫を動員する権限を獲得することとなり、積極的に群盗海賊の鎮圧に乗り出すようになった。
- After this incident, based on Tsuibu-kanpu, kokushi acquired the right to mobilize laborers to capture criminals who had fled, coming to combat robbers and pirates actively.
- 知行国(ちぎょうこく)とは、古代・中世の日本において、有力貴族・寺社・武家が特定の令制国の知行権(国務権・吏務ともいう)を獲得し収益を得た制度、およびその国。
- Chigyo-koku indicates the provincial system and province in ancient and medieval Japan in which dominant nobles, shrines or temples acquired chigyo-ken (also called Kokumu-ken or rimu) (the right to manage the province) and obtained their revenues from there.
- また、田堵の側にとっても、権利関係が不安定なままで田地経営を行うよりも、国司の公認を得て、安定した権利関係の上で田地を経営することには大きなメリットがあった。
- The system, which gave tato farmers the official right to cultivate land with the acknowledgement of territorial governors, also brought considerable advantages to these farmers, who had had to maintain their land in unstable social relationships.
- 即ち、地方武士の多くは自己保存のために利害を共有できる権威・権力者と複数の主従関係を持つことで、独立と自己保存、そして勢力拡大の機会を獲得していったのである。
- In other words, many local samurai managed to secure independence, survival and opportunities to expand their territory by establishing multiple relationships with powerful and influential individuals who shared mutual interests.
- 同年、九州から再び東上した足利軍は、持明院統の光厳上皇の院宣を得て、5月に湊川の戦いにおいて宮方を撃破し、光厳上皇を奉じて入京、ここに新政は2年半で瓦解する。
- That same year, the Ashikaga army once again marched east towards the capital from Kyushu, and having obtained an Imperial edict from retired Emperor Kogon of the Jimyoin lineage, in the fifth month they crushed Emperor Godaigo's loyalist forces at the battle of the Minato river; in obedience to retired Emperor Kogon, they entered the capital and thus marked the downfall of the new government, after just two and a half years.
- 「修二会」は1667年(寛文7年)に二月堂が火災で失われたときも三月堂で行われ、物資難から諸々の行事が中止せざるを得なかった太平洋戦争の戦中戦後も続けられた。
- Even when Nigatsu-do Hall was lost by fire in 1667 'Shuni-e' was held in Sangatsu-do Hall and during and after the Pacific War, when various events had to be cancelled because of wartime shortage, it continued to be held.
- これに対し、法華経後半部14品、特に如来寿量品で、釈迦仏は菩提樹下で悟ったのではなく、実は久遠の大昔に悟りを得た久遠実成(くおんじつじょう)であったと説いた。
- Opposing to that in the latter 14 chapters of Hokekyo, especially in Nyorai Juryo Hon, it is preached that Shaka didn't earn enlightenment under the Bodhi tree, but really, he was Kuon Jitsujo, or a Buddha who already earned enlightenment a very long time ago, in eternal past.
- 前漢の高祖劉邦は皇帝になってから、「朕は沛公からはじめて暴虐を誅し、ついに天下を得た」として、挙兵の地である沛を自分の湯沐邑にして、沛の税や労役負担を軽減した。
- When the Emperor of Gaozu Liu Bang of the Former Han took the throne, he said 'At first, I was named Haiko, then I defeated tyranny, and finally I came to power.' and he made Hai, where he raised an army, his own Tomokuyu to reduce taxes and labor service.
- 鎌倉時代の守護が国内の軍事警察権を持つにとどまっていたのに対し、室町期の守護は、半済で得た権益を元に、軍事警察権のみならず荘園領主や国衙の権能を吸収していった。
- While provincial constables in the Kamakura period simply had military police powers, those in the Muromachi period gradually absorbed the powers of the lords of manors and the kokuga (provincial government offices) as well as the military police powers, based on the interests obtained in 'Hanzei.'
- しかし梁田広正や滝川一益でも同様の敵地への領地替えが行われて旧領はしばらく安堵されていたので、これは新領獲得まで旧領安堵するという当時の作法ではという説がある。
- However, as similar transference of the fief to enemy's territory was carried out for Hiromasa YANADA and Kazumasu TAKIGAWA and their former fiefs were guaranteed for a certain time period, there is a view that it was a custom at that time to guarantee the former fief until the new fief is in fact acquired.
- 守護大名(しゅごだいみょう)は、軍事・警察権能だけでなく、経済的権能をも獲得し、一国内に領域的・一円的な支配を強化していった室町時代の守護を表す日本史上の概念。
- The shugo daimyo is a concept in Japanese history that refers to the shugo of the Muromachi period, who acquired not only the function of the military and law enforcement but also the economic power, and strengthened the territorial, pervasive control over a province.
- 軍事動員を必要とするときは、国衙から太政官へ上申し、太政官から「発兵勅符」を得た上で、国衙が国内の各戸から兵を徴発したり健児を動員するという方式で対応していた。
- When military mobilization was required, kokuga (provincial government offices) reported to the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), received 'a charter to send troops' from the Daijokan, and conscripted soldiers from domestic households or mobilized kondei (regular soldiers guarding kokubu (ancient provincial offices) or sekisho (checking stations)).
- 「弘法筆を択ばず」という噂俗言があるが、これは、「どんな筆でも立派に書き得るだけの力量がある」という意で、学書の時、どんな悪い筆を使ってもよいという意ではない。
- There is a proverb saying, 'A poor workman complains of his tools,' implying that 'a person who has skills can write beautifully using any sort of brush,' but it doesn't mean that people can use poor-quality brushes while learning calligraphy.
- 特に急進派の団体で、昭和40~50年代の過激派全盛期の各党派の新人活動家獲得のための勧誘活動になぞらえ自派の折伏活動をオルグ(オルガナイザー)と呼ぶ場合がある。
- Especially in some radical organizations, their own shakubuku activities are sometimes called Orugu (organizer) using an analogy from inducement activities for acquiring new activists by each party sect during the heyday of radical groups from 1965 to 1975.
- 従って、日蓮がいみじくも指摘したように、摂受も折伏も異なるように見えるが、仏の正しい法へと導くための大事な手だてであり、どちらも離れて存在し得ない化導法である。
- Therefore, as it was quite appropriately described by Nichiren, that both shoju and shakubuku are important means for leading people to the true teaching of Buddhism, although the terms appear to be different but they were united in Kedo-ho (means of enlightening and leading people to goodness) and they cannot exist separately.
- 1180年代の治承・寿永の乱の結果、東国に鎌倉幕府が成立し、独自の支配権を獲得していたが、治天として専制を指向する後鳥羽には、幕府の存在が我慢ならないものだった。
- In 1180 as the result of the Jisho, Juei War, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) was established in the eastern province and had their own right to rule the government, however Gotoba who had the absolute power to direct a despotic government as Chiten, he could not stand the existence of the bakufu.
- 式部との逢瀬(おうせ)のために、伝染病が猖獗(しょうけつ)していた平安京を夜な夜な彷徨(ほうこう)したため、自身も病を得、26歳という若さで薨去(こうきょ)した。
- He wandered around Heiankyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto), where serious epidemics were spreading, to meet Izumi Shikibu, and as a result he also acquired a disease and died young at 26 years old.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)の戦乱の中で幼くして両親を失ったが、新田義貞・脇屋義助らに奉戴され1346年、白鹿の年号を用いて天下に号令を掛けた北陸朝廷の天皇(得江文書)。
- He lost his parents when he was little in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but in 1346, being enthroned by Yoshisada NITTA, Yoshisuke WAKIYA and others, commanded the country using the name of the era of Hakushika, and became the Emperor in the Hokuriku Imperial Court (Tokue monjo, documents of Tokue).
- 当主の座を得た高清は近江に在ったが、その後継を巡って、次男の京極高吉を押す高清らと、長男の京極高延を押す浅井亮政らの間で争いが生じ、高清は亮政らに敗れ追放される。
- Takakiyo who obtained the position of the family head was in Omi, but a conflict occurred over the inheritance thereafter between Takakiyo, who backed his second son Takayoshi KYOGOKU, and Koremasa AZAI, who backed Takakiyo's first son Takanobu KYOGOKU, and Takakiyo was defeated by Koremasa and others and expelled.
- 僧が「漁師の許可を得てここを借りているのだ」というと、この塩屋は自分のものだから、地元のものが勝手に人をとめるはずはない、僧がうそをいっているのではないかと疑う。
- When the monk says 'I'm here with the permission of the fisherman,' the owner suspects that the monk might be telling a lie because surely the local people wouldn't let others stay here.
- もともと後白河と清盛は高倉天皇の擁立という点で利害が一致していただけで、平氏一門と院近臣の間には官位の昇進や知行国・荘園の獲得などを巡り、鋭い対立関係が存在した。
- Although Emperor Goshirakawa and Kiyomori had the same interest in having Emperor Takakura succeed to the throne, there were severe opposing views between the Taira clan and In Kinshin in terms of official government promotions or acquisition of an estate, a province, or a manor.
- 「疑着の相できつくなっても、芯はあくまで娘でなくてはいけないのです。鱶七に刺されて、納得して、本心の娘に戻って求女のことを思い続けて喜んで死んでいくのですから。」
- Although jealousy makes her look harsh, she is a lady deep inside. Because when Fukashichi stabs her, she understands and dies with pleasure as a lady, what her true soul is, keeping her love for Motome.'
- 「落とし噺」や「人情噺」が素で上演されるのに対して、芝居のような書割や音曲を利用し、場合によっては演者が立って芝居のごとき見得をしたりする演目を「芝居噺」という。
- Otoshi-banashi and ninjo-banashi are both performed simply by talking, but in contrast shibai-banashi are staged like a shibai (theatrical performance or play), in which a kakiwari (stage setting) and music are used, and occasionally the performer may stands up and pose as part of the performance.
- こういった工夫された食器の使用は一つの解決策ではあるが、その一方では止むに止まれぬ個々の事情により「犬食いをせざるを得ない」ということへの理解も重要だと言えよう。
- Using these well-devised eating utensils is one of the solution for Inugui, however, on the other hand, it is important for us to understand that 'some people are forced to eat like a dog' because of individual unavoidable reasons.
- 強力な権限を獲得した国司は、国内に自らの行政権をあまねく及ぼすため、行政機能の強化を目的として、国衙に政所(公文所)・田所・税所・検非違使所などの機関を設置した。
- Kokushi who were given great authority established, with the aim of demonstrating their executive power and strengthening administrative function, various organs at kokuga (provincial government offices), including mandokoro (administrative board), kumonjo (administration office), tadokoro, zeidokoro (tax office) and kebiishi dokoro (police and judicial office) etc.
- 国司は封戸物・正税物の調達に苦しみ、やむを得ず国内の土地に便補所(べんぽしょ、便宜上それに当てる場所)を設定して、そこから上がる官物で肩代わりさせるようになった。
- The Kokushi (officers of local government) struggled to collect Fukomotsu and Shozeimotsu and had to set Benbojo (places that were designated for convenience) within their province and used the crops collected in these fields to pay the taxes.
- 細川氏や三好氏といった家臣によって追放されていた足利将軍家の将軍を京都に連れ戻して保護を与えることは、失われた秩序の回復者としての名誉を得ることだったからである。
- It was because it was an honor as the recuperator of the ost order to bring back the shogun of the Ashikaga family, who was expelled by a vassal such as the Hosokawa and Miyoshi clans, to Kyoto and guard him.
- 皇太子・皇太孫を除く親王・内親王・王・女王は、やむを得ない特別の事由があるときは、本人の意思に関わらず、皇室会議の判断で、皇族の身分を離れる(皇室典範11条2項)。
- If there are compelling reasons, Imperial Princes, Imperial Princesses, Princes and Princesses – excluding the Crown Prince and the Son of the Crown Prince – can lose their Imperial status regardless of the their own will, based on the decision made by the Imperial Household Council (Clause 2, Article 11 of the Imperial Household Act).
- 関連して、中華人民共和国側が天皇に金印を授けようとして側近があわてて断り事なきを得る、事前には訪中は天皇の意思であるという吹聴がなされた、などのエピソードが伝わる。
- In addition, there are other strange stories in connection with this visit as follows: When People's Republic of China tried to confer the Kin-in (the Golden Seal of the King of Japan) to the Emperor, the close aides could narrowly save a difficult situation by hastily refusing the proposal, There was a rumor circulating before the visit that the Emperor himself decided to visit China, and so on.
- また、後光明天皇の崩御直後にその弟の後西天皇の即位を渋る(後西天皇が仙台藩伊達綱宗の従兄弟であったため)幕府を説得して即位を実現させたのも彼女の尽力によるとされる。
- She also persuaded the Tokugawa shogunate, who refused to accept Emperor Gosai's enthronement immediately after his older brother, Emperor Gokomyo died. (due to Emperor Gosai being a second cousin of Tsunamune DATE of the Sendai Domain.)
- 聖たちは、山林修行や諸国遊行を主としながらも造寺・造塔、写経、供養、鋳鐘、架橋や道路・港湾建設の勧進などの多彩な活動を通じて、民衆からの尊崇と支持を獲得していった。
- While the hijiri mainly underwent training in mountain forest, or wandered among various provinces, they obtained respect and support from common people, through various activities including building temples, pagodas, copying of a sutra, kuyo (a memorial service for the dead), casting bells, promoting the building of bridges, roads, and harbors.
- 同時に、任国の旧地頭層の系譜をひく国人領主を被官として従属させ、院宮王臣家や寺社の荘園にも守護請など一定の収税権を獲得するなど、強い勢力基盤を形成するようになった。
- At the same time, they made the descendents of a Jito (military land steward) called Kokujin ryoshu (local samurai) their subordinates, acquired the authority to collect taxes from shoen owned by Ingu oshinke, temples and shrines, and strengthened their power base.
- 寺子屋では、「読書算」と呼ばれる読書・習字・算数の基礎的な知識の習得に留まらず、地理・人名・書簡の作成法など、実生活に必要とされる内容の教育が総合的に行われていた。
- The Terakoya not only taught basic reading, writing and calculation, but also a comprehensive curriculum that included subjects required for daily life such as geography, people names and preparing letters.
- これによって一族の財産や地位の分散を最小限に止め、血筋の尊貴さと正当性を有する嫡流は氏族の栄達を成し遂げ得る存在であり、庶流とも官位などの面で大きな差がつけられた。
- This minimized the risk of dispersing their fortunes and ranks; chakuryu, who held nobility and legitimacy of blood, were those who could advance the status of their clans and were greatly favored over the shoryu in terms of official ranks, for example.
- だが、清寧天皇2年(481年)、市辺押磐皇子の子である億計王(後の仁賢天皇)・弘計王(後の顕宗天皇)の兄弟を播磨で発見したとの情報を得、使者を立てて明石に迎えさせる。
- However, in 481, he obtained information that Oke no Mikoto (which was written as '億計王' in Japanese, who was the future Emperor Ninken) and his younger brother Oke no Mikoto (which was written as '弘計王' in Japanese, who was the future Emperor Kenzo), who were both sons of Ichinohe (or Ichinobe) no Oshiha no Miko, were discovered in Harima, thereby sending an envoy to Akashi to fetch them.
- 鎌倉時代は源頼朝と遠縁として、また父が頼朝の父 源義朝と浅からぬ縁があったこと、頼朝の御台所 北条政子の妹を正室としたこともあり、幕府の信望を得て門葉として遇された。
- During the Kamakura period, he was treated as Monyo (meaning a blood relation) having won the trust of the bakufu because he was a distant relative to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, his father had a close relationship with Yoritomo's father (Yoshitomo), and his legitimate wife was a sister of Masako HOJO, who was Yoritomo's wife.
- 北条氏の得宗専制体制は強化されるが、元寇以後には、元寇の戦功に応じた恩賞を受けられず没落する御家人が増加し、執権の地位は有名無実化し、諸国では悪党の活動が活発化する。
- Although the Tokuso autocracy system of the Hojo clan had been strengthened, after the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, there was an increase of in the number of gokenin who became bankrupt having received no reward in return for their service in repelling the Mongol invasion attempts; consequently, the position of regent became symbolic and gangsters increased their activities in various provinces.
- 富籤は頼母子(無尽)、とくに取退無尽(とりのきむじん)が変じたもので、頼母子は出資者数が少なく獲得額に限度があり、射幸心を充分には満足させられないなどの理由があった。
- Tomikuji was developed from tanomoshi (a mutual credit association) and especially from torinoki mujin, because tanomoshi had only a few sponsors and limited amount of prize money, it couldn't satisfy people's speculative spirits.
- その政治権力を背景として、有力貴族らが縁者や係累を特定の国の受領に任命することが徐々に慣例化していき、現地へ赴任した受領の俸料・得分を自らの経済的収益としたのである。
- With their political power as a background, it gradually became a custom that powerful nobles appointed their relatives or dependents to zuryo of specific provinces, and they acquired, as their revenues, the salary and tax gained by the zuryo they sent to the provinces.
- この延喜期の既得権剥奪によって経済基盤を失おうとしている瀬戸内沿岸の衛府舎人らは、自らの権益を主張し続けていたが、承平期に至ってついに海賊行為を展開することとなった。
- Facing the loss of their economic basis due to the deprivation of the vested rights in the Engi era, the Efutoneri along the Seto Inland Sea continued claiming their rights, and entering the Johei era, took the action of piracy.
- 負名は、私出挙により得た50%の利子のうち30%分を公出挙の利子として地方機関に納入すれば残りの20%を正倉管理料、運用請負費用等として自分のものとすることが出来た。
- If Fumyo paid 30% of the total interest of 50% obtained through Shi-Suiko to local administrative organizations as interest for Ku-Suiko, they were allowed to keep the remaining 20% for themselves as a management fee for the Shoso and the cost for undertaking the operation, etc.
- かつ、「遊仙窟」の注に「以(レ)玉刻為(二)獅子(一)、安(二)牀頭(一)、避(二)鬼魅(一)、竝得(レ)鎮(二)押氈席(一)」((一)(二)(レ)は返り点)とある。
- In addition, in the annotation of 'Yusenkutsu' (a Chinese novel by Chosaku in the Tang-Dynasty period), there is a description, 'To place stone-carved shishi lion in a bedroom is effective to avert monsters, goblins, and ghosts as well as to press the carpet.'
- 馬の中のごく一部がそれに堪えられたとすれば、武士という一握りの特種技能集団が成立し得る条件を備えているのは、関東においてはそもそもが馬の牧場を意味する「牧」であった。
- The 'maki' (pasture for horses and cattle, written as '牧') was originally defined as a horse farm (written as 牧場) in Kanto region and provided the condition where a handful of bushi with special units could formalize if only a few of those horses could stand training.
- 辺将による納税の論告を行い、三浦代官の協力を得た上ながら海賊行為を働いた者を捕らえ処刑するなど、それまで恒居倭に対し行えなかった検断権・徴税権行使を試みるようになる。
- The Dynasty tried to exercise their administrative powers such as the police authority, the legal jurisdiction, and the authority of tax collection that they had not been able to exercise against kokyowa until then, and the Dynasty told hensho (commanders who guard the border of the territory) to remind the residents of their obligation of tax payment, and furthermore, they arrested and executed those who had piracy activities with the support from the local governor in Sanpo.
- しかし、ここでは釈迦仏はいまだインドで誕生して菩提樹下で悟りを得た始成正覚(しじょうしょうがく)として、本仏が迹(あと)を垂れた、仮に現した姿を説いた法門にすぎない。
- However, they are still only preachings by Shaka as Shijo Shogaku, or one who was born in India and earned enlightenment below the Bodhi Tree, with Buddha in temporary appearance.
- それを読むと因縁所生法、我説即是空、亦名為仮名、亦是中道義の文を見て、その文字の中に不二法門に入り、一心三観の観法を開悟会得し、それを南岳慧思に授けた、とされている。
- According to Madhyamaka-karika, Ryuju saw the line of 因縁所生法、我説即是空、亦名為仮名、亦是中道義, and entered Funihomon in those letters, attained kanpo (meditative training to reach enlightenment) in the isshin sangan (threefold contemplation in a single mind), and gave it to Nangaku Eshi.
- それに続き、若嶌權四郎の後継者とされていた23代横綱大木戸森右エ門の横綱免許取得を巡る対立から、五条家頼みの綱である大阪相撲と吉田司家との間に亀裂を招く結果をも招いた。
- In addition to that, the conflict over the yokozuna license acquisition by Yokozuna Moriemon OKIDO, the twenty-third, who was supposed to be the successor to Gonshiro WAKASHIMA, resulted in a rift between the Yoshida Tsukasa family and the Gojo family's last hope, the Osaka zumo.
- ヒロイン板額は「面はさほど見苦しゅうもござれども、関取相撲を見るやうな大丈夫、力の強いばかりが取り得」と原作の浄瑠璃にあるごとく歌舞伎の中でも有数の力の或る女性である。
- The heroin, Hangaku, is one of few foremost powerful women in Kabuki as described in the original joruri that 'she is not so ugly, but looks so strong as a sekitori (sumo wrestler), which is only her redeeming feature.'
- これは地方の領主達にとって負担も確かに大きいものの、一方で「ハレ」の場であり、中央の勢力とのコネクションを得る為にもと意気込み、それがまた「武士身分の獲得」ともなった。
- While it proved to be a heavy burden for district lords, it was the place of 'hare' (the non-ordinary space and time of ceremonies), and they were eager to obtain power and connections of the central government, and also attain the 'establishment of samurai social status.'
- しかし、このような新政策は、当然、既得権を侵害される貴族・大寺社の抵抗や全国統一政権としての性格を強めつつあった幕府の規制を受けて充分な成果を挙げることはできなかった。
- However, such new measures naturally did not attain sufficient results because of resistance from aristocrats, large temples and shrines that had their privileges infringed upon and the restrictions imposed by the bakufu, which was strengthening its character as a united national government.
- また、中世になり武門の家が確立した後でも、それとは別に朝廷の武官に相当する職種が一応存在したが、たとえこの官職を得ても、武士身分出身でなければ武士とは認められなかった。
- And even after the military families were established in medieval times, apart from this, the post corresponding to the military officer in the Imperial Court existed, but he could not be admitted as bushi unless coming from samurai status even though he got the government post.
- 俘囚という地位は、辺境の人を下位に置こうとする朝廷の態度が作ったものであるが、俘囚たちは無税の条件を基盤に、前記の事実上の交易をも利用して、大きな力を得るようになった。
- Although Fushu was a position created by the Imperial Court who intended to set frontiersmen at the lower rank, they gradually gained power based on their tax-free condition and through the trading system, as mentioned earlier.
- 鎌倉時代には、得宗家は専属の被官である御内人、家政機関(公文所)と所領を持ち、諸国の守護職や、六波羅探題をはじめ幕府の要職の過半を占める北条一門の最上位に位置づけられた。
- In the Kamakura period, the Tokuso family had their own miuchibito (vassals who served as low-level bureaucrats), Kumonjo (office of administration), and territory, and were the most senior family in the Hojo clan, which held the position of shugoshiki (provincial constable) in various provinces and the majority of the most important posts in the bakufu, such as that of head of the Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto).
- その後、辰五郎役は市村羽左衛門 (15代目)、尾上松緑 (2代目)、中村勘三郎 (17代目)、そして尾上菊五郎 (7代目)と、江戸前の世話物を得意とする役者が勤めている。
- Later, the role of Tatsugoro was performed by Uzaemon ICHIMURA the fifteenth, Shoroku ONOE the second, Kanzaburo NAKAMURA the seventeenth, and Kikugoro ONOE the seventh, who were all good at acting in the Edo-style sewamono drama.
- 建武 (日本)2年(1335年)に中先代の乱の鎮圧のため勅状を得ないまま東国に出向いた足利尊氏が、乱の鎮圧に付き従った将士に鎌倉で独自に恩賞を与えるなど新政から離反する。
- In 1335, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who had traveled to eastern Japan without obtaining an imperial edict in order to suppress the Nakasendai Rebellion, became disaffected with the new government and privately rewarded the swordsmen who had accompanied him to suppress the rebellion.
- そして、国の下部組織である郡、郷、別名、保、条、院や、一円化してまとまった領域を形成するようになった荘園の管理者としての資格を得て、在地領主としての地位を獲得していった。
- They obtained the status of administrator of the local organization of the nation, meaning gun, go, bechimyo, ho, jo, and in, as well as that of shoen which had a large territory through ichienka, and eventually they became local lords.
- この軍制は、追捕官符を兵力動員の法的根拠とし、兵力動員権を得た受領から国押領使へ指揮権が委任され、国押領使が国内兵力を軍事編成して追捕活動にあたる、というシステムである。
- With tsuibu kanpu used as the legal basis for mobilizing soldiers, this military system worked as follows: The zuryo provided with the right to mobilize soldiers entrusted the right of controlling them to Oryoshi in the province, and the Oryoshi organized soldiers in the province into a military system to conduct activities to capture rebels.
- 後白河は義仲の傲慢な態度に憤っていたと思われるが、平氏追討のためには義仲の武力に頼らざるを得ないのが現状であり、義仲に平家没官領140余箇所を与えている(『平家物語』)。
- It is considered that Goshirakawa was irate about Yoshinaka's arrogance, but since he had no choice but to rely on Yoshinaka's force to search and kill the Taira clan, he gave Yoshinaka some 140 Heike Mokkanryo (land rights confiscated by Kamakura bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] from the Taira family) ('The Tale of the Heike).
- 何ぞ文部省側の主張の如く一時の変態として之を看過するを得んや」「日本帝国に於て真に人格の判定を為すの標準は知識徳行の優劣より先づ国民的情操、即ち大義名分の明否如何に在り。
- How can we allow this to be overlooked as suggested by the Education Ministry, because it was just a temporary anomaly?'; 'In Imperial Japan, the true way of determining character is not by knowledge or good deeds but by national emotions, in other words, the cause.
- 鎌倉時代後期から、名門武家・公家を始めとする旧来の支配勢力は、生産力向上に伴い力をつけてきた国人・商人・農民などによって、その既得権益を侵食され没落の一途をたどっていた。
- Since the late Kamakura period, old-established ruling powers including celebrated samurai families and court nobles suffered gradual deprivation of their vested interest by kokujin, merchants, and farmers, who had been gaining power along with the enhancement of productivity, and were in a consistent process of downfall.
- 関係者全員死罪を主張しながら、周囲の説得により手ぬるい幕府の処分案に同意せざるを得なくなった後陽成帝は、ままならぬ状況に絶望し、これ以降しばしば譲位を口にするようになる。
- Emperor Goyozei, persuaded by his aides into accepting the Bakufu's lukewarm proposal against his demand for capital punishment of all the persons involved, despaired at the circumstances which were out of his control and began to speak of abdication quite often.
- - 伊達氏初代・伊達朝宗の次男 伊達為家にはじまる家系で、その七世・伊達資宗が足利尊氏に従い功績を挙げて、駿河国有度郡入野庄に所領を得、後に遠江国山名郡諸井郷を本拠とした。
- The Suruga-Date clan was founded by Tameie DATE (the second son of Tomomune Date [the founder of the Date clan]), and Sukemune DATE, the seventh family head of the clan, was awarded territories in Irino-sho, Arito County, Suruga Province by Takauji ASHIKAGA in return for his achievements, and later, Sukemune designated Moroi-go, Yamana County, Totomi Province, as his ruling base.
- 慶長5年(1600年)、関ヶ原の戦いでは前田玄以はやむを得ず西軍に加わったが、家康に西軍の情報を内通していたため、戦後に家康より所領安堵を受け、ここに丹波亀山藩が成立した。
- At the battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Geni MAEDA who had unwillingly joined the Western Forces was secretly in touch with Ieyasu and was given assurances that he would receive the domain after the battle; thus, the domain of Tanba-Kameyama was established.
- 江戸時代も中頃になると、品種改良や農業技術の進歩により、農家の中に現金収入を得られるものが増え、新たな知識や見聞、物品を求めて旅をしようと思い立つものが現れるようになった。
- In the middle of the Edo period, the variety of improvement and development of agricultural technologies led to an increase in the number of peasants who earned cash and gave rise to those who decided to go on a journey in search of new knowledge, experience, and products.
- 鳥羽院は白河院によって関白を罷免され逼塞していた忠実を起用し、その娘藤原泰子(高陽院)を皇后に立てたばかりでなく、待賢門院に代わって藤原得子(美福門院)を寵愛したのである。
- The Toba in promoted Tadazane who lost his position of the Chancellor and fell into obscurity by Shirakawa in, the Emperor not only appointed his daughter FUJIWARA no Taishi (Kayanoin) to an Empress, but also loved FUJIWARA no Tokushi (Bifukumonin) most, instead of Taikenmonin.
- 後嵯峨の父は、父の後鳥羽に疎んじられて承久の乱の際も中立を守った土御門天皇であるが、このことが幕府の賛意を得ることになり、事実上、後嵯峨の皇位継承は幕府が決定したと言える。
- Emperor Gosaga's father, Emperor Tsuchimikado, was treated coldly by his own father, Emperor Gotoba, took a neutral position at the Jokyu Disturbance, it made a good impression on the Kamakura bakufu and practically all the bakufu approved Emperor Gosaga's Imperial succession to the throne.
- むしろ討たれる者が士分の場合、何も抵抗せずにただ無礼打ちされた場合は、国家鎮護守・外敵制征圧(軍事警察力)を担う兵(つわもの)である武家としての「不心得者である」とされた。
- When the attacked was a warrior and was attacked in Bureiuchi without resisting the attacker, he was punished severely as an 'imprudent person' since he was expected to be a soldier who worked for the protection of the nation and to conquer outside enemies (military and police power).
- そのため、墾田や買収などで付近の田地を集積していた田堵(有力農民)=開発領主は、自分の経営する田地を有力寺院(または有力神社)へ寄進することで、不輸の権を獲得しようとした。
- Therefore, Tato (powerful farmers), or the owners of newly developed arable land, who acquired large tracts arable land through development or buying land, donated their farmland to dominant temples (or dominant shrines) to obtain Fuyu no ken.
- そうした中、岑守は財源獲得と窮民救済を目的として、期限付き(30か年限)で管内田地の一部を大宰府直営の公営田とし、そこからの収入をもって財源に充てることを提案したのである。
- Minemori, in order to acquire funds and provide relief for the poor, proposed that they make parts of 'Kannai fields' Kubunden directly governed by Dazaifu on a temporary basis (30 years at the longest) and that they make the income part of the financial resources.
- これは律令に定められた正統な統治機関は天皇及び太政官であり、法的な根拠を持たない治天の君が命令を行う場合には、こうした非公式な公文書形式を採用せざるを得なかったからである。
- Since legitimate government organs established by the Ritsuryo codes were the Emperor and the Daijokan, Chiten no kimi who had no legal basis had to use such an informal form of official document to issue an order.
- 居貞は藤原済時(師尹の長男)の娘藤原せい子と道隆の娘藤原原子を妻としていたが、済時と道隆は長徳元年に揃って死去してしまい、居貞は有力な外戚の後ろ盾を得ることもできなかった。
- Okisada had FUJIWARA no Naritoki (Morotada's first son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Seishi and Michitaka's daughter, FUJIWARA no Genshi as wives, but Naritoki and Michitaka both died in 995, and Okisada had no influential maternal relative for support.
- 室町時代、殿原衆は延暦寺から堅田関の運営を委任されて、堅田以外の船より海賊行為を行わない代償として上乗(うわのり)と呼ばれる一種の通行税を徴収する権利を獲得するようになる。
- In the Muromachi period, Tonobara-shu were delegated in charge of Katata checkpoint; afterwards they gained the right to get a kind of transit duty, called Uwanori, in compensation for not pirating non-Katata ships.
- その改革は、地方官(国司)へ租税収取や軍事などの権限を大幅に委譲するというもので、国司は中央へ確実に租税を上納する代わりに、自由かつ強力に国内を支配する権利を得たのである。
- The reform involved transferring a great part of the power to impose and collect taxes as well as the military power to the local officials (kokushi); in return for the secure payment of taxes to the central government, the kokushi gained the freedom to govern the province at his will.
- ここで注意しなくてはならないことは、清和源氏が武家の棟梁という地位を得たのは、その武勇によってというよりも、摂関家への奉仕という中央貴族の内部事情に起因するという点である。
- It should be noted here that Seiwa-Genji became the leader of samurai families not because of their bravery but because of internal affairs of central aristocrats such as contributions to the regent family.
- 彼らは、貢納物の原料採取・作業・交易をする場を求めて移動・遍歴することを必要としていたため、関銭・津料などの交通税を免除され、自由に諸国を往来できる権利を得ることとなった。
- Because Kugonin were wanderers seeking places to collect raw materials for their products, to work on their products, and trade them, they were exempted from traffic taxes such as sekisen (tolls) and tsuryo and, therefore, they had the right to freely travel around the various provinces.
- 忠実は柔弱な長男忠通に物足りなさを感じてか、強い個性の持ち主である次男頼長に望みを託し、ゆくゆくは摂関家を彼に継がせるつもりで、泰子の傘下に入れて庇護を得させるよう計らった。
- Tadazane was presumed not so happy about his eldest son, Tadamichi's soft character, he relied more on the second son, Yorinaga, who had a strong personality, Tadazane organized Yorinaga to be under Taishi's support as he wanted Yorinaga to succeed to the family eligible for regents and chancellor.
- 黒澤は、そうした現実の格闘ではあり得ない舞踊的表現を排除したリアルな殺陣の表現を探っていた(「羅生門 (映画)」、「七人の侍」、脚本を書いた「荒木又右ヱ門 決闘鍵屋の辻」)。
- KUROSAWA had been searching for a more realistic way to express swordfights (as seen in 'Rashomon', 'Seven Samurai', and 'Ketto Kagiya no Tsuji' (The Duel at the Key-Maker's Corner) for which he wrote the script), eliminating the element of dance performance which is impossible in a real fight.
- 「弓ひき」「弓とり」とも呼ばれた武士が心得る武術の中で最高のものとされていた弓 (武器)は、戦乱時の主用武器として、平時においても魔を鎮める神聖な神器として警護用に使われた。
- Of all the martial arts studied by warriors, who were also called 'Yumihiki' or 'Yumitori' (both mean archers), archery was regarded as the most important, with bows and arrows not only used as major weapons on the battlefield, but also as sacred treasures which kept evil spirits away in peacetime.
- 当時の島津氏は上方の情勢に疎かったがために西軍に付かざるを得ない状況となり、この反省から、以後薩摩藩は独立王国の様相を呈し始め、各地に密偵を配置し、情報収集力の増強に努めた。
- The Shimazu clan at that time lacked sufficient knowledge regarding the situation in the Kyoto-Osaka district, so it had no choice but to join the Western Army; it was their regret over this decision that resulted in the Satsuma clan starting to show signs of becoming an independent realm, placing spies in various regions and trying to strengthen its ability to collect information.
- そして幕府の管領家で堺を貿易の拠点にしていた細川氏や、山口市を本拠に博多、応仁の乱で得た兵庫などに権益を持っていた大内氏がそれぞれ独自に使節団を派遣した貿易を経営をはじめた。
- The Hosokawa clan, who was a kanrei family (family in the position of the shogunal deputy) and conducted trade from Sakai, and the Ouchi clan based in Yamaguchi City, who had interests in Hakata, and Hyogo that they obtained during the Onin War, each conducted trading separately and dispatched their own delegations.
- 同じく鎌倉幕府で政権を掌握した北条氏も一門で幕府の要職を独占したが、執権の職は数例を除いてそのほとんどが得宗により継承され、惣領たる地位を継ぐ嫡流の地位は非常に重んじられた。
- The Hojo clan, who also held the reins of the Kamakura bakufu, dominated the important positions of the bakufu, and yet, the position of Shikken (Chief of Staff to the shogun) was succeeded mostly by the Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan) except for a few examples; the position of the chakuryu used to succeed the position of the soryo was highly valued.
- 戦国時代初期の頃は通常農閑期に行われる戦は農民兵たちにとって支給される賃金と陣中食はじめ兵糧、即ち現金収入がある出稼ぎと食い扶持減らしの出来る一挙両得の短期雇用の場であった。
- At the beginning of the Sengoku Period, battles which were usually conducted in off-season for farmers were an opportunity for peasant soldiers for short-term employment with ikkyoryotoku (killing two birds with one stone) where they could obtain wages to be paid and army provisions including a combat ration, in other words, cash income and a decrease in payment for food.
- また『法華文句』1上で、過去現在未来の三世にわたる三益の中から特選して、久遠下種・中間熟・近世脱(今日脱とも)、中間下種・他経熟・法華脱、今世下種・次世熟・未来得脱を説いた。
- He also selected kuon geshu (receiving the seed of Buddhahood from the eternal Buddha), chukan juku (literally, 'ripening in the middle'), kinsei datsu (literally, 'liberation in recent times') (also known as kyo datsu (literally, 'liberation of today')), chukan geshu (literally, 'receiving the seed of Buddhahood in the middle'), takyo juku (literally, 'ripening by another sutra'), hokke datsu (literally, 'liberation by the Lotus Sutra'), konse geshu (literally, 'receiving the seed of Buddhahood in this world'), jise juku (literally, 'ripening in the next world') and mirai tokudatsu (literally, 'attaining enlightenment in the future') from san yaku in three world, that is, the past, present and future, so as to explain them in Hokke mongu (Commentary on the Lotus Sutra).
- 上人はこの三十三所巡礼を人々に説くが世間の信用が得られずあまり普及しなかったため、機が熟すのを待つこととし、閻魔大王から授かった宝印を摂津国の中山寺_(宝塚市)の石櫃に納めた。
- Saint Tokudo persuaded people to make the Sanjusankasho junrei (pilgrimage), but it did not become popular due to the lack of trust towards him among the public; thus, he decided to wait for the right time and placed the hoin he had received from Enma Daio in a stone urn at the Nakayama-dera Temple in Settsu Province.
- その子江戸通房の代には上杉禅秀の乱が勃発し、鎌倉公方足利持氏についた通房は、禅秀方に味方して共に没落した大掾氏の一族の馬場氏の拠点である馬場城(後の水戸城)の近辺に所領を得た。
- When the War of Zenshu UESUGI occurred, Michikage's son Michifusa supported Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, the then-Kamakura kubo, and gained a territory near the Baba-jo Castle (later Mito-jo Castle) owned by the Baba clan, a family of the Daijo clan who sided with Zenshu and fell.
- また宝治合戦で有力御家人の三浦氏を滅ぼし、摂家将軍で反得宗勢力の支持を集めていた5代将軍藤原頼嗣を廃立し、1252年、新たに宗尊親王を6代将軍に迎えた(宮将軍または皇族将軍)。
- At the Battle of Hoji, he destroyed the Miura clan (who were a powerful gokenin) and removed Yoritsugu FUJIWARA (the fifth shogun), who had gained support from the anti-Tokuso forces, from his position as sekke shogun; in 1252, he invited Imperial Prince Munetaka to become the sixth shogun (Munetaka held the title of miyashogun, which literally means 'shogun from the Imperial Court,' or kozoku shogun, which literally means 'shogun from the Imperial family').
- 1983年には、ニューヨークの寿司店「初花(はつはな)」が、ニューヨーク・タイムス紙のレストラン評で最高の4ッ星を獲得、この頃までには寿司のイメージが転換していたことが窺える。
- In 1983 the sushi restaurant 'Hatsuhana' in New York got the best four-star restaurant rating in The New York Times and we see that until that time the image of sushi changed.
- 不輸荘園はこれを回避すべく、有力貴族に働きかけて雑役免除の官符・宣旨を獲得していたが、国司側もさらに一国平均の雑役賦課を上級官庁へ申請し、認可を受けて不輸荘園へ対抗していった。
- In order to avoid paying taxes, owners of fuyu shoen influenced powerful aristocrats to obtain kanpu (official documents from Dajokan, or Great Council of State) or senji (an imperial letter) to become task or tax exempt; however, provincial governors then requested reinforcement of ikkoku heikin task or tax imposition to a superior authority, had their request approved, and countered fuyu shoen owners.
- また2階には多数の尊王派(大山巌・西郷従道・三島通庸・篠原国幹・永山弥一郎など)がいたが、大山綱良らが刀を捨てて飛び込み必死の説得を行った結果、残りの尊王派志士たちは投降した。
- Still, many members of the royalists (Iwao OYAMA, Tsugumichi SAIGO, Michitsune MISHIMA, Kunimoto SHINOHARA, and Yaichiro NAGAYAMA) stayed upstairs, but after Tsunayoshi OYAMA dropped his sword and burst into the room in a desperate attempt to persuade them, the rest of the devoted members in the royalists surrendered.
- 麹屋は北野社(現在の北野天満宮)の神人(じにん)身分を得て「麹座」と呼ばれる同業者組合(座)を結成して北野社(本所)の権威を背景に京都西部の麹の製造・販売の独占権を有していた。
- Obtaining the position of jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) at Kitano-sha Shrine (present Kitano Tenman-gu Shrine), the kojiya formed a guild called 'koji-za' and had exclusive rights to produce and sell koji malt in the western part of Kyoto backed by the authority of Kitano-sha Shrine (honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor)).
- 武力紛争の総数から見れば、その大部分は、隣接する非友好的な勢力が互いに、領地、あるいは、影響を及ぼし得る勢力圏の境境付近において繰り広げる小競り合い・抗争レベルの応酬であった。
- Judging from the total number of armed conflicts, most of them were exchanges of skirmishes/private wars which were conducted between neighboring unfriendly powers in the vicinity of the border of their territory or areas on which they could influence.
- 絵の荒さから地方画師の制作が指摘されているが、民俗学、宗教史研究の上で貴重な資料として高い評価を得ており、牛耕の様子が描かれている田植図、僧兵強訴などの場面が広く知られている。
- The roughness in the pictures hints that they were painted by local painters, but they are highly appreciated as important materials for the study of folklore and religious history and the pictures of rice planting, where the cultivation by buffalos and the scene of sohei goso (direct petition by priest soldier) and so on are painted, are widely known.
- 後世の研究では、秋田の蝦夷の帰順を得た阿倍比羅夫(藤崎系図)に起源をもとめたり、蝦夷をアイヌの祖先と同一視する立場からabeをapeと読み替えて完全な土着の先住民とみる説もある。
- Studies in the later years have also presented with opinions that the origin of the Abe clan could be sought through ABE no Hirafu (the Fujisaki genealogy) who forced the Ezo (natives in the northern districts of Japan) in Akita into submission; or by changing the reading of the name from 'abe' to 'ape' from the standpoint of identifying the Ezo with the ancestors of the Ainu tribe, the Abe clan could be seen as completely indigenous.
- 日光東照宮には陽明門をはじめ各所に後水尾天皇の御親筆とされる額が掲げられており、後に板垣退助が強硬に日光東照宮の焼き討ちを要求する薩摩藩を説得する理由の1つとして挙げたとされる。
- Some of Emperor Gomizunoo's framed calligraphy is displayed at Yomei-mon Gate or other areas in Nikko Tosho-gu Shrine, about which it is said that later, when the Satsuma clan demanded that the shrine be burned, Taisuke ITAGAKI persuaded them not to, one of the reasons being that there were such historical materials inside, and therefore the shrine was saved.
- これらの皇族に対しても律令の定めにより一定の所得が与えられることで財政を圧迫する要因となったため、皇位継承の可能性がなくなった皇族たちを臣籍降下させることが行われるようになった。
- Such Imperial Families were allowed to receive a certain income under the Statutes, but it caused too much financial strain, consequently, they were encouraged to accept demotion from nobility to common subject.
- 後醍醐天皇は六波羅探題南方の北条維貞(北条得宗一族)が鎌倉へ赴いている最中に鎌倉幕府討幕を企て、側近の日野資朝、日野俊基らは諸国を巡って各地の武士や有力者に討幕を呼びかけていた。
- Emperor Godaigo planned to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu while the Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata, Koresada HOJO (the Hojo-Tokuso family) was heading for Kamakura, and Suketomo HINO, Toshimoto HINO and others traveled around the country trying to convince samurai and other influential people to help overthrow the bakufu.
- 清盛は朝廷の内紛に起因する保元の乱と平治の乱で、武功を挙げ政権を獲得したが、平氏政権は平家一門で朝廷の官位を占め、清盛自身は天皇の外戚となるなど、従来の摂関政治と大差は無かった。
- Kiyomori gained political power as a result of his military exploits in the Hogen Revolt and the Heiji Revolt, both of which arose as a result of internal conflicts in the Imperial Court; however, the Taira government was not very different from a traditional regency, as can be seen by the fact that the Taira clan occupied most of the official ranks of the Imperial Court, and Kiyomori himself became a maternal relative of the Emperor.
- また韓国気象庁は、大韓民国環境部所管の観測網から得られるPM10濃度の1時間当たり平均値の予報を基に、規定の濃度が2時間以上続くと予想された場合に、3段階の警報体制をとっている。
- Based on the average prediction per hour of the PM10 density obtained from the observation network of the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea, South Korea's weather agency issues a three-stage warning when it is predicted that a specified density will continue for two or more hours.
- 『日本書紀』には、譽田天皇(ほむたのすめらみこと)・一伝に笥飯大神と交換して得た名である譽田別天皇(ほむたわけのすめらみこと)とあり、分注に去来紗別尊(いざさわけのみこと)とある。
- In 'Nihonshoki,' it appears as Homuta no Sumeramikoto or according to Chapter 1, Homutawake no Sumeramikoto obtained by exchanging names with Kehi no Okami and in the note is described as Izasawake no mikoto.
- 公家のうち、上流貴族は荘園寄進を受けて本家として荘園支配を行うことにより、また中流貴族は上流貴族や大寺社から預所などに任命されて荘園管理権を得ることにより、経済的基盤を築いていた。
- Among the kuge, the upper nobles were building up their financial basis by ruling a shoen estate as honke (a head family), gaining the commendation of shoen, and middle-class nobles were doing so by gaining the right to manage shoen, as they were appointed to azukaridokoro (a deputy of 'shoen' manor lord) by upper nobles or main temples and shrines, and so on
- 律令においては、4世王までは皇親となり、5世王は皇親とはならないものの王号を有し従五位下の蔭位を受け、6世王は王号を得られないものとされた(もっとも、慶雲3年2月の格で変更あり)。
- Under the statute, up to 4 emperors removed, relatives are still considered as members of the Imperial Family, those who are more than 5 emperors removed are not considered as members of the Imperial Family, however they still have the rank as emperor and receive the On I of the Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), those with more than 6 emperors removed are not allowed to have the rank of the emperor. (However the rank was changed in March 706.)
- 応仁の乱終了後も政長と義就は山城国で戦い続けていたが、度重なる戦乱に民衆は国人を中心にして団結し、勝元の後継者であった政元の後ろ盾も得て、山城国一揆を起して両派を国外に退去させた。
- Even after the end of the Onin War, Masanaga and Yoshinari continued to fight each other in Yamashiro Province, but the successive battles brought common people together around kokujin (indigenous samurai) and they, backed by Katsumoto's successor Masamoto, rose up in Yamashironokuni Ikki (Yamashiro Province uprising) and succeeded in driving the two warring forces out of the province.
- 日本のランチプレートを使う給食で問題と成った犬食いでは、麺類(例えばソフト麺)が先割れスプーンしかないため食べ難く、必然的に料理に鼻先を突っ込まざるを得ないという問題も持ち上がった。
- Although Inugui became a problem at school lunch where lunch plates were used, and another problem that students had difficulty in eating noodles (e.g. soft type noodles) with using spork only they had, and they were forced to put their noses into the meal arose.
- 安東 蓮聖(あんどう れんしょう、延応元年(1239年)- 嘉暦4年1月19日 (旧暦)(1329年2月18日))は、鎌倉時代後期の武将で、鎌倉幕府執権北条氏得宗家の被官(御内人)。
- Rensho ANDO (1239 - February 18, 1329) was a busho (Japanese military commander) in the late Kamakura period who was a low-level bureaucrat (Miuchibito (private vassals) of the Tokuso family of the regent Hojo clan of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 近年、中世国家の東西境界周辺の得宗被官である、西の千竈氏と東の安東氏の比較検討研究が進み、ともに中央部の武士団に比べて所領面積が広大であり、国家の境界外に及んでいる点が指摘されている。
- Recent years, comparative studies on the Chikama clan in the West and the Ando clan in the East, both of which were Tokuso's bureaucrats taking charge of the respective peripheral border in the east and in the west of the medieval nation, have developed and it is revealed that both of them had a huge extension of the territory compared with the samurai groups in the center, and their territories were even reaching outside the national territory.
- 警察署では、拾得物として受け付けた埋蔵物が文化財と認められるときは、法101条(旧第60条)に基づき管轄の都道府県、政令指定都市及び中核市の教育委員会に「埋蔵文化財提出書」を提出する。
- In case a hidden treasure placed as a found article before the police station is recognized as a potential cultural property, the chief of police shall submit the 'document for buried cultural property' to the Boards ofEducation of prefectures, designated cities and core cities in accordance with Article 101 of the Protection Law (Article 60 of the former Protection Law).
- 保延5年(1139年)8月17日、鳥羽院は得子が生んだ生後三ヶ月の第八皇子躰仁親王を立太子させ、2年後の永治元年(1141年)12月7日、崇徳天皇から皇位を譲り受けさせた(近衛天皇)。
- On September 18, 1139, Toba in let Tokushi's three month old baby, the eighth Prince, Imperial Prince Narihito become Crown Prince, and after two years, on January 12, 1142, he succeeded the throne after Emperor Sutoku passed the position to him (Emperor Konoe).
- 貧困層は偽籍・逃亡によって租税負担から逃れ、富豪層は墾田活動を通じて得分収取しうる田地を獲得し、逃亡したり私出挙によって負債を負わせた貧困百姓らを保護民、隷属民として囲い込んでいった。
- While peasants in poverty evaded tax by false registration or escape, wealthy peasants acquired additional farmland through reclamation, which they were allowed to own privately, and made poor peasants, especially those who escaped or were debt-burned due to private suiko, their subordinate people.
- こうした闘争をどう評価するにせよ、地域統治と収税の効率化のためにこうした富豪百姓層の成長を助け、彼らが莫大な利権を獲得する契機を与えたのはまぎれもなく受領を筆頭とする国衙機構であった。
- No matter what evaluations are given to these conflicts, it is clear that the mechanism of Kokuga (provincial government offices) headed by Zuryo helped such a wealthy farmer class grow to control the region and collect taxes more efficiently and gave them opportunities of acquiring huge vested interests.
- しかし度重なる夢窓の懇請を受け、暦応4年12月23日 (旧暦)(1342年1月30日)直義は夢窓に対し、翌年秋に宋船2艘を渡航させ、交易で得られた利益を天龍寺造営にあてるよう提案する。
- On February 7, 1342, Tadayoshi complied with Muso's repeated earnest request and proposed that two vessels would make a voyage in fall in the following year, and that the profit gained from the trade would cover the expense for constructing Tenryu-ji Temple.
- これは、貴族・寺社への国家的給付(封戸物・正税物)の代替というやむを得ない場合もあるが、ほとんどが任期終了間際に国司が貴族・寺社から礼物をとり、国司免判を濫発したことによるものだった。
- This was mostly because kokushis got the gift items from aristocrats, temples, and shrines just before their service ended and in return over issued the remission of tax, though there were the unavoidable cases of the substitution of national benefits (fuko (a vassal household allotted to courtier, shrines and temples), shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse)) for aristocrats, temples, and shrines.
- しかし父親の藤原正頼が従五位下であったことと比較し頼遠が無官であることから、平忠常の乱において平忠常側についた頼遠が罪を得て陸奥国に左遷され、多賀国府の官人となったものと推測されている。
- However, from the fact that Yorito bore no official title while his father, FUJIWARA no Masayori, was titled Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), it is inferred that Yorito was demoted to Mutsu Province by the Imperial Court for his having taken Tadatsune's side during the revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune and became an official of Taga no Kou (the provincial office in Mutsu Province).
- しかし「この世の望みかなわず死んだ後は、梵天帝釈の許しを得て雷となって自分を陥れた朝臣を蹴殺そうと思う。その折、師の僧正はきっと朝廷に召されるであろうが決して参りたまうな」と道真は頼む。
- However, Michizane asks Hossho-bo saying 'After I died without fulfilling my dreams during my life, I think I will obtain the permission from Bonten-taishaku (the highest-rank gods), become thunder, and brutally kill Ason who entrapped me. At that time, you, priest, my teacher will be ordered to come to the Imperial Court, but, please never come.'
- 荘官、郡司、郷司、保司らは在地社会での軍事的緊張、特に荘園と公領の対立が高まるにつれて武士が任命されることが多くなり、鎌倉時代に至って鎌倉殿に任命された地頭として安定した地位を獲得した。
- More samurai warriors were assigned to shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji officers as military tensions increased in local societies, especially between manors and the Imperial demesnes, and they eventually gained a stable position during the Kamakura period, when a position called jito (a lord of a manor) was given to the Kamakura-dono (the lord of the Kamakura shogunate).
- 執権北条時頼が執権引退後も執政を行うことから、幕府権力は執権の地位よりも北条泰時を祖とする北条氏本家(得宗家)に集中するようになり、執権が必ずしも幕府最高権力者というわけではなくなった。
- Tokiyori HOJO, regent to the Shogun, continued to manage the affairs of state even after retiring as regent, further shifting the concentration of bakufu power and authority from the position of regent to the main branch (Honke) of the Hojo clan, of whom Yasutoki HOJO was the progenitor, by which change it could no longer be said with confidence that the most powerful person in the bakufu was necessarily the regent to the Shogun.
- この時代の日本における仏教は中国と同様、鎮護国家の思想の下、国家の管理下で統制されており、年ごとに一定数の得度を許可する年分度者の制度が施行され、原則として私度僧は認められていなかった。
- The Buddhism during this period in Japan was, under the idea of national protection, governed under the control of the nation and the system of nenbundo-sha (approved people who enter the Buddhist priesthood) was enforced, which admitted a certain number of tokudo (entering the Buddhist priesthood) each year, and in principle, shidoso (priests having entered Buddhist priesthood without permission) was not admitted.
- 後に浄土真宗の蓮如が叡山などの妨害を乗り越えて再興し、作り上げた本願寺教団は、門徒と呼ばれる強大な信徒集団を獲得し、応仁の乱後守護大名に取って代わった戦国大名に匹敵するほどにまでなった。
- Later, the Honganji Kyodan organization, which was revived and established by Rennyo of the Jodo Shinshu sect after overcoming obstructions from Mt. Hiei amongst others, set up a powerful lay organization called Monto, which came to be equal to the sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) who replaced the shugo daimyo after the Onin War.
- これらの十種の利益(りやく)を得るのは、金剛の信心を獲得した者であり、そのためには真実行を行ずるだけで良く、それにより、阿弥陀仏から信心が廻向され、仏になることが定まると論じたのである。
- He concluded that only practicing 'shinjitsugyo' (recitation of nenbutsu) allowed sentient beings to attain the ten benefits which led to 'true faith', conferred by Amida Buddha, promising to become a Buddha.
- もっとも、この事件を記した『続日本紀』が、女帝の死によって皇位継承権を得た光仁天皇・桓武天皇両天皇時代の著作で、その正当性の誇示を目的に執筆されたとも言われているため、留意する必要がある。
- It needs to be kept in mind that 'Shoku Nihongi,' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) which records this incident, is a literary work from the era of Emperor Konin and Emperor Kammu, who gained the right of succession to the Imperial Throne following the Empress' death, so it is also said that it was written for the purpose of flaunting its justification.
- 特に日本画に関心が深く、学習院初等科を卒業した時の作文には正倉院、唐招提寺、京都御所において美術を鑑賞し、奈良鳥類研究所において鳥を描く際の心得についての指導を受けた出来事が記されている。
- She is especially interested in Japanese style painting and on the occasion of her graduation from Gakushuin Primary School she wrote an essay to the effect that she had enjoyed looking at art work in the Shosoin Treasure Repository, Toshodai-ji Temple, and the Kyoto Imperial Palace, and in the essay she also wrote about her experience of being instructed on hints about drawing birds at the Nara Institute for Ornithology.
- 用語としては鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)より見られ、鎌倉時代後期から出現した自らの既得権益を守るために権力と戦う悪党や、南北朝時代の社会的風潮であった「ばさら」も下剋上の一種とされた。
- As a term, gekokujo was in use from the Kamakura period through to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); examples of gekokujo include the scoundrels that started to appear near the end of the Kamakura period who fought against the authorities in order to protect their own vested interests, as well as the anti-authoritarian social movement known as 'basara' ('vajra' in Sanskrit) that occurred during the Nanbokucho period.
- それぞれ凡牟都和希(ほむたわけ)王は応神天皇、若野毛二俣(わかぬけふたまた)王は稚野毛二派皇子、大郎子は意富富杼王、 斯(うし)王は彦主人王、乎富等(おおど)大公王は継体天皇に比定され得る。
- Each of these names can be identified as follows: 'Homutawake no Miko' was the Emperor Ojin; 'Wakanuke futamata no Miko' was 'Wakanoke futamata no Miko'; Oiratsuko was 'Ohodo no Okimi'; 'Ushi no Okimi' was 'Hikoushio' (also pronounced 'Hikousi no Okimi') and 'Odo no Okimi' was the Emperor Keitai.
- また輦車の宣旨(牛車の通行を禁じた内裏内郭で、輦車に乗ることを許可する宣旨で、皇族・女御・大臣などのうち特定の者に賜った)を得た公卿たちが参内したときも、春華門の前で下車するのが恒例だった。
- When court nobles who were granted Teguruma no senji (special permission given to specific people in Imperial family, consort and ministers from the Emperor to enter the imperial palace in a handcart where an ox-drawn carriage was banned) arrived at Imperial Palace, it was a practice to get off their cart at the Shunka-mon gate.
- このように、マナーなど教育の観点からは忌避される犬食いではあるが、麻痺や筋力の低下などといったリハビリテーション障害の医療モデルを抱えている者にとっては、犬食いにならざるを得ない場合もある。
- As seen from the above, Inugui is avoided in terms of education such as manners, however, some people with medical model of rehabilitation disorder such as paralysis or loss in muscle strength are forced to eat like a dog.
- 「もとより話の根無し草、嘘をまことに拵えて金を強請りにきた道玄・・・」「しかも正月十五日、月はあれども雨雲に、空も朧の御茶の水・・・」など黙阿弥得意の五七調の名台詞「厄払い」が聴き所である。
- Famous lines referred to as 'yakuharai' (lines both sentimental and musical) made of five-and-seven syllable meter which was Mokuami's specialty, such as 'Dogen, who lied and extorted money by making lies seem true…' 'it was moreover, the 15th day of the new year, when it was cloudy with rainy clouds though the moon was out, the sky of Ochanomizu was also hazy' are worth attention.
- 2009年(平成21年)3月、日本を訪れる外国人観光客向けに、ミシュランガイド観光ガイド (MICHELIN Green Guide Japon) が国際観光振興機構の協力を得て発刊された。
- In March 2009, Michelin's sightseeing guidebook (MICHELIN Green Guide Japon) for foreign sightseers was published with cooperation by Japan National Tourism Organization.
- だが、応仁の乱以後には将軍の臨席は減少し、11代将軍足利義澄の頃には将軍主宰とされながら実際には将軍が臨席する事は無く、側近である内談衆が決定事項を将軍に取り次いで裁可を得る仕組みとなった。
- After the Onin War, the shogun's presence at gozen-sata became less, and in the tenure of the eleventh shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA, the shogun namely chaired, but did not attend gozen-sata, which resulted in a procedure whereby naidan shu (judges), shogun's entourages, brought the decisions to the shogun for the approval.
- 平安時代あたりから公家や寺社を本所として販売の独占権や関税の免除などの特権を得る座と呼ばれる閉鎖的な商業独占体制は、成長する戦国大名によって自営営業を許す楽市楽座によって廃止の方向へ向かう。
- From about the Heian period onwards, there was an insular, monopolistic system of commerce centered around the za (guilds), under which each za had exclusive rights to sell their products tax-free to specific noblemen and/or temples and shrines, but with the free market, open guild system introduced thanks to the rise of the sengoku daimyo, who started to allow independent (i.e., non-guild) businesses to be created, progress was made towards ending the oppressive guild system.
- 大学別曹は一族単位で学生の学資・生活を保障してその官界進出を助ける制度であったから、安定した勉学環境を得た大学別曹を持つ氏族出身者とそれ以外の氏族との間で「格差」が生み出されるようになった。
- Daigaku-besso was the system in which a clan as a whole ensured financial aids for schooling and the livelihood of students (their relatives) and assisted them in advancing into bureaucracy, so it resulted in a 'disparity' between people from clans that, having Daigaku-besso, could offer a stable learning environment and people from other clans that could not.
- 663年の白村江の戦いで倭国は朝鮮半島での足場が無くなり、676年に新羅が半島から唐軍を追い出して統一を成し得たため、倭国は北路での遣唐使派遣が出来なくなり、新たな航路の開拓が必要になった。
- Japan was unable to send missions to Tang China through the northern route and had to find a new route, because Japan lost its base foot in the Korean Peninsula in the Battle of Baekgang in 663 and Silla drove the Tang army out of the peninsula to unify its country in 676.
- また織田得能も、無著の説を引き継ぎ、自身が編集した織田仏教辞典で、大権修利と招宝七郎を一体とすることは、たやすく信じるべきではなく、招宝とは寧波府定海縣にある山の名称である、と記述している。
- Tokuno ODA carried on Mujaku's theory and described in Oda Buddhism dictionary, which was edited by himself, that people should not be too quick to believe that Daigen shuri and Shoho Shichiro were the same, and that Shoho was the name of the mountain in 定海縣, Ningbo.
- しかし、血縁が遠すぎて皇位継承者として国民の支持が得られないと反対派から批判された「旧皇族」に代えて、彼ら「皇別摂家」から皇位継承者を迎えてはどうかとの意見が男系維持論者の一部から提起された。
- However, some advocates of male-lineage succession suggested that members of the Kobetsu Sekke be selected as successors to the imperial throne instead of members of the 'former imperial family', because some people opposed the selection of the latter as successors since their more distant kinship to the imperial family means they would not enjoy public support.
- 野生酵母(やせいこうぼ)とは、もともと空気中、土壌、植物をはじめ自然界に存在しているすべての酵母を意味するが、日本酒の醸造過程においては目指す酒質を得るための酵母以外のすべての酵母を意味する。
- Yasei-kobo (wild yeast) refers to all kinds of yeast which originally live in the nature including the air, the soil, and plants while, in the fermentation process of Japanese sake, refers to all kinds of yeast other than those that are used to obtain the desired sake quality.
- 明経博士1名・助教2名・直講2名の各教官と、明経得業生(みょうぎょうとくぎょうしょう)4名・明経生(みょうぎょうしょう)400名から成るが、学生定員は平安時代を通じて充足されることはなかった。
- The Myogyodo department consisted of a Myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucianism), two assistant professors, four Myogyo Tokugyosho (honor students) and 400 Myogyosho (students); the number of students was fixed and never increased throughout the Heian period.
- これは京都の舞妓の項にも記述がある通りに単なる憧れや一職業としてホステスやコンパニオン感覚で入門した場合にその世界の厳しさや労働と賃金との対価が納得できずに辞めてしまう者も事実、多数存在する。
- As mentioned in the section for Maiko in Kyoto, after becoming apprentice geigi out of superficial longing or by interpreting geigi to be another profession such as hostess of a club or companion girl, in fact, many of them quit due to the competitiveness of the world of geigi and they cannot accept the relationship between labor and pay.
- 更に、北条高時の時代になると、御家人の不満や悪党の活動に加えて高時本人が暗愚であった事もあり、幕政は内管領で頼綱の一族である長崎高綱(円喜)・長崎高資父子に牛耳られ、得宗専制体制は崩壊に向かう。
- Furthermore, the Tokuso autocracy system collapsed during the days of Takatoki HOJO due to the foolishness of Takatoki himself, the dissatisfaction and gangster activities of the gokenin, and the fact that the shogunate administration was controlled by Takatsuna NAGASAKI (Enki) and his son Takasuke NAGASAKI, who were Uchi-Kanrei and related to Yoritsuna.
- 一度目の元寇である文永の役の際、日本軍は元 (王朝)軍の集団戦法に苦戦した経験から、二度目の元寇である弘安の役では、作戦指令が時宗の名で出され、得宗被官が戦場に派遣されて御家人の指揮にあたった。
- As they had struggled against the group tactics of the Yuan army during the Bunei War (the first attempted invasion by the Mongols), the Japanese army issued orders in Tokimune's name during the Koan War (the second attempted invasion by the Mongols), and a Tokuso vassal was sent to the battlefield to command the gokenin.
- こうした守護の動きに対し、荘園領主らも幕府から守護使不入権の承認を得るなどの対応を取ったが、荘園領主らの大部分は京都に在住しており、遠方にある荘園へ強い支配力を及ぼすことはほとんど困難であった。
- Trying to deal with these trends, the lords of manors obtained the right of non-entry of Shugo, but it was almost impossible for them to exert strong influence on the distant shoen because most of them lived in Kyoto.
- 上横手は、本宣旨によって、東国政権 鎌倉幕府が朝廷へ軍事的奉仕するという体制が構築され、同じく朝廷に軍事的奉仕する義仲に優越するため、頼朝は源氏嫡宗の地位の公認を得ようとしていたのだとしている。
- According to UWAYOKOTE, this decree established a structure in which the Togoku government and the Kamakura bakufu provided the Imperial Court with military service, and in order to become predominate over Yoshinaka, who also provided the Imperial Court with military service, Yoritomo was anxious for the official approval for the position of the official family lineage to succeed the Minamoto clan.
- 執権北条時宗の代に2度に渡る元寇があり、鎌倉幕府はこれを撃退したが、他国との戦役であり新たに領土を得たわけではなかったため、十分な恩賞を与えることができず、これもまた武士たちの不満を強めさせた。
- During the time of the regent Tokimune HOJO, Japan was twice invaded by the Mongols, and although the Kamakura bakufu managed to repel both invasions, it was an international conflict and thus there was no enemy land to confiscate and award to their soldiers, leaving them unable to provide suitable rewards, something that only strengthened malcontent among the warrior class.
- 義詮は諸守護を動員し、美濃の土岐氏、四国の細川氏、播磨の赤松氏、近江の佐々木氏らの勢力を集め、直義派であった山名氏や斯波氏らの協力も得て、3月に京都を奪還、尊氏も新田勢を追い鎌倉を奪還している。
- Yoshiakira used the various shugo and gathered forces such as the Toki clan in Mino, Hosokawa clan in Shikoku, Akamatsu clan in Harima, Sasaki clan in Omi and with the cooperation of the Tadayoshi group Yamana clan and Shiba clan, they regained Kyoto in March and Takauji chased away the Nitta forces to regain Kamakura.
- 僧侶は、本山で行われる得度式において、門徒は、本山・別院などで行われる帰敬式(ききょうしき〈「おかみそり」とも〉)において、法主(浄土真宗本願寺派は、「門主」・真宗大谷派は「門首」)より授かる。
- Homyo is given to Buddhist priests in Tokudo-shiki (or the ordination rites) held in the head temple and for follower in Okamisori (a Buddhist ceremony which is to confirm a follower as a certain level of religious steps) held in the head or branch temple by hoshu (high priest) (by '門主' for Jodo Shinshu Hongan-ji school, by '門首' for Shinshu sect Otani school).
- 後朱雀天皇の御世、当時の関白である藤原頼通は、父道長に続いて外戚の地位を得るべく苦心したが徒労に終わり、そうこうしているうちに天皇は病を得て第一皇子で東宮であった親仁親王に譲位する(後冷泉天皇)。
- During the Emperor Gosuzaku's reign, FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, Kanpaku at that time, made every effort to obtain a position of maternal relative in the wake of his father, Michinaga, but such effort came to nothing; then, while all of this was going on, the Emperor got sick, and passed the throne on to Imperial Prince Chikahito who was his first son and the Crown Prince (Emperor Goreizei).
- 三遊派のネタとして、三遊亭圓右初代、橘家圓喬 (4代目)、三遊亭圓生 (5代目)、三遊亭圓生 (6代目)、古今亭志ん生 (5代目)、古今亭志ん朝、林家彦六(林家正蔵)など歴代の大真打が得意とした。
- SANYU group often picked up this story, and successive Oshinuchi (rakugo story teller in the highest grade) including Enu SANYUTEI (first generation), Enkyo TACHIBANAYA (the fourth generation), Ensho SANYUTEI (the fifth generation), Ensho SANYUTEI (the sixth generation), Shinsho KOKONTEI (the fifth generation), Shincho KOKONTEI, and Hikoroku HAYASHIYA (Shozo HAYASHIYA) were excellent at this story telling.
- 美貌を売り物にする女形役者がこうした役をつとめると、ふてぶてしい極悪人であることを観客に納得させることが容易ではなく、舞台演出が困難になってしまうことが配慮されていることもそのひとつの理由である。
- One of the reasons that those roles are not acted by onnagata actors, who are famous for their beauty, is that it is difficult to convince audience that they are villains, which will make it difficult to produce a drama.
- いまご逝去の報に接し、天下はみな悲しんでいるが、朝夕法皇の徳に慣れ、法皇の恩によって名利を得た輩はなおさらである」形式的な悲しみの言葉を使いながらも、仏教帰依を非難し、近臣の悲しみを嘲笑している。
- The whole nation is in sorrow after hearing about the Emperor's death, especially people who were with the Emperor and were looked after in many ways from morning to night, and who endeavored to achieve a higher position with the Emperor's support,' although the formal words or morning were being used, he criticized the Emperor for becoming a believer in Buddhism and made fun of the sorrow his close aides expressed.
- 幕切れの見得は、五右衛門が刀を抜きかけて欄干に片足をかけて下をにらみ、久吉が柄杓で手裏剣を受けて上をにらみ返す「天地の見得」と呼ばれるもので、絢爛豪華な舞台にふさわしい立体感あふれる幕切れである。
- At the end of the scene, two actors perform a mie pose called 'Tenchi-no-mie' (mie pose emblematic of heaven and earth), in which from above Goemon, putting his foot on the railing and his hand on the hilt of the sword, stares at Hisayoshi, while from below Hisayoshi, catching the shuriken with the dipper, stares at Goemon; with such three-dimensional picturesque view on the stage, the curtain falls and the gorgeous scene is completed.
- 1347年(正平2年、北朝の貞和3年)正月に楠木正行が四條畷で戦死したのち、南朝では北朝方(室町幕府、足利軍)の来襲を防ぎ得ないのを知り、吉野を引き払い穴太に移った(皇居は総福寺であろうという)。
- In the New Year in 1347, after the death of Masatsura KUSUNOKI in the Battle of Shijonawate, the Southern Court, realizing that it could not keep off the attack by the Northern Court side (Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the Ashikaga army), moved to Anafu (the Imperial Palace is said to be Sofuku-ji Temple) by giving up Yoshio.
- しかし、弘仁4年(813年)最澄が『理趣釈経』(『理趣経』の解釈書)の借用を空海に申し出たところ、空海が密教の真髄は文章修行ではなく実践によってのみ得られるとして拒絶したため、両者の仲は悪化する。
- However in 813, when Saicho asked Kukai to lend 'Rishushakkyo' (the interpretation book of 'Rishu-kyo' (Principle of Wisdom Sutra)), Kukai refused to lend it saying that the essence of Mikkyo lay not in ascetic training of sentences but in practices, which led to worsen the relations between both of them.
- しかし建武の新政は武士の支持を得られず、建武 (日本)2年(1335年)に北条時行らが中先代の乱を起こし鎌倉を占拠すると、道誉は尊氏に従い討伐へと向かい、相模川で時行軍の背後を奇襲し勝利に寄与する。
- However, the Kenmu Restoration of the imperial government could not draw support from samurai warriors, and in 1335 when Tokiyuki HOJO and others staged the Nakasendai War and occupied Kamakura, Doyo followed Takauji and went out and made a sneak attack from behind the Tokiyuki army in the Sagamigawa River and contributed to the victory.
- しかし今日でも生の食材を市場で仕入れて調理するような寿司専門店では、その日や季節によって得られる食材が変化することから特にメニュー表や値札を出しておらず、「時価」や「お任せ」というコースが見られる。
- However even today, in sushi restaurants where raw food materials are purchased in the market and cooked, the food materials change day by day, or season by season and thus they do not indicate menus or price tags in particular and the courses such as 'market value' or 'whatever' are seen.
- 奈良時代末期から平安時代初期にかけての桓武天皇は、国司の任務遂行の徹底を企図して、延暦元年(782年)、後任が到着して120日経過しても解由状を得られない官司は、厳しい処分を受けることが定められた。
- Emperor Kanmu, who was an emperor from the end of the Nara period to the early Heian period, attempted to make kokushi perform his duties completely, and regulated in 782 that, if a government officer could not obtain a geyujo even after 120 days from when his successor arrived, the officer should be punished severely.
- 邦良も幼い男子を遺しており、彼らも将来は後醍醐の強力なライバルとなり得る立場にあって、後醍醐の「一代主」としての立場は幕府の権威のもとでますます明確となり、彼の倒幕志向もますます強まることになった。
- Kuniyoshi also left a young son, and he was also in a position to be a strong rival of Godaigo in the future, and the position of Godaigo as a 'One-generation-head' was becoming even clearer under the authority of the bakufu and his tendency towards overthrowing the bakufu became stronger.
- だが、江戸時代中期以後商品作物の生産が広まってくると都市周辺部の農村など本来は米の生産が可能な地域においてもなし崩しに買納制が行われていき、江戸幕府さえもが事実上の黙認政策を採らざるを得なくなった。
- However, as the production of commercial crops became widely spread during the mid-Edo period, baino-sei was carried out even in suburban villages where rice can be produced, to which the Edo bakufu virtually took an acquiescence policy.
- しかしその後、京大の残留教官による説得に応じ京大に復帰する教官(黒田覚、佐伯千仭ら6名)が現れ、滝川および筋を通して復帰しなかった人々(宮本英雄、末川、恒藤、田村ら)との間に感情的なしこりを残した。
- However, some staff members answered the call from staff who stayed at Kyoto University and returned (six members such as Satoru KURODA and Chihiro SAEKI) and this led to estrangement with Takigawa and those who did not return under principle (Hideo MIYAMOTO, Suekawa, Tsuneto, Tamura, etc).
- 中世の経済的利益は座・問丸・株仲間によって独占され既得権化していたが、戦国大名はこれを排除して絶対的な領主権の確立を目指すとともに、税の減免を通して新興商工業者を育成し経済の活性化を図ったのである。
- Economic benefits in Japan during the middle ages were monopolized by za (guilds), toimaru (specialized wholesale merchants) and kabunakama (trade associations) but Sengoku daimyo abolished these and, as well as attempting to establish absolute feudal rights, aimed to stimulate the economy by fostering emerging merchants and tradesmen via the reduction and exemption of taxes.
- そのうち、天皇のミウチである藤原氏と源氏が議政官(公卿)をほぼ独占し始め、特に藤原北家嫡流は9世紀後半に天皇の政治決定権を受任・代行しうる摂政・関白の地位を獲得し、その地位を世襲することに成功した。
- Then, the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan, the relatives of the Emperor, almost created a monopoly of the Giseikan (a legislative organ), and it is worthy to note that the direct descent of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan achieved the position of Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor) in the late ninth century, which made them receive and deal with the political discretion of the Emperor; and they were also successful in making the position hereditary.
- そのため、少なく見積もってもほぼ1500年は確実に系譜を辿り得る日本の皇室のような王朝は、約800年にもわたってフランスを統治し、現在もスペインを統治しているカペー朝の男系一族を例外として存在しない。
- Therefore, dynasties like the imperial household in Japan whose line can be unfailingly traced back in the genealogy, at least 1,500 years, doesn't exist in Europe except for the Capetian Dynasty male-line family that governed France for about 800 years, and governs Spain even now.
- しかしながら、平城天皇朝以降、大同2年(807年)の伊予親王事件にて南家、弘仁元年(810年)の薬子の変にて式家の勢力が衰えると、嵯峨天皇の信任を得た藤原冬嗣が急速に台頭し他家を圧倒するようになった。
- However, since the era of Emperor Heijo, FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu (who had won the confidence of Emperor Saga) had rapidly gained power and started to overwhelm other families when the Southern House lost its power after the Iyo Shinno no Hen (Conspiracy of Imperial Prince Iyo) of 807, and the Ceremonial House lost its power after the Kusuko no Hen Conspiracy of 810.
- 算得業生成立後は、7年学習して奉試に及第すると合格者は算博士や主計寮・主税寮・大宰府・造宮省(後には修理職・木工寮)に設置されていた算師に任じられる他、地方の下級国司となって租税会計事務などを扱った。
- After the establishment of San tokugosho, those who learned for seven years and passed Hoshi were appointed as San hakase or Sanshi (a court official in charge of calculation) and placed in the Shukeiryo (account office), Shuzeiryo (bureau of taxation), Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), Zogusho (ministry of making and mending palaces) (later Shurishiki (The Palace Repairs Office) and Mokuryo (Bureau of Carpentry), and were also made lower provincial governors who handled land tax accountancy and other such matters.
- 1864年6月10日 (旧暦)(1864年7月13日)に、幕府の命により池田屋事件の残党の捕縛を命じられた新選組が、同日に東山区の料亭・明保野(あけぼの、曙とも)に長州系浪士が潜伏するとの情報を得た。
- On July 13, 1864, Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate) received an order from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to arrest the remnants of those at the Ikedaya Incident, and on the same day, Shinsengumi received information that masterless samurai of Choshu clan were hidden in the restaurant Akebono (which was written 明保野 or 曙) in Higashiyama Ward.
- また武家権力による天下統一のため農地を基礎とする農本主義を選択せざるを得ず商業の隆盛による前期資本主義的社会の成立に財政徴税などの基本体制が対応できず幕府各藩とも大商人からの借入が拡大し破綻していく。
- Each domain of the bakufu ran into debt from large-scale merchants and eventually went broke because of their dependence on agricultural fundamentalism to rule the nation, in addition, basic systems such as tax collection, did not respond to the establishment of the lower capitalist society made up of flourishing commerce.
- 過大な財政負担を懸念しての慟哭であったろうが、後に、京都守護職の任務によって尊皇派の恨みを買った会津藩は戊辰戦争で最後まで抵抗せざるを得なくなり、藩都・会津若松市で壊滅し、現実のものとなってしまった。
- Though they seemed to cry because they were worried about the excessive financial load, the Aizu clan which later incurred the ill will of those advocating reverence for the Emperor because of its duties in the Kyoto Shugoshoku, had to resist to the end of the Boshin Civil War, was completely annihilated in Aizu-Wakamatsu City the clan's capital, and its collapse was indeed realized.
- 高数の後を継いだ京極持清は、応仁元年(1467年)に足利将軍家の家督相続などから生じた応仁の乱で一万余騎を率いて東軍に属し京で戦い、翌年からは近江で西軍の六角高頼と戦い優勢を得るが、その最中に病死する。
- Mochikiyo KYOGOKU who inherited Takakazu led his 10,000 or more horsemen and belonged to the east army during the Onin War, that was caused by the conflict for the family estate within the Ashikaga Shogun family and for other reasons, from the next year he gained advantage over Takayori ROKKAKU of the west army, but during the battle he died from illness.
- また酒造の制限は税制上の理由であり、所得税などは申告税制になっていることから家庭内酒造についても申告納税さえすれば自由に認めるべきであり、脱税酒についてのみ取締りをするべきであるという根強い意見もある。
- There is also a persistent view that people should be allowed to make liquors freely at home as long as they fill out an income-tax return and only liquor tax evasion should be controlled, since sake brewing is only restricted for tax reasons and income tax payment is made by declaration.
- 以後、朝廷の行動全般が京都所司代を通じて幕府の管理下に置かれた上に、その運営も摂政・関白が朝議を主宰し、その決定を武家伝奏を通じて幕府の承諾を得る事によって初めて施行できる体制へと変化を余儀なくされた。
- Subsequently, all the actions of the Imperial Palace were under the control of the government through Kyoto Shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy); meanwhile, the regent and chancellor organized the Court Council, and the running of the palace was determined after receiving approval from the government.
- 光秀の敗因は思った兵力が整わなかったため十分な迎撃体制をとることができなかったことや、山崎が京から西国へと出るために要所であり、明智軍はこの要所を防衛する形で戦わざるを得なかったからだとも言われている。
- Mitsuhide's defeat is attributed to his inability to sufficiently equip himself for engaging the enemy on account of an unexpectedly small size of the mobilized troops and the circumstances which obliged his troops in the form of defending Yamazaki which was a key transit point from Kyoto to western provinces.
- しかし、天台宗が円仁・円珍(814年 - 891年)らの後継者に恵まれ、密教化を経て真言宗とともに平安時代にその地位を高めていったのに対し、法相宗の側はこれといった後継者を得ず、次第に衰勢に傾いていく。
- However, the Tendai sect had an advantage in that they had successors such as Ennin, Enchin (814 – 891) and so on and came to heighten their status by becoming Mikkyo with the Shingon sect, while Hosso sect of Buddhism did not have quality successors which gradually led to their decline.
- そのため、(信心を得た後で)人間が称える「南無阿弥陀仏」という称名念仏は、その功徳により浄土へ往生しようとするためのものではなく、既に浄土へ行くことが決まっていることへの感謝の称名であると言うのである。
- From this point of view, he interpreted that (after accepting faith), the recitation of nenbutsu (the name of Amida Buddha), 'namuamidabutsu (literally, I take my refuge in Amida Buddha)' is not the invocation uttered in the hope of rebirth into the Pure Land by the salvific power of Amida Buddha, but in gratitude for ensuring birth in the Pure Land.
- ところが、ヨーロッパの書籍から直接知識を得ようとする洋学(蘭学)が出現するようになると、従来の学問(日本固有の学術及び中国伝来の学術)はこれと区別する意味で「皇漢学(こうかんがく)」と称されるようになる。
- However, when form of studies referred to as western studies (Dutch studies) which sought to directly obtain knowledge through books from Europe started, the traditional way of studies (studies typical of Japan as well as studies introduced from China) had come to be referred to as 'koukangaku' to distinguish from western studies.
- 一方、西国では承平 (日本)年間(930年代)に瀬戸内海で海賊行為が頻発し(「承平南海賊」)、936年(承平6)、追捕南海道使に任命された紀淑人とその配下の藤原純友らによる説得が功を奏し、海賊が投降した。
- On the other hand, piracy occurred frequently in the Seto Inland Sea in the Johei era (in Japan) (in the 980s) ('Joheinankaizoku' [literally, pirates in the southern area in the Johei era]), and in 936, KI no Yoshito, who was appointed Tsuibu Nankai Doshi (the officer to capture criminals in the southern area), and FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, his subordinate, succeeded in convincing the pirates to submit themselves to surrender.
- ところが、戦国時代_(日本)に入ると、堅田門徒の指導的地位を得ていた本福寺は大津の門徒を率いていた本願寺10世証如の後見人蓮淳(蓮如の6男で証如の外祖父でもある)の讒言によって、3度にわたる破門を受けた。
- However, in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), Honpuku-ji Temple, which was in a commanding position in Katata-shu, was excommunicated three times by a slander of Renjun (Rennyo's sixth son and Shonyo's maternal grandfather), the guardian of Shonyo, 10th chief priest, who led believers in Otsu.
- どの戦国大名も従来の大名に替わって室町幕府に「郡検断」「軍勢催促」「段銭徴収」等の諸権力を公認されることで各地域の中心勢力を形成し、そして新しい中央政権たる豊臣秀吉の奥州仕置によって既得権益を追認された。
- Each sengoku daimyo formed the central power of influence in each region by being authorized to execute various powers such as 'jurisdiction,' 'demand for military assistance,' and 'collection of Tansen (tax on rice fields)' by the Muromachi bakufu in place of the existing daimyo and then had their vested interests confirmed by Oshu-shioki (repression of the Oshu region) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as the new central government.
- しかし、遣唐使は朝貢の使いであるという性格上、気象条件の悪い6月から7月ごろに日本を出航(元日朝賀に出席するには12月までに唐の都へ入京する必要がある)し、気象条件のよくない季節に帰国せざるを得なかった。
- But because of the fact that the missions to Tang China were commanded by the emperor, they had to leave Japan in June or July, the months during which weather conditions were bad (and had to arrive at the capital of Tang within December in order to be present in the ceremony in which the Emperor received New Years congratulations) and had to return to Japan in a season in which weather conditions were severe.
- 柳は小宮山から地蔵菩薩像を贈られるとそれから半年の間に懸案であった朝鮮民族美術館の開館などを済ませると、小宮山らの協力を得て木喰仏の調査研究のため木喰の故郷である丸畑をはじめ日本各地を奔走することになる。
- Although Yanagi was given the statue of Jizo Bosatsu by Komiyama, he was obliged to work on pending tasks for half a year such as opening the Korean Folklore Art Museum etc., but after he opened the museum, he started researching mokujiki-butsu and was throughly engaged in visiting many places in the country such as Mokujiki's birthplace, Maruhata, with the cooperation of Komiyama.
- その一方で、本来は禁中外の存在である「院政の否定」を対朝廷の基本政策としてきた幕府が後水尾上皇(法皇)の院政を認めざるを得なかった背景には東福門院が夫の政治方針に理解を示し、その院政を擁護したからでもある。
- Moreover, the government had set a basic policy to prevent a 'ruling cloister government,' which should have been naturally up to the Imperial Palace to control; however, the government had no choice but to accept the cloister government of Retired (Cloistered) Emperor Gomizunoo, since Tofukumonin understood her husband's intention to rule the cloister government and protected him from the political pressure.
- そして必修である『論語』『孝経』の他に最低二経を学習した明経生は明経試(後に明経得業試に改められた)に受験・合格してから叙位・任官するのが原則だったが、明経試を経ないで叙位・任官するケースも多かったらしい。
- Although it was a general rule that students needed to study at least two books other than the two compulsory books 'Rongo' and 'Kokyo' and pass the Myogyoshi (the Myogyo examination - later revised into the 'Myogyo Tokugyoshi') before being appointed and conferred a rank, there were many reported cases of students receiving their rank and appointment without taking the test.
- 守護大名や守護代、国人領主が戦国大名になるためには、それは室町時代以前からの庶家や傘下の土豪とのゆるやかな同盟関係のしがらみを絶ち、強固な主従関係により結ばれた家臣団の獲得こそが大きな条件であったといえる。
- In order for shugo daimyo, shugodai, and kokujinryoshu to become a sengoku daimyo, it was necessary to abolish the ties of their loose alliances with shoke and local clans under them that began before the Muromachi period and then to obtain vassal groups with which they were tied based upon a strong relationship of master and vassal.
- さらに同時期までに、守護職には大犯三ヶ条の検断沙汰権、刈田狼藉の検断権、使節遵行権、半済給付権、闕所地給付権、段銭・棟別銭の徴収権など、軍事・警察的職権から経済的利得権まで広範な権能が付与されるようになった。
- In addition, in the same period, the shugo-shiki came to assume a wide spectrum of authority ranging from military and police authority to the authority for gaining an economical profit, such as the authority to make an investigation and give instruction (kendan-sata) over three kinds of criminal cases (Taibon-sankajo, three major tasks for peacekeeping), the authority to investigate the karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the authority to pass delegation of the word, the authority to collect half of the nengu (land tax), the authority to provide confiscated land or land without a governor (called kessho-chi), as well as the authority to collect tan-sen (surtax on the rice fields) and munabechi-sen (surtax on the houses).
- 斯波義良他、代々の斯波氏当主、一色義道他代々の一色氏家督、仁木義長らの足利一門、西国一の名門といわれた大内義隆などの有力守護、もとは守護代で守護、最盛期は西国に11ヶ国の所領を得た尼子義久などが代表的である。
- Among the famous vassals granted these characters were: The heads of the Shiba clan such as Yoshisuke SHIBA (also referred as Yoshinaga SHIBA); the heads of the Isshiki clan such as Yoshimichi ISSHIKI, Yoshinaga NIKI, and other members of the Ashikaga family; powerful shugo such as Yoshitaka OUCHI, whose family was praised as the noblest in the west; and Yoshihisa AMAGO, who started as shugodai and ended as shugo with 11 provinces of holdings in the west in his prime.
- 同じ、源氏であって頼朝が、足利義兼や甲斐源氏などの一門を従え、従弟である源義仲や叔父 源義広 (志田三郎先生)、源行家、同族の源義重や佐竹昌義を圧倒し得たのも、源氏嫡流としての求心力によるところが大きかった。
- Mainly because of his uniting power as chakuryu of the Minamoto clan, Yoritomo was able to preside over the descendants of the same Minamoto clan such as Yoshikane ASHIKAGA and the Kai-Genji and dominate his cousin MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, his uncles of MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro (Master Saburo SHIDA), and MINAMOTO no Yukiie, and MINAMOTO no Yoshishige, and Masayoshi SATAKE of the same clan.
- 特に公卿にあって内裏の差配を独占した藤原氏は、藤原道長の家系が摂政・関白の座を独占し続けることで摂関家としての地位を獲得し、嫡流の近衛家を筆頭とする、九条家、二条家、一条家、鷹司家の五摂家を形成するに至った。
- The Fujiwara clan, Court nobles who monopolized the management of the dairi (Imperial Palace), assumed the position of the sekkan-ke (family line of regents and chief advisors to the Emperor) by letting the family lines of FUJIWARA no Michinaga monopolize the positions of Sessho (regent) and Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), thus establishing the gosekke (the five sekkan-ke) of the Konoe family, the Kujo family, the Nijo family, the Ichijo family, and the Takatsukasa family led by the Konoe family, the chakuryu of the clan.
- 「勝鬘経(しょうまんぎょう)」の「我得力時。於彼処見此衆生。応折伏者而折伏之。応摂受者而摂受之。何以故。以折伏摂受故令法久住」を出典とし、悪人を折伏し善人を摂受することで、この二門は仏道の大綱であるとされる。
- Based on 'No mater who the person may be, to the extent my order is effective, I will apply shakubuku to him if he is to be chastened or I will apply shoju if he is to be saved, the reason for which is to spread widely throughout the world the teaching of the truth (Shobo [the true teachings of Buddha])' written in 'Shomanngyo' (Srimala Sutra), the two methods, namely the application of shakubuku to the bad and that of shoju to the good are considered to be the major principles of Buddhism.
- しかしながら、女系天皇とはその天皇自身の性別に関わらず母方から皇室の血統を受け継ぐという血筋についての言葉である(したがって女系の男性天皇・女系の女性天皇の両方があり得る)ため、両者は本質的に異なる概念である。
- However female Emperor means the Imperial members who succeed the Imperial blood line from these maternal relatives, and this does not concern whether the Emperor herself/himself is male or female, (Thus, there are both male and female emperors existing in the female lineage) so female Emperor and Emperor of the female lineage are basically two different words with different concepts.
- しかし、こうした守護の動向は、荘園領主の利害と真正面から対立したため、荘園領主の中には朝廷や幕府へ働きかけて守護不入権(守護またはその使節が荘園内に立ち入ることを禁ずる権利)を獲得し、守護と対抗する者も現れた。
- However, as these pushes made by shugo caused severe friction with the interests of the landholders of shoen, some landholders attained the right of shugo-funyu (privilege of forbidding shugo or its agent from entering the shoen) by appealing to the Imperial Court and bakufu, confronting the shugo.
- しかし、地方に本拠を置く軍事貴族も、中央の有力貴族に名簿 (名札)(みょうぶ)を差し出し、私的な主従関係を結んで、多くの場合は直接京に出向いて奉仕し(それが「侍」であるが)、その推挙により武官の官職を得ている。
- However, military aristocrats with a main base in districts submitted the Myobu (identification) to central powerful aristocrats, held the private master and servant relationship, and many went directly to Kyoto to serve (that was 'samurai'), and obtained the court position of military officer by their recommendations.
- 乱後、後白河上皇と二条天皇の対立はしばらくの小康状態を経て再燃するが、武士で最大の実力者となっていた清盛は二条の乳父となり、室の平時子も乳母となったことで、天皇の後見役の地位を得て検非違使別当・中納言となった。
- After the rebellions, the conflict between the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa and Emperor Nijo seemed to subside slightly but then flared up again, with Kiyomori, who was the most powerful bushi at that time, gaining the position of Emperor's regent by becoming godfather to Nijo while his wife, TAIRA no Tokiko, became godmother, and he also became Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) and Chunagon (vice-councilor of state).
- しかし、次第に蝦夷島が安東氏の統制から離れ始め、特に蝦夷において被官であった蠣崎氏が上国守護職に加えて松前守護職を名乗ったことを追認せざるを得なくなるなど、戦国時代 (日本)前期には実質上北出羽の一豪族となった。
- However, Ezogashima began to leave from the Ando clan's control, and as a result, in the earlier Sengoku Period the clan degraded practically to a mere local ruling lord in the northern Dewa Province, as particularly the clan had to echo the fact that the Kakizaki clan, who had been the hikan in Ezo, proclaimed its position of Matsumae shugo (military governor of Matsumae) as well as Kaminokuni shugo.
- やがて三条が眼病を患うと、道長ははっきりと三条に譲位を勧めるようになり、視力の低下で政務や日常生活にも支障をきたすようになった三条は、長和5年(1016年)には皇太子敦成(後一条天皇)に譲位せざるを得なくなった。
- Eventually, Sanjo suffered from an eye disease and Michinaga started to clearly suggest abdication to Sanjo, and in 1016, Sanjo reluctantly abdicated to the Crown Prince Atsunari (Emperor Goichijo) because his decrease in eyesight started to infringe upon governing duties and daily life.
- 「東方五百千万億那由他阿僧祇の国を過ぎて、すなわち一塵を下し、かくの如く、この微塵が尽きんが如き(無くなるまで)、東に行くとしたら、この諸々の世界の数を知ることを得べしや、不(いな)や」と弥勒菩薩に質問している。
- If a person passes an Eastern (Buddhism-style) galaxy measuring gohyaku-senman-oku nayuta asougi go--in other words, if a person collect one piece of dust--and continues to go eastwards until collecting all the pieces of dust, is he able to know the number of (Buddhism-style) galaxies in the universe or not?'
- 一条は、伊周の失脚を嘆いて内裏を退出し出家していた定子をあえて再度入内させて世人の批判を浴びるほど定子を深く愛しており、彰子の立后には消極的であったが、長い逡巡の末、周囲の説得もあってついに道長の意向を受け入れた。
- Ichijo loved Teishi who moaned about the downfall of Korechika, retired from the Imperial Palace and entered into priesthood so much that he had her enter into court again regardless of criticism of people, and although he was reluctant to the investiture of the Empress to Akiko, he was persuaded by those around him to accept the intention of Michinaga in the end.
- 由緒書きによると、武田家の家宝「楯無」の鎧は神功皇后が三韓征伐の時に住吉大社に武運長久を祈念し得た鎧であり、ゆえあって甲州武田家の所有するところとなった(無論三韓征伐云々の伝記は時代的に合わないので史実ではない)。
- According to its written guarantee of origin, a family treasure of the Takeda family 'Tatenashi-no-yoroi' was the one given to Empress Jingu when she prayed at Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine for long-lasting luck in the battle of Sankan seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), and it later came into the possession of the Koshu Takeda family for a certain reason (needless to say, it is not a historical fact because the age of Sankan seibatsu doesn't coincide with the dates)
- 明は日本(幕府)に倭寇の取り締まりを求め、幕府も公船で貿易を行ない、私貿易を禁止すれば、既存の民間貿易の利得を幕府側で一手に引き受けることが可能になるという目論見から、勘合符を用いる貿易が推し進められることとなった。
- As the Ming dynasty required Japan (that is, the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) to crack down on the wako, the bakufu continued to trade using official ships and prohibited private foreign trade in the hope that they could exercise total control over existing profits from private foreign trade; thus, trade using Kangofu was implemented.
- しかし、地頭は紛争を武力で解決しようとする傾向が強く、訴訟結果が実効を伴わないことも多かったため、荘園領主はやむを得ず、一定額の年貢納入を請け負わせる代わりに荘園の管理を委ねる地頭請(じとううけ)を行うことがあった。
- However, as the jitos tended to solve the disputes by force and many results of the lawsuits were not effective, the lords of shoens were compelled to do jitouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs), where the jitos did not undertake the payment for a certain amount of nengu (land tax) and instead controlled the shoens.
- したがって涅槃経の仏性常住(円教)は、法華経の命である円教を重ねて説いただけであるから、涅槃経は前三経(法華経以前に説かれた蔵・通・別の教え、つまり華厳・阿含・報道・般若の各経説)と同じで、それだけが得る部分である。
- Therefore, bussho josho (one of the Buddhist teaching about the status of reaching the Nirvana and its eternity) (en teaching) is just a repetition of en teaching that is the life of Hoke-kyo Sutra, so Nehan-gyo Sutra is the same as the former three Sutra (zo, tsu, betsu teachings that were preached before Hoke-kyo Sutra, that is, Kegon-kyo Sutra, Agon-kyo Sutra, Hodo-kyo Sutra, Hannya-kyo Sutra, and only that is what you should learn.
- また、為平親王や敦康親王のように皇位継承において優位だった親王が皇位を断念せざるを得なくなった代償に授けられるケースが生じた(藤原氏の策動で皇籍に復帰させられた兼明親王(元左大臣源兼明)の一品叙位も近似の例と言える)。
- Also, there were cases such as the Imperial Prince Tamehira and the Imperial Prince Atsuyasu, who had the advantage over the succession to the Imperial Throne, but they had to give up and they were granted Ippon as a compensation (A case of conferring Ippon to the Imperial Prince Kaneakira [MINAMOTO no Kaneakira, former Minister of the Left] can be said as a similar case that he had to return to the Imperial Family because of the Fujiwara clan's strategy.)
- このデモ行進は、京都市公安条例上の許可を得た上で行われたものであったが、京都市公安委員会は、本件デモ行進を許可するにあたって、『行進隊列は4列縦隊とすること』及び『車道の東側端を進行すること』という条件が付されていた。
- The demonstration march was held after obtaining permission of the Kyoto Prefecture Public Safety Commission, with the conditions that ''the marching shall be in fours'' and ''the marching shall proceed on the eastern side of the carriageway.''
- 荘園の成立時において、公験を得て正式に承認を受けると、朝廷(太政官弁官局または民部省)から派遣された使者(官使)及び国司から派遣された使者(国使)、荘官3者の立会のもとで荘園と公領などそれ以外の土地との境界を確認した。
- When shoen (manor in medieval Japan) was established and officially authorized by obtaining Kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi (provincial governors) or Gunji (local magistrates) for transfer of the ownership of private property), its boundaries with other lands like koryo (public lands) were confirmed in the presence of an envoy dispatched by Imperial court (either Dajokan Benkan kyoku (Oversight Department: division of the Dajokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) or Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs)) (kanshi), an envoy dispatched by Kokushi (kokushi) and shokan (an officer governing shoen).
- 律令国家・国衙の援助で広大な未開地を設定して開発する、自墾地系荘園(じこんちけいしょうえん)は地方に多く、すでに熟田化した墾田を買得・相博・譲与・寄進などで集積した、既墾地系荘園(きこんちけいしょうえん)は畿内に多い。
- There were many Jikonchi Kei Shoen in rural areas, in which vast wastelands were defined in order to develop the land with the aid of the Kokuga under the ritsuryo code, while, in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), there were many Kikonchi Ke Shoen, which were collected through purchase, exchange, transfer, and donation of well-cultivated rice fields called Konata.
- これらの史料から安東氏は、鎌倉中期頃から陸奥に広範囲の所領を有した北条氏宗家(得宗)の被官(御内人)として蝦夷の統括者(蝦夷沙汰代官職)に任ぜられ、北条氏を通じて鎌倉幕府の支配下に組み込まれていったものと考えられている。
- Based on these historical materials, it is thought that the Ando clan was appointed to the administrator of Ezo (Ezosata daikan [local governor]) as a hikan (bureaucrat) (Miuchibito) of the head family of Hojo clan (Tokuso [the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan]), which had an extensive territory in Mutsu Province from the mid-Kamakura period, and then through the Hojo clan, the Ando clan came to be controlled under the Kanamura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 九代目は、父・七代目が銘打った「新歌舞伎十八番」という名称は維持したが、その演目数は18に収まりきらず、結局「十八番」を数字の「じゅうはちばん」ではなく、むしろ得意芸の「おはこ」の意味に解釈して、32ないし40を撰じた。
- Danjuro the ninth maintained the name 'Shin Kabuki Juhachi Ban,' which had been given by his father, Danjuro the seventh, but the selection contained more than eighteen programs, and in the end he selected thirty-two or forty programs based on an interpretation of 'Juhachi Ban' not as '18 programs' but as 'Ohako, one's favorite stunt.'
- 江戸時代の地下官人制度は局務・官務・出納からなり地下官人を統率する催官人と一般の地下官人である並官人、その下で雑用を担当し株の売買によって町人や農民でも身分を獲得することが可能であった下官人の3層構造体制で構成されていた。
- The lower ranking officials during the Edo period were divided into three offices 'Kyokumu,' 'Kanmu,' and 'Suino' with a hierarchy of the class controlling over the lower ranking officials; the class consisting of the general lower ranking officials; and the class in charge of chore which could be attained by townsmen and farmers through purchasing stock.
- こうした武家の棟梁に対する恩賞は、所領を棟梁から家人へ分け与える一方、棟梁自らはさらなる勢力拡大のために収入の多い国の国司職や、中央政界における地位向上につながる位階の昇叙、御所への昇殿などを獲得するよう積極的に運動した。
- While Buke no toryo distributed territories to their kenin, they actively sought to become kokushi, which would provide them both handsome income, or to obtain a higher rank, which would lead higher grade in the central government, or to access to the Imperial Palace to advance their political status in the Imperial Court.
- 白河は、鳥羽の第一皇子(崇徳天皇)を皇位につけた後に没し、鳥羽が院政を布くこととなったが、鳥羽は崇徳を疎んじ、第九皇子である近衛天皇(母、藤原得子)へ皇位を継がせた(近衛没後はその兄の後白河天皇(母、藤原璋子)が継いだ)。
- Shirakawa died after placing Toba's first prince (Emperor Sutoku) on the throne, and Toba started to conduct Insei, but Toba turned a cold shoulder to Sutoku and had him succeed the Imperial Throne to Toba's ninth prince, Emperor Konoe (whose mother was FUJIWARA no Nariko) (after Konoe's death, his elder brother, Emperor Goshirakawa, whose mother was FUJIWARA no Shoshi, succeeded to the throne).
- しかし、租税納入を怠った、あるいは規定額を達成できなかった受領は、受領功過定(ずりょうこうかさだめ)と呼ばれる人事評定によって厳しい審査・処分を受けていたのであり、受領を巨富が得られる官職と理解することに疑義も出されている。
- However, some people assert that the position of zuryo should not be understood as such a profitable one because they were also subject to severe penalty, according to the result of personnel evaluation called zuryo koka sadame, if they failed to pay taxes or failed to achieve a pre-determined amount.
- これは朝廷の権威が失墜して、禁中並公家諸法度などによって朝廷にすら支配権を及ぼして「公儀」の体制と「封建王」的な地位を獲得した徳川将軍家でさえ、その支配の正統性は天皇による将軍宣下に依存しなければならなかったことを意味する。
- It means that even the Tokugawa shogun family, who eclipsed Imperial Court's authority, exerted control over Imperial Court by the 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles) etc., and gained the structure of 'kogi' (shogunate) and the position of 'feudal king,' had to rely on the appointment by the Emperor in order to legitimate their dominion.
- 当初は田令の規定通り田租の一部が貢進されたが、田租を不動穀として備蓄する制度が始まると、国司による出納が許されていた動用倉正税の中から出挙が行われ、それによって得られた利息の一部を田租に替わって年料舂米にあてるようになった。
- Initially, part of Denso was donated as determined by the Denryo, but after the system for storing Denso as Fudokoku (staples for an emergency) started, Suiko (government loans, often seed rice) was taken from the Doyoso Shozei (movable resource) that was allowed to be taken out by the Kunishi, part of the interest earned from this was used instead of Denso to pay for Nenryoshomai.
- 一方、単価の高い小ロット品の生産を得意とする京漆器では米糊などを添加しないため、下地材全体に対する漆の割合が50重量%程度(wet重量、固形分では60重量%程度)と、樹脂分の高い下地を施すためコストはかかるが堅牢な器ができる。
- On the other hand, in the case of Kyo-shikki good at production of small lots with a high unit price, percentage of lacquer in the whole foundation is about 50 percent by weight (wet)/60 percent by weight (dry) because rice glue is not added, so the artifacts are costly but durable thanks to foundation which contains much resin.
- 実は先代の後水尾法皇の院政にも幕府は反対であったが、幼少の天皇が続いた事に加えて、2代将軍徳川秀忠の娘である法皇の中宮・東福門院がこれを擁護したために黙認せざるを得なかったのであるが、霊元上皇にも同様な事を許す考えは無かった。
- In fact, the government of Edo was against the cloister government of the late Cloistered Emperor Gomizunoo, which was being continued by the young Emperor; meanwhile, the daughter of the second shogun, Hidetada TOKUGAWA, who was also the pontificate second consort of the Emperor, Tohuku-Mon In, protected the cloister government, which had to be ignored, but the government of Edo did not intend to do the same with the Retired Emperor Reigen.
- 刈田狼藉紛争とは、国内の武士・荘官などの間に起こった所領紛争に他ならず、刈田狼藉検断権を獲得したことによって、守護は国内の武士・荘官へ大きな影響を及ぼすことが可能となり、以後、室町期守護は国内武士・荘官の被官化を進めていった。
- Karita-rozeki disputes were just territory-related disputes occurring among warriors or shokan in a state; after shugo acquired the karita-rozeki related kendan power, they were able to have significant influence on warriors and shokan of the state, and afterward, shugo in the Muromachi period worked hard to vassalize warriors and shokan of the state.
- なお、同詔では漢詩などの文学材料としても用いられていた孔安国の注釈に関しては、天皇及び皇族の教育以外の場では引き続き使用が認められており、この導入が大学寮全体の支持すら得られていなかった政治的なものであったことを裏付けている。
- However, in the Mikotonori, the commentaries by Ko Ankoku that were used as a literary reference, such as in Chinese poetry, were permitted to be continually used in education other than that of Emperors and the Imperial Family, which supports the fact that this adoption was only to seek political advantage and did not even gain support of the whole Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system).
- その中で己が権益には強い姿勢を見せながらも、将軍家を尊重する姿勢は一貫して崩さなかった三好長慶を排除すればどうなるかすら予見し得なかった義輝は、図らずも程なく長慶が病没する事によって、以前の試みの帰結を知る事となったのである。
- Unable to foresee the consequences of the ousting of Nagayoshi MIYOSHI who, although firmly insistent on his own interests, had never deviated from the posture of respecting the Shogun family, Yoshiteru happened to learn from the soon succumbing of Nagayo
- 当せんした者は褒美金全部を入手したのではなく、突留1000両を得たものはその100両を修理料として興行主に贈り、100両を札屋に礼として与え、その他諸費と称して4、50両取られたから、実際に得るところはおよそ700余両であった。
- Winners didn't receive all of the prize money, if a winner got tsukitome 1000 ryo, he gave 100 ryo to the distributer as a repair fee and 100 ryo to ticket seller and also was taken 40 – 50 ryo as miscellaneous expense, so the rest was about 700 ryo.
- 天下の儀、何様にも信長に任置かるるの上は、誰々によらず、上意を得るに及ばず、分別次第に成敗をなすべきの事(天下の政治は何事につけてもこの信長に任せ、誰にも限らず、将軍の上意も得ずに信長の分別により成敗を加えることができること)。
- 天下の儀,何様にも信長に任置かるるの上は,誰々によらず,上意を得るに及ばず,分別次第に成敗をなすべきの事 (Since the affairs of tenka (the realm) have in fact been put in Nobunaga's hands, he may take measures against anyone whomsoever according to his own discretion and without the need to obtain the shogun's agreement.)
- しかし居延漢簡には純粋な篆書からはじまって、隷書になりかけた初期の隷書である「古隷」、完全な波磔(はたく、隷書独特の大きなはらい)を持つ隷書=八分隷までこの時代考え得る移行期の書体が全て使用されており、隷変の過程が明らかになった。
- However, all the possible calligraphic styles of the transitional period in those days were used in Kyoen Kankan: from pure tensho (seal script), through 'korei' (old clerical script) which was early reisho (close to reisho) to reisho with complete hataku (horizontal lines ending in a noticeable triangular tail that were specific to reisho) which is called Happunrei; thereby the process of reihen was revealed.
- また、「一味和合」の観念から集会(しゅうえ)における集議によって内部の規律や荘園の支配などに関する重要な規定が定められ、「多分の理」と呼ばれる多数決(過半数ではなく、2/3などそれ以上の一定割合の賛同を得ることで決定が成立する)。
- In addition, an idea called 'Ichimi Wago' (unity of people's minds) led to decision making through discussions at gatherings called 'shue' (gathering of priests) on the inside regulations and important rules regarding shoen management, and a kind of majority rule called 'tabun no ri' was developed (in which not gaining a majority but gaining two thirds or more of agreement will decide the case).
- 「仔細ありてこもりし居の身も、今日免許のときを得て、御教書到来武将へ謁する都入り。少しもこの身に凶事あれば、その身は重罪。かなわぬ事だ。自滅したのはうぬが仕合せ。もがくな。もがくな。はてよい様な。」と大学之助は嘲笑い悠々と立ち去る。
- Daigakunosuke laughs mockingly and says, 'I have been confined to my home for some reason, but now, having received an official message to forgive me, I am going to Kyoto to see my lord. If anything happens to me, you will be severely punished. You cannot do that. It is better for you to perish. Don't struggle, don't struggle. You look miserable.' and he leaves there relaxed.
- 例えば、明応7年(1498年)、越後国守護上杉房能は、越後国内において守護使不入の主張を認めない事を宣言し、永正年間には駿河国守護今川氏親が幕府の許可を得ずに遠江国守護斯波氏を追って同国を支配して守護使不入地に対しても検地を行った。
- In 1498, for example, Fusayoshi UESUGI, the Governor of Echigo Province, declared that he would not approve to claim shugoshi funyu within Echigo Province, and during the Eisho era (1504-1521) Ujichika IMAGAWA, the Governor of Suruga Province, expelled the Shiba clan, the Governor of Totomi Province, without permission of the bakufu, ruled the province, and conducted a land survey even in the territories specified as shugoshi funyuchi.
- このように、法顕が翻訳した六巻本には、「法華経の中で八千の声聞が記別を得た」との記述はあるものの、曇無讖が翻訳した北本及び、六巻本と北本を校合訂正した南本には「大果実を収めて秋収め冬蔵めて更に所作なきが如し」との文言は見当たらない。
- As stated above, although the six-volume Nirvana Sutra translated by Hokken states that 'The Lotus Sutra enabled 8000 disciples of Buddha to achieve religious salvation,' neither the northern edition (translated by Dharmaraksana) nor the southern edition (compiled by making corrections to the six-volume edition and the northern edition) contains the statement that the Lotus Sutra taught 'Buddhist truths to the unenlightened masses, who will have nothing more to learn, just as farmers who have harvested crops in fall for winter storage have nothing more to do.'
- 壬生孝亮はこの中で近年出納が諸社に対する官幣を行い、陣儀に参仕していることは「旧儀」に反すること、出納は本来凡卑の家柄であるにも関わらず身分不相応の知行を得て、衣冠束帯を身に付けており、両局と並肩しているのは「違乱」であると主張した。
- In the dispute, Takasuke MIBU stated that 'suino' carried out imperial offerings to shrines and 'suino' was present at the conference of the court nobles in those days, which violated 'the old rules,' and besides, 'suino' obtained too much income, wore formal attire and daily attire in the imperial court, and behaved equivalent to 'the two major offices' in spite of its humble origin, all of which disturbed the order.
- こうした状況の中で、12世紀~13世紀ごろになると、荘園領主や国衙、さらにこれらから在地支配を任された武士も田堵の力を認めざるを得なくなり、田堵に名田の永代保有権を付与する代わりに、年貢・公事の納付請負を確約させるようになっていった。
- Under such circumstances, around the 12th and the 13th centuries, lords of manors, kokuga, and samurai warriors who were appointed as the local supervisors by lords or kokuga had to recognize the tato's influence, and they gave the tato permanent tenure of myoden in exchange for the firm land tax payment and the undertaking of public duties.
- 始めは政経が高清を近江から追放し、出雲、隠岐、飛騨の守護職を得るが、政経はその後の六角氏との戦いに敗れ、さらには徴税の命令に従わなかった出雲、隠岐の守護代である尼子経久を追放するも、逆に出雲の拠点である月山富田城を奪い返されたと伝わる。
- At the beginning, Masatsune expelled Takakiyo from Omi Province thereby gaining the position of Shugo (military governor) of Izumo, Oki and Hida Provinces, but Masatsune lost the battle against the Rokkaku clan after that, and moreover although he expelled deputy Shugo of Izumo and Oki Tsunehisa AMAKO who did not obey the order of tax collection and he was deprived, in return, of Gassan Tomita-jo Castle that was a foothold in Izumo.
- 近代以前のヨーロッパの法律や近代法体系において、名誉の侵害に対する正当防衛は認められない、あるいは法益均衡の観点から生命の侵害をもって報いることは認められないと解されるのが通説(ただし、近代以前には決闘による名誉回復はあり得た)である。
- According to the commonly accepted theory, under laws that predate the modern age in Europe and modern legislation, justifiable defense or violation of the sanctity of life in order to protect one's honor was not accepted from the viewpoint of legal equilibrium. (Before the modern age, however, it was possible to redeem one's honor by dueling.)
- 被告人は、京都市公安条例は憲法違反(憲法21条違反)であること、巡査による写真撮影は、被告人の意思に反するものであり、肖像権を侵害し(憲法13条違反)、かつ、令状を得て行われたものではないから、令状主義にも反する(憲法35条)と主張した。
- The defendant claimed that Kyoto City Ordinance was in violation of Article 21 of the Constitution and the police officer's act of photographing the defendant against his will and the violation of the right of portrait (violation of Article 13 of the Constitution) without a warrant issued by a judge are also in violation of Article 35 of the Constitution which provides for the principle of warrant.
- 最澄の悲願は大乗戒壇の設立であり、大乗戒を授けた者を天台宗の菩薩僧と認め、12年間比叡山に籠って修行させるという構想によって、律宗の鑑真(688年 - 763年)がもたらした小乗戒の戒壇院を独占する南都仏教の既得権益との対立を深めていた。
- Saicho's earnest desire was to establish the building of Daijo-Kaidan (Mahayana ordination center) and those who received Mahayana precepts were admitted as the bodhisattva priest of Tendai sect and they secluded themselves at Mt. Hiei and underwent ascetic training there for twelve years, and due to this scheme he came into conflict with vested interests of Nanto Buddhism which dominated Kaidan-in of the commandment of Theravada Buddhism brought by Ganjin (Jianzhen) (688 – 763) in Ritsu sect.
- 琵琶湖の市町境界については、今までどの市町にも組み入れられていなかったが、沿岸の各自治体で行う共同会議において2007年5月8日に境界の設定に合意し、各自治体の議会の同意を得た上で総務省に届け出を行い、9月28日付で官報に確定が公示された。
- The municipal borders of Lake Biwa had never been established, but at a joint conference held by the municipalities on the shore of the lake, their delegates reached an agreement to establish the borders of Lake Biwa on May 8, 2007; a document was submitted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications after the approval of each municipality's assembly, and finally the establishment of borders was officially announced in the official gazette on September 28.
- 当初は学生が東西いずれの曹に属するかという規定は定まっていなかったが、文章生が文章得業生となり対策を受ける際には所属する曹とは反対の曹の文章博士から出題を受けることとなっていたため、当然その頃にはいずれかの曹に属していなければならなかった。
- Although it was not defined which of the toso and seiso the students were to belong at the beginning, when monjosho became Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and took taisaku (civil service examination), it was decided that the Monjo hakase of the so other than that the monjosho belonged to set the examination, which meant that the monjosho had to belong to either the toso or the seiso by that time.
- だが、実際の政務を行っているのが最大の荘園領主である摂関家以下有力貴族であったこと、国司側も任期が終了に近づくと次の役職を得るための一種の猟官運動として有力貴族による荘園実施を認める傾向にあったために多くの例外が生まれ、実効性が乏しかった。
- However, since actual government affairs were performed by sekkan-ke and powerful nobles who were also the most powerful manor lords, and kokushi, towards the end of their term, who had a tendency to approve manors by powerful nobles as a form of office-seeking activity to secure their next post, it was not very effective with many exceptional cases.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)以降は、貢納品の独占販売権を取得し座と同様の活動を行ったが、その特権の源泉であった天皇家の権威喪失とともに聖性を失い、一部には大商人として成功する者が出た反面、被差別民の起源のひとつともなったとする部落の起源論争もある。
- Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Kugonin had obtained the exclusive sales rights of the presents and conducted activities similar to those of Za, however, they lost their holiness with the loss of the dignity of the Imperial Family, which was the source of their privileges, some of them succeeded as large-scale merchants, and it is disputed that they were the origin of buraku one of the origins of the discriminated people.
- これは、鎌倉殿による地頭に対する土地支配権の承認(安堵)が荘園の持つ不安定な法的地位を改善したために、地頭側が、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、下地進止権の獲得を通じた一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていったためと考えられている。
- The background behind the above is considered to be the fact that jito began to pursue the unified ruling of land by annulling the multi-layered land ruling system and obtaining Shitaji shinshi ken (the right to shitaji) since the legal status of shoen became stable thanks to the Kamakura Bakufu's authorization of jito's right to rule the land (ando).
- また、西国で京方の公家、武家の多くの没収地を得、これを戦功があった御家人に大量に給付したため、執権北条氏と御家人との信頼関係が強固になり、鎌倉幕府の開府期に続いて多くの御家人が西国に移り住むこととなり、幕府の支配が畿内にも強く及ぶようになる。
- Moreover, having obtained quite a number of estates in the west of Japan confiscated from nobles and samurai of the capital faction, Yoshitoki HOJO awarded a great many of them to those gokenin who had distinguished themselves during the war, and consequently strengthened the relationship of trust between the Hojo clan and the gokenin; continuing on from the opening days of the Kamakura bakufu, many such gokenin moved out to the western provinces to oversee their new lands, meaning the shogunate's control even over the kinai region (the five provinces adjacent to Kyoto) was strengthened.
- 特に戦国時代 (日本)は室町幕府を開いた足利氏の嫡流 足利将軍家に対し、庶流の細川氏が管領として実権を奪ったり、出雲守護で嫡流であった京極氏は庶流の尼子氏に守護の地位を簒奪されるなど、血筋では地位や権力を担保し得ない実力本位の時代でもあった。
- The Sengoku period (period of warring states), in particular, was a time based on merit when bloodline did not guarantee rank or power; the Hosokawa clan, the shoryu, took power as the kanrei (shogunal deputy) from the Ashikaga Shogun family, the chakuryu of the Ashikaga clan who established the Muromachi bakufu; and the Amago clan, the shoryu, usurped the position of Shugo (Provincial Constable) from the Kyogoku clan, Izumo Shugo, and the chakuryu.
- このため、承久の乱後においては、幕府の政治的影響力の拡大を差し引いても後鳥羽院に同情的な意見は少なく、『愚管抄』・『六代勝事記』・『神皇正統記』などは、いずれも院が覇道的な政策を追求した結果が招いた自業自得の最期であったと手厳しいものがあった。
- Consequently, after the Jokyu War there was little sympathy for Go-Toba-in, although the Kamakura government had strong political power; in historical books such as 'Gukansho,' 'Rokudai shojiki' and 'Jinno shotoki,' it is said that the Emperor deserved to die the way he did after ruling the government through the use of his dominant power.
- 『菅家文章』の「書斎記」によれば、菅原氏の私邸(後世にて「紅梅殿」と称された。現在の京都市下京区の北菅大臣神社に比定される)の西南に一丈四方の書斎があり、そこから多くの文章生・文章得業生を輩出したこと、その名称が山陰亭であったことを伝えている。
- Shosai-Ki' (essays of SUGAWARA no Michizane) in 'Kanke bunso' (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane) described: There was a study of about nine square meters in the southwest corner of the private residence of the Sugawara clan (the residence was called Kobai-Den (red plum blossom residence) in later ages. The residence was likened to Kita kandaijin-jinja Shrine in the present Shimogyo Ward of Kyoto City); The study had produced many monjosho (student of literary studies in the Japanese Imperial University) and Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters); and The name of the residence was Sanin-tei.
- 戦後では、栄典や顕彰・表彰・人事考課などという概念が一般的となり、公的に恩賞の概念は用いられないが、政権獲得や内閣成立に功績のあった与党政治家の重要役職への就任や入閣があった場合に、論功行賞人事や恩賞人事と揶揄される場合に用いられることもある。
- After the War the notions of honor, public recognition, commendation, and performance review have become common and the concept of onsho (rewards) has not been publicly used, however, when ruling-party politicians who rendered service in the formation of the government or cabinet are appointed to important posts or enter the cabinet, this is sometime ridiculed as onsho or reward-oriented appointments.
- その組織力や情報の得やすさなどから、室町時代には、一揆の中心にもなり、正長の土一揆や嘉吉の徳政一揆などが知られているが、後者では一揆の攻撃対象となった比叡山延暦寺の保護を受けていた近江国の馬借が一揆から離反して、馬借勢力そのものが分裂している。
- In the Muromachi Period because of its organizational power and the ease-of-getting information the Bashaku played the central role at the riots in which the Tsuchi-ikki in Shocho era and the Tokusei-ikki in Kakitsu era were famous for, and in the latter the Bashaku in Omi Province who were taken under Hieizan Enryaku-ji Temple that was attacked by the riot seceded from the riot force so that the Bashaku power itself was split.
- また、当時天皇に複数の皇子がいる場合、複数の親王の生活を支える財政的ゆとりが無い事や臣籍降下をさせるだけの公家官位の余裕が無い事から、皇位継承者以外の皇子は全て幼くして出家を強要せざるを得ない(当然ながら出家した皇子には子孫が存在しない事になる。
- In those days, the Emperor with many Princes and Princesses had to allow them to enter into the priesthood while they were young, except for the candidate Prince who will succeed to the throne, this was because the Emperor could not afford to financially support the Princes and Princesses, or the court officials could not afford to have them be demoted from nobility to subject, (It is needless to say that the Princes who went into the priesthood would not have any children.
- 一乗・三乗の「乗」とは衆生を乗せて仏の悟りに導く乗り物であり、天台宗の根本経典である『法華経』では、一切衆生の悉皆成仏(どのような人も最終的には仏果(悟り)を得られる)を説く一乗説に立ち、それまでの経典にあった三乗は一乗を導くための方便と称した。
- The Japanese kanji for 'jo' in ichijo and sanjo refers to the vehicle which leads all living things to attain satori (the term used to mean enlightenment in Japanese Buddhism); the 'Hokekyo' (Lotus Sutra), which is the primal scripture of the Tendai sect, teaches that the sanjo in traditional Buddhist scriptures is the means of leading the ichijo, based on ichijo-setsu (doctrine that only one teaching, usually the Lotus Sutra, can lead to enlightenment), which teaches that all living things can attain Buddhahood in the end.
- と同時に日蓮の心理的内面に即して言えば、何よりも彼は、法華経に書かれている行者の姿と自身の生活の軌跡が符合したことに最大の根拠を見出して、上行菩薩(本佛釈尊より弘通の委嘱を受けた本化地涌菩薩の上首)としての自覚を得るに至ったのである(上行応生)。
- At the same time, based on the mental aspect of Nichiren, it is considered that since he found the life of the ascetic described in Hokke-kyo and his own life was the same, he became aware of being 'Jogyo Bosatsu' (the head of 'Honge-jiyu Bosatsu,' Bodhisattva who had to assist Shakya-muni in the mission) (called 'Jogyo Ojo').
- しかし実質的な内容が簒奪であっても表向きは「自主的に血縁関係が無い有徳の人物に君主の地位を譲る」禅譲と称されることがあり、これは前王朝から王位・帝位を獲得した方法について、肯定的ないし賞賛する立場からの表現であり、批判的な立場からは「簒奪」とされる。
- However, even when it was practically an usurpation, sometimes, it is officially referred as a peaceful transfer of power by 'giving the position of the monarch voluntarily to someone with virtue who are not related by blood ties' which is an expression from a favorable standpoint or in praise of the method to acquire the crown from the former dynasty and it is referred as 'usurpation' from a critical standpoint.
- 江戸時代になると、諸藩の藩主は、強大な統治権を得るために、家臣の知行を、土地を直接給付して独自に徴税を行わせる地方知行制から、藩が一括して徴税した米を中心とした農産物を家臣に給付して、その一部を商人を通じて換金させる蔵米知行に転換することを目指した。
- In the Edo period, the lord of each domain tried to change the fief system of their vassal from a local enforcement system in which the land was provided directly for the vassal and the vassal collected tax individually into kuramaichigyo in which the lord of the domain collected rice and farm products collectively and provided them for their vassal who, in turn, changed them into money through a dealer, in order to extend their ruling power.
- この言葉で表現されるように、親鸞は、それまでの浄土教義とは異なり、信心は阿弥陀仏から人間に与えられるものであり、その信心を受容することで、浄土に往生でき、現在・現時点で仏となることが決定している(一念発起住正定聚、平生業成、即得往生住不退転)とした。
- As this term indicated, Shinran explained that, unlike the creed of pure land teachings until then, he made faith, conferred upon the individual by Amida Buddha, the sole precondition for attainment of birth in the Pure Land and for guarantee to become a Buddha at this moment and in this world (Ichinenhokki jushojoju, Heizei-gogyo, and Sokutokuojo jufutaiten: all these verses expound Shinran's concept of 'Genseishojoju').
- これらは分轄相続によって、個々には弱小化してしまった小領主たる武士達が、他の勢力に飲み込まれないために、協力してまとまった勢力をつくりあげ、ひとつの武士団として戦に参加し、恩賞を得ようというものであり、「白旗一揆」や「桔梗一揆」はその旗印を名前とした。
- These small feudal bushi lords that weakened individually due to divided inheritance unified together to form a force that would not be pushed down by other forces, joined the battle as one bushidan to gain reward, and names of 'Shirahata Ikki' and 'Kikyo Ikki' came from the emblem on flags.
- 調整がうまくつかないと、様々な作品のヒーロー役が乱立したり、悪人方に回されたのを納得しない子供がやられて死ぬ演技をなかなやかやってくれなかったりするが、中には「切られ役(殺陣)の美学」を持つ子供が、オーバーな臨終のシーンを演じる等といった動きも見られた。
- When it was not adjusted well, some children acted various heroes of different stories freely and evil strangers who wanted to play heroes did not die soon after killed, and also it was seen that children who had 'aesthetics of how to be killed' acted dying scenes exaggeratingly.
- ただし、『一代要記』や『本朝皇胤紹運録』を基に逆算される舒明の生年(593年)とその弟の存在を考えると、592年の推古天皇即位後もしばらく生存していたはずで、非蘇我系の王位継承候補者として、蘇我系の竹田皇子や聖徳太子と比肩し得る地位を保っていたと思われる。
- But he must have been alive for a while after the Empress Suiko was enthroned in 592, according to the birth year of the Emperor Jomei, calculated back based on 'Ichidai Yoki (summary chronicle of each reign), 'Honcho koin jounroku' (the Emperor's family tree, made in the Muromachi period) and the existence of his brother; it is assumed that he held the equal power as a candidate of the successor to the throne with Takeda no miko, the Soga clan origin, and the Prince Shotoku.
- この介入は、執権北条時宗が後深草の立場に同情したためという説明が当時からなされている(『増鏡』)ほか、得宗と治天の交渉を仲介する立場にある関東申次西園寺実兼が亀山父子よりも後深草父子と親しかったため、後深草にとって有利な解決をはかったことも指摘されている。
- Other than the explanation for this intervention that has been given since it happened that the Regent Tokimune HOJO sympathized with Gofukakusa's situation ('Masukagami' (The Clear Mirror)), it has been pointed out that the Kanto Moshitsugi, Sanekane SAIONJI, who was in the position to mediate between Tokimune and the Chiten, was more intimate with the Gofukakusa father and son than the Kameyama father and son and could have worked for a more advantageous solution for Gofukakusa.
- 寺社造営料唐船(じしゃぞうえいりょうとうせん)は、14世紀前半(鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて)に、主要な寺社の造営(修復・増築を含む)費用を獲得することを名目として、幕府の認可の下、日本から元 (王朝)に対して派遣された貿易船群のことである。
- Jishazoeiryotosen is a group of traveling vessels that were dispatched to the Yuan Dynasty under authorization of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for the purpose of making profits to cover the costs of repair and construction of major temples and shrines in the first half of the 14th century (from the late Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts -Japan).
- 南天竺国香至王の第三王子として生まれ、般若多羅の法を得て仏教の第二十八祖菩提達磨(ボーディダルマ)になったということになっているが、最も古い菩提達磨への言及は東魏撫軍府司馬楊衒之撰『洛陽伽藍記』(547年)にあり、全ての達磨伝説はここに始まるともいわれている。
- Although it is said that he was born as the third son of a king called Koshi in Nantenjiku (South India) and became the 28th Bodhi Dharma of Buddhism after acquiring the teachings of Hannyatara, the oldest reference to Bodai Daruma is found in the 'Rakuyo Garanki', which was compiled by Yogenshi in 547 and whose title was Togi Bugunfu Shima (Bungunfu Shima in Eastern Wei), and the record is regarded as the source of all the legends concerning Daruma.
- また、1870年代半ばより中国を中心として東南アジアやインドに至るアジア各地への輸出が始まり、特に東京銀座に秋葉商店を構えた秋葉大助はほろや泥除けのある現在見るような人力車を考案し、性能を高め贅を凝らした装飾的な人力車を制作し、その多くを輸出して大きな富を得た。
- In addition, from the mid-1870s, jinrikisha began to be exported to various Asian countries, ranging from Southeast Asia, centered on China, to India; in particular, Daisuke AKIBA, who opened a shop called Akiba Store in Ginza, Tokyo, invented the current version of the jinrikisha with a covered top and mud flaps, producing decorative jinrikisha with high performance and a sumptuous appearance and making huge profits by exporting most of them.
- 『吾妻鏡』によると、鎌倉幕府でも天文道に通じた陰陽師を京都から鎌倉へ招いて征夷大将軍に対して天文密奏を行わせたとされている(こうした場合、朝廷に対する密奏が不可能となるため、密奏宣旨は天文博士などへ昇進するための資格を得る以上の意味はなかったと考えられている)。
- According to 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East; a chronicle of the early history of the Kamakura Bakufu), the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) also invited Onmyoji who was well versed in tenmondo from Kyoto to Kamakura to constitute him the mission as the medium of tenmon misso to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (Since the misso could not have been available for the emperor in that situation, it was considered that the imperial decree of the misso meant no more than qualifying a person as tenmon hakase or the like.)
- 1464年12月24日(寛正5年11月26日)、義尋は、義政が『今後男子が生まれても僧門に入れ、家督を継承させることはない』と起請文までしたため、再三、将軍職就任を説得したことから、意を決して還俗し名を足利義視と改めると勝元の後見を得て今出川邸に移ることにした。
- On December 24, 1464, Yoshihiro made up his mind to return to secular life as Yoshimasa had even prepared a written oath 'Even if a son is born to me, I will make him become a Buddhist priest and not allow him to succeed the headship of the family' and tried to persuade Yoshihiro once again to inherit the office of Shogun; renaming himself Yoshimi ASHIKAGA, the younger brother decided to move to the Imadegawa residence under the guardianship of Katsumoto.
- こうした弱点を克服する議論として主張されはじめたのが、下向井龍彦らによって主張されているように、出現期の武士が田堵負名としての経済基盤を与えられており、11世紀の後期王朝国家に国家体制が変質した時点で、荘園公領の管理者としての領主身分を獲得したとする議論である。
- To overcome such weak points, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI and so on started to insist that the bushi during the early period were given an economic base as tato fumyo and when the national policy changed to the latter half of the dynasty state during the 11th century, the bushi acquired the lord status as the manager of shoen koryo.
- だが、延べ数十万の兵士を都に集結させて11年にもわたり戦闘が続いたにも関わらず、主だった将が戦死することもなく、ただ惰性的に争いを続けてきた挙句に守護大名たちが獲得を目指していた幕府権力そのものが権威を失墜させてしまい、結果的に獲得するものは何もなかったのである。
- However, in spite of the 11-year duration of the war involving an aggregate of hundreds of thousands of soldiers mobilized into the capital, it was a war continued by inertia, tolling the life of none of major military leaders; moreover, the authority of the Bakufu power itself, which shugo daimyos had been vying for, was already lost, eventually nothing for them to win.
- 「埋蔵文化財として扱う範囲の一基準の要素」として、「遺跡の時代・種類を主たる要素とし、遺跡の所作する地域の歴史的な特性、文献資料 (歴史学)・図像資料・民俗資料その他の資料との補完関係、遺跡の遺存状況、遺跡から得られる情報量等を副次的要素とする」よう指示がなされた。
- The notice also indicated that as 'elements of one standard as the scope of buried cultural properties,' 'the age and type of a remain be regarded as the principal element and historic features of the region the remain is located, the complementary relationship between literal data (history), pictures and figures, folklore materials and other materials, the situation existing remnant of the remain, and the amount of information obtained from such site be the secondary elements.'
- また元の侵攻は阻止したものの、今までの幕府の戦争と違い全くの外国が相手であったため、この戦いによって実質的に獲得したものは何も無く、そのため出征した武士(御家人)への恩賞の支払いが少なかったこともあって、「いざ鎌倉」といった幕府と御家人との信頼関係を損ねる結果となる。
- And although the bakufu managed to fend off the Mongol invasions, these two battles were unlike any previous conflicts in that the enemy was from a genuinely foreign country, meaning that no land to speak of had been confiscated and thus that there was very little with which to reward the warriors (gokenin) who had fought to repulse the invaders, which led to a souring of the relationship between the bakufu and its gokenin, who had faithfully responded to the bakufu's emergency summons.
- ところが、長暦2年(1038年)、天台座主に園城寺明尊が任ぜられたことから勃発した「山相論」において、頼通から延暦寺大衆 (仏教)の説得を期待された良円は説得に失敗したのみならず、翌年には彼らに擁されて頼通の高倉殿に大衆3千人と強訴する事件を引き起こして罪に問われる。
- Yet in 1038, once Myoson of Onjo-ji Temple became the Tendai-zasu (the highest post of Tendai sect), the 'sansoron' (the mountain debate) broke out; Ryoen, who was expected by Yorimichi to persuade the priests residing in Enryaku-ji Temple, was defeated in the debate, and what's worse, the following year he was blamed for gathering the clergy around him and inciting a crowd of 3000 priests to march on Yorimichi's Takakura palace and stage a goso (forceful protest).
- 平安時代、桓武天皇の政策により東宮とならなかった親王を八省卿にする方針が打ち出されたが、後に親王に政治責任を負わせることに消極的な立場から中務省、兵部省兵部省 (律令制)、式部省、弾正尹、大宰帥といった名誉職に就いて俸禄のみを得て、政務には携わらないという慣習ができた。
- In the Heian period, a plan was put out for making the Shinno, who was not able to become a Togu (crown prince) due to Emperor Kammu's policy, a Minister for one of the eight central ministries, but later, from a passive viewpoint towards putting political responsibility on a Shinno, it became a custom for a Shinno to take the position of an honorary office such as the Ministry of Central Affairs, Ministry of Military (Treasury code), Ministry of Ceremonial, Danjoin, and Dazai no sochi, where they received only stipends and did not participate in state affairs.
- とはいえ一介の国人であった伊達氏が、京都扶持衆に列したのを契機に中央政界との緊密性を獲得し、陸奥国守護職補任、さらには室町幕府において足利一門にのみ許されてきた奥州探題職に補任、かつ足利一門屈指の名門で斯波氏の同族 大崎氏に庶子を入嗣として送り込み事実上の傘下に治めた。
- Nevertheless, what a mere local lord, the Date clan, had done at that time, such as establishing a close relationship with a central government after appointed as Kyoto fuchishu, holding the posts of Mutsu shugoshiki and even Oshu Tandai which was reserved for the Ashikaga clan and also putting the Osaki clan, a family line of the Shiba clan (the most powerful Ashikaga family) under its control by sending its illegitimate child to the Osaki clan, were not what other local lords could easily achieve.
- 9世紀~10世紀に律令制が崩壊した後も、神田には不輸の権(租税免除の権利)が認められていたため、墾田や買収などで付近の田地を集積していた田堵(有力農民)=開発領主は、自分の経営する田地を有力な神社(または有力寺院)へ寄進することで、不輸の権 (日本)を獲得しようとした。
- Since Fuyu no ken (the right to tax exemption) was granted to Shinden even after the collapse of the Ritsuryo System from the eighth to ninth century, Tato (dominant farmers or lords cultivating new rice fields) who were then collecting rice fields around them tried to obtain Fuyu no ken Right by donating their rice fields to shrines or temples.
- 朕内ハ則チ教化ヲ醇厚ニシ愈民心ノ和会ヲ致シ益国運ノ隆昌ヲ進メムコトヲ念ヒ外ハ則チ国交ヲ親善ニシ永ク世界ノ平和ヲ保チ普ク人類ノ福祉ヲ益サム事ヲ冀フ爾有衆其レ心ヲ協ヘ力ヲ戮セ私ヲ忘レ公ニ奉シ以テ朕カ志ヲ弼成シ朕ヲシテ祖宗作述ノ遺烈ヲ揚ケ以テ祖宗神霊ノ降鑒ニ対フルコトヲ得シメヨ
- 朕内ハ則チ教化ヲ醇厚ニシ愈民心ノ和会ヲ致シ益国運ノ隆昌ヲ進メムコトヲ念ヒ外ハ則チ国交ヲ親善ニシ永ク世界ノ平和ヲ保チ普ク人類ノ福祉ヲ益サム事ヲ冀フ爾有衆其レ心ヲ協ヘ力ヲ戮セ私ヲ忘レ公ニ奉シ以テ朕カ志ヲ弼成シ朕ヲシテ祖宗作述ノ遺烈ヲ揚ケ以テ祖宗神霊ノ降鑒ニ対フルコトヲ得シメヨ
- 社会変革を求める政治運動に呼応して、大正末期ごろ興った「プロレタリア文学」運動に見えるように、官憲の弾圧に抵抗しながらも身を隠し、あるいは処罰を覚悟しながらも自らを主張する、その自由獲得への情熱に対する憧れや賛美が、同時代の人々にドラマチックな感動を与えたのも事実であろう。
- As seen in the 'proletarian literature' movement around the end of the Taisho period, in response to the political movement requiring transformation of the society, it was true that the longing and admiration expressed towards the passion to seek freedom by insisting on a person's rights despite the oppression by officials, either in secret, or openly, with the expectation of being punished, left a dramatic impression on the people of that period.
- 首謀者である健岑と逸勢の地位が、このような謀反を計画するにはあまりにも低く(また、家系的にも傍流出身で「藤原氏による他氏排斥」の対象にもなり得ない)、また計画に関与したとしたとして処罰された人々も叛乱に荷担する動機が見当たらないことから、事件自体をでっちあげとみなす説もある。
- Since the positions of the chief plotters, Kowamine and Hayanari, were so low (and also from branch lines of lineages that would not even be a target for 'elimination of other clans by the Fujiwara clan') for planning such an insurrection and the people who were punished for being associated with the plan had no motives, there is a theory that proposes that the whole incident was made up.
- 円融もこのような権力の空白状況のなかで、新皇統を確立する可能性のある候補者として注目され、藤原兼通(師輔の次男)の娘藤原こう子、藤原頼忠(実頼の長男)の娘藤原遵子、藤原兼家(師輔の三男)の娘東三条院ら、皇后となり皇太子を産むにふさわしい身分の妻と有力な外戚の後ろ盾を得ることができた。
- In this situation where there was a power vacuum, Enyu attracted attention as a candidate to establish a new Imperial lineage and was able to obtain wives with high lineage who could become empress and give birth to a crown prince, such as FUJIWARA no Kanemichi (Morosuke's second son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Koshi,FUJIWARA no Yoritada (Saneyori's first son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Junshi, FUJIWARA no Kaneie (Morosute's third son)'s daughter, Higashisanjyoin and also the support of influential maternal relatives.
- したがって、『涅槃経』優位説の立場では、この経文はあくまでも『涅槃経』の利益を説いたものであり、「秋収冬蔵」というのは、『法華経』で声聞衆が記別を受けて大果実を得たように、この『涅槃経』の教えを修学すれば、「更に所作なきが如し(あとは何もすることがないのと同じである)」と説いている。
- Those who regard 'the Nirvana Sutra' as fundamental maintain that this paragraph in the sutra is explaining the benefits of the sutra and that the expression 'harvesting in fall for winter storage' means that those who have learned 'the Nirvana Sutra' will have 'nothing more to learn,' just like Buddha's disciples who have received great benefits by learning from Buddha in the Lotus Sutra.
- 要するに、平家を見限った甲斐源氏の加々美長清が、老母の病を口実に東国へ帰ろうと考え、それを平知盛(平清盛の四男)に申し出たところ許しては貰えなかったが、高橋判官平盛綱はその真意に気づきながらも、「家人のように抑留すべきでない」と平知盛に口添えをしてくれて、やっと知盛の許しを得たという話し。
- Nagakiyo KAGAMI of Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) saw a limit to the power of Taira clan and decided to return to Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) by asking TAIRA no Tomomori (the fourth son of TAIRA no Kiyomori) using an excuse of the illness of his elderly mother, but his request was not granted, but TAIRA no Moritsuna, who was the Takahashi no hangan (inspector - third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period) advised TAIRA no Tomomori 'not to force him to stay like Kenin' despite knowing his true intention and he finally gained permission from Tomomori.
- 復、次に善男子、譬えば夜闇に閻浮提の人、一切の家業(けごう)は皆悉く休廃(くはい)し、日光出で已(おわ)って、其の諸の人民、家事(けじ)を修めることを得るが如し。是の如く、衆生、諸の契経及び諸の三昧を聞いて、猶夜闇に此の大乗の般泥洹経の微密の教えを聞くが如し。猶日出でて諸の正法を見るが如し。
- Just as ordinary people stop all their worldly activities at night and start their work only when the sun rises, the masses can learn the correct teachings in broad daylight only when they have learned the eternal truths revealed in this great Nirvana Sutra at night after studying various sutras and practicing meditation.
- 日蓮はこの『末法燈明記』を引用し、『四信五品抄』で「問うて曰く末代初心の行者何物をか制止するや、答えて曰く檀戒等の五度(五波羅蜜)を制止して一向に南無妙法蓮華経と称せしむるを一念信解初随喜(いちねんしんげしょずいき)の気分(けぶん)と為すなり」と述べて、末法の五度は無用であることを説得した。
- Nichiren cited this 'Mappo Tomyo Ki' and persuaded that Goharamitsu of Mappo is useless, describing in 'Shishin gohon sho' (On the Four Stages of Faith and the Five Stages of Practice) that 'For the question what the beginner of practices should pay attention, the answer is that it is important to stop Goharamitsu and continue to chant Nam Myoho Renge-kyo Sutra (Devotion to the Law of Hoke-kyo (the Lotus Sutra)) as well as the title, by which Ichinenshingesyozuiki can be felt.'
- この制度が日本に伝わり、平安時代初期、紀伝道(文章院で漢詩文または歴史を学ぶ学科、通称は「文章道」)が盛んになると、文章博士(大学寮で詩文・歴史を教授した教官)が「策文」を出して文章得業生(もんじょうとくごうしょう)に答えさせる試験が行われるようになり、この試験が「対策」といわれるようになった。
- This program was introduced to Japan, and as Kidendo (called 'Monjodo,' a department of the Monjoin that was established to study Chinese-style poems or history) became popular in the early Heian period, exams were introduced and Monjo hakase (professors of literature and history at Daigaku-ryo, the Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) gave 'sakumon' to Monjo tokugosho and had them take this examination, known as 'taisaku.'
- 異母兄弟姉妹間での恋愛・婚姻は許されるが、同母兄弟姉妹間でのそれは許されなかったのが当時の人々の恋愛事情だったが、里中満智子作の天上の虹では実際に関係があった解釈がなされ、説得して伯父の軽大王(孝徳天皇)に嫁がせた後も関係を持った事をたまたま有間皇子に見られ、激怒した彼に叱責された場面等が見られる。
- In those days, romance and marriage were allowed between half-sisters and brothers from different mothers but not between half-brothers and sisters from the same mother; however, in the comic story 'Tenjo no niji (The Rainbow in the Sky),' by Machiko SATONAKA, it is described that there was a romance involving this kind of forbidden love; Hashihito no Himemiko was persuaded to marry with Karu no Miko (Emperor Kotoku), but she kept the relationship with Emperor Tenchi (Tenji), and Arima no Miko was furious after knowing this and became angry at Hashihito no Himemiko.
- 当初は儒教を教える後の明経道が中心であったが、728年と730年の2度の学制改革(前者の改革で文章博士・律学博士(後の明法博士)が設置され、後者の改革で文章生・明法生・得業生制度が発足した)を経て、757年には大学寮公廨田(後の勧学田)が設定されて学生に対する給食が行われるなど、制度の充実が図られた。
- At first, Daigaku-ryo mainly taught Confucianism, the study referred to as Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics) in later years, but after two educational system reforms in 728 and 730 (through the former, Monjo Hakase [professor of literature] and Ritsugaku Hakase [professor of the law], which was later referred as Myobo Hakase [professor of law], were introduced, and through the latter, the systems of monjosho [students of literary studies], myobosho [students of law studies] and tokugosho [distinguished scholars] were established), the facilities and system of Daigaku-ryo were improved; for example, Daigaku-ryo kugaiden (referred to as Kangakuden (rice fields for schooling) in later years) was introduced, whereby food services were provided to students.
- この理由については、従来幕府による朝廷権力の掣肘であるとする見解が主流であったが、近年では亀山が西園寺実兼との不和に加え、霜月騒動で失脚した安達泰盛と親しかった事や、「新制」に対し熱心であった態度が東国のみならず全国へ実効支配を広げようとする得宗勢力の不審を呼んだのではないかとする説が有力となっている。
- Conventionally, it was believed in general that interference in the authority of the imperial court from the bakufu resulted in the above circumstances; but recently it is widely believed that, in addition to the friction between Kameyama and Sanekane SAIONJI, Kameyama's intimacy with Yasumori ADACHI who fell during the Shimotsuki Incident, as well as his ambition for 'Shinsei' (law reconstitution) produced suspiciousness among the Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan) family who aimed to control not only the eastern part, but the entire country.
- 加賀藩お抱えの火消し人足「加賀鳶」の頭、梅吉の妻おすがをめぐる間男騒動と、悪党の按摩竹垣道玄の悪事の行状をない交ぜにした構成だが、道玄を得意とした六代目尾上菊五郎 (6代目)により演出が洗練され人気を集めたので、現在では道玄の件のみが上演され、加賀鳶の件は、二幕目「本郷通町勢揃い」のみしか演じられない。
- The story is structured in mixtures of an illicit affair involving Osuga, wife of Umekichi who was the head of the firefighters called 'Kagatobi' in Kaga clan's employ, and the crime of an evil masseur, Dogen TAKEGAKI; however, as Kikugoro ONOE VI, who was good at playing Dogen, made it into a sophisticated staging, and the play gained popularity, today only the story of Dogen is put on the stage, and for the story of Kagatobi, only Act Two, 'Hongo Toricho Seizoroi', is performed.
- 三条はこの中で、天皇に数千年も親しく恵みを受けてきた京都・大坂の人々の動揺と、徳川氏に300年恩恵を受けてきた関東の人々に恨みや失望を与えることの利害得失を比べ、関東の人心に京都・大坂の盛衰や国の興廃がかかっているのであり、京都・大坂を失っても地勢に優れる東京を失わなければ天下を失うことはないと述べた。
- Sanjo compared the advantages and disadvantages from the dismay of the people of Kyoto and Osaka who had received the emperor's kind blessings for over a thousand years, and the animosity and despair that the people of Kanto who had received over the 300 years of favors from the Tokugawa clan, and said that the world would not be lost if Kyoto or Osaka was lost due to the geographically superior Tokyo because the destiny of the country and the rise and fall of Kyoto and Osaka fell upon the hearts of those in Kanto.
- 「勝鬘経(しょうまんぎょう)」では「我得力時。於彼処見此衆生。応折伏者而折伏之。応摂受者而摂受之。何以故。以折伏摂受故令法久住」と説き、折伏が相手の間違いを厳しく責めて「破折屈伏(はしゃくくっぷく)」させることに対し、摂受は相手の間違いをいったん容認して、穏やかに説得しその間違いを正していくことをいう。
- According to 'Shoman-gyo', it is stated as follows: While shakubuku is to crush and force a person to submit his own misunderstanding by torture, shoju is to accept one's misunderstanding and then calmly correct it.
- だが、それも天正17年5月27日_(旧暦)(1589年7月9日) に秀吉の側室淀殿が豊臣鶴松を生んだ事で白紙とされ、この年の12月29日_(旧暦)(1590年2月3日)、親王宣下を受けて「八条宮智仁親王」と名乗った六宮に八条宮家を創設させた事で、秀吉は天皇に対して鶴松を自分の次の関白にする事を納得させたのである。
- However, Hideyoshi's concubine, Yodo-dono gave birth to his child, Tsurumatsu TOYOTOMI, on July 9, 1589, and therefore his plan was dropped; on February 3, 1590, Hideyoshi helped Rokunomiya (the Emperor's sixth child), who had received the Imperial edict to award him the title of Shino (Imperial Prince) and had called himself 'Imperial Prince Toshihito HACHIJONOMIYA,' establish the Hachijonomiya family, which made it possible for Hideyoshi to have the Emperor accept that Tsurumatsu would assume Kanpaku after him.
- 同九年(1272年)、後嵯峨院が治天と皇位の決定権についてすべてを鎌倉幕府に委ねる形で崩御すると、幕府が後深草・亀山の兄弟どちらとも決めかねて、二人の母后大宮院に諮問したところ法皇の素意が亀山天皇親政にあるとの返答を得、二年後、文永十一年(1274年)正月、亀山天皇は後宇多天皇に譲位し治天の君として院政を開始した。
- In 1272 the Retired Emperor Gosaga left his will to approve the Kamakura bakufu for making decisions in terms of choosing who will rule the cloistered government or who should succeed the Imperial throne, then after he died, the government was not able to chose either Emperor Gofukakusa nor Emperor Kameyama, and they asked the Emperor's mother, Omiyain, and she mentioned that the Cloistered Emperor wished Emperor Kameyama to rule the government directly, thus, two years later, in the New Year of 1274, Emperor Kameyama abdicated and passed the throne to Emperor Gouda and started ruling the cloister government as Chiten no Kimi.
- 戦国時代における合戦には、示威行動や小競り合いといった、低強度の武力闘争から、戦国時代に含めるか否かは別として、少なくとも戦国時代の延長線上にはある関ヶ原合戦のように、国内を二分しての会戦・決戦といった、後の国家総力戦にある程度擬し得る戦争形態、さらには、文禄・慶長の役である文禄・慶長の役まで、多様な戦争形態が見られる。
- Battles in the Sengoku Period include various forms of war such as armed conflict with low-intensity like demonstrative actions or skirmishes, a form of war that was to a certain extent comparable to later all-out war like the Battle of Sekigahara which was a decisive battle fought by dividing all forces in Japan into two and even if there is a doubt if we can say that it occurred in the Sengoku Period, it was on the extension of the Sengoku Period, and the Bunroku/Keicho War which was war to invade a foreign country.
- 治承4年(1180年)、猶子である以仁王が反平氏の兵を挙げた(「以仁王の乱」)時にも八条院が密かに支援していたのではと言われ、また現実に以仁王の子女(生母は八条院女房)が八条院の御所に匿われているのは明らかであったが、清盛も社会的な反響を恐れて結局は以仁王の男子を出家させることを条件に女院の行為を不問にせざるを得なかった。
- When her adopted child, Prince Mochihito raised his army against the Taira clan in 1180 (the Rising of Prince Mochihito), it was said Hachijoin secretly supported Prince Mochihito, in fact, it was apparent that Prince Mochihito's child (the birth mother was the court-lady for Hachijoin) was sheltered in Hachijoin's Palace, however Kiyomori had to overlook her act since he was worried about social criticism, instead, he let Prince Mochihito's son entered the priesthood.
- 室町時代・戦国時代 (日本)の朝廷・室町幕府の財政基盤が大変弱かった事から、官職・役職への補任や継目安堵(将軍の就任に際して引き続き所領安堵の安堵状を得る事)の文書発給条件として謝礼としての礼銭の献上が期待されるようになり、いつしか論理がすり替わって礼銭の献上の多寡によって発給の是非が決定されるようになっていったのである。
- In the Muromachi and Sengoku (warring states) periods, the Imperial Court and the Muromachi bakufu were in severe financial difficulties, and as a result, the reisen as a gratuity was expected to be presented as a condition for receiving the documents of awarding government posts and official positions as well as of the tsugime ando (receiving again the ando-jo, or document to authorize the ownership and control of the shoryo, or territory, in case of appointment of Shogun); before long, the logic was changed, and whether the documents were issued or not came to depend on the amount of the reisen presented.
- それでも生き残った数少ない業者も業界の激しい値下げ競争により、生産拠点を人件費が安い海外へ移さざるを得なくなったことがさらに追い討ちをかけ、その業者の一つであったグンゼも2001年9月に福知山から撤退するなど、特産品であった生糸も現在は養蚕農家を市内大江町に一軒だけ残すのみとなり、上述の藍同様にほぼ完全に福知山から姿を消した。
- Due to severe price-cutting wars, the few surviving companies had to shift their production bases to other countries where personnel expenses were lower, which enhanced decline, and with respect to raw silk which was the specialty of Fukuchiyama, only one silk-raising farmer now remains in Oe-machi in the city; this is due to the fact that Gunze, one such company, withdrew from Fukuchiyama in September 2001, leading to the almost complete extinction of raw silk from Fukuchiyama much like the aforementioned case of indigo.
- すなわち十住から十廻向までに初阿僧祇劫の修行をして7万5千の仏を供養し、十地の初地・歓喜地から第7地・遠行地までに二阿僧祇劫の修行をして7万6千の仏を供養し、第8地・不動地から第10地・法雲地までに三阿僧祇劫の修行をして7万7千の仏を供養し、そして最後に百大劫の間に三十二相を得るための福徳を具えるための修行をしなくてはならない。
- From Juju (ten dwellings) to Jueko (ten transferences), the ascetic practices have to be done for the first incalculable eon holding services for 75,000 Buddhas, and from Kangiji: the first stage of Jicchi (ten stages), to Enkoji: the seventh stage, the ascetic practices have to be done for the second incalculable eon holding services for 76,000 Buddhas, then from Fudoji: the eighth, to Hounji: the tenth, the ascetic practices have to be done for the third incalculable eon holding services for 77,000 Buddhas, and finally, the ascetic practices have to be done for 100 eons to acquire happiness and a fortune for obtaining 32 marks.
- 室町幕府においては、守護(守護大名)に対して、既存の大犯三箇条に加えて、苅田狼藉検断、使節遵行権、段銭徴収権などの広範な権利が付与されていたが、幕府御家人は、足利将軍家の威光を背景に守護使不入の特権を得て、守護からの段銭徴収を拒絶し、幕府からの段銭要求に対しても幕府への直接納付(京納)が認められて守護からの加重徴収の危険を免れる事を可能とした。
- In the Muromachi bakufu, extensive rights were given to shugo (or shugo daimyo, shugo that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), such as Karita Rozeki Kendan (the shugo's right to suppress provincial warriors who entered shoen unlawfully to harvest rice, and to prosecute and convict them), Shisetsu Jungyo Ken (a right empowered to shugo to implement shisetsu jungyo, in which shugo who received orders from the bakufu sent jungyo-shi, emissaries, to a region and have them execute the orders) and Tansen Choshu Ken (a right to collect surtax), in addition to the existing Taibon Sankajo, but bakufu gokenin (an immediate vasal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) who had been granted the shugoshi-funyu privilege backed by the authority of the Ashikaga family positioned to accede to the shogunate, refused collection of tansen (surtax) from shugo, and responded to one from the bakufu as direct payment to the bakufu (known as kyono) was approved, which enabled them to escape from a danger of being surcharged by the shugo.
- 下官人は一種の「株」の形で身分を売買することが行われ(表面上は買主が売主の養子縁組に入る場合が多い)、また必要な人員確保を理由とした官司による取立も行われたため、京都や周辺の商人や農民が社会的身分の上昇や生活の糧(仕事)の獲得などを目的に地下官人の身分を得る例もあった(催官人は官司からの地下人補任の申請があれば、ほとんどの場合そのまま受理していた)。
- The rank of Shimokanjin was traded in the form of 'stock' ostensibly through adoption of 'the buyer' by 'the seller' in most cases, and sometimes 'collected' by the government office on the pretext of staff acquisition, which led some cases of merchants and farmers in Kyoto and its surroundings acquiring the rank of Jige official for the purpose of raising their social status or earning their living, i.e., securing their jobs (In most cases, Saikanjin accepted the application for appointment of Jigenin by the government office without question).
- 156番の歌の「巳具耳矣自得見監乍共」の訓読として、「去年(こぞ)のみを我と見えつつ(去年ばかりは私と逢ったが、共に寝ない夜が多い)」(全註釈)「夢にのみ見えつつもとな(亡くなった人の姿が夢にばかり見えて、共に寝なくなった夜が多い)」(私注)「夢にだに見むとすれども(「夢にのみ~」と同じ意味)」(古典大系本)などが挙げられているが、未だ定説をみるには至っていない。
- Although Kundoku (reading Chinese texts as Japanese texts) for the 156th poem '巳具耳矣自得見監乍共' includes the following three reading examples, none of these has become an established theory: (1) 'Even we met each other last year, there are many nights when we do not sleep together' (Zenchushaku [a comprehensive commentary]), (2) 'As the figure of the deceased appears in my dream, there are many nights when we do not sleep together' (Shichu [Personal Notes]) and (3) The same meaning as the above (2) (Koten Taikeihon [anthology of classical Japanese literature]).
- 『選択集』の中で、「大集月蔵経云我末法時中億億衆生起行修道未有一人得者(『大集月蔵経』にのたまはく、「わが末法の時のうちの億々の衆生、行を起し道を修せんに、いまだ一人として得るものあらじ」(『浄土真宗聖典七祖篇』(原典版・註釈版)』本願寺出版社より引用)と『安楽集』より引用し、対極にある「聖道門」の主教が困難で、証し難いことを示し、聖道門を捨て浄土門に入る根拠とした。
- Citing that 'Daiju gatsuzokyo' shows 'Though so many people in Mappo (Age of the Final Dharma) practice and learn, no one has achieved.' ('Jodo Shinshu Seiten (Shichiso hen) (original version and commentary version)', cited from Hongwanji Publishing Company) from 'Anrakushu' in 'Senchaku-shu' (Passages on the Selection of the Nenbutsu in the Original Vow) to show that the opposite 'Shodo-mon' was difficult to be the main doctrine and to prove, he considered this as the reason to enter Jodo-mon instead of Shodo-mon,.
- また、小笠原氏の内部においても内紛が絶えず、幕府の後ろ盾を得た信濃小笠原氏の小笠原政康(長秀の弟)が一時支配権を確立しそうになったが、嘉吉元年(1441年)の嘉吉の乱で将軍足利義教が暗殺され、後ろ盾を失った政康が死去すると、信濃小笠原氏は長秀の子の小笠原持長(府中家)と政康の子の小笠原宗康、小笠原光康(松尾家)との間で内紛が再発し、さらに松尾家は宗康の系統(鈴岡家)と光康の系統(松尾家)に分裂、三家に分かれて抗争することとなる。
- Also while there were constant conflicts inside the Ogasawara clan, Masayasu OGASAWARA (a younger brother of Nagahide) of the Shinano-Ogasawara clan, who had support from bakufu, almost established control temporally at one time, but in 1441 after Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA was murdered at Kakitsu War and Masayasu who lost the support died, the Shinano-Ogasawara clan had an internal conflict again among a three party - a son of Nagahide, Mochinaga OGASAWARA (Fuchu family) and a son of Masayasu, Muneyasu OGASAWARA and Mitsuyasu OGASAWARA (Matsuo family) - and furthermore the Matsuo family had a conflict splitting into three including the line of Muneyasu (Suzuoka family) and the line of Mitsuyasu (Matsuo family).
- 始期については、従来源頼朝が将軍(征夷大将軍)に任じられた1192年とするのが一般的であるが、頼朝が平家打倒のために挙兵し御家人を統率する侍所を設置した1180年説、寿永二年十月宣旨で東国(東海道および東山道)の支配権を朝廷に公認された1183年説、対立する弟・源義経追討の名目で惣追捕使(後の守護)・地頭の設置権を獲得した1185年説、頼朝が上洛し権大納言・右近衛大将に任命された1190年説、また一部では1196年説など様々な考え方がある。
- There are many theories about in what year the Kamakura period truly began, of which the 1192 theory, the year MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was made Shogun (Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians')), is the orthodox view, but in addition, theories include: the 1180 theory, focusing on Yoritomo raising his army and leading his gokenin (lower-ranking warrior vassals) into battle to destroy the Taira clan, and also establishing the Samurai Dokoro (Board of Retainers, which oversaw rewards for service); the 1183 theory, in which the key moment is the official recognition of the shogunate's right to control Eastern Japan (everything along the Tokaido and Tosando highways) proclaimed by the imperial court in the tenth month; the 1185 theory, which focuses on Yoritomo's use of his struggle to destroy his younger brother MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune as a pretext to usurp the right to appoint and control the offices of shugo (provincial governor) and jito (estate steward); the 1190 theory, in which it was Yoritomo's visit to the capital and subsequent court appointments to Gon Dainagon (Deputy Major Counselor) and Ukone Taisho (Commander of the Guardsmen of the Right) that is considered the decisive moment; and a handful even believe it wasn't until 1196 that the Kamakura period truly began.
- これは、2月に太政大臣に就任したばかりである近衛前久が5月に突如辞任していること、本能寺の変後の7月17日_(旧暦)に羽柴秀吉から毛利輝元に宛てられた手紙において、秀吉が信長のことを「大相国」と呼んでいるが、信長に対する太政大臣贈官が宮中で論じられたのは同年10月の事であること、加えてその結果出された贈官の宣命には「重而太政大臣」の語句があり、これを太政大臣の辞令が出されたのが2度目であると解釈して、1度目の辞令を三職推任問題の時に既に太政大臣就任の内諾を信長から得たことにより、非公式な内定が出されていたと解している。
- He thinks that the informal decision of appointing Nobunaga as Daijo daijin had been already made after confirming his informal consent when Haretoyo talked about Sanshoku suinin mondai based on the following facts: Sakihisa KONOE, who assumed Daijo daijin in March (February in old lunar calendar), abruptly resigned in June (May in old lunar calendar); Hideyoshi called Nobunaga 'Daishokoku' (the Grand Minister) in his letter to Terumoto MORI on August 15 (July 17 in old lunar calendar) after the Honnoji Incident, while the formal discussion at court on granting a posthumous title of Daijo daijin to Nobunaga was in October; and the subsequently issued Emperor's order of the posthumous title for Nobunaga contained a word 'choji Dajodaijin' (重而太政大臣) (the Grand Minister again), which Hashimoto believed meant the second appointment of Nobunaga as Daijo daijin.