後者: 442 Terms and Phrases

• 後者
• the latter
• that ~ this
• the former, the latter
• the one ~, the other ~

• 後者B
• that A, this B

• 落後者
• dropout
• straggler
• outcast
• failure

• 後者復旧
• last party release

• 後者の場合で
• in the latter case

• この後者が土間である。
• The latter area constitutes a doma.

• 後者を御目見医師と呼ぶ。
• The latter was called the omemie-ishi (privileged doctor).

• 前者より後者の方がいい。
• The former is better than the latter.

• 近年では後者が増えている。
• In recent years the latter case is increasing.

• われわれは後者だと考える。
• We conclude the latter:

• 後者の方はその幅が小さい。
• Length and weight of the latter Sentoki were uniform.

• 後者はやや後世の創案である。
• The latter bamboo was designed later in history than the former.

• ここでは後者について述べる。
• Here we will describe the latter.

• 後者なら、その見込みもない。
• If the latter, it was less likely.

• 近年では後者が有力とされる。
• Recently, the latter theory is held stronger.

• ここでは、後者について述べる。
• The following explanations are about the latter.

• 武家文書では後者の意味が強い。
• In documents used by people of the warrior class, they usually represent the second meaning.

• 後者は「新高菜漬」とも呼ばれる。
• The latter one is also called 'Shin (New) takanazuke.'

• むしろ後者の気持ちのほうが強い。
• Rather, the latter's feeling is stronger.

• 日本の阿弥陀如来は，後者に近い。
• Amidanyorai in Japan is near to the latter.

• 後者については能楽を参照のこと。
• Refer to Nogaku for details on the latter.

• このうち大事なのは後者の方です。
• Of these it is the latter one that is important.

• 後者は、妙技三等賞にとどまった。
• The latter painting only won the Third Prize of Virtuosity.

• ここで言うものは後者の意味である。
• In this article the word shiki is used here in the sense of latter one.

• 通し字は前者は「為」、後者は「盛」。
• The Chinese character '為' (pronounced 'tame' in Japanese) was used in all the names of the members of the Ashina clan, while the character '盛' ('mori') was used in all the names of the members of the Aizu Ashina clan.

• 以下、後者の公営田について詳述する。
• Kueiden in the latter sense will be discussed as follows.

• 後者を「五目稲荷」と呼ぶこともある。
• The latter is sometimes called 'gomokuinari.'

• 粒餡と漉し餡があるが、後者が一般的。
• Although there are two types of bean paste, tsubu-an and koshi-an, the latter is the most common.

• 後者の場合、冷凍生うどんと呼ばれる。
• The latter type is exclusively called 'Reito-Nama-Udon' (frozen fresh Udon noodles).

• 前者を一橋派、後者を南紀派と呼んだ。
• The former was called the Hitotsubashi group, and the latter, Nanki group.

• 後者の場合を特に「他人和与」と呼ぶ。
• The latter is specifically referred to as 'wayo to others.'

• 会津地方は後者の「歳の神」と呼ばれる）
• In Aizu region, it was known as 'Sai no Kami'

• 後者は、素晴らしく早い効率で習得する。
• and these latter are acquired at a wonderfully quick rate.

• 後者には本当の忠誠を誓っているのです。
• to the other his real allegiance.

• 後者の見解を支持する人が日本には多い。
• The latter view has many supporters in Japan.

• 仏壇がある納骨壇は主に後者に用いられる。
• The nokotsudan, a nokotsudo equipped with an altar, is mainly used as the latter one.

• 卵形塔身は前者のほうが長く、後者は低い。
• The egg-shaped pagoda in the first type is higher, and the one in the latter type is shorter.

• - 前者は薬味代わり、後者は甘みが出る。
• - The former serves as a condiment, and the latter gives sweetness.

• サッカーとラグビーでは後者の方が好きだ。
• Of soccer and rugby, I prefer the latter.

• 前者が解決すれば後者も解決するであろう。
• The solution of one may prove to be the solution of the other.

• 後者の供銭についてもポサルの収入となる。
• The money offering also joins miko's income.

• 古代の倭に伝えられたのは後者の流れである。
• The one which was introduced to Wa was the latter.

• 近年用いられるのは、主に後者のものである。
• Presently these are mainly used.

• もちろん、後者の方がいいに決まっています。
• Of course, it's no wonder that the latter one was better.

• 私はその後者を受けることになっていたのだ。
• I had been reserved for the latter.

• いくつかの点で前者は後者よりも劣っている。
• The former is inferior to the latter in some respect.

• 区別のため、前者を市里、後者を公里という。
• The former is called li while the latter is called gongli for distinction.

• 忠勝は前者を主張し、直政は後者を主張した。
• Tadakatsu was for the former and Naomasa for the latter.

• 後者については中国文学の項目を参照のこと。
• See the section of Chinese literature for further information about the latter.

• 値は後者の水酸化ナトリウム滴定数量に等しい。
• The value is equal to the number obtained by the sodium hydrate titration of the latter.

• 前者を上守護家、後者を下守護家と呼んだらしい。
• It is assumed that, the former was called the Shugo family of upper Izumi Province while the other was called the Shugo family of lower Izumi Province.

• 前者は彗星と論じ、後者は蚩尤旗であると唱えた。
• The former argued that it was a comet, and the latter objected that it was shiyuki (a star that is a portent of war).

• 魏志の編纂が後者二書に比べ大きく先行している。
• The Records of Wei had been compiled long before the other two history books.

• 前者は荘重に、後者は活発に動くのがならいである。
• According to custom, the former moves solemnly and the latter actively.

• この後者の事相部の著述については真偽両説がある。
• Concerning these literary works included in the category of the theoretical parts, there are two contradictory views on their authenticity.

• 後者の代表曲としては『八千代獅子』が挙げられる。
• The representative song of the latter includes 'Yachiyojishi.'

• 健康は富に優る、後者は前者ほどに喜びを与えない。
• Health is above wealth: this doesn't give so much pleasure as that.

• 二つのデザインのうちで後者より前者の方が好きだ。
• Out of the two designs, I prefer the former to the latter.

• その場合には、前者を石核、後者を残滓と呼称する。
• In this case, the former is called sekkaku and the latter is called zanshi.

• 後者は内容不明でおそらく前者に似たものであろう。
• The contents of the latter records are unknown, but it seems to have been similar to the former.

• 前者を六孔（六穴）、後者を七孔（七穴）篠笛と呼ぶ。
• Those with six holes are called rokko (rokketsu) shinobue, and those with seven holes are called shichiko (nanaketsu) shinobue.

• 前者には老松を、後者には若竹が描かれることが多い。
• The former often has an old pine tree painted thereon and the latter often has an young bamboo painted thereon.

• 中世以後には後者の行為を指すことが一般的となった。
• Since the middle ages, Kanjin has generally meant the latter.

• 近年では後者が有力視されている（外部リンク参照）。
• Recently, the latter site has become more promising (refer to the external link).

• しかし現在では後者の方がずっと一般的となっている。
• However, the latter is far more common today.

• 前者と後者では販売価格が大きく異なり、前者が高い。
• The former and the latter differ in the market price from each other and the former is priced higher.

• これら二つの意見のうち前者よりも後者のほうがよい。
• Of these two opinions, I prefer the latter to the former.

• なおなぎなたで使用する面紐の取り方は、後者にあたる。
• The latter way to tie the men himo string is also used in the naginata.

• また、後者だけでなく前者も現在でも現役の用語である。
• Furthermore, not only the latter but also the former are currently-used active words.

• また後者には有舌（有茎）尖頭器がともなうようになる。
• And the style of hafted (stemmed) point was added to the latter type.

• 後者は居住する村の村役人・五人組・親類に預けられた。
• In the latter case, criminals were taken to village officer, gonin-gumi, or relatives of the town of residence.

• 後者は多くの地歌手事物曲に当てはまり数多くの曲がある。
• The latter type includes many pieces of tegotomono by jiuta, and a large number of pieces fall under this type.

• しかしながら、厳密には前者後者はその使用範囲が異なる。
• However, strictly speaking, the ranges of use are different between the former and the latter.

• 『古事記』では八十建と表記し、後者の意味で用いている。
• In the 'Kojiki' (Record of Ancient Matters), his name is written in different characters, and is used to mean the latter, that is, 'a large number of courageous men.'

• この後者において「万国公法」という字句が登場している。
• In the 'Besshi Gidai Soan,' there was a word 'bankoku koho.'

• なお、後者は日蓮宗における「法華一揆」と重複している。
• Besides, the Tenbun Rebellion overlaps with 'the Hokke uprising' by the Nichiren sect.

• その為、合戦関係本の多くがこの後者の数字を採っている。
• Therefore, many authors of related books of this battle adopt the later figures.

• 後者は割札といい、本札は取次人の手に留めて仮札をもらう。
• In case the latter called warifuda (a divided ticket), an actual ticket was held by an agent and purchasers were given temporal tickets.

• 前二者は国宝、後者は重要文化財にそれぞれ指定されている。
• The former two are designated as national treasures, while the latter is designated as an important cultural property.

• そこで、戦後の歴史学者は後者を「武士団」と呼び区別した。
• As a result, post-war (World War II) historians called the latter 'bushidan' to distinguish it from the other.

• 後者は、団扇太鼓等が該当し、日蓮宗等で用いることがある。
• The latter type includes the round fan drum, and is used by the Nichiren sect.

• 前者が旧式、後者が新式で、層塔型の櫓は慶長末期に現れた。
• The boro-type was an old style and the soto-type was new style, and appeared at the end of the Keicho era.

• そして機能的には前者は後者の一部と捉えられることも多い。
• In terms of function, the former is often regarded as a part of the latter.

• 後者は、令制国を単位に編成され、「国御家人」と呼ばれた。
• The latter gokenin samurai retainers were organized on province allegiances and called 'kuni gokenin' (lit. provincial retainers).

• 安永期に一人、現代に一人おり、前者は後者の先祖にあたる。
• This name refers to two people; one in the Anei era and one at present, and the former is the ancestor of the latter.

• 愛情はお金より重要だ。後者は前者ほど幸福を与えられない。
• Love is above money. The latter can't give as much happiness as the former.

• 区別する場合は、前者を駕洛、後者を友鹿と呼ぶ場合がある。
• When making a distinction, there are cases where the former is referred to as Gaya, and the latter as Uroku.

• （ちなみに年代の錯簡は後者の方が少ないと考えられている）
• (The latter is thought to have less pages chronologically out of order due to binding errors than the former.)

• 後者は万治二年板本で、挿絵入りで、内閣文庫他に現存する。
• The best example of the latter lineage is the Manji Ninen Han Bon ('the version published in Manji 2,' or in other words the 1659 edition) an illustrated version which can still be found in the Cabinet Library, among other places.

• 健康は富にまさる。なぜなら前者は後者より大事なことだから。
• Health is above wealth, for the former is more important than the latter.

• 通常は前者のことを指し、後者は「北の横大路」と区別される。
• Usually Yoko-oji refers to the former one and the latter is distinguished as 'Kita no Yoko-oji.'

• いくつかの点で、前者は後者よりも劣っていると彼は指摘した。
• He pointed out that the former was inferior to the latter in some respects.

• 特に後者には3巻本にもある亮行の裏書の引用も含まれている。
• The latter in particular also quotes Sukeyuki's book-end notes, which also appear in the three volume texts.

• 俗に前者を「古本」・後者を「流布本」と読んで区別している。
• They are distinguished by calling the former 'the Old Text' and the latter 'the Vulgate Text.'

• 前者は女官名、後者は息子藤原伊周の官名（儀同三司）による。
• The former is the name of a court lady, while the latter is an official title (Gido Sanshi) of her son, FUJIWARA no Korechika.

• 後者は喪葬令集解古記に遊部（あそびべ）の祖として記載がある。
• The latter is described in Moso-ryo shuge koki (Ancient commentaries on the codes regarding mourning and funeral), as the ancestor of Asobibe.

• いずれも全30章から構成され、後者が改訂版と考えられている。
• Both types of books consists of thirty chapters and the latter is believed to be the revised version.

• 前者は10月29日の祥忌法要で開扉されるが、後者は開扉なし。
• The former is unveiled on October 29 in a shoki hoyo (a Buddhist memorial service held on the death anniversary), but the latter has never been publicly displayed.

• 後者の例は観光客誘致の手段として、地方においてよく見られる。
• This is a common measure taken in the provinces to attract tourists.

• 後者は石上神宮から平安京へ無理矢理移動させたため祟ったとある
• In the latter case, the curse was placed because the sword was forced to move from Isonokami-jingu Shrine to Heian-Kyo.

• 魚と肉はともに栄養があるが、後者のほうが前者より値段が高い。
• Fish and meat are both nourishing, but the latter is more expensive than the former.

• 後者の事件では、我々まであやうく命を落としそうになったのだ。
• which so nearly cost us both our lives.

• 庭にバラとユリが咲いている。私は前者よりも後者の方が好きだ。
• Rose and lilies are in bloom in the garden. I like these better than those.

• ハトもダチョウも共に鳥だが、前者は飛べるし、後者は飛べない。
• The pigeon and the ostrich are both birds; the one can fly and the other cannot.

• 後者の例としては将軍家への進物の受け取り確認等があげられる。
• As the example of the latter, there is the Hosho which was used for the confirmation of receiving the gifts to the shogun family.

• 私は犬の方が猫より好きだが、それは前者が後者より忠実だからだ。
• I like a dog better than a cat, for the former is more faithful than the latter.

• 健康はとみにまさる。後者は前者ほど人に幸福をもたらさないから。
• Health is above wealth, for this does not give us so much happiness as that.

• 前者の選択肢を支持している人が多いが、私は後者のほうが好きだ。
• Many support the former alternative, but I prefer the latter.

• 前者には語部・馬飼部、後者には蘇我氏・大伴氏などがあげられる。
• Examples for the former group include kataribe (reciter) and umakaibe (horse caretakers), and those for the latter group include the Soga clan and the Otomo clan.

• ただし後者は『東海道四谷怪談』の舞台とされる一帯の近くでもある。
• The latter, however, is also near an area regarded as a stage of 'Tokaido Yotsuya Kaidan' (Tokaido Yotsuya Ghost Stories).

• 前者を荷沢宗、後者を洪州宗の一門の手による成立とする見方もある。
• There is also the view that the former is compiled by the member of the Kataku school and the latter by the Koshu school.

• 前者が圧倒的に多く、後者は日蓮正宗以外では殆ど用いられていない。
• Most of the temples adopt the former style and the latter style is merely seen except for temples of the Nichiren Sho Sect.

• 後者は、話者の職業や地域によって更に細かく分類することが出来る。
• The latter one (town language) can be further divided into details according to occupations and areas of the speakers.

• とくに後者は、関孝和の数学研究の重要な動機である、との説もある。
• Some suggest that the studying calendars was an important incentive for Seki's research in mathematics.

• 後者は男性が立ったままで小用を足しやすくすることを意図している。
• The latter basin intends that men can urinate more easily.

• 昼間時は前者が毎時4本、後者は毎時2本、合計毎時6本設定される。
• During the daytime, four trains each hour are operated in the former section while two trains run in the latter; in all, there are six trains per hour in operation.

• 後者は舞踊が苦手だった市川中車_(7代目)のために書き下ろされた。
• The latter was written especially for Chusha ICHIKAWA the Seventh, who was bad at dancing.

• 私には息子と娘がある。前者はＮ．Ｙにいるが、後者はロンドンにいる。
• I have a son and a daughter. The one is in New York, and the other in London.

• アメリカは1952年に前者を批准し、後者には1989年に批准した。
• The United States acceded to the former in 1952 and to the latter in 1989.

• 前者を「武家新制/関東新制」、後者を「寺社新制/寺辺新制」と称する。
• The former was called 'Buke shinsei' or 'Kanto shinsei' and the latter was called 'Jisha shinsei' or 'Jihen shinsei.'

• 後者の説では、この養子関係に拠って宇都宮氏と塩谷氏は和睦したという。
• According to the latter theory, the UTSUNOMIYA and SHIONOYA clans reconciled through this adoptive tie.

• 健康は富に勝る。というのも、後者は前者ほど幸福をもたらさないからだ。
• Health is above wealth; the latter gives less fortune than the latter.

• 通常、横大路とは前者のことを指し、後者は「北の横大路」と区別される。
• As a general rule, Yokooji refers to the former one, and the latter is called Kita no Yoko-oji.

• トムとディックは、共に英雄だったが、後者だけが、今日も覚えられている
• Tom and Dick were both heroes but only the latter is remembered today

• 後者は朱子学の「知先行後」を論難し、陽明学の「知行合一」を賞賛した。
• The latter criticized Shushi-gaku's 'Chisen gyogo' (roughly, recognition first, and practice should follow)' and praised Yomeigaku's 'Chigyo goitsu' (roughly, recognition and practice at the same time).

• 前者の場合は潤色の一環と捉えられるが、後者は偽作の意図が不明である。
• The former is considered to be an embellishment, but as for the latter the intent of the fakery is not clear.

• 区別のため、前者を市尺、後者を公尺という（市制 (単位系)を参照）。
• For distinction, the former is called shi-chi and the latter gong-chi (refer to the article of Shizhi [Chinese units system of measurement]).

• しかし、前者は行家、源光長の猛反対で潰れ、後者も衆徒が承引しなかった。
• However, the former idea collapsed due to the fierce objection by Yukiie and MINAMOTO no Mitsunaga while the latter also was not accepted by the monk-soldiers.

• 前者を関東御分国・後者を関東御領と呼び、一括して平家没官領とも称する。
• The former provinces were called Kanto gobunkoku (Kamakura bakufu's provincial jurisdiction) and the latter shoen were called Kanto goryo (Kamakura bakufu's private estates), both of which were also collectively called Heike mokkan ryo (lands confiscated from the Heike).

• この本が出てからは口当たりのよい後者の名称で呼ばれることが多い
• After the book was released, the latter term which sound milder became commonly used more.

• このうち前三者は倭楽（在来音楽）を、後者は雅楽（海外音楽）を担当した。
• The former three groups played yamatogaku (ancient Japanese music) (pre-existing music) and the latter group played gagaku (foreign music).

• 後者に対する統制がどこまで行われていたかについては意見が分かれている。
• It is controversial how regulation against the latter was implemented.

• 前者は初期の浄土教思想、後者は後期の発展した浄土教思想を示すとされる。
• Of the above two groups, the former is considered to represent the philosophy of the early Pure Land sect, whereas the latter is supposed to represent that of the late developed stage of the Pure Land sect.

• 製法により「ベタ」と「刳甲（くりこう）」とがあり、後者が高級品である。
• There are two types of products called 'beta' and 'kuriko' depending upon the method of production, and the latter is a high-grade product.

• 私は犬の方が猫より好きです。なぜなら前者の方が後者より忠実だからです。
• I like dogs better than cats, because the former are more faithful than the latter.

• 後者はイロハ別・意義分野別に分類された語の読みから漢字を引くものである。
• As for the latter, Kanji is looked up by readings of terms classified by i, ro, ha, and by meaning and field.

• 後者は、勝頼が武田氏の菩提所である成慶院に奉納したと伝わる肖像画である。
• It has been handed down that the latter one was a portrait dedicated to Seikei-in Temple by Katsuyori, an ancestral temple of the Takeda clan.

• 貴族社会の世相を伝える説話も多く、後者は後世の説話文学へ影響を及ぼした。
• Godansho includes many stories about the trend of the aristocracy as well, and such stories appears to have had great influence on later narrative literature.

• 日本語に訳す場合は、前者は「皇后」、後者は「女帝」と訳し分ける必要がある。
• When translating in Japanese, the former needs to be translated as 'Kogo' and the latter, 'Jyotei.'

• 戦後の文鏡秘府論研究で画期的な業績を残したとされる小西甚一は後者を採った。
• Jinichi KONISHI, who allegedly made notable achievements in the postwar studies on Bunkyo-hifuron, adopted the latter.

• 後者の像容は求聞持法の本尊で、東京国立博物館蔵の国宝の画像はこれに当たる。
• The latter image form is found in Honzon for Gumonji-ho and the National Treasure image owned by the Tokyo National Museum has this form.

• 後者は、殻が青～緑色になっており、成貝となってもこの色が消えることはない。
• Those fed on seaweed or fed an artificial diet develop blue or green shells, and this color remains even when the shellfish has reached maturity.

• 自分自身のことを言えば、わたしはまちがいなく後者に属する人間だっただろう。
• For my own part, I should doubtless have belonged to the latter class,

• 原稿とコピーは容易に見分けがつく。前者は後者よりもずっと鮮明だからである。
• The original and the copy are easily distinguished since the one is much more vivid than the other.

• 後者は、五彩瑞雲の錦に金色の霊鵄を繍にし、戟竿に掛け、月像纛旛の南に立てる。
• The latter is embroidered gold Reisi on five colored auspicious clouds brocade, hung on a pole and put up on the south side of Gessho toban (the flag with silver moon embroidered).

• しかし、程なく非血縁的武士も寄子として扱われ、やがて後者が占めることになる。
• But soon unrelated samurai were treated as Yoriko, and eventually when people referred to Yoriko, they meant the latter.

• 前者は租庸調庸・租庸調調の集計と用度の算出、後者は租庸調租の集計を担当した。
• One person was in charge of totaling the amount of the soyochoyo (labor or alternative goods collected as tax) and soyouchocho (textiles collected as tax) and the calculation of the yodo (supplies), while the other person totaled the soyochoso (rice collected as tax).

• 私は能楽が歌舞伎より好きだが、それは前者が後者よりも優雅に思えるからである。
• I prefer Noh to Kabuki, because the former looks more elegant to me than the latter.

• 前者を「禅林」または「叢林」（そうりん）、後者を「林下」（りんか）といった。
• The former were referred to as 'Zenrin' or 'Sorin,' and the latter were referred to as 'Rinka.'

• また後者の区間ではJスルーが自動券売機で乗車券に引き換えることで利用できる。
• In the latter section, J-Through Card can be redeemed with tickets at the automatic ticket machine.

• 後者によれば右手の親指が一本多く、信長からは｢六ツめ｣と呼ばれていたという。
• According to the latter, he had one more thumb in his right hand and was called 'Muttsu-me (sixth)' by Nobunaga.

• おそらくは後者が正しく、弟信吉と同様に西軍に所属し、失領したものと思われる。
• The latter is probably correct, and it seems that he belonged to Western Camp same as his younger brother Nobuyoshi and he lost his territory.

• 旧仮名遣いでの読みは、前者が「やましろべのをだ」、後者が「やましろのをだ」。
• In the old Japanese kana syllabary, the former kanji characters are pronounced 'YAMASHIROBE no Oda' while the latter are 'YAMASHIRO no Oda.'

• 古老のなかには、後者が訛って「しゃんぎり」になったという説を採用する人もいる。
• Some older people take the view that 'Shangiri' comes from the corrupted form of 'Shagiri.'

• 前者を「染め紋」、後者を「縫い紋」として、前者のほうが正式であるとされている。
• The former crest is called 'some-mon' (dyed crest), and the latter is called 'nui-mon' (woven crest), but the former is considered formal.

• 前者の校舎一体型は旧制中学などに多く、後者の独立建築型は小学校に多く見られた。
• The former premises incorporated into the schoolhouse was frequently observed in junior high schools under the old system of education, while the latter premises constructed separately was frequently observed in elementary schools.

• 後者を例にとると、登場人物の尼公（あまぎみ）が1つの画面に計6回描かれている。
• In the latter case of the above, a character of Amagimi (the nun) appears six times in one scene.

• 戦国時代 (日本)初期まで「城」と呼ばれるものは圧倒的に後者の山城が多かった。
• There were many of the latter mountain castle types until the early Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan).

• このうち後者は、戦後に河原町駅へ阪急によって路線延長がなされる際に活用された。
• Of these, the latter was used when the Hankyu Corporation extended its operation up to Kawaramachi Station after the war.

• 特に後者の場合、政府は日露戦争準備の軍備拡張を行っており財政的に無理であった。
• Particularly in 1899, the government was preparing for the Russo-Japanese War and was financially unable to do so.

• 前者は主に江戸や京都周辺で用いられ、後者は主として九州方面にて用いられている。
• The former was mostly used in around the Edo and Kyoto areas, and the latter was mainly used in the Kyushu area.

• 特に後者においては大鎧を着用した姿も描かれ、大柄であったことが強調されている。
• In particular in the latter one, his figure wearing oyoroi (big armor) was painted to emphasize his large size.

• 後者は、後鳥羽天皇の後であるという説と、宇多天皇の後であるという説に分かれる。
• The latter theory consists of two different opinions: a descendant of Emperor Gotoba, and a descendant of Emperor Uda.

• 旧仮名遣いでの読みは前者が「さかひべのくすり」、後者が（さかあひべのくすり」。
• In the old Japanese kana syllabary, '境部薬' is read as 'SAKAHIBE no Kusuri' and '坂合部薬' as 'SAKAAHIBE no Kusuri.'

• 後者は紙くず、かまどの灰、古着、古傘、溶けて流れ落ちたろうそくのカスを買い歩く。
• The latter peddlers walked around to buy paper wastes, ashes in furnace, used clothes, old umbrellas, and residues of melted candle wax.

• 後者は朝廷との連携あるいは朝廷傘下に入ることで東国政権の形成を図る立場であった。
• The latter took the standpoint of forming the Togoku government by cooperation with the Imperial Court or by coming under its jurisdiction.

• 浄土教系諸宗においては、浄土三部経を正依の経典としているため、後者が用いられる。
• Since the schools of the Jodo (Pure Land) sect have the Jodo Sanbu-kyo (the three main sutras of the Pure Land sect) as the main scripture, the latter is used.

• ただし後者が「二代目」を称していないので、正しくはどちらも単に「松貫四」である。
• The latter, however, doesn't call himself 'the second,' and therefore both are correctly known as just 'Kanshi MATSU.'

• 本項では設定時の歴史的経緯（後述）から後者の使用していた「宇治淀線」で表記する。
• This Article adopts the description of the 'Uji-Yodo Route' a term used by the former Keihan Uji Kotsu, considering the historical background of its incorporation as mentioned bellow.

• 後者は四十くらいの若い、ゲイブリエルと同じ背格好、体格で、かなり猫背の男だった。
• The latter, a young man of about forty, was of Gabriel's size and build, with very round shoulders.

• 後者の「アウラ」は非常に近い距離であっても、独自の現象としてとらえることできる。
• We define the aura of the latter as the unique phenomenon of a distance, however close it may be.

• 最近の忠臣蔵のドラマでも、「人間内蔵助」を描こうとして後者に描かれることが多い。
• In recent performances presented by the Chushingura (the Treasury of Loyal Retainers) he has often been depicted as such.

• 前者は管領・細川勝元を後者は有力大名の山名持豊（宗全）を中心に擁して対立を深めた。
• The dispute intensified due to the actions of two opposing Kanrei (regents), the former being Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and the latter being the powerful daimyo Mochitoyo YAMANA (Sozen).

• 後者は壁画発見当時から流入土砂で汚損され、オリジナルの彩色が残らない部分であった。
• In the latter incident, the damaged area had been already soiled with sediment and the original colors of the murals had been lost at the time of discovery.

• 後者の省略説もムナビラキ→ムナギのような省略は通常では起こり難い変化だからである。
• Even with the latter theory of abbreviation, munabiraki shortening to munagi is also an unlikely process under normal circumstances.

• かつては立川、三遊亭もあったが、前者は明治期に、後者は太平洋戦争後に断絶している。
• There used to be Tachikawa and Sanyutei, but the former extinguished in the Meiji era and the latter after the Pacific War.

• 特に後者の実証主義的な姿勢は古典研究を高い学問水準に高めた事で高く評価されている。
• In particular, the tendency towards positivism seen in Keichu's work was greatly praised for raising the academic standards of research into the Classics.

• 特に後者は上越新幹線共々寒冷地の耐寒・耐雪装備が不可欠であり、重量的に不利である。
• In particular, in the latter Shinkansen lines as well as the Joetsu Shinkansen line, provision of cold-proof and snow-proof equipment reequipped for cold areas is inevitable, being disadvantageous in respect to weight.

• それに対し、後者は典雅で格調正しい『古今和歌集』の伝統を受け継ぐものになっている。
• In comparison, the latter succeeds the tradition of the 'Kokin wakashu,' which was more elegant and refined.

• 前者を「太鼓もの（太鼓入りもの、四拍子もの）」、後者を「大小もの」と呼んで区別する。
• To distinguish the 2 types of scenes, the former is called 'side drum scene (Otuzumimono or Otuzumiirimono)' or 'four-beat-rhythm (Yonbyoshimono or Shibyoshimono)', while the latter is called 'big-and-small-drum scene (Daishomono)'.

• ただし、後者においても、それをすべてにわたって明瞭に解明することは困難だとしている。
• But even the latter consider that it is difficult to understand all the connections between the paintings and the sutras clearly.

• ただ後者はアメリカの拒否にあい、条約そのものではなく照会文で言及されることになった。
• However, the second objet was rejected by the United States, so that it was mentioned only in the documents for reference.

• 特に後者の会談は後に「護憲三派」結成の合意がなされた会談として歴史に名を残している。
• Especially, the latter meeting is noteworthy in the history as the meeting in which formation of 'Goken sanpa' (cooperative framework of three political parties advocating the party system) was agreed.

• 後者は深川芭蕉庵の連歌会などを催し、伝統的な宗匠 と連衆による連歌句作を行っている。
• The latter holds rengakai such as Fukagawa Bashoan (the hut in Fukagawa in which Basho lived), and composes renga by traditional master and renju (people who attend the party to compose poetry).

• 前者は「上鳥羽」を冠称する43町、後者は「上鳥羽塔ノ森」を冠称する12町に編成された。
• While the former was reorganized into 43 towns prefixed by 'Kamitoba,' the latter into 12 towns that had 'Kamitoba Tonomori' as the prefix.

• 後者は図柄入りの郵便局製年賀はがきや、無地の年賀はがきを業者が印刷したものなどがある。
• As for the latter, there are post office produced New Year's cards, plain New Year's cards printed by printing company and so on.

• 後者においては、付加価値を高めるため前者において定義されていない多様な分類が見られる。
• With respect to the latter, in order to increase the value added, there are various classifications not defined in the former.

• 前者であれば織地が縮んだ上質の織物のこととなり、後者であれば機織がさかんな様子を表す。
• If the meaning is shrink, it means a high-quality shrinked texture, and if the meaning is plenty, it shows plenty of weaving.

• 後者の例はあなたの場合、vc.el や gud.el など各種のEmacs拡張です」　
• case (b) is your many Emacs extensions, like vc.el and gud.el.''

• 後者は強奪した物か、慣習にしたがってそれを強奪し保有した祖先から相続した物を所有する。
• the latter own such property as they have seized, or such as has, under the sanction of usage, descended upon them from their forebears who seized and held it.

• 前者の一部には槍先などの狩猟具もあったが、後者はそのほとんどは加工具として使用された。
• The former type included hunting tools like spear head, and the most of the latter type were used as working tools.

• 前者は生涯で一貫して名乗った名で、後者は朝廷より従五位下を賜った際に授かった名である。
• The former was used consistently throughout her life, and the latter was given by the Imperial Court when she was given the status Junior Rank, Lower Grade.

• 後者に従えば、斎王退下は推古天皇29年（621年）、もしくは30年（622年）となる。
• According to the latter records, she resigned from the presence of the Empress in 621 or in 622.

• 前者は昭和初期に焼失した香川家旧蔵本の写し、後者は毛利宗家へ献上されたものとみられる。
• The former was a copy of the manuscript that was owned by the Kagawa family before it was lost in an early Showa-era fire, while the latter seems to have been donated to the main branch of the Mori family.

• なかには、前者を主流派、後者を非主流派とする見方も存在するが、これはあまり支持できない。
• Some people view that the former is the main stream and the latter is non-main stream, but this view is not very endorsable.

• 剣道をする人によって、それぞれだが、後者の取り方は関西から九州にかけて多い取り方である。
• How to tie the men himo string depends on players of Japanese art of fencing and the latter is popular among players in the Kansai and Kyushu areas.

• 前者に文部省・京都市が、後者に日教組が加担したことから、対立を深刻化させることになった。
• Since the Ministry of Education and Kyoto City took sides with the conservatives while the Japan Teachers Union did with the progressives, the conflict became serious.

• 後者は法律関連の書籍の発刊が厳しく禁じられた当時に吉宗の特例の許可によって販売が許された。
• The latter received special sales permission by Yoshimune at a time when publication of legal books was strictly prohibited.

• しかし、紋付とのみ言った場合には後者のほうが一般的で、羽織、裃、女ものの着物は含まれない。
• Commonly, 'montsuki' means the latter but does not include 'haori' (a Japanese half-coat), 'kamishimo' (samurai costume, or old ceremonial costume) or a woman's kimono.

• 成立には文和4年（1355年）と長享3年（1489年）の二説があるが、現在では後者が有力。
• There are two theories of 1355 and 1489 regarding the time of completion of the work, but today the latter is accepted more dominantly.

• 前者は本領安堵（ほんりょうあんど）と呼ばれ、後者は新恩給与（しんおんきゅうよ）と呼ばれた。
• The former benefit was called honryoando and the latter sinonkyuyo.

• 後者、すなわち、譲渡のために分割された例として著名なものは佐竹本『三十六歌仙絵巻』である。
• One well-known example of the latter case of emakimono, split into pieces to be transferred, is the Satake version of 'Sanju-roku Kasen Emaki' (illustrated scroll of the thirty-six celebrated poets).

• 一方で前者は主に近畿で「長命寺餅」、後者は主に関東で「道明寺」あるいは「道明寺餅」と呼ぶ。
• Conversely, the former type is known as 'Chomeiji mochi' mainly in the Kinki region, while the latter is known as 'Domyoji' or Domyoji mochi' mainly in the Kanto region.

• 後者の場合は目的地からの神社への復路の過程に還幸祭（かんこうさい）という言葉が用いられる。
• In the latter, the term Kanko-sai Festival is used for the process of the return trip from the destination to the shrine.

• 仕事と遊びは両方とも健康に必要である。後者は我々に休息を与え、前者は活動力を与えてくれる。
• Work and play are both necessary to health; this gives us rest, and that gives us energy.

• 後者は中国初の哲学史とも言うべき著作で、明代の儒学史研究において今でも必読書となっている。
• The latter book can be said to be the first book on the history of Chinese philosophy, and is still treated as a must for students of Ming-period Confucianism.

• むろん後者のような磁器類も日本へ大量に輸入され、中・近世の遺跡から多くの陶片が出土している。
• Of course, large amounts of these types of porcelain were also imported to Japan and many pieces have been excavated from medieval and more recent sites.

• 福田富彦は、後者をひとつの郷、荘園、郡を基礎とした領主と区別して「豪族的領主」と呼んでいる。
• Tomihiko FUKUDA called the latter 'Gozoku' (local ruling family) to separate them from a lord that based himself in villages, manors, and districts.

• 前者は福岡県筑紫野市、後者は福岡県京都郡みやこ町犀川地区（旧京都郡犀川町）に比定されている。
• The former location is estimated to be in Chikushino City, Fukuoka Prefecture, the latter is estimated to be in the Saigawa area, Miyako-machi, Miyako-gun, Fukuoka Prefecture (old Saigawa-machi, Miyako-gun).

• ただし後者は、専らこの時代に特定の藩の藩領だった地域の郷土史における歴史区分として使われる。
• However, the latter was only used as historical classification in the local history of territories of specific domains in this period.

• 地域武士団の前者の例は先述の武川衆、後者の例は小山田氏に配属されていた九一色衆が上げられる。
• Mukawa shu (a group of samurai in Kai Province) was an example of a group of local samurai, which was prescribed earlier, and Kuishiki shu (a group of local samurai) which was assigned to the Oyamada clan, was an example of a group of local samurai which was prescribed later.

• 後者は大友系図にあるものだが、親能は後に中原性から藤原性に改性していることの反映と思われる。
• The latter appears in a family tree of the Otomo family and seems to reflect that Chikayoshi later changed his family name from Nakahara to Fujiwara.

• 後者は能作者らによって徐々に形作られていった「衰老落魄説話」として中世社会に幅広く流布した。
• The last group was widely spread in the medieval society as 'Decrepit and Go-down Story,' which had been gradually formed by Noh writers.

• それでも前者における悔返は厳しく制限され、後者の他人和与の場合には悔返は一切禁じられていた。
• Either way, cancellation of wayo of the former kind was strictly limited, and cancellation of wayo to others of the latter kind was prohibited in any case.

• （しかし前者は物語作者の主観でしかなく、後者は諸国人への皮肉と誹謗が多く見られる書物である。）
• (However, the above-mentioned description in the former work was only based on the subjectivity of the author, while the latter work was a book filled with sarcasm and slander regarding people living in various areas.)

• これは後方の小荷駄を何で（前者は弓組、後者は騎馬隊）護衛するかによって異なるものと考えられる。
• It is considered that the difference depended on how the konida in the rear was guarded (the former by the yumi gumi and the latter by the cavalry).

• 特に後者の話と混同されて、「賀茂別雷命の父は松尾大社の大山咋神である」とする話も流布している。
• The latter one, especially, is often mixed up with the birth of Kamowakeikazuchi no Mikoto, leading to the spread of the story that his father was Oyamakui no Kami of Matsuo-taisha Shrine.

• 前者の有用な部分は後者によって承継され、吉宗主導の改革と共に後世に残ったとみるのが至当である。
• It is reasonable to understand that useful policies implemented in the former were succeeded by the latter and carried out under the reforms conducted by Yoshimune in succeeding years.

• だが、後者においては本夫が姦夫を「宿世の敵」として討ち取る婦敵討（めがたきうち）が行われていた。
• However, in the latter, megataki uchi (revenge on the adulterer) was practiced, in which a husband killed the adulterer as 'sukuse no teki' (fateful enemy).

• 前者は12世紀前半の鳥羽天皇院政前期、後者は12世紀後半の後白河天皇院政の頃の作品とも言われる。
• The former were supposedly works of the early period of Emperor Toba Insei period and the early 12th century, and latter during the Insei period of Emperor Goshirakawa of the late twelfth century.

• 一方、後者は、治承三年の政変の際に平氏勢力が従来の国家機構の支配権を掌握したことを重視している。
• On the other hand, the second hypothesis emphasizes the fact that the Taira forces grabbed hold of the control of conventional national organizations upon the coup d'etat in 1179.

• 前者は後者に比べ茅の使用量を2〜3分の1に押さえる事が出来、茅が滑り落ちない為施工が簡単である。
• The former method uses only a half or third of kaya compared with the latter method and is easier because kaya does not slide down.

• 後者の散らし方は『寸松庵色紙』独特のもので、素朴な自然さの中に何とも言えぬ落ち着きを見せている。
• The latter is particular to the 'Sunshoan-shikishi' and shows indescribable composure in a simple naturalness.

• 後者にはFritz the Catからフランス映画『ファンタスティック・プラネット』も含まれる。
• from Fritz the Cat to the French movie Fantastic Planet.

• 「食う」において起こりうる音便は二通り存在し、前者は西日本、後者は東日本の方言において顕著である。
• There are two types of euphonic changes which may occur in 'kuh-;' the first one can be often seen in dialects in the western Japan and the second one in the eastern Japan.

• この点、戸隠山、鬼無里村の鬼女伝説と内容的に関連しており、後者が能の影響を受けている可能性がある。
• For this point, the story is related to the legend of Kijo (an ogress) set in Kinasa-mura Village at Mt. Togakushi, suggesting that the latter was influenced by the Noh piece.

• 定信の就任当初は前者の歌が流行ったが、やがて改革が厳しすぎるとわかると後者の歌に取って代わられた。
• When Sadanobu assumed his position, the former poem grew popular, but when the reform proved too strict, the latter became popular instead.

• 前者は平安時代の懸仏の代表作といわれる名品であり、後者もまた日本の華鬘のなかでも最高傑作といわれる。
• The former is said to be the one of fine arts, the representative work of Kakebotoke (hanging plaque Buddha) in the Heian period, and the latter is the greatest work of Japanese keman (Buddhist floral decorations).

• 後者は実際の耕作者名を記載することで所有するだけで耕作を行わない地主層への牽制の意味も含まれていた。
• The latter way implies that the regime watched out for the rise of the land-owning class who owned lands but never cultivated them.

• 三輪髷・長船：ほぼ同型の髷だが結う身分が違うため、前者では縮緬・後者では錦の手絡を用いることが多い。
• Mitsuwa (three rings) Mage/Osafune: the former mostly uses crepe and the latter brocade and those are almost the same style of Mage, but for different women in different positions.

• 前者は、近頃英国探偵界にメキメキ男をあげて来たグレゴリ警部、後者は運動家として有名なロス大佐である。
• The latter was Colonel Ross, the well-known sportsman; the other, Inspector Gregory; a man who was rapidly making his name in the English detective service.

• 後者の場合でも、近接する章段同士が語句を共有したり内容的に同類であったりで、ゆるやかに結合している。
• Even in the latter case, however, adjacent chapters are loosely connected by sharing common words, phrases, or contents.

• 後者のような公家は武士層など他の階層とのつながりも持つことなく、やがて歴史の中に消えていくことになる。
• Court nobles like the latter did not have connections with other levels such as samurai and disappeared in history.

• 前者の特徴は順・逆に回って舞うことなどで、その古態を残すところもあるが、現在では後者がほとんどである。
• The former case was featured by dances whirling in order and reverse order, and this old manner of dancing is still seen in some performance, although the latter case is now dominant.

• 前者は牛丼店における「牛皿」、後者は蕎麦屋におけるいわゆる「蕎麦蕎麦屋」といったものがそれに相当する。
• An example for the former is 'gyu-sara' (literally, beef plate) in a beef bowl restaurant while one for the latter is 'nuki' (literally, removal) in a soba (buckwheat noodle) restaurant.

• 後者は明治22年（1889年）に東京美術学校を創立するフェノロサと岡倉天心ら文部省系のグループである。
• The latter was a group on the side of Ministry of Education, which included Fenollosa and Tenshin OKAKURA who later found Tokyo School of Fine Arts together in 1889.

• 関東周辺や山陰の一部では主に前者を単に「桜餅」、近畿より西や北海道・北陸では後者を単に「桜餅」と呼ぶ。
• In the Kanto area and Sanin region, the former type is simply called 'sakuramochi', while it is the latter type that is referred to as 'sakuramochi' in areas west of the Kinki region, in Hokkaido and in the Hokuriku area.

• 後者の方が当然安いが、京阪山科駅のホームが地上にあり行き来が楽であることからこちらを利用する客もいる。
• Naturally, the fare of the latter case is less than the total fare of the former case, but many people use Keihan-Yamashina Station because the platforms are provided on the ground level and are more comfortable to use.

• 困窮した零細農民の土地を集積するなど地主的な側面の強くなる近世後期には後者の面を持つものが多くなった。
• In a second half of the early-modern times, as headmen (naushi or shoya) accumulated lands of impoverished petty peasants, their landowner-like character grew, and those with the latter aspcet increased.

• それからウィリアムソンとウードレーは、誘拐罪と殴打罪で、前者は七年の懲役、後者は同じく十年に処された。
• Williamson and Woodley were both tried for abduction and assault, the former getting seven years and the latter ten.

• 前者はシベリアから北海道を経由して本州へ、後者は中国黄河中・下流から九州を経由して本州へ及んだらしい。
• It appears that the former reached Honshu (the main island of Japan) through Siberia and then Hokkaido and the latter through the middle and lower Yellow River of China and then Kyushu.

• 後者の条件について、世界最大の温室効果ガス排出国であるアメリカ合衆国が国内事情により締結を見送っている。
• As for the latter condition, the United States of America, which emits the largest amount of gfreenhouse gases in the world, suspends the ratification because of its domestic situation at present.

• その他に旗～鉄砲組～長柄組～弓組～士大将～騎馬隊～小荷駄の例もある（後者から弓組を除いた備も存在する）。
• In addition, there was an example of banner, teppo gumi, nagae gumi, yumi gumi, samurai daisho, cavalry and konida (there also existed sonae in which the yumi gumi was omitted from the latter).

• 特に後者に感動した忠彦は、その記述が後小松天皇の時代で途絶している事を嘆き、続編の執筆を志すようになる。
• He was especially touched by the latter, and grieving over the fact that the writing had stopped during the era of Emperor Gokomatsu, he began to aspire to writing a sequel.

• しかし、縄文時代の土壙墓と弥生時代の（特に西日本の）土壙墓とはその形状に差があり、後者の方が全長が長い。
• However there is a difference in the shape of hole-shaped graves in the Jomon and Yayoi periods (especially in western Japan), and hole-shaped graves in the Yayoi period was longer in length.

• が、後年後者の子孫は自己の学識の由来を高く見せるために高名な学者・公卿である三善清行と結び付けようとした。
• However, descendants of the latter tried to claim that they inherited their academic legacies from Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI, a famous scholar and Kugyo (the top court officials), to add prestige to their origin.

• 後者の場合は、1人または複数の決められた観客が花道上に上がり、ひいきの役者に対して賛辞的なつらねを発した。
• In the latter case, one or more fixed spectators ascended onto hanamichi (an elevated runway through audience leading to stage) and uttered complimentary speech of tsurane (a long declamatory speech) toward their favorite player.

• これに対して平安時代後期から登場したのが、正室を母とする嫡男によって代々継承されるという後者の存在である。
• But the latter system, which came into existence in the late Heian period, let chakunan of legal wives take over as ujinochoja from generation to generation.

• 前者をつくるものを菓子匠、御菓子司などと称し、後者をつくるものを｢おまんやさん｣｢おもちやさん｣と呼んだ。
• Confectioners who prepared the former are called 'kashisho' (confectionary craftsmen) or 'onkashi-tsukasa' (confectionary master), and so on, while ones who prepare the latter 'omanya-san' (manju manufacturers) or 'omochiya-san' (rice case manufacturers).

• 後者「カラオケ」がその使用対象の大きさからも通常一般に第一に思い起こされる（想起される）ものとなっている。
• This 'karaoke' has widely spread and most people mean this one when they say 'karaoke'.

• これらの比較的新しい本曲と普化宗で吹奏された狭義の本曲を区別するため、後者を特に古典本曲と呼ぶことがある。
• In order to maintain a distinction between the more modern compositions that came to be referred to as honkyoku and the honkyoku practiced by adherents of Fuke sect, the term 'koten-honkyoku' (literally, 'ancient honkyoku') is sometimes used to refer to the latter.

• 前者は明治元年に銭札を、後者は慶應二年に米会所から庄屋・年寄・百姓の請負による米手形形式の銀札を発行した。
• The former issued zeni-satsu in 1868 and the latter issued gin-satsu in the Kome-tegata format from the rice association in 1866, entrusted by the shoya, Toshiyori (elder chief of a village or town during Edo Period) and farmers.

• 前者が大阪天満宮境内にて、後者が船渡御の鯛船（※1972年ごろ一度廃止）にて地車囃子を奉納するようになった。
• The former still performed at the same precincts of Osaka Tenman-gu Shrine but the latter came to dedicate their danjiri-bayashi on a sea bream ship for funatogyo (ritual to place divine spirits on the boat to cross the river; abandoned after about 1972).

• 後者の場合、余りにも指揮する兵員数が多くなると全般指揮においてでも一人の将が完全に統率する事は不可能である。
• In the case of the latter, if there were too many troop members to be commanded then it would become impossible for one single commander to fully take even the overall command.

• 頭屋は通常一軒が務めるが、同族や近所の家が助ける場合もありその場合には前者を本頭、後者を脇頭・助頭と言った。
• The role of Toya was generally performed by one family; however, related families or neighbors occasionally helped it; the former was called Honto, and the latter were called Wakito, or Sukekashira.

• 前者は本能寺の変後の消息は不明だが、後者の存保は1586年、戸次川の戦いで戦死してしまい、改易とされてしまう。
• Yasunaga, the former, was unaccounted for after Honnoji Incident, and Masayasu, the latter, died in the battle of Hetsu-gawa and was forfeited his rank of samurai and properties.

• 後者としては、文徳天皇に娘を嫁がせ、その結果清和天皇が誕生し、天皇の外祖父として確固たる政治基盤を築いている。
• As an example of the second method, he married his daughter to Emperor Montoku, and as a result Emperor Seiwa was born, and he built a solid political foundation as the emperor's maternal grandfather.

• 後者には異論も出されているが、この見解に従えば、中世期の支配・収取のあり方をより具体的に理解することができる。
• Opinions denying the latter were proposed, but according to the latter opinion, the state of the national control and tax-collecting systems during the medieval period could be understood more concretely.

• 一方、後者は江戸時代の町民に向けて製作されるうちに、現代に見られるような、日本舞踊的要素を備えた演劇となった。
• Meanwhile, Kabuki Geki was produced for the common people during the Edo period, and it sometimes became the drama, just as it is today, possessing the factor of Japanese dancing.

• その巻末には修辞学と論理学の技法についての２編の短い大要があり、後者はソクラテス式論争方の見本で結ばれていた。
• The end of which there were two little sketches of rhetoric and logic, the latter finishing with a specimen of a dispute in the Socratic method.

• 社格ではないが、護国神社で民立の神社と政府の保護を受けた神社を区別するため、後者を内務大臣指定護国神社とした。
• Although it is not shrine ranking, in order to distinguish Gokoku-jinja Shrine (shrine honoring war dead) between local shrines and shrines under government protection, the latter was classified as Gokoku-jinja Shrine designated by the Minister of Home Affairs.

• 前者は前田夕暮の「詩歌」を中心に一大勢力となり、後者はプロレタリア文学の一環としての存在を主張するようになる。
• The colloquial, free verse movement greatly influenced Yugure MAEDA's 'Shiika' (Poetry), while the latter movement placed their tanka among proletarian literature.

• しかし、後述する『日本書紀』応神天皇21年の記録等を勘案するに、この当時一般的であったのは後者の方であったろう。
• However, judging from other records such as the record of the year 290 in 'Nihonshoki' which is mentioned later, it seems to be the latter which was common in those days.

• しかも後者が山縣の抑制に期待をかけた西郷隆盛は、却って山縣を評価して弟の西郷従道とともに徴兵令の実施を支援した。
• In addition, KIRINO relied on Takamori SAIGO to play a major role in restraining YAMAGATA, but on the contrary SAIGO appreciated YAMAGATA and, together with his younger brother Tsugumichi SAIGO, supported him to enact Conscription Ordinance.

• このうち後者は既に仁和寺の覚性法親王の元で出家することが決まっていたために、重仁親王が即位するものだと思われた。
• The latter of the two adopted sons was decided to become a priest under the auspices of Cloisterd Imperial Prince Kakusho in Ninna-ji Temple, Imperial Prince Shigehito was thought to assume the throne.

• 後者は、そのような形態の本はむしろ書名に合わせるために後世の人間によって再編されたものではないかとの批判もある。
• The latter has met the criticism that such a form of texts would have been re-edited by later redactors to justify the title.

• 後者の場合は言うまでもなく手下共々主人公たちに成敗される結果となるが、前者でも後日厳罰に処される運命が待っている。
• The latter ends up being punished with his men by the main character and his colleagues as a matter of course, and the former is also destined to be imposed a severe punishment later.

• 権門層は、荘園を国衙に収公されないよう太政官、民部省や国衙の免許を獲得し、前者を官省符荘といい後者を国免荘という。
• The influential obtained licenses from Daijokan, Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) or Kokuga to prevent Kokuga from confiscating their shoen, (the former was called Kanshofu sho: a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs, and the latter was called Kokumen sho: a shoen allowed exemption from so or other tribute in bempo or binho system).

• 一方、後者は染三が六代目松鶴との確執の末関西落語文芸協会を興し分離した物で、フリーまたはアマチュアの落語家が多い。
• On the other hand the latter was established as a result of clash between Somezo and the sixth-generation Shokaku and established Kansai Rakugo Literature Association, and includes freelance or amateur Rakugo storytellers.

• また、ヤード・ポンド法のエーカーにも畝の字を宛てており、区別のため、前者を市畝（市亩）、後者を英畝（英亩）という。
• The Chinese character 畝 is also applied to the unit of acre which is used in the yard-pound system, and so, to make a distinction, the unit of the Chinese system is called shi mu in pinyin and the unit of the yard-pound system is called ying mu in pinyin.

• 現在「伽羅先代萩」の外題で上演される内容は、「竹の間」「御殿」「床下」は前者、その他は後者の各場面を原型としている。
• Among the scenes of 'Meiboku Sendai Hagi' performed today, 'Bamboo Room,' 'Mansion' and 'Under the Floor' are based on the former, and other scenes are based on the respective scenes of the latter.

• 前者のような在地の預所を「在地預所」、後者のような京都に居住する（従って現地には赴かない）預所を「在京預所」と呼ぶ。
• The former type of local Azukaridokoro is called 'Zaichi Azukaridokoro' (Azukaridokoro in the duty station), and the latter type of Azukaridokoro living in Kyoto is called 'Zaikyo Azukaridokoro'.

• 後者は前者と比べて教訓が生かされたこともあって被害が少なかったものの、どちらも市街地はほぼ壊滅状態にまで追いやられた。
• While the damage was smaller than those before them, despite this, the area was almost completely destroyed.

• 前者は唐物を主体とした権威をもった道具であり、対して後者は堺の数寄者達が好んだ「寂」（そそう）を感じさせる道具である。
• The former is the authoritative utensils mainly consisting of karamono (utensils imported from China), and the latter is the utensils with 'quiet simplicity' that are favored by connoisseurs in Sakai.

• そして、前者の技芸的側面と、後者の制度的側面をともに管理し、その永続を保障するべき機関として家元というものが存在する。
• Iemoto (the head family of a school) exists as an authority which should monitor both the former, the artistic aspect, and the latter, the institutional aspect, in order to ensure that both may last long.

• 後者は、わたしが福音を弁明するために立てられていることを知り、愛の心でキリストを伝え、 (ピリピ人への手紙 1:16)
• The former insincerely preach Christ from selfish ambition, thinking that they add affliction to my chains; (Philippians 1:16)

• 前者から後者に行くに従い、漸次中国皇帝の徳が及ばなくなり、同時に中国の支配力も低下していくという観念で支えられている。
• It was supported by the concept that in areas which are not directly controlled by an emperor of China such as the second or third categories above, the virtue of an emperor of China lost influence, and the power of control of China decreases accordingly.

• このうち、『忍日伝天孫記』と『神道原典』は古文書・古文献ではなく、前者は自動書記、後者は霊界往来による霊感の書である。
• Among them, 'Oshihinotsutae Tensonki' and 'Shinto Genten' are not komonjo (old documents) or kobunken (old literature), but the former is a document written through automatism and the latter is a book of inspired by a visit to the spiritual world.

• 後者の二つのシナリオは、C/FO Rising Sun が明らかに非営利図書館活動の一部だったということを無視している。
• The latter two scenarios do not take into consideration that C/FO Rising Sun was clearly part of a nonprofit library operation, however.

• 違いは前者が2巻に分けられているのに対し、後者は1巻本として出版されたことであり、それ以外に内容などには全て異同がない。
• The only difference between them was that while the former was issued in two volumes, the latter was published as one-volume book, and, other than that, there was no difference in contents for example.

• 前者が人間を特徴づけ、後者は獣を特徴づけるものであって、前者をとることができないときにかぎり、後者を頼るしかないのだ。」
• cumque illud proprium sit hominis, hoc beluarum;confugiendum est ad posterius, si uti non licet superiore.'

• 但し、各足軽部隊を前線に、騎馬武者隊を後方に置き、前者で戦線を形成し、それを後者で突破するというのは基本であった様である。
• However, it seems that the basic strategy was to place the foot soldiers in the front and the cavalrymen in the rear, forming a battle front with the former and penetrating through it with the latter.

• このように後者の「此がなければ彼がない。」は、前者の「此があれば彼がある」ことを証明し、補完する、必要不可欠なものである。
• As is seen above, the latter statement, 'if there is no shi, there is no hi' is necessary to prove and complete the former statement, 'if there is shi, there is hi.'

• 後者の仏舎利を語源とする説も、秘蔵記に於ける「天竺呼米粒為舎利。仏舎利亦似米粒。是故曰舎利。」という記述で既に現われている。
• The latter theory of originating from Busshari already appeared in a description in Hizoki (an early Shingon text) that 'each grain of rice is called shari in India. Busshari also looks like a grain of rice. Therefore, it is called shari.'

• 後者の例として妙蓮寺 (京都市)所蔵の伏見天皇宸翰法華経が父・後深草天皇宸翰の書状を紙背として用いていることで知られている。
• As an example of the latter case, it is known that Fushimi tenno shinkan hokkekyo (the Lotus Sutra written by Emperor Fushimi himself) stored in the Myoren-ji Temple (Kyoto City) was written on the other side of a letter written by his father, Emperor Gofukakusa.

• 江戸時代初期には前田検校により前田流が、波多野検校により波多野流が生まれ、前者は江戸を中心に、後者は京都を中心に行なわれた。
• In the early Edo period, the Maeda-ryu and the Hatano-ryu were established by Kengyo MAEDA and Kengyo HATANO respectively and the former developed around Edo and the latter in Kyoto.

• 後者の能力はすべて遺伝によって私達に伝えられる。つまり、親から受けつぐ遺伝子を通して私たちはそうした能力を受け取るのである。
• All of these abilities are passed on to us by genetic transmission; we receive them by way of the genes that we inherit from our parents.

• 同年10月、高橋荘及び尾張国海東郡は没収となり、前者は一色持信と吉良義尚に分給され、後者は尾張国守護の斯波義淳に与えられた。
• In October of the same year Takahashi Manor and his territory of Kaito District in Owari Province were confiscated; the former was given to Mochinobu ISSHIKI and Yoshinao KIRA, the latter to Owari Province's provincial guard, Yoshiatsu SHIBA.

• これに対して、王朝時代は後者の時代区分として認識され、同様に後者の国家体制を指して王朝国家という語が使用されるようになった。
• On the other hand, the periodization of the latter was named the Dynastic period and the term Dynastic polity, which refers to the state regime of the latter, became used.

• このように形式化された和様と完成期の和様を区別するため、後者を特に上代様と呼び、和様の古典として後に復古を叫ぶ書家が現われる。
• To distinguish the formalized Japanese style like this and the Japanese style in the completing period, the latter is especially called Jodaiyo, and Shoka (calligrapher) crying out for the restoration as the classics of the Japanese style, later appeared.

• 前者を語アイ（坐って語るものを「居語アイ」、立って語るものを「立語アイ」と呼ぶ）、後者を「会釈アイ（あしらいアイ）」と称する。
• The former is called the story telling interlude while the latter is called 'bow interlude (ashirai-ai)'.

• 二十八部衆のうちには畢婆迦羅と摩睺羅伽の両方が存在し、前者は通常の武神像、後者は五眼を持ち、琵琶を弾く像として表わされている。
• There are both Hibakara and Makoraga among Nijuhachibushu, and the former is expressed as the statue of a war god in a common style while the latter is expressed as the statue who plays the Japanese lute with five eyes.

• 後者は伝承が廃絶し使われなくなったが、前者は後に中国及び日本においていくつもの種類が生じて発展し、多くは現代も演奏されている。
• The latter is not used any more because its tradition has not been carried on, but the former developed later and had increased the number of its variety in China and Japan and many are still played even today.

• 一応区別のために、前者を市升、後者を公升と称するが、同じ値であることから単に升と呼ばれることが多い（市制 (単位系)も参照）。
• To make a simple distinction, the Chinese sho is called sheng (private sho), and the international sho is called kosho (public sho), but usually, they are both simply called sho because they have the same quantity (refer to the article of Shizhi [Chinese System of Measurement]).

• 天津彦根命を祭る山城国内の神社としては、小倉神社(京都府大山崎町)や祝園神社(京都府精華町)などがあるが、後者は奈良時代の創立。
• Shrines in Yamashiro Province that enshrine Amatsuhikone-no-mikoto include Ogura-jinja Shrine (Oyamazaki Machi, Kyoto Prefecture) and Hosono-jinja Shrine (Seika-cho, Kyoto Prefecture), the latter of which was founded in the Nara period.

• しかし後者の期間におけるファンサブは、国内ライセンス者の国内著作権を侵害するものであり、外国所有者の国内著作権の侵害とはちがう。
• However, a fansub during the latter period violates a domestic copyright of a domestic licensee, rather than a domestic copyright of an overseas owner.

• それぞれの派の特徴として、前者は赤穂詰めの家臣が多く、後者は江戸詰めの家臣であることが多かったため、後者を江戸急進派とも呼んだ。
• Both had displayed characters representative of their factions: Many were formerly vassals located in Ako while several of the those who formerly acted as representative in Edo became members of the radical Edo faction.

• 一つの備しか持つ事のできない大名と複数の備を編成できる大名では、特に後者の大名が直率する本陣備においてその構成に大きな違いがある。
• There was a large difference between a daimyo who could have only one sonae and a daimyo who could organize multiple sonae in terms of sonae organization, particularly in the army headquarters sonae led directly by the latter daimyo.

• 後小松天皇や称光天皇らも中津に帰依した人物の一人であり、その死後に前者は仏智広照国師、後者は聖国師という勅命による追贈を行なった。
• Emperor Gokomatsu and Emperor Shoko also became Buddhists influenced by Chushin; after Chushin's death, Emperor Gokomatsu and Emperor Shoko issued an imperial order to honor him as Bucchi Kosho Kokushi (the most reverend priest), Shokokushi, respectively.

• それは遠方の大木と同様の大きさに見ゆれど、しかもその量（かさ）においても、その局部においても、後者とはまったく一致せざるはずなり。
• It looked the same size as the others, but being more distinctly and sharply defined in mass and detail seemed out of harmony with them.

• 城という文字は中国では前者の城壁都市を意味していたが、日本においては城壁都市が普及しなかったこともあり、主に後者の意味で使用される。
• The character 城 means a walled city of the former meaning in China, but walled cities were not built in Japan, and were mainly used in the latter sense.

• 室町時代の辞書『節用集』には、「たいめい」・「だいみょう」の2音を載せ、前者は守護（大領主）、後者は銭持（富裕層）の意であるとした。
• The Muromachi period dictionary 'Setsuyoshu' listed the two pronunciations 'taimei' and 'daimyo,' the former meaning a Shugo (a major feudal lord), and the latter meaning a wealthy person (the wealthy class).

• 前者は3尺×6尺（90.9cm×181.8cm）、後者は4尺×8尺（121.2cm×242.4cm）の大きさの板材を指すことが多い。
• Therefore, the former usually indicates the sawn timber with the size of 3 shaku times 6 shaku (90.9 centimeters times 181.8 centimeters), while the latter indicates the sawn timber of 4 shaku times 8 shaku (121.2 centimeters times 242.4 centimeters).

• 食用米の精米機と、酒造米の精米機は、構造的に大きく異なる部分があり、後者は昭和初期に縦型精米機が出現して以降、飛躍的に効率が高まった。
• The rice-milling machines for food rice are greatly different in structure from those for rice for sake brewing and the efficiency of the latter has dramatically improved since the appearance of the vertical-type rice-milling machine early in the Showa period.

• 偈頌（韻文）と、それを解説した長行（じょうごう、散文）の部分からなり、特に後者においては、浄土往生の方法として「五念門」を説いている。
• It consists of gaathaa (verse) and chogo (prose), and the latter in particular expounds 'gonenmon' (Five Practice-Gates of Mindfulness) as a way of Jodo Ojo (Rebirth in the Pure Land).

• 後者の意味では衣、食、住などの日常生活全般に関わる慣習や、芸能、道徳、宗教から政治、経済といった社会構造まで、その範疇は非常に幅広い。
• The latter meaning covers a very wide category from customs relating to general daily life including clothing, food and housing, entertainment, moral and religion, to a social structure including politics and economy.

• とし、後者においては、摂政は三公とは別格で一般公卿と同列にすべきではない（従って、宮中に置いては三公より上位とすべきである）と論じた。
• In the latter, it was argued that the regent was of a different nature than the three high level bureaucrats and should not be considered equivalent to general court nobles (consequently, in the palace he should be in a higher position than the three high level bureaucrats).

• 柳原町が下京区に編入された際、「東七条」を冠称する8町と「柳原」を冠称する2町の計10町が設定されたが、後者は現在、東山区に属している。
• When Yanagihara-cho was incorporated into Shimogyo Ward, total 10 towns; eight towns with prefix 'Higashi Shichijo' and two towns with prefix 'Yanagihara,' were established, but the latter currently belong to Higashiyama Ward.

• 前者は焼いた塩に黒ゴマを入れて水分を蒸発させるまで炒る方法で、後者は炒った黒ゴマに濃厚な塩水を加えて水分を蒸発させるまで炒る方法である。
• The former is the way black sesame is mixed with parched salt and roasted until the water evaporates, while the latter is the way highly salted water is added to the roasted black sesame and heated until the water evaporates.

• 他にないということや、ずっとそこにあるということは、後者の、裸眼で見ることと関係が深く、一時的で複製可能ということは、前者に関係が深い。
• Uniqueness and permanence are as closely linked in the latter as are transitoriness and reproducibility in the former.

• この断簡には、『糟色紙』と『岡寺切』（岡寺に伝わったため）があるが、料紙の装飾技巧に継紙の手法のあるものが前者で、ないものが後者である。
• There are two editions called 'Kasujishiki' and 'Okaderagire' (Okadera edition) (descended to Oka-dera Temple); the former was made by joining together two or more sheets of paper of different color and/or quality with glue to create decorative effects on writing paper, but the latter was not.

• 前者及び貴族や寺社などの守旧的な勢力が直義を、彼らからの圧迫を排除して在地における支配権の保障を求めた後者が師直を支持したとされている。
• It is believed that the former, along with conservative power such as nobles, temples and shrines, supported Tadayoshi while the latter, who claimed security of rights for the possession of the shoen without oppression from the former, supported Moronao.

• さらに後者の11か条の覚書が発見されて以降、五か条の追放令との相違点がある理由や二つの文書の意味づけに関してさまざまな議論が行われている。
• Moreover, it has been discussed in many ways concerning the reason for the differences from the Expelling edict of Five Articles and the meaning of two documents ever since the latter Memorandum of Eleven Articles was discovered.

• 前方に飛行中の航空機を他の航空機が追い越そうとする場合（上昇又は降下による追越を含む。）には、後者は、前者の右側を通過しなければならない。
• When aircraft overtakes another aircraft ahead of it in flight (includes the overtaking by ascending or descending), it shall pass the aircraft in front on the right side.

• 壺焼きは、壺状の調理器の中で蒸し焼きにするもののほか、巻貝の貝殻をそのまま調理器として使う料理法をも意味するが、後者の料理法の代表的な事例。
• Tsuboyaki (literally, cook in a vase) means two things: one is to smother food in a vase-shaped cooker, and another is to use a snail shell itself as a cooker and process the snail, but usually, the latter cuisine is a typical example.

• ）ほか、内地に施行される法律につき勅令で台湾にも施行することができるようにする方針を採った（初期は前者が原則だったが、後に後者が原則になる。
• Also, the government allowed the laws enforced in the inland to be enforced in Taiwan with imperial edicts (In the early colonial period, the former was operated as a general rule, but the latter became a general rule later.

• 前者とすると院らの収入が少なすぎる上に任命された受領にとってのメリットも無くなるために後者であろうと考える説が有力であるが、詳細は不明である。
• According the to first theory, income to the recipients would have been too small and zuryo would not benefit from the system, so the second theory is more plausible, however the details are unknown.

• 前者には凝固剤として硫酸カルシウム、塩化マグネシウム、塩化カルシウム、硫酸マグネシウム等が使用され、後者はグルコノデルタラクトンが使用される。
• In the former, calcium sulfate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride or magnesium sulfate, etc., is used as a coagulant, and in the latter glucono-delta-lactone is used as a coagulant.

• ある形態の汎神論は前者の人々が採用するのが普通だし、一方、多かれ少なかれ人のやり方にしたがって振舞う超然たる創造主はたいてい後者が想定します。
• Some form of pantheism was usually adopted by the one, while a detached Creator, working more or less after the manner of men, was often assumed by the other.

• 前者は育子を実能の実娘、忠通の養女、義兄近衛基実の猶子とし、後者は忠通の乙姫君（皇嘉門院につぐ忠通の次女）として異母兄基実の猶子になったとする。
• The former says Muneko was the real daughter of Saneyoshi & the adopted child of Tadamichi & the adopted child of Motozane KONOE, her brother-in-law, and the latter says that Muneko was Tadamichi's Otohime gimi (Tadamichi's second daughter next to Kokamon-in) and that she became the adopted child of Motozane, her elder half brother.

• 古代中国では儀狄（ぎてき）と杜康（とこう）という酒の神がいたが、後者に由来して良い酒を造った者に杜康という氏を授けたことに由来するとする説である。
• In ancient China, there were gods of alcohol named Yi Ti and Du Kang (pronounced as toko in Japanese), and this opinion insists that the term came from the story that people who made good sake were given a surname (written as 氏 in Japanese) Toko (written as 杜康 in Japanese) which was derived from the latter god.

• 通説では前者を増補改訂して後者が作られたと考えられているが、後者の方が先に書かれて後に様々な事情によって一部が削除したものが前者だとする説もある。
• The standard theory is that the latter text was produced by enlarging, expanding, and revising the former, but there is another theory that it was written first, and that the former text was produced from various sections that had been deleted from the latter.

• 区の南部から西部はもとの乙訓郡大枝村と同郡大原野村で、前者は昭和25年（1950年）、後者は昭和34年（1959年）、当時の右京区に編入されている。
• The area from the southern part to the western part consists of the former Oeda and Oharano villages, Otokuni County, which were integrated into Ukyo Ward in 1950 and in 1959, respectively.

• ただし、6巻本・7巻本も存在し、前者は第4巻を2巻構成に分けたもの、後者は6巻本より更に裏書（後述）部分を抜書きして独立した第7巻としたものである。
• There are also a six-volume edition and a seven-volume edition: the fourth volume was split in two for the former; the latter has the separate seventh volume which has excerpts of the uragaki (additional parts) in addition to the former one.

• 重層的な荘園領主の構造の中では、在地預所と在京預所の両方が存在する場合もあり得、その場合は下級荘官である下司に対して前者を中司、後者を上司と称した。
• Within the multi-layered structure of Shoen ryoshu, in some cases, both Zaichi Azukaridokoro and Zaikyo Azukaridokoro coexisted, and in such cases, the former was called Chushi, and the latter was called Joshi, after the Geshi (local keeper) which was a low-ranked shokan.

• 生産に対する姿勢は両者の場合で異なり、前者においては生産も統制される場合があるが、後者においてはやや緩やかで生産奨励策が合わせて行われる場合もある。
• Both of them take different attitudes towards production, and the former can control the production but the latter can mildly encourage production at the same time.

• しかし、この頃から大覚寺統を支持する公家の間で天皇派と邦良親王派への分裂が見られ始め、後者を持明院統側や幕府が支持したために天皇側は窮地に立たされる。
• However, since around this time, a split of the aristocrats into the Imperial Faction and the Prince Kuniyoshi Faction began to be visible, and the Imperial Faction was caught in a difficult situation because the Jimyoin-to lineage and the Bakufu (Shogunate) supported the latter faction.

• 扇子と手ぬぐいは、落語の表現上抽象性があらかじめ与えられており、状況に応じて、前者は箸や刀になり、後者は財布や証文になるなど、様々な用途で使用される。
• The sensu and tenugui are given a great deal of versatility in rakugo as they are used to symbolize a range of things, for example, the former may be used to represent a pair of chopsticks or a sword, and the latter a wallet or a document.

• また、『和漢朗詠集』に含まれる往来物（「雜筆抄」）、『貴理師端往来』は、前者が武家向けのものであるのに対し、後者は小児にも用いるような教科書であった。
• Oraimono (primary textbooks in the style of the exchange of letters) ('Zappitsu sho' [Miscellaneous]) included in 'Wakan Roeishu' (Japanese and Chinese poems to sing) was for samurai family, while 'Kirishitan orai' (Christian's correspondences) was a textbook also used for children.

• われわれが何かを信じるという心の働きは、自分が何かを信じていることを知るという心の働きとは別物なので、後者なしに前者が存在することだってよくあるのだ。
• for, as the act of mind by which a thing is believed is different from that by which we know that we believe it, the one act is often found without the other.

• 1999年（平成11年）に長男・大が、2003年（平成15年）年には長女・愛子が生れ、特に後者は富十郎74歳の子供であるところから大きな話題にもなった。
• His first son Dai was born in 1999, and his first daughter Aiko was born in 2003, and since the latter was born when Tomijuro was at the age of 74, it became a great subject of conversation.

• 前者は現存せず、後者は大蔵経収録の羅什訳『摩訶般若波羅蜜大明咒經』とされるが、羅什の訳経開始が402年であるため、釈道安の没年385年には未訳出である。
• The former no longer exists, and the latter is regarded as 'Maka Hannya Haramitsu Daimyo Jukyo' translated by Raju included in Tripitaka, but since Raju began to translate in 402 it could not have been translated in 385, when Doan SHAKU died.

• 史料性としては、前者が室町時代期の作成であることに対し、後者の方はほぼ同時代人による記録で、ことに愚管抄の作者である慈円（忠通息）は育子の身内であった。
• The latter seems to be more reliable than the former, because the former was recorded in a historical source written in the Muromachi period while the latter was recorded in 'Gukansho' (Jottings of a Fool) written by Jien, who was not only the almost contemporary person with Muneko but also the son of Tadamichi, in other words, Muneko's relative.

• また、明治から大正前期と大正後期から昭和にかけて同一名称の会派が存在しているため、便宜上前者を「第一次無所属」、後者を「第二次無所属」と呼んで区別する。
• Also, because the name of a parliamentary group from the Meiji period to the early Taisho period and that from the later Taisho period to the Showa period were the same, the group in the former period was called as the 'First Independents' as well as the other in the latter was called as the 'Second Independents' to be distinguished for convenience.

• 1918年にアメリカ合衆国に戻り、『蝶々夫人』とアンドレ・メサジェの『お菊さん』を上演するが、後者は「蝶々さん」の焼き直しに過ぎないとして不評であった。
• In 1918, she went back to the United States of America, and performed 'Madama Butterfly' and 'Madame Chrysantheme' (お菊さん) composed by Andre Messager, but the latter got a bad reputation because it was considered as only a rehash of 'Cho-Cho-San'.

• 開元10年（720年）に著された開元始注本と天宝 (唐)2年（743年）に改訂して3年後に頒布した天宝重注本の2種類があるが、現存しているのは後者である。
• There were two kinds of Gyochukokyo, one being 'Kaigenshichubon' (annotated edition by Genso), which was written in 720, and the other being Tenhojuchubon (revised edition of Kaigenshichubon), which was revised in 743 and distributed three years later; however, only the latter remains in existence.

• 後者の端的な例としては、遠江国「平田寺文書」天平感宝元年（749年）閏5月20日勅願文があり、文書一面に文字のない箇所にも内印「天皇御璽」が捺されている。
• An obvious example of the latter purpose can be seen in the Imperial order 'Heiden-ji Bunsho' (Heiden-ji Temple document) on May 20, 749 in Totomi Province, which was fully covered by Naiin 'Tenno Gyoji' including even where there were no words.

• 東亜同文会は上海市に東亜同文書院大学、東京に東京同文書院を設立した（前者は在華日本人留学生を教育し、後者は中国人留学生を受け入れる高等教育機関であった）。
• Toa-dobunkai established Toa-Dobunshoin University in Shanghai and Tokyo Dobunshoin in Tokyo (the former educated Japanese students living in China while the latter was a higher education institution which accepted Chinese students living in Japan).

• ちなみにダービーマッチとは本来、地元を同じくするチーム同士の試合をいうが、日本では因縁があったり特別盛り上がる試合を指すこともあり、川中島ダービーは後者。
• By the way, the term of a Derby match is originally used for indicating a match between teams whose hometowns are the same, but in Japan, is sometimes used also indicating a match that becomes especially excited due to a special historical reason, and the Kawanakajima Derby is a typical example of the latter type.

• 特に後者はいわゆる火焔式土器と称されるもので、口縁部には鶏冠ないし王冠を思わせる複雑な形状の装飾を付し、器面にも粘土紐の貼り付けで複雑な文様を表わしている。
• Of the two, the latter is what is called 'kaen-shiki doki' (the flame-shaped earthen vessel), and an elaborate decoration like a cockscomb (or a crown) was put on the rim, and clay strings were attached to the vessel's surface for showing an elaborate pattern.

• 両者とも新羅への遣使の副次として送られたもので、前者は耽羅の新羅への臣属を黙認するもの、後者は報徳国の新羅への併合を受けての動向探索のためと推察されている。
• Both envoys were dispatched as an addition to envoys to Silla; the first one was dispatched to give silent approval for the Tamna's subjection to Silla and the latter one was dispatched to investigate the situation there after the annexation of Hotoku (報徳国) to Silla.

• 特に後者の離脱が近衛文麿が中心であったことから研究会の権威は大いに失墜した（ちなみに後に3次にわたった近衛内閣では閣僚から研究会所属議員は排除されている）。
• Especially since the latter one was led by Fumimaro KONOE, Kenkyukai suffered a great loss of prestige (in the connection, later, members of Kenkyukai were excluded from the three KONOE Cabinets.

• 伊藤は同年暮れに意見書を提出し、漸進的な改革と上院設置のための華族制度改革を提議した（後者は公家出身の岩倉が嫌う点であるが、伊藤は敢えて提出したのである）。
• Ito submitted written opinion and proposed gradual reform and reform of new peerage system to set up a upper house (IWAKIRA, who was from court noble family disliked the latter opinion but ITO submitted this daringly).

• 上記のあらゆる分野における、一方の締約者から他方の締約者に対する後者の要請に基づいたコンサルタントサービスの提供で、専門家、機器及びソフトウェアの提供を含む。
• The provision by one Party to the other Party of consultancy services requested by the latter in any of the above-mentioned areas, including through the provision of experts, equipment and software.

• しばらくして、後者をやるべきだと決めたんだけど、その理由は、ほんとの LISP マシンみたいなものを普通のハードではできないってのが見えてきたからだったのね。
• After a little while, I concluded I should do the latter and the reason was, that I saw that you can't have something really like the LISP machine system on general purpose hardware.

• 後者の解釈では、ファンたちが著作権侵害を行うのは、アメリカ国内における友人やペンフレンドたちが、C/FOのような閉じた流通システムを構成していなかったからだ。
• In the latter interpretation, fans would infringe because their friends or pen pals in the US were not yet organized into a closed distribution system along the lines of the C/FO.

• 前者は一定の成果を上げたものの、後者は結果的に旧佐幕派勢力の復権を招き、佐々木・斎藤も板垣と同類（新政府を作った裏切者）として糾弾されたために失敗に終わった。
• His efforts to undermine ITAGAKI achieved some of the results; however, attempts to organize the anti- ITAGAKI force failed since they prompted the reinstatement of former Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun) and SASAKI and SAITOU were regarded as ITAGAKI's allies (as betrayers who helped to establish the new government) and accused.

• インド方面を起源とする説と、オリエント・ペルシャに起源を求める説があるが、後者のほうは元々、有翼人種（亜人ないし精霊の一種）として描かれていたと推測されている。
• There is one theory that the origin of hiten is in India and another theory claiming that it is in Oriental Persia, but in the latter, it is conjectured that these were people who were originally drawn as a race of winged humans (a form of semi-human or spirit).

• 『古事記』『出雲国風土記』の両者においてカミムスビと関係を持ち、前者では神産巣日之命に派遣されて大国主の治療に従事、後者では神魂命の御子神であると記されている。
• They had a relationship with Kamimusubi in both 'Kojiki' and 'Izumo no kuni fudoki,' and it was written in the former that they were dispatched by Kamimusuhi no mikoto to engage in treating Okuninushi (chief god of Izumo in southern Honshu Island, Japan, and the central character in the important cycle of myths set in that region), and it was written in the latter that they were mikogami (the child god in a shrine where parent-child gods are enshrined) of Kamumusubi no mikoto.

• 特に後者は（実際の執筆はともかくとして）、編纂の全過程に緒嗣が関ったと言われており、彼の元に優れた文才と批判精神を持つ人たちが集められて作られた歴史書となった。
• It is said that Otsugu was engaged in the whole steps of compilation of especially the latter (aside from the actual writing) and, therefore, this book was a historical book produced by the people who had talents for writing and spirits for criticism and who were gathered under Otsugu.

• 西郷隆盛が士族兵制論者か徴兵制支持者なのか、当時の政府関係者ですら意見が分かれており、谷干城や鳥尾小弥太は前者を、平田東助は後者であったとする見解を採っている。
• Takamori SAIGO was a supporter of a military system having a warrior class or conscription, and even government officials were divided on this issue, some adopted the former opinion, like Tateki TANI and Koyata TORIO, and others like Tosuke HIRATA had the latter opinion.

• 後者は大槻玄沢ら蘭学者やオランダ商館長（カピタン）と交遊を持って蘭学を研究し、『蘭学階梯』の序文や『泰西輿地図説』、『古今泉貨鑑』など、多くの貴重な著作を残した。
• The latter learned Western studies by associating with scholars of Western studies like Gentaku OTSUKI, and left many valuable books, such as the introduction of 'Rangaku-kaitei' (a guide to foreign languages), 'Taisei-yochizusetsu' (a foreign topography), and 'Kokon-senka-kagami' (a reference book of coins).

• しかしながら、黄砂発生地の土壌・エアロゾルと中国主要都市のエアロゾルの成分を比較すると、後者のほうが硫酸イオンや硝酸イオン、重金属である鉛の濃度が高くなっていた。
• However, when the components of the aerosol in the soil of the place where kosa was produced was compared with those in major cities in China, it was found that the latter included more sulfide ion, more nitrate ion and more lead (a heavy metal).

• 上記に対して岩田経由の75C号経路は途中区間に上津屋工業団地及び岩田工業団地と後者に隣接する京田辺市大住地区の工場地帯を走行するので朝夕ラッシュ時の乗客数が多い。
• Constrasting the above, Route No. 75C operating via Iwata passes through industrial zones, such as the Kozuya industrial housing complex, Iwata industrial housing complex, and the adjacent Kyotanabe City Osumi area; therefore there are many passengers during the morning and evening rush hours.

• 清酒酵母には醸造中に協会系酵母泡あり酵母と呼ばれる大量の泡を発生させる協会系酵母泡あり酵母と、高泡を発生しない協会系酵母泡なし酵母とがあり、後者の方が生産性が高い。
• Sake yeasts comprise foam-forming kyokai sake yeasts, which are high producers of foam, and non-forming kyokai sake yeasts, which are low producers of foam, the latter of which having a higher productivity.

• （2008年12月現在、法令の条文上では「本格しようちゆう」のみが使用されており漢字の「本格焼酎」の登場例はないが、以下業界での慣用に倣って本節では後者を用いる。）
• (As of December 2008, shochu in hiragana as '本格しょうちゅう' has only been used in the letter of the law and in Chinese characters as '本格焼酎' has not appeared, but we use the latter in this text as the industry does.)

• 後者の場合は、その財貨はもともとそれを使用する個人についてまわる物の類に分類され、したがって、財産の一部と思われることもないし、蓄積された富を作り上げることもない。
• in the latter case they fall into the class of things that pertain organically to the person of their user, and they would, therefore, not figure as items of property or make up a store of wealth.

• 前者は一般的に比較的小形のものが多く、調整も周辺部調整、片面調整、両面調整と多様であるのに対し、後者は長大なものが加わり、大半が両面調整のものへと定式化されていく。
• While most of the former were relatively small in size and processed using diverse ways of achieving further reductions (such as retouching of the surrounding part of the tool or on one or both of the tool's faces), the latter included large, heavyweight types of points, most of which were formed in such a way as to allow them to be retouched on both sides.

• 新しくできた酒粕をそのまま蒸留する方法と、籾殻（もみがら）を混ぜて通気性を確保してから蒸留する方法があり、前者は吟醸粕取焼酎、後者を正調粕取焼酎と呼んで区別している。
• There are two methods of distilling: the ginjo kasutori shochu method, which involves distilling newly made rice wine lees without adding anything, and the seicho kasutori shochu method, which involves mixing rice hulls to ensure proper airflow before distilling.

• そして実際に問題に事情に通じている(これは明らかに著しい利点です)人はいつも後者の範疇の立場をとるのが適切だと考えるものなので、私たちも躊躇なくそうしようと思います。
• And we do this with the less hesitation as it so happens that those persons who are practically conversant with the facts of the case (plainly a considerable advantage) have always thought fit to range themselves under the latter category.

• 取り掛け方は、使用者によって変わる（元々三つを使用していた場合は三つの取り掛け、四つを使用していた場合は四つの取り掛けをし、当然、前者と後者で帽子の角度や長さも違う。）
• The way of setting a string depends on the users (those who have originally used three fingers use a mitsugke and those who have originally used four fingers use a yotsugake, naturally, the former and the latter are different in the angle and length of a boshi).

• しかし、風紀を乱すとの理由から前者は1629年に禁止され、後者も売色の目的を兼ねる歌舞伎集団が横行したことなどから1652年に禁止され、現代に連なる野郎歌舞伎となった。
• But the former was banned in 1629 for the reason that it corrupted public morals, and the latter was also banned in 1652 because the Kabuki groups which also engaged in the business of male prostitutes were rampant, so Kabuki became the style of 'Yaro-kabuki' (men's Kabuki) that has continued until today.

• 人類は現在、これらの嘆かわしいふるまい、特にこの二つのうちの後者のふるまいを眺めるとき、不幸な関与者の審判において迫害者たちが著しく不当であったという感情を抱きますが、
• The feelings with which mankind now regard these lamentable transactions, especially the later of the two, render them extremely unjust in their judgment of the unhappy actors.

• 後者は当初は『文選 (書物)』と『爾雅』を採用していたが、『延喜式』では『爾雅』に代わって「三史」（『史記』・『漢書』・『後漢書』）が採用されていずれも大経とされている。
• And the latter adopted 'Monzen' and 'Jiga' at first, but in the 'Engishiki,' 'Sanshi' (three history books) ('Shiki,' 'Kanjo,' and 'Gokanjo') were adopted in place of 'Jiga' and all were categorized as large scriptures.

• 特に後者は大永7年（1527年）から天正4年（1576年）にかけての50年の長期にわたって記されており、当時の公家や戦国大名たちや上泉信綱などの動向が詳細に記されている。
• The latter was recorded over the course of fifty years (1527 - 1576), and it was reported by court nobles, daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period, and Nobutsuna KAMIIZUMI in detail.

• このうち、冒頭の10項目と次の4項目は諸本揃っているものの、文体などが異なること、後者には漢詩以外の散文に関する記事が含まれていることから別個の著者がいたと考えられている。
• Although all books consists of the first ten items and the subsequent four items, the latter is considered to have been written by another person because its writing style is different from the former and it contains a description concerning prose.

• この後者の仮説は、土地の集団的所有の基礎を武勇による土地の奪取ないし保有という集団的行為においており、したがって所有権の基礎を生産的労働に置く見解とは根本的に異なっている。
• The latter hypothesis bases the collective ownership of land on a collective act of seizure, or tenure by prowess, so that it differs fundamentally from the view which bases ownership on productive labor.

• これに対応するためには、「開国」して外来者を受け入れ自らも外へ出て行くか、外来者を追い払って（これまでの）平和を維持するかのどちらかであるが、「攘夷」は後者の発想・考え方。
• Although, to deal with the situation, they could either accept foreign visitors by 'Kaikoku' (opening the country to the world) and go overseas themselves, or expel the visitors to keep the (previous) peace, 'Joi' was the idea and concept of the latter.

• 後者の説によれば、家光が東海寺に沢庵を訪れた際、ダイコンのたくわえ漬を供したところ、家光が気に入り、「たくわえ漬にあらず沢庵漬なり」と命名したと伝えられるが風聞の域を出ない。
• According to the latter view, it is believed that when Takuan served takuwaezuke (literally, pickle to preserve) of daikon to Iemitsu taking the opportunity of his visit to Tokai-ji Temple, Iemitsu was satisfied with it and said 'It should be named Takuanzuke rather than takuwaezuke,' but this is no more than hearsay.

• 前者は首里手となり、後者は那覇手となったとするのが一般的な解釈であるが、上記二派は中国でもその存在が確認されておらず、どの程度歴史的事実であったのかは、疑問の残るところである。
• It is widely accepted that the former became Shuri-te and the latter became Naha-te, but considering that the existence of those two schools hasn't been confirmed in China, the historical validity of this account has yet to be established.

• 前者はその家に代々伝えられてきた所領・所職として子孫への継承が許された土地であり、後者は奉仕の代償として本家・本所から与えられた所領・所職でその付与・剥奪は本家・本所側にあった。
• The former, soden, was a piece of land for which hereditary succession as the shoryo (territory) and shoshiki (the right of a shoen governor) by the descendents of an owner family was allowed, whereas the latter, onryo, was the shoryo and shoshiki which had been granted by the honke (the head family) and the honjo (the principal institution and a chief tenant) as the reward in return for service, and the right to grant or deprive of the fief was held by the honke and honjo.

• そして、日向国に配流中の日講を中心とする不導師派（講門派）と讃岐国に配流中の日堯を中心とする導師派に分かれ、前者が不受不施日蓮講門宗の系統となり後者が日蓮宗不受不施派の系統となった。
• Since then, the school was split into the Fudoshi School (Komon school) which was led by Nikko, who was in exile in Hyuga Province, and the Doshi School which was led by Nichigyo, who was in exile in Sanuki Province, and the former became Fujufuse Nichiren Komon School and the latter became the Fujufuse School of Nichiren Sect.

• 後者には『當麻曼荼羅註記』10巻、『観経秘決集』20巻、『選択密要決』5巻、『四十八願要釈鈔』2巻、『修業要決』1巻、『當麻曼荼羅供式』1巻、『當麻曼荼羅八講論義鈔』1巻などがある。
• The latter includes 'Taima Mandara Chuki' (annotation about Taima Mandala) of 10 volumes, 'Kangyo Hiketsu-Shu' (The key points of the Kanmuryoju-kyo sutra (The Sutra of Visualization of the Buddha of Measureless Life) of 20 volumes, 'Senchaku Mitsu Yoketsu' Senchaku Mitsu Yoketsu (literally, Buddhist scriptures about selecting Buddhism) of 5 volumes, 'Shujuhachi-gan Yoshakusho' (literally, commentary about Forty-eight Vows) of 2 volumes, 'Shugo Yoketsu' (Buddhist scriptures about ascetic practices) of 1 volume, 'Taima Mandara Kushiki' (the method to serve Taima Mandala) of 1 volume and 'Taima Mandara Hakko Rongisho' (eight lectures of Taima Mandala) of 1 volume, and so on.

• しかし、前者を支持する説には多くの証拠資料があるのに対し、後者を支持する説には『尊卑分脈』醍醐源氏系図の任尊子行遍への注以外（「新古作者」と記載）にこれといって証拠となる資料がない。
• However, there are many corroborated materials to support the former theory, while there are none to support the latter except a note on Ninsonshi Gyohen about the genealogy of Daigo-Genji (Minamoto clan) collected in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy).

• 後者の説によれば、法隆寺金堂釈迦三尊像のような7世紀前半の像は北魏の作風を源流とするものと見、それよりも3次元的空間把握の進んだ像を時代の下がる北斉・北周・隋の影響下にあるものと見る。
• According to the latter theory, statues of the early seventh century, such as the Shaka Sanzon-zo of Kondo of Horyu-ji Temple, are regarded as having their roots in the style of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the statues with further understanding of three-dimensional space are regarded as having been influenced by Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, and Sui Dynasties that are dated later in history.

• 観音像には十一面観音、千手観音、如意輪観音など、多面多臂の変化（へんげ）観音と、こうした超人間的な姿ではない、1面2臂の観音像とがあり、後者を指して「聖観音」または「正観音」と称する。
• There are Henge Kannon (The transformations in which Kannon (Deity of Mercy) appears in order to save sentient beings) which has many faces and many arms such as Juichimen Kannon (Eleven-faced Kannon), Senju Kannon (Thousand Armed Kannon) and Nyoirin Kannon (the Bodhisattva of Compassion), and Kannon which has one face and two arms and do not have a superhuman figure; the latter is called 'Sho Kannon (聖観音 or 正観音).'

• 吉野山の金峯山寺と山上ヶ岳の大峯山寺とは、近代以降は分離して別個の寺院になっているが、近世までは前者を「山下（さんげ）の蔵王堂」、後者を山上の蔵王堂と呼び、両者は不可分のものであった。
• Kinpusen-ji Temple in Mt. Yoshino and Ominesan-ji Temple in Mt. Sanjogatake have been divided into separate temples since modern times, but they had an inseparable relationship with each other with the former being called 'Sange no Zao-do' and the latter 'Sanjo no Zao-do.'

• 凹みは打撃を加えたものと回転摩擦痕跡によるものがあり、前者はクルミの殻割りや石器製作に使われたと考えられ、後者は火を起こすための火きり杵を上から押さえたものではないかと考えられている。
• The hollow was the result of receiving a blow, or the one of rotary frictions; the former showed that the stones were used for breaking the walnut shell and manufacturing stone tools while the latter indicated that pestles for making a fire were pressed down on the stone.

• 前者を「複式」（多種多様の太鼓によって演奏されるもの）と「単式」（一種の太鼓によるもの）と分類し、後者を「複打」（二人以上で演奏されるもの）と「単打」（一人で演奏されるもの）に分類する。
• The former is classified into 'multiple drums' (performed with various drums) and 'single drum' (performed with only one types of drums), while the latter is classified into 'multiple drummers' (performed by at least two drummers) and 'single drummer' (performed by only one drummer).

• ところで、最古の埴輪である都月形円筒埴輪と最古の前方後円墳の副葬品とされる大陸製の三角縁神獣鏡とが、同じ墓から出土しないで、前者が出ると後者が出ないし、その反対もあることが知られていた。
• By the way, it was known that Totsuki-style cylindrical Haniwa, which are the oldest Haniwa, and Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror (triangular-rimmed mirror) made in continent, which are thought to be the oldest burial goods of large keyhole-shaped tomb mound, were not found in the same tomb, that is, when the former were unearthed from a tomb, the latter were not found there, and vice versa.

• 後者については『池上四郎家蔵雑記』（市来四郎『石室秘稿』所収、国立国会図書館蔵）中の池上四郎宛彭城中平書簡にこの治療期間中に西郷先生が肥満の治療のために狩猟に出かけて留守だと書いている。
• In the latter case, the book of 'IKENOUE Shiro Kazo Zakki (notes owned by Shiro IKENOUE)' (Shiro ICHIKI 'Ishimuro Hiko (data Shiro ICHIKI collected)' included in the National Diet Library) wrote that Saigo Sensei was out hunting, which was a treatment for obesity, as was written in the letter for Shiro IKEGAMI from Chuhei SAKAKI.

• 正徳5年（1715年）には藩主綱條により書名が裁定され、水館の主張する『皇朝新史』と江館の『大日本史』の間で論争があり後者に決定し、同年の光圀忌日には清書本（正徳本）が光圀廟に供えられた。
• Tsunaeda, the family head, chose 'Dai Nihonshi' by staff in Edo over 'Kochoshinshi' by those in Mito as the title in 1715 and offered the book in front of the grave of Mitsukuni on the anniversary of Mitsukuni's death during the year.

• 京都大徳寺の精進料理は前者、飛騨高山の精進料理は後者の典型的なケースであり、いずれも分離していった懐石料理の手法を再び取り入れたりして、寺院のそれとはやや異なる風雅なものを生み出している。
• Shojin ryori of Daitoku-ji Temple, Kyoto, are examples of the former, and those of Hida Takayama are examples of the latter and both have created artistic dishes which are different from those of temples by reintroducing the technique of Kaiseki ryori (tea-ceremony dishes) that had been split off.

• 明正天皇の時にはまだ復興していなかった大嘗祭・新嘗祭の装束としては、御斎服・帛御服があるが、前者は男子同様の仕立てで髪型がおすべらかしであることだけが異なり、後者は白平絹の裳唐衣五衣である。
• The costume for the Great Thanksgiving Service (after the Enthronement of an Emperor) and the Harvest Festival, which were not restored during Emperor Meisho's era, was Gosaifuku and Haku Gofuku, the former had the same finish as the male Emperor's, the only difference being, the hair style was traditional coiffure for Shinto priestesses, with the hair gathered so as to hang down from the back of the head, the latter was Mo Karajan Itsutsuginu with plain white silk.

• 新田一族中でも義貞とともに上京した者と鎌倉や新田荘に残った者にわかれ、前者は主に義貞に従い、後者や山名時氏や岩松氏・大舘氏・里見氏・世良田氏・大島氏などは主として足利氏に従い北朝方となった。
• The Nitta family was divided into those who came up to Kyoto with Yoshisada, and those who remained in Kamakura and Nitta no sho estate, and the former mostly followed Yoshisada, while the latter, and Tokiuji YAMANA, the Iwamatsu clan, Odachi clan, Satomi clan, Serada clan and Oshima clan mainly followed Takauji and belonged to the Northern Court.

• 前者は種の存続に必要な人間の特質であるし、後者は他の競争相手を引き離した種においてだけ可能な思考習慣であり、前者が黙認する限りにおいて、前者が設定した範囲内においてだけ広まっているのである。
• The former is a human trait necessary to the survival of the species; the latter is a habit of thought possible only in a species which has distanced all competitors, and then it prevails only by sufferance and within limits set by the former.

• 前者が天正元年12月8日の『孝親日記』、後者が天正9年4月1日の『兼見卿記』の記述を挙げてることが多く、信長の皇室政策の時期的に相違する部分の一部を捉えて自説の論拠として挙げる傾向が見られる。
• In many cases, the former group refer to a description in 'Takachika Nikki' (Takachika NAKAYAMA's Diary) of January 10, 1574 and the latter a description in 'Kanemikyoki' of May 13, 1581, it is observed that they tend to pick up a part of Nobunaga's policy with respect to the Imperial Court that had changed over time to use as the ground for their own view.

• 前者は荒田・仏神田（寺田・神田、その他宗教行事経費）・人給（荘官や地頭など代官の給分）・井料（井戸や用水などの灌漑設備）などが挙げられ、それ以外の後者に対して実際の年貢・公事が賦課されていた。
• The former included run-down fields, fields belonging to shrines and temples (including expenses for other religious events), personnel costs (salaries for local governors such as shokan and jito), and the cost of water (irrigation facilities such as wells and irrigation channels), while the latter, categorized as the rest, was the basis on which nengu and kuji were imposed.

• 県（アガタ）と県（コホリ）との違いは、前者が在地首長の支配力に依存し、間接的に地方を把握するものであったのに対し、後者は直接的に地方の把握・支配の体系を作り出そうとしていたところにあるだろう。
• The difference between agata and kohori may be that the former depends on the control of a local head and managed indirectly, whereas the latter was part of an organization that attempted direct management and control.

• 「他人まかせ」や「太陽の働きや雨や風や空気、そのほかの自然の働き」という意味での使用は、本来の意味の誤用から転じ一般化したものであり、敬虔な浄土真宗信者（門徒）は、後者の表現を嫌悪・忌避する。
• Therefore the devoted followers of Jodo Shinshu choose not to use the word 'tariki' in such contexts like 'you depend on the other people too much', or 'it is due to the work of sun, rain, wind, air or other nature', because the true meaning of 'tariki' is not the influence of people or nature but Amidabutsu, though this misusage is pervasive now.

• 後者にとっては、死から死に至らせるかおりであり、前者にとっては、いのちからいのちに至らせるかおりである。いったい、このような任務に、だれが耐え得ようか。 (コリント人への第二の手紙 2:16)
• to the one a stench from death to death; to the other a sweet aroma from life to life. Who is sufficient for these things? (2 Corinthians 2:16)

• それらの絵巻には、信貴山は大和国、粉河寺は紀伊国、と畿内でも隣接した地方の長者の家が描かれているが、前者には警護の武者も、門の前の空堀も、門の上の櫓も無いのに対し、後者ではそれらが描かれている。
• These picture scrolls of Shigisan depicted the residence of the head of the Yamato Province, and Kokawadera depicted that of Kii Province, Kinai, and neighboring regions, but latter had samurai guards, karabori (dry moat) before the gate, and tower over the gate while former lacked them.

• 訴訟費用若しくは和解の費用の負担の額を定める裁判所書記官の処分又は第四十二条第四項に規定する執行費用及び返還すべき金銭の額を定める裁判所書記官の処分（後者の処分にあつては、確定したものに限る。）
• (in the case of the latter disposition, it shall be limited to one that is already final and binding)

• そこへ久邇宮朝彦親王と山内容堂との間で、攘夷督促勅使を巡る争いが持ち上がり、前者を推進する本間と後者を推す勤王党の間で対立が起きたとも、本間が幕府と通じているのではないかと疑われたとも言われる。
• Meanwhile, there was a dispute between Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko and Yodo YAMAUCHI over the imperial envoy to demand expulsion of foreigners, and when there was a confrontation between HONMA, who went forward with Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko, and the Kinnoto, who supported YAMAUCHI, HONMA cast doubt that he was communicating secretly with the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 前者からは「曜変天目茶碗」（ようへんてんもく）・「油滴天目」（ゆてきてんもく）・「灰被天目」（はいかつぎてんもく）・「禾天目」（のぎてんもく）、後者からは「木葉天目」（このはてんもく）が派生した。
• Yohen Tenmoku,' 'Yuteki Tenmoku,' 'Haikatsugi Tenmoku' and 'Nogi Tenmoku' derived from the former and 'Konoha Tenmoku' derived from the latter.

• 最低六時間の夜間移動を含む鉄道での移動について、職員は寝台車の費用の償還を受けることができるが、個室寝台の費用は受けられない。後者が使用される場合、職員は一等寝台の費用の償還を受けることができる。
• for journeys by rail involving night travel of a minimum duration of six hours, staff members shall be entitled to reimbursement of the costs of sleeping berths, but not of sleeping compartments; if the latter are used, staff members shall be entitled to reimbursement of the costs of 1st sleeping berths;

• 後者の代表として、JR東日本は新幹線規格（フル規格）の線路を新規に建設することなく、既存の在来線を改良し、専用の車両を新造したうえで、新幹線と在来線が直通運転できるようにしたミニ新幹線を整備した。
• As a typical example, JR East introduced mini-Shinkansen lines in the following way, without constructing new railways meeting Shinkansen specifications (full specifications): Existing regular railways were modified, new train-cars dedicated for the railways were manufactured and these trains were enabled for operation through both Shinkansen lines and regular railway lines.

• 特に後者の案は島根県の石見国を広島県に編入させ、会見郡米子町に県庁を設置するものであり、同時期に石見地方から広島県への編入を求める請願がなされたこともあり、議会や内閣に対して盛んに請願が行われた。
• Especially, because the latter idea was to incorporate Iwami Province in Shimane Prefecture into Hiroshima Prefecture and establish the Prefectural Office in Yonago town, Aimi County, and at the same time, a request was made by residents in Iwami district to incorporate the district into Hiroshima Prefecture, a lot of petitions were made to the parliament and cabinet.

• 1933年4月、内務省 (日本)は滝川の著書『刑法講義』『刑法読本』に対し、その中の内乱罪、姦通罪に関する見解（後者については妻にだけ適用されることを批判した）などを理由として発売禁止処分を下した。
• The Ministry of Internal Affairs (Japan) ruled in April 1933 that Takigawa's books 'Keiho Kogi' and 'Keiho Dokuhon' were not allowed to be for sale because of his stance on insurrection crimes and adultery (which he criticized because it was only applicable to the wife).

• 後者を特に『続三代実録』と呼称されている事から、伴信友以来、宇多・醍醐の2代が書かれたのが40巻で残りの10巻で朱雀天皇1代が追加されたために『続三代実録』と呼ばれたとする考え方が通説とされている。
• As the latter especially is called 'Zoku sandai jitsuroku,' the commonly accepted theory holds that it was called so ever since Nobutomo BAN, because after the 40 volumes written about the reigns of the two Emperors Uda and Daigo, 10 volumes were added on the reign of Emperor Suzaku.

• 皇室典範には、大日本帝国憲法時代のもの（1889年2月11日裁定（勅定））と、日本国憲法下のもの（1947年1月16日法律第3号）とがあり、前者は後者と区別するために、旧皇室典範と呼ばれることが多い。
• As the Imperial House Act, there are one under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (enacted [decided by the Emperor] on February 11, 1889) and one under the Constitution of Japan (January 16, 1947; Act No.3), with the former being referred to as the old Imperial House Act in differentiation from the latter.

• 後者は、醤油を入れた小皿を用意しておき、寿司に適当に醤油をつけて食べる（醤油は種の側につけるとよく言われるが、これは米飯の側を醤油につけると飯が崩れてしまう事があり、見た目に汚いからという理由である）。
• The latter is eaten by placing it in a small saucer having soy sauce prepared beforehand (it is often said that the surface of topping should be dipped in soy sauce, and this is because if the rice side is dipped in soy sauce, the rice may lose shape, and such rice looks messy).

• 後者の例としては、昭和52、53年（1977年、1978年）の歌会始において、同じく三笠宮崇仁親王の子である千容子（1951年生）が、出生順どおり高円宮憲仁親王 （1954年生）の前となっている例がある。
• As an example of the latter, at the first poetry reading party of the New Year at the Imperial Palace in 1977 and 1978, another daughter of Mikasanomiya Imperial Prince Takahito, Masako SEN (born 1951), was seated before Takamadonomiya Imperial Prince Norihito (born 1954) in accordance to the order of their birth.

• それ以前は、女性をモチーフとした例えば浮世絵に見られる諸作品は「美人絵（びじんえ）」や「女絵（おんなえ）」として分類されていたが、特に後者の呼称では源氏物語絵巻にあるような引目鉤鼻の記号的な女性図をも含んでいた。
• Before then, various works such as those found in ukiyoe, that are in the motif of women, were categorized as 'bijin-e' (paintings of beautiful women) and 'onna-e' (women pictures); but the latter term, for example, also included symbolic paintings of women with hikime-kagihana (drawn-line eyes and a hook-shaped nose) such as those found in 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' (the Illustrated Handscroll of the Tale of Genji).

• そして後者の代数となると、特定の規則や公式に完全に縛られているので、結果として出てくるのは、精神を豊かにするための科学ではなく、混乱とわけのわからなさだらけで、それがひたすら人に恥をかかせるようにしかできていない。
• and, in the latter, there is so complete a subjection to certain rules and formulas, that there results an art full of confusion and obscurity calculated to embarrass, instead of a science fitted to cultivate the mind.

• また、関白藤原頼忠の子として天元3年2月15日に内裏にて円融天皇自らの加冠により元服して異例の正五位下が授けられる（『日本紀略』・『扶桑略記』、ただし後者には同3年条に誤って入れられている）など、将来が期待されていた。
• At the same time, as a son of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Yoritada, his future was deemed promising; he was promoted to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), an unusually high rank for his age, on March 9, 980, at his coming of age celebration in the Imperial Palace, and a crown was put on his head by Emperor Enyu, according to 'Nihongi Ryaku' (Summary of Japanese chronologies) and 'Fuso Ryakki' (A brief History of Japan), although in the latter, this event was erroneously compiled in Sannenjo (the article in the year 980) of 'Fusoki'.

• 現在でもほとんどの場合、手渡す際に風呂敷を解き、贈答品のみを置いて風呂敷を持ち帰るのは、後者の作法に準じているためであるが、風呂敷での包み自体を新しい感覚のギフト包装と捉えて、そのまま贈ろうという提案も近年なされている。
• In most cases today, one unwraps a gift off Furoshiki before giving it leaving the gift alone and taking back Furoshiki, which means conformity to the latter rule, but some propose, in these days, to give a gift being kept wrapped in Furoshiki, where Furoshiki itself be considered as a new type of gift wrapping material.

• 「なぜなら、争うには二つのやり方がある。ひとつは論争によるのであり、もうひとつは戦闘によるものである。前者が人間を特徴づけ、後者は獣を特徴づけるものであって、前者をとることができないときにかぎり、後者を頼るしかないのだ。」
• 'Nam cum sint duo genera decertandi unum per disceptationem, alterum per vim; cumque illud proprium sit hominis, hoc beluarum; confugiendum est ad posterius, si uti non licet superiore.'

• 仏教が百済経由で日本へ公式にもたらされた（仏教公伝）時期については、公式の史書である『日本書紀』には552年、『上宮聖徳法王帝説』や『元興寺縁起』には538年とあるが、今日では後者の538年を仏教公伝の年とするのが定説である。
• The exact year of official introduction of Buddhism via Paekche (an ancient Korean kingdom) into Japan is argued between the A.D. 552-theory (backed up by the official Japanese history book Nihonshoki) and the A.D. 538-theory (backed up by 'Jogu Shotoku Hooteisetsu' (Biography of Prince Shotoku) and 'Gango-ji Engi' (History of the Gango-ji Temple)), and today, the established theory is the latter.

• 武家故実の中でも弓馬や軍陣における実践的な故実と幕府や主君の前における儀礼や作法などの故実が存在したが、戦法の変化によって前者は形式的なものになったのに対して、後者は公家故実とも融合して、室町時代に小笠原流や伊勢流が生まれた。
• Within buke-kojitsu, there was practical kojitsu on kyuba (archery and horsemanship) and battle as well as kojitsu on ceremonies and manners for when in front of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or one's lord, and while the former became perfunctory due to changes in military tactics, the latter blended with kuge kojitsu and spawned the Ogasawara school and Ise school.

• しかし次第に後者のグループ（小野塚喜平次ら）が大勢を占めるようになり、国家学会東大法科（法学部）内部の公法・政治学・経済学の研究者団体（その後さらに経済学プロパーの団体として社会政策学会 (日本 1897年)が分化）に純化した。
• However, the latter faction (Kiheiji ONOZUKA and others) gradually held a majority, and Kokkagakkai was purified into a researcher group in the Todai law school (Faculty of Law) about public law, political science and economics (Later, Society for the Study of Social Policy [Japan, 1897] was differentiated as a group specializing economics).

• 特に後者の場合、見晴らしがよい立地に住むことで、海上交通の見張り役となっていたとか、畑作を主とする生活をしていた集団であって水田耕作に有利な低地に住む必要がなかったなどといったさまざまな議論が行われており、未だ決着はついていない。
• The argument has not yet seen a settlement, especially the latter argues that living in a location with a wide view enabled the monitoring of watch marine traffic, or it was a group that mainly lived off dry field farming and they did not need to live on a low-lying ground, which is profitable for rice-paddy cultivation.

• 実際に朝廷統制に用いられた法度としては、生活面においては「公家衆法度」や「若公家衆法度」などがあるが、前者は猪熊事件という一大醜聞が起きたために豊臣政権時代の公家法令の再確認という意味があり、後者は後水尾上皇がその促進者であった。
• The laws which were practically used in controlling the imperial court were, for example, 'Kugeshu-hatto' (the laws for court nobles) and 'Wakakugeshu hatto' as the laws about daily life; the former was enacted for reconfirming the court noble laws during the reign of the Toyotomi government due to a great scandal called the Inokuma Incident, and the latter was promoted by the retired Emperor Gomizunoo.

• 養老律令では方法が2通りあり、前者は『九章算術』3問と『六章』・『綴術』以外の残り6書から各1問の計9問から出題されるもの、後者は『六章』3問と『綴術』6問の計9問から出題されるもので、前者は基礎算術、後者は高等数学の知識を試した。
• There were two methods in the Yoro Code, each of which delivered a total of nine questions: in the first, three questions were drawn from the 'Kyushosanjutsu' with each of the remaining documents other than 'Rokusho' and 'Tenjutsu' providing one of the other six; in the second, three questions were drawn from 'Rokusho' and the remaining six from 'Tenjutsu,' so that the former method tested knowledge of basic arithmetic while the latter tested knowledge of advanced mathematics.

• 『摩訶般若波羅蜜神咒一巻』及び『般若波羅蜜神咒一巻　異本』は、後世の文献では前者は3世紀中央アジア出身の支謙、後者は鳩摩羅什の訳とされているが、『綜理衆経目録』には訳者不明（失訳）とされており、この二人に帰することは信憑性にとぼしい。
• According to the documents of a later age, 'Maka Hannya Haramitsu Shinju Vol. 1' was translated by Zhi Qian, who came from Central Asia in the third century, and 'Hannya Haramitsu Shinju Vol. 1, alternative version' was translated by Kumaraju; however, 'Shuri Shu-kyo Mokuroku' states that their translators are unknown, so it is doubtful that they were translated by these people.

• 食封の期限は大寺・国分寺は半永久的、有封寺は天武天皇9年の勅によって30年とされていたが、前者は宝亀11年（780年）には天皇1代に限定（天皇の代替りとともに更新）され、後者は大宝律令によって5年（これも更新された）と期限が付けられた。
• The period for which sustenance households could be held was semi-permanent for dai-ji temples and kokubun-ji temples but this was limited to the reign of one emperor (renewed upon the coronation of a new emperor) in 780, whereas the period was limited to 30 years by imperial decree in 680 for yufu-ji temples but reduced to 5 years by the Taiho Code (also renewed).

• たとえば後者を要約すると、日本人の気風には専制政治を甘んじて受ける「奴隷根情〔ママ〕」が見うけられ、幕末まで美点とされてきた「忠諒易直」（心根が真っ直ぐであること）は、鎖国を国是としない明治の世では「無気無力」の別名に過ぎないとまでいう。
• For example, the latter is summarized as follows; Japanese has a character of 'slave sprit' by which they quietly accept autocracy, and 'Churyoekichoku' (忠諒易直) (simple mind) which had been regarded as the virtue until the end of the Edo period was merely another name of 'apathy and sense of powerlessness' in the Meiji period when national isolation was not a national policy.

• 前者の考えについては各遺構面が存在することによって否定された。後者については、第2期遺構面上に堆積する焼土層によって焼失の事実は証明されたものの、第3期の遺構がさらに規模を拡大して再建されていることが明らかとなり、現在では否定されている。
• The first theory was rejected because there are foundations of later periods, and the second one is also currently denied because the fact of destruction by fire was proven by the layer of burned soil on the second-period foundation, however, it became clear that the third-period foundation was rebuilt in a bigger size.

• かれはドイツ帝国に留学したが、ドイツには「文化記念物」（クルトゥール・デンクマール　de:Kulturdenkmal）と「自然記念物」（ナトゥール・デンクマール　de:Naturdenkmal）の分類があり、このうちの後者の概念を輸入した。
• He studied in the German Empire, which had categories of 'de: Kulturdenkmal' (Cultural Monument) and 'de: Naturdenkmal' (Natural Monument), and he took in the concept of the latter category.

• その組織力や情報の得やすさなどから、室町時代には、一揆の中心にもなり、正長の土一揆や嘉吉の徳政一揆などが知られているが、後者では一揆の攻撃対象となった比叡山延暦寺の保護を受けていた近江国の馬借が一揆から離反して、馬借勢力そのものが分裂している。
• In the Muromachi Period because of its organizational power and the ease-of-getting information the Bashaku played the central role at the riots in which the Tsuchi-ikki in Shocho era and the Tokusei-ikki in Kakitsu era were famous for, and in the latter the Bashaku in Omi Province who were taken under Hieizan Enryaku-ji Temple that was attacked by the riot seceded from the riot force so that the Bashaku power itself was split.

• また、ある個人が複数の官職に補任されていることを兼任・兼帯と呼び、他の官職に移ることを転任・遷任（前者は通常の昇進、後者は部門の異なる部署への異動）、かつて補任されていた官職に再度補任されることを還任（かんにん/げんにん）・還補（げんぽ）と称した。
• The state of a person appointed to several government posts were called Kennin (serving two positions) or Kentai (filling two positions), while transferring to another government post was referred to as Tennin (general promotion) or Sennin (transfer to a different division) and a reappointment to the former government post was referred to as Kannin, Gennnin, (reappointment) or Genpo (.reassign).

• さらに、2005年放送のアニメ『かみちゅ!』や、2007年放送のアニメ『らき☆すた』を見たファンが、ロケ地となった神社（前者は広島県尾道市の御袖天満宮、後者は埼玉県鷲宮町の鷲宮神社）を訪れた際に、登場人物を絵馬に描いて奉納するという現象が起きている。
• Additionally, fans watching the animation 'Kamichu!' aired in 2005 and the animation 'Lucky☆Star' aired in 2007, are drawing the characters on ema and dedicating them when they visit shrines where animations took place (the former at the Misode-tenmangu Shrine in Onomichi City, Hiroshima Prefecture, and the latter at the Washinomiya-jinja Shrine in Washimiya-cho, Saitama Prefecture).

• 後者の場合、御膳酒は藩造酒（はんぞうしゅ）の最高級品であったが、藩造酒じたいの醸造技術が拙く、数々の努力にもかかわらずついに他国に通用するに至らなかった藩もあるので、そのような場合、藩主は藩の財政改善のため、味覚的に多少の我慢をして飲んでいたことになる。
• In the latter case, although the gozenshu was supposed to be the top quality sake brewed by the clan, some clans had poor brewing techniques despite many efforts, and could not sell their gozenshu to other domains; in such case, the lord was drinking it with some tolerance in terms of the taste, so as to improve the finances of his domain.

• なお、契沖はこれらの文献を「神代ヨリ有ツル事ドモ記セルノミ」に過ぎないので、神道の根本を知るためには朝廷日本の朝廷における公式行事（特に祭祀）や諸神社における祭祀に注目すべきであると説き、後者については 柳田國男以降の民俗学にその精神が受け継がれている。
• Keichu (a scholar of the Japanese classics) argued that this literature 'just mentions the traditions that have been told since a mythological age,' and that to learn the essence of Shintoism attention needs to paid to official events (religious services in particular) held at the Imperial Court and religious services held at shrines; about the latter, the approach has been passed down in folklore since Kunio YANAGITA's generation.

• なお後者は、その様子を見た定子の弟藤原隆家が「追従深き老狐かな」と罵ったというが、この逸話は内親王の機転の利く聡明な人柄を伝えると同時に、いかに世に重きをなす大斎院といえども有力な後見のない内親王としては、時の摂関との結びつきを無視できなかったことが伺える。
• In addition, the latter stated that Teishi's brother who saw that state of things, swore 'an old fox was following her,' but this anecdote revealed that the Imperial Princess had a tactful and clever personality, and how even the Great Saiin, could not ignore the bond with the regent because she did not have a dominant successor.

• 現在、日本で拳法と名の付く代表的なものには少林寺拳法と日本拳法があり、前者は仏教系新宗教を背景として幅広い層に普及し、後者は大学拳法部を中心にいくつかの団体に分かれて広がってきたが、スポーツ化した一面も持つと言われており、いずれもテレビで技を見せるなどの活動もある。
• Presently in Japan, shorinji kenpo and nihon kenpo are famous - the former has spread among a wide range of people within background of a new religion and the latter has spread among some groups centered on university kenpo teams and turned into a sport in a sense – but both are performing activities such as showing their techniques on TV.

• また、同様に町衆に対し強い影響力を有する日蓮宗に対しても、秀吉が命じた方広寺大仏殿の千僧供養時に他宗の布施を受ける事を容認した日蓮宗受布施派と、禁じた宗義に従った日蓮宗不受不施派の内、後者を家康は公儀に従わぬ者として日蓮宗が他宗への攻撃色が強い事も合わせて危険視した。
• Furthermore, similarly, Ieyasu thought that the Nichiren sect, which had strong influence over townspeople, was dangerous for the following reasons: In holding Senso-kuyo (a religious ritual where 1,000 priest were invited) at the Daibutsu-den hall of Hoko-ji Temple, ordered by Hideyoshi, the Nichiren-sect was divided into the Jufuseha group, which admitted receiving offerings from other religious sects, and Fu-jufuseha group led by Sogi, which did not admit receiving offerings from other religious sects; In this situation, Ieyasu decided that the latter group did not follow orders of the bakufu and had also the feeling that the Nichiren set was rather aggressive to other religious sects.

• 後者にはまずいったん新田辺方へ向かい、大住ヶ丘で分かれて、大住・松井を経由し、御幸谷・大芝へ向かう16・16Bと、松井山手から本郷を経由して金右衛門口で先述の2路線に合流する16A・16C・67D、そして本郷で別れ、摂南大学北口、松里を経由する30・31・31Aがある。
• For Kuzuha Station, the buses run at first in the direction of Shin-Tanabe, enter, at Osumigaoka, routes 16/16B or routes 16A/16C/67D, and enter, at Hongo, routes 30/31/31A: routes 16/16B - for Gokodani/Oshiba via Osumi/Matsui, routes 16A/16C/67D - merging at Kinemonguchi into the two routes above via Hongo through Matsuiyamate, and routes 30/31/31A - via Setsunan-daigaku Kita-guchi (the north entrance to Setsunan University) and Matsusato.

• これについて、先例の存在や天皇の自由意思を尊重するべきであることを理由として生前の退位を容認すべきとの意見もあるが、退位後の天皇の処遇（財政的、政治的位置付けの問題。特に後者は院政の問題）や皇位継承の複雑化及び後継者の不足による皇統断絶の可能性などの点から反対の意見が強い。
• There are views that say abdication before death should be allowed, based on respect for the Emperor's free will and the existence of former examples, but there are strong opposing views because of the issues of how the Emperor should be treated after his abdication (financial matters and issues on his position in the political administration. The latter, in particular, is a problem of political administration by the retired emperor), complications in the succession to the Imperial Throne, and the possibility of the extinction of the Imperial Line due to the lack of a successor.

• ただし、両者は大きく違い別系統に属すると考えられ、前者は典型的な行基図の体裁であるが、後者は元寇以後の軍事的緊迫下にある鎌倉近郊で用いられた事情を反映したものか、日本列島は龍らしき生物に囲まれてその外側に唐土・蒙古などの海外の国々や雁道・羅刹国などの空想上の国々が描かれている。
• However, the two are quite different and seem to belong to different lineages, the former being in the typical Gyoki-zu format and the latter containing the Japanese archipelago surrounded by dragon-like creatures around which foreign countries like China and Mongolia and imaginative countries like Gando and Rasetsu-koku are painted, probably reflecting the circumstance of Kamakura which had been under military tension after the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan.

• 長保3年（1001年）の平惟仲、治承3年（1179年）の藤原隆季がその例であるが、前者は左遷（実質流罪）による権帥（藤原伊周）の後任権帥になるのを嫌ったため、後者は左遷による権帥（藤原基房）の監視のためのもの（ただし、実際には備前国配流となったため帥の赴任も中止された）であった。
• Examples of that kind of Dazai no sochi are, TAIRA no Korenaka who was appointed in 1001 as an imperial person refused to be a successor to FUJIWARA no Korechika who had been demoted (exiled in fact) to Gonnosochi, and FUJIWARA no Takasue who was appointed in 1179 as a supervisor of Gonnosochi FUJIWARA no Motofusa who was demoted to Gonnosochi (but as Motofusa was exiled to Bizen province in fact, Takasue's appointment of Dazai no sochi was canceled).

• 前者（「神がかり系」）においては古来の神がかりや託宣の儀式の形式に則って回っては回り返すという動作を繰り返しながら舞うことなどでその身を清めてからその身に神を降すという、その古態を残すところもあるが、現在では優雅な神楽歌にあわせた舞の優美さを重んじた後者（「八乙女系」）がほとんどである。
• Although some traces of ancient style dancing still remain, where shrine maidens whirl back and forth in accordance with traditional ritual rules to cleanse their bodies before being possessed to receive oracles from the gods, modern-style dances (such as the Yaotomemai) that emphasize the elegance of the dancing with graceful chanting of Kagurauta songs are dominant today.

• 初代は弘仁元年（810年）の阿保親王、2代目は承和 (日本)4年（837年）の藤原常嗣であるが、前者は薬子の変による連座、後者は遣唐大使としての功労による特殊事情による任命であるため、貞観_(日本)15年（873年）に任じられた3代目の在原行平（阿保親王の子）が事実上の初代とされている。
• The first Dazai Gonnosochi was the Imperial Prince Abo shinno who was demoted to the position in 810 for his implication in the Kusuko Incident, the second Dazai Gonnosochi was FUJIWARA no Tsunetsugu who was appointed in 837 in recognition of his services as an ambassador to the Tang Dynasty, and the third Dazai Gonnosochi was a son of the Imperial Prince Abo shinno, ARIWARA no Yukihira who was appointed in 873; therefore, ARIWARA no Yukihira is considered virtually the first Dazai Gonnosochi because he was appointed the position for no special reason unlike his predecessors.

• 明治十四年の政変（めいじじゅうよねんのせいへん）は、1881年（明治14年）自由民権運動の流れの中、憲法制定論議が高まり、政府内でも君主大権を残すビスマルク憲法かイギリス型の議院内閣制の憲法とするかで争われ、前者を支持する伊藤博文が、後者を支持する大隈重信を政府から追放した政治事件をさす。
• Meiji juyonen no seihen (the failed Meiji-14 coup of 1881) is a politically-motivated incident, which occurred during movement of the Freedom and People's Rights and dispute regarding creation of a constitution in government, especially between Hirobumi ITO, who recommended Bismarck's constitution, which preserves the royal prerogative and Shigenobu OKUMA, who recommended constitution from England, which has parliamentary system of government, as a result of the incident in which Shigenobu OKUMA was banned from government.

• 被扶養者がなく、配偶者またはパートナーが雇用され、収入を得ている既婚の職員の場合、支払われる手当はP3級1号の手取り基本給に当該職員が理論上受給できる手当を加算した参照金額が、配偶者またはパートナーの税引き前の収入より大きい場合のみ支給される。後者の金額が、前者より大きい場合、手当は支給されない。
• in the case of a staff member who has no dependents but whose spouse or partner is gainfully employed, it shall only be payable if the reference amount, which is equivalent to the net basic salary for grade P3 step 1 plus the allowance to which the staff member would be entitled in theory, is higher than the earned income, before deduction of tax, of the spouse or partner. If the latter amount is equal to or greater than the former, no allowance shall be payable;

• これにより、生年月日の記録のある世界の首相経験者としては最も長命かつ100歳を超えて他界した人物（後者は2人おり、もう1人はオランダのヴィレム・ドレース（enWillem Drees、1886年7月5日 - 1988年5月14日））であるとしてギネス・ワールド・レコーズにもその名が掲載されている。
• This made him the longest living person ever to have served as prime minister, and one of only two to have lived past 100, the other being enWillem Drees of the Netherlands (July 5, 1886 - May 14, 1988), in countries where the date of birth has been recorded, as listed in the Guinness Book of Records.

• 当初は儒教を教える後の明経道が中心であったが、728年と730年の2度の学制改革（前者の改革で文章博士・律学博士（後の明法博士）が設置され、後者の改革で文章生・明法生・得業生制度が発足した）を経て、757年には大学寮公廨田（後の勧学田）が設定されて学生に対する給食が行われるなど、制度の充実が図られた。
• At first, Daigaku-ryo mainly taught Confucianism, the study referred to as Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics) in later years, but after two educational system reforms in 728 and 730 (through the former, Monjo Hakase [professor of literature] and Ritsugaku Hakase [professor of the law], which was later referred as Myobo Hakase [professor of law], were introduced, and through the latter, the systems of monjosho [students of literary studies], myobosho [students of law studies] and tokugosho [distinguished scholars] were established), the facilities and system of Daigaku-ryo were improved; for example, Daigaku-ryo kugaiden (referred to as Kangakuden (rice fields for schooling) in later years) was introduced, whereby food services were provided to students.

• 日本酒は、一つの醪の中で、デンプンが日本酒麹の酵素によって糖に変わる糖化と、糖が日本酒酒母（または酒母）（もと）で培養された酵母によってアルコールと二酸化炭素に変わるという分解が、同時並行的に進むという並行複醗酵によって醸造されるが、この後者である分解が最後まで進むか否かによって、醗酵の様態は完全醗酵と不完全醗酵に大別される。
• Japanese liquor is brewed in the same moromi through parallel multi-fermentation consisting of the saccharification which is conversion of starch to sugar by sake rice malt enzyme and of the decomposition which is the conversion of sugar to alcohol and carbon dioxide by sake mash (a large number of cultured yeast cells); and whether the latter process, namely the decomposition, progresses to the end or not determines roughly the mode of fermentation, complete or incomplete.

• そのため通勤客対象に1996年3月16日からは朝通勤時の近江今津発大阪行き、1997年3月8日からは夕方帰宅時の京都発永原行きの上下1本ずつ快速が設定され（前者は新旭・近江高島・北小松通過、後者は近江舞子以北各駅に停車、2002年3月23日から快速は両者ともおごと温泉駅に停車するようになった）、のちの敦賀まで運転区間が延長されている。
• Accordingly, for commuters the rapid train from Omi-Imazu Station to Osaka Station running once during the morning (set on March 16, 1996) and the rapid train from Kyoto Station to Nagahara Station running once in the evening (set on March 8, 1997) were added (the former passes Shin-Asahi, Omi-Takashima and Kitakomatsu Stations, and the latter stops at every station to the north of Omi-Maiko Station; however, both trains have stopped at Ogotoonsen Station since March 23, 2002), and the operation of these trains has been extended to Tsuruga Station.

• もしかすると、最終的にフリーソフト/オープンソース文化が勝利するのは、協力が道徳的に正しいとかソフト「隠匿」が道徳的にまちがってるとかいう理由のためではなく（ちなみに後者については、リーヌスもぼくもそうは思わない）、単に商業ソフトの世界が、ある問題に有能な人々の時間を幾桁も多くそそぎ込めるフリーソフト/オープンソース界と、進化上の軍事競争で張り合えなくなるからかもしれない。
• Perhaps in the end the open-source culture will triumph not because cooperation is morally right or software ``hoarding'' is morally wrong (assuming you believe the latter, which neither Linus nor I do), but simply because the closed-source world cannot win an evolutionary arms race with open-source communities that can put orders of magnitude more skilled time into a problem.

• ここでは単独あるいは複数のページの本文と編集履歴を、XMLの形で書き出すことができます。このXMLは、他のMediaWikiを使用しているウィキで[[Special:Import|取り込みページ]]を使用して取り込むことができます。ページを書き出すには、下の入力ボックスに一行に一つずつ書き出したいページの名前を記入してください。また、編集履歴とともにすべての過去版を含めて書き出すのか、最新版のみを書き出すのか選択してください。後者の場合ではリンクの形で使うこともできます。例えば、[[{{#Special:Export}}/{{MediaWiki:Mainpage}}]]はページ「[[{{MediaWiki:Mainpage}}]]」が対象になります。
• You can export the text and editing history of a particular page or set of pages wrapped in some XML.This can be imported into another wiki using MediaWiki via the [[Special:Import|import page]].To export pages, enter the titles in the text box below, one title per line, and select whether you want the current revision as well as all old revisions, with the page history lines, or the current revision with the info about the last edit.In the latter case you can also use a link, for example [[{{#Special:Export}}/{{MediaWiki:Mainpage}}]] for the page '[[{{MediaWiki:Mainpage}}]]'.

• その後、大統領が上院の臨時議長及び下院議長に対し、不能が存在しないという文書による申立てを送付したときは、大統領はその職務上の権限と義務を再び遂行する。ただし、副大統領及び行政各部の長官の過半数、又は連邦議会が法律で定める他の機関の長の過半数が、上院の臨時議長及び下院議長に対し、大統領がその職務上の権限と義務の遂行ができないという文書による申立てを4日以内に送付したときは、この限りでない。この場合、連邦議会は、開会中でないときは、48時間以内にその目的のために会議を招集し、問題を決定する。もし、連邦議会が後者の文書による申立てを受理してから21日以内に、又は議会が開会中でないときは会議招集の要求があってから21日以内に、両議院の3分の2の投票により、大統領がその職務上の権限と義務を遂行することができないと決定した場合は、副大統領が大統領代理としてその職務を継続する。その反対の場合には、大統領はその職務上の権限と義務を再び行うものとする。
• Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.