後: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 後南朝
- Gonancho (ex-Southern Court forces)
- Gonancho (Second Southern Court)
- Post Southern Court
- 戦後処理
- Aftermath of the war
- Aftermath of the battle
- Post-war process
- Postwar Pcocessing
- 有史以後
- Since recorded history
- 胸骨後胸痛
- retrosternal chest pain
- いい後は悪い
- after the good comes the bad
- その後の経過
- Passage afterwards
- 後鳥羽上皇像
- The portrait of Retired Emperor Gotoba
- 以後、脱走?
- He may have deserted the group thereafter.
- 以後、不明。
- Thereafter, his whereabouts are unknown.
- 第二次大戦後
- After World War II
- After World War Two
- Post World War II
- 河原者のその後
- Later History of Kawaramono
- 肥後八代城主へ
- The lord of Yatsushiro-jo Castle in Higo Province
- 菊池重朝:肥後国
- Shigetomo KIKUCHI: Higo Province
- 後醍醐天皇の政治
- Emperor Godaigo's Policies
- 丹波と丹後・但馬
- Tanba and Tango/Tajima
- 後白河院政派の壊滅
- The annihilation of the Goshirakawa Insei faction
- 応仁の乱後の京都復興
- Reconstruction of Kyoto after the Onin War
- 18世紀後半の建築。
- The residence was built in the late 18th century.
- -平安時代後期の作。
- It was made in the late Heian period.
- 長慶天皇と南朝の後退
- The Decline of Emperor Chokei and the Southern Court
- 新選組最後の内部抗争。
- This was the last feud within the Shinsengumi organization.
- 山名是豊:山城国・備後国
- Koretoyo YAMANA: Yamashiro Province and Bingo Province
- 本能寺の変後の諸将の動向
- Activities of each warlord after Honnoji Incident
- 後村上天皇時代と南朝衰退
- The Period of Retired Emperor Gomurakami and the Decline of the Southern Court
- これが後の明法道となる。
- This later became the myobodo.
- 一色義直:丹後国・伊勢半国
- Yoshinao ISSHIKI: Tango Province and half of Ise Province
- 安土城:本能寺の変後に焼失
- Azuchi-jo Castle: burned down after the Honnoji Incident.
- 伏見城:関ヶ原の戦い後に廃城
- Fushimi-jo Castle: Destroyed after the Battle of Sekigahara
- これらの運動を後南朝という。
- This activity is called the second Southern Dynasty.
- その後再建されるが衰退する。
- Afterwards it was reconstructed but its influence declined.
- 以後徳川家康が江戸に移った。
- Thereafter, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA moved to Edo.
- 弘治 (日本)の後、元亀の前。
- It is after Koji (Japan) and before Genki.
- 事件後は浪士取締りが強化する。
- Control over the roshi became stricter after the incident.
- 親鸞は越後国に流罪されている。
- Shinran was exiled to Echigo Province.
- 慶長勅版:後陽成天皇の勅命で印刷
- Keicho Chokuhan (慶長勅版): Printed upon the order of Emperor Goyosei
- その後、林は救命処置で助かった。
- After that, Hayashi escaped death due to emergency medical care.
- 17世紀後半頃の建築と推定される。
- The residence is estimated to have been built in the late 17th century.
- 後、西の諸藩が倒幕の元に終結する。
- Subsequently, various clans in western Japan gathered together with the powers seeking tobaku.
- 三上皇はその後、北朝へ返還された。
- The three retired emperors were later returned to the Northern Court.
- 令制国一覧 > 山陰道 > 丹後国
- List of provinces/San-indo/Tango Province
- 治承・寿永の乱の最後の戦いであった。
- It was the final battle of the rebellions of Jisho and Juei.
- その後、本尊の千手観音に奉納される。
- Then, the calligraphy is dedicated to the Senju Kannon (Thousand Armed Avalokiteshwara), honzon (the principal image) of the temple.
- 田中神社(京都市伏見区横大路天王後)
- Tanaka-jinja Shrine (Yokooji Tennogo, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City)
- 後宮十二司等に仕える女性官人の除目。
- Jimoku for appointing female officials who served kokyu junishi (twelve offices belonging to kokyu, empress's residence) and others.
- 後伏見は前途を悲観して出家している。
- Gofushimi abandoned hope for the future and became a priest.
- (*は今後利用可能になる予定の会社)
- 2. KANSAI THRU PASS compatible cards are scheduled to be introduced in the future.
- 会津・桑名藩の応援は戦闘後に到着した。
- Aizu and Kuwana clans arrived there to support them after the battle.
- 後醍醐天皇は三種の神器を持って逃げた。
- Emperor Godaigo ran away with the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family.
- 以後滅亡まで幕府はこの方針を堅持した。
- The bakufu continued this policy until it fell.
- 尊氏は備後から軍を返し、高兄弟も加わる。
- Takauji returned his forces from Bingo and the Ko brothers joined him.
- 秀吉の本陣は山裾後方の宝積寺に置かれた。
- Hideyoshi's headquarters was set up at Hoshaku-ji Temple behind the mountain at its foot.
- この場合天皇側は事後に責任を問われない。
- In this case, the emperor or the Imperial Court is not accused later.
- 更に西軍は後南朝勢力にも協力を呼びかけた。
- Further, the Western camp also called on the Gonancho (Second Southern Court) forces to fight together.
- 後任の管領は義将で、春屋妙葩らも復帰する。
- The successor as kanrei was Yoshimasa, and among others, Myoha Shunnoku returned to public life.
- 保存復元工事の後、無料で一般公開している。
- After being reconstructed for preservation, it is open to the public for free.
- こうして後白河天皇は反対派の排除に成功した。
- Emperor Goshirakawa succeeded in eliminating his opponents in this way.
- その後龍馬は胸など数カ所を斬られついに絶命。
- Then he was stabbed in several places, including his chest and died.
- この大火は後白河に非常に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- This great fire was an enormous shock for Goshirakawa.
- そこで後白河は、武蔵守・藤原信頼を抜擢する。
- In this climate, Goshirakawa selected FUJIWARA no Nobuyori, governor of Musashi Province, to promote and groom as a retainer.
- 斬った柴山矢吉は後に発狂したという話がある。
- Yakichi SHIBAYAMA (柴山矢吉), who slew them, is said to have gone insane later.
- 光厳の践祚とともに後伏見の院政が再開された。
- Upon the ascension of Kogon, Gofushimi started a cloistered government.
- 第二次世界大戦後における南北朝時代を巡る議論
- Debate on the Nanbokucho Period after World War II
- その後害虫駆除を行い現在では小康状態を保つ。
- Since then a pest eradication program has been implemented and the problem is currently in abatement.
- 6世紀の武蔵国造の乱の後、7世紀に成立した。
- Musashi Province was established in the seventh century, after the Musashinokuni-no-Miyatsuko no Ran (Musashinokuni-no-Miyatsuko Rebellion) of the sixth century.
- 武内宿禰(たけうちのすくね)の後裔とされる。
- They are thought to be the descendants of TAKENOUCHI no Sukune.
- 5月に後村上天皇は山城八幡から賀名生に逃れる。
- In May, Emperor Gomurakami escaped from Yamashiro Yawata to Ano.
- 越後長岡藩 - 2万8千石に減封(7万4千石)
- Echigo-Nagaoka Domain: the territory was reduced to 28 thousand goku (74 thousand goku).
- 合戦後ほどなく建礼門院は出家し大原に隠棲した。
- Immediately after the battle, Tokuko became a nun and began a secluded life in Ohara.
- 乱の原因を後鳥羽上皇の不徳であると記している。
- It asserts that the cause of the rebellion was the retired Emperor Gotoba's lack of virtue.
- この時期まで後白河と清盛の関係は良好であった。
- The relationship between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori was good until this point.
- これにより関東政権(後の鎌倉幕府)が樹立する。
- This was the establishment of the Kanto government (later, the Kamakura bakufu).
- この結果、宗盛が清盛の後継者の地位を確立した。
- As a result, Munemori established his position as Kiyomori's successor.
- なお丹但は、但馬と丹後に用いられる場合もある。
- Sometimes 'Tan-Tan' also means 'Tango and Tajima.'
- この時は現在の丹後、但馬も同国に含まれている。
- At that time, the present Tango and Tajima were also included in Tanba.
- それらは後の世に武蔵七党と呼ばれることとなる。
- Those groups were later known as the Musashi-shichito, or the seven warrior bands of Musashi Province.
- ここでは明治維新以後の京都市について述べる。)
- This section will focus on the history of Kyoto city after the Meiji Restoration.)
- その後、武蔵平一揆で敗退するなどして衰退した。
- After that, the clan, who suffered a defeat in Musashi hei ikki Riot, lost power.
- さらに後に25藩による奥羽列藩盟約書を調印した。
- Later, twenty-five of the domains signed the Ou-reppan pact.
- 後白河の後は、その孫の後鳥羽天皇が院政を行った。
- After Goshirakawa, his grandson, Emperor Gotoba, conducted insei.
- 清洲会議にも参加できず、以後零落の一途をたどる。
- He was unable to take part in the Kiyosu meeting, and his later life was one of consistent downfall.
- 光秀は戦線後方の勝竜寺城に退却を余儀なくされる。
- Mitsuhide was obliged to retreat to Shoryuji-jo Castle to the rear of the battle front.
- 延久の荘園整理令 1069年(延久元)後三条天皇
- Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei 1069 Emperor Gosanjo
- 天喜の荘園整理令 1055年(天喜3)後冷泉天皇
- Tengi-no Shoen Seiri-rei 1055 Emperor Goreizei
- 長久の荘園整理令 1040年(長久元)後朱雀天皇
- Chokyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei 1040 Emperor Gosuzaku
- 以後6年間、京都においては日蓮宗は禁教となった。
- Six years after this, the Nichiren sect became a prohibited religion in Kyoto.
- 後伏見がまず着手したのは次の皇太子の人選である。
- The first thing that Gofushimi started was the selection of the next Crown Prince.
- 後醍醐天皇は新田義貞や北畠顕家に尊氏討伐を命じる。
- Emperor Godaigo commanded Yoshisada NITTA and Akiie KITABATAKE to hunt down and destroy Takauji.
- ホテル紅葉(後述)をリニューアルオープンしたもの。
- Hotel Koyo (see below for further details) was renovated to reopen as Ryotei Koyo.
- 各組は一番から十番まであり、各組の人員は十人前後。
- There were No. 1 to No. 10 Kumi's, each with about 10 members.
- 自らの後継者を巡る家中の内紛で殺害されたのである。
- He was assassinated by members of his own family over who would be chosen as his successor.
- 以後、平氏政権はますます軍事的な色彩を強めていく。
- From this point onwards, the military color of the Taira clan administration became more prominent.
- 以後、幕政は細川氏の権力により支えられる事となる。
- After that, shogunal administration was supported by the Hosokawa clan's power.
- 大住車塚古墳 別名チコンジ山と呼ばれる前方後方墳。
- Osumi Kurumazuka Kofun (an ancient burial mound) – A square-front/square-back tomb also known as Mount Chikonji.
- 『平家物語』には平氏一門の最後の様子が描かれている。
- The 'Heike monogatari' describes the circumstances of how the Taira clan met their end.
- その後交渉が再開され、南朝の使者が京都へ赴いている。
- Negotiations were resumed afterwards and a messenger from the Southern Court visited Kyoto.
- そのひとつに、丹後の細川忠興の居城・田辺城があった。
- One of the territories was Tanabe-jo Castle in Tango, the lord of which was Tadaoki HOSOKAWA.
- 後に鎌倉幕府が崩壊する一つの要因となったとも言える。
- It is cited as one of the causes of the bakufu's later collapse.
- 権力の空白を埋めたのは、まだ伯耆にいた後醍醐である。
- The person who filled the gap in power was Godaigo, who was still in Hoki.
- 現在では丹波・丹後・但馬を三丹と総称することもある。
- Nowadays some people call the three of them 'The Three Tans' (San-tan).
- その後、足利義満が新たに冊封されて「日本国王」となる。
- Thereafter, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was sent a new official message (Sakuho) from the Ming Court addressing him as the 'King of Japan.'
- 京都で戦後という場合の「戦」とはこの乱を指す事が多い。
- In the language of Kyotoites, the 'war' in postwar often means this war.
- 倒産後も存続していたが、現在、移転準備中のため休館中。
- Although the museum continued to exist even after the bankruptcy, it is now closed due to preparations for a removal.
- その後、幕府配下になると、各隊士は幕府から給料を得た。
- Subsequently, when they became vassals of the shogunate, each member received wages from the shogunate.
- 後に、東の吉身、西の今宿が加宿となり、さらに発展した。
- It later merged with Yoshimi to its east and with Imajuku to its west and developed further.
- 南北朝統一後、室町時代にも後南朝勢力の活動地となった。
- After the unification of Southern and Northern Courts, it became the place of activities of the force of Gonancho (latter South Court).
- 戦後は交通アクセスの良さで関西の奥座敷として発展した。
- Ogoto developed as a area where one can enjoy adult entertainment of Kansai region due to its good traffic accessibility, after the war.
- 中岡はまだ生きており助けを求めるが、2日後に死亡した。
- Nakaoka was still alive and sought help, but he died two days later.
- 一方、朝廷の後陽成天皇は、幽斎が討死することを恐れた。
- At the same time, Emperor Goyozei of the Court was afraid that Yusai would die in battle.
- 足利尊氏が反旗を翻すと武家は結集し後醍醐政権を攻めた。
- As Takauji ASHIKAGA rebelled against the restoration, the samurai families banded together and attacked the Godaigo government.
- (以後の経緯については、治承・寿永の乱も参照のこと。)
- (refer to the article on 'Jisho and Juei no ran' for further events)
- 1068年、王統統一の流れの中で後三条天皇が即位した。
- In 1068, Emperor Gosanjo acceded to the throne through the trend of integrating the emperor's successors in the dynasty.
- 下手渡藩 - 旧領である筑後国三池へ転封、三池藩を立藩。
- Shimotedo Domain: the territory was changed back to the former territory of Mike, Chikugo Province to establish the Mike Domain.
- 一般的に薩摩藩に近づいたとされるが、異説もある(後述)。
- It is generally accepted that Goryo-eji approached the Satsuma clan, but there are other opinions as well.
- 平安京(京都)に都が遷った後は南都(なんと)と呼ばれた。
- After the capital was moved to Heian-kyo Capital (Kyoto), the city was called Nanto.
- その後、若干の分派が十津川村をたよって小辺路を敗走した。
- After that, some groups of them ran away along Kohechi to Totsukawa Village.
- 第二合戦で敗北の後、碓氷峠から本拠地・伊勢に7月に帰還。
- After the defeat in the second battle, he returned to his province Ise from Usui Pass in July.
- これにより奥沢は死亡し、安藤・新田も一ヶ月後に死亡した。
- OKUZAWA died in the attack, and ANDO and NITTA died a month later.
- 事件後、嵯峨天皇は関係者に寛大な処置をとることを詔した。
- After the incident, Emperor Saga published an imperial edict stating that he would deal leniently with those involved.
- その後、牧の管理者の中から同族的武士団が生まれ割拠した。
- Out of the administrators of the farms, tribal warrior bands emerged and prospered.
- 応仁の乱の前後から、守護大名同士の紛争が目立って増加した。
- Since approximately the time of the Onin War (Onin-no-ran), conflicts between shugo daimyo increased to a striking degree.
- 後鳥羽上皇は諸国の御家人、地頭らに義時追討の院宣を発する。
- The retired Emperor Gotoba then issued an imperial decree to all the gokenin (lower vassals) and jito (estate stewards) in the various provinces to hunt down and kill Yoshitoki.
- その後の御陵衛士の生き残りは赤報隊に2番隊として参加した。
- The members of Goryo-eji who survived thereafter joined the Sekihotai Army, forming the second unit.
- 守貞親王はすでに皇位継承は断たれており、後に出家している。
- Imperial Prince Morisada, having already been cut out of the Imperial succession, afterwards took the tonsure.
- 戦後、昭和42年(1967年)4月1日大津市に編入される。
- After the Second World War, on April 1, 1967, Katata-cho Town was merged into Otsu City.
- その後、榎本武揚が率いる幕府所有の軍艦で江戸へと移動した。
- Subsequently, they moved to Edo on a war ship owned by the shogunate and headed by Takeaki ENOMOTO.
- 土佐藩の場合、この関ヶ原の戦いはその後多くの悲劇を生んだ。
- In the case of the Tosa clan, the Battle of Sekigahara ultimately resulted in many tragic events.
- 家兼の死後に羽州探題が分裂し、出羽の斯波氏は最上氏となる。
- Ushu Tandai (羽州探題) split after the death of Iekane, and the Shiba clan of Dewa became the Mogami clan.
- 以後は政治活動は起こさず、和歌、連歌に没頭することになる。
- Thereafter, he abandoned political life and immersed himself in the composing of waka (classical Japanese poems) and renga (linked verse).
- ここに、後白河院政派と二条親政派の対立が始まることになる。
- It was at this point that animosity was born between the faction supporting Goshirakawa's insei (cloister government) and the faction for direct Imperial rule by Emperor Nijo.
- この事件以降、平氏政権と後白河法皇の関係は急速に悪化した。
- After this incident, the relationship between the Taira clan government and Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa cooled rapidly.
- 政長は反発して管領を辞任、後任は山名派の斯波義廉が就任した。
- Offended, Masanaga resigned as Kanrei, and Yoshikado SHIBA of the Yamana camp took over the position.
- その後、丹羽長秀は信孝とともに京都に向かう羽柴軍に合流した。
- Then, Nagahide NIWA, together with Nobutaka, merged with the troop of Hashiba heading to Kyoto.
- これは後に「神君のご艱難」と称される家康最大の危機であった。
- This was the biggest crisis for Ieyasu as called 'shinkun no gokannan' (big trouble for Ieyasu TOKUGAWA) later.
- その後清洲会議で秀吉と対立し、賤ヶ岳の戦いで敗北、自害した。
- Later, he confronted with Hideyoshi in the Kiyosu conference and was defeated in the Battle of Shizugatake and committed suicide.
- その後、安和の変から僅か1年余りで高明は帰京を許されている。
- Later, Takaakira was allowed to return to Kyoto after only a year following the Anna Incident.
- この後、日蓮宗門徒は京都市中の警衛などにおける自治権を得た。
- Later followers of the Nichiren-sect gained autonomy for guarding the inside of Kyoto City.
- 越後三郎……1863年、長州の間者であった事が露見し、脱走。
- Saburo ECHIGO: In 1863, he was revealed as a spy from Choshu and escaped
- 結局、皇太子には後宇多の第1皇子邦治(14歳)が指名された。
- As a result, Gouda's first son, Kuniharu (aged 14) was named as the next Crown Prince.
- 後醍醐は、天皇としての権威を十全に主張できない立場にあった。
- Godaigo was in a position where he could not express all of the authority given to him as Emperor.
- 6月、師直は直義の要請で執事を解任される(後任は甥の高師世)。
- In June, Moronao was fired as steward by the request of Tadanao (his successor was his nephew, KO no Moroyo).
- また、豊後へ渡った源範頼軍によって九州への退路も塞がれていた。
- Moreover, their avenue of retreat into Kyushu had been cut off by the army of MINAMOTO no Noriyori, who had crossed into Bungo Province.
- 3年後に若木が花をつけはじめると、村の青年団も協力しはじめた。
- Three years later, when young trees began to bear flowers, the young men's association of the village began to cooperate with him.
- 12月、義仲は後白河法皇に強要して頼朝追討の院宣を発出させる。
- In December, Yoshinaka forced the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa to issue a command from a retired Emperor to track down and kill Yoritomo.
- 以後、吉野の朝廷は南朝、京都の朝廷は北朝 (日本)と呼ばれる。
- Henceforth, the court in Yoshino is called the Southern Court and the court in Kyoto is called the Northern Court (Japan).
- その後は専門学者が令師(りようし)として解釈の治定にあたった。
- Subsequently, specialized scholars decided the interpretation as ryoshi.
- 後白河にとっては、自らの院政を支える近臣の育成が急務となった。
- For Goshirakawa, cultivating close retainers that would support his insei (cloister government) was an urgent priority.
- しかし、後醍醐は自らの立場に強い不満をいだき、激しく反発した。
- However, Godaigo was very dissatisfied with his position and became rebellious.
- 将軍継嗣問題は後鳥羽上皇にも、義時にもしこりが残る結果となった。
- The problematic issue of the shogunal succession left lingering bad feelings between the retired Emperor Gotoba and Yoshitoki.
- 崇徳上皇と後白河天皇の対立は深まり、両派はそれぞれ武士を集める。
- Emperor Goshirakawa and retired Emperor Sutoku were more opposed to each other, and each of the two sides recruited samurai.
- 堅田は琵琶湖の狭窄部に位置しており、背後に堅田丘陵を有している。
- Katata is placed in the stricture and has Katata Hills behind it.
- 封建政治は、この後江戸幕府崩壊(1868年・慶応4年)まで続く。
- This feudal style of government was to continue for almost seven hundred years, until the destruction of the Edo bakufu in 1868.
- ちなみに、大覚寺統の嫡流は後二条天皇の皇胤である木寺宮家である。
- The lineage of the eldest son of the Daikaku-ji Temple line is that of the imperial descendants of Emperor Gonijo, the Kideranomiya family.
- その後1961年にはイギリスの保護下から離れ独立国となっている。
- Later in 1961, it escaped the protection of the United Kingdom and became an independent country.
- 輔平と後桜町上皇の説得を受けて天皇も渋々尊号一件から手を引いた。
- The Emperor was convinced by Sukehira and the Retired Emperor Gosakuramachi, and reluctantly withdrew from the Songo-ikken.
- その後、六波羅探題が兼務するようになり、守護所も六波羅となった。
- Later, Rokuhara Tandai held the post of the Province Shugo, and therefore, the office (Shugosho) was moved to Rokuhara.
- 乗降方式は後乗り前降りで、旧市街地周辺は均一運賃制(220円)。
- Passengers get on a bus through the back door and get off through the front door, paying the flat fare (220 yen) in the old urban area.
- 幕府は新しい鎌倉殿として雅成親王を迎えたいと後鳥羽上皇に申し出る。
- The shogunate submitted a request to the retired Emperor Gotoba that his son, Imperial Prince Masanari, be sent to Kamakura as the new Shogun.
- その後、彼らの多くは乞われて新政府に出仕し、新政府の要職に就いた。
- After that, they were asked to work for the new government, and were appointed to high-ranking positions.
- 一方、杉豊後入道は将軍は当家を滅ぼそうとしていると抗戦を主張した。
- Bungo Nyudo SUGI, on the other hand, argued that the Shogun was already trying to destroy the Ouchi family, and thus advocated armed resistance.
- 光秀は、信長・信忠を討った後、朝廷に参内し、金品を下賜されている。
- After killing Nobunaga and Nobutada, Mitsuhide visited the Imperial Court and he was granted Imperial gifts of money and other valuable goods.
- その後は幼少の将軍が続いたため有力大名による合議で国が運営された。
- From that point on, the rank of Shogun was held by a series of young boys, and the actual administration of the country was run by a council of powerful daimyo.
- 朝廷は幕府の判断をもとめ、緒仁親王の即位が実現した(後円融天皇)。
- The Imperial Court asked for the bakufu's decision and the ascension of Imperial Prince Ohito was realized (Emperor Goenyu).
- この乱で清盛は後白河天皇に味方し、その武功により播磨国守となった。
- Kiyomori took Emperor Goshirakawa's side in this uprising and was rewarded the post of Harima no kuni no kami (the governor of Harima Province) for his efforts.
- 結果家斉の機嫌を損ね、事件後に松平定信が失脚、辞職する遠因となる。
- As a result, Ienari was offended, and Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA was ousted after the incident and so became the remote cause of a resignation.
- 允(従七位上相当) 後に大允(正七位下相当)・少允(従七位上相当)
- Jo (Jushichiinojo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade)), later Daijo (Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade)), Shojo (Jushichiinojo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade))
- 幕府内部では高一族の滅亡後も直義派と反直義派との対立構造は存在した。
- Even after the decline of the Ko clan, there was conflict between the Tadayoshi group and the anti-Tadayoshi group within the bakufu.
- 南側を固めていた杉豊後守は義弘の死を知らされて敵陣に切り込んで討死。
- When Bungo no kami SUGI, who was reinforcing the south side of the city, was told of Yoshihiro's death, he cut his way into the enemy's formation and died in battle.
- 後鳥羽上皇の皇子の雅成親王、頼仁親王もそれぞれ但馬国、備前国へ配流。
- The retired Emperor Gotoba's sons, the Imperial Princes Masanari and Yorihito, were also banished, to the provinces of Tajima and Bizen, respectively.
- 後日港の近くの台地の上に石山本願寺が築かれ、浄土真宗の本拠となった。
- Later, Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple was built on a highland near the port and became the base of Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism).
- 後白河は保元3年(1158年)に二条天皇へ譲位すると院政を開始した。
- Goshirakawa, after abdicating in favor of Emperor Nijo in 1158, established insei.
- 九州征伐(天正15年・1587)→九州平定後、博多で伴天連追放令発布
- Kyushu was suppressed (1587)=>after conquering Kyushu, he issued the Order to Expel Christian Priests (伴天連追放令) from Hakata.
- 直後に障子の戸を閉じた(火を放ち自害した)」という内容になっている。
- Immediately after that, he closed the shoji (sliding paper door) (and set fire and committed suicide).'
- 大化改新以後の中央集権的国家の制定した公法を中心とする法体系である。
- It's centered around public law established by the centralized nation after the Taika Reformation.
- こうして涵養した実力を背景として、清盛は後白河と深く結びついていた。
- With such a background of accumulating power, Kiyomori was deeply connected with Goshirakawa.
- 嵯峨と淳和の融和と互譲はその後も続けられ、ことあるごとに強調された。
- The reconciliation and mutual concession continued on, and was emphasized at every occasion.
- 後宇多の定めた皇位継承プランを尋常の手段で変更することは難しかった。
- It was difficult to change the succession plan for the Imperial Throne that was determined by Gouda using normal measures.
- 戦国時代_(日本)後期から後北条氏が大きな勢力を振るうようになった。
- The Go-Hojo clan became more powerful during the late Sengoku (Warring States) period.
- 1590年(天正18年)、豊臣秀吉による小田原の役で後北条氏が滅亡。
- In 1590, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI defeated the Go-Hojo clan in the Odawara no Eki (the Siege of Odawara).
- 江戸幕府開府以後は徳川政権のお膝元となり、日本政治の中心地となった。
- With the start of the Edo period, Musashi Province became an adjacent area of the Edo bakufu and the center of politics in Japan.
- 博覧会はこの後1896年(明治29年)まで毎年開催されることになる。
- The exhibition was held annually until 1896.
- 常陸国那珂郡江戸郷 (常陸国)に本拠地を置いたが、後に水戸城に移る。
- The clan was based in Edo-go, Naka County, Hitachi Province in the beginning and later shifted their base to Mito-jo Castle.
- この戦い以後、江戸以東における新政府に対する集団的な抵抗はなくなった。
- After the battle, no mass revolt against the new government took place in the area to the east of Edo.
- 北朝方は、出家を予定していた弥仁親王を)を後光厳天皇として即位させた。
- The Northern Court side made Imperial Prince Iyahito, who was planning to become a priest, to ascend the throne as the Emperor Gokogon.
- 江戸時代は、当初は松倉氏の大和五条藩領地、後に天領(江戸幕府直轄領)。
- During the Edo period, Ano was originally the land of Yamato Gojo Domain of the Matsukura clan, and later became the shogunal demesne (land directly controlled by Edo bakufu).
- 小田原の役、後北条氏が豊臣秀吉に降伏、天下統一(天正18年・1590)
- After the siege of Odawara, the Go-Hojo clan surrendered to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and Japan was unified (1590).
- 1383年(弘和3年/永徳3年)に長慶天皇は弟の後亀山天皇に譲位する。
- In 1383, Emperor Chokei abdicated from the throne in favor of his younger brother, Emperor Gokameyama.
- 後醍醐の第1次の武力倒幕計画が発覚したのは、元亨4年9月のことだった。
- It was September, 1324 when Godaigo's first armed bakufu overthrow plan was uncovered.
- 一味は内裏を襲撃して火をかけ、後花園天皇は左大臣の近衛忠嗣の邸に避難。
- The group attacked and set fire to the Inner Imperial Court and Emperor Gohanazono was evacuated to the house of the Sadaijn (minister of the left), Tadatsugu KONOE.
- 『増鏡』:前述の北条義時と泰時の逸話と後鳥羽上皇の隠岐での様子を伝える。
- 'Masu kagami' (The Mirror of Increasing): conveys anecdotes about the aforementioned Yoshitoki and Yasutoki HOJO and about the retired Emperor Gotoba's state and demeanor in exile on Oki island.
- 690年前後、持統天皇は吉野を愛し宮滝に離宮を作り、30回以上も訪れた。
- Around 690, the Emperor Jito who was attached to Yoshino had a detached palace built in Miyataki and visited it more than 30 times.
- 次の白河は摂関家を外戚に持つ天皇であったが、後三条と同様に親政を行った。
- Shirakawa, the Emperor who followed, was related to Sekkan-ke on his mother's side, but he conducted direct government in a manner similar to that of Gosanjo.
- 更に15世紀後半以後には京都のある山城国国内の御料所化にも着手している。
- Furthermore, since the latter half of the fifteenth century, action was taken to make the Yamashiro Province (within Kyoto) a Goryo-sho.
- 永観の荘園整理令 985年(永観2)花山天皇 延喜整理令以後のものを整理
- Eikan-no Shoen Seiri-rei 985 Emperor Kazan Manors after Engi Seiri-rei were consolidated.
- 以後、政元の養子である細川澄元と細川高国が後継管領を巡って争いを始めた。
- Thereafter, the two candidates seeking to inherit the position of Kanrei, Masamoto's adopted sons Sumimoto and Takakuni HOSOKAWA, began to fight over who would be chosen.
- この戦いで平氏は多くの有能な武将を失い、後の戦いに大きな影響を及ぼした。
- The Taira clan lost many distinguished warriors in this battle and this adversely affected later battles.
- だが、これを拒否されると、延暦寺は後奈良天皇に法華宗討伐の許可を求める。
- However, when this was rejected, Enryaku-ji Temple sought permission for the subjugation of the Hokke sect from the Emperor Gonara.
- また、前述したように、後白河との良好な関係に依存するところも大きかった。
- As mentioned previously, it also relied heavily upon a good relationship with Goshirakawa.
- これは事実上、軍事力による朝廷の制圧であり後白河院政は完全に停止された。
- This was in actuality, suppression of the imperial Court by military power and the Goshirakawa cloistered government was completely terminated.
- その後、密告があり伴善男父子に嫌疑がかけられ、有罪となり流刑に処された。
- Later on, TOMO no Yoshio and his son fell under suspicion as the result of a tip from an informant, they were later convicted and faced banishment.
- この事件の後、浅野薫はその臆病な振る舞いを咎められて新選組を放逐された。
- After this incident, Kaoru ASANO was accused for his cowardly behavior and ejected from Shinsengumi.
- その後も勅旨牧は増設され、軍用品の生産地として重要視されるようになった。
- The farms were subsequently expanded and treated as important production sites for military supplies.
- 寄之は熊本藩の客将となった宮本武蔵を後見し、兵法では武蔵の弟子となった。
- Yoriyuki became the guardian of Musashi MIYAMOTO who became a guest samurai of the Kumamoto Domain, and he learned art of warfare as Musashi's direct disciple.
- 京方の使者はその少し後に到着し、警戒していた幕府方に捕らえられてしまった。
- The envoys from the capital faction arrived somewhat after these missives, so the samurai of the shogunate, forewarned, were able to capture the Imperial envoys.
- 応仁の乱は京都が主戦場であったが、後半になると地方へ戦線が拡大していった。
- The Onin War was mainly fought in Kyoto, but its latter half saw the expansion of fronts involving localities far from the capital.
- 同年(明治元年)12月7日、東北地方と越後の諸藩に対する処分が発表された。
- On December 7 in the same year, punishment for the domains in the Tohoku Region and Echigo was announced.
- また後南朝という呼び方も戦後広まったもので戦前までは定着してはいなかった。
- Moreover, the term 'Gonancho (Second Southern Court)' didn't come into common use until after World War II, so up until then the term was not firmly established.
- 両王子は後世の系図では小倉宮の末裔とされているが、同時代史料に証拠はない。
- Both princes are listed in later genealogies as being descendants of Oguranomiya, but there is no evidence for this in historical records of the day.
- - 郡区町村編制法に基づき伏見板橋二丁目(後の伏見町)に紀伊郡役所を設置。
- Based on Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (Act for the alignment of local government system), the Kii County public office was placed in 2, Fushimi Itabashi (later, Fushimi-cho).
- 院政とは天皇が余力ある内に引退し、若き子(孫)の天皇を後見するという意味。
- The term 'insei' is used to mean that an emperor or empress abdicates in favor of his or her son or daughter (or grandchild) and then acts as a guardian to the new young emperor or empress.
- 平安時代に入っても嵯峨天皇や宇多天皇や、円融天皇などにも見られる(後述)。
- Even during the Heian period this was seen in Emperor Saga, Emperor Uda, Emperor Enyu, etc. (as described later).
- 9月、義仲軍は備前国水島の戦いで平家軍に大敗、後白河法皇は義仲を見放した。
- In September, Yoshinaka's troops were severely defeated by the troops of the Taira family in the Battle of Mizushima in Bizen Province, and Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa forsook him.
- 義仲軍は京で乱暴狼藉を働き、やがて皇位継承を巡って後白河天皇とも対立した。
- Yoshinaka's troops brought violence and riots to Kyoto, and with time, he was in conflict with Emperor Goshirakawa over succession to the imperial throne.
- また、後醍醐は朝廷内部で孤立しており、手足となって働く人材が不足していた。
- Additionally, Godaigo was isolated within the Imperial Court and there were insufficient human resources to work as his hands and feet.
- その後、義仲を頼って来た以仁王の子(北陸宮)を推戴し、北陸一帯を平定した。
- Later, Prince Mochihito's son (Hokurokunomiya), who sought out Yoshinaka, was crowned and the Hokuriku area was brought under his control.
- 建武の新政期である1334年(建武元)には後醍醐天皇が徳政令を行っている。
- In 1334, during the Kenmu Restoration, Emperor Godaigo issued an Tokuseirei.
- 丹後国とあわせて、あるいは単独で丹州(たんしゅう)と呼ばれることがあった。
- Together with Tango Province, it was sometimes called 'Tanshu.'
- 後継者の幸徳井友信は幼少であるために、土御門泰福が後任の陰陽頭に任じらた。
- Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADO was appointed to succeed the Onmyo no kami since the successor, Tomonobu KOTOKUI was still an infant.
- 15世紀後期~16世紀初頭ごろに一部は戦国大名となり、一部は没落していった。
- From the period of the late fifteenth to early sixteenth century, some daimyo became Sengoku daimyo (daimyo of the Sengoku, or 'Warring States' period) while other daimyo declined.
- 宝剣はすぐに幕府の手で取り戻されたが、神璽は後南朝に持ち去られたままになる。
- The Sword was soon recovered by shogunal forces, but the gonancho forces were able to escape with the Grand Jewels.
- 7月、首謀者である後鳥羽上皇は隠岐島、順徳上皇は佐渡島にそれぞれ配流された。
- In the seventh month, the ringleaders of the rebellion, the retired Emperors Gotoba and Juntoku, were exiled to the islands of Oki and Sado, respectively.
- 一説に慈円はこの書をもって後鳥羽上皇に討幕を思いとどまらせようとしたという。
- One theory holds that Jien wrote this book in order to convince the retired Emperor Gotoba to give up his plan to attack the shogunate.
- 大和川付け替え後は必然的に河内国府を通らない大和川を越えないルートとなった。
- After the River Yamato was rerouted, it inevitably became a course which would neither pass through Kawachi Kokufu area nor cross the River Yamato.
- その後蝦夷共和国の成立を目指す榎本武揚らに合流し、二股口の戦い等で活躍する。
- Subsequently, they joined Takeaki ENOMOTO and others who were aiming to establish the Republic of Ezo, and actively fought in the Battle of Futamataguchi.
- 鎌倉時代後期には、後醍醐天皇の皇子である護良親王が吉野山で倒幕の兵を挙げる。
- In the late stage of the Kamakura period, Imperial Prince Morinaga, who was a prince of the Emperor Godaigo, raised an army in Mt. Yoshino to overthrow the shogunate.
- 特に乱以後初めて本格的な院政を布いた後嵯峨天皇に院政諸制度が整備されている。
- Particularly, during the age of Emperor Gosaga, who conducted the first full-scale insei after the rebellion, various systems of insei were organized.
- 1336年、足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇の南朝に対して北朝を擁立し室町幕府を開いた。
- In 1336, Takauji ASHIKAGA, in opposition to the Southern Court of Emperor Godaigo, created the Northern Court and formed the Muromachi bakufu.
- 義仲は奮戦するが遂に敗れ、後白河法皇を連れて西国へ脱出すべく院御所へ向かう。
- Yoshinaka fought bravely, but was finally defeated, and headed to the imperial palace to escape to Kyushu with the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
- 後白河法皇を連れ出すことを断念した義仲は今井兼平と合流すべく瀬田へ向かった。
- After giving up on taking the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, Yoshinaka headed to Seta to join Kanehira IMAI.
- 任大臣の節会後、兼帯すべき官(一人で二つの官を持つこと)を定める臨時の除目。
- An irregular jimoku for determining officials who filled two positions after Sechi-e (seasonal court banquets) for appointed ministries.
- そのためこの複雑な感情を解き明かそうとして後述のような文学作品が創作された。
- For this reason, some literary works, covered later, written in an attempt to unravel his complex feelings.
- 仁安3年(1168年)に滋子が出産した後白河の皇子が高倉天皇として即位した。
- In 1168, Goshirakawa's prince borne by Shigeko became Emperor Takakura.
- なお、伏見も正和2年(1313年)に出家し、治天の政務を後伏見に譲っている。
- In 1313, Fushimi became a priest and yielded the government affairs as Chiten to Gofushimi.
- 権大納言から後継の関白の地位を得た兼通は、内覧・内大臣を経て関白に就任した。
- Kanemichi, coming from the post of acting major counsellor, became the next chancellor, by being appointed as chancellor after becoming a Private Inspector, then Great Minister of the Center.
- 法皇の死後、邦良親王は後醍醐天皇に譲位を行わせるべく鎌倉へ伺いを立てていた。
- After the Cloistered Emperor's death, Crown Prince Kuniyoshi informally asked the Kamakura bakufu to force Emperor Godaigo to abdicate.
- 安元2年(1176年)後白河法皇は50歳となり、正月から祝いの行事が続いた。
- The Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa turned 50 in 1176, and various celebratory events continued from the beginning of the year.
- 信西打倒に関わった者は、後白河院政派・二条親政派を問わず政界から一掃された。
- All those who had participated in Shinzei's overthrow and demise, regardless of whether they belonged to the Goshirakawa Insei faction or the Nijo direct rule faction, had now been annihilated.
- 実権を握った二条親政派の経宗・惟方は、後白河上皇への圧迫を強めることになる。
- Tsunemune and Korekata, members of the Nijo direct rule faction who held the true power, increased their pressure on retired emperor Goshirakawa to fall into line.
- 後鳥羽上皇の財源は長講堂領、八条院領などの諸国に置かれた膨大な荘園群にあった。
- Retired Emperor Gotoba's financial resources came from his extensive shoen (private estate holdings) located in various provinces, including the Chokodo and Hachijoin territories.
- 前後して野迫川村内にも自動車道が通じると、生活道路としての役目はほぼ失われた。
- At almost the same time, the motor road was extended to Nosegawa Village, then, the role of Kohechi as a community road ended.
- そして、明治新政府内で栄進したのは、後藤や板垣といった上士にほぼ限られている。
- Also, people who were successful within the new Meiji government were nearly all Joshi, such as Goto and Itagaki.
- 家康は、信長の招きで5月に安土城を訪れた後、家臣30余名とともに堺に滞在した。
- After having visited the Azuchi-jo Castle at Nobunaga's invitation in June, Ieyasu stayed in Sakai together with over thirty vassals.
- 元力士の山田藤吉は客を龍馬に会わせようとするが後から斬られた(1日後に死亡)。
- Tokichi YAMADA, a former sumo wrestler, was about to show the visitor and his companions when he was attacked from behind (he died the next day).
- 円融は、のちの鎌倉時代の花園や後醍醐と同様の“中継ぎ”の天皇とされたのである。
- Enyu was an 'interim' Emperor, similar to Hanazono and Godaigo in the later Kamakura period.
- その国政改革を立案・推進したのが、後白河の側近である藤原通憲(信西)であった。
- The architect and driving force of these political reforms was Goshirakawa's right-hand man, FUJIWARA no Michinori (generally known as Shinzei).
- 13歳の後伏見にはまだ皇子がなく、伏見の第4皇子富仁(5歳)が皇太子となった。
- The 13 year old Gofushimi had no princes and therefore Fushimi's fourth son, Tomihito (aged 5) became Crown Prince.
- 以後、摂政・関白の宮中での席次は、太政大臣よりも上位と考えられるようになった。
- After this, the rank of regent and chancellor in the Imperial Court was regarded as higher than that of prime minister.
- 陰謀は程なく発覚し、荷担した貴族や武士(多くは後白河法皇の近臣)が追放された。
- The conspiracy was discovered beforehand and associated aristocrats and warriors (many of them were close aides of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa) were exiled.
- 後に建武の新政において役職を務める伊賀兼光や律僧の文観の関与も指摘されている。
- The participation of Kanemitsu IGA, who later became an official during the Kenmu Restoration, and the risso, Monkan, have also been suggested.
- 北側の傘松公園へは丹後海陸交通のバス・観光船などで一の宮へ行き徒歩で府中駅へ。
- To get to Kasamatsu Park on the north side, take the Tango Kairiku Kotsu Bus or Tour Boat to Ichinomiya and walk toward Fuchu Station.
- 松井氏は細川家臣でありながら、実質上の肥後八代支藩3万石の大名格藩主であった。
- Although the Matsui clan was one of retainers of the Hosokawa family, they were regarded as a domain lord almost equal to daimyo, since they practically ruled vast land of 30.000 koku of Yatsushiro Domain in Higo Province.
- しかし、後醍醐天皇によって勲功第一と賞された尊氏は、新政の役職には就かなかった。
- Takauji, however, did not assume an official post in the new government, despite being rewarded, due to Emperor Godaigo's policy of valuing merit and distinguished service above all.
- 眞幡寸神社二座(現 城南宮境内摂社・真幡木神社(京都市伏見区下鳥羽中島宮後町))
- Two shrines in Mahataki-jinja Shrine (Mahataki-jinja Shrine, as of now, a sub-shrine in the precincts of Jonangu Shrine [Shimotoba Nakajimagugo-cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City])
- その後も忍性などの高僧を輩出するとともに、荒廃した諸国の国分寺の再興に尽力した。
- After that also, many priests of great sanctity and learning including Ninsho appeared one after another and efforts to restore devastated kokubunji (provincial monasteries) in various provinces were made.
- 二上山は死火山で、今後、噴火可能性はなく、地図で火山として分類されることはない。
- As Mt. Nijo is an extinct volcano, there is no possibility of an eruption in the future so that it is not classified as a volcano on a map.
- 細川氏と大内氏が実権を巡り衝突(寧波の乱)して、以後大内氏が貿易の実権を握った。
- The Hosokawa and Ouchi clans clashed over who would hold true authority over the trade (in what was called the Ningbo Turmoil); following this, the Ouchi clan managed to seize de facto control over the China trade.
- 林の精神鑑定を行ったのは後に国立京都病院に精神科を設立、医長となる加藤清である。
- The person who conducted a psychiatric test of Hayashi was Kiyoshi KATO, who later established a psychiatry in National Kyoto Hospital and became the hospital director.
- 同年11月には講和が成立し、後醍醐は神器を足利方に渡して譲位し、光明天皇が即位。
- A peace treaty was signed in November of that year (old calendar), and Godaigo returned the Sacred Treasures to the Ashikaga clan and abdicated, as Emperor Komyo ascended the throne.
- 後宇多もやはり政務に精励することで自己の皇統の正統性を補強しようと努力している。
- Gouda also attended to government affairs diligently to strengthen the claims of his Imperial line.
- まもなく後醍醐は捕虜となり、承久の乱の先例に従って謀反人として隠岐に配流された。
- Shortly, Godaigo was captured and exiled to Oki as a traitor, following the example of Jokyu Disturbance.
- その直後、相模国石橋山にて大庭景親らと交戦して頼朝軍は惨敗する(石橋山の戦い)。
- Immediately after that, Yoritomo's troops experienced a large loss in a battle against Kagechika OBA at Mt. Ishibashi in Sagami Province (the Battle of Mt. Ishibashi).
- 後白河は「こはされば何事ぞや、御とかあるべしとも思し召さず」と白を切ったという。
- Goshirakawa was said to feign complete ignorance and said 'what it all this? I don't think I have anything to be accused of.'
- 広義門院が伝国詔宣を行うことによって崇光弟の後光厳天皇即位が実現することとなった。
- Kogimon-in gave the Denkoku Shosen (announcement to the nation), Suko's brother, Emperor Gokogon was able to ascend to the throne.
- 彼らの抵抗は持明院統嫡流が断絶した1428年(正長元年)以後、激化することとなる。
- Gonancho resistance only intensified after 1428, when the Jimyoin lineage running from the eldest son was broken.
- 杉豊後入道は機制を制して舟で尼崎市に上陸して八幡の陣を突き決戦することを主張した。
- Bungo Nyudo SUGI advocated that they seize the opportunity they had been given and travel by ship to Amagasaki City, where they could launch a surprise attack against the army at Hachiman and fight one great battle where all would be decided.
- 江戸時代後期の大規模仏堂建築の代表作として、1998年重要文化財に指定されている。
- It was designated an important cultural property as a representative large-scale Buddhist temple in the late Edo period.
- だが、治暦4年(1068年)の後三条天皇の即位はその状況に大きな変化をもたらした。
- However, when Emperor Gosanjo succeeded to the throne in 1068, the situation changed dramatically.
- 前者は管領・細川勝元を後者は有力大名の山名持豊(宗全)を中心に擁して対立を深めた。
- The dispute intensified due to the actions of two opposing Kanrei (regents), the former being Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and the latter being the powerful daimyo Mochitoyo YAMANA (Sozen).
- だが、晴元が政権獲得の最終段階で功臣・三好元長を殺害した事が後年大きく裏目に出る。
- However, Harumoto's murder of the meritorious retainer Motonaga MIYOSHI, who had climbed to the highest rungs of power within the government, had a profound backlash in later years.
- 高岳親王は皇太子を廃され、代わって天皇の弟の大伴親王(後の淳和天皇)が立てられた。
- Imperial Prince Takaoka was deposed as the Crown Prince, and the emperor's brother Imperial Prince Otomo (who later became Emperor Junna) was appointed instead.
- 後深草と亀山はそれぞれ次代の治天となることを望んで争い、裁定は幕府に持ち込まれた。
- Since both Gofukakusa and Kameyama wanted to be the next Chiten and a fight broke out, the bakufu was asked to make a ruling.
- 当時の持明院統の関係者が残したメモには、後醍醐の地位が「一代主」と表現されている。
- In a memorandum left by a person associated with the Jimyoin line at that time expresses Godaigo's position as a 'One-generation head.'
- 1895年2月1日:日本初の路面電車として京都電気鉄道(後に京都市電となる)開業。
- February 1, 1895: Kyoto Electric Railway (the latter-day Kyoto City Trams), the first streetcar in Japan, opened.
- そのためか、事件の直後に後鳥羽上皇が祈願に使っていた最勝四天王院が取り壊されている。
- Perhaps for the very same reason, right after this incident with Yorishige, the Saisho Shitenno-in (the Hall of the Four Conquering Deva Kings), which the retired Emperor Gotoba had been using for such prayers, was demolished.
- 自分も関東にあったなら義時に味方していた」と楽観論を戒め、後鳥羽上皇の不興を買った。
- Indeed, had I been in Kanto (eastern Japan), I too would have become Yoshitoki's ally,' and with these words fell into disgrace with the retired Emperor Gotoba.
- 義経は京都に凱旋し、後白河法皇はこれを賞して義経とその配下の御家人たちを任官させた。
- After Yoshitsune made his triumphal entry into the capital, the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa bestowed honors and court appointments upon him and his gokenin vassals.
- 杉備中守は今日が最後の戦いになると覚悟し、山名満氏の陣に突撃して見事な討死を遂げた。
- Bicchu no kami SUGI resigned himself to the reality that this day would be his last battle, and threw all his strength into an assault on the camp of Mitsuuji YAMANA, achieving a spectacular death in battle.
- 島津氏関与説 - 信長が毛利氏を滅ぼした後、九州征伐を開始するのは時間の問題である。
- View that the Shimazu clan was involved - It was a matter of time when Nobunaga commence conquering Kyushu after he overthrew the Mori clan.
- 義経は自ら数騎を率いて追撃、院御所門前で義仲を追い払い、後白河法皇の確保に成功する。
- Yoshitsune personally led several samurai warriors to chase and drive away Yoshinaka from the front gate of the imperial palace, and succeeded in securing the safety of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
- これに反発した南朝の後胤や遺臣らは、朝廷や幕府に対する反抗を15世紀半ばまで続けた。
- This led to a rebellion amongst descendants and former court nobles of the Southern Court, and their resistance against the court and bakufu lasted until the mid-15th century.
- 後醍醐天皇による鎌倉幕府打倒は、この武士たちの不満を利用する形で行われることになる。
- This situation allowed Emperor Godaigo, making full use of discontent among the warriors, to successfully overthrow the bakufu.
- そのため、以後の歴史書もこの歴史観に引きずられる形で「平氏政権観」を形成していった。
- Therefore, later historical books were influenced by this historical view and established 'a view towards the Taira clan administration.'
- その直後にも新たに新制30ヶ条を出し、公事・行事の整備、官人の綱紀粛正に取り組んだ。
- Immediately after the palace restoration, Shinzei produced a list of 30 new provisions of the new administration, and poured his efforts into tightening discipline both among government officials and in the provision and maintenance for political operations and events of the court.
- 交換条件として、後宇多は邦良の次の皇太子には量仁を立てることを後伏見に約束している。
- As an exchange condition, Gouda promised Gofushimi that Kazuhito would become the next Crown Prince after Kuniyoshi.
- そして、実体としての摂関政治は、後三条・白河期に終焉を迎えていたと見るべきであろう。
- And therefore the real regency should be regarded as having already come to its end in the reigns of Emperor Gosanjo and Shirakawa.
- その9日後に、幕府によって「天下静謐」の祝宴が催され11年に及ぶ大乱の幕が降ろされた。
- Nine days later, the Bakufu held a banquet in celebration of Tenka seihitsu (pacification of the whole country) to mark the end of the major civil war that had continued for 11 good years.
- 後鳥羽上皇は三浦義村をはじめ幕府の有力御家人には格別の院宣を添えて使者を鎌倉に送った。
- The retired Emperor Gotoba sent a messenger to Kamakura who carried special decrees for the influential gokenin among the shogunate, and above all for Yoshimura MIURA.
- 後鳥羽上皇の膨大な荘園は没収され、行助法親王(後高倉院の称号が贈られる)に与えられた。
- The retired Emperor Gotoba's extensive holdings of shoen (private estates) were confiscated and given to the Imperial Prince Morisada (who was known posthumously by the title Retired Emperor Gotakakura).
- 記録所は後醍醐の親政時代に再興し、建武政権では荘園文書の調査に加えて一般の訴訟も担当。
- The Records Office was revived by Emperor Godaigo during the era of direct Imperial rule; under the Kenmu government, in addition to examining the records for all the shoen, it was also responsible for settling general legal disputes.
- これが後に大津百艘船となり、大津港の荷役などに関する特権を代々の支配者から受けていた。
- This became Otsu Hyakusosen (literally, 100 ships of Otsu) later, and it was given privileges concerning cargo handling at Otsu Port and so on from rulers in each age.
- 京に到着後、清河が勤王勢力と通じ、浪士組を天皇配下の兵力にしようとする画策が露見する。
- After arriving in Kyoto, KIYOKAWA communicated secretly with imperial loyalist parties, and his scheme to make Roshi-gumi a force under control of the Emperor was discovered.
- 平安京への遷都以後も南都と称されて、日本の宗教・文化の歴史において大きな影響を与えた。
- Even after the relocation of the capital to the Heian-kyo Capital, Nara, known by the name Nanto, had significant impact on Japanese religious and cultural histories.
- 明治の頃には間口9間・奥行6間の豪邸があり、最後の住人が昭和初めまで住んでいたという。
- There was a residence with a frontage of about 10.92 meters and a depth of about 10.92 meters in the Meiji period and the last residents lived until the early Showa period.
- ヤスケは、この戦いの後捕まったものの殺されずに生き延びたが、その後の消息は不明である。
- Yasuke was captured after this battle and he was not killed, but he was never heard from again.
- 御牧兼顕は「我討死の間に引き給え」と光秀に使者を送った後羽柴軍の大群に呑まれていった。
- Kaneaki MIMAKI, after sending a messenger to Mitsuhide to urge him, 'Please pull out while I am fighting to death,' was drowned in the vast crowd of Hashiba's forces.
- 向後に於ては、其の器用を撰び、戒臈相積み智者の聞へ有らば、入院の儀申し沙汰有るべき事。
- From now on, monks should be selected for their virtue and have enough experience and knowledge before asking for the Nyuin ceremony.
- 後宇多の死去が同年6月であるから、まるで父の死を待っていたかのようなタイミングである。
- The death of Gouda was in June 1324, so the timing was as if he had waited for his father's death.
- 1632年には井上政重らと共に総目付(後の大目付)に任じられ、3000石を加増された。
- In 1632, Munenori was appointed as Sometsuke (chief inspector of shogunate which was later renamed 'Ometsuke') together with Masashige INOUE and was given additional stipend 3,000 koku.
- 1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)、大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇は全国の武士に討幕の綸旨を発した。
- Then in 1333, Emperor Godaigo, of the Daikakuji lineage, issued an Imperial edict to the warriors all over the country to strike down the shogunate.
- 尊氏は後醍醐天皇との和解を図り、三種の神器を接収し持明院統の光明天皇を擁立(北朝)した。
- Takauji sought reconciliation with Emperor Godaigo, and having regained control over the three Imperial Regalia, he became the principal support for Emperor Komyo of the Gofukakusa (Jimyoin) lineage (the Northern Court).
- 『六代勝事記』:承久の乱を後鳥羽上皇が不徳の「悪王」であったことに原因があるとしている。
- 'Rokudai shojiki'(Record of the Triumphs of Six Imperial Generations): it claims the Jokyu Rebellion was a result of the fact that the retired Emperor Gotoba was an immoral 'wicked king.'
- 尊氏が勅状を得ないまま北条軍の討伐に向かうと、後醍醐天皇は追って尊氏を征東将軍に任じる。
- When Takauji set out to suppress the Hojo army despite not having obtained an Imperial decree, Emperor Godaigo belatedly appointed him seito shogun (literally, 'general who subdues the eastern barbarians').
- 長州藩は、俗論党により途中「幕府恭順」姿勢を見せるも、その前後は反幕府という姿勢だった。
- Despite the fact that during a certain period of time the Choshu clan showed the attitude of 'obedience to Bakufu' as the result of activities by Zokuron-to (俗論党), before and after such period they were also anti-Bakufu.
- 980年には朱雀大路の南端にある羅城門(羅生門)が倒壊し、以後再建されることはなかった。
- In 980, Rajo-mon Gate (Rasho-mon Gate), located to the southern end of Suzaku-oji Avenue, was blown down, and was never re-built.
- 光秀は、6月3日、4日を諸将の誘降に費やした後、6月5日(4日説がある)安土城に入った。
- After spending July 6 and 7, 1579 for calling on other warlords to surrender, Mitsuhide entered the Azuchi-jo Castle on July 8 (There is a view that he entered the Azuchi-jo Castle on July 7).
- 屋島の戦いの後も、瀬戸内海を中心に小規模な戦闘が続いて両者とも一進一退を繰り返していた。
- After the Battle of Yashima, skirmishes continued to occur in the Seto Inland Sea and the battle front went back and forth.
- 有力貴族は子弟の教育のため大学別曹という私的な寄宿施設を設け、後に大学寮の付属となった。
- Prominent aristocrats had a private dorm oratory facility called Daigaku-besso for the education of their children and this later became affiliated with the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).
- 同年には中宮・徳子(清盛の娘)が高倉の皇子を出産し、皇子は生後1月で皇太子に立てられた。
- In 1178, Chugu Tokuko (Kiyomori's daughter) gave birth to Emperor Takakura's son and this son was invested as Crown Prince when he was one month old.
- 幕府軍は敗走に次ぐ敗走の末、石清水八幡宮の鎮座する男山の東西に分かれて最後の決戦に挑む。
- The Shogunate forces were routed repeatedly, but, finally, they were to fight the final, decisive battle fought at two positions: to the east and west of Mt. Otoko-yama in which the Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine was located.
- 崇明門院の後見のもと、康仁が皇太子となり、持明院統の支援で大覚寺統は再建されたのである。
- Under the regency of Sumeimonin, Yasuhito became Crown Prince and the Daikakuji line was reestablished with the support of the Jimyoin line.
- 二条親政派にすれば信西打倒を果たしたことにより、信頼ら後白河院政派は用済みとなっていた。
- To the Nijo faction, now that Shinzei had been eliminated, they no longer had any use for Nobuyori and others of the Goshirakawa Insei faction.
- やがて、主家世田谷吉良氏やさらにその主家である後北条氏が豊臣秀吉に攻められると没落した。
- Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI attacked the Setagaya-Kira clan and the Gohojo clan, its master house, which incident led to the downfall of the Kitami clan.
- 允恭天皇の死後は、王位継承をめぐって履中系王統・允恭系王統の対立が激化したと推測される。
- After the death of Ingyo Emperor, it is thought that the antagonism between the Richu family and the Ingyo family became more intense.
- 後年、旧藩士らの手弁当による叙勲運動により、養子が他の旧藩主より一段低い男爵に叙任された。
- Later, he was given the title of Baron, lower by one rank from the lord of the domain, thanks to voluntary actions by former retainers of the domain to confer upon him an order.
- そして最後に、店主の角屋徳右衛門に7日間の営業停止を申し渡し、意気揚々と引き上げたという。
- Finally, SERIZAWA issued a suspension of business for seven days to Tokuemon SUMIYA, the owner of the restaurant, and left in high spirits.
- これを見ていた義弘は項羽の討死の故事を引き、自分も後代に残るような最後を遂げると決意する。
- Yoshihiro, after seeing this, resolved that he would continue in the tradition of general Xiang Hu's glorious death, and make such an end for himself as would ensure his fame for posterity.
- 公宗は後醍醐天皇の暗殺に失敗し誅殺されたが、泰家は逃れ、各地の北条残党に挙兵を呼びかける。
- Kinmune failed his attempted assassination of Emperor Godaigo and was subsequently executed, but Yasuie escaped and began calling together the remnants of the Hojo's military forces from all over the land.
- 仲恭天皇(九条廃帝、仲恭の贈名は明治以降)は廃され、守貞親王の子が即位した(後堀河天皇)。
- The reigning Emperor, Chukyo (note however that the titles Kujo the Deposed Emperor and Chukyo did not come into use until the Meiji period), was deposed, and the son of Imperial Prince Morisada was raised to the throne (as Emperor Gohorikawa).
- 乱後、幕府軍の総大将の泰時、時房らは京の六波羅に滞在し、朝廷の監視や西国武士の統率を行う。
- After the rebellion, Yasutoki, Tokifusa, and the other high commanders of the shogunal army stayed at Rokuhara in the capital, keeping watch over the Imperial Court and assuming command of the warriors from the western provinces.
- 後醍醐天皇が政治理念を標榜した言葉として『梅松論』にある「現在の例もかつては新義であった。
- Emperor Godaigo's conception of politics is encapsulated best by his speech, recorded in the 'Baishoron' (a war chronicle of the Nanboku period): 'Even the examples and precedents of today were once new principles.
- 今井町の西口にあることから郡山城主徳川家康の孫松平忠明にすすめられて以後今西姓を名乗った。
- As the family settled in the western ('nishi' in Japanese) end of Imai Town, it followed the advice of Tadaakira MATSUDAIRA, the lord of Koriyama Castle and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's grandson, and used 'Imanishi' as a family name.
- 1336年後醍醐天皇は神器を持って京都を逃れ、吉野山に別の朝廷(南朝 (日本))を置いた。
- In 1336, the Emperor Godaigo fled from Kyoto with sacred imperial treasures to Mt. Yoshino where he built another imperial court (Southern Court).
- この後、清良は那智・新宮を巡拝し、先祖の故地である木本土居を訪ね、伊勢神宮に向かっている。
- Then Kiyoyoshi made a round of pilgrimages to Nachi-taisha Shrine of Kumano Sanzan and Shingu Shrine, visited ancestors' former territory Kimotodoi, and went to Ise-jingu Shrine.
- 首謀というより、変に賛同、支援ないし、事後に僧侶として生存していた光秀を匿ったというもの。
- Such views do no advocate that Ieyasu was the ringleader, but he agreed or supported the plot and, after the event, sheltered Mitsuhide, who had lived as a priest.
- 寛徳の荘園整理令 1045年(寛徳2)後冷泉天皇 前任の国司の在任中に立てた荘園だけ停止。
- Kantoku-no Shoen Seiri-rei 1045 Emperor Goreizei Suspended only the manors that were established while the previous kokushi held office.
- 京と鎌倉は足利方に奪還され、北朝は神器と治天が不在であったが後光厳の践祚により再建される。
- Kyoto and Kamakura returned to the Ashikaga side, and although the Sacred Treasures and Chiten (ruling emperor) were absent, the Northern Court was re-established by the ascension of Gokogen.
- 1542年(天文11年)に京都帰還を許す再勅許が下り、後に日蓮宗寺院15本山が再建された。
- In 1542, an imperial sanction allowed them to return to Kyoto, and later, the 15 head temples of Nichiren sect were rebuilt.
- 後者は法律関連の書籍の発刊が厳しく禁じられた当時に吉宗の特例の許可によって販売が許された。
- The latter received special sales permission by Yoshimune at a time when publication of legal books was strictly prohibited.
- 以後の日本は明治政府が統治を行い、大名は華族、他の武士は士族とされ、武家は消滅していった。
- After that, the Meiji Government held sovereignty, and accordingly, daimyo and other samurai were ranked as peerage and warrior class respectively, and samurai families disappeared.
- 一時後醍醐帝と和解し持明院統の光明天皇を擁立(北朝 (日本))して征夷大将軍に任ぜられた。
- He came to a temporary understanding with Emperor Godaigo, where he supported and protected Emperor Komyo of the Jimyoin-line (the Northern Court) and thus was appointed seii taishogun.
- 明徳3年(1392年)、南朝の後亀山天皇との和睦が成立し、神器は返還され南北朝合体が実現。
- In 1392, peace was established with Emperor Gokameyama of the Southern Court and with the return of the Sacred Treasures, the Northern and Southern Courts were integrated.
- 寛平の治(かんぴょうのち)は、平安時代中期(9世紀後期)の宇多天皇の治世を理想視した呼称。
- Kanpyo no chi is the name of the rule by Emperor Uda in the mid-Heian Period (late 9th century) which was largely regarded as ideal.
- 冷泉流皇統から天皇が即位することはなくなったが、その血統は女系を通じて後年に影響を残した。
- There were no further Emperors made from the Reizei's Imperial line, but the blood line continued through the maternal side of the family and affected the family in later years.
- その後、ジャービルの子孫とサリームの子孫がほぼ交互に首長の位につくことが慣行となってきた。
- Later, it became tradition to alternate the post of Emir between the descendants of Jabir and the descendants of Salim.
- 協議の場で後宇多は花園が皇太子尊治に譲位すること、次の皇太子には邦良を立てることを求めた。
- At the discussion, Gouda demanded that Hanazono abdicate in favor of the Crown Prince Takaharu, and place Kuniyoshi as the next Crown Prince.
- このような後醍醐の感情は、政務を掌握してからのきわめて精力的な政策展開にも表現されている。
- Such feelings of Godaigo are expressed on how extensively he developed his policies after starting to take up governmental affairs.
- 丹後国(たんごのくに)は、かつて日本の地方行政区分だった令制国の一つで、山陰道に位置する。
- Tango Province, located in Sanin-do, was one of the provinces administered by the Ryo-sei (administrative codes).
- 中世には足利氏の一族である一色氏が入封、一時期を除いて室町時代を通じて丹後一国を支配した。
- In the middle ages, the Isshiki clan (a branch of the Ashikaga clan) entered the territory, after which they governed the entire Tango Province throughout almost all of the Muromachi period.
- この戦いに敗れた北朝方は大宰府に逃れ、九州はこの後10年ほど南朝の支配下に入ることとなった。
- The Northern Court forces were defeated and fled to Dazaifu, and for about the next ten years, Kyushu passed under the control of the Southern Court.
- また後藤基清、佐々木経高、河野通信、大江親広ら御家人を含む京方の武士が多数粛清、追放された。
- Furthermore, a great many samurai and gokenin of the capital faction, including Motokiyo GOTO, Tsunetaka SASAKI, Michinobu KONO, and Chikahiro OE, were purged from rank and position and exiled.
- 長慶は晴元の後任に傀儡の管領を立ててその職権を奪い、相伴衆の一員として幕政の全権を掌握した。
- Chokei raised another puppet up to be Harumoto's successor as Kanrei, meanwhile usurping the Kanrei's authority himself, and managed personally to seize the full power and authority of the shogunal government from his position as one of the Shobanshu (Shogunal advisor).
- 鎌倉時代に皇統は後深草系統の持明院統と亀山系統の大覚寺統のふたつに分裂する両統迭立が起こる。
- The Kamakura period saw the Imperial line split into two, the Jimyoin line of Emperor Gofukasa's lineage, and the Daikakuji line of Emperor Kameyama's lineage, and this situation is called 'Ryoto Tetsuritsu.'
- 律令条文の解釈・研究は、701年(大宝元年)に大宝律令が施行された直後からはじめられている。
- The interpretation and research of ritsuryo text began immediately after the Taiho code was enforced in 701.
- しかし、後の延喜の治とともに現実の社会制度の変革に適合せず必ずしも成功したとは言えなかった。
- However, like later Engi no chi, these measures did not fit the change of the real social system, and were hardly successful.
- これにより「日本は神国」との意識が生まれ、後世の歴史意識に深く刻み込まれていくこととなった。
- It was these victories that first gave rise to the belief that 'Japan is a divine country,' a conviction that was to leave a deep, indelible mark on the historical consciousness of later generations.
- 伏見は花園の譲位は受け入れたが、皇太子には後伏見の第1皇子量仁(5歳)を立てることを求めた。
- Fushimi accepted the abdication of Hanazono, but wanted Gofushimi's first son Kazuhito (aged 5) as the next Crown Prince.
- このため、以後の摂政・関白の任命には上皇(法皇)の意向を無視する事が不可能になってしまった。
- Because of this, after that it became impossible to ignore the wishes of the Retired Emperor (Cloistered Emperor) when appointing someone as regent or chancellor.
- 以仁王敗死の直後から、以仁王への同調者らによって令旨が各地に雌伏する河内源氏へと伝達された。
- Immediately after the death of Prince Mochihito, his sympathizers passed on his call to Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) members lying in wait across the country.
- だが、南朝の後胤を擁する後南朝勢力は室町時代を通じて出現し、反幕府勢力とも関係して活動する。
- However, Gonancho forces that supported descendants of the Southern Court appeared throughout the Muromachi period and associated with anti-bakufu forces.
- また、持明院統もまた、邦良親王の即位後に光厳天皇を皇太子にする事を条件にこの動きを支持した。
- The Jimyoin line also supported this movement on the condition that Emperor Kogon became Crown Prince after Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi ascended to the throne.
- 清盛が狙いをつけたのは院近臣の中核である西光・成親で、後白河には手を下さず福原に引き上げた。
- Kiyomori targeted the core aides of the cloistered government, Saiko and Narichika, and did not penalize Goshirakawa, instead sending him to Fukuhara.
- 座主配流に反発する大衆が明雲の身柄を奪回したため、後白河は平清盛を呼び出し山門攻撃を命じた。
- Since the monks rebelled against the exile of their chief and rescued him, Goshirakawa ordered TAIRA no Kiyomori to attack the Sanmon.
- 畠山勢に代って山名時熈の軍勢500余騎が攻め寄せ、城内からは杉豊後ら500余騎が出撃して戦う。
- Tokihiro YAMANA's 500-man force replaced the Hatakeyama army and pressed the attack, while Bungo Nyudo SUGI and others led a sortie out from the castle to meet them in battle with 500 men.
- 天皇は天保山で軍艦を観覧するなどして、40日余りの大坂滞在の後、同年閏4月8日京都に還幸した。
- The emperor viewed the war vessels from Mt. Tenpo and after being in Osaka no less than 40 days went back home on April 8.
- さらに、1923年(大正12年)、皇太子(後の昭和天皇)成婚を記念して5千本の梅が植林された。
- Furthermore in 1923, five thousand plum trees were planted to celebrate the marriage of the Crown Prince (later the Emperor Showa).
- 平安時代後期には源氏嵯峨源氏の源綱(渡辺綱)がこの地に住んで渡辺を名字とし、渡辺氏を起こした。
- In the late Heian period, MINAMOTO no Tsuna (WATANABE no Tsuna) of Saga-Genji, the Minamoto clan, lived there and started the Watanabe clan by changing his family name to Watanabe.
- 山号を勝宝山と称する(ただし、奈良時代の寺院には山号はなく、後になって付けられたものである)。
- Its sango (the name of a group of Buddhist temples to which the temple belongs) is Shohozan (In the Nara period, temples did not have sango and its sango was given later.).
- 中世以後堅田荘には「堅田三方」(後に1つ増加して「堅田四方」となる)3つの惣組織が形成された。
- After the Middle Ages on, in Katata Sho (manor), three So-soshiki (autonomous organizations of a village) called 'Katata Sanpo' (later, 'Katata Shiho' because of another organization's joinig), were formed.
- しかし、それから僅か10年後の794年、桓武天皇は改めて山背国北部に遷都し、平安京が成立した。
- However, in 794, only 10 years after that, Emperor Kanmu relocated the capital to the north of Yamashiro Province, and Heian-kyo was established.
- だが、堀越公方も政知の死後に今川氏重臣・伊勢盛時(北条早雲)によって倒されて、失敗に終わった。
- However, Horikoshi-kubo was also defeated after Masatomo's death by Moritoki ISE (Soun HOJO), a major vassal of the Imagawa clan, and this ended in failure.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)、後醍醐天皇らが鎌倉幕府を滅ぼして建武の新政を開始し、武家政権は中断する。
- In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Emperor Godaigo and his people destroyed the Kamakura bakufu and started the Kenmu Restoration, and thus the military government was discontinued.
- 京都に駐留していた範頼・義経軍は、後白河上皇による寿永三年宣旨を獲得して京都から福原へ向かう。
- Noriyori and Yoshitsune's troops who were staying at Kyoto obtained the Imperial Order issued in 1184 by the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa and headed from Kyoto to Fukuhara.
- 一味は三種の神器の剣と神爾を奪い、後醍醐天皇の先例を模して比叡山に逃れ、根本中堂に立て篭もる。
- The group stole the sword and shinji (jewels) of the Three Sacred Treasures, and following the precedence of Emperor Godaigo, they escaped to Mt. Hiei and sealed themselves in the Konponchudo (the main hall of Hieizan Enryaku-ji Temple).
- 義政から廃嫡され賊軍扱いされた政長は勝元に援軍を求めたが、勝元は後日の反撃を期してこれを断った。
- Deprived of heirship and condemned as a rebel by Yoshimasa, Masanaga sought for support by Katsumoto, but Katsumoto refused the request in expectation of a counter-offensive at a later opportunity.
- 北畠満雅は再び小倉宮聖承(後亀山の皇子恒敦の王子)を担いで伊勢国で挙兵、幕府軍と戦って敗死した。
- Once again, Mitsumasa KITABATAKE, who was supporting Prince Oguranomiya Seisho (the son of Tsuneatsu, himself Gokameyama's son and Imperial Prince), raised an army in Ise Province, but he was defeated in a battle with shogunal forces and died.
- 鎌倉時代後期には、鎌倉幕府は北条氏得宗家による執政体制にあり、内管領の長崎氏が勢力を持っていた。
- In the latter days of the Kamakura period, the government of the Kamakura bakufu was controlled in all but name by the tokuso (head) of the Hojo family; the naikanrei (inner administrator) Nagasaki clan held power at that time.
- 後醍醐天皇は比叡山へ逃れるが、奥州から下向した北畠顕家や義貞らが合流して一旦は足利軍を駆逐する。
- Emperor Godaigo fled to Mt. Hiei, but in the interim the armies of Akiie KITABATAKE, who had marched down from the north, and Yoshisada joined forces temporarily and, combined, were able to drive the Ashikaga army from the capital.
- これらの天皇は退位後も「天皇家の家父長」として若い天皇を後見するとして国政に関与する事があった。
- Such an Emperor would occasionally participate in governing the nation even after abdication, on the grounds that he, as 'the head of the Imperial Family,' was overseeing the young Emperor.
- 特に、豊臣家が全国支配を担った後半を桃山時代といい、この時代を中心に栄えた文化を桃山文化と呼ぶ。
- Particularly, the latter half of this period, when the Toyotomi family tried to control the entire country, is referred to as the Momoyama period, and the culture that flourished in this age is called the Momoyama culture.
- 平安京は後世においては音読みの「へいあんきょう」と読むが、当初は「たいらのみやこ」と訓読みした。
- Heian-kyo was pronounced as 'Heian-kyo' in On-yomi (Chinese readings) by later generations, but it was originally pronounced as 'Taira no Miyako' in Kun-yomi (Japanese readings).
- 古河公方も小弓公方との分裂を経て、盛時の子孫である後北条氏によって傀儡化させられていくのである。
- Also, Koga-kubo, after splitting off Oyumi-kubo (小弓公方), was made a puppet of the Go-Hojo clan, who were descendants of Moritoki.
- 保元の荘園整理令 1156年(保元元)後白河天皇 荘園で使役できる農民の数を制限、「保元新制」。
- Hogen-no Shoen Seiri-rei 1156 Emperor Goshirakawa Restricted the number of farmers that can be used on manors ('Hogen new administration').
- 1368年(正平23年/応安元年)には後村上天皇が住吉行宮で死去し、同地にて長慶天皇が即位する。
- In 1368, Emperor Gomurakami died at the Sumiyoshi Angu and Emperor Chokei ascended the throne at the Angu.
- 一方、後者は、治承三年の政変の際に平氏勢力が従来の国家機構の支配権を掌握したことを重視している。
- On the other hand, the second hypothesis emphasizes the fact that the Taira forces grabbed hold of the control of conventional national organizations upon the coup d'etat in 1179.
- 後白河は福原を訪れて平氏との関係修復を模索するが、ここに突然、新たな要素として延暦寺が登場する。
- Goshirakawa visited Fukuhara to try to find ways to recover the relationship with the Taira clan, but suddenly the Enryaku-ji Temple became a new player in the game.
- 保元3年(1158年)8月に後白河院庁が開設されると、信頼は院の軍馬を管理する厩別当に就任する。
- When Goshirakawa opened his Office of Retired Government (In no Cho) in August, 1158, he appointed Nobuyori the Commander of his Imperial Stables, in charge of all Goshirakawa's own horses.
- 後白河の近臣としては他にも、藤原成親(藤原家成の三男)や源師仲が加わり院政派の陣容も整えられた。
- Goshirakawa's other close vassals included FUJIWARA no Narichika (FUJIWARA no Ienari's third son) and MINAMOTO no Moronaka, who joined the Insei (cloister government) faction and began making military preparations.
- 7世紀に令制国として丹波国が成立したときは、丹波郡(後の中郡)がその中心地であったと考えられる。
- Tanba-gun (later Naka-gun) is believed to have been the center of the kingdom when, in the seventh century, Tamba Province was established as one of the provinces administered by the Ryo-sei.
- 摂関家でも関白藤原忠通と左大臣藤原頼長の兄弟が争い、忠通は後白河天皇に、頼長は崇徳上皇に接近した。
- In the family of the regent of the Emperor there was a fight between the chief adviser to the Emperor, FUJIWARA no Tadamichi, and the minister of the left, FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, who were brothers, and then Tadamichi and Yorinaga each approached Emperor Goshirakawa and retired Emperor Sutoku.
- 元治元年6月5日 (旧暦) 池田屋事件 安藤早太郎、新田革左衛門ら負傷し1ヵ月後死亡、奥沢栄助戦死
- June 5, 1864, in the Ikedaya Incident Sotaro ANDO, Kakuzaemon NITTA and others were injured and died 1month later, and Eisuke OKUSAWA died in action.
- 蓮如は全人衆からの強い支持を受けて後に「堅田門徒」と称せられるほどの勢力をこの地に築く事になった。
- Rennyo, supported by Zenjin-shu, became so influential that he built a power called 'Katada-monto' (followers).
- 小辺路の最後の峠である果無峠へは、かつて渡しや宿場があった柳本(やぎもと)の集落近くからとり付く。
- The road goes through near the village of Yagimoto which once had ferries and inns, and leads to the last pass on Kohechi, Hatenashi Pass.
- 11世紀中後期から12世紀初期にかけて成立し、院政期を通じて発展し、鎌倉時代前後に最盛期を迎えた。
- The Shoen-Koryo system was established in the mid to late 11th century and continued through until the early 12th century, so it was developed through the period of the Cloister government, and peaked around the Kamakura period.
- 後醍醐は、京都に帰還するよりも早く命令を発して、元弘の変以後の朝廷の政治的行為をすべて取り消した。
- Godaigo issued orders before his return to Kyoto and erased all political actions by the Imperial Court after the Genko Incident.
- 川島勝司 (新撰組)……1866年、除隊後に新選組だと名乗り、金銭を騙し取った末、切腹させられる。
- Katsuji KAWASHIMA (Shinsengumi): In 1866, calling himself a member of Shinsengumi even after he was discharged from the group, he stole money and was forced to commit seppuku
- このころ後深草も後嵯峨は亀山を後継者に指名してはいない旨を幕府に申し入れるなどの工作を行っている。
- Around this time, Gofukakusa schemed, lodging a complaint to the bakufu that Gosaga did not name Kameyama as his heir.
- だが「皇位についていない人間に皇号を贈る例」は後高倉院や後崇光院という先例がちゃんと存在している。
- However, 'a case for giving an imperial title to a person who had not ascended to the imperial throne' existed before this one, such as Gotakakurain or Gosukoin.
- 信西が自害した14日、内裏に二条天皇・後白河上皇を確保して政権を掌握した信頼は、臨時除目を行った。
- By January 31, when Shinzei committed suicide, Nobuyori, having secured the persons of both Emperor Nijo and Retired Emperor Goshirakawa inside the palace and seized political power, next convened a Rinji jimoku (special promotions session).
- 義朝と行動を共にした源重成・季実も滅亡の運命を辿り、ここに後白河院政派は事実上壊滅することになる。
- Orders to eliminate MINAMOTO no Shigenari and Hidezane, who had acted in tandem with Yoshitomo, followed in due course, and with their deaths, the Goshirakawa Insei faction had effectively been destroyed.
- このとき、弓箭隊の郷士の息子である中川小十郎(後の立命館大学の創立者)が西園寺と出会うことになる。
- At that time, Kojuro NAKAGAWA, who was the son of a Yumiya-tai member and later established Ritsumeikan University, met Saionji.
- 1600年の関ヶ原の戦いでは家康の命を受けて大和の豪族の調略に従事し、西軍の後方攪乱作戦も務めた。
- In the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, by the order of Ieyasu, he played an important role using especially his brain to suppress local governors of Yamato Province and to disturb the logistic support of the Western Army.
- 清氏失脚後には斯波高経、斯波義将親子が政権を持つが、佐々木道誉との対立などから貞治の政変で失脚する。
- After Kiyouji was overthrown, the reins of political power were held by a father-son pair, Takatsune and Yoshimasa SHIBA, but they clashed with Doyo SASAKI, and were themselves driven from power during the Joji coup.
- 元弘の変で後醍醐天皇は捕らわれて隠岐島に配流され、鎌倉幕府に擁立された持明院統の光厳天皇が即位した。
- But in the aftermath of the Genko Disturbance, Emperor Godaigo was taken captive and exiled to the island of Oki, and the Jimyoin lineage, which had the backing of the Kamakura bakufu, was able to raise their candidate, Kogon, to the throne.
- 後に保元3年(1158年)には所有権が石清水八幡宮の別当寺である護国寺に移っていることが確認できる。
- It has been established that, later in 1158, the ownership had been transferred to Gokoku-ji Temple, which was a bettoji (a temple attached to a shrine) of Iwashimizu-hachimangu Shrine.
- 甲州勝沼の戦いの後、江戸に戻ったが、方針の相違から永倉新八、原田左之助らは分離して靖兵隊を結成した。
- They returned to Edo after the Battle of Koshu-Katsunuma, but due to policy differences, Shinpachi NAGAKURA, Sanosuke HARADA and others separated to form Seihei-tai.
- 西日本旅客鉄道桜井線・近畿日本鉄道天理線 - 天理駅から奈良交通バスで上滝本バス停下車後、徒歩5分。
- West Japan Railway Sakurai Line/Kintetsu Railway Tenri Line: Get off at Tenri Station, take a Nara Kotsu Bus, and after alighting from the bus at Kamitakimoto Bus Stop, walk five minutes.
- 吉野山が現在のような桜のイメージで知られるようになったのは、平安時代後期あたりからと考えられている。
- It is thought it was in the late Heian period that Mt. Yoshino came to be known, as it is today, for the image of cherry blossoms.
- 温泉として開発が行われたのは1987年で、同年にボーリングを行って源泉開発した後、温泉施設ができた。
- Development of hot springs in this area had started in 1987, and after the source of hot spring was developed by boring, hot spring facilities were built.
- 光秀軍は最後の手段で隣接の近衛前久邸の屋根から丸見えの二条御所を銃矢でねらい打ち、側近を殆ど倒した。
- As a last resort, Mitsuhide's troop shot the Nijo Gosho with guns and bows and arrows from the roof of neighboring Sakihisa KONOE's mansion from which they could see the inside of the Nijo Gosho very well and killed almost all of attendants.
- 中川・高山両隊は早くも崩れかけ、秀吉は自隊から堀秀政隊を中川・高山両隊の後詰に向かわせ崩壊を防いだ。
- Nakagawa's and Takayama's corps had already begun to break down, and Hideyoshi sent out from his own troops Hidemasa HORI's corps to back up Nakagawa's and Takayama's to prevent their collapse.
- 3年前の嘉吉の変以後その政治的影響力が減退していた幕府はこれに屈して北野麹座の独占権の廃止を認めた。
- The bakufu, whose political influence had weakened after the Kakitsu Incident three years before, gave in to Enryaku-ji Temple, and allowed the abolition of the monopoly on Kitano koji za.
- 退位後は一皇族の地位に降り、後任の天皇となる大伴(淳和天皇)に全権力を委ねることを表明したのである。
- After his abdication, he returned to his status as one of the Imperial family members, and publicly announced that he left all power to the coming Emperor Otomo (Emperor Junna).
- 後深草はこれを見届けると正応3年(1290年)に出家(48歳)し、治天の政務も伏見に譲って引退した。
- After witnessing this, Gofukakusa retired and became a priest in 1290 (aged 48), also yielding the job of Chiten to Fushimi.
- ここに、信西一門・二条親政派・後白河院政派・平氏一門というグループがそれぞれ形成されることになった。
- By this point, four distinct groups had taken shape: Shinzei's branch of the Fujiwara clan, the Nijo faction, Goshirakawa's Insei faction, and the Taira clan.
- その後、頼朝は巨大となった武士団を統率するため侍所を新設し、和田義盛を別当、梶原景時を所司に任じる。
- Later, Yoritomo newly established the Samurai-dokoro (station for Samurai) to manage the large numbers in the Bushi Group and named Yoshimori WADA as Betto (chief of the Samurai-dokoro) and Kagetoki KAJIWARA as Shoshi (deputy of the Samurai-dokoro).
- 相前後して、高松院(しゅ子内親王)・六条天皇・九条院(藤原呈子)が亡くなり、政界はにわかに動揺する。
- Around the same time, Takamatsuin (Imperial Princess Shushi), Emperor Rokujo and Kujyoin (FUJIWARA no Shimeko) died and the political scene fell into turmoil.
- 中丹(ちゅうたん:丹波と丹後にまたがる地域)福知山市・綾部市・舞鶴市(旧天田郡・旧何鹿郡・旧加佐郡)
- Chutan (the area extends over Tanba and Tango), Fukuchiyama city, Ayabe city and Maizuru city (the former Amada, Ikaruga and Kasa Districts.)
- 古墳時代には竹野川流域を中心に繁栄しており、独自の王国が存在したとする説もある(丹後王国論を参照)。
- Some believe that during the Kofun period the province prospered along the Takeno-gawa River and had its own kingdom (see also 'Tango Kingdom Hypothesis').
- 「其時神君後ろへ倒れ玉はんとし、上手なり向後師たるべしとの上意の上、景則の刀を賜ひて誓詞を辱くす。」
- 'At that moment, Jinkun (Ieyasu) was almost falling flat on his back; after returned to his seat and sat up straight against Ko (Munetoshi), he requested Ko to become his teacher and gave Ko the sword made by Kagenori to exchange promises.'
- 重継の子江戸重長は初め頼朝と対立して頼朝方の三浦氏を伐ったが、後に和解して鎌倉幕府の御家人となった。
- In the beginning, Shigetsugu's son Shigenaga EDO, opposed to Yoritomo, killed a Miura clan member on the Yoritomo side, but after they made peace, he became a shogunal retainer of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 義経は建礼門院と守貞親王それに捕虜を連れて京へ戻り、範頼は九州に残って戦後の仕置きを行うことになった。
- Yoshitsune returned to the capital accompanied by Tokuko and Imperial Prince Morisada as prisoners of war, while Noriyori remained in Kyushu, meting out postwar punishments.
- この説は、終戦直後から高柳光壽などが指摘し、少なくとも高柳やその支持派が長く唱えている説のようである。
- This view was insisted by Mitsutoshi TAKAYANAGI etc. immediately after the War and Takayanagi and his supporters have been advocating for a long time.
- 1423年に実子の足利義量に将軍職を譲るが義量が早世し、さらに義持自身も後継者を決めないまま死去する。
- In 1423, he handed the position of Shogun over to his own child Yoshikazu ASHIKAGA, but Yoshikazu died young, and Yoshimochi himself died before he was able to choose a successor.
- 後の1412年(応永19年)には後小松皇子の称光天皇が即位しており、両統迭立の条件は反故にされている。
- Later, in 1412, Gokomatsu's son, Emperor Shoko ascended the throne and the conditions for Ryoto Tetsuritsu were broken.
- 今後、クウェートの首長位はジャービル系が独占し、サリーム系は凋落の道をたどるであろうと予測されている。
- In the future, the post of Chief is expected to be monopolized by the Jabir line and it is predicted that the Salim line will decline.
- 京都を制圧した幕府は、本人不在のまますぐに後醍醐を廃位し、皇太子量仁(19歳、光厳天皇)を践祚させた。
- The bakufu controlled Kyoto and immediately deposed Godaigo in absentia and Crown Prince Kazuhito (aged 19, Emperor Kogon) ascended the throne.
- 直後に相手が浪士ではなく土佐藩士麻田時太郎(時次郎、とする説もある)と判明したため、その場で解放した。
- Soon after, the samurai was found to be Tokitaro ASADA (Tokijiro, in another opinion), a retainer of Tosa clan, and not a masterless samurai; therefore, he was released on the spot.
- 吉野朝廷(南朝)の復興を唱える後南朝とされる勢力が御所に乱入し、三種の神器の一部を奪い比叡山へ逃れた。
- Forces thought to be belonging to Gonancho (Second Southern Court), a movement calling for the restoration of the Yoshino Imperial Court (Nancho, the Southern Court), invaded the Imperial Palace, stole some of the Three Sacred Treasures and escaped to Mt. Hiei.
- 当然、後醍醐天皇は邦良親王や持明院統、そしてこのような皇位継承を決めた鎌倉幕府に対して激しく反発した。
- Naturally, Emperor Godaigo strenuously rebelled against Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi, the Jimyoin line and the Kamakura bakufu which decided on such a succession.
- 天皇・上皇の脱出を知った後白河院政派は激しく動揺し、義朝は信頼を「日本第一の不覚人」と罵倒したという。
- Members of the Goshirakawa Insei faction were greatly stunned to learn of the escape of the Emperor and Retired Emperor, and Yoshitomo is said to have lambasted Nobuyori as 'the biggest fool in all Japan.'
- 第二次世界大戦後も南朝が正統とされているが、歴史の実態に合わせて再び「南北朝時代」の用語が主流になった。
- The Southern Court was still officially considered the legitimate Imperial Court after the Second World War, but in harmony with the historical reality, the term 'Nanbokucho period' once again came into widespread use.
- The Southern Court is still considered to be legitimate after World War II, but the term 'Nanbokucho period' entered the mainstream again based on the actual situation of history.
- しかし、『吾妻鏡』によれば、阿波重能は合戦後の捕虜に含まれており、このような内応は実際はなかったようだ。
- But according to the 'Azuma kagami,' Shigenori AWA numbered among the prisoners of war in the battle, and nothing at all is mentioned of any treachery by him.
- 後鳥羽上皇は自ら武装して比叡山に登り、僧兵の協力を求めるが、上皇の寺社抑制策が禍して比叡山はこれを拒絶。
- The retired Emperor Gotoba personally girded on weapons and armor and climbed Mt. Hiei, seeking the military support of the sohei (warrior monks), but his plan to rein in the temples and shrines had not gone over well at all with the monks of Mt. Hiei, who refused to join forces with him.
- これ以後1392年までが南北朝時代で、吉野朝廷には後村上天皇・長慶天皇・後亀山天皇の南朝側天皇が続いた。
- This is the beginning of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts which lasted until 1392, and in the Yoshino Court, Emperor Gomurakami, Emperor Chokei, and Emperor Gokameyama from the Southern Court side took power in sequence.
- 『三熊野参詣道中日記』から10年後にあたる宝暦8年(1758年)付で、3名の木地師の名が記録されている。
- It recorded three kiji-shi's names in the article of 1758, 10 years after 'San-Kumano Sankei Dochu Nikki' (the Diary on the Way to the Three Shrines of Kumano).
- これに対して後白河は近衛天皇急死により突然皇位を継いだこともあり、頼れるのは信西のみで状況は不利だった。
- But Goshirakawa himself had hastily been raised to the throne upon the sudden death of Emperor Konoe, so he was at a distinct disadvantage against the Nijo faction, and the only one he could rely upon was Shinzei.
- 鷹取は応天門の前から善男と中庸、雑色の豊清の3人が走り去ったのを見て、その直後に門が炎上したと申し出た。
- Takatori claimed that he saw Yoshio, Nakatsune, and Toyokiyo, the Zoshiki (low-level functionary) run away from the front of the Otenmon gate, which went up in flames directly after.
- 後醍醐天皇は父である後宇多天皇に代り1324年から親政を開始し、記録荘園券契所の再興などの政治を始める。
- Emperor Godaigo started direct governance in 1324 in the stead of his father, Emperor Gouda, and started policies such as re-establishing the Office for the Investigation of Estate Documents (Kiroku Shoen Kenkeijo).
- ただし、戦後の雄琴温泉は歓楽温泉として発展したことで、雄琴の集客において一役買っていたことも事実である。
- However, in fact, the red-light area played a part in attracting guests for Ogoto Onsen, which developed as a hot springs resort with red-light areas, after the war.
- 明治維新後、歴代中公卿を6名輩出した実績を根拠に華族への取立てを請願するも、明治政府より却下されている。
- Once six members of the KOTOKUI family achieved the status of the Kugyo (a court noble), they petitioned for the status of peerage after the Meiji Restoration; however, their petition was denied by the Meiji government
- 義政は畠山の私闘への関わりを禁じるが、宗全は後土御門天皇や後花園上皇らを室町亭に避難させ、義就に加勢する。
- Yoshimasa forbade involvement in the personal strife within the Hatakeyama family, but Sozen arranged for keeping Emperor Gotsuchimikado and the Retired Emperor Gohanazono sheltered in Muromachi-dai, and gave support to Yoshinari.
- 堅田船の船団の支配権を手に入れ、次いで2年後には殿原衆と結んで全人衆と真宗寺院を攻撃してこれを屈服させた。
- Nobunaga took control of Katata fleet and two years later, together with Tonobara-shu, attacked Zenjin-shu and temples of the Shinshu sect and made them surrender.
- 布留川の上流に位置しており、古今和歌集において後嵯峨天皇や僧正遍照が「布留の滝」と詠んだ滝と言われている。
- The falls is located upstream of the Furu-kawa River and is believed to be the one that Emperor Gosaga and Sojo Henjo referred to as 'the falls of Furu' in their poems found in 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry).
- バブル崩壊の1990年代から観光客が減少、生き残りを図るため1990年代後半から各旅館が改装に乗りだした。
- After the collapse of the '90s bubble, the number of the tourists visiting Ogoto had declined, and the owners of the accommodations started to renovate the buildings to survive from the late 1990s.
- その後、家康は信長の死により空白地帯となった信濃国・甲斐国を占領し、武田家の最盛期を超える大大名となった。
- After that, Ieyasu occupied Shinano Province and Kai Province, which became vacant because of Nobunaga's death and became a very big daimyo (feudal load) surpassing the Takeda family in their height of prosperity.
- 4日に堀尾吉晴・蜂須賀正勝を立会人にして宗治の自刃の検分を行い、後始末の後に5日から6日にかけて撤兵した。
- On June 4, Muneharu's jijin was confirmed by Yoshiharu HORIO and Masakatsu HACHISUKA as eye witnesses, and Hideyoshi withdrew his forces from June 5 to 6 after settling the aftermath.
- 11月、起死回生をはかった義仲は院御所の法住寺殿を攻撃、後白河法皇を幽閉して政権を掌握した(法住寺合戦)。
- In November, Yoshinaka makes another attack on the Hoju-ji Temple Palace, the residence of the retired Emperor, and confines the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa to gain power (the Battle of Hoju-ji Temple)
- 同年2月、義経は阿波勝浦へ上陸後、在地武士を味方に引き入れて陸路屋島の平氏本陣を攻め落した(屋島の戦い)。
- In February, Yoshitsune landed at Kastuura in Awa Province and drew the local bushi to his side and defeated the Taira clan stronghold at Yashima (the Battle of Yashima).
- このような中で延暦寺への恨みを抱く西光は後白河に、天台座主・明雲が強訴の張本人であり処罰することを訴えた。
- In this situation, Saiko, who had a deep resentment towards Enryaku-ji Temple, demanded that Tendai Zasu (Chief Tendai Abbot) Myoun was the leader of the direct petition and asked Goshirakawa to punish him.
- 特に盛子の所領は高倉が相伝することが決まっていたため、高倉・清盛側と後白河側の対立は悪化の一途をたどった。
- The conflict between Takakura and Kiyomori's side with Goshirakawa's side worsened especially because Moriko's property was to be inherited by Takakura.
- 亀山はしばらく在位のまま政務を執り、文永11年(1274年)には皇太子世仁(8歳、後宇多天皇)に譲位した。
- Kameyama attended to government affairs for a short period as Emperor and then abdicated the throne in 1274 to Crown Prince Yohito (aged 8, Emperor Gouda).
- 邦良の未亡人である禖子(後宇多の皇女)を大覚寺統の家長に擬して、彼女に次期皇太子の推薦を要請したのである。
- He asked the widow of Kuniyoshi, Baishi (princess of Gouda) to recommend the next Crown Prince as the acting head of the Daikakuji line.
- 後三条天皇は、天皇の威信と律令の復興を意図する政策を次々と打ち出し、次代の白河天皇もその政策を引き継いだ。
- Emperor Gosanjo came out with one policy after another intended to revive the emperor's prestige and the ritsuryo system (a legal system introduced from the Tang dynasty in China), and the following Emperor Shirakawa also continued these policies.
- 結局、後光厳の系統は称光の代で途絶え、次の後花園天皇(崇光の曾孫)以降、皇位は崇光系が受け継ぐこととなった。
- As a result, the Gokogon line ended with Shoko and the next Emperor Gohanazono (Suko's great-grandson), continued on under the Suko line.
- その後は防衛戦を行い、ほぼ領土を守っていたものの、他の同盟藩が脱落したこともあり9月24日に開城し恭順した。
- The Shonai Domain fought a defensive war afterwards and protected most of its own territory, but on November 8, partly due to the defection of allied domains from the alliance, the domain surrendered its castle.
- 鎌倉政権は頼朝の弟源範頼に3万騎を率いさせて山陽道を進軍して九州に渡り平氏軍の背後を遮断する作戦を実行する。
- The political administration at Kamakura chose Yoritomo's younger brother MINAMOTO no Noriyori to lead 30,000 riders and advance along the Sanyodo Road, cross over into Kyushu, and adopt the strategy of blockading the Taira clan's army from the rear.
- 親幕派で後鳥羽上皇に拘束されていた西園寺公経が内大臣に任じられ、幕府の意向を受けて朝廷を主導することになる。
- Kintsune SAIONJI, who belonged to the faction friendly to the shogunate and whose movements were restricted due to his opposition to the retired Emperor Gotoba's plan, was raised to the position of Minister of the Interior, and as someone who would accept the will of the shogunate, he became the de facto leader of the court.
- 延久4年(1072年)に後三条天皇は第一皇子貞仁親王(白河天皇)へ生前譲位したが、その直後に病没してしまう。
- In 1072, Emperor Gosanjo abdicated in favor of his first son, Imperial Prince Sadahito (Emperor Shirakawa), but died immediately thereafter of an illness.
- 後に納銭方は幕府の委託を受けて税収の保管・出納の事務等も任されるようになり、こうした土倉を公方御倉と呼んだ。
- Nosen-kata were later also entrusted with clerical matters such as the safekeeping/bookkeeping of tax income, and such doso were referred to as Kubo-okura (公方御倉).
- 南朝は後醍醐の死後に衰微するが、足利家内部の対立が全国規模に広がる観応の擾乱が起こると南朝は息を吹き返した。
- After Godaigo's death (in 1339) the Southern Court's power and influence waned, but internecine strife within the Ashikaga family led to the Kanno Disturbance, which eventually widened in scope to engulf the entire country, and this brought the Southern Court a reprieve, revitalizing it.
- 内蔵は履中天皇の時代に遡るとも言われ、天皇家の財宝を管理する倉庫で律令施行後も中務省の一機関として存続した。
- The Uchikura is thought to have existed around the period of Emperor Richu as a storage place to manage the Emperor's family's treasures and continued to exist as an institution within the Ministry of Central Affairs even after the Ritsuryo system started.
- そのため、非常に重用され、律令制が機能しなくなって以後も蔵人所の管轄下で一定の存在意義をもって活動していた。
- Therefore, it was extremely important and continued under the Kurodo dokoro (the institution where the Imperial archives were kept) with a certain degree of importance even after the Ritsuryo system stooped functioning.
- 以後、戊辰戦争の舞台は江戸市街での上野戦争や、北陸地方、東北地方での北越戦争、会津戦争、箱館戦争として続く。
- Afterwards, the staging of the Boshin War led to the Ueno War in the urban area of Edo, the Hokuetsu War in the Hokuriku and Tohoku regions, the Aizu War, and then the Hakodate War.
- 現在の建物の東隣に建っている石碑「薩藩九烈士遺蹟志」の碑文(拓本)本文後ろから5行目に「寺田屋遺址」とある。
- The monument 'Satsu Han Kyuresshi Isekishi' (memorial site for nine bushi of the Satsuma domain) built to the west of the current building carries the inscription 'the site of the Teradaya' in the fifth line from the end of the inscription (rubbed copy).
- その後、しばらく伊勢国に滞在した義視は、勝元や義政に説得されて東軍に帰陣するが、再度出奔して比叡山にのぼった。
- After staying for some time in Ise Province, Yoshimi was persuaded by Katsumoto and Yoshimasa into returning to the Eastern camp, but he ran away again and went to Hiei-zan temple.
- 室町時代後期に、浄土真宗称念寺 (橿原市)を中心とする寺内町となり、東西南北の他、新町・今町の6町が成立した。
- In the late Muromachi period, the town evolved into a jinai-cho (a town within the precincts of a temple) around Shonen-ji Temple (Kashihara City) of Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism), and six districts of East, West, South, North, Shinmachi, and Imamachi were established within the town.
- 地形輪廻準平原である大台ヶ原山周辺から流れを発した川が滝を形成し、侵食作用によって滝つぼが後退して形成された。
- A river originated at the periphery of Mt. Odaigahara, which was a peneplane in cycle of erosion, formed a waterfall; then the basin of the waterfall was receded due to erosion and formed the gorge.
- 以後、彼らと近江守護に任ぜられた佐々木氏(信綱の一族)は、堅田とその漁業権・航行権を巡って激しく争う事になる。
- Afterwards, the Sasaki clan (Nobutsuna's clan), appointed as Omi shugo (the Governor of Omi Province), fought severely against them for fishery and navigation rights of Katata.
- 以後、空白地帯となった甲斐・信濃の領土化を目指し、同じく甲斐・信濃の領土化を目指した北条と天正壬午の乱で戦う。
- After that, intending to make now no man's land Kai and Shinano provinces his territories, Tokugawa fought Hojo, also eager to win Kai and Shinano, in Battle of Tenshojingo.
- ただ、この事件が初めから源高明の失脚を目指していたことは明白で、これが藤原氏による最後の他氏排斥事件となった。
- However, this incident clearly aimed at ousting MINAMOTO no Takaakira from the start, and became the last case of ostracism against other clans by the Fujiwara clan.
- 後世の「源平盛衰記」には為平親王を東国に迎えて乱を起こし、帝につけようとしていたと書かれているが信用できない。
- According to the 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira Clans) written years later, MINAMOTO no Takaakira intended to invite Imperial Prince Tamehira to the eastern provinces to start a war and then place Prince Tamehira on the throne, but this is not credible but this is not credible.
- 10月、後白河法皇は鎌倉の源頼朝に東海道・東山道の支配を認める宣旨を下し、頼朝に接近する(寿永二年十月宣旨)。
- In October, Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa sent an imperial letter to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in Kamakura authorizing control over Tokaido and Tosando, and approaches Yoritomo (imperial letter of October, Juei 2).
- 更に民衆による土一揆の発生や後南朝による南朝再興運動など、幕府にとってはかつてない事態に遭遇するようになった。
- Moreover, the bakufu encountered new problems never before seen, including the peasants' uprisings that began to occur and efforts to restore the Southern Court by gonancho (former Southern Court forces).
- 後醍醐天皇は京都を脱出して吉野へ逃れて朝廷を開き、光明天皇に渡した神器は偽物であると主張し、南北朝が成立する。
- The Northern and Southern Courts were established when Emperor Godaigo escaped Kyoto and fled to Yoshino, established a court and claimed that the sacred treasures that he gave to Emperor Komyo were fake.
- 以上のような律令法の特色は、大化改新後の公地公民制に基づく新しい国家組織そのものの必要から生まれたものである。
- The characteristics of ritsuryo law, mentioned above, arose due to a call for a new national organization based upon a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens after the Taika Reformation.
- 南北朝のせいで混乱はしたが、しかし一説に南朝が一時存在したからその後天皇が継続する力になったという指摘がある。
- Although the period of the Northern and Southern Courts was a time of confusion, a theory says that the existence of the Southern Court made it possible for successive Emperors to continue on while possessing authority.
- 現在の金閣は国や京都府の支援、地元経済界などからの浄財により、事件の5年後の1955年に再建されたものである。
- The existing Kinkaku-ji Temple was rebuilt in 1955, 5 years following the case, with assistance extended by the nation and Kyoto Prefecture and donations from local businesses
- 清盛の家系は、代々院に仕えることで勢力を増してきたのであり、清盛も後白河の院司として精力的に貢献を重ねてきた。
- Kiyomori's family line had been followers of the cloistered government for generations and Kiyomori had been diligently contributing to Goshirakawa as his follower.
- 清盛の死後、跡を継いだ宗盛は後白河との融和路線を採り、各地の叛乱も平氏の反撃と養和の大飢饉で小康状態となった。
- After Kiyomori's death, Munemori became the clan head and took a reconciliatory stance with Goshirakawa, and there were less rebellions because of the counterattack by the Taira clan and the great famine of Youwa.
- ながらく続いた後白河と清盛の良好な関係は、安元2年(1176年)の建春門院の死によって大きな変化が生じ始めた。
- The good relationship between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori that had lasted for a while began to change greatly after Kenshunmonin's death in 1176.
- 文久三年(1863年)清河八郎が京へ率いた浪士組が東帰した後も、京(現在の京都府京都市)に残った24名で構成。
- Hachiro KIYOKAWA led a group of roshi (masterless samurai) to Kyoto, and when Kiyokawa 's group returned to Tokyo, 24 members remained in Kyoto to organize Mibu Roshi group in 1863.
- 兼通は自身の子弟を公卿に昇進させてその世襲化を図ったが、息子達を公卿に任じ終えた直後に病死したために挫折した。
- Kanemichi promoted his sons to court nobles and attempted to make their positions hereditary, but failed due to his death from an illness soon after appointing them as court nobles.
- 後者としては、文徳天皇に娘を嫁がせ、その結果清和天皇が誕生し、天皇の外祖父として確固たる政治基盤を築いている。
- As an example of the second method, he married his daughter to Emperor Montoku, and as a result Emperor Seiwa was born, and he built a solid political foundation as the emperor's maternal grandfather.
- 建春門院という仲介者を失ったことで、人事を巡り高倉を擁する平氏と後白河院を擁する院近臣勢力は相争うことになる。
- Losing a mediator in Kenshunmonin, the Taira clan, who supported Takakura, and the group of aides who supported Goshirakawa began to fight over position appointments.
- ※はスルッとKANSAI対応カード(乗り放題カード類含む)が利用可能な会社(*は今後利用可能になる予定の会社)
- 1. KANSAI THRU PASS compatible cards including free passes can be used for payment.
- 新政府軍は長岡城を再奪取、米沢・会津藩兵が守る新潟も陥落したため、8月には越後の全域が新政府軍の支配下に入った。
- The new government's forces recaptured Nagaoka Castle again, and with the fall of Niigata which had protected the Yonezawa and Aizu Domains, they placed the entire area of Echigo under control.
- 旧幕府陣営では王政復古後の新政府による、徳川慶喜に対する辞官納地の決議により薩摩藩に対しての反発が強まっていた。
- The decision of the jikan-nochi against Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA by the new government, after restoring the monarchy, increased opposition to the Satsuma Domain among those on the former Shogunate side.
- 一方、範頼軍は兵糧と兵船の調達に成功して九州に渡り、同地の平氏方を葦屋浦の戦いで破り、平氏軍の背後の遮断に成功。
- Noriyori's army, on the other hand, having succeeded in being supplied with provisions and warships, crossed over into Kyushu and defeated the Taira forces of that region in the battle of Ashiyaura, and successfully cut off the main Taira clan's army from behind.
- 後亀山上皇の死去から4年後の1428年(正長元年)、嗣子のなかった称光天皇が崩御したために北朝の嫡流は断絶した。
- In 1428, four years after Retired Emperor Gokameyama died, Emperor Shoko died without an heir, and consequently the principal Northern lineage came to an end.
- 1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)に後醍醐天皇は隠岐を脱出し、伯耆国で名和長年に迎えられ船上山で倒幕の兵を挙げる。
- In 1333 Emperor Godaigo escaped from Oki island, whereupon he was met in Hoki Province by Nagatoshi NAWA; they went to Mount Senjo and began raising an army to strike down the shogunate.
- また、東国からの参詣者たちも伊勢・熊野への参詣の後、高野山や畿内へ向かう短絡経路として小辺路をしばしば通行した。
- And the pilgrims from Togoku (eastern provinces) also often used Kohechi as the shortest route to Mt. Koya and Kinai region after visiting Ise and Kumano.
- そして、保元元年(1156年)に鳥羽が没した直後、崇徳と後白河の間で戦闘が起こり、後白河が勝利した(保元の乱)。
- Subsequently, immediately after Toba died in 1156, war broke out between Sutoku and Goshirakawa, and Goshirakawa won (in the Hogen Rebellion).
- 室町時代には倭寇と呼ばれる無国籍海上勢力が活動し、14世紀の倭寇は前期倭寇、15世紀の倭寇は後期倭寇と呼ばれる。
- Pirates who held no allegiance to any state, called Wako (Japanese pirates), were active during the Muromachi period; the term 'early Wako' is used to describe such pirates in the fourteenth century, while 'later Wako' refers to Wako of the fifteenth century.
- その後60年にわたり封印されていた治罰の綸旨は享徳の乱で復活し乱用されることになり天皇の権威復活の端緒となった。
- Jibatsu no rinji (imperial order to punish enemies), which was sealed off for about 60 years, was reactivated and then abused, which marked the resurgence of the Emperor.
- 禖子は、後醍醐の冷遇のもとで12歳になるまで元服もできず、正式な命名もされていなかった邦良の第1王子を推薦した。
- Baishi recommended Kuniyoshi's first prince, who was treated coldly by Godaigo, not allowed to have the coming-of -age ceremony until 12 and not yet officially named.
- 院政の形態は存在しなくても律令政治初期の頃から、上皇が「天皇家の家父長」として天皇の保護者・後見者を担ってきた。
- Since the early days of government based on the ritsuryo legal codes, when cloistered government had not yet been formed, the retired emperor had taken the role of the emperor's protector and guardian upon himself as 'the patriarch of the emperor's family.'
- それでも3月14日に、後白河院が千僧供養のため福原京を訪れて平氏に好意的態度を示し、亀裂は修復されたかに見えた。
- However, on April 21, Goshirakawa visited Fukuhara-kyo for a ceremony involving a thousand Bhuddist monks, where he acted favorably towards the Taira clan and it seemed as if the rift had been mended.
- 後村上天皇は南朝方の住吉大社の宮司家である津守氏の住之江殿(正印殿)に移り、そこを住吉行宮(大阪市住吉区)とする。
- Emperor Gomurakami relocated to Suminoe Palace (Shoin Palace) of the Tsumori clan, Southern Court supporters whose family held the chief priesthood of the Grand Shrine at Sumiyoshi; the palace was renamed the Imperial Residence at Sumiyoshi (located in modern-day Sumiyoshi Ward in the city of Osaka).
- この仕置きを不満とした者の数は非常に多く、後に旧秋田藩領では反政府運動が、旧三春藩領では自由民権運動が活発化した。
- There were many people discontented with such treatment, and an anti-government movement in the former Akita Domain and a Movement for Freedom and People's Rights (jiyu-minken-undo) in the former Miharu Domain were gaining ground.
- かつて奈良時代まで難波津や難波京があった場所がそのまま首都・副都でなくなった後も港湾として機能し続けたものである。
- Naniwa no tsu (Naniwa Port) and Naniwa-kyo had located there up until the Nara period, and the place remained functioning as a seaport even after the transfer of the capital and secondary capital city.
- 禅譲を持ちかけられた義尋は、まだ若い義政に後継男子誕生の可能性があることを考慮して将軍職就任の要請を固辞し続けた。
- Hearing about the offer of the position, Yoshihiro, considering the young enough age of Yoshimasa to have an inheriting son, firmly declined the proposal for voluntary transfer of the Shogunate.
- 足利義満が南北朝合一を達成し幕府権力を絶大にしたものの、義満急死後は大名合議制に戻り相対的に将軍の権力も低下した。
- Although Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA had succeeded in unifying the two courts and solidifying the central power and authority of the bakufu, after his sudden death, the country returned to the old oligarchic daimyo system, and the power of the Shogun waned by comparison.
- だが、この乱をきっかけにした戦闘は応仁の乱終結後も地方へと拡大し、関東の享徳の乱も更に10年近く戦いが継続された。
- However, the armed conflict that began in the Onin War spread out to more rural areas and continued even after the fighting petered out in the capital, and in Kanto, the Kyotoku Incident extended the bloodshed for almost ten additional years after the Onin War ended.
- 半年が経過した8月、範頼軍は平氏軍を背後からつくため山陽道を進軍したが、長く延びた戦線を平行盛によって分断された。
- After 6 months, in August, Noriyori's troops were progressing along the Sanyo-do Road to attack the Taira clan from the back, but the line was stretched thin and was cut off by TAIRA no Yukimori.
- 後水尾天皇はこの事件をきっかけに退位を決意したとも考えられており、朝幕関係に深刻な打撃を与える大きな対立であった。
- It is said that this incident was the trigger that led to Emperor Gomizunoo deciding to abdicate, and was a serious blow to the relationship between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court.
- また、承久の乱以後の朝廷の衰退は皇位継承を巡る自己解決能力をも失わせ、結果的に幕府を否応無しに巻き込む事になった。
- Also fall of the Imperial Court after the Jokyu Rebellion resulted in losing its ability to solve the imperial succession crisis and consequently it entangled the bakufu without any choice.
- 保元元年(1156年)の保元の乱に勝利した後白河天皇は、同年閏9月に『保元新制』と呼ばれる代替わり新制を発令した。
- Emperor Goshirakawa, who had emerged victorious from the Hogen Rebellion that occurred in 1156, proclaimed the creation of a new government, called the 'Hogen shinsei' (new government of Hogen), in the intercalary ninth month of 1156 as part of the switch to a new era name, Hogen.
- 禁闕の変(きんけつのへん)は、室町時代の1443年(嘉吉3年)9月に京都で起こった後花園天皇内裏の襲撃事件である。
- The Kinketsu Incident was an attack on Emperor Gohanazono's Inner Court in Kyoto that occurred in September 1443 (Muromachi period).
- 法然は、土佐国まで赴くことなく、讃岐で赦免を受け、摂津国の勝尾寺に滞在した後、1211年(建暦元年)に都に戻った。
- Honen did not reach Tosa Province, but was forgiven at Sanuki, stayed for a while at Katsuo-ji Temple in Settsu Province and returned to the capital in 1211.
- 後宇多法皇は死の間際まで皇太子の邦良親王を大覚寺統の嫡流として、後醍醐天皇は一刻も早く譲位を行うように命じていた。
- Up until his death, the Cloistered Emperor Gouda continued to order Emperor Godaigo to handover the throne to Crown Prince Kuniyoshi as the legitimate direct heir to the Daikakuji line.
- しかし、戦後になると経済優先の政策により徐々に景観が破壊され、街並みが壊されることに対する景観論争も起こっている。
- However, since World War II policies designed to prioritize the economy have been implemented, and as a result the landscape has gradually been destroyed, stirring up a debate on the issue of landscape.
- 寛永9年(1632年)細川家が豊前・豊後から肥後国熊本藩に国替になると、興長には玉名・合志郡に3万石が与えられた。
- In 1632 when the Hosokawa clan was transferred from Buzen Province and Bungo Province to the Kumamoto Domain of Higo Province by the order of the shogunate, Okinaga was given 30,000 koku of Tamana County and Koshi County.
- )これとは別に、茨木たちの切腹後隊で居場所を失い脱走をした(そもそも茨木たちの脱走を勧めたのは観柳斎と言われている。
- Aside from this, after those including IBARAKI committed Seppuku, Kanryusai TAKEDA who lost his place in Shinsengumi and deserted was also rejected by Goryo-eji.
- 禁門の変(きんもんのへん)は、江戸時代後期の元治元年7月19日 (旧暦)(1864年8月20日)に起きた事件である。
- The Hamaguri Rebellion (kinmon no hen) occurred on August 20, 1864 (the first year of the Genji era, July 19th in the old calendar) in the final days of the Edo period.
- 鉄道網の整備に伴い斜陽となった後は、遊覧船の発着拠点となっているほか、官公庁などが運航する各船の拠点にもなっている。
- After its decline because of improvement of the railway network, it has been used for departure and arrival of sightseeing ships as well as bases for various ships operated by governmental agencies.
- 1352年(正平7年、北朝の観応3年)に後村上天皇は北征軍を興し、一度は住吉から山城の男山(京都府八幡市)に移った。
- In 1352, the Emperor Gomurakami established Hokusei-gun (an army heading north), and once moved from Sumiyoshi to Otoko-yama Mountain in Yamashiro Province (Yawata City, Kyoto Prefecture).
- その初期、古代的な天皇親政を理想とする後醍醐天皇と現状重視の尊氏を中心とした勢力が対立した(南北朝時代 (日本))。
- In its early years, the period was characterized in particular by the conflict between Emperor Godaigo, who dreamed of reinstituting the ancient custom of direct Imperial rule, and Takauji, who placed more emphasis on preserving the status quo (this being the essence of the Northern and Southern Courts).
- 後白河も清盛の姿勢に理解を示し、嘉応元年(1169年)から安元3年(1177年)まで毎年のように福原の山荘へ赴いた。
- Goshirakawa showed understanding towards Kiyomori's stance and visited the mountain retreat in Fukuhara every year from 1169 to 1177.
- また、太平洋戦争後には、熊沢寛道に代表される自称天皇が現れ、自身が南朝の子孫であり正統な皇位継承者であると主張した。
- Additionally, after the Pacific War, there were appearances of self-claimed emperors such as Hiromichi KUMAZAWA, who claimed that he was a descendant of the Southern Court and therefore the legitimate heir to the throne.
- 和銅6年(713年)4月3日に丹波国の北部、加佐郡、与謝郡、丹波郡、竹野郡、熊野郡の5郡を割いて、丹後国が置かれた。
- The five districts of Kasa-gun, Yosa-gun, Tamba-gun, Takeno-gun and Kumano-gun in the north of Tanba Province were separated from the province on April 3, 713, and thereby formed Tango Province.
- しかし、島津氏の内紛を収めた島津貴久の反撃を受け衰退し、茂清の子の蒲生範清の代に降伏し、以後は島津氏の家臣となった。
- However, Takahisa SHIMAZU who had succeeded in ending the internal conflict launched a counterattack, the Gamo clan gradually declined, and at last Shigekiyo's son Norikiyo GAMO surrendered; after that, the Gamo clan served the Shimazu clan as vassal.
- これに応えた足利高氏(当時)や新田義貞らの働きで鎌倉幕府は滅び、建武の新政と呼ばれる後醍醐天皇による親政がはじまった。
- Thanks to the efforts of Takauji ASHIKAGA (at this point his name was still written with the character for 'taka' meaning 'high') and Yoshisada NITTA, who responded to Godaigo's order, the Kamakura bakufu was destroyed, and the Kenmu Restoration, an era of direct Imperial rule by Emperor Godaigo began.
- 南朝方が東西で呼応して京と鎌倉を同時占拠すると、後村上天皇は賀名生から山城国男山(京都府八幡市の石清水八幡宮)へ至る。
- The Southern Court regained both Kyoto and Kamakura as a result of coordination between eastern and western Japan, and Emperor Gomurakami arrived in Otokoyama, Yamashiro Province (Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine in Yawata City, Kyoto Prefecture) from Ano.
- 為朝は逃れたが、後に捕まり、自慢の弓を射ることができないよう、左腕の筋を抜かれてから伊豆大島に流されたと言われている。
- Tametomo escaped but was later captured and was allegedly banished to Izu-oshima Island after his arm tendon was removed to keep him from ever drawing a bow (his claim to fame).
- 本福寺は後に再興されて、本願寺派に属していた江戸時代中期の11代住持明式(千那)は、松尾芭蕉の門人としても著名である。
- Honpuku-ji Temple was later reestablished and the 11th chief priest, Meishiki (Senna), who lived in the middle of the Edo period and belonged to Hongan-ji school, was also famous as a disciple of Basho MATSUO.
- 17世紀後半以降の近世になると畿内近国の町人たちによる参詣記が見られ、小辺路の詳しい様子を知ることができるようになる。
- In the early-modern period, especially after the latter half of the 17th century, the common shopkeepers of Kinai region and the vicinities recorded their pilgrimages, and such records gives the details of Kohechi.
- 1379年には斯波氏のクーデターで細川頼之が失脚させられる康暦の政変と呼ばれる政変が起き、後任には斯波義将が就任する。
- But in 1379, the Shiba clan launched a coup d'etat, which came to be called the Koryaku Coup, and as a result Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA lost his influence, replaced as Kanrei by Yoshimasa SHIBA.
- 下級の裁判所は、地方では郡司、京では諸司であり、その上に地方では国司、京では刑部省があり、最後に太政官と天皇があった。
- Lower court in the provinces was gunji (sub-provincial district administrators) and in Kyoto was shoshi (leading officials), and above them were kokushi (provincial governors) in the provinces and gyobusho in Kyoto, and finally, daijokan (department of state) and Emperor.
- 信長の後を継いで天下を統一した豊臣秀吉は、公家である近衛前久の猶子として関白宣下を受け、政権(豊臣政権)を成立させた。
- Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who was a successor to Nobunaga and dominated Japan, took the imperial proclamation to become kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) as a yushi (an old Japanese adoption system) of Sakihisa KONOE and assumed the reins of government (the Toyotomi government).
- その後、太閤検地により、土地には直接の耕作者の権利しか認められなくなり、以前までの重層的支配構造は名実共に解消された。
- After that, based on the Taiko kenchi, only new cultivator's rights became effective, resulting in the disappearance of the old multilayered land governance structure in both reality and in name.
- その間、山陽道で敗北を重ねていた義仲は、京都への帰還直後に法皇との関係が決裂して味方の離反もあり孤立感を深めていった。
- Meanwhile, Yoshinaka, who had lost battles along the Sanyo-do Road, became isolated and broke relations with the Cloistered Emperor immediately after returning to Kyoto and also had some supporters leave him.
- 後宇多は、あくまでも邦良を自分の正統な後継者と考えており、後醍醐の即位は邦良が成人するまでの“中継ぎ”でしかなかった。
- Gouda considered Kuniyoshi as his genuine successor and the accession of Godaigo was only an 'interim' measure until Kuniyoshi came to age.
- 尊号一件(そんごういっけん)とは、日本の江戸時代後期に起きた京都の朝廷と江戸の江戸幕府との間に発生した紛議事件である。
- Songo-ikken was a case of dissension between the Imperial Court in Kyoto and the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government, headed by a shogun) in the later Edo period of Japan.
- 二条親政派と後白河院政派は互いに激しく対立していたが、信西の排除という点では意見が一致し、信西打倒の機会を伺っていた。
- The Nijo direct rule faction and the Goshirakawa Insei faction, despite being pitted in an increasingly harsh antagonism, had one goal in common, eliminating Shinzei, and so they searched for opportunities to strike him down.
- 良房の死後、養子の藤原基経はすぐに摂政へ就任し、884年に急遽年配の光孝天皇が即位した際には、事実上の関白に就任した。
- Soon after Yoshifusa's death, his adopted son FUJIWARA no Mototsune was installed as regent, and when the aged Emperor Koko hastily ascended the throne in 884, he was installed as chancellor in all but name.
- その後、低湿地であった右京が寂れ、人口も御所などの重要施設も左京に集中するに伴い、洛陽が平安京の代名詞となっていった。
- Ukyo, being located on damp ground, declined over the years, and Rakuyo was mainly used to refer to Heian-kyo as the population and main facilities were concentrated in Sakyo.
- 前庄内藩主酒井忠篤 (庄内藩主)らは西郷の遺訓『南洲翁遺訓』を編纂し、後の西南戦争では西郷軍に元庄内藩士が参加している。
- The former lord of the Shonai Domain, Tadazumi SAKAI, together with other people, compiled SAIGO's teachings of the deceased, 'teachings of the deceased by an old man in Nanshu,' and later, some of the former retainers of the Shonai Domain joined the SAIGO's army in the Seinan War.
- しかしその後も民間で後南朝の伝説や伝承は残り、貴種流離譚の一つとしてサンカに利用された可能性を滝川政次郎は指摘している。
- Yet even after this point, legends and folklore about the Gonanch forces remained in existence among the common people, and Seijiro TAKIKAWA pointed out that one of the tales of wandering aristocrats among the Sanka (mountain folk of Japan) may have made use of the Gonancho stories.
- 京都守護職(きょうとしゅごしょく)は幕末に新たに設けられた江戸幕府の要職であり、政事総裁職・将軍後見職と並ぶ三役の一つ。
- The Kyoto Shugoshoku (literally, 'office of the protector of Kyoto') was an important post in the Edo bakufu that was newly created at the end of the Edo period; it was one of the three key posts in the bakufu, the others being the Seiji-Sosaishoku (literally, 'political governor') and the Shogun-Kokenshoku (literally, 'guardian of the Shogun').
- 今井町は称念寺を中心に発展した寺内町であったが、織田信長に武装解除されてから後は、堺と共に自治都市として幕末まで栄えた。
- Imai Town had developed as a jinai-cho around the Shonen-ji Temple, but after Nobunaga ODA disarmed the town, it enjoyed prosperity as an autonomous city, along with Sakai, until the end of the Edo period.
- 江戸時代後期ごろ、日本の古典を研究する学問国学のなかから、“外来宗教伝来以前の日本人固有の考え方”という発想が起こった。
- During the latter half of the Edo period, the idea of 'original way of thinking by Japanese people prior to the introduction of foreign religions' arose in the studies of Japanese literature and culture, which emphasized Japanese classical literature.
- 翌1354年、4月には主導的人物であった北畠親房が死去、10月に後村上天皇は賀名生から河内金剛寺 (河内長野市)へ移る。
- The next year in April 1354, Chikahusa KITABATAKE, who was a core person, died and Emperor Gomurakami transferred from Ano to Kongo-ji Temple in Kawachi Province (Kawachinagano City) in October.
- これにより、北朝の6代6人の天皇のうち後小松天皇を除く5代5人は、今日に至る125代の歴代天皇に含まれないこととなった。
- Among the 6 emperors of 6 eras in the Northern Court, only Emperor Gokomatsu is counted as one of the 125 past emperors to this day, the rest being excluded because of this sanction.
- 翌年正月には早くも義親の首を携えて華々しく凱旋し、白河は正盛を但馬守に任じた(ただし、その後も義親生存説が根強く残る)。
- The next month, he returned victoriously with Yoshichika's head, and Shirakawa named Masamori as Tajima no kami (chief officer of Tajima Province) (However, a rumor that Yoshichika still lived persisted).
- 道長はその後、伊周の起こした不祥事に乗じて伊周を大宰権帥に左遷し、娘上東門院を一条の皇后として、権力を磐石のものとした。
- Michinaga later sent Korechika away as Dazai gon no sochi seizing the opportunity of Korechika's misconduct and had his daughter Jotomonin (Shoshi) become Ichijo's Empress, consolidating his power.
- この年8月、京都脱出の直前に後醍醐は元弘と改元しているが、幕府はこの改元も認めず、もとの元徳の元号をそのまま使用させた。
- Godaigo changed the name of the era to 'Genko' in August just before his escape from Kyoto, but the bakufu did not recognize this change and continued to use the previous name, 'Gentoku.'
- が、後桃園天皇が崩御したときに皇子がいなかったためにその養子となって即位したことにより、父よりも位が上になってしまった。
- However, when the Emperor Gomomozono (who had no sons) passed away, Kokaku was adopted and ascended to the throne, which gave him a higher rank than his own father.
- 後白河院政派の躍進に対する巻き返しとして、翌安元3年(1177年)正月の除目では平重盛が近衛府、平宗盛が右大将となった。
- As a counter move against the advancement of the Goshirakawa cloistered government group, TAIRA no Shigemori was appointed Konoefu (head of the inner palace guards) and TAIRA no Munemori was appointed Udaisho (head of the right palace guards) on the position assignment day of January 1177.
- 清盛は攻撃に消極的だったが後白河に押し切られる形となり、近江国・美濃国・越前国の武士も動員されて攻撃開始は目前に迫った。
- Kiyomori was not in favor of attacking, but was pressured by Goshirakawa, and so samurai from Omi Province (present Shiga Prefecture), Mino Province (present southern Gifu Prefecture) and Echizen Province (present northern part of Fukui Prefecture) were readied in preparation for an attack.
- 後醍醐天皇の討幕計画は、1324年(正中 (元号)元年)の正中の変、1331年(元弘元年)の元弘の変と二度までも発覚する。
- As part of Emperor Godaigo's plan to topple the shogunate, he twice instigated anti-shogunal uprisings in the Shochu Disturbance of 1324 (the first year of the Shochu era) and the Genko Disturbance of 1331 (the first year of the Genko era).
- 戦闘の後、落ち延びる長州勢は長州藩屋敷に火を放ち逃走、会津勢も長州藩士の隠れているとされた中立売御門付近の家屋を攻撃した。
- After the battle, the Choshu forces, who managed to escape, set fire to the Choshu estate in Kyoto and fled, while the Aizu forces attacked an estate near the Nakadachiuri Gate, thought to be where Choshu soldiers were hiding.
- 9月に後醍醐天皇は皇子の懐良親王を征西大将軍に任じて九州へ派遣し、新田義貞に恒良親王・尊良親王を奉じさせて北陸へ下らせる。
- In the ninth month, Emperor Godaigo appointed Imperial Prince Kanenaga Seisei taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the western barbarians') and dispatched him to Kyushu, while Yoshisada NITTA went into Hokuriku (the region north-northeast of Kyoto) in obedience to Imperial Princes Tsunenaga and Takanaga.
- 義政は政長へ追い討ちをかけるように、正月恒例の管領邸への『お成り』を中止して、3日後に義就が宗全邸で開いた酒宴に出席した。
- As if to make a further attack on Masanaga, Yoshimasa canceled his 'gracious visit' to the Kanrei's residence, a regular New Year event, and instead attended a banquet Yoshinari held at Sozen's residence three days later.
- 乱後、後堀河天皇が即位するとその父親である守貞親王が例外的に皇位を経ずして院政を行う(後高倉院)という事態も発生している。
- Upon Emperor Gohorikawa's succession to the throne after the rebellion, his father, Imperial Prince Morisada, conducted insei without in fact becoming the Emperor (Gotakakura-in).
- 例えば、竹下登が政権退陣した後の宇野宗佑政権・海部俊樹政権が「竹下院政」と称されたことがある(事実がそうであるかは不明)。
- For example, the Sosuke UNO government and Toshiki KAIFU government, which were established after the resignation of Noboru TAKESHITA, were once referred to as 'Takeshita insei' (although it is not clear whether this is a fact).
- 1333年、反幕勢力の結集により鎌倉幕府が滅亡すると後醍醐天皇は京へ戻り、光厳天皇と正慶年号を廃して建武の新政を開始する。
- When the Kamakura shogunate collapsed due to the united actions of anti-bakufu forces in 1333, Emperor Godaigo returned to Kyoto, abolished Emperor Kogon and the era name of Shokyo, and started the Kenmu Restoration.
- 新田義貞、北畠顕家らはそれぞれ撃破されて戦死し、1339年(延元4年/暦応2年)には後醍醐が死去して後村上天皇が即位する。
- Yoshisada NITTA and Akiie KITABATAKE were both killed in battle, and in 1339, Godaigo died and Emperor Gomurakami ascended the throne.
- 平治の乱後の永暦元年(1160年)、清盛は正三位参議に補任され、武士として初めて公卿(政治決定に参与する議政官)となった。
- After the Heiji Rebellion, Kiyomori was given the post of Shosammi Sangi (Senior Third Rank, Royal Advisors) in 1160 and became the first bushi to become a court noble (a Giseikan (legislator) participating in political decisions).
- 彼の追号「後三条」は、彼が外祖父三条の後継者であることを意味しており、生前自ら定めたものだという説もある(『栄花物語』)。
- This title after death 'Gosanjo' is said to have been chosen by himself while he was alive to mean that he was the heir of his maternal grandfather, Sanjo ('A Tale of Flowering Fortunes').
- 代わって皇太子に立てられたのは、後一条の同母弟(彰子の息子)であり、やはり道長の外孫である敦良(のちの後朱雀天皇)である。
- Instead, Goichijo's younger half-brother (Shoshi's son), Atsunaga (later Emperor Gosuzaku), who was also one of Michinaga's grandchildren, became Crown Prince.
- 大覚寺統から皇太子が選ばれることになったが、後宇多は、皇太子として嫡孫邦良(9歳)ではなく第2皇子尊治(21歳)を選んだ。
- The Crown Prince was to come from the Daikakuji line, but Gouda chose not his direct grandson Kuniyoshi (aged 9), but his second Prince Takaharu (aged 21).
- 更に偶然にも藤原師通(頼通の孫)の死後の摂関家では後継者争いが生じ、最終的に白河法皇の介入という形で解決がなされてしまう。
- Furthermore, after the death of FUJIWARA no Moromichi (the grandson of Yorimichi), there occurred a coincidental struggle for the successor in the regent's house, and it was eventually settled by the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa's intervention.
- その一方で、かつての持明院統側では後小松天皇の直系が断絶して、伏見宮家から後花園天皇が迎えられるという事態が起こっていた。
- On the other hand, the direct line from Emperor Gokomatsu ended and Emperor Gohanazono was invited by the Fushiminomiya family to continue the former Jimyoin line side.
- 後白河天皇の皇子である以仁王による挙兵を契機に各地で平清盛を中心とする六波羅政権ともよばれる平氏政権に対する反乱が起こる。
- Starting with the raising of forces by Emperor Goshirakawa's son, Prince Mochihito, a country-wide rebellion against the Taira clan government occurred, also known as the Rokuhara government, which was led by TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- このような中で、後白河は突如として先の事件を蒸し返し、天台座主・明雲を解任、所領を没官すると5月22日に伊豆国へ配流した。
- In this situation, Goshirakawa suddenly brought up the former incident and dismissed Myoun of Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai sect), took away his property, and exiled him to Izu Province on June 27.
- それでも一色氏の命脈は戦国期を通じて永らえたが、1579年7月に一色氏が細川幽斎に滅ぼされて以来、細川氏が丹後を支配した。
- Some of the Isshiki clan survived through the Sengoku period for a fairly long time, but in July 1579 Yusai HOSOKAWA defeated the Isshiki clan and thereafter controlled Tango Province.
- 鎌倉時代末にあたる寛元4年(1246年)、後嵯峨天皇の退位後に天皇家は皇位継承を巡って大覚寺統と持明院統に分裂してしまった。
- In 1246, towards the end of the Kamakura period, the Imperial family fell into a struggle over the Imperial succession upon the abdication of Emperor Gosaga, splitting into two groups, the Kameyama (Daitokuji) lineage and the Gofukakusa (Jimyoin) lineage.
- 7月10日 (旧暦)、両軍は賀茂川を挟んで対峙、上皇方は白河北殿、天皇方は東三条殿に本陣を置き、後白河天皇は高松殿にあった。
- On August 4, the two armies faced each other across the Kamo-gawa River, with the headquarters of the retired emperor's side in the Shirakawakita-dono Palace and those of the Emperor Goshirakawa's side in the Takamatsu-dono Palace (.Emperor Goshirakawa was in the Takamatsu-dono Palace).
- 東北戦争では奥羽同盟に参加した藩の多くが、改革の遅れや財政難から軍備が立ち後れており、新政府軍とは兵力での開きが大きかった。
- In the Tohoku War, many domains of the Ou alliance lagged behind in armaments due to financial difficulties and delay in political reform, and differed greatly in military strength compared with the new government's forces.
- 将の器ではない」と義経を愚弄して斬りあい寸前の対立となり、これが後の景時の頼朝への讒言となり、義経の没落につながるとされる。
- That's not what generals are for,' mocking Yoshitsune until they were on the verge of coming to blows; this is the slander that Kagetoki conveyed to Yoritomo later, and was partially responsible for Yoshitsune's ruin.
- 秀吉は、この信長の弔い合戦に勝利した結果、清洲会議などを経て信長の後継者筆頭としての名乗りを挙げ、天下人への道を歩み始める。
- As a result of winning this battle to avenge Nobunaga's death, Hideyoshi claimed his position as the leading candidate for the succession of Nobunaga's position through the meeting at Kiyosu-jo Castle and on other occasions, and began to proceed his way toward assuming political leadership of the whole nation.
- 信長の次男・織田信雄は、本能寺の変の後光秀を討とうと近江の土山へ進軍するが、山崎の戦いで光秀が秀吉に大敗したことにより撤退。
- After Honnoji Incident, Nobukatsu ODA, who was the second son of Nobunaga, marched to Tsuchiyama, Omi Province, to attack Mitsuhide, but he retreated because Mitsuhide was badly defeated by Hideyoshi in the Battle of Yamazaki.
- 更に管領を輩出する畠山氏・斯波氏でも家督相続を巡る争いが発生して将軍後継者争いと連動を始めたことから問題は複雑化していった。
- The conflict deepened still more after disputes arose within both the Hatakeyama and the Shiba clans, both families that had produced many Kanrei, over who should succeed to the headship of the clan, these new struggles combining with and further exacerbating the ongoing fight over the shogunal succession.
- 合一後は、北朝の後小松天皇の子孫と南朝の後亀山天皇の子孫とのあいだで両統迭立を行うことが、合一の条件に盛り込まれたのである。
- Ryoto tetsuritsu, after unification between the descendants of Emperor Gokomatsu of the Northern Dynasty and Gokameyama of the Southern Dynasty, was included as one of the unification conditions.
- また、後三条の妻のひとりに小一条の息子源基平の娘源基子がおり、第2皇子実仁親王 (平安時代)と第3皇子輔仁親王を産んでいる。
- Additionally, one of Gosanjo's wives was Koichijo's son, MINAMOTO no Motohira's daughter, MINAMOTO no Kishi, and she gave birth to his second prince, Imperial Prince Sanehito (Heian period) and third prince, Imperial Prince Sukehito.
- 2つに分裂した王家がさらに分裂する可能性が生じ、伏見は持明院統の分裂を防止するため富仁を後伏見の猶子とする措置をとっている。
- The possibility of further division threatened and Fushimi took measures to make Tomihito as Gofushimi's adopted heir.
- まして、両統迭立が幕府の方針として明確にされている以上、後醍醐の攻撃対象に幕府も含まれることになるのは必然的だったと言える。
- Since Ryoto tetsuritsu was a bakufu policy, it was natural that the bakufu was included as Godaigo's offensive target
- また、田沼意次と一旦は手を組みながら後にこれを失脚させた一橋治済の政治的野心(大御所政治)への不安があったとも言われている。
- It was also said that there was the angst regarding the political ambitions (Ogosho politics) of Harusada HITOTSUBASHI who joined forces with Okitsugu TANUMA once, and later brought down Harusada.
- このため北朝は、光厳の皇子で崇光の弟の後光厳天皇を神器無しで即位させ、併せて公武の官位を復旧させ、尊氏も征夷大将軍に復帰した。
- In response to this, the Northern Court took Kogon's son, Suko's younger brother, and raised him to the throne as Emperor Gokogon without the Imperial Regalia; thereafter the Northern Court restored both its nobles and samurai to their former ranks, and Takauji was also reappointed seii taishogun.
- 渡辺の名のルーツが消えるのに反対する運動が渡辺氏の末裔の間で起こり、結局丁目の後ろの番地の変わりに渡辺の名が残ることになった。
- There was a protest campaign by the descendants of the Watanabe clan against that the roots of the Watanabe clan to be disappeared, and eventually, the name of Watanabe remained in the address replacing the block number.
- 更に今日では、鎌倉幕府末期の後醍醐天皇が主導した鎌倉幕府倒幕の動き(正中の変・元弘の変)のことも「倒幕運動」と呼ぶこともある。
- Nowadays, the movements led by Emperor Godaigo at the end of the Kamakura period, as intended to overthrow Kamakura Bakufu (the Shochu Incident or the Genko Incident), are also sometimes referred to as the Tobaku movement.
- 信長はその後も勢力を拡大し日本中央部を制圧するに至るが、天下統一の目前と思われた天正10年(1582年)に本能寺の変で倒れた。
- Subsequently, Nobunaga further expanded his power and eventually controlled central Japan; however, in 1582, when it seemed he was very close to unifying Japan, he was defeated in the Honnoji Incident.
- 倒幕運動(とうばくうんどう)は、主として江戸時代後期の幕末に、江戸幕府を打倒して政権打倒を目的とした幕末の政治運動を意味する。
- The Tobaku movement refers to the political movement at the end of the Edo period, which aimed to overthrow Edo Bakufu as well as the political power structure.
- その後、義満の時代に国内は安定したものの、応仁の乱をへて全国動乱の時代(戦国時代)を迎え荘園公領制が崩壊して新秩序が成立した。
- Thereafter, while in Yoshimitsu's time the country was pacified, following the Onin War the entire country became engulfed in strife (the Sengoku period) and as the shoen-koryo system fell apart, a new system came into existence to replace it.
- そのため後醍醐天皇は再び武家権力との対立を深め、吉野に南朝 (日本)を開き南北朝二つの勢力に分かれて全国的な争乱の時代となる。
- For this reason, Emperor Godaigo recreated conflict with the samurai authority again and thus established the Southern Court in Yoshino, which marked the beginning of the nation-wide war between the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 後白河は平氏と行動を共にせず、京に残って孫の後鳥羽天皇を即位させたが、これにより天皇が2人存在するという未曾有の事態となった。
- Goshirakawa did not act together with the Taira clan, but stayed in Kyoto and made his grandson Emperor Gotoba, leading to the unprecedented situation of two Emperors at the same time.
- 王朝政権の接収・大々的な外交の展開といった清盛の構想が実現したのは、平氏が滅亡してからおよそ200年後、足利義満の時代だった。
- Kiyomori's plan to create the court government and develop major trade and diplomacy was finally realized about 200 years after the Taira clan died out, during the period of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- しかし、徳治3年(1308年)に後二条(24歳)が急死して皇太子富仁(12歳、花園天皇)が践祚し、伏見による院政が再開された。
- However, in 1308, Gonijo (aged 24) died suddenly and the Crown Prince Tomihito (aged 12, Emperor Hanazono) ascended the throne and Fushimi started a cloistered government.
- 後白河は目代・師経を備後国に流罪にすることで事態を収拾しようとしたが、大衆は納得せず4月12日に神輿を持ち出して内裏に向かう。
- Goshirakawa tried to settle the situation by exiling the Mokudai, Morotsune, to Bingo Province (present eastern half of Hiroshima prefecture), but the monks were not satisfied and brought out a mikoshi (portable shrine) and headed towards the inner Imperial Court on May 18.
- そもそも丹波は、中央集権体制を進める明治政府の大久保利通らにより、但馬・丹後を含め似通った地域性を無視して2府県に分けられた。
- In the first place, Tanba, Tajima and Tango were divided up into two prefectures by people like Toshimichi OKUBO in the Meiji government who wanted to strengthen centralized control, ignoring their regional similarities.
- 鎌倉の武士たちが院宣に従い、義時は討滅されるであろうと信じきり、幕府軍の出撃を予測していなかった後鳥羽上皇ら京方首脳は狼狽した。
- Blithely assuming that the samurai of Kamakura would obey the Imperial decree and strike down Yoshitoki, the retired Emperor Gotoba and the rest of the capital faction leaders had not anticipated the shogunal sortie, and were thrown into considerable panic.
- 大名に貸し付けを行い藩の蔵元を務めていたほどの豪商だったが、明治維新後の廃藩置県により貸付金が凍結し今井を離れざるを得なかった。
- This merchant family was very wealthy, made loans to daimyo (Japanese territorial lord), and took charge of accounts in clan's warehouse, but after the Meiji Restoration, the family was forced to leave Imai because Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) caused the freezing of loans.
- そうした生活道路が熊野と高野山を結ぶ参詣道として利用されるようになったのは近世以後のことであり、小辺路の名も近世初期に初出する。
- Since the early-modern period, such a local road was used as a pilgrimage route that connected Kumano and Mt. Koya, and the name 'Kohechi' also appeared at the beginning of the early-modern period for the first time.
- 後醍醐は幕府滅亡後に京都で建武の新政を開くが、南北朝時代 (日本)には吉野へ移り、皇居や行政機関を置いて吉野朝廷(南朝)が成立。
- After demolition of the shogunate, Godaigo carried out the Kenmu Restoration in Kyoto, but he moved to Yoshino in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and established Yoshino Imperial Court (Southern Court) by setting up a palace and administrative organs.
- 300余の兵を討ち取られ敗走した秀満は坂本城で相手方に家宝を贈呈した後、光秀の妻子を殺害し、溝尾茂朝、明智光忠とともに自刃した。
- Hidemitsu, having lost more than 300 soldiers and put to rout, Hidemitsu killed Mitsuhide's wife and child after presenting the Akechi family's treasures to the enemy at Sakamoto-jo Castle, and committed jijin together with Shigetomo MIZOO and Mitsutada AKECHI.
- 義政は29歳になって、富子や側室との間に後継男子がないことを理由に、将軍職を実弟の浄土寺門跡義尋に譲って隠居することを思い立つ。
- At the age of 29, Yoshimasa thought of retiring, transferring the position of Shogun to his real younger brother Yoshihiro, Monzeki (chief priest of a temple qualified to accept a member of the imperial family or of the nobility) of Jodoji Temple, by reason of the absence of an inheriting son, born to either Tomiko or the concubine.
- 後にこの事件を題材に三島由紀夫の小説『金閣寺 (小説)』や、水上勉の小説『五番町夕霧楼』、『金閣炎上』などの文学作品が作られた。
- Later, some literary works on the theme of this case, including 'Kinkaku-ji Temple' by Yukio MISHIMA and 'Gobancho-yugiriro (Evening mist Tower of the Fifth Town)' and 'Kinkakuji enjo' (Flare of Kinkaku) by Tsutomu MIZUKAMI, were produced.
- 『平家物語』や『愚管抄』など同時代の文献は、平氏滅亡後に平氏政権に抑圧されてきた貴族社会や寺社層の視点で描かれてきたものが多い。
- Documents written at the same time period such as 'The Tale of the Heike' and 'Gukansho' (Miscellany of Ignorant Views) are often written after the decline of the Taira clan and from the viewpoint of the aristocracy and temple classes that were suppressed under the Taira clan administration.
- 反清盛の気運が高まる中、治承4年(1180年)4月には以仁王(後白河の第2皇子)が平氏追討の令旨を発し、源頼政と結んで挙兵した。
- In April 1180, with the anti-Kiyomori movement, Prince Mochihito (Goshirakawa's second son) issued a call for attacking the Taira clan and collaborated with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa to raise forces.
- 信西は、自らの子・成憲と清盛の女(後の花山院兼雅室)の婚姻によって平氏一門との提携を世間に示し、改革は順調に進行するかに見えた。
- Shinzei arranged a marriage between his own son Narinori and Kiyomori's daughter (who later became the wife of Kanemasa KAZANIN), thereby showing society the strong partnership between his own family and the Taira clan,
- しかし、直後の3月、平氏政権は再び東海道へ追討軍を派遣し、尾張墨俣川で関東政権軍と会戦して平氏軍が勝利を収めた(墨俣川の戦い)。
- However, three months after Kiyomori's death, the Taira clan government again sent a force along the Tokai-do Road to battle with the Kanto government forces and the Taira clan troops won a battle at Sunomata-gawa River in Owari Province (the Battle of Sunomata River).
- 以後、幸徳井友種・幸徳井友傳と幸徳井家出身の陰陽頭が続くが、後に泰重がこれを後悔して幸徳井家より陰陽頭の地位を取り戻そうとした。
- Since then, Tomotane KOTOKUI and Tomosuke KOTOKUI, of the KOTOKUI family were successively chosen as Onmyo no kami; however, Shigenori later regretted his decision, and tried to regain the position from the KOTOKUI's.
- また戦いの後の元暦二年四月十一日の条に戦いでの平氏方の戦死者、捕虜の報告に続いて「内侍所(八咫鏡)と神璽(八尺瓊勾玉)は御座すが。
- Furthermore, after the battle, the entry for the eleventh day of the fourth month of Genryaku 2, which reports on those of the Taira faction that died in battle or were captured, also records that 'The Eight-Span Mirror and the Grand Jewels have arrived.
- 後醍醐天皇は光厳天皇の即位と正慶の元号を廃止、光厳が署名した詔書や光厳が与えた官位の無効を宣言し、さらに関白の鷹司冬教を解任した。
- Emperor Godaigo declared both Emperor Kogon's reign and the Shukyo era name annulled, and announced that all imperial decrees signed by Kogon, or court appointments made by him, were invalid; he took the additional step of dismissing Fuyunori TAKATSUKASA from his position as kanpaku (chief advisor/Prime Minister).
- 公家では吉田定房・万里小路宣房・北畠親房の「後の三房」と千種忠顕・坊門清忠らを重用し、後伏見天皇院政の人材も能力に応じて採用した。
- Among the nobility, the so-called 'Three Latter-day Fusas,' Sadafusa YOSHIDA, Nobufusa MADENOKOJI, and Chikafusa KITABATAKE, along with Tadaaki CHIGUSA and Kiyotada BOMON were all appointed to important posts, while talented men in retired Emperor Gofushimi's administration were also put to use according to their abilities.
- 永禄9年(1566)に十市遠勝が筒井順慶に圧迫されて今井に亡命した後を追って川井助衛門尉正治が一族郎党をひきつれて当地に移住した。
- Tokatsu TOCHI defected to Imai to escape from suppression by Junkei TSUTSUI in 1566, followed by Sukeemonnojo Masaharu KAWAI moving to the town with his family and retainers.
- おとぎ話の「一寸法師」は、住吉の細江から出発し、住之江の海(現在で言うところの大阪湾)に出た後、淀川を上り、京都へ向かう話である。
- The fairy tale 'Issunboshi' (The Inch-High Samurai) is a story in which Issunboshi sets off from Suminoe no hosoe, gets to the sea of Suminoe (present-day Oosaka bay), and then goes up the Yodo-gawa River toward Kyoto.
- 11世紀後半には堅田の漁師達が下鴨社の支配下に入り(堅田御厨)、続いて堅田とその周辺地域に比叡山延暦寺の荘園(堅田荘)が成立した。
- In the late 11th century, fishermen of Katata became under the control of Shimogamo-sha Shrine (Katata Mikuriya) and then manors owned by Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei were established in Katata and its neighboring regions.
- 鎌倉時代末期には蝦夷の反乱が鎌倉幕府を揺るがし、幕府滅亡後には安東氏が十三湊を本拠地に栄えるが、やがて南部氏の興隆により没落する。
- In the closing days of the Kamakura period, a revolt by the people of Ezo had thrown the Kamakura bakufu into turmoil, and after the bakufu's collapse, the Ando clan had created flourishing strongholds out of thirteen ports, but eventually the Ando clan was brought to ruin by the rising fortunes of the Nanbu clan.
- この時期、後白河は院政の強化を図っており、清盛の子の平重盛に軍事警察権を委任し、東海道・東山道・山陽道・南海道の追討を担当させた。
- At this time, Goshirakawa was trying to strengthen the cloister government and gave Kiyomori's son, TAIRA no Shigemori the rights to the military and guards to police the Tokai-do, Tosan-do, Sanyo-do, and Nankai-do routes.
- 信西自身は、保元の乱で敗死した藤原頼長の所領を没収して後院領に組み込み、自らはその預所になるなど経済基盤の確保にも余念がなかった。
- Shinzei himself confiscated the lands owned by FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, who perished in the Hogen Rebellion, and nominally added these estates to the land already prescribed for the Emperor's use after he abdicated the throne, yet in reality devoted his undivided attention to making those lands into a buffer to guarantee his own financial footing.
- 嘉元2年(1304年)に後深草が62歳で死去、翌嘉元3年(1305年)には亀山が57歳で死去し、両統迭立は第2世代の時代に入った。
- In 1304, Gofukakusa died at 62, and in 1305, Kameyama died at 57, and Ryoto tetsuritsu entered its second generation.
- 一方、兄でありながら治天の地位を逃した後深草は不満を募らせ、後宇多が即位すると抗議のため太上天皇の待遇を辞退して出家しようとした。
- On the other hand, Gofukakusa, who lost the position of Chiten, even though he was the older brother, became frustrated and when Gouda became Emperor, he declined the position of Daijo Tenno (the retired emperor) and tried to become a priest as a sign of protest.
- 安和の変による源高明の追放、次いで源兼明の皇族復帰によって他氏排斥が完了した後は、藤原北家の内部で権力争奪が行われることとなった。
- After the exclusion of other clans from the Imperial Court was completed by MINAMOTO no Takaakira's expulsion in the Anna Incident and MINAMOTO no Kaneakira's returning to the Imperial family following the incident, a struggle for power was played out within the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
- 直後の4月28日、「太郎焼亡」と称される大火が発生、大極殿および関白松殿基房以下13人の公卿の邸宅が焼失して、人々に衝撃を与えた。
- Soon after, on June 3, an extensive fire referred to as 'Taro Shobo' broke out and shocked the people as it burned down the Daigoku-den Palace and housing complexes of 13 aristocrats including Motofusa MATSUDONO (chief adviser to the Emperor).
- これは、戦後、河川にダムなどが作られ、山地から海への土砂供給量が減少し、天橋立における土砂の堆積・侵食バランスが崩れたためである。
- This is because dams were built on the rivers after the war, reducing the amount of sediment carried from the mountains to the sea, and destroying the balance of sediment deposits and erosion on Amanohashidate.
- 1582年(天正10)、織田家重臣が尾張国清洲城に集まり、本能寺の変で死去した織田信長の後継者を決定すべく、会議を開く(清洲会議)。
- So, in 1582, the vassals of the Oda family gathered at Kiyosu castle in Owari Province (modern-day Aichi Pref.), and began their meeting (the Kiyosu meeting) to determine the rightful successor to the slain Nobunaga ODA.
- 承久の乱(じょうきゅうのらん)は、鎌倉時代の承久3年(1221年)に、後鳥羽天皇が鎌倉幕府に対して討幕の兵を挙げて敗れた兵乱である。
- The Jokyu Rebellion (jokyu no ran) occurred in the third year of the Jokyu era (A.D. 1221) during the Kamakura period; in this armed conflict, Emperor Gotoba raised troops to attack the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) but was defeated.
- その後も、地元の人々や観光関係者たちがこの桜並木を大切に育て、たび重なる豪雪やがけ崩れによる被害のさいにも黙々と補植し、守り続けた。
- After that, local people and people engaged in tourism fostered this sakura-namiki carefully and, when it was damaged by repeated heavy snowfall and mud and rock slide, they planted to supplement silently and continued to protect the sakura-namiki.
- 一方、光秀は変後は京の治安維持に当たった後、武田元明・京極高次らを近江に派兵して、数日内に近江は瀬田城(山岡景隆・山岡景佐兄弟在城。
- On the other hand, after keeping public order in post-incident Kyoto, Mitsuhide sent the forces of Motoaki TAKEDA, and Takatsugu KYOGOKU, among others, to Omi and they conquered Omi within a few days except for Seta-jo Castle (held by brothers Kagetaka YAMAOKA and Kagesuke YAMAOKA;
- このように、幕府が紫衣の授与を規制したにもかかわらず、後水尾天皇は従来の慣例通り、幕府に諮らず十数人の僧侶に紫衣着用の勅許を与えた。
- Although the bakufu regulated the presenting of Shie, Emperor Gomizunoo followed the previous tradition of giving Imperial decrees, allowing the wearing of Shie by about 15 Buddhist monks without asking for the bakufu's opinion.
- 11月19日、義仲は後白河法皇を幽閉し、摂政近衛基通や院の近臣を更迭した後に松殿師家を摂政に任じるクーデターを行った(法住寺合戦)。
- On November 19, Yoshinaka executed a coup d'etat by capturing the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa and after dismissing Regent Motomichi KONOE and close aides of the emperor, he had Moroie MATSUDONO made Regent (the Battle of Hoju-ji Temple).
- 永祚 (日本)2年(989年)に兼家が、翌正暦2年(990年)に円融が相次いで死去し、円融即位直後の“親権者不在”の状況が再現した。
- Kaneie in 989, Enyu in 990 died consecutively and there was a situation of 'no guardian' similar to that immediately after Enyu's ascension to the throne.
- 尊仁は父後朱雀の死後、異母兄の後冷泉天皇の皇太子に立てられ、後冷泉が皇子を遺さずに死去すると、跡を継いで天皇(後三条天皇)となった。
- Takahito after his father Gosuzaku's death was made Crown Prince for his older half brother Emperor Goreizei, and when Goreizei died without a son, he became Emperor (Emperor Gosanjo).
- その美声が、後鳥羽上皇院の女房たちを魅了し、落髪して尼となったことで、上皇が激怒し、2僧を処刑した上で、法然を流罪としたものである。
- Their beautiful voices entranced the women in Retired Emperor Gotoba's Inner Court to the point that some had their hair shaved and became nuns, angering the Retired Emperor so much that he had the two monks executed and Honen exiled.
- 以後、戦前の皇国史観のもとでは、足利尊氏を天皇に叛いた逆賊・大悪人、楠木正成や新田義貞を忠臣とするイデオロギー的な解釈が主流になる。
- Afterwards, the view on imperial history before the war mainly consisted of ideological interpretation, such as declaring Takauji ASHIKAGA a villain for rebelling against the Emperor and Masashige KUSUNOKI and Yoshisada NITTA loyalists.
- 年号不明であるが北西部を但馬国、その後、和銅6年(713年)4月3日に北部5郡を丹後国として分離し、後世まで長く続く領域が定まった。
- Although the date is unknown, at some point the north-west area separated off as Tajima Province, and after that, five districts in north separated as Tango Province on April 3, 713, establishing boundaries that would last long after.
- 同盟には、武装中立が認められず新政府軍との会談に決裂した越後長岡藩、ほか新発田藩等の越後5藩が加入し、計31藩によって同盟が成立した。
- Joined by the five domains in Echigo such as the Shibata Domain and the Echigo-Nagaoka Domain when negotiations with the new government's forces collapsed because armed neutrality was rejected, an alliance was established by a total of thirty-one domains.
- その後、義経が頼朝に許されることは無く、頼朝との対立が強まり、同年10月に後白河法皇に奏上して頼朝追討の宣旨を出させて挙兵するが失敗。
- Thereafter, Yoshitsune did not obtain Yoritomo's forgiveness, and their faceoff grew worse, until in November, Yoshitsune went to attend the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, who issued an Imperial decree that Yoritomo be hunted down and killed, whereupon Yoshitsune raised an army, but was defeated.
- 白河以後、院政を布いた上皇は治天の君、すなわち事実上の国王として君臨し、天皇は「まるで東宮(皇太子)のようだ」と言われるようになった。
- From Shirakawa onward, the jokos who conducted Insei reigned as if they were chiten-no-kimi, being virtual emperors, while the actual emperors were described as being 'as if they were the crown princes.'
- 平安時代を通じて皇位継承の安定が大きな政治課題とされており、皇統を一条天皇系へ統一するという流れの中で、後三条が即位することとなった。
- Throughout the Heian period, the stabilization of imperial succession was considered to be a major political issue, and in the drive to unite the line of emperors to the descendants of Emperor Ichijo, Emperor Gosanjo succeeded to the throne.
- 清洲会議(天正9年・1582)→賤ヶ岳の戦い(天正10年・1583):織田信長の後継争いで、筆頭家老であった柴田勝家と豊臣秀吉が反目。
- The Kiyosu Meeting (1582)=>the Battle of Shizugatake (1583): in the fight for the position as Nobunaga ODA's successor, Katsuie SHIBATA, who was the top senior retainer, was at enmity with Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 戦局が大きく動いたのは一刻後、淀川沿いに布陣していた池田恒興・池田元助・加藤光泰率いる手勢が、密かに円明寺川を渡河して津田信春を奇襲。
- The tide of the battle changed significantly when the units under the direct command of Tsuneoki IKEDA, Motosuke IKEDA and Mitsuyasu KATO positioned along the Yodo-gawa River crossed the Enmyoji-gawa River unnoticed and made a surprise attack on Nobuharu TSUDA.
- この時代の両統迭立は、後嵯峨天皇の第3皇子後深草天皇の子孫である持明院統と、第4皇子亀山天皇の子孫である大覚寺統とのあいだで行われた。
- The Ryoto tetsuritsu in this period was between the Jimyoin line, descendants of Emperor Gosaga's third son, Emperor Gofukakusa, and the Daikakuji line, descendants of fourth son Emperor Kameyama.
- だが、創成期の武家政権と既存の朝廷勢力の権限を巡る駆け引きと緊張関係は引き続き存在し、その一応の解決をみるのは承久の乱以後の事である。
- However, the politics over rights and the tense relationship between the initial warrior class government and the conventional Imperial Court forces continued, and it was resolved to a certain degree only after the Jyokyu Rebellion.
- しかし新政は武家への恩賞施策と武家領地を減らし国衙領の復活を目指す後醍醐天皇の独裁と公家優先の政策で、武家の支持を得られずに混乱した。
- However, the restoration was dictatorial and the Court noble-oriented policies of Emperor Godaigo who tried to reduce reward measures and territory of samurai families in order to restore Kokugaryo, were not supported by the samurai families and only served to confuse them.
- この事件の処理に当たった藤原良房は、伴氏・紀氏の有力官人を排斥し、事件後には清和天皇の摂政となり藤原氏の勢力を拡大することに成功した。
- FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, who dealt with this incident, ostracized proponent officials of the Tomo clan and the Ki clan, and succeeded in expanding the Fujiwara clan's power by becoming the regent of the Emperor Seiwa after the incident.
- 後白河は強硬策をとり官兵を派遣するが、警備にあたった重盛の兵と大衆の間で衝突が起こり、矢が神輿に当たったことから事態はさらに悪化する。
- Goshirakawa took strong measures and sent court troops, but there was a confrontation between Shigemori's troops, who were sent to maintain security, and the monks, and the situation worsened after an arrow hit the mikoshi.
- 保元の乱(ほうげんのらん)は、平安時代の保元元年(1156年)に崇徳天皇と後白河天皇が対立し、上皇側に天皇側が奇襲を仕掛けた事件である。
- The Hogen Disturbance occurred during the first year (1156) of the Hogen era in the Heian period, when Emperor Sutoku and Emperor Goshirakawa had a dispute, and the Emperor's side made a surprise attack on the retired emperor's side.
- 約束どおり将軍職位譲を行わない義政、義視将軍就任のために積極的に動かない後見人勝元、富子に見守られ僧門に入ることもなく成長して行く義尚。
- Yoshihisa had grown up without entering priesthood, watched over by Yoshimasa who would not hand over the Shogunate as promised, guardian Katsumoto and Tomiko who would make no active move to place Yoshimi in the position of Shogun.
- 1ヶ月後の12月18日 (旧暦)、篠原ら御陵衛士の生き残りは伏見街道の民家に伏せ、二条城からの帰りの近藤勇を狙撃、右肩に重症を負わせた。
- One month later on December 18 (old calendar), the remaining Goryo-eji including Shinohara, hid in a private residence along the Fushimi-kaido Road and sniped at Isami KONDO on his way back from Nijo-jo Castle and Kondo's right shoulder was seriously injured.
- 1973年に大迫ダムが完成した際に温泉はダムに沈んだが、その後ボーリングによって源泉を掘り当て、山鳩湯旅館が営業を始めて温泉は復活した。
- The hot spring sank under water when the construction of Osako dam was completed in 1973, but the hot spring revived later in Yamabatoyu Ryokan Inn when the source was struck by boring.
- 4月3日に高野山に着き、4日後の7日に本宮、次いで新宮・那智に立ち寄った後、11日に再び本宮、13日に田辺市、19日に伊丹へ戻っている。
- They arrived at Koyasan on April 3, and four days later, on April 7 visited Hongu-taisha Shrine, Shingu Shrine and Nachi-taisha Shrine, and after visited again Hongu Shrine on April 11, they went to Tanabe City on April 13, and went back to Itami on April 19.
- 江戸時代末期(文化年間~弘化年間)に閑院宮出身の光格天皇が、息子の仁孝天皇に譲位して院政を行ったが、これが現在において最後の院政である。
- At the end of the Edo period, Emperor Kokaku, who was from Kanin-no-miya (閑院宮), abdicated to his son, Emperor Ninko, and conducted insei, which is currently considered to be the last occurrence of insei.
- 足利義昭が京都から追放された後も、征夷大将軍の解任手続は行われなかったために、依然として信長に反対する勢力からは将軍として扱われている。
- Because procedures for the removal of Seii Taishogun were not implemented even after Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA's banishment from Kyoto, he was still treated as a shogun by the powers opposed to Nobunaga.
- 武士の、つまり全国各地の騒乱のほぼ全ての原因が土地支配に関するものであり、頼朝の新統治理論はこの後永く幕藩体制の根幹を成すものになった。
- Questions over land ownership contributed to virtually all fighting and conflict among warriors--and thus, almost all disturbances throughout the country--and Yoritomo's new theory of governance (as expressed by the Hyojosho) was to serve as the foundation of the bakufu-dominal system for many years thereafter.
- 武家の思想は、教育による家族制度の徹底化や徴兵制による軍事国家など明治近代日本に変化した形で生き残ってその後の日本を生み出す元になった。
- The ideology of samurai families remained in modern Japan of the Meiji period in the form of a rooted family system enforced through education and a garrison state based on the conscription system, which became a model for later periods in Japan.
- 治承3年(1179年)重盛と盛子が相次いで死去すると、後白河は関白基房と共謀し、清盛に無断で重盛の知行国(越前)と盛子の荘園を没収した。
- In 1179, when Shigemori and Moriko died, Goshirakawa collaborated with Regent Motofusa to seize the province that Shigemori governed (Echizen) and Moriko's shoen.
- 元亨元年に後宇多が後醍醐に治天の政務を譲ったのは、後醍醐の強要によるものではないかと推測する研究者(網野善彦、森茂暁)もいるほどである。
- There are even some researchers (Yoshihiko AMINO and Shigeaki MORI) who think that Gouda relinquished his government affair duties as Chiten to Godaigo in 1321 because of strong pressure from Godaigo.
- 治承3年(1179年)11月に平清盛によるクーデターで後白河法皇が幽閉され、翌年2月、高倉天皇が言仁(ときひと)親王に譲位(安徳天皇)。
- In November 1179, a coup d'etat by TAIRA no Kiyomori captured the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa and in February 1180, Emperor Takakura abdicated in favor of Imperial Prince Tokihito (Emperor Antoku).
- ところが、後白河が帰京した3月22日、山門(比叡山延暦寺)の大衆 (仏教)が加賀国守・藤原師高の配流を求めて強訴を起こした(白山事件)。
- However, when Goshirakawa returned to Kyoto on April 29, the daishu (Buddhist monks) at the Sanmon (Enryaku-ji Temple, Hieizan Mountain) demanded the removal of the Kaga (presently Ishikawa Pref.) governor, FUJIWARA no Morotaka (Hakusan Incident).
- 1955年6月1日には若狭湾国定公園の一部として国定公園に指定されていたが、2007年8月3日に丹後天橋立大江山国定公園として独立した。
- Although it was designated a part of the Wakasa Bay Quasi-National Park on June 1, 1955, it indepedently became Tango-Amanohashidate-Oeyama Quasi-National Park on August 3, 2007.
- 新井白石が作成した系譜の『藩翰譜』(または後世の『寛政重修諸家譜』)によると、柳生氏の姓は菅原氏とされ、菅原道真が祖先とも言われている。
- According to 'Hankanpu' (Genealogy of the Protectors of the Shogunate) compiled by Hakuseki ARAI and 'Kansei Choshu Shokafu' (A record of family trees of samurai warriors of the Tokugawa Shogunate) which was published in later years, the original family name of the Yagyu clan was Sugawara, and it is said that they were descendants of SUGAWARA no Michizane.
- 同年5月14日、後鳥羽上皇は「流鏑馬揃え」を口実に諸国の兵を集め、北面・西面の武士や近国の武士、大番役の在京の武士1700余騎が集まった。
- On the fourteenth day of the fifth month in 1221, the retired Emperor Gotoba used a mounted archery competition as a pretext to gather samurai warriors together from all over the country, until he had assembled an army of over 1700 mounted samurai, including those in the Northern and Western Guard Corps and those official guardsmen stationed in Kyoto.
- なお、堺で討たれたと言う伝説も存在し、堺市内の南宗寺には彼の名前が刻まれた墓が現存するが、実はこれは後の大坂の役の際に生まれた伝説である。
- However, there is a legend that Ieyasu was killed in Sakai and, in Nanshu-ji Temple in Sakai City, there exists a tombstone inscribed with his name, but this is a legend created later at the time of Osaka no Eki (the siege of Osaka).
- 「増鏡」は四鏡の最後の史書で、後鳥羽天皇の即位から1333年に配流となっていた後醍醐天皇が京都に帰還するまでの宮廷社会の動向を記している。
- The 'Masukagami' is the last of the four 'kagami' history books (books with the word 'kagami,' or 'mirror,' in the title), and covers the period from Emperor Go-Toba's enthronement to Emperor Go-Daigo's triumphant return to Kyoto from exile in 1333, focusing on trends within courtly society.
- 尊氏は武家政権の構築に着手するが、後醍醐天皇は叡山に逃れて抵抗しており、8月の豊仁親王(光明天皇)践祚は三種の神器を欠いたままで行われた。
- Takauji started to establish a samurai government, but Emperor Godaigo escaped to Mt. Hiei and continued to rebel, and the accession to the throne of Imperial Prince Toyohito (Emperor Komyo) in September and October was performed without the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family.
- 正盛は預所となり、周辺の東大寺領も取り込んで立荘するなど、白河の政治権力を後ろ盾に東大寺や国衙の支配を除去して実質的な土地所有に成功した。
- Masamori became the custodian of this shoen (private estate) and annexed the nearby Todai-ji Temple property, gaining actual land ownership by eliminating control by the Todai-ji Temple and the Kokuga (provincial offices) with the backing of Shirakawa's political power.
- しかしその後、尊氏が政務を任せていた弟の足利直義と足利家の執事の高師直が対立が表面化し、観応年間には観応の擾乱とよばれる幕府の内紛が起こる。
- But thereafter, the feud between Takauji's younger brother Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, whom Takauji had entrusted with the running of the government, and the Ashikaga family steward, Ko no Moronao, spilled out into the open, and during the Kanno era, the shogunate experienced an internal struggle known as the Kanno Disturbance.
- なお、荘園公領制が完全に崩壊するのは、南北朝時代よりも2世紀後の太閤検地によってであるが、この南北朝期に既に大きな転機を迎えていたのである。
- Nevertheless, although the shoen koryo sei (system of controlling private and public lands) did not completely collapse until more than 200 years after the reunification of the Southern and Northern Courts, when the Taiko Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI ordered his great country-wide land survey, land ownership had already reached a major turning point during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 奥羽越列藩同盟政府は、旧幕府艦隊を率いて脱走していた榎本武揚に対して援軍の要請を行うも、榎本はこれに同調せず後に敗兵を収容するにとどまった。
- The Ouetsu-reppan alliance's government requested Takeaki ENOMOTO, who led the former Shogunate warships and fled, to send reinforcements, but Enomoto did not agree to the request; later, he only accommodated defeated soldiers.
- 後鳥羽上皇は幕府軍に使者を送り、この度の乱は謀臣の企てであったとして義時追討の宣旨を取り消し、藤原秀康、三浦胤義らの逮捕を命じる宣旨を下す。
- The retired Emperor Gotoba sent an emissary to the shogunal army, claiming that the entire rebellion was the plot of his scheming advisors, and that he was repealing the decree to hunt down and kill Yoshitoki and was issuing a new decree demanding that Hideyasu FUJIWARA, Taneyoshi MIURA and the others be captured.
- 記録所や恩賞方は調査機関であり、個々の政務に関する判断を下すための先例や意見が答申され、それらが後醍醐の決済を経て「綸旨」の形で発せられた。
- The Records and Rewards offices were both investigative organizations, reporting on the precedents and different viewpoints in order to pass down judgments on each individual governmental matter; such judgments then came before Godaigo, who issued a settlement for each in the form of an Imperial command.
- この四天王像は西大寺四王堂に今も安置されるが、増長天像が足元に踏みつける邪鬼だけが創建当時のもので、その他の像、本体も後世の作、補作である。
- Those statues of Shitenno are enshrined in Shitendo (hall for shitenno) of Saidai-ji Temple even today, but only Jaki (imp) which is downtrodden by statue of Zochoten (guardian of the southern quarter) is the original since establishment and all other statues are manufactured or supplemented in the later period.
- 降水量は十津川の夏季のピーク時には400ミリメートル以上を記録し、奈良盆地での月平均降水量の100から200ミリメートル前後を大きく越える。
- As for the precipitation, it was over 400 millimeters in Totsukawa at the peak of summer, which greatly exceeded the monthly average of precipitation in the Nara Basin (100 to 200 millimeters).
- 比叡山座主であった足利義教がくじ引きで将軍になると、土岐氏・赤松氏・大内氏らの有力守護大名の後継争いに積極的に干渉し将軍権力の強化に努めた。
- When Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the head priest of Enryakuji on Mt. Hiei, was chosen by lot to become Shogun, powerful daimyo families like the Toki, Akamatsu, and Ouchi clans actively interfered in the shogunal succession, trying to shore up the shogunal authority.
- 1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)に後亀山天皇は京都へ赴いて後小松天皇に神器を譲渡し、南朝が解消される形で南北朝合一は成立した(明徳の和約)。
- This established peace and in 1392, Emperor Gokameyama traveled to Kyoto to give the Sacred Treasures to Emperor Gokomatsu and a unified Southern and Northern Court was established with the termination of the Southern Court.
- なぜならば、9月6日に幽斎を降した小野木らの丹波・但馬の諸大名を中心とした西軍は、それから9日後の関ヶ原の戦いに間に合わなかったからである。
- This is because the western army with Onogi, consisting of various Daimyo of Tanba and Tajima, did not make it to the Battle of Sekigahara, which started 9 days after the western army captured the castle from Yusai on September 6.
- そして、門徒の指導権も所領・財産も悉く蓮淳傘下の称徳寺(後の慈敬寺)に奪われてしまう事になった(享禄・天文の乱堅田本福寺破門事件参照のこと)。
- Honpuku-ji Temple was robbed of the leadership of believers, territory and fortune by Shotoku-ji Temple (later Jikei-ji Temple), which was under the control of Shonyo (refer to the Kyoroku-Tenbun War and Katata Honpuku-ji Temple Excommunication Incident).
- 直後に信長は小姓たちを呼び、鎌のような武器(薙刀術)を振り回しながら明智の兵達に対して応戦していたが、明智の鉄砲隊が放った弾が左肩に命中した。
- Immediately after that, Nobunaga called his pages and counterattacked warriors of the Akechi clan brandishing a sickle-like weapon (naginata (Japanese halberd) art), but he was shot his left shoulder by a bullet shot by the musket troops of the Akechi clan.
- 織田政権内での主導権をもくろむ秀吉は、さらに清洲会議にて信忠の子・三法師(織田秀信)の後見となり、事実上の信長の後継者としての地位を確立する。
- Hideyoshi, who aimed to take the initiative in the Oda government, became the guardian for Sanposhi (Hidenobu ODA), who was a son of Nobutada, as a result of the Meeting in Kiyosu-jo Castle and established his position as the successor of Nobunaga.
- 敗戦後に研究はさらに深化したが、全体としてみれば個別化し細分化して、個々の条文の意味やそれによって定められた制度などは詳細に解明されつつある。
- After the defeat in the war, research deepened further, but in general, through individualization and fragmentation, the meaning of each text and the systems established based on them are becoming clarified in detail.
- その後、武家政治によって摂関政治は完全に消滅したかに見えたが、摂政・関白職は存続していたため、武士達は権力の拠所として摂関家を大いに利用した。
- Later, the regency seems to have disappeared due to military rule, although warriors took advantage of the regent's house as a foundation of power because the posts of regent and chancellor still remained.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)の1336年に、後醍醐天皇により開かれた南朝は、3代将軍足利義満時代の1392年に明徳の和談が行われて名目上は解消された。
- In 1336, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Nancho (Southern Court) started by Emperor Godaigo was alleviated in the Meitoku no wadan (peace negotiations between Nancho and Hokucho) during the time of the third shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in 1392.
- 安和の変後、冷泉天皇・円融天皇両天皇の外戚であった藤原師輔の子である藤原兼通・藤原兼家兄弟が摂関の座を争って互いにその出世を妨害しようとした。
- After the Anna Incident, FUJIWARA no Kanemichi and his brother FUJIWARA no Kaneie, the sons of FUJIWARA no Morosuke, a maternal relative of both Emperors Reizei and Enyu, competed for the posts of regent and chancellor, and each tried to prevent the other's promotion.
- 時平の弟、藤原忠平は藤原師輔は摂政・関白に就任することができたが、彼の死後、村上天皇の親政(天暦の治)が行われ、摂政・関白の座は空位となった。
- Tokihira's brothers FUJIWARA no Tadahira and FUJIWARA no Morosuke were installed as regent and chancellor, however, Emperor Murakami directly administrated the Imperial Court after Tadahira's death (the glorious reign of Tenryaku) and the posts of regent and chancellor became vacant.
- その中で東軍配下の足軽骨皮道賢が後方攪乱などのゲリラ戦を試みたが、所詮、盗賊や凶悪人を多く含んだ集団に過ぎず、戦局を打開することは出来なかった。
- Meanwhile, ashigaru (common foot soldier) Doken HONEKAWA of the Eastern camp attempted guerrilla tactics such as harassing the rear, but after all his corps, nothing more than rabble comprising of many thieves and vicious criminals, was unable to break through the stalemate.
- また、大内裏の造営のための二十分の一税などの新税や、新貨幣鋳造、新紙幣発行などの唐突な経済政策は倒幕戦争直後の疲弊した経済の混乱に拍車をかけた。
- Moreover, the assessing of a new 5% tax to fund construction at the Imperial palace complex and the abrupt economic policy decisions to mint a new coinage, issue new paper notes, etc. only exacerbated the chaos facing the economy, already exhausted due to the just-ended war against the shogunate.
- 当然、宗全は義視の後見人である勝元と対立し、将軍家の家督争いは全国の守護大名を勝元派と宗全派に二分化させて、その衝突は避けられないものとなった。
- Naturally, Sozen opposed Katsumoto, Yoshimi's guardian, and the rivalry for Shogunate succession divided the shugo daimyos in the whole country into two camps, those of Katsumoto and of Sozen, making collision between them inevitable.
- 後白河院政期には、平治の乱と平清盛政権の登場およびその崩壊、治承・寿永の内乱の勃発、源頼朝の鎌倉幕府成立など、武士が一気に台頭する時代となった。
- The period of insei by Goshirakawa was the age in which the samurai quickly rose to power, as can be seen in the Heiji Rebellion, the entry and fall of the government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, the occurrence of Jisho Jyuei Rebellion and the establishment of Kamakura Bakufu by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, etc.
- このような繋がりの増強は、後の倒幕運動にも生かされるようになり、薩摩藩は終始佐幕派を装いつつ、結果として秘密裏に薩長同盟を締結する事に成功した。
- The power thus strengthened was utilized in the Tobaku movement that followed, and while the Satsuma clan pretended to be pro-Bakufu at all times it ended up secretly concluding the Saccho Coalition.
- 後醍醐は、新田義貞に恒良親王、尊良親王を奉じさせて北陸へ、懐良親王を九州へ派遣し、北畠親房は常陸国へ赴いて、それぞれ諸国で南朝勢力の結集を図る。
- Godaigo sent Yoshisada NITTA with Imperial Princes Tsuneyoshi and Takayoshi to Hokuriku, Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi to Kyushu, and Chikafusa KITABATAKE to the province of Hitachi to gather troops at each location for the Southern Court.
- 後鳥羽上皇らが幕府討伐のため起こした承久の乱は、結果としては幕府が朝廷に勝利し、朝廷に対する幕府の政治的優位性の確立という画期的な事件となった。
- The end result of the Jokyu Rebellion, in which Retired Emperor Gotoba and others tried to overthrow the bakufu, was the triumph of the bakufu over the court--this rebellion ushered in a new era, one of the political ascendancy of the bakufu over the court.
- しかし、この条件を口実として、旧南朝の皇族の子孫や旧南朝にゆかりのある人々による室町幕府に対する抵抗や叛乱がその後も100年にわたって相次いだ。
- However, this condition served as a reason for former Southern Dynasty Imperial family descendants and related people to continue on with resistance and insurrections against the Muromachi bakufu for around 100 years.
- 正慶2年(1333年)には後醍醐が隠岐を脱出して伯耆に滞在し、自ら叛乱に参加する態度を示すとともに、広く各地の武士団に叛乱への参加を呼びかけた。
- In 1333, Godaigo escaped Oki and stayed at Hoki, indicating his wishes to directly participation the insurrection and widely made a call for participation among the armed groups around the country.
- 遺言状も財産の分与をこまごまと定めるのみで後継者を指名する文言はなく、ただ次代の治天の指名は鎌倉幕府の意向に従うようにという遺志だけが示された。
- His will only specified the division of property without naming a successor, only indicating his wish that the naming the next Chiten should follow the wishes of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- だが、兼通の上位には左大臣源兼明と右大臣藤原頼忠(後の関白)がおり、兼通はその次の席次であった上に、兼明は一上として太政官の実権を掌握していた。
- However, MINAMOTO no Kaneakira, the minister of the left, and FUJIWARA no Yoritada, the minister of the right (later a chancellor), has ranks higher than Kanemichi, and Kaneakira secured the real power of the Great Council of State as ichinokami (the ranking Council Member).
- 丹波と丹後をあわせて両丹(りょうたん)、丹波と但馬をあわせて但丹または丹但(たんたん)、丹波と丹後、但馬をあわせて三たん(さんたん)と呼ばれる。
- Tanba and Tango together are called 'Ryo-Tan' (the two 'Tan's), Tanba and Tajima are called 'Tan-Tan,' and Tanba, Tango and Tajima are called 'San-Tan' (the three 'Tan's) all together.
- その後関東では室町幕府と鎌倉府の対立、鎌倉府と関東管領の対立、扇谷上杉家と山内上杉家の対立、両上杉家と家宰(太田道灌や長尾景春)の対立が続いた。
- Subsequently, in the Kanto region clashes continued between the Muromachi bakufu and the Kamakura-fu, between the Kamakura-fu and the Kanto Kanrei, between the Ogigayatsu Uesugi clan and the Yamanouchi Uesugi clan, and between the two Uesugi clans and the Kasai (家宰) (Dokan OTA and Kageharu NAGAO).
- 室町幕府の2代将軍足利義詮の頃には守護同士が対立し、執事の細川清氏などは失脚した後に吉野朝廷に属して京都を奪還するなど幕政は不安定な状態にあった。
- During the reign of the Muromachi Shogunate's second Shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, a conflict had arisen among the group of shugo (Protectors), and after such men as the steward Kiyouji HOSOKAWA were driven out of power, they defected to the Southern Court at Yoshino, who managed to recapture Kyoto, which left the shogunate in a very unstable position.
- 『承久記』によると、敗走した京方の藤原秀康、三浦胤義、山田重忠は最後の一戦をせんと御所に駆けつけるが、上皇は門を固く閉じて彼らを追い返してしまう。
- According to the 'Jokyu ki' (Chronicle of the Jokyu Era), the routed generals of the capital faction, Hideyasu FUJIWARA, Taneyoshi MIURA, and Shigetada YAMADA, intended to fight to the last and rushed to the imperial palace to make their stand, but the retired Emperor Gotoba had ordered the gates firmly shut and turned them away.
- 江戸後期に重税により町は衰退に向かい、明治期には近隣に持ち上がった鉄道駅建設計画に反対したことから都市化を免れることができた(畝傍駅として開業)。
- In the late Edo period, the town started to decline due to the oppressive tax, and as it opposed the construction of a railway station proposed in its neighborhood in the Meiji period, it could avoid being urbanized (the station was opened as Unebi Station.)
- 2003年(平成15年)1月18日、後醍醐天皇に下賜された現存最古の日本の国旗(当時は国旗ではなかったが)や、天誅組の寄せ書きなどが盗難にあった。
- On January 18, 2003, the oldest national flag of Japan (although it was not a national flag at the time) remaining today, which was granted as an Imperial gift by the Emperor Godaigo, and yosegaki (a card on which people write a few lines each) by Tenchu-gumi, and other items were stolen.
- 清盛の前に引き出された信頼は自己弁護をするが、信西殺害・三条殿襲撃の首謀者であり最後まで武装して参戦していたことから、戦闘員とみなされ処刑された。
- When he was hauled before Kiyomori, Nobuyori did try to justify his actions, but given that he was the ringleader in the death of Shinzei and the assault on Sanjo Palace, and had taken up arms and fought in the battle right up until the very moment of defeat, he was judged an enemy of war and executed.
- これは勝元による西軍諸大名(大内氏・土岐氏など)に対する後方撹乱策が主な原因であり、その範囲は奥羽・関東・越後・甲斐を除くほぼ全国に広がっていった。
- The expansion was mainly a consequence of tactics of Katsumoto to Western camp daimyos (including the Ouchi and Toki families) to harass the rear, and the expansion included substantially the whole country except the provinces of Ou, Kanto, Echigo, and Kai.
- 京都では京都御所を後に残して、明治4年(1871年)までに刑部省・大蔵省・兵部省などの京都留守・出張所が次々に廃され、日本の行政機関が消えていった。
- The old imperial palace was left in Kyoto, and the branch offices and Kyoto Rusu, such as the Gyobu Ministry (military government administration), Ministry of Finance, and Hyobusho were all abandoned by 1871, and the administrative organizations of Japan vanished.H78
- 南北朝時代 (日本)では南朝 (日本)に付くが後に北朝 (日本)に帰順して九州の菊池氏らと戦い、幕府から周防国・長門国・石見国の守護職に任じられた。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), they initially sided with the Southern Court, but afterwards switched their allegiance to the Northern Court and fought against the Kikuchi clan and other Southern Court supporters in Kyushu; the Muromachi bakufu rewarded them by appointing them shugo (a position tantamount to military governor) over the provinces of Suo, Nagato, and Iwami.
- 次いで天正9年(1581年)には、毛利氏の家臣玉木吉保が京都から伊勢に詣でた後、新宮・那智・本宮を巡拝し、高野山奥ノ院に参詣したことが知られている。
- In 1581, Yoshiyasu TAMAKI, a vassal of the Mori clan, visited Ise from Kyoto, made a round of pilgrimages to Shingu, Nachi and Hongu, visited Oku-no-in (inner sanctuary) of Mt. Koya.
- 清洲会議後の7月19日には、最後に残った光秀方の将である武田元明が長秀に攻められ自刃、京極高次は妹(姉説あり)の京極竜子を秀吉に差し出して降伏した。
- On July 19, after the Kiyosu meeting, Motoaki TAKEDA, the last surviving military leader on Mitsuhide's side, was attacked by Nagahide committed jijin, and Takatsugu KYOGOKU surrendered, presenting his younger (elder according to some historians) sister Tatsuko KYOGOKU to Hideyoshi.
- また上杉氏は上杉謙信亡き後、養子縁組・上杉景勝の代であり、かつて関東・越後国から猛攻をかけ武田信玄を苦しめた強力な軍団は御館の乱で勢いを弱めていた。
- With respect to the Uesugi clan, after Kenshin UESUGI's death, his adopted son, Kagekatsu UESUGI became the family head and the strong troops that harassed Shingen TAKEDA by fiercely attacking the Kanto Region and Echigo Province had been weakened by the Otate no Ran (Otate disturbance).
- 麹座と酒屋、そして背後の北野社と延暦寺の対立はエスカレートし、文安元年(1444年)延暦寺は西塔釈迦堂に立てこもり、次いで京都に向けて強訴を行った。
- The conflict between the koji za and the sakaya and between Kitano-sha Shrine and Enryaku-ji Temple escalated resulting in Enryaku-ji Temple barricading themselves in Saito-Shakado, and petitioning Kyoto in 1444.
- 本来なら数日で落とせたはずの伏見城に10日以上もの期間をかけたため、西軍のその後の美濃国・伊勢国方面に対する攻略が大きく遅れる要因となったとされる。
- The western army's delay in occupying Fushimi-jo Castle, which was expected to be completed within a few days but in fact took 10 days, is said to have been a factor in the delay of attacking Mino Province and Ise Province, to which the western army was going to proceed after taking Fushimi-jo Castle.
- 頼忠・雅信排除の名目を見出せなかった兼家は、自ら右大臣を辞して替わりに准三宮の待遇を受けて、前大臣でありながら摂政後に関白として百官の上位に就いた。
- As Kaneie could not find any pretext to remove Yoritada or Masanobu, he himself resigned his post as minister of the right and was treated as jusangu in exchange for it, then took a higher rank than any other officer as chancellor, after taking the post of regent, even though he was an ex-minister.
- 一方、清盛は自らの娘を信西の子・成憲に嫁がせていたが、信頼の嫡子・藤原信親にも娘(後の藤原隆房室)を嫁がせるなど、両派の対立では中立的立場にあった。
- Kiyomori, on the other hand, had married one of his own daughters to Narinori, Shinzei's son, yet also married off another daughter (who would later become FUJIWARA no Takafusa's wife) to FUJIWARA no Nobuchika, Nobuyori's son and heir, and took other steps to avoid the conflict between the two factions and achieve a neutral position.
- しかし、日野富子が甥である義材を後援し、また、翌1490年(延徳2年)に義政が死去すると、義視の出家などを条件として義材の10代将軍就任が決定する。
- However, Tomiko HINO supported her nephew Yoshiki, and after the death of Yoshimasa the following year, in 1490, Yoshiki was chosen to be the tenth shogun on, among others, the condition of Yoshimi becoming a monk.
- 廃藩置県後の明治4年(1871年)12月19日の第1次府県統合により、桑田郡、船井郡、何鹿郡は京都府に、天田郡、氷上郡、多紀郡は豊岡県に分けられた。
- On December 19, 1871, Kuwada, Funai and Ikaruga Districts were joined to Kyoto prefecture, and Amada, Hikami and Taki Districts became part of Toyooka Prefecture.
- 義詮は北朝年号を復活させ、再び京都を奪還するが、南朝は撤退する際に光厳・光明両上皇と、天皇を退位した直後の崇光天皇(光厳の皇子)を賀名生へ連れ去った。
- Yoshiakira revived the Northern Court era name and recaptured Kyoto, and when the Southern Court forces withdrew from the city, they took both retired Emperors Kogon and Komyo, as well as Emperor Suko (Kogon's son), who had just abdicated the throne, back with them to Ano.
- これに対して、近年では後鳥羽上皇は武家政権との対立ではなく、当初は公武融和による政治を図っており、そのために実朝の位を進め優遇していたとの見方が強い。
- Regarding this state of affairs, the retired Emperor Gotoba had initially avoided confrontation with the military government and had instead aimed for harmony between court and shogunate; for that reason, he had if anything seemed strongly supportive of Sanetomo's rise to the rank of Shogun.
- その後一時海龍王寺(奈良市法華寺町)に住した後、嘉禎4年(1238年)西大寺に戻り、90歳で没するまで50年以上、荒廃していた西大寺の復興に尽くした。
- Since then, after experiencing the chief priest of Kairyuo-ji Temple (Hokkeji-cho, Nara City) for a certain period, he returned to Saidai-ji Temple in 1238 and devoted himself for restoration of Saidai-ji Temple, which had been devastated, for more than 50 years until he died at the age of ninety years old.
- この後、熊野記念館の調査報告には遂に無住の廃屋となったことが報告されたが、2002年に宇江が訪れたときには廃屋すらなくなり、残骸のみになってしまった。
- After that, the team of the Kumano Kinenkan Museum reported that there had been no resident in the house, and in 2002 when Ue visited it, there was only the remains of the house.
- 以後、澤宣嘉は外務卿、三条実美は太政大臣や内大臣、三条西季知は参与や神宮祭主、東久世道禧は枢密院副議長や貴族院副議長になるなど明治政府の要職に就いた。
- Later, Nobuyoshi SAWA became the foreign affairs minister, Sanetomi SANJO became the grand minister and the inner minister, Suetomo SANJONISHI became the councilor and the lord custodian of the shrine, Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE became the vice president of the privy council and the vice president of the house of lords, appointed to important positions in the Meiji government.
- だがこの間、摂関家では頼通とその後を継いで関白となった藤原教通(頼通の同腹弟)が確執を起こして、天皇に対して具体的な対抗手段を取れる状況ではなかった。
- In the regent's house, however, Yorimichi and FUJIWARA no Norimichi (Yorimichi's brother by the same mother), who took over the post of chancellor after him, were in conflict during this period and they were not in any condition to take any concrete measures against the emperor.
- 頼朝の挙兵と同時期の治承4年(1180年)9月、信濃国の源義仲(木曾義仲)が挙兵し1181年6月横田河原の戦いで勝利を収め、信濃から越後国を席巻した。
- At the same time as Yoritomo raised his forces, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Yoshinaka KISO) of Shinano Province raised forces in September 1180, and won the Battle of Yokotagawara in June 1181 and controlled the area from Shinano to Echigo Province.
- そして、平知盛・平重衡率いる平氏の大軍によって、同年5月に宇治の平等院で源頼政一族は敗死することになるが、この挙兵が後6年間にわたる内乱の契機となる。
- Therefore, the large force of Taira clan troops led by TAIRA no Tomomori and TAIRA no Shigehira destroyed MINAMOTO no Yorimasa's family at Byodo-in Temple in Uji in May of that year, and this became the start of an internal rebellion that lasted for 6 years.
- この乱は、3年後の平治の乱の遠因ともなり、さらには日本最初の武士政権である平氏政権の成立、また関東武士団を基盤とする鎌倉幕府の成立をもたらすこととなる。
- The disturbance, one of the underlying causes of the Heiji Disturbance (Heiji-no-ran) that occurred three years later, led to the establishment of Japan's first samurai-dominated government--that of the Taira clan--and the Kamakura shogunate based on the kanto warrior bands.
- 尊氏は、天皇から離反しなかった武士で最強の軍事力を持っていた武者所所司(長官)の新田義貞を君側の奸であると主張し、その討伐を後醍醐天皇に対して要請する。
- Takauji next insisted that Yoshisada NITTA, shoji (chief) of the mushadokoro (the Imperial bodyguards) and the one who possessed the greatest military strength of all the samurai not yet estranged from the Emperor, was only pretending to support the Emperor and was secretly plotting against him, requesting that Emperor Godaigo let him suppress Yoshisada.
- 後醍醐天皇は尊氏のこの要請を受けず、11月に義貞に尊氏追討を命じて出陣させるが、新田軍は敗北し、1336年(建武 (日本)3年)1月に足利軍は入京する。
- Emperor Godaigo refused this demand by Takauji, and in the eleventh month he commanded Yoshisada to send his army out to hunt down Takauji; but the Nitta army was defeated, and in the first month of 1336 the Ashikaga army entered the capital.
- これにより織田政権内での主導権を掌握した秀吉は清洲会議や賤ヶ岳の戦いを経て信長の後継者として地位を固め、天正11年1583年には大坂城の築城を開始する。
- Consequently, Hideyoshi seized leadership within the Oda government and strengthened his position as Nobunaga's successor through the Kiyosu Meeting and the Battle of Shizugatake; then, in 1583, he started the construction of Osaka-jo Castle.
- これを、元親が拒否したため、織田信孝(信長の三男・四国征伐後に三好家の養子となり三好家を継ぐことが内定していた)を大将として四国征伐を行うことになった。
- As Motochika refused this order, it is decided to conduct conquest of Shikoku with Nobutaka ODA (the third son of Nobunaga; it had been informally decided that, after conquest of Shikoku, he should be adopted by the Miyoshi clan and succeed the Miyoshi family.) as the chief commander.
- 堺市(大阪府堺市)や博多(福岡県福岡市)などでは会合衆を中心に自治的な都市運営を行っており、応仁の乱以後は武装して防衛をしており自治的性格をもっていた。
- Cities like Sakai (part of the Osaka metropolitan area today) and Hakata (the modern-day Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture) were free cities self-governed largely by the egoshu, associations of merchants, and beginning with the Onin War, such cities armed themselves and bolstered their defensive capabilities, developing quite an autonomous, free spirit.
- 律令法は、奈良・平安両時代を通じて国家の基本法であることに変りはなかったが、 10世紀の『延喜式』の制定公布の時代前後を境として、重要な変化がみられた。
- Ritsuryo law remained the basic national law throughout the Nara and Heian periods, but important changes occurred around the time when 'Engishiki' (a book of laws and regulations compiled during the Engi era) was established and issued in the tenth century.
- 南朝の征西府懐良親王も菊池氏や阿蘇氏、筑後宇都宮氏の武力を背景に大宰府を有して九州を制圧していたが、九州探題として赴任した今川貞世(了俊)に駆逐される。
- The Southern Court Seiseifu (Conqueror of the west) Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi held Dazaifu and controlled Kyushu using the military forces of the Kikuchi clan, the Aso clan and the Chikugo-Utsunomiya clan, but was chased away by Sadoyo IMAGAWA (Ryoshun) who came as the Kyushu Tandai.
- 頼朝とその子らの源家は三代で滅びるが、御家人であった北条氏は、摂家から藤原頼経を迎えて将軍へと就任させ以後「宮将軍」を続け、自身は執権として政権を握る。
- Although Yoritomo and his children in the Minamoto family perished in three generations, the Hojo clan, which was gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), took FUJIWARA no Yoritsune from Sekke (line of regents and advisers) and give him the position of Shogun, and thus maintaining the position of miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) and gained administrative power as a regent to the shogunate.
- 清盛は院近臣の昇進の限界とされていた大納言となり女婿の基実を補佐していたが、基実が急死して後白河院政が復活すると「勲労久しく積もりて、社稷を安く全せり。
- Kiyomori was Dainagon (Chief councilor of state), which was considered the highest position attainable by a close aide of the cloistered government, and supported his son-in-law Motozane, but when Motozane suddenly passed away, the Goshirakawa cloistered government was revived and 'His past achievements are many and the State is peaceful and settled.
- 二条親政派は藤原経宗(二条天皇の伯父)・藤原惟方(二条天皇の乳兄弟、記録所の弁官の一人)が中心となり、美福門院の支援を背景に後白河の政治活動を抑圧する。
- The principal figures of the Nijo faction were FUJIWARA no Tsunemune (Emperor Nijo's uncle) and FUJIWARA no Korekata (Nijo's foster brother, meaning they were both essentially raised by the same wet nurse), one of the controllers at the Records Office, and with the continued financial backing and aid of Bifukumonin, they worked to limit Goshirakawa's political activities.
- 伏見は永仁6年(1298年)に皇太子胤仁(10歳、後伏見天皇)に譲位したが、次の皇太子の人選をめぐって大覚寺統の巻き返しが起こり、実兼もこれに加担した。
- In 1298, Fushimi abdicated in favor of the Crown Prince Tanehito (aged 10, Emperor Gofushimi), but a comeback by the Daikakuji line that Sanekane also participated in was staged regarding the nomination of the next Crown Prince.
- 幕府は、後嵯峨の正妻であり後深草と亀山の生母でもある大宮院に故人の真意がどちらにあったかを照会し、大宮院が亀山の名を挙げたことから亀山を治天に指名した。
- The bakufu asked Omiyain, who was the first wife and biological mother of Gofukakusa and Kameyama, which of the sons was the deceased choice and Omiyain gave Kameyama's name, who was subsequently named as Chiten.
- 平氏の知行国も平家貞が筑後守、藤原能盛が壱岐守・安芸守、源為長が紀伊守となるなど、一門だけでなく郎等にも及びその経済基盤も他から抜きん出たものとなった。
- And the power of the Taira clan was even greater still when one factors in the economic base they had to draw upon over and above the ample resources of the immediate family, the chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) they controlled indirectly through their retainers, including TAIRA no Iesada's appointment as governor of Chikugo Province, FUJIWARA no Yoshimori as governor of both Iki and Aki, and MINAMOTO no Tamenaga as governor of Iyo Province.
- 鎌倉幕府が滅びると、江戸氏は南北朝時代 (日本)の騒乱において初め新田義貞に従って南朝 (日本)方につき、後に北朝 (日本)に帰順して鎌倉公方に仕えた。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts following the fall of the Kamakura bakufu, the Edo clan took Yoshisada NITTA's side to support the Southern Court, but later switched to the Northern Court's side to serve Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of Kamakura Region).
- With the collapse of the Kamakura bakufu and the ensuing turmoil of the Northern and Southern Court Period, the Edo clan initially allied itself to the Southern Court serving Yoshisada NITTA, but later changed allegiances to the Northern Court and served as the Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region).
- 大泊瀬皇子(後の雄略)の軍によって宅を包囲された大臣は、王の引き渡しを拒否し、娘の韓媛と「葛城の宅七区」(記に「五処の屯倉」)とを献上して贖罪を請うた。
- Having his residence sourrounded by Prince Ohatsuse (later called Yuryaku)'s army, Tsubura no Okimi made a piacular offering of his daughter, Karahime and 'seven districts in the Katsuraki residence (recorded as 'five locations under miyake, Imperial-controlled territory' in the Nihonshoki),' but he rejected to hand over Prince Mayowa to them.
- 尊氏ら足利氏の勢力を警戒した護良親王は奈良の信貴山に拠り尊氏を牽制する動きに出たため、後醍醐天皇は妥協策として6月23日に護良親王を征夷大将軍に任命する。
- Because Imperial Prince Morinaga, who was on his guard against the considerable might of Takauji and the rest of the Ashikaga clan, had gone off to Mt. Shigi and began acting to hem in Takauji's power, on the twenty-third day of the sixth month, Emperor Godaigo made Imperial Prince Morinaga the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') as part of a compromise plan between the two of them.
- 弘茂は幕府の援軍とともに盛見を攻めてこれを追うが、応永8年(1401年)に九州で盛見は再挙し、数度の合戦の後、弘茂は佐加利山城(下関市長府)で滅ぼされた。
- Hiroshige, together with shogunal reinforcements, attacked and drove Morimi away, but in 1401 Morimi raised a new army in Kyushu and made another attempt to win back the Ouchi lands, and after several battles between them, Morimi destroyed Hiroshige at Sakariyama Castle (in modern-day Chufu ward of the city of Shimonoseki).
- 白河は応徳3年(1086年)に当時8歳の善仁皇子(堀河天皇)へ譲位し太上天皇(上皇)となったが、幼帝を後見するため白川院と称して、引き続き政務に当たった。
- In 1086, Shirakawa abdicated to Imperial Prince Taruhito (Emperor Horikawa), who was then eight years old; he named himself Shirakawa-in and became Dajo Emperor (Joko), but to oversee the young Emperor he continued the conduct of political affairs.
- 本来ならば桂小五郎(後の木戸孝允)もその場にいたはずだったが、到着が早すぎたので一度本拠地にもどり時間を待っている間に事件が起こってしまい難を逃れている。
- Kogoro KATSURA (later Takayoshi KIDO) should have been there too, but he arrived earlier and then went back to the base to wait a while. His life had been spared because the incident occurred before he came back.
- 初めは懐良親王ら南朝勢力の討伐に任じられた今川貞世(了俊)が就くが、了俊が九州で独自の勢力を築くと幕府に警戒され、了俊が解任された後は渋川氏の世襲となる。
- Initially, Sadayo IMAGAWA (Ryoshun), who had been ordered to subdue Nancho powers such as Imperial Prince Kanenaga, assumed the position, but the Bakufu feared that Ryoshun would establish his own power in Kyushu; after Ryoshun was dismissed, descendants of the Shibukawa clan succeeded in the position.
- 桂庵玄樹は肥後国及び薩摩国に招かれ、現地で朱子学の一派である薩南学派を開くが江戸時代には衰亡南村梅軒は土佐に招かれて、同じく朱子学の一派の海南学派を開く。
- Genju KEIAN was invited to come to both Higo and then Satsuma provinces, leading him to found the Satsunangaku school, a school of Neo-Confucianism, there in the countryside, which fell into decline during the Edo period; Baiken MINAMIMURA was invited to Tosa, where he created the Kainangaku school, which was also a school of Neo-Confucianism.
- 豊臣秀吉の死後、次の天下人の座を狙う徳川家康は慶長5年(1600年)、度重なる上洛命令に応じない会津の上杉景勝を逆臣として討伐すべく、会津攻めを開始した。
- After the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was seeking the post of tenkabito (the ruler of the kingdom), began invading the Aizu Domain to attack Kagekatsu UESUGI's army in 1600, claiming that UESUGI was a treacherous retainer who rebelled against the administrative authority because he had often ignored the order to go to the capital.
- 豊臣秀吉の死後、次の天下人の座を狙う徳川家康は、慶長5年、度重なる上洛命令を無視した上杉景勝を公儀に反抗する逆臣として征伐すると称し、会津攻めを開始した。
- After the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was seeking the post of tenkabito (the ruler of the kingdom), began invading the Aizu Domain to attack Kagekatsu UESUGI's army in 1600, claiming that Uesugi was a treacherous retainer who rebelled against the administrative authority because he had often ignored the order to go to the capital.
- 地域性として亀岡・園部の南丹(口丹波)地方は山城国・摂津国、福知山・綾部の中丹は丹後・但馬、篠山・氷上の兵庫丹波は但馬・摂津・播磨国に密接に係わっている。
- As for regional characteristics, the Nantan (Kuchitanba) area with Kameoka and Sonobe was closely linked to Yamashiro and Settsu Provinces, the Chutan area with Fukuchiyama and Ayabe to Tango and Tajima Provinces, and the Hyogo Tanba area with Sasayama, and Hikami to Tajima, Settsu and Harima Provinces.
- 義朝は後白河天皇に火攻の勅許を求め、これが許されると天皇方は白河北殿の西隣にある藤原家成邸に放火、火が燃え移ったため上皇方の兵は先を争って白河北殿から逃走。
- Yoshitomo submitted the use of fire in the battle for Imperial sanction of Emperor Goshirakawa, and once the sanction was received the Emperor's army set fire to the FUJIWARA no Ienari's residence to the west of Shirakawakita-dono Palace; the fire spread to the palace, causing the retired emperor's soldiers to scramble to escape.
- 弟の細川頼元は管領に就任し、頼之自身もその後幕政の中心に復帰していることから、この政変は頼之からの自立を望んだ義満の提唱によって起こされたものと考えられる。
- But given that his younger brother Yorimoto HOSOKAWA assumed the position of kanrei, and the fact that Yoriyuki himself was eventually able to stage a political comeback and return to the inner circle of the shogunate, it is thought that this coup may have been instigated by Yoshimitsu, who wished to achieve independence from Yoriyuki.
- その後、羽柴軍は秀政を近江への交通路遮断と光秀捜索に派遣し、14日には光秀の後詰のために急遽出兵した明智秀満隊を堀隊が打出の浜(大津市)で迎え撃ち撃破した。
- After that, Hashiba's forces sent Hidemasa to intercept the traffic to Omi and search for Mitsuhide, and Hori's corps on June 14 met and defeated Hidemitsu AKECHI's corps, having been hurriedly dispatched to back up Mitsuhide, at Uchide no hama (Uchide Beach) (in Otsu City).
- さらに探索に於いて長州藩・土佐藩・肥後藩等の尊王派が古高逮捕をうけて襲撃計画の実行・中止について協議する会合が池田屋か四国屋に於いて行われる事を突き止める。
- Furthermore, the search revealed that the loyalists from the Choshu, Tosa, and Higo clans were planning to hold a meeting at Ikedaya or Shikokuya to discuss whether or not to go forward with the plan of attack after hearing about the arrest of FURUTAKA.
- これらの国人勢力も互いに整理統合されながら、強力な戦国大名が成長し、これが群雄割拠して幕府支配に取って代わり、以後の戦国時代への流れを作ってゆくことになる。
- Such Kokujin powers were regrouped/merged and developed into strong warring lordships, which competed with each other and grew in power; they replaced government by Bakufu and gave rise to the trend of civil war that followed.
- その後、荘園の更なる増大で税収が減り、上級貴族に俸給を払えなくなった朝廷は、彼らに知行国として国を与え、その国に関する国司の任命権と税収を上級貴族に与えた。
- After that, the imperial court, who were no longer able to pay the salaries of the high-level aristocrats due to decreased tax revenues because of the growing number of shoen, gave territories as Chigyo koku (proprietary provinces), as well as the patronage of the Kokushi and tax revenues regarding the province, to the high-level aristocrats.
- 宇多天皇は、891年(寛平3年)の関白藤原基経の死後摂関を置かず、源能有を事実上の首班として藤原時平と菅原道真、平季長等の近臣を重用し各種政治改革を行った。
- Emperor Uda did not appoint Sekkan (regents and advisers) after the death of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Mototsune in 891, and carried out various political reforms using MINAMOTO no Yoshiari as a virtual leader, promoting trusted vassals such as FUJIWARA no Tokihira, SUGAWARA no Michizane, and TAIRA no Suenaga.
- 嘉応2年(1170年)後白河は福原山荘にて宋人と対面しているが、これは宇多天皇の遺戒でタブーとされた行為であり、九条兼実は「我が朝、延喜以来未曾有の事なり。
- In 1170, Goshirakawa met a person from Song at the Fukuhara mountain retreat, but this was an act that was considered taboo because of Emperor Uda's will and Kanezane KUJO wrote with astonishment, 'This is the most shocking event in Japan since Engi era.
- 正応2年(1289年)にはこれも幕府の指名により伏見の第1皇子胤仁(2歳)が皇太子に立てられ、さらに同年後深草の皇子久明親王が鎌倉殿として幕府に迎えられた。
- In 1289, also by designation of the bakufu, Fushimi's first son, Tanehito (aged 2) was installed as Crown Prince and during the same year, Gofukakusa's son Imperial Prince Hisaaki was greeted as the head of the Kamakura Shogunate.
- ところが、これらの荘園の多くに幕府の地頭が置かれるようになると、しばしば年貢の未納などが起こり、荘園領主である後鳥羽上皇やその近臣と紛争を起こすようになった。
- However, because many of these private estates were located in places where the shogunate held sway, tax payments and so forth were frequently late, and the retired Emperor Gotoba, the overlord, or one of his vassals often became embroiled in disputes with the local overseers.
- 足利尊氏に鎮守府将軍・左兵衛督の官位を与え、後醍醐天皇の諱「尊治」の一字を賜り、「高氏」→「尊氏」と名を改めさせる(高氏の「高」は北条高時からの偏諱である)。
- Takauji was given the official ranks and titles of Chinjufu shogun and Commander of the Left Inner Palace Guards, and honored by being allowed to use the 'Taka (尊)' character from Emperor Godaigo's own personal name (Takaharu (尊治)), letting him change the meaning of his name Takauji, from 'high lineage/clan' to 'exalted lineage/clan' (the original 'taka' (high (高)) from Takauji's name had been bestowed on him by Takatoki HOJO).
- また企業や団体での類似の現象も院政と比喩されることがあるが、この場合は忠実な腹心や縁者を後継者として確定させることにより権力の更なる強化を図る意味合いが強い。
- Also, similar situations in companies or groups are sometimes described as insei, but in such cases the further strengthening of power is sought by deciding on a loyal right-hand man or a relative as one's successor.
- 前後して前関白藤原忠通(1164年死去)、太政大臣藤原伊通(1165年死去)、摂政藤原基実(1166年死去)など、政治の中心人物たちが相次いでこの世を去った。
- Around that time, several of the major political players died, such as former Imperial Regent FUJIWARA no Tadamichi (1164), Grand Minister of State FUJIWARA no Koremichi (1165) and Regent FUJIWARA no Motozane (1166).
- しかし、村上天皇の逝去により、藤原実頼が関白に就任し、以後、明治維新まで摂政・関白が常置(後醍醐天皇による建武の新政の時期などの例外を除く)されることとなる。
- However, FUJIWARA no Saneyori became chancellor due to the death of Emperor Murakami, and after that the posts of regent and chancellor were maintained continuously until the Meiji Restoration (except some periods such as the Kenmu Restoration by Emperor Godaigo, etc.).
- 又、平安京成立後から明治天皇が東京市に行幸するまでの約1080年、ほぼ全ての天皇が居住していた都市である(→首都に関する議論は「日本の首都」を参照すること)。
- During the approximately 1080 years from the establishment of Heian-kyo to the Emperor Meiji's relocation from Kyoto City to Tokyo City, nearly all the emperors had resided in Kyoto City (see 'Capital of Japan' for further discussion).
- その一方で、多くの兵力を派遣していたため信長周辺の軍勢は手薄であり、武田家滅亡後は天下統一目前という開放的な雰囲気で、畿内では信長、家康とも小勢で移動していた。
- Under such situations, as a large military force was dispatched, troops around Nobunaga were not many and Nobunaga and Ieyasu moved around with a small military force in Kinai in an open atmosphere under just before unification of the whole country especially after downfall of the Takeda clan.
- その後、錦小路頼徳は元治元年(1864年)に病没、澤宣嘉は生野の変で挙兵したのち脱出して長州に潜伏、残る五卿は長州征討第一次の後に筑前国太宰府天満宮に移された。
- Later, Yorinori NISHIKINOKOJI died from a disease in 1864, Nobuyoshi SAWA raised an army during the Ikuno Incident and then escaped to hide in Choshu, and the remaining five nobles were transferred to Dazaifu Tenmangu in Chikuzen Province after the first conquest of Choshu clan.
- 足利政権では古代の継体天皇の先例を持ち出し、光厳生母の広義門院を治天とし、8月に三種の神器のないまま光厳皇子の弥仁親王の践祚を行い、後光厳天皇として即位させる。
- The Ashikaga government brought out the previous example of Emperor Keitai and made Kogon's biological mother, Kogimonin the Chiten and made Kogon's prince, Imperial Prince Iyahito ascend the throne as Emperor Gokogon without the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family in September and October.
- しかし源氏(河内源氏の源頼朝系)直系の将軍は3代で絶え、将軍は公家(摂家将軍)、後には皇族(宮将軍)を置く傀儡の座となり、実権は将軍から、十三人の合議制へ移る。
- But the primary bloodline of the Minamoto clan (specifically, the lineage of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo of the Kawachi-Genji) died out after supplying the first three Shoguns, and the position of Shogun became a mere puppet filled first by court nobles ('Sekke Shoguns' of the Fujiwara line of regents and advisors) and later by imperial princes ('Miya Shoguns'), while true power shifted over to the Council of Thirteen.
- 後宇多は再び花園の譲位を要求し、後伏見はこれを拒むことができず、翌文保2年(1318年)には尊治(31歳、後醍醐天皇)が践祚し、邦良(19歳)が皇太子となった。
- Gouda demanded Hanazono's abdication again, and Gofushimi could not go against this, so in 1318, the Takaharu (aged 31, Emperor Godaigo) ascended the throne and Kuniyoshi (aged 19) became the Crown Prince.
- 後三条天皇は藤原北家の祖父を持たない約170年ぶりの天皇であり、それを支援したのは同じ摂関家ながらその就任資格から排除された藤原能信(頼通の異母弟)らであった。
- Emperor Gosanjo was an emperor whose grandfather, for the first time in approximately 170 years, was not from the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, and his supporters were FUJIWARA no Yoshinobu (Yorimichi's brother by a different mother) and others who were excluded from being eligible for the posts of regent or chancellor even though they were from the same regent's house.
- 京都で足利高氏の兵が六波羅探題を滅ぼし、新田義貞が鎌倉を攻め、北条高時ら北条氏一族を滅ぼし鎌倉幕府が滅亡すると、後醍醐は赤松氏や楠木氏に迎えられて京都へ帰還する。
- In Kyoto, Takauji ASHIKAGA's samurai destroyed the local magistrate at Rokuhara while Yoshisada NITTA mounted an attack against Kamakura itself; after Takatoki HOJO and the entire Hojo clan had been killed and (thereby) the Kamakura bakufu had been destroyed, Emperor Godaigo was met by Akamatsu and Kusunoki clans, and they all returned to the capital in triumph.
- 6月(旧暦)、関東申次を務め北条氏と縁のあった公家の西園寺公宗らが北条高時の弟北条泰家(時興)を匿い、持明院統の後伏見天皇を奉じて政権転覆を企てる陰謀が発覚する。
- In the sixth month (under the old lunar calendar) it came to light that the Court noble Kinmune SAIONJI, who served as Kanto moshitsugi (a mediator position between Court and shogunate) and was related to the Hojo clan, and other nobles sheltered Yasuie (Tokioki) HOJO, younger brother of Takatoki HOJO, and that in obedience to the will of Emperor Gofushimi of the Jimyoin lineage, a conspiracy had been formed to overthrow the new government.
- 海津大崎の桜も還暦を過ぎ、樹勢もかつてのような勢いはなくなってきたが、マキノ地区住民の誇りとも言うべき桜並木は大切に守り育てられ、後世に引き継がれようとしている。
- Cherry trees of Kaizu-osaki exceeded the age of kanreki (60 years old) and they lost their strength to some extent, but sakura-namiki which is proud of by inhabitants of Makino district are protected and fostered with care and is being inherited to the following generations.
- 神経痛、筋肉痛、関節痛、五十肩、運動麻痺、関節のこわばり、うちみ、くじき、慢性消化器病、痔疾、冷え性、病後回復期、疲労回復、健康増進、きりきず、やけど、慢性皮膚病
- Nerve pain, muscle ache, joint ache, frozen shoulder, motor paralysis, stiff joints, contusion, twisted joint, chronic digestive diseases, hemorrhoid, excessive sensitivity to cold, recovery from illness, soothing effect, health enhancement, cut, burn injury and chronic skin diseases
- 後嵯峨院は、奏事(弁官や蔵人による奏上)を取り次ぐ役職である伝奏の制度化、そして院が評定衆とともに相論(訴訟)裁許に当たる院評定を確立し、院政の機能強化に努めた。
- Gosaga-in strengthened the function of insei by formalizing the system of delivery, which was a position for the delivery of reports from Benkan (弁官) and Kurodo (蔵人) to the Emperor, and by establishing In-no-hyojo, where the In, together with Hyojo-shu, participated in decision/permission regarding lawsuits.
- 当初、関東や北陸で勃興した反平氏勢力は、旧勢力の期待するところであって平氏政権を排除した後は、それまでの歴史の通りにいずれ中央政府に帰順するものと考えられていた。
- Initially, the anti-Taira clan forces that began in the Kanto and Hokuriku regions were acting as the old regime anticipated and it was thought that after the Taira clan government was removed, the country would return to a central government as in the past.
- 事件後、彼の母親は京都府警の事情聴取のため京都に呼び出されたが、捜査官から事件の顛末を聞かされて衝撃を受け、不穏なものを感じた係官は実弟を呼び寄せて付き添わせた。
- Later, his mother was called to Kyoto by Kyoto Prefectural Police for questioning by a police, and as she heard how the case occurred, she suffered tremendous shock, which disquieted the detective, so he brought her younger brother to Kyoto to have him stay with her.
- 陰謀が事実であったかは定かでないが、これにより清盛は延暦寺との望まぬ軍事衝突を回避することができ、後白河は多くの近臣を失い、政治発言権を著しく低下させてしまった。
- It is not clear whether there was an actual conspiracy, but Kiyomori was able to prevent a military confrontation with the Enryaku-ji Temple that he did not want and Goshirakawa lost many close aides and political power.
- このことで、太上天皇の地位は後任の天皇から与えられることに根拠を持つものに変質し、在位の天皇の優位性が確立して、二頭政治・二重権力の弊害は解消されることになった。
- This led to a change in the position of retired emperor as a position to be given by the coming emperor, and established the superiority of the residing emperor, relieving the harmful effects of diarchy/dual power.
- 正平一統が成立し、南朝の後村上天皇が帰京する噂が立つと、各地で南朝方の活動が活発化し、本拠を賀名生から河内国東条(河南町)、摂津国住吉(大阪市住吉区)まで移転する。
- The Shohei Itto was established and when rumors arose that Emperor Gomurakami was to return to Kyoto, Southern Court supporters in various regions grew active and transferred the main headquarters from Ano to Tojo (Kanancho) Kawachi Province to Sumiyoshi Settsu Province (Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City).
- こうした環境は、当時、長子による家督権継承が完全に確立されていなかったことも相まって、しばしば将軍家・守護大名家に後継者争いや「お家騒動」を発生させる原因になった。
- This circumstance, coupled with the still incomplete establishment of the system of family headship inheritance by the eldest son, often gave rise to rivalry for heirship or other 'oie sodo' (family feuds) in the families of the Shogun and shugo daimyos.
- 後醍醐天皇やその近臣らは中国への関心や朱子学(宋学)的な君臣名分論の影響を受けていたとされ、宋代の官制との比較などから、君主独裁政を目指していたとも考えられている。
- Emperor Godaigo and his vassals had considerable interest in China and were influenced by Neo-Confucian (the Song-period teachings of Chu Hsi) arguments of ruler and ruled and of moral duties, and it is thought that they were trying to set up a dictatorship comparable to the Song-era administration.
- 途中文政9年(1826年)に下野国佐野藩に加増転封されるものの、堅田領は従来通りとされ、以後内部問題は堅田藩が、大津など周辺港湾との折衝は大津代官が行う事になった。
- Although the Hotta clan was transferred to Sano Domain of Shimotsuke Province with additional properties in 1826, the estate of Katata was maintained as before and afterwards Katata Domain dealt with internal problems while Otsu Daikan held talks with the surrounding harbor areas including Otsu.
- 二上山 (奈良県・大阪府)の火山活動により火山岩屑が沈積し、その後の隆起によって凝灰岩が露出し、1500万年間の風化・浸食を経て奇岩群となった標高約150mの岩山。
- Volcanic detritus had been accumulated by volcanic activities of Mt. Nijo (Nara Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture) and later tuff appeared on the ground due to earth uplifting; since then the tuff has undergone weathering and erosion for 15 million years to become a crag at 150 meters in height having oddly-shaped rock outcrops.
- 君主位譲位者が後継者の後見として実質的な政務を行うという政治体制は、恒久的な制度としては世界史的にきわめて稀であり、他にはヴェトナムの陳朝にその例を見る程度である。
- The political system where a person who abdicates the throne conducts virtual political affairs is extremely rare as a permanent system in world history, and basically the only similar case is that of the Tran Dynasty of Vietnam.
- 律令法の身分制度は人民を良・賤(せん)に二大別することを特徴とし、両者の中間に大化前代の部民(べのたみ)の後身である品部(しなべ)、雑戸(ざつこ)の身分がおかれた。
- The class system under ritsuryo law is characterized by the division of the people roughly into two groups, ryo (law-abiding people)/sen (humble or lowly people), and shinabe (technicians in offices) with zakko (special technicians) who were descendants of benotami (officers and people serving the Yamato dynasty) from pre-Taika era placed in between them.
- それと前後して、守護は半済、守護請等で、荘園領主等の権利をも侵食して行き、戦国時代 (日本)になると、守護大名に代わった戦国大名はさらに土地の一円知行を進めていく。
- Around the same time, provincial constables also encroached on other rights, including the power of Shoen-ryoshu using the systems of Hanzei and Shugo-uke, and from the start of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), Daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku Period who turned into Shugo Daimyo further promoted Ichien chigyo (complete proprietorship) of the lands.
- 新選組(しんせんぐみ)は、江戸時代後期の幕末期に、主として京都において、反幕府勢力弾圧・警察活動に従事したのち、旧江戸幕府の一員として戊辰戦争を戦った軍事組織である。
- Shinsen-gumi was a military organization which, during the last days of the shogunate at the end of the Edo period, suppressed anti-shogunate forces and engaged in police activities, primarily in Kyoto, and fought for the Edo shogunate in the Boshin War.
- だが、2年後に今度は延暦寺と堅田の南にある坂本 (大津市)との衝突が起きると、延暦寺側が譲歩して延暦寺に多額の礼金を上納する事を条件に堅田の再興が許される事になった。
- Two years after that, when a conflict between Enryaku-ji Temple and Sakamoto (Otsu City), south to Katata, occurred, Enryaku-ji Temple compromised and allowed the restoration of Katata based on the condition that Katata would pay a reward to Enryaku-ji Temple.
- 室町時代の焼失後に再建された堂が傷んだため、修理ではなく新築することとし、寛政10年(1798年)頃造営に着手、文化 (元号)5年(1808年)頃完成したものである。
- Because the hall rebuilt after destruction by fire in the Muromachi period was damaged, it was decided not to repair but to rebuild and construction work was commenced in 1798 and it was completed around 1808.
- 標高を下げるにつれ、スギ・ヒノキ植林地ないし、植林の伐採後に発達するアカマツ、リョウブ、コナラ等の二次林が多くなり、「いわば人の生活臭がしみこんだ」景観をなしている。
- As the elevation decreases, there increase the plantations of Japanese cedar and hinoki, and the secondary forest of Japanese red pine, ryobu (clethra barbinervis), konara (quercus serrata) and so on which grow after trees of plantations are cut, that is, the landscapes 'created by human beings' are seen.
- 3代将軍足利義満が京都室町に花の御所を造営し歴代将軍が住んだ事から、足利将軍の事を室町殿(むろまちどの)と呼び、後に幕府を室町幕府、時代を室町時代と呼ぶようになった。
- The third Shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, had a shogunal palace, the Hana no Gosho (Flower Palace) built for himself on Muromachi street in Kyoto, and successive generations of Shogun continued living there, leading to the Ashikaga Shoguns being called 'Muromachi-dono' (the Lord of Muromachi), which led in turn to the bakufu being called the 'Muromachi bakufu,' and the period the 'Muromachi period.'
- 1335年(建武 (日本)2年)、7月に関東で中先代の乱が起こると後醍醐天皇は討伐に向かった足利尊氏を黙認するが、乱を平定した尊氏は鎌倉に留まり建武政権から離反する。
- Emperor Godaigo overlooked Takauji ASHIKAGA when he went to settle the Nakasendai Revolt that occurred in Kanto in July 1335, but Takauji remained in Kamakura after settling the revolt and left the Kenmu government.
- 元弘の変が失敗に終わったあとも、幕府の追及を逃れた後醍醐の皇子護良親王、楠木正成らのゲリラ的抵抗運動は続き、規模的にも地域的にも次第に純然たる叛乱へと拡大していった。
- After the Genko Incident ended in failure, guerilla like resistance continued under Godaigo's son, Imperial Prince Moriyoshi and Masashige KUSUNOKI, and gradually the size and region increased until it was a true insurrection.
- 頼朝は、後白河法皇から上洛を催促されたが、鎌倉に留まって逆に法皇へ東海道・東山道・北陸道の国衙領・荘園をもとのように、国司・本所へ返還させる内容の宣旨発布を要請する。
- Yoritomo was requested by the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa to come to Kyoto, but he stayed in Kamakura and asked the Cloistered Emperor to issue an imperial order regarding the return of Kokugaryo (property governed by the local provincial office), and shoen (private estates) in Tokai-do, Tosan-do and Hokuriku-do Roads back to the kokushi (provincial governors) and honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor).
- 以後、幸徳井家は興福寺と事実上の主従関係を結び、その力を背景に南都社寺への日時勘申を初め、陰陽師・声聞師の監督など南都に関する陰陽道・暦道に関する全てを取り仕切った。
- The KOTOKUI family formed a lord-and-vassal relationship with the Kofuku-ji Temple, and backed by the temple's influence, controlled all things concerning the Onmyodo-Rekido of Nanto including Nichiji Kanjin (a way of divining something according to the time and day) to the shrines and temples as well as supervision of the Onmyoji (a master of Yin yang) and the Shomonji (a group of itinerant performers whose work encompassed both non-performance activites and religious rituals).
- 『承久記』など旧来の説では、これは「官打ち」(身分不相応な位にのぼると不幸になるという考え)などの呪詛調伏の効果であり、後鳥羽上皇は実朝の死を聞いて喜悦したとしている。
- According to the explanation given in the 'Jokyu ki' (Chronicle of the Jokyu Era) and other ancient sources, this resulted from the curse of 'getting too big for one's breeches' (the idea that if someone rose to an official post beyond what was appropriate for them, disaster would occur); when the retired Emperor Gotoba heard of Sanetomo's death, he was inordinately pleased.
- 寿永2年(1183年)7月、源義仲に攻められた平氏は安徳天皇と三種の神器を奉じて京都を落ちるが、その後の鎌倉政権の源頼朝と義仲との対立に乗じて摂津国福原京まで復帰した。
- In July, 1183, the Taira troops, that had been attacked by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, together with Emperor Antoku and the three Imperial Regalia and departed from Kyoto, but thereafter took advantage of their conflict with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who was in charge of the government at Kamakura, and Yoshinaka to stage a comeback of Taira support extending as far as Fukuhara of Settsu Province.
- 後小松上皇が北朝の傍流である伏見宮家から彦仁王(後花園天皇)を後継者に選ぼうとしたことをきっかけに、北朝は皇統断絶して皇位継承権を失ったと考える南朝側は激しく反発する。
- Retired Emperor Gokomatsu took this opportunity to select Prince Hikohito (Emperor Gohanazono) of the Fushiminomiya branch of the Northern lineage to be the successor; in response, the Gonancho faction, which now with the Northern dynasty's Imperial line extinct, he had expected that the Northern lineage would have lost its authority over matters of Imperial succession, vehemently opposed this decision.
- 昭和初期に子母沢寛が新選組3部作を発表すると認識が広まり、戦後の価値観の転換で新選組が主役に扱われる事も多くなり、各隊士にもスポットが当てられ創作がされるようになった。
- When Kan SHIMOZAWA made his Shinsengumi Sanbusaku public in the early Showa era, Shinsen-gumi's notoriety increased, and along with the reversal of views after the World War II, there were more cases where Shinsen-gumi was given the leading role, and attention was given to each member, and works were produced based on the members.
- 同年末、北朝は『建武式目』を発布して武家政権の成立を宣言するが、後醍醐は京都を脱出して吉野に逃れ、北朝方に渡した神器は贋物であると宣言し、吉野朝廷を成立させて対抗する。
- Towards the end of that year (old calendar), the Northern Court issued the 'Kenmu Code' and declared the establishment of a samurai government but Godaigo escaped Kyoto to hide in Yoshino and claimed that the Sacred Treasures he gave to the Northern Court were fake and rebelled by establishing the Southern Court.
- しかし、花園や後醍醐のケースと異なり、冷泉と円融のケースでは、父村上、母安子、外祖父師輔がいずれもすでに死去しており、皇位継承をコントロールする親権者が存在しなかった。
- However, in Reizei and Enyu's case, different from Hanazono and Godaigo, father Murakami, mother Anshi, male relative Morosuke were all dead and there was no guardian to control the Imperial succession.
- 大覚寺統は邦良の早世と後醍醐の謀反とで壊滅状態にあり、持明院統が皇位を独占することも不可能ではなかったが、後伏見は幕府の意向もあって両統迭立の原則にあくまで忠実だった。
- Although it was not impossible for the Jimyoin line to monopolize the throne since the Daikakuji line was in a devastated state with Kuniyoshi's early death and Godaigo's rebellion, Gofushimi was true to the principle of Ryoto tetsuritsu in accord with the bakufu's wishes.
- 90年代後半ぐらいまで旅行ガイドから雄琴の名は意図的に退けられていたり、「琵琶湖の雄琴近隣で女性が泳ぐと妊娠する」といった荒唐無稽ともいえる風評まで飛び交うほどあった。
- Publishers of travel guidebooks intentionally avoided Ogoto from their books and an absurd rumor, said any women swim in Lake Biwa near Ogoto gets pregnant, was running rampant up until the late '90s.
- ただし、守護大名による領国支配は、後世の戦国領国制と比べると必ずしも徹底したものではなく、畿内を中心に、国人層が守護の被官となることを拒否した例も、実際には多く見られる。
- The provincial control by the shugo daimyo, however, was not as complete as the one in the Sengoku-ryogoku system during the later period: in fact, there are many examples in which the Kokujin refused to serve as a vassal of the shugo, particularly in the Kinai.
- このため義時は皇族将軍を諦め、摂関家から将軍を迎えることとし、同年6月に九条道家の子・三寅(後の九条頼経)を鎌倉殿として迎え、執権が中心となって政務を執る執権体制となる。
- Consequently, Yoshitoki gave up the idea of having an Imperial family member as Shogun, choosing instead to seek a Shogun from among the line of regents and advisors; in the sixth month of the same year, he hailed Mitora KUJO (afterwards known as Yoritsune KUJO), son of Michiie KUJO, as the new Shogun and Lord of Kamakura, creating a rule by regency system that concentrated most power in the regent's hands.
- 鎌倉時代後期から、名門武家・公家を始めとする旧来の支配勢力は、生産力向上に伴い力をつけてきた国人・商人・農民などによって、その既得権益を侵食され没落の一途をたどっていた。
- Since the late Kamakura period, old-established ruling powers including celebrated samurai families and court nobles suffered gradual deprivation of their vested interest by kokujin, merchants, and farmers, who had been gaining power along with the enhancement of productivity, and were in a consistent process of downfall.
- 正中の変(しょうちゅうのへん)とは、鎌倉時代後期の1324年(正中 (元号)元年)に起きた、後醍醐天皇による鎌倉幕府討幕計画が事前に発覚して首謀者が処分された事件である。
- The 'Shochu Incident' occurred in 1324 (late Kamakura period), where a plan to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu by Emperor Godaigo was discovered beforehand and the main perpetrators were executed.
- その後、昭和33年(1958年)4月1日の市町村合併により、京都府南桑田郡樫田村が大阪府高槻市に、京都府亀岡市西別院村の牧、寺田地区が大阪府豊能郡豊能町に編入されている。
- After that, on April 1,1958, in the municipal consolidation, Kashida-mura in Minamikuwada District, Kyoto prefecture was annexed to Takatsuki city, Osaka prefecture, and Maki and Terada areas in Nishibetsuin-mura, Kameoka city, Kyoto prefecture became part of Toyono town, Toyono District, Osaka prefecture.
- 朝廷と幕府の緊張はしだいに高まり、後鳥羽上皇は討幕の意志を固めたが、土御門天皇はこれに反対し、摂政近衛家実やその父近衛基通をはじめ多くの公卿達も反対、または消極的であった。
- Tension between the Court and the shogunate gradually escalated, and the retired Emperor Gotoba's intention to strike down the shogunate hardened, but Emperor Tsuchimikado opposed this plan, as did many of the Court nobles, including the regent Iezane KONOE and his father, Motomichi KONOE, and many nobles opposed the plan or supported it only halfheartedly.
- 合一が行われるものの、両統迭立の約束が守られることはなく持明院統の皇統が続いたため、南朝の遺臣たちによる皇位の回復を目指しての反抗が15世紀半ばまで続き、後南朝と呼ばれる。
- After the unification was completed, however, the promise to uphold the alternate succession was broken and the Jimyoin lineage continued to monopolize Imperial succession, and consequently former Southern Court retainers continued their resistance, in their attempts to restore their own lineage to the Imperial throne, into the middle of the fifteenth century, and were later dubbed 'gonancho' (ex-Southern Court forces).
- また、その後の戊辰戦争時、劣勢となった近藤勇は越谷で大久保大和と称して新政府軍に出頭したが、新政府軍に加わっていた加納道之助に正体を看破されて捕縛され、ついに斬首となった。
- Later, during the Boshin Civil War, Isami KONDO, finding himself in an inferior position, turned himsel in the new government troops under the alias of Yamato OKUBO at Koshigaya; however, his identity was revealed by Michinosuke KANO who had joined the troops, and he was captured and beheaded.
- 逆に尊攘派は吉田稔麿・北添佶摩・宮部鼎蔵・大高又次郎・石川潤次郎・杉山松助・松田重助らの実力者が戦死し、大打撃を受ける(彼らは後の新政府により俗に「殉難七士」と呼ばれる)。
- The 'revere the emperor, expel foreigners' faction, on the other hand, took a big blow with the deaths of such important activists as Toshimaro YOSHIDA, Kichima KITAZOE, Teizo MIYABE, Matajiro OTAKA, Junjiro ISHIKAWA, Matsusuke SUGIYAMA and Jusuke MATSUDA. (They were later called the 'Seven Martyrs' by the new government.)
- また、江戸幕府が幕末に編纂した史書として「後鑑」があり、1333年から1597年に至るまでの史実を編年体で記し、各項目に出典となった各種資料を直截採録する形式となっている。
- There is also a historical work, the 'Nochi kagami' (Later Mirror), that was compiled by the Edo bakufu during the Bakumatsu period (the mid-eighteenth century), which describes the events from 1333 through 1597 in chronological order; the book very straightforwardly reveals each of the historical sources consulted for each event described.
- 鎌倉幕府滅亡後に京都に成立した後醍醐天皇の建武政権から離反した足利尊氏は、持明院統の光厳上皇の院宣を受け、建武3年(1336年)6月に京都を確保すると上皇を奉じて入京する。
- Takauji ASHIKAGA separated from the Kenmu Government set up by Emperor Godaigo in Kyoto after the collapse of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and received an Imperial decree by the Retired Emperor Kogon of the Jimyo-in line, after which he captured Kyoto in July and August 1336 and led the Retired Emperor into Kyoto.
- 居貞は藤原済時(師尹の長男)の娘藤原せい子と道隆の娘藤原原子を妻としていたが、済時と道隆は長徳元年に揃って死去してしまい、居貞は有力な外戚の後ろ盾を得ることもできなかった。
- Okisada had FUJIWARA no Naritoki (Morotada's first son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Seishi and Michitaka's daughter, FUJIWARA no Genshi as wives, but Naritoki and Michitaka both died in 995, and Okisada had no influential maternal relative for support.
- 伏見は引き続き政務を執ったが政権は安定せず、正安3年(1301年)、幕府は治天・天皇の交替を要求し、皇太子邦治(17歳、後二条天皇)が践祚して後宇多による院政が開始された。
- Fushimi continued to attend to government affairs, but the government did not stabilize and the bakufu ordered a change in Chiten and Emperor in 1301, with the Crown Prince Kuniharu (aged 17, Emperor Gonijo) ascending the throne and Gouda starting a cloistered government.
- 後宇多が記した大覚寺統の所領処分目録には、後醍醐の子孫は皇位継承権を持たないこと、後醍醐は邦良を自分の実子と思って待遇することなどが記され、そのことは関係者にも周知された。
- In the property allocation list for the Daikakuji line written by Gouda, he wrote that Godaigo's descendants had no right to succession and Godaigo should consider Kuniyoshi as his own son and this was also known to those concerned.
- この背景には頼朝が上西門院の蔵人をつとめていたため、上西門院とその近臣・熱田大宮司家が待賢門院(後白河上皇・上西門院の母)近臣家出身の池禅尼に働きかけた可能性が考えられる。
- As a tentative explanation for why she intervened, Yoritomo had served Empress Dowager Josaimonin as a Kurodo (Chamberlain), and it is considered possible that he worked directly for Ike no zenni, who belonged a family of Atsuta Daiguji, that was a vassal of Empress Dowager Taikenmonin (the mother of both retired emperor Goshirakawa and Josaimonin, meaning her family had also served their lady's daughter, Josaimonin), while serving there.
- 以後、幸徳井家は代々陰陽助として土御門家の指示のもとに暦注のみを管轄した(ただし、宝暦4年(1754年)に土御門家内部の混乱から幸徳井保暠が陰陽頭に任命された例外がある)。
- Since then, as Onmyo no suke under the TSUCHIMIKADO family, the KOTOKUI family managed only the Rekichu (the annotation for the calendar) (although there was an exception when Yasukiyo KOTOKUI was appointed to Onmyo no kami in 1754 due to disturbance within the TSUCHIMIKADO family).
- また元弘の乱(元弘元年〈1331年〉)に際して後醍醐天皇の王子護良親王が鎌倉幕府の追討を逃れて落ちのびた際に利用したとも伝えられる(「大塔宮熊野落ちの事」『太平記』巻第5)。
- It had been said that in the Genko War (1331), Imperial Prince Morinaga, a prince of Emperor Godaigo, used the road to escape from the tracking by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) ('Escape of Otonomiya to Kumano,' volume 5, 'Taiheiki' [The Record of the Great Peace]).
- 当時の島津氏は上方の情勢に疎かったがために西軍に付かざるを得ない状況となり、この反省から、以後薩摩藩は独立王国の様相を呈し始め、各地に密偵を配置し、情報収集力の増強に努めた。
- The Shimazu clan at that time lacked sufficient knowledge regarding the situation in the Kyoto-Osaka district, so it had no choice but to join the Western Army; it was their regret over this decision that resulted in the Satsuma clan starting to show signs of becoming an independent realm, placing spies in various regions and trying to strengthen its ability to collect information.
- 長州藩は下関戦争の後尊皇論を基盤に藩論は攘夷で維持していたが、1865年、日米修好通商条約に孝明天皇が勅許を出したことにより尊皇と攘夷は結びつかなくなり、攘夷の力が失われた。
- After the Shimonoseki War, the Choshu clan maintained its opinion on the expulsion of foreigners, based on the idea of Sonno; however, when Emperor Komei permitted the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan in 1865, Sonno and the expulsion of foreigners could no longer be connected, and those advocating the expulsion of foreigners lost their power.
- 養老律令以後、日本では律令の編纂は行われなくなり、遣唐使の廃止によって中国律令の導入もなくなったが、当然のことながら中国ではその後も歴代王朝で律令の編纂や改訂が行われてきた。
- Since the Yoro code, there has been no compilation of ritsuryo in Japan, and with the abolition of the Japanese envoy to China in the Tang dynasty, Chinese ritsuryo was no longer being introduced, but naturally, compilation and revision of ritsuryo continued in successive dynasties in China.
- 11月14日清盛は福原から上京すると、関白・基房、権中納言・師家を手始めに、藤原師長以下39名(貴族8名、殿上人・受領・検非違使など31名)を解官、後白河も鳥羽殿へ幽閉した。
- On November 14, Kiyomori arrived in Kyoto from Fukuhara and fired, beginning with Regent Motofusa, Gonchunagon Moroie (head of the Left Division of the Outer Palace Guards), FUJIWARA no Moronaga and 39 other people (8 aristocrats, 31 court officers, province officers, Kenbiishi, etc.) and locked Goshirakawa up at the Toba residence.
- 後宇多の遺言はなお有効であり、いったん自らの退位を認めてしてしまえば、治天として政務を執る資格も子孫に皇位を伝える資格も失われかねないことを後醍醐はよく承知していたのである。
- Godaigo knew well that Gouda's will was still in effect and if he recognized that he had abdicated, he might lose eligibility to rule as Chiten or pass the throne on to his descendants.
- 清盛は山門との衝突を回避し、反平氏の動きを見せていた院近臣の排除に成功したが、清盛と後白河の関係は取り返しのつかないものとなり治承三年の政変(1179年)へとつながっていく。
- Kiyomori was able to prevent a confrontation with the Sanmon and eliminate close aides of the cloistered government who were against the Taira clan, but the relationship between Kiyomori and Goshirakawa was irreversibly damaged and this led to the 'Jisho sannen no seihen' (Coup of the Third Year of Jisho, 1179).
- 義詮の死後は、足利幕府は幼い将軍足利義満を補佐した管領細川頼之の指導により、南朝方の中心的武将であった楠木正儀(正成の子)を帰順させるなど対南朝工作を行い、幕府体制を確立する。
- After Yoshiakira died, governance over the shogunate fell to the Kanrei Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, acting as advisor to the young Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA; under Yoriyuki's direction, the shogunal system was firmly established, and the Northern Court launched various maneuvers against the Southern Court, including forcing Masanori KUSUNOKI (son of Masashige), the Southern Court's chief military commander, to switch allegiance to the Northern Court.
- 遣隋使や遣唐使は、住吉大社で住吉大神に祈りを捧げた後、住吉津から出発し、難波津を経由して現在で言うところの瀬戸内海(瀬戸内海の概念が生まれたのは明治期である)を九州へ向かった。
- Before Japanese envoys to Sui and Tong Dynasties China left from Suminoenotsu, they gave a prayer to Sumiyoshi Okami at Sumiyoshi Taisha Shrine, and went toward Kyushu through currently called Seto Inland Sea (it was in the Meiji Period when the idea of Seto Inland Sea came out) via Naniwa no tsu (Naniwa Port).
- 翌元弘4年(1334年)には後醍醐の皇子恒良親王(12歳)が皇太子に立てられ、持明院統の皇統としての地位は完全に否定され、3世代、50年以上にわたった両統迭立はここに終焉した。
- The next year, 1334, saw Godaigo's son Imperial Prince Tsuneyoshi (aged 12) as Crown Prince and the position of the Jimyoin line as a Emperor's line was completely negated, and here the Ryoto tetsuritsu that spanned three generations and continued over 50 years came to an end.
- 摂関政治が確立し始めた9世紀後期から10世紀初頭にかけては、国外へは鎖国主義を採り、国内でも蝦夷侵略がほぼ終結するなど、国内外に大きな脅威がなくなり、国政も安定期に入っていた。
- In the period from the late ninth century to the beginning of the tenth century, when the regency became established, there were no particular threats either at home or abroad because the country took an isolationist policy toward foreign countries, and domestically, the subjugation of the Emishi (Japanese northerners) was almost completed, and the administration had entered a period of stability.
- しかし、名将として知られた氏郷が若くして没したため蒲生氏は衰退し、徳川幕府の大名として存続することには成功したものの、その後も当主の夭折が続いたため後継がなく蒲生氏は断絶した。
- However, after Ujisato, who had been well-known as a great commander, died young, the power of the Gamo clan declined, and even though the clan managed to survive as daimyo of the Tokugawa Shogunate, the family heads died young one after another, and finally the Gamo clan ended due to the absence of the heir.
- その後、平氏は西国の諸勢力を組織して戦争に当たっていたが、元暦2年(1185年)3月、関門海峡での最終決戦(壇ノ浦の戦い)で源義経軍に敗れて滅亡し、平氏政権は名実ともに消滅した。
- Later, the Taira clan organized the various forces of the west and continued to battle, but at the final pitched battle at the Kanmon Channel in March 1185, (Battle of Dannoura), they lost to MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune's forces and the Taira clan administration ended in both name and actuality.
- いずれにしても、建治元年の幕府の介入によって、後深草と亀山の両人が等しく皇位を子孫に伝え自らは治天となる資格を有することが確定し、これが以後200年に及ぶ王家分裂の端緒となった。
- In any case, due to the intervention of the bakufu in 1275, it was determined that both Gofukakusa and Kameyama had equal right to have their descendants as Emperor and both had eligibility to become Chiten themselves, and this was the beginning of the division of the Imperial family which lasted for two hundred years.
- 後醍醐天皇は六波羅探題南方の北条維貞(北条得宗一族)が鎌倉へ赴いている最中に鎌倉幕府討幕を企て、側近の日野資朝、日野俊基らは諸国を巡って各地の武士や有力者に討幕を呼びかけていた。
- Emperor Godaigo planned to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu while the Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata, Koresada HOJO (the Hojo-Tokuso family) was heading for Kamakura, and Suketomo HINO, Toshimoto HINO and others traveled around the country trying to convince samurai and other influential people to help overthrow the bakufu.
- 応仁の乱終了後も政長と義就は山城国で戦い続けていたが、度重なる戦乱に民衆は国人を中心にして団結し、勝元の後継者であった政元の後ろ盾も得て、山城国一揆を起して両派を国外に退去させた。
- Even after the end of the Onin War, Masanaga and Yoshinari continued to fight each other in Yamashiro Province, but the successive battles brought common people together around kokujin (indigenous samurai) and they, backed by Katsumoto's successor Masamoto, rose up in Yamashironokuni Ikki (Yamashiro Province uprising) and succeeded in driving the two warring forces out of the province.
- 義視出奔の原因は、武衛騒動で追放されていた宿敵伊勢貞親が幕府に復権したことが一因とされるが、このころ義政や後見人の勝元が自らの廃嫡と義尚の将軍職就任に傾いたことが主な原因であろう。
- Yoshimi's escape is partly attributed to the reinstatement of his archenemy Sadachika ISE, who had been expelled as a consequence of Buei sodo, in the Bakufu, but the main reason seems to be that Yoshimasa and guardian Katsumoto had inclined by then to favor the disinheritance of Yoshimi and the appointment of Yoshihisa as Shogun.
- 大村は5月1日、旧幕府による江戸府中取締の任を解き、東北地方、越後で仙台藩主導による北部政府(奥羽越列藩同盟)が誕生した直後の5月15日 (旧暦)(同7月4日)、彰義隊を攻撃した。
- On June 20, OMURA dismissed the former Shogunate from the task of patrolling the Edo-futyu, and attacked the Shogitai on July 4 right after the Sendai Domain-led Northern government (Ouetsu-reppan alliance) was established in the Tohoku Region and Echigo.
- 義尚の死後、将軍の座は義視の子・足利義稙が継承していたが、義材と対立した政元は、義材と結ぶ元管領畠山政長を討つと、明応の政変を引き起こして義材を追放して足利義澄を新将軍に擁立した。
- Following Yoshihisa's death, the position of Shogun passed to Yoshimi's son Yoshitane (more commonly known as 'Yoshiki') ASHIKAGA, but when Masamoto, who was embroiled in a conflict with Yoshiki, struck down the former Kanrei Masanaga HATAKEYAMA, who was allied with Yoshiki, the Meio Coup began; Yoshiki was driven into exile and Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA was installed as the new Shogun.
- その後、政治を主導する藤原信西と後白河院政派(藤原信頼・藤原成親・源師仲)・二条親政派(藤原経宗・藤原惟方)の対立が激しくなり、3年後の平治元年(1159年)に平治の乱が起こった。
- Later, the conflict between FUJIWARA no Shinzei, who led the government and the Goshirakawa cloister government group (FUJIWARA no Nobuyori, FUJIWARA no Narichika, MINAMOTO no Moronaka), and Nijo Shinsei (direct Imperial rule) group (FUJIWARA no Tsunemune, FUJIWARA no Korekata) intensified, and the Heijo no ran (Heiji Rebellion) occurred three years later in 1159.
- この政変で道真・善(出雲国権守に左遷)を排斥、変の直後に連座を免れた源希も病死、同じく藤原忠平も政治の中枢から事実上追われることになり、醍醐天皇・藤原時平派の政治的勝利に終わった。
- In the coup, Michizane and Yoshi (who was demoted to vice-governor of Izumo Province) were purged from the government, and immediately after the coup MINAMOTO no Mare, who had managed to avoid any demotion or other penalty, died of illness, while in the same vein, FUJIWARA no Tadahira was--in truth if not in name--ousted from his vital role at the center of government, meaning the coup ended in a decisive political victory for Emperor Daigo and FUJIWARA no Tokihira's faction.
- 治承5年(1181年)1月、高倉上皇が死去し、後白河院政が再開されたが、畿内に臨時の軍政を布くべしという高倉の遺志に基づいて、清盛は子の平宗盛を畿内周辺を直接管領する惣官に任じた。
- In January 1181, Retired Emperor Takakura died and the Goshirakawa cloistered government started again, and based on the wish of Takakura to establish a temporary military government in Kinai, Kiyomori named TAIRA no Munemasa as Sokan (a military position with power over the provinces of the Kinai) to directly control the Kinai area.
- 『愚管抄』によれば、後白河が静賢の鹿ケ谷山荘に御幸した際、藤原成親・西光・俊寛が集まり平氏打倒の計画が話し合われ、行綱が呼ばれて旗揚げの白旗用として宇治布30反が与えられたという。
- According to the 'Gukansho,' when Goshirakawa made a visit to Joken's Shishigatani mountain retreat, FUJIWARA no Narichika, Saiko and Shunkan met together to talk about plans to destroy the Taira clan and Yukitsuna was called and given 30 rolls of Uji fabric to make white flags for the launch.
- 後南朝は、嘉吉の乱で滅亡した赤松氏の再興を目指す赤松遺臣によって、1457年(長禄元年)に南朝後裔の自天王・忠義王なる兄弟が殺害され、神璽が奪還されることによって、実質的に滅亡した。
- But in 1457, the gonancho forces were essentially ruined when they were betrayed by the surviving retainers of the AKAMATSU clan, who were seeking to restore the clan after their annihilation in the Kakitsu rebellion; the Southern Court descendants, the brothers Jitenno and Chugio, were assassinated, and the Grand Jewels were restolen.
- 記録所は、平安時代に藤原摂関家から権力を取り戻そうとした後三条天皇が1069年(延久元年)に記録荘園券契所を設置したことに由来し、建武政権における中央官庁の最高機関として設置された。
- The Records Office had its origin in the Heian-era Office of Records for Land Deeds to Shoen established by Emperor Gosanjo in 1069 in an attempt to wrest back control over land ownership from the Fujiwara line of regents and advisors; it was set as the highest and most powerful branch of the central bureaucracy in the Kenmu government.
- 後村上天皇の遷幸より前の1336年(延元元年、北朝の建武 (日本)3年)12月、後醍醐天皇は京都の花山院から逃れ出てまず穴太に至ったが、皇居とすべきところがなかったので吉野に至った。
- In December of 1336, which was earlier than the departure of the Emperor Gomurakami from the capital in 1336, the Emperor Godaigo escaped from Kazan-in in Kyoto and reached Anafu, but since there was no place suitable for the Imperial Palace, he went to Yoshino.
- 後鳥羽院は、将軍源実朝が暗殺された事を好機とし、皇権復興を企図して鎌倉幕府を倒そうとしたが失敗(承久の乱)、自身は流罪となった上、皇権の低下と朝廷へ執権北条氏の介入を招いてしまった。
- Gotoba-in tried to seize the opportunity of the assassination of Shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, seeking to revive the imperial power and overthrow Kamakura Bakufu, but he failed (the Jokyu Rebellion); instead he was banished, and this brought about the weakening of imperial power and intervention in the Imperial Court by the regent Hojo clan.
- しかし平家打倒の治承・寿永の乱を経て、寿永2年/治承7年(1183年)に後白河天皇から東国における統治権的支配権(東海道・東山道の実質的支配権)を認める寿永二年十月宣旨を与えられる。
- After the Jisho Juei Revolt, during which the Taira government collapsed, he was handed a Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji (a written decree from the Emperor and the Great Council of State) by Emperor Goshirakawa in 1183, which granted him sovereign authority (effective control of Tokaido and Tosando) over the eastern provinces.
- 幕府は名越高家と足利尊氏を総大将とする大軍を動員して近畿地方に増派し、叛乱の鎮圧をはかったが、高家は京都に着いてまもなく緒戦で戦死し、尊氏は後醍醐の呼びかけに応じて叛乱軍に参加した。
- The bakufu moved a large force lead by Takaie NAGOE and Takauji ASHIKAGA, adding more soldiers in the Kinki region to contain the insurrection, but Takaie died in battle shortly after arriving in Kyoto and Takauji answered Godaigo's call to join the insurrection force.
- 武家政権である鎌倉幕府の成立後、京都の公家政権(治天の君)との二頭政治が続いていたが、この乱の結果、幕府が優勢となり、朝廷の権力は制限され、幕府が皇位継承などに影響力を持つようになる。
- Even after the Kamakura bakufu, when a samurai government was established, it continued to rule in step with the old aristocratic system of government in Kyoto (called the 'lord governing in heaven' system) as part of a two-part government, but as a result of the Jokyu Rebellion, the shogunate gained the upper hand, placing restrictions on the power of the Imperial Court, and achieving influence over matters of Imperial succession etc.
- 後醍醐天皇は天皇親政によって朝廷の政治を復権しようとしたが、武士層を中心とする不満を招き、1336年(建武3年)に河内源氏の有力者であった足利尊氏が離反したことにより、政権は崩壊した。
- Emperor Godaigo attempted to rehabilitate the political power and influence of the Court through the return to direct Imperial rule, but his attempts left many in the samurai class in particular disgruntled, until in 1336 the most powerful member of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), Takauji ASHIKAGA, became estranged from Emperor Godaigo, leading to the collapse of the Imperial government.
- 関東地方の後北条氏、東北地方の伊達氏は信長に恭順する姿勢を見せており、これで信長の目の前に立ちはだかる敵は、中国地方の毛利氏、四国の長宗我部氏、北陸地方の上杉氏、九州の島津氏となった。
- The Gohojo clan in the Kanto Region and the Date clan in the Tohoku Region signaled their allegiance to Nobunaga and, as a result, enemies that stood in Nobunaga's way were the Mori clan in the Chugoku Region, the Chosokabe clan in the Shikoku Region, the Uesugi clan in the Hokuriku Region and the Shimazu clan in Kyushu.
- 後醍醐の死後は北畠親房などが南朝を指揮するが、1348年(正平 (日本)3年/貞和2年)には楠木正行らが四條畷の戦いにおいて足利方の高師直に敗北し、吉野に侵攻された南朝は賀名生へ移る。
- After Godaigo's death, Chikafusa KITABATAKE led the Southern Court but in 1348, Masatsura KUSUNOKI and others lost to KO no Moronao of the Ashikaga forces at the Battle of Shijonawate, and the Southern Court is transferred to Ano when Yoshino was attacked.
- この戦いで、京都見廻組の長であった佐々木只三郎が重傷(のち死亡)、新撰組諸士調役兼監察山崎烝が重傷(後紀州湾沖にて死亡)、同吉村貫一郎が行方不明(後に大坂の南部藩藩邸で自害)となった。
- During the battle Tadasaburo SASAKI, the head of the Kyoto-Mimawarigumi (a special police force), was badly wounded (and later died); Susumu YAMAZAKI, an internal affairs officer and secret agent of the Shinsengumi, was badly wounded (and later died off the coast of Kishu Bay); and Kanichiro YOSHIMURA, who had the same position as Yamazaki, went missing (and later killed himself in the Nanbu domain residence in Osaka).
- 「一代主」の立場を甘受することもできず、自らが理想とする政策を充分に実現することもできなかった後醍醐は、唯一の突破口として武力により既存の政治秩序を根こそぎ破壊する道を選ぶことになる。
- Not being able to accept that he was in the position of a 'One-generation-head' and not being to sufficiently implement his idealized measures, he selected the path of destroying the existing political order by force as a way of breaking out.
- 1368年(応安元)に出された応安の半済令は、従来認められていた年貢の半分割だけでなく、土地自体の半分割をも認める内容であり、この後、守護による荘園・国衙領への侵出が著しくなっていった。
- The hanzei decree of the Oan era issued in 1368 authorized the shugo to take not only half the customs, which had already been granted, but also half the land, and subsequently the shugo penetrated deep into the manor and the Kokuga's territory.
- 『平家物語』に描かれた平氏随一の剛将として知られ屋島の戦い、壇ノ浦の戦いで義経を苦しめた教経の最後だが、『吾妻鏡』によれば教経はこれ以前の一ノ谷の戦いで討ち死にしているという記述がある。
- The above is the account given in the 'Heike monogatari' of the final moments of Noritsune, known as the greatest of the strong leaders of the Taira clan and a thorn in Yoshitsune's side at both the battle of Okushima and at Dannoura, yet in the 'Azuma kagami,' Noritsune is recorded as having been killed during the battle of Ichinotani.
- 壇ノ浦の戦い(だんのうらのたたかい)とは、平安時代の後期の元暦2年(寿永4年)3月24日 (旧暦)(1185年4月25日)に長門国赤間関壇ノ浦(現在の山口県下関市)で行われた合戦である。
- The battle of Dannoura was fought in the closing days of the Heian period, on April 25, 1185, under the old lunar calendar), and took place in Nagato Province, at Akamaseki, Dannoura (modern-day Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Pref.).
- 時行軍を駆逐した尊氏は後醍醐天皇の帰京命令を拒否してそのまま鎌倉に居を据え、乱の鎮圧に付き従った将士に独自に恩賞を与えたり、関東にあった新田氏の領地を勝手に没収するなど新政から離反する。
- Takauji, after destroying Tokiyuki's army, violated Emperor Godaigo's order to return to the capital and installed himself in Kamakura instead; having become alienated from the new government, he showed his disaffection by bestowing unique rewards on the officers and men who had fought with him to put down the rebellion, and by willfully seizing the territory of the Nitta clan in the Kanto (eastern Japan).
- 文保2年(1318年)に践祚して親政を開始した大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇は倒幕計画を企て、1331年に三種の神器を持って笠置山へ入り挙兵すると、幕府の奏請により持明院統の光厳天皇が践祚される。
- In 1318, Emperor Godaigo of the Daikakuji line, who had ascended the throne and started a direct imperial rule, plotted to overthrow the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and when he carried away the Three Sacred Treasures to Kasagi-yama Mountain to raise forces in 1331, the bakufu petitioned for the ascension of Emperor Kogon of the Jimyoin line.
- また守護は、当初は国司の業務や地頭の権限への介入を禁じられていたが、応仁の乱以後の地方定住と権力の拡張の結果次第に領主化して室町後期には地方支配も進み、この頃の守護は守護大名と呼ばれる。
- At first, it was prohibited for shugo to intervene in the tasks of Kokushi and the authorities of Jito, however, as a result of settlement in local areas and expansion of authorities after the Onin War, they gradually became feudal lords and cemented their grip in local areas by the late Muromachi period; shugo in this period are especially called shugo-daimyo (Japanese territorial lords).
- 執権北条時頼が執権引退後も執政を行うことから、幕府権力は執権の地位よりも北条泰時を祖とする北条氏本家(得宗家)に集中するようになり、執権が必ずしも幕府最高権力者というわけではなくなった。
- Tokiyori HOJO, regent to the Shogun, continued to manage the affairs of state even after retiring as regent, further shifting the concentration of bakufu power and authority from the position of regent to the main branch (Honke) of the Hojo clan, of whom Yasutoki HOJO was the progenitor, by which change it could no longer be said with confidence that the most powerful person in the bakufu was necessarily the regent to the Shogun.
- 後嵯峨は、膨大な王家領荘園群のうち、全国100ヶ所以上の荘園から構成される大荘園群長講堂領を後深草が相続できるようとりはからっていたが、それだけでは後深草の不満は収まらなかったのである。
- Amongst the extensive Imperial private estates, Gosaga had planned so that Gofukakusa could inherit the large Chokodo group of private estates consisting of over 100 estates around the country, but Gofukakusa was not satisfied.
- 用語としては鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)より見られ、鎌倉時代後期から出現した自らの既得権益を守るために権力と戦う悪党や、南北朝時代の社会的風潮であった「ばさら」も下剋上の一種とされた。
- As a term, gekokujo was in use from the Kamakura period through to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); examples of gekokujo include the scoundrels that started to appear near the end of the Kamakura period who fought against the authorities in order to protect their own vested interests, as well as the anti-authoritarian social movement known as 'basara' ('vajra' in Sanskrit) that occurred during the Nanbokucho period.
- 897年(寛平9年)、宇多天皇は皇太子敦仁親王(醍醐天皇)に譲位し、その2年後に自ら造立した仁和寺で出家し法皇と称したが、病気がちの醍醐天皇に代わって、実際の政務を執っていたいう説もある。
- In 897, Emperor Uda abdicated the throne to Crown Prince Atsugimi (Emperor Daigo), and became a priest in Ninna-ji Temple which he built himself and called himself Cloistered Emperor two years later, but there is an assumption that he in fact managed political affairs in place of the oft-ailing Emperor Daigo.
- 後醍醐天皇は京都を脱出して吉野へ逃れ、「北朝に渡した神器は贋物であり光明天皇の皇位は正統ではない」と主張して吉野に南朝(吉野朝廷)を開き、北陸や九州など各地へ自らの皇子を奉じさせて派遣する。
- Emperor Godaigo, on the other hand, escaped from Kyoto, fleeing to Yoshino and insisting that 'The Imperial Regalia I handed over to the Northern Court are fake; Emperor Komyo's throne is not the true Imperial throne' before establishing his own Court at Yoshino (the Southern Court), sending his own sons in obedience to his wishes to various areas, including Hokuriku and Kyushu.
- 後鳥羽上皇は多芸多才で『新古今和歌集』を自ら撰するなど学芸に優れるだけでなく、武芸にも通じ狩猟を好む異色の天皇であり、それまでの北面の武士に加えて西面の武士を設置し軍事力の強化を行っていた。
- The retired Emperor Gotoba possessed many talents, including exceptional skill in the arts--as evidenced by the fact that he personally chose the poems that were recorded in the 'Shinkokin wakashu' (A New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry)--but his skills also extended to the martial arts, and he was fond of hunting as well, making him quite unique as a sovereign; in the time leading up to his revolt, he had worked to bolster his military strength by establishing a Western Guard Corps and adding this to his existing Northern Guard Corps.
- 同盟軍が苦戦していた白河口へ援軍を送ったが、その直後に秋田の久保田藩およびがその周辺の小藩が新政府側へと寝返ったため、白川口へ派遣した部隊を帰還させるとともに、それら新政府側の藩へ侵攻した。
- The Shonai Domain sent reinforcements to the allied forces in an uphill battle at Shirakawaguchi, but made the troops retreat from there since the Kubota Domain in Akita as well as the smaller domains near-by defected to the new government's side; at the same time, it launched an attack on these defecting domains.
- 義満はこの後には将軍直轄の軍事力である奉公衆を整備し、1391年の明徳の乱においては山名氏を、1397年の応永の乱においては大内氏を追討して有力守護を弱体化させ、幕府の支配体制を固めていく。
- After the coup, Yoshimitsu established the Hokoshu, a Shogunal army directly loyal to him, and succeeded in using it to weaken the two most powerful shugo families, the Yamana clan in 1391 during the Meitoku Rebellion and the Ouchi clan in 1397 by means of the Oei Rebellion, thereby solidifying the shogunate's control over the country.
- 15世紀後半の応仁の乱ないし明応の政変以降は戦国時代 (日本)とも呼ばれ、それまでの「幕府 - 守護体制」が崩壊するとともに、各地に地域国家が並立するようになり、また、荘園公領制が崩壊した。
- Starting in the latter half of the fifteenth century, with the Onin War and the Meio Coup, a roughly hundred-year era known as the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) began; during this period, the bakufu-daimyo system in place up until this point collapsed, and all the various provinces essentially became independent states unto themselves, while the shoen-koryo (private estates and public territory) system of land ownership disintegrated.
- 「太平記」は後醍醐天皇の即位から細川頼之が管領に就任するまでの南北朝時代を扱っており、軍記物語の性格が強く室町時代から江戸時代にかけて太平記よみと呼ばれる物語僧によって庶民にも語られていた。
- The 'Taiheiki' (Record of the Great Peace) describes the Northern and Southern Court period, from Emperor Godaigo's enthronement to Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA's appointment as Kanrei; characterized by its strong stylistic similarities to war chronicles, it also gained popularity among the commoners through the reciting of tales by monks from the Muromachi period through to the Edo period, and was so often recited that such readings aloud, regardless of the title of the work being read, came to be called 'Taiheiki readings.'
- そのため、天皇は家臣を遣わして開城を勧めたが、幽斎にも武士としての面目があったためにこれを拒絶し、古今相伝の和歌集に証明状を添えて天皇や八条宮智仁親王(後陽成天皇の弟)に進呈するに留まった。
- Therefore, the Emperor sent a vassal to tell Yusai to surrender the castle, but Yusai refused because of his own personal honor as a samurai and gave the anthology of waka poems from ancient to modern times with the certificate to the Emperor and Imperial Prince Hachijonomiya Toshihito (younger brother of Emperor Goyozei).
- 翌日勝は、慶喜は隠居の上、水戸にて謹慎すること、江戸城は明け渡しの後、即日田安徳川家に預けること、等の旧幕府としての要求事項を伝え、西郷は総督府にて検討するとして15日の総攻撃は中止となった。
- The following day, Katsu delivered the former Shogunate's demands that Yoshinobu retire and be confined to Mito, and that Edo Castle be entrusted to the Tayasu-Tokugawa family after the surrender; Saigi promised to review them in the commander's office and the plan for the full-scale attack on April 7 was halted.
- 服部武雄は隊内でも相当な二刀流の使い手として鳴らしていたため、服部の孤軍奮闘は鬼気迫るものがあったというが、最後は服部の刀が折れたスキを狙って原田左之助が繰り出した槍によって、落命したという。
- Takeo HATTORI was famous as being skillful in using two swords at once, and his bloodcurdling presence of fighting alone overwhelmed the men he fought against; however, he was killed by Sanosuke HARADA's spear when his sword broke.
- 後南朝(ごなんちょう)とは、1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)の南北朝合一後、南朝 (日本)の再建を図った南朝の皇統の子孫や遺臣による南朝復興運動とそれによって樹立された政権、皇室の総称である。
- Gonancho (Second Southern Court) is a general term that refers to descendants of the Southern dynasty (Japan) lineage and their former retainers and their attempts to revive the Southern Court after the two Courts were unified in 1392, and to the political administrations and the members of the Imperial household who were involved.
- 前者が天正元年12月8日の『孝親日記』、後者が天正9年4月1日の『兼見卿記』の記述を挙げてることが多く、信長の皇室政策の時期的に相違する部分の一部を捉えて自説の論拠として挙げる傾向が見られる。
- In many cases, the former group refer to a description in 'Takachika Nikki' (Takachika NAKAYAMA's Diary) of January 10, 1574 and the latter a description in 'Kanemikyoki' of May 13, 1581, it is observed that they tend to pick up a part of Nobunaga's policy with respect to the Imperial Court that had changed over time to use as the ground for their own view.
- 後嵯峨院政以来整備されてきた朝廷の訴訟処理機構で伝奏や奉行などの役職に就き実務を担う家柄(名家の家柄)を確立させてきた貴族たちは、すでにいずれかの皇統に組織されてそれぞれ主従関係を結んでいた。
- The aristocrats that have established the lineage (lineage of reputable families) of who becomes Tenso, Bugyo, and other practical positions in the court management system of the Imperial Court that had been worked on since the cloistered government of Gosaga, had already tied master-subordinate relationships with one of the Imperial lines.
- なお、1871年(明治4年)11月2日~1876年(明治9年)8月21日の約5年間は、桑田、何鹿、船井3郡および山城国が京都府、氷上、多紀、天田3郡および但馬、丹後が豊岡県と言う構成であった。
- Furthermore, for 5 years from November 2, 1871 to August 21, 1876, while Kuwada, Ikaruga and Funai Districts and Yamashiro province were part of Kyoto prefecture, Hikami, Taki and Amada Districts, Tajima and Tango provinces were part of Toyooka prefecture.
- 江戸に皇居を置き東京とするという構想は、江戸時代後期の経世家である佐藤信淵が文政6年(1823年)に著した『混同秘策』に既に現われており、これに影響を受けて大久保利通も東京奠都を建言したという。
- The concept of placing the imperial palace in Edo and making it Tokyo was a plan that appeared in the Keiseika (intellectuals) that Nobuhiro SATO wrote in 1823, during the last of the Edo period titled 'The Secret Merger Plan,' and it is said that Toshimichi OKUBO was influenced by this and advocated moving the capital to Tokyo.
- 摂関家は保元の乱によって藤原忠実の知行国・頼長の所領が没収された上に、家人として荘園管理の武力を担っていた源為義が処刑されたことで各地の荘園で紛争が激化するなど、その勢力を大きく後退させていた。
- This branch of regents and advisors had suffered the confiscation of FUJIWARA no Tadazane's chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) as well as Yorinaga's territories due to the Hogen Rebellion, and worse yet the execution of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, a retainer on whose military strength they had increasingly come to rely to manage their shoen properties; as a result, their power had greatly waned, as evidenced by the disputes over ownership of their lands escalating all over the country.
- 円融も独自の皇統を創始する意欲を強く持っており、また、最初に皇后とした媓子の死後、皇子懐仁を産んだ詮子をさしおいて、皇子のいない遵子を皇后に立てるなど、貴族たちを手玉に取るような行動にも出ている。
- Enyu also wanted to establish his own imperial line and after the death of the first Empress Koshi, skipping Senshi who was the mother of the prince Yasuhito, he made the childless Junshi Empress and acted as if he was leading the aristocrats around.
- 持明院統の嫡子量仁のほか、後二条の死後に立太子の機会を逸した恒明、邦良の同母弟邦省親王、後醍醐の第1皇子尊良親王らが次の皇太子の座を争い、最終的には幕府の裁定で量仁(14歳)が皇太子に指名された。
- The position of Crown Prince was fought over by Kazuhito, the direct heir of the Jimyoin line, Kunimi, who was the younger brother with the same mother of Tsuneaki and Kuniyoshi Shinno who lost their chances to become Crown Prince after Gonijo died, and Godaigo's first son, Imperial Prince Takayoshi, and in the end, Kazuhito (aged 14) was designated Crown Prince by the bakufu's ruling.
- 豊岡県を二分し、天田郡と丹後が京都府、氷上、多紀2郡と但馬が兵庫県に編入されることになったのは旧出石藩士の桜井勉氏の案であるが、当初桜井氏は豊岡県全域と飾磨県(播磨)との合併を進言したようである。
- It was the proposal of Mr. Tsutomu SAKURAI of the former Izushi Domain that Toyooka prefecture be divided up into two areas, annexing Amada District and Tango to Kyoto while annexing Hikami and Taki Districts and Tajima to Hyogo, but he seems to have suggested consolidating Toyooka prefecture and Shikama prefecture (Harima province) at first.
- これに対し、後鳥羽上皇は近臣藤原忠綱を鎌倉に送り、愛妾伊賀局(元は遊女の亀菊)の所領である摂津国長江荘、倉橋荘の地頭職の撤廃と院に近い御家人仁科盛遠(西面の武士)への処分の撤回を条件として提示した。
- In response to this request, the retired Emperor Gotoba sent his vassal Tadatsuna Fujiwara to Kamakura, who submitted as requirements that the punishment of the gokenin (low-ranking warrior vassal) Morita NISHINA (a member of the Western Guard Corps), who was close to the retired Emperor, be overturned, and the annulment of responsibility over the Nagae estate in Settsu Province, which belonged to the courtesan Igakyoku (formerly the prostitute Kamegiku), and the Kurahashi estate be repealed.
- 久寿2年(1155年)に近衛天皇が崩御すると崇徳上皇は御子の重仁親王の即位を望むが、父・鳥羽法皇は美福門院や近臣の藤原通憲の推す雅仁親王(崇徳上皇のもう一人の弟)を後白河天皇として即位させてしまう。
- Retired Emperor Sutoku hoped to get his son, Imperial Prince Shigehito, to ascend the Imperial Throne when Emperor Konoe died in 1155, but his father, Cloistered Emperor Toba, got Imperial Prince Masahito (another brother of retired Emperor Sutoku), who was supported by Bifukumonin and FUJIWARA no Michinori, to ascend the Imperial Throne instead.
- その後、義就が宗全を頼って復権を願い出ていたところ、1467年2月6日(応仁元年正月2日)、宗全に懐柔された義政が、政長や勝元に断ることなく、将軍邸の花の御所(室町第)に義就を招いてこれを赦免した。
- Afterwards, when Yoshinari relied on Sozen in petitioning for his reinstatement, Yoshimasa, placated by Sozen, on February 6, 1467 invited Yoshinari to Hana no Gosho (or Muromachi-dai) of the Shogun's residence and remitted him without consulting Masanaga or Katsumoto.
- 他にも、茨木司、佐野七五三之助、富川十郎、中村五郎ら10名も後に合流を図ったが、嘆願に行った会津藩邸で、茨木、佐野、富川、中村の四人が死亡(切腹、殺害両説あり)、残りの6人が放逐という結末となった。
- Ten other persons including Tsukasa IBARAKI, Shimesaburo SANO, Juro TOMIKAWA, Goro NAKAMURA tried to join Goryo-eji later, but four of them, IBARAKI, SANO, TOMIKAWA, and NAKAMURA died in the Aizu domain residence where they had gone to make an appeal (there are two theories that state that they either committed seppuku (disembowelment) or that they were killed.) while the other six were expelled.
- 建武の新政(けんむのしんせい)は、鎌倉幕府滅亡後の1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)6月に後醍醐天皇が「親政」(天皇がみずから行う政治)を開始した事により成立した政権及びその新政策(「新政」)である。
- The Kenmu Restoration (kenmu no shinsei) refers to the period of direct Imperial rule (where the Emperor personally controls the government) initiated by Emperor Godaigo in the sixth month of 1333, as the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) collapsed; it can also refer to the administrative unit of Imperial rule.
- 鎌倉幕府の滅亡後も、旧北条氏の守護国を中心に各地で反乱が起こっており、7月 (旧暦)には信濃国で高時の遺児である北条時行と、その叔父北条泰家が挙兵して鎌倉を占領し直義らが追われる中先代の乱が起こる。
- Even after the collapse of the Kamakura bakufu, several provinces, especially those for which the Hojo clan formerly held the governorships, arose in counter-rebellion, and in the seventh (lunar) month, in Shinano Province (modern-day Nagano Pref.), Tokiyuki HOJO, the orphan of Takatoki HOJO, and his uncle Yasuie HOJO raised an army and captured Kamakura; Tadayoshi and the others were driven out, and the Nakasendai rebellion (so named because it took place between the old regime, the Hojo, and the new, the Ashikaga) began.
- また、廃絶期間が長いためにルートが不明になっている箇所や、時代によって異なるルートが使用された区間の調査、さらにそうした箇所・区間の世界遺産への追加登録など、今後のさらなる調査・研究が待たれている。
- In some sections, the old roads are not found yet because people have not used it for a long time or people used another routes in some periods; and for those sections, further investigations, studies and additional application for World Heritage site are required.
- 一般には、12世紀後半の源頼朝による鎌倉幕府の設立から、慶応3年(1867年)の徳川慶喜による大政奉還まで、約700年間に渡る武家による政権を指すが、現在は平清盛の平氏政権からとする説が有力である。
- The military government was an administration under the control of samurai, which continued for about 700 years from the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the late 12th century to Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) lead by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA in 1867; however, a theory, in which the start was the Taira clan government ruled by TAIRA no Kiyomori, is now widely accepted.
- 幕末、にわかに政治の中心地となった京都は人口が膨れ上がりかつてない活況を見せたものの、禁門の変で街の多くが焼けたのに加え、明治維新後に皇室・公家の大半が東京へ移り住んだため、一転急速な衰退を見せた。
- At the end of the Edo period, Kyoto City suddenly became the political center and thrived more than ever with the explosive growth in population, but soon it fell into decline because a large part of the city was burned down in the Kinmon Rebellion; moreover, several members of the Imperial Family and court nobles moved to Tokyo.
- 過大な財政負担を懸念しての慟哭であったろうが、後に、京都守護職の任務によって尊皇派の恨みを買った会津藩は戊辰戦争で最後まで抵抗せざるを得なくなり、藩都・会津若松市で壊滅し、現実のものとなってしまった。
- Though they seemed to cry because they were worried about the excessive financial load, the Aizu clan which later incurred the ill will of those advocating reverence for the Emperor because of its duties in the Kyoto Shugoshoku, had to resist to the end of the Boshin Civil War, was completely annihilated in Aizu-Wakamatsu City the clan's capital, and its collapse was indeed realized.
- これに応えて試衛館派、水戸派、殿内以下、根岸友山一派などが京の壬生村に残ったが、根岸派は直後に脱退、殿内・家里は排斥され、同年3月、新選組の前身である「壬生浪士組」(「精忠浪士組」とも)が結成される。
- In response to this, the Shiei-kan and Mito Parties, along with Yuzan NEGISHI and his group controlled by TONOUCHI, remained in Mibu Village of Kyoto, but the NEGISHI party withdrew immediately afterwards, TONOUCHI and IESATO were excluded, and in March of the same year 'Mibu Roshi-gumi' (also known as 'Seichu Roshi-gumi') was formed.
- ただし、坂本や中岡にとっては、恨みの対象は徳川家ではなく、上士・郷士という差別を生み出した幕藩体制そのものにあり、彼らは怨恨を越えて後藤象二郎、板垣退助といった上士と手を組み、幕府に大政奉還を促した。
- However, for Sakamoto and Nakaoka the target of their hard feelings was not the Tokugawa family but the bakuhan system, which had given birth to the discrimination between the Joshi and Goshi; they conquered such feelings and cooperated with Joshi such as Shojiro GOTO, Taisuke ITAGAKI, etc., and urged Bakufu to restore imperial rule.
- 後嵯峨がこのような曖昧な態度をとったのは、自身が幕府の介入によって傍系から予想外の即位をした経験を踏まえ、後継者を指名しても幕府の意にかなわなければ簡単に覆されてしまうことをよく知っていたためである。
- The reason why Gosaga took such an unclear stance was based on his own experience as being unexpectedly selected from a collateral family line to ascend to Emperor due to the bakufu's intervention, and knew well that if he named a successor that was not to the bakufu's liking, it would easily have been changed by the bakufu.
- 亀山が倒幕を考えている、という噂が立つなどの政情不安のなか、結局、弘安10年(1287年)になって幕府は治天・天皇の交替を要求し、皇太子煕仁(23歳、伏見天皇)が践祚して後深草による院政が開始された。
- In the midst of political unrest, when Kameyama was rumored to be thinking of overthrowing the Shogunate, the bakufu ordered a change in Chiten and Emperor in 1287, with the Crown Prince Hirohito (aged 23, Emperor Fushimi) ascending the throne and Gofukakusa starting a cloistered government.
- 1414年(応永21年)、4年前に京都を出奔して吉野に潜行していた南朝最後の天皇後亀山天皇とその皇子小倉宮を支持して伊勢国国司の北畠満雅が挙兵したが、室町幕府の討伐を受け和解、上皇は2年後に京に帰った。
- In 1414 (Oei 21), the provincial governor of Ise province, Mitsumasa KITABATAKE - financial backer of the last Southern Court Emperor, Gokameyama, who had fled from Kyoto four years earlier and traveled incognito to Yoshino, as well as his son Prince Oguranomiya - raised an army in response, but after receiving an order from Gokameyama to subjugate the Muromachi Shogunate, a peace settlement was reached, and the Retired Emperor Gokameyama returned to Kyoto two years later.
- その直接さがゆえ、徳川慶喜は維新後、長州に対しての恨みが消えていったが、佐幕派を装いつつ結果的に寝返った薩摩に対しての恨みは強かったと言われる(司馬遼太郎著『最後の将軍 徳川慶喜』『竜馬がゆく』ほか)。
- Perhaps because of such directness, after the restoration Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA's ill feelings against the Choshu disappeared; however, it is said that he had strong ill feelings against Satsuma, which pretended to be pro-Bakufu but ultimately moved over to the enemy ('Last Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA (最後の将軍 徳川慶喜),' 'Ryoma ga yuku (竜馬がゆく),' written by Ryotaro SHIBA).
- 江戸時代の頼山陽の『日本外史』では、亀山城出陣の際に「信長の閲兵を受けるのだ」として桂川渡河後に信長襲撃の意図を全軍に明らかにしたとあるが、実際には、ごく一部の重臣しか知らなかったとの見解が有力である。
- According to 'Nihon Gaishi' (historical book on Japan) written by Sanyo RAI during the Edo period, it was written that 'We will be reviewed by Nobunaga.' when they departed Kameyama-jo Castle with the intention to attack Nobunaga made clear to all the troops only after they crossed the Katsura-gawa River, but it is a widely-accepted view that, in reality, only a limited number of key vassals were informed of the real intention.
- 天皇や時平は「延喜の治」と呼ばれる自らが主導するの政治改革を目指すものの、変からわずか8年後に時平が急死、続いて醍醐天皇も病気がちとなり、政治権力の中心は再度宇多法皇と藤原忠平の手中に帰する事になった。
- The Emperor and Tokihira planned political reforms to put themselves in direct leadership roles for the new administration, which was called 'Engi no chi' (the (glorious) government during the Engi era), but only eight years after the coup, Tokihira died suddenly, and moreover Emperor Daigo became more and more prone to illness, which allowed de facto political power to shift back again under the control of Cloistered Emperor Uda and FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- ところが、戦国時代_(日本)に入ると、堅田門徒の指導的地位を得ていた本福寺は大津の門徒を率いていた本願寺10世証如の後見人蓮淳(蓮如の6男で証如の外祖父でもある)の讒言によって、3度にわたる破門を受けた。
- However, in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), Honpuku-ji Temple, which was in a commanding position in Katata-shu, was excommunicated three times by a slander of Renjun (Rennyo's sixth son and Shonyo's maternal grandfather), the guardian of Shonyo, 10th chief priest, who led believers in Otsu.
- その後、麹屋側の巻き返しにより天文_(元号)14年(1545年)には再度北野麹座による麹の独占が許されるものの、室町幕府の権威が完全に失墜した状況下では時は既に遅く、やがて麹造りは酒屋業の一工程となった。
- After that, though the monopoly of the koji malt by Kitano koji za was permitted again in 1545 due to the catch up by Kitano koji za, it was too late, as the Muromachi bakufu had fallen from power, and the production of koji malt had become integrated into the sakaya industry.
- 頼朝は、海路で安房国へ移動して相模三浦半島の豪族である三浦氏と合流した後、安房の在庁官人をはじめ房総半島の上総広常、千葉常胤、武蔵の足立遠元、畠山重忠らの諸豪族を傘下に加えながら急速に大勢力となっていく。
- Yoritomo took a sea route to Awa Province to join up with the powerful family within the Sagami Miura peninsula, the Miura clan, and gathered various families such as the local officials of Awa Province, Hirotsune KAZUSA and Tsunetane CHIBA of the Boso peninsula, Tomoto ADACHI and Shigetada HATAKEYAMA of Musashi, rapidly becoming a major force.
- 建武新政期には後醍醐天皇が親政を行い院政は一時期中断したが、数年の後に北朝による院政が復活し、室町時代に入ってから院政は継続したが、永享5年(1433年)に後小松天皇が死去すると院政は事実上の終焉を迎えた。
- During the Kenmu Restoration, Emperor Godaigo conducted direct government and insei was discontinued for a certain period, but after a few years insei was revived by Hokucho (北朝) and continued after the start of the Muromachi period; however, when Emperor Gokomatsu died in 1433, insei virtually ended.
- 慶応3年12月9日 (旧暦)(1868年1月3日)、この年の10月に行われた大政奉還後の王政復古の大号令クーデターによって薩摩藩・長州藩が京都の支配権を確立したため、京都守護職は設置後6年をもって廃止された。
- On January 3, 1868, due to the coup of Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule after Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) was implemented in October in the same year, the Satsuma and the Choshu clans established the right to rule Kyoto and, therefore, the Kyoto Shugoshoku was abolished six years after its foundation.
- さらに近衛前久は本能寺の変の当日または数日後に出家しており、これを細川幽斎の出家と同様、信長に殉じたと解釈するのが適切と見る見解や、後々まで信長の死を惜しんだ和歌を残している事などが反論として挙げられている。
- It has been also pointed out as refutations that Sakihisa KONOE became a priest on the day of or several days after Honnoji Incident and it seems appropriate to understand his becoming a priest was to follow Nobunaga same as Yusai HOSOKAWA's becoming a priest and that Sakihisa KONOE made a waka (31-syllable Japanese poem) which mourned Nobunaga's death.
- そして、1493年(明応2)の明応の政変前後を契機として、低下した権威の復活に失敗した守護大名は、守護代・国人などにその地位を奪われて没落し、逆に国人支配の強化に成功した守護大名は、領国支配を一層強めていった。
- Starting around the Meio-no-seihen (明応の政変) in 1493, the shugo daimyo that had failed to regain authority were ousted from their positions by shugo-dai and kokujin, while those that succeeded in tightening the control of the kokujin further strengthened the provincial control.
- 計画は、祇園祭の前の風の強い日を狙って京都御所に火を放ち、その混乱に乗じて中川宮朝彦親王(後の久邇宮朝彦親王)を幽閉し、一橋慶喜(徳川慶喜)・会津の松平容保らを暗殺し、孝明天皇を長州へ連れ去るという物であった。
- The plan was to wait for a windy day before the Gion festival and set fire to the Kyoto Imperial Palace, and in the ensuing confusion confining Prince Asahiko NAKAGAWANOMIYA (who became Asahiko KUNINOMIYA later), assassinate Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI (Yoshinobu TUGAWA) and Katamori MATSUDAIRA of the Aizu clan, and take Emperor Koumyou to Choshu.
- そして敗戦後の1947年に法律として制定された現行の皇室典範でも、第4条で「天皇が崩じたときは、皇嗣が、直ちに即位する」とし、皇位は終身制であり、皇位の継承は天皇の死去によってのみおこなわれることを定めている。
- In the current Imperial Household Law, enacted in 1947 following the defeat in World War II, Article 4 sets forth that, 'upon the death of the Emperor, his heir shall immediately succeed to the throne'; that the position as Emperor is for a lifetime and can only be succeeded upon the Emperor's death.
- 信長の敵対者である伊賀忍者に守られた逃避行は、後世、光秀方に誅されることを恐れたものとされるが、 本来は信長方に誅されることを恐れて事前に準備されたものだった、ないし、 自己の関与を否定するための演出であった。
- Although it was told later that Ieyasu's runaway trip guarded by Iga ninja (a secret agent (in feudal Japan) highly skilled in stealth and secrecy), who were opponents to Nobunaga was because of Ieyasu's fear against to be killed by the Mitsuhide's side, it was originally prepared in advance based on Ieyasu's fear against being killed by the Nobunaga's side or it was an arrangement to deny his participation in the plot.
- 乱後、後白河上皇と二条天皇の対立はしばらくの小康状態を経て再燃するが、武士で最大の実力者となっていた清盛は二条の乳父となり、室の平時子も乳母となったことで、天皇の後見役の地位を得て検非違使別当・中納言となった。
- After the rebellions, the conflict between the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa and Emperor Nijo seemed to subside slightly but then flared up again, with Kiyomori, who was the most powerful bushi at that time, gaining the position of Emperor's regent by becoming godfather to Nijo while his wife, TAIRA no Tokiko, became godmother, and he also became Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) and Chunagon (vice-councilor of state).
- この過程で信西とその一族の台頭は目覚ましく、高階重仲の女を母とする俊憲・藤原貞憲は弁官として父と共に実務を担当する一方で、藤原朝子(後白河の乳母)を母とする藤原成憲・藤原脩憲はそれぞれ遠江・美濃の受領となった。
- During this process Shinzei and the his family (the Fujiwara) each rose to remarkable prominence; FUJIWARA no Toshinori and Sadanori (sons of Shinzei and their mother was the daughter of TAKASHINA no Shigenaka) worked as Controllers with their father at running the Records Office, while FUJIWARA no Shigenori and Naganori (sons of Shinzei and their mother was FUJIWARA no Asako, who was also known as Emperor Goshirakawa's wet nurse) were awarded control over Totomi and Mino Provinces, respectively.
- 特に有名なのが、1069年(治暦5年 延久元年)に後三条天皇が全国の荘園を一斉整理する目的で発令した延久の荘園整理令であるが、実はこれを遡る事150年前の醍醐天皇の時代から天皇の代替わりごとに度々発令されている。
- Most renowned is the Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei (an order given in the Enkyu era to consolidate manors) issued in 1069 by Emperor Gosanjo to consolidate all manors together nationwide, but from the days of Emperor Daigo, 150 years prior to this, it had been issued every time the Emperor changed.
- 浄土真宗の蓮如が再興した本願寺教団は、講と呼ばれる信徒集団を形成し、応仁の乱の後には守護大名に取って代わった戦国大名に匹敵する勢力になり、一向宗とも呼ばれるようになり、信仰の下に団結して守護大名の勢力と対抗する。
- The religious establishment at Hongan-ji Temple, which had been revived by Rennyo, of the Jodo Shinshu (True Pure Land sect), began to form large groups of laymen followers, called (Buddhist) 'lecture meetings,' and after the Onin War, these groups rivaled the Sengoku daimyo, who had supplanted the shugo daimyo, in strength; they began to be referred to as the Ikko sect, and united by faith, fell into opposition with the power and influence of the shugo daimyo.
- やがて三条が眼病を患うと、道長ははっきりと三条に譲位を勧めるようになり、視力の低下で政務や日常生活にも支障をきたすようになった三条は、長和5年(1016年)には皇太子敦成(後一条天皇)に譲位せざるを得なくなった。
- Eventually, Sanjo suffered from an eye disease and Michinaga started to clearly suggest abdication to Sanjo, and in 1016, Sanjo reluctantly abdicated to the Crown Prince Atsunari (Emperor Goichijo) because his decrease in eyesight started to infringe upon governing duties and daily life.
- 当初、後白河上皇以下、貴族から庶民まで義仲の入京を歓迎したが、前年の養和の大飢饉の影響により義仲軍を養う食糧が不足して義仲軍は市中で略奪や狼藉を始めたために義仲の評判は落ちて、源頼朝の上洛を願う声が高まっていく。
- Initially, everyone from the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, aristocrats, to the local people welcomed the entry of Yoshinaka into Kyoto but the great famine of Yowa the previous year led to insufficient food for Yoshinaka's troops, who then started stealing and became violent, leading to a drop in Yoshinaka's popularity and eventually MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's entry became a common hope.
- 1348年(正平 (日本)3年/貞和4年)には四條畷の戦いで楠木正成の子楠木正行・楠木正時兄弟が足利方の高師直に討たれ、吉野行宮が陥落して後村上天皇ら南朝一行は賀名生(奈良県五條市)へ逃れ、衰勢は覆い隠せなくなる。
- After Masashige KUSONOKI's sons, brothers Masatsura and Masatoki KUSUNOKI, were struck down by Ko no Moronao of the Ashikaga faction in the 1348 battle of Shijonawate, the Imperial residence at Yoshino was overrun by the Ashikaga, and Emperor Gomurakami and the rest of the Southern Court faction were forced to flee to Ano (the present-day city of Gojo in Nara Pref.); the decline of the Southern Court's power and influence could no longer be concealed.
- 後醍醐天皇は11月には比叡山を降りて足利方と和睦し、光明天皇に三種の神器を渡すが、12月に京都を脱出し、吉野へ逃れて吉野朝廷(南朝)を成立させ、先に光明天皇に渡した神器は偽器であり自分が正統な天皇であると宣言する。
- In the eleventh month, Emperor Godaigo descended from Mt. Hiei and made peace with the Ashikaga faction, handing over the three Imperial Regalia to Emperor Komyo, but in the twelfth month he escaped from Kyoto and fled to Yoshino, whereupon he established the Yoshino Court (the Southern Dynasty), claiming that the Regalia he had passed to Komyo were fakes and insisting that he himself was the only legitimate Emperor.
- 俊基らは赦免されたが資朝は鎌倉へ連行され佐渡島へ流刑となり、側近の万里小路宣房らが鎌倉へ赴いて釈明を行い、後醍醐天皇は幕府に釈明して赦されるが、7年後の1331年(元弘元年)に2度目の討幕計画である元弘の乱を起こす。
- Toshimoto and some others were forgiven, but Suketomo was taken to Kamakura and then exiled to Sado Island, an aide, Nobufusa MADENOKOJI went to Kamakura to offer clarification and Emperor Godaigo was forgiven by the bakufu after an apology, but seven years later, in 1331, he led his second plan to overthrow the bakufu, the Genko no Ran (Genko Rebellion).
- 京都に集結した諸将は、北陸から信越、東海、九州の筑前、豊後、豊前が大半であったが、「東軍」には細川氏一族が畿内と四国の守護を務めていたことに加えその近隣地域にも自派の守護を配置していたため、地理的には優位を占めていた。
- Whereas the military leaders having gathered in Kyoto had mostly come from Hokuriku, Shinetsu, Tokai, and Kyushu provinces of Chikuzen, Bungo, and Buzen, the Eastern camp had a geographical advantage because not only members of the Hosokawa family were shugos in the provinces around the capital and in Shikoku but also shugos affiliated with the family were appointed in neighboring areas.
- さらに、先年の土岐康行の乱で没落していた美濃国の土岐詮直、明徳の乱で滅ぼされた山名氏清の嫡男山名時清、近江国の京極秀満(出雲国守護京極高詮の弟)や延暦寺・興福寺衆徒、楠氏・菊地氏ら後南朝方と連絡をとり挙兵をうながした。
- In addition, Yoshihiro contacted several potential allies, including Akinao TOKI of Mino Province, who had been brought to ruin during Yasuyuki TOKI's rebellion a few years earlier, Tokikiyo YAMANA, eldest son and heir of Ujikiyo YAMANA, who had been destroyed during the Meitoku rebellion, Hidemitsu KYOGOKU (younger brother of Takanori KYOGOKU, the shugo of Izumo Province), the warrior monks of Enryaku-ji and Kofuku-ji Temples, and Gonancho (Second Southern Court) forces like the Kusunoki and Kikuchi clans, urging them to raise troops to oppose the shogunate.
- 後述する数々の創作物の影響もあり、幕末、京都の治安維持の主力を担っていたのは新選組であるとの認識も一般には強いが、実際は重要な御所近辺は会津直轄隊の精鋭2000人、その周りは幕臣で構成される見廻組500人が固めていた。
- Due to the impact of many works which will be described later, there is a strong general understanding that Shinsen-gumi took a leading part in maintenance of public order in Kyoto during the last days of the shogunate, but actually, the important area around the Imperial Palace was guarded by 2,000 elite troops under direct control of the Aizu Clan, and around that were another 500 men of Kyoto Mimawarigumi, composed of vassals of the shogunate.
- しかし、寿永2年(1183年)5月に源義仲の軍が北陸から一気に京へ進軍すると、義仲軍に主力を壊滅させられていた平氏は、ついに安徳天皇を伴って京を脱出し大宰府に下向するが、豊後の武士・緒方維栄に撃退され屋島にたどり着いた。
- However, in May 1183, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's troops swept into Kyoto from Hokuriku, and the Taira clan, whose main forces were crushed by Yoshinaka's troops, finally decided to escape Kyoto and headed towards Dazaifu accompanied by Emperor Antoku, but were repelled by Koreyoshi OGATA, a bushi of Bungo and landed on Yashima Island.
- 奪われた神器のうち、剣は清水寺で発見されるが、神爾は持ち去られたままであり、15年後の1457年(長禄元年)には、嘉吉の乱で没落した赤松氏の遺臣が長禄の変での奮闘により神爾を奪い返し、翌年には神爾は北朝の手に戻っている。
- Among the Three Sacred Treasures that were stolen, the sword was discovered at Kiyomizu-dera Temple, but the shinji were not found until 15 years later in 1457, when remaining followers of the Akamatsu clan, who had become impoverished during the Kakitsu Incident, recovered the shinji after a great battle during the Choroku Incident, and they were returned to the Northern Court the next year.
- 白河は、鳥羽の第一皇子(崇徳天皇)を皇位につけた後に没し、鳥羽が院政を布くこととなったが、鳥羽は崇徳を疎んじ、第九皇子である近衛天皇(母、藤原得子)へ皇位を継がせた(近衛没後はその兄の後白河天皇(母、藤原璋子)が継いだ)。
- Shirakawa died after placing Toba's first prince (Emperor Sutoku) on the throne, and Toba started to conduct Insei, but Toba turned a cold shoulder to Sutoku and had him succeed the Imperial Throne to Toba's ninth prince, Emperor Konoe (whose mother was FUJIWARA no Nariko) (after Konoe's death, his elder brother, Emperor Goshirakawa, whose mother was FUJIWARA no Shoshi, succeeded to the throne).
- その後も義昭は征夷大将軍職を解任されていない事を盾に各地で幕府再建運動を行うが、信長、そして豊臣秀吉による新秩序形成の勢いを前には全くの無力であり、義昭の京都追放の時点をもって室町幕府および室町時代の終期と看做されている。
- Thereafter, using the fact that Yoshiaki had never officially been dismissed from the post of Seii taishogun as a pretext, movements did arise in various provinces to restore the bakufu to power, but against the momentum of the new governmental structure created by Nobunaga and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, such efforts were entirely fruitless, and so the Muromachi bakufu--and the Muromachi period itself--is considered to have ended at the point Yoshiaki was driven from Kyoto.
- 藩主・細川忠利の父である忠興が隠居城とした肥後八代城は薩摩の島津氏に対する押さえの役割を持ち、特に一国一城令の例外とされていたが、正保3年(1646年)には興長が八代城を預かることになり、以後代々松井家が八代城代を務めた。
- After his retirement, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, the father of the lord Tadatoshi HOSOKAWA, resided in the Yatsushiro-jo Castle; since the castle functioned as the barrier that prevented the invasion of the Shimazu clan, it was regarded as an exception of the Ikkoku Ichijo Law (according to it, one province can keep only one castle); in 1646, Okinaga MATSUI was ordered to retain this castle, and from then on, the Matsuki clan served as a keeper of Yatsushiro-jo Castle.
- また『平家物語』によれば、成親が立ち上がって瓶子(へいじ)が倒れ、後白河が「あれはいかに」と問うと成親が「平氏(瓶子)たはれ候ぬ」と答え、俊寛がそれをどうするか尋ねると西光が「頸をとるにしかず」と瓶子の首を折り割ったという。
- According to the 'Heike Monogatari' (The Historic Romance of Taira Family), a sake bottle (called 'heiji', the same pronunciation as 'the Taira clan' in Japanese) fell over when Narichika stood up and when Goshirakawa asked, 'what was that?' Narichika answered, 'the sake bottle (heiji) fell over,' and when Shunkan asked what to do with it, Saiko said 'we must take its neck (kill)' and broke the neck of the bottle.
- 会津藩には武士身分で構成される正規治安部隊、京都見廻組(組長=佐々木只三郎)があり、農民・商人身分で構成される新撰組(組長=近藤勇)は、会津藩の京都における非正規治安部隊(後年は近藤らは幕臣になり正式な治安部隊になる)である。
- In the Aizu Clan, the formal security force was the Kyoto Mimawarigumi (Commander = Tadazaburo SASAKI), and Shinsen-gumi (Commander = Isami KONDO), composed of men with the social position of farmers/merchants, was the non-formal security force of the Aizu Clan for the Kyoto area (in later years, KONDO and others became vassals of the shogunate, and thus Shinsen-gumi became a formal security force).
- 治天の君であった光厳上皇、天皇を退位した直後の崇光上皇、皇太子直仁親王が南朝に連れ去られ、南朝の後醍醐天皇が偽器であると主張していた北朝の三種の神器までもが南朝に接収されたため、北朝は治天・天皇・皇太子・神器不在の事態に陥った。
- Since the Chiten no kimi (the Retired Emperor or the Cloistered Emperor who held actual power of government) Retired Emperor Kogon, the Retired Emperor Suko, who had just abdicated the throne, and Crown Prince Naohito, were under custody of the Southern Court and the Three Sacred Treasures of the Northern Court that Emperor Godaigo of the Southern Court claimed were fakes were also held by the Southern Court, the Northern Court was in a state of no Chiten, Emperor, Crown Prince, or the Treasures.
- 源頼朝の死後、将軍の輔弼制度として北条氏による執政制度も創設され、たとえ頼朝の血統が絶えても鎌倉幕府体制は永続するように制度整備がなされ、その裏打ちとして御成敗式目という初の武家法が制定され、その後の中世社会の基本法典となった。
- After MINAMOTO no Yoritomo died, an administrative system was created by the Hojo clan to fill the role of Shogunal advisor to the Imperial Court; they also arranged the system so that even if Yoritomo's bloodline died out, the Kamakura bakufu system could continue, and to serve as the bakufu's legal basis created the Goseibei Shikimoku (Formulary of Adjudications), the first set of laws governing the warrior class, which was to became the legal foundation of medieval society in Japan.
- 鳥羽・伏見の戦い直後の明治元年(慶応4年)1月17日(1868年2月10日)、参与・大久保利通は、総裁・有栖川宮熾仁親王に対して、天皇が石清水八幡宮に参詣し、続いて大坂行幸を行なって、その後も引き続き大坂に滞在することを提言した。
- Directly after the battle of Toba and Fushimi on February 10, 1868, Sanyo and Toshimichi OKUBO regarding the presidency and Imperial Prince Taruhito, Arisugawa-no-miya, advocated that the emperor make a pilgrimage to Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine, and then go to Osaka where he would continue to reside.
- 将軍足利義満、管領細川頼之時代には武家執奏による朝廷への口入がみられ、応安3年(1370年)に後光厳天皇が自らの皇子緒仁親王への譲位意思を表すると、崇光上皇は正嫡である実子栄仁親王の即位が妥当であると主張し、皇位継承問題が起こる。
- During the rule of Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and constable Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, the Bukeshisso (coordinator for the Northern Court and the Ashikaga government) would intervene with Imperial Court matters, and when in 1370, Emperor Gokogon expressed his wish to abdicate the throne to his prince, Imperial Prince Ohito, retired Emperor Suko claimed that the ascension of his legal child, Imperial Prince Yoshihito was more appropriate and a conflict over Imperial succession occurs.
- 尊氏の庶子で直義の猶子となり、4月に長門探題に任命されて備後国に滞在していた足利直冬は、京都での事件を知ると、養父直義に味方するために上洛しようとするが、師直は赤松則村(円心)らに命じて直冬の上洛を阻止し、尊氏に直冬追討を要請する。
- Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA, who was Takauji's bastard son and Tadayoshi's foster son, who was staying in Bingo Province after being named the Nagato tandai (Shogunal deputies in Nagato) in April, heard about the events in Kyoto and tried to go to Kyoto to help his foster father Tadayoshi, but Moronao commanded Norimura AKAMATSU (Enshin) to stop Tadafuyu's movement toward Kyoto and asked Takauji to attack Tadafuyu.
- その後も東軍は畠山政長・赤松政則、西軍は畠山義就・大内政弘を中心に惰性的な小競り合いを続けていたものの、1477年12月16日(文明9年11月11日)に大内政弘が周防国に撤収したことによって西軍は事実上解体し京都での戦闘は収束した。
- Minor inertial fights continued between the Eastern camp mainly comprising the forces of Masanaga HATAKEYAMA and Masanori AKAMATSU and the Western camp primarily made up of the troops of Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA and Masahiro OUCHI, but the warfare in Kyoto came to an end when Masahiro OUCHI retreated to Suo Province on December 16, 1477, resulting in virtual disbandment of the Western camp.
- 加えて本能寺の変直後、光秀が紀州雑賀衆・土橋重治へ送った書状に「上意馳走申しつけられて示し給い、快然に候」と、光秀より身分の高い者からの命令を指す「上意」という言葉を使っていることを挙げ、光秀の背後に足利義昭が存在したと主張している。
- In addition, Mitsuhide sent a letter to Shigeharu TSUCHIBASHI, who was a member of the Saigashu (a powerful local clan in Saiga, Kishu), saying, 'A joi (order from a superior to a subordinate) has been issued requesting that you provide service, which is a great honor', and Fujita pointed out that as the word 'joi' was used, the order must be from someone with a higher status than Mitsuhide.
- だが、江戸時代後期彦根藩などの保護を受けた他の琵琶湖湖畔の諸港の台頭、船主・漁民と農民・商人との利害対立による内紛(堀田氏の佐野移封と前後として農民と漁民の対立が大規模暴動に発展している)などがあり、徐々にその影響力を低下させていった。
- However, Katata gradually lost its power, owing to the rise of other domains surrounding Lake Biwa that were protected by some authorities such as the Hikone Domain in the late Edo period and internal conflicts between shipowners and fishermen and farmers and merchants (around the transfer of Hotta clan to Sano, the conflict between farmers and fishermen developed into a large-scale riot).
- 承久の乱後、佐々木信綱が現地の地頭に任じられたが、延暦寺・下鴨社ともに対抗するために延暦寺は堅田に湖上関を設置して他所の船を排斥し、下鴨社は堅田の漁民・船主に漁業権・航行権(水上通行権)を保障する事で堅田の経済的・交通的特権を保証した。
- After the Jokyu War, although Nobutsuna SASAKI was appointed as Jito (estate steward) there, both Enryaku-ji Temple and Shimogamo-sha Shrine decided to rebel against him: Enryaku-ji Temple established Kojo-seki (a checkpoint on the lake) at Katata to keep non-Enryaku-ji-temple ships away and Shimogamo-sha Shrine guaranteed economic and traffic privileges of Katata by protecting fishery and navigation rights for fishermen and shipowners of Katata.
- だが、新将軍・義尚は若くして病死し、引退した父・義政も銀閣をはじめとする慈照寺の造営に余生を費やして、芸術の世界にのみ生きた(とはいえ、義政の芸術保護が後の東山文化発展の基礎となり、後々の日本文化に大きな影響を与えた事は否定できない)。
- But the new Shogun, Yoshihisa, died of illness while still young, and his retired father Yoshimasa devoted his remaining years to construction projects at Jisho-ji Temple, notably the building known as Ginkaku (the Silver Pavilion), focusing his attention entirely on the world of artistic endeavor (and indeed, Yoshimasa's patronage of the arts became the foundation of the flourishing artistic culture of the Higashiyama area, and no one can deny he had a profound influence on later developments in Japanese culture.)
- 太平洋戦争後の開放的気分の中で「熊沢天皇」こと熊沢寛道など、自らを正統な天皇の継承者と称する自称天皇たちが現れたとき、その多くは、1911年(明治44年)に明治天皇の裁断によって南朝が正統とされたことを受けて、後南朝の子孫と主張していた。
- In the liberal atmosphere after the end of the World War II, when figures like Hiromichi KUMAZAWA, the so-called 'Emperor Kumazawa,' appeared and each claimed that only he himself was the legitimate successor to the Emperor, most of these self-styled Emperors were reacting to the fact that in 1911 Emperor Meiji had decided that the Southern lineage was the legitimate one, and came forward claiming to be descendants of the Southern dynasty.
- 池田屋事件(いけだやじけん)は、江戸時代後期の元治元年6月5日 (旧暦)(1864年7月8日)に、京都三条通木屋町通(三条小橋)の旅館池田屋で京都守護職配下の治安維持組織である新撰組が、潜伏していた長州藩の尊皇攘夷派を襲撃した事件である。
- The Ikedaya Incident is the name given to an event that took place on July 8,1864 towards the end of the Edo Period in which the Shinsen-gumi, who was a peacekeeping organization under the Kyoto protectorate, attacked the imperial loyalist faction from Choshu who were hiding out at the Ikedaya Inn at Kiyamachi (Sanjou-Kobashi Bridge) on Sanjou-Street in Kyoto.
- 後伏見の政務が停止され、光厳が廃位されたのは当然であるが、後醍醐はそもそも元徳3年に自分が廃位された事実自体を認めず、隠岐に流されていた間も自分はずっと天皇に在位していたという立場をとり、従って光厳の即位と在位も“なかったこと”にされた。
- It was natural that government affairs by Gofushimi were terminated and Kogon was deposed, but Godaigo did not even recognize that he was deposed in 1331, and took the stance that he was ruling during the whole time he was exiled in Oki, so therefore there was 'no accession nor rule' of Kogon.
- 後白河上皇と二条天皇の対立は双方の有力な廷臣が共倒れになったため小康状態となり、「院・内、申シ合ツツ同ジ御心ニテ」(『愚管抄』)とあるように二頭政治が行われたが、乱勝利の最大の貢献者である清盛はどちらの派にも組することなく慎重に行動した。
- The conflict between Retired Emperor Goshirakawa and Emperor Nijo, which had resulted in the mutual destruction of many of their most capable courtiers, now entered a lull, and indeed, the government became something of a duumvirate between the two of them (as written in the 'Gukansho,' 'Now the Retired Emperor and the Emperor spoke in harmony, and were of one mind'), but as for Kiyomori, who had made the single greatest contribution to the current half-victory for each of them, he continued to act prudently, not joining either faction.
- 福原への行幸以降、貴族の不満も高まり、高倉上皇の健康が悪化していくなか、親清盛派の延暦寺(彼らは園城寺や興福寺と敵対関係にあったが、遷都には不満を抱いていた)などからの要望を契機として、福原行幸から半年後の11月、清盛は福原から京へ戻った。
- Since the Imperial visit to Fukuhara, the dissatisfaction of the aristocrats continued to grow and the Retired Emperor Takakura's health deteriorated, so using the request from the Enryaku-ji Temple, who were pro-Kiyomori (they were enemies with the Onjyo-ji Temple and the Kofuku-ji Temple but were not happy about the moving of the capital) as a reason, Kiyomori returned to Kyoto from Fukuhara in November, six months after the imperial visit to Fukuhara.
- 戊辰戦争は、新政府下での薩長と幕府の主導権争いに起因する「鳥羽・伏見の戦い」の段階、会津藩・庄内藩の処分問題に起因する「東北戦争(北越戦争と会津戦争を含む)」の段階、旧幕府勢力の最後の抵抗となった「箱館戦争」の段階の3段階に大きく区分される。
- The Boshin War was roughly divided into three phases: the Battle of Toba and Fushimi phase which arose from the power struggle between the Sat-Cho and the Shogunate under the new government; the Tohoku War phase, including the Hokuetsu War and the Aizu War, which arose from the issue of punishment meted out to Aizu and Shonai Domains; and the Hakodate War phase in which the members of the former Shogunate staged a final revolt.
- 1334年正月に定められた「建武」の年号は、中国の後漢王朝の25年に劉秀(光武帝)が王莽を滅ぼし漢王朝を復興した際に定めた元号であり、先例に反し、辛酉革命説により「武」の一字が不吉であると断固反対した公家衆の反対を押し切って定めたものであった。
- The 'Kenmu' era name, established in the first month of 1334, was the era name chosen in China in the twenty-fifth year of the later Han dynasty, when Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu) destroyed Wang Mang and restored the Han dynasty to power; he went against precedent, and despite the fact that it was the fifty-eighth year of the sixty-year cycle and it was taboo to use the character 'mu' (samurai) in that year, he overcame the resolute opposition of the nobility and selected 'Kenmu' as the era name anyway.
- 正妻の築山殿、嫡男の松平信康の誅殺命令にあるように、織田と徳川は後世に美化されたような「同盟」という 対等の関係でなく、徳川は織田にとって、使い捨ての駒に過ぎず、 東方平定のためには、早々に完全に弱体化させるか滅ぼされるべき存在に過ぎなかった。
- As seen in the case of the order to kill Tsukiyama-dono, who was Ieyasu's legitimate wife, and Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA, who was Ieyasu's first son, Oda and Tokugawa were not in a relationship of equality like 'allied countries' as often been idealized later, and, for Oda, Tokugawa was a mere throwaway player and, in order to pacify the eastern countries, it should be completely weakened or overthrown as soon as possible.
- 鎌倉幕府がそれ以前の武家政権である平氏政権と最も異なる点は「問注所」(後に評定所)と呼ばれる訴訟受付機関を設置したことで、これまでは地所の支配権をめぐる争いは当事者同士の武力闘争に容易に発展していたものをこれにより実質的に禁止することになった。
- The most striking difference between the Kamakura bakufu and the prior warrior government run by the Taira clan was the bakufu's creation of what was called the Monjusho (hereafter referred to as the Hyojosho or 'Office of Arbitration'), an organization devoted to hearing and ruling on legal disputes over land ownership; until this office was founded, final authority to own land rested with the side whose military might was greatest and disputes were resolved in a simple way--through force--but the new office substantially reduced such bloody conflicts.
- 南朝(なんちょう)は、吉野朝廷(よしのちょうてい)とも称され、南北朝時代 (日本)に京都以南の大和国の吉野(奈良県吉野郡吉野町)、賀名生(同県五條市西吉野町)、摂津国の住吉行宮(大阪府大阪市住吉区)を本拠とした大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇に属する朝廷。
- The Southern Court is also called the Yoshino Court and was the court belonging to Emperor Godaigo of the Daikaku-ji Temple line established in the period of Northern and Southern Courts and based in the Yoshino (present day Yoshino Town, Yoshino County, Nara Prefecture), Ano (present day Nishiyoshino Town, Gojo City, Nara Prefecture) in the province of Yamato, south of Kyoto, Sumiyoshi-angu (Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture) in the province of Settsu.
- 関係史料が少ないため、平氏政権における国守護人・地頭の設置とそれに伴う支配の深化がどれほど進んでいたかは、必ずしも明らかとなっていないが、学界では、これら国守護人・地頭は、後の鎌倉幕府における守護・地頭の先駆的な存在だと考えるようになっている。
- It is not clear how large an influence the establishment by the Taira clan administration of Jito and Province officers had, or the amount of control they exerted because there are few related historical documents, but the academic field proposes that the Jito and Province officers were like a prototype for Shugo and Jito in the Kamakura bakufu.
- 羽織のダンダラは忠臣蔵の赤穂浪士が吉良邸に討ち入りするときに着ていた羽織の柄で、浅葱色は武士が切腹の時に着る切腹裃の色だと伝えられているが、羽織は実際には最初の1年ほどで廃止されたらしく、池田屋事件の時に着用していたとする証言が最後の記録である。
- The mountain-like patterns on short coats are those of Ako Roshi of Chushingura, when they marched into and attacked the KIRA residence, and very light blue is said to be the color of the seppuku kamishimo worn by a samurai when he commits hara-kiri, but the short coats of Shinsen-gumi seem to have been abolished after the 1st year, and the last recorded instance of the coats being worn was in the Ikedaya Incident.
- のち長慶天皇を経て後亀山天皇が践祚するに及び、1373年(文中2年、北朝の応安6年)8月よりまた賀名生を皇居とし以後1392年(元中9年、北朝の明徳3年)京都に帰って三種の神器を後小松天皇に伝えるまで20年間、賀名生は南朝の皇居の所在地であった。
- Later, the Emperor Gokameyama ascended the throne after the Emperor Chokei, and in August of 1373 the Imperial Palace was once again situated in Ano; for twenty years until returning to Kyoto in 1392 and the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family were given to Emperor Gokomatsu, Ano was the place where the Imperial Palace of the Southern Court was located.
- B.S.L.は、1874年(明治7年)に鳥居川観測点において「これ以上水位が下がることはない」と判断された点として定められたものであるが、その後、瀬田川の改修によって流出量が多くなったことなどにより、水位がB.S.L.以下になることが多くなった。
- The B.S.L. was set at the observation point of the Torii-gawa River in 1874, in the assumption that 'the water level was the lowest possible' at that time; however, later the water levels of Lake Biwa often went below the B.S.L., partly due to the improvement of the Seta-gawa River, which caused more water to flow out of the lake.
- 戦国時代_(日本)には、湖上水運によってルイス・フロイスによって「甚だ富裕なる町」と評された堅田であったが、織田信長の上洛後に起きたいわゆる「信長包囲網」の蜂起に際しては、本願寺や延暦寺及び交易相手であった朝倉氏との関係から反信長陣営に立っていた。
- Katata, which was described as 'a remarkably rich town' by Luis FROIS owing to its water transportation in the Sengoku period, joined anti-Nobunaga camp when 'anti-Nobunaga network' was formed after Nobunaga's going to Kyoto, because of the relationships between Hongan-ji and Enryaku-ji Temples and the Asakura clans, with whom Katata people bartered.
- もと「穴太」(あなふ)と書いたが、後村上天皇が皇居を吉野からこの地に移した際に、南朝による統一を願って叶名生(かなう)と改め、さらに1351年(正平 (日本)6年、北朝_(日本)の観応2年)、いったん統一が叶うと(正平一統)「賀名生」に改めたという。
- Originally it was written as '穴太' (read as 'Anafu'); however, when the Emperor Gomurakami moved the Imperial Palace from Yoshino to this place, he changed the characters to 名生 (read as 'Kanau', which in Japanese means 'wish coming true') with the hope for unification by the Southern Court, and once the unification was realized in 1351 (Shohei Itto [temporal unification of the Northern and Southern Courts]), he changed the name to '賀名生' (read as 'Kanau').
- 古くから名所として知られており、一例として百人一首の小式部内侍の歌「大江山 いく野の道の 遠ければ まだふみもみず 天橋立」が見られるほか、丹後国風土記には、イザナギが天に昇るためのはしごが、イザナギが寝ている間に倒れて天橋立になったとの記述がある。
- Since it has been famous from ancient times, examples can be found in literature, such as the poem by KOSHIKIBU no Naishi in the Hyakunin-isshu, 'By Mt. Oe the road to Ikuno is long, I have not yet seen Amanohashidate'; and in the Tango no Kuni Fudoki it is written that Izanagi had a ladder to climb to heaven, but it fell over while he was sleeping and became Amanohashidate.
- 鎮火後現場検証したところ、普段火の気がない事、そして寝具が何故か付近に置かれている事から、不審火の疑いがあるとして同寺の関係者を取り調べたところ、同寺子弟の見習い僧侶であり大学生の林承賢(京都府舞鶴市出身・当時21歳)がいない事が判明し行方を捜索した。
- In the investigation at the scene, when the police investigated temple staff on suspicions of arson, due to the fact that there were no sources of fire in the temple and that bedclothes were found near the scene of the fire, they found that Shoken HAYASHI, a monk of apprentice of the temple and a college student (from Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture, 21 years old at the time), was missing and thus searched for his whereabouts.
- 土佐国の源希義をはじめ、河内源氏のかつての本拠地だった河内国石川の源義基・源義兼父子、美濃国の土岐氏、近江国の佐々木氏、山本義経、紀伊国の湛増、伊予国の河野氏、肥後国の菊池氏らのほか、若狭国・越前国・加賀国の在庁官人など、多くの勢力による挙兵があった。
- Various forces raised troops including MINAMOTO no Mareyoshi of Tosa Province, the father and son, MINAMOTO no Yoshimoto and MINAMOTO no Yoshikane of Ishikawa in Kawachi Province, which was the former base of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), the Toki clan in Mino Province, the Sasaki clan and Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO in Omi Province, Tanzo in Kii Province, the Kono clan in Iyo Province, the Kikuchi clan in Higo Province, and local officials in Wakasa, Echizen and Kaga Provinces.
- 後南朝は次第に勢力を失い、応仁の乱において小倉宮の末裔(『大乗院寺社雑事記』には小倉宮の子孫との記述あり)と称し、岡崎前門主という人物の息子が山名宗全により洛中の西陣に迎えられた(これを「西陣の南帝」と呼ぶ)との記録を最後に、歴史上にあらわれなくなった。
- The Gonancho forces gradually lost their power, and during the Onin War were labeled in historical records as descendants of Oguranomiya (in the 'Daijoin temple and shrine records of miscellaneous matters' they are listed as offspring of Oguranomiya), while the son of Zenmonshu (Gatekeeper) OKAZAKI being welcomed in the capital's western district (this son was called 'The Southern Emperor of the western district') by Sozen YAMANA is the last historical mention of them; after this point, they no longer appear in historical records.
- 1443年(嘉吉3年)には、南朝復興を唱える日野氏傍流の日野有光らの勢力が後花園天皇の暗殺を企てて御所に乱入(暗殺は未遂)、三種の神器の天叢雲剣と八尺瓊勾玉を奪い、南朝皇族の通蔵主・金蔵主兄弟(後亀山の弟の孫)を担いで比叡山に逃れる「禁闕の変」を起こした。
- In 1443 (the third year of Kakitsu), Arimitsu HINO, from a branch of the Hino family, who was constantly talking of reviving the Southern Court, sent a force that was planning to assassinate Emperor Gohanazono to enter the Imperial Palace (the assassination attempt failed), where they stole two of the Three Imperial Regalia of Japan, the Ama no Murakumo no Tsurugi (the heavenly cloud gathering sword) and the Yasakani no Magatama (the Grand Jewels) before fleeing to Mt. Hiei accompanied by Tsuzoshu and Gonzoshu, brothers of the Southern dynasty lineage (the grandchildren of Gokameyama's younger brother) in what became known as the Kinketsu Incident (or the Incident at the Forbidden Palace).
- その一方で、朝廷では大覚寺統と持明院統が対立しており、相互に皇位を交代する両統迭立が行われており、1318年(文保2年)に大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇が即位し、平安時代の醍醐天皇、村上天皇の治世である延喜・天暦の治を理想とし、鎌倉幕府の打倒をひそかに目指していた。
- In the Imperial Court, on the other hand, conflict had arisen between the Kameyama (Daikakuji) and the Gofukakusa (Jimyoin) branches of the Imperial line; a system of alternating Emperors from each lineage was in place, and in 1318 Emperor Godaigo of the Daikakuji lineage became Emperor, taking the Engi and Tenryaku eras, the reigns of Emperors Daigo and Murakami in the Heian period, as his ideal, he aimed in secret to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.
- しかし、この戦いの後に中央で足利尊氏が室町幕府を開いた後も菊池氏は南朝方として頑強に抵抗を続け、さらに南朝の後醍醐天皇の皇子である懐良親王が伊予国の宇都宮貞泰と共に九州に上陸して幕府勢力と戦い、一時期九州は懐良親王率いる征西軍府の南朝方が圧倒的優位の地となる。
- However, after the battle, Takauji ASHIKAGA established the Muromachi Shogunate as the central government, but the Kikuchi clan continued to resist stubbornly as the Southern Court side; furthermore, Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, an Imperial prince of Emperor Godaigo, along with Sadayasu UTSUNOMIYA of Iyo Province landed in Kyushu to fight the Shogunate side, and the Southern Court side led by Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi in the anti-western forces posts dominated Kyushu for a while.
- 帰京した後醍醐は富小路坂の里内裏に入り、光厳天皇の皇位を否定し親政を開始(自らの重祚<復位>は否定し、文保2年から継続しての在位を主張)するが、京都では護良親王とともに六波羅攻撃を主導した足利高氏が諸国へ軍勢を催促し、上洛した武士を収めて京都支配を指揮していた。
- After returning to the capital, Godaigo entered the throne room on Tomikoji hill and repudiated Kogon's imperial rank, ushering in a new era of direct Imperial rule (and of his own second ascension, he insisted that he was not 'returning to the throne' but rather had continuously been ruling since 1318); in Kyoto, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who with Imperial Prince Morinaga had directed the attack on Rokuhara, requested more troops from all the various provinces, and by paying and supplying the samurai that came to the capital, Takauji assumed military command over the government of Kyoto.
- 1464年12月24日(寛正5年11月26日)、義尋は、義政が『今後男子が生まれても僧門に入れ、家督を継承させることはない』と起請文までしたため、再三、将軍職就任を説得したことから、意を決して還俗し名を足利義視と改めると勝元の後見を得て今出川邸に移ることにした。
- On December 24, 1464, Yoshihiro made up his mind to return to secular life as Yoshimasa had even prepared a written oath 'Even if a son is born to me, I will make him become a Buddhist priest and not allow him to succeed the headship of the family' and tried to persuade Yoshihiro once again to inherit the office of Shogun; renaming himself Yoshimi ASHIKAGA, the younger brother decided to move to the Imadegawa residence under the guardianship of Katsumoto.
- 後花園天皇の実父である後崇光院が著した『看聞日記』をはじめとする同時代の日記類によれば、事件は9月24日に起こり、首謀者は南朝の後亀山天皇あるいはその弟の子孫とされる金蔵主、通蔵主の兄弟、鎌倉時代の後鳥羽上皇の後胤を称する源尊秀、日野氏傍流の日野有光、日野資光ら。
- According to diaries written at that time such as the 'Kanomon Nikki (Diary)' written by Emperor Hanazono's biological father, Gosukoin, the incident occurred on September 24 and the main people behind the incident were the Kinzosu and Tsuzosu brothers who were thought to be descendants of the Southern Court Emperor Gokameyama or his brother, MINAMOTO no Takahide, who claimed to be a descendant of the Retired Emperor Gotoba (Kamakura period) and Arimitsu HINO and Sukemitsu HINO, who came from a branch line of the Hino clan.
- また価値観の転換や中世史の研究の進歩で、足利尊氏の功績を評価したり、楠木正成は「悪党」としての性格が研究されるようになり、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政は宋学の影響で中華皇帝的な天皇独裁を目指す革新的なものであるなど、南北朝時代に関しても新たな認識がなされるようになった。
- Also, with changes in values and progress in medieval history research, new views regarding the Nanbokucho period such as re-evaluating the achievements of Takauji ASHIKAGA, researching aspects of Masanori KUSUNOKI as an 'Akuto' (rebel), and establishing that Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration was influenced by Sung-period neo-Cunfucianism and was revolutionary because he aimed for a dictatorship, like a Chinese emperor, have come forth.
- やがて、宇多法皇が道真の娘婿でもある斉世親王を皇太弟に立てようとしているという風説が流れると、宇多上皇や道真の政治手法に密かに不満を抱いていた醍醐天皇と藤原時平、藤原菅根(折りしも病死した平季長の後任の蔵人頭に就任していた)らが政治の主導権を奪還せんとしたのである。
- Eventually, when rumors began to fly that Cloistered Emperor Uda was going to raise Michizane's son-in-law, the Imperial Prince Tokiyo, to the rank of Kotaitei (one rank below the heir apparent), those who were nursing secret resentment against Uda and Michizane for their political maneuvers, including Emperor Daigo, FUJIWARA no Tokihira, and FUJIWARA no Sugane (the new Majordomo of the palace following TAIRA no Hidenaga's recent death by illness), began to plan how to recover control over the government.
- 義廉と縁戚関係にあった宗全は、一色義直や土岐成頼らとともに義廉を支持し、さらに貞親が謀反の噂を流して義視の追放を図ったことから、義視の後見人である勝元は宗全と協力して貞親を近江に追放、このとき、政変に巻き込まれた季瓊真蘂、斯波義敏、赤松政則らも一時失脚して都を追われた。
- Sozen, who was a relative of Yoshikado, supported Yoshikado in alliance with Yoshinao ISSHIKI and Shigeyori TOKI among others and as Sadachika circulated a rumor of planned rebellion in an attempt to expel Yoshimi; in response, Katsumoto who was the guardian of Yoshimi cooperated with Sozen to expel Sadachika to Omi, and Shinzui KIKEI, Yoshitoshi SHIBA and Masanori AKAMATSU among others, involved in the coup, were also expelled from the capital in a temporary deposition.
- (藤原良房の権力掌握開始が家父長的権力を有した嵯峨上皇の崩御に始まり、宇多法皇が家父長として背後にあった醍醐天皇の時代に一時摂関政治が停滞し、久しく絶えていた家父長的な上皇の復活である白河上皇が摂関政治に代わる院政を開始した事は偶然では決して片付けられないものである)。
- (It was far from a coincidence that the death of the Retired Emperor Saga, who had patriarchal authority, was the start of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa's taking over power, and that the regency stagnated for a while in the reign of Emperor Daigo, when the Cloistered Emperor Uda was supporting him as a patriarch, and also that the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, in a revival of the patriarchal retired emperor that had disappeared for a long time, started cloistered government in place of the regency.)
- その後一時期臨済宗に改まるものの、3代目にあたる法住(応永4年(1397年)-文明_(日本)12年(1480年))・明顕(4代目、文安2年(1445年)-永正6年(1509年))親子が、浄土真宗に復帰して本願寺に属すると、本願寺8世蓮如からの厚い信任を受けるようになった。
- In spite of some priests' temporarily conversion to the Rinzai sect, Honpuku-ji Temple was deeply trusted by Rennyo, the eighth chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple because Hoju (1397 to 1480) and his son, Myoken (1445-1509), the third and fourth head of the family, respectively, returned to the Jodo Shinshu sect and decided to work for Hongan-ji Temple.
- 南朝勢力を強化するために、後醍醐天皇の皇子である懐良親王が征西将軍として派遣され、筑後川の戦い(大保原の戦い)では、南朝方の懐良親王、菊池武光、赤星武貫、宇都宮貞久、草野永幸らと北朝方の少弐頼尚、少弐直資の父子、大友氏時、宇都宮冬綱ら両軍合わせて約10万人が戦ったとされる。
- In order to bolster the Southern Court's military might in Kyushu, Emperor Godaigo's son Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi was dispatched there as Seisei shogun (General of the West), and in the battle of the Chikugo river (also known as the battle of Ohobaru) over 100,000 men were said to have fought, including Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, Takemitsu KIKUCHI, Taketsura AKABOSHI, Sadahisa UTSUNOMIYA, and Nagayuki KUSANO for the Southern Court, and father and son Yorihisa and Naosuke SHONI as well as Ujitoki OUCHI and Fuyutsuna UTSUNOMIYA for the Northern Court.
- このような情勢の中で1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)、足利義満の斡旋で、大覚寺統と持明院統の両統迭立と、全国の国衙領を大覚寺統の所有とすること(実際には国衙領はわずかしかなかった)を条件に、南朝の後亀山天皇が北朝の後小松天皇に三種の神器を渡し、南北朝が合体した(明徳の和約)。
- Amid such circumstance, in 1392 (Genchu 9/Meitoku 3), through Shogun Yoshimitsu's mediation, under the conditions that the alternate succession between the Kameyama (Daitokuji) and Jimyoin lineages be restored, and the Kameyama (Daitokuji) lineage be officially made owner of all the Kokuga (public) territory in the entire country (although in actuality, there was very little such territory due to the proliferation of shoen), Emperor Gokameyama of the Southern Court handed over the Imperial Regalia to Emperor Gokomatsu of the Northern Court, and the Northern and Southern Courts were unified (in what was called the Peace Treaty of Meitoku).
- 結果、4月4日に勅使(先鋒総督橋本実梁・同副総督柳原前光)が江戸城に入り、慶喜は水戸にて謹慎すること、江戸城は尾張徳川家に預けること等とした条件を勅諚として伝え、4月11日 (旧暦)(同5月3日)に江戸城は無血開城され、城は尾張藩、武器は肥後藩の監督下に置かれることになった。
- As a result, on April 26, the Imperial envoy (the spearhead commander, Saneyana HASHIMOTO and the deputy spearhead commander, Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA) entered Edo Castle, and delivered the Imperial order that Yoshinobu be confined to Mito, and that Edo Castle be entrusted to the Owari-Tokugawa family; on May 3, the bloodless surrender was accepted, and the weapons and Edo Castle were each placed under the supervision of the Owari and Higo Domains.
- 例えば野迫川村の荒神岳での観測記録によれば、1月には摂氏マイナス1.9度(同月の橿原市4.6度)、8月で21.3度(同27.7度)、年平均9.7度(同15.6度)で、より温暖な十津川でも、夏季の最高気温は25度前後、冬季の最低気温は10度を下回り、寒冷ないし冷涼な気候である。
- For example, according to the record of the observations in Mt. Kojin-dake near Nosegawa Village, it was -1.9 ℃ in January (4.6 ℃ in Kashihara City in the same month), 21.3 ℃ in August (27.7 ℃ in Kashihara), 9.7 ℃ on yearly average (1.56 ℃ in Kashihara); in Totsukawa which is warmer than the mountain, the maximum temperature in summer was about 25 ℃ and the minimum temperature in winter was below 10 ℃, therefore it is regarded as a cold or cool climate.
- 同じ6月1日の夕、光秀は1万3000の手勢を率いて丹波亀山城を出陣し京に向かった(光秀は亀山城 (丹波国)には事件前にも後にも死ぬまで立ち寄っておらず、坂本城より3000の兵で本能寺に向かい、到着したのは本能寺が焼け落ちた午前7時半より数時間後の9時頃だったとする説もある)。
- On the same day, June 1 in the evening, Mitsuhide departed the Tanba Kameyama-jo Castle to Kyoto at the head of an army of 13,000 (There is another view that Mitsuhide did not visit Kameyama-jo Castle (Tanba Province) before or after the event and he moved toward Honno-ji Temple from Sakamoto-jo Castle at the head of 3,000 troops and arrived around nine o'clock, that is several hours after seven thirty A.M. when the Honno-ji Temple burnt down.)
- 1613年、幕府は、寺院・僧侶の圧迫および朝廷と宗教界の関係相対化を図って、「勅許紫衣竝に山城大徳寺妙心寺等諸寺入院の法度」(「勅許紫衣法度」「大徳寺妙心寺等諸寺入院法度」)を定め、さらにその2年後には禁中並公家諸法度を定めて、朝廷がみだりに紫衣や上人号を授けることを禁じた。
- In 1613, the bakufu aimed to oppress the temples and monks and balance the relationship between the Imperial Court and the religious groups, decreed 'Chokkyo (imperial sanction) Shie tome and Yamashiro Daitoku-ji Temple Myoshin-ji Temple to Shoji Nyuin Hatto' ('Chokkyo Shie Hatto' and 'Daitoku-ji Temple Myoshin-ji Temple to Shoji Nyuin Hatto') and established the Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto (Various Regulations for the Imperial Court and Court Nobles) 2 years later and prohibited the Imperial Court from easily presenting Shie and Shonin names.
- そのため、地方の実効支配者としての地位の向上を望む多数の地方武士の利益代表者の位置を十分構築できず、同時多発反乱の中から台頭した源義仲や源頼朝らによって滅ぼされた(ただし、清盛が設置した諸制度の中に後の頼朝政権に引き継がれた組織の萌芽が見られるというのが近年の有力説である)。
- For this reason, the position of beneficial representatives among many local samurai who were hoping to improve their ranks as regional effective controllers was not sufficiently established and the Taira clan was overthrown by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who gained power through many simultaneous revolts (However, a recent theory says that germination of the organizations which were taken over to Yoritomo administration can be seen in the various systems established by Kiyomori).
- そのため、歴史的経緯を尊重するなら“伏見時代”の方が適切な呼称となるが、そもそも、安土城は完成からわずか3年余りしか存在しておらず、伏見城(木幡山)も完成から2年後に秀吉が死去するなど、それぞれ在城は短期間であり、これらを時代の呼称に用いること自体が適切ではないという主張もある。
- Therefore, if we are to respect the historical background, the 'Fushimi Period' will be a more appropriate name, but in the first place Azuchi-jo Castle existed only for slightly more than three years after its completion, and in the case of Fushimi-jo Castle (Mt. Kohata), Hideyoshi died just two years after its completion; consequently, the time both rulers stayed within the respective castles was short, and thus some assert that the use of the name of the castles to symbolize the period is not appropriate.
- 宇多上皇(程なく宇多法皇になる)は醍醐天皇に譲位した後も、『寛平御遺誡』という君主の心構えを新帝に説くばかりでなく、道真を始め源善・中納言源希・蔵人頭平季長・侍従藤原忠平といったいわゆる「寛平の治」の推進役だった一種の側近集団を新帝の周囲に配置して新帝の政策を主導しようと図った。
- Even after Retired Emperor Uda (who soon after became Cloistered Emperor Uta) abdicated the throne to Emperor Daigo, he went far beyond merely his written injunction, the Kanpyo goyuikai--which advised the new emperor on how to prepare himself to rule--and actively planned to continue his leadership role in the new emperor's government by surrounding Emperor Daigo with the group of his closest aides and ministers who had been the driving force behind the administration of the Kanpyo era, notably Michizane but also including MINAMOTO no Yoshi, the Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) MINAMOTO no Mare, the Kuroudo no kami (Majordomo of the palace) TAIRA no Suenaga, and the Jiju (Chamberlain) FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- 足利三代木像梟首事件(あしかがさんだいもくぞうきょうしゅじけん)は、江戸時代後期、幕末の文久3年2月22日 (旧暦)(1863年4月9日)に、京都等持院にあった室町幕府初代征夷大将軍足利尊氏、2代足利義詮、3代足利義満の木像の首と位牌が持ち出され、賀茂川の河原に晒された事件である。
- In the incident of Ashikaga-sandai mokuzo kyoshu, heads of the wooden images and the mortuary tablets of the first Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Takauji ASHIKAGA, the second Seii taishogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, and the third Seii taishogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA were taken away from Kyoto Jito-in Temple on April 9, 1863 in the late Edo period, and were cast to the riverbed of Kamo-gawa river.
- これは後の鎌倉幕府による本格的な武家政権支配と比較すると、御家人制度のように確立されたものでもなく未熟なものだったといえるが、武士を通じた支配ネットワークを構築したことは従前の貴族政権には見られない画期的なものとされ、ゆえに学界では発現期の武家政権であるとする評価が主流となっている。
- Later, compared to the more established samurai government control by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it was an undeveloped system without an established lower-ranking vassal system, but was nonetheless significant because it built a control network through bushi that was not seen in previous aristocratic governments, and therefore in the academic field it is largely considered as a beginning form of samurai government.
- 円融もこのような権力の空白状況のなかで、新皇統を確立する可能性のある候補者として注目され、藤原兼通(師輔の次男)の娘藤原こう子、藤原頼忠(実頼の長男)の娘藤原遵子、藤原兼家(師輔の三男)の娘東三条院ら、皇后となり皇太子を産むにふさわしい身分の妻と有力な外戚の後ろ盾を得ることができた。
- In this situation where there was a power vacuum, Enyu attracted attention as a candidate to establish a new Imperial lineage and was able to obtain wives with high lineage who could become empress and give birth to a crown prince, such as FUJIWARA no Kanemichi (Morosuke's second son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Koshi,FUJIWARA no Yoritada (Saneyori's first son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Junshi, FUJIWARA no Kaneie (Morosute's third son)'s daughter, Higashisanjyoin and also the support of influential maternal relatives.
- 丹波国が令制国として成立した当初には、丹波郡・丹波郷を有して丹波国の中心であったとみられる北部の地域が丹波国として残されず、逆に丹後国として分離されてしまったのは、丹波国の中心が北部の丹波郡から、より都に近い丹波国南部(丹後分国後の丹波国の地域)へと移動していたためと考えられている。
- The northern part of the region, and seemingly the center (including Tanba-gun and Tanba-go), was not included in Tanba Province but was instead separated to form Tango Province when the former was first established as one of the provinces administered by the Ryo-sei; this could be explained by the assumption that the central area of Tanba Province had been incorporated into the southern part of Tanba Province (a part of Tanba Province after the separation of Tango Province) from Tanba-gun in the north.
- 「紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道」の世界遺産登録への動きが本格化する2000年(平成12年)前後には、1999年(平成11年)の南紀熊野体験博の開催と呼応するかたちで再調査が行われ、登録に先立つ2001年から2002年にかけての時期には、整備と復元・復旧を目的とする事業が特に積極的に行われた。
- Around 2000, as the campaign for registering 'holy places and pilgrimage routes in the Kii Mountains' as a World Heritage site was broaden; in 1999 re-investigation into the road was conducted with the opening of Japan Expo Nanki Kumano, and in 2001 and 2002, immediately before the registration, the projects for maintenance, restoration and reconstruction were energetically carried.
- 関東地方から東北地方にかけて支配を行き渡らせるため、10月には側近の北畠親房、親房の子で鎮守府将軍・陸奥守に任命された北畠顕家が義良親王(後村上天皇)を奉じて陸奥国へ派遣されて陸奥将軍府が成立し、12月には尊氏の弟の足利直義が後醍醐皇子の成良親王を奉じて鎌倉へ派遣され、鎌倉将軍府が成立。
- In order to spread Imperial control throughout the area from the Kanto to the Tohoku regions, in the tenth month the Emperor made Akiie KITABATAKE, the son of his close associate Chikafusa KITABATAKE, the Chinjufu shogun and Protector of Mutsu Province; Chikafusa and Akiie obeyed the will of Imperial Prince Yoshinaga (later Emperor Gomurakami) and were dispatched to Mutsu Province, thereby establishing the office of shogun (general) of Mutsu, and in the twelfth month Takauji's younger brother, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, obeyed the Imperial order of Emperor Godaigo's son Imperial Prince Narinaga and was dispatched to Kamakura, where the office of shogun of Kamakura was established.
- それでも明応7年(1498年)頃より京都の住民に対する地子銭徴収が次第に増加していったこと、永正5年(1508年)以後の酒屋役徴収の強化命令が幕府から出されている事から、この時期に京都の人口回復が軌道に乗り出したと考えられ、明応9年の祇園祭の前後数年間が京都の本格的な復興期と考えられている。
- Yet, considering that the sum of jishi sen (miscellaneous taxes imposed on fields and houses under the manorial system) collected from Kyoto residents from around 1498 and the issuance of a Bakufu order for a more strict collection of sakaya yaku (taxes imposed on sake breweries by the Muromachi Bakufu) in 1508, the population of Kyoto presumably began to increase steadily again; the few years before and after the Gion Festival in 1500 are regarded as the phase of the real recovery of the city.
- そして、2代将軍足利義詮の時代には幕府内部の権力抗争により細川清氏などの有力守護大名が南朝に降ったり、九州では足利直冬が幕府に反抗したり、後醍醐の皇子である懐良親王が中国の明朝より「日本国王」として冊封を受けて南朝勢力を拡大するなど、南北朝の抗争は3代将軍足利義満が南北朝合体を行うまで続く。
- And then, during the time of the second Shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, a power struggle within the bakufu prompted several influential shugo daimyo, including Kiyouji HOSOKAWA, to defect to the Southern Court, while in Kyushu Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA raised arms against the bakufu and the Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, Godaigo's son and heir, received an official missive, in which he was called the 'King of Japan,' from the Ming court of China; these and other events served to boost the Southern Court's power and prestige, which allowed the Southern Court to continue its resistance until the third Shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, unified the Northern and Southern Courts (in 1392).
- 一般的には鎌倉時代の後で、元弘の変や建武の新政も南北朝時代の出来事として扱うが、正確には1336年(延元元年/建武 (日本)3年)に足利尊氏による光明天皇の践祚、後醍醐天皇の吉野遷幸により朝廷が分裂してから、1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)に両朝が合一するまでの期間を指し、室町時代の初期に当たる。
- Events that occurred at or right after the end of the Kamakura period such as the Genko War and the Kenmu Restoration are usually considered part of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, but strictly speaking, the term refers only to the span of time between 1336, when Takauji ASHIKAGA raised Emperor Komyo to the Chrysanthemum throne, thus leading to a schism in the Imperial Court after Emperor Godaigo departed Kyoto and established his Court at Yoshino, and 1392 when the two courts were again unified; it overlaps with the early Muromachi period.
- 近年では吉村茂樹が、当時の災害異変が突出していないこと、後三条の病気(糖尿病と推定されている)が重篤化したのが退位後であることを理由として、摂関家を外戚に持たない実仁親王に皇位を継承させることによる王権の拡大を意図し、摂関政治への回帰を阻止したものであって院政の意図はなかったと主張し、通説化している。
- In recent years, Shigeki YOSHIMURA has been asserted on the grounds that there was no sharp rise in disasters/accidents at that time, and Gosanjo's illness (assumed to be diabetes) became significantly worse only after his abdication, and that this was intended for the expansion of sovereignty by having Imperial Prince Sanehito, who did not have Sekkan-ke as cognates, succeed to the throne, thereby preventing the return to Sekkan seiji; however, there was no intention to start insei, and consequently such a view has become accepted.
- 大覚寺統では、すでに後二条には正安2年(1300年)に第1皇子邦良親王が生まれて将来の皇位継承が予定されていたにもかかわらず、亀山が乾元 (日本)2年(1303年)に生まれた自分の皇子恒明親王を偏愛するあまり、邦良に代えて恒明を皇位につけることを後宇多と伏見に約束させて、さらなる皇統分裂の種を蒔いた。
- Although the Daikakuji line already had its future heir apparent for the throne because Gonijo's first son, Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi was born in 1300, Kameyama was partial to his son Imperial Prince Tsuneaki who was born in 1303, and had made Gouda and Fushimi promise to place Tsuneaki instead of Kuniyoshi on the throne, which led to further seeds of Imperial lineage division.
- 小辺路の垂直断面を見ると、熊野川河畔に降りる田辺市本宮町内を除けば最低地点でも標高約200メートル前後、最高地点が伯母子峠(1220メートル)および伯母子岳山頂(1344メートル)周辺であることから、小辺路の植物分布は奈良県史編集委員会による高度別植物分布(表1)では丘陵帯、低山帯、山地帯に属している。
- Seeing Kohechi vertically, even the lowest point is about 200 meters above sea level except Hongu-cho (Tanabe City) near Kumano-gawa River, and the highest points are Obako Pass (1,220 meters) and Mt. Obako-dake (1,344 meters), therefore, 'distribution of plants by altitude' (Table 1) by the Nara Prefecture history editorial board positions the plants in Kohechi as the plant of hilly terrain, of highland, and of mountain.
- 1338年(延元3年/建武 (日本)5年)には北畠顕家が出陣前に新政の失敗を諌める諫奏を行い、北畠親房の『職原抄』や公家の日記などにも新政への批判や不満を述べる文章があるなど、武家や庶民のみならず、後に後醍醐天皇方について北朝と対立した北畠父子のような公家でさえ、新政を支持していなかったことが示唆される。
- Criticism of the new government was not limited to warrior families and commoners, however; in 1338, before Akiie KITABATAKE led his army out, he remonstrated with Emperor Godaigo about the failures of the new government, and his father Chikafusa KITABATAKE's 'Shokugensho' as well as other nobles' diaries record comments critical of and indicating their dissatisfaction with the government, showing that later on, even nobles like the Kitabatake father-son duo, who fought to oppose the Northern dynasty, did not fully support the new government.
- 応神天皇の遊興の地となり、654年には離宮として吉野宮(宮滝遺跡)がおかれたとされ、大化の改新後の古人大兄皇子、または壬申の乱の直前の大海人皇子(天武天皇)及びその妻・鸕野皇女(持統天皇)の隠遁地、持統天皇の行幸の地として記されている吉野は、現在の吉野町の宮滝付近にあった離宮・吉野宮を指すものと思われる。
- Yoshino which was recorded as the place of the Emperor Ojin's pleasure, places of Yoshino no miya (Miyataki ruins) as a detached palace established in 654, a place for seclusion for Furuhito no Oe no Miko after Taika no Kaishin (Great Reformation of the Taika Era) or Oama no Miko (later, Emperor Tenmu) and his wife, Uno no Himemiko (later, Empress Jito) immediately before Jinshin War, and the destination for imperial visit of the Empress Jito is considered to mean the detached place, Yoshino no miya, which was located in the vicinity of Miyataki of present Yoshino-cho.
- 1354年(正平9年、北朝の文和3年)10月に河内天野山金剛寺 (河内長野市)(大阪府河内長野市)に、6年後の1359年(正平14年、北朝の延文4年/応安元年)には河内観心寺(河内長野市)に移り、さらに翌年住吉に移って住吉行宮の祠宮津守氏の館を皇居とし1368年(正平23年、北朝の貞治7年)ここで死去した。
- In October of 1354, the Emperor Gomurakami moved to Amano-san Kongo-ji Temple in Kawachi (Kawachinagano City) (Kawachinagano City, Osaka Prefecture), and six years later in 1359, to Kanshin-ji Temple in Kawachi (Kawachinagano City), and furthermore in the following year he moved to Sumiyoshi to make the residence of the Hokoramiya (Shinto priest) Tsumori clan, known as the Sumiyoshi-angu (temporary lodging built to accommodate an Imperial visit in Sumiyoshi), the Imperial Palace, where he died in 1368.
- 後醍醐天皇の建武の新政から離反した足利尊氏は、建武政権から尊氏追討を命じられた新田義貞を箱根・竹ノ下の戦いで破り、さらに新田軍を追撃して京都の確保を図るが、1336年、楠木正成や北畠顕家らと連絡した宮方勢に京都とその近辺で敗れ海路西走し、途中播磨国の赤松則村(円心)らに助けられ、再興を賭けて九州地方に下る。
- At the battle of Hakone-Takenoshita, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who was defecting from the Kemmu Restoration by Emperor Godaigo, defeated Yoshisada NITTA who had been ordered to crush Takauji by the Kemmu government; then, Takauji chased Nitta's forces trying to capture Kyoto, but in 1336, he was defeated in and around Kyoto by the Imperial forces which had contact with Masashige KUSUNOKI and Akiie KITABATAKE; he escaped to the west, towards Kyushu, by ship to renew his forces, helped by Norimura AKAMATU (Enshin) of Harima Province on the way.
- この説によれば、本来の目的は高明のみならず、あわよくば師輔の子供である藤原伊尹兄弟(高明の義兄弟にあたる)の失脚も狙った計画であったものの、高明夫人(師輔の娘)の没後に高明と疎遠になっていた伊尹兄弟もむしろ高明追放後の昇進に期待をかけて高明排斥に積極的に加担したために、彼らを排する機会を逸したというのである。
- According to this theory, the original goal was to oust not only Takaakira, but if circumstances allowed, to oust the FUJIWARA no Koretada brothers (sworn brothers of Takaakira) who were the children of Morosuke, but because the Koretada brothers, (who were estranged from Takaakira after the death of Takaakira's wife, the daughter of Morosuke) actively participated in casting aside Takaakira, expecting to be promoted if successful, the Fujiwara clan lost the opportunity to cast out the FUJIWARA no Koretada brothers.
- 仁治3年(1242年)に即位した後嵯峨は、寛元4年(1246年)に皇太子久仁(後深草、4歳)に譲位して院政を開始したあと、後深草に皇子が生まれるのを待たず、正嘉2年(1258年)に後深草(16歳)の同母弟恒仁(亀山、10歳)を皇太子とし、さらに翌正元 (日本)元年(1259年)には後深草から恒仁に譲位させた。
- In 1242, Gosaga became Emperor, abdicated the throne to Crown Prince Hisahito (Gofukakusa, aged 4) and started a cloister government in 1246, and then in 1258, without waiting for Gofukakusa to have a prince, installed Gofukakusa (aged 16)'s younger half brother, Tsunehito (Kameyama, aged 10), as Crown Prince and in 1259, he made Gofukakusa abdicate so Tsunehito could become Emperor.
- その後、後村上天皇が摂津国の住吉大社宮司の津守氏の正印殿を約10年間、行宮(住吉行宮)とし、住吉大神を奉じる瀬戸内海の水軍を傘下にして、四国、九州との連絡網を確立し、南朝は各地で活動するが、1363年には山名氏や大内氏の北朝への帰順、楠木正儀の投降などで衰退し、拉致した三上皇を返還するなど講和的態度も示している。
- Afterwards, Emperor Gomurakami made the Shoinden (main shrine building) of the Tsumori clan, who were hereditary chief priests of the Sumiyoshi-taisha Grand Shrine in Settsu Province, his Angu (Sumiyoshi Angu), or temporary lodging especially for an Imperial visit, for about ten years and established a contact route with Shikokua and Kyushu because he held control of the naval forces in the Seto Inland Sea, who worshiped the Sumiyoshi Gods, leading to activities of the Southern Court in various places, but the betrayal of the Yamana clan and Ouchi clan to the Northern Court and the surrender of Masanori KUSUNOKI in 1363 led to its decline and it started to show a shift towards a peaceful stance by returning the three retired emperors.
- 義朝側の戦力は、三条殿襲撃に参加した源重成・源光基・源季実、信西を追捕した源光保などの同盟軍、子息の義平・源朝長・頼朝、叔父・源義隆、信濃源氏・平賀義信などの一族、鎌田正家・後藤実基・佐々木秀義などの郎等により形成され、義朝の勢力基盤である関東からは、三浦義澄・上総介広常・山内首藤氏などが参戦したに過ぎなかった。
- The warriors fighting on Yoshitomo's side included MINAMOTO no Shigenari, MINAMOTO no Mitsumoto, and MINAMOTO no Hidezane, all of whom had taken part in the raid on the Sanjo Palace, and MINAMOTO no Mitsuyasu and others who had tracked down and captured Shinzei, as well as Yoshitomo's sons Yoshihira, Tomonaga, and Yoritomo and his uncle MINAMOTO no Yoshitaka and Yoshinobu HIRAGA and others of the Shinano branch of the Minamoto clan, and his army took shape around his retainers, including Masaie KAMATA, Sanemoto GOTO, and Hideyoshi SASAKI; yet from the Kanto, the source of Yoshitomo's power, only a handful, including Yoshizumi MIURA, Hidetsune KAZUSANOSUKE (TAIRA no Hidetsune), and some warriors of the Yamanouchi-Sudo clan were present to fight with him.
- 後嵯峨上皇の下で記録所が再建され、続く亀山上皇院政下の1286年(弘安9年)には、院評定を徳政沙汰(人事・寺社などの行政問題)と雑訴沙汰(所領・金銭などの一般的な訴訟)に分割するなどの改革を行い(「弘安徳政」)、1293年(正応6年・永仁元年)には伏見天皇(のち上皇)が記録所を徳政推進の機関として充実を図った(「永仁徳政」)。
- The Retired Emperor Gosaga re-established Kirokusho and in 1286, the Retired Emperor Kameyama cloistered government promoted reforms ('Koan-Tokusei,' political reforms in the Koan era) such as dividing In-hyojo into Tokusei-sata (governmental issues related to personnel and temples/shrines) and Zasso-sata (ordinary court cases related to property, money, etc.) and in 1293, Emperor Fushimi (later the Retired Emperor) enhanced Kirokusho as the organization for promoting tokusei ('Enin-Tokusei,' political reforms in the Enin era).
- その後、公的な律令講書が貞観_(日本)(859年)、延喜(年未詳)、長保(999年)の 3回開かれたことが知られており、またその間に惟宗直本(これむねのなおもと)によって『律集解』、『令集解』が編纂されたが、以後は律・令の全篇にわたる注釈書はみられず、律令学はわずかに惟宗氏、坂上氏、中原氏などに家学として伝えられたにすぎなかった。
- Later, official ritsuryo lectures were held three times, in Jogan (Japan)(859), Engi (year unknown), and Choho (999), and in the meantime, 'Ritsu no shuge' and 'Ryo no shuge' were compiled by KOREMUNE no Naomoto, but there is no commentary covering the entire ritsu and ryo, and the study of ritsuryo was passed along only as hereditary learning in the Koremune clan, Sakagami clan, Nakahara clan, etc.
- 応仁の乱後の文明11年(1479年)に室町殿や内裏の造営が開始されたものの、都市の荒廃による環境悪化によって疫病や火災、盗賊、一揆などの発生が頻発したこと、加えて在京していた守護大名やその家臣達(都市消費者として一定の役割を果たしていた)が領国の政情不安のために帰国したまま帰ってこなかったこともあり、京都の再建は順調とは言えなかった。
- In 1479, after the Onin War, the reconstruction of Muromachi-dono (the Shogun's residence) and the Imperial Palace was started, but the absence of shugo daimyos and their vassals (who had played a more or less substantial role as urban consumers) who had previously lived in Kyoto, but later returned to their politically unstable territories, on top of the frequent occurrence of epidemics, fires, burglaries and uprisings in the deteriorated environment of the devastated city, prevented the reconstruction of Kyoto from steady progress.
- 長官である上卿には大納言・三条公教が就任、実務を担当する弁官からは右中弁・藤原惟方、左少弁・源雅頼、右少弁・藤原俊憲(信西の嫡子)が起用され、その下で21人の寄人が荘園領主から提出された文書の審査、本所間の争論の裁判にあたった(後白河が「暗主」であるという信西の言葉は、この記録所の寄人だった清原頼業が九条兼実に後年語ったものである)。
- The Dainagon (chief councilor of state) Kiminori SANJO was appointed the highest lord of the Records Office, while the officials in fact responsible for running the office day to day, the controllers and so forth, included FUJIWARA no Korekata, appointed as Uchuben (Middle Controller of the Right), MINAMOTO no Masayori as Sashoben (third-ranked officer of the left), and FUJIWARA no Toshinori (Shinzei's own son and heir) as Ushoben (third-ranked officer of the right); under these officials, 21 Yoriudo (clerks) worked, inspecting the land deed documents submitted to the office from the shoen owners and judging disputed cases of ownership at the office (Shinzei's infamous comment that Goshirakawa was a 'foolish (unenlightened) ruler' was actually first mentioned by one of these Yoriudo, KIYOHARA no Yorinari, who repeated it years later to Kanezane KUJO).
- ただし、フロイスがこの「儀式」について初めて記したのは信長の死後であり、フロイス自身が「儀式」が行われたとされる当時に安土周辺にはいなかったこと、日本国内の一級史料ではこの「儀式」についてまったく言及されていないことなどから、谷口克広はフロイスの記述に信憑性はなく、信長が滅んだことを正当化するために記したものであるとの見解を示している。
- However, as Frois first written about this 'ceremony' only after Nobunaga's death and he was not in the vicinity of Azuchi when such ceremony was held and this 'ceremony' has never been referred to in first-class historical materials in Japan, Katsuhiro TANIGUCHI proposed the view that description by Frois is not reliable and it was written just to justify overthrowing Nobunaga.
- 安康暗殺の背景に葛城氏が直接関与していた可能性も指摘されているが、生前の安康は押磐皇子に後事を託そうとしていたという記述(雄略即位前紀)からすれば、むしろ安康(允恭系)と押磐皇子(履中系)・葛城氏との間には王位継承に関する妥協が成立していて、このことに強く反発した大泊瀬皇子が安康を含む敵対勢力の一掃に踏み切ったと解釈することも出来よう。
- It has been pointed out that the Katsuraki clan was involved in the assassination of Emperor Anko; however, there is a record that Emperor Anko was planning to hand over his future affairs to Prince Oshihano, which could mean that there was a compromise between the Emperor Anko (the Ingyo family), and Prince Oshihano (the Richu family) and Katsuraki clan, but Pince Ohatsuse was strongly opposed to this plan and decided to wipe out his opponents, including Emperor Anko.
- これまで歴代の治天が進めてきた訴訟処理機構の整備や迅速な訴訟処理、有為な人材の登用などは当然であるが、後醍醐は、沽酒法(米価・酒価公定令)、洛中への地口銭賦課などの経済政策にも取り組み、さらには洛中酒鑪役賦課令、神人公事停止令、関所停止令などを発して、それまで治天の権限の及ばなかった領域へも積極的に手を伸ばして朝廷自体の権力基盤の拡大をも目指した。
- Naturally, Godaigo worked on the court management system, speedy court case processing and recruitment of useful human resources that past Chiten had worked on, but he also worked on financial measures such as Koshu-ho (Law defining the price of rice and sake), Jiguchisen-ka to Rakuchu (extra tax on houses and fields in central Kyoto) but he also tried to enlarge the power base of the Imperial Court itself by actively working on areas that the authority of past Chiten did not reach and issued Rakuchu Shuroyaku Fuka-rei, Shinjin Koji Teishi-rei, Sekishoteishi-rei, etc.
- 当初は徳政令に慎重だった室町幕府は、1454年の土一揆を機に分一銭(ぶいちせん・分一徳政令(ぶいちとくせいれい)・徳政分一銭(とくせいぶいちせん)とも)を発布して、債権債務額の1割を一種の手数料として幕府に納めた紛争当事者に当該債権債務の権利を許す命令を出したが、これは債務の1割が幕府の収入となったため、後に幕府財政再建のために濫用されることとなった。
- Initially, the Muromachi bakufu was cautious about issuing Tokuseirei, but in 1454, the bakufu issued 'Buichi-sen,' 'Buichi Tokuseirei,' 'Tokusei-buichi-sen,' which ordered 10% of debt repayments to be paid to the government as a type of handling fee, and since this 10% of debt became income for the bakufu, it was later frequently used to unlawfully renew the bakufu finances.
- 6月5日 (旧暦)の池田屋事件で新選組に藩士を殺された変報が長州にもたらされると、慎重派の周布政之助、高杉晋作や宍戸左馬之助らは藩論の沈静化に努めるが、福原越後や益田右衛門介、国司信濃の三家老等の積極派は、討薩賊会奸を掲げて挙兵し、益田、久坂玄瑞らは大山崎町天王山、宝山に、国司、来島又兵衛らは嵯峨天龍寺に、福原越後は伏見長州屋敷に兵を集めて陣営を構える。
- When word of the July 8 Ikedaya Incident, in which the Shinsengumi forces had assassinated domainal samurai warriors, reached Choshu, the prudence faction, which included Masanosuke SUFU, Shinsaku TAKASUGI, and Samanosuke SHISHIDO, tried to calm the raging debate in the clan, but members of the activist faction, like the elders of the three clans, Echigo (Mototake) FUKUHARA, Uemonnosuke (Kanenobu) MASUDA, and Shinano (Chikasuke) KUNISHI, cunningly created a group designed to destroy Satsuma, against whom there was considerable enmity, and to that end they prepared for battle; Masuda and Gensui KUSAKA began gathering troops at Mt. Tenno and Mt. Takara in the town of Oyamazaki, while Kunishi and Matabe KIJIMA gathered troops at Saga Tenryu-ji temple, and Echigo FUKUHARA at the Choshu estate at Fushimi.
- 1339年(延元4年/暦応2年)に後醍醐天皇が死去すると親房が南朝の指導的人物となるが、親房が1354年(正平9年/文和3年)に死去すると南朝はまた衰微し、幕府内での抗争で失脚した細川清氏が楠木正儀らと南朝に帰順して一時は京都を占拠するものの1367年(正平22年/貞治6年)に敗れ、以降は大規模な南朝の攻勢もなくなり、足利義詮時代には大内弘世や山名時氏なども帰服する。
- When Emperor Godaigo passed away in 1339, Chikafusa became the de facto leader of the Southern Court, but when Chikafusa himself died in 1354, the Southern Court again fell into decline; having lost the internal power struggle within the Ashikaga shogunate, Kiyouji HOSOKAWA switched allegiance to Masanori KUSUNOKI and the Southern Court and together managed to briefly occupy Kyoto, but in 1367 they were defeated, and thereafter the Southern Court lost its large-scale military might, and even suffered the loss of Hiroyo OUCHI and Tokiuji YAMANA, who submitted to the shogunate during the rule of Shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA.
- 一方、本能寺から200mの近辺に教会のあったルイス・フロイスの『日本史』(Historia de Iapan)では、「(午前3時頃と言われる)明智の(少数の)兵たちは怪しまれること無く難なく寺に侵入して(6月2日に御所前で馬揃えをする予定であったのを織田の門番たちは知っていたので油断したと思われる)、信長が便所から出て手と顔を清めていたところを背後から弓矢を放って背中に命中させた。
- According to 'Historia de Iapan' by Luis Frois whose church was only 200 meter away from the Honno-ji Temple, '(Around three o'clock in the morning), (a small number of) warriors of the Akechi clan invaded the temple without being suspected (It seems that Oda's gatekeepers lost their sharpness because they knew that umazoroe (a troop review) in front of the Imperial Palace was planned for the next day.), and shot Nobunaga, who came out from the toilet and was washing his hands and face, in the back using bows and arrows.
- 広義には足利尊氏が1336年(建武 (日本)3年)に建武式目を制定し、1338年に正式に京都に幕府を開いてから、15代将軍足利義昭が1573年に織田信長によって追放されるまでの235年間の足利将軍の存続期間を指すのが一般的であるが、前期を南北朝時代 (日本)、後期を戦国時代 (日本)とそれぞれ区分して、南北朝合一から明応の政変(あるいは応仁の乱)までを狭義の室町時代とする場合も多い。
- In the broadest sense, the term 'Muromachi period' refers to the 235-year span during which the country was at least nominally ruled by an Ashikaga Shogun, beginning when Takauji ASHIKAGA enacted the Kenmu Code in 1336 before formally creating the bakufu in Kyoto in 1338, and ending when Nobunaga ODA exiled the fifteenth Shogun, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, in 1573; however, both the early and late stages of the Muromachi period can also be classified as the Northern and Southern Courts (Nanbokucho) (Japan) and Sengoku periods, respectively, so many favor a narrower definition of the Muromachi period, in which it is limited to the span from the unification of the two courts (in 1392) until the outbreak of the Meio Coup (in 1492, or alternatively the outbreak of the Onin War in 1467).
- 倒幕の功に応じて十分な恩賞を与えられた武士は、足利尊氏、新田義貞、楠木正成ら一部に過ぎず、最初から倒幕運動に加わって六波羅攻略に功を立てた赤松則村(円心)が播磨国の守護職を没収されたり、1つの土地に何人もの領主が現れて混乱するなど倒幕の功に対する恩賞が不公平で、新政の初期から武士の不満は強かったと推測され、後醍醐の近臣である吉田定房や千種忠顕が詰め腹を切らされる形で出家させられている。
- Those who were amply rewarded for their meritorious contribution to the shogunate's defeat--Takauji ASHIKAGA, Yoshisada NITTA, Masashige KUSUNOKI, etc.--were only a tiny fraction of those who fought, and Norimura (Enshin) AKAMATSU, who had joined the struggle to overthrow the shogunate from the very beginning, was forced to forfeit his Protectorship of Harima Province, and the chaos caused by situations, like when a single plot of land found itself with multiple owners, showed the unfairness of the system to reward distinguished service against the shogunate, making it likely that discontent against the new government was strong right from the beginning; but Emperor Godaigo's vassals Sadafusa YOSHIDA and Tadaaki CHIGUSA were made to take the blame for this situation and were driven out of office and forced to take the tonsure.
- 結局、定子と彰子の2人を同時に皇后としていた一条の先例にならい、娍子と妍子を揃って皇后とすることになったが、道長の強大な勢威と三条の権力基盤の弱さを反映して、まず妍子を立后させ、その後に娍子を立后させることになっただけでなく、妍子の立后の儀式には多くの貴族たちが積極的に協力したのに対し、娍子の立后の儀式には道長の妨害もあって貴族たちのサボタージュが続出し、三条やその側近たちを憤激させた。
- In the end, taking the past case where Ichijo had both Teishi and Shoshi as Empress, Seishi and Kenshi were both to become Empress, but reflecting the all mighty authority of Michinaga and the weak power base of Sanjo, not only was Kenshi was first to become Empress and then Seishi, but although many aristocrats cooperated actively for the ceremony for the making of Kenshi as Empress, Seishi's ceremony was met with sabotage by Michinaga and not attended by many aristocrats, angering Sanjo and his aides.
- 新天皇が先帝死去の翌年になるのを待って改元する先例に反して即位後ただちに大同 (日本)と改元し、桓武がさかんに行った蝦夷侵略の軍事行動や遷都にともなう土木工事のために弛緩した財政の引き締め、機能していない官司の整理、参議を廃止して太政官が地方政治を直接監督する観察使を置くなど積極的に政治改革に取り組んだが、若いころから病身だった彼はやがて体調を崩し、早くも大同4年(809年)には皇太子神野(嵯峨天皇)に譲位することになった。
- Rather than wait until the year after the preceding Emperor died to change the name of the era which was the custom, the new Emperor changed the era name into Dodai and tightened the budget that had loosened while Kanmu had conducted frequent military activity against the Siberian invasion and moved the capital, and actively worked on organizing redundant court positions, placing of a Kansatsushi, where Daijokan directly watches over regional government and abolishing Sangi, but he was sickly from a young age and abdicated the throne to the Crown Prince Kamino (Emperor Saga) in 809.
- 実際の柳生氏の事項が明らかになるのは、南北朝時代 (日本)の柳生永珍(別名:宗珍、大膳亮柳生永家の子とされる)の頃からで、柳生家の家譜である『玉栄拾遺』によると、元弘3年(1331年)に、南朝 (日本)として、六波羅探題の北条仲時・北条時益の軍勢と戦った永珍は戦功によって、後醍醐天皇から賜った大和国小楊生(大楊生とも)庄の領主となり、柳生氏と名乗った事から始まるとされる(ただし、『玉栄拾遺』の記述自体も伝承の域を出ないという)。
- The first record that mentions the Yagyu clan is about Nagayoshi YAGYU (Muneyoshi YAGYU) who was believed to be a child of Daizen no suke (person who was in charge of meals in the Imperial Court) Nagaie YAGYU in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); and according to a genealogy of the Yagyu clan 'Gyokuei Shui,' Nagayoshi supported the Southern Court and fought against the forces of Nagatoki HOJO and Tokimasu HOJO who had their base at Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto), and for the achievement in the battles, Emperor Godaigo gave him the possession and status of the lord of Koyagyusho district (or Oyagyusho district) in Yamato Province, ever since then, he called himself the Yagyu clan; however, it is said that the articles in 'Gyokuei Shui' are nothing but folklore.
- 黒板勝美は大日本帝国海軍水路部の元暦2年3月24日(ユリウス暦で5月2日)の関門海峡の潮流の調査を元に、午前8時30分に西への潮流が東へ反転して、午前11時頃に8ノットに達し、午後3時頃に潮流は再び西へ反転することを明らかにし、合戦が行われた時間帯は『玉葉』の午の刻(12時ごろ)から申の刻(16時ごろ)が正しく合戦は午後に行われたとして、潮流が東向きだった時間帯は平氏が優勢で、反転して西向きになって形勢が逆転して源氏が優勢になったとした。
- Katsumi KUROITA, based on an investigation conducted by Tokyo Imperial University's naval hydrographic department into the tidal currents on May 2, 1185, proved that the westward tidal current in the Kanmon straits started flowing eastward at 8:30 in the morning, reaching a speed of eight knots by around 11 AM, and returned to flowing westward at around 3 in the afternoon; asserting that the times given in the 'Gyokuyo' for when the battle was fought (from noon to 4 PM) were correct and thus that the battle took place in the afternoon, he further stated that as long as the current was flowing east the Taira clan had the advantage, but after it switched back to flowing west, there was a reversal of fortunes and the Minamoto clan gained the upper hand.
- 始期については、従来源頼朝が将軍(征夷大将軍)に任じられた1192年とするのが一般的であるが、頼朝が平家打倒のために挙兵し御家人を統率する侍所を設置した1180年説、寿永二年十月宣旨で東国(東海道および東山道)の支配権を朝廷に公認された1183年説、対立する弟・源義経追討の名目で惣追捕使(後の守護)・地頭の設置権を獲得した1185年説、頼朝が上洛し権大納言・右近衛大将に任命された1190年説、また一部では1196年説など様々な考え方がある。
- There are many theories about in what year the Kamakura period truly began, of which the 1192 theory, the year MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was made Shogun (Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians')), is the orthodox view, but in addition, theories include: the 1180 theory, focusing on Yoritomo raising his army and leading his gokenin (lower-ranking warrior vassals) into battle to destroy the Taira clan, and also establishing the Samurai Dokoro (Board of Retainers, which oversaw rewards for service); the 1183 theory, in which the key moment is the official recognition of the shogunate's right to control Eastern Japan (everything along the Tokaido and Tosando highways) proclaimed by the imperial court in the tenth month; the 1185 theory, which focuses on Yoritomo's use of his struggle to destroy his younger brother MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune as a pretext to usurp the right to appoint and control the offices of shugo (provincial governor) and jito (estate steward); the 1190 theory, in which it was Yoritomo's visit to the capital and subsequent court appointments to Gon Dainagon (Deputy Major Counselor) and Ukone Taisho (Commander of the Guardsmen of the Right) that is considered the decisive moment; and a handful even believe it wasn't until 1196 that the Kamakura period truly began.
- 幕府軍によって変の首謀者たちが討たれ、剣が奪い返された後も神璽は後南朝に持ち去られたままであったが、1457年(長禄元年)に至って、1441年(嘉吉元年)の嘉吉の乱で取り潰された赤松氏の復興を願う赤松家遺臣の石見太郎、丹生屋帯刀、上月満吉らが、大和国・紀伊国国境付近の北山(奈良県吉野郡上北山村か)あるいは三之公(同郡川上村 (奈良県))に本拠を置いていた後南朝に臣従すると偽って後南朝勢力を襲い、南朝の末裔という自天王・忠義王兄弟を殺害して神璽を奪い返した(長禄の変)。
- Shogunal forces hunted down and executed the ringleaders of the Incident and recaptured the sword, but the Grand Jewels remained with the Gonancho forces who fled in 1457, the surviving retainers of the Akamatsu clan - which had been crushed in the Kakitsu Rebellion of 1441 - including Taro ISHIMI, Tatewaki NIUNOYA, and Mitsuyoshi KOZUKI, wishing to restore the Akamatsu clan's fortunes, went to the Gonancho headquarters at Kitayama near the provincial borders of Yamato and Kii Provinces (possibly referring to modern-day Kamikitayama village in Yoshino district, Nara Pref.), or perhaps at Sannoko (in Kawakami village of Yoshino district, Nara Pref.), and pretended to become vassals of the Gonancho before turning on them and striking down many of their forces, murdering Princes Jitenno and Tadayoshiten who were brothers and Imperial descendants of the Southern Court bloodline, before recapturing the Grand Jewels (in what became known as the Choroku Incident).
- 当初、こうした政策は元寇などによって混乱する社会秩序の回復を図りたい鎌倉幕府の政策と軌を一にするもの(安達泰盛による幕政改革も「弘安徳政」と呼ばれている)であったが、やがて徳政の本格化とともに朝廷の威信回復の考えが旧体制(鎌倉幕府以前への)復帰を模索する動きに結び付けられるようになると、鎌倉幕府は皇位継承における両統迭立政策を名目とした政治介入を行い、亀山・伏見両上皇の院政停止を行った事から朝幕間に緊張状態を生み、やがて後醍醐天皇の親政に至ってついに鎌倉幕府に対する討幕運動へと転化することになったのである。
- Initially, these reforms were in agreement with the Kamakura bakufu's policies to recover public order after confusion due to Mongolian attempts to invade Japan, etc. (the bakufu reforms by Yasumori ADACHI are also called 'Koan-Tokusei'), but when the scale of tokusei was enlarged and consideration of reversion to the old system (before the Kamakura bakufu) became linked with the idea of recovering the authority of the Imperial Court, the Kamakura bakufu used Ryoto tetsuritsu policies for the Imperial succession as a reason to intervene politically and terminated the cloistered governments of Retired Emperors Kameyama and Fushimi, causing tension between the bakufu and the Imperial Court, leading to Emperor Godaigo's direct governance, which eventually transformed into the movement to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.