影響: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 変の影響
• The aftermath of the incident

• 戦後の影響
• Postwar repercussions
• Battle aftermath
• Impact of the battle
• Impacts after the war

• 事件の影響
• Effects of the rebellion
• Consequences of the affair
• The influece of the event
• Effects of the Kawamata Incident
• The Impact of the Incident

• 明への影響
• Impact on Ming

• 伎楽の影響
• The influence of gigaku

• 人柄と影響
• Emperor's personality and his influence

• 影響・結果
• Influences/Results

• 機能的影響
• functional consequence

• 改革の影響
• Influence of Reform

• 合戦の影響
• Influence of the battle

• 歴史と影響
• The History and its Impact

• に影響されて
• influenced by
• in response to
• in the wake of
• triggered by
• following

• 影響とその後
• Influences and consequences

• その後の影響
• Ensuing influences
• Aftermath

• 影響・受容史
• Influence and History of Reception
• Influence and a history of the reception

• 後世への影響
• Influences to Later Generations
• Subsequent effects
• An influence on posterity
• Influence of 'The Tales of Ise' on later works
• Influence on later generations
• Influence on Future Generations
• Influences after ages
• Influence for the future generations
• Influence to Future Generations
• Effects on later generations
• Influence in after ages

• 徐三庚の影響
• Xu Sangeng's effects

• 外来種の影響
• Effects of foreign species

• 影響について
• About the influences
• The impacts of Meirokusha

• 事件後と影響
• After the incident and the influence

• 建白書の影響
• Impact of the Petition

• 事件後の影響
• Aftermath of the incident

• 琉球への影響
• Influence on Ryukyu

• 黄砂による影響
• Effects of kosa

• 合併に伴う影響
• Effect of the merger

• 法制度への影響
• Impact on the legislative system

• 条約締結の影響
• Influence of the conclusion of the treaty

• 改革の影響など
• Effect of the reform and others

• 朝鮮半島への影響
• Impact on the Korean Peninsula

• 影響と資料的価値
• Influence and value as a source

• 騒動の原因と影響
• Cause and influence of the feud

• 観光地化による影響
• Effects due to having the town as a tourist site

• 『源氏物語』の影響
• The influence of 'The Tale of Genji'

• 以後の政局への影響
• Influence on the Succeeding Political Situation

• 戦後の政策への影響
• Effects on postwar policies

• 日本への伝来と影響
• Its transmission to Japan and its influence

• 疾病影響プロファイル
• sickness impact profile

• 日本国内情勢への影響
• Impact on domestic situations in Japan

• 発布の過程とその影響
• The process of its promulgation and the effects

• 文化面の交流・相互影響
• Cultural exchanges/Mutual influence

• 楊守敬の渡来とその影響
• Effects of Yang Shoujing who came to Japan

• 義和団の乱の影響と評価
• The influence and evaluation of the Boxer Rebellion

• 朝鮮半島への伝来と影響
• Transmission to the Korean Peninsula and its influence

• 開国後の大陸進出への影響
• Impact of the advance into the continent after opening of Japan

• 明治新政府の布告への影響
• Influences on decree of the new Meiji government

• フィクション作品への影響
• The influence of fictional works

• お蔭参りが農村に与えた影響
• Influence of okage mairi upon rural villages

• 平等院にはその影響が見られる。
• The Byodo-in Temple preserves its influence.

• 部落差別問題にも影響している。
• This influenced the problem of Buraku (hamlet) discrimination.

• 本阿弥光悦の影響と考えられる。
• It is considered that the style was influenced by Koetsu HONAMI.

• ハッピーマンデー適用による影響
• The influence of applying the Happy Monday System

• まず国内的な影響について触れる。
• We will first discuss its effects within the nation.

• 社会経済の変容も影響をもたらした。
• The change in social economics also influenced it.

• 黄砂が気候にもたらす影響は多数ある。
• Kosa affects climate in various ways.

• いずれも幕府の指導者に影響を与えた。
• Each such visitor was to have a significant influence on the leaders of the bakufu.

• また公家文化の影響とも考えられれる。
• Some believe their make-up was influenced by the culture of court nobles.

• 具体的には以下のような影響があった。
• In particular there were influences as follows.

• しかし、その影響は小さくはなかった。
• However, the influence was not small.

• 安土城の築城にも影響を与えたとされる。
• It is said that Tamonyama-jo Castle influenced the erection of Azuchi-jo Castle.

• これは、大きさの影響もあると思われる。
• The difference in price might reflect the difference in size.

• 秋山碧城が渡清（参考：徐三庚の影響）。
• Hekijo AKIYAMA went to Qing (refer to the item of effects by Xu Sangeng)

• シェークスピアの作品の影響が見られる。
• The influence of Shakespeare's work can be found.

• 都賀庭鐘『英草子』『繁野話』からの影響
• 'Hanabusa Soshi' and 'Shigeshige Yawa,' written by Teisho TSUGA, influenced the work.

• このため景観に悪影響を与える恐れがある。
• Therefore, wind turbines may affect the scenery.

• しかし、世界恐慌の影響で経営が悪化した。
• However, the business deteriorated due to the Great Depression.

• 旗本札も、それぞれの小地域の影響が強い。
• Hatamoto-satsu was strongly affected by the characteristics of each small territory of the Hatamoto.

• しかし、地上付近では偏西風の影響が少ない。
• However, westerlies have little affect on the atmosphere near to the ground.

• 中国（宋・元）からの禅文化の影響も色濃い。
• The influence of Zen culture imported from (both Song- and Yuan-period) China was very pronounced.

• 中国の分類辞典『爾雅』の影響を受けている。
• It was influenced by 'Jiga' (Erya), a classification dictionary in China.

• ともに後世の国語辞書に与えた影響が大きい。
• Both greatly influenced Japanese dictionaries in later generations.

• 洋風化の影響で、男性は殆どが洋髪となった。
• Under the influence of westernization, most men started to have the western hairstyles.

• 条約体制への移行 ―東アジアにおける影響―
• Transition to treaty system - influences in East Asia -

• しかし、大きな影響を与えることは無かった。
• However, his supposition wasn't influential.

• この事件は外交的に大きな影響をもたらした。
• This incident had a great diplomatic influence.

• 7月、北方心泉が渡清（参考：徐三庚の影響）。
• July: Shinsen KITAGATA went to Qing (refer to the item of effects by Xu Sangeng)

• 江戸中期以降の大相撲は特に神道の影響が強い。
• In and after the mid Edo period, Ozumo was strongly influenced especially by Shinto.

• 元寇以後には御内人が幕政に影響力を発揮した。
• After the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, the Miuchibito exercised their influence on the shogunate administration.

• インド洋の海洋性気団の影響を強く受けている。
• It is influenced strongly by the maritime air mass of the Indian Ocean.

• これは中国系醸造酒の影響を受けたものである。
• This method is affected by the production method of Chinese liquors made by fermentation.

• そのため清朝内で隠然たる影響力を持つに至る。
• As a result, its presence held great influence within the Qing dynasty.

• 江戸時代初期の談林俳諧に影響を与えたという。
• The collection is said to have had an influence on the haikai of the Danrin school in the early Edo period.

• その影響もあり台湾人は日本には好意的である。
• Therefore Taiwanese are friendly to Japanese.

• この書は琉球を経て日本にも影響を与えている。
• This book affected Japan via Ryukyu.

• 「太平記」の影響を受け、漢字カタカナ交じり文。
• It was influenced by the historical epic 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace), and is written in a mixture of kanji and katakana.

• 幕末の尊皇攘夷運動や勤王に大きな影響を与えた。
• The book greatly influenced the 'Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians' movement and loyalty to the Emperor in the end of Edo period.

• 朱子学の思想は、近代日本にも強い影響を与えた。
• The thought of Neo-Confucianism had a strong influence on modern Japan.

• 幕末の尊皇攘夷運動は陽明学に影響を受けている。
• The Sonno Joi (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) movement of the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate was influenced by Yomeigaku.

• 平安初期の中央文化は、唐の影響を強く受けていた。
• The central culture of the early Heian period was strongly affected by the Tang dynasty.

• また、野辺に雑草を描くのも北宋の影響とみられる。
• Painting weeds in a field seems to be the influence of Northern Sung Dynasty.

• また、『封神演義』からの影響を指摘する説もある。
• Furthermore, some theories point out that 'Hakkenden' is also influenced by 'Feng-Shen-Yen-I.'

• だが、日本の大衆音楽に残した影響は極めて大きい。
• However, Shingaku made a huge impact on Japanese popular music.

• 暖流の流入は日本の温暖な気候に影響を与えている。
• Influxes of warm currents have influence of the temperate climate of Japan.

• まず、欧化政策の影響で上流階級に広まる事になる。
• First, it spread among the upper class under the influence of Europeanization policy.

• また、歌物語の影響を受けてか、詞書が長文化した。
• The influence of uta monogatari (poem tales) probably let kotobagaki be longer.

• その実証的な研究態度は国学などに影響を及ぼした。
• Their empirical research attitude had an impact on Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) and other fields.

• また、文化面でも朝鮮半島に多大な影響をもたらした。
• From the cultural aspects, a great impact was given to the Koreans.

• 当時の中国文学の白話小説から影響を受けて生まれた。
• Its first form was influenced by Hakuwa shosetsu, which was a type of Chinese literature.

• 小倉百人一首の影響を受けて後世に作られた百人一首。
• Following 'Ogura Hyakunin Isshu,' various Hyakunin Isshu were compiled.

• シカの影響に関しては、駆除すべきという意見もある。
• Some people say that the Japanese deer should be exterminated to protect the environment from the deer.

• 5月上旬には南西諸島も梅雨前線の影響を受け始める。
• At the beginning of May, the baiu front begins to influence Nansei Islands.

• 一方、夫・大正天皇の影響からか漢詩にも取り組んだ。
• On the other hand, she also engaged in making of Chinese poems, and it seemed that her husband, the Emperor Taisho, might have influenced her.

• 近隣では古代から中国文学の大きな影響を受け続けた。
• Japanese literature has been greatly influenced by Chinese literature, its close neighbor, since ancient times.

• 後世には、山東京伝や曲亭馬琴へ、強い影響を与えた。
• It had a great influence on later Kyoden SANTO and Bakin KYOKUTEI.

• 律令は、中国の影響を受けた周辺諸国でも制定された。
• Luli was also established among the surrounding nations that were influenced by the dynasties of China.

• それらは、中国律令制の強い影響を受けたものである。
• The plans were largely influenced by the Chinese Ritsuryo system.

• 逆に六角氏の畿内における影響力は減退してしまった。
• On the contrary, the importance of Rokkaku clan declined in Kinai area.

• （出挙の制度化には、唐の影響を指摘する意見もある）。
• (There is also an opinion pointing out the influence of the Tang Dynasty on the institutionalization of Suiko.)

• 『伊勢物語』の影響のもとに成立した作品とされている。
• It is believed that this literary work was influenced by 'Ise Monogatari' (literally, 'Tales of Ise,' an uta-monogatari in the mid Heian period).

• 天台宗・真言宗など密教の影響が濃い仏教文化でもある。
• It was also a Buddhist culture heavily influenced by esoteric Buddhism such as the Tendai and Shingon sects.

• よって、完全に国衙の影響力を排除した例は少なかった。
• Therefore, there were few cases in which the influence of the kokuga was totally excluded from the Shoen.

• 厳密かつ実証的な校訂は後世に大きな影響を与えている。
• The strict and demonstrative castigation significantly influenced later ages.

• 『源氏物語』は、海外にも少なからず影響を与えている。
• 'The Tale of Genji' has had significant influence in foreign countries.

• 10世紀末には、浄土教にもケガレ思想の影響が見られる。
• The influence of muck idea was seen in Jodo (Pure Land) sect at the end of the tenth century.

• 近現代においても日本人の精神構造に影響を及ぼしている。
• It has also influenced the mentality of Japanese in modern times and the present day.

• 19世紀の中頃に笠間焼の影響を受けて始まったとされる。
• Influenced by Kasama ware, the manufacture of Mashiko ware started in the middle of the nineteenth century.

• 陰陽道や神道の影響も受けて、所作は様式化されていった。
• Shiko was gradually stylized and affected by Onmyodo (the way of Yin and Yang) and Shinto.

• しかし、最早政治的に何ら影響を及ぼす存在ではなかった。
• However he was no longer a politically influential person in anyway.

• 智忠親王は、父智仁親王の影響を強く受け、学問を好んだ。
• Imperial Prince Toshitada was strongly influenced by his father, Imperial Prince Toshihito and liked learning.

• この事件は当時の多くの文化人にも衝撃的な影響を与えた。
• This incident also shocked many cultivated people at that time.

• しかしながら、人間や家畜・作物への影響が懸念されている。
• However, their effects on human beings, livestock and plants are a concern

• 平安京を中心とした貴族文化で、晩唐文化の影響が見られる。
• An aristocratic culture centered in Heian-kyo (ancient Kyoto) with influences from the late Tang culture.

• また、本書の編纂方針は『政事要略』にも影響を与えている。
• In addition, the policy employed for compiling this document also affected that of 'Seiji Yoryaku.'

• 東海系陶器においても、その影響の下で地方窯がひらかれた。
• Also, under the influence of pottery in Tokai region, pottery kilns were opened in local regions.

• 池大雅は後に中国の書の影響を受けて独自の書風を確立した。
• Being affected by the calligraphy in China, IKE no Taiga established his own calligraphic style.

• 記載神社名や割註から分かるとおり本地垂迹の影響が見える。
• The influence of Honji suijaku (Shinto and Buddhist syncretism) is read in the names of shrines and notes (Honchi-suijaku is the theory that Japanese gods and the gods of Buddhism, including the Buddha, Bodhisattva and the gods of esoteric Buddhism, are the one and the same).

• 三国干渉は日露戦争のきっかけに直接・間接の影響を与えた。
• The Triple Intervention triggered the Japanese-Russo War both directly and indirectly.

• 日本建築は朝鮮半島・中国からの影響を受けて発展してきた。
• Japanese architecture has developed with influences from the Korean Peninsula and China.

• この内閣の長期政権化にはこの戦争での勝利の影響が大きい。
• The victory in this war had significant influence on long-term administration by this cabinet.

• 藩財政に対する不安から藩札流通にも多大な影響が見られた。
• Concerns regarding the economy of the domain strongly affected the circulation of han bills.

• これ以後、武藤氏は上杉の完全な影響下に置かれることになる。
• As a result, the Muto clan was left completely under the influence of the Uesugi clan.

• 六国史の抄本的役割を担っており、後世に与えた影響が大きい。
• It plays the role as the abridged transcript of Rikkokushi, and substantially influenced later generations.

• 厳密にはお蔭参りには入らないがお蔭参りの影響を受けている。
• This is not included in okage mairi to be exact, but is influenced by okage mairi.

• しかし、野中広務は中央政界を引退し、その影響力は低下した。
• However, Hiromu NONAKA has retired from the national political arena, lessening his influence.

• 一方、台詞や浄瑠璃の表現には近松門左衛門の影響がみられる。
• In contrast, words and expression of Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to samisen accompaniment) show the influences of Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU.

• 『醒睡笑』は、後の咄本（はなしぼん）や落語に影響を与えた。
• 'Seisuisho' had an influence on the later hanashibon (humorous stories) and rakugo (comic storytelling).

• また、摂関家は蔵人や受領などの人事権に大きな影響を与えた。
• The Sekkan-ke had a big impact on the authority over personnel affairs of Kurodo (chamberlain) and Zuryo.

• 影響は、『雨月物語』にも反映された、と考えてもよいだろう。
• It could be considered that such influences were reflected in 'Ugetsu Monogatari.'

• 特に回数・影響力が高まってくるのは正平一統以後のことである。
• It is after Shohei itto (temporal unification of the Northern and Southern Courts) that the frequency and influence of bukeshisso started to increase.

• 『八犬伝』にもっとも大きな影響を与えたのは『水滸伝』である。
• 'Hakkenden' is most strongly influenced by 'Suikoden.'

• その後の久田家の継承は表千家の継承の影響を受けて波乱が多い。
• Subsequent successions within the Hisada family were influenced by the successions within the Omotesenke, and there are many instances of troubled successions.

• 彼は、以降のイメージをその影響下での二次創作物であるとする。
• He says images of Ungaikyo created after that were imitations influenced by the above.

• このことから、神事の獅子をめぐる民俗の影響が考えられている。
• Based on this, it can be considered that there is some influence of folklore on the shishi lions for device services.

• 各地を転戦して武功を挙げ、畿内や四国に大きな影響力を持った。
• Nagayuki moved from place to place to fight and achieved military exploits, coming to have great influence in Kinki region and Shikoku.

• 薫の人物像はこの後の王朝物語、鎌倉物語につよい影響を与えた。
• Kaoru's personality had a strong influence on the tales of both the Heian and Kamakura periods later.

• 鎌倉幕府の「御成敗式目」と並び戦国大名の分国法にも影響する。
• Along with the Goseibai-shikimoku of the Kamakura bakufu, it also had influence on the provincial codes established by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku Period.

• 室町時代には「太平記」に影響され、多くの軍記物語が書かれる。
• During the Muromachi era, many war chronicles inspired by the 'Taiheiki' were written.

• この集落は、朝鮮半島南部の影響を強く受けて、成立したものか。
• This settlement's style was probably made with the strong influence from that in the southern area of Korean Peninsula.

• とくに李退渓の学問は日本の林羅山や山崎闇斎らに影響を与えた。
• Especially, the learning of The Ghe LEE affected Razan HAYASHI, Ansai YAMAZAKI, and others in Japan.

• はっきりとした勝利の結果は残らなかったため後々までに影響する。
• A clear result of such victory did not remain, however, it influenced later events.

• ただ、やはり影響力が大きいのはより近い発生地からの黄砂である。
• However, when a kosa occurs in a place, areas located nearer to the place are affected more seriously.

• しかし、この記録は吹き溜まりの影響を受けているとの指摘もある。
• However, some people point out that snowdrift contributed to this record.

• 明治以降、断髪の影響により冠は頭に被れるタイプのものになった。
• Since the Meiji period, type of the caps had changed to the one which could cover the head because people got their hair cut.

• 陰陽道の思想は日本の都の建設や神社の創建にも影響を与えている。
• The Onmyodo philosophy influenced the construction of capitals in Japan and the building of shrines as well.

• 儒教・仏教の思想が習合されており、法家・道教の影響も見られる。
• It synthesizes the concepts of Confucianism and Buddhism, and also shows influences of Legalism and Taoism.

• 彼らは当時明六社の同人であり、社会に大きな影響力をもっていた。
• They belonged to Dojin (literary group [coterie]) of Meirokusha (Japan's first academic society) and had a great influence.

• 十代の頃の光源氏が知り合い、影響を受けた女性たちの一人である。
• She is one of the women whom Hikaru Genji gets to know while in his teens and is influenced by.

• また頼朝の後家としての北条政子の影響力も無視できない点である。
• The influence that Masako exercised as a widow of Yoritomo cannot be ignored.

• 更に辛亥革命の影響もあって陸軍_(日本)の増強圧力が高まった。
• In addition to that, the impact of the Xinhai Revolution increased the pressure to build up the Japanese army.

• この文化は禅宗の影響を受け、簡素さと深みという特徴も持っていた。
• Affected by the Zen sect, this culture was provided with features of simplicity and depth.

• その影響で、鎌倉幕府の正史である『吾妻鏡』も日記体をとっている。
• Affected by such a situation, 'Azuma Kagami' (the Mirror of the east), an official history of the Kamakura bakufu, was written in a diary style as well.

• 『八犬伝』にもっとも強い影響を及ぼしているのは『水滸伝』である。
• 'Hakkenden' is most strongly influenced by 'Suikoden' (The Water Margin).

• FX取引をする日本の主婦たちが世界経済に影響力を持つことがある。
• Japanese housewives who are engaged in foreign exchange trades can have an influence on the world economy.

• 特に明治維新の思想的原動力として大きな影響を及ぼしたといわれる。
• It is said Yomeigaku had a great influence on the Meiji Restoration, especially as an ideological driving force.

• 遣隋使・遣唐使の時代になると、中国の建築様式の影響が強くなった。
• The influence of Chinese architectural style grew during the Sui and Tong Dynasties when Japanese envoys were sent to China.

• 現存する防塁は、その影響を受けずに奇跡的に残った防塁だと言える。
• The existing borui is the parts that miraculously survived, without being affected by it.

• 仏教建築としては浄土教の影響を受けた阿弥陀如来堂が多く建立された。
• In Buddhist architecture, a lot of Amidanyorai Halls (Amitabha Tathagata Halls) influenced by Jodo sect were constructed.

• その他、遣唐使がもたらした大陸文化に影響を受けた天平文化が栄えた。
• In addition, Tenpyo culture (culture in the Tenpyo era), affected by the continental culture brought to Japan through Kento-shi (Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China), flourished

• ただし、江戸時代の美術にオランダ絵画の影響を指摘する研究者もいる。
• Nevertheless, some scholars point out that Japanese art in the Edo period was influenced by Dutch paintings.

• この石寺楽市は、近隣にある安土城の楽市にも影響を与えることになる。
• Ishidera Rakuichi also influenced Rakuichi in Azuchi-jo Castle that is located close-by.

• しかし、幕末期には天皇・公家の権威が尊王思想の影響で回復を遂げた。
• However, in the end of the Edo period, the prestige of the Emperor and the court nobles was restored under the rise of imperialism.

• そのことが植物や動物など生物の生育と分布に大きな影響を与えている。
• This heavily affects the growth and distribution of living things such as plants and animals.

• 上記論争は様々な影響を残したが、それ以外にも見逃せない論争がある。
• Except above disputes which gave various impacts, there were other significant disputes.

• 改めて強調するまでも無く、義和団の乱は国内外に様々な影響を残した。
• Obviously, the Boxer Rebellion had various effects within and outside the nation.

• 中国国外への、そして国外からの影響としては以下のようなものがある。
• The following are influences of China on foreign countries, followed by influences of foreign countries on China.

• 写実的な描写などは『源氏物語』の成立へ影響を与えたと言われている。
• It is said that its realistic description influenced the writing of 'The Tale of Genji.'

• 水戸学と結びついた「神皇正統記」は、後の皇国史観にも影響を与えた。
• The 'Jinno Shotoki,' which was in harmony with the Mito school (a Tokugawa-era, pro-Imperial school of thought), continued to exert influence over later views of Imperial history.

• 宗像氏や麻生氏など筑前・豊前の国人は中国地方の大内氏の影響を受けた。
• Kokujin in Chikuzen and Buzen, such as the Munakata clan and the Aso clan were influenced by the Ouchi clan in the Chugoku district.

• 長宗我部元親は信長の四国征伐の影響もあり、兵を白地城に休ませていた。
• Partly because of influence of Conquest of Shikoku by Nobunaga, Motochika CHOSOKABE was giving a rest to his warriors in the Hakuchi-jo Castle.

• 以後、13世紀にかけて信楽焼、丹波焼など常滑の影響を受けて開窯した。
• Ever since then, kilns had been opening under the influence of Tokoname such as Shigaraki-yaki Ware or Tanba-yaki Ware until the 13th century.

• 王権相対化の論理を正当化する手段としての仏教の影響が強く表れている。
• The influence of Buddhism, as a means to justify the logic of sovereignty relativization, is strongly seen.

• 一時期は歌舞伎をしのぐ人気を誇り、歌舞伎にもさまざまな影響を与えた。
• It was more popular than kabuki for a while, having various impacts on kabuki.

• 地方で行われる翁神事の中には、金春流の影響を受けたものが少なくない。
• Among ritual Shinto Okina performances held at local shrines, not a few show the influence of the Konparu school.

• また、人物の描法には同じ南宋の梁楷の「減筆体」の影響がうかがわれる。
• One can also clearly see the influence of 'Genhitsu-tai (art of simple painting to draw with fewer brush strokes)' by Ryokai (Liang Kai), who was also from the Southern Sung Dynasty, on the people depicted in the painting.

• 奈良県の県庁・奈良市に隣接していることから、大きな影響を受けている。
• Adjacent to the prefectural government of Nara Prefecture, Nara City, Kamo-cho has been greatly affected.

• これに影響されて、中古三十六歌仙や女房三十六歌仙などが後世にできた。
• Influenced by the Thirty-six Master Poets, other master poet designations such as the Medieval 36 Master Poets and Nyobo sanjurokkasen (Thirty-six female poets of Nyobo sanjurokunin utaawase) were established later on.

• また後の和漢朗詠集私注などの和漢朗詠集の注釈書にも影響を与えている。
• The Roei Gochu also influenced later commentaries on the Wakan Roei Shu, such as the Wakan Roei Shu Shichu (Personal glossary on the Wakan Roei Shu).

• 中古期における『源氏物語』の影響は大まかに2期に区切ることができる。
• The influence of 'The Tale of Genji' in the old and middle times can be roughly divided into two terms.

• 倭国・百済連合軍は福信事件の影響により白村江への到着が10日遅れた。
• Due to the Fukushin Incident, the arrival of the allied forces of Wakoku and Kudara at Hakusonko was delayed by 10 days.

• ただ朝鮮陽明学は実学・経世致用の思想に影響を与えたことは事実である。
• However, it is a fact that Korean Yomeigaku has influenced the practical learning and ideology of Keiseichiyo.

• 未だ天武系の皇族の影響があるなか、光仁天皇崩御後に桓武天皇が即位した。
• After Emperor Konin passed away, Emperor Kanmu ascended the throne while the Tenmu-descendent imperial family was still influential.

• 天皇の一覧が現在のものに改編されたのも『大日本史』の影響とされている。
• The present revised list of the emperors is considered to be based upon 'Dai Nihonshi.'

• しかし、その極端な遠近法は後代の浮世絵にも大きな影響を与えたとされる。
• However, it is said that the extremity of its method of perspective had a large effect on later art known as ukiyoe (woodblock prints depicting everyday life of the common people).

• 院政期の物語文学は、『源氏物語』の圧倒的な評価と影響のもとにうまれた。
• Tale literature during the Insei period was created under the overwhelming reputation and influence of 'Genji Monogatari.'

• 明治時代に入ると、欧米の影響で近代的な五十音検索の国語辞典が登場した。
• As the Meiji period began, under the influence of western culture, there appeared a modern style dictionary of Japanese-language in which the words were arranged in the order of the Japanese syllabary.

• 三筆は各時代にいるが、この三跡ほどの影響を後世まで与えた人物はいない。
• You can find Sanpitsu (three brushes) in each period in history, but no-one left more of a mark on subsequent ages than the Sanseki.

• 洋菓子や中華菓子（月餅）の影響を受けて明治時代以降に発達したとされる。
• Influenced by western confectionery and Chinese sweets (moon cakes), it was developed after the Meiji period.

• この停滞の影響は甚大で、公家・武家ともに政治機能不全に陥ってしまった。
• The suspense caused by this affected them so much that both court nobles and warrior families lost their political functions.

• ともあれ、文人が社会に定着しなんらかの影響力を持ち始めた証左でもある。
• Anyway, this shows that the status of Bunjin was established in society and began to have an influence to some extent.

• 伯夷や屈原の身の処し方は後世の士人（文人）たちに大きな影響を及ぼした。
• The ways of living of Hakui and Kutsugen gave a great influence on the future generations of Shijin (Bunjin).

• 彼らは官僚という立場ではあったが政治や社会に対する影響力は小さかった。
• Although they were bureaucrats, their influence over politics and society was limited.

• 女流日記のさきがけとされ、『源氏物語』はじめ多くの文学に影響を与えた。
• Her diary is considered a forerunner of the women's diary genre, and had a significant influence over a wide range of literary works, first and foremost the 'Tale of Genji.'

• 20世紀後半には文学理論の影響で研究の手法は非常に幅広いものとなった。
• In the late twentieth century, styles and techniques for studying literature varied significantly due to the influence of literary theory.

• 『伊勢物語』の影響が大きい作品であるが伊勢物語に比べ地文が多いという。
• The story was greatly influenced by 'Ise monogatari' (The Tales of Ise), but has a comparatively longer main text.

• その後の平仮名による表現、特に女流文学の発達に大きな影響を与えている。
• It had a great influence on the later writing in Hiragana and the development of women's literature.

• その影響でおんな薙刀専門流派も出現し、明治に撃剣興行では人気を博した。
• Because of this, different schools of naginata designed for women were established, and the sword shows held in Meiji period became quite popular.

• この戦いで平氏は多くの有能な武将を失い、後の戦いに大きな影響を及ぼした。
• The Taira clan lost many distinguished warriors in this battle and this adversely affected later battles.

• 西洋文化の影響を受けた新しい文芸・絵画・音楽・演劇などの芸術が流布した。
• New art, including literature, painting, music and plays, which had been influenced by Western culture, spread.

• 本作はダシール・ハメットのハードボイルド・アクション小説の影響が大きい。
• 'Yojinbo' is largely influenced by hard-boiled action novels by Samuel Dashiell HAMMETT.

• 伊勢貞親は8代将軍足利義政の教育係を務め、政治にも大きな影響力を持った。
• Sadachika ISE served as a tutor to the eighth Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, which resulted in a significant influence over politics as well.

• 「天下」概念もこの影響を受けて、従来の華夷秩序に基づくものから変容した。
• With the influence of the above, the notion of 'Tenka' also changed from the one which was based on the order of kai.

• 貴族社会の世相を伝える説話も多く、後者は後世の説話文学へ影響を及ぼした。
• Godansho includes many stories about the trend of the aristocracy as well, and such stories appears to have had great influence on later narrative literature.

• この使者は13日に帰城しているが、ほとんど影響を与えなかったようである。
• This envoy returned to Edo-jo Castle on March 13th, apparently the petition letter had no effect on the situation.

• そのため陽明学の朝鮮史における影響は中国・日本に比して高いとは言えない。
• Therefore, Yomeigaku's influence on Korean history is not as great as it was on those of China and Japan.

• 半済令に伴う影響としては、荘園が解体への第一歩を踏み始めた点が挙げられる。
• The most noticeable influence of the practice of the hanzei law was that it triggered the first step to demise of manors.

• 幕末の政治世界で影響力を持った薩摩藩と長州藩は討幕の思想では共通していた。
• The Satsuma and Choshu Domains, both of which had clout within Japanese political circles in the last days of the Edo period, had the anti-shogunate idea in common.

• その後は京極氏の家臣となり、守護代の尼子氏の強い影響を受けるようになった。
• Thereafter, the Mitoya clan became the vassal of the Kyogoku clan and was strongly influenced by the Amago clan, the deputy provincial constable.

• 李俊がタイ王国王になる）や『狄青演義』など中国の白話小説の影響が強くなる。
• Ri Shun became the Thai king) and 'Teki Sei Engi' (狄青演義).

• 日本では、瀟湘八景に直接影響を受けて考案された近江八景が最初の例とされる。
• In Japan, the Eight Views of Omi which was originated under the direct influence of the Eight Views of Xiaoxiang is considered to be the first example.

• さらに「六輪一露の説」を中心とする芸論においても後代に大きな影響を与えた。
• Furthermore, he also greatly influenced future generations in the field of treatises on art centered on 'the theory of Rokurin ichiro' (The Six Wheels and the Dew Drop).

• 俳人としても著名であり、同時代の茶人たちに大きな影響を与えたと伝えられる。
• He was also famous as a haiku poet, and it is said that he exerted a great influence on the tea masters of his generation.

• 太平洋岸に比べ、対馬暖流の影響で南方系種族の北限がはるか北方にのびている。
• Comparing to the Pacific Ocean, the northern most range for southern species extends far north due to the effect of warm current of the Tsushima Strait.

• 平城京における奈良仏教各寺の影響力の肥大化を厭い、山城国への遷都を行った。
• TheHeijo-Kyo capital was relocated to the province of Yamashiro in order to prevent the Nara Buddhist temples from having too much political power.

• おそらくその影響で一般人の間でも通常「天皇陛下」の呼称を使用する者が多い。
• Maybe as a result of this, most people usually use the name of 'Tenno Heika'.

• ヴェトナムの「天下」は主に中越関係に影響されながら、その領域を変容させた。
• The territory of Vietnam's 'Tenka' changed under the influence of Sino-Vietnam relations.

• つまり、母親の影響を廃して男子は独立する、ということを意味するものである。
• In short, it means that a man becomes independent by driving away the influence of his mother.

• これらは、いわゆる「ナラティブ」の概念の影響を受けた物語研究と考えられる。
• It seems that the study of monogatari could have been influenced by the concept of a 'narrative.'

• 宗教界にも影響を与え、日蓮は『立正安国論』を幕府に上程して国難を主張する。
• It also influenced people of religion, and Nichiren submitted 'Rissho Ankoku Ron' (Treatise for Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Teaching) to bakufu, insisting that it was a national crisis.

• 倭国は半島南部の任那を通じて影響力を持っていたと『日本書紀』は書いている。
• It is written in 'The Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) that Wakoku wielded influence over the southern part of the peninsula through the region then known as Mimana.

• これにより、摂家を中心とする上流貴族の政治的影響力が低下することとなった。
• This caused the political influences of upper nobles centering on Sekke (line of regents and advisers) to decrease.

• 少数派ではあったが、終身議員のみで構成されており、強い影響力を持っていた。
• It was only a small group but with lifetime members and extensive authority.

• 青年同盟 青年運動やゲオルゲ派の精神的影響を受けた愛国的・軍国的青年運動。
• Youth League: nationalist and militaristic youth movement that was spiritually under the influence of various youth movements and the George Circle (George-kreis).

• 輸入された織物や書画などは北山文化や東山文化など室町時代の文化にも影響した。
• Imported materials including textiles, calligraphic works and paintings influenced the culture in the Muromachi period such as the Kitayama culture and the Higashiyama culture.

• 円融も幼帝の父として一定の政治的影響力を獲得し“院政”的な状況を生み出した。
• Enyu also obtained a certain degree of political clout by being the young emperor's father, leading to a 'cloistered government'-like situation.

• 休戦を挟んで6年に及んだ戦争は、朝鮮・日本・明の三国に重大な影響を及ぼした。
• The war which lasted for six years including a cease-fire period, made a serious impact on Korea, Japan, and Ming.

• また国内の地頭・国人・名主らを被官に組み込むなど自らの影響下へ置いていった。
• Additionally, the Shugo put jito (manager and lord of manor), the local lord, and myoshu (owner of rice fields) under their influence by adopting them into hikan (low-level bureaucrat).

• このことは、王権に対する祟りという考え方が密教の影響であることを示している。
• Therefore, it is shown that esoteric Buddhism influenced the view of curses to sovereignty.

• 鎌倉時代の禅僧の書は宋風であったが、この時代は元の趙孟フの影響を受けている。
• Calligraphic works by Zen priests during the Kamakura period were written in Sung style, but were affected by Mofu CHO in Yuan during this period.

• 同時にヤマト政権の朝鮮における軍事的影響力は衰え、対朝鮮政策は苦境に陥った。
• At the same time, the military influence over Korea declined, and the policies with Korea ran into difficulties.

• 霧の規模は全国的に有名で、衛星写真では亀岡市が霧の影響で白く写ることもある。
• The size of the fog is well-known nationwide, and is the cause of Kameoka City sometimes appearing white in satellite images.

• 奥州藤原氏が築いた独自政権の仕組みは鎌倉幕府に影響を与えたとする解釈もある。
• Some take the view that the original political system developed by the Oshu Fujiwara clan influenced the Kamakura shogunate.

• 議員の一部は貴族院内で研究会などの会派を作り、政治上にも大きな影響を与えた。
• Some members of Kizokuin formed factions through gathering at workshop or other meetings within Kizokuin, and such faction exerted powerful influence on the politics.

• 5月下旬から6月上旬ごろになると、九州や四国が梅雨前線の影響下に入り始める。
• Around the end of May or beginning of June, Kyushu and Shikoku regions begin to be influenced by the baiu front.

• 神道について、独自の解釈を行っており、後の神道五部書等に大きな影響を与えた。
• In the book, Shinto is interpreted uniquely, which greatly affected Shinto Gobusho (five-volume apologia of Shinto) later.

• 以下、「万国公法」の威名が影響した事件・事象を一部列挙する（安岡1998）。
• In the following article, a part of incidents and events affected by 'Bankoku Koho' will be introduced (Yasuoka 1998).

• 『万国公法』の影響が見られるのは、駐日清国公使と金弘集の会談においてである。
• Influence of 'Bankoku Koho' can be seen at the meeting between the minister from the Qing dynasty to Japan and Hong-jip KIM.

• 日本において『万国公法』の影響は、このように素早くしかも大きなものであった。
• In Japan influences of 'Bankoku Koho' spread widely and quickly.

• 国王が臣下の礼をとっても、朝鮮の国政全般に清朝の影響が及ぶわけではなかった。
• Even if the king of Korea showed loyalty to the Qing dynasty, Qing would not influence affairs of the state in Korea.

• その影響で急速に国家体制が整備され、律令制の建設が急ピッチで進んだとされる。
• As a result, the national polity was organized under a sense of urgency, and the creation of the Ritsuyo Codes were pushed forward at a mesmerizing pace.

• こうした背景の中、藩閥出身で陸軍の影響力が強い第三次桂太郎内閣が組閣された。
• The third administration of Taro KATSURA, a member of the Meiji oligarchy representing dominant former feudal domains and strongly influenced by the Japanese Imperial Army, was formed under these circumstances.

• 高野山・和歌山市と共に、作者の歴史・景勝好みが影響しているものと見られている。
• Mt. Yoshino, as well as Mt. Koya and Wakayama City, are thought to reflect the author's commitment to history and scenic beauty.

• また、丹波康頼の『医心方』にも引用されるなど後世の医学・博物学に影響を与えた。
• In addition, the dictionary influenced medical science and natural history in later ages; for example, it was quoted in 'Ishinho' (an ancient medical book) written by TANBA no Yasuyori.

• 『蜻蛉日記』の作者藤原道綱母は、彼女の叔母にあたり、その影響が指摘されている。
• The author of 'Kagero Nikki' (The Gossamer Years) was her aunt, the mother of FUJIWARA no Michitsuna, and it is pointed out that she was influenced by her.

• この影響により巌谷一六・松田雪柯・日下部鳴鶴らを中心に六朝書道が盛んになった。
• Affected by this, calligraphy in the six-dynasty style became popular, centered on the efforts of Ichiroku IWAYA, Sekka MATSUDA, and Meikaku KUSAKABE.

• また、大口周魚に学んだ尾上柴舟は古筆第一主義をとり、多くの門人に影響を与えた。
• Saishu ONOE, who learnt under Shugyo OGUCHI, took the position of evaluating kohitsu most highly, affecting many of his followers significantly.

• 20世紀に入ってこうしたゲームの影響を受けてモノポリーが発明される事となった。
• From the 20th century, the Monopoly appeared through the influence of these games.

• 絵双六（えすごろく、双六）というのは、盤双六の影響を受けて発達した遊戯である。
• The picture Sugoroku (双六) was a game that was developed with the board Sugoroku influence.

• しかし文明開化に非常な影響力を持っていたこの雑誌に由来する新語彙・訳語は多い。
• However, there are many new vocabulary and translations which were derived from this bulletin that had a great influence on civilization and enlightenment.

• 米良氏の旗本札は、銭額面表記、札面の様式などから日向国諸藩の藩札の影響が強い。
• It is considered that, from the face value describing in zeni base and the design on the face, the Hatamoto-satsu issued by the Mera clan was deeply affected by the Han-satsu issued by clans in Hyuga Province.

• 辛亥、甲子革令、二十四節気などの暦に関することもかなり道教の影響をうけている。
• Calendar-related items such as Shi-gai (辛亥), Kasshi Kakurei (the 1st year of the 60-year cycle in Chinese calendar when changes are often said to happen), and the 24 seasonal datum points, all reveal significant influenced by Dokyo.

• 重豪の子である奥平昌高・黒田長溥や、曾孫の島津斉彬もまた、重豪の影響を受けた。
• Shigehide's children, Masataka OKUDAIRA and Nagahiro KURODA, as well as his great-grandchild, Nariakira SHIMAZU, were also influenced by Shigehide.

• 特に経信とは『後拾遺問答』を取り交わし、経信の意見が選歌の入れ替えに影響した。
• He exchanged 'Goshui Mondo' (A dialogue on Goshui Wakashu) with Tsunenobu, and his opinion had an influence on the reselection of poems.

• 挿絵は、当作品へ大いに影響を与えた都賀庭鐘『繁野話』と同じ、桂宗信が担当した。
• The illustrations were drawn by Munenobu KATSURA, who also drew illustrations for 'Shigeshige Yawa' by Teisho TSUGA, which had great influence on 'Ugetsu Monogatari.'

• なおこの頃、唐の強い影響のもとで、日本や新羅において律令制定の動きが見られた。
• Furthermore, movements to establish the Luli System was seen in Japan and Silla around this time by the strong influence of Tang Dynasty.

• この時の行政区域はその後の国民政府による台湾行政区域決定にも影響を与えている。
• The administrative regions established at this time influenced the Nationalist Government when it determined Taiwan administrative regions.

• それらの主張は尊王攘夷運動と明治初期の薩長藩閥政府にも少なからぬ影響を与えた。
• These claims did not by any means have a small influences on the Sonno Joi Movement (the movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the policies of the government led by Saccho (the Satsuma and Choshu Domains) during the early Meiji period.

• その後張維の影響を強く受けて、朝鮮陽明学の代表ともいえる鄭斉斗（霞谷）が出た。
• Then, Cheng Chatoo (Hagok), who can be said to have been a leading person of Korean Yomeigaku, appeared under the strong influence of Jang Yu.

• 戦国時代初期の文化は北山文化や東山文化と同様に、禅宗などの強い影響を受けている。
• Culture at the beginning of the Sengoku Period was strongly influenced by the Zen sect, same as Kitayama culture and Higashiyama culture.

• 平氏一門は院庁別当・左馬寮・内蔵寮などの要職を占め、政治への影響力を増大させた。
• The Taira family took charge of several important offices, including the posts of Innocho Betto (chief administrator of the Retired Emperor's Office), Samaryo (Left Division of Bureau of Horses), and Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses), thereby greatly increasing their political influence over the government.

• 荻生の実兄である儒学者荻生徂徠も弟の影響を受けて「明律国字解」という本を著した。
• Confucianist Sorai OGYU, the blood brother of Ogyu was influenced by his younger brother and also authored a book 'Minritsu kokujikai' (The Ming code, with Japanese explication).

• 永正期の今川氏による三河侵攻による混乱や信元の死による一族離散が影響したという。
• It is said that the turmoil brought by the Imagawa clan's invasion of Mikawa during the Eisho era and family separation due to the death of Nobumoto resulted in inaccuracies with their genealogy records.

• それだけに留まらず室町幕府にも影響力を及ぼす守護大名としての地位を保持し続けた。
• In addition, he continuously held the post of a shugo daimyo who could make a difference also in the Muromachi bakufu.

• 時代を応仁に取りつつも、現行の舞台は明治の活歴の影響をうかがわせる江戸時代劇風。
• Although it is set during the times of the Onin War, the current play looks like it is set durng the Edo period, with some influence of Katsureki (a Kabuki style that emphasizes on historical facts) during the Meiji period.

• こうした事業を幕府が許可した背景には、幕末という当時の世情が大きく影響している。
• The Tokugawa government permitted this project as a result of the circumstances during the last days of its reign.

• ちょうどこのころは、大和朝廷が任那からの影響力を失い、新羅が任那を圧迫していた。
• Around this time Yamato Dynasty was losing its clout on Miman, and Silla was giving pressure against Mimana.

• 2007年8月、馬インフルエンザの影響により馬車による送迎が見送られた事がある。
• In August 2007 it was cancelled due to equine influenza.

• 現在の民間での六曜信仰に、赤舌日とともになんらかの形で影響したと考えられている。
• It is thought that Syakkonichi, with Shakuzetsunichi (the day ruled by Syakuzetsujin [the guardian god of the west gate of the capital of Taisaijin]) had some influence on the present folk belief in Rokuyo (literally, 'six days,' the traditional six days in Japanese calendar).

• （なお、幕府以外では紀州藩陸軍のようにプロシア陸軍から影響を受けた藩もあった）。
• (Apart from bakufu, some domains including the rikugun of the Kishu Domain were under the influence of Prussia rikugun [army]).

• 現在の民間での六曜信仰に、赤口日とともになんらかの形で影響したと考えられている。
• Shakuzetsu-nichi Day together with Shakko-nichi Day is thought to have influenced folk belief of Rokuyo (a recurring six-day series of lucky or unlucky days that is incorporated into the Japanese calendar) one way or another.

• それらは大陸にももたらされ、政治や思想方面に大きな影響を与えるに至ったのである。
• Later, they were brought to the continent and gave significant influences in politics and thoughts.

• 開国とともに西欧の文明が流入し文明開化が起こると、日本文学も大きな影響を受けた。
• With the opening of Japan to the world, the influx of Western civilization gave rise to a movement to Westernize Japan, and Japanese literature was also affected dramatically.

• 国人や農民が協力し、守護大名畠山氏の政治的影響力を排除し、以後8年間自治を行った。
• Local samurais and farmers cooperated to eliminate the political influence of the shugo daimyo (military governor) of the Hatakeyama clan, and functioned as self-governing community for the succeeding eight years.

• 茶器が大名から家臣への報奨とされたり、茶会が武将と豪商を結ぶなど政治にも影響した。
• Sometimes, utensils for the tea ceremony were given by a daimyo to his vassal as a prize, or the tea ceremony affected political events by serving to strengthen the ties between the samurai and the merchants.

• 伎楽そのものは鎌倉期に衰退したとされるが、伎楽が後世の芸能に及ぼした影響は大きい。
• Although gigaku itself declined in the Kamakura period, it has largely influenced to other performing arts.

• 文明開化を経て封建主義や鎖国の影響も影をひそめ、欧米から近代文化がどっと流入する。
• After civilization and enlightenment, the influence of feudalism and national isolation seemed to disappear and modern culture flooded into Japan from Western countries.

• 太夫は置屋に所属し、揚屋に派遣される（この形態が祇園等、他の花街に影響を与えた）。
• They belonged to the okiya (a house where geisha or courtesans live) and were sent to the ageya (this form of business influenced Gion and other hanamachi).

• 保安4年（1123年）に白河法皇の影響の下、鳥羽天皇に譲位され、5歳で皇位につく。
• In 1123, the Emperor succeeded to the throne at age five, the Emperor Toba having passed the throne to him, but the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa in his pious life had an influence on politics.

• しかし、重要な政治的局面で影響力を行使することもあったため異なるという意見もある。
• However, there are other opinions insisting that it is different, because the Emperor used his influential power in important political situations.

• 「両截体制」下において、『万国公法』は普及し、政局にも影響を及ぼし始めたのである。
• Under the Ryosetsu system, 'Bankoku Koho' was widely spread and started to affect on political situation as well.

• だが、宗家断絶後も門人らによって継承された二条派が中世を通じて最も影響力を有した。
• However, the Nijo school, which was inherited by disciples after the Soke extinguished, had the most influence through the medieval period.

• 『源氏物語』の影響を受けて生み出された平安時代後期の物語文学として位置付けられる。
• It is classified as narrative literature of the latter half of the Heian period, born under influence of 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji).

• また、しばらく後に書かれた『狭衣物語』の主人公である狭衣大将にも影響を与えている。
• It also influenced Sagoromo no Taisho, the main character of 'Sagoromo Monogatari (The Tale of Sagoromo),' which was written shortly after 'Genji Monogatari.'

• 五山のいわゆる官学に対してではなく、庶民や茶人・連歌師・文化人に影響を与えている。
• He had an influence not on what is called kangaku (national university) of gosan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government), but on common people, experts in the tea ceremony, linked-verse poets and cultured people.

• しかし、この3つの物語の先後関係については不明な点が多く、影響を述べるのは難しい。
• However, it is difficult to comment on the influences because little is known about the order in which these three tales were completed.

• また、司法省の権限強化を目指した江藤新平の追及もこの事件に大きな影響を与えている。
• In addition, the pursuit by Shinpei ETO who aimed strengthening of authority for the Ministry of Justice also had a great influence on this incident.

• 律令制により国力の充実した唐は大帝国を築き上げ、東アジア諸国へ大きな影響を与えた。
• Based on the Ritsuryo system, the Tang Dynasty built up the country into a great empire and expanded its influence to other East Asian countries.

• 鎌倉時代・室町時代の間には本州の安東氏の影響下に置かれた（道南十二館・渡党参照）。
• During the Kamakura and Muromashi periods, southern end of Oshima Peninsula was put under the influence of the Ando clan in Honshu (Refer to Donan Juni Kan [12 castles of the Oshima Peninsula] and Watarito [migratory group].)

• この制度は、当時の中国で行われていた均田制の影響のもとに施行されたと考えられている。
• It is thought that this system was enforced under the influence of the Equal-field system adopted in China in those days.

• また、黄砂とは別の問題である大気汚染などが、黄砂の悪影響を増大させている側面もある。
• There is also the aspect that air pollution, not directly related to kosa, has increased bad effects of kosa.

• この時の対立が翌年の賤ヶ岳の戦いにつながり、織田家の瓦解と秀吉の天下取りへ影響する。
• The conflict generated at the conference led to the Battle of Shizugatake during the following year and influenced the collapse of the Oda family and Hideyoshi's taking the reins of government.

• 清洲会議では、それまで重臣筆頭として最大の発言権を持っていた勝家の影響力が低下した。
• In the Kiyosu conference, the influence of Katsuie, who had had the biggest say as a head of vassals, was diminished.

• このため上掛のシテ方の座付でありながら、金春流の影響を受けた下掛の芸風を残している。
• Therefore the Hosho school still leaves a performance style of shimogakari that has an influence of the Konparu school, though the Hosho school is a zatsuki of kamigakari Shite-kata.

• この2派の流れは明治時代になってからも続き、明治時代の多くの書家に影響を与えていく。
• The lines of these two styles remained even during the Meiji period, affecting many calligraphers during the period.

• 一方、学問好きであり、儒者藤原惺窩（せいか）の影響を受け、朱子学にのめり込んでいた。
• On the other hand, he loved studies and had a passion for the doctrines of Zhu Xi, under the influence of a Confucian, Seika FUJIWARA.

• 万世一系が天皇制の根拠とされていたので、いわゆる国体の問題でも深い影響を与えていた。
• The unbroken Imperial line was thought to be an essential factor to justify the emperor system, so it had a large influence on the issue of national structure.

• 大量の贋貨（政府発行の悪貨を含む）の流通は物価を不安定化させ経済にも悪影響を与えた。
• The circulation of great amounts of counterfeit money (including bad money issued by the government) made the prices destabilize and gave a bad influence on the economy.

• 多くの要素を含んでいるため、他作品との類似性ないし他作品からの影響が指摘されている。
• Because of so many different elements, the resemblance to or influence of the other works has been pointed out.

• 鎌倉時代から室町時代前期にかけて重んぜられ、その後も大きな影響力を持った本文である。
• This book was valued during the Kamakura period and early Muromachi period, and had significant influence thereafter.

• 上記のようなエピソードが残されており、当時の陸軍に与えた影響の大きさを物語っている。
• Events such as the abovementioned episode reveal the influence of Russo-Japanese War over post-war developments in the army.

• また、西陣織・京焼に代表される工芸品の生産地として商工業に大きな影響力を与えていた。
• It was also the production center for fine crafts, represented by Nishijin textile and Kyo-yaki ceramics, giving great influence in commercial and industrial activities in Japan.

• 山崎闇斎の影響を受けた泰福は陰陽道に垂加神道を取り入れて独自の神道理論を打ち立てた。
• Yasutomi, who was influenced by Ansai YAMAZAKI, incorporated Suika Shinto (Shinto thoughts advocated by Ansai YAMAZAKI) into Onmyodo, and established the original Shinto theory.

• 浄土信仰は京の貴族に深く浸透し、国風文化の仏教建築、仏像、絵画などにその影響を残した。
• Jodo sect became widespread in the nobles living in Kyoto and influenced Buddhist architecture, statues and painting inspired by Kokufu-bunka.

• 荘園経済を巡る社会環境から生まれる影響は、複雑であり、時には矛盾をはらむこともあった。
• The influence of social circumstances over shoen economy was complicated and sometimes contradictory.

• 平安京への遷都以後も南都と称されて、日本の宗教・文化の歴史において大きな影響を与えた。
• Even after the relocation of the capital to the Heian-kyo Capital, Nara, known by the name Nanto, had significant impact on Japanese religious and cultural histories.

• 地理的に近い越後国にも所領があったことから越後の勢力の影響を高梨氏も受けるようになる。
• Geographically, the Takanashi clan came to be influenced by the force of nearby Echigo Province, where it had property.

• これらの文学は、絵画や書道作品のテーマとなり、工芸品のデザインにも大いに影響している。
• Such works of literature not only became the theme of paintings and works of calligraphy but also influenced greatly the design of handicrafts.

• そういった背景から、この集落の建築や生活様式はいろいろな地方の影響を受けたといわれる。
• It is said that, due to the reason as mentioned above, the architecture and lifestyle of this village were influenced by those of various regions.

• この二代目の演技が後々まで歌舞伎の石川五右衛門のあり方に大きな影響を与ることになった。
• His performance had a great influence on the later performances of Goemon beyond generations.

• しかしながら重要な政治的局面で影響力を行使することもあったため異なるという意見もある。
• Yet others say that it was not exactly the same because the Japanese Emperor used his clout at important political situations.

• これは毛野氏が古くから蝦夷に対して影響力を持っていたことを示していると推定されている。
• This fact is assumed as evidence that the Kenu clan had wielded great influence over the Emishi/Ezo (northerners and northeasterners) from a long time ago.

• まず明治政府の基本方針として示された五箇条の御誓文に、『万国公法』の影響が認められる。
• Influences from 'Bankoku Koho' can be seen in Charter Oath of Five Articles as basic policy of the Meiji government.

• 国際法の何たるかを東アジア諸国に伝え、各地域の国内政治改革や外交に大きな影響を与えた。
• The translation taught countries in East Asia what was international law and gave significant influences to domestic political reform and foreign diplomacy in various regions.

• また、太子信仰の風習から、聖徳太子の制定した憲法十七条に影響されたとも考えられている。
• Furthermore, it is also thought to have been influenced by the Seventeen Article Constitution that was established by Prince Shotoku from the traditions of the cult of Taishi.

• また、5世紀には古墳周辺に馬が葬られている例があり、渡来人習俗の影響も考えられている。
• Because there is an example where horses were buried around the ancient tomb built in the fifth century, it is thought to be influenced by the customs brought by the people who came from across the seas.

• 大意として学問の有無が人生に与える影響を説いており、日本国民の行くべき道を指し示した。
• The book generally emphasized how education affects people's life, and indicated a road for the Japanese of that time to take.

• 木→火→土→金→水→木の順に相手を強める影響をもたらすということが「五行相生」である。
• Gogyo Sosho' expresses the strengthening influence elements have on others in the following order: wood, fire, earth, metal, water, and wood.

• 賜田の支給という行為を通じて、天皇は特定の人物へ影響を及ぼすことも可能だったのである。
• This rule indicates that an emperor could have the influence on a particular person through his act of providing farmland.

• 以後、時の権力者となった桓武天皇の影響により、現在まで天武系の皇族は皇位に即いていない。
• Since then, no Tenmu-descendent emperor has ascended the throne, due to the influence of Emperor Kanmu, who was in power during this period.

• 当時は南北朝時代 (日本)の内乱期であり、公事や朝儀は振るわず、歌道もその影響を受けた。
• As Japan was in the state of civil war during the Northern and Southern period (Japan), kuji (political operations of the Imperial Court) and chogi (ceremonies at the Imperial Court) were inert at that time and the art of waka poetry was also affected.

• 以後も菅原氏宗家から文章博士を相次いで輩出したため、同院の運営に対する影響が大きかった。
• Since the head family of the Sugawara clan had produced Monjo hakase one after another, the family had a big influence on the operation of the Monjoin.

• 特に俘囚が有していた高い戦闘技術は、新たに形成されようとしている軍制に強い影響を与えた。
• In particular, the high-level fighting technique possessed by fushu strongly affected the newly formed military system.

• ｢粋」を具現化した洗練された江戸文化の極致として後々まで日本文化に決定的な影響を与えた。
• As the sophisticated ultimate Edo culture that embodied 'Iki', the ideal chic or stylish Eco culture, 'Sukeroku' had a decisive impact on the future of Japanese culture.

• 明治以降の洋画全盛に対抗する一派であるが、もちろん洋画からも少なからず影響を受けている。
• It is a school which counters prosperity of Western-style paintings after the Meiji period, but is not a little influenced by Western-style.

• 頼朝亡き後もその子源頼家・源実朝の外戚として幕府内で強い影響力を持ち、初代執権となった。
• Even after Yoritomo died, Tokimasa remained influential in the bakufu as the grandfather of Yorimoto's sons MINAMOTO no Yoriie and MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, and became the first regent.

• 伊根湾はこの青島があることで、風の影響を受けにくく、湾外に比べて波も比較的穏やかである。
• Owing to this Aoshima Island, Ine Bay is not easily affected by the wind, and waves are relatively fewer than those outside of the bay.

• とりわけ三代将軍足利義満は朝廷への影響力を強め、公武を超越した権威と権力を持つに至った。
• Above all, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third shogun enforced his influence on the Imperial Court, leading to having authority and power surpassing the Imperial Court and shogunate.

• 播磨国のほぼ中央部に位置する姫路藩は木綿の専売などで周辺経済に大きな影響力を有していた。
• Located almost in the center of Harima Province, the Himeji clan had a sizable economic power that affected its surrounding areas, for example, the exclusive sales of cotton.

• 日本の都城には他に陰陽道における「四神相応」の思想が影響を及ぼしているという意見もある。
• There are opinions that Japanese Tojo was also influenced by Shijin-soo (an ideal topography for the four Taoist gods, with a river in the east, a broad avenue in the west, a basin in the south, and a hill in the north), an idea of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements).

• 都城制（とじょうせい）とは東アジア文化圏において中国の都城の影響を受けた都市設計をいう。
• Tojo system is a way of city planning developed in the East Asia cultural sphere by absorbing the influence of Chinese imperial cities.

• 定住化によって、縄文人は、集落の周辺に林床植物と呼ばれる、いわゆる下草にも影響を与えた。
• The Jomon people had an impact on the forest floor plants, co-called undergrowth, around the settlements by adopting the sedentary life.

• 現在はインターネットの普及も影響して、枡野浩一など歌壇に全く属さない歌人も登場している。
• With the advent of the internet, there are increasing number of poets who do not associate themselves to any tanka circles with Koichi MASUNO being a famous example.

• これは、この時期フランスは日本に対する三国干渉で極東地域への影響力を伸ばそうとしていた。
• This was because France was trying to expand its influence over the Far East at the time, by the Triple Intervention against Japan.

• さらに政府がこの問題で判決を譲ったのは、元老内部の抗争の影響があったためとする説もある。
• There is another theory that struggle among Genro (elder statesman) was the reason why the government had to give up the death penalty of Tsuda.

• そのため、天平文化も周（武周）の武則天や唐の玄宗 の文化の影響を強く受けた文化であった。
• Accordingly, Tenpyo Culture was much influenced by the cultures of Empress Wu Zetian of the Zhou Dynasty and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang.

• このようにして、中国風（漢風）・仏教風の文化の影響が日本列島の地域社会へ浸透していった。
• In this way, the influence of the Chinese and Buddhist style cultures began to permeate down to regional communities throughout the Japanese archipelago.

• こうした仏教の影響を日本古来の信仰も受けて、本地垂迹説があらわれて神仏習合が進んでいった。
• Japanese traditional religion was influenced by Buddhism, Honji-suijaku setsu (theory of original reality and manifested traces) was introduced, leading to the Syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism.

• この評定で「国中掟法」を取り決め、両畠山氏の影響を排除し、南山城の自治を行うことを決めた。
• During the conference, they stipulated an autonomous law called 'Kunijuokite', and decided to eliminate the influence of both HATAKEYAMAs in order for Minami-Yamashiro to become a self-governing community.

• 冷泉流皇統から天皇が即位することはなくなったが、その血統は女系を通じて後年に影響を残した。
• There were no further Emperors made from the Reizei's Imperial line, but the blood line continued through the maternal side of the family and affected the family in later years.

• 呪禁師は道教の影響を受けて成立し、呪術によって病気の原因となる邪気を祓う治療などを行った。
• The jugonshi came into existence through the influence of Daoism on Japan, and carried out medical treatments by purifying any ailments caused by supernatural or magical forces.

• そして自らの影響下にある京都市協議会名義で大会ごとに意見書を提出、本部批判の論陣を張った。
• Then, in the name of the Kyoto City Council, which was under the influence of Asada himself, he submitted a written opinion in each meeting and put out an argument to accuse the headquarter.

• 特に江戸時代後期の挿絵・付録の増加した節用集の影響で、「節用集」という語が一般名詞化した。
• It was especially owing to the setsuyoshu during the late Edo period which contained more abundant illustrations and appendixes that the word 'setsuyoshu' became a common noun.

• このことは清朝や朝鮮に対し、西欧列強による近代化・開国要求とは異なる影響を及ぼしていった。
• This affected on the Qing dynasty and Korea differently from the requests of modernization and opening of a country by Western powerful countries.

• 弘文天皇を除くと、以後の天皇の代数は全部一つずれることになり、現天皇の代数にも影響が及ぶ。
• If Emperor Kobun was excluded, the number of generation of emperors was shifted by one, and it has an influence on the number of generation of the current emperor.

• 兵部卿宮に強い影響力を持っており、彼が娘と疎遠になり、ひいては源氏と対立する要因となった。
• She had a strong influence on Hyobukyo no Miya, which became a factor in his becoming estranged from his daughter, and later, became the cause of his being opposed to Genji.

• ただしパークスの発言が実際に、勝と交渉中の西郷に影響を与えたかどうかについては不明である。
• However, irrefutable support is lacking on the subject of the influence of Parkes's statements upon Saigo during the negotiations with Katsu.

• 台湾に教育制度を普及させた日本の政策は現在の台湾の教育水準の高さに一定の影響を与えている。
• Japan's policy to spread the education system influenced the high educational standard of today's Taiwan to a certain extent.

• 日露戦争の影響を受けて、ロシアの植民地であった地域やアジアで特に独立・革命運動が高まった。
• Former Russian colonies sought independence in the aftermath of the Russo-Japanese War, and independence and revolutionary movements became active throughout Asia.

• 当時最新鋭の銃であるが、国内では専用弾薬の調達が困難で、戦局に影響を与えることはなかった。
• This type of gun was state-of-the-art at the time, but it did not make a significant impact as it was hard for the bakufu to get the bullets specific to the rifles.

• 蝦夷国は正式な令制国ではなく俗称であり、また琉球国は当初大和朝廷の影響が及んでいなかった。
• Ezo province was not a formal area division under the ryosei system but a common area name, and Ryukyu province was not originally under the influence of Yamato Imperial Court.

• が、朝鮮への影響力を確保したい日本と、冊封体制を維持したい清との対立が高まることになった。
• However, this incident resulted in a severer confrontation between Japan and China, one of which wanted to ensure influence on Korea and the other of which wanted to maintain the vassal-state system.

• そこでは、次の記述が「脱亜論」にも影響を与えたのではないかと指摘している（201ページ）。
• He pointed out that the description below might affect the 'Datsu-A Ron' (Page 201).

• 従来はドラマや旧領丹波など一部の地域では遺徳を偲んでいる事などの影響か誠実なイメージがある。
• Traditionally, Mitsuhide has an image of sincere person most probably because of dramas or the fact that in certain areas including Tanba Province which was Mitsuhide's fief, people recall beneficial influence of Mitsuhide.

• 平城宮の朝堂院は長安城大明宮（たいめいきゅう）含元殿（がんげんでん）の影響が濃いといわれる。
• The chodoin in Heijo-kyu Palace is said to have been strongly influenced by the gangenden (council hall) in Taimeikyu Palace in Chang'an city.

• そのため、銅銭の実際の価値が公定の価格以上に上昇して経済的に大きな影響を与えるようになった。
• Thus, the actual value of the copper coin became higher than the official value and it had a major impact on the economy.

• そのため、堺商人及びその影響下にあった他所の商人以外には勘合船に乗船できなくなってしまった。
• As a result, no merchants except the Sakai merchants and other merchants under their influence, could go on board the kangosen.

• 日本人の訪問先は海外旅行自由化直後はアップダウンクイズなどの影響でハワイが一番人気であった。
• Hawaii was the most popular destination right after the deregulation because of the television program called 'Up-Down Quiz' (the prize was a trip to Hawaii.)

• 天皇の挙動を重視し実録的性格を国史に反映させた点で後の、日本三代実録等に大きな影響を与えた。
• In the points of emphasizing the emperor's actions and reflecting the authentic style of the National Histories, it greatly influenced later works such as Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan).

• なお、為朝の配下が28騎であるのには、『史記』項羽本紀の影響であろうと田中芳樹が述べている。
• Regarding the description of Tametomo's having 28 followers, Yoshiki TANAKA says it indicates the influence of a book of Xiang Yu in 'Historical Records.'

• 『源氏物語』に比肩する中古文学の双璧として、後世の連歌・俳諧・仮名草子に大きな影響を与えた。
• Together with 'The Tale of Genji,' this book is considered one of the twin masterpieces of Heian literature, and it had a great influence on the Renga (linked verse), Haikai (seventeen-syllable verse), and Kanazoshi (old stories witten in the kana script) that followed.

• しかしこのことは中国との外交に大きな影響を生じさせたため、その後再び倭を称するようになった。
• However, this had a great impact on relations with China, and they again called themselves Wa thereafter.

• 第10代藩主・植村家教は谷三山を招聘して尊皇攘夷に傾倒し、これは幕末の高取藩に影響を与えた。
• Ienori UEMURA, the tenth lord of the domain, invited Sanzan TANI and devoted himself to Sonno Joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners), which affected Takatori Domain in the end of Edo period.

• また近代以降は西欧の影響を強く受けているが、日本の風土・文化に合わせた独自な展開も見られる。
• Since the modern era, western culture has also had an influence, but at the same time, a unique Japanese style of architecture has developed that is integrated with the natural environment and culture of Japan.

• 大仏殿再建に関わった職人は各地へ移り、大仏様の影響を受けた和様も生まれ、これを折衷様と呼ぶ。
• The craftsmen who were engaged in the restoration of the Great Buddha Hall moved to various places after that project and a new Japanese architectural style, known as Setchu-yo (cross style) was born with the influence of Daibutsu-yo.
• The craftsmen involved in the restoration of the Great Buddha hall spread throughout the country and a form of daibutsu-yo-influenced wa-yo, known as 'setchu-yo', was born.

• 東北地方は関東の騒乱にほとんど巻き込まれることなく、当然中央の政争の影響もほとんど見られない。
• The Tohoku Region was hardly involved in turbulences in the Kanto Region and no trace of influences from political strife in the central part of Japan can be observed.

• 中国の影響が強かった奈良時代の文化（唐風）に対して、これを国風（和風・倭風）文化と呼んでいる。
• This culture is called Kokufu (or wafu)-bunka or Japanese-style culture, in contrast with the tofu-bunka, a culture in Nara period which was largely influenced by the Chinese culture.

• また、室町幕府も徳政令が出されると倉役を免除しなければならなかったので財政収入に影響を与えた。
• In addition, the Muromachi bakufu had to make doso-sakaya exempt from the kurayaku tax when Tokuseirei (a debt cancellation order) were issued, which affected financial revenues.

• 更に平安時代中期以後には、遣唐使廃止の影響で中国からの新規の学問風潮の流入が実質上停止された。
• In addition, new trends of studies substantially stopped coming in from China after the mid Heian period following the discontinuance of Japanese envoys to the Tang Dynasty.

• 平安時代後期には源信_(僧侶)（恵心僧都）の『往生要集』などの影響で浄土教信仰が盛んとなった。
• In the later Heian period, Priest Genshin (also called Eshin Sozu) wrote 'Ojoyoshu' (The Essentials of Salvation), and this helped the spread of the faith in Jodo Sect (the Pure Land Sect of Buddhism).

• しかしながら、当初は沿岸捕鯨で生産される鯨肉価格への悪影響を考慮して製品の持ち帰りを制限した。
• However, initially, the amount of whale-related products to be brought back to Japan was restricted due to the fear of affecting the price of the whale meat produced from whales caught in coastal whaling.

• 芸術作品にはアール・ヌーボーやアール・デコ、表現主義など世紀末芸術から影響を受けたものも多い。
• In the field of art, many works were influenced by fin-de-siècle (end of the century) arts, including art nouveau, art deco, or expressionism.

• 若い女性の場合、その職業の影響で普段の化粧も同年代の他の職業の女性より厚化粧になる傾向がある。
• In particular, when young women with these types of occupations use makeup for everyday life, they tend to wear heavier makeup than women of the same age who work in other occupations.

• 加えて、宗教として意識されることは少ないが、葬儀、死生観を中心に儒教も大きな影響を残している。
• In addition to these two religions, Confucianism has also left its mark mainly on funerals and the view of life and death, although it is less often cited as a religion.

• この気流はさらに東にまで伸びて南シナ海の熱帯モンスーン気団にも影響を与えており、関連性がある。
• This air current extends further to the east and influences tropical monsoon air mass on the South China Sea and has relationship.

• 東大寺は、現在まで約千二百年の歴史でもって、寺内に留まらず、日本に大きく影響力を振るってきた。
• Over its 1200-year history, Todai-ji Temple has had great influence not only on Japanese temples but also on the country itself.

• 明治には、1912年の明治天皇崩御の際に殉死した陸軍軍人の乃木希典の殉死が社会的影響を与えた。
• In the Meiji period, the officer of land forces, Maresuke Nogi, committed junshi upon the death of Emperor Meiji in 1912, which exercised a social influence.

• 古代の頻繁な遷都や宮殿の移転・新築は、政治的な思惑の他にも建築物の耐用年数の影響が考えられる。
• It is thought that the frequent transfer of the capital and new construction of a palace were due to the influence of their short architectural lives in addition to political motives.

• 黄砂は、古くより詩、句、歌などの表現に取り入れられており、いわば文化的な影響をももたらしている。
• Kosa-concerned poems, haiku poems or waka poems have been made since old times, or it can be said that kosa has affected the sphere of culture.

• 組織のトップが公的地位を去り、なおも執行部に対して決定的な影響を常時与える形態を指す比喩である。
• It is a simile for the condition where, although the head of an organization leaves his position, he still continues to exercise decisive influence over executives.

• 更に本所が持つ荘園内での職の地位や本所自身の現地及び中央に対する影響力も荘園ごとに差が存在した。
• The honjo's statuses as shiki in the Shoen and their influences over their own regions and the central government varied with each Shoen.

• 縄文時代は日本列島の美術が外部からの影響や情報にさらされず、独自の発展をとげた唯一の時代である。
• The Jomon period was the only period that Japanese art developed by itself without the influence and information from abroad.

• これは後の明清交代期に於いて、清朝と明との間での朝鮮外交の針路に多大な影響を与えることとなった。
• During the later period in the shift from Ming to Quin, this made an important impact on the track of foreign diplomacy between the Quin Dynasty and Ming.

• 慶長3年（1598年）、秀吉が死去し、豊臣政権では五大老筆頭の地位にあった家康の影響力が強まる。
• In 1598, Hideyoshi died and the influence of Ieyasu, in the position of the head of Gotairo (Council of Five Elders), increased.

• 律令制の衰退に伴い義倉も衰退したが、江戸時代に入ると儒教の影響で諸藩の中に義倉を作る所が現れた。
• With the deterioration of the Ritsuryo system, a giso warehouse was disappearing, but there appeared to be domains which began to construct giso warehouses due to the influence of Confucianism during the Edo Period.

• 思想、道徳としての儒学は支配階級を中心に学ばれ、明治以降は一般庶民にも直接、間接に影響を与えた。
• Confucianism was studied for its morals and ethics mainly by the ruling class, and after the Meiji period, its influence was directly and indirectly exerted on the ordinary people.

• しかし、明治維新と東京奠都の影響により、その3年祭は東京に移された宮中で神道に則って開催された。
• As a result of the Meiji Restoration and the relocation of the capital to Tokyo, however, Sannen-sai Festival (a ceremony held three years after an emperor's death) for this emperor was held at the Imperial Court, which had been transferred to Tokyo by that time, according to Shinto rules.

• この慣行は公家社会には観察されないため、武家社会の慣行が治天広義門院の登場に影響したとしている。
• Since this custom was not found among court nobles, the custom of warrior (samurai) society had an effect on the emergence of Kogimonin.

• また、この影響で大同団結運動も分裂を来たし、自由民権運動は大きな曲がり角に差し掛かる事になった。
• In addition, this caused breakup of the campaign to unite for a common purpose and the Freedom and People's Rights Movement reached a tuning point.

• 和歌集としてだけでなく、古今和歌集仮名序は後世に大きな影響を与えた歌論として文学的に重要である。
• The Japanese preface of Kokin Wakashu is of literary importance not only as a wakashu but also as a treatise on waka poetry that had a significant influence on Japanese poetry in the years to come.

• 「和歌は、人の心を種として、万の言の葉とぞなれりける」で始まるそれは、後代に大きな影響を与えた。
• It began with the following line, which exerted a great influence on posterity: 'Waka has its roots in the human heart and flourishes in the myriad leaves of words.'

• 「白峯」での西行など、『雨月物語』を書く秋成の思想の背景に、国学者賀茂真淵からの影響が見られる。
• An influence of KAMO no Mabuchi, a classical Japanese scholar, seems to have lay behind the author, Akinari, of 'Ugetsu Monogatari,' especially in the character of Saigyo in 'Shiramine.'

• 太平洋戦争による敗戦を経ても現代でも続く、長州藩閥の影響による内務省族主導の政治体制が始まった。
• Politics led by the lawmakers representing the interests of the Ministry of Interior, which has been dominated by the faction from the Choshu domain even after the defeat in the Pacific War, started.

• 中国のほか、中国の影響を受けた東アジア一円（日本、朝鮮など）で、その文化とともに取り入れられた。
• Besides China, the whole region in the East Asia (including Japan, Korea) that was influenced by China adopted these units along with Chinese culture.

• しかし、高度が高くなると偏西風の影響が強くなるため、上空高くに舞い上がった黄砂は東寄りに流される。
• However, dust at higher altitudes are affected by westerlies strongly, and the kosa that is flung up high into the air is moved to the east.

• 近世初期に宣教師らが日本を訪れ、一部に西洋美術が知られるようになったが、その影響は局所的であった。
• At an early stage of the early modern ages, Christian missionaries came over to Japan, and Western art became known to some Japanese at that time, but its influence on Japanese art was quite limited.

• これらの現象は地上にある国家やその支配者（国王・皇帝・天皇）に重大な影響を与えると考えられてきた。
• These phenomena were thought to significantly influence nations on earth and their rulers (kings and emperors).

• 本来の日本猫は、外来種の影響の少ない地方の野良猫や、一部の愛猫家によって飼育されているだけである。
• Original Japanese cats have survived as alley cats which live in countryside less influenced by exotic breeds, or as pets kept by some cat lovers.

• 太平記、北野天神縁起絵巻などに取材しており、後世の歌舞伎、菅原伝授手習鑑にも影響を与えたとされる。
• This story introduced elements from Taiheiki (a collection of war stories in the old days in Japan), Kitano-tenjin-engi-emaki (a series of picture books of stories about Michizane SUGAWARA and Kitano-tenjin shrine), etc., and it is said that Raiden also influenced a kabuki work, Sugawa-denju-tenarai-kagami created in the later days.

• この点、戸隠山、鬼無里村の鬼女伝説と内容的に関連しており、後者が能の影響を受けている可能性がある。
• For this point, the story is related to the legend of Kijo (an ogress) set in Kinasa-mura Village at Mt. Togakushi, suggesting that the latter was influenced by the Noh piece.

• これらの遺品を見ると、当時の絵画は中国六朝様式の影響が濃い、簡明な様式のものであったと推定される。
• Reviewing these remains of artifacts, it is presumed that paintings of those days were succinct as greatly influenced by the style of the Chinese six dynasties.

• 消防法など法律で町並みの維持が危ぶまれ、さらに隣の木屋町の治安の悪化が花街に悪影響を及ぼしている。
• The maintenance of cityscape is threatened by laws such as the Fire Service Act, and furthermore, the deteriorating condition of public safety in the neighboring town, Kiya-machi, causes a negative effect on the hanamachi.

• この合流の影響で上空の大気が滞ると、下降気流が発生して、その下層のオホーツク海上に高気圧ができる。
• If the air in the sky becomes stationary because of the impact of this joining of streams, a descending air current is spawned and high-pressure system is created on the Okhotsk Sea below it.

• 邪馬台国もその影響を逃れえず、卑弥呼という女子を王に共立することによって、ようやく混乱が収まった。
• Yamatai was unable to escape from this influence, but the chaos was remedied by putting in place a woman called Himiko as a co-queen sovereign.

• 精神病患者への処遇や、新興新聞によるセンセーショナルな報道の是非を巡り、世間へ大きな影響を与えた。
• The incident had a tremendous impact on the society, by raising controversy over treatment to mental patients and sensational reporting by newspapers that had emerged at the time.

• この背景には儒教よりも老荘の老荘思想が興起しており文人に大いに影響を与えていたとみることができる。
• It can be said that this was because the thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi were more influential than Confucianism at the time and gave great impact on Bunjin.

• しかし『万国公法』とその「勢力均衡」思想が、朝鮮の開国方針と条約に影響を与えたことは明らかである。
• It is certain that 'Bankoku Koho' and 'Balance of Power' exerted influence on the policy of opening of a country and treaty of Korea.

• これは、男性が母親の影響を断ち切ることなく成人してしまう日本的なあり方を示しているというのである。
• This indicates that men become adults without breaking from the influence of his mother, which is very typical way of a boy becoming a man in Japan.

• 漢詩・漢文が上代に引き続き栄え、特に『和漢朗詠集』でも多く採り上げられた白居易の影響は大きかった。
• Chinese poetry and classics have flourished since ancient times, and Juyi BAI was an especially influential poet whose works were collected in 'Wakan Roeishu' (Japanese and Chinese Poems to Sing).

• 三条西家証本の系統の青表紙本であると言われる.が、河内本や別本の影響を受けている面も多いとされる。
• It is said that although the text is the Aobyoshi-bon, which is the type of Sanjonishike manuscript's shohon (a verified text), the Kawachi-bon and the Beppon (others outside the Aobyoshi-bon and Kawachi-bon lines) also greatly influenced it.

• さらに官人の叙位に影響する評定年数の二年分短縮や、蔭位授与制度の調整など、官人機構の改革を行った。
• Further, the reform of the system of governmental posts was carried out, such as the shortening of grading of the years, which influenced the appointing of posts of the governmental officials, by two years, and adjustment of the system of granting oni (the automatic promotion system in which the persons at the age of 21, whose parents are from Imperial to the fifth rank or whose grandparents are upper than third rank, are conferred an Imperial title).

• また文学に限らず、絵巻（『源氏物語絵巻』）、香道など、他分野の文化にも影響を与えた点も特筆される。
• It should be noted that the work had an influence not only on literature but also on other genres of culture, like emaki (picture scroll) ('The Tale of Genji Emaki'), the incense ceremony and so on.

• 宮内貴久の著物によれば、政府から各府県に対して、民族調査を命じ生活細部に影響を及ぼす禁令を敷いた。
• According to a literally work of Takahisa MIYAUCHI, the government ordered a detailed survey to each prefecture to see how far the prohibition had influenced the daily life.

• 武田説については、このように大きな影響力を持ち、多くの賛同者を得た一方で激しい批判も数多く受けた。
• The TAKEDA theory was very influential and acquired many proponents, although it was strongly rejected by many people.

• 水は火に、火は金に、金は木に、木は土に、土は水に影響を与え、弱めるということが「五行相剋」である。
• Gogyo Sokoku' expresses the weakening influence elements have on each other, in that water influences and weakens fire, as fire does metal, metal does wood, and wood does earth.

• 3年前の嘉吉の変以後その政治的影響力が減退していた幕府はこれに屈して北野麹座の独占権の廃止を認めた。
• The bakufu, whose political influence had weakened after the Kakitsu Incident three years before, gave in to Enryaku-ji Temple, and allowed the abolition of the monopoly on Kitano koji za.

• 近・現代の日本とスペインの関係は、むしろ文化・芸術・スポーツ面の関心や影響、往来が主であるといえる。
• In modern times, Spain and Japan are mainly related to each other concerning interest, influence and exchange in the fields of culture, art and sports.

• 地勢的には、鴨川 (淀川水系)が氾濫しても、その影響の及ばない高台に属し、当時の京都の一等地である。
• Geologically, it was a first-rate location in Kyoto at that time because it was on high grounds that would not be affected by the flooding of the Kamo-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system).

• 評価者に影響されることを考えると、そもそも味で食文化を評価すること自体に意味が無いという意見もある。
• There is an opinion that, considering that the evaluation of taste is affected by the evaluator, it would be meaningless to evaluate food culture based on taste.

• ただし、応挙の幽霊画は江戸時代から有名であったらしく、その後多くの画家に影響を与えたといわれている。
• However, the pictures of yurei drawn by Okyo seem to have been popular since the Edo Period and have influenced many subsequent painters.

• 風呂敷は後に、洋画・アメリカン・コミックスなどの影響によって、正義の味方のマントとしても用いられた。
• Wrapping cloth was used as a cape of hero later because of foreign movies, American comics and others.

• また、皇子具平親王の末裔は「村上源氏」として、以後の宮廷政治において大きな影響力を与えるようになる。
• Also, the descendant of Prince Tomohira had a dramatic influence as MURAKAMI Genji (the MINAMOTO clan originating from Emperor Murakami) would in future turn toward politics controlled by the Imperial Palace.

• 初期には出雲阿国や古田重然に代表されるように桃山文化の影響を受けた「かぶき」の文化が一世を風靡した。
• During the initial stage, 'kabuki' culture, which was influenced by Momoyama-bunka and represented by Izumo no okuni and Shigenari FURUTA, became very popular.

• そのため、旗本領でも領外の藩札などが流入し、自領の経済が悪化するという悪影響が少なからず生じていた。
• Consequently, the economy in Hatamoto's territories was quite negatively affected by the inflow of Han-satsu and the like from other territories.

• 鉄道の敷設計画は上記の影響を受け、幕末には既に薩摩藩や佐賀藩、江戸幕府などを中心にいくらか出てきた。
• Under the circumstances described above, some railroad projects were already being drawn up in some places, such as Satsuma Domain, Saga Domain and Edo, in the end of the Edo period.

• その漢詩はあまりに有名であるがそれ以上に陶淵明の隠逸的な処世法は後代の文人に大きな影響を与えている。
• His Chinese poetry was overly famous, but more than that, his way of living as a recluses brought a great influence on other Bunjin in later years.

• しかし、平曲の音階・譜割から、天台宗大原流の声明の影響下に発生したものと考える説が妥当と判断される。
• However, it is considered appropriate that heikyoku was generated under the influence of shomyo (chanting of Buddhist hymns) by the Ohara School of the Tendai Sect, considering the musical scales and the way the music was composed for heikyoku.

• 文章は『源氏物語』や和歌の影響の強い優雅な和文体で、内容的にも原典とは細部でかなりの違いが見られる。
• Written in graceful classical Japanese style, the stories are strongly influenced by 'The Tale of Genji' and waka poetry, with story details also differing considerably from their Chinese originals.

• また昨今の国際情勢の影響により、近隣にはミサイルを多数配備し、憲兵が小銃を装備し護衛にあたっている。
• By the influence of international situation of these days, a lot of missiles are arrayed around there and the military policemen equipped with a rifle acts as a bodyguard.

• この結果、朱子学は念願の王朝権力との一体化を果たし、思想界に重大な影響を与えることになったのである。
• Consequently, Shushigaku became integrated with Imperial Court power and acquired strong influence on ideological circles.

• この影響のもと、在野において書かれたのが田口卯吉『日本開化小史』や福澤諭吉『文明論之概略』などである。
• Affected by these situations, Ukichi TAGUCHI and Yukichi FUKUZAWA, both of whom were placed out of power, wrote 'Nihon kaika shoshi' (literally, small history of Japanese civilization) and 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' (an outline of a theory of civilization), respectively.

• 『伊勢物語』にあらわれる「筒井筒」と同じ話が『大和物語』にも出てくるなど、『伊勢物語』の影響は色濃い。
• The literary work was strongly influenced by 'Ise Monogatari,' which is suggested in the matter that the same story as 'Tsutsuizutsu' (curb of a well) included in 'Ise Monogatari' is also included in 'Yamato Monogatari.'

• また、政治的には京都における幕府の支配力の低下が明らかとなり、京都における有力寺社の影響力も復活した。
• In a political sense, the derogation of the bakufu's power to control Kyoto became apparent, and revived the influence held by powerful temples.

• 平安初期には空海によって真言宗が、最澄によって天台宗がもたらされ、貴族の仏教信仰に大きな影響を与えた。
• In the early Heian Period, Shingon sect was introduced by Kukai, Tendai sect by Saicho, which greatly influenced the noble's belief in Buddhism.

• 全体的に朱子学に基づいた水戸学＝大義名分論とする尊皇論で貫かれており、幕末の思想に大きな影響を与えた。
• Over all, it was written based on the idea of Mitogaku based on Shushigaku which considered that retainers should revere the emperor, and the book greatly influenced thought during the end of the Edo period.

• これは天保年間のことと書いてあるが、天保の大飢饉の影響か、それとも天保の改革のためなのかは不明である。
• The 'Morisadamanko' says that it happened in the Tenpo era, but it is not certain whether the Tenpo Famine or Tenpo Reforms triggered the crackdown.

• 今から１２５０年ほど昔、天平の飢饉が起こり、この丹後木津でも少なからずその影響を受け、疫病が発生した。
• About 1250 years ago, the Tenpyo Famine broke out, with the resulting plague leaving a significant impact on people living in Tango Kitsu.

• 種継が中心として行っていた長岡京造営の目的の1つには東大寺や大安寺などの奈良寺院の影響力排除があった。
• One of the purposes in the construction of Nagaoka-kyo led by Tanetsugu was to eliminate all influences by Nara Temples, including the Todai-ji Temple and the Daian-ji Temple.

• 最も大きな影響は、民衆の不平不満の矛先が列強よりもむしろ清朝自体に向けられるようになったことであろう。
• The biggest influence was that the people's dissatisfaction was aimed not toward the allied western powers, but the Qing dynasty itself.

• 「いろごのみ」の理想形を書いたものとして、『源氏物語』など後代の物語文学や、和歌に大きな影響を与えた。
• As a document on the ideal of 'irogonomi' (heroic love-making) 'The Tales of Ise' was very influential on later prose narratives such as 'The Tale of Genji' as well as waka poems.

• 『蜻蛉日記』、『和泉式部日記』、『紫式部日記』、『更級日記』などの作品にも影響を及ぼした可能性は高い。
• There is a strong possibility that it had great influences on 'Kagero Diary (The Gossamer Years),' 'Izumi Shikibu Diary,' 'Murasaki Shikibu Diary,' 'Sarashina Nikki (Diary),' etc.

• しかし谷三山の影響から尊王派であった植村氏は、戊辰戦争においては新政府側に与して京都御所の警備につく。
• However, in the Boshin War, the Uemura clan, which was advocating reverence for the Emperor by the influence of Sanzan TANI, took the side of the new government and worked as a guard of Kyoto Imperial Palace.

• 史跡指定により、小辺路の現状を変更する、または保存に影響を及ぼす行為には文化庁長官の許可が必要となった。
• Since it was designated as a historical site, permission of the chief of the Agency for the Cultural Affairs is required to perform activities that change the current condition of Kohechi or influence its preservation.

• だが、長い内乱や半済令の影響で寺社本所領や公領の衰退が著しく、彼らが持っていた職は名目上のものとなった。
• Under the influences of the long-lasting civil war and hanzeirei (half-tax decrees), Jisha honjoryo (lands of temples and nobles) and koryo were severely declined, and the shiki associated with the lands became in name only.

• この徳政令は、当時、普及しつつあった貨幣経済に深刻な影響を与えるとともに、社会に大きな動揺をもたらした。
• The Tokuseirei deeply influenced monetary economy prevalent at the time, bringing great unrest to the society.

• 秋田蘭画も南蘋派の影響を受けており、その意味からは和漢洋の折衷体から独自の境地を見い出した画派といえる。
• Akita Ranga was also influenced by the Nanbin School, meaning that it was a unique painting style created by mixing Japanese, Chinese and Western styles.

• 天智天皇の制定動機については、皇位継承争いの予防、中国の影響、大友皇子への継承の希望の三点が挙げられる。
• The theory mentions three reasons why Emperor Tenchi instituted the code; intent of preventing the conflict in Imperial Throne succession, influence by China, and Prince Otomo's wish to succeed the throne.

• 近代日本における学術総合雑誌、学会誌の先駆けとなり、文明開化時期の日本に大きな影響を与えた刊行物である。
• It was a pioneering bulletin to offer academic general information and academic journal in the recent period of Japan and a publication which gave a great impact on Japan in the period of civilization and enlightenment.

• また、聖武天皇が、当時盧舎那大仏のあった河内国大県郡智識寺を天平12年に訪ね、影響を大いに受けたという。
• In addition, it is said that Emperor Shomu was greatly influenced by the large statue of Buddha when he visited Chishiki-ji Temple in Oogata County, Kawachi Province in 740.

• このことは日本仏教に大きな影響を及ぼし、日本から大陸に渡った僧も一人前の比丘として扱われるようになった。
• This formal pledging system greatly influenced Japanese Buddhism, and the monks who went to China were treated also as formal Buddhist priests there.

• のちに本書を典拠として、建部綾足が『本朝水滸伝』を著すなど江戸時代中、後期の著述家に大きな影響を与えた。
• The book greatly influenced many writers of the mid and late Edo Period such as Ayatari TAKEBE, who wrote 'Honcho Suikoden' (Japanese Water Margin) based on the book.

• なお朝鮮では1884年に洪英植の指導の下で近代的郵便事業が開始されていたが、甲申政変の影響で閉鎖された。
• A modern postal service was established in Korea in 1884 under the leadership of Hong Young Shik, which had to be closed due to Gapsin Coup.

• アヘン戦争の衝撃は、日本各地を駆け巡り、魏源の『海国図志』は多数印刷されて幕末の政局に強い影響を与えた。
• The impact of the Opium Wars shook the whole country, and mumerous copies of 'Illustrated Treatise on the Marine Kingdoms' by Wei Yuan were published and influened greatly on the political situation during the end of Edo period.

• 10世紀の初め頃から11世紀の摂関政治期を中心とする文化であり、12世紀の院政期文化にも広く影響を与えた。
• It was a culture developed during the Sekkan seiji (regency government) period from the early 10th century to the 11th century and has much influenced the culture during the Insei (cloister government) period in the 12th century.

• が、納銭方に任ぜられるのは土倉・酒屋の中の有力者で、自然と幕府の経済政策に対する影響が大きくなっていった。
• However, powerful owners of doso-sakaya were appointed to Nosenkata and they naturally came to affect the bakufu's economic policy.

• 辞職はしばしば連鎖的に発生し、地方か都市かを問わず、基幹病院の診療体制を崩壊させる深刻な影響を与えている。
• There were often a chain reactions of resignations which had the serious effect of causing treatment systems of foundation hospitals in both rural and urban areas to collapse.

• 船舶史の石井謙治は同じ潮流に乗っている船の相対速度は変わらないので、潮流は合戦には影響しないと述べている。
• The naval historian Kenji ISHII also pointed out that if ships were riding the same current, their relative velocity would not change, and thus that the current had no effect on the course of the battle.

• こうした歴史学の影響で百姓はすなわち農民であり、封建的遺制のもとで収奪される被支配民という概念が生まれた。
• Due to such history, an idea emerged that hyakusho were peasants and ruled people who were exploited under the feudal system.

• 昌泰の変後に菅原氏が一時低迷すると、替わって大江氏が文章博士を占めるようになり、文章院への影響力を強めた。
• When the family fortune of the Sugawara clan declined after the Shotai Incident (901), the Oe clan conversely began to occupy the post of Monjo hakase so that the clan increased its influence on the Monjoin.

• 漢文伝（かんぶんでん）とは、中国正史の紀伝体や日本正史の国史体の影響を受けて書かれた漢文による伝記のこと。
• Kanbunden is a style of biography written in classical Chinese, influenced by Kidentai (an East Asian historical writing style) of Chinese authentic history and Kokushitai (Japanese historical writing style) of Japanese authentic history.

• 鍾馗や牛頭天王、毘沙門天などの神々が鬼を懲らしめるもので、そこには中国における悪魔払いの信仰の影響がある。
• The gods including Shoki (plague-queller; the mythical person reputed to have the power of driving away the God of Plague), Gozu Tenno (deity said to be the Indian god Gavagriva), and Bishamonten punished the oni in the emakimono, and it had a connection with the belief of clearing out the devil in China.

• この一方で、奈良時代から発達してきた修験道も、両宗の密教の影響を強く受け、独自の発達を遂げることとなった。
• On the other hand, Shugendo (mountain asceticism-shamanism), which had developed from the Nara period, was also strongly influenced by the esoteric Buddhism of both sects and was evolving independently.

• その結果、明治末になるとそれらは書き言葉として次第に確立し、一般の文章にも大きな影響を与えるようになった。
• As a result, in the late Meiji period they gradually became established as the written language, and came to greatly influence Japanese general writing.

• そうした側面からすると、『明六雑誌』の影響は日本国内に留まるものではなく、周辺諸国にも及んでいたと言える。
• In this aspect, it can be said that 'Meiroku Zasshi' gave an influence not only on Japan but also on neighboring countries.

• 中国文明の影響を脱すること、文字を簡単にして読めない人を無くし文明化をはたすというのが、その理由であった。
• The reasons for this were to escape from an influence of Chinese civilization and to achieve civilization by changing characters more simple for all people to be able to read.

• しかしながら第一次世界大戦は日本の軍事ドクトリンに影響し、総力戦体制の必要性が認識されるようになっている。
• However, the First World War influenced the Japanese military doctrine and Japan recognized the need for all-out war system.

• 長澤松平氏の紙幣は、上述のように諸国で独自に発行されたため、いずれも発行地の札様式の影響を強く受けている。
• As previously described, the Nagasawa-Matsudaira clan's paper money was issued in various provinces independently; it was strongly affected by the money-format style in the area where it was issued.

• 一方日本は第一条に「朝鮮国は自主の邦」と挿入し、朝鮮を清朝の影響から切り離し独立国として認知しようとした。
• On the other hand, Japan put a sentence as the article one and it says 'Korea is an independent state' and tried to separate Korea form influence of the Qing dynasty and recognize as an independent country.

• 全体の構想にあるのが儒教的な大義名分論と君臣論、仏教的因果応報論が基調に有り、宋学の影響を受けたとされる。
• The overarching concepts behind the work are the Confucian theories of 'taigi meibun' (the theory of social hierarchy) and 'kun-shin ron' (the relationship between ruler and the ruled), along with the Buddhist idea of karmic retribution, and it is thought to have been influenced by Sung Confucianism.

• 百済の影響下にあった耽羅も戦後、唐に使節を送っており倭国・百済側として何らかの関与をしたものと推定される。
• Tanra, a territory that was under the influence of Kudara, also sent an envoy to the Tang Dynasty, and it is speculated that Wakoku and Kudara was involved in this matter at some level.

• 五行思想の特徴は、「相生」と「相剋」という、それぞれの要素同士がお互いに影響を与え合うという考え方である。
• A distinctive feature of Gogyo shiso is the idea that the five elements influence each other.

• 非存在説の主張は、律令制構築への動きについて、天智天皇よりも天武天皇の影響力の大きさを重視する傾向が強い。
• People who do not believe in its existence tend to insist that the Emperor Tenmu had more impact on the process of constructing the Ritsuryo system than the Emperor Tenchi.

• 1584年の小牧・長久手の戦い以後は信雄自身が暗愚ということもあって、天下への表舞台の影響力を急速に失う。
• But after the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, the clan's power of influence plunged downward on the front stage of the world due to Nobukatsu's incapability.

• 明治末期には、ドイツ歴史学派の影響による発展段階史観が唱えられ、またマルクス主義による唯物史観が紹介された。
• Towards the end of the Meiji period, evolution phase-based views of history was advocated affected by the German historical school, and materialistic views of history based on Marxism was introduced to Japan as well.

• この時代は日本の文化全体が中国の強い影響を次第に脱して和風化が進んだ時代であり、仏画にもその傾向が見られる。
• That was the time when the culture in Japan as a whole gradually got away from the strong influence from China and Japanization made progress and this trend is seen in Buddhist paintings from this period.

• 戦国時代には大内氏・毛利氏の影響下におかれ、江戸時代には毛利氏の家臣として組み込まれたがまもなく粛清された。
• During the Sengoku period (the Warring States period), the clan was under the influence of Ouchi and Mori clans, and in the Edo period, it was purged soon after it became vassals of the Mori clan.

• 言語生成の比較的早い段階でも現れることから、音便は中世日本語の動詞および形容詞の形態に大きな影響を及ぼした。
• Appearing at comparatively early stage of language forming, euphonic changes had a great impact on figuration of verbs and adjectives of Middle Japanese.

• この規定の影響などもあって、紀元節は旧暦1月1日、すなわち旧正月を祝う祝日との誤解が国民のあいだに広まった。
• Many people misunderstood Kigensetsu as a national holiday to celebrate January 1 of the old lunar calendar, or the lunar New Year, partly due to this regulation.

• 膳氏とは逆に瀬戸内海、壱岐など西国に影響力をもち、淡路島や小豆島などの海人、海部を支配していたとも言われる。
• Unlike the Kashiwade clan, the Azumi clan influenced on the western provinces such as; the Seto Inland Sea and Iki, and dominated male divers and amabe (people who served the Imperial court with their techniques of ocean navigation) in Awaji-shima Island and Shodo-shima Island.

• なお、大井自身は第2回衆議院議員総選挙における選挙干渉の影響で落選していた（第3回衆議院議員総選挙で復帰）。
• Meanwhile, Oi lost the second general election of the members of the House of Representatives due to the Cabinet's intervention in the election (He was reelected in the third general election of the members of the House of Representatives).

• マーティンの漢語訳『万国公法』は中国で刊行後すぐ幕末の日本にもたらされ、以後大きな影響を日本史に与えている。
• Soon after the publication in China, Chinese translation of 'Bankoku Koho' was brought to Japan at the end of the Edo period and gave significant impact.

• 中でも藤原定家による小倉百人一首は大変よく親しまれており、日本人の和歌に対する見方に大きな影響を与えている。
• Above all, Ogura Hyakunin isshu (One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets), compiled by FUJIWARA no Sadaie, is familiar to everyone, and it has had great influence on the Japanese people's appreciation of waka.

• 同じく日本も朝鮮を影響下に置こうと画策しはじめていたため、日本と清朝の対立が深まり、日清戦争の遠因となった。
• As Japan also started to scheme to put Korea under their control, the conflict between Japan and the Qing dynasty became more serious, and this became an indirect cause of the Sino-Japanese War.

• しかし汚職の横行と世界大恐慌の影響で政治的に行き詰まり、1935年11月3日の国民投票で王政復古が決定した。
• But, since internally rampant corruption and the worldwide Great Depression bogged the country down politically, it decided to revive the monarchy by a national referendum on November 3, 1935.

• しかし、その後の壬申の乱などの影響で整備が遅れ、大宝律令（学令）の制定により具体的な制度が確立したといわれる。
• It is said, however, that the development of Daigaku-ryo was delayed due to the influence of the ensuing Jinshin War, and that the concrete Daigaku-ryo system was finalized thanks to the introduction of the Taiho Ritsuryo Code (Gakuryo [the rule of education]).

• 義満の北山殿にあった会所、天鏡閣は二階建てであり、これには禅宗文化の影響が見え、唐物との親和性はよかったろう。
• The Tenkyokaku, which was a Kaisho at Kitayamadono of Yoshimitsu, was two stories high and the Zen culture could be observed together with its affinity with karamono was well.

• 本作は現在に至るまで大衆文学・ドラマ・漫画・アニメなど各ジャンルの創作に影響を与え、多くの翻案が生み出された。
• 'Hakkenden' has influenced creative activities in various genres including popular literature, drama, comics and animation, and has been adapted many times.

• 日本のみならず、フィンセント・ファン・ゴッホやクロード・ドビュッシーなど、世界の芸術家にも大きな影響を与えた。
• It had a profound influence on Japanese artists as well as foreign artists such as Vincent Van Gogh or Claude Debussy.

• しかしながら、このころから筆者である書家たちの古典研究が盛んになり、次第にその影響が現われてくるようになった。
• However, starting around in this era, the calligraphers constituting the authors earnestly studied classic styles, and the effects began to gradually appear.

• 若狭国の地理的特長を見ると、海岸線はリアス式海岸で複雑に入り組んでおり、対馬海流の影響で海産物に恵まれている。
• By looking at the geographical features of Wakasa Province, the coast line was the ria coast and highly indented, and it was abundant in marine products because of the influence of Tsushima Current.

• 明治維新以降、国民の間では民法の影響で一夫一妻制が浸透したので、皇族や貴族の中においても一夫一妻制が広まった。
• Since monogamy spread through the people of the country from the influence of civil law after the Meiji Restoration, it also spread through Imperial family and nobility.

• この当時、たびたび上洛、強訴しようとする南都の大衆、僧兵の力は強く、平氏も南都北嶺の影響力に頭を悩ませていた。
• In those days, monks residing in the zendo and warrior monks, who often went to the capital Kyoto for strongly making pleas, had such great strength that the Taira clan tolerated the power of influence of the temples in Nanto and Mt. Hiei.

• いわば、清朝の地方の大官僚たちが結託して地方の利害を優先させ、義和団の影響が及ばないよう先手をうったといえる。
• In other words, the local high officials of the Qing dynasty conspired to make the interests of the provinces a priority and took a first step to make sure that the influence of the Boxers would not reach their areas.

• これには剛毅など西欧化に対し強く反対していた保守勢力が、北京議定書によって一掃されたことも大きく影響している。
• The Boxer Protocol swept away the strong resistance of conservative factions including Gangyi, against Western European influence, which had a great influence on this.

• 校異編は源氏物語の本格的な学術的校本としては初めてのものであり、その後の源氏物語の研究に大きな影響力を持った。
• The book of comparison was the earliest full-scale academic variorum edition, and it has had a great influence on the study of The Tale of Genji later.

• 軍部の一部では特に朱子学に心酔する者が多く、二・二六事件や満州事変にも多少なりとも影響を与えたといわれている。
• There are many keen devotees of Neo-Confucianism in parts of the military, and it is said that they affected the February 26th Incident and the Manchurian Incident to some degree.

• この事件は文学者たちにも大きな影響を与え、石川啄木は事件後ピョートル・クロポトキンの著作、公判記録を研究した。
• This Incident greatly affected literary figures as well, and Takuboku ISHIKAWA studied the books of Pyotr Alekseevich KROPOTKIN and trial records after the Incident.

• 一方、黄砂の影響を受けている韓国や日本なども、木材や農産物の輸入などを通して間接的に関わっているとの見方がある。
• On the other hand, there also exists a view of considering that Korea and Japan, which have been affected by kosa, are responsible indirectly as well, for example, through importation of woods and agricultural products.

• 富豪層は院宮王臣家（皇族、有力貴族）と墾田開発などを通じて関係を結び、一般百姓層を自らの影響下へ置き始めていた。
• The millionaires became related with Ingu oshinke (imperial families and nobles) through the reclaimed land development, and began to put common peasants under their influence.

• 植生の面では、小辺路の大半が属する奈良県南西部の気候が寒冷ないし冷涼な山岳気候であるという条件に影響されている。
• The vegetation of Kohechi is influenced by a fact that the climate of the western parts of Nara Prefecture where most parts of Kohechi go through belongs to a cold highland climate.

• しかしやがてそれらの小説を実用目的ではなく楽しみとして読むものが現れ、影響を受けた創作や翻訳を行うものが現れた。
• In the course of time, some people started to read these novels not only for the practical purpose but for pleasure, and some also started to translate them and write stories under their influence.

• 一方、上方の和事を中心とした凝った筋書きの芝居の影響によって、隈取も荒々しいだけでなく色気を意識するようになる。
• On the other hand, Kumadori began to focus on allure by being influenced by play with a script that focused on love affairs of Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area).

• とはいえ『日本』には主筆の羯南以下、正岡子規など明治を代表する多くの文人が集い、後世の文壇に与えた影響は大きい。
• However, in the 'Nippon' many representative writers in the Meiji period such as Katsunan, the editor, and Shiki MASAOKA gathered and they greatly influenced the following literary world.

• 特に教育及び翻訳によって近代中国に多大な影響を与えたことで知られ、『万国公法』の訳出はその代表的な事績といえる。
• He is known with his significant influence to modern Chine in the field of education and translation and translation of 'Bankoku Koho' can be said to be his representative achievement.

• 『古事記』に登場する神々が、多くの神社で祭神として祀られ、今日に至るまで日本の宗教文化に多大な影響を与えている。
• The gods that appeared in the 'Kojiki' are enshrined as saijin (main enshrined deities) in many shrines, and they have been significantly influencing the religious culture of Japan until today.

• 『源氏物語』宇治十帖の薫に酷似する主人公・狭衣の恋愛遍歴を描き、主題・構成には『源氏物語』の顕著な影響が見える。
• 'Sagoromo Monogatari' depicts the love affairs of a hero who closely resembles Kaoru from the 'Uji Jujo' (The Ten Quires of Uji) section of 'Genji Monogatari,' and the significant influence of 'Genji Monogatari' can be seen in its themes and structure.

• 正治2年（1200年）正月に梶原景時の変を受けて平安京において城長茂の反乱が起こるなど、その影響は都にも及んだ。
• As Nagamochi JO raised a rebellion in Heiankyo in January 1200 after the Kagetoki KAJIWARA Incident, the internal conflicts disturbed the peace of the capital.

• この時代の教育の影響で、民族語を持てず、民族的文化的アイデンティティーが危うくなるなどの後遺症に苦しむ人もいる。
• Influenced by the education of this period, some people have suffered from the aftermath, such as not being able to have their ethnic language and their ethnic and cultural identities being jeopardized.

• 単に「大逆事件」と呼ばれる場合は、その後の歴史にもっとも影響を与えた1910年の幸徳事件を指すのが一般的である。
• Generally, 'Taigyaku Jiken' refers to the Kotoku Incident in 1910, which was the most influential among such cases on later history.

• だが、彼らはやはり不偏不党を謳った院内会派・緑風会を構成、一時は参議院最大会派として国政に大きな影響力を持った。
• Later they formed Ryokufukai, an Innai group, with an emphasis on neutrality and the group once had great power in the national political scene as the largest group within the House.

• 原惣右衛門は飛び降りた際に足をくじき、また神崎与五郎も雪で滑り落ちたが、大事はなく働きにも影響はなかったという。
• Soemon HARA twisted his ankle when he jumped off the gate and Goro KANZAKI also lost his footing and slid down due to snow; however, their injuries were not serious and they managed to perform their duties.

• 近江へ逃れた義詮は正平一統を破棄、正平7年の年号を観応3年に戻し、協議された統一案も破棄されるが、一部は影響した。
• Yoshiakira, who had escaped to Omi, rescinded on the Shohei Itto and returned to the way it was in the era from Shohei 7 to Kanno 3, and ignored the unification plan that was discussed, but part of it affected him.

• 日本の美術は、古代以来、中国・朝鮮半島からの影響が大きいが、平安時代の国風文化をはじめ、日本独自の展開も見られる。
• Japanese art has been greatly influenced by Chinese and Korean art since ancient times, but it also developed a culture of its own, including Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) in the Heian period.

• 雑賀では、『昔阿波物語』に「主護（守護）はなく、百姓持に仕りたる国にて候」と記されるほどに守護の影響力は薄かった。
• In Saiga, the power of Shugo was so small that it was described as 'There is no Shugo and it was a country governed by farmers' in 'Mukashi Awamonogatari' (Tale of Old Awa Province).

• 院政期には、浄土教の広がりや末法思想の影響によって人びとは極楽往生を願い、善美を尽くした装飾経が競って作成された。
• During the Insei period, under the influence of spreading Jodo sect and thought of Mappo, people wished gokuraku ojo, and they competed to create the best soshokukyo.

• 合格祈願だるまやカラフルだるまといった近代的だるまの発祥とされており、他の地域のだるまにも大きな影響を与えている。
• It is said to be the origin of modernized daruma dolls such as daruma dolls for wish for the success in entrance examination or colorful daruma dolls; they influence on other areas' daruma dolls.

• この時代の仏画は、平安時代のものに比べて一般に墨線を強調する傾向があり、様式的には中国・宋 (王朝)の影響が強い。
• The Buddhist paintings of this period have the tendency to emphasize lines drawn in sumi in general as compared to those of the Heian period, and their designs are strongly influenced by the age of the Sung dynasty in China.

• 近年は、暖冬傾向、及び、温暖化の影響もあり、菜種梅雨が冬に繰り上がるきらいがあり、気候の変動が懸念される面もある。
• In recent years, partly because of tendency of unusually warm winter and influences of global warming, natanetsuyu tends to be carried forward to the winter and fluctuation of weather is worried about.

• この百首歌を契機に、院は藤原俊成に師事し、定家の作風に直接の影響を受けるようになり、その歌作は急速に進歩してゆく。
• With this collection of 100 poems, Go-Toba-in began studying under FUJIWARA no Shunzei (Toshinari); he was directly affected by the style of FUJIWARA no Sadaie (Teika), and his poetry experienced dramatic improvement.

• 中世の武家社会においては後世ほど儒教の影響が強くなかったため、主君は家臣にとって必ずしも絶対的な存在ではなかった。
• In the samurai society of the medieval period, Confucianism was not so influential that vassals did not necessarily see their lord as all-important.

• だがその一方で、『仏祖統記』や宋学（特に「春秋」・「孟子」・「易経」）の影響を受け、血統の他に有徳を強調している。
• But on the other hand, he may have been influenced by the 'Bussotoki' (the Record of the Buddhist Founders) and Song-period philosophy (especially that of the 'Spring and Autumn Annals,' the 'Mencius,' and the 'I Ching') into intentionally emphasizing other virtues over Gomurakami's royal lineage.

• 絵入源氏物語、湖月抄などの江戸時代の版本はこの写本の系統の本文に近く、源氏物語の解釈などには大きな影響力を持った。
• Books printed from engraved wood in Edo period such as The Tale of Genji with illustrations, Kogetsu-sho Commentary, and so on were close to the text derived from this manuscript, having a big influence on interpretation of The Tale of Genji.

• 「パークスの圧力」は勝・西郷会談の前に西郷へ影響を与えたというよりは、会談後に西郷の下にもたらされたのではないか。
• 'The pressure of Parkes' would not have affected Saigo before his meeting with Katsu and Saigo; rather the statements of Parkes were presented to Saigo after the meeting.

• 7世紀後期、新羅は朝鮮半島の統一と唐の影響を抑制することに成功し、唐律令を参考としながらも独自の律令制を構築した。
• In the late seventh century, Silla succeeded in unifying the Korean Peninsula and restraining the interference of the Tang Dynasty, and although making reference to the Luli of Tang Dynasty, it constructed its own Luli System.

• いずれにしても日露戦争における日本の勝利が及ぼした世界的影響は計り知れず、歴史的大事件であったことには変わりない。
• There is no doubt that the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War was a major historic event that changed the course of history.

• 曲尺がほとんど変化しなかったのは、建築技術は師匠から弟子へと伝えられるもので、政治の影響を受けなかったためである。
• It is considered today that this kane-jaku unit did not change because the construction and architectural techniques were handed down from masters to pupils outside of political influences.

• 一方、西国では国衙領に権利を有する皇室・公家・寺社の影響が依然として強く、守護の国衙介入はさほど進展していなかった。
• On the other hand, in Saigoku (the western part of Japan, particularly Kyushu region, but ranging as far east as Kinki), the Imperial household, kuge (court nobles), and temples and shrines that had a title to the territories of kokuga had invariably maintained a strong influence, which restrained shugo from interfering in kokuga too much.

• 現在知られる合戦への潮流の影響は大正3年（1914年）に黒板勝美東京帝国大学教授が著書『義経伝』で提唱した説である。
• The present well-known theory that the effect of the changing tides decided the battle was first advanced by Katsumi KUROITA, professor at Tokyo Imperial University, in his work entitled 'The Legends of Yoshitsune' in 1914.

• 平安初期の嵯峨天皇治世前後の弘仁・貞観文化は、中央貴族たちの文化だったが、中国（唐）の影響を色濃く受けた文化だった。
• Konin-Jogan culture around the reign of the Emperor Saga in the early Heian Period, was centered around the culture of the central nobles, which was deeply influenced by China (Tang).

• 10世紀に北宋で選ばれた瀟湘八景がモデルとなり、影響を受けた台湾、朝鮮、日本など東アジア各地で八景が選定されてきた。
• On the model of Eight Views of Xiaoxiang which were selected in Baisong in the 10th century, Eight Views have been selected under its influence in various places of East Asia, including Taiwan, Korea, Japan and so on.

• また、藤原基衡は院の近臣で陸奥守として下向してきた藤原基成と親交を結び、基成の娘を秀衡に嫁がせ院へも影響を及ぼした。
• Additionally, FUJIWARA no Motohira formed a friendly relationship with FUJIWARA no Motonari, who was one of close aides of the cloistered emperor and had been sent as Mutsu no Kami (the governor of Mutsu Province), and had Motonari's daughter marry Hidehira (Motohira's son); thus he expanded his influence on the cloistered emperor.

• 上記「京小紋」の影響を受けて石川県で作られ始めたのが「加賀小紋」であり、色使いに加賀友禅の技法が取り入れられている。
• Being influenced by 'Kyo-Komon,' mentioned above, 'Kaga-komon' started to be manufactured in Ishikawa Prefecture by using the technique of Kaga Yuzen for coloring.

• またこの号印の影響が武家に及び、戦国時代 (日本)の武将たちが公用印として「黒印」や「朱印」と呼ばれる印章を使った。
• Also Goin spread to Buke (samurai families), and during the Sengoku period, busho (Japanese military commanders) used seals such as 'Kokuin' (a seal with black ink) and 'Shuin ' (a seal with red ink) as official seals.

• これは幼くして即位した同治帝がある程度成長したこと、欧米人よりは日本人の方がまだ心理的抵抗がなかったことが影響した。
• This was because the Emperor had already grown up and did not have much psychological resistance to Japanese compared to European.

• これによれば、宮人の准位が最も高いのは蔵司で、以下膳司、縫司、内侍司と続き、これが後宮十二司の位置付けにも影響した。
• According to this, the highest juni among kunin was Kura no tsukasa followed by Kashiwade no tsukasa, Mui no tsukasa and Naishi no tsukasa, which influenced grading of kokyu junishi.

• つまり、大和を中心とした西日本全域に大きな影響力を持つ勢力、即ち大和王権がこの時期既に成立していたとの見方ができる。
• This leads to the notion that a power which held great influence all around western Japan, centering upon Yamato - that is to say, Yamato kingdom - had already been established at that time.

• 一方で中国思想の影響の下に周の封建国としての箕子朝鮮神話が形成されており、儒教の教えが古くからこの地に根付いていた。
• On the other hand, the mythology of Gija Joseon (allegedly, one of the ancient Korean dynasties) as a nation feudatory to the Zhou dynasty was created under the influence of Chinese philosophy, and the teachings of Confucius had taken root here since a long time ago.

• そういう場合は「万国公法」という表記を用い、『万国公法』も含めた近代国際法体系の与えた影響という意味で使用している。
• Therefore, in such case, it is described as 'bankoku koho' to mean the influence given by the modern international law system including 'Bankoku Koho.'

• 鉱物、工芸品を輸出し、教養品・嗜好品に代表される「唐物」を輸入したことによって日本の経済・文化に大きな影響を与えた。
• Exporting minerals and handicrafts and importing 'karamono' (Chinese goods) represented by cultured and luxury goods had great impacts on the Japanese economy and culture.

• 当時618年に成立した唐が朝鮮半島に影響力を及ぼし、倭国も唐の脅威にさらされているという危機感を蘇我氏は持っていた。
• The Soga clan had a sense of danger that Japan was also exposed to the menace of Tang Dynasty which was founded in 618 as it was growing its clout in the Korean peninsula.

• このような状況下、前年の八月十八日の政変以降影響力を減退していた尊王攘夷派の中心・長州藩では、京都への進発論が沸騰。
• Under these circumstances, in Choshu domain, which had been the center of the Sonno Joi Movement but started to wane after the Coup of August 18 in the previous year, debate began over a proposed move to Kyoto.

• 西郷は計画の実現をみることなく下野したが、彼の影響で開拓次官の黒田清隆が1873年11月に太政官に屯田制を建議した。
• SAIGO resigned his public post before seeing his plan carried out, but Kiyotake KURODA, an undersecretary for reclamation projects, under SAIGO's influence, proposed a Duntian system to the Dajokan (Grand Council of State) in November, 1873.

• 朝鮮半島の百済や高句麗を通じて伝えられた中国大陸の南北朝時代 (中国)の文化の影響を受け、国際性豊かな文化でもある。
• It was an abundantly cosmopolitan culture, influenced by the Northern and Southern Dynasties period culture of the Chinese continent, which was introduced to Japan via the Korean kingdoms of Baekje and Goguryeo.

• 青松葉事件の発生も、尾張藩の拙劣な政治・外交の結果であり、その犠牲者数の割には、歴史に与えた影響度合いが小さかった。
• The Aomatsuba Incident was a result of poor politics and diplomacy of the Owari Domain and for the number of victims it had little influence on history.

• 台湾では、日本統治時代 (台湾)があったことから日本の尺貫法の影響を受け、日本と同じ1斤＝600グラムとなっている。
• In the past, Taiwan had the age of the rule of the Japanese Empire, when Japanese system of weights and measures influenced that of Taiwanese, so here, 1 kin is equivalent to 600 grams as in Japan.

• 韓国政府の推定によれば、黄砂の諸影響による同国での経済損失は、年間およそ3兆 - 5兆大韓民国ウォンにも達するという。
• According to an estimate by the South Korean government, the yearly economic loss due to kosa amounts to three to five trillion won.

• ヤマト王権の時代になれば、刑法を中心とした法が、中国古代法の影響をうけながら不文法の形で発展していたことが推測される。
• During the royal Yamato era, it is believed that laws centered around criminal law developed as the form of common law while being influenced by ancient Chinese law.

• 特に中国大陸の影響を受けて緑釉陶器が平安貴族たちの間で愛されており、畿内に設置された官工房では生産が追いつかなかった。
• Influenced in particular by the Chinese continent, ryokuyu toki was so popular among nobles during the Heian period that production in the government craft centers established in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) were unable to keep up with demand.

• 二十五三昧会の成立には、964年（応和4年）に大学寮の学生らが比叡山の僧らと結集した結社である勧学会の影響が見られる。
• The influence of 'Kangaku-e' (assembly to encourage learning), an association established by Daigakuryo students and monks from Mt. Hie in 964, are seen in the establishment of Nijugozanmaie.

• また、作者不詳の『続浦島伝』のように史実よりも創作性を重視した作品も現われるようになり、後の物語文学にも影響を与えた。
• Also, more creativity-conscious books than historical facts, such as 'Zoku Urashima Den' (Sequel of the folklore, Taro Urashima [Rip van Winkle]) of unknown authorship, appeared, which influenced the subsequent narrative literature.

• 戦後は、以下のような事情の影響を受けて、褌の使用人口は大幅に減少して、年配者が使用する過去の下着のような存在となった。
• After the war, the number of the fundoshi users decreased considerably, and fundoshi was reduced to something like an out-of-date undergarment that only elderly men wore, under the influence of following circumstances.

• 薬師寺吉祥天像などのわずかに残る遺品を見ると、この時代の仏教絵画は、同時代の他の造形作品と同様、中国・唐の影響が強い。
• Reviewing very few remains of artifacts such as Yakushiji Kichijoten zo (the Statue of Kichijoten at Yakushi-ji Temple), we recognize that like other contemporary figurative arts Buddhist paintings of those days were strongly influenced by Tong Dynasty in China.

• 1990年代後半から徐々に増加傾向にあるといわれるが、これは中東出身者との結婚で改宗した人々が影響していると思われる。
• It is said the number of Muslims has continued to gradually increase since the late 1990s, which is thought to be due to those who convert to Islam after marrying people from the Middle East.

• 備中国はもともと京兆家や阿波守護家など、他の有力守護家の影響が強く及んでおり、庄氏を初めとする国人統制も困難を極めた。
• The Bicchu Province was originally strongly affected by the other dominant Shugo families, such as the Keicho family and the Awa Shugo family, and the control of kokujin, including the Sho clan, was in utmost difficulty.

• 明治の新作ではあるが、初期浄瑠璃や荒事に多大な影響を与えた金平浄瑠璃が唯一現行歌舞伎の演目として残っている場面である。
• Although it is a new work in the Meiji period, the scene is still presented only in 'Kinpira Joruri' (a type of sung narrative with shamisen accompaniment) which has tremendous impact on 'Shoki Joruri' (Joruri in the early time) and 'Aragoto' (rough style of kabuki acting).

• 親房は天照大神の正統な末裔である天皇によって日本という国家が維持されているという主張を簡潔に述べて後世に影響を与えた。
• Chikafusa influenced the coming age by clearly insisting that the nation of Japan was maintained with emperors who were legitimate descendants of Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess).

• 中国の影響を強く受けて文化や行政の諸制度が発達した古代の日本においても、律令制の移入とともに官印の制度が行われていた。
• In ancient Japan where the culture and administrations were developed under the strong influence of China, the kanin system was installed at the same time as the importation of the ritsuryo system.

• 途中、王莽の簒奪による新の建国があったがその際も大きな影響を受けず、官印の支給は220年の後漢滅亡まで続くことになる。
• Even when Wang Mang usurped the throne and founded the Xin Dynasty, there was no big impact on kanin, and kanin kept being provided until the Later Han Dynasty was overthrown in 220.

• ただどの程度受容するかについては、中国と周辺諸国との力関係（地政学的な影響）から一元的ではなく、地域により濃淡がある。
• With respect to the degree of acceptance, however, it was not unified and there were difference depending on power relationship with China (geopolitical influence) of each region.

• 分量、内容、文学的成果のいずれから言っても王朝物語のみならず日本文学史上の雄であり、後世に与えた影響ははかりしれない。
• It is a masterpiece not only among the court literature but also of the entire history of Japanese literature in terms of quantity, quality and literary achievement, and its influence on posterity is immeasurable.

• 土佐藩では後藤象二郎が坂本龍馬の影響もあり、武力倒幕路線を回避するために大政奉還を山内容堂に進言し、周旋を試みていた。
• In the Tosa domain, Shojiro GOTO, influenced by Ryoma SAKAMOTO, was working on that task by recommending to Yodo YAMANOUCHI the effects of restoring power to the emperor as a way to avoid overthrowing the shogunate by military conflicts.

• 一般的には、ドラマなどの影響で信長からの度重なるイジメが原因だとする理解が多いが、それらは根拠のないフィクションである。
• Partly because of dramas, many persons understand that the cause of the incident was repeated harassment by Nobunaga, but it is just a fiction without any ground.

• なお、新選組の組織編制は、職務の複数制を原則とする江戸時代の各組織と違い一人制であり洋式軍制などの影響が指摘されている。
• Furthermore, the organization of Shinsen-gumi was such that one person held one post, unlike many organizations in the Edo era where a post was generally held by more than one person, and influence of western military systems is pointed out.

• それでも摂政・関白の幕府での待遇の厚さは格別なものがあり、近衛基煕など幕府において一定の影響力を有した関白さえ存在した。
• Still, regents and chancellor were treated particularly well in the bakufu, and there were even chancellors, such as Motohiro KONOE, who had a certain amount of influence in the bakufu.

• これにより、義昭は実質的に信長の傀儡となり、信長の許可無しでは政治に影響力を保つことすらほとんどできなくなったのである。
• Accordingly, Yoshiaki virtually became Nobunaga's puppet, and he could even hardly keep his political influence without Nobunaga's permission.

• だが、九十九王子を成立せしめた中世熊野詣の先達たちの影響力は近世にはすでに失われて久しく、九十九王子も既に退転していた。
• However, the influence of the pilgrims who started visiting Kujuku Oji in the Muromachi period already disappeared during the early-modern period, and even the shrines of Kujuku Oji were declining.

• こうした京漆器の工芸品は大名同士の贈答品にも用いられ全国に伝播したことから、地方漆器の起源や生産工程に影響を与えている。
• As these handicrafts of Kyo-shikki were used as presents between daimyos (Japanese territorial lords) and spread all over Japan, they have influenced the origin and manufacture process of the other local lacquerware.

• 歌舞伎に限らず、近代劇の創始者のひとりである小山内薫の影響を受けて、1932年（昭和7年）には劇団新劇場を設立している。
• He founded the Shingekijo Theater Company in 1932, being influenced not only by kabuki, but also by Kaoru OSANAI, who was one of the founders of the modern theater.

• 大津皇子にとってこの母を早くに亡くしたことは、皇后所生の草壁皇子との後の対立を含め、人生に大きな影響を与えたと思われる。
• It is assumed that the loss of his mother in his early age affected the Prince Otsu's life significantly, including the confrontation against the Prince Kusakabe later on.

• これまで『万国公法』と近代国際法が各国それぞれにおいてどのように受容されたのか、及びその国内的影響を中心に記述してきた。
• Heretofore, acceptance of 'Bankoku Koho' and modern international law in each countries was described above, centering on internal influences.

• 『万国公法』の伝播という事件は、西欧法思想に留まるものではなく、以下に見るように幕末・明治初期に大きな影響を与えている。
• Arrival of 'Bankoku Koho' was not an encounter with Western Europe origin thought of law and it gave big impact on Japan in the late Edo and the early Meiji periods.

• 事件そのものはすぐ鎮圧されたが、これ以後日本の影響力は減少し朝鮮の近代化は清朝の指導を仰ぎながら推進されることとなった。
• The incidents were suppressed soon but the influence of Japan decreased as the result, and the modernization of Korean was promoted under the instructions by the Qing dynasty.

• 日本文学史上、おそらく初めての平仮名による優れた散文であり、その後の日記文学や随筆、女流文学の発達に大きな影響を与えた。
• In the history of Japanese literature, it was probably the first prose written in Hiragana, and it had a great influence on the later literature of diaries and essays, contributing to the development of literature by female authors.

• しかし、平安時代中期になって、唐の衰退やそれに伴う遣唐使の廃止により中国の文化的影響力は減少し、国風文化の時代となった。
• However, in the middle of the Heian period the decline of Tang and abolishment of Kentoshi (the embassy to the Tang dynasty) lessened the influence of Chinese culture, and Kokufu bunka was developed.

• 律令は魏晋南北朝時代に発達し、7世紀～8世紀の隋唐期には最盛期を迎え、当時の日本や朝鮮諸国（特に新羅）へも影響を与えた。
• Luli was developed during the Wei-Jin/Southern and Northern Dynasty period, reaching its zenith in Sui Dynasty from the seventh to eighth century, and had an influence on Japan and the kingdoms of Korea (especially Silla) at the time.

• これは、当時勢力を伸張していた政党に対して、軍部を権力の淵源としていた藩閥が、影響力を維持するために執った措置とされる。
• This is considered a measure that the domain cliques, whose authority was derived from the military, took to retain their influence over the political parties that were expanding their power at that time.

• 環境の影響という面でも高松塚古墳壁画劣化の例に顕著なように、外部者が持ち込んだ物が汚染を招くという事態が多くなっている。
• Regarding environmental condition, cases of substances being brought by outsiders resulting in exposure are increasing, and the case of the deteriorated wall painting of Takamatsuzuka Kofun is a known example.

• その影響か6月には大宰府から解状と高麗からの牒が無事に届けられ、7月には左大臣藤原仲平が呉越に対して使者を派遣している。
• After this, in June, a civil letter from Dazaifu (a local government office in Kyushu) and official documents from Goryeo were delivered without incident, and in July, the Sadaijin (Minister of the left), FUJIWARA no Nakahira, dispatched an envoy to Wu-yueh.

• 以前は寛平6年（894年）の遣唐使停止により中国の直接的影響を抜け出し、日本独自の文化が発展したと一般的に解釈されてきた。
• In general, people used to think that the stop of Japanese missions to Tang China in 894 allowed Japan to get out of direct influence of the China and to develop its own cultures.

• この動きを被官化というが、こうして守護は、土地の面でも人的面でも、国内に領域的かつ均一な影響力（一円支配）を強めていった。
• This entire process is called 'hikanka' (被官化), and with it the shugo increased their equal, territorial influence (pervasive control) over the province.

• 鎌倉時代に普及した仏教（鎌倉仏教）が今日のものの礎となっており、日本の歴史に深く影響を与え、現在にいたるまで信者数も多い。
• Buddhism that was popular in the Kamakura period (Kamakura Buddhism) served as the basis of today's Mahayana Buddhism with profound influence in Japanese history, and has been followed by many people up to the present day.

• こうした交通網の発達は、明治以降鉄道建設や道路整備により、京阪神を一体の地域としての性格を強めることに大きな影響を与えた。
• The development of such traffic networks had a major effect on strengthening the character of Keihanshin as an integrated area by the construction of railroads and the maintenance of its roads in and after the Meiji era.

• 後鳥羽院（ごとば-（の）-いん）は中世屈指にして史上有数の歌人であり、その歌作は同時代および後代に大きな影響を与えている。
• Go-Toba (no)-in was one of the greatest, most outstanding poets of the Medieval period; his poems had an enormous impact on the later periods.

• なお、日本の官印は、その使用時期がちょうど隋・唐に重なることからその影響を強く受けており、唐印によく似たものとなっている。
• Also, Japanese kanin were strongly influenced by those in the Sui and Tang Dynasties as they were used during the same time as those periods, and look similar to the seals in the Tang Dynasty.

• 日清戦争における日本の勝利と、韓国国内政治への影響力の増大により、朝鮮半島への主導権に関する日露の緊張は増大し続けていた。
• Tension between Japan and Russia about the initiative on the Korean Peninsula continued to increase due to Japanese victory in the Sino-Japanese War and the growing Japanese influence on the domestic politics of South Korea.

• しかし、近代的な中央集権国家を目指すべく出された改正掛の提言が、その後の近代国家の建設に大きな影響力を与えることとなった。
• However, proposals by Kaiseigakari which were made to build a modern centralized government had great effect on building a modern state after that.

• 『万国公法』がベトナムにもたらした影響については、いまだ研究上のフロンティアといってよく、詳しい研究は未だ為されていない。
• With regards to the influences which 'Bankoku Koho' brought to Vietnam, it is said the theme is a frontier of the study and detailed research has not been conducted yet.

• しかし、7世紀の壬申の乱からみて時代が下ることは否定できず、また、数の多さは部分的には『扶桑略記』の影響力の産物でもある。
• However, it cannot be denied that the Heian period was centuries after the Jinshin War in the 7th century, and a large quantity of such descriptions can be partly attributed to 'Fuso Ryakki' (A Brief History of Japan).

• 特に日本では、最初に刊行された清朝よりも大きく素早い反応を生みだし、幕末明治維新に及ぼした影響は無視できないものがあった。
• In particularly in Japan, there was larger and quicker response compare to Qing dynasty in China, where this book was first published, and the influence which the book gave to Japan during the end of Edo and Meiji Restoration period is not negligible.

• 「万葉集」「古今」と並んで三大歌風の一である「新古今調」を作り、和歌のみならず後世の連歌・俳諧・謡曲へ絶大な影響を残した。
• Along with 'Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves)' and 'Kokin,' it produced one of the three major styles of poetry--'Shinkokincho' (tone poems seen in 'New Collection of Ancient and Modern Poetry')--and had great influence not only on waka poems but also on the later renga, haikai (seventeen-syllable verse) and yokyoku (Noh song).

• また、漢代に災異説や陰陽五行説、讖緯説が盛行すると、その影響下において、経書に対する緯書と称する書物が出現することとなる。
• Besides, in the age of Han, when theories of natural calamity, the Way of Yin & Yang and Shini theory prospered, and 'Isho' (book of omens appended to Confucian Chinese classics) came to appear to be opposed to the Chinese classics of Confucianism.

• 618年、隋に変わって中国を統一した唐は、大帝国をきずき、東アジアに広大な領域を支配して周辺諸地域に大きな影響をあたえた。
• The Tang Dynasty, who took over from the Sui Dynasty and unified China in 618, built a large empire and controlled a vast territory in East Asia, exerting a strong influence on the neighboring areas.

• 最末期には公職追放により貴族院でも多数の議員が追放されており、華族議員は補充されたものの院の廃止を控えて影響力は低下した。
• Toward the end, after many Kizokuin councilors were removed from Kizokuin - as well as by general purges - the numbers of peerage councilors recovered but Kizokuin lost its influence and this eventually led to its abolition.

• このため、先行した将門の動きが尚範の親族であった純友に何らかの心理的影響を与えた可能性までは否定できないという考えもある。
• Some people believe that the incident caused by Masakado, as previously described, may have had some psychological effect on Sumitomo, as the relative of Hisanori.

• 存在説の立場では、近江令は律令制導入へ至る先駆的かつ重要な法令であり、後の飛鳥浄御原令や大宝律令へ影響を与えたとしている。
• For the believers, Omi-Ryo was a pioneering and important legal code toward the introduction of the Ritsuryo system, which had a great impact on Asukakiyomihararyo (the legal code of the Japanese ancient state of Asuka) and Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) later on.

• 近年では、明国内における銀の使用盛行が同国内部での銭の信用を低下させて、それが日本国内に何らかの影響を与えたという説もある。
• In recent years, the following theory has been proposed as well: Wide use of silver in Ming degraded the credibility of coins in Ming, affecting, in some way, situations in Japan at that time.

• 海外での市場を狙い、日産コンツェルンは満州で、日窒コンツェルンは朝鮮で鉱山などの事業を展開し、現地社会にも強い影響を残した。
• Aiming for overseas markets, Nissan Konzern Company Group and Nicchitsu Konzern Group developed their businesses such as mining ventures in Manchuria and Korea respectively, which left a strong mark on modern society.

• 義政は、母日野重子や愛妾今参局らに囲まれ、家宰の伊勢貞親や季瓊真蘂等の側近の強い影響を受けて育ち気まぐれな文化人に成長した。
• Surrounded by mother Shigeko HINO and beloved concubine Imamari no tsubone and strongly influenced by close aides including Kasai vassal leader Sadachika ISE and Shinzui KIKEI, Yoshimasa grew into a capricious man of culture.

• そして、国司苛政上訴が功を奏し、太政官の政策に影響を与え、国内の税率を固定化する「公田官物率法」が1040年代に制定された。
• Kokushi kasei joso was effective in having an effect on Daijokan's policies, resulting in the enactment of 'Koden kanmotsu rippo' (fixing a limit of 3 to of rice per tan of land) in 1040 for fixing the tax rates in Japan.

• 天文道（てんもんどう）とは、天文現象の異常（天文異変/天変現象）を観測・記録し、その地上への影響について研究する古代の学問。
• Tenmondo (ancient horoscopy) is an ancient study involving the observation and recording of unusual astronomical phenomena (extraordinary astronomical events/extraordinary natural phenomena) and investigation of their effects on the Earth.

• 大化の改新以後、唐の影響を受けた様々な制度・行事・儀礼が行われるようになり、その際の様々な礼儀作法が定められるようになった。
• After the Taika Reform, various systems, functions, and formalities influenced by Tang models began to be introduced, and various rules and customs began to be prescribed.

• 特に自身の名作『東海道四谷怪談』は、2ヶ月前に初演され大当たりを取っており、大きくこの作品にも影響を与えたと考えられている。
• One of his masterpieces 'Tokaido Yotsuya Kaidan' had been first performed two months before and succeeded particularly well, therefore it is considered that the success of the play affected the production of the new play considerably.

• 明治になり、西洋文化の影響で牛肉食が始まり松阪牛の普及に伊勢商人が貢献したように近江商人の活躍があったためともいわれている。
• During the Meiji Period, people started to eat beef under the influence of the western culture and Omi shonin (Omi merchants) reportedly contributed to the spread of beef consumption as Ise shonin (Ise merchants) did to the spread of Matsuzaka beef.

• この湧別技法やその影響を受けた細石刃剥離技術は、津軽海峡を越えて山形県、新潟県、茨城県など東北地方の北半分まで拡がっている。
• This Yubetsu technique and the other saisekijin exfoliation techniques that were influenced by it fan out across the northern half of the Tohoku region, such as Yamagata, Niigata, and Ibaraki Prefectures, beyond the Tsugaru Straits.

• このほか、中国の典籍（『後漢書』『白氏文集』など）との類似点も多数指摘されており、これらの影響を受けていると考えられている。
• Moreover, the resemblance to the Chinese classical books ('History of the Later Han Dynasty,' 'Bai-Shi Wen Ji,' and so on) has been pointed out by many people, so the tale seems to have been affected by these books.

• 統一国家が確立してゆく中で、大陸から漢詩が入ってきた影響もあり、個人の気持ちを個々に表現する歌が盛んに作られるようになった。
• In the process of giving unification to Japan, Chinese poetry was introduced to Japan from the Chinese Continent, and under its influence poems to express individual feelings were energetically composed.

• 一方、それは名目であり、実際は朝鮮を自国の影響下におくことや中国の領土割譲など自国権益の拡大を目的とした戦争とする説もある。
• Some suggest, however, that Japan used this cause as a pretext for the war trying to achieve the purpose of putting Korea under control and expanding its own interests by making China give up its territory.

• 明朝の政治・思想に多大な影響を与えた陽明学であったが、その明朝と共に衰退し、清朝では考証学に学問の主役の座を奪われるに至る。
• Yomeigaku deeply influenced politics and thought during the Ming Dynasty; it then declined with the Ming Dynasty and during the Qing Dynasty, Kosho-gaku replaced Yomeigaku as the main school of the academic thought.

• この事件は、「吉兆」全体のブランドイメージを損ね、本吉兆では前年度に比べ客が半減するなど、グループ他社にも深刻な影響を与えた。
• The incident as a whole damaged the image of 'Kitcho,' and had such a serious impact on the other companies in the group that the number of guests visiting Honkitcho dropped by half compared to the previous year.

• 加えて、日清戦争の賠償金は、の金本位制施行の源泉となり、八幡製鉄所造営（開設）の資金となるなど、戦果は経済的にも影響を与えた。
• Additionally, the result of the Sino-Japanese War also had an economic impact with the war reparations serving as the source to implement the gold standard system and provided funds for building (and establishing) the Yahata Iron Factory.

• 日本海側気候に属し、冬季は北西の季節風の影響で気温が低く、雨や雪が多くなりやすい（代表的な格言：「弁当忘れても傘忘れるな」）。
• The city falls under the Japan Sea Cost Climate with low temperatures in winter owing to the northwest seasonal wind, and sees much rain and snow (the city has a famous maxim stating 'Do not forget to carry your umbrella with you when you go out even if you forget your lunch box').

• また、源頼朝の縁戚として朝廷にも影響力を有した一条家 (中御門流)（のち断絶）及び江戸幕府高家の大沢氏も持明院家の系統である。
• The Ichijo family (Nakamikado-ryu - the Nakamikado line) who had strong influence on the Imperial Court as a relative of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (later extinguished) and the Osawa clan, a Koke (privileged family under the Tokugawa Shogunate), were also from the Jimyoin family line.

• しかし、当時の唐は武宗の仏教弾圧政策（会昌の廃仏）の影響により仏教は衰退の極にあったため親王は長安で優れた師を得られなかった。
• However due to Wu Zong's policy of suppressing Buddhism (the anti-Buddhist movement during the Kaisho era) in Tang at the time, Buddhism was on the edge of a decline, the Imperial Prince was not able to find his great teacher in Changan.

• しかし、本文自体は定家の自筆本などとはことなる点も多いもので純粋な青表紙系の本文ではなく河内本や別本の影響を受けたものである。
• However, it contains many different sentences from the manuscript by Teika, so it is not an authentic manuscript of the Aobyoshi-bon line, but one under the influence of the Kawachi-bon and the Beppon.

• これら水利事業の整備は台湾の農業に大きな影響を与え、農民の収入を増加させるとともに、総督府の農業関連歳入の増加を実現している。
• The development of water facilities influenced agriculture in Taiwan, increasing the income for farmers as well as agriculture-related revenue for the Sotoku-fu.

• 5世紀末ごろから徐々に大和王権の影響が浸透していたが、大宝律令が施行された時点でも依然として律令制的支配の及ばない地域だった。
• Since around the end of the fifth century, influence of the Yamato (ancient Japanese) sovereignty gradually penetrated, but it was an area which the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) could not cover even after the enforcement of the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code).

• 貧困層は、富豪層の影響下に入ることで、偽籍・逃亡・浮浪をより容易なものとし、人別支配に基づく課税制度は破綻を迎えるようになった。
• Since the poor were under the influence of the millionaires, the former could falsify the register, escape and wander about more easily than before, which lead to the downfall of the individual-based tax system.

• 中国の森林管理局によれば、黄砂の影響を受けている中国人は約4億人で、直接的な被害だけでも540億元（約840億円）に及ぶと言う。
• According to the Forest Management Office of China, approx. 400 million persons are affected by kosa, and the amount of damage reaches 54 billion yuan (approx. 84 billion yen), even if the damage is limited to those directly inflicted.

• この結果、守護大名をはじめとする各地の武士によって自己の所領の全一的支配が確立され、その影響は室町幕府の御料所にも及んでいった。
• As a result, each of the bushi throughout Japan including shugo daimyo (great feudal lord) established an integral rule over his own shoryo, which influenced the goryosho of the Muromachi bakufu.

• ただし、堺商人の影響力の及ばない西国の大内氏が経営する勘合船にはこの規定が及ばず、依然として帰港後に独自に抽分銭を徴収していた。
• However, the vessels managed by the Ouchi clan based in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) were beyond the reach of the above regulation, and the Chubunsen was still independently collected after their return to port.

• その一方で観世流は徳川家康が、喜多流は徳川秀忠が、宝生流は徳川綱吉が愛好し、その影響によって各地の大名のあいだで流行していった。
• On the other hand, the Kanze school found favor with Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the Kita school with Hidetada TOKUGAWA, and the Hosho school with Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, and each became popular among local daimyo due to such influence.

• 中国において『万国公法』の影響は緩慢であったため、その中で使用されている新語彙が中国で普及し、それが日本に伝播したわけではない。
• As the influence of 'Bankoku Koho' worked very slowly in China, it did not occur so that new vocabulary used in it became popular in China and then they were disseminated to Japan.

• しかし加納諸平は土地を褒めたたえる詞章が枕詞の原型であろうと（「枕詞考」）考察し、この考えが以降の研究に大きな影響を与えている。
• But Morohira KANO considered the verse for praising the earth highly to be the prototype of makurakotoba ('Makurakotobako'), and this idea has greatly influenced subsequent studies.

• が、戦後になって財閥解体などの影響により戦前とは一転して経済的に困窮する事態となり、コレクションのほとんどを手放すことになった。
• But after World War II, he sank into dire poverty and had to relinquish most of his collection when his financial circumstances changed drastically due to the dissolution of the big financial combines and other reasons.

• 台湾では、日本統治時代 (台湾)があったために日本の尺貫法の影響を受けて1斤＝600グラムとなり、1担＝60キログラムとなった。
• One kin came to equivalent to 600 g and one tan came to equivalent to 60 kg in Taiwan, because its measuring system was affected by the Japanese shakkanho during the Period of Japanese Rule (Taiwan).

• しかし文化・経済の交流は続き、擦文時代には出羽地方の古墳の影響を受けた末期古墳が築造され、また恵庭市では和同開珎も出土している。
• Nevertheless, cultural and economic contacts continued and, in the Satsumon period, a Makki (Ezo-style) tomb was constructed inspired by tombs in the Dewa region and Wado Kaichin coins have been unearthed in Eniwa City.

• 今日の日本においても影響力が強く、結婚式は大安がよい、葬式は友引を避けるなど、主に冠婚葬祭などの儀式と結びついて使用されている。
• Now in Japan, rokuyo has a strong influence mainly on ceremonial occasions, for example, it is better to have a wedding on taian and to avoid a funeral on tomobiki.

• また同時期書かれた梁の『徳育鑑』や「論私徳」(代表作『新民説』の一節)には、井上哲次郎の『日本陽明学派之哲学』の影響が見られる。
• 'De Yu Jian' and the 'Lun Si De' chapter of Liang Qichao's important work 'Xin Min Shuo', written during this period, show the influence of Tetsujiro INOUE's 'Nihon Yomei-gakuha no Tetsugaku'.

• また、ヨーロッパとの交易（南蛮貿易）が開始し、火縄銃やキリスト教などが伝来し、それまでの戦術や日本の宗教観念に大きな影響を与えた。
• Trade with European countries (trade with Spain and Portugal) started, and matchlock guns and Christianity were brought to Japan, significantly affecting fighting techniques and religious concepts that Japanese had until then.

• 分国法には、先行武家法である御成敗式目および建武式目の影響が見られるが、一方では、自らの分国支配の実情を反映した内容となっている。
• Bunkokuho was influenced by Goseibai Shikimoku and Kenmu Shikimoku while its contents reflected the actual conditions of control over one county.

• 2006年5月、林野庁はそうした花粉源に関する地図を作成し、影響の大きいところから優先的に植え替えなどの対策を推進することを表明。
• In May 2006, The Forestry Agency declared that it would produce a map of pollen sources and implement measures such as transplantation with priority to those areas that are most greatly affected.

• 毛の色は遺伝的要素や母体内での影響などが考えられているが、隔世遺伝なども起こるためか、必ずしも両親と同じ色が生まれるわけではない。
• The color of the coat is considered to be brought by genetic factors and some influence in the mother's body but sometimes atavism and so on may occur, which do not always bring the same color as the parents.

• 高原の影響を受けるため、月ヶ瀬梅林に生育する梅の開花期は奈良市中心部よりも半月ほど遅れ、3月の中旬から下旬に満開となることが多い。
• Because it is situated on highlands, the plum trees in Tsukigase Bairin tend to reach full bloom around mid- to late March, half a month later than those in the center of Nara City.

• 京阪に近い南部（大津市・草津市・甲賀市など）は文化的に京阪の影響を強く受け、現在は通勤圏として「滋賀府民」の多い地域となっている。
• The southern part (including Otsu, Kusatsu, and Koga Cities), which is close to Kyoto and Osaka, has been culturally influenced by Kyoto and Osaka, and since a lot of people commute to Kyoto and Osaka from this part, they are called 'Shiga Fumin' (those living in Shiga but spend most of their time in Kyoto or Osaka).

• 演出は浄瑠璃や下座、鳴物などを多用する旧来の歌舞伎狂言の形態であるが、内容はシェークスピアの影響の濃いスケールの大きな悲劇である。
• It is performed in the traditional kabuki kyogen play with Joruri (a dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment), Shimoza (background music player), and narimono (musical instruments) frequently used for stage effect, but the contents of the play is a large scale tragedy greatly influenced by Shakespeare.

• 一方明王朝の滅亡により本来的には夷狄であるはずの清王朝が中国を支配するという現実世界での華夷の逆転も「天下」概念に大きく影響した。
• The Qing Dynasty, which had been originally iteki (barbarians) for China, began to rule China after the fall of the Ming dynasty, and such reversal in the relation between the Chinese and barbarians in the real world also affected the notion of 'Tenka.'

• この崇徳院説話については、類話が『発心集』『古事談』『撰集抄』にもみえており、口頭伝承なども含めて、影響を与えあった可能性が高い。
• A similar story of Sutoku-in also appears in 'Hosshin-shu (A Collection to Promote Religious Awakening),' 'Koji-dan (An Episode of Old Accounts),' and 'Senshu sho (A Collection of Tales),' and there is a strong possibility that there was a mutual influence among these works, including the oral transmission of tales.

• 政府のトップが長期間政府を離れ外遊するというのは異例であるが、直に西洋文明や思想に触れたという経験が彼らに与えた影響は評価される。
• Although it was unusual for senior government members to leave the government and travel abroad for a long period of time, they are believed to have done so on the basis that it would enable them to directly experience Western civilization and thought, which had a great impact on them.

• 安家神道（土御門神道）は、そうした状況の中で古神道などの影響を受けながら、かつての関係者の手によって守られた、現代の陰陽道である。
• An-ke Shinto (Tsuchimikado Shinto) is modern Onmyodo that has been protected by the persons involved in former times, while being influenced by old Shinto in such circumstances.

• 唯物史観の影響を受け、武士は古代支配階級である貴族や宗教勢力を排除し、中世をもたらした変革者として石母田正らによって位置づけられた。
• Influenced by the materialist concept of history, Tadashi ISHIMODA and others positioned the bushi as the reformer who pushed out the ancient governing class such as the aristocrats and religious power of influence and brought on the medieval times.

• また、座談や問答を採り入れて叙述するなど、これまでの歴史書にない斬新さがみられ、その鋭い叙述は、後世の歴史叙述に強い影響をあたえた。
• A new method of using dialog or Q&A to depict history, never seen before, had a strong impact on the historical depiction in later ages.

• この見解は中国絵画史に大きな影響を与えたが、董其昌の主張は対立する北宗画を攻撃する狙いもあり、その理論の組み立ては恣意的な点が多い。
• His opinion made a great influence on the history of Chinese paintings, but his theory was structured on much arbitrariness, for Dong Qichang's claims were also aimed to attack the Hokusoga that stood in opposition.

• 奈良時代以降、たびたびの政争に巻き込まれ（「関連項目」を参照）、そのたびに一族から処罰される者を出した事なども影響し、徐々に衰えた。
• After the Nara period, the clan was often involved in political conflicts (refer to the related articles), and every time some members of the clan had to be punished, therefore, the clan gradually declined.

• また、果無山脈それ自体が近隣の河川（熊野川、日置川、富田川、日高川）の分水嶺となっており、工事による河川への悪影響が懸念されている。
• In addition, the Hatenashi mountain range is a dividing mountain of neighboring rivers (the Kumano-gawa River, the Hiki-gawa River, the Tonda-gawa River, and the Hidaka-gawa River), and adverse effect caused by constructions on the rivers is concerned.

• また、同時代に起きた延久蝦夷合戦にて、津軽半島や下北半島までの本州全土が朝廷の支配下に入る等、地方にも着実に影響を及ぼすようになる。
• Additionally, the battle against Ezo (the name used at that time to refer to the lands located to the north of Japan), which occurred during the same period, brought the whole of Honshu (the main island), including the Tsugaru and Shimokita peninsulas, under the control of the Imperial Court, and this had a significant impact on local areas throughout the island.

• 朝廷内部にまで政治的影響力を及ぼし多くの公家を主従関係の下に置いた室町幕府3代将軍足利義満と上皇の関係は険悪であり、両者は対立する。
• There was an abrupt relationship between the Retired Emperor and the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) --the third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who influenced his political power within the Imperial Palace and held many court nobles in the relationship of master and servant--and each party opposed each other.

• 以上のように近年の任那日本府に関する言説は、倭人等の軍事的影響力や経済的利権の有無にではなく、その時期と組織の実体に移ってきている。
• As above mentioned, the subject of recent discussion on Mimana Nihon-fu is shifting from the presence or absence of the military clout and economic interest of Wajin, to its period of existence and the actual status of the organization.

• その後、統一国家が確立してゆく中で、大陸から漢詩が入ってきた影響もあり、個人の気持ちを個々に表現する歌が盛んに作られるようになった。
• As Japan was in the process of establishing a unified country, the composing of poems expressing individual feelings became popular, part in due to the influx of the Chinese poems into Japan about that time.

• 能や歌舞伎、人形浄瑠璃など、後世の多くの文学作品に影響を与え、今日の義経やその周辺の人物のイメージの多くは『義経記』に準拠している。
• It has wielded considerable influence on many later literary works of Noh, Kabuki, and Ningyo Joruri among other genres, and many of the depictions of Yoshitsune and those connected to him that exist today are based on the 'Gikeiki.'

• これらの歎願の多くは結果的には却下されることが多かったが、大総督有栖川宮や参謀西郷隆盛などに何らかの心理的影響を与えた可能性もある。
• The end result, although many of the petitions were rejected, was the possibility of directing some psychological impact upon the Dai Sotoku, Prince Arisugawanomiya, and the staff officer, Takamori SAIGO.

• 死蔵期間が長期に渡っていたため、後の説話文学の代表格といえる『宇治拾遺物語』など中世の説話文学に何らかの影響を与えたとは言いがたい。
• Because it was lost for a long time, it is difficult to say that it had any influence on medieval setsuwa literature such as 'A Collection of Tales from Uji,' which is representative of later setsuwa literature.

• また、地方では新政府の方針に従い県庁主導で従来の生活文化や民俗風習の排除が行われ、文明開化政策の影響で縮小や途絶した民俗風習も多い。
• Yet still, the Prefectural offices in local regions led the exclusion of a traditional culture and customs upon the policy of the new Meiji government, therefore there are many traditions and customs curtailed and vanished under the civilization process.

• 院政においても鎌倉幕府の影響を受けて後嵯峨上皇の院政下である寛元4年（1246年）より院評定が開催されたが、ここでも評定始が開かれた。
• In the period of Insei, the Retired Emperor Gosaga began inhyojo (consultation under the cloister government) in 1246 adopting the Kamakura bakufu's practice, and also held hyojohajime.

• しかし、京都では酒屋は延暦寺などの有力寺社の影響下にあり、また朝廷でも壷銭などの形で臨時の課税を行う代わりに営業を認める方針を採った。
• However, sake breweries were under the control of powerful temples or shrines such as Enryaku-ji Temple in Kyoto, so the Imperial Court had to sanction dealing sake in return for contingent taxation such as tsubo-sen (the tax charged on sake dealers).

• 長可を追った後も引き続き信濃に進駐していた景勝は、御館の乱の影響もあってかかねてから北条に対して警戒心を露にし、合戦準備を進めていた。
• Kagekatsu, who was stationed in Shinano even after repelling Nagayoshi, displayed his wariness of Hojo, probably due to the influence of the Otate War, and was getting ready for battle.

• 後にこうした国史や中国の『史記』に代表される歴史書の列伝の影響を受けて、個人の顕彰のためにその伝記が書かれる事が行われるようになった。
• By the influence of those histories of Japan and series of biographies of major Chinese history books such as 'Shiki,' biographies used to be written for rewarding individuals.

• 『仮名手本忠臣蔵』は『菅原伝授手習鑑』『義経千本桜』とならぶ人形浄瑠璃の三大傑作といわれ、後代他分野の作品に大きな影響を及ぼしている。
• Along with 'Sugawara denju tenaraikagami' (Sugawara's secrets of calligraphy) and 'Yoshitsune Senbonzakura' (Yoshitsune and One Thousand Cherry Trees), 'Kanadehon Chushingura' is considered as one of the three masterpieces of ningyo joruri plays, and it has influenced various works in other fields since then.

• この出来事は、それまで貧弱な版本を頼りに研究するより他に方法のなかった日本の書道界に大きな影響を与え、特に漢碑や北碑に注目が集まった。
• This event greatly affected the Japanese calligraphic world that had been forced to study based only on poorly printed books, and in particular, attention was focused on inscriptions on monuments during the Han period and those from the Northern Wei period.

• (4) 紀伊山地は神社・寺院建築のたぐいまれな形式の創造の素地となり、それらは日本の紀伊山地以外の寺院・神社建築に重要な影響を与えた。
• (4) Kii Mountain Range served as a foundation to create shrine and temple architecture with a unique style, and they significantly influenced shrine and temple architecture out of Kii Mountain Range in Japan.

• 兄・後深草の系統を持明院統、弟・亀山の系統を大覚寺統というが、これが日本史上最大の皇位迭立となり、後世に大きな影響を与えることとなる。
• The older brother, Emperor Gofukakusa's line was called the Jimyoin Imperial line, and the younger brother, Emperor Kameyama's line was called the Daikakuji Imperial line, this example of sharing the throne was the biggest event in Japanese history that had a great impact on the later period.

• このような社会的な風潮が天皇家へも影響し、天皇家の家督者となった者が、本来の天皇の権限を執行するようになったのだろうと考えられている。
• This kind of social trend influenced the Imperial Family, it was presumed that the head of the Imperial Family started using authority that Emperor originally had.

• これは、サリカ法典やその影響を受けた部族法などにおける男子のみ土地を相続するという規定が、後世に王位継承法として援用されたためである。
• This is because the provision in Lex salica, or tribal law that is affected by Lex salica, that land is succeeded by only the male was used as an Act of Settlement.

• この地域の中心には大きな信仰を集める宝山寺が存在し、この存在が朝鮮寺がこの地域に集中して創設されたことに影響を及ぼしていると見られる。
• In the center of this area located is Hozan-ji Temple visited by so many devotees, and the presence of this temple seems to have influenced the foundation of Korean Temples concentrated in this area.

• 著名な詩人にして文人である白居易はその著『新楽府』において自らの詩作は世相を風刺し政治に影響を与えることにその本分があると述べている。
• BAI Juyi, a famous poet and Bunjin, described that his poems fundamentally aimed to satirize social trends and give an impact on politics in his book 'Shingakufu.'

• 古代山城（こだいさんじょう）は、飛鳥時代から奈良時代にかけて築かれた古代の山城のうち、朝鮮半島からの影響が指摘されるものを一般に指す。
• Kodai Sanjo generally refers to ancient mountain castles built in the historical period from Asuka to Nara, which were influenced by the Korean Peninsula.

• 前衛短歌運動は、塚本邦雄の衝撃的な表現から始まり、中井英夫の賛同を得、岡井隆・寺山修司といった同志を獲得し、歌壇全体に影響を及ぼした。
• Starting with Kunio TSUKAMOTO's poignant expressions, the avant-garde tanka poetry won the approval of Hideo NAKAI, gathered comrades such as Takashi OKAI and Shuji TERAYAMA, and affected all tanka circles.

• 市場の貨幣流通量を減らすべくその方法として貨幣純度を元に戻す必要は感じていたが、これを一気に行えば経済界に与える悪影響は計り知れない。
• He understood the need to return the purity of currency in order to reduce currency circulation in the market, but he was also concerned about the immeasurable impact on business activities if the government carried out this at once.

• だが三国干渉、続く乙未事変と露館播遷によって日本の朝鮮半島への影響力はむしろ低下し、戦時中の政府と民党の協調関係は次第に崩れていった。
• However, the Triple Intervention, followed by Itsubi Incident and Rokan Hansen (Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation), rather weakened Japan's influence on the Korean Peninsula, and cooperative relationship between the government and minto during the war was gradually disrupted.

• 上海で巡洋艦「サスケハナ」に旗艦を移したペリー艦隊は5月17日に出航し、5月26日に琉球王国（薩摩藩影響下にある）の那覇沖に停泊した。
• In Shanghai, Perry made the Susquehanna his flagship before embarking on May 17 and anchored off the coast of the Ryukyu Kingdom at Naha, which was under the influence of the Satsuma Domain on May 26.

• 戦国時代は、室町時代後期から引き続き、戦乱の影響もあって人や物の流動が活発化したことから、貨幣の持つ相対的な価値が向上することになった。
• Continuing from the latter half of the Muromachi Period and partly because of influences of disturbances of war, as the flow of persons and cargo was activated in the Sengoku Period, the relative value of currency increased.

• 禅宗は武家層にも広く広まり、武家の保護を受けた禅の五山が定められるなど仏教を通じて武家文化と貴族文化が融合するなど、室町文化に影響する。
• Zen Buddhism spread widely among the warrior class, and influenced the development of Muromachi culture vis-a-vis the decisions and so forth regarding Buddhism made by the Gozan temples--which were under the patronage of the military families--and thereby managed to combine warrior and aristocratic culture together.

• 初期本百姓が村内で持つ影響力に依拠しなければ年貢諸役を集めることが難しかったが、村請制に依拠できる体制が完成したと評価することもできる。
• Collection of nengu and miscellaneous taxes was difficult without relying on the influential power that early hon-byakusho had in the villages, but it can be evaluated that a system that could rely on the murauke system was completed.

• 林業におけるスギ伐採量の見通しや地球温暖化など気象の影響を考慮すると、ゆるやかではあるが今後も花粉の飛散量は増え続けると考えられている。
• It would be expected that prevalence and severity will decrease when one considers the projected number of Japanese cedar trees that will be felled by the forestry industry and meteorological effects such as global warming, but it is believed that the airborne pollen levels will actually continue to rise.

• またそれらの一部が海外にも渡ったこともあり、西洋のフラワーアレンジにもこの流派の曲線(ラインアレンジ)が影響を及ぼしたとも言われている。
• As some of them were exported overseas, it is said that the line arrangement of this school had an impact on western flower arrangement.

• 工事は第1次世界大戦後の恐慌の影響を受けるなどあったが、1934年に日月潭第一発電所が完成、台湾の工業化の基礎となる電力供給が実現した。
• Though the construction was influenced by the economic depression after World War Ⅰ, the First Power Station in Sun Moon Lake was completed in 1934, enabling the power supply to support the foundation for industrialization in Taiwan.

• なお以上の解釈には一定の歴史的根拠が与えられるが、これらの説明は日本の近代中国思想研究に於ける影響下にあることを前もって知る必要がある。
• The above-mentioned interpretation is based on certain historical grounds, but it should be noted that the description is made under the influence of Japanese study on modern Chinese ideology.

• 俘囚が有していた狩猟技術・武芸技術は、乗馬と騎射を中心とするものであり、俘囚の戦闘技術は当時登場しつつあった武士たちへ大きな影響を与えた。
• Fushu's hunting and military arts were centered on horseback riding and Kisha (shooting an arrow while riding a horse), and thus many samurai who came to the forefront at the time were heavily influenced by the Fushu's skills in battle.

• 空海、最澄らが伝えた仏教思想や文物は美術の面でも大きな影響をもたらし、密教曼荼羅や、奈良時代には見られなかった本格的密教彫像がつくられた。
• The Buddhist thought and culture, introduced by Kukai, Saicho, and others, had a great influence on Japanese art, so the Mandala of Esoteric Buddhism, and the full-blown Esoteric Buddhism statues, which could not be seen in the Nara period, were made in this period.

• 加えて、終戦後母とともにアヅマ・カブキとして日本舞踊の欧米公演を行ったことは、富十郎自身が語るように、その芸に有形無形の影響を与えている。
• In addition, the fact that he performed Azuma Kabuki as Japanese dance at performance in Europe and America with his mother after the war, gave both moral and material effect on his art as Tomijuro himself described.

• 前川淳によって創始された「折り紙設計」の技法は特に大きな影響を与えており、これにより初めて複雑な作品を合理的にデザインできるようになった。
• The technique of 'technical origami' developed by Jun MAEKAWA had a big influence on origami, and allowed for the rational designing of intricate models for the first time.

• これらは繁殖力が強く、生態系に悪影響を与えているとされ、事実、メダカやタモロコなど、いくつかの在来種が補食関係の変化により姿を消している。
• It is considered that, since these foreign species have high productive ability, they are negatively affecting the eco-system in that area and, in fact, some of the native species such as killifish and field gudgeon have disappeared due to the changes in predation in the environment.

• 天皇自身、占星を得意としたのに加え、当時陰陽道などが律令国家である唐や新羅で盛んに行われたのが影響もしてか占星台や陰陽寮も設置させている。
• Senseidai (astrology station) and Onmyoryo (a government office that had jurisdiction over calendar preparation, astronomy, divination, etc.) were established probably because the Emperor was good at Astrology, or they were influenced by the nations under the Ritsuryo codes like Tang and Shiragi (ancient Korean kingdom), in which Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements) was popular.

• だが皇位に就いたのは良かったが、政治の実権はほとんど仲麻呂が握り、また仲麻呂の後見人である光明皇后（藤原光明子）が強い影響力を持っていた。
• It was good that Prince Oi could ascend the throne; however, Nakamaro seized most real political power and Empress Komyo (FUJIWARA no Komyoshi), the guardian of Nakamaro, had a strong influence on politics.

• 列強が勢力を模索する時代の中で、韓国には日本が、フィリピンにはアメリカが影響力を持つと、日米首脳が相手国の権利を認め合った協定といわれる。
• It is assumed that in this agreement, which was entered into at a time when powerful countries were trying to extend their power, the heads of Japan and the United States agreed to the following rights for each other: that Japan had the right to influence South Korea and that the United States had the right to influence the Philippines.

• また、村重の反乱自体が周辺の織田方武将の呼応を伴わなかったために、反乱自体は長期にわたったものの石山本願寺攻略への影響は最小限に留まった。
• Although Murashige's revolt itself lasted for a long period, an impact on the Hongan-ji Temple attack was minimized because the revolt was not echoed by the neighboring Oda lords' rebellions.

• その後、米国は熾烈な南北戦争に突入し、日本や清に対する影響力を失い、これらの国は結局、イギリスやフランス、ロシアが勢力を拡大してしまった。
• Soon after, the United States entered into a fierce Civil War and lost much of its influence over both Japan and the Qing Dynasty, which allowed Britain, France, and Russia to expand their power in Asia.

• 上記のような時代区分論は、発展段階史観の影響を少なからず受けており、歴史の重層性・連続性にあまり目を向けていないという限界が指摘されている。
• The theories concerning the classification of historical periods, described above, are significantly affected by the evolution phase concept of history, and it is pointed out that they have a limitation in not taking into account that history is layered and is continuous.

• 日本の美術は、縄文時代を例外として、常に外国（近世以前はおもに中国、近代以降はおもに西洋）の影響を強く受けつつ、独自の様式を発達させてきた。
• Japanese art has developed its peculiar style always - except for the Jomon period - under the great influence of other countries - mainly that of China before the early modern ages, and that of Western countries after the modern age.

• 江戸時代初期の清水寺本堂が有名であるが、この特異な形式が生まれるにあたっては神仏習合、なかでも山岳仏教より生まれた修験道の影響が甚大である。
• Kiyomizu-dera Temple Main Hall during the early Edo period was a famous example in kake-zukuri, and syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism, especially, Shugendo derived from Mountain Buddhism, significantly contributed to the development of this unique style.

• 明治時代に入ってからも馬琴の評価は高く、坪内逍遥や二葉亭四迷によって近代文学が打ち立てられるまで日本文学は読本など戯作の影響を逃れなかった。
• Even in the Meiji period, the works of Bakin were highly appreciated, and until the early modern literature was established by Shoyo TSUBOUCHI and Shimei FUTABATEI, Japanese literature had been highly influenced by gesaku such as Yomihon.

• この背景には、19世紀後半にヨーロッパで興った文芸における耽美主義や同時代のダダイズム、あるいは政治思想であるアナキズムなどの影響もあろう。
• Behind this, there were the influences from aestheticism and dadaism, both of which emerged in Europe during the late 19th century, or anarchism (a political thought).

• バーミヤーン、キジル、ミーラン、ベゼクリク等の仏教寺院遺跡には、石・土の壁を飾る壁画があり、ローマ、インド、中国など様々な様式の影響がある。
• There are some wall paintings to decorate stone and earthen walls in the remains of Buddhist temples at Bamiyan, Kizil, Miran, Bezeklik, and so on, and we see that they are influenced from various styles such as Rome, India, China and so on.

• 因みに警備を担当した宮門は、氏族名から「佐伯門」と名付けられたが、平安宮では唐風文化の影響から、「さへき」に音通する「藻壁門」と改められた。
• The Imperial Palace's gates at which the Saeki clan had served was named 'Saeki-mon' (Saeki Gate) after their surname, however, because Tang culture was the latest trend, Saeki-mon (佐伯門 pronounced as 'safeki-mon' in those days and 'safeki' was Japanese word) of Heian-kyu Palace which was built much later was changed to Soheki-mon (藻壁門 pronounced as 'saufeki-mon' in those days and 'saufeki' was the then Chinese pronunciation) which sound was very similar to Saeki-mon.

• 仲の悪い家の恋人たちが死によって結ばれる筋は、ウィリアム・シェイクスピアの『ロミオとジュリエット』に酷似しており、影響を指摘する意見もある。
• The story that the lovers whose families are enemies are united by death is very similar to 'Romeo and Juliet' by William Shakespeare.

• 漢代になると、この「中国＝天下」概念が現実の冊封関係に影響されて変容し、周辺諸民族をも含めた現代的意味での世界として「天下」概念が成立した。
• During the Han dynasty era, this notion of 'China = Tenka' changed under the influence of actual sakuho relations, and the contemporary notion of 'Tenka,' which means the world including other surrounding ethnic groups, was established.

• 彼の著作『西遊見聞』（）は福沢諭吉の『西洋事情』から深い影響を受けて著された啓蒙書であって、「両截体制」ということばは、この著作に由来する。
• His work 'Saiyu Kenbun' was an enlightening book deeply affected by 'Seiyo Jijo' by Yukichi FUKUZAWA, and the word 'Ryosetsu system' is originally from the book.

• 幕末から明治初期にかけて、「万国公法」ということばをタイトルに持つ著作は上記以外にもいくつか刊行されたことから、その影響のほどがうかがえる。
• As many books titled with the word 'bankoku koho' were published other than above examples from the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period, significance of 'Bankoku Koho' can be seen.

• その後も「（『源氏物語大成』といった学術的な校本ができる）20世紀前半までは湖月抄で源氏物語を読む時代だった」と言われるほど影響力を持った。
• Even in the period after that, it had such influence that it was said that, 'until the first half of the twentieth century (when academic variorums such as the 'Genji Monogatari taisei 'were written), it was the age of reading The Tale of Genji using the Kogetsusho.'

• またこの間、オランダが日本貿易を独占するため、スペインなどの旧教国に日本植民地化の意図があり、危険であると幕府に助言したことも影響している。
• In addition, during the riot, in order to monopolize trade with Japan, the Netherlands advised the shogunate government that it would be dangerous for Japan to trade with Catholic countries such as Spain because they intended to colonize Japan.

• 元章は国学の影響を受け、「明和の改正」と言われる能の詞章の大変更を行い、新たに謡本を編纂したが、本著はその目録に作者名を注記したものである。
• Influenced by the study of (ancient) Japanese literature and culture, Motoakira undertook a major revision of noh poetry and prose known as the 'Meiwa no Kaitei' (lit. Major Revision during the Meiwa era) and compiled utaibon (books of words and musical notation for noh plays); this book has the names of its writers annotated in the catalogue of the book.

• よって、花粉を多く発生させるところや人口密集地への影響の大きなところから林業面での対策を行うなど、効率的な取り組みができる可能性を秘めている。
• These have made it possible to implement forestry countermeasures and effective initiatives in locations that produce large quantities of pollen and in which there is a great effect on densely-populated areas.

• その背景には、檀家制度が破綻し経営が苦しくなった多くの寺院が大手墓石業者とタイアップし水子供養を大々的に宣伝し始めたことが大きく影響している。
• The reason behind this is largely due to the start of an extensive advertisement for mizuko kuyo by the temples which were in financial troubles as a result of the downfall of parishioner system and have arranged tie-ups with large grave stone companies.

• しかしながら、聖徳太子が遣隋使を派遣するなど、中国文化が朝鮮半島を経由せずに直接日本に将来されるようになり、隋唐の書の影響が現れるようになる。
• However, Chinese culture was brought to Japan without going through the Korean peninsula, for example, by means of sending an envoy to the Sui Dynasty China by Prince Shotoku, and calligraphy in Japan was affected by Sui and Tang.

• また、オホーツク海高気圧が5月前半に出現した場合に、北東気流の影響を受け易くなるため、関東以北の太平洋側で低温と曇雨天が長続きすることがある。
• If Okhotsk anticyclon appears in the first half of May, as it tends to be influenced by northeast airstream, on the Pacific side from the Kanto region to the north, low temperature and cloudy or rainy weather continues for a long period of time.

• また幕末の尊王論に影響を与えた儒学者頼山陽は、後小松天皇は後亀山天皇からの禅譲を受けた天皇であり、南朝正統論と現皇室の間に矛盾はないと論じた。
• Also the Confucianist, Sanyo RAI, who influenced Imperialism at the last days of the Tokugawa government, insisted there was no contradiction between the orthodox theory of Northern Court and the current Imperial family since Emperor Gokomatsu received a smooth transference of power from Emperor Gokameyama.

• 娘に家の継承を認めないという中国を発祥として朝鮮経由で渡来した家父長的氏族制度の影響もあるだろうが、それだけですべてを説明することはできない。
• The paternalistic clanship under which a daughter is not allowed to succeed the household, originating in China, introduced from Korea, may have helped to establish such an unwritten rule, but that is not all about this.

• 改正前の内容には兌換硬貨と銀行券との交換の為に紙幣に見合うだけの兌換硬貨を用意する必要があったため、改正により貨幣制度に大きな影響を及ぼした。
• Before the amendments, the banks must always keep the amount of convertible coins comparable to the sum of the notes they issued, so the amendments, which abolished this restriction, made a great influence to the monetary system.

• 以上のようなマーティンの翻訳傾向は、東アジアにおける国際法受容に大きな影響を及ぼし、日本ではより一層儒教的自然法概念と結合し理解されていった。
• The tendency of translation by Martin as described above affected acceptance of international law in east Asia and, in Japan, it was understood combined more deeply with Confucian concept of natural law.

• 中盤の後醍醐天皇の死が平清盛の死に相当するなど、随所に「平家物語」からの影響が見られ、また時折本筋を脱線した古典からの引用も多く、脚色も多い。
• The influence of 'Heike Monogatari (The Tale of the Heike)' is seen everywhere in the book, with Emperor Godaigo's passing away in the middle corresponding to the death of TAIRA no Kiyomori, etc.; moreover, the text occasionally wanders with quotations from classic works, and many parts have been dramatized.

• これは戦後、一時的にせよ倭国が百済への影響力を増大させることを意味していたが、百済再興の為には古くからの同盟国である倭国の助けが不可欠だった。
• After the war, this resulted in a temporary strengthening of Wakoku's influence over Kudara, but assistance from Kudara's old ally Wakoku was indispensible for their restoration.

• 天文16年（1547年）には佐久に影響力を残していた関東管領上杉憲政を小田井原で大敗させ、笠原氏の志賀城（佐久市）を落として村上氏と対峙する。
• In 1547, routing Norimasa UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei (the shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), who maintained his influence in the region to some extent, in Otaihara and taking Shiga-jo Castle of the Kasahara clan (located in Saku City), the Takeda clan became to confront the Murakami clan.

• さらに、これらの山脈は、東西方向に走る地質構造に影響されて、果無山脈、大塔山地といった東西方向に走る山脈を多数派生・交差させながら発達している。
• These mountain ranges are influenced by the geological structure that extends east and west, and derives and crosses a lot of mountain ranges including the Hatenashi Mountain Range and the Oto mountains which run east and west.

• その後の三・一五事件の影響で公判は紆余曲折の経緯をたどり、1929年12月の大阪控訴院判決では18名に対し懲役7年以下とより厳しい量刑となった。
• Under the influence of the Affair on March 15, the public trial underwent a complicated processes, and in the decision by Osaka koso-in (Osaka court of appeal) of December 1929, 18 criminals were sentenced to severe assessment of a case of imprisonment with hard labor less than seven years.

• アムロ・レイの宿命のライバルにして、宇宙世紀に起こった一年戦争、グリプス戦役、第二次ネオ・ジオン抗争で軍人・政治家として多大な影響を与える人物。
• He is Amuro Ray's predestined rival as well as a man who would exert great influence as a military man and politician in the One Year War, Grips War, and The Second Neo-Zeon War that would occur in the space millennium.

• 立役、女形、敵役、老役とあらゆる役種をこなしたが、本領は父・初代鴈治郎ゆずりの二枚目と二代目延若の影響を受けたつっころばしなどの上方和事にある。
• He could perform all types of roles, including tachiyaku, oyama, katakiyaku (a hate figure) and fukeyaku (a role of an aged person), but he showed his real ability in roles as a lover, inherited from his father Ganjiro, the first, and Kamigata wagoto influenced by Enjaku, the second, such as tsukkorobashi (a weak and feeble but somehow comical nimaime in Kamigata wagoto).

• 京は富裕層向けを初めとした高付加価値商品生産地、すなわち工業都市として発展し、製品・職人が日本各地へと流れ、付随して京文化の影響を各地に与えた。
• Kyoto had been developed as a high-value-added commodity production area, or industrial city, such as those for the wealthy class, and its products and craftsmen circulated around various areas in Japan, which brought the accompanying influence of Kyoto culture to those regions thereon.

• だが、応仁の乱では岡崎が戦場となり、北白川も目前の東山に北白川城が築かれて度々攻防戦が行われるなど、戦国 (日本)乱世の影響を確実に受けている。
• During the Onin War, both areas were directly affected by the turbulent war period such that Okazaki became a battleground, whereas Kitashirakawa-jo Castle was built in Higashiyama which was within a stone's throw of Kita Shirakawa where offensive and defensive battles were frequently fought.

• 親王はこの事に加え、家臣であり教育係であった飯田忠彦の影響を色濃く受け、明治新政府の成立に至るまで朝廷における反会津・親長州派の急先鋒となった。
• In addition to the above, the Prince was influenced strongly by his aides as well as an educator, Tadahiko IDA, he was the vanguard against the Aizu and Choshu Domain supporters of the Imperial Palace until the Meiji new government was established.

• では何故赤橋家庶流の普音寺家北条時兼の出産記事があるのかということだが、あるいは出産した母が北条政村の娘であることが影響しているのかもしれない。
• This raises the question of why Tokikane HOJO of the Fuonji family, a collateral line of the Akahashi family appears in the birth record, although it might be influenced by the fact that his mother was a daughter of Masamura HOJO.

• 本居宣長は『土佐日記抄』には『土佐日記附注』の影響が見られるとするが、岸本由豆流は、両書で引用している古典籍の相違が説明できないと指摘している。
• Norinaga MOTOORI said there seemed to be an influence of 'The Tosa Diary with Note' on 'The Tosa Diary's Abstract,' but Yuzuru KISHIMOTO pointed out that it was impossible to explain the differences between the venerable classics quoted in both books.

• （なお、後期王朝物語＝源氏亜流物語には光源氏よりも薫の人物造型がつよく影響を与えていることが知られる。源氏物語各帖のあらすじの「第三部」参照。）
• (Moreover, it is known that a formula of the late dynastic story, i.e. an epigone of 'The Tale of Genji,' was due to the strong influence of Kaoru's character formation rather than that of Hikaru Genji (see also 'the third part' of the summary of each chapter of 'The Tale of Genji').

• 1919年の三・一独立運動後、内地における大正デモクラシーの影響もあって「武断政治」は融和的な「文化政治」（朝鮮総督府文化政治参照）に転換する。
• After the March First Movement in 1919, owing to the Taisho Democracy in the mainland, 'Budan seiji' was shifted to conciliatory 'Bunka seiji (cultural government)' (See Bunka seiji in Chosen Sotoku-fu).

• そのうち11件は1911年の辛亥革命の後に発生し、そのうち辛亥革命の影響を強く受けた抗日運動もあり、4件の事件では中国に帰属すると宣言している。
• Of them, eleven uprisings occurred after the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, and some anti-Japanese movements were strongly influenced by the Revolution and four of them declared that Taiwan would belong to China.

• 当時の為政者や作者（と推定される人物）の心理面やその影響力を考察する点では歴史学上の価値もあるが、作為上の意図も踏まえ厳密に検証する必要がある。
• Although they have historical value from a psychological standpoint, and influence from politicians and authors (or presumed authors), it is necessary to review them while strictly bearing the intent with which they were written, in mind.

• また世界最大の為替決済市場であったロンドン（シティ）が戦局の進展により活動を停止したこと、各国間での為替手形の輸送が途絶したことなども影響した。
• The shift was also affected by London (the City), the world largest exchange settlement market, being forced to suspend its market transactions due to the development of the state of the war and disruption of the transportation of exchange bills between countries.

• 再び軍部の影響力が強まった1936年（昭和11年）に軍部大臣現役武官制は復活し、1945年（昭和20年）の終戦後、軍部大臣が消滅するまで続いた。
• When the military influence came back in full force in 1936, Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei was revived and continued until the Military Minister's role became extinct after the end of the World War II in 1945.

• これらの動きは実証的な歴史研究、すなわち18世紀の荻生徂徠や伊藤東涯らによる政治制度史研究へとつながっていき、あわせて国学へも大きな影響を与えた。
• These movements led to fact-based research of history, or the historical research of political systems by Sorai OGYU and Togai ITO, and affected Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) as well.

• 特筆すべき点としては、天文 (元号)18年（1549年）のフランシスコ・ザビエル来日以来の南蛮貿易によってもたらされた南蛮文化の影響が挙げられる。
• One should remember the impact of European culture, which had occurred through trade with Spain and Portugal since the arrival in Japan of Francisco Xavier in 1549.

• この再遷都は、長岡京で興った藤原種継暗殺から早良親王廃太子に至る一連の騒動や、長岡京の造営がなかなか進まなかったことが影響しているとみられている。
• This re-relocation was said to have been caused by a sequence of events, from the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu which occurred in Nagaoka-Kyo, to the disinheritance of Imperial Prince Sawara, which also delayed the building of Nagaoka-Kyo and as a result it did not make much progress.

• おもな歌人として藤原俊成や武士出身の西行（俗名佐藤義清）があらわれ、『新古今和歌集』の新風形成に影響を与え、中世和歌の形成に大きな役割を果たした。
• Famous waka poets such as FUJIWARA no Toshinari or Saigyo (secular name Norikiyo SATO) who was originally a samurai appeared and facilitated to develop a new style in 'Shinkokin Wakashu' (New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry); they played a big role to develop waka during the medieval period.

• このため9世紀から10世紀にかけて、従来は祓いで済んでいたケガレ除去の方法が、陰陽道の影響もあり物忌み中心に変わってきていることが確認されている。
• Accordingly, the way of muck removal had been changed; it is confirmed that from the ninth century to the tenth century, purificatory asceticism was mainly applied, under the influence of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements), instead of former purification.

• フグの肝や卵巣はフグ毒を多量に含んでいるが、塩水に1年、糠の中に2年から3年漬けると分解されほとんど人体に影響を与えなくなるレベルにまで低下する。
• The livers and ovaries of pufferfish contain a large amount of pufferfish poison; however, when they are soaked in salted water for one year and two to three years in rice bran, the poison deteriorates, decreasing the amount by so much that the fish become almost harmless to the human body.

• 吉兆の料理は、献立や、建具や調度品などを一期一会その場の雰囲気や季節に応じて変える「室礼（しつらい）」に至るまで、懐石料理の影響を強く受けている。
• The services of Kitcho including the menus and the 'shitsurai', by which fittings and furnishing goods are changed in accordance with the atmosphere and seasons under the concept of Ichigo Ichie (Treasure every encounter), are strongly affected by Kaiseki ryori (a simplified version of honzen ryori; dishes different from the Kaiseki ryori mentioned above, although the pronunciation is the same).

• 天照大神の神社として公家・寺家・武家が加持祈祷を行っていた伊勢神宮だったが、中世の戦乱の影響で領地を荒らされ、式年遷宮が行えないほど荒廃していた。
• Court nobles, families that owned and resided in temples, as well as samurai families, would make an incantation and pray at Ise-jingu Shrine which as dedicated to Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess), wars during the medieval period devastated the shrine precinct, leading to the complete destruction of the shrine, such that the deity could not be transferred to a new shrine building, which was supposed to be performed once every prescribed number of years.

• 多子の母・豪子も、藤原俊成・藤原定家の出た御子左家の出身であり、両親の文化的素養を受け継いだ影響から、多子も書・絵・琴・琵琶の名手として知られた。
• Masaruko's mother, Goshi was also from the Mikohidari family from which FUJIWARA no Toshinari and FUJIWARA no Sadaie were originated; Masaruko was known for being an expert in calligraphy, painting, Japanese harp, Japanese lute, taking over the cultural talent of her parents.

• 一方、高宗や両班などの旧李朝支配者層は日本の影響力をあくまでも排除しようと試み、日露戦争中においてもロシアに密書を送るなどの外交を展開していった。
• On the other hand, Emperor Gojong and the yangban elite of the former Yi Dynasty insisted on the removal of Japanese influence, and carried out diplomatic maneuvers such as sending secret letters to Russia during the Russo-Japanese War.

• 静岡県立大学国際関係学部助教の平山洋は、「脱亜論」が甲申政変とその後の弾圧に対する影響で書かれた社説であることに注目して、次のように解説している。
• Noting that the 'Datsu-A Ron' was written because of the Gapsin Coup and the suppression after that, an assistant Professor of the Faculty of International Relations at the University of Shizuoka, Yo HIRAYAMA, explained as follows:

• また、米・麹の投入を複数回に分けることにより、糖度及びアルコール度数の高さによる酵母への影響を抑えて、度数の高い酒の製造を可能にしている（醸造酒）。
• By adding the rice and rice malt in several batches, curb the influence of high sugar and alcohol contents on yeast, enabling the production of high alcohol sake (brewage).

• この日には、各市町村で新成年を招いて成人式が行われる（ただし、豪雪の影響や帰省しやすい時期等を考慮してゴールデンウィークや盆に行われる地方も多い）。
• On this holiday each city and town invites those people who have turned twenty in the last year to a Coming of Age ceremony (in some regions it is held during Golden Week, a holiday in early-May, or during the Bon festival, the festival of Buddhist All Souls' Day, in order to avoid heavy snow and for it to be during a time when people can return to their birthplace).

• その影響もあって、コンビニエンスストアの人口比あたりの出店数が日本一と言われる（スーパーマーケットも中小の店舗が市内各所に点在する形となっている）。
• This might explain why Kyoto City is reported to have the largest number of convenience stores per capita; small and medium-size grocery stores are also scattered throughout the city.

• 塚本説で唱えられた川の流れをほぼ直角に横切っているため矛盾点が生じ、現在の賀茂川の流れはその地下山脈の影響を受けた自然な流れだということが判明した。
• The underground mountain runs at a right angle from the original waterway proposed by Tsukamoto, thereby causing a contradiction; in fact, the current waterway of the Kamogawa River proves to be natural and is influenced by the underground mountain.

• 斯波義将は義満の没後も将軍足利義持を補佐し、朝廷から義満に対する太上天皇の尊号を追号する事を拒否したり、勘合貿易の廃止を提言するなど影響力を持った。
• Yoshimasa SHIBA assisted the Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA even after the death of Yoshimitsu, and he was so influential that he declined to accept the offer by the Imperial Court to give the posthumous title of Emperor Daijo (a Japanese Emperor who abdicated in favor of a successor) to Yoshimitsu and offered suggestions to abolish the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty).

• 長州征伐や海上封鎖の影響を直接受けなかった江戸でも大坂と同じように10年前の米価の4倍の水準にまで跳ね上がっており、市民の不満は急激に高まっていた。
• Edo was not directly affected by the Choshu Expedition and the naval blockade, but it saw the surge of the rice price just like in Osaka, although its appreciation rate was four times as high as a decade ago, and naturally the discontent of Edo citizens was mounting rapidly.

• また、三条西家の六国史書写の段階でも、善本が入手できず、また、旁書などを本文に反映させた際、誤脱、錯簡などが生じ、現行の刊本もその影響を受けている。
• Furthermore, as the complete text was not available when the Six National Histories were transcribed by the Sanjonishi family, and commentaries and other writings were sometimes incorporated into the text which had pages out of order due to binding errors, many mistakes and omissions were made that are still present in the current printed editions.

• この戦争により、陸軍においては白兵突撃至上主義が、海軍においては艦隊決戦至上主義が確立され、後の太平洋戦争まで両者共に大きく影響を及ぼすことになる。
• The Russo-Japanese War cemented the centrality of charge tactics in the army, and decisive encounter between fleets in the navy tactics that would significantly influence both institutions until the Second World War.

• 政体書は、アメリカ憲法の影響を受けたものであり、三権分立や官職の互選、藩代表議会の設置などが定められ、また、地方行政は「御誓文を体すべし」とされた。
• The Constitution of 1868 was affected by the American Constitution, separation of powers (of administration, legislation, and judicature), gosen (mutual election) of government posts, and the introduction of domain parliament were stated and local administration was considered 'shall abide by Charter Oath.'

• 彼ら入唐僧はまた、両界曼荼羅（両部曼荼羅ともいう）などの密教図像を数多く日本へもたらし、これらはその後の日本の仏教絵画に深い影響を与えることとなった。
• Those monks who went toTang for study brought to Japan many Mikkyo-zuzo paintings such as Ryokai mandala (also called Ryoubu mandala), which had a deep impact on Buddhist paintings in Japan.

• さらに現代写真の始まりを告げるウィリアム・クライン、ロバート・フランクらの仕事をいち早く紹介、評論するなど、日本の現代写真の動向に大きな影響を与えた。
• He also quickly introduced and commented on the works of William KLEIN, Robert FRANK and so on, which indicated the beginning of contemporary photography, and had a great influence on the trend of Japanese contemporary photography.

• またこうした自然法を強調する翻訳傾向は総理衙門から派遣され訳書を校訂した4人の章京たちによる語彙選択も影響していると考えられている（張嘉寧1991）。
• It is believed that selection of vocabulary by four government officials who were dispatched from sorigamon and revised translation also affected to this tendency of attaching importance to natural law (張嘉寧1991).

• 自らの政治的影響力を保持したいと考えた将軍徳川慶喜はこれを受け入れ、10月13日在京の諸藩士を二条城に招集し、大政奉還を諮問した（翌日、朝廷へ奏上）。
• Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, a shogun who wished to continue to hold his political clout, accepted this theory and convened feudal retainers of local domains living in Kyoto to Nijo-jo Castle on October 13 to consult Taisei Hokan (which was reported to the Emperor next day).

• 5世紀後半の475年、高句麗の南下によって百済は南方へ移動したが、この事件は百済と友好関係にあったヤマト王権（倭国）にも経済的・政治的な影響を与えた。
• During the late fifth century, in 475, Baekje moved further south as Goguryeo advanced southward, and this economically and politically affected the Yamato Kingdom, that had a friendly relationship with Baekje.

• 事実、受領になると巨額の富を得ることができたため、国司に任命されるために人事権に強い影響を及ぼしうる摂関家へ取り入る者が後を絶たなかったと言われている。
• In fact, since the zuryo was in the position to accumulate an immense amount of wealth, it is said that an endless stream of people ingratiated themselves to the sekkanke (the aristocratic families of regents and advisers), which had a great influence over personnel issues, in order to attain the post of the kokushi.

• 北条氏に次ぐ家格と勢力を誇る有力御家人である足利氏が幕府から離反した影響は甚大で、叛乱は瞬く間に全国に波及、鎌倉幕府は短時日でもろくも崩壊してしまった。
• The effect that the Ashikaga clan, who were a prominent vassal of the Shogun after the Hojo clan in lineage and power, defected from the bakufu was very large and the insurrection rapidly engulfed the whole nation, with the Kamakura bakufu quickly reduced to disintegration.

• 開拓を巡って3県と北海道事業管理局の方針の足並みを揃える事が出来ず、加えて松方財政の影響による不況によって財政収入が伸び悩み、却って開拓の障害となった。
• Haishi Chiken resulted in an obstacle to development after all, because the three prefectures and Hokkaido Works Administration Bureau could not align their policy with the others' in connection with development, and because the income stopped growing due to the economic slowdown under the Matsukata finance (also known as the Matsukata deflation, a financial measure to induce deflation to eliminate inflation generated by raising funds for war cost of the Seinan War).

• 国民政府により台湾の資源を収奪した植民地時代として否定的な評価が行われるが、鉄道に関して確実に戦後の台湾経済の発展に大きな影響を与えた遺産となっている。
• The National Government made a negative evaluation on Japan's colonial rule as depriving Taiwanese of their resources, but the railways are undoubtedly the heritage that contributed greatly to post-war economic development in Taiwan.

• 播磨国姫路藩は同国の中核を担う典型的な領国型の領地を有しており、幕府領、小藩領、旗本領などが入り組んでいる周辺の地域経済にまで大きな影響力を有していた。
• Himeji Domain of Harima Province owned a typical ryokoku (daimyos' own territory)-style land in the core area of the Province, having a major influence even on the economy of the surrounding area which was a labyrinthian mixture of the territories of the shogunate, small domains and hatamoto.

• 近世に入ると、江戸幕府による寺院統制の影響もあって祠堂銭も下火となっていくが、なおも寺院・檀家間などで祠堂銭・名目金の貸付が行われる事も珍しくはなかった。
• As it became the early modern era, Shidosen began to fade out due to the Edo bakufu controlling the temples,However, but still Shidosen lending and loans between temples and supporters was not unusual.

• 演劇改良運動の影響を受けた明治時代の後期になって、従来の荒唐無稽な筋書きではなく、近代社会にふさわしい歌舞伎劇を志す文学者が新たな作品を書くようになった。
• In the late Meiji period, when Engeki kairyo undo (theatrical performance improvement movement) was influential, new works were written by literary people who pursued kabuki plays suitable for modern society instead of those with traditional preposterous stories.

• 幕末から明治にかけて活躍した三遊亭圓朝は歴史的な名人として知られ、圓朝の高座を書き記した速記本は当時の文学、特に言文一致の文章の成立に大きな影響を与えた。
• Encho SANYUTEI, a popular storyteller who performed from the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate to the Meiji period, was known as a historic master of storytelling, and the book based on shorthand notes of his storytelling had a great impact on the literature of the time, particularly in relation to sentences written in a colloquial style.

• 大衆娯楽小説の出発点ともされており、大佛次郎の『鞍馬天狗 (小説)』連載開始（大正12年）とともに大衆文化（サブカルチャー）の創生に大きく影響を及ぼした。
• This is considered to be the start point of popular entertainment novels, which gave a significant impact on the creation of subculture along with the start of a series of novel 'Kurama Tengu' by Jiro OSANAGI in 1923.

• 教団組織の面では、同時期に整って行った仏教教団の影響も受けて、隋・唐・五代十国時代の時期に宗教教団としての組織と儀礼と神学教理とを一応完成するにいたった。
• In terms of organization, it was influenced by the Buddhism organization, which developed at about the same time, and was complemented by rituals and doctrines of Sui, Tang and Godai-kukkoku periods (the period of ten dynasties in five generations).

• 壬午・甲申両事変の後に日本に変わって大きな影響力をもつようになった清朝が朝鮮の背後にいて、華夷秩序の「属国」から条約体制の「属国」への転換を画策していた。
• After the Imo Incident and the Gapsin Coup, the Qing dynasty replaced Japan and gained big power of influence; in that time, there was always the Qing dynasty behind Korea and always tried to change Korea from 'zokkoku' in Kaichitsujo to 'subject state' under treaty system.

• 実際はより複雑であるが、こういった思想の類型では四大元素など、相互に影響しあって何らかの結果を招くという意味で、この関係性が「相性」という言葉で表された。
• The actual idea is much more complicated; nonetheless, the relationship, in which things, such as four elements, influence each other and this then leads to a consequence, was expressed with a term 'aisho.'

• 政治においては、スキャンダル等によって退陣を余儀なくされた内閣総理大臣が、なお与党内において最も強力な影響力を保持している場合に「院政」の比喩が用いられる。
• In politics, a case where a prime minister has had no choice but to resign due to a scandal, etc., but retains the strongest influence within the ruling party, is referred to as 'insei.'

• この時期の清盛の出世について「当時の貴族社会の中では清盛を白河上皇の落胤とする説が信じられており、このことが清盛の異例の昇進に強く影響した」という説もある。
• Regarding the rapid progression of Kiyomori's career at this time, there is a hypothesis that 'many within the aristocracy believed the theory that Kiyomori was retired Emperor Shirakawa's illegitimate child and this led to his rapid promotion.'

• 酒屋が室町時代のころに持っていた政治的影響力は表面的に減じたが、それでも幕閣、奉行、代官らに多額の政治献金を送り、陰の政治力はかなり残っていたと考えてよい。
• Although the political power sakaya had in the Muromachi period diminished superficially, it can be considered that they made considerable financial contribution to the cabinet officials of the Shogunate, magistrates and local governors, still retaining a significant political power behind the scenes.

• その中でも、山田美妙における「です・ます」調の試みは、もうひとつの日本語表現の可能性として、小説言語の主流にはならなかったものの、後世へ大きな影響を与えた。
• Among them Bimyo YAMADA attempted a 'desu/masu style', which failed to become a mainstream language of novels as another possible Japanese expressions, but greatly influenced the succeeding generations.

• 南北朝統一後、北朝 (日本)正統論を唱える室町幕府の影響下に改竄や“続編”と称しながら親房の論を否定して、『続神皇正統記』（小槻晴富）が書かれた事もあった。
• After the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts, Chikafusa's book was willfully altered under the influence of the Muromachi bakufu to support the view that the Northern Court lineage was the one true and legitimate lineage, and a book critical of Chikafusa's viewpoint was written by Harutomi KOZUKI--and dubbed a 'sequel'--called the 'Zoku (continued) Jinno Shotoki.'

• 元々、口承説話として伝えられたものが『後漢書』や『白氏文集』など漢籍の影響を受けて一旦は漢文の形で完成されたが、後に平仮名で書き改められたと考えられている。
• Under the influence of the Chinese books like 'History of the Later han Dynasty' and 'Bai-Shi Wen Ji,' the original tale, which had been passed on by word of mouth, was once written down in Chinese, and then it seems to have been rewritten in kana later.

• 従来の古代日本史学をいまだ皇国史観の影響下にあるものと見て、本説はそれに代わる新しい史観であり、「日本古代史の謎や矛盾を無理なく説明できる」と主張している。
• They regard the traditional ancient Japanese history as one still under the influence of Kokoku Shikan; Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography based upon state Shinto), and insist that it should be replaced with the Kyushu theory and, saying `It enables an explanation about the mystery or inconsistency of ancient Japanese history without difficulty.'

• このうち、日本国国憲按は、皇帝の国憲遵守の誓約や議会の強い権限を定めるなど、ベルギー憲法（1831年）やプロイセン憲法（1850年）の影響を強く受けていた。
• Japan's national constitution draft was strongly influenced by the constitutions of Belgium (1831) and Prussia (1850), and insisted the emperor's compliance with the constitution and the strong authority of the assembly.

• なお、やはり東京都が実験を進めていた、スギにマレイン酸ヒドラジドを注入することにより着花を抑制するとの計画は、材質に影響が出るなどのこともあって中止となった。
• Experiments in which Tokyo treated Japanese cedar trees with maleic hydrazide in order to inhibit flower development were discontinued due to effects on the quality of the timber.

• どちらがどちらを先に真似たのかは不明だが、いずれにしてもこの頃から助六の鉢巻が大口屋の好んだ江戸紫に染め直されたというから、その影響を看過することはできない。
• Although it is unknown who imitated first, Gyouu OGUCHIYA was a great influence on Sukeroku because it is said that it was from this period that the headband of Sukeroku was dyed Edomurasaki purple, the favorite color of OGUCHIYA.

• 京都全体を戦乱に巻き込んだ応仁の乱の影響で、日本の宮廷文化は混乱するが、このとき位階以上の貴族の冠に用いる有文羅（うもんら/模様を織り出した羅）の技法が散逸。
• As the Onin War dragged the whole Kyoto into the war, Japanese Court culture became disordered, and they lost the technique of umonra (ra woven in a pattern), which was used for Court caps for the nobilities whose ranks were the Fifth Rank or higher.

• 『万国公法』の普及と、上記のような様々な事件・問題の際の近代国際法の強制的な適用と受容が、東アジア国際社会に大きな影響を与えたことは改めて強調するまでもない。
• It is obvious that diffusion of 'Bankoku Koho'and forcible application and acceptance of modern international law on the above mentioned incidents and issues had major impact on international society in East Asia.

• 前述のような学説は皇国史観の強い影響下に成ったものとする考えから、その反動として戦後の研究では、日本の出先機関が存在したことを否定しようとする姿勢が強かった。
• After the World War II, the studies strongly attempted to deny the existence of a regional office of Japan in the Korean Peninsula on the rebound because the above-mentioned theory was thought to have been born under the strong influence of Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto).

• しかし長宗我部元親による土佐統一が現実味を帯びてくると、四万十川以東の豪族が次々と元親に下り、一条氏の影響地域は四万十川下流域と以西に押し込められてしまった。
• However as the unification of Tosa by Motochika CHOSOKABE became increasingly realistic, the local clans who were in the area east of the Shimanto-gawa River turned to Motochika for alliance, and as such, the area where the Ichijo clan could exert their influence was contained within the areas downstream and west of the Shimanto-gawa River.

• 貨幣経済の浸透や百姓階層の分化とそれに伴う村落社会の形成といった13世紀半ばから進行していた日本社会の変動は、元寇の影響によってますます加速の度合いを強めた。
• Changes in Japanese society having been progressing since the middle thirteenth century, such as the development of the monetary economy, hierarchization of the peasant class and formation of rural communities, were further accelerated by the influence of Genko.

• 特に、戦後の歴史学に強い影響を及ぼした唯物史観は、発展史観の度合いをさらに強め、古代アジアの社会はアジア的生産様式の中で総体的奴隷制度が行われたと考えていた。
• In particular, historical materialism, which strongly influenced the Japanese post-war historical school, further advanced the historical view of development to consider that ancient Asian society was generally based on slavery in the Asiatic mode of production.

• 前代との大きな相違は、日本列島の文化が外来の文化や技術の影響を受けるようになったことであり、稲作農耕と金属器が中国大陸からもたらされ、文化は新たな時代に入った。
• What differed greatly from the previous period was that Japanese culture became influenced by foreign culture and technology, and rice growing and metal artifacts, both from China, led Japanese culture to a new age.

• 永禄13年（1570年）1月23日、信長は殿中御掟9か条を制定した後も政治への影響力を保とうとする義昭に対して、殿中御掟追加5か条を突きつけ、これも承認させた。
• On March 9, 1570, Nobunaga issued additional five Articles to denchu on okite to Yoshiaki and made him accept them, because Nobunaga saw that Yoshiaki tried to keep his political influence even after having the nine Articles of denchu on okite established.

• 安倍氏は北上川流域の奥六郡（現在の岩手県内陸部）を拠点として糠部（現在の青森県東部）から亘理・伊具（現在の宮城県南部）にいたる広大な地域に影響力を発揮していた。
• The Abe clan established its foothold in Okuroku-gun (inland six districts, at present the inland area of Iwate Prefecture) surrounding the Kitakami-gawa River, and exhibited great influence on the vast regions from Nukanobu (at present the eastern part of Aomori Prefecture) to Watari and Igu (at present the southern part of Miyagi Prefecture).

• しかし、日露戦争後の国際状況の安定と政党政治の成熟により藩閥と軍部の影響力は衰え、1913年（大正2年）には軍部大臣の補任資格を「現役」に限る制度が改められた。
• However, due to the global stabilization and maturity of the party government after the Russo-Japanese War, the domain cliques and the military lost their influence and the system was revised to regulate the military minister's appointing authority to only 'active-duty' in 1913.

• また東京大学出身の吉野・美濃部の両人に加え、中央大学出身の長谷川如是閑や早稲田大学出身の大山郁夫といったジャーナリストや学者の発言も在り方に大きな影響を与えた。
• The theory upheld by YOSHINO and MINOBE of Tokyo Imperial University was buttressed further by journalists and other political scientists such as Nyozekan HASEGAWA of Chuo University and Ikuo OYAMA of Waseda University.

• 幕府が諸外国と通商条約を締結して開国を行うと、在野の志士(活動家)たちは、水戸学の思想的影響のもと、名分論に基づき攘夷を断行しない幕府に対する倒幕論が形成された。
• When Bakufu executed trade agreements with various countries and opened the country to foreign trade and diplomatic relations, activists outside of government, who were under the influence of Mito-gaku, built up the argument of tobaku against Bakufu, which, for reasons that were superficial, did not carry out the expulsion of foreigners.

• 地球温暖化に対してはその信頼性や影響について様々な懐疑論が見られるが、その傾向はいくつかに絞られており、概ね否定できるもの、または信頼性に乏しいと考えられている。
• There are various kinds of skepticism on credibility or influence of the global warming, but the tendencies are limited to a few, and they are deniable in general and have little credibility.

• また、去勢の技術が伝えられていなかったこと、戦場には人を齧るくらい元気な牡馬が尊ばれたこと、大小の刀を帯びる影響で、乗馬位置が西洋馬術と反対であることなどもある。
• As for other features of the Japanese traditional equestrianism, the techniques for the castration had been unknown as well; people respected male horses vigorous enough to bite people especially at wars; since the bushi always wore long and short swords, they rode the horses from the opposite side to the way of the European equestrianism.

• 月ヶ瀬梅林の名勝としての地位を不動にしたのは津藩の儒学者であった斉藤拙堂が1830年に著した書物『月瀬記勝（つきがせきしょう／げつらいきしょう）』の影響が大きい。
• It was 'Tsukigase Kisho or Getsurai Kisho' written in 1830 by Setsudo SAITO, a Confucian scholar of Tsu Clan, which had the largest effect in garnering Tsukigase Bairin its unwavering reputation as a site of scenic beauty.

• このため、独楽の胴体部分にはヒモが作り出す独特の質感があり、また、心棒が他の日本独楽より相対的に長めに作られている（心棒が長いのは回し方の影響もあると見られる）。
• The body of the Kyo top has a peculiar texture thanks to its cotton string, and the stem of the Kyo top is relatively longer than that of an ordinary spinning top (which is probably influenced by the way it's spun).

• 梅雨前線の活動が太平洋高気圧の勢力拡大によって弱まるか、各地域の北側に押し上げられ、今後前線の影響による雨が降らない状況になったとき、梅雨が終わったとみなされる。
• Baiu is deemed to have ended when activities of the baiu front are weakened by expansion of strength of the Pacific anticyclone or the baiu front has been forced to move the north of each area and no rain is expected because of the influence of the front.

• 万国公法（ばんこくこうほう）は、19世紀後半から20世紀前半にかけて近代国際法を普及させたという点で、東アジア各国に多大な影響を与えた国際法解説書の翻訳名である。
• 'Bankoku Koho' is a translated name of a commentary on international law, which gave considerable influences to various countries in East Asia by diffusing modern international law in a period from the second half of the nineteenth century to the first half of the twentieth century.

• 先行する数多の漢文学、仮名文学双方を踏まえた紫式部による『源氏物語』は、中古の文学の代表作とも言うべき長大な作品で、以降の日本の文学史全体に強い影響を与えている。
• 'The Tale of Genji' by Murasaki Shikibu, which was written under the influence of many of the preceding literary works in both Chinese and kana, can be said to be a masterpiece of classical Japanese literature and has had a great influence on the entire history of Japanese literature.

• 弘安の役においても、当時の日本が知り得なかった江南軍壊滅の理由を台風や熱帯低気圧の影響としながらも、博多沖の東路軍は、それとは違った理由で壊滅したという説もある。
• Also in Koan no Eki, what had destroyed the Southern Yangtze Army, which Japan could not know then, is said to have been a typhoon or tropical cyclone, but there is a theory that the Eastern Route Army staying offshore near Hakata perished due to a different reason.

• フランスの植民地思想に影響を受けた原は、人種・文化が類似する台湾は日本と同化することが可能であるとし、台湾を内地の一部とし、内地法を適用させるというものであった。
• Hara, who was influenced by French colonialism, claimed that it was possible to assimilate Taiwan to Japan as Taiwanese were similar enough to Japanese in race and culture, and that Japan should treat Taiwan as a part of Japan and apply the Japanese law to Taiwan.

• また、儒教思想の日本への定着はすなわち、中華思想（華夷思想）の日本への定着を意味し、近代の皇国史観などに影響を与え、日本版中華思想ともいうべきものの下地となった。
• Moreover, the establishment of Confucianist thought in Japan meant the establishment of a China-centered view of the world in Japan, which had an influence upon emperor-centered historiography in later times and became the foundation for a Japanese style China-centered view of the world.

• また、黄砂自体はアレルギー物質ではないものの、汚染物質が付着したときに何らかの相乗効果を及ぼし、汚染物質が人体に及ぼす悪影響を増幅させている可能性も指摘されている。
• Although kosa itself is not allergen, the following possibility is pointed out: When pollutants stick to kosa, some synergistic effects are generated and the bad effects that the pollutants would affect human bodies are amplified.

• 後醍醐天皇やその近臣らは中国への関心や朱子学(宋学)的な君臣名分論の影響を受けていたとされ、宋代の官制との比較などから、君主独裁政を目指していたとも考えられている。
• Emperor Godaigo and his vassals had considerable interest in China and were influenced by Neo-Confucian (the Song-period teachings of Chu Hsi) arguments of ruler and ruled and of moral duties, and it is thought that they were trying to set up a dictatorship comparable to the Song-era administration.

• 幕府が政治的に影響力を及ぼすことができたのは、当初は将軍任国である関東と将軍所領のみであったが、次第にその範囲は拡大し、承久の乱で全国的な支配権を確立するに至った。
• The regions over which the Kamakura Bakufu could exert a political influence were at first only the ningoku (place of appointment) of shogun, which was the Kanto region and the territories of the shogun, but gradually the regions expanded and after the Jokyu War, nationwide sovereignty was established.

• 「光のこだま」現象としての原因は、隣接するクエーサーを内包していたと考えられる銀河IC 2497の、影響による周囲のガスと赤外線による発光の残像だと推論されている。
• The 'optical light echo' phenomenon is apparently caused by the persistence of a light emission amidst surrounding gas and infrared rays due to the influence of the nearby galaxy IC 2497 which seems to have once included a quasar.

• このように本作品は、南宋院体画の影響を強く受けたものであり、日本の初期水墨画を代表する人物である如拙の筆であることが確実な遺品として、日本絵画史上貴重な遺品である。
• As described above, this work was strongly influenced by Nanso-Intaiga (the Southern Sung Imperial Academy style of painting) and is a valuable piece in the history of Japanese painting as a relic definitely drawn by Josetsu, who was the leading painter specializing in the early stage of ink-and-wash paintings in Japan.

• 信隆の子の信清は後鳥羽天皇の叔父にあたり、また信清の娘は鎌倉幕府将軍源実朝の正室となったことから、坊門家は皇室・幕府いずれに対しても大きな影響力を持つようになった。
• Nobukiyo, Nobutaka's son, was the Emperor Gotoba's uncle, and Nobukiyo's daughter became the legal wife of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, Shogun of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); as a result, the Bomon family came to hold enormous influence over both the imperial house and the bakufu.

• 加えて、室町時代から戦国時代 (日本)にかけて熊野山領の荘園の状況の変化は、熊野三山検校やその下におかれた三山奉行の熊野三山に対する影響力を増大させる方向に働いた。
• In addition, the changes in the conditions surrounding private mountain estates in Kumano which took place during the time from the Muromachi Period to the Sengoku period (period of warring states) in Japan helped Kumano Sanzan Kengyo and Sanzan Bugyo which was placed under Kumano Sanzan Kengyo to increase the power over Kumano Sanzan.

• 慶応3年（1867年）10月大政奉還により政権を朝廷へ返上した15代征夷大将軍徳川慶喜は、新設されるであろう諸侯会議の議長として影響力を行使することを想定していた。
• In October 1867, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, the fifteenth Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), gave up political power to the Imperial Court by the Taiseihokan (restoration of imperial rule) and he expected to have great influence over the potential newly established Lords Conference through his potential role as the president of the conference.

• このとき、どれだけ庭鐘から医学以外のこと（例えば白話小説のことなど）を直接学んだかはよく分かっていないが、その影響をうけていることは『雨月物語』自体が証拠となろう。
• It is not certain how much he learned other than medicine (such as hakuwa shosetsu) from Teisho, but 'Ugetsu Monogatari' itself would be evidence of the influence.

• その献上対象も令制国を治める守護大名をはじめとして、朝廷や幕府、守護に影響のある実力者、公家や守護代、奉行衆などの実際の行政・訴訟実務の担当官吏にまで広がっていった。
• The targets for the reisen also widely ranged from Shugo daimyo ruling the ryoseikoku (province), the Imperial Court, the bakufu, powerful figures having influence over Shugo (provincial constable), Court nobles, Shugodai (deputy of Shugo), even to government officials in charge of actual administrative and legal practices such as the bugyoshu (group of magistrates).

• 倭の五王による南朝への奉献以来約1世紀を経て再開された遣隋使の目的は、東アジアの中心国・先進国である隋の文化の摂取が主であるが、朝鮮半島での影響力維持の意図もあった。
• The dispatch of envoys to China was resumed one century after the tributary envoys to the Southern Dynasty sent by the five kings of Wa (Japan), with the primary purpose of learning about Sui culture, as they were a key and leading country in East Asia, but also with the intention of maintaining Japanese influence over the Korean Peninsula.

• 室町幕府管領の細川勝元と、山名持豊（出家して山名宗全）らの有力守護大名が争い、九州など一部の地方を除く全国に拡大、影響し、戦国時代 (日本)に突入するきっかけとなった。
• Strife between Katsumoto HOSOKAWA, Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Kanrei (Shogun's deputy of the Muromachi Bakufu), and influential shugo daimyos (military governors-turned-provincial lords) including Mochitoyo YAMANA (later tonsured and renamed Sozen YAMANA) expanded nationwide except in some regions including Kyushu, and thereby triggering the advent of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States in Japan).

• しかし、弘安8年（1285年）に泰盛とその与党が平頼綱らのクーデタ（霜月騒動）により殺害・追放されて幕府の政策が転換すると、その影響が朝廷にも及び、亀山院政は動揺した。
• However, in 1285, Yasumori and his group members were killed and exiled in a coup d'etat by TAIRA no Yoritsuna (Shimotsuki Incident) leading to a change in direction of bakufu measures that affected the Imperial Court, stunning the Kameyama Cloistered Government.

• 最初は父譲りの道安の流れを汲んでいたと思われるが、古田重然や小堀遠州の影響を受けながら後水尾天皇をはじめ公家との交流のなかで「姫宗和」と呼ばれる優美な茶風を築きあげた。
• Although it is thought that he was at first influenced by the tea ceremony of Doan as his father was, he gradually perfected his own elegant style, called 'Hime Sowa,' which was created as a result of his friendships with the court nobles such as Emperor Gomizunoo, as well as having had the influence of tea ceremony masters such as Shigenari FURUTA and Enshu KOBORI.

• 密教などの影響を受け仏教や神道の枠に収まりがたい発展を遂げた宗教には修験道、陰陽道などがあり、真言陀羅尼や功徳を積んだ法力への期待から御霊会など怨霊の鎮魂を担っていた。
• Shugendo (mountaineering asceticism), the Way of Yin and Yang and others have developed to go beyond Buddhism and Shinto under the influence of Esoteric Buddhism, and these religions were used to to pray for repose of vengeful spirits in sacred spirit service (goryoe) and other occasions from the expectation for the manifestation of mantra dharani (commandment of true words) or the power of Buddhism attained by accumulated virtues.

• 福井県嶺南地方では、関西電力の原子力発電所立地の影響で、発電所立地自治体（敦賀市・美浜町 (福井県)・大飯町-現おおい町・高浜町）と非立地自治体の間で財政に格差がある。
• In Reinan area of Fukui prefecture, where nuclear power plants of Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. are located, a financial difference exists between the municipalities with nuclear power plants (Tsuruga City, Mihama-cho (Fukui Prefecture), Oi-cho-current Oi-cho, Takahama-cho) and municipalities which are not located nearby such plants.

• 例えば、長岡京の建設責任者であった藤原種継が暗殺されたことや、奈良寺院の影響から脱するためであったや、天武天皇系の都を脱して天智天皇系の都を造るという意図説などである。
• These theories include the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu who was responsible for the construction of Nagaoka-kyo, the intention to escape the influence of temples of Nara, and the desire to escape the capital of Emperor Tenmu and create a capital for Emperor Tenji.

• しかしながら河内本衰退後に有力になった青表紙本や青表紙本の系統に属するとされる絵入源氏物語や湖月抄などの江戸時代の版本の本文は河内本の影響を大きく受けていると見られる。
• However, it is suspected that the text of Aobyoshibon which became influential after declination of Kawachibon and printed books during the Edo period including Eiri Genji monogatari (Illustrated Tale of Genji) and Kogetsusho that are said to belong to the Aobyoshibon line seemed to have significant influence by Kawachibon.

• 紫式部の酷評に加え、女の才はかえって不幸を招くという中世的な思想が影響し、鎌倉時代に書かれた『無名草子』『古事談』『古今著聞集』などには清少納言の落魄説話が満載された。
• In addition to the severe criticism made by Murasaki Shikibu, the influence of medieval thought that the talented woman became unhappy was such that many anecdotes of Sei Shonagon's reduced circumstances were written in 'Mumyozoshi' (Story Without a Name), 'Kojidan' (Collection of Folk Literature), 'Kokon Chomonju' (Collection of Folk Literature), etc., during the Kamakura period.

• 降水量が少なく地面が乾燥する冬は、シベリア高気圧の影響で風があまり強くない穏やかな天候が続くうえ、ほとんどの乾燥地帯の表土は積雪に覆われてしまうため、黄砂が発生しにくい。
• Kosa is less likely to originate in the winter when rain falls little and the land surface becomes dry, because the weather during that season stays mild with no strong wind, due to the Siberian high pressure, and in addition, the surfaces of almost all of the dry areas are covered with snow.

• 以仁王と頼政の挙兵は短期間で失敗したが、その影響は大きく、以仁王の令旨を奉じた源頼朝や源義仲、甲斐源氏、近江源氏などが各地で蜂起し、治承・寿永の乱の幕を開けることになる。
• Prince Mochihito and Yorimasa's uprising was brief and ended in failure, but it had profound effects, with Mochihito's princely command used as justification and rallying cry for local insurrections launched by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, the Kai Genji, and the Omi Genji among others, marking the true beginning of the Genpei War (the Jisho-Juei war between the Minamoto and the Taira).

• また、才覚よりも家格を官職就任の最優先の要件とするという見解は、南北朝時代 (日本)の北畠親房による一連の著作とも共通しており、親房は同書の影響を受けたとする見方もある。
• Additionally, Motochika's position to prioritize the family's social standing rather than talent for the appointment of the government posts coincided with Chikafusa KITABATAKE's series of books in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts; some believe that Chikafusa had been influenced by the Kanshoku Hisho.

• また、財団法人交通事故総合分析センターの実験によると、奈良漬け50gを食べた20分後に行なった走行実験では呼気中のアルコール濃度はゼロであり、走行にも影響を与えていない。
• Also, according to the experiments conducted by Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis, a driving test that was performed at 20 minutes after having 50 grams of narazuke showed breath alcohol content of 0 (zero) and caused no influence on the driving.

• しかし、内閣職権は当時のドイツ帝国の内閣制度ではなく、イギリスの議院内閣制の影響も含まれた「ハルデンベルグ官制」（1810年のプロシアの官制）をモデルにしたとされている。
• However, it has been said that Naikaku-shokken was not based on the cabinet system of German Empire of the time but based on the 'Hardenberg governmental regulation' (the governmental regulation in Prussia in 1810) that was affected by the British parliamentary cabinet system.

• 赤穂藩赤穂浪士が吉良義央を討ち果たす元禄赤穂事件が起ると、竹田出雲らにより太平記の「塩冶高貞の物語」に仮託されて「忠臣蔵」として書かれるなど、日本の近世文学にも影響する。
• It also influenced early-modern Japanese literature; for example, after the Forty-Seven Ronin Incident in the Genroku era, where 47 ronin of the Ako domain took vengeance on Yoshinaka KIRA, the story was told as 'Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers)' by Izumo TAKEDA and others under the pretext of 'The Tale of Takasada ENYA.'

• それまでも、知的な「浮浪子」（なまけ者などの意味の上方語）であった秋成だが、美樹からのてほどきからは、思想的深化、古典学の体系的だった智識の整理、という重大な影響をうけた。
• Akinari had been an intelligent 'Noramono' (means a lazybones in Kansai dialect) until then, but after he was taught by Miki, his thought was deepened and knowledge of the classics was organized systematically, which meant a lot to him.

• 日本では、関東大震災などの影響で金本位制復帰の時期を逸し、1930年（昭和5年）に濱口雄幸内閣が「金解禁（金輸出解禁）」を打ち出したが、翌年犬養毅内閣が金輸出を再禁止した。
• Japan missed an opportunity to return to gold standard system since it had to deal with the aftermath of the Great Kanto Earthquake, and Osachi HAMAGUCHI cabinet announced 'the lifting of an embargo on the export of gold' in 1930, but the embargo again laid by Tsuyoshi INUKAI cabinet in the next year.

• また京都画壇の竹内栖鳳らをはじめ多くの日本絵画の作家らがヨーロッパに留学し、やがてこうした動きから、諸派の絵画や西洋画の影響も取り入れた新しい民族美術として日本画が誕生した。
• And many Japanese-style painters, including Seiho TAKEUCHI (a member of the Kyoto painters' community), went to Europe to study, and after learning from various schools of Japanese-style paintings and from Western-style paintings, they renewed Japanese-style painting as a national art.

• それから5年後に曙山も亡くなると、秋田蘭画は下火となり、しだいに廃れたが、同画の系統・画流は司馬江漢に受けつがれ、さらに洋風化して須賀川の亜欧堂田善にも影響をおよぼしている。
• After Shozan died five years later, Akita Ranga lost its popularity and gradually fell out of practice; however, its lineage and style were inherited by Kokan SHIBA, becoming further westernized and also came to have an influence on Denzen AODO from Sukagawa.

• 19世紀を中心にヨーロッパで展開した精神運動である「ロマン主義」の影響を受け、大正時代の個人の解放や新しい時代への理想に満ちた風潮にかぶせて、このように呼ばれるようになった。
• The idealistic trend in hoping for a new era and the liberation of an individual, which were affected by the 'romanticism' of Europe around the 19th century, began to be referred to as 'Taisho Roman.'

• それはどちらかといえば東アジア諸国家対西欧（文明）に比重をおいて説明してきたが、以下では近代東アジア世界全体に及ぼした影響、あるいは東アジア諸国間に生じた問題について触れる。
• Therefore much weight was put in the explanations of conflict between East Asian nations and Western Europe (Civilization), but hereinafter influences in whole modern East Asia and issues in East Asian countries will be described.

• 更に1960年代頃から朝鮮半島で広がった民族主義の影響もあり、特に朝鮮半島の研究者により、記紀に記されているヤマト朝廷の直接的な任那支配は誇張されたものだとの主張がなされた。
• Furthermore, due to the influence of nationalism which spread in the Korean Peninsula from the 1960s, researchers, especially those in the Korean Peninsula, insisted that the records in Kiki (Kojiki [A Record of Ancient Matter] and Nihonshoki), which say that Yamato Dynasty directly controlled the Mimana, were exaggerated.

• ただし、土地の交換などに用いられた相博状などに「謹辞」などの辞の影響を受けたと考えられる語句が用いられているものがあり、辞が全く作成されていなかった訳ではないとみられている。
• But it is believed that zi was actually made, because phrases such as 'kinji,' which are thought to be influenced by zi, are used in letters of sohaku used for exchange of territories.

• 成立時期や編者などは各家集ごとに状況が異なるため未詳であるが、紀貫之の歌を集めた『貫之集』、伊勢 (歌人)の『伊勢集』など後世の歌人・作品に影響を与えたと思われる作品も多い。
• When and by who the Shikashu was created is still unknown because each Shikashu was created in different situations, but there are many Shikashu which seem to have had influences on later poets and works such as the 'Tsurayuki shu,' a poem collection of KI no Tsurayuki and 'Ise shu,' a collection of Ise (poet)'s works.

• 豊臣秀吉死後の豊臣政権においては五大老の徳川家康が影響力を強め、慶長5年（1600年）に元五奉行の石田三成らが蜂起した関ヶ原の戦いで家康は東軍を指揮して三成ら西軍を撃破する。
• After the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, one of the Gotairo (Council of Five Elders), strengthened his power in the Toyotomi administration, and at the Battle of Sekigahara in which a former member of the Gobugyo (five major magistrates) Mitsunari ISHIDA and others uprose in 1600, he commanded the Eastern Army and rebuffed Mitsunari's Western Army.

• 武力紛争の総数から見れば、その大部分は、隣接する非友好的な勢力が互いに、領地、あるいは、影響を及ぼし得る勢力圏の境境付近において繰り広げる小競り合い・抗争レベルの応酬であった。
• Judging from the total number of armed conflicts, most of them were exchanges of skirmishes/private wars which were conducted between neighboring unfriendly powers in the vicinity of the border of their territory or areas on which they could influence.

• こうした歴史学の発展の一方で、歴史学と国家主義的な歴史観との衝突も発生していた（「神道は祭天の古俗」事件、南北朝時代 (日本)南北朝正閏論と後世への影響、天皇機関説事件など）。
• While history advanced in this way, collisions between history and nationalistic views of history occurred (for example, the incident of 'Shinto is a remnant of the ancient custom of worshiping heaven,' Nanbokucho-Seijunron (an argument on legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Dynasty) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), and the incident of the emperor-as-organ theory).

• これに対し、勧修寺経顕時代には体裁は消息・御教書であっても本人の直状によって発給され、西園寺実俊時代には幕府の影響力強化に沿う形で本人の直状である正式な施行状が発給されている。
• On the other hand, during the period of Tsuneaki KANSHUJI, although the documents took the form of shosoku or migyosho, they were issued in the form of jikijo (direct documents) by officials, and during the period of Sanetoshi SAIONJI, the formal shigyojo by officials were issued in accordance with the increasing power of the bakufu.

• （しかし、ヨーロッパ美術界でアカデミック絵画の権威や美術と工芸の境界が揺らぎ始めたこの時期、日本の美術品は前衛的な芸術家らにジャポニズムという強力な影響を与えることとなった。）
• At that time, however, the prestige of academic paintings began to shake and the boundary between arts and crafts became obscure in the European art community, so Japanese art works greatly influenced European avant-gardists and gave birth to Japonisme.

• これらは主にアニミズムを基盤としており社殿以前の磐座や山岳信仰などに顕著であるが、神仏習合の影響も受け形を変えて受け継がれているものも多い（道祖神と地蔵菩薩、えびす信仰など）。
• Folk religions are generally based on animism, and this aspect appears prominently in the previous belief style in sacred rock (iwakura) or mountain before the building for worship was constructed, and many of them changed their forms under the influence of syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism to be passed down to today (e.g., Doso-shin [traveler's guardian deity], Jizo Bosatsu [Ksitigarbha], and Ebisu worship).

• 日本海沿岸部全体で観察される現象で、沿岸部での魚の激減、えさの減少から沿岸部で産卵されて育つ人間に有用な魚の稚魚の成長が難しくなることなど、漁業全体への深刻な影響が懸念される。
• It is a phenomenon seen in all of the Sea of Japan coastal areas which causes a concern over a serious impact on the entire fishing industry, with problems including that the fish population is drastically reduced and that, due to the decreased food, the growth of juvenile fish of those species valuable to human that are spawned and grow in the coastal areas will be challenged.

• しかしながら、1907年以降の日本の帝政ロシアへの再接近（日露協約）、および満州への経済投資の増大によって、協定は中国での日本の覇権に対するアメリカの影響力の弱体化に帰着した。
• However, the agreement weaked the United States influence in China over Japanese dominance through Japanese approach to the Russian Empire after the Russo-Japanese Agreement in 1907 and increasing economic investment in Manchuria,

• この政権の課題は、将軍が短命･幼弱ということもあり、「如何にして将軍個人の人格よりも将軍職の地位とその権威を高めるか」であり、綱吉の頃と同様、朱子学の影響を受けた政策と言える。
• The challenge of this government was 'how to enhance the status and authority of the shogunate, regardless of a shogun's own personality,' due to the fact that Shogun Ietsugu was not gifted with longevity and he was immature, and therefore, it can be said that the policies in this age were under the influence of Neo-Confucianism just as in the age of Tsunayoshi.

• 相性の、元々の意味は陰陽五行思想の一端で、全ての事物が持つ属性が、相互に良い意味で影響しあってより強まるか、逆に相互の良い部分を相殺しあって悪い状態を招くかといったものである。
• Aisho was originally derived from the part of the philosophy of Onmyo gogyo (Yin-Yang Wu-Xin), which explained that when the attributes of all things influence each other in a good way, they become stronger; when they balance out the good qualities in each other, on the other hand, this invites bad situations.

• しかし、平安後期になると、人間をあるがままに日本風に描くという国風文化の影響のもと、表現形式がより柔軟かつ豊富な和文体による歴史物語・軍記物語・説話集が多数記されるようになった。
• However, in the latter half of the Heian period, the Kokufu Bunka, in which human beings were depicted in Japanese styles, prevailed, and many historical stories, war chronicles and collections of anecdotes were written in the Japanese-writing style that enabled the descriptions to be made more flexibly and richly.

• ただし前述のごとく土地への影響力は重層構造であったため、在地領主は自らの土地を守るべく、将軍家のほか、有力公家、国守や守護、あるいは在地の有力武家にその安堵を求めることもあった。
• Since there was a multilayered structure of influence put on a land as mentioned above, the resident landholder sometimes asked not only the shogunate but also influential court nobles, the governor of a province or the military governor, or resident influential samurai family for recognition and gurantee of the ownership of the land, for the purpose of protecting the ownership of his land.

• 義経に再度敗れた後、平知盛が戦乱を「潮（うしお）にて水に渇（かっ）せしは、これ餓鬼道。・・・」と六道に例えて述べるくだりは、仏教思想の影響の強い平家物語色を感じられる場面である。
• After being defeated by Yoshitsune, the scene where TAIRA no Tomomori describes the battle by comparing Rokudo (six posthumous worlds) as 'being thirsty and wanting water in the ocean is exactly what Gakido (the Buddhist hell of starvation) is' clearly shows the nature of the Heike Monogatari (The tale of the Heike) which is featured by the strong influence by Buddhist thought.

• 実際に「大はしあたけの夕立」や「亀戸梅屋舗」を模写したフィンセント・ファン・ゴッホをはじめ、日本的な「ジャポニズム」の代表作として西洋の画家に多大な影響を与えたシリーズでもある。
• As a practical matter, as a representative work of very Japanese 'Japonism,' it is a series that cast a large influence on western painters such as Vincent van Gogh, who replicated 'Great Bridge, Sudden Shower at Atake' and 'The Plum Orchard at Kameido.'

• そして、京福電鉄が福井県の越前本線（現・えちぜん鉄道えちぜん鉄道勝山永平寺線）の京福電気鉄道越前本線列車衝突事故の影響で業績が悪化したことから、2001年11月30日に閉園した。
• Furthermore, since the business of Keifuku Electric Railroad Co., Ltd. had worsened due to the train crash on Echizen Line (current Katsuyama Eiheiji Line of Echizen Railway Co., Ltd.), the park was closed on November 30, 2001.

• なお、結果的に梯子を外された形となった後藤象二郎直系を中心とした集団は国民自由党を結成して吏党に転じるが、第1回総選挙で5議席しか獲得できなかったためにほとんど影響力は無かった。
• In the meantime, Shojiro GOTO and his followers consequently lost support and organized Kokumin Liberal Party (National Liberal Party), which turned into a government-leaning party; however, they could gain only five parliamentary seats in the first general election, which barely bestowed them much political clout.

• この翻刻が与えた歴史的影響は非常に大きく、ある研究では「此書は維新当初の開国方針を決するに重大なる参考書となり、また経典の如き権威を以て読まれた」と評している（尾佐竹1932）。
• The historical impact given by the reprint was major; according to a research it is evaluated 'The book was primary guide to decide the policy of opening of a country at the early stage of the restoration and read as if it was some sort of scripture' (Osatake 1932).

• 大陸に超大国唐が出現し東アジアの勢力図が大きく塗り変わる中で起きた戦役であり、倭国（日本）も領土こそ取られなかった物の、国防体制・政治体制の変革が起きるなど大きな影響を及ぼした。
• This military campaign took place in the midst of the major transformation of power relationships in East Asia caused by the rise of the super power of the Tang Dynasty in mainland China, and although there were no territorial concessions made from Wakoku (Japan), the event had enough impact to cause substantial changes in Wakoku's defense system as well as its political system.

• そして皮肉なことに越後の青苧が江戸時代元禄年間に没落した最大の理由は上杉氏の移封とともに青苧栽培技術が伝来された会津藩・米沢藩両藩産の青苧との競争に敗北した影響が大きかったという。
• And ironically, the aoso in Echigo Province is said to have gotten the finishing stroke during the Genroku era (A.D. 1688 - 1704) of the Edo period in the loss of the competition over aoso with the Aizu domain and the Yonezawa domain, into which the cultivation techniques of aoso were introduced when the Uesugi clan had its territory changed.

• しかし、必ずしもそればかりの影響のみにては決まらず、果樹などにおいて表作・裏作があるのと同様に、飛散量は1年おきに増減を繰り返すか、2～3年で増減を繰り返すパターンがよくみられる。
• However, this is not the only factor and just as fruit trees have a main season crop and an off-season crop, patterns have also been observed in which airborne pollen levels fluctuate every other year or on a 2-3 year basis.

• 全日本学生自治会総連合では少数派（非主流派）であった所感派の思想的・政治的影響下にあった当時の同学会（京都大学の全学学生自治会）は、1950年度のレッド・パージ粉砕闘争を主導した。
• Dogakukai (students' self-governing association of Kyoto University) which was under the philosophical/political influence of the Shokan sect, a minority group (a non-mainstream faction) of the All-Japan Federation of Students' Self-governing Associations, played a leading role in the anti Red Purge struggle in 1950.

• だが、扱っていた時代が短く、かつ『平家物語』などの同時期を扱った物語などが多く存在した事やその後の戦乱の影響もあったためか、今日では現存しておらず「幻の歴史物語」となってしまった。
• However, this book is not extant today becoming 'the illusory historical tale' because it covered only short period of time and there were many narratives which dealt with the same period as 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike), in addition to the influence of the disturbances of wars.

• この時代の歌論はその枠を超えて一つの芸術論、思想体系とも言うべきものになっており能の大成者世阿弥も「能楽師に必要な学問は歌学のみである」と述べるなど他の芸能にも大きな影響を与えた。
• Karon in this period had already moved beyond its original narrow focus on poetry and began to include essays on art in general or essays that outlined an entire ideological system, and thereby came to have a deep influence on other art forms; Zeami, who perfected the art of Noh, commented that 'Kagaku is the only type of learning a Noh actor really needs.'

• 楊守敬より啓発を受けた日下部鳴鶴、巌谷一六の六朝書道、また、徐三庚に影響された西川春洞、さらに中林梧竹らの活躍によって、明治末から大正にかけての漢字書道界は華やかな動きを示している。
• From the end of Meiji to the Taisho period, Meikaku KUSAKABE and Ichiroku IWAYA, both enlightened by Yang Shoujing, actively supported calligraphy of the six dynasties, and Gochiku NAKABAYASHI in addition to Shundo NISHIKAWA, who was affected by Xu Sangeng, was also active, making movements in the Chinese calligraphic world in this flamboyant era.

• 武家相撲であり、庶民の相撲であるが、とりわけ「相撲節会」は、古代中国の宮廷で行われた角力が遣隋使・遣唐使の歴史以前にも往来があり、来渤海使も何度も日本へ赴いたなかで影響も推測される。
• Although sumo was held among both samurai and ordinary citizens, Sumai no Sechie is thought to have been especially established based off of wrestling performed in the ancient Chinese Court, which was introduced into Japan before Japanese envoys to China during the Sui and the Tang Dynasties were dispatched, and it is also believed that envoys from Balhae who visited Japan multiple times influenced Sumai no Sachie.

• しかし、その発言力の増大が幕府側の疑心を招き、日野義資が義教により暗殺されて一時没落しかけるが、日野富子は8代将軍足利義政に嫁ぐと、富子の兄の日野勝光も再び政治的影響力を持っていた。
• However, the increase in the House of Hino's influence caused suspicion on the shogunate side, whereby the assassination of Yoshisuke HINO by Yoshinori led to the temporary ruin of the Hino Family, but once Tomiko Hino got married to the eighth shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, Katsumitsu HINO, Tomiko's elder brother, regained his political influence.

• また韓国の考古学者の中にも、民族主義の影響を強く受けた従来の自国の研究者の学説を厳しく批判し、この時期の韓半島と日本列島の交流が極めて密接なものであったことを指摘する者が現れている。
• Some South Korean archaeologists now sharply criticize conventional theories by Korean researchers strongly affected by nationalism and they point out that the interaction between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago at the time was extremely inseparable.

• 朱子学の立場から『神皇正統記』の影響を受け、不徳ではあるが神器をもつ後醍醐天皇と南朝を正統とする一方、人物としての足利尊氏の徳を弁護するなど、評価に揺れが見られるところが注目される。
• He was influenced by the 'Jinno Shotoki' from the view of the doctrines of Zhu Xi, and it is noticeable that in places his evaluations are unstable; for example, while regarding Emperor Godaigo and the southern court as the legitimate side, since though lacking virtue they held the Imperial Regalia, he also defends Takauji ASHIKAGA's virtue as a person.

• これは、当時、一大国民運動となっていた護憲運動の影響を受けて、山縣有朋・桂太郎らを中心とする軍部と藩閥の反対を押し切り、山本権兵衛内閣総理大臣と木越安綱陸軍大臣が断行したものである。
• This, at the time, was influenced by a major civic movement, the Constitution Protection Movement, when Prime Minister Gombei YAMAMOTO and War Minister Yasutsuna KIGOSHI pushed through the disagreements among the military and the domain clique including Arimoto YAMADATA and Taro KATSURA.

• 武家政権である鎌倉幕府の成立後、京都の公家政権（治天の君）との二頭政治が続いていたが、この乱の結果、幕府が優勢となり、朝廷の権力は制限され、幕府が皇位継承などに影響力を持つようになる。
• Even after the Kamakura bakufu, when a samurai government was established, it continued to rule in step with the old aristocratic system of government in Kyoto (called the 'lord governing in heaven' system) as part of a two-part government, but as a result of the Jokyu Rebellion, the shogunate gained the upper hand, placing restrictions on the power of the Imperial Court, and achieving influence over matters of Imperial succession etc.

• 『八犬伝』は江戸時代の戯作文芸の代表作の一つであり、大衆文化への影響力も大きなものであったが、江戸読本への文学的評価の低さもあいまって、長らく文学研究の主要な対象とはされてこなかった。
• 'Hakkenden' is a leading gesaku during the Edo period and has such a great influence on popular culture, but it has not been treated as a major subject of literary study for a long time due to the low literary evaluation of Yomihon during the Edo period.

• 平安時代後期になると、源信 (僧侶)の『往生要集』などの影響で、阿弥陀如来の住する西方極楽浄土への再生を願う浄土信仰が広まり、また、現世を仏法の衰えた末法の世とする末法思想が広まった。
• In the late Heian period, as influenced by 'Ojoyoshu' (The Essentials of Salvation) by Genshin (a priest) and other writings, Jodo-shinko (the Pure Land faith) which prays for resurrection to Saiho Gokuraku Jodo were spread, and also Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) which considers the present world as the end of the world where Buddhism has declined was spread.

• 一方三条実美ら長州過激派の公家は文久3年8月18日の政変以来、京から追放されたままであり、岩倉ら少数の倒幕派公家は家柄が低かったため影響力はあっても朝廷内の主導権を握れてはいなかった。
• Meanwhile, court nobles belonging to the radical party for Choshu including Sanetomi SANJO had been expelled from Kyoto after a coup on September 30, 1863, and few court nobles of tobakuha such as Iwakura had not been able to hold initiative in the Imperial Court due to their humble family lineage, although they were influential.

• 史学上の用語としては戦前にはしばしば用いられたが、鎌倉時代以後においても朝廷機構が存在して一定の影響力を有していたことから、実情を反映したものとは言えないために今日では用いられていない。
• It was often used as a historical term before the war but is no longer used today because it does not reflect the actual state of affairs due to the fact the Imperial Court existed and possessed a certain degree of influence even after the Kamakura period.

• 800メートルあたりからはブナ林帯に入り、伯母子岳山頂周辺では、ブナ、ミズナラ、クマシデ、ヤシャブシ、オオカメノキなどの落葉広葉樹があり、山頂部の樹木には風雪の影響による矮化が見られる。
• The area above about 800 meters belongs to the Japanese beech tree zone, and near the top of Mt. Obako-dake, there grow deciduous broadleaf trees including Japanese beech tree, mizunara (quercus mongoloca var. grosseseratta), Japanese hornbeam, yashabushi (alnus firma) and okamenoki (viburnum furcatum), and the trees on the top are stunted by wind and snow.

• しかし、同年11月に大蔵省から分離する形で内務省 (日本)が創設されたところ、土地の測量などを扱った部門が大蔵省から内務省に分離されるなど所謂「縦割り」の影響によって事業の停滞を招いた。
• However when the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs was divided from Ministry of Finance and established as an independent ministry, the project got delayed due to the influence from so-called 'sectionalism,' as seen in one of the departments of the Ministry of Finance that dealt with land measurement being separated off to the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs.

• 後続して作られた王朝物語の大半は『源氏物語』の影響を受けており、後に「源氏、狭衣」として二大物語と称されるようになった『狭衣物語』などはその人物設定や筋立てに多くの類似点が見受けられる。
• 'The Tale of Genji' exerted a great influence on most of the subsequent dynastic stories, and 'The Tale of Sagoromo,' which later came to be called one of the two major tales of 'Genji, Sagoromo,' has many similarities in terms of characters and plot.

• 1900年（明治33年）、パリ万博に際して岡倉天心を中心に『稿本日本帝国美術略史』が刊行されたが、建築の部門を任された伊東忠太は天心の美術史区分に大きな影響を受け、建築史の大枠を築いた。
• The manuscript 'A Shortened History of Japan's Fine Arts,' published in 1900 to coincide with Japan's participation in the world's fair in Paris, was compiled chiefly by Tenshin OKAKURA with Chuta ITO in charge of the architecture section; it was strongly influenced by Tenshin's method of classifying the history of fine arts and his established framework of architectural history.

• 明徳4年（1393年）に後円融上皇が死去すると、義満はさらに朝廷への影響を強め、事実上の上皇として、後世「義満の院政」などと呼ばれる権力を振るい、後小松はその下でまったくの傀儡に甘んじた。
• Following the death of the Retired Emperor Goenyu in 1393, Yoshimitsu had even stronger power to influence the Imperial Palace and took control of the politics as an actual retired emperor; in later years it was called 'Yoshimitsu's cloister government,' while Emperor Gokomatsu acted as the tool of another person.

• 江戸時代には加藤磐斎の『徒然草抄』（1661年、寛文1年）北村季吟の『徒然草文段抄』（1667年、寛文7年）といった注釈書が書かれ、町人などに愛読されて江戸期の文化に多大な影響を及ぼした。
• During the Edo period, it became popular with the townspeople, having a great influence on Edo culture; Bansai KATO wrote 'Tsurezuregusa sho' (a commentary on Tsurezuregusa) in 1661 and Kigin KITAMURA wrote a commentary called 'Tsurezuregusa mondan sho' in 1667.

• その後、784年の長岡京、794年の平安京へと発展推移していくが、これらの都城が隋唐の長安城から直接の影響を受けたものか、藤原京から日本独自の発展を遂げたものかについては明確となっていない。
• The Japanese capital developed and moved to Nagaoka-kyo in 784 and Heian-kyo in 794 but it is yet to be known whether the development was directly inspired by Changan of Sui and Tang or was accomplished within Japan, originating in Fujiwara-kyo.

• 今日においては「朝廷」という言葉が幕府に対応する言葉としてよく使われるが、これは天皇・貴族（公家政権）と武家（武家政権）を対立した存在として捉えるようになった近世以後の考えからの影響が強い。
• Today, 'Chotei' is often used as the word comparable to a bakuhu; this is strongly influenced by the thoughts after the modern times in which the Emperor/aristocrat (the Government of kuge, or the court nobles) and buke (military government) oppose one another.

• 江戸に皇居を置き東京とするという構想は、江戸時代後期の経世家である佐藤信淵が文政6年（1823年）に著した『混同秘策』に既に現われており、これに影響を受けて大久保利通も東京奠都を建言したという。
• The concept of placing the imperial palace in Edo and making it Tokyo was a plan that appeared in the Keiseika (intellectuals) that Nobuhiro SATO wrote in 1823, during the last of the Edo period titled 'The Secret Merger Plan,' and it is said that Toshimichi OKUBO was influenced by this and advocated moving the capital to Tokyo.

• さらに、北畠親房の『神皇正統記』の影響を受けており、林羅山父子が執筆していた歴史書『本朝通鑑』の草稿に、大和民族（日本人）を「呉_(春秋)の太伯の末裔である」という記述を発見して憤慨したという。
• As Mitsukuni was influenced by 'Jinnoshotoki' by KITABATAKE Chikafusa, he was furious that he found the description that the Yamato race (Japanese) 'are the descendants of Taihaku in Go (China)' in a draft of 'Honchotsukan' HAYASHI Razan and his son were writing.

• 小辺路の大半が属する奈良県南部の山岳地帯は、内陸性山岳気候もしくは太平洋に影響を受けた海洋性山岳気候に属し、さらに台風の通過経路でもあることから、日本でも有数の多雨地帯であることが知られている。
• The mountainous region of the south of Nara Prefecture where most parts of Kohechi go through belongs to the continental highland climate or oceanic highland climate influenced by the Pacific Ocean, and it is on the path of typhoons, therefore, it is known as one of the areas that have significantly high rainfall.

• しかしながら、この小説の内容が民間で流行したために、「封神演義」で創作された故事がそれまで伝えられていた説話と置き換わったり、廟に創作上の人物の名が掲げられたりするなど、後の信仰に影響を与えた。
• However, due to the popularity of this story among the general public, traditional tales handed down for generations were replaced by ancient events depicted in 'Hoshinengi' and names appearing in the story were displayed on some mausoleums, affecting later religious belief significantly.

• 幕府が諸外国と条約を結び、鎖国体制を解いて開国を行うと、攘夷論と結合して尊王攘夷(尊攘)となり、幕政批判や討幕運動などへと展開していく素地のひとつとなり、明治以降の国体論や国家神道へも影響する。
• When the Tokugawa shogunate ended its policy of isolation and concluded treaties with foreign countries, opening Japan to the outside world, imperialism was fused with the principle of excluding foreigners, and grew into an anti-foreign imperialism; this became a conduit for criticism of shogunate policy and for the anti-shogunate movement, and exerted an influence on national polity theory and State Shinto.

• 唖の原因として、母・遠智娘が父・倉山田石川麻呂（皇子にとっては祖父）を中大兄皇子に処刑され、悲しみのあまり狂乱した状態で出産したため、遠智娘の精神異常が皇子に影響したのではないか、という説がある。
• There is a theory about the cause of his muteness saying that, the madness of his mother, the prince Ochi no iratsume might have affected, because she gave birth to him in a frenzied state of mind, since her father KURAYAMADA no Ishikawamaro (the prince's grandfather) was executed by Naka no Oe no Oji.

• 朝鮮を属国としていた清との日清戦争に勝利し、朝鮮半島への影響力を排除したものの、中国への進出を目論むロシア、フランス、ドイツからの三国干渉によって、下関条約で割譲を受けた遼東半島は清に返還された。
• In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-'95, Japan defeated the Qing Dynasty, and removed its influence over its formal vassal Korea; However, in spite of the fact that the Liaodong Peninsula was ceded to Japan by the Qing under the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Japan was prompted to return Liaodong to the Qing under pressure from the Triple Intervention of Russia, France, and Germany that sought to secure their own ambitions in China.

• 中世に入ると、宋学の影響によって四書が重視されるようになると、明経道において新たに「明経道四書」を制定し、また足利学校でもこれに対抗して学校点と呼ばれる乎古登点を定めて学術における特権維持を図った。
• In the medieval period when Shisho (the Four Books of Confucianism) became valued under the influence of the Sung Study (Neo-Confucian), 'Myogyodo shisho' was newly established in Myogyodo, and in defiance of this, okototen called Gakkoten was set up to maintain the prerogative in learning in the Ashikaga School.

• また、当初中原氏の養子に入り明法道を学んだ大江広元が鎌倉幕府創設に深く関与し、また『裁判至要抄』の『御成敗式目』への影響が指摘されるなど、明法道と武家法の成立にも少なからず関係があったとされている。
• Also OE no Hiromoto who became an adopted son of Nakahara clan to study Myohodo, was likely to have something to do with the establishment of Myohodo and Bukeho (the low system of samurai society) because he participated deeply in the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu and influenced 'Goseibaishikimoku (the law of samurai regime)' of the legal book 'Saiban Shiyosho. '

• 若い頃（とりわけ明治10年代）には、侍補で親政論者である漢学者元田永孚や佐々木高行の影響を強く受けて、西洋の文物に対しては懐疑的であり、また自身が政局の主導権を掌握しようと積極的であった時期がある。
• During his younger days (especially between 1876 to 1885), he was greatly influenced by Nagazane MOTODA and Takayuki SASAKI, scholars of the Chinese classics who acted as his jiho (aides) and were supporters of direct imperial rule, and there was a period when he was skeptical about western literature and tried to actively gain control of the government.

• 一方の沼田家でも、大内氏と尼子氏の影響下で活動しているが、1539年（天文8年）には、尼子方に内通しようと画策し、逆に大内氏によって居城の高山城 (安芸国)を占拠され、城番を置かれるという事態に陥る。
• On the other hand, the Nuta family were living under the influence of the Ouchi and Amago clans but when they were planning to hold secret communication with the Amago clan, their residence of the Takayama-jo Castle (Aki Province) ended up with being occupied by the Ouchi clan and a guard was placed over them.

• （『今鏡』） その後も関白らに冷遇され続けながらも、後冷泉天皇が嗣子なくして崩御したため晴れて後三条天皇が即位、禎子内親王も今や国母陽明門院として、かつての上東門院彰子にも劣らぬ影響力を持つに至った。
• ('Imakagami') (The Mirror of the Present) Although the Princess was treated coldly by the Chancellor after that, because Emperor Goreizei died without having any successor to the throne, Emperor Gosanjo was enthroned after him, the Princess Teishi became Kokumo (Empress), Yomeimonin, and then she had strong political influence which was a much stronger power than she had when she was Jotomonin Shoshi.

• 石は身分によって種類が決まっていて、奈良時代には五位以上は金銀（もちろんめっきであろう）、六位以下は烏油帯（銅に黒漆をかける）を使用したが、高官は唐の影響を受けて次第に様々な材質を使用するようになった。
• The types of stones were determined by social status; gold or silver plating was used for those of goi (Fifth Rank) and higher, a black lacquered sash (black lacquered copper) was used for rokui (Sixth Rank), and officers used a range of materials according to their exposure to Chinese influences.

• 高倉上皇の皇子から新帝を擁立する際には、義仲は以仁王の子の北陸宮を推挙するが、後白河は寵姫の高階栄子の影響でこれを退けて尊成親王（後鳥羽天皇）に決定し神器が無いために緊急措置として院宣により即位させた。
• When the new Emperor was to be appointed from Retired Emperor Takakura's Prince, Yoshinaka recommended Hokuriku no Miya; Prince Yukiie who was the son of Prince Mochihito, Goshirakawa refused this recommendation due to his favorite lady, Eishi TAKASHINA's influence, and appointed Prince Takahira (the Emperor Gotoba), and he was enthroned by a command issued from a retired emperor since he did not have three sacred emblems of the Imperial Family.

• だが、明治になってから逆に国粋主義の立場から儒教や仏教、異端視された伊勢神道の影響を受けすぎているという理由で“重訂”という名の改竄（親房思想の否定）を行う動きも起こったが、これは定着には至らなかった。
• Beginning in the Meiji period, however, when looked at from an ultranationalist point of view, Chikafusa's book was denounced as far too heavily influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism, and the Ise sect of Shinto--which were all considered heretical--and for that reason, efforts were made to alter the text (to criticize Chikafusa's opinions) under the name of 'the re-revision,' but such efforts never really took root.

• そのような危険を冒してまで遣唐使たちは、多くの書籍やあるいはすぐれた織物や銀器・陶器・楽器などを数多く持ち帰り、また、唐の先進的な政治制度や国際色豊かな文化をもたらし、当時の日本に多大な影響をあたえた。
• Although such risks were involved, these envoys were incredibly influential to Japan at the time, by bringing back large numbers of books and high quality textiles, silverware, porcelain and musical instruments and also introducing advanced political systems and the international culture of Tang.

• 太子は一国の元首たる皇帝、国王の後継者であり、周囲に与える影響が絶大であるだけに、通常の名家・貴族の嫡子よりも相当に厳しい基準で判断され、一般の貴族なら容認される程度の不行跡でも廃されるケースがままある。
• Because a prince is the successor of an emperor or king, who is the leader of a country, and gives a great impact on his environment, he is judged by severer standards than those applied to heirs of other important families or aristocrats, and a minor misconduct which may be acceptable for aristocrats in general could often lead to disinheritance.

• これは、五味文彦により、当時有力な勧進僧であった鑁阿の影響を受けて、勧進という困難の完遂に伊勢の神のたすけを必要としたこと、東国や朝廷に、東大寺への注目をより集めることが目的であったことが指摘されている。
• Fumihiko Gomi points out that this is because Chogen needed help from the god in Ise to get through the difficulty of soliciting for contributions, being influenced by Banna, a powerful fund-raising priest, in addition to the aim to attract more attention to Todai-ji Temple from the eastern provinces and the Imperial Court.

• しかし、古代の海岸線を元に考察しても、有利となる場所の相互間のみで変化があるだけで連続説あるいは放射説の根本部分に大きな影響を与えるほどの学説ではないことから現在ではこの点に関しては問題とはされていない。
• However, even if you look at the possible locations on the basis of the ancient coastline, it is no longer a very influential part of the contiguous journey theory or the radial journey theory because it would imply only minor alterations to distances where likely locations are concerned (Kinai region and Kyushu), thus, it is not treated as an issue to be discussed anymore.

• なお、絵双六そのものは日本独自のものであるが、西洋にもバックギャモンの影響を受けたと見られる、鵞鳥のゲーム（Game of the Goose）と呼ばれる双六に近い趣旨のゲームが14世紀頃から行われている。
• The picture Sugoroku itself is a particular Japanese game, however, the Western countries also have played a game such as 'the Game of the Goose', which was considered to have been influenced by Backgammon, since the 14th century and was similar to Sugoroku.

• 『日本書紀』は中国の正史の影響を強く受けており、天皇支配の正統性を強く訴え、皇位継承の経緯に関する記述が主たる内容だったが、もう一つ重要な点としては、中国・朝鮮に対する日本の独自性を主張していたことであった。
• Strongly affected by the official histories of China, 'Nihonshoki' strongly appeals the legitimacy of control by the Emperor and its contents mostly include descriptions of how succession to the Imperial Throne had been made.

• また、ヨーロッパやロシア、米国は、それぞれの国のエネルギー事情から、数値目標が達成可能かどうかや、経済に与える影響をあらかじめシミュレーションしていたが、日本は6%に対して、裏づけがないまま合意に至っている。
• Also, Europe, Russia and America had simulated previously whether or not the numerical goals could be achieved and the influence on the economy based on the energy situation of each country, but Japan agreed on 6% without deep consideration.

• 安東氏の後裔である旧子爵秋田氏には、長髄彦の兄である安日彦の子孫という伝承が残っているが、これは蝦夷の祖を安日に求めた室町期成立の『曽我物語』の影響を受けている可能性が高いため、信憑性は低いと考えられている。
• The Akita clan, a former viscount family and the descendant of the Ando clan, had handed down a legend that, the Akita clan was the descendant of Abihiko, Nagasunehiko's older brother, however, it is considered to have little credibility due to the possibility that it was influenced by 'Soga Monogatari' (The Tale of Soga), the tale written in the eeriest days of the Muromachi period, in which the ancestor of Emishi (northerners) was claimed to be Abihiko.

• 区南部は住宅地や文教地区になっている一方（岩倉地区などの北寄りの地域は市街化調整区域に指定されているため、高層建築物などの大規模開発が制限されている影響で、田畑も多く残る）、区北部は山間地で林業が盛んである。
• The southern part of the ward is mostly occupied by housing areas and school zones (however, in the northern area of the part, such as Iwakura area, fields still remain because large-scale development, such as constructing a high-rise building, is restricted due to the designation as an urbanization-restricted area), and its northern part is mountainous and the forest industry flourishes there.

• また、貨幣吹替および飢饉の影響などによる変動はあったものの、米1石(当時の人一人の一年分の米消費量にほぼ相当する）の価格は1両前後であり、元禄年間から幕末の世情不安に至る前まで、ほぼこの前後の水準で推移した。
• Although some fluctuations were seen under the influence of reminting, famine, and others, the price of 1 koku rice (nearly equal to the amount consumed by a person per year) was around 1 ryo from the Genroku era (1688 to 1704) until just before the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate when the Japanese society became unstable.

• これが成功を収め不動産や金融業に乗り出し、現在の元町 (神戸市)、三宮といった神戸港周辺の都市開発や神戸女学院の前身である女子寄宿学校・神戸ホームの創立に関わるなど、神戸の街づくりに多大な影響を及ぼしている。
• After this success, he expanded his business into real estate, financial business and at the same time was involved in urban development around Kobe Port such as Moto-machi (Kobe City) and Sannomiya, and foundation of Kobe Home, the boarding school for female students which was a predecessor of Kobe College (Kobe Jogakuin), exercising a major influence on Kobe's development.

• ただし、それに先立つ昭和23年に江上波夫が発表した騎馬民族征服王朝説も広い意味で王朝交替説であり、崇神天皇を起点とする皇統に着目している点など水野祐の説が江上波夫の説の影響を受けていることを指摘する学者もいる。
• However, some scholars pointed out that a prior theory of dynasty by the conquering horseback races, which was announced by Namio EGAMI in 1948 and included in the change of dynasties theories in the broad sense, affected the Mizuno's theory since both focused on the imperial line starting from Emperor Sujjn.

• ロシアは閔妃を通じ売り払われた鍾城・鏡源の鉱山採掘権や朝鮮北部の森林伐採権、関税権などの国家基盤を取得し朝鮮半島での影響力を増したが、ロシアの進める南下政策に危機感を持っていた日本がこれらを買い戻し回復させた。
• Japan became alarmed when Russia enhanced its grip and influence over the Korean peninsula by acquiring vital state assets such as the mining rights in Chongsong and Gyeongwon sold off by Empress Myeongsong, timber rights in the north, and tariff rights, and purchased back and restored many of these.

• 当初、後白河上皇以下、貴族から庶民まで義仲の入京を歓迎したが、前年の養和の大飢饉の影響により義仲軍を養う食糧が不足して義仲軍は市中で略奪や狼藉を始めたために義仲の評判は落ちて、源頼朝の上洛を願う声が高まっていく。
• Initially, everyone from the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, aristocrats, to the local people welcomed the entry of Yoshinaka into Kyoto but the great famine of Yowa the previous year led to insufficient food for Yoshinaka's troops, who then started stealing and became violent, leading to a drop in Yoshinaka's popularity and eventually MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's entry became a common hope.

• これは、律令の母国である中国において、儒教（＝明経道）のみを君子の学問として、法学を含めたその他の学術を方技として扱って学問としての価値を認めない風潮があったことに日本の律令法も影響を受けたためと考えられている。
• It is because in China, the native land of ritsuryo, only Confucianism (=Myogyodo) was recognized as the study of worthy men and the other studies including law were recognized as Hogi which were regarded as less worthy and the ritsuryo legal codes in Japan were affected by such a trend.

• 由利の出身藩である越前藩のために横井小楠が著した「国是三論」において「一国上の経綸」という章があり、そこでは主に財政経済について論じられていることから、その影響を受けた由利は経綸の語を専ら経済の意味で用いていた。
• In Kokuze Sanron (the Three Major Discussion of State Policy) written by Shonan YOKOI for Echizen Domain where Yuri came from, there is a chapter '一国上の経綸 (the administration of affairs of state) ' in which finance and economy were mainly discussed, because Yuri who was affected by that, always used the word '経綸' as economy.

• このような弱小ぶりは、保護された中国人の扱いにおいて「対馬での朝鮮軍の弱小ぶりを詳細に見たことから中国に返還できない」というや、朴実が敗戦の罪により投獄され、李従茂が国民への影響を理由に免罪となった事からも窺える。
• The weakness of the Korean army was further attested to in an entry discussing Chinese captives that they had rescued from Tsushima which said 'Having seen in detail the weakness of our army in Tsushima, we cannot allow our captives to return to China,' as well as by the fact that Sil PAK was held responsible for the defeat and imprisoned; it may be surmised that only the influence of the Korean people enabled Jong Mu YI to escape responsibility.

• また、守護大名による合議制の連合政権であった室町幕府は、3代将軍足利義満と6代将軍足利義教のときを除いて、成立当初から将軍の権力基盤は脆弱であり、同じように守護大名も台頭する守護代や有力家臣の強い影響を受けていた。
• Furthermore the Muromachi bakufu, which was a coalition government of shugo daimyos based on a consultative principle, had provided no solid basis for the Shogun's power since its very beginning except under the rule of the Third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and the Sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, and shugo daimyos were under the strong influences of emerging shugodais and their key vassals.

• 次の応仁2年（1468年）については御暦奏の記録はなく、かつ章首の朔旦冬至が実施された最後のもの（朔旦冬至に御暦奏を行う意義の消滅）であったことから、その前年に発生した応仁の乱の影響で廃絶したものと考えられている。
• Since no record existed of the goryakuso in 1468 and the last sakutan toji was carried out at Shoshu (the merit of carrying out goryakuso at the sakutan toji disappeared), it is thought that goryakuso was abolished due to the Onin War that broke out the previous year.

• 『源氏物語大成』では、基本的な校合方針として「簡明を旨とする」という方針が示されており、漢字と仮名 (文字)の使い分け、変体仮名、異体字、仮名遣いなど意味に影響を与えないと考えられた校異は多くの場合省略されている。
• A fundamental policy of collating 'Genji monogatari taisei' was 'aiming at brevity,' so the differences which seem not to have affected the meanings such as the proper use of distinguishing between kanji (Chinese characters) and kana (the Japanese syllabary), hentaigana (anomalous Japanese cursive syllabary), itaiji (variant character), kana orthography, and so on, were mostly omitted.

• その後17世紀前半（江戸初期）にかけて、キリスト教の布教（キリシタン）と貿易（南蛮貿易）を通じて、日本とスペインの間には盛んな人物の往来が見られ、また衣食住を含む当時の日本の文化や世界観にも影響を与えた（南蛮文化）。
• From then till the first half of the 17th century (the early Edo period), people frequently came and went between Japan and Spain through propagation of Christianity (Christian) and trade (with Spain and Portugal), which had an impact on Japanese culture including housing, food and clothing, and its world view.

• しかし条約締結後に実施された日本への数度の視察団派遣、特に二回目に派遣された金弘集は、東京において何如璋・張斯桂・黄遵憲ら駐日清国公使たちと面会し、開国と西欧各国との条約締結、貿易を勧められ、大いにその影響を受けた。
• Hong-jip KIM was sent to Japan as a member of the second inspectorate, which sent to Japan several times after conclusion of the treaty, met ministries of the Qing dynasty in Tokyo, such as Ruzhang HE, Sigui ZHANG and Zunxian (Tsun-hsien) HUGANG, then the ministries recommended to conclude treaties and trade between Western countries and he was deeply affected by that.

• 一方、京都でも久光の行動と寺田屋事件などの影響により、薩摩藩・会津藩などを中心とする公武合体（幕政改革）派と、長州藩や真木和泉らの志士などを中心とする尊王攘夷派の間で、京都政界の主導権を巡る対立が激しさを増していく。
• On the other hand, due to the influence by Hisamitsu's actions, the Teradaya Incident and so on the confrontation intensified over the initiative of the Kyoto government between a party of Kobu gattai (reformists of the shogunate government) led by Satsuma, Aizu and other domains and a party of Sonno joi advocators led by the Choshu Domain, Izumi MAKI and other samurai.

• オランダ商館医官と日本人医師との交流の場は、出島、もしくは商館長に随行して江戸を訪れた際の蘭人宿舎に限定されたが、それでも彼らの医学的知識は、オランダ語の解剖学や外科学の書物とともに、日本の医学に大きな影響を与えた。
• Although interchanges between Dutch Trading Post's medical officers and Japanese doctors were limited to Dejima or inns for the Dutch officers who visited Edo in attendance with their head, their medical knowledge, along with Dutch books on anatomy and surgery, had a great influence on Japanese medicine.

• 第4代藩主・織田長清の頃には長清自身が優れた文化人であったことも影響して藩校・遷喬館が設立され、藩士に文武が奨励され、さらに長清によって織田氏や信長の記録である織田真記15巻が編纂されるなど、芝村藩は全盛期を迎えた。
• During the time of Nagakiyo ODA, the fourth lord of the domain, the domain school Senkyokan was established by the influence of Nagakiyo who was a man of culture, and both literary and military arts were encouraged to the clansmen; furthermore, 15 volumes of Oda Shinki, which was records of Oda clan and Nobunaga were compiled by Nagakiyo; thus, the cultural activities in the domain reached its peak.

• 後述する数々の創作物の影響もあり、幕末、京都の治安維持の主力を担っていたのは新選組であるとの認識も一般には強いが、実際は重要な御所近辺は会津直轄隊の精鋭2000人、その周りは幕臣で構成される見廻組500人が固めていた。
• Due to the impact of many works which will be described later, there is a strong general understanding that Shinsen-gumi took a leading part in maintenance of public order in Kyoto during the last days of the shogunate, but actually, the important area around the Imperial Palace was guarded by 2,000 elite troops under direct control of the Aizu Clan, and around that were another 500 men of Kyoto Mimawarigumi, composed of vassals of the shogunate.

• この二つの文書は、1901年に幸徳らによって結成されながらも、ただちに禁止された社会民主党 (日本 1901年)の「社会民主党宣言書」の精神を引き継ぎ、その後の日本における社会主義運動に大きな影響を与えたものであった。
• These two documents succeeded the spirit of the 'Declaration of the Social Democratic Party of Japan' of the Social Democratic Party of Japan, which was established by KOTOKU and others in 1901, but was prohibited right away (in Japan in 1901), giving great influences on the subsequent socialistic movements in Japan.

• 当時、国際法の規範的影響力において、武力による国際問題解決が問題視されるのは1919年のヴェルサイユ条約からであり、国家への脅迫が禁止されのは1945年の国際連合憲章が始まったのが国際法規範の機能面における実態である。
• It was since the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 that settling of international issues by force has been seen as a problem under a normative influence of international law, and it was after the beginning of the United Nations Charter of 1945 that threatening against a state was forbidden – those are realities of functional operation of the norm of the international law at that time.

• これは本来は九州地方固有の神を祀った神社であったとも言われている宇佐八幡宮の社会的影響力の増大が、皇室と律令制・鎮護国家が形成する皇室祭祀と仏教を基軸とする宗教的秩序に対する脅威になる事を危惧したからだと言われている。
• This is said to have occurred because the government was afraid that the social influence of Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine, which was said to be a shrine that originally worshipped a local god of Kyushu region, grew so much that it would become a threat to the religious order centered on the Imperial family, Imperial household religious rites formed by the Ritsuryo system and the nation protection thought, and Buddhism.

• その他、1988年（昭和63年）、1991年（平成3年）、1992年（平成4年）、1995年（平成7年）、1999年（平成11年）と3月が比較的長いこと曇雨天が持続した影響で、月間日照時間は北日本除いてかなり少なかった。
• In 1988, 1991, 1992, 1995, and 1999 also, cloudy or rainy days continued rather long in March, hours of sunlight in the month was short excluding north Japan.

• 旧摂関家の当主であった近衛篤麿（近衛文麿の父）を擁した対露同志会を始めとして、七博士建白事件における日露開戦論の高まり、戦後のポーツマス条約締結に反対する民衆による日比谷焼討事件など、対外硬派の影響によるところが大きい。
• What were largely due to the influence of Taigaiko group are the anti Russia comradeship with Atsumaro KONOE (the father of Fumimaro KONOE) who was the family head of the former Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), the fervor of theory of outbreak of Japanese -Russo War in the Incident of Shichihakase Kenpaku (movement of outbreak of Japanese-Russo War by seven doctors), and the Hibiya Incendiary Incident by the people who were against Treaty of Portsmouth.

• 近代国際法や国際情勢の要請によって、主権国家として生まれ変わるべく国内改革が進められたが、その影響は国内に留まるものではなく、同じ東アジアに位置する周辺諸国（近代国際法への順応速度は異なる）との関係に摩擦を呼び起こした。
• To meet requirements of modern international law or international situation, countries in East Asia conducted internal reforms to become a sovereign nation; however, the influences of the reforms did not remain in that country but resulted in conflicts between other neighboring countries in East Asia (the speed of self-adjustment to modern international law depends on each country).

• また、宇田川玄随がヨハネス・ダ・ゴルテルの医学書を訳した『内科選要』（『西説内科撰要』）の刊行も、従来外科のみに留まっていた蘭方医学への関心を、内科などの他分野にも拡大させたという点で『解体新書』に匹敵する影響を与えた。
• 'Naika Senyo' (Internal Medicine Summary), also called 'Seisetsu Naika Senyo' (Western Internal Medicine Summary), the translation of the Johannes de Gorter's medical book by Genzui UDAGAWA, also had as great influence as 'Kaitai shinsho' had in that it extended interest in Ranpoigaku to the area other than surgery such as internal medicine.

• 山本は桂の二の舞を演ずることを避けるため、軍部大臣現役武官制を緩和（陸海軍の大臣は現役の大将・中将から出すこととなっていたが、山本は政党の軍部に対する影響を強めるために、予備役や後備役にまで拡大した）して政党に譲歩した。
• With an attempt to avoid repeating KATSURA's folly, YAMAMOTO made concessions to political parties by easing the Military ministers to be officers on active-duty rule (the rule stipulated that only generals and lieutenant generals on the active could serve as ministers of the army and navy, however, in order to increase the political parties' influence over the military, Yamamoto opened these ministerial posts to military men on reserve duty and those on the second reserve duty as well.

• だが、実際の貴族社会の立身に大いに影響を与えたのは、蔭位・大舎人・内舎人などの血統に基づく仕組によるところが大きく、有力貴族の子弟は大学寮への就学が義務付けられていた平安時代のごく初期を除いて家庭における教育が主体であった。
• One's success in the aristocratic society largely depended on systems such as the Oni, the Otoneri, and the Udoneri, which took your bloodline into account, and the children of powerful aristocrats were educated mainly at home, except during a short period in the early Heian period when such children were obliged to study in the Daigaku-ryo.

• 他に群馬県甘楽郡の2町1村・滋賀県彦根市・兵庫県尼崎市・島根県松江市・高知県幡多郡の2町1村・福岡県嘉麻市・長崎県五島列島の福江島など日本各地において類似の話が残っており、それらが相互に影響しあいながら成立したものであろう。
• Similar stories also remain all over Japan: In two towns and one village of Kanra-gun, Gunma Prefecture; Hikone City, Shiga Prefecture; Amagasaki City, Hyogo Prefecture; Matsue City, Shimane Prefecture; two towns and one village of Hata County, Kochi Prefecture; Kama City, Fukuoka Prefecture; the Island of Fukue, Goto-retto Island, Nagasaki Prefecture: and it is assumed that those stories were made with a mutual influence on each other.

• この間も御家再興運動を積極的に行っており、原元辰らを大坂へ派遣して広島藩浅野家の家老、戸島保左衛門と会見させたり、遠林寺の住職祐海を江戸に遣わして将軍徳川綱吉やその生母桂昌院に影響力が大きい隆光大僧正らに会見させるなどした。
• During this time, he devoted himself to the restoration of the Asano clan by sending Mototoki HARA to Osaka to meet up with chief retainer of the Asano family in Hiroshima Domain, and Hosaemon TOJIMA and the head priest of Enrin-ji Temple Yukai to Edo to meet the highest ranking priest Ryuko who had a strong influence on Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA and his biological mother Keishoin.

• この「天皇の正統性」「日本の独自性」の主張は、『日本書紀』を含むその後の正史（いわゆる六国史、『続日本紀』『日本後紀』『続日本後紀』『日本文徳天皇実録』『日本三代実録』）の主要なテーマであり、以後、幕末期までその影響が及んだ。
• This assertion of 'the legitimacy of the Emperor' and the 'uniqueness of Japan' were main themes in Rikkokushi (the Six National Histories), which in addition to 'Nihonshoki,' include 'Shoku Nihongi' (chronicle of Japan, continued), 'Nihon Koki' (later chronicle of Japan), 'Shoku Nihon Koki' (later chronicle of Japan, Continued), 'Nihon montoku tenno jitsuroku' (the fifth national history, covering years 850 - 858, reign of Montoku) and 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (the sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts), and its effects remained until the end of the Edo period.

• 刈田狼藉紛争とは、国内の武士・荘官などの間に起こった所領紛争に他ならず、刈田狼藉検断権を獲得したことによって、守護は国内の武士・荘官へ大きな影響を及ぼすことが可能となり、以後、室町期守護は国内武士・荘官の被官化を進めていった。
• Karita-rozeki disputes were just territory-related disputes occurring among warriors or shokan in a state; after shugo acquired the karita-rozeki related kendan power, they were able to have significant influence on warriors and shokan of the state, and afterward, shugo in the Muromachi period worked hard to vassalize warriors and shokan of the state.

• また、皇族身位令の制定が1910年（明治43年）であっていまだその内容が充分に定着していなかったこと、さらに大宝律令の規定ではこれとは違い、1.太皇太后、2.皇太后、3.皇后の順と定められていたことも影響していると考えられる。
• The fact that the establishment of the Kozokushinirei happened in 1910 so it's contents were not firmly established enough, along with the fact that the regulation of the Taiho Code was different from this and the order was set as 1. Grand Empress Dowager 2. Empress Dowager 3. Empress, also possibly influenced her posthumous title.

• これらは重点産業こそ異なれ、経済発展の目標は農産物或いは工業製品の生産工場に拠り日本国内の需要を満たすことにあったが、日本からの大量資本投下は台湾経済の発展と社会インフラ整備を支援し、戦後の台湾経済にも大きな影響を与えている。
• Though the primary industry differed in each period, the primary goal throughout the entire time was to meet the domestic demand in Japan by increasing the production of agricultural and industrial products, while Japan's massive investment, which supported the development of Taiwan's economy and social infrastructure, influenced the post-war economy of Taiwan.

• 民主と自由の思想による民族自決が世界の潮流となり、1918年1月にアメリカ合衆国大統領ウッドロウ・ウィルソンが提唱する民族自決の原則と、ウラジーミル・レーニンの提唱した植民地革命論は世界の植民地に大きな影響を与えるようになった。
• Self-determination based upon democracy and freedom became a mainstream of the world, and the principle of self-determination advocated by Woodrow Wilson and the colonial revolutionism by Vladimir Lenin had a great influence on colonies in the world.

• 続いて設立された立憲政友会を与党とする山本権兵衛内閣は軍部大臣現役武官制の廃止など陸海軍の内閣への発言力を弱める改革に着手したが、海軍高官の贈賄事件（シーメンス事件）の影響により再び国民の怒りを買いに内閣総辞職を余儀なくされた。
• The next administration led by Prime Minister Gonbei YAMAMOTO, with Rikken Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government) as mainstream party, worked on reform to curb the influence of the Imperial Army and Navy in civilian government, including the abrogation of the law requiring military-related ministers to be active-duty military officers, but was forced into mass resignation in face of public ire over the corruption scandal involving high-ranking navy officers (Siemens Scandal).

• その結果、中央財政にも影響を与えるようになり、宋王朝では乾興 (宋)元年（1022年）に官僚荘園を30頃、将吏衙前荘園を15頃に制限する提案が出されたものの失敗し、その後限田免役法を行って免役の範囲や寄進に制約を課そうとしている。
• As a result, the finance of the central government was influenced by this and during the Sung dynasty in 1022, the proposition that the manors owned by a bureaucrat be limited to 30 and shorigozenmaeshoen to 15 was issued but it failed and later the regulations of tax exemptions were promulgated to impose the restrictions on the range of tax exemptions and the donations.

• 長厳はまた、それまでの三山検校と異なって熊野三山におよぼした影響が強かったためか、藤原頼資の参詣記の建保4年（1216年）7月5日条には、熊野別当新宮別当家と田辺別当家の快実と頼資が長厳について批判めいた談話をしたと記されている。
• Maybe because Cyogen had strong influence on Kumano Sanzan unlike other Sanzan Kengyo, his predecessors, it is written in the entry on July 5, 1216, of FUJIWARA no Yorisuke's journal of the shrine visits that Kumano betto Shingu betto family and Tanabe betto family's Kaijitsu and Yorisuke had a conversation rather being critical of Cyogen.

• 慶喜としては、まだ年若い明治天皇（当時数え年16歳）を戴く朝廷に政権担当能力はなく、やがて組織されるであろう諸侯会議で自らが議長もしくは有力議員となるなどの手段で、政治的影響力を行使できるはずという目論見の上での政権返上であった。
• Nobuyoshi had an ulterior motive that, even after he returned the administration to the Imperial court, he should be able to exercise his political clout as the chairman or as a powerful councilor of the lords conference which was to be organized later, because the Emperor Meiji was too young (in his 16th year) to have the ability to hold the reins of government, so was the Imperial court.

• ロシアの影響力の増大を警戒するドイツ帝国の宰相オットー・フォン・ビスマルクは列強の代表を集めてベルリン会議 (1878年)を主催し、露土戦争の講和条約であるサン・ステファノ条約の破棄とベルリン条約 (1878年)の締結に成功した。
• Alarmed by the increasing influence of Russia, Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of the German Empire hosted the Congress of Berlin (1878) and succeeded in gathering the representatives of the great powers to denounce the Treaty of San Stefano, the peace treaty of the Russo-Turkish Wars and conclude the Treaty of Berlin (1878).

• 大正期新興美術運動（たいしょうきしんこうびじゅつうんどう）とは、海外の美術動向（特に未来派とダダ）の強い影響のもと、大正期（1910年代後半から1920年代前半。ただし、主として、1920年代前半）に興った、前衛的な美術運動のこと。
• New art movements in the Taisho period refers to avant-garde art movements under strong influence of overseas art trends (particularly Mirai-ha [Futurism] and Dada) in the Taisho period (from the late 1910s to the early 1920s, but mainly in the early 1920s).

• こうしたことが民衆に裁判・訴訟に対する不信感を植え付けるとともに、それとともに、支配者の統治・命令の絶対性及び訴願そのものを「恩恵的行為」と捉える政治思想が、日本における「権利」意識や「法」観念の発達に深刻な影響を与えることとなる。
• These things instilled a sense of distrust in people with regard to trials and lawsuits, as well as in the absoluteness of the ruling authority's governance and orders and in the political concept of an appeal being a 'beneficial action'; all of which had a critical impact on the development of the concept of 'rights' and the 'law' in Japan.

• しかしながら工場等が企業努力により削減量を積み重ねてきたという言い分によって日本経団連などが強く反対し、また当団体などが盛んに行っている政府与党へのロビー活動等の影響力もあり、環境税への理解が浸透せず、未だに実現の目処も立っていない。
• However, Japan Federation of Employers' Associations strongly opposes the tax, saying that the reduction amounts have been accumulated by corporate efforts at factories and so on, and the Associations and the like actively lobby the governing party; thus the understanding for environmental taxes has not spread enough so that the introduction of the tax is not yet in sight.

• 清朝における孫文の辛亥革命、オスマン帝国における青年トルコ革命、カージャール朝におけるイラン立憲革命や、仏領インドシナにおけるファン・ボイ・チャウの東遊運動、インド帝国におけるインド国民会議国民会議カルカッタ大会等に影響を与えている。
• It influenced the Sun Yatsen's Xinhai Revolution, the Young Turks Revolution in the Ottoman Empire, the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, Phan Boii Chau's Dong Du Movement (Look-Japan Movement) in French Indochina, and the Indian National Congress's Calcutta Conference.

• この時期の銀の市場価格の変動は大きくまた下落傾向が顕著であった為、そして、その当時世界経済の主導的地位を占めていたイギリスが既に金本位制に転じていた為、銀本位制諸国は深刻な影響をうけ、19世紀の終りにはほとんどの国が金本位制に転じた。
• Since fluctuation of market value of silver during this period was significant and tended to decline remarkably and the United Kingdom, which led the world economy around that time, already shifted to the gold standard, countries which adopted silver standard were seriously affected, so most of the countries shifted to the gold standard in the end of the nineteenth century.

• 特に、千利休による茶道の大成は、禅の思想に基づく“わび・さび”の考え方と、豊臣秀吉の発案との言い伝えを持ち、美醜について大きく意見の分かれる“金の茶室”という極限的な豪壮さを一つに内包したものと言え、今も日本文化全体に強く影響している。
• In particular, completion of 'sado (tea ceremony)' by SEN no Rikyu, which can be said to include the idea of 'wabi, sabi' based on Zen Buddhism and the ultimately splendid 'golden tea arbor,' which is handed down as the idea of Hideyoshi and for which opinion on beauty is divided, gives strong influence on the whole culture of Japan even today.

• だが、江戸時代後期彦根藩などの保護を受けた他の琵琶湖湖畔の諸港の台頭、船主・漁民と農民・商人との利害対立による内紛（堀田氏の佐野移封と前後として農民と漁民の対立が大規模暴動に発展している）などがあり、徐々にその影響力を低下させていった。
• However, Katata gradually lost its power, owing to the rise of other domains surrounding Lake Biwa that were protected by some authorities such as the Hikone Domain in the late Edo period and internal conflicts between shipowners and fishermen and farmers and merchants (around the transfer of Hotta clan to Sano, the conflict between farmers and fishermen developed into a large-scale riot).

• だが、新将軍・義尚は若くして病死し、引退した父・義政も銀閣をはじめとする慈照寺の造営に余生を費やして、芸術の世界にのみ生きた（とはいえ、義政の芸術保護が後の東山文化発展の基礎となり、後々の日本文化に大きな影響を与えた事は否定できない）。
• But the new Shogun, Yoshihisa, died of illness while still young, and his retired father Yoshimasa devoted his remaining years to construction projects at Jisho-ji Temple, notably the building known as Ginkaku (the Silver Pavilion), focusing his attention entirely on the world of artistic endeavor (and indeed, Yoshimasa's patronage of the arts became the foundation of the flourishing artistic culture of the Higashiyama area, and no one can deny he had a profound influence on later developments in Japanese culture.)

• そこで旧来の法令に欠けている分野を補完する目的で江戸幕府や諸藩の中で明王朝で使われた明律の研究が始められた（中国では既に清の時代に入っていたが、明の法律文献が多く日本に伝来していたことや清律も明律をほぼ踏襲していた事が影響している。）。
• Therefore, in order to supplement the areas lacking in traditional law, research on the Ming code, used in the Ming dynasty, began within the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and various clans (China was already in the Qing period, but many Ming legal documents were introduced in Japan and the Qing code mostly succeeded the Ming code).

• 天正元年（1572年）以降、織田信忠を筆頭に池田恒興、森長可（森成利の兄）、河尻秀隆らを主力とする、いわゆる「信忠軍団」が編成されており（池田は後に軍団を離脱→摂津へ）、主に、東美濃に勢力を張っていた武田の影響を排除する戦いをしていた。
• From 1572 onward, an army corps led by Nobutada ODA, Tsuneoki IKEDA, Nagayoshi MORI (Naritoshi MORI's elder brother) and Hidetaka KAWAJIRI, which was known as Nobutada's corps (Tsuneoki IKEDA later withdrew from the corps and moved to Settsu Province), was fighting against the Takeda clan in order to prevent the expansion of Takeda's territory into the eastern Mino Province.

• 同時代では日蓮が批判し、後世の評価では2回目の日本侵攻の口実になった暴挙であると評価する論者と、元の2回目の対日侵攻には影響を与えなかった、あるいは国難に対しては手本にするべき好例であると肯定的に評価する『大日本史』や、頼山陽らがいる。
• At the time it occurred, it was criticized by Nichiren, and in a later era, there were both arguments for and against; some criticized it as a reckless act that gave the enemy a reason for the second invasion of Japan, and others affirm it, including Sanyo RAI and 'Dainihonshi' (Great History of Japan), which states that it did not influence the Yuan's second invasion of Japan and is a good example to be followed when tackling a crisis of the nation.

• アメリカ合衆国滞在中にアナルコ・サンディカリスムの影響を受けた幸徳秋水が帰国し、ゼネラル・ストライキによる「直接行動論」を党内で提唱すると、これに反対して労働者による普通選挙運動を主張する田添鉄二らの「議会政策論」との対立が激しくなった。
• When Shusui KOTOKU returned from the United States of America influenced by Anarcho-syndicalism, an intense internal conflict was created between Kotoku and the opposing Tetsuji TAZOE's group over the Nihon Shakaito's policy and tactics; Kotoku advocated 'direct action' through the general strike whereas Tazoe advocated 'parliamentary tactics' and insisted on promoting the universal suffrage movement led by workers.

• 自由民権運動最中の1880年頃より、東京日日新聞や朝野新聞などで人権の擁護と天皇制の維持の両立のために、制憲のための会議を招集して憲法草案を作成し、天皇の合意を得られた国約憲法をもって憲法とすべしとの論調が張られ、民権家達にも影響を与えた。
• During the Movement for Liberty and People's rights sometime around 1880, the Tokyo Nichinichi Newspaper, the Choya Newspaper, and other major newspapers claimed that, in order to simultaneous support both the people's rights and Imperial order, a congress of the people should be convened to formulate constitutions drafts, which would be instituted once it met with the Emperor's approval, and this opinion greatly influenced the populace.

• 土地には耕作権を意味する「作職」、年貢徴収請負権の「名主」、荘園領主への年貢納入を請け負う「地頭職」などが重層に存在し、さらに国衙や守護職が令制国単位で影響力を及ぼしていたため、武士の主従関係も一対一の単純なものであるとは限られていなかった。
• There was a multilayered structure of rights claimed for a land including 'saku-shiki' which meant the right of cultivation, 'myoshu' which referred to the right to collect land taxes, and 'jito-shiki' which was responsible for paying out land taxes to the lord of the manor; besides, as the provincial government office and the military governor possessed influence on each province, master-servant relationships among samurai were not necessarily a simple one-to-one relationship.

• なおこのほかに「源語（げんご）」、「紫文（しぶん）」、「紫史（しし）」などという漢語風の名称で呼ばれていることもあるが、漢籍の影響を受けたものでありそれほど古いものはないと考えられており、池田亀鑑によればその使用は江戸時代を遡らないとされる。
• It was also referred to with Chinese titles such as 'Gengo (abbreviation of The Tale of Genji),' 'Shibun (Text of Murasaki),' 'Shishi (History of Murasaki),' etc., but these titles seem to have been under the influence of Chinese classics and therefore not so old, while Kikan IKEDA claimed that such usage didn't start until the Edo period.

• 『源氏物語』自体の中に儒教や仏教の思想が影響していることは事実としても、当時の解釈はそれらを教化の手段として用いるためという傾向が強く、物語そのものから出た解釈とは言い難いこともあって、後述の「もののあはれ」論の登場以後は衰えることになった。
• It is true that 'The Tale of Genji' was influenced by the Confucian philosophy and Buddhism, but those interpretations were mainly made for the enlightenment of people at that time and it's hard to say they were generated from the story itself; thus they disappeared with the emergence of the 'Mono no Aware' theory (to be mentioned later).

• このため、承久の乱後においては、幕府の政治的影響力の拡大を差し引いても後鳥羽院に同情的な意見は少なく、『愚管抄』・『六代勝事記』・『神皇正統記』などは、いずれも院が覇道的な政策を追求した結果が招いた自業自得の最期であったと手厳しいものがあった。
• Consequently, after the Jokyu War there was little sympathy for Go-Toba-in, although the Kamakura government had strong political power; in historical books such as 'Gukansho,' 'Rokudai shojiki' and 'Jinno shotoki,' it is said that the Emperor deserved to die the way he did after ruling the government through the use of his dominant power.

• この時革命を起こそうと考えた者の武装やヤクザの抗争の影響でより一層武器の取締りが厳しくなり、特に銃器関連を所持するには銃器にもよるが、数ヶ月期間の審査が必要であり、少なくとも暴力行為を前提に銃器を合法的に所持するのは日本では事実上不可能になった。
• Since those who planned revolutions bore arms and gangs (yakuza) started conflicts, the law was reinforced and a several month examination (the period depends on the kind of firearms) was required to possess a firearm-related weapon, making the legal possession of firearms for the purpose of violence virtually impossible in any event in Japan.

• 中国史に、そして世界史に大きな影響を与えた点では一致するものの、義和団の乱についての評価は未だ定まっていないと言って良く、それが語られる地域－中国・日本・欧米－によって、無論中国人研究者であっても欧米的論調に近いものもあるが、論調が異なっている。
• While it is agreed that the Boxer Rebellion had a large influence on Chinese and world history, a final evaluation of the Boxer Rebellion has yet to be determined, and criticism differs in regions such as China, Japan, Europe, and the US, and some Chinese researcher have similar arguments to Europe and the US, but differ in opinions.

• 孫の松田元輝の代になると宇喜多直家の力が強大になり、子の松田元賢に直家の娘と婚姻させ、姻戚関係を結ぶ、更には当時美作・備中への影響力が強かった尼子晴久が浦上氏を攻撃すべく備前へ侵攻してきた際には、尼子方に属するなどによって勢力の維持を図ろうとした。
• In the time of his grandson Mototeru MATSUDA, when Naoie UKITA increased his influences, he had his son Motokata MATSUDA marry a daughter of Naoie to ally, and further, he took sides with Haruhisa AMAGO, who had strong influence in Mimasaka and Bicchu at the time, advancing to Bizen to attack the Uragami clan, by which he tried to maintain his power.

• 主に屋外の物品に砂ぼこりが付着して汚したり、周囲の見通し（視程）や日照を悪化させたり、交通に障害を与えたり、人間や家畜などが砂ぼこりを吸い込んで健康に悪影響を与えたりするなど、多数の被害が発生し、経済的損失は毎年7000億円を超えると推定されている。
• Kosa causes lots of damage described as in the following and the economical loss due to it is estimated to exceed 700 billion yen yearly: Dust from kosa adheres to things placed outdoors, making them dirty, degrades outdoor visibility, makes the sunlight reaching the ground weaker, obstructs traffic, and adversely affects the health of human beings and animals from inhaling the dust.

• 明治に入ると、坪内逍遥が『小説神髄』において、八犬士を「仁義八行の化物にて決して人間とはいひ難かり」と断じ、近代文学が乗り越えるべき旧時代の戯作文学の代表として『八犬伝』を批判しているが、このことは、当時『八犬伝』が持っていた影響力の大きさを示している。
• During the Meiji period Shoyo TSUBOUCHI, in 'Shosetsu shinzui' (The essence of the novel), criticized 'Hakkenden' as the typical gesaku literature from another age which must be overcome by early-modern literature, insisting that 'the eight dog warriors were monsters of Jingi-hachigyo instead of being human beings,' but such criticism gives evidence of the major impact that 'Hakkenden' had in those days.

• 強盗返は回り舞台を初めとして後の舞台機構に数々の影響を与えた江戸中期の大阪出身の歌舞伎狂言作者の並木正三（なみきしょうぞう, 1730–73）が考案したとする説と、宝暦12年 (1726) に狂言作者の竹田治蔵（たけだはるぞう）が考案したとする説がある。
• There are two explanations regarding the origin of gando gaeshi, one of which is that it was invented by Shozo NAMIKI (1730-73), a Kabuki Kyogen (comic drama) writer of Osaka in the mid Edo period, and another of which is that it was invented by Haruzo TAKEDA, a playwright of Kabuki play in 1726.

• 奈良時代から平安時代初頭にかけての天皇陵は、土葬される例（聖武天皇）や、墳丘を作ったと思われる事例（桓武天皇）を経て、仏教思想の影響により、火葬の導入（持統天皇）や火葬後に散骨して大規模な造営を行わない事例（嵯峨天皇、淳和天皇）などが見られるようになる。
• Mausoleums built from the Nara to the early Heian periods include graves of emperors (e.g. Emperor Shomu) whose bodies were buried, graves with burial mounds (Emperor Kanmu), graves of emperors in later periods (Empress Jito) whose bodies were cremated due to the influence of Buddhism and graves of cremated emperors that were built without large-scale construction work (Emperors Saga and Junna).

• 日本美術史（にほんびじゅつし）とは、日本の美術の流れ、様式の変遷、各時代の代表的な作品や作家の研究、相互の影響関係、作品や作家を生んだ時代背景（政治、経済、信仰、風俗、社会、文学などとの関連）などについて述べたもの、またはそうした分野を研究する学問のこと。
• 'Nihon bijutsu-shi' refers to the chronological explanation - or the academic field - of Japanese art history, such as the trend of Japanese art, the transition of its style, the research of the representative works and artists in each period, their mutual influence, and the historical background of the works and artists - that is, the works' and artists' relation with Japanese politics, economy, religion, customs, society, literature and others.

• 引用した対談は1974年のものであるが、それに先立つ1969年12月の法制史研究会総会で、戸田芳実は『国衙軍制の形成過程』を発表、そこで述べた「地方軍事貴族」または「辺境軍事貴族」という概念、そして「国衙軍制」への着目はその後の武士論に大きな影響を与えた。
• The interview was in 1974, but Yoshimi TODA announced 'The Formation Process of the Kokuga Forces System' at Japan Legal History Association Conference of December 1969 and 'aristocrats with regional army,' 'aristocrats with frontier army,' and the 'kokuga forces system' debated there and greatly affected the later bushi theory.

• 藤原京は大和の古道（中ツ道・下ツ道・横大路・山田道）に囲われた領域に南北12条東西4坊ずつの街路が整備され、東西南北3門ずつ計12門を持ち、宮城は市域の中央北寄りに位置しており、その北には苑池が配されていたとことなどから、北魏洛陽城の影響が指摘されている。
• The influence of Luoyang of Northern Wei has been pointed out in the layout of Fujiwara-kyo, for its characteristics such as the area surrounded by the ancient paths in Yamato Province (Nakatsu Michi, Shimotsu Michi, Yokooji and Yamada Michi), the streets dividing the city into twelve rows and eight columns (each of the east and west towns devided into four), three gates attached on each of the north, south, east and west walls (twelve in total), the imperial palace located slightly north to the center and a pond park located further north.

• 畿内では本願寺は京都山科を本拠としていたが、一向一揆を背景として本願寺の影響力が強くなると、その武力を恐れた細川晴元は日蓮宗徒らと結託し、天文 (元号)元年（1532年）8月に山科本願寺を焼き討ちした（山科本願寺山科本願寺の戦い/天文の錯乱/天文法華の乱）。
• In Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), Hongan-ji Temple was based in Yamashina, Kyoto and as it became influential due to the Ikko Ikki, Harumoto HOSOKAWA, who feared its military power, attacked and set fire to Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple in collusion with the Nichiren sect in September, 1532 (the Battle of Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple/the Tenbun War/the Tenbun Hokke War).

• 7世紀になり、ヤマト王権が大陸の政治システムの影響を受けるようになると大型の方墳、円墳へと変化し、さらに7世紀中頃から8世紀初頭まで天皇陵には八角墳が採用されるようになる（舒明陵の段ノ塚古墳、天智陵の御廟野古墳、天武・持統合葬陵の野口王墓、文武陵の中尾山古墳）。
• In the 7th century, when the Yamato kingdom came under the influence of the political system of the Chinese continent, emperors' tumuli came to be built in a large rectangular or round shape, and from the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, in an octagonal shape (e.g. Dannozuka Tumulus of Emperor Jomei, Gobyono Tumulus of Emperor Tenchi, Noguchino Imperial Tumulus of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jito, and Nakaoyama Tumulus of Emperor Monmu).

• 一方、橋本治はこれについて高倉天皇が立太子式を挙げた場所が藤原家の中でも最も格の高い邸宅であった東三条殿であったことに注目し、しかもこの東三条殿の当時の所有者が清盛の娘の盛子であった（藤原基実はこの立太子式の3ヶ月前に死去）ことが強く影響したという説を立てている。
• Osamu HASHIMOTO proposed an alternative hypothesis that focused on the fact that Emperor Takakura held the ceremony for becoming Crown Prince at the Higashi Sanjo-den, the noblest of all residences within the Fujiwara family, and that the owner of this residence was Kiyomori's daughter, Moriko (FUJIWARA no Motozane had died 3 months before the ceremony), who could have strongly affected his position.

• また価値観の転換や中世史の研究の進歩で、足利尊氏の功績を評価したり、楠木正成は「悪党」としての性格が研究されるようになり、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政は宋学の影響で中華皇帝的な天皇独裁を目指す革新的なものであるなど、南北朝時代に関しても新たな認識がなされるようになった。
• Also, with changes in values and progress in medieval history research, new views regarding the Nanbokucho period such as re-evaluating the achievements of Takauji ASHIKAGA, researching aspects of Masanori KUSUNOKI as an 'Akuto' (rebel), and establishing that Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration was influenced by Sung-period neo-Cunfucianism and was revolutionary because he aimed for a dictatorship, like a Chinese emperor, have come forth.

• この争乱が以仁王の「平氏追討」の令旨に始まること、平氏政権から頼朝政権（鎌倉幕府）に交代したこと、民間レベルでは『平家物語』や『源平盛衰記』などの影響から清盛・宗盛ら平氏一門と頼朝・義経・義仲ら源氏一門の争いと受け取られてきたことなどが、この呼称を生んだといえる。
• This term started because the war was considered as a fight between Kiyomori and Munemori of the Taira family and Yoritomo, Yoshitsune, Yoshinaka of the Minamoto clan due to the fact that the war started with Prince Mochihito's call for 'destroying the Taira clan,' the transition from the Taira clan government to Yoritomo government (Kamkura bakufu), and the effect of stories such as 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tales of the Heike) and 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Fall of the Genji and the Heike) had on the people.

• これは、日本古来の民族信仰の基盤の上に、自然風土の中で培われた年中行事や、祭礼などを通じて、多くの日本人が七五三や初詣、あるいは季節の祭りを神社で行い、江戸時代の寺請制度の影響で、葬式や盆などを仏教式で行うなど、複数の宗教にまたがって儀礼に参加しているためである。
• This is because many Japanese people engage in rituals of multiple religions, holding the seven-five-three festival and other seasonal festivals at shrines and visiting shrines at the beginning of the New Year based on annual events and rituals developed in the natural climate from ancient ethnic religions of Japan, and by the influence of the temple guarantee system in the Edo period, holding funerals and bon festivals (a festival of the dead or Buddhist all soul's day) with Buddhist rites.

• 第5条・第6条では決して壮健とは言い難い天皇の体調に配慮しつつも、健康問題を理由としてむやみに大臣との謁見を拒んだり、公務を滞らせる事態を最低限に留めて国務への影響を防ぐこととした（特に森有礼の御用掛任命の際の公務復帰拒否のような事態を防止する点が重要視された）。
• Article 5 and 6 stipulated, with due considerations to Emperor's health which was far from robust, that the Emperor would not immoderately reject audiences with ministers and other duties for health reason which would disrupt the flow of public service, to prevent national services from being affected (This placed importance in avoiding such situation as the Emperor would refuse to return to public service as was seen upon the appointment of Arinori MORI as Goyogakari).

• 日本で今日のような天文学の研究が開始されるのは、江戸幕府が天文方を設置して以後であるが、初代天文方の渋川春海は『天文瓊統』において、科学的な天文観測とともに天文道以来の天体と占いの関係についての学説に割いている（これは春海が土御門泰福から神道を学んだ影響も大きい）。
• Although it was only after the establishment of tenmonkata (officer in charge of astronomy) by the Edo bakufu that people started to conduct astronomical research in the current style, the first tenmonkata, Harumi SHIBUKAWA, discussed the theory on the relationship between astronomical bodies and divination, which followed the tradition of Tenmondo, as well as scientific observation of the sky in a book called 'Tenmon Keito' (this may stem from the fact that Harumi learned Shinto from Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADO).

• 市内に所在する日本有数の内陸型工業団地の長田野工業団地や、アネックス京都三和（愛称：エコートピア京都三和）工業団地には東京証券取引所ならびに大証や、ジャスダックなどに株式上場している多数の企業またはその子会社が拠点を置いており、それが与える地元の雇用の影響は大きい。
• Many companies listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange, Osaka Securities Exchange or Jasdaq Securities Exchange, Inc. or their subsidiaries, have their bases located in the Osadano Industrial Park which is one of the largest inland industrial parks, and the Annex Kyoto Miwa Industrial Park (nicknamed Ecotopia Kyoto Miwa) located in the city, and have a large influence on local employment.

• 19世紀、欧米列強のアジア侵略に対抗するため、清朝は、朝鮮やベトナム、琉球などの冊封国を保護国あるいは併合することによって中国皇帝を中心としたアジアの伝統的な国際関係をそのまま近代的国際関係へと移行させて清の地位と影響力を保持しようとし、冊封国に対して保護国化を強めた。
• In the 19 century, in order to resist the invasion of the western powers in Asia, the Qing dynasty tried to shift the traditional international relationships in Asia to the modern ones with the Qing emperor in the center intactly to maintain the influential status by means of changing the subordinate countries under the tributary system, such as Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu, to protected states, or merging them, thus promoted to make its subordinate countries protectorates.

• だが、この路線確立に大きな影響力を与えてきた藤原仲麻呂が失脚して、仏教僧でありながら積極的に祈祷を行うなどの前代の巫的要素を併せ持った道鏡が政権の中枢に立ったことによって、宇佐八幡宮側が失地回復を目指して道鏡側に対して接触を試みた延長線上に同事件を位置づけられるという。
• However, the view points out that the Oracle Incident can be seen as an extension of the attempt by the Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine to regain power by approaching Dokyo side, from the fact that FUJIWARA no Nakamaro who had given a significant influence in establishing this course of event fell from power, and instead, Dokyo who was a Buddhist priest but at the same time had a characteristic of a spiritual medium such as actively conducting prayers, took over the center of the politics.

• ただし、その支配は荘園公領制の範疇におけるものであり、他の権門との協調を掲げる鎌倉幕府の所領よりも地方にある御家人の所領の方が武士による所領の独占的支配の傾向が早く出現するものの、この時代には上級の所職を占める公家・寺社や現地の国衙からの影響力を完全に排除するには至らなかった。
• The rule of the gokenin remained subject to the shoen koryosei system; therefore, although samurai's monopolistic control of the shoryo was liable to appear earlier in the local shoryo of the gokenin than the shoryo of the Kamakura bakufu, which stated the policy of having gokenin in harmony with the other powerful houses, influences of the court nobles, temples, and shrines, which occupied higher various shiki, and the local kokuga cannot be completely removed during this period.

• 教綱の死で藤姓塩谷氏が断絶し、宇都宮正綱の四男塩谷孝綱が名跡を継いで宇都宮氏の影響下に入ったとする説（『下野国誌』所収「塩谷系図」）と、教綱の子に塩谷隆綱があって文明 (日本)10年（1478年）正月18日に塩谷弥五郎を養子に迎え家督を継がせたという説（「秋田塩谷系譜」）である。
• One theory states that with the death of Noritsuna the SHIONOYA family of the FUJIWARA family ended and Takatsuna SHIONOYA, the fourth son of Masatsuna UTSUNOMIYA, succeeded to the family name and came under the influence of the UTSUNOMIYA clan ('Family Tree of the Shionoya Family' printed in 'Shimotsuke-kokushi' (the record of Shimotsuke Province)); the other states that Noritsuna had a son called Takatsuna SHIONOYA and that he adopted Yagoro SHIONOYA on March 1, 1478 and had Yagoro succeed to the family ('Family Tree of the Akita Shionoya Family').

• また、古代天皇の非実在論に基づいている点は津田左右吉の影響を受けており、九州国家の王であった仁徳天皇が畿内を征服して王朝を開いたという説は邪馬台国九州説の発展に他ならず、戦前の抑圧された古代史研究から開放された自由な発想により様々な説を自由に組み合わせてできた学説であるといえる。
• It is said the theory was combined various theories freely by freewheeling thinking released from the studies of ancient history suppressed before the World War II; such as it was influenced by Sokichi TSUDA on the basis of the theory of nonexistence of ancient emperors, and the theory that Emperor Nintoku, the king of Kyushu nation, conquered provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara to start a dynasty was none other than the development of the theory of the Yamatai-Koku Kingdom in Kyushu.

• こうした行政の動きに関しては、自由民主党 (日本)内で「花粉症等アレルギー症対策議員連盟（通称ハクション議連：事務局長・小野晋也衆院議員）」が、安倍晋三ら約50名（当時）の国会議員によって1995年に設立され、本格的な対策の推進を国に働きかけるようになったことが大きく影響している。
• Such administrative actions include the Liberal Democratic Party 'Federation of Diet Members for Measures Against Pollinosis and Other Allergies' (commonly known as Hakushon Giren, secretary general: lower house member Shinya ONO) which was established by Shinzo ABE and approximately 50 (at the time) other Diet members in 1995, and has had a major impact on the national implementation of serious efforts.

• また、三好氏を利用して永禄7年（1564年）には敵対していた政所執事伊勢貞孝を敗死に追い込み、新たな政所執事に義輝の義従兄弟にあたる摂津晴門を起用し、従来将軍の意向が及ばなかった政所を掌握して幕府決裁に対する影響力を強め、義満以来の聡明な将軍として幕府の将軍親政を着実に進めていった。
• In the same year of 1564, Yoshiteru utilized the Miyoshi clan in driving Sadataka ISE, then head of Mandokoro (the government administrative office) who had been hostile to the Shogun, into death in a losing battle; appointed his (Yoshiteru's) cousin-in-law Harukado SETTSU as new head of Mandokoro; strengthened his control of official decisions of the Bakufu through the Mandokoro, previously out of his real authority but now more at his mercy, and thereby steadily achieved direct rule by the Shogun as the wisest leader after Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.

• 本作には、初演された年の干支干支による紀年が60年に一度巡ってくる庚申（こうしん、かのえさる）であることから、3人の盗賊を、「見ざる」「言わざる」「聞かざる」の三猿（庚申の仏、青面金剛に従う猿）にたとえ、セリフのなかに「庚申の夜の話草」があるなど、江戸時代の民間信仰の影響が見られる。
• The influence of folk beliefs in the Edo period can be seen in this program such as the line of 'a story for the night of koshin,' which compares the three robbers to the three wise monkeys of 'Mizaru' (see no evils) 'Iwazaru' (hear no evil) and 'Kikazaru' (hear no evil) (monkeys that defer the Buddha of koshin, Shomen Kongo), since the Oriental zodiac of the year of the debut performance was koshin/kanoe saru which comes around only once in 60 years.

• そこから、鎌倉、及びそれに隣接する土地の武士である、鎌倉権五郎景政、三浦の平太郎為次などに、また同様に、かつて受領を務めた下野国の武士団の一部（『奥州後三年記』には明確には登場しないが）、などに対しては、それほど強力ではないにしても、ある程度の影響力を持っていたと見ることは妥当かと思う。
• Therefore, it seems to be reasonable to see that Yoshiie was influential to some extent on the samurai in Kamakura and neighboring local places such as KAMAKURA Gongoro Kagemasa and MIURA no Heitaro Tametsugu and a part of armed group (which did not appear clearly in 'Oshu Gosannen Ki') in the Shimotsuke Province where he had been in charge of Zuryo.

• 信濃国の大名がこぞって東軍に与するなか、あえて昌幸と信繁が西軍に与した理由は諸説あるが、昌幸の五女が石田三成の妻の実家である宇田氏に嫁いでおり、しかも昌幸二男信繁も三成と親交があり西軍に与した大谷吉継の娘を妻にしているという姻戚関係が、昌幸・信繁父子の選択に重要な影響を及ぼしたと言われている。
• There are several theories why Masayuki and Nobushige dared to side with the Western Camp while the daimyo in Shinano Province all sided with the Eastern Camp, and it is said that the matrimonial relation Masayuki and his son Nobushige had (Masayuki's fifth daughter married into the Uda clan, which is the family home of the wife of Mitsunari ISHIDA, Masayuki's second son Nobushige, being associated with Mitsunari, married with a daughter of Yoshitsugu OTANI who sided with the Western Camp) had a significant influence on their choices.

• そのため、寛文9年2月18日に江戸幕府は京都・大坂の経済的影響力の観点から、現行の京枡をもって統一した公定枡とすること、全国66国を東西に分割して東側を江戸枡座が西側を京枡座が管掌し、それぞれに京枡の独占的製造・販売権・検定権を与え、偽の枡の製造販売を厳罰に処することとした（「京枡統一令」）。
• In light of the economic influences in Kyoto and Osaka, the Edo shogunate, in the name of the regulations for unifying kyo-masu unit, determined to designate the existing kyo-masu as official and to divide 66 provinces around the country into the East and West: the East and the West would be in charge of the Edo Masu-za and the Kyo Masu-za, respectively, each having the rights to the exclusive manufacture, sale and screening of kyo-masu, and the law allowed severe punishment for the manufacture and sale of fake masu.

• 五部大乗経（法華経・華厳経・涅槃経・大集経・大品般若経）の写本作りに専念して、戦死者の供養と反省の証にと、完成した五つの写本を京の寺に収めてほしいと朝廷に差し出したところ、治天の君となっていた後白河天皇は「呪詛が込められているのではないか」と疑ってこれを拒否し、影響下にある朝廷は写本を送り返してきた。
• He focused on editing a manuscript book of the Five Mahayana Sutras (Hoke-kyo (the Saddharma Pundariks Sutra), Kegon-kyo (the Avatamska Sutra), Nehan-kyo, Daijik-kyo, Daibon hannya-kyo) and accordingly he sent copies of the five book to the Imperial Palace so that they would be kept in the palace temple, praying for people who had died in the war and with regret for what happened; however, the ex-emperor Goshirakawa, who held political power, refused this offer and said the book might have bad spirits, whereupon the palace, under his influence, sent the books back to Sutoku.

• これに対して南インドでは伝統的な村落共同体の影響が強いために、農民の従来通りの土地所有を前提としてより緩やかなライーヤトワーリー制が導入されたものの、5-6割の地租の前に未納を理由とした官の没収もしくは納税のための借金のかたに領主・地主層からなる金融業者の差押を経て北インドと同様の土地支配体制が広がっていった。
• In contrast to this, the influence of the village community was strong in the south of India and though the more loose Raiyatowari system was introduced there on the premise of traditional farmers' landownership, the lands were confiscated by government officials because of non-payment of 50 to 60 percent of land tax, or the lands were seized by money brokers who consisted of the lords and landowners because of tax payments for debts and through these, the land government system spread as in the north of India.

• 平安時代後期より公家などの文筆に携わる人々が往復書簡（往来）の形式を採った文例集（消息集）に由来している（同じ様な形式のものは、中国伝来とされる『杜家立成』が東大寺正倉院に収められているが、当時の中国の書式を元により整理された形式となっており、往来物が中国のものの影響を受けながらも日本独自に発展していったことが分かる）。
• They derived from boilerplates (shosoku-shu) which were a collection of correspondence from the late Heian period written by those who were engaged in literary work, such as nobles (A similar item called 'Tokarissei,' reportedly from China, is preserved in Todai-ji Temple Shoso-in Treasure Repository, but even this had been arranged from the Chinese original, showing that oraimono developed independently with an influence from China).

• 源氏物語の注釈書においても一般的な注釈を記した「水原抄」に対して秘伝を記した「原中最秘抄」が別に存在するなど、この時代にはこのようなことはよくあることであったため、「源氏物語本文そのものに付いてもそのようなことがあったのだろう」と考えられたらしく、秘伝としての源氏物語60巻説は広く普及することになり、後に多くの影響を与えた。
• As is often the case with commentaries of 'The Tale of Genji' in those days, 'Genchusaihi-sho Commentary,' in which esoterica was written, existed separately in contrast to 'Suigen-sho,' which had general annotations; thus there was the emergence of the idea that 'the text of 'The Tale of Genji' would have had a similar experience,' and 60 chapters of the esoteric 'The Tale of Genji' came to be widely accepted, having a great influence on posterity.

• 新撰組組員の墓参りをする女性ファンも多く、坂本龍馬ら勤皇の志士と共に“日本史のアイドル的存在”となっているが、明治政府がかれらと敵対する勤皇派志士たちによって設立された経緯もあり、近年まで史学的にもほとんど注目されることがなく、現在における人気は子母沢寛や司馬遼太郎らによる新選組をテーマにした数々の小説やTVドラマ・映画等の影響が大きい。
• Many female fans also visit the tombs of Shinsen-gumi members, who, together with Imperial loyalists such as Ryoma SAKAMOTO, are 'idols of Japanese history'; but as the Meiji Government was established by Imperial loyalists who were opposed to them, hardly any notice was taken of Shinsen-gumi from a historical standpoint until recently, and their current popularity owes much to many novels about them written by such people as Kan SHIMOZAWA, Ryotaro SHIBA, and also TV dramas, movies, etc.

• それでも唐の文化の影響が強まった平安時代初期の延暦11年11月20日 (旧暦)（793年1月7日）、桓武天皇が漢音奨励の勅を出して学生には漢音の学習が義務づけられ（『日本紀略』）、続いて延暦17年2月14日 (旧暦)（798年3月6日）には学生に従来から日本に存在する南朝 (中国)系の呉音を禁じて漢音での発音が義務付けられた（『弘仁格抄』）。
• However, the increasing influence from the Chinese Tang culture of the early Heian period, Emperor Kammu issued a decree to encourage the Han pronunciations of the Chinese characters on January 11, 793, which in effect forced the students learn it ('Nihongiryaku' (Abstract of Japanese History)), and on March 10, 798, students were prohibited from learning Goon, the existing pronunciations from the Southern Dynasty in China were prohibited and were instructed to learn the Han pronunciations of the Chinese characters ('Koninkyakusho' (Regulations in Konin period)).

• また、和氏が武寧王の子孫であるかどうかは、学術的に少なからず疑義を持たれており、いずれにしても1000年以上前の「続日本紀に記されていることにゆかりを感じる」という程度の発言であるにも関わらず、この発言が韓国では大きく話題にされ、当時の大統領であった金大中が大統領談話で言及までしたことは、天皇の発言が大きな影響力を持つことを物語る実例の一つとなった。
• There is some doubt academically whether Yamatouji is Baekje Muryeong-wang's descendant or not; it was an actual example that the Emperor's remark has a strong political message, knowing that the Korea mass media paid great attention to such words from the Emperor, referring to the history more than a thousand years ago, and even the former President Dae-jung [Daejung, Dae jung] Kim mentioned this in the interview.

• 治承・建久の2度の新制の制定に大臣・摂関として関わった九条兼実（道長の6代目の子孫）は｢長保以後代々制符｣が制符（新制）策定の基本であるべきであると度々主張（『玉葉』治承2年4月23日・6月5日条）しており、長保から200年経た後世においても長保元年令が新制の出発点になるとする考え方が公家社会に広く存在し、中世公家法に対して強い影響を与えたことが分かる。
• Kanezane KUJO (the sixth generation descendant of Michinaga), who was involved in the establishment of shinsei in Jisho and Kenkyu eras as a minister and Sekkan (regents and advisers), often insisted that it was fundamental for the establishment of seifu (an official code of new laws issued by Daijokan, Great Council of State) or shinsei to 'follow the example of Choho' (articles dated April 23 and June 5, 1178 of 'Gyokuyo') and it follows that even two hundred years after the Choho era it was widely believed in the court noble society that Chohogannenrei should be a starting point for shinsei and that kugeho (laws issued by the imperial court) in the medieval period was greatly influenced by such a belief.

• さらに作業を進めていく中で、源氏物語本文の写本ごとの異なりが当時一般に言われていたような「源氏物語の本文には、写本や版本によって単純な写し間違いなどに起因すると見られる細かい差異は多数存在するものの、文の意味や話の筋立てに影響を及ぼすような違いはほとんど存在しない」という状況ではなく、古注の解釈の上でも無視できない差異がしばしば見られることが明らかになった。
• While he was making work progress further, he noticed that a common view which was believed in those days about the differences among the manuscripts of The Tale of Genji was wrong; it was said that 'there are a lot of tiny differences among the manuscripts and woodblock books of The Tale of Genji, which were due to simple mistakes made in copying, but there is almost nothing which affects the meanings of sentence or the plot.'

• この黒板説については、近年になって反論が出され、海事史の金指正三博士は1990年に潮流のコンピュータ解析を行い、合戦の行われた日は小潮流の時期で、8ノットという早い潮流は無く、また大正時代に潮流を調査した場所は最も狭い早鞆瀬戸であり（ここで千艘以上の兵船で戦うことは不可能）、広い干珠島、満珠島辺りの海域では潮流は1ノット以下であり合戦に影響を与えるものではないとした。
• Concerning KUROITA's theory, in recent years objections to it have surfaced; in 1990 the maritime historian Dr. Shozo KANASASHI ran a computer analysis of the tides on the day of the battle, and concluded that there was a neap tide that day, and thus that there could not have been a strong, swift current of eight knots, and moreover pointed out that the tidal study done in the Taisho period had been conducted at the narrowest point of the Kanmon straits (where it would have been impossible for more than 1000 ships to fight), concluding that in the spacious area of sea near Kanju and Manju islands, the tide was under one knot in speed and would have had no influence over the course of the battle.

• この運動の開始および展開については、1920年のブリュリューク（ダヴィッド・ブリュリュック、ダヴィド・ブルリューク、1882年-1967年, Давид Бурлюк, DavidBurliuk）とパリモフ（ヴィクトール・パリモフ、1888年-1929年, Bиктор Пальмов, Victor Palimov）の来日に伴う、ロシア未来派の影響、および、1923年の村山知義のドイツからの帰国が大きくかかわっている。
• The origins and development of such movements were greatly influenced by Russian Futurism following a visit to Japan of David Burliuk (Давид Бурлюк, 1882 - 1967) and Victor Palimov (Bиктор Пальмов, 1888 - 1929) in 1920, and by the return of Tomoyoshi MURAYAMA from Germany in 1923.

• 宮内貴久の著物によれば、住居とは生存の拠り所として、最も根本的な施設であり古来より生命や財産を守るための工夫を重ねてきたが天災によって、当時としては不可解な被害(例えば地震)に見舞われていたことから災いの要因を含めた「世界を支配し統括する原理を知りたい」という欲求に晒された結果、住宅に対して、人々が居住生活に求める概念を実体化させて、長い年月を経て培われた知見が規範化され影響力を持ち家相の世界観が生み出されたと述べられている。
• According to a book of Takahisa MIYAUCHI, houses are the most fundamental center of one's existence and from ancient times people have made efforts to protect life or fortune, but natural disasters (eg. earthquakes) were mysterious in those days so they desired to understand 'the principles governing and controlling the world' including factors for disasters, as a result of which the concept of living space materialize, over the years cultivated through knowledge, a standard influencing the construction of a house, from an outlook of the world was produced.

• 『日本書紀』をはじめ、中国や朝鮮の史書でも朝鮮半島への倭国の進出を示す記事が存在すること、『広開土王碑』に倭が新羅や百済を臣民としたと記されていること、またいくつもの、日本列島独特の墓制である前方後円墳が朝鮮半島で発見され始めたこと、そして新羅・百済・伽耶の勢力圏内で日本産のヒスイ製勾玉が大量に出土（高句麗の旧領では稀）したこと等の史実より、倭国と深い関連を持つ何らかの集団（倭国から派遣された官吏や軍人、倭国に臣従した在地豪族など）が伽耶地域において一定の軍事的影響力および経済的利権を有していたことはほぼ確実視されている。
• It is almost presumed from historical facts that some sort of group deeply related to Wakoku (such as government officials and military men dispatched by Wakoku or local powerful clans who served Wakoku) possessed certain military clout and economic interest in Gaya region (another name of Mimana); Wakoku's advance to the Korean Peninsula is recorded in history books of China and Korea as well as 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan); 'Gwanggaeto Stele' tells that Wakoku subjugated Silla and Baekje; large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds, which are peculiar to the Japanese archipelago, are starting to be discovered in the Korean Peninsula; a massive amount of Japanese jade magadama (comma-shaped beads) have been excavated in the influence area of Silla, Baekje and Gaya (rare in the former territory of Goguryeo).