当時: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 当時
- at that time
- in those days
- Touji
- in the days
- 当時の反応
- Public opinion at the time
- 当時の日本
- Japan in Those Days
- 当時の土地状況
- Conditions of the land at the time
- 当時は御講釈始とも呼ばれた。
- At that time it was also called Go-Koshaku-Hajime (start of the narration of a story).
- 当時の人口は154,953人。
- The population at the time was 154,953.
- 当時の天皇は後水尾天皇である。
- Japanese Emperor at the time was Emperor Gomizunoo.
- 当時は養老七年格とも呼ばれた。
- In those days it was also called Yoro Seven Kyaku.
- 当時は兇徒聚集事件と呼ばれた。
- At that time this incident was called the Collective Rioting Incident.
- これを当時、刈田・刈畠と呼んだ。
- This was called 'karita' or 'karihata' (reaping of crops) at that time.
- 「当時の天皇は円融天皇である。」
- 'Current Japanese Emperor is Emperor Enyu.'
- 当時は「造天龍寺宋船」と呼ばれた。
- They were called 'Zo Tenryu-ji sosen' in those days.
- 当時の繁華街であり、延暦寺が地主。
- This was the busy town area of that time and the landowner was the Enryaku-ji Temple.
- また、当時の小道具も展示されている
- The weaponry and other historical artifact used are also displayed.
- 当時の俗称では穢多狩りと言われた。
- Those uprisings were then commonly called Eta (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system, people whose work usually involved handling human bodies or animal carcasses) hunting.
- 当時は越中御所の呼称も用いられた。
- In those days the name Ecchu-gosho Palace was also used.
- 当時は、地上の楽園として有名だった。
- It was famous as an earthly paradise back in those days.
- 当時の人口は3万2千人程度であった。
- The population at that time was about 32,000.
- 左院とは、当時の立法議政機関である。
- The Council of the Left was the legislative body of the government of the day.
- 当時は北方にある熊川県が管轄していた。
- At that time, it was under the jurisdiction of Ungcheon Prefecture in the north.
- 現在は当時の位置より西に移設されたもの
- The current shrine was relocated west of its original place.
- 区成立当時は大部分が農村地帯であった。
- It was for the most part a rural area when it was established.
- これは当時の中国王朝の政治力を物語る。
- This tells us about the political influence of Chinese dynasties at that time.
- 実尹は父の病没当時24歳の若さであった。
- Sanetada was only 24 when his father died of a disease.
- しかし当時の武士の主従には2種類がある。
- However, there were two types of master and servant relationships of the bushi at that time.
- 当時、このような活動には名前がなかった。
- There were no words to describe such a citizens' movement in Japan at that time.
- 当時から漢語の和訓を知るために重宝された。
- Since having been compiled, this document was used frequently for knowing Japanese pronunciations for Chinese words
- 当時の日本総領事珍田捨巳の尽力により撤回。
- Sutemi CHINDA, Japanese Consulate General at the time, worked hard towards having the decision repealed.
- (当時の一般社会人の月収が18円-25円)
- (Monthly income of the general public at that time was 18 yen to 25 yen.)
- 当時の日本列島は中国から倭・倭国と呼ばれた。
- The Japanese islands at that time was called Way or Awoke by China.
- 当時の社会における価値観は正反対に転換した。
- The values of the society at the time were completely overturned.
- それら狼藉は悪事ではなく当時の常識であった。
- They were not considered wrongdoing, but were generally accepted.
- 当時京都府で最大の面積を持つ淡水湖であった。
- It was a freshwater lake with the largest surface area in Kyoto Prefecture of those days.
- なお当時は「造天龍寺宋船」の名で呼ばれている。
- For reference, the ship was called 'Zo Tenryu-ji sosen.'
- 当時、鏡は姿見として上流階級には普及していた。
- A mirror was widely used to see one's image amongst the upper class at that time.
- 当時は「貴族」と別に「武士」が居た訳ではない。
- There were no 'bushi' apart from 'aristocrats' at that time.
- 当時の西銘順治沖縄県知事一覧は談話を発表した。
- Then Governor of Okinawa Prefecture Junji NISHIME made a remark as follows.
- 父は光仁天皇(当時は白壁王)、母は井上内親王。
- His father was Emperor Kojin (Shirakabe no okimi at that time) and mother was Imperial Princess Inoe.
- 当時の財政難の政府には維持費が出せなかった事。
- It was the economic difficulties that the government of the day could not manage the preservation cost of Kosatsu;
- 当時の貴族社会の歌語りを中心とした歌物語である。
- Yamato Monogatari is an uta-monogatari (poem-tale) based on the poems composed by the members of the aristocratic society.
- 当時の政治や社会状況を知る上では重要な歴史資料。
- The diary is important historical material in understanding the politics and social circumstances of the time it was written.
- 当時、国許にいた赤穂藩浅野家重臣は以下のとおり。
- The chief retainers of the Asano family who were in Ako Domain at that time were the following.
- 田中正造も、1901年当時、同様の主張を行った。
- Shozo TANAKA also made a similar comment in 1901.
- その原因として当時の宗教行政の混乱が挙げられる。
- The reason for this can be found in the confusion over administration of religions.
- (中世当時も惣村・惣という用語が使用されていた。)
- (The term soson or so was also used during the medieval period.)
- 大正7年(1918年)、当時の下京区に編入された。
- It was incorporated into the then Shimogyo Ward in 1918.
- 第92回議会停会当時の議員総数は373名であった。
- The total number of councilors at the time of the closing of the ninety-second ordinary Diet session was 373.
- ちなみに、当時は屠畜業者と皮革業者は未分化であった。
- At the time, there was no distinguishment made between the handling of animal carcasses or leather processing.
- 本堂と三重塔が当時の遺構として今日まで伝わっている。
- Its main hall and a three-storied pagoda have been preserved until today.
- いずれも、当時は料紙装飾などで多用された文様である。
- Both patterns were commonly used for ryoshi decoration at that time.
- また、当時の大江氏の紀伝道の実態を知る手掛りとなる。
- It also provides a clue as to what the Kidendo of the Oe clan was really like at that time.
- 「義仲は当時京にあり」(『玉葉』閏10月13日条)。
- Yoshinaka is in the capital now ('Gyokuyo,' entry of November 6).
- 献上物の数は当時としては随一のものであったと伝わる。
- It is believed that the amount of the gift Shigemune presented to Yoshimasa was the largest in size at the time.
- このため当時の記録に「藤原家康」の署名が残っている。
- For this reason, there are documents remaining from that time signed by 'Ieyasu FUJIWARA.'
- 当時の琵琶湖の呼称をそのまま国の名にしたものである。
- The then name of Lake Biwa was used as the name of the division.
- この当時は後の両番のような親衛隊的側面も有していた。
- At the time, oban had a role as the bodyguard which was later succeeded by ryoban.
- 当時の白河は院領が少なく、直属武力もほとんどなかった。
- At that time, Shirakawa owned little property as a Retired Emperor and had almost no forces in his name.
- この当時、藤原氏は自家出身の光明子の立后を願っていた。
- At that time, the Fujiwara clan wanted Komyoshi, who was from the same family, to be installed as the Empress.
- 天皇の生母としては、当時では異例の出自の低さであった。
- She was from an incredibly humble background as a real mother of an emperor in those days.
- 大正の大礼...総予算853万8357円(当時の金額)
- The tairei of Taisho: General budget, 8,538,357 yen (amount at that time)
- 大字上賀茂は一部が大正7年、当時の上京区に編入された。
- Oaza Kamigamo was partly incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward in 1918.
- 当時、東洋における最も整備された美しい居留地とされた。
- In its day, the Kobe settlement was known as the most beautiful and well-designed settlement in the Orient.
- 当時、戦国時代 (日本)の下克上の風潮が残存していた。
- At that time there remained an atmosphere for gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) in the the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- 当時の日本には戦争を継続するだけの余力は既になかった。
- Japan of the time had no more energy enough to continue the war.
- しかし彼は、当時としては非常な長命の85歳まで生きた。
- However, Genpaku SUGITA lived a life of 85 years, which was extraordinarily long in those days.
- 当時の全国集計による士族人口は全国民の3.9%であった。
- According to a tally compiled at that time, the warrior class accounts for 3.9% of the total population.
- とくに大町四つ角以南は当時の鎌倉随一の繁華街でもあった。
- Especially the area south of Omachi Yotsukado (the crossing of Omachi) was once the most prosperous street in Kamakura.
- 飛鳥時代当時はより狭い地域を示すものであったようである。
- It seems that in the Nara period, Asuka refers to a narrower region.
- 同法は、当時数多く制定された特別都市建設法の一つである。
- The law was one of the special city construction laws which were established during those days.
- 付録から当時の日常生活の様相を推測するのにも使われている。
- The appendixes also help us to speculate on the way of life in those days.
- 即ち、当時の源頼朝の武家政権は鎌倉幕府の称を用いていない。
- That is, the samurai government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo did not use the name Kamakura bakufu.
- なお、当時の全ての荘園・公領が守護請所となった訳ではない。
- But not every shoen and koryo in those days were subject to Shugo ukedokoro.
- 七条村は大正7年(1918年)、当時の下京区に編入された。
- Shichijo village was incorporated into then Shimogyo Ward in 1918.
- 当時は独自の王国があったとの説もある(→丹後王国を参照)。
- There is a theory that this area had an independent kingdom in those days (refer to 'Tango Kingdom').
- しかし、この当時は地方政治制度が十分に確立していなかった。
- However, in those days, the local political systems were not fully developed.
- 当時の薩摩藩琉球にたどり着いたとき万次郎は25歳であった。
- When Manjiro arrived in Ryukyu, Satsuma Domain, he was 25 years old.
- 当時「い」-「ゐ」等の音韻的区別は失われていたと考えられる。
- It is considered that the distinction in phoneme, such as between 'い' and 'ゐ,' had been lost at that time.
- そこには医師が貴重であった当時の日本の実情が反映されている。
- This reflects the situation that doctors were highly valued in Japan at that time.
- この地域は当時の人口密集地であり、そこを直撃したことになる。
- The fire directly hit the area that was heavily populated at the time.
- 当時の1回の勘合船が輸入した品物の総額は莫大な金額になった。
- The total amount of goods imported by the kangosen each time reached a staggering amount.
- 『占事略决』は、当時の六壬を知る上で極めて重要な書物である。
- 'Senji ryakketsu' is a quite important document in order to learn about Rikujin at that time.
- 10月28日に薨去したとする説は当時の公表された日付である。
- The theory that he passed away on October 28 is based on the date of death officially announced at that time.
- 日本(当時は倭)は、形骸のみとなっていた任那の調を廃止した。
- Japan (Wa in those days) abolished the survey of Mimana which had become a mere façade.
- 当時、倭国王は中国王朝に対して倭国王または倭王と称していた。
- At that time, Kings of Wa called themselves Wakakuo (the King of the nation of Wa) or Wao (the King of Wa) to the Chinese dynasty.
- 水野祐の学説は当時の学界で注目はされたが賛同者は少なかった。
- In those days there were not many scholars who agreed with the theory of Yu MIZUNO although it drew attention among the academic community.
- 当時はドルの持ち出し制限があったため、その関連事項でもある。
- The order was related with the dollar restriction, which was valid when the order was issued.
- 養老律令の意義は、施行当時の政治状況と関連づけて理解される。
- The significance of Yoro Ritsuryo Code is understood from the relationship with the political situation during the period it was in force.
- 仙台通宝は当時藩内経済の要衝であった石巻の鋳銭場で作られた。
- Sendai Tsuho was made at an Isenba (coin-casting mint) in Ishinomaki City, which was the financial center of the domain at that time.
- 人口・農地が少ないという当時の日本の実情に沿ったものであろう。
- This could be considered coming from the fact that, at that time, arable land was more scarce in Japan and the population was smaller in Japan as well.
- 当時の人々は鎌倉や室町の中央政庁を「幕府」と呼んだことはない。
- People in those days never called the central government office of Kamakura or Muromachi 'bakufu.'
- しかし中世当時は必ずしも明確に区分されていたわけではなかった。
- However, they were not exactly classified in medieval age.
- これを恐れた当時の権力者藤原仲麻呂が牽制した結果と想像される。
- The above situation is presumed to have been caused by the influence of the then powerful person, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro who feared the possibility of Prince Shioyaki's succession to the Imperial Throne.
- イリヒコ・イリヒメは当時の大王・王族名に現れる特定呼称である。
- Irihiko and Irihime were specific titles that were used by kings and members of the royal family during this period.
- 1974年7月20日には日本国有鉄道(当時)湖西線が開通した。
- The Kosei Line of Japan National Railways (at that time) was opened up on July 20, 1974.
- (昭和24年成立)勧進橋町(当時の下京区上鳥羽勧進橋町の一部)
- (Established in 1949) Kanjinbashi-cho (a part of then Kamitoba Kanjinbashi-cho, Shimogyo Ward)
- なお、大字上賀茂の残余は、昭和6年、当時の上京区に編入された。
- The rest of Oaza Kamigamo was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward in 1931.
- 府中は中世・近世に生まれた地名で、当時の国府・守護所に由来する。
- '府中' (Fuchu) is a place name created in the Medieval and early Modern periods, derived from Kokufu and Shugo-sho (governor's office).
- 織田信長は、当時使われていた十合升を公定して標準的取引升とした。
- Nobunaga ODA officially designated the 10 go masu, which was used at that time, as the standard masu for commerce.
- 当時の伽藍配置や技法には、百済の寺院との共通性が指摘されている。
- It should be noted that the building techniques and positioning of Buddhist temples at that time reflect the style of temples in Paekche.
- 当時の鋳造記録が殆ど無く、江戸幕府による鋳造を否定する説もある。
- Because nearly no documents about mintage at that time have been found, some theories deny the minting of the coin by the Edo Shogunate.
- 1429年当時、恒居倭の徴税権は宗氏ではなく早田氏が掌握していた。
- The Soda clan had the authority of tax collection over kokyowa instead of the So clan in 1429.
- 『雑兵物語』で詳しく当時の生活や操典、心得などを知ることができる。
- Information about aspects such as the lifestyles, drill manuals and the hints of ashigaru of the time is known from 'Zohyo Monogatari' (Stories of Common Soldiers).
- 当時15歳という若さであったため、持統が上皇として後見役についた。
- Since he was only 15 years old at his enthronement ceremony, Jito resumed power as the Retired Empress to guard the young emperor.
- 当時の後継者選びの基準が上宮王家一族を悲劇へと追い込んだのである。
- The system of successor selection at that time led to the demise of the Jogu imperial family.
- (当時、有力寺院が周囲の他宗派の中小寺院に対して末寺化していた)。
- (At that time, prominent temples were in control and made small or medium temples of other sects become their branch temples.
- しかし、当時は江戸時代の厭勝銭(まじない用に使われる銭)とされた。
- However, at that time it was considered as a coin used for incantation from the Edo period.
- ほぼ全アジアで流通したため、当時の経済状況に多大な影響を及ぼした。
- As it was circulated almost all over Asia, it greatly affected the economic situation of the time.
- 平安時代の装飾経の代表作で、当時の工芸を現代に伝える一級史料である。
- They are typical works of decorated Buddhist scriptures in the Heian period, best-class historical materials communicating features of artifacts of the times to the present day.
- 跡を継いで鎌倉殿となったのは、頼朝の嫡子で当時18歳の源頼家だった。
- It was MINAMOTO no Yoriie, Yoritomo's legitimate child, who was aged 18 at the time, that followed in the footsteps of Yoritomo and became Kamakura-dono.
- 当時の学者らはむしろ定免法を採用するべきであると考える者が多かった。
- Rather, many scholars of that time thought that jomen ho should be adopted.
- 現在の千本通が当時の朱雀大路にあたり、真北には舩岡山が位置していた。
- Present-day Senbon-dori Street corresponds to the original Suzaku-dori Street, immediately north of which stood Mt. Funaoka.
- 当時の日本は白村江の戦いで敗れてから朝鮮半島への進出を断念していた。
- Japan, at that time, abandoned its ambition to invade Korean Peninsula after the loss of the Battle of Hakusukinoe.
- 島津氏が西軍に付いたのは、当時の情報収集能力の欠如が原因と言われる。
- It is said that the Shimazu clan sided with the Western Army because it lacked the ability to gather information.
- 昭和初期当時の二等兵の月給は8円80銭であり、かなりの高額であった。
- Considering that in the early Showa period the monthly salary for private second class in the army was just 8.80 yen, this was quite a large amount.
- 当時の軍令部総長加藤寛治は統帥権干犯を批判し、天皇に辞表を提出した。
- Hiroharu KATO, the President of the Naval General Staff then, criticized the interference and violation of the Supreme Command, and he submitted his resignation to the Emperor.
- 当時の升は200ミリリットル程度、現在の升の10分の1程度であった。
- At that time, the volume of 1 sho was about 200 milliliters, roughly a 10th of the present 1 sho.
- 16世紀当時としては非常に多い数千丁単位の数の火縄銃で武装していた。
- Saikashu members were armed with thousands of matchlock guns, which was considered a huge number for that time, the 16th century.
- また、当時は守護代により主君である守護大名の廃立がたびたび行われた。
- At that time, shugodai (deputy military governor) sometimes dethroned their lord, shugo daimyo (provincial military governor turned daimyo).
- 合戦の当時の松川は信夫山南麓を流れていたが、現在は北麓を流れている。
- The Matsukawa River ran through the southern foot of Mt. Shinobu at the time of the battle and now runs through the northern foot.
- 当時、日本の絹は品質が劣り、高級衣料として中国絹が好まれたためである。
- It was because at that time, Japanese favored Chinese silk as luxury garments over low-quality Japanese ones.
- 当時において、絹は天皇などの高貴な身分の人々が用いる最高級品であった。
- In those days, silk was a top quality product used by the people of high rank, like emperor.
- 例えば、当時流行していた連歌・闘茶の類で、会所の主室がその会場だった。
- For an example, the master guest room of the kaisho was a hall to perform things such as renga and tocha popular at that time.
- 『占事略决』は、執筆された当時の六壬神課の形式や内容を良く伝えている。
- 'Senji ryakketsu' gives good descriptions about the formality and contents of Rikujinshinka in the era when it was compiled.
- 野田川町町長初当選当時、京都府内唯一の女性首長として一躍有名になった。
- She became instantaneously famous for being the only female head in Kyoto Prefecture at the time of passing the election of the mayor of Nodagawa-cho.
- 聖武天皇は病弱で事件当時には非藤原氏系の安積親王しか男子がいなかった。
- Emperor Shomu was poor in health and had the only son Prince Asaka of the non-Fujiwara clan at the time of the incident.
- ふたりの成婚の様子を見るために、当時高価であったテレビも普及し始めた。
- To watch their wedding ceremony, lots of people bought television that had been still expensive in those days.
- 昭和の大礼の総予算は当時の金額で1968万3637円50銭5厘という。
- It is said that the general budget of the tairei of Showa was 19,683,637.55 yen, in the amount of money in those days.
- 叡尊は、当時の日本仏教の腐敗・堕落した状況を憂い、戒律の復興に努めた。
- Eison worried about the state of corruption and degradation of Buddhism in Japan at that time and tried to restore the precepts of Buddhism.
- しかし久光にはこの当時は倒幕の意志はなく、公武合体がその路線であった。
- At that time, however, Hisamitsu had no intention of overthrowing the Shogunate, and in fact supported the union of the Imperial court and the Shogunate (Kobu-gattai).
- 旧葛野郡桂村は、昭和6年京都市に編入され、当時の右京区の一部となった。
- The former Katsura village, Kadono County, was integrated into Kyoto City in 1931, and became a part of the then Ukyo Ward.
- これは身分格差が著しい当時の国内賃金水準からしても極めて高額であった。
- Even compared to national wage levels in an era when the status difference between social classes was very large, such a salary was extremely high.
- その他に、遺跡周辺で、当時作られた信楽製のるつぼが多数見つかっている。
- Many crucibles made in Shigaraki at that time were also found around the site.
- 当時は蔚山旧市街に置かれた蔚山郡庁と慶尚左道兵馬節度使の管轄下にあった。
- At that time, it was under the jurisdiction of Ulsan County office and Heiba Setsudoshi (Regional Commandants of army) of Gyeonsang-jwado Prefecture in the old town area of Ulsan.
- 頼長の性格からしてその当時のもっとも頑丈な倉庫であったと考えられている。
- Judging from Yorinaga's character, his book storerooms are thought to have been the strongest storerooms of the time.
- しかし、当時は室町幕府の全盛期であったため、これに抗うことは出来なかった
- However, the bakufu was very strong at the time, and temples could not mount an opposition.
- また当時は直接、荘園を管理していたため、人的・経済的な負担も大きかった。
- Also in those days, shoens were directly managed and thus cost a lot economically and in personnel.
- また平清盛ゆかりの安芸国の厳島神社も当時の地方の文化水準の高さを物語る。
- The high standard in local regions at that time was recognized through Itsukushima-jinja Shrine in Aki Province that was associated with TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- 当時民間の娯楽として人気のあった猿楽は滑稽を主とした雑芸・歌曲であった。
- Sarugaku (form of theatre popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries) which was mainly comical arts and songs, was popular as a public amusement.
- 当時の作法では切腹は士分の者にしか許されず、足軽は斬首と定められていた。
- The custom at that time was that only people of Shibun were allowed Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) and Zanshu (beheading) was for Ashigaru upon execution.
- また、当時絶大な力を持っていた藤原氏のライバルであったと伝えられている。
- The Sugawara clan was a rival to the Fujiwara clan which had enormous power in ancient Japan.
- 当時の施策としては、養老7年(723年)に発令された三世一身の法がある。
- The measures taken at the time include Sanze isshin no hou (the law to assure the possession of the reclaimed land for three generation) issued in 723.
- これは、当時の皇室の財政難などにより、立太子礼が行えなかったためである。
- This was because the ceremonial investiture of the Crown Prince could not be carried out due to economic difficulties of the imperial family.
- また、掲載されている文自体は大化当時の詔が改変されたものとの見方もある。
- Some considers the text of the edict included in Nihonshoki as a modified version of the edict originally announced in the Taika era.
- また当時「徴兵、懲役、一字の違い、腰にサーベル鉄鎖」という句が流行った。
- At that time, a verse became popular: '徴兵 ('chohei' meaning conscription) and 懲役 ('choeki' meaning imprisonment)are only one-word different - saber at a waist or chain at a waist.'
[第三は発起人の意見対立により開業に至らず当時欠番となっていた。]
[ The third one was not opened due to the conflict of opinion among founders and it was a vacant number at that time.]
- 当時、夫にのみ離婚をなす権限があったため、離縁状を書くのは夫に限られる。
- Since only the husband had the authority to divorce in those days, it was only the husband who wrote Rienjo.
- 当時、李氏朝鮮は清朝中国を中心とした冊封体制を堅持し、鎖国状態にあった。
- The Yi Dynasty Korea maintained a tributary system with the Qing Dynasty China as its center, and was closed off to the outside world at that time.
- よって、このような制度を当時の日本が導入する事自体に無理があったと言える。
- Therefore, it must have been difficult for Japan at that time to introduce such a system.
- 従って当時の調布とは、麻をはじめ苧・葛などの絹以外の繊維製品を指していた。
- Therefore, cloth paid under the Chofu in those days indicated the textile products made of hemp, ramie (an Asian flowering nettle), kazura (vines) and other materials except silk.
- この試験に合格すれば官吏に登用され、この試験は当時の最高国家試験であった。
- If they passed the test, they were hired as government officials, and this test was the highest level national exam for that time.
- 当時先進地域だった畿内において、惣掟の事例数・その内容が最も発展していた。
- In the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), which was an advanced region at that time, so-okite was most developed quantitatively as well as qualitatively.
- なお、荘園に関する資料は非常に少なく、当時の荘園の所有形式が特異であった。
- There is little literature on shoens and the form of ownership of shoens in those days was peculiar.
- 観智院本の書写された当時、「はげし」の「はげ」は低く発音したことが分かる。
- This suggests that 'hage' (はげ) in 'hageshi' (はげし) was pronounced with low pitch when the manuscript was transcribed.
- しかしながら、十巻本は当時写本の形で流布したためほとんど梓に上らなかった。
- However, the 10-volume books available at that time were manuscripts alone, and were scarcely published.
- 後には「いくさ」は「戦」であるが、当時は「軍」を「いくさ」と呼んだらしい。
- Ikusa' later became 'ikusa' (written as 戦, current word for battle), but '軍' was called as 'ikusa' at that time.
- 直勝の曾孫である当時の掛川藩主・井伊直朝が精神病だったために改易となった。
- The great-grandchild of Naokatsu and the lord of Kakegawa Domain during this period, Naotomo II, had a mental illness; this resulted in the Ii family's' Kaieki (forfeiture in rank of Samurai and properties).
- 京都府産丹波黒豆の愛称「紫ずきん」は荒巻禎一京都府知事(当時)が名付けた。
- Tanba black bean produced in Kyoto Prefecture were nicknamed 'Murasaki Zukin,' or purple hood, by the then governor of Kyoto Prefecture, Teiichi ARAMAKI
- これらのことから藍染め品は当時の福知山市の特産品であったことがうかがえる。
- The above show that indigo-dyed products were specialty goods of Fukuchiyama City at the time.
- 成立当時の区域は下鴨各町、北白川各町を含んでそれより南の地区のみであった。
- Around that time the ward area was south of the neighborhoods of Shimogamo and Kitashirakawa which it also included.
- 当区は昭和4年(1929年)、当時の上京区から分区して成立したものである。
- Separated from the then Kamigyo Ward, Sakyo Ward was established in 1929.
- 旧葛野郡中川村は、昭和23年京都市に編入され、当時の上京区の一部となった。
- The former Nakagawa village, Kadono County was incorporated into Kyoto City in 1948 and became a part of the then Kamigyo Ward.
- 隊士らは西洋式の兵法をよく吸収して当時最新の兵器を取り扱い、戦果を上げた。
- Those officers gained military achievements by handling the newest weapons absorbing the Western art of warfare.
- 当時、悪党と呼ばれた者の中には、こうした名主も含まれていたと考えられている。
- It is believed that those who were called villains during this period may have included some of these disobedient myoshu farmers.
- 1897年(明治30年)の京都大学創立当時から、学生寄宿舎が設けられていた。
- There was a student dormitory at the time when Kyoto University was established in 1897.
- 同病院のデータの分析結果では、現在の花粉量は当時の2~3倍程度となっている。
- Analysis of the data from this hospital shows that the current airborne pollen level is 200-300% higher than the time at which the study was started.
- 当時の軍隊は農民が多く、食料の配給や戦地での掠奪目的の自主的参加が見られた。
- Many of the troops in those periods were farmers, who voluntarily participated for food supplies or for the purpose of looting on battle fields.
- 朱雀野村は大正7年(1918年)、当時の上京区と下京区に分割して編入された。
- Sujaku village was split and integrated into the then Kamigyo Ward and Shimogyo Ward in 1918.
- 現在は、当時の引揚桟橋があった平 (舞鶴市)に、舞鶴引揚記念館が建っている。
- Today, the Maizuru Repatriation Memorial Museum stands at Taira (Maizuru City) in place of where the piers of repatriation used to exist.
- 当時の関東の武士にとって、最優先事項であったのは関東内部の政治的安定である。
- For the Kanto bushi at that time, political stability within the Kanto region was their top priority.
- 同村は大正7年、当時の上京区に編入され、「鷹野」を冠称する4町に編成された。
- It was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward in 1918 to be reorganized into four towns prefixed by 'Takano.'
- 旧葛野郡小野郷村は、昭和23年京都市に編入され、当時の上京区の一部となった。
- The former Onogo village, Kadono County was incorporated into Kyoto City in 1948 and became a part of the then Kamigyo Ward.
- 旧愛宕郡雲ケ畑村は、昭和24年京都市に編入され、当時の上京区の一部となった。
- The former Kumogahata village, Otagi County became a part of the then Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City in 1949.
- この当時の記録は琉球側がまとめた『琉球王国評定所文書』に詳細に記されている。
- An account of those days is described in detail in the Kingdom's own 'Hyojosho Monjo (Written Record of Conference Chamber Proceedings) of the Ryukyu Kingdom.'
- 当時の松平(徳川)氏の三河は、信長と今川氏という両大名によって挟まれていた。
- In those days, Mikawa Province was hemmed in by two feudal lords, ODA and IMAGAWA.
- 当時、慶勝は徳川慶喜の辞官納地問題に際し、領地返上に反対の立場をとっていた。
- In those days, Yoshikatsu took the stance to oppose to giving up the territories on Jikan nochi (an order for surrendering the Shogunate post and domains to the Imperial Court) of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
- ところで、平安期当時、前任者が解由状を受理することを受領(ずりょう)といった。
- By the way, in the Heian period, the act of a predecessor accepting a geyujo was called 'zuryo.'
- 室町期当時、鎌倉期の地頭を出自とする武士層などの在地領主層を国人と呼んでいた。
- The resident landholder stratum, including the samurai stratum originated from jito (manager and lord of shoen) in the Kamakura period, was called 'kokujin' in the Muromachi period.
- 当時の武家も自分たちが生きている時代は「戦国」である、という自覚をもっていた。
- Samurai at that time had an understanding that the period in which they were living was the period of warring states.
- 当時、課税の対象だった百姓らの逃亡・浮浪が著しく、租税収入に危機が迫っていた。
- In those days, peasants on whom tax was imposed frequently ran away and wandered about, which lowered tax yields.
- 北条宗家を当時、得宗(徳宗)と呼んだことから、上記の政治体制を得宗専制という。
- Because Muneie HOJO was called Tokuso at the time, the above political system is referred to as the Tokuso autocracy.
- 大内村大字西九条は明治35年、当時の下京区に編入されて同区大字西九条となった。
- Oaza Nishikujo, Ouchi village was incorporated into the then Shimogyo Ward in 1902 and became Oaza Nishikujo, Shimogyo Ward.
- 当時日本国内で同じ価値の金と銀との交換比率は幕府によって15と定められていた。
- In those days it was decided that the exchange rate of gold to silver was 1:15 by the Tokugawa government.
- 乙号券 当時の日本銀行兌換券の文字を抹消し、「軍用手票」と大きく印刷して発行。
- Otsugo-ken Notes; the letteres printed on the Japanese bank notes at that time were erased and the large letters of 'military currency' were printed on the surfaces to be issued.
- 桶狭間の戦いで今川軍の先鋒として活躍したのも、この竹千代(当時は元康)である。
- Takechiyo (then known as Motoyasu) played an important role in the Battle of Okehazama as the spearhead of the IMAGAWA army.
- また今日の塾と違い、当時の寺子屋の師匠は、往々にして一生の師である例も多かった。
- In addition, different from juku (after-school lessons) of the present, a shisho of Terakoya was often a mentor for life.
- だが、当時の日本は戦国時代 (日本)にあり、倭寇を取締る体制になっていなかった。
- In those days, since Japan was in the midst of the Sengoku period (warring states period), they did not establish a system of arresting wako.
- 当時の農業生産は不安定であり、こうした年ごとの清算業務は欠かせないものであった。
- Since the farm production was unstable in those days, such annual adjustments were needed.
- そのため、当時日本国内を代表する陶器の産地であった両国にはその貢納が求められた。
- As a result, both the Owari Province and Nagato Province as principal production areas of earthenware at the time in Japan, were ordered to make tributes of their products.
- 九州の御家人竹崎季長の描かせた『蒙古襲来絵詞』には、建築当時の姿が描かれている。
- Stone tsuiji at the time of construction is depicted in 'Moko Shurai Ekotoba' (picture scrolls of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) which Suenaga TAKEZAKI, a shogunal retainer in Kyushu, ordered to paint.
- 当時多賀城の倉庫には、「兵器粮蓄、勝げて計うるべからず」(『続日本紀』)とある。
- At that time, in the warehouse of the Taga-jo Castle,'the storage of weapons and foods were not enough to win the battle' (in 'Shoku Nihongi').
- そこで、当時は家康の片腕であった石川数正を交渉役として、信長との同盟を模索する。
- Therefore, he sought the alliance with Nobunaga through Kazumasa ISHIKAWA, who was right hand of Ieyasu in those days, as a deal maker.
- しかも当時、江戸幕府の力は公家の支配にも浸透しつつあり、捜査権も幕府が有していた。
- Moreover, the power of the Edo bakufu had been penetrating its control over court nobles, and even the authority of criminal investigation also rested with the Bakufu.
- 当時、ヤマト政権内において特定の職務を担当する同族集団、すなわち氏が存在していた。
- At that time, there were uji, or clan-based groups that were in charge of specific tasks under the Yamato administration.
- また当時、河内源氏に代わって武士の棟梁となりつつあった伊勢平氏を院司としたりした。
- He also made Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) Inshi, the head of warriors instead of Kawachi-genji (Minamoto clan).
- 当時の貴族は祝宴や法会、祭礼などの席で人びとを驚かせる豪華な造り物を競って飾った。
- Court nobles at that time competed to decorate gorgeous crafts which amazed people at a feast, at a Buddhist mass, and at rites and festivals.
- 図書寮本の成立した当時、「いさぎよし」の「いさ」の部分を高く発音したことが分かる。
- The implication is that the syllable 'いさ' (also written as イサ) of 'いさぎよし' (also written as イサギヨシ) was pronounced with high pitch when the Zushoryo manuscript was compiled.
- 当時、忠信は大納言の地位にあり、討幕計画に関与した公家の中では最も官位が高かった。
- At that point in time Tadanobu held the position of Dainagon (Major Counselor), making him the man of the highest official rank of all the noblemen who participated in the plan to strike down the shogunate.
- 明智光秀を豊臣秀吉(当時は羽柴秀吉)が破った山崎の戦いは大山崎町天王山で行われた。
- The Battle of Yamazaki, in which Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (called Hideyoshi HASHIBA at that time) defeated Mitsuhide AKECHI, was waged in Mt. Tenno in Oyamazaki-cho.
- 当時の天皇は長男による世襲制度ではなく、皇族から天皇に相応しい人物が選ばれていた。
- At this time, the Imperial Throne wasn't directly hereditary so a person who was appropriate in the Imperial family was selected.
- また、当時町衆における法華宗受容も社会不安からくる信仰心の高まりと関連づけられる。
- On the other hand, townsmen's acceptance of the Hokke Sect of Buddhism then could be associated with a rise in religious faith among them, who were worried by the social unrest.
- 当時の持明院統の関係者が残したメモには、後醍醐の地位が「一代主」と表現されている。
- In a memorandum left by a person associated with the Jimyoin line at that time expresses Godaigo's position as a 'One-generation head.'
- 当時の家屋など弥生時代の習俗の様子を描いた原始的な絵画が鋳出されているものもある。
- Some dotaku feature primitive paintings representing manners and customs of the Yayoi period such as houses.
- しかし、当時の藩領と天領は複雑に入り組んでいたため、年貢の徴収は非効率的であった。
- At that time, the land of domains and tenryo (a Shogunal demesne) were intricate; and collecting nengu (land tax) was totally inefficient.
- 当時は写真が無かったため、襲撃者が主君の顔を知っているとは限らず有効な手段であった。
- Since photography was not available at that time and an assailant did not always know the face of the lord, it was an effective measure.
- 当時の日本にこれを抽出する技術を持っていなかったが、明はそれを持っていたためである。
- Japan in those days did not have the technology for extracting silver from copper the Ming had.
- この制度は、当時の中国で行われていた均田制の影響のもとに施行されたと考えられている。
- It is thought that this system was enforced under the influence of the Equal-field system adopted in China in those days.
- また当時朝鮮を訪れていた日本の地方支配者(大名)使節の接遇方法も詳細に記されている。
- It also records details of how envoys from Japanese regional rulers (daimyo) which visited Joseon were received.
- また、桓武は王威の発揚のため、当時日本の支配外にあった東北地方の蝦夷征服に傾注した。
- In addition, in order to display the empror's prestige, Emperor Kanmu concentrated on conquering Ezo in Tohoku region.
- この絵巻からも、遊戯や神事、祭礼や法会など、当時の庶民の生活ぶりや風俗がうかがえる。
- These emakimono also show the life or customs of the common people at that time through games, Shinto rituals, rites and festivals, and in Buddhist mass.
- これは当時の江戸幕府の法律である『公事方御定書』71条追加条によって明記されている。
- It was clearly written in the additional condition of Article 71 of 'Kujigata-osadamegaki' (the law of Edo bakufu), the law decided by the Edo Bakufu in those days.
- 右方のチームカラーは寒色系統(当時は黄色から青紫まで)で、同じく凝った意匠を競った。
- The right team was dressed in cold colors, ranging from yellow to bluish purple at the time, and competed in elaborate design as well.
- ただし、いずれも当時の学術の主流であった紀伝道系の漢文学・漢詩に関する書籍であった。
- However, all the textbooks were about Chinese classics and Chinese poetry of Kidendo (History), which was the main discipline at that time.
- のちの、明治3年(1870年)、当時の京都府が引き継ぐ形で伏見の鴨川まで開通させる。
- Later on, in 1870, Kyoto Prefecture took over the project and connected the canal to the Kamo-gawa River in Fushimi.
- 当時大伯皇女は7歳、大津皇子は5歳で、母方の祖父である天智天皇に引き取られたという。
- When she died, the Princess Oku was seven years old and the Prince Otsu was five, so both were fostered out to the Emperor Tenchi (Tenji), their maternal grandfather.
- 新選組はというと200人で伏見区(当時は京都とは別の町であった)などを担当していた。
- Shinsen-gumi was composed of 200 men, in charge of such areas as Fushimi Ward (which in those days was a town that did not belong to Kyoto).
- 七条村大字唐橋は大正7年、当時の下京区編入時に「唐橋」を冠称する10町に編成された。
- Oaza Karahashi, Shichijo village was reorganized into 10 towns prefixed by 'Karahashi' when it was incorporated into the then Shimogyo Ward in 1918.
- 唐橋地区は、もとの葛野郡七条村で、大正7年(1918年)に当時の下京区に編入された。
- The Karahashi area originally belonged to Shichijo village, Kadono County and was incorporated into the then Shimogyo Ward in 1918.
- 大内村大字八条は大正7年、当時の下京区編入時に「八条」を冠称する12町に編成された。
- Oaza Hachijo, Ouchi village was reorganized into 12 towns prefixed by 'Hachijo' when it was incorporated into the then Shimogyo Ward in 1918.
- 同村の区域は大正7年、当時の上京区に編入され、「出雲路」を冠称する5町に編成された。
- Incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward in 1918, the area in the village was reorganized into five towns that were prefixed by 'Izumoji.'
- しかし、フランス革命当時の欧米と同じように、参政権が付与されたのは男性のみであった。
- Yet much like countries in the West around the time of the French Revolution, Japan enfranchised only men.
- 当時、大韓帝国では最も大きな政治結社であり、会員数は80万人から100万人であった。
- At that time, it was the biggest political association of The Korean Empire, and the number of its members was between 800 thousands and one million.
- 当時の献立は椀飯と打鮑・海月・梅干の3品に酢と塩を添えて折敷に載せて出すものであった。
- The menu at that time was rice in a bowl with the three dishes, abalone, jellyfish, and pickled plum, with vinegar and salt on an Oshiki (tray).
- 成婚当時は教育係の万里小路幸子という老女官に宮中での礼儀作法を厳しく躾けられ困惑した。
- At the begging of her marriage life, the Empress Teimei was taught civilities and rules of etiquette in the Imperial Court in a stern manner by Yukiko MADENOKOJI, a senior court lady and the educator,; this put the Empress Teimei in a difficult position.
- この問題を巡って野党立憲国民党や大日本国体擁護団体などが当時の第2次桂内閣を糾弾した。
- Regarding this problem, the opposition party, Rikken Kokumin-to Party (Constitutional National Party) and the Dainipponkokutai advocacy group both accused the Katsura Cabinet of the second term at that time.
- 当時、京都では六条本圀寺などの日蓮宗寺院を中心に、日蓮宗の信仰が町衆の大半に浸透した。
- At that time in Kyoto, the Nichiren-sect faith became widespread among the Machi-shu (an elite group of businessmen and artisans) around the Nichiren-sect temples (such as Rokujo Honkoku-ji Temple).
- 旧葛野郡松尾村は、昭和6年(1931年)京都市に編入され、当時の右京区の一部となった。
- The former Matsuo village, Kadono County, was integrated into Kyoto City in 1931, and became a part of the then Ukyo Ward.
- 旧葛野郡川岡村は、昭和6年(1931年)京都市に編入され、当時の右京区の一部となった。
- The former Kawaoka village, Kadono County, was integrated into Kyoto City in 1931, and became a part of the then Ukyo Ward.
- 旧葛野郡衣笠村は、大正7年(1918年)京都市に編入され、当時の上京区の一部となった。
- The former Kinugasa village, Kadono County became a part of the then Kamigyo Ward when it was incorporated into Kyoto City in 1918.
- 畿内とは、東西南北の四至により画される範囲をいい、当時、畿内に令制国は置かれなかった。
- 'Kinai' means a tract demarcated by Shishi (the northern, southern, eastern, and western boundaries) and no ryoseikoku was provided within Kinai at that time.
- これらの条文は、後述するように文面自体は大化当時の原詔ではない可能性が示唆されている。
- It is suggested that these articles are possibly not the same with those of the original edict of the Taika era as mentioned later.
- この発言の趣旨は当時蔓延していた財閥中心の腐敗した金権政治の風潮を批判したものだった。
- His speech, in effect, criticized the trend of the Zaibatsu (company syndicate)-oriented, venal money politics which had been prevailing at that time.
- 当時、利根川にはほとんど橋がかかっておらず、川を渡れる場所は実質的に川俣しかなかった。
- In those days there were no bridges over the Tone-gawa River and the only way to cross the river was to use a floating bridge in Kawamata.
- (当時の刑事訴訟法では、裁判で使われる調書類はすべて直筆の署名がないと無効になった。)
- (The Code of Criminal Procedure at that time stipulated that all documents must have autograph signatures, otherwise they were judged to be invalid.)
- 当時の荘園・公領で現地での生産活動の中心だったのが、上層農民の名主(みょうしゅ)である。
- In shoen and koryo in those days the center of production activity on the spot was myoshu (owner of rice fields) of high-ranking farmers.
- まれに低身分から戦国大名となった者もおり、当時の風潮だった下克上の例とされることが多い。
- In rare cases, certain sengoku daimyo were from a low status and such cases are deemed examples of gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) which was the trend at that time.
- 当時の欧米史学では、中世は欧米特有なもので、近代へ発展するために必須な時代とされていた。
- In the history study of Europe and America in those days, the medieval times were peculiar to Europe and America and indispensable in developing into the modern age.
- 当時は南北朝時代 (日本)の内乱期であり、公事や朝儀は振るわず、歌道もその影響を受けた。
- As Japan was in the state of civil war during the Northern and Southern period (Japan), kuji (political operations of the Imperial Court) and chogi (ceremonies at the Imperial Court) were inert at that time and the art of waka poetry was also affected.
- このため天長3年当時、多数ある親王家を維持する財源と親王に充てるべき官職が不足していた。
- As a result, the government faced, in 826, a financial problem in supporting many Imperial Prince's families as well as the shortage of posts to be allocated to Imperial Princes.
- なお、当時、所属していた馬詰信十郎・馬詰柳太郎・池原寛人は、この日に脱走した為に不参加。
- Shinjuro MAZUME, Ryutaro MAZUME, and Hiroto IKEHARA, who were members at the time, fled on that day and did not participate in the battle.
- 当時、水田の中の道だった若宮大路は、石を積んで周囲の地面よりかさ上げする工事が行われた。
- In those days, embankment work was done with piled stones to build Wakamiya-oji Street over paddy fields.
- 旧乙訓郡大枝村は、昭和25年(1950年)京都市に編入され、当時の右京区の一部となった。
- The former Oeda village, Otokuni County, was integrated into the Kyoto City in 1950 and became a part of the then Ukyo Ward.
- 当時支那は漢民族の明朝が滅んで、万里の長城の北の野蛮人の満州族が皇帝の清朝となっていた。
- In China at that time, the Ming Dynasty of the Han race was destroyed and the Manchurian who was a barbarian living in the north of the Great Wall of China became the emperor and established the Qing dynasty.
- 明治3年に大友皇子即位説が政府公認となったのは、単にそれが当時有力な説だったからである。
- The Prince Otomo enthronement theory was approved by the government in 1872 simply because it was a dominant theory at that time.
- 名田の制度は、11世紀ごろから、当時一円化して領域性を高めた荘園にも採用・吸収されていく。
- In the 11th century, the myoden system was also imported and adopted to manors whose territory had been enhanced because of consolidation around that time.
- 当時、大宰府管内では不作が続いて税収不足に陥り、さらに疫病により百姓らの困窮が著しかった。
- In those days, in Dazaifu, continuous lean harvest resulted in tax revenue shortfalls and farmers had an even harder time due to diseases.
- 幕府は「鎌倉殿」頼朝の私的家政機関として設立されており、当時の制度上では公的機関ではない。
- The bakufu was established as an extension of the private household administration of Yoritomo (Lord Kamakura) and as such, did not count as a public institution according to the standards of the day.
- 後者は法律関連の書籍の発刊が厳しく禁じられた当時に吉宗の特例の許可によって販売が許された。
- The latter received special sales permission by Yoshimune at a time when publication of legal books was strictly prohibited.
- 当時はまだ家業の継承・固定化が成立しておらず、兵の家としての認知はいまだ流動的でもあった。
- At that time, there were no institutionalized family business takeover and establishment systems, and therefore, recognition of tsuwamono-no-ie was not stable.
- この堂は、当時京都を中心に多数建立された九体阿弥陀堂として唯一残った遺構として貴重である。
- The hall is precious since it is the only one in existence as a ruminant of a Kutai Amida-do Hall (Hall of Nine Amidas) of many that were built around Kyoto at that time.
- これらのことから、当時北陸地方・東北地方に南朝方武将の擁立する「朝廷」が存在したとされる。
- Based on these historical sources, the Imperial Court is deemed to have existed in the present Hokuriku and Tohoku Regions at that time, which was backed up by the warlords taking the side of the Southern Court.
- 1961年(昭和36年)6月21日姉妹都市提携 - 日露(当時はソビエト連邦)間で初の提携
- Sister-city affiliation established on June 21, 1961: first sister-city affiliation between Japan and Russia (then part of the Soviet Union)
- 天皇はもちろん皇太子にも成人であることが求められた当時としてはきわめて異例な措置であった。
- At the time when the adulthood was required for not only an Emperor but also for a Crown Prince, it was an extremely rare move.
- 当時の駿府は、「駿府九十六箇町」と呼ばれる街区が整備され、上方、江戸と並ぶ大都市となった。
- In Sunpu at that time, town blocks called '96 towns in Sunpu' were developed and it became a big city comparable to Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area) and Edo.
- 美豆村は昭和10年(1935年)、淀村は昭和11年(1936年)、当時の淀町に編入された。
- Mizu village and Yodo village were integrated into then Yodo town in 1935 and in 1936, respectively.
- 旧乙訓郡大原野村は、昭和34年(1959年)京都市に編入され、当時の右京区の一部となった。
- The former Oharano village, Otokuni County, was integrated into Kyoto City in 1959 and became a part of the then Ukyo Ward.
- 旧愛宕郡鷹峯村(たかがみねむら)は、昭和6年京都市に編入され、当時の上京区の一部となった。
- The former Takagamine village, Otagi County was incorporated into Kyoto City and became a part of the then Kamigyo Ward in 1931.
- 日本においては、律令制度が出来た当時は勲位と称し、勲一等以下勲十二等までの12等級あった。
- When the Ritsuryo system was established in Japan, the medals for merit was called 'the order of merit,' which ranged over 12 orders from the First Order of Merit to the Twelfth Order of Merit.
- 当時の指導者が、政治家が統帥権をも握ることにより幕府政治が再興される可能性をおそれたこと。
- The leaders at that time were afraid of the revival of the government by the shogunate if statesmen acquired the supreme command,
- 当時ワシントンD.C.在勤の日本全権陸奥宗光と、駐米メキシコ公使ロメロとの間で協議された。
- It was negotiated between Munemitsu MUTSU, the Japanese plenipotentiary serving in Washington, D.C. at the time, and Romero, the Mexican Minister to the United States.
- 当時の松川の跡は現在は祓川 (福島県)と呼ばれる小さな川の辺りが水路だったと言われている。
- It is said that the Matsukawa River ran through around the location of the small river now called the Haraigawa River (Fukushima Prefecture) in those days.
- 元信が浜松城を乗っ取ったとされる当時、浜松城は曳馬城と呼ばれており、飯尾氏が支配していた。
- It is commonly known that at the time when Motonobu occupied Hamamatsu-jo Castle, the Castle was called Hikiuma Castle and was controlled by the INOO Clan.
- 主に日本で、中世や近世において歴史的な背景や当時の社会情勢から生まれた町の形態の総称である。
- It was a general term for a city form developed in a historical background and social conditions during the Medieval and the Early Modern periods, mainly in Japan.
- そのため1934年の国立公園指定当時の記念切手や絵葉書には鞆の風景が描かれているものがある。
- Therefore, the landscapes of Tomo was depicted in some commemorative postage stamps and postcards which were printed in the year of the national park designation of 1934.
- 中には武市のように当時の藩主山内容堂によって無実の罪を着せられ処刑された者も少なくなかった。
- Goshi such as Takechi, who was executed on false charges by the daimyo Yodo YAMAUCHI, numbered more than a few.
- 大字西院は一部が大正7年(1918年)に当時の下京区に編入された(当該区域は現在の中京区)。
- A part of Oaza Sanin was integrated into the Shimogyo Ward in 1918 (which corresponds to the present Nakagyo Ward).
- 大字髭茶屋に属する小字は2つのみで、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、2町に編成された。
- There were only two Aza in Oaza Higechaya, which were reorganized into the two towns when it was integrated into the Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- また、寛永8年11月17日_(旧暦)には当時の後水尾上皇主導で「若公家衆法度」が制定された。
- On January 8, 1632, 'Wakakugeshu hatto' was enacted under the leadership of the then retired Emperor Gomizunoo.
- 当時は精神病の診断も未熟であり、高名な大学教授等による精神病の診断がまちまちの結果となった。
- At that time, diagnosis of mental illness was still immature, and even prominent university professors could reach inconsistent results.
- 国民の権利などについて、当時としては画期的な内容が含まれ、現日本国憲法に近い内容も見られる。
- The draft contains some epoch-making contents for the period, such as civil rights, which has some affinities with the present constitution of Japan.
- 当時の資料『風俗画報』269号(1903年)によれば学術人類館は、以下のようなものであった。
- In 'Fuzoku Gaho' (Manners and Customs in Pictures) no. 269 published in 1903, Gakujutsu-Jinruikan Pavilion was described as follows:
- これは、キリスト教の宣教師たちに「坂東の大学」といわれ、当時の日本の中心的な学校と考えられた。
- This was called 'the college of Bando' by Christian missionaries, and in those day it was thought as a central school in Japan.
- 一説によれば、当時の日本の銃の保有量はオスマン帝国と並んで世界最大規模だったと推定されている。
- According to a theory, it is estimated that the number of guns in Japan at that time was largest in the world together with Ottoman Empire.
- 同じ談話者の『富家語』とともに、有職故実・公事を中心に当時の公家社会の実況を伝えて貴重である。
- As well as 'Fukego,' a quotation collection from Tadazane's discourse, Chugaisho is precious because it conveys the real lives of aristocracy at the time including yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) as well as official court events.
- 当時、民衆の間に今様という歌謡が流行し、後白河上皇により今様を集成した『梁塵秘抄』が編まれた。
- Songs and ballads called imayo were popular among ordinary people and 'Ryojin hisho' (folk song collection) was compiled under the order of retired Emperor Goshirakawa.
- 1924年頃に開設されたスキー場で、開設当時は駅前という好立地から、多くのスキー客で賑わった。
- It was a ski ground that opened around 1924, and because of its convenient location for being in front of the railway station, it was crowded with people in the days when it opened.
- 「延寿」の年号はすでにこの年の四月頃から奥羽を中心に流布していたことが当時の新聞で確認できる。
- The fact that era name of 'Enju' has already been known mainly in Ou region since around April of that year can be confirmed by the newspapers at that time.
- 倭京とは、当時の都である近江宮に対する飛鳥の古都を指し、留守司とはこの倭京を預かる役人である。
- The city in Yamato was an ancient capital in Asuka as against Omi no miya, the capital at that time, and the guard of the city was a officer to protect the City in Yamato.
- 一、音信・贈答・嫁娶リ儀式、或ハ饗応或ハ家宅営作等、当時甚ダ華麗ノ至リ、自今以後簡略タルベシ。
- • Gifts, events such as weddings or parties and housebuilding have become too luxurious, so from now on they should be simplified.
- 例えば、鹿鳴館の建設理由や経緯などは、当時の日本人の欧米文化への複雑な感情を端的に示している。
- For example, the reasoning and process behind the construction of the Rokumeikan (Deer-cry Hall) shows the complicated emotions of the Japanese in relation to European and American civilization.
- 当時の木綿は高級生地であったため、これらから得た利益が彼らを豪商と呼ばれる存在へと高めていった。
- As cotton at that time was regarded as a high-class cloth, the profit made from the cotton business improved their status so much that they were called wealthy merchants.
- また西洋人の目からみて、その当時の代表的な学校は、他に高野山、比叡山などがそれに並べられていた。
- Mt. Koya-san and Mt. Hiei-zan were thought as other representative schools by Western people in those days.
- 当時、成立した国衙軍制において、「武芸の家系」は国衙軍制を編成する軍事力として国衙に認識された。
- Kokuga admitted 'the warrior line' as being a part of the Kokuga force system, which was established at that time.
- これは反対に当時の村内部で重層的な階層が形成されていたことを示していると考えることも可能である。
- In other words, it can be said that multilayered classes were formed within a village in those days.
- 当時波多野氏から分かれた一族は松田の他に河村、広沢、大友、菖蒲、沼田、大槻、小磯、宇治等がある。
- The families separated from the Hatano clan at the time were Kawamura, Hirosawa, Otomo, Shobu, Numata, Otsuki, Koiso and Uji other than Matsuda.
- しかし、それより大きいのは当時の中央政府の地方支配原理にあわせた奥州支配を進めたことと思われる。
- However, it is believed that it happened more likely due to the attitude of the Oshu Fujiwara clan that it tried to move forward the ruling of the Oshu region according to the principal of local control of the central government.
- また、道久王の妹にあたる肇子女王は明仁(当時)の、道久王の長女も徳仁親王の妃候補に名が上がった。
- Also, Princess Hatsuko who was a younger sister of Prince Michihisa was selected as a candidate of the wife of Imperial Prince Akihito (at that time), and the eldest daughter of Prince Michihisa as a candidate of the wife of Imperial Prince Naruhito.
- 当時小学生であった老人などには前述の歌を未だに記憶しており、歌うことができる者もいるほどである。
- Since the song became quite popular, some elders who had been schoolboys in those days and others have still remembered the song enough to sing it even now.
- 明治10年に当時の六地蔵村に編入された15町のうち9町は、現在の行政区画では宇治市に属している。
- Of the 15 towns integrated into the then Rokujizo village in 1877, 9 towns belong to Uji City in the current administrative division.
- このうち大字小山は大正7年(1918年)、当時の上京区に編入され、現在は北区のうちとなっている。
- Oaza Oyama was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward in 1918 and is now part of Kita Ward.
- しかし、澤田吾一は、奈良時代の穀倉の大きさから割り出し、当時の1石として2,800立方寸を得た。
- Exceptionally, however, Goichi SAWADA took a different approach of measuring the size of a granary in the Nara period, and found that 1 koku (a unit) then had 2800 cubic sun (寸; a Japanese traditional unit of length).
- 鎖国下の当時、西洋の学問を学ぶことはある程度容認されていたが、幕府によって制限が設けられていた。
- It was accepted to study Western learning to some extent during the national isolation period at that time, but there were some restrictions imposed by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 日本では、明治時代の初め、当時の軍部大臣に当たる兵部卿の補任資格を「少将以上」の者に限っていた。
- In the early Meiji period, candidates for the appointing authority of Hyobukyo (Minister for Military Affairs), which was the Military Minister at that time, were limited only to ranks 'higher than Shosho (major general)'.
- 住民らは米の移出を実力行使で阻止し、当時1升40銭から50銭の相場だった米を35銭で販売させた。
- They prevented the rice transportation by force and forced a sale of rice, which had been from 40 sen to 50 sen per 1 sho at that time, for 35 sen.
- 当時の日本では儒学が流行し、支那の物は何でも優れ日本の物は劣る、という支那かぶれの風潮があった。
- Confucianism was popular in Japan then, and people were so influenced by it that they were apt to think anything about China was great and superior to the Japanese one.
- この絵巻は、当時、都でおきた実際の火事に取材しており、院政の舞台となった京都の姿が描写されている。
- This emakimono was based on the real fire which occurred in Kyoto at that time, and Kyoto, the center of Insei, was described.
- 当時の人々は、治天の君をはじめとする朝廷側の上皇・天皇・諸臣が処罰される事態に大きな衝撃を受けた。
- People of the time were greatly shocked by the state of affairs in which the retired emperor, the emperor and the retainers of the imperial faction, including Chiten no kimi, were punished.
- ところが後になって当時流布していた諸本に対して後世の偽書ではないかとする意見が現れるようになった。
- In later years, however, a hypothesis appeared arguing that the books circulated at that time may have been forgeries.
- 京都府無形文化遺産にも指定されており、当時の和紙すきを行う所は200戸余りもあったといわれていた。
- Tango Washi paper is designated as an intangible cultural heritage of Kyoto Prefecture, and is said that as many as 200 Washi paper manufacturers existed at the time.
- この宴には当時、内舎人であった大伴家持も出席し、その時、家持が詠んだ歌が「万葉集」に残されている。
- In this party, OTOMO no Yakamochi who was at that time Udoneri (Central Secretariat officer) participated and composed a poem which remains in Manyoshu (the oldest anthology of Japanese poetry).
- その具体的な計算方法は明らかにされていないが、当時の説明では「干支に相より簡法相立て」としている。
- Though the concrete calculation method was not disclosed, the explanation at that time was it was done 'by a simple method according to the Oriental zodiac cycle.'
- 寛和2年(986年)、当時花山の寵愛をほしいままにしていた女御藤原し子(藤原為光の娘)が病死した。
- In 986, Nyogo (a consort of an emperor) FUJIWARA no Shishi (daughter of FUJIWARA no Tamemitsu), who had all of Kazan's attention at that time, died of disease.
- 「下鴨」を冠称する町名は、もとの愛宕郡下鴨村で、大正7年(1918年)、当時の上京区に編入された。
- Towns prefixed by 'Shimogamo' originally belonged to Shimogamo village, Otagi County which was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward in 1918.
- 同村は明治35年(1902年)に一部が、大正7年(1918年)に残余が、当時の下京区に編入された。
- A part of this village was incorporated into the then Shimogyo Ward in 1902 and the rest in 1918.
- 旧愛宕郡上賀茂村は、大正7年一部が、昭和6年に残余が京都市に編入され、当時の上京区の一部となった。
- A part of the former Kamigamo village, Otagi County was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward in 1918 and the rest in 1931.
- 当時日本は鎖国政策によりオランダとの交易のみを認めていたが、3人はいずれもオランダ人ではなかった。
- At that time, the Japanese government permitted trading only with the Dutch under the national isolation policy, but none of the three were Dutch.
- 制定当時、公家には、政治制度を明記した律令が存在していたが、武家を対象とした明確な法令がなかった。
- When it was established, court nobles already had the Ritsuryo codes which mentioned the political system, but there were no clear laws and ordinances for samurai families.
- 文禄元年(1592年)には江戸城改築にともない、当時あった6組の屋敷地を江戸城北西側に設けている。
- In 1592, with the reconstruction of Edo Castle, the six residences were moved from the previous places and situated in the east side of Edo Castle.
- だが、そもそも鏡を任命書として与えるような権力者、集団が当時日本列島に存在したかがまず問題である。
- However, it is doubtful in the first place whether such a powerful person or group as gave a mirror for an appointment letter existed in the Japanese islands at that time.
- 当時の朝鮮王朝の中で小中華思想や門閥主義、閨閥主義を脱却していた役人は極めて少数派だったのである。
- In the Korean Dynasties at that time, government officials who cast off the Petit Sinocentrism, lineage, and Keibatsu blood connection were quite a minority.
- (単に農民らの到着が遅かったため、という説もある。当時は夜更けには浮き船橋は通常、外されていた。)
- (Some people say that the floating bridge had been removed simply because peasants arrived too late. In those days floating bridges were usually removed by the midnight.)
- しかし当時の老中首座土屋政直が従来どおり来日を招聘すべしと異論を挟んだため、白石も折れた経緯がある。
- However, there was the background that Masanao TSUCHIYA, the head of roju (member of shogun's council of elders) at that time, insisted on inviting Tsushinshi as in the past and Hakuseki had to make concessions.
- 当時、一般の大名当主は五位に叙せられる慣例となっていたから、つまり大紋は大名の礼服となったのである。
- In those days, ordinary daimyos were customarily appointed to the Fifth Rank, so Daimon became a formal wear for daimyos.
- 地勢的には、鴨川 (淀川水系)が氾濫しても、その影響の及ばない高台に属し、当時の京都の一等地である。
- Geologically, it was a first-rate location in Kyoto at that time because it was on high grounds that would not be affected by the flooding of the Kamo-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system).
- また、琵琶湖に流入する最大の川で、東南に位置する野洲川は、当時西方ではなく、東方へ流れていたという。
- Additionally, the Yasu-gawa River, as the largest river in the southeast to flow into Lake Biwa, is known to have flowed eastward, not westward, at that time.
- 当時、大和大路通に営業していた『魚品』の芸妓、中西君尾は志士らを新選組の目から逃れさせたことで有名。
- Kimio NAKANISHI, a geisha in the teahouse 'Uoshina' on the Yamato-oji-dori Street, is known to have kept anti-shogunate samurai from being caught by the Shinsengumi.
- 当時寺田屋は薩摩藩の定宿であり、このような謀議に関しての集結場所としては格好の場所だったようである。
- At that time, the Teradaya was an inn for sailors which was owned by the Satsuma domain and suited for gathering to plan such a conspiracy.
- 「北白川」を冠称する町名は、もとの愛宕郡白川村で、大正7年(1918年)、当時の上京区に編入された。
- Towns prefixed by 'Kitashirakawa' originally belonged to the former Shirakawa village, Otagi County which was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward in 1918.
- 愛宕郡大宮村は一部が大正7年(1918年)、残余が昭和6年(1931年)、当時の上京区に編入された。
- A part of Omiya village, Otagi County was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward in 1918 and the rest in 1931.
- しかし、実際は、当時日本の経済的中心地であった大阪から外国人を遠ざけておきたかったからのようである。
- Yet in reality, it seems the shogunate's true motivation may have been to keep foreigners away from Osaka, the economic heart of Japan at the time.
- 当時の新聞報道にも、日露戦争を起こすことで収益が上がると軍事行動を支援するような論説が多々見られた。
- In the newspapers of the times, there were a lot of articles likely supporting the military action, telling that the Russo-Japanese War could increase the income.
- 事件を察知した閔妃はいち早く王宮を脱出し、当時朝鮮に駐屯していた清国の袁世凱の力を借り窮地を脱した。
- Catching wind of the incident, Queen Min immediately escaped from the palace and got herself out of harm's way with the support of YUAN Shikai of Qing China who was stationed in Korea at the time.
- これ以降近代(江戸時代後期)に至るまで津軽海峡までが日本の北端(当時の感覚では東端)となったとする。
- After these events, the northern extremity of Japan was pushed further to the region facing to the Tsugaru Straits (which was considered to be the eastern extremity at that time) until the end of Edo period before the modern era of Japan.
- 彼らの暗殺計画は複数のルートを経て、当時の警察組織のトップである大警視、川路利良の耳にも入っていた。
- Their assassination plot has already reached the Daikeishi (top of the police department) Toshiyoshi KAWAJI, who was the head of the police organization in those days via several roots.
- 当時、松平広忠は今川義元の庇護を受けるため、息子の竹千代(家康)を駿府に人質として送ろうとしていた。
- It was Hirotada MATSUDAIRA's intention to sell his son Takechiyo (Ieyasu) to Sunpu at that time in order to gain the support of Yoshimoto IMAGAWA.
- 当時の日本が日清戦争の勝利によって、世界の強国となったという自負を持ち始めたことが、その原因である。
- This was because Japan started to gain self-pride as one of the world's powerful countries after winning the Sino-Japanese war.
- 後世鎌倉幕府の執権職を世襲する北条氏であるが、この事件当時それほど大きな力を持っていたわけではない。
- The Hojo clan would inherit the title of shikken (regent) of the Kamakura bakufu at a later time, but at the time of this incident, they did not have that much power.
- 二つの乱は、ほぼ同時期に起きたことから将門と純友が共謀して乱を起こしたと当時では噂され、恐れられた。
- People suspected that the wars of Masakado and Sumitomo which occurred around the same time were a conspiracy, and it scared them.
- 本願寺は当時、加賀国に大きい勢力を持っていたが、加賀は信者の往来には不便であり、京都からも遠かった。
- In those days, it had a large power in Kaga Province but it was far from Kyoto and inconvenient for believers.
- 当時の日朝貿易における日本側の輸出品は胡椒・丹木・朱紅・銅・金等であり、朝鮮側の輸出品は綿布であった。
- In the trade between Japan and Korea of those days, Japan exported pepper, tanboku (sacred tree), shubeni (scarlet pigment), copper, and gold, while Korea exported cotton cloth.
- あるいは、現代において過去のそれを起源とした町で、特に当時の情緒を色濃く残した町・町並みのことである。
- Alternatively, it meant towns and the rows of houses and buildings in present day Japan that originated under the aforementioned historical factors, and especially those that have conserved the atmosphere of those days.
- ここにおいて河内源氏の宗家当主である鎌倉殿は、当時の日本における屈指の荘園領主としての地位を獲得した。
- Here, Kamakura dono (Lord of Kamakura), who was the head of the head family of the Kawachi Genji, had attained the position of one of the greatest shoen ryoshu of Japan in those days.
- また、中越地震発生4日後に救出された男児(当時2歳)が無事に成長していることを知り、その成長を喜んだ。
- Moreover, the Emperor was pleased after being informed that the boy (two years old at the earthquake), who was rescued four days later from the occurrence of the Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake, is growing up soundly.
- 吉田村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区吉田町となった。
- Yoshida village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Yoshida-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 岡崎村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区岡崎町となった。
- Okazaki village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Okazaki-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- さらに、従来、公地と考えられてきた口分田は、律令施行の当時、実際のところ、私田・私地と認識されていた。
- Furthermore, kubunden that had been conventionally considered as publicly-owned lands were, in fact, regarded as privately-owned lands or rice fields at the time when the laws of the Ritsuryo system were enacted.
- しかし、上野介の傷を治療した栗崎道有という医者が、当時の内匠頭について「乱心にあらず」と記録している。
- However, a doctor named Dou KURISAKI, who treated Kira's wounds, recorded that Takumi no Kami was 'not out of his mind' at that moment.
- 8月11日に神戸市で始まった騒動により、当時の会場だった鳴尾球場に程近い鈴木商店で焼き打ち事件が発生。
- Triggered by the riot which had started in Kobe City on August 11, a torching incident occurred at Suzuki & Co. which was very close to Naruo stadium which was the venue of the tournament at that time.
- これを京に居て、関東(鎌倉幕府)からの早馬で知らせを受けた側の当時の記録を見てゆくと以下のようになる。
- The records on the Kyoto side that received information about the incident from Kanto (the Kamakura bakufu) through a post horse-carried message were as follows:
- 朝鮮を支配していた当時の日本政府は、法的には朝鮮に対して特別の呼称(植民地、外地など)を付さなかった。
- The then Japanese government that ruled Korea did not legally give any special designation (colony, overseas territory, etc.) for Korea.
- 備中国備中松山藩は、元禄年間に当時の藩主であった安藤氏が発行し、次の領主であった石川氏もこれに倣った。
- The Ando clan, which was the lord of Bicchu-matsuyama Domain of Bicchu Province during the Genroku era, issued han bills, and the Ishikawa clan, the next lords, continued issuing them afterwards.
- アジア・アフリカはいまだ(当時)古代社会であり、欧米のような近代社会に発展することは不可能とされていた。
- Asia and Africa were still in the ancient societies (in those days) and were not able to develop into modern societies like Europe and America.
- 当時、立命館大学法学部の学生であった被告人は、デモ隊先頭集団の列外に立って行進し、デモ隊を誘導していた。
- The defendant was a student of Ritsumeikan University's Faculty of Law at that time and marched off the leading group of the demonstration to lead the demonstration march.
- 当時の中国では印刷術が発達し、日本でも「摺本(すりほん)」と称して好学の人びとが中国の印刷本を珍重した。
- The printing technique was developed in those days in China, and also in Japan, educated people preferentially used published books calling them 'surihon' (printed book).
- 高明邸が当時では珍しく西宮(右京)側にあったことから、「西宮左大臣」の異名で呼ばれ、書名の由来となった。
- Because Takaakira's house was on the side of Saikyu (west part of capital), which was unusual at the time, he was also known as 'Saikyu Sadaijin,' from which the book title was derived.
- 当時は藤原氏の公卿・官人が朝廷の過半を占めていたから、神木の入洛中は朝廷は廃朝状態となり国政は麻痺した。
- At that time, more than half of the court nobles and officials belonged to the Fujiwara clan, and so, when Shinboku was carried into Kyoto, the court fell into suspended animation and the national administration was paralyzed.
- 短陌は銅銭不足であった当時の経済状況に合わせた慣習であり、銅銭の輸送の不便さを軽減する上では歓迎された。
- Tanhaku was a custom fit for the economic situation at that time and hailed as a method to reduce the inconvenience of delivering copper coins.
- 中世陰陽道研究家の小坂眞二は、現存する六壬勘文や当時の文献等を基に平安時代の六壬神課の復元を行っている。
- Mediaeval Onmyodo researcher Shinji KOSAKA restored Rikujinshinka used in the Heian period based on existent Rikuninkanmon and literature of the time.
- 当時はちょうど荘園公領制の発展過程の時期にあたり、荘園・国衙領(公領)の運営体制が確立しようとしていた。
- This was the time when the Shoen koryo (public lands) system was developed and the management system for shoen, kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) was being established.
- この徳政令は、当時、普及しつつあった貨幣経済に深刻な影響を与えるとともに、社会に大きな動揺をもたらした。
- The Tokuseirei deeply influenced monetary economy prevalent at the time, bringing great unrest to the society.
- 当時、皇后を輩出した臣下氏族は藤原氏のみであり、橘氏からの立后は貴族社会における橘氏の地位を上昇させた。
- Until that time, the Fujiwara clan was the only clan among the Imperial retainers and clans that had produced those empresses, and therefore, the fact that an empress was born from the Tachibana clan elevated the position of the Tachibana clan in the aristocratic society.
- 干拓前の巨椋池は周囲約16km、水域面積約800haであり、当時京都府で最大の面積を持つ淡水湖であった。
- Prior to reclamation, the circumference and area of Ogura-ike Pond were approximately 16 km and 800 ha, respectively, being the largest freshwater lake in Kyoto Prefecture in those days.
- 吉祥院(きっしょういん)地区はもとの紀伊郡吉祥院村で、昭和6年(1931年)、当時の下京区に編入された。
- The Kisshoin area belonged to the former Kisshoin village, Kii County, and was incorporated into the then Shimogyo Ward in 1931.
- 「上野」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字上野で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、4町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Ueno' is the former Oaza Ueno, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into four towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 大字八軒に属する小字は「屋敷」1つのみで、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、山科八軒屋敷町となった。
- There was only one Aza named 'Yashiki' in Oaza Hachiken, which became Yamashina Hachiken Yashiki-cho when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 鹿谷村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区鹿ケ谷町となった。
- Shishigatani village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Shishigatani-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 石原町は明治16年(1883年)、愛宕郡聖護院村の一部が当時の上京区に編入された際に成立したものである。
- Ishihara-cho was established in 1883 when Shogoin village, Otagi County was partly incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward.
- なお、上賀茂十三石山の区域は、明治31年(1898年)、当時の雲ケ畑村字を上賀茂村に編入したものである。
- The Kamigamo Jusangokuyama area originally belonged to the then Aza Kumogahata village, which was incorporated into Kamigamo village in 1898.
- 当時の中国では満州では日系の朝鮮銀行券(日本円と等価)が流通しており、上海では日本銀行券も流通していた。
- In those days, in Manchuria, Japan-related Korean bank notes (equivalent to Japanese yen) were circulated and in Shanghai, Japanese bank notes were circulated.
- 何を参考にして作成されたのか明確な資料は現存していないが、構造は当時のイギリスの絞首刑台に良く似ている。
- Today there remain no materials that tell what was referenced to prepare the Scheme, but the structure of the devices shown in the Scheme resembles that of gallows which were used in England in those days.
- 他にも当時の画家英一蝶が描いた『朝鮮通信使小童図』や紀州藩に伝わる『朝鮮通信使御楼船図屏風』が著名である。
- Other famous pictures concerned include 'Pictures of Children in Chosen Tsushinshi' drawn by Itcho HANABUSA, a painter at that time, and 'A folding screen depicting a houseboat carrying Chosen Tsushinshi' handed down in the Kishu Domain.
- 水車はその百年以上も前に、「徒然草」(第五十一段)に記されており、当時には農民達の手で取り付けられていた。
- As described in 'Tsurezuregusa' (Essays in Idleness) (in the 51st section) written 100 or more years ago, water wheels were built and used by farmers themselves at that time.
- 以上の考え方に対して、当時の受領層は必ずしも私欲的に郡司・百姓層を抑圧していたのではないとする考えもある。
- Some have opinions different from above; Juryoso (career provincial official class) in those days did not necessarily suppress Gunji and farmers to pursue their own self-interest.
- また、正倉院文書の中に出挙の貸借証文が多数のこされており、奈良時代当時の財物出挙の貴重な史料となっている。
- Moreover, a lot of loan bonds have been left in Shoso-in Monjo (Shoso-in Temple archives), which are the valuable historical materials of the Suiko dealing with property in the Nara period.
- 法性寺流の書法は子の九条兼実、孫の九条良経らに受け継がれ、当時の書法の人気を世尊寺流とのあいだで二分した。
- The shoho of Hosshoji school was succeeded by his children, Kanezane KUJO and his grandchild, Yoshitsune KUJO; the popularity in shoho at that time was split by both Sesonji school and Hosshoji school.
- 当時の荘園は名田を有する百姓名主や在家住人とそれ以外の作人・小百姓・所従・下人などの2階層に分かれていた。
- Shoen at that time had a dual class structure, which was divided into the group which included the hyakusho-myoshu who owned myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) and the zaike-jumin; and the group which included sakunin (tenant cultivators), kobyakusho (peasants who owned little plowlands), shoju, and genin.
- そのサイズは縦22メートル・横12メートルあったとされ、当時としては空前絶後の巨大さと防御力を持っていた。
- It is said that the size of the warships were 22 meters long and 12meters wide and it had incredible hugeness and defense power for that time.
- 江戸時代に入って当時の安倍氏宗家の当主であった陰陽頭土御門泰重が度々の不手際による失意から辞意を表明した。
- Onmyo no kami (Director of the Onmyoryo), Yasushige TSUCHIMIKADO, the head of the Soke (head family) of the ABE clan, announced his resignation due to his disappointment in repeated mistakes in policy
- 27歳のとき、当時としては結婚適齢期を遥かに過ぎた年齢になってから徳川斉昭との婚約がまとまり、江戸に降嫁。
- When she was 27 years old, although it was beyond the marriageable age at that time, she was able to get engaged to Nariaki TOKUGAWA; She went to Edo for Koka (marriage of an Imperial princess to a subject).
- 「御陵」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字御陵で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、30町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name of 'Misasagi' is the former Oaza Misasagi, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into thirty towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「東野」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字東野で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、11町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Higashino' is the former Oaza Higashino, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into eleven towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「川田」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字川田で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、15町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name of 'Kawata' is the former Oaza Kawata, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into fifteen towns when it was integrated into the Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「音羽」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字音羽で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、19町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Otowa' is the former Oaza Otowa, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into nineteen towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「小野」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字小野で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、10町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Ono' is the former Oaza Ono, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into the ten towns when it was integrated into the Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「大宅」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字大宅で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、25町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Oyake' is the former Oaza Oyake, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into twenty-five towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「大塚」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字大塚で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、13町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Otsuka' is the former Oaza Otsuka, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into thirteen towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「椥辻」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字椥辻で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、11町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Nagitsuji' is the former Oaza Nagitsuji, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into eleven towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「西野」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字西野で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、17町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Nishino' is the former Oaza Nishino, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into seventeen towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「竹鼻」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字竹鼻で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、13町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Takehana' is the former Oaza Takehana, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into the thirteen towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「小山」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字小山で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、20町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Koyama' is the former Oaza Koyama, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into the twenty towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 浄土寺村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区浄土寺町となった。
- Jodoji village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Jodoji-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 粟田口村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区粟田口町となった。
- Awataguchi village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Awataguchi-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 南禅寺村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区南禅寺町となった。
- Nanzenji village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Nanzenji-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 昭和40年(1965年)、当時の京都市内各所に残存していた「字XX」の区域はすべて「XX町」と改称された。
- In 1965 the areas designated 'Aza XYZ,' which had still remained across Kyoto City all became '-cho,' or towns, and were renamed 'XYZ-cho' (XYZ town).
- 聖護院村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区聖護院町となった。
- Shogoin village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Shogoin-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 元老が議会勢力に妥協した結果、当時衆議院第一党であった憲政党の首班大隈と板垣に大命が降下されて組閣された。
- As a result of compromise of Genro (elder statesman) to force of the Diet, OKUMA, who was the head seat of the Constitutional Party, the leading party in the House of Representatives at that time, and ITAGAKI formed the cabinet, receiving an Imperial mandate.
- 当時、田中は与党議員だったため、自身が農商務大臣に直接かけあうことで収拾がつけられると考えていたとされる。
- Tanaka, who then was a member of the ruling party, thought he would be able to settle down this problem through discussion with the Minster of Agriculture and Commerce.
- ただし、その当時発行したと思われる藩札とおぼしき紙片もあるが、虫食いや磨耗が激しく真贋の鑑別が困難である。
- Although a piece of paper, which may be a han bill issued at that time, still exists, it is difficult to determine if it is a han bill because of bug bites and damages.
- ただし、この当時、領主が行使し得た支配権は決して一様ではなく、領主の地位・身分などによって大きな差があった。
- However, the control right that a ryoshu could execute was not necessarily the same, being largely different depending upon rank and social status.
- 遣唐使は200年以上にわたり、当時の先進国であった唐の文化や制度、そして仏教の日本への伝播に大いに貢献した。
- The missions to Tang China were repeated for more than 200 years and this allowed Japan to adopt the cultures and institutions of the Tang Dynasty which was an advanced state, and considerably contributed to the introduction of Buddhism into Japan.
- 清原夏野はこうした課題に加えて、当時親王が八省卿を兼務する慣例が成立していたことに問題があることを指摘した。
- KIYOHARA no Natsuno pointed out, in addition to the above problems, that the practice of appointing Imperial Princes to hasshokyo (the ministers of eight ministries) was problematic.
- これは当時既に天武天皇の子女の中で彼女が最後の生存者になっていたために格別な敬意が払われたものとされている。
- It is said that she was granted the rank as a token of special respect to her, who was the only living child of the Emperor Tenmu at the time.
- ただし、これらの条件を満たしていても当時の財政状況や政治状況などから一品に叙せられずに死亡する親王もあった。
- However, there were imperial princes who fulfilled such requirements but not conferred Ippon, due to financial and political situation at that time.
- 未発見の原因は、大きな建物が焼け落ちた膨大な残骸の中に当時の調査能力で遺骸は見つけられないという指摘がある。
- With respect to the reason why Nobunaga's body was not found, there is a view that it was impossible with capability of search at that time to find the in large volume of wreck after a huge building was burnt down.
- 当時京都の治安維持を行っていた新選組が、三条大橋西詰の制札を引き抜こうとした土佐藩8名を襲撃、捕縛した事件。
- The incident involved the Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate), that maintained public order in Kyoto, attacking and capturing eight retainers of the Tosa clan who tried to pull out a noticeboard at Sanjo-ohashi Nishizume (the west foot of the Sanjo-ohashi bridge).
- 紀伊郡上鳥羽村は、大正7年(1918年)に一部が、昭和6年(1931年)に残余が、当時の下京区に編入された。
- Kamitoba village, Kii County was partly consolidated with the then Shimogyo Ward in 1918, and the rest of the village joined it in 1931.
- 「日ノ岡」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字日ノ岡で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、8町に編成された。
- Towns that included the name 'Hino-oka' were former Oaza Hino-oka, Yamashinacho Town, which were reorganized into eight towns when it was integrated into the Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「上花山」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字上花山で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、6町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name of 'Kami-kazan' is the former Oaza Kami-kazan, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into the six towns when it was integrated into the Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「栗栖野」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字栗栖野で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、4町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Kurisuno' is the former Oaza Kurisuno, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into the four towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「厨子奥」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字厨子奥で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、6町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Zushioku' is the former Oaza Zushioku, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into the six towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 三国史記は、日本書紀に比べ該当時期の編年の狂いが少なく、広開土王碑と三国史記の干支年が1年異なる程度である。
- Samguk Sagi was less mistaken on this chronology of applicable historical data in comparison to Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) and the sexagenarian cycle between the Gwanggaeto Stele and the Samguk Sagi had only one years difference.
- 一進会(イルチンフェ・いっしんかい)とは、1904年から1910年まで大韓帝国で活動した当時最大の政治結社。
- Isshinkai(イルチンフェ) was a biggest political association of the times which was active in the Korean Empire from 1904 to 1910.
- 現在は、埋め立てなどにより鎌倉時代当時よりも海岸線が沖へ延びているため風化し、土中に埋没している部分が多い。
- Presently, the borui has been weathered, and much of it has been buried in the ground, because the coastline has extended more offshore than in the Kamakura period due to land filling, etc.
- このことは、当時既に「倭国は中国世界と異なる独自の天下なのだ」という観念が発生したことを如実に物語っている。
- The above gives evidence that the notion that 'Wakoku is under its own Tenka independent from that of China' had already been established by the time.
- 当時現場にいた新聞記者らも、裁判で証人として出廷したが、警官隊がサーベルなどの武器を用いたという証言はない。
- The newspaper reporters who witnessed the incident testified in court that the police did not use sabers or any other weapons.
- これは当時日本の植民地となってすでに9年が経過していた台湾の実情を内外に知らしめるために設けられたのである。
- This was set up to make public the actual condition of Taiwan, which had already been colonized by Japan for nine years.
- こうした「人間の展示」の背後には、当時席巻していた社会進化論と人種差別主義というイデオロギーが介在していた。
- Behind those 'human exhibition', there were ideologies such as evolutionism and racism which spread globally at that time.
- まず、公田を支配していた国衙が、当時台頭しつつあった田堵と連携して、土地を収取単位とする支配体制を築き始めた。
- First, the kokuga (provincial government office) that governed public fields, together with the 'tato' who were rapidly gaining power, established a control system of imposing and collecting taxes based on land units.
- 当時、国衙は在地領主・田堵農民層との闘争でその支配体制が危機に瀕していたため、武力による補強が求められていた。
- At that time, military reinforcements were necessary because the organizational system of Kokuga was threatened by conflict between local landowners and the Tato farmer class.
- 三河守受領の為の位階は従五位下に相当するが、当時の慣例では、従五位下の位階を与えられる姓の系統は限られていた。
- To obtain the Mikawa Governor post, it was customary at that time to hold a rank of equivalent to a Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) however, there were rigid hereditary family line limitations to who was awarded Jugoinoge rank.
- が、当時の冠は漆を薄く塗った柔らかなもので雨などにあうと簡単に型崩れしていたことが枕草子などの記述から分かる。
- However, according to some materials such as Makura no Soshi (The Pillow Book), Court caps in those days were thinly lacquered soft caps, and they easily lost their shapes due to rain and so on.
- 結成当時には財政難であったと推測されるが、京都守護職配下時代は、隊の運営資金を会津藩からの御用金で賄っていた。
- It is assumed that they were short of funds upon start of the group, but during the time when the group was placed under the control of Kyoto Shugoshoku, operating expenses of the group were covered by goyo-kin financed from the Aizu Clan.
- 以上のように、「向島」を冠称する町名は、昭和6年当時30町であったが、以下の変更を経て、計33町となっている。
- As above, the number of town names prefixing 'Mukaijima' was 30 as of 1931 and became 33 through the following changes.
- 「北花山」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字北花山で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、12町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Kita-kazan' is the former Oaza Kita-kazan, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into the twelve towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「勧修寺」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字勧修寺で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、28町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Kanshuji' is the former Oaza Kanshuji, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into the twenty-eight towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「西野山」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字西野山で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、10町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Nishinoyama' is the former Oaza Nishinoyama, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into ten towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「四ノ宮」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字四ノ宮で、昭和6年、当時の東山区へ編入された際、19町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Shinomiya' is the former Oaza Shinomiya, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into nineteen towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 「田中」及び「高野」を冠称する町名は、もとの愛宕郡田中村で、大正7年(1918年)、当時の上京区に編入された。
- Towns prefixed by 'Tanaka' and 'Takano' originally belonged to the former Tanaka village, Otagi County which was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward in 1918.
- 八条町と東寺町は明治12年(1879年)、葛野郡八条村の一部が当時の下京区に編入された際に成立したものである。
- Hachijo-cho and Toji-cho were established in 1879 when a part of Hachijo village, Kadono County was incorporated into the then Shimogyo Ward.
- おおむね北半分は昭和23年及び24年(1948・1949年)、上記2郡から当時の上京区に編入された区域である。
- The northern half largely comprises the towns transferred from the above-mentioned counties to the then Kamigyo Ward in 1948 and 1949.
- 宮内省(当時)が近畿各地の寺社旧家や、有力な伝説地などの調査を行なったが陵墓に関わる資料は発見に至らなかった。
- Although the Imperial Household Ministry (now the Imperial Household Agency) investigated temples, old houses and places appearing in legends in Kinki region, no materials were found that convey information on his mausoleum.
- 北京議定書は列強諸国によって清朝の国権や財政力をもぎとる、まさに当時の中国に対する侵略を象徴する内容であった。
- The Peking Protocol was really a symbol of the invasion of China by the Powers by depriving the state rights and financial power of the Qing Dynasty at that time.
- 当時日本の支配領域の外か外縁にあった五所川原窯からは、地元の津軽半島だけでなく、北海道まで製品が送り出された。
- Since Goshogawara kiln was at the outer edge or the outside of the territory dominated by Japan, Sueki products were sent not only to local Tsugaru Peninsula but also to Hokkaido.
- 軽度犯罪者・虞犯者に対して教育的・自立支援的なアプローチを取り入れた処遇を行った点が当時としては画期的だった。
- In those days this facility was revolutionary in that educational and self-supportive approaches were taken towards minor offenders and those who were likely to commit crimes.
- 当時、朝鮮は医学先進国であり、内科・外科・鍼・灸などを習得するために倭館に来るものが藩医、町医を問わず多かった。
- Since Korea was the pioneer in the medicine field at that time, a number of doctors, both town doctors and doctors working at a public clinic, came to wakan to study internal medicine, surgery, acupuncture, and moxibustion, and so on.
- 当時最大の権力者だった恵美押勝(藤原仲麻呂)により、対東国防備の強化のため、健児を復活したのだとする見解もある。
- There is an opinion that these kondei were restored by the greatest mogul of that time, EMI no Oshikatsu (FUJIWARA no Nakamaro), who intended to reinforce the defenses against Togoku.
- その欠片の一部は市内の公民館敷地内に保存されたとはいえ、戦争当時の様子を伝えるものがまた一つ失われたともいえる。
- Although part of the scraps have been conserved on the community hall premises, the removal of the airport also meant that one more item which represented the war was lost.
- 国の下に置かれるのが郡だが、大化当時は評(こおり)とも呼ばれていたと、専門家らの間に論争がある(「郡評論争」)。
- Although gun (counties) were provided within each province, there is a controversy (called 'Gun-pyo ronso') among some experts about that such a county was called not only 'gun' but also 'koori' in the Taika era.
- また、当時、同戦争のため朝鮮駐留の清軍も通常時の約半数ということもあり、1884年12月、計画は実行に移された。
- Moreover, because only half the normal troops left in Qing due to the war, the plan was set into action in December, 1884.
- しかし当時は、政治を行う場である「表」と、城主とその家族の私的な生活の場である「奥」の境界が存在していなかった。
- At that time, a border between the 'public area' for conducting politics and the 'private area' where the lord of the castle and his family lived didn't exist.
- 当時、明治政府は政府主導による憲法制定・国会開設を着々と準備する一方で、民権運動に対する弾圧政策を強化していた。
- At that time, the Meiji Government was promoting the preparation of the government-led formulation of a constitution and establishment of the National Diet while it was strengthening an ironfisted policy to democratic movements.
- これは単なる外国崇拝だけではなく、当時の極端に低い日本の国際的地位を上げるための苦渋の決断という側面も強かった。
- It was not only worship of foreign countries but also an agonizing decision to raise Japan's international status, which was extremely low at that time.
- 戦国武将でもある徳川家康や徳川秀忠はこれを幕法として採用したが、事件当時はすでに百年近い時を経た元禄の世である。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and Hidetada TOKUGAWA adopted this law as Shogunate law since they were both military commanders from the Sengoku Period; however, almost 100 years was gone when the incident happened in the Genroku era.
- ばさらとは、日本の中世、南北朝時代の社会風潮や文化的流行をあらわす言葉であり、実際に当時の流行語として用いられた。
- 'Basara' is a word which expressed the social and cultural trends during the Northern and Southern Courts period (in the Japanese medieval period), which was actually used as a vogue word at that time.
- ただし、当時すでに強固な主従関係が見られたわけではなく、流動的な側面を持つ主従関係だったことに注意する必要がある。
- Note, however, these subordinate-superior relationships were not necessarily rigidly established at that time; they seemed to also have flexible aspects.
- 応仁の乱以降の乱れた世相を、当時の公家が古代中国の「春秋戦国時代」の乱世になぞらえ「戦国の世」と表現したのが語源。
- The word origin was the expression 'sengoku no yo (period of warring states)' by the court nobles at that time comparing the troubled social conditions since the Onin Disturbance to the troubled times in the 'Chunqiu and Zhanguo periods (Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period)' in ancient China.
- これらの歌には一部に形式化の傾向もみられた当時の和歌とは異なり、庶民の生活感情がよくあらわれているといわれている。
- It is said that these songs were different from the waka, some of which were formalized at that time, and they represented the emotions of the common people well.
- 『吾妻鏡』に征夷大将軍の館を「幕府」と称している例が見られるが、当時、武家政権を「幕府」と呼んでいたわけではない。
- In 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), there are instances in which the residence of the shogun is referred to as 'bakufu' but samurai government was not called 'bakufu' at the time.
- その収入額は明確ではないが、一説には当時の記録より嘉吉年間に月額200貫文が幕府に納付されていたと推定されている。
- The amount of revenue is not clear, but based on records of the time, it is estimated that 200 kanmon was paid to the bakufu every month during the Kakitsu Era (1141-1144).
- 下請け企業が複数の元請け企業に仕事をもらうのは当たり前であり、当時の武士団の上下関係もまたそのようなものであった。
- It was a norm for subcontractors to receive jobs from multiple contractors, and the bushidan's hierarchical relationship was similar to this.
- 宗厳は当時、すでに66歳という老齢だったため、これを辞退し代わりに、五男の柳生宗矩を指南役として推挙したのである。
- Since Munetoshi was already 66 years old, he declined it and recommended his fifth son Munenori YAGYU as the instructor.
- 当時の呼称は「源」または「王」であり、「白川家」や「伯家」「白川王家」と呼ばれるのはもっと時代が下ってからである。
- At that time, however, they were called by the family name 'Minamoto' or 'O', and it was in a later era that they began to be called 'Shirakawa-ke', 'Hakke' or 'Shirakawa oke.'
- ホテル紅葉の演歌調テレビCM(歌手:玉井京子)は、近畿地方に当時在住していた世代の間では今なお語り草となっている。
- Generations that resided in Kinki region at that time still talk about the TV commercial of Hotel Koyo with an enka (Japanese ballad) style theme song sung by a singer Kyoko TAMAI.
- 当時、京都守護職であった会津藩主・松平容保は薩摩藩と連携して、長州の尊攘急進派を弾圧する体制を整えていたのである。
- At that time, the daimyo of Aizu, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, who was charged with the defense of Kyoto, had started cooperating with the Satsuma clan, and set up a system to oppress the radical loyalist faction in Choshu.
- なお、今日では手箱と称されているものの、当時は装飾経を収める経箱として造られたものである可能性が高いとみられている。
- Today, it is referred to as tebako (cosmetic box), it was probably intended as a kyobako to contain a decorative sutra at that time.
- 一方、岡崎は早くも明治21年(1888年)に京都市上京区(当時)に編入されて京都市の一部として市制確立を迎えている。
- In contrast, as early as 1888, Okazaki was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City and became a part of municipality established in Kyoto City.
- 当時は平朝臣を称していた)は、1585年(天正13年)に近衛前久の猶子となり藤原秀吉となることで関白就任を果たした。
- At that time he called himself TAIRA no Ason but became Yoshi, the adapted child of Sakihisa KONOE in 1585; ultimately, he became FUJIWARA no Hideyoshi and thereby achieved the position of chief advisor to the Emperor.
- まる2日ずらされたのは、宮内省内蔵頭当時の収賄で司直の手が及びかけていた渡辺千秋宮内大臣を急遽更迭させるための措置。
- This official date was put off by two days from the real date as a measure to quickly replace Minister of the Imperial Households Chiaki WATANABE, who was almost in the reach of the law for his usage of bribery during his time as the Chief of Kuraryo of the Imperial Household Ministry.
- 当時日本ではすでに議院内閣制が施行されていたが、現代ではほとんどの国家で憲法が施行されている(右図の紫などを除く)。
- At that time, parliamentary Cabinet system had been already put into effect in Japan, but in modern age, constitutions have been effective in most states (excluding those colored in purple in the illustration on the right).
- 建築年は分からないものの、寛廷元年(1748)の絵図に描かれていることから、当時すでに住居を構えていたことがわかる。
- It is not known when the residence was built, but given the fact that it appears on a pictorial map drawn in 1748, it had already been established around that time.
- これには、この内戦が大化改新とともに編纂当時の「現代」を作り出した重要な事件であるという認識が働いていたと思われる。
- It is considered that, like the Taika Reforms, this war was recognized as an important incidence that characterized the 'new era' at the time of compilation of the Chronicles.
- また当時の大阪朝日新聞の報道によれば日本に鉄道が開業して以来初めて列車内で発生した殺人事件として大々的に報じられた。
- The Osaka Asahi Newspaper extensively reported it as the first in-car murder case after trains started to run in Japan.
- ただし同文書に記載された内容は当時の状況と矛盾する点が多く、日本史の専門家からは一部の人を除き偽書と判断されている。
- However, as the document includes many descriptions that contradict the situation of those days, most specialists consider it to be unauthentic.
- 同時に鎖国を国是としていた当時の日本において、間接的にではあっても中国文化に触れることのできる数少ない機会でもあった。
- Japan at that time enforced the national isolation policy and therefore, the visit of Tsushinshi gave people a rare opportunity to know Chinese culture, though indirectly.
- これらの原因には、当時の人々の識字率が低かったことや、私的に鋳造されたためいい加減に作られていたことなどが挙げられる。
- The following are considered as the reasons why such a situation was generated: One is that the literacy rate of the people at that time was low, and another is that, being made privately, they were made irresponsibly.
- 文化的とは当時流行した大陸の禅の匂いであり、美的とは能阿弥、相阿弥、芸阿弥といった同朋衆などの目利きの確かさであった。
- What was meant by cultural was that it had the smell of continental Zen that was popular back then, and artistically the accuracy of Doboshu, Noami, Geiami, and Soami, as the judges.
- 当時の京都は、このように全体として新都市の様相を呈しており、そこでは王権の強化にともなう各種の美術品の創作がみられた。
- Kyoto at that time exhibited an aspect of a new city, and various arts were thriving there due to the strengthened imperial power.
- 当時の日本で貨幣経済の中心をなした宋・元・明などの銅銭(永楽銭など)、絹、羅、紗などの織物、生糸、薬材、書画、工芸品。
- Copper coins (such as Eiraku-sen) of Sung, Yuan and Ming which were the basis of money economy in Japan, textile such as silk, lightweight fabric and gauze, raw silk thread, medicine, calligraphic works/ paintings and handicrafts.
- 当時の耕作者は荘園外の公領に住む公民か荘園内に住居を持っていても戸籍に登録されている本貫は公領であるのが普通であった。
- The cultivators of shoen at that time usually lived in koryo outside shoen, and as for those who had dwellings within shoen, they had registered addresses in koryo.
- 当時武田氏と今川氏は同盟していたため「敗因を間違えるとは考え難く、第三者が敗者から得た信頼できる情報に基づく」とした。
- Given the fact that the Takeda clan and the Imagawa clan were allied, he said, 'it would be hard to believe that they mistook the reason for the Imagawa's defeat, and this is based on a reliable source obtained from the losers by a third party.'
- 干拓地の農地は近鉄京都線(当時は奈良電気鉄道)を基準として区割りされたことから、周囲の条里制の区割りとは異なっている。
- Subdivision of farmland in the drained land was based on Kintetsu Kyoto Line (then Nara Electric Railway) that is different from subdivision by Jorisei (system of land subdivision in ancient Japan) which remained in effect in the surrounding areas.
- 当時はまだ関西国際空港が開港しておらず、関西地区における要人の大規模な受け入れ態勢が十分には整っていなかったのである。
- Kansai International Airport did not open yet at that time, and Kansai area was not fully ready to accept so many important persons.
- これに応えた足利高氏(当時)や新田義貞らの働きで鎌倉幕府は滅び、建武の新政と呼ばれる後醍醐天皇による親政がはじまった。
- Thanks to the efforts of Takauji ASHIKAGA (at this point his name was still written with the character for 'taka' meaning 'high') and Yoshisada NITTA, who responded to Godaigo's order, the Kamakura bakufu was destroyed, and the Kenmu Restoration, an era of direct Imperial rule by Emperor Godaigo began.
- 当時の横浜駅は現在の桜木町駅で、居留地を出てすぐのところであり、新橋駅(現在の汐留)は後述の築地居留地の外縁にあった。
- Yokohama Station in those days corresponds to the present-day Sakuragicho Station and was located right in front of the settlement, while Shimbashi Station (today's Shiodome) was just outside of Tsukiji settlement, described elsewhere.
- 重源が再建した大仏殿などの建築様式は非常に独特なもので、当時の中国(宋)の福建省周辺の建築様式に通じるといわれている。
- The architectural style of the Great Buddha Hall and other similar reconstructions by Chogen was quite unique and is said to have commonalities with the architectural style of Fujian Province and the surrounding area of China in those days (the Sung dynasty).
- The architectural style in which Chogen restored buildings including the Great Buddha hall was highly unique and is said to have been similar to the contemporary style of China's (Song) Fujian Province.
- ただし、当時の主従関係は割とルーズなもので、複数の主人に仕える、一時的にだけ主従関係を結ぶ、といったことも多く見られた。
- However, the master-servant relationship was rather loose, and it often happened that a samurai served more than one master or established a master-servant relationship with a master only temporarily.
- 当時、国司交替に当たって手続きの不備や前任・後任の間の紛争が多発しており、国司交替の手続きを明確化する必要が生じていた。
- At that time, many problems concerned with the replacement of kokushi, such as 'the procedures that were used were inadequate' and disputes between a predecessor and the successor, were caused, making it necessary to clarify the procedures for replacing a kokushi.
- しかし当時、密貿易に関わる倭寇も含め、このような国境沿岸の貿易商にとっては、国籍はそれほど意味をもたなかったと思われる。
- At that time, however, nationality may have hardly mattered to such traders, including the wako involved in smuggling, along the coasts on national borders
- 特に湯殿がある部分は明治41年(1908年)に増築登記されたもので、当時のものではあり得ない(お龍はその2年前に病没)。
- Since the space of the bathroom was added to the new building and registered in 1908, it can not be the same one as the time of the incident (Ryo had passed away two years before).
- 「安朱」を冠称する町名はもとの山科町大字安朱で、昭和6年(1931年)、当時の東山区へ編入された際、17町に編成された。
- Town that includes the name 'Anshu' is the former Oaza Anshu, Yamashinacho Town, that was reorganized into seventeen towns when it was integrated into Higashiyamaku Ward in 1931.
- 大字福稲は大正7年に一部が当時の下京区(現在の東山区)に編入され、残余は昭和6年、「深草」を冠称する26町に編成された。
- A part of Oaza Fukuine was integrated into then Shimogyo Ward (the current Higashiyama Ward) in 1918 and the remaining part was reorganized into 26 towns prefixing the name 'Fukakusa' in 1931.
- 残余は昭和6年、当時の上京区に編入されて、大部分が「上賀茂」を冠称する93町に編成され、一部が大字上賀茂として残された。
- The rest of the area was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward in 1931 and was for a most part reorganized into 93 towns prefixed by 'Kamigamo' while some areas remained as Oaza Kamigamo.
- 日本人と外国人との紛争を避けるため、開港場や外国人居留地は当時の兵庫市街地から3.5kmも東に離れた神戸村に造成される。
- In order to ward off conflicts between the foreigners and Japanese, the location of the port to be opened and its accompanying foreign settlement was made the village of Kobe, which at that time was 3.5 kilometers east of the urban area of Hyogo.
- これは、当時勢力を伸張していた政党に対して、軍部を権力の淵源としていた藩閥が、影響力を維持するために執った措置とされる。
- This is considered a measure that the domain cliques, whose authority was derived from the military, took to retain their influence over the political parties that were expanding their power at that time.
- その翌日の夕刻、貞時の「仰せ」とする得宗被官、御家人が当時連署であった北条時村の屋敷を襲い殺害、屋敷一帯は炎に包まれた。
- In the evening of the next day, samurai belonging to Tokuso (the main Hojo family) attacked the residence of Tokimura HOJO, an assistant to shikken at that time, saying that it was Tokisada's order, killing Morotoki and burning the area including the residence.
- 縁切寺(えんきりでら)とは、女性の側からの離婚が困難であった当時、そこに駆け込むことによって離婚が達成される尼寺である。
- The divorce temple was a convent, which was a safehouse for women seeking a divorce in those days when women had no right to obtain a divorce from their husbands; once a wife fled into there, she can obtain a divorce from her husband.
- いずれにせよ、全く記録に残っていない払田柵の存在は当時のこの地区の人が中央の管理とは別に比較的自由に行動できたことを示す。
- In either case, the presence of the Hotta no saku without any record indicates that people in the region at that time were able to act with relative freedom, irrespective of the control of the central government.
- ただし、当時の「荘」や「園」の主体は娯楽のための別荘であり、これに附属の庭園、更には周囲の田園や山林を含めたものであった。
- However, 'sho' or 'en' in those days were mainly villas for entertainment and they included attached gardens and furthermore the surrounding rural areas, mountains, and forests.
- 当時多く築造された弥生時代の墓制墳丘墓は大型地域集団の首長墓と見られ、身分差が生じ始めていたことの現れだと考えられている。
- It is considered that many mound-type graves built during the period, a style was one of the grave styles characteristic of the Mayor period, and were for chiefs of these large-sized communities, and it is considered that society started becoming hierarchical.
- 記録荘園券契所を設置して実効的な荘園整理を進める(延久の荘園整理令)など、当時の社会変動に伴う課題に自ら取り組んでいった。
- He coped with the challenges associated with social changes in those days such as promoting effective regulation of shoen by establishing the Kiroku shoen kenkeijo (office for the investigation of estate documents) (Enkyu Manor Regulation Acts).
- 秋田蘭画流行の背景には、徳川吉宗の蘭学奨励、当時の南蘋(なんびん)派の流行、および博物趣味の広まりがあると指摘されている。
- It has been pointed out that the popularity of Akita Ranga spread from Yoshimune TOKUGAWA's Dutch study promotions, the popularity of the Nanbin School and hobbyists of natural history of the time.
- 当時から日本在来馬は今でいうポニーぐらいの小型のものだっだから、武士は先を争ってその中でも大きくて体力のある良馬を求めた。
- Indigenous horses of Japan from that time were as small as a modern day pony, but bushi sought a good horse that was the biggest and strongest among them.
- 「基」と命名されたのであれば、まだ親王宣下の慣行が存在しない当時、誕生とともに自動的に「基親王」とされたはずだからである。
- Since there was no custom of giving the title of Imperial Prince by an imperial order at the time, he should have been automatically given the title of 'Prince Motoi' upon his birth if he was named as 'Motoi.'
- その当時の日本女性には珍しく鼻筋の通った顔立ちであり、夫君の明治天皇にからかい混じりに「天狗さん」と渾名されていたという。
- Empress Dowager Shoken had a sharp nose, which was rare for a Japanese female during her time, so her husband, Emperor Meiji, is said to have teasingly nicknamed her 'Mrs. Tengu.'
- なお、隊名は武家伝奏(当時は野宮定功と飛鳥井雅典)から賜ったという説と、会津藩主・松平容保から賜ったという二つの説がある。
- There are two stories regarding this name, one is that it was granted by Buke Denso (at that time, Sadaisa NOMIYA and Masanori ASUKAI), and the other is that it was granted by Katamori MATSUDAIRA, feudal lord of the Aizu Clan.
- たねや本店2階喫茶室に旧ヴォーリズ邸在りし時代の洋館街の陶器製模型が展示されており、当時の街の雰囲気にふれることができる。
- Taneya main shop has in the tea room on the second floor a ceramic scale model of the Yokangai during the times when the Vories residence was still standing, offering a glimpse of the past.
- 当時、相続に関して父母の遺言は絶対的な効力を持っており、幕府や朝廷の法廷でも容易にそれを覆すことはできなかったほどである。
- In those times, the will of parents regarding inheritance had absolute effectiveness and even the court at the bakufu or Imperial court could not easily upturn that decision.
- 結果としてもっとも有望な地域は京都府与謝郡与謝村(当時。現在の与謝野町与謝地区)を中心とする大江山連峰であることを知った。
- As a result, they found that the most promising area was Oeyama mountain range centering on the former Yosano village (now the Yosano area, Yosano-cho), Yosa County, Kyoto Prefecture.
- 尚歯会で議論される内容は当時の蘭学の主流であった医学・語学・数学・天文学にとどまらず、政治・経済・国防など多岐にわたった。
- The topics discussed in the Shoshikai covered a wide range of fields, not only merely medical science which was a mainstream of Western learning then, language, mathematics, astronomy, but also politics, economics, and national defense.
- 北海道に多くの集治監が作られた背景は、出所後も現地に留まらせ、当時少なかった人口の増加につなげる思いもあったと伝えられる。
- As for the reason why many Shujikan were built in Hokkaido, it has been said that there was an intention to keep prisoners to stay in Hokkaido after their release in order to increase Hokkaido's population which was fewer at that time.
- 序文で述べているが、石山合戦は当時最大の宗教一揆でもあったため、それが終結したことで各地の宗教一揆は激減することになった。
- As mentioned in the above introduction, religious ikki in various areas were significantly reduced with the end of the Ishiyama War, which was the largest religious ikki at that time.
- 当時、名主職は相伝や譲与できる権利と認識されており、農村社会内部の均質化によって、名主の地位や権利は徐々に分割されていった。
- In this period, myoshu rights were already recognized as rights that could be inherited or sold, and as rural society became more and more homogenized the position and rights of myoshu were split into smaller elements.
- ただし、当時はまだ京都奉行にあたる役職が無かったために小出は定数外の伏見奉行として派遣されて、前京都郡代の役宅に入っている。
- Note that KOIDE was despatched as a non-regular Fushimi Magistrate as there had been no title equivalent to Kyoto Magistrate at the time of his appointment, and KOIDE resided in the official residence of the former Kyoto Gundai.
- 当時北野社は延暦寺の傘下にあり、自己支配下の酒屋の衰退が運上金の減少を招くと考えた延暦寺は北野社に独占を止めるように求めた。
- Kitano-sha Shrine was under the control of Enryaku-ji Temple at the time, and, worried that the decline of the sakaya under its control would result in decreased tax income, Enryaku-ji Temple asked Kitano-sha Shrine to stop the monopoly.
- 源氏・平氏による争乱期(治承・寿永の乱)の最中に発生した飢饉であり、源平盛衰記や方丈記など当時の状況を詳細に記す史料も多い。
- The famine occurred during a period of conflict (Jisho-Juei War), and there remain many historical documents which describe the situation in detail such as the Genpei Seisuiki (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira clans) and the Hojoki (An Account of My Hut).
- 近世の京都で発生した最大規模の火災であり、皇居や二条城などが焼け落ちるなど深刻な被害であったために当時の社会に衝撃を与えた。
- It was the largest fire to break out in Kyoto during the early modern period and the serious damage caused including the destruction of the Imperial Palace and Nijo-jo Castle shocked the community at the time.
- 当時、複数の主人に名簿(みょうぶ)を差し出して臣従することも、「兵」の世界だけでなく、貴族社会一般のごく普通のことであった。
- It was a norm to serve under several masters by submitting a register not only in the world of 'tsuwamono' but within the aristocratic society.
- 1915年(大正4年)、大正天皇御大典を機に信玄が従三位に叙せられた際、当時の当主武田信保に信玄に対する位記宣命が渡された。
- When Shingen was conferred Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) in 1915 at the state ceremony for the Emperor Taisho, ikisenmyo (court rank diploma and imperial edict) for Shingen was given to Nobuyasu TAKEDA, the head of the clan at the time.
- 平安時代の日本の学僧であるちょう然(ちょうねん、938-1016)が当時の中国皇帝にもたらした情報について記録を残している。
- He recorded the information that the Japanese scholar monk, Chonen (938 - 1016) gave to the Chinese Emperor.
- 『記・紀』に記された系譜記事からすると、応神は当時の王統の有力者を合成して作られたものと考えるのが妥当であるとする説がある。
- From articles on genealogy written in 'the Kojiki and Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan),' there is a theory which claims that it is reasonable to think that Ojin was made up by combining influential persons of the time in the royal line.
- 1985年には「旧勲章名誉回復に関する懇談会」という国会議員の集まりがつくられ、当時の中曽根康弘首相に同様の要請をしている。
- In 1985 this League organized a gathering of National Diet members and held a 'panel discussion on the reinstatement of the honors of the Golden Kite Medal,' and submitted the same request for reinstatement to then-Prime Minister Yasuhiro NAKASONE.
- 政治と宗教の関係が密接であった当時の事情から『日本書紀』の記述が、厭勝銭に関する規定として置かれた可能性も否定できないこと。
- Considering the close relationship between politics and religion at the time, it is still possible that the description of 'Nihonshoki' was written as regulation of incantation coin.
- (なお当時大学大丞であった加藤弘之(後の東京大学綜理)も天長節儀式に欠席したことを弾正台に指弾され、謹慎処分を受けている)。
- (In one instance, daigaku daijo [chancellors of universities] Hiroyuki KATO [later president of Tokyo University]) was accused by danjodai and suspended because he was absent from the event of tencho setsu (the birthday of the reigning emperor).
- 当時15歳だった万次郎は、捕鯨船の船長の養子同然となり、その後アメリカにて修学し、アメリカで近代捕鯨の捕鯨船の船員となった。
- Manjiro, who was 15 at the time, became something of an adopted son to the American captain, ultimately becoming a sailor of new techniques himself after attending school in the United States.
- 当時、人売りによって売買される奴隷の価格は二十銭から三十銭とされており、身分もわからない子供の値段として五貫文は高額すぎる。
- In those days, the price of a slave was 20 to 30 sen, so the price of 5 kan (1,000 kan=10,000 yen) seems too expensive for a child with unknown status and background.
- 徳川家康はスペインとの貿易に積極的姿勢を見せ、京都の商人田中勝介を当時スペイン領のヌエバ・エスパーニャ(メキシコ)に派遣した。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA adopted the posture of actively promoting trade with Spain, and sent Shosuke TANAKA, a merchant in Kyoto, to Nueva Espana (present Mexico) that was a territory of Spain at that time.
- 当時の私船(民間貿易)は、倭寇に代表される手荒い貿易方法で、元 (王朝)の衰退を惹起させる程のもので看過できないものであった。
- The private ships in those days (partaking in private foreign trade) as typified by the wako (Japanese pirates) carried out trade in such a rough way that it caused a weakening of the Yuan dynasty which could not be overlooked.
- 当時の秋田郡周辺の人々は、越後、加賀など祖先を北陸地方に持つ人が特に多く、東国に起源をもつウジも少なくなったかったとみられる。
- Many of the people around then Akita County had ancestors coming from the Hokuriku region, such as Echigo Province, Kaga Province, and so on, and not a few of them had Uji originating from Togoku.
- 当時の武家社会の実情に即してかつ簡明ながらも生活に必要な実用的知識を網羅的に収録したこの本は江戸時代まで往来物の定番とされた。
- As 'Teikin Orai' covers and plainly explains the practical knowledge necessary for life in samurai society of the time, this text book served as a standard oraimono until the Edo period.
- 刈田行為は、検断沙汰に含まれる以前は当時の社会で広く受容されていた自力救済慣行の一つとして認識されていたものと考えられている。
- Before the karita act became subject to kendan-sata, it looks to have been recognized as one of self-defense remedial practices which were widely accepted in society at that time.
- このため、順慶は当時の天下人である織田信長の家臣となり、その後ろ盾をもって信長の客将となっていた久秀から大和守護に任じられた。
- Therefore, Junkei became a vassal of Nobunaga ODA, the then ruler of the entire country, and used the influence of Nobunaga to successfully win an appointment as Shugo of Yamato Province by Hisahide, who was then a guest samurai of Nobunaga.
- (なお、吉良氏発祥当時に区分された定義(2.の義継流吉良氏が東条吉良氏、1.の長氏流吉良氏が西条吉良氏を称した点)とは、別物。
- (Furthermore, this is not the same definitions divided as the establishment of the Kira Clan; 1. the Kira clan of Osauji lineage referred to themselves as the Saijokira clan; 2. the Kira clan of Yoshitsugu lineage referred to themselves as the Tojokira clan.
- 鴨川 (淀川水系)と桂川 (淀川水系)の合流地点の低湿地にあり、当時は鴨川が鳥羽の東側を流れ、また南は巨椋池に接したとされる。
- It was located in the wetlands where the Kamo-gawa River (The Yodo-gawa River System) and the Katsura-gawa River (The Yodo-gawa River System) merged, and at that time, the Kamo-gawa River ran through the east of Toba, and in the south, it was adjacent to the Ogura-ike Pond.
- 当時の日本では、粗銅の中に、金・銀などが含まれていることが知られておらず、また金や銀を分離するその精錬技術も未知のものだった。
- At that time it wasn't known in Japan that gold, silver and the like were contained in crude copper, nor was the refining technique for separating gold and silver known.
- 1971年3月に京都府からトルコ風呂 (性風俗)(当時の名称)が締め出されたため、風俗店は生き残りをかけて当地に多数流入した。
- Many adult-entertainment businesses flew into this area, because Turkish bath (kind of a adult entertainment of the time) businesses were barred from Kyoto Prefecture in March 1971.
- 享保3年(1718年)の『伏見大概記』によれば、当時の伏見は北組9組、南組9組の町組が組織され、計263の町名が記されている。
- 'Fushimi Taigaiki' (The General Record of Fushimi) of 1718 states that there were town societies called Machigumi at the time in Fushimi, in which nine Kitagumi (the north unit) and nine Minamigumi (the south unit) were organized, and it describes 263 town names.
- 区の北部から東部は昭和6年(1931年)、当時の右京区に編入された、旧葛野郡(かどのぐん)の松尾村、桂村、川岡村の区域である。
- The area from the northern to the eastern part consists of the former Matsuo, Katsura and Kawaoka villages, Kadono County, which were integrated into Ukyo Ward in 1931.
- 桂園派は、当時流行しつつあった冒険的な近代短歌に対して、当たり障りのない『古今和歌集』などの伝統を重んじる保守的な流派である。
- The Keien school was a conservative school which valued tradition such as innocuous 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) against venturous modern tanka which was coming into fashion at that time.
- また彼らは当時の江戸武鑑に御庭番として収録されており、間諜でありながら氏名、住居はもとより収入や経歴に至るまで公開されていた。
- They were also listed in the directory of Edo officials and their information was released including their name, address, income and resume even though they were secret agents.
- 他に当時、大名屋敷で放し飼いにされた犬が野犬化し市街地に出没するという事態もあり、この法令で4万匹の犬を収容していたとされる。
- Also, as it had come to the stage where dogs given free reign in the gardens of feudal lords would run stray and were often found wandering around town, 40,000 dogs were given accommodation due to the law.
- 竹橋にある勘定所の文書倉庫で書類整理をさせると、役人が書き損じた書類を勝手に破いて寄場に持ち帰る(紙は当時非常に高価だった)。
- When they were made to do the filiing of documents in the warehouse of documents of the Ministry of Finance in Takebashi, they tore the documents spoiled by officials and took them to the Yoseba (because sheets of paper were very expensive those days).
- 正式名称は不明だが当時の法令を収集した政府刊行の法令全書の目録には、「穢多非人ノ称ヲ廃シ身分職業共平民同様トス」と書かれいる。
- In the catalogue of a complete works book of laws published by the Government whose formal title is not known, it is stated that 'names of Eta and Hinin are to be abolished and their status and trades are to be the same as Heimin (commoner)'.
- 当時は字が書けない人もいたがその場合は3本の線とその半分の長さの線を1本書くことにより、離縁状の文言を書いた取扱がされていた。
- As there was some illiterate population in those days, those who did not know their letters were allowed to draw three and a half lines to substitute the body of the letter.
- 667年に天智天皇(当時中大兄皇子)は宮都を飛鳥から近江大津(近江宮)へ遷し、668年には即位し、新たな政治体制を発足させた。
- In the year 667, the Emperor Tenchi (then 'Naka no Oe no Oji', Prince Naka no Oe) moved the imperial capital from Asuka to Otsu in the Omi Province (Omi no miya), and took over the throne in 668 to start a new government.
- 当時の神戸市付近は、現在よりも海面が高かったこともあり、今以上に海が六甲山地に迫っていて平地が狭く、大軍の行動には適さなかった。
- The sea level in the vicinity of Kobe City was higher at the time than it is now, and the sea reached further up the Mt. Rokko area than it does today, meaning that level ground was narrow and not suitable for the movement of large armies.
- 当時、天皇の代替わりの際に「新政」として荘園整理令が出されたり、また、国衙が荘園を認めずに公領へ編入しようとすることが多かった。
- At that time, Manor Regulation Acts were often enforced as 'a new government' when a new emperor ascended the throne, and the kokuga, who did not admit the shoen, often tried to incorporate the shoen into koryo (an Imperial demesne).
- この軍制改革は、地方に権限を移譲するという意味で、まさに当時その緒についていた王朝国家体制への転換改革と軌を一にするものだった。
- In terms of transfer of rights to local governments, this military reform was the same as the reform, which was starting around that time, to shift the country to a dynasty-based nation.
- また、これに先立って同年2月から12月にかけて、大春日雄継によって当時12歳の清和天皇に対して『御注孝経』の講義が行われている。
- Prior to this, from March of the same year to January of the next year, OKASUGA no Otsugu gave lectures on 'Gyochukokyo' to the 12-year-old Emperor Seiwa.
- この事件は、当時における在庁官人=開発領主の変貌と、国司=目代との対立の激しさ、とくに在地領主層の弱体と限界を如実に示している。
- These affairs provide evidence of changes of zaichokanjin to kaihatsu-ryoshu and fierce conflicts between kokushi and mokudai, especially the local lord class's destabilization and limitations.
- 簡単に家人を殺すのは武士ならではであっても、しかしその家人・眷属に対する生殺与奪の絶対的権力は当時では武士に限った話しではない。
- While bushi could easily kill his servant, the power to decide life and death of servants and kenzoku (disciples or followers of Buddha) was not limited to bushi at that time.
- 寛文7年(1667年)三代信濃守元知が乱心して妻女である山形藩水野氏水野監物忠善(当時は岡崎藩主)の娘を殺害したため改易となる。
- In 1667, the third generation, Shinano no kami (Governor of Shinano Province), Mototomo went mad and killed his wife, the daughter of MIZUNO kenmotsu Tadayoshi of the Mizuno clan in the Yamagata Domain (at the time of this incident, he was the lord of the Okazaki Domain), and was given the sanction of 'kaieki.'
- 兄である安康天皇の事跡を、雄略天皇が皇族だけでなく、有力豪族(皇族クラスと当時思われていた?)にも拡大適用して行った様に見える。
- It seems that the Emperor Yuryaku extended what his older brother Emperor Anko did to powerful local ruling families (considered as powerful as imperial families?) as well as imperial families.
- 当時、長子相続制が一般的になりつつあり、その論理に従えば道家の長男の子孫の九条家こそが家督を継ぐべき嫡流に当たるというのである。
- At that time, primogeniture was becoming the common practice, and Tsunenori claimed that according to primogeniture the Kujo Family, the descendant of the eldest son of Michiie, should inherit the family estate.
- なお、明保野亭は現在も東山区清水三年坂(産寧坂)に石碑と共に店舗が現存するが、当時は現在よりもやや北東位置にあったとされている。
- Akebonotei still runs businesses, and a stone monument stands by it in Sannen-zaka Slope (or Sannei-zaka Slope), Kiyomizu, Higashiyama Ward, however, the original site is said to be been located slightly northeast of the current location.
- その後、福澤は、請願書の案文制作や、当時の権令(県令)柴原和や政府の高官の西郷従道などに書簡を送付し、教示するなどして支援した。
- After that, FUKUZAWA had supported the movement, making a draft of a petition, or sending letters enlightening the matter to the vice governor (prefectural governor) at that time Yawara SHIBAHARA and a senior government official Tsugumichi SAIGO and others.
- 民撰議院設立建白書は、天賦人権論に立脚しているものの、当時、困窮を極めた不平士族の不満が形を変えて噴出したものであったと言える。
- Although the 'Minsen Giin Setsuritsu Kenpaku Sho' had the standpoint of the Tenpu-jinken-ron (theory of natural human rights), it's possible to say that this was a form of expression of the Fuhei Shizoku, the samurai class, who were not satisfied with the social change during this period of time, and most of whom were actually in dire poverty at the time.
- 当時、天皇の代替わりの際に「新政」として荘園整理令が出されたり、また、国衙が荘園を認めずに国衙領へ編入しようとすることが多かった。
- At that time, Manor Regulation Acts were often ordered by a 'new government' upon the change of the emperors, and also in many cases, kokuga did not authorize the ownership of shoen and incorporated them into Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- 当時流行した「かぶき者」の精神を汲んだ彼の髪型や帯の結び方は「猪熊様(いのくまよう)」と称され、京都の流行になるほどだったという。
- His hair style and way of tying the sash, which embodied the then fashionable 'kabukimono' (dandy) spirit were called Inokuma-yo (Inokuma style) and are said to have led the mode in Kyoto.
- 当時、大臣が辞任して数年間散位になることは珍しくは無かったが、天下統一を目前にして何らかの地位についていない事は朝廷を困惑させた。
- It was not unusual for a minister to resign from the position and remain as the sanikan for a few years at that time, but the fact that Nobunaga did not hold any official position even at the time when he almost unified Japan baffled the Imperial Court.
- 当時、冷泉天皇は「狂気の病」とされて政務が行える状況には無く、一方、関白太政大臣であった実頼の高齢による健康悪化が懸念されていた。
- At the time, Emperor Reizei had a 'maddening illness' and was not in condition to attend to governmental affairs, while the declining health of Saneyori, who was the Grand Minister of State and Chief Adviser to the Emperor, due to his old age was of concern.
- 当時、動産・不動産の所有権は、売買などが行われたとしても、本来は元の所有者が保持しているのがあるべき姿だとする観念が存在していた。
- In that period, there was an idea that the right of ownership of movable or immovable property should belong to the original owner of that property even if the property had been sold.
- しかし、当時の経済の実態は農村工業の発達と新興商人が都市でも地方でも台頭したことによって、株仲間の独占はむしろ形骸化しつつあった。
- But, in reality, the monopoly by kabunakama was losing substance due to the development of rural industry and the rise of emerging merchants both in urban and rural areas.
- 直弼は能楽好きで知られ、当時失伝していた「狸腹鼓」を復曲(俗称「彦根狸」)したり「鬼ヶ宿」を自作したりしては正虎に演じさせていた。
- Naosuke was a well-known Noh lover and he reproduced 'Tanuki no Harazutsumi' (a Kyogen story about a hunter and a raccoon dog, commonly called 'Hikone tanuki') that had been lost at that time, also wrote 'Onigayado' (a Kyogen story of a drunk and his lover) and got Masatora to perform it.
- 当時、『膳所裏』と呼ばれていた一部の地域は祇園乙部、後の祇園東(乙部の詳細は「祇園東」の項を参照のこと)として分離し、現代に至る。
- A portion of the area called 'Zezeura' in Gion Kobu was separated to become Gion Otsubu, and Gion Otsubu became the present-day Gion Higashi (see 'Gion Higashi' for details on Otsubu).
- この当時(12世紀末~13世紀初頭)は、京都の中央政府(院政)の力も衰えておらず、中央(都、首都)と鎌倉の二元的支配体制であった。
- In those days (the end of 12th century to the beginning of the 13th century) the central government (Insei (rule by the retired Emperor)) had not yet lost its power, creating a dual system of governments: the central government (Kyoto, the capital) and Kamakura government.
- これは、公地公民の原則が、当時の社会へ強力に貫徹していた訳ではなく、あくまで理念として掲げられていた側面が強かったことを示唆する。
- This suggests that the Kochi Komin principle did not penetrate into the society at that time but that the principle was rather used as a banner in advocating the ideal.
- これは、軍部を権力の淵源としていた藩閥勢力が、当時力を付けて来た議会・政党勢力の軍事費削減攻勢に対する処置として執ったものである。
- This action was taken by the domain cliques whose authority originated in the military, to go against the cut-back of military expenditures of the assembly and the political party which then had power.
- それは、九重の塔がそびえ建ち、高さは法隆寺の五重塔の二倍もあり、現代の25階ビルに相当し、当時の東アジアでも超一級の寺院であった。
- It was one of the top temples in East Asia at the time, with its towering nine-story pagoda, equivalent to a modern twenty-five story building, two times higher than Horyu-ji Temple's five-story pagoda.
- また当時のキリシタンは肉食を推進していた為、この令の発布によって動物殺生を発見させ、隠れキリシタンの摘発を促進したという説もある。
- Furthermore, there is another theory that the ordinances aimed to promote the exposure of hidden Christians by discovering the slaughter of animals, as Christians of the time ate meat.
- しかし当時幼い安徳天皇に代わり院政を行なっていた高倉上皇は平安京(京都)を放棄せず、福原には離宮を建て、内裏や八省は必要ないとした。
- However, the retired Emperor Takakura, who was governing by Insei (rule by the retired Emperor) in place of the Emperor Antoku who was still a young child, did not abandon Heian-kyo (ancient Kyoto), but built a rikyu (an imperial villa) in Fukuhara and insisted that a Dairi (Imperial Palace) and Hassho (eight ministries and agencies) were not needed there.
- これに対して日本の切捨御免には支配階層である武士の名誉と威厳を守る事によって武士を頂点とした当時の社会秩序が防衛されると考えられた。
- On the other hand, it was considered that helping to protect warriors' honor and dignity by Japanese Kirisutegomen kept the social order, of which warriors were at the top.
- 細川藤孝は当時は小城であった宮津城から、大規模な水堀もあり、守りやすい本城の田辺城 (丹後国)(舞鶴城)に移り籠城(田辺城の戦い)。
- Fujitaka HOSOKAWA then moved from Miyazu-jo Castle, which was rather small at the time, to the larger Tanabe-jo Castle (Tango Province, Maizuru-jo Castle) which contained a large moat and was considered easier to defend, but was eventually besieged. (the Battle of Tanabe-jo)
- 草創期の鎌倉幕府は、東国の支配権を有するのみだったが、それは当時の幕府を構成する武士たちにとって十分満足できる結果だったはずである。
- The initial Kamakura bakufu only had the right to control the Eastern provinces and this should have been enough for the bushi who were part of the government of that time.
- 昭和40年(1965年)、当時の京都市内各所に残存していた「大字○○字XX」の区域はすべて「町」となり、「○○XX町」と改称された。
- In 1965, all places in Kyoto City whose names included the terms 'Oaza' and 'Aza' (the latter meaning a small section of a village) were renamed with the suffix 'cho', therefore, a place called 'Oaza XX Aza YY' would have been renamed 'XXYY-cho'.
- In 1965, in Kyoto City, all the districts the names of which included the terms 'Oaza' and 'Aza' (the latter meaning a small section of a village) were renamed with the suffix 'cho,' so a place called 'Oaza XX Aza YY' would have been renamed 'XXYY-cho'.
- In 1965, in Kyoto City, all the districts whose names included the terms 'Oaza' and 'Aza' ('Aza' means a small section of a village) were renamed with the suffix 'cho', so a place called 'Oaza XX Aza YY' would have been renamed 'XXYY-cho'.
- In 1965, in Kyoto City, all the districts whose names included the terms 'Oaza' and 'Aza' ('Aza' means a small section of a village) were renamed with the suffix 'cho,' so a place called 'Oaza XX Aza YY' would have been renamed 'XXYY-cho.'
- 当時の日本はまだ米や布を基準とした物々交換の段階であり、和同開珎は、貨幣としては畿内とその周辺を除いてあまり流通しなかったとされる。
- Bartering with rice and cloths as standards was still the main method of obtaining necessary materials at the time in Japan; therefore, Wado-kaichin did not circulate as the currency well in Japan except in the Kinai region and its surrounding area.
- なお、洲本市立淡路文化史料館では、「庚午事変」のコーナーが常設展示され、事件当時の事を綴った稲田氏の家臣の手記などが展示されている。
- In addition, there is a permanent exhibition of 'Kogo Jihen' section at Awajishima Museum and some historical items are on display, such as a notebook of a vassal of the Inada clan recording the incident.
- 757年当時の政治状況を見ると、それまで中央政府に君臨していた聖武天皇が756年に没し、政府内で複数の勢力が主導権争いを始めていた。
- Looking back the political situation around 757, Emperor Shomu, who had reigned over the central government until then, died in 756, and multiple powerful groups inside the government started to fight to take the leadership of the government.
- 当時の社会通念からして、天皇や将軍の代替わりには土地・物品が元の所有者へ返るべきとする思想が広く浸透しており、これを徳政と呼んでいた。
- Under the social conventions of the time, there was the prevalent idea that land or an article should be returned to the original owner concurrent with a change in the reign of the Emperor or the rule of the shogun; this idea was called tokusei (benevolent rule).
- ただ当時の関係者によると、焼失直前の旧金閣はほとんど金箔の剥げ落ちた簡素な風情で、現在のように金色に光る豪華なものではなかったという。
- However, according to people from the time, the old Kinkakuji was plain and showed little gold with most of it worn and beaten, looking little like the current one which is gold and magnificent.
- 保元以前、武力で政争が解決した事例は平安初期の平城上皇の変にまで遡り、三百数十年ぶりの異変だったため、当時の人々に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- These wars astounded people of the time because they had not had a political fight which involved a military force for 300 years and several decades since the War of retired Emperor Heizei, in the early Heian period.
- 朝廷の年中行事のほか、鴨川 (淀川水系)の川原で繰り広げられる飛礫合戦、広場での闘鶏、稲荷祭や今宮祭など当時の庶民の姿も活写している。
- In addition to the annual events held at the Imperial Court, it vividly features the common people at that time in stone-throwing fight held around the field of Kamo-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system), in cockfighting held in the open space, in Inari Festival, or in Imamiya Festival.
- 当時の民間の流行歌謡であり、白拍子という女性芸人(しばしば遊女を兼ねた)のうたう七五調四句を基調とする今様も貴族社会でもてはやされた。
- The imayo (popular style of song during the Heian period), a popular music among common people, which was based on the seven-and-five syllable meter and four phrases and sung by shirabyoshi, female entertainer (who was often a yujo [a prostitute]), was loved by the noble society.
- ただし、当時の具注暦は半年で1巻(2巻で1年分)とされていたため、実際には天皇・中宮・皇后に具注暦各1部が作成されたと考えられている。
- Since a new guchureki was published every half year (therefore two new calendars per year), it is considered that a copy of guchureki was made for emperor, chugu and empress.
- 当時の若狭は、東軍の副将をつとめた強大な守護大名武田氏若狭武田氏の守護国であり庇護に与かるため、都の公卿たちが多数下向し繁栄していた。
- In those days, Wakasa was a territory under the control of the powerful shugo daimyo (a Japanese provincial military governor that had become a daimyo, or Japanese feudal lord) of the Takeda clan (the Wakasa-Takeda clan); this shugo daimyo served as vice-shogun of the eastern forces during the Onin War, so this prosperous province was home to many court nobles from the capital who were now under the protection of the clan.
- これは当時の貧しい食糧事情を思っての事であったが、ブルーギルは水生昆虫や魚卵・仔稚魚を捕食して日本固有の生態系を破壊するものであった。
- He introduced the bluegill into Japan considering the serious food situation in those days, but the bluegill was later revealed to be a fish that damages the ecosystem indigenous to Japan by preying aquatic insects, roe, and small and young fishes.
- 明治以降、五條代官所がこの地にあった事などから「五條県」が置かれており、当時の公文書等などからも『五條』とされていることが確認できる。
- Around the end of the Meiji period, '五條 Prefecture' was established and has also been recognized from official documents, etc. at that time that it was described as '五條;' this is because of the fact that there used to be the 五條 daikansho (regional office of administrative official) here.
- 公家は武家に、将軍は管領に、守護は守護代にと下位の者に実権を奪われ、こうした状況を下剋上と理解するのが、当時のほぼ一般的な観念だった。
- When we look back on historic situations where a lower-ranked group usurped the authority of their superiors, as when the aristocracy was overthrown by the samurai class, the Shogun by the Kanrei (shogunal deputy), and the Protectors (essentially provincial governors) by their deputy Protectors, we label it 'gekokujo,' but for people in fact in the Sengoku Period, such situations were more or less par for the course.
- 公地公民制の基礎と言える「公地」の概念は、当時存在しておらず、口分田が「公田」と認識されるのは、墾田永年私財法(743年)以降である。
- The concept of 'Kochi' (publicly-owned land) believed as the basis of Kochi Komin sei did not exist at that time and it was after the Konden Einen Shizai Law (enacted in 743) that kubunden was recognized as 'Koden' (state-owned rice field).
- 平成8年(1996年)頃から、教育現場において、当時の文部省の指導で、日章旗(日の丸)の掲揚と同時に『君が代』の斉唱の通達が強化される。
- Since around 1996, in the field of education, under guidance by the Ministry of Education at that time, the instruction for the chorus reading of 'Kimigayo' together with raising of the Japanese (rising sun) flag (hinomaru) were strengthened.
- 家族向けの中規模遊園地で、開業当時は数少ない遊園地で年間20万人近くの入場者があったが、その後は他の遊園地との競争が激化したため、低迷。
- It was a family-oriented mid-sized amusement park and received annual visitors around 200,000 just after its opening when there were few amusement parks around, however, the competition with other amusement parks became fierce later on and its business continued to stagnate.
- この53の宿場はそれぞれ風光明媚な場所や有名な名所旧跡に設けられている場合も多く、当時浮世絵や和歌・俳句の題材にしばしば取り上げられた。
- Many of the 53 stations are established in places where the scenery is beautiful, or in famous historic spots, and often served as the subjects of ukiyoe or waka/haiku.
- 日本では、鎌倉時代に天皇家(当時の呼称では「王家」)が2つの家系に分裂し、治天と天皇の継承が両統迭立の状態にあったことが最も著名である。
- The Imperial family (at that time called 'Oke') during the Kamakura period was split into two family lines and was best known to be in the state of Ryoto tetsuritsu regarding the succession of Chiten (retired emperor who runs the cloistered government) and Emperor.
- すなわち、奈良時代当時、三世一身法や墾田永年私財法の施行によって、公地公民制や律令制に大きな破綻が訪れるという意識は存在していなかった。
- That is, when Sanze-isshin Law and Konden Einen Shizai Law were enacted in the Nara Period, these Laws were not regarded as leading to collapse of Kochi Komin sei and the Ritsuryo system.
- 1970年3月17日、当時の国王ノロドム・シハヌークが外遊中に、ロン・ノルによるクーデターによって王制が打倒され、クメール共和国が樹立。
- On March 17, 1970, coups by Lon NOL defeated the monarchy of King Norodom SIHANOUK while he was travelling abroad, and the Khmer Republic was established.
- 12月8日には同じ山陽鉄道で、姫路駅を出発した三等客車に乗車していた芸妓(当時16歳)が、二軸客車で30歳ぐらいの男と二人きりになった。
- On a 2-axle Sanyo Railway train that left Himeji Station on December 8, a geisha on the 3rd grade car (16 years old) found herself alone with a man who was around 30 years old.
- 当時、鉄道はあったが、鉱毒被害地から東京までの運賃が、鉱毒で貧困化していた農民らにとっては非常に高かったため、徒歩という方法がとられた。
- There was a railway to Tokyo, but peasants went to Tokyo on foot because they were so poor that they could not afford to buy train tickets due to the mining damages.
- 当時朝鮮貿易に大きな利権を持っていた対馬の早田左衛門太郎は1426年、慶尚左右道各地で任意に交易できるようにして欲しいと朝鮮政府に訴えた。
- In 1426, Saemontaro SODA from Tsushima, who had great interests in the foreign trade of Korea at that time, pleaded to the Korean Government for free trade at any place in left and right sided provinces of Gyeongsang.
- 当時、太政官から発給された「追捕官符」を根拠に、国司が国内の武士を軍事力として編成し、「凶党」の追捕に当たるという国衙軍制が成立していた。
- Around this time, based on the 'charter to send troops' issued by the Daijokan, the kokuga military system had been established in which provincial governors formed forces with provincial samurais to hunt down and catch 'outlaws.'
- 俘囚が有していた狩猟技術・武芸技術は、乗馬と騎射を中心とするものであり、俘囚の戦闘技術は当時登場しつつあった武士たちへ大きな影響を与えた。
- Fushu's hunting and military arts were centered on horseback riding and Kisha (shooting an arrow while riding a horse), and thus many samurai who came to the forefront at the time were heavily influenced by the Fushu's skills in battle.
- 建武の新政の際には後醍醐天皇が政治刷新の一環として「過差停止」の宣旨を出しているものの、当時の婆娑羅・風流の風潮を止める事はできなかった。
- At the time of the Kenmu Restoration, although Emperor Godaigo declared an imperial decree of 'interdiction of extravagant behavior' as a part of his administrative reforms, it could not put a stop to the trends of the time, basara (extravagant, madness, and eccentric behavior) and furyu (splendor).
- この「諸国」は近畿でのことと思われるが、世相として自力救済的な様相を帯び始めたということは当時頻発した強訴の中にも見てとれるかもしれない。
- These 'various districts' were probably those of the Kinki region, but social conditions of self-help that began around that time could be seen within direct petitions that occurred frequently.
- 「癸未」を503年とする説では、鏡を作らせて長寿を祈った「斯麻」は、当時倭国と同盟関係にあった百済の武寧王(別名斯麻王)とする解釈がある。
- In the theory which interprets 'Yin Water Sheep' as 503, 'Shima' who ordered a mirror to pray for the longevity was Muryeong-wang (another name King Shima) of Baekje which was then allied with Wakoku (Japan).
- 明治天皇の即位の礼が行われた当時は、天保暦が用いられており現在のグレゴリオ暦とは日付が異なるため、天保暦(グレゴリオ暦)の順番で記載する。
- Because dates in Tenpo reki (Tenpo calendar), which was used when Emperor Meiji's Sokui no rei was held, differ from the Gregorian calendar, which is used today, dates are describes in order of Tenpo reki and (Gregorian calendar).
- 当時は皇位継承が安定していなかったため(大兄制)、譲位という意思表示によって意中の皇子に皇位継承させるためにとられた方法と考えられている。
- Because imperial succession was unstable at that time (ohe-sei (大兄制)), it is considered to be a system whereby the Emperor abdicated so as to pass the throne to the prince of his (her) choice.
- そうした鉱産物の一つがニッケルで、その国産化にもっとも興味をもった企業の一つが後の日本冶金工業となる当時の日本火薬工業(日本火工)だった。
- One of these mineral products was nickel, and one of the corporations most interested in its domestic production was then Nihon Kayaku Kogyo (Nihon Kako) which later became Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- 上賀茂村大字上賀茂は一部が大正7年、当時の上京区に編入され、「賀茂」を冠称する4町に編成された(当該区域は、現北区小山及び左京区に所属)。
- A part of Oaza Kamigamo, Kamigamo village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward in 1918 and was reorganized into four towns that were prefixed by 'Kamo.' (The area in question now belongs to Koyama, Kita Ward as well as Sakyo Ward).
- しかしながら、義経が崖ないし坂を駆け下って平氏の一ノ谷の陣営奇襲したという「逆落し」自体は当時の一級史料である『玉葉』には記されていない。
- However, there is no description of 'sakaotoshi' which indicates Yoshitsune having ran down a cliff or a hill then executing a surprise attack on the Ichinotani military camp of the Taira clan in 'Gyokuyo,' the first class historical material of that period.
- 当時、杉田玄白らは『ターヘル・アナトミア』がドイツ語からの翻訳書であることを理解しておらず、もともとオランダ語で書かれた本だと思っていた。
- At that time, Genpaku SUGITA was unaware that 'Ontleedkundige Tafelen' was a Dutch translation from the original German language text and had thought that the book was originally written in Dutch.
- これは、当時の大韓帝国の巨額の債務や土地インフラに膨大な予算が必要になることから日本国民の理解を得ることは難しいとの政治判断からであった。
- It was a political decision from the judgement that it would be difficult to have Japanese people's understanding, because, at the time, the Korean Empire held an enormous debt and also needed a lot of budget for the land infrastructure.
- 硬派と軟派の相克はなお継続していたが、当時獄中にいた山口がこの問題に直接関与していなかったこともあり、両派合同の歓迎会が実現したのである。
- The hard-liners and the soft-liners were still opposed to each other, but they could have the welcome party in cooperation, partly because YAMAGUCHI, who was in prison, could not directly be involved in this matter.
- このことは当時のヨーロッパ人が「トンキン」「コーチシナ」と呼んだ今日のヴェトナムの領域に天下国家が設定されるようになったと考えられている。
- Based on the above, it is thought that tenkakokka (Tenka and the state) was defined as the territory of present Vietnam, which Europeans referred to 'Tonkin' or 'Cochinchine' at the time.
- たとえば当時の『琉球新報』(4月11日)では「我を生蕃アイヌ視したるものなり」という理由から、激しい抗議キャンペーンが展開されたのである。
- For instance, 'Ryukyu Shinpo' dated April 11, launched a fierce campaign against it, claiming it was like 'seeing us equal to the Seiban tribe (Taiwan's indigenous people who were incorporated into the Han people) or the Ainu tribe.'
- 当時、日本は国内を二分する大規模内乱(治承・寿永の乱)の真っ直中にあったが、この内乱の中でも(又は内乱に乗じて)訴訟事案は多数発生していた。
- The Monchujo was established amid a large scale civil war (the Jisho-Juei War), and despite the war (or because of it), there were many lawsuits resulting at the time.
- 当時の百姓・班田農民や古来の郡司一族、土着国司子弟の中には、出挙や営田活動により富を蓄積する富豪層が現れており、田堵(たと)と呼ばれていた。
- Some peasants, handen (allotted farmland) farmers, old gunji (a district officer) families, and local kokushi (a provincial governor) scions of that time started to form a wealthy class called tato, and they gained riches by suiko (rice loans in ancient Japan that had to be repaid after the autumn harvest at a substantial rate of interest) and farming activities.
- これにより、まず当時の先進地域だった畿内において、民衆が連帯組織=一揆を形成して、支配者(幕府や守護など)へ政治的な要求を行うようになった。
- In the wake of the change, the masses in the Kinai region (the provinces in the vicinity of the capital which were under direct Imperial rule), which was an advanced area of those days, began to form solidarity organizations (called ikki in Japanese) to make a political appeal to their rulers such as the bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) and their shugo (provincial constables).
- しかし、当時既に安倍氏と並ぶ陰陽道の元締とされていた賀茂氏宗家であった勘解由小路家(賀茂氏系)勘解由小路家(かでのこうじけ)は断絶していた。
- However, the Kadenokoji family, the soke of the KAMO clan, which rivaled the ABE clan in Onmyodo, had died out.
- この四天王像は西大寺四王堂に今も安置されるが、増長天像が足元に踏みつける邪鬼だけが創建当時のもので、その他の像、本体も後世の作、補作である。
- Those statues of Shitenno are enshrined in Shitendo (hall for shitenno) of Saidai-ji Temple even today, but only Jaki (imp) which is downtrodden by statue of Zochoten (guardian of the southern quarter) is the original since establishment and all other statues are manufactured or supplemented in the later period.
- 当時、悪党と呼ばれる新興勢力が現れ、寺社の強訴が相次いでいたが、長崎高綱・安達時顕が支える得宗政権は、これらの動きに高圧的な姿勢で対処した。
- In those days, local outlaws known as Akuto emerged as a powerful force, and one after another of the temples and shrines began to appeal directly to the bakufu for help; however, the Tokuso administration, which was supported by Takatsuna NAGASAKI and Tokiaki ADACHI, responded to these appeals in a high-handed manner.
- 当時、廃仏毀釈で大きな打撃を受けた寺院建築の保護が課題となっており、関野貞は奈良・京都の主な建築を調査し、それらの建築年代をまとめていった。
- A key issue in those days was the protection of temple architecture, as many temples had been badly affected by haibutsu-kishaku (the anti-Buddhist movement in the Meiji era that resulted in the destruction of many Buddhist temples), and so Tadashi SEKINO conducted field research to record the year of construction of the major buildings located in Nara and Kyoto.
- これは、食糧増産を目的として新たに百万町歩の農地を開墾する、という余りにも壮大な計画だった(当時の農地全体でも百万町歩に達していなかった)。
- This was such an enormous project which aimed to newly cultivate a million hectares of agricultural land for increasing food supply (Even the total fields in those days had not reached one million hectares).
- 陸奥国は66ヶ国中、日本の北限にあたり(当時は東限と認識されていた)、出羽国と並ぶ辺境の国であると同時に、広大な領域を有する大国でもあった。
- Mutsu Province was the northernmost of 66 provinces in Japan (though it was thought to be the easternmost in those days), and was the remote region along with Dewa Province as well as the large country with vast territory.
- これは銘をいれた当時、持統天皇の時代に天武天皇元年が癸酉とみなされていた証拠であり、ひいては『日本書紀』が年数の計算を変更した証拠でもある。
- This is a proof that the first year of Emperor Tenmu was considered to be the Kiyu year in the period of Emperor Jito when the inscription was made, and that 'Chronicles of Japan' modified the calculated number of years.
- これを農民らに負担を強いるようしむけたものだと考える研究者もいるが、差し戻し審を前回と別の裁判所で行うのは当時の慣例だったという主張もある。
- Some researchers say the trial was held at a court different from the previous court because that would put a greater burden on peasants, but other researchers say it was customary to hold trials at a different court in those days.
- 当時は貨幣鋳造技術が未発達であり、土木工事などの賃金の支払いで小額貨幣が大量に必要になったときに、これらの私札が発行されたと考えられている。
- At that time, coin-casting technology was not well-developed, so private bills are assumed to have been issued when a large amount of low denomination coins were needed for purposes such as payment of workers on construction projects.
- もっとも、これらの名称は実頼没後の呼称であり、実頼本人は単に「私記」と称していた(これは、当時の貴族が自己の日記に用いた一般的な名称である)。
- These names, however, came into use after the death of Saneyori, who himself referred to it as simply 'Shiki' (a private record) which was a term the nobility commonly used for their personal diaries at that time.
- しかし当時の日本は貨幣を自給できなかったことや鐚銭の問題もあり、貫高制の普及にともない、それを維持するに十分な貨幣流通量を確保できなくなった。
- However, since Japan at that time did not possess the capacity to self-supply the amount of money required, and also because it was facing the problem of bitasen (extremely low-quality coins), maintaining the sufficient money supply became impossible as kandaka sei became more and more widespread.
- 当時において和与とは、合意に基づく所領や所職等権利の譲与を指しており、和与に基づく権利の移転は悔返を認めない法理(『法曹至要抄』)が存在した。
- At that time, a compromise indicated a consensus transfer of a right, such as territory or position, and there was doctrine that did not allow Kuikaeshi (a right of claim for return in the Middle Ages' Law) with respect to a consensus transfer of a right ('Hosso shiyosho' [The Essentials for the Judiciary]).
- 源平の戦い当時の陰陽寮安倍泰親(吉平の玄孫にあたる、1110-83)は正四位上、息子の安倍季弘(1136-99)は正四位下にまで昇進している。
- During the Genpei War, then-Onmyoryo ABE no Yasuchika (1110-1183) who was the great-great-grandson of ABE no Yoshihira, moved up to Shoshiinojo (Senior Fourth Rank Upper Grade), and his son ABE no Suehiro (1136-1199) also moved up to Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade).
- 軽皇子(後の孝徳天皇)の代理粟田細目や蘇我蝦夷の代理大伴長徳らより先に誄を述べられていることから、当時の大派皇子の地位が高かったことが分かる。
- Since Takuta gave the shinobigoto before AWATA no Hosome, substitute for Prince Karu and OTOMO no Nagatoko, substitute for SOGA no Iruka, Prince Oha's status was high.
- しかし、1380年に発覚した明の左丞相(大臣)胡惟庸の謀叛と、当時辞官出家していた義満が、天皇の臣下という立場をとらずに通交を試みようとした。
- In 1380 Hu Weiyong, the Left Chancellor of the Ming Dynasty, tried to communicate secretly with Yoshimitsu, who was then in the Buddhist priesthood, and Yoshimitsu intended to begin trade without using his position as vassal of the emperor.
- こうした臨時雑役は、例えば、造内裏役、大嘗会役、役夫工米、造国分寺役、造一宮役などが代表的であり、当時は、勅事国役や院事国役などと呼ばれていた。
- These temporary tasks included the provision of a service to build a palace, service daijoe (great thanksgiving), yakubukumai (rice tax levied by the grand shrine), building provincial monasteries, and building high-ranking shrines, and the provision of services or rice listed above was at the time called chokuji or inji kokuyaku (tasks or services imposed by the imperial court).
- その中にあって、東部イングランド低地では、スカンジナビア入植者の遺産の一部として、当時としては例外的とも言える農民の広範な自由が確保されていた。
- Among them, in the eastern England lower zone, a wide variety of farmers' freedom was secured, which was exceptional in those days, because of a part of Scandinavian settlers' heritage.
- 当時、シャルルマーニュは、778年のサラゴサ遠征に失敗し、その際、退却軍についてきた西ゴート族の難民をどこかへ定住させてやる必要に追われていた。
- In those days, Charlemagne failed to invade Saragossa in 778 and then was urged to make the refugees who were west Goths following the army in retreat settle down somewhere.
- 11世紀中期に見られた体制変化・社会変化は、当時徐々に一円化を進め、著しい増加を見せていた荘園に対抗するための国衙側(公領側)の対応策であった。
- The changes in the governing structure and society that occurred in the mid-11th century were countermeasures taken by kokuga side (public land side) in order to counter shoen (manor in medieval Japan), which were rapidly increasing at the time and proceeding with ichienka (realization of complete ownership).
- 更に当時の政情不安から信仰に救いを求めた人々からの金銭などの寄進が相次いだこと、同様の理由で防備が頑丈な寺院の倉庫に財物を預ける人々も多かった。
- In addition, due to political instability, a flurry of donations came in from people turning to religion and entrusting their properties to secure, well-built temple warehouses.
- 上横手雅敬は、髙橋昌明の1971年当時の小論『将門の乱の評価をめぐって』での主張を『シンポジウム日本歴史5』の基調レポートにおいてこう紹介した。
- Masataka UWAYOKOTE introduced in a keynote report of 'Japanese History Symposium 5' about the 1971 short thesis of Masaaki TAKAHASHI, 'Concerning the Evaluation of Masakado's War' as follows.
- 二木謙一は、豊臣・羽柴の「賜姓」「授けられた」といった見方に対し、諸大名は公式には「羽柴姓」を記すことが当時の慣例であったとの推測を述べている。
- Contrary to the view of 'shinsei' (bestowing a surname) and 'granted' in the family names of TOYOTOMI and HASHIBA, Kenichi NIKI guessed that it had been the custom of the territorial lords to write 'the family name of HASHIBA' in an official manner at that time.
- 高家が饗応役を命じられた大名から進物をもらうことは、賄賂というよりも授業料や必要経費の性格が強く、当時は別に卑しまれている類のものではなかった。
- For koke to receive gifts from feudal lords who appointed them as attendants, it was considered more as tuition and necessary expense and nothing greedy at that time.
- 庚午事変(こうごじへん)は、1870年に当時の徳島藩淡路島洲本城下で洲本市在住の蜂須賀氏臣の武士が、家老稲田邦植の別邸や学問所などを襲った事件。
- Kogo Jihen was an incident in which vassals of the Hachisuka clan, who lived in Sumoto City, attacked the second residence of chief retainer Kunitane Inada and a place of study and other places near the Sumoto-jo Castle on Awaji-shima Island, Tokushima domain of that time in 1870.
- 当時の明治政府にとって解放令とは、「四民平等」理念による身分解放ではなく、「地租徴収」実施のためだけに出された形だけの身分解放に他ならなかった。
- Kaiho Rei for Meiji Government at that time was not abolition of the class system based on the philosophy of 'shimin byodo' but only a formal abolition of the class system enacted just to proceed 'chiso choshu (collection of land tax)'.
- なお、この時代はまだ「幕府」という名称は武家政権を指す言葉としては定着しておらず、当時の人々は室町政権を「室町幕府」という名詞で呼んだことはない。
- In actuality, the term 'bakufu' to indicate a military government had not yet been established during this period, meaning that no one during the Muromachi period actually called the Muromachi government the 'Muromachi bakufu.'
- 鎌倉時代から京都には酒屋が隆盛をきわめていったが、当時はまだ麹造りは酒屋の職業範囲ではなく、麹の製造から販売までをつかさどる麹屋が別個に存在した。
- Although the sakaya industry had existed in Kyoto since the Kamakura Period, production of koji malt did not fall under the sakaya industry at the time, with the production and sale of kojiya malt being independent.
- 極官は参議止まりであったが、西洞院家の女子の多くは後宮に勤め、歴代の当主の多くは日記を記しており、当時の公家社会の様子を知る手がかりとなっている。
- Although the highest office achieved was Sangi, many women of the Nishinotoin family worked in the kokyu (empress's residence) and many generations of the family heads left diaries, valuable records of kuge society in each generation.
- 滝壼の左側には鎌倉時代中期の作である不動三尊磨崖仏や、南北朝時代 (日本)前期の作とされる如意輪観音と不動三尊の石仏などがあり、当時の面影が残る。
- There are placed Magaibutsu (a Buddhist image carved into the surface of natural rock such as a cliff face, a large rock, or a stone cave) of Fudo triad which was made in the mid Kamakura period, stone images of Nyoirin Kannon (the Bodhisattva of Compassion) and Fudo triad which are believed to date from the early period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and so on to the left of the waterfall basin; they retain the atmosphere of the time.
- 2003年(平成15年)1月18日、後醍醐天皇に下賜された現存最古の日本の国旗(当時は国旗ではなかったが)や、天誅組の寄せ書きなどが盗難にあった。
- On January 18, 2003, the oldest national flag of Japan (although it was not a national flag at the time) remaining today, which was granted as an Imperial gift by the Emperor Godaigo, and yosegaki (a card on which people write a few lines each) by Tenchu-gumi, and other items were stolen.
- 当時、武士身分の領地所有は不安定であって頼朝軍への急速な武士の集結の背景には、武士による権利確立への強い希求があったのではないかと考えられている。
- In those times, the ownership of land by members of the warrior class was uncertain and it is suggested that the reason for the rapid gathering of bushi under Yoritomo's troops was because there was a strong wish for a government controlled by bushi.
- 当時の有力な守護大名には、足利将軍家の一族である斯波氏・畠山氏・細川氏をはじめ、外様勢力である山名氏・大内氏・赤松氏など数ヶ国を支配する者がいた。
- Powerful shugo daimyo in those days included the tozama-seiryoku (forces of outside lords) such as the Yamana, Ouchi and Akamatsu clans, as well as the clans of the Ashikaga shogun family such as the Shiba, Hatakeyama and Hosokawa clans.
- 従って、皇位継承などの政治的に重要な局面では東使が鎌倉と京都を往復する事が度々あった(『増鏡』など当時の朝廷の動きを記した書物には度々登場する)。
- For this reason, the toshi made frequent trips between Kamakura and Kyoto in important political developments, such as accession of a new Emperor (appearing frequently in documents such as 'Masukagami' (The Clear Mirror) that records activities in the Imperial Court at that time).
- 当時は摂関家が政治の上層を独占する摂関政治が展開し、中流・下流貴族は特定の官職を世襲してそれ以上の昇進が望めない、といった家職の固定化が進んでいた。
- At that time, the regency government that Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor) monopolized the highest level of political power was developed and the forming social standing and fixing family business and trade were undergoing so the nobility in the middle lower class only inherited a specific government post and could not ask any more promotion.
- 大和政権が拡大するに従い、大和政権も異民族を服従させていることを当時の中国にアピールするため、「蝦夷」という悪字を当てるようにしたというものである。
- This theory asserts that the Yamato Administration used the written expression '蝦夷' to call attention to China that the Yamato Administration was also holding the ethnic groups in subjection along with the expansion of the Administration.
- 当時の倭寇は王直に代表される中国人が多くを占めていたが、明の取締を逃れるために日本の五島列島や平戸島などの沿岸に拠点を構えている者も少なくなかった。
- Chinese, represented by Wang Zhi (王直), accounted for a large part of wako in those days, many of whom made their headquarters on the coasts of the Goto Islands and Hirado of Japan to escape the crackdown by Ming.
- 当時皇太子基王が急死し、自らも病弱であった聖武天皇に万が一の事があれば、天皇の叔母にあたる内親王やその子供達の皇位継承の可能性もあったと考えられる。
- If Prince Motoi, the Crown Prince suddenly died and if anything happened to Emperor Shomu who was sick himself at that time, the Imperial Princess who was the aunt of the Emperor and her sons were thought to have had the possibility of succeeding the Imperial Throne.
- 区の南部から西部はもとの乙訓郡大枝村と同郡大原野村で、前者は昭和25年(1950年)、後者は昭和34年(1959年)、当時の右京区に編入されている。
- The area from the southern part to the western part consists of the former Oeda and Oharano villages, Otokuni County, which were integrated into Ukyo Ward in 1950 and in 1959, respectively.
- 藩閥は議会政治に対する抵抗勢力であり、民本主義もしくは一君万民論的な理想論とは相容れない情実的システムであるため、当時から批判的に取り扱われてきた。
- Domain clique has been treated critically since then because it is the resistance forces against parliamentary government and is also the preferential system that conflicts with democracy or an idealism such as ikkunbanmin-ron (the theory where constitutional authority was given only to one ruler and any discrimination and distinction of social status were generally not allowed among others).
- 通信使について当時の日本人らは「朝鮮が日本に朝貢をしなければ将軍は再び朝鮮半島を侵攻するため、通信使は貢物を持って日本へ来る」などという噂をしていた。
- Concerning Tsushinshi, Japanese at that time rumored that 'Tsushinshi brings tributes to Japan, because otherwise, the shogun would invade the Korean peninsular again.'
- 当時の文書において「当国之例」といわれるような慣習法は、このような必要に基づくものであって、それは本所法とならんで、中世の武家法の基盤の一つとなった。
- The common law called 'tokoku no rei' appearing in texts of those days, was based on such necessity, and together with honjo law, became one of the foundations of medieval samurai law.
- 当時は、京都から人力車にのって老の坂を越え、篠町王子を経て保津川の亀岡盆地から保津峡への入り口にあたる山本浜(現在のトロッコ亀岡駅辺り)から乗船した。
- At that time, a tourist took a rickshaw (a taxi-like vehicle pulled by a man) from Kyoto, crossed the Oi no saka toge path, passed Shinocho-oji and the Hozu-gawa River at the Kameoka basin, and embarked on a boat at Yamamoto-hama (the neighborhood of the present Kameoka Torokko Station), which was the entrance to the Hozukyo Gorge.
- 国体の本義とは、昭和13年(1938年)、「日本とはどのような国か」を明らかにしようとするために、当時の文部省が学者たちを結集して編纂した書物である。
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- もっとも、当時の南北両朝の力関係から言って、北朝側はもちろん、南朝側も、この条件が遵守されるとは考えていなかったはずであり、実際にも遵守されなかった。
- However, judging from the power balance of both Southern and Northern Dynasties at that time, not only the Northern Dynasty but also the Southern Dynasty probably did not think this condition would be followed and in reality, it was not.
- またこれと並行して、守護は強い経済力をもって、上記の在庁官人の他、国内の地頭・名主といった有力者(当時、国人と呼ばれた)をも被官(家臣)にしていった。
- In parallel with these processes, the shugo, with their strong economy, recruited as vassals even influential figures called kokujin, such as the jito (estate steward) and the myoshu (owner of the paddy field) in the province, in addition to the zaicho-kannin mentioned above.
- 当時ニッケル鉱石の採掘は露天掘りの大江山鉱山で人海戦術を用いて行われたが、日本人鉱夫の多くが出征し人手が足りなくなると、学生、囚人が大量に投入された。
- At that time, the extraction of nickel ore was conducted by open-air mining in Oeyama Mine using large scale mobilization of labor, but when many Japanese miners went on the warpath, thereby leading to a labor shortage, a large number of students and prisoners were poured in.
- 元々は工具であり、当時の一般市場では万能ナイフか万能スコップ扱いで通るので、持ち歩いても不審に思われなかったことから忍者が武器として使うようになった。
- Kunai was originally a tool which was treated as an utility knife or an all-purpose scoop in the general market at the time and thus ninja began to use it as a weapon because no one was suspicious of a person who carried a kunai with him.
- この意識は少なくとも室町末期ごろまで続き、後世に言われるような「裏切りは卑怯」「主君と生死を共にするのが武士」といった考え方は当時は主流ではなかった。
- This concept continued until at least the late Muromachi period and the ideas that a 'betrayer is a coward' 'samurais should die with their lords' were not mainstream at the time.
- 倭国(後の日本)にとって百済は同盟国であり、当時の倭国の政治指導者である天智天皇(後の天智天皇)は、百済復興を強力に支援しようと、朝鮮半島へ出兵した。
- Kudara was an ally of Wakoku (later Japan), and Naka no Oe no Oji (later Emperor Tenchi), who was the political leader of the country at that time, dispatched troops to the Korean Peninsula in an effort to vigorously back up Kudara to restore.
- 定頼の死後、後を継いだ六角義賢は、当時管領代となり、畿内に一大政権を築きつつあった三好長慶と抗争して、中央政界での勢力を拡大しようとしたがこれに失敗。
- After the death of Sadayori, his successor Yosikata ROKKAKU attacked Nagayoshi MIYOSHI who was then Kanrei-dai and started building up a strong political power in Kinai area and tried in vain to expand his strength among the national political arena.
- 度重なる通商要求を拒絶した日本に対し、元 (王朝)(現在のモンゴルにあたる当時の王朝国)は文永11年(1274年)に第一次遠征(文永の役)を実行する。
- In 1274, Yuan (Dynasty) (a dynasty nation at that time, which corresponds to present Mongol) conducted the first expedition (Bunei War) to Japan which had refused its repeated requests for commerce.
- 社会進化論が当時先進的科学言説として世界を席巻していたさなかにあって、文明/野蛮言説の外から思考・発言することは非常な困難であったと言わねばならない。
- It should have been very difficult to think and make statements from outside of the civilization vs. barbarianism logic when social evolutionism swept the world as the latest scientific theory.
- 当時の新聞紙上では私学の自由を犯すものであるという見解が出る一方で、そもそもこの思想を教授した方法に問題があったのではないかという擁護論も交わされた。
- On the newspaper at that time there were opinions that the measure would hamper freedom of private schools, but on the other hand, some people supported the measure because they thought there might have been a problem in the way to teach the thought.
- 国司は、国内の国衙領(公田)を名田へ再編成し、当時台頭していた富豪層へ名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負わせることで、租税を確実に収取するようになっていった。
- The kokushi reorganized the kokugaryo (public fields administered directly by a ruler) in the province into the myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), and by entrusting the myoden and tax management to the newly-influential wealthy class, they ensured the collection of taxes.
- 当時の学生は、大半は大学寮内に寄宿していており、代表的なものとして菅原清公(菅原道真祖父)が設立して菅原氏・大江氏の管理下にあったとされる文章院がある。
- Most of the students in those days were resident students in Daigakuryo; a representative example is Monjoin, which was established by SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi (the grandfather of SUGAWARA no Michizane) and under the supervision of the Sugawara and Oe clans.
- その理由としては当時、李氏朝鮮は北方から後金の圧迫に忙殺されていたため、日本側の制度変更にあえて異論を挟まなかった、あるいは挟む余裕がなかったとされる。
- It is said that the reason was as follows: At that time, Yi Dynasty Korea was busy for combating pressure from the north by Kokin, and therefore, did not dispute or could not afford to dispute the system change on the Japan side.
- なお、施行当時より慣例的に「交替式」と呼ばれてきているが、律令法における格式のおける考え方からすれば、これは「格」にあたるのではないかとする意見もある。
- By the way, although it was called 'kotaishiki' (indicating a kind of 'shiki') from the time it was enforced for the first time, there is also the following opinion: According to the concept of 'kyakushiki' (kyaku indicates supplementary laws or regulations, and shiki indicates detailed rules for enforcing them) in the Ritsuryo laws, use of 'kyaku' is more appropriate.
- それを受けた薩摩藩軍楽隊隊員の依頼を当時薩摩藩歩兵隊長である大山弥助(後の大山巌、日本陸軍元帥)が受け、大山の愛唱歌より歌詞が採用された(前節も参照)。
- Yasuke OYAMA, who was at that time the commander of the infantry of the Satsuma Domain, (later Iwao OYAMA, who was a marshal of the Imperial Japanese Army) received the request from the squad leader of the military band of the Satsuma Domain, who acted in response to the advice, and the words were adopted from Oyama's favorite song (Also, refer to the preceding clause).
- 「私達は一個の人間として貴方を見る時、同情に耐えません」で始まるこの質問状は、当時学生であった中岡哲郎(のち大阪市立大学教授)の執筆によるものであった。
- This open letter, which started with the phrase 'When we look at you as an individual human being, we cannot help but feel compassion,' was written by a student, Tetsuro Nakaoka (he later became a professor of Osaka City University).
- そのため、当時の人々、特に晴明に占いを依頼できるような堂上家の人達がどのような暮らしをしていたか、どのようなことに関心をもっていたかを知ることができる。
- From such descriptions, we can gather the ways of living of people at the time, especially those of nobilities' family who were the client of Seimei, as well as the subjects they were interested in.
- 合併以前から人口増加が著しく、平成17年実施国勢調査速報値によると、増加率は日本国内町村の中で6位(当時)であり、2006年3月10日に4万人を越えた。
- Even before the consolidation with two other towns, the population growth here was remarkable; a report from the national census in 2005 says the growth rate ranked sixth out of all towns and villages in Japan (at that time), and the population exceeded 40,000 on March 10, 2006.
- 日本では、当時の唐の升を導入し、大升を約0.71リットル(新京升の約0.4倍)、その3分の1の小升を約0.24リットル(同0.1倍)としたとの説がある。
- Japan introduced the sho of the Tang Dynasty, and established both the unit of daisho (larger sho) that had the volume of about 0.71 liters (about 0.4 size of the new kyomasu [masu mainly used in Kyoto]) and the unit of shomasu (smaller sho) that had the volume of about 0.24 liters (a third of daisho, and about a 10th size of the new kyomasu), a theory says.
- これらのことから、大化当時に戸籍・計帳の作成や班田収授法の施行は実施されなかったが、何らかの人民把握(戸口調査など)が実施されただろうと考えられている。
- From these facts, it is believed that although Koseki and Keicho were not made and the law of Handen Shuju ho was not enacted in the Taika era, some demographic investigation (such as door-to-door investigation) was made.
- また、士農工商などといわれる身分制度によって武士を支配階級に位置づけた(もっとも士農工商という言葉は当時の階級を正確に表してはいないと指摘されている)。
- Samurai (warriors) were positioned at the governing class in the hierarchy called 'Shinokosho' ('warriors, peasants, artisans and merchants') (Although it is pointed out that the term of 'Shinokosho' was not correctly representing the order of hereditary social status at that time.)
- 衆議院議員であり、農民運動の先導者であった田中正造は、1900年2月15日、事件に関する質問演説を行っている途中で、当時所属していた憲政本党を離党した。
- Shozo TANAKA, a member of the House of Representatives and a leader of the peasant movement, announced his departure from the Kenseihon Party which he was then affiliated when he was questioning the Kawamata Incident at the Diet meeting on February 15, 1900.
- また一説には、友好使節のはずの朝鮮通信使が、当時の朝鮮人と日本人の間の文化の違いからかえって偏見を生み、のちの征韓論や韓国併合に繋がったとする考えがある。
- There is another view of considering that the Chosen Tsushinshi, which should come for friendly purpose, bore distorted views due to cultural differences between the Japanese and the Korean at that time, leading to Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) and the annexation of Korea in later years.
- 1720年(享保5年)に著された「大明律例訳義」は人道・恤刑思想を重視して正確かつ平易(当時の日本で使われている用語に置き換えた)を旨とした全訳書である。
- Authored in 1720, 'Daiminritsureiyakugi' is a complete translation based on accuracy and simplicity (translated into terms used in Japan at that time), with a focus on thoughts on humanity and merciful punishment.
- 永正16年(1519年)に発生した越水城の戦いを巡る当時の近衛尚通の日記『後法成寺関白記』と鷲尾隆康の日記『二水記』を比較すると両者の違いが明らかとなる。
- The difference between them becomes clear if you compare Hisamichi KONOE's diary, 'Gohojoji Kanpaku Ki)' and Takayasu WASHIO's diary, 'Nisui Ki' with respect to the Battle of Koshimizu-jo Castle that occurred in 1519.
- 「…にことならず」「…の時の如し」という直喩表現からも明らかなとおり、当時の公家が使った「戦国の世」という語は、直接的には古代中国の戦国時代を指していた。
- As clearly understood from the simile expression such as 'equivalent to' and 'same as,' the word 'sengoku no yo' as used by court nobles at that time directly denoted the Zhanguo period in ancient China.
- 各巻とも水晶に金銀透彫りの金具をほどこした軸首や金銀の砂子(すなご)・切箔(きりはく)などを多用した料紙、あるいはまた紐などに当時の工芸技術を伝えている。
- The head of an axis with metal fittings with kingin sukashi-bori (openwork carving on gold or silver), the ryoshi in which gold or silver fine powders and kirihaku (decorative metal pattern on sculptures or paintings) are richly used, and the strings used in each scroll show the craft skills at that time.
- 寛平御遺誡(かんぴょうのごゆいかい)とは、寛平9年7月3日 (旧暦)(897年8月4日)に宇多天皇が醍醐天皇への譲位に際して当時13歳の新帝に与えた書置。
- Kanpyo no goyuikai was the note that Emperor Uda left for the 13-year-old new emperor when he abdicated the throne in favor of Emperor Daigo on August 8, 897.
- また、倉梯麻呂の娘・小足媛は孝徳天皇の妃となって有間皇子を生んだとされており、またもう一人の娘・橘媛は天智天皇の妃になるなど、当時の阿倍氏の勢力が窺える。
- Otarashihime, one of Kurahashimaro's daughters, became Emperor Kotoku's wife and gave birth to Prince Arima, and Tachibanahime, another daughter of his, and became Emperor Tenchi's wife; these facts suggest Abe clan's power at that time.
- このため、本拠を置塩城に移し、晴政の子・赤松義祐は当時の天下人である織田信長と同盟を結ぶなどして勢力回復を図るが、浦上宗景との戦いに敗れて結局は没落した。
- To recover the presence, the clan took those countermeasures, including transferring of its home base to Okishio-jo Castle, and the alliance of Yoshisuke AKAMATSU, the son of Harumasa and Nobunaga ODA, who was the then tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country), however, the clan lost in the battle against Munekage URAGAMI and it eventually collapsed.
- なお、京都タワーの所在地である東塩小路町は、市制町村制施行以前の明治12年(1879年)、当時の塩小路村の一部が下京区に編入された際に成立したものである。
- Higashi Shiokoji-cho, in which Kyoto Tower is located, was established before the Municipal Government Act was enforced, in 1879 when a part of Shiokoji village at that time was incorporated into Shimogyo Ward.
- また、現代の天文知識に基づき当時の月齢を計算すると、この日は天文上の朔に当たるが、これは天文上の朔にあわせるため、庚辰の日を即位日としたと考えられている。
- Also, when the moon cycle of the time is calculated based on current knowledge of astronomy this day falls on am astronomical new moon; it is thought that Kanoe-Tatsu was chosen for the accession in order to match it with the new moon.
- また、その後の小学校の統廃合、移転等に伴い、小学校の通学区自体も当時とは変わっているが、学区の名称は「元学区」として、現在も地区の呼称として使われている。
- Also, due to the streamlining and transfer of elementary schools, the attendance units of elementary schools themselves have changed from those times, but the names of the school districts are used in the present-day as 'former school districts' for the names of an area.
- 白河は応徳3年(1086年)に当時8歳の善仁皇子(堀河天皇)へ譲位し太上天皇(上皇)となったが、幼帝を後見するため白川院と称して、引き続き政務に当たった。
- In 1086, Shirakawa abdicated to Imperial Prince Taruhito (Emperor Horikawa), who was then eight years old; he named himself Shirakawa-in and became Dajo Emperor (Joko), but to oversee the young Emperor he continued the conduct of political affairs.
- これに並行して鎮守府諸施設の工事が始まり、1901年(明治34年)10月1日に舞鶴鎮守府が開庁、初代司令長官は当時海軍中将であった東郷平八郎が任命された。
- At the same time construction of the facilities for Chinjufu began, and on October 1, 1901, Maizuru Chinjufu started operations under first Admiral Heihachiro TOGO who had been a vice admiral till then.
- 区のおおむね南半分は大正7年(1918年)及び昭和6年(1931年)に愛宕郡(おたぎぐん)及び葛野郡(かどのぐん)から当時の上京区に編入された区域である。
- The southern half of the ward roughly consists of towns transferred from the Counties of Otagi and Kadono to the then Kamigyo Ward in 1918 and 1931.
- この時期の清盛の出世について「当時の貴族社会の中では清盛を白河上皇の落胤とする説が信じられており、このことが清盛の異例の昇進に強く影響した」という説もある。
- Regarding the rapid progression of Kiyomori's career at this time, there is a hypothesis that 'many within the aristocracy believed the theory that Kiyomori was retired Emperor Shirakawa's illegitimate child and this led to his rapid promotion.'
- 西洋諸国のように大形の大砲を製造できるほどにまだ鋳造技術が優れていなかった当時の東アジアでは、こうしたロケット型の兵器が攻城戦や海戦で比較的多く導入された。
- At the time, East Asia had not yet created superior metal casting technology similar to Western countries, which meant that large cannons were unable to be produced and relatively numerous rocket-shaped weapons were introduced in siege warfare and naval battles.
- そして、1297年(永仁5)、大彗星が現れると世相に不安が拡がり、当時の徳政観念に従って、貞時は、財物を元の持ち主へ無償で帰属させる永仁の徳政令を発布した。
- When a large comet appeared in 1297, anxiety spread across society, and, according to the Tokusei concept of the time, Sadatoki issued the Einin no Tokuseirei (a debt cancellation order) by which properties had to be returned to the original owner without compensation.
- 当時、足尾銅山は、足尾鉱毒事件で命令された鉱毒防止費用などが負担となり、鉱山労働者の賃金は安く、しかも、労働条件は過酷なもので、労働者の不満は高まっていた。
- At that time in the Ashio Copper Mine, mine workers' complaints were mounting because of their low wages due to the cost for prevention of mineral pollution which was ordered in Ashio Mineral Pollution Incident and their poor working conditions.
- 当時は朝鮮は、人材登用という思想でなく親族を優先的に高官に抜擢するという旧弊を断ち切れず、閔妃派が興宣大院君派と宮廷での権力闘争を繰り広げていた時であった。
- At that time, in Korea, it was when there was no hiring of personnel outside of families and they could not shed their old system of selecting high officials from families and the Queen Min group was fighting with the Heungseon Daewongun (regent of Joseon) group in the Imperial Court.
- が、この論文に至った甲申事変や当時の歴史背景を教えてない事も多く、「脱亜論」の一部だけを取り上げて、「脱亜論」を正しく解釈していない、と言う意見も存在する。
- However, because most of them do not teach about the Gapsin Coup and the other historical background at that time that led to the 'Datsu-A Ron,' some say that this is not a proper understanding of the 'Datsu-A Ron' but just picking a part of it out of context.
- 同時に当時の神祇に関する宗教思想のあり方を知ることができる点や、平安後期における院による熊野三山への支援を知ることができる点において、重要な史料となっている。
- At the same time, Chokan-kanmon is a precious historical material by which we can well understand the religious philosophy of Jingi (gods of heaven and earth) at the time as well as the reality of the Retired Emperors' support for Kumano sanzan in the late stage of the Heian period.
- 「地利の上分」(田1段(反)につき1斗5升、畠1段につき5升、当時としてはかなりの高率)と、「土産のもの」(雉100羽、塩曳き鮭100尺)を、伊勢神宮に納める
- Donated to the Ise-jingu Shrine were 'profits from use of the land,' (about 27 liters per a tan [an old unit indicating an area of land, which is 991.7 square meters] of a rice paddy and about nine liters per a tan of a field of crops other than rice, which are significantly high rates for that time), and 'local products,' (100 Japanese pheasants and 30.03 meters of salted salmon).
- 当時の福知山藩主であった松平忠房 (島原藩主)が、1669年(寛文9年)の国替えによって島原藩(現在の島原市)に移り住んだのがきっかけとなり姉妹都市となった。
- The move by Tadafusa MATSUDAIRA (domain head of the Shimabara clan) who was the domain head of the Fukuchiyama clan at the time, to the Shimabara clan (present-day Shimabara City) in 1669, was the catalyst for Fukuchiyama establishing a sister city relationship with Shimabara City.
- 当時の皇族の名は資養者の関係から命名され、乳母のウジが採られることが多いが、壱志姫王の場合も伊勢国一志郡に興る壱師君(後に宿禰)が扶養者であったと推測される。
- The members of the Imperial Family at that time were usually named after their guardians, most of the time their menoto (wet nurse), and we can assume that Ichishihime no Okimi was dependent of the Ichishi no kimi clan (later Sukune [the third highest of the eight hereditary titles]) which emerged in Ichishi County, Ise Province.
- 阿保は、父の失脚のときに大宰権帥に左遷されて九州に移された苦い経験を持っていたので、このような話には乗らず、すぐに当時は太皇太后になっていた嘉智子に報告した。
- Abo had a bitter experience when his father was deposed and sent to Kyushu as Dazai gon no sochi (Provisional Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices), did not follow their advice and immediately reported this to Kachiko, who was the Grand Empress Dowager at that time.
- 当時、条約の未締結国であった清国から神戸に渡ってきた華僑は、居留地には住むことができず、その西側に多く住み着き、南京町 (神戸)といった中華街を築いていった。
- Chinese abroad who came to Kobe from Qing with which Japan had not signed a treaty at that time, were not allowed to live in The Former Foreign Settlement, settling on its west side, building Chinatowns called Nanjing-machi Town (Kobe).
- 1881年 ハワイ王国(当時)のカラカウア (ハワイ王)が、他国の国家元首として初めて訪日、明治天皇に謁見し、新たに日本からハワイへ移民を送ることに合意する。
- In 1881, King Kalakaua of the Kingdom of Hawaii was the first head of a foreign country to visit Japan, where he met the Meiji Emperor and agreed to accept more Japanese immigrants to Hawaii.
- これは、当時の文化先進地である西国において石垣を多用した築城が発達し、また東国においては、築城に適した石材の採取が困難であり、土塁の使用が多かったためとされる。
- It is understood that this is because castle construction using stone walls was developed in Saigoku which was culturally advanced area at that time and in Togoku, it was difficult to obtain stone materials which were suitable for castle building and therefore, dorui (earthen walls) were often used.
- 倭寇の中心的活動の一つで拠点であった前期倭寇当時の朝鮮半島は李氏朝鮮が成立直後であった事もあり、自立的な治安維持能力が不足し倭寇活動を抑制する事が困難であった。
- During the days of the early Wako, the Korean peninsula was not only one of the Wako's principal targets, but also their base of operations, and because the Joseon dynasty had only just been established in Korea, the new government lacked the independent ability to preserve peace, making it extremely difficult for them to suppress Wako pirate activity.
- 日本側では南北朝の動乱が(特に博多を含む九州においては)収まっておらず、当時九州の有力者であった南朝側の懐良親王が明の使者に応じて「日本国王」に封ぜられている。
- In Japan, where disturbances between the Northern and Southern Courts had not been contained (in particular in Kyushu district including Hakata), Imperial Prince Kanenaga (Kaneyoshi) of the Southern Court who received a messenger from Ming was sealed as 'King of Japan.'
- 左方のチームカラーは暖色系統(当時は紫から橙色まで)で、大きな催しなどではアシスタントの女童たちの衣装や品物を包む料紙なども赤紫から紅の色合いで意匠を統一する。
- The left team was dressed in warm colors, ranging from purple to orange at the time, and in big events, the designs of costumes of assistant menowarawa (girls) and of writing paper for wrapping items were also unified in colors ranging from reddish purple to red.
- この当時、日本の社会各層で家産の相続を前提とする「家」(イエ)制度の成立が進行しており、公家社会の形成も、貴族層における「家」の成立として理解することができる。
- At that time 'a family system' assuming inheritance of family property was being established in each class of Japanese society, therefore, the formation of the kuge society can be understood as establishment of 'a family' within the noble hierarchy.
- 当時、新選組では病人が多い等の理由で人手が少なく、実際に捜索に当たったのは、近藤隊10人・土方隊24人の総数わずか34名だった(異説有り、出動隊士一覧を参照)。
- At the time, the Shinsen-gumi was short-handed because many members were sick, so only 34 members took part in the search - 10 in the KONDO squad and 24 in the HIJIKATA squad (There are different views on the number. cf. List of Soldiers Involved).
- しかし梁田広正や滝川一益でも同様の敵地への領地替えが行われて旧領はしばらく安堵されていたので、これは新領獲得まで旧領安堵するという当時の作法ではという説がある。
- However, as similar transference of the fief to enemy's territory was carried out for Hiromasa YANADA and Kazumasu TAKIGAWA and their former fiefs were guaranteed for a certain time period, there is a view that it was a custom at that time to guarantee the former fief until the new fief is in fact acquired.
- そもそも当時、公地公民制という概念が存在していなかった可能性が高く、また三世一身法・墾田永年私財法は、むしろ律令制を補強することを目的として制定されたのである。
- There is a high possibility that the notion of Kochi Komin sei did not exist at that time and therefore, institution of Sanze-isshin Law and Konden Einen Shizai Law were rather aimed at reinforcing the Ritsuryo system.
- 当時の李氏朝鮮は、壬午軍乱(1882年)で興宣大院君が清へ連れ去られており、閔妃をはじめとする驪興閔氏一族は、親日派政策から清への事大主義へと方向転換していた。
- At that time in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, as Heungseon Daewongun was abducted to Qing under the Imo Incident (1882), the Min clan of Yeoheung, including the Empress Myeongseong, had turned to serving the great Qing from the pro-Japanese policy.
- 大乗院日記目録(だいじょういんにっきもくろく)とは、奈良興福寺の門跡寺院である大乗院の、第27代大僧正尋尊が当時の政治・社会・文化・宗教史等について記した書物。
- Daijoin Nikki Mokuroku is the book recording the politics, social events, culture, and the history of religion written by Jinson, the 27th Daisojo (highest ranked priest among Japanese Buddhist monks) of Daijoin-Temple, which is the related temple of the nobility oriented/established Kofuku-ji Temple in Nara Prefecture.
- 梁川中心市街(梁川城下)から国道349号線を1.5kmほど北上して阿武隈川を越えると、左手に、当時、梁川城に対峙して伊達軍が布陣したという小山…大枝城跡がある。
- Across the Abukumagawa River 1.5 km north from the Yanagawa city center (Yanagawa-jo castle town) through National Route 349, Oyama, the Oeda-jo Castle where the Date army lined up to face Abukuma-jo Castle can been seen on the left.
- 当時の李氏朝鮮は、壬午事変(1882年)で興宣大院君が清へ連れ去られており、閔妃をはじめとする閔氏一族は、親日派政策から清への事大主義政策へと方向転換していた。
- In the Joseon Dynasty at that time, Heungseon Daewongun was taken to China after the Imo Incident (1882) and the Min family including Queen Min were changing their policies from pro-Japanese to Sadaejuui (Loving and admiring the great and powerful).
- 切れ者とはいえ当時中納言で太政官での序列が第6位でしかなかった良房ひとりが中心となってこのような事件を起こす(しかも上位者2人の排斥を含む)ことは不可能であった。
- Furthermore, considering Yoshifusa's post as Chunagon at the time; the sixth highest rank in the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), it is impossible for him to cause such an incident alone (notably, Yoshifusa expulsed two senior people) by taking a leading role, even if he was famous as an able person.
- また当時、元側でも1335年から1336年にかけての倭寇事件を契機に、寧波市(明州、のちの寧波)に入港する日本船を海賊船と見なして、港の出入を厳しく制限していた。
- Moreover, in those days, Yuan officials rigorously restricted entry or departure of the port, regarding any Japanese ship, which entered Neiha city (Mingzhou, later Ningbo), as a pirate ship after the Wako Incident from 1335 to 1336.
- 御成敗式目の条文も実は新制や明法勘文などに積み重ねによって社会の実情に対応して変化していった鎌倉時代前期当時の公家法の法形式に則していることが明らかになっている。
- It became evident that provisions for the Goseibai-shikimoku was in accordance with the law formula for the court noble law of the early Kamakura period, which had changed corresponding to the social reality, actually by adding to a new system and Myobo kanmon (written reports to the Imperial Court by scholars of the law).
- だが、当時の将軍は13歳の足利義満であり、後見である管領細川頼之は「可為聖断」「武家更難申是非」と慎重な態度を示し、あくまで天皇の聖断によるべしとの態度を示した。
- However, as the shogun at the time was Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who was 13 years old, kanrei (shogunal deputy) Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, the guardian of the Imperial Prince, repeatedly insisted that the Emperor make a decision over the matter, saying 'the Emperor should make a decision' and 'don't allow samurai intervention.'
- そのことから実際に藤原氏の一族であったかはともかく、少なくとも当時の摂家から一族の係累に連なる者と認められていたことは確認されている(興福寺は摂家の氏寺である)。
- From these facts, although whether the Oshu Fujiwara clan was in fact related to the Fujiwara clan is still not clear, at least it was validated that the Sekke family (a lineage of regents and advisers, namely the Fujiwara clan at that time) recognized Tsunekiyo as someone who had a relation to the Fujiwara clan (Kofuku-ji Temple was an uji-dera temple [a temple built to pray for a clan's glory] of the Sekke family).
- 運動の中心であった柳は、当時ほとんど研究が進んでおらず、美術品としての評価も定まっていなかった日本各地の民衆的工芸品の調査・収集のため、日本全国を精力的に旅した。
- Yanagi, who was the key figure of the movement, actively traveled to various places in Japan to investigate and collect folkish handicrafts that had hardly been researched or evaluated as art.
- 当時、鉄道敷設法によって鉄道建設は鉄道公債の発行によって全て賄うこととされており、この提案は新規どころか既存の鉄道工事も全て停止すると言っているのにも等しかった。
- Since railway construction was specified to be covered by issuance of the railway bonds in the Railway Construction Act at that time, this proposal virtually meant that not only new but also existing railway works should be all suspended.
- 当時、研究会の主力であった伯爵議員・子爵議員・男爵議員は、いずれも任期7年の互選による選出が行われていた(貴族院伯子男爵議員選挙規則(明治22年勅令第78号))。
- At that time, the main force of Kenkyukai, count, viscount and baron members were all elected from among themselves and their tenure of office was seven years.(The election law for Count, Viscount and Baron members of the House of Peers (Article 78 in 1889))
- 当時の世情として太田朝敷や沖縄県民は、大日本帝国の一員であり本土出身者と同じ日本民族だとの意識が広まりつつあったため、他の民族と同列に扱うことへの抗議でもあった。
- At that time, the people in Okinawa were increasingly more conscious that those who lived in Okinawa, including Chofu OTA, were citizens of the Empire of Japan and are in the same ethnic group as the people on mainland Japan, so the protest was also meant to complain about being treated equally to the other ethnic groups.
- しかし『伊勢物語』とは異なり統一的な主人公はおらず、各段ごとに和歌にまつわる説話や、当時の天皇・貴族・僧ら実在の人物による歌語りが連なった歌物語の集成となっている。
- However, without setting a specific leading character like 'Ise Monogatari,' this literary work collects narratives relating to waka poems and uta-monogatari consisting of a series of poems composed by real people like emperors, nobles, Buddhist priests in those days, each of which is compiled in a chapter.
- だが、朝鮮通信使が実際に書いた日記(日東壮遊歌 など)などの当時の資料を紐解くと、進んだ文化を持つ日本の繁栄ぶりが描写されており、韓国の教育とは相違が見受けられる。
- However, when reading documents concerning that time, for example, actual written diaries (such as Nittosoyuka), it is found that Japan was advanced culturally and was prosperous, showing differences between what is educated in Korea and reality.
- 東京帝国大学法科の首脳は京大法科を支持、当時の奥田義夫文部大臣も「教授ノ任免ニ付テハ総長カ職権ノ運用上教授会ト協定スルハ差支ナク且ツ妥当ナリ」と京大法科を支持した。
- The head of the law school of Tokyo Imperial University supported the law school of Kyoto Imperial University, and then Minister for Education Yoshio OKUDA also supported the law school of Kyoto Imperial University by saying 'in the case of the appointment and dismissal of professors, it is all right and appropriate for the president to conclude the agreement with faculty councils.'
- 当時、算術が普及せずにその知識を有する者が少なかったために官位こそは低いものの、及第して官人となった算生の持つ数的処理能力に諸官司から期待されるところは大きかった。
- At that time, arithmetic was not widespread and few people had such knowledge; therefore, although the official court rank of the Sansho was low, once they passed the examination and became government officials, various government officials held great expectations for their mathematical processing abilities.
- 渡来人の高い生産性に支えられた葛城氏の実力は極めて巨大で、大王家のそれと肩を並べるほどであり、両者の微妙なバランスの上に、当時のヤマト政権が成立していたのであろう。
- The Katsuraki clan, supported by the high productivity of immigrant workers, was so powerful that it was as strong as the Okimi family; it is thought that the Yamato regime exsited in a delicate balance between the two families.
- このほか中央の文献には当時、伯耆国内で有力であった小鴨氏、南条氏、村上氏_(伯耆国)などと並んで進氏の名が記されており、西伯耆の有力者であったことがうかがい知れる。
- In some records of the administrations, the name of the Shin clan is found as well as the Kogamo clan, Nanjo clan, Murakami clan of Hoki Province and so on which were powerful clans in Hoki Province in those days, therefore, the Shin clan is considered to have been one of such influential clans in West Hoki.
- しかし、黒田長政の仲介により当時秀吉に次ぐ実力者であった徳川家康と出会った宗厳は、家康の前で「無刀取り」を披露したことにより、兵法指南役に迎えたいと申し出を受ける。
- However, by the arrangement of Nagamasa KURODA, Munetoshi met Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who was the most powerful samurai next to Hideyoshi at that time, and in front of Ieyasu, he performed 'Muto-dori' (seizing opponent's sword without his own sword), and as a result, he was offered the position of the instructor of Heiho (art of warfare).
- 安倍氏の一族としては500年以上絶えてなかった事であり、その職掌柄から時には恐れ忌み嫌われる立場にあった陰陽師が公卿になったことは当時としては衝撃的な事件であった。
- This never happened to the Abe clan in the past 500 years, and it was a startling event at that time because a person of Onmyoji, which was a position that was sometimes hated or feared by others, became a Kugyo.
- 他にも尾藤橋、三河橋などに代表される沈下橋の存在や、福知山市施設などでも当時をかたるさまざまな資料が残されており、水害と共に生きてきた市民の歴史を知ることができる。
- Additionally, there is a bridge designed to be submerged during floods, like the Bito-bashi Bridge, Sogo-bashi Bridge, etc., as well as various relics which remain in the facilities of Fukuchiyama City, which tell the history of those citizens who lived with the floods.
- しかしながら皇后は夫の天皇亡き後に中継ぎの天皇として即位する可能性があるため皇族しか立后されないのが当時の慣習であったことから、長屋王は光明子の立后に反対していた。
- However, in those days it was a practice to install a member of the Imperial Family as the Empress because the Empress could ascend the throne as an interim emperor after the death of the Emperor (her husband) and therefore Nagayao opposed the installation of Komyoshi as the Empress.
- この事件の舞台となった明保野亭は当時、他にも多く見られた様に料亭と旅宿を兼ねており、倒幕の志士による密議にも多く利用されていたことが事件の背景にあったと考えられる。
- Like other restaurants in those days, Akebonotei served as both restaurant and hotel and was also frequently used by royalists who aimed to overthrow the bakufu in their closed sessions, which was the context of the incident.
- こうした環境は、当時、長子による家督権継承が完全に確立されていなかったことも相まって、しばしば将軍家・守護大名家に後継者争いや「お家騒動」を発生させる原因になった。
- This circumstance, coupled with the still incomplete establishment of the system of family headship inheritance by the eldest son, often gave rise to rivalry for heirship or other 'oie sodo' (family feuds) in the families of the Shogun and shugo daimyos.
- この計画のネックとなるのが清の存在だったが、清は当時フランスと、ベトナムの覇権を争う清仏戦争の最中であり、一度に双方には派兵できないだろうという予測がなされていた。
- Although Qing was considered as the obstruction of this plan, it was expected that Qing could not afford to send the military to the different fields at the same time during the Sino-French War for hegemony over Vietnam.
- なお、日本書紀によるとこの遷都には民衆から大きな不満があり、昼夜を問わず出火があったという(当時は政治に不満がある時、宮殿へ放火する風習があったと推測されている)。
- According to Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), because the people were extremely unhappy about the moving of the capital, there were fire breakouts regardless of day or night (It is presumed that there was such a custom at that time that they set fire to the palace when the people were unhappy about politics.)
- 当時の日本では、歴史学界内部に限れば冷静な議論が可能であったが、一歩外に出れば学問の自由は存在せず、政府、政治家、神道家、新聞が、学者の不敬を格好の攻撃材料とした。
- In Japan in those days, calm discussions were possible only within the academic circle of history, but there was no academic freedom outside the circle, and the government, politicians, shintoists and newspapers attacked the impiety of scholars.
- 一方、「延喜儀式」についても逸文とされるものは残されているものの、それらが実際の宮中行事に活用されたという当時の記録は無く、未完成あるいは後世の仮託とする見解もある。
- As for 'Engi Gishiki,' although the part believed to be a surviving fragment of it remained, no records existed to prove that it was used for virtual functions in the imperial court; therefore, some say it was an incomplete work or a pretense made in later ages.
- 安土桃山時代に豊臣秀次が八幡城を築城した際、城下町の都市計画として整備され、城を防御する軍事的な役割と琵琶湖の水運(当時の物流の要)を利用する商業的役割を兼ね備えた。
- When Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI built Yawata-jo Castle during the Azuchi-Momoyama Period, the canal was built as part of development of a castle town to serve both the military function of castle defense and the commercial function of water transport in the Lake Biwa area (as a logistics center during the period).
- 区の大部分は明治35年(1902年)、大正7年(1918年)、及び昭和6年(1931年)、旧葛野郡(かどのぐん)及び紀伊郡の村から当時の下京区に編入された区域である。
- Most of its areas were villages in the former Counties of Kadono and Kii, which were then transferred to the former Shimogyo Ward in 1902, 1918 and 1931.
- 当時18歳の吉良家当主の吉良義周は薙刀術を持って、赤穂浪士の剣客のひとりである武林唯七(堀部安兵衛とも)と果敢に渡り合ったが、斬られて目に血が入り、気を失ったという。
- It is said that the head of the Kira family, Yoshimasa KIRA, who was 18 at that time, courageously fought against one of the expert swordsmen among Ako Roshi, Tadashichi TAKEBAYASHI (also known as Yasube HORIBE) with his naginata skills; however, he fainted after blood from his wound went into his eyes.
- 当時の根本法令であった律令においては、原則として国の土地は全て国有地であり、公の土地を民衆へ耕作割り当てを行い(口分田)、その収穫から徴税する(租)と規定されていた。
- According to the Ritsuryo Code which was the fundamental law at the time, all the land in the country were, in principle, state-owned, and such public lands were allotted to common people for their cultivation (this allotment was called 'kubunden'), and it was stipulated that the collection of taxes be made from their harvests (this tax was called 'so').
- 銅鐸を祭る当時の列島の信仰的背景とは著しく異なる文化を持った外敵が攻めて来た等の社会的な変動が起きた時に、銅鐸の所有者が土中に隠匿して退散したという説(古田武彦等)。
- The sixth is that people hid dotaku in the ground and escaped when a social change took place, such as attacks of a foreign enemy with a significantly different religious background from that of the Japanese island of that time, when dotaku were adored (Takehiko FURUTA).
- 当時は天智天皇のもとで政治体制の近代化が進められ、中国の諸制度の積極的な導入が行われており、その根幹となる律令(近江令)が当然に定められたはずと見るのが存在説である。
- People who believe that the code did exist consider that modernization of the government, which had been promoted at that time under the Emperor Tenchi through active introduction of rules and systems from China, would have required a Ritsuryo code (Omi-Ryo) to be enacted as the basis of it.
- この当時にイギリスの死刑執行人を務めていたウィリアム・マーウッドが考案した物と金具の形状やロープの長さ、床の開き方などが酷似しており、参考にされた可能性が考えられる。
- The shape of metal fittings, the length of the rope and the way the floor opens are similar to those devised by William Marwood, who served as executioner in England in those days, so it is possible that his method was used as a guide for preparing the Scheme.
- また当時出没し始めた倭寇による海賊的私貿易を防ぐ意味からも、沿岸部の広州・泉州・慶元(寧波)などに市舶司を置き、日本との平和的な交易を望むようになっていた(日元貿易)。
- In addition, with an aim to prevent piratical private trades by wako (Japanese pirates), the dynasty came to desire peaceful trades with Japan (trade between Japan and Yuan Dynasty) by establishing Shihakushi (the public office that operated on trade on the sea in China from T'ang-Dynasty period to the Ming Dynasty period) in Quanzhou, Qingyuan, and Ningbo.
- これらの農地はもともと領主が百姓を使役して荒地を開墾したものであり、古代末期・中世当時、荒地を開墾した者には該当地の収穫をすべて収取する権利が認められる場合が多かった。
- Such farmland was originally cultivated by the feudal lord using peasants as a labor force, and those who cultivated wasteland were usually permitted the right to collect all the crops of the applicable ground in the end of ancient times and medieval times.
- 日露戦争当時、日本海軍はロシア海軍が本土に上陸する地点は若狭湾であると想定し、京都への侵攻を防ぐため舞鶴に海軍基地、舞鶴から高浜町にかけての海岸沿いには砲台を設置した。
- Before the Russo-Japanese War, the Imperial Japanese Navy assumed that the landing point of the Russian Navy would be Wakasa Bay, so they established a naval base in Maizuru and gun batteries along the coast from Maizuru to Takahama-cho.
- 福知山鉄道館ポッポランドや北丹鉄道の福知山西駅跡のSL公園には、当時使用されていたSLやそのレプリカが保存展示されており、福知山駅南口にも転車台が展示される計画である。
- In 'Poppo Land' Fukuchiyama Railway Hall and the SL Park established on the site where Fukuchiyama Nishi Station used to exist, SLs and their replicas have been preserved and are on exhibition; there is also a plan to put a Turntable on display at the south exit of Fukuchiyama Station.
- 当時の岡田内閣は、同年8月3日には「統治権が天皇に存せずして天皇は之を行使する為の機関なりと為すがごときは、これ全く万邦無比なる我が国体の本義を愆るものなり。」とした。
- Okada Cabinet at the time declared in August 3 that 'saying the sovereignty didn't reside with the emperor and the emperor was an organ to exercise it was an incomparable action to damage the primordial doctrine of the fundamental character of the nation.'
- また、銅鉱一つ発見されただけで元号を改めるほどの国家的事件と捉えられていた当時において大量の銅原料を確保する事は困難であり、流通量もそれほど多くなかったとの見方もある。
- Moreover, there is a belief that it was difficult to secure a large amount of raw copper for minting coins at the time as the discovery of only one copper mine became a national event; furthermore, there is an opinion that the amount of coins circulated was not much.
- 当時においては既に実効性を喪失していると判断した政府は、内閣及び総理府関係法令の整理に関する法律(昭和29年法律第203号)の本則第4号により本法を廃止することとした。
- Considering that Haitorei had already lost its effectiveness at that time, the government decided to abolish this act by the article No.4 of the law on organizing regulations relevant to the Cabinet and the Prime Minister's Office (the 203rd law in 1954).
- 後に、官幣社にも国幣社にも分類できない官社(当時の国家に功績を挙げた人物を祀る神社など)として別格官幣社の制度が導入され、明治5年に湊川神社が初の別格官幣社に列格した。
- Subsequently, a system of Bekkaku Kanpeisha was introduced for Kansha which could not be classified as either Kanpeisha or Kokuheisha (e.g. shrines dedicated to people who rendered distinguished services to the state of the time), and Minatogawa-jinja Shrine was classified as the first Bekkaku Kanpeisha in 1872.
- 当時、「一円」の語は、一元的または完全を意味しており、一円的に支配されている土地を一円地(いちえんち)・一円領(いちえんりょう)・一円荘(いちえんのしょう)などと呼んだ。
- The term 'ichien' at the time meant entirety or completeness, and lands that were under ichien control were called ichienchi (ichien land), ichienryo (ichien territory), or ichien no sho (ichien manor).
- こうした検断に関する事案を当時の用語で「検断沙汰」というが、検断沙汰には、殺人・傷害事件、窃盗・強盗事件、また謀叛など、治安を脅かす罪科に対する訴訟・裁判が含まれていた。
- Cases on these kendan were called Kendan-sata (criminal cases) in terms at that time and this Kendan-sata included suits and trials against crimes which threatened public order such as murder and injury cases, theft and robbery cases, and coup d'etat.
- ところが、延宝3年(1674年)に第4皇子である五宮(後に朝仁親王と命名、後の東山天皇)が誕生すると、天皇は当時4歳の一宮よりも五宮に皇位を継がせたいと考えるようになる。
- However, when Gonomiya, the Emperor's fourth son (later Imperial Prince Asahito and still later Emperor Higashiyama) was born in 1674, the Emperor began to think of having Gonomiya, rather than four years old Ichinomiya, succeed his throne.
- 当時の流動的で争乱の続く状況の中で、幕府は、武士層だけでなく貴族・寺社層も存立基盤としており、貴族・寺社層の権利保全を図るため、武士による半済の抑制に努めることとなった。
- Under the fluid situation in the midst of the continuing disturbance, the feudal government treated the noble class and the temple/shrine class as well as the samurai class, and thus began controlling the abusive use of samurais' hanzei authority in order to protect the authority of the noble class and the temple/shrine class.
- 6代将軍の足利義教の頃には将軍家の「弓馬師範」としての地位を確立し、以後的始め、馬始めなど幕府の公式儀礼をしばしば差配し、当時における武家の有職故実の中心的存在となった。
- In the period of the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, it established the position of 'the master of kyuba' of the shogun family and often managed the official ceremonies of bakufu such as Mato-hajime and Uma-hajime (first horse riding in beginning of year) as the key player of yusoku kojitsu of samurai families around that time.
- 全体計画の完成には至らず、主に練習場の用途であったが、もう少し戦争が長引いていれば福知山市も空襲の対象になっていたのではないかともいわれるほど、当時の軍事拠点でもあった。
- The whole plan was never completed, and the airport was mainly used for practice, but, it is said that since Fukuchiyama was a military hub at the time, Fukuchiyama City may have been the target of an air attack if the war had persisted a bit longer.
- 結果として発表時の4割程度の支出に留まり、米価格の下落には至らず、1918年末には米騒動当時の価格まで上昇したが、国民の実質収入増加によって騒動が再発することはなかった。
- As only about 40 percent of the announced budget were eventually spent, the rice price did not drop but rose to the price during the rice riots in the end of 1918, but riots never occurred any more since people's actual income had increased.
- 寺社勢力(じしゃせいりょく)とは日本中世において、武家政権・朝廷とともに権力を三分した、大寺院・神社(当時は神仏習合のために一体)による軍事・行政・経済・文化パワーである。
- Jisha seiryoku is a term describing the military, governmental, economical and cultural power of temples and shrines (at that time considered equivalent because of syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism), which shared power with the military government and Imperial Court during the Japanese middle ages.
- 当時、東海道・東山道も反乱勢力に制圧されていたが、北陸は平家の兵糧の補給地として大切な地域との認識があり、鎮西と並んで平家が反乱を早急に鎮圧しなければならない地域であった。
- At that time, the rebel forces had taken control of the Tokai-do and Tosan-do Roads as well, but Hokuriku was recognized as an important supplier of army provisions, so it was this region as well as Chinzei (nickname of Kyushu) where the Taira clan had to suppress the rebellion.
- 当時の学問水準より比定の誤りなどが見られるが、平安初期以前の薬物の和名をことごとく記載しておりかつ来歴も明らかで、本拠地である中国にも無いいわゆる逸文が大量に含まれている。
- Although there are some errors in the identification of the medicines by analogy due to the low level of the study at that time, every single Japanese name of the medicines used before the early Heian period is recorded, and the origins and histories of them are revealed, and plenty of so-called itsubun (lost writings), which previously existed but do not exist now even in its home country, China, are included in the dictionary.
- 『花園天皇宸記』正和2年(1313)10月14日条に「今日寛平御記十巻、一見了」と記されていることから、当時10巻が伝存していたことがわかるが、現在は1巻も残存していない。
- Although the fact that the diary of October 14, 1313 of 'Hanazono Tenno Shinki' (The Records of Emperor Hanazono) described 'Today, I finished reading the 10th volume of Kanpyo gyoki' shows that Kanpyo gyoki existed in 10 volumes, no books exist now.
- 当時の吉良荘は古矢作川の東西にも広がっていたため、川の東西をそれぞれ「東条」(城は現幡豆郡吉良町大字駮馬〈まだらめ〉字城山)・「西条」(城は現西尾市)と区分して呼んでいた。
- In those days, Kiranosho reached out to the east and the west of the Furuyahagi-gawa River, so it was divided into two as the west and the east, and called, 'Tojo' (The castle exists in Shiroyama, Madarame, Kira-cho, Hazu County) and 'Saijo' (The castle presently exists in Nishio City).
- 長保2年(1000年)、遵子を当時は空席となっていた皇太后に移して皇太后宮職を付置し、定子には中宮職をあらためて皇后宮職を付置し、彰子が皇后に立てられて中宮職を付置された。
- Junshi was shifted to the vacant post of Empress Dowager and Kotaigogushoku was established for her in 1000, and Kotaigogushoku was established instead of Chugushiki and assigned to Teishi, and Akiko was put up as empress to which Chugushiki was assigned.
- ただし、ヤマト王権は独自性を持った様々な部族の連合政権的な物だったらしく、ヤマト王権の支配域と当時の大和民族の分布域をイコールで結ぶことは必ずしも適切ではないかもしれない。
- However, it might not be appropriate to think that the range of the Yamato sovereignty's domain and the distribution of the Yamato race at that time were equal because the Yamato sovereignty appeared to be a coalition government of various tribes which had their own sovereignty.
- (被告のうち1名は公判途中で死去)兇徒聚集罪は認められなかったが、当時現場にいなかった、首謀者とされる農民らに重い刑を科すという意味では、検察側の主張に沿った判決となった。
- None of the peasants were found guilty of mass rioting (one accused person died during the public court,) but it could be said that the sentence was given in line with the prosecution's claim because the peasants whom the prosecutions regarded as ringleaders were imposed on a heavy penalty, even though they were not at the incident site.
- 当時、在地豪族(地方軍事貴族)はたびたび国衙に反抗的な行動をとっていたが、中央の有力貴族との私的な関係を通じて不問になることが多く、実際に追討宣旨が下されることは稀だった。
- At that time, local powerful clans (local military aristocracies) often behaved disaffectedly to the kokuga (provincial government office), but it was overlooked due to the private relationship with central dominant nobilities, so an imperial decree to hunt down and kill Tadatsune was rarely issued.
- 秀吉が豊臣氏の姓を授かるのは、この一件の翌年の天正14年9月9日_(旧暦)(1586年10月21日)であるため、当時の表記にあわせて賜姓以前については「羽柴秀吉」表記とする。
- Because he was awarded the clan name of Toyotomi on October 21, 1586, the following year of the dispute, Hideyoshi before the award is described as 'Hideyoshi HASHIBA' in this section according to the name at that time.
- 延宝6年(1677年)、天皇は幕府の意向を確かめるべく江戸に使者を派遣するが、当時の征夷大将軍徳川家綱は法皇やその正妃東福門院(家綱の叔母)の同意のないこの提案には反対した。
- In 1677, the Emperor sent an envoy to Edo to know what the Bakufu's intention was, but Ietsuna TOKUGAWA, then Seii Taishogun (literally 'great general who subdues the barbarians') objected to this proposal, which had not been approved by the Cloistered Emperor and his legitimate consort Tofukumonin (Ietsuna's aunt).
- 天武系でなければ即位すら出来なかった時代に天智系の光仁天皇(当時は白壁王)の第一皇子として生まれ、立太子は行われなかった(通常、継承順位が高ければ生まれると同時に行われた)。
- At a time when only a Tenmu-descendent prince could ascend the throne, Emperor Kanmu was born as the first prince of Tenchi-descendent Emperor Konin (Prince Shirakabe at that time) but Rittaishi (investiture of the Crown Prince) was not conducted, although it was normally done at the time of birth if the person's order of succession was high.
- 嘉靖34年(日本の弘治 (日本)2年/1556年)に琉球を経由して日本の豊後国に入国したが、当時同国を支配していた大友氏に捕えられて臼杵市の海蔵寺龍宝庵に幽閉されてしまった。
- In 1556, Cheng Shun-kung came over to Japan through ryukyu and entered Bungo Province, where he was arrested by the Otomo clan, the ruler of the province in those days, and confined in Ryuho-an of Kaizo-ji Temple, Usuki City.
- 当時の島津氏は上方の情勢に疎かったがために西軍に付かざるを得ない状況となり、この反省から、以後薩摩藩は独立王国の様相を呈し始め、各地に密偵を配置し、情報収集力の増強に努めた。
- The Shimazu clan at that time lacked sufficient knowledge regarding the situation in the Kyoto-Osaka district, so it had no choice but to join the Western Army; it was their regret over this decision that resulted in the Satsuma clan starting to show signs of becoming an independent realm, placing spies in various regions and trying to strengthen its ability to collect information.
- ジャパン・パンチによれば当時、人口2千人ほどの居留地外国人の楽しみは根岸競馬場での競馬観戦であり、テニスやラケットボール、クリケット(英国人)、野球(米国人)も人気があった。
- There were about 2000 people living in the settlement, and according to the Japan Punch, foreigners enjoyed watching horse racing at Negishi Racetrack; other popular sports included tennis, racket ball, cricket (among the English), and baseball (among the Americans).
- このことから、民法の条文の「父ノ家ニ入ル」「家ヲ去リタル」という(当時の)表現は、戸籍の面からは、それぞれ「父の家の戸籍に入籍する」「家の戸籍から除籍された」ことを意味する。
- Accordingly, definitions of articles in the Old Civil Codes such as 'be a member of one's own father's Ie'or '(someone) leaves a Ie' means 'be registered on the koseki of one's own father' and 'remove someone's name from a koseki'.
- なお、鎮圧にあたって有力庄屋層が、解放令が「五万日の日延べ」となったと号令を出し、当時、法教育を受けていない農民を納得させ、結果的に、解放令の発効を認めなかった地方もあった。
- In the meantime, lot of influential shoya (village headman) satisfied farmers who were not given any legal education at that time through issuing a command that Kaiho Rei was made '5 man nichi no hinobe (to take effect after 50,000 days)' in order to repress, and, as a result, the enforcement of Kaiho Rei was not acknowledged in some provinces.
- 七博士意見書(しちはくしいけんしょ)とは、日露戦争開戦直前の1903年(明治36年)6月10日付で当時の内閣総理大臣桂太郎、外務大臣 (日本)小村壽太郎らに提出された意見書。
- Shichihakushi Ikensho was a written opinion submitted to the then Prime Minister Taro KATSURA, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) Jutaro KOMURA and so on as of June 10 1903, just before the start of Russo-Japanese War.
- 神祇官内に設置された宣教使の神道と儒教を基本とした国民教導が失敗したことを受け、当時最大の宗教勢力であった仏教、特に浄土真宗の要請によって神・儒・仏の合同布教体制が敷かれた。
- After the failure of Shintoism instructed by the Shinto Missionary division set up inside of the department of Jingikan (officers of the institution for dedicating to religious ceremony) and the edification based on the ideas of Confucianism, Buddhism, the largest religious group of the days, and particularly its Jodo Shinshu Sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) requested the government to jointly propagate three religions in Japan, including Shintoism, Confucianism and Buddhism.
- 後半の「さざれ石の巌となりて」は、砂や石が固まって岩が生じるという考え方と、それを裏付けるかのような細石の存在が知られるようになった『古今和歌集』編纂当時の知識を反映している。
- 'Pebbles gather to form a rock' in the latter half reflects knowledge of the period when the Kokin-Wakashu was compiled and the idea that sand and pebbles gather together to form a rock and existence of pebbles were thought as evidence of this idea.
- また、当時は村請制であったために、村高にかかる「高免」と村高から潰れ地や損毛分を差し引いた「毛付免」の2種類があり、領主からの免状には2種類の免が併記されている場合が多かった。
- At that time, Mura-uke Sei (tax system that placed responsibility for payment on villages) was employed, and there were two types of men: 'Komen' for the kokudaka of a Village and '毛付面' for the kokudaka of a village after deduction of non arable land and losses, and both of them were often written in the certificate by a feudal lord.
- こうした施設は平城京などにもあったと考えられているが、平安京の明法道院は本科である明経道院と同規模であったと伝えられ(『大内裏図考証』)、当時の明法道の地位の向上を伝えている。
- It is considered that there were also such facilities in Heijokyo (a previous capital), but Myohoin in Heiankyo was likely the same size as Myogyodoin (written in 'Daidairizu Kosho'), which indicated the position of Myohodo was getting higher at that time.
- (『東寺百合文書』さ所収応安3年(1370年)2月東寺陳述状には観応2年の東寺側と「勧修寺一品于時武家執奏(勧修寺経顕は応安3年当時従一位)」の間のやりとりが引用されている)。
- (In a letter of representation of March 1370 by To-ji Temple in 'Toji Hyakugo Monjo' [100 case documents of To-ji Temple], the words in the negotiations in 1351, between To-ji Temple and 'Kanshuji Ippon tokini bukeshisso' [Kanshuji, who was Ippon [First Order of an Imperial Prince] and Bukeshisso post at that time] [Tsuneaki KANSHUJI was Juichi [Junior First Rank] in 1370] were quoted.)
- 『今昔物語集』の「摂津守満仲出家せる語」には500との数もあるが、それは『今昔物語集』が書かれた12世紀初めの段階での当時最大の都の武士団の印象を元にした誇張・文飾だとされる。
- The story of Mitsunaka, the lord of Settsu Province' in 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' stated 500, but it is assumed to be just an exaggeration and flowery words following the impression of bushidan of the biggest capital back in early twelfth century when 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' was written.
- 和辻哲郎の「巨椋池の蓮」という手記は、大正末年か昭和初年の夏に巨椋池で蓮見船に乗った思い出をつづったもので、当時の観蓮の情景を描いており、1950年(昭和25年)に発表された。
- A collection of notes entitled Oguraike-no-Hasu (Lotus in Ogura-ike Pond) written by Tetsuro WATSUJI, reminiscing the occasion when he was on board a lotus-viewing boat on Ogura-ike Pond in the summer of 1926 or 1927, described scenes of lotus-viewing at the time and was published in 1950.
- 病気回復を願う祈祷(現代では迷信だが、当時は立派な医療行為のひとつ)が行われたとの史料がないことから、医療行為を施されず見殺しにされたとの主張(さらに踏み込んで暗殺説)もある。
- Because no historical material suggests that the prayer (now it is just a superstition but was a highly respectable medical treatment at that time) was given to wish her recovery from illness, some people insists that she was left to die without receiving any medical treatment (there is even an assassination theory).
- 金禄公債の金利(下級武士に充てられた7分付き公債の場合)の日割額は当時の東京の労働者の最低賃金の1/3であったとされており、金禄公債を売って生活の足しにする人も少なくなかった。
- The per-diem rate of interest of Kinroku government securities is said to have been only one third of the lowest wages of workers in Tokyo (in case of a bond for lower-class warriors, which bore an interest of 7% per year), and many former warriors had to sell their bonds to cover living expenses.
- 北京議定書で清朝に定められた賠償金4億5000万両(利払いを含めると8億5000万両になる)という額は、年間予算1億両足らずであった当時の清朝にはまさに天文学的な要求であった。
- The amount of the reparations of 450 million taels specified in the Peking Protocol (850 million taels in total with the interest) was a really astronomical demand to the Qing Dynasty whose annual budget was less than 100 million taels.
- 当時、日本は戦争に対する多大な軍費への出費から財政が悪化し、ロシアでも血の日曜日事件 (1905年)など革命運動が激化していたため、両国とも戦争継続が困難になっていたのである。
- In thouse days, Japanese financial affairs deteriorated due to the enormous expenditure for war, and in Russia also, the revolutionary movements such as Bloody Sunday (1905) were growing worse, so it was getting difficult for the both countries to continue the war.
- しかし、この合戦での軋轢や当主真衡への一族の不満などから、前九年の役当時には一枚岩であった清原氏内部には次第に不協和音が生まれ始め、最終的には後三年の役を招いたとの評価がある。
- However, studies also suggest that although Kiyohara clan was boasting the ironclad solidarity during Zenkunen War period, the discord and frustration against the head of the clan Sadahira was developed within the clan after the Enkyu Ezo War, causing the Gosannen War that led the downfall of Kiyohara clan.
- 当時、旧民法賛成派であったのが明治法律学校(現明治大学)や和仏法律学校(現法政大学)であり、反対派であったのが東京帝国大学(現東京大学)やイギリス法律学校(現中央大学)である。
- At that time, supporters of the Old Civil Code included Meiji Law School (now Meiji University) and Japanese-French Law School (now Hosei University), while the opponents included Tokyo Imperial University (now Tokyo University) and English Law School (now Chuo University).
- 松方は進歩党からは大隈の外務大臣 (日本)以外の入閣は認めなかったものの、内閣書記官長・内閣法制局長官、更に当時勅任官であった参事官の一部を進歩党系から出すことで合意に達した。
- MATSUKATA did not accept the Progressive Party members joining the Cabinet, except for OKUMA as the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan), but agreed to select the General secretary of the Cabinet, the director of Cabinet Legislation Bureau, as well as some counsellors who were appointed by the Emperor at the time from the Progressive Party side.
- 備後国備後福山藩では、通説よりも早い寛永7年(1630年)に、当時の藩主であった水野勝成が領内の殖産興業のために領内の両替商を発行元に藩札を発行したとの記述が地元の書籍にある。
- A local book states that Katsunari MIZUNO, who was the lord of Bingo-fukuyama Domain of Bingo Province at that time, introduced han bills issued by currency exchangers in the domain in 1630 (earlier than common belief) for the purpose of promoting the industry in the domain.
- この事件は学生自治会である同学会が、当時京大総長に在任(1953年 – 1957年)していた滝川に対し創立記念祭行事の開催を求めており、その実施方法をめぐる両者の協議が決裂した。
- This incident occurred when Takigawa was Dean of Kyoto University (1953-1957) and the Dogaku-kai (student union) asked for a ceremony to commemorate the establishment of the university but discussions about the ceremony details between the two parties did not reach a conclusion.
- 斎藤実や鳩山文相が当時語っていたように、政府当局が処分を強行した意図は、「大学自治の総本山」と見られていた京大を強力な国家権力のもとに屈服させるという点にあったと考えられている。
- As Minoru SAITO and Minister of Education Hatoyama talked at that time, the reason why the government used force was to place Kyoto University, which was thought to be the 'stronghold of university freedom,' under the power of the government.
- 貪欲な受領とされることの多い藤原元命だが、当時、花山天皇が即位直後に地方税制の改革など積極的な政策展開を行っており、元命はこの花山新制の方針を遵守したに過ぎないとする見方もある。
- Although FUJIWARA no Motonaga had been often regarded as a greedy Zuryo, some suggest that Motonaga only observed strictly the policy of Kazan shinsei (new laws issued by Emperor Kazan) under the new local tax system Emperor Kazan actively introduced immediately after his enthronement.
- ところが、その主たる面積を占めていた加賀国の旧大伴家持没官領が、藤原種継暗殺事件関係者の名誉回復に伴い、当時の官界の実力者伴善男の要求で伴氏(旧大伴氏)に返還されることとなった。
- However, after people involved in the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu recovered their impaired reputation, confiscated territory of late Yakamochi OTOMO located in the Kaga Province, which accounted for the large portion of kangakuden, was returned to the Tomo clan (old Otomo clan) at the request of the then powerful figure in the bureaucracy TOMO no Yoshio.
- ただし、勤皇の志士たちを多く輩出した山口県などを出身とする人々には彼らを「幕府に雇われたテロリスト集団」として位置づける人もいる(松岡滿壽男参議院議員・当時の国会での発言より)。
- However, some people from Yamaguchi Prefecture and that area, which produced many Imperial loyalists, regard Shinsen-gumi as 'a group of terrorists employed by the shogunate ' (Masuo MATSUOKA, member of the House of Councilors/taken from his speech at the National Diet, during his time in office).
- 宗戸は当時未舗装の県道の改良や補修を日常業務とし、助手2人とリヤカーに土砂を積んで毎日巡回し、くぼみに土砂を埋め、盛り上がっている場所を削って平らにするという作業に携わっていた。
- Muneto was engaged in daily work of improvement and repair of prefectural roads which were not paved at that time and carried out his works with two assistants by patrolling every day with a cart loaded with sand and filling sinkholes with sand and flatten mounds by scraping.
- 柳、濱田、河井らは、当時の美術界ではほとんど無視されていた日本各地の日常雑器、日用品など、無名の工人による民衆的工芸品の中に真の美を見出し、これを世に広く紹介する活動に尽力した。
- Yanagi, Hamada and Kawai worked hard to find real beauty in the folkish handicrafts by unknown craftsman such as articles for daily use in various places in Japan that were almost ignored in the art industry at that time.
- 当時ドイツが中国に持っていた山東半島の租借地を占領する軍事作戦を展開したが、この時に占領地で使用するために1914年9月に10円、5円、1円、50銭、20銭、10銭が発行された。
- When the Japanese military force executed a military operation in order to occupy the former German-leased territory in Shandong Peninsula of China, the military currency for 10 yen, 5 yen, one yen, 50 sen, 20 sen and 10 sen were issued to be used in the occupied territory in September, 1914.
- 「貞観格」を継いで貞観_(日本)11年(869年)より延喜7年(907年)までの39年間の詔勅・太政官符のうち編纂当時に実際に行われていた重要なものを取捨選択して各省毎に配列した。
- Succeeding Jogankyaku, Engikyaku is a selected collection of particularly important volumes which had been in actual effect at the time of its compilation out of Jogankyaku, so chosen as to comprise imperial edicts and Daijokanbu (official documents issued by Daijokan, the Grand Council of State) during the 39 years from 869 until 907, while its contents were classified by ministry.
- 幸い人的被害はなかったが、国宝の舎利殿(金閣)が全焼し、創建者である室町幕府3代将軍、足利義満の木像(当時国宝)、観音菩薩像、阿弥陀如来像、仏教経巻などの文化財6点も灰燼に帰した。
- Fortunately, no one was hurt, but Shariden (Kinkaku), a national treasure, was completely burned down and six other cultural properties such as a wooden statue of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (national treasure at the time), the third Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the founder of Kinkaku-ji Temple, a statue of Kannon Bosatsu (Bodhisattva of Merciful Godess), a statue of Amitabha Tathagatae and Buddhist canons were also lost in the fire.
- 全日本学生自治会総連合では少数派(非主流派)であった所感派の思想的・政治的影響下にあった当時の同学会(京都大学の全学学生自治会)は、1950年度のレッド・パージ粉砕闘争を主導した。
- Dogakukai (students' self-governing association of Kyoto University) which was under the philosophical/political influence of the Shokan sect, a minority group (a non-mainstream faction) of the All-Japan Federation of Students' Self-governing Associations, played a leading role in the anti Red Purge struggle in 1950.
- 寛文3年(1663年)には「女中衣類直段之定」が定められ、当時の明正上皇(女帝、銀500貫目)や御台所(征夷大将軍正室、銀400目)の衣装代にまで制約をかける徹底的なものであった。
- In 1663, uncompromising 'Jochu Irui Nedan no Jo' (女中衣類直段之定) was announced, restricting even the clothing costs of the retired Emperor Meisho (an empress regnant, silver 500 Kan) and midaidokoro (the lawful wife of seii taishogun [literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'], 400 kan of silver).
- 会津出身の軍人である柴五郎は、当時は少年であったが、大久保の非業の死を聞いて、西郷隆盛の非業の死とあわせて「両雄非業の最期を遂げたるを当然の帰結でなりと断じて喜べり」と書いている。
- When Goro SHIBA, a military man from Aizu and then a young boy heard of Okubo's unnatural death, he combined it with that of Takamori SAIGO and wrote, 'I am absolutely pleased that the two great men ended their lives in unnatural death, which was a natural consequence.'
- そもそも「韓日合邦を要求する声明書」は韓国と日本が対等な立場で新たに一つの政府を作り、一つの大帝国を作るという、当時の現状から見ても日本にとっては到底受け入れられない提案であった。
- In the first place, the 'Statement calling for the annexation of Korea' said Korea and Japan would establish one government anew on an equal basis to create a large empire, which was not acceptable at all to Japan in view of the circumstances of those days.
- 特に当時の訴訟手続は、訴訟当事者からの開催要求に対して奉行人などの訴訟担当者がその日程の可否を決めるという手続を取っていたため、担当者が拒絶すれば何年も訴訟が中断される恐れがあった。
- In the legal procedures, in particular, at that time, a party to a suit requested a hearing on certain dates and the person in charge of the case such as a magistrate decided on whether to approve the dates; thus, the lawsuit was likely to stop for years if he rejected the request.
- この乱を「洞の乱」とも呼ぶのはこの内乱に参加した伊達氏家臣は勿論、一般には外部の戦国大名と認識されている蘆名氏や最上氏・相馬氏などもこの乱の当時においては洞の一員であったからである。
- The reason why this internal war was also called 'The Utsuro War,' was because those who participated, the vassals of the Date clan as well as the Ashina, Mogami and Soma clans, who were generally regarded as independent Sengoku daimyo, were members of Date's Utsuro at the time of the war.
- 当時勢力を拡大していた蘇我氏にとって、蘇我稲目の孫にあたる炊屋姫から生まれた竹田皇子が即位すると蘇我氏の権勢を増大させるのに有利に運ぶ事から早くから皇位継承の有力候補と目されていた。
- Since the enthronement of Takeda no miko, the son of Kashiyaki hime, a granddaughter of SOGA no Iname, benefited the Soga clan who was expanding its influence at the time to grow even bigger, the prince had been considered as a prominent candidate from his early stage.
- これは、当時、一大国民運動となっていた護憲運動の影響を受けて、山縣有朋・桂太郎らを中心とする軍部と藩閥の反対を押し切り、山本権兵衛内閣総理大臣と木越安綱陸軍大臣が断行したものである。
- This, at the time, was influenced by a major civic movement, the Constitution Protection Movement, when Prime Minister Gombei YAMAMOTO and War Minister Yasutsuna KIGOSHI pushed through the disagreements among the military and the domain clique including Arimoto YAMADATA and Taro KATSURA.
- が、1999年6月17日に東京地方裁判所は、当時の国際法で戦争被害に対する個人の損害を補償しないという原則と、日本の国内法に軍票を交換する法律が存在しないことを理由に請求を棄却した。
- On June 17, 1999, the Tokyo District Court rejected the plaintiff's claim because of the following reasons; the international law at that time had a principal that individual war damage would not be compensated; Japanese domestic law did not have a legislation that the govenment would exchange the former military currency with other currency.
- ところがそれは裏を返せば前年度予算がそのまま実行された場合には、当時の日本にとっての緊急の課題であった殖産興業や富国強兵政策のための新規事業が実施できなくなるという事も意味していた。
- What this really meant was that, if the budget of the previous fiscal year was adopted to the new fiscal year, the Japanese government could not carry out the urgent tasks such as promotion of growth of new industry and implementation of new businesses to increase wealth and military power.
- また『朝鮮人来聘記』や『朝鮮人来朝記』といった当時の資料に、三韓征伐や豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役を持ち出して朝鮮通信使を朝貢使節と見なそうとしている記述があることも併せて論拠としている。
- Citing the Sankan Seibatsu and the Bunroku-Keicho War by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in addition to documents at the time, such as 'Chosenjin Raiheiki' and 'Chosenjin Raichoki' (a document about Koreans who visited Japan), the Korean side points out, as a basis of the argument, that there exist descriptions trying to consider Chosen Tsushinshi as an envoy for paying tributes.
- 同年に甘露寺親長から後土御門天皇に献上された原本は全5巻で現存はしていないが、江戸時代に柳原紀光が当時まだ現存していた原本から写本したもの(「柳原本」)が宮内庁書陵部に蔵書されている。
- Although its original five-volume edition that was presented to Emperor Gotsuchimikado from Chikanaga KANROJI does not survive today, the Imperial Household Archives stores a duplicate copy ('Yanagi genpon' (Yanagi's original copy)) that was transcribed from the original edition by Norimitsu YANAGIHARA in the Edo period.
- なお、後年の編纂物である『吾妻鏡』などには一連の北陸出兵が「義仲討伐の為」と記されているが、当時の記録には、『玉葉』寿永2年(1183年)5月16日条まで義仲の名前は記載されていない。
- The books compiled in later years, including 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), state that the serial dispatch of troops to Hokuriku was 'in order to seek out and kill Yoshinaka' but Yoshinaka's name was not recorded in the records made at the time, until the June 14, 1183 entry in 'Gyokuyo' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Kanezane).
- 男性皇親よりも女性皇親が先に一品を叙せられる事に対する朝廷内の反発を抑えるために当時健在であった天武天皇の皇子中最年長で太政大臣も務めた重鎮・穂積親王が同時に叙せられたと考えられている。
- In order to minimize the discontent in the Imperial Court for granting Ippon to a female Koshin (emperor's family), before male Koshin; it is considered that the Imperial Prince Hozumi, a prominent figure and the eldest among those existing imperial princes of the Emperor Tenmu at that time, was conferred Ippon at the same time.
- なお、真の統治者が将軍ではなく天皇である事を知らしめるため、当時、九州鎮撫総監が“将軍はいろいろ変わったが、天子様は変わらず血統も絶えずに存在する”という趣旨の文書を民衆に配布している。
- To announce to the nation that the real ruler was not a shogun but an emperor, the Kyushu general office director of suppression circulated a document stating 'We had so many different Shoguns but the Emperor is still there without his blood line cut'.
- その中の一人イザベリナと呼ばれたゆり(後に杉本姓)という当時52歳の女性がプティジャン神父に近づき、「ワレラノムネアナタノムネトオナジ」(私たちはキリスト教を信じています)とささやいた。
- Among them was then 52-year-old Yuri (later using Sugimoto as the surname), or Isabelina in the baptismal name, who came close and whispered in Father Petitjean's ear, 'we believe in the same religion as you' (we are Christians).
- 当時、国衙領からの租税収取を確保するために、国内が古代的な郡・郷から中世的な郡・郷・保という単位に再編成されていたが、これを管轄する郡司・郷司・保司に任命されたのも、主に在庁官人であった。
- At that time in Japan, to ensure the tax collection from the kokuga region, ancient units such as gun and go were reorganized into medieval units such as gun, go, and ho, and zaichokanjin were mainly appointed as gunshi, goshi, and hoshi who supervised these units.
- 鎌倉時代以降は更に宋銭の私鋳銭などが盛んに作られ、室町時代中後期には最盛期を迎えた(なお、宋銭などの渡来銭そのものも当時の日本の朝廷が発行した銭ではないという意味では私鋳銭と同様であった。
- During and after the Kamakura period, shichusen of Sung currency was also actively minted, and it reached its peak during the mid to late Muromachi period (it should be noted, however, that imported Sung currency itself was considered equivalent to shichusen, since it was not money issued by the Japanese imperial court, and therefore could not be considered official money).
- そして戦闘員と一般農民の区別がまだ生じていなかった為に、当時の関東の合戦は、敵の本拠地、「営所」を攻撃するだけでなく、「与力伴類の舎宅、員(かず)の如く焼き払う」という焦土戦術がとられた。
- In addition, fighters and normal peasants were not segregated, the battle at Kanto was to not only to attack the 'camp' of the enemy, but was to 'burn down the residence and servants' and used the battle technique to burn everything to ashes.
- 上野隆徳は、備前常山城主として臨済宗豊岳山久昌寺を再興しているが、上野氏の菩提寺であった報恩寺(倉敷市真備町)には、隆徳とその室で三村家親の息女・鶴姫の当時からの位牌が、今も祭られている。
- While Takatoku UENO restored the Hogakusan Kyusho-ji Temple of the Rinzai sect as the lord of the Bizen Tsuneyama-jo Castle, the original ancestral tablets of Takatoku and his wife, Tsuruhime, a daughter of the MIMURA family, are still placed in Hoon-ji Temple, the Ueno clan's family temple (Mabi-cho Kurashiki City).
- 672年大海人皇子(のちの天武天皇)は、当時の大津の都を離れて出家して吉野山に隠棲したが、兄の天智天皇の死の知らせを受けて美濃へ脱出し兵を上げ、天智天皇の子の弘文天皇を倒して政権を握った。
- In 672, Prince Oama (later Emperor Tenmu) left then capital Otsu and lived away from the world in Mt. Yoshino to enter the priesthood, but after being informed of the death of his older brother Emperor Tenchi, he fled to Mino where he raised an army, and came into power by destroying the Emperor Kobun, a son of the Emperor Tenchi.
- 官職は奈良時代に法文化された当時はその本来の意味を有していたが、平安時代に入ると新しく血脈的な尊卑をも表現するようになり、ひいては家格の象徴となり、国家的な意味はほとんどなくなってしまう。
- At the time when government posts were put into statutory form in the Nara Period, they kept their original meanings, but in the Heian Period, they started to represent high or low lineage as well and became symbols of Kakaku (family status), and lost the original meaning as government posts of Japan.
- 当時、国司交替の際に、後任の国司が、適正な事務引継を受けたことを証明する解由状という文書を前任の国司へ発給する定めとなっており、実際に現地で解由状を受領する国司を「受領」と呼ぶようになった。
- There was a provision at the time that, when the kokushi changes, the successor issues a document called geyujo (discharge certificates) to his predecessor; the kokushi who received the geyujo in the province was then called 'zuryo'.
- 日本政府においては、1990年度に「スギ花粉症に関する関係省庁担当者連絡会議」が設置され、1994年度より当時の科学技術庁によって数年間に渡る「スギ花粉症克服に向けた総合研究」が実施された。
- The Japanese government held the 'Japanese Cedar Pollinosis Liaison Conference for Concerned Government Agencies' in 1990 and since 1994 the Science and Technology Agency has conducted 'integrated research to overcome cedar pollinosis' over several years.
- しかし、実際には関ヶ原の役に際して徳川家康に敵対し、米沢藩50万石余りに減封されるものの、120万石を領有していた当時の藩士を解雇しなかった為、収支に対し人件費だけでも倍の出費を強いられた。
- However, in reality, they were forced to pay out double the amount of expenses compared to their income as they did not fire feudal retainers of the domain who were receiving 1,200,000 koku even after the income for the Yonezawa Domain was reduced to 500,000 koku due to their having fought against Ieyasu TOKUGAWA at the Battle of Sekigahara.
- とくにテレビ放送創生期に放送された「番頭はんと丁稚どん」が人気を博し、当時は丁稚・小僧の制度が消滅していたことも関連して、この様な奉公人をさすことばとして丁稚が全国的に通用するようになった。
- Banto and Decchi', which was televised in the early stage of TV broadcasting, became popular and the term, decchi became known nationwide as such a servant when the decchi or kozo system had already disappeared.
- 国際的に極度の円安状況だったこともあるが、当時の欧米からすれば日本は極東の辺境であり、外国人身辺の危険も少なくなかったことから、一流の技術や知識の専門家を招聘することが困難だったことによる。
- The high salaries were partly due to the fact that the yen was extremely weak internationally, but mainly because of the difficulty in convincing top-class experts in technology and knowledge to come to Japan, which from the perspective of Westerners was a country on the extreme eastern edge of the Far East, a country moreover that held considerable physical danger for foreigners.
- 当時の日露戦争においては、日本軍が物資輸送のため京義線の敷設を計画するが、日本軍の人員不足で計画が暗礁に乗り上げており、この際、一進会がこの敷設工事に無償支援し、会員14万人以上を動員した。
- In the Russo-Japanese War, Japanese Army planned to construct Keigi Railroad for transport of goods, but the plan was suspended due to the shortage of labors, so Isshinkai mobilized over 140 thousands members as free support for the construction of the railroad.
- 当時、武士の台頭や僧兵の横暴、公家勢力の後退などによる社会不安、天変地異・疫病・火災などの自然災害を経験した人びとは、はっきりと末法を意識するようになり、無常観や厭世観がかき立てられていった。
- The people who experienced public fear owing to the appearance of samurai, despotic acts by armed priest, a down fallen court noble force, and natural disasters such as extraordinary natural phenomenon, epidemics, fire became clearly aware of Mappo, and the concept of the impermanence or a pessimistic view of life among the population was intensified.
- 12世紀の中葉に起こった相模国の大庭御厨の濫妨と、下総国の相馬御厨の事件は、当時における在庁官人=在地領主の変貌と、国司・目代との対立の激しさ、在地領主層の地位の脆弱さと限界を如実に示してる。
- An incident that occurred during the mid-twelfth century involving a disturbance at the Obamikuriya estate of Sagami Province and Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) of Shimousa Province realistically depicted the transfiguration of the Zaichokanjin being the local lord at that time, harsh conflicts between governors and mokudai (deputy provincial governor), and the fragility of the lord of the manor class.
- 征韓論(せいかんろん)は、日本の明治初期において、当時留守政府の首脳であった西郷隆盛、板垣退助・江藤新平・後藤象二郎・副島種臣らによってなされた、武力をもって朝鮮を開国しようとする主張である。
- Seikanron is the insistence of the members of the 'Rusu-seifu' on making Korea open to the world by military power (Rusu-seifu means the government while heads of government are away: the heads of Rusu-seifu were Takamori SAIGO, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO, Shojiro GOTO, and Taneomi SOEJIMA).
- なお、当時の唐で採用されていた算経十書と呼ばれる教科書のうち、『張邱建算経』・『夏侯陽算経』・『五経算術』・『緝古算経』の4種が除かれて代わりに『六章』・『三開重差』・『九司』が採用されている。
- Furthermore, of the textbooks known as 'Sankei ten documents' which were adopted in the Tang Dynasty at that time, four types; 'Chokyukensankei,' 'Kakoyosankei,' 'Gokyosanjutsu,' and 'Shukosankei,' were excluded and 'Rokusho,' 'Sankaijusa' and 'Kyushi' were adopted instead.
- それほど多いものではないという理由は、当時必要とされた武力は、京の治安維持、要人の護衛、受領として赴任する際に引き連れ、在庁官人を押さえる程度のものであり、大規模な争乱などほとんど無かったこと。
- The reason why it might not be as big was because military power required at that time was for sustaining the peace of Kyoto, guard a person upon request, followed as a retainer when one left a post due to zuryo, and arrest the Zaichokanjin (the local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods), but there was hardly any turmoil.
- しかし、宮廷の対立が戦闘によって解決したこと、とりわけ京都市街を戦場とし、数百年ぶりに死刑が執行されたことは、当時の人々に大きな衝撃を与え、貴族から庶民まで武士の力を強く印象づけることとなった。
- People at that time, however, were surprised by the fact that the internal conflict of the Imperial Court was resolved militarily, particularly in a battle in the urban area of Kyoto, and the death penalty was imposed for the first time in hundreds of years; commoners as well as nobles were left with a strong impression of samurai power.
- 何ぞ不可ならん」と啖呵を切ったと言われている(『続本朝通鑑』)が、当時、即位に当たって神器の存在は必ずしも要件とはされておらず、治天による伝国詔宣により即位が可能であるとする観念が存在していた。
- Nothing is the matter' ('Zoku Honchotsugan' (history book edited by the Edo bakufu) he is said to have openly said, but the existence of the Sacred Treasures was not mandatory for ascension and the Denkoku Shosen by the Chiten was thought to have been sufficient in those times.
- 田沼意次時代の天明の大飢饉を乗り越え、低下した幕府の指導力を取り戻すために、儒学のうち農業と上下の秩序を重視した朱子学を正学とし、当時流行していた古文辞学や古学を「風俗を乱すもの」として禁じた。
- In order to regain leadership after going through the Tenmei Famine in times of Okitsugu TANUMA, the shogunate chose Neo-Confucianism out of Confucianism for the official learning, which put importance on the hierarchic order and agriculture; on the other hand, they banned Kobunjigaku, (study of ancient rhetoric) and the Kogaku (learning about ancient teachings), which were popular learning at that time for corrupting public morals.
- しかし、当時銭貨を鋳造していなかった日本では貨幣経済の発達に伴い、大量の銅銭を必要とし、また「唐物」と呼ばれる陶磁器を初めとした中国の文物の需要も依然旺盛で、貿易船の必要性が減ずることはなかった。
- However the necessity for the trading vessels never faded because the development of money economy required a large quantity of copper coins in Japan, where coins were not cast in those days, and because the demands for Chinese products of culture including ceramic ware, pottery, and chinaware called 'karamono' (things imported from China) were still intense.
- この死亡帳は、「去年7月」から「今年6月」までの一年間について、秋田城の支配領域(秋田郡周辺)の民について記載したもので、当時の出羽国国府(9世紀初頭に移転)に清書したものを提出したと考えられる。
- This Shibocho described citizens in the area (around Akita County) controlled by Akita-jo Castle for one year from 'July of the previous year' to 'June of this year,' and was considered to be a transcript submitted to the provincial office of Dewa Province at that time (transferred in early ninth century).
- 江戸時代、当時の摂家最大の実力者とされていた近衛基熙が本来は摂関家全てに即位灌頂の礼式が伝わっている事、先代当主の二条光平の早世で礼式が絶えたことを理由に二条家の独占を継続すべきではないと唱えた。
- During the Edo period, Motohiro KONOE, who was at the time considered to be the most powerful among the sekke families, argued that the Nijo Family should not continue the dominant position in the accession to the throne out of the following two reasons: one being that the code of etiquette for accession should originally come down to all the sekke families, and the other being that the previous family head, Mitsuhira NIJO, had died young, and therefore the code of etiquette had terminated.
- 余談だが、当時土佐藩士の間では長刀を差すことがちょっとした流行になっていたらしいのだが、この事件をきっかけに、長刀は使いにくいとの認識が土佐藩士の間に広まって流行が終焉した、との逸話が残っている。
- As an aside, there is a story that wearing a long sword was in fashion among the Tosa retainers at the time, but the style was abolished as the Tosa retainers became aware of the awkwardness in using a long sword due to this incident.
- つまり、京の貴族社会から脱落しかけていた状況を、当時多発していた田堵負名、つまり地方富豪層の反受領武装闘争の鎮圧の任に当たり、武功を朝廷に認定させることによって失地回復を図ったとも考えられている。
- After that, Takamochi, who had fallen from aristocratic society in Kyoto, tried to restore his status by suppressing anti-Zuryo (provincial governors) movements, which were frequently being staged by tax collectors of the upper class in the province, and thereby highlighting his military prowess to the Imperial Court.
- これは当時、清浦内閣を翌年5月10日に予定されていた総選挙施行のための期間限定の選挙管理内閣であり、中立性に配慮した結果、政党色のない貴族院議員が占めるのは仕方がないとする見方もあったからである。
- Some say that this was because in the first place, the KIYOURA cabinet had a role as a caretaker cabinet to administer the general election planned on May 10 next year and to serve for a limited period of time, so people thought it was only natural that such a short-term cabinet was dominated by members of House of Peers who were less political in order to keep the cabinet neutral.
- さらに滋賀県東近江市五個荘町の小幡人形などには通信使人形(正確には唐人人形、 随行員である小童や楽隊の人形)があり、異国より献上された象などとともに当時の人気キャラクターであったことがうかがわれる。
- Furthermore, Obata dolls in Gokasho-cho, Higashiomi City, Shiga Prefecture include Tsushinshi dolls (correctly, tojin (Chinese) dolls): the dolls of children and those of a music band), suggesting that they were popular at that time together with elephants presented by a foreign country.
- ただし、当時の公私関係は曖昧であり、一般民衆及び下位権力から見て上位権力は公儀であったが、上位権力から見て一般民衆及び下位権力は領主としての私的支配によって結び付けられた「わたくし」の存在であった。
- However, the relationship between public and private was ambiguous at that time, and although the upper authorities were Kogi from the viewpoint of the common people and lower authorities, the upper authorities viewed the common people and lower authorities as Watakushi (private) and as the landlord, connected by private dominance.
- また穂積姓の子孫ではなくても当時苗字を持つことを許されていた武家、源氏や平氏などの中で、信仰心の深い武家には神姓である鈴木姓を与えてきた故、鈴木の名字は瞬く間に東日本を中心に全国に広まったとされる。
- It is also said that, in addition to the descendents of the families whose honsei (original name) was Hozumi, there were many samurai families which were given the family name 'Suzuki' for their devoted religious practices among those families who were allowed to have myoji (family name) at that time such as the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan, and in this way, the myoji (family name) of Suzuki quickly extended in the eastern Japan and other regions of Japan.
- 当時、土佐藩は藩主山内容堂のもと公武合体を支持しており、会津藩との関係も良好であったが、内部には土佐勤王党など倒幕を目論む勢力もあり、その中で起きた傷害事件はまさに両藩の関係に水を差すものであった。
- In those days, under the rule of the lord Yodo YAMAUCHI, the Tosa clan supported kobu-gattai (integration of the imperial court and the shogunate) and kept a good relationship with the Aizu clan, but also had power as Tosa kinnoto (loyalist clique of Tosa) which aimed to overthrow the bakufu; therefore, under those circumstances, the incident cast a shadow over the relationship between the two clans.
- ただし、当時の伊東の書簡は対話を重んじるものばかりで、伊東自身も人を斬った記録が油小路事件以外には無く、さらには近藤勇を暗殺しようとしたものがないため、近藤暗殺計画自体が存在しなかったとの説もある。
- However, documents left behind by Ito only placed importance on a conversation, and there is no record of him killing anyone, other than during the Aburanokoji Incident, nor are there any records of him trying to assassinate Isami KONDO, which led to the theory that plans for the assassination never existed.
- これによって、宅嗣の仏教に対する深い信仰の念や芸亭の理念が伺えるとともに、続いて芸亭が現存している事を伝える記事が載っており、『続日本紀』が完成した797年当時にはまだ芸亭が存続していた事が分かる。
- These words express Yakatsugu's deep faith in Buddhism and the basic principles of Untei and are followed by a report mentioning the existence of the Untei, proving that it had existed at the time of completion of 'Shoku Nihongi' in 797.
- 台湾統治に当っては、当時の政府の見解としては、前述のとおり日本の領土であるため憲法の効力が及び、台湾における立法についても憲法5条により帝国議会の協賛を要するという見解を基本として統治方針を固めた。
- As for governing Taiwan, the government of that time settled on the governing policy based on the above viewpoint that the Constitution should be in force in Taiwan as it was Japan's territory and the legislation in Taiwan required the consent of the Imperial Diet in accordance with Article 5 of the Constitution.
- 坂本太郎 (歴史学者)は、1979年の『聖徳太子』において、「国司」は推古朝当時に存在したと見てもよく、律令制以前であっても官制的なものはある程度存在したから、『日本書紀』の記述を肯定できるとした。
- Taro SAKAMOTO (a historian) stated in 'Prince Shotoku' published in 1979 that since 'Kokushi' might have existed at the time of the reign of Empress Suiko and there had been also some sorts of bureaucratic systems prior to the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), the description in the 'Nihonshoki' could be correct.
- 欧米各国では新聞がこぞってこの悪辣な暴挙を非難し世論も硬化していたため、当時の駐米少弁務使森有礼は『日本宗教自由論』をあらわして禁教政策の継続の難しさを訴え、西本願寺僧侶島地黙雷らもこれにならった。
- In the U.S. and European countries the newspapers all criticized the villainous outrage and public opinion also grew stronger, so the then Japanese charge d'affaires to the U.S., Arinori MORI, wrote 'Religious Freedom in Japan' stating that it was difficult to hold on to the anti-Christian policy, which was followed by some people including Mokurai SHIMAJI, a Buddhist monk of West Hongan-ji Temple.
- 一説によれば、当時、東北地方の強姦事件の公判で、被害者の調書に被害者本人の署名がないという理由で無罪になることが立て続けにあり、それ以来、仙台の弁護士は調書の署名を注意してみるようになったともいう。
- Some researchers say lawyers in Sendai City came to keep their eyes peeled for signatures in the documents, since there were many cases in Tohoku region where rapists received sentence of acquittal owing to the fact that there were no autographs of rape victims in the paper.
- なお、歴代将軍の中には中途で改名したものもおり、改名以前にその当時の下の字が与えられている例もあるので注意を要する(足利義稙(義材)の「材」、足利義澄(義高)の「高」、足利義輝(義藤)の「藤」など)。
- Note that some shogun changed their names and some were received a character of his former given name (such as 'ki' [材] of Yoshitane ASHIKAGA [former Yoshiki, 義材], 'taka' [高] of Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA [former Yoshitaka, 義高], and 'fumi' (藤) of Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA [former Yoshifumi, 義藤]).
- 使いを遣わして貢物を献じた目的として、中国大陸の文明・文化を摂取すると共に、南朝の威光を借りることによって、当時の日本列島中西部の他の諸勢力、朝鮮半島諸国との政治外交を進めるものがあったと考えられる。
- The purpose of dispatching envoys and presenting tribute seems to have been to develop a political diplomacy with the other powers in the mid-western part of Japanese archipelago and Korean peninsula with the help of the prestige of the Southern Dynasty, as well as absorbing the civilization and caulture of the Chinese continent.
- さらにこの結果に基づき、政府と陸軍の援助を受け、大江山鉱山から11キロしか離れていない与謝郡吉津村(当時。現在の京都府宮津市と与謝野町岩滝)に専用のニッケル製錬施設、岩滝製錬所を建設することになった。
- Furthermore, based on this result, they received assistance from the government and the army, and established Iwataki Smeltery, a smelting facility exclusively for nickel, which was only 11 kilometers away from Oeyama Mine in the former Yoshizu village, Yosa County (now Miyazu City, Kyoto Prefecture and Iwataki, Yosano-cho).
- 当時土佐藩士として戦いに参加し、のちに宮内大臣や内閣書記官長などを歴任した田中光顕は、錦の御旗を知らしめただけで前線の幕府兵達が「このままでは朝敵になってしまう」と青ざめて退却する場面を目撃している。
- Mitsuaki TANAKA, who joined the war as a retainer of the Tosa clan and later became Minister of the Imperial Households and Secretary of the Cabinet, witnessed the white-faced soldiers of the Edo shogunate retreating at the sight of the Imperial standards in the battle fields, saying, 'We'd better stop fighting, otherwise we will become the enemy of the Emperor.'
- なお、天長3年(826年)9月、上総・常陸・上野の三か国は親王が太守(正四位下相当の勅任の官)として治める親王任国となったが、この当時は既に太守は都にいて赴任せず、代理に介が長官として派遣されていた。
- In September 826, the three provinces of Kazusa, Hitachi, and Kouzuke became Shinno-ningoku (provinces where the government posts were reserved as sinecures of imperial princes), where the imperial princes who governed were regarded as Taishu (Imperial Court appointed Governor-Generals, Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade), however, the Taishu stayed in the capital and did not go to the provinces, so suke (governors) were dispatched to these provinces in place of kami (directors) to act for the Taishu.
- しかし、哲学普及のために教育者を育成することを目標としていた私立哲学館の井上円了は私立学校にも卒業生に対して無資格で教員となることができるよう、1890年から当時の文部科学省に対して陳情を行っていた。
- However Enryo INOUE of Tetsugakukan (a private university), who aimed to train educators for popularization of philosophy requested continuously from 1890 the Ministry of Education to admit private university students to become a teacher without certification.
- ところが、これが大日本帝国憲法下の当時の日本では「不敬の言」であると曲解され、まず宮内省から批判の声が挙がり、初の政党内閣である隈板内閣に批判的な枢密院 (日本)・貴族院 (日本)に非難の声は広がった。
- However, this was criticized by the Imperial Household Ministry first as 'insulting words' under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and then by the House of Peers and the Privy Council which were critical of the Wai-han Cabinet, the first party cabinet.
- 当時の子爵議員の定数は70であったが、1897年の最初の改選では45議席を獲得し、1911年には66議席を獲得して総計で100議席の大台に乗せるなど他会派を圧倒したため、最大会派の地位を保つ事になった。
- The alloted number of seats for viscount councillors was 70 then, but Kenkyukai won 45 seats in the first election in 1897, and in 1911, they won another 66 seats and the total number of their seats topped 100, which overwhelmed the other factions and made them secure the position as the biggest faction.
- 当時の財務記録には訴訟のために経費として役人などへの礼銭・一献料の存在が公然と計上され、また村同士のいさかいによる訴訟では村が属する荘園領主が礼銭・一献料を立て替えて後日村側に請求した記録も残されている。
- The reisen and ikkenryo were openly booked as expenses for lawsuits on the financial records at that time, and also there is a record that in the lawsuit arising from a dispute between villages, the lord of the manor where the village belonged to paid the reisen and ikkenryo for the village and charged them later.
- これは当時の政権が大規模な輸送を行う能力を持っていたことを裏付けている(この徴発によって反乱軍を率いる皇子側は軍馬を確保するとともに、結果的には敵の本拠である大津京への兵糧搬入を妨害したことにもなった)。
- Operations of this size give evidence to support the capability of the government of the time to have large-scale transportation (As a result of this requisition, the rebel troops on the Prince's side gained war-horses while simultaneously interrupting the delivery of provisions to the enemy's base in Otsukyo).
- しかし、当時の政家の日記『後法興院記』の調査により、政家が近江に滞在して近江八景の和歌を詠んだとされる明応9年8月13日_(旧暦)(1500年9月16日)は、外出せず自邸にこもっていたことが判明している。
- However, studying 'Gohokoinki', Masaie's Diary found that he stayed in his house all day on September 16, 1500 when he was considered to stay in Omi and make waka for Omihakkei.
- なお、大命降下された宇垣から入閣交渉を受けた小磯国昭(当時朝鮮軍 (日本軍)司令官)は「引き受けたとしても、東京に来る途中で「予備役編入」の電報が陸軍上層部から届いて、それで終わりですよ」と答えたという。
- Also, it is said that Kuniaki KOISO (commander of Korean Army (Japanese Army) at that time) who was given an offer to join the Cabinet by Ugaki who held an imperial command, answered, 'Even if I accept it, I will probably receive a telegram addressed 'Yobieki Transfer' from the upper stratum of the Army, and that's it.'
- また市内に所在する御霊神社 (福知山市)では光秀が神様として祭られ、光秀の家来四王天但馬守政孝が使用していたすねあてや、当時の福知山城の様子が描かれた絵や光秀直筆の書をはじめとする多数の資料が残されている。
- In the Goryo-jinja Shrine located in the city (Fukuchiyama City), Mitsuhide is enshrined as a deity, and many materials such as jambeau used by Masataka SHIOTEN, Tajima-no-kami, drawings showing the appearance of Fukuchiyama-jo Castle at the time, calligraphy written by Mitsuhide himself, etc, still remain.
- この際、災害の中心地であった十津川本流沿いの幹線道路(今日の国道168号に相当する)の崩壊が著しかったため、当時五條市にあった郡役所への急報が小辺路伝いに届けられただけでなく、救援ルートとしても用いられた。
- Since the then highway (present National Highway 168) along the main stream of Totsu-kawa River which was at the center of the disaster collapsed drastically, the runners used Kohechi to report the disaster promptly to the county office which was located in Gojo City at that time, and people used the road as a rescue route as well.
- 午前2時46分に山陽鉄道(現在の西日本旅客鉄道山陽本線)の福山駅に停車したところ、二等客車(二軸客車197号車)で、大日本帝国陸軍第12師団福岡連隊中隊長であった足立直躬大尉(当時45歳)が惨殺されていた。
- When the train stopped at Fukuyama station of the Sanyo Railway (currently JR West Sanyo Honsen) at 2:46 am, Senior Lieutenant Naomi ADACHI (45 years old) who was the commander of the Fukuoka regiment of the 12th division of the Japanese Imperial Army was found murdered in a 2nd grade car (two-axle four-wheel car, No. 197).
- 古代の戸籍制度・班田収授法などによる律令制的な人別支配の維持が困難となっていた当時、国司は公田を名田という単位へ再編するとともに、有力農民層(田堵という)へ名田の経営と名田からの租税徴収を請け負わせていった。
- At that time, it became difficult to maintain control over each person like in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), based on a family registration system and Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land), and therefore, kokushi (provincial governors) reorganized Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) into myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) and came to entrust the work of managing myoden and collecting taxes from there to powerful farmers (called tato).
- 同年4月以後内裏の修理を理由として天皇が当時恒貞親王が居住していた冷然院内に滞在しており、天皇の警護を名目として院内に滞在していた天皇側の兵が、いつでも皇太子を囲むことが出来る状況下にあったことも挙げられる。
- Furthermore, the emperor's stay from May, 842 within a lot of Reizei-in Palace, where the Imperial Prince Tsunesada was living at that time, by reason of the Imperial Palace's repair also supports the theory, because troops serving the emperor that had been staying in the residence on the pretext of the emperor's guard were ready to besiege the crown prince.
- 鹿沼景揚(東京学芸大学名誉教授)が記したところによると、これを全部アメリカのミシガン大学に持ち込み、放射性炭素年代測定をすると、当時から2600年前のものであり、その前後の誤差は±200年ということであった。
- According to the writing of Keiyo KANUMA (emeritus professor of Tokyo Gakugei University), this was all brought into Michigan University of the US and subjected to the radioactive carbon dating, to be found that this was a tree of 2600 years back from then with an error of ±200 years.
- 当時、既にあった宮家(伏見宮・有栖川宮・桂宮)は何れも天皇とは遠縁であり、皇統の断絶を危惧するも即位となれば天皇の近親者が相応しいとの考えから宝永7年(1710年)8月10日、新井白石の建議により創設された。
- On September 3, 1710, the Kaninnomiya family was founded by the proposal of Hakuseki ARAI insisting that close blood relatives of Emperor should ascend to the throne, but there was an anxiety at that time that imperial line might become extinct since Miyake (house of an imperial prince) such as the Fushiminomiya, Arisugawanomiya and Katsuranomiya families had not close blood relations with Emperor.
- なお、公議とは当時討幕派・佐幕派問わずに広く唱えられた公議政体論に由来すると考えられており、明治政府と戊辰戦争で敵対した奥羽越列藩同盟の諸藩代表による議事機関にも公議所(白石城に設置)の名称が用いられている。
- Incidentally, it is said that Kogi derived from Kogi-seitai-ron (parliamentary regime theory) that was then widely advocated without regard to anti-Shogunate group or Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun), and Ouetsu-reppan alliance (alliance of strong domains in the northern part of Japan) also used the name of Kogisho (established at Shiraishi castle) for the assembly body of representatives of the domains who opposed to the Meiji Government at Boshin War.
- 昭和37年6月21日、折からの大学管理制度改革(文部大臣(当時)による国立大学の学長選任権及び監督権を強化する内容が含まれていた)に対して反対するデモが、京都府学生自治会連合(京都府学連)の主宰により行われた。
- On June 21 in 1962, the student union of Kyoto Prefecture organized the demonstration against the reform of university management because it included more authority of the Ministry of Education (at the time) to assign and control the presidents of the national universities.
- 『古事記』と『日本書紀』を編集した人物は、当代の天皇の正統性を確保しようとするために、これらの天皇とその年代を、当時最先端の科学(讖緯説)に基いて算出したと考えられるが、現在の科学からは疑問視される部分も多い。
- Editors of the'Kojiki' and the 'Nihonshoki' tried to date the ages of these emperors using the most advanced technology at the time so as to justify the orthodoxy of their emperor, but many modern scholars doubt their dating.
- また、町衆主導によって行われたと評価されてきた明応9年(1500年)の祇園祭の再興も本来祇園祭が疫病平癒の祭りであったことを考えると、逆に当時の社会不安の反映が祇園祭再興を促したという側面も考えられるのである。
- Also, the resumption in 1500 of the Gion Festival, which had been acclaimed for the townsmen's initiative behind it, may be considered to have been motivated in part by the social unrest prevailing then, given the history that the Gion Festival had originally been an event of prayer for recovery from epidemics.
- 文化および工業都市・京は平安京以来の都であり、応仁の乱によって大打撃を受けたものの、依然として朝廷や仏教の有力宗派のうちのいくつかの本山などが設置され、学術・芸術・宗教の面では当時の日本を代表する都市であった。
- Kyoto, currently known as the cultural and industrial center, had been the national capital since the period of Heian-kyo with the Imperial Court and the headquarters of a numerous leading Buddhist sects, despite the serious setbacks suffered in the Onin War, and it was the city representing Japan as the center of the academic activities, arts and religion at that time,
- さらに、第二次世界大戦においては大東亜共栄圏の行動を打ち出し、当時イギリスやオランダなどの列強が植民地化していた東南アジアに進軍し、欧米の占領軍を追い出して後釜に座る形でほぼ全域を占領、あるいは影響下に置いた。
- In World War II, Japan proposed the action of the Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere, marched into Southeast Asia which was the colony of powerful countries such as England and the Netherlands, cast out the Occupation Forces of Europe and America and took their places, occupying or putting under their influence almost the whole area.
- 津田左右吉は、1930年の『日本上代史研究』において、十七条憲法に登場する「国司国造」という言葉や書かれている内容は推古朝当時の政治体制と合わず、後世すなわち『日本書紀』編纂ごろに作成されたものであろうとした。
- Sokichi TSUDA stated in 'Nippon jodaishi kenkyu'(Research in the ancient history of Japan) published in 1930 that the terms such as 'Kokushi and Kuni no miyatsuko' (provincial governors and the heads of local governments) as well as the contents written in The 17-Article Constitution did not match the political system of the time of the reign of Empress Suiko, and that it was therefore established at a later time, i.e. around the time when the 'Nihonshoki' was compiled.
- 1871年10月3日(明治4年8月19日_(旧暦))、当時の北海道開拓使は北海道の開拓の目処として翌72年から10年間1,000万円をもって総額とするという大規模予算計画、いわゆる開拓使十年計画を決定していた。
- On October 3, 1871, Hokkaido Development Commissioner decided on a large-scale budget plan called the Ten-year Plan of Development Commissioner, which estimated the total budget for development of Hokkaido during the ten years after 1872 to be ten million yen.
- 当時の日本は、鉄道や船舶の整備によって国内の移動が促進され、南北から多くの人が博覧会を観覧しにやってきていたし、また日清戦争後に起きた日本留学ブームによって、清国や朝鮮などからも来日した人々が大勢来場していた。
- In Japan many people from southern and northern part visited the exhibition thanks to improved domestic transportation such as railways and ships, in addition, after the Sino-Japanese war more and more people in China and Korea wished to come Japan to study and those foreign students also visited the exhibition.
- 同学会は天皇来学に際し、(当時の左翼勢力の主流がしていたように)天皇制反対を声高に訴えるのでなく「歓迎もしなければ拒否もしない」「(天皇を)一個人として迎える」という態度を取り、学生と天皇との会見を要求していた。
- For the Emperor's visit, Dogakukai took a position of 'We will neither welcome nor reject his visit' and 'We will receive (the Emperor) as an individual,' rather than vociferously appealing the abolition of the Imperial system (unlike other left-wing organizations which did so), and requested to meet the Emperor.
- 1928年(昭和3年)にはグンゼの事務所が、翌年には工場が置かれたほどで、生産された生糸は丹後ちりめんや西陣織の原材料としてだけでなく海外への輸出用としても生産され、養蚕業は当時の福知山を支える地場産業であった。
- Since Gunze Ltd. located its business office in 1928, and its plant in 1929, and raw silk was produced not only as raw materials of Tango chirimen (silk crepe) and Nishijin Textile but also for export, the local sericulture industry supported Fukuchiyama in those days.
- 江華島事件以来、当時の朝鮮は、朝鮮は清朝の冊封国(または冊封国)としての朝鮮のままであるべきであるという「守旧派」(事大党ともいう)と、現状を憂い朝鮮の近代化を目指す「開化派」(独立党ともいう)とに分かれていた。
- In Korea at the time, the government had been divided between two factions even since the Ganghwa Island incident: the 'Conservative Party' (also known as the Sadaedang, or 'Serve the Great' Party) which advocated that Korea should remain a vassal state of Qing China and 'the Gaehwadang' (Progressive Party, also called the Independence Party) that was anxious about the current situation and hoped to modernize Korea.
- それは、国衙が支配する土地(公田)を名田(みょうでん)という単位に再編し、当時、経済力をつけていた田堵と呼ばれる富豪層(有力百姓層)に名田経営を請け負わせることで、租税収入を確保する体制(名体制という。)であった。
- The government established the system of rule (known as myo taisei) aimed at ensuring the collection of tax revenues by reorganizing government land (public farmland) into units called myoden and by hiring influential farmers called tato, who had accumulated considerable wealth during the period, to manage the myoden.
- 『平家物語』では、頼政が夜半に不遇の以仁王の邸を訪れ、謀反を持ちかけたことになっているが、当時頼政は77歳という高齢であり、皇位への道を断たれて不満を持っていた以仁王の方から頼政に挙兵を持ちかけたという見方もある。
- The 'Heike monogatari' describes Yorimasa visiting the down-on-his-luck prince Mochihito at his mansion in the dead of night and proposing that they overthrow the government, but at this point Yorimasa was 77 years old, which has prompted some to suspect it was the other way around--that it was prince Mochihito, distressed at the disruption of imperial succession, who approached Yorimasa about raising an army.
- 今出川兼季や西園寺実俊(ただし、貞治3年以後)といった現職・前職大臣に勅裁を伝える場合には当時の公家社会の慣例に従って院宣や綸旨はその家の家司宛に出されたのに対して、武家執奏が大納言以下の場合には本人宛に出された。
- In cases where the chokusai was conveyed to the current or former ministers such as Kanesue IMADEGAWA and Sanetoshi SAIONJI (1224 or later), the messages of inzen and rinji were conveyed to the keishi (household superintendent) of the household in accordance with the court nobles' customary practice at that time, while in cases where the bukeshisso's rank was Dainagon (Chief Counselor of State) or lower, the messages were sent directly to the designated person.
- これは、当時の関東では土地はいくらでもあり、要は土地を耕す労働力の編成が問題なのであって、敵を滅ぼすとは、その敵の兵力であり、同時に労働力であるそれら与力伴類にダメージを与えて四散させることが重要であったのである。
- It was because there were such a great amount of land in Kanto, and the labor organization that cultivated the land was a problem, and damaging and scattering yoriki (police sergeant) consisting of both the military and labor force of the enemy was required in order to annihilate the enemy.
- 第3期は律令制度が弛緩している時期にあたるため、第2期より大規模な造作が行われていることに多くの研究者が驚かされたが、現在では、当時の政庁運営で中心的役割を担っていた在庁官人層の拡大に対応するものと理解されている。
- Because the third period is when the ritsuryo system was lax, many researchers were surprised at that larger construction than the second-period buildings had been made, but currently, it is considered to correspond to expansion by local governmental officials who had a central role in operating the government.
- 「混一」という言葉はモンゴル帝国時代に用いられ始めた用語であることが指摘されているが、その意味は当時知られていた世界としてのアフリカ大陸・ユーラシア大陸が境界なく渾然一体となっているという世界観を表しているという。
- The term '混一,' which is said to have come into use in the age of the Mongolian empire, means the view of the world that the African continent and the Eurasian continent form a harmonious whole with no border.
- しかしながら、当時新進であった神道勢力と旧来よりの勢力を保っていた浄土真宗との深刻な意見対立によって実績は揚がらぬまま、浄土真宗の大教院離脱を経て、明治10年(1877年)1月11日に廃止、機能は社寺局へ移された。
- However, Kyobusho could not achieve significant results because of the critical conflict between the up-and-coming Shintoism group and the Jodo Shinshu Buddhist sect group that had kept its long-established power, and eventually the Jodo Shinshu sect broke away from Daikyoin, which led to the abolition of Kyobusho on January 11, 1877 while its functions were transferred to the Bureau of shrines and temples.
- 個別の国司苛政上訴事案を観察すると、訴えられた国司らは、慣例で免除されていた税目を法令どおりに課税したり、当時よく発令された天皇代替わり新制に伴う地方税制に則った課税を行ったりと、彼らの遵法的な行政姿勢が見て取れる。
- Examining individual cases of Kokushi kasei joso, we can find law-abiding administrative stances of the sued Kokushi; some legally levied tax items not collected by customs or others levied local taxes, often collected in those days under a new system by the change of the emperors.
- しかし、延喜年間になると諸国の国衙はそれまでの国内公田(口分田・乗田など)の直接支配から、その公田を名(みょう)という単位に分割し、それぞれの名の経営を当時「富豪の輩」と呼ばれていた田堵に請け負わせる体制に移行した。
- In the Engi era, however, kokuga in various provinces shifted the system from the conventional direct control over koden (field administered directly by a ruler, such as kubunden or joden) in the territory to a new system in which the koden was divided into units called myo, and the administration of each myo was contracted out to tato that was called 'rich class' in those days.
- 源光信(美濃源氏)、多田行綱(多田源氏)、山本義経(近江源氏)、武田信義、一条忠頼、安田義定(甲斐源氏)、伊豆国の源頼朝、陸奥国の源義経などの名があるが、当時の重要人物の欠落や錯誤が多く、後世の創作と考えられている。
- The list includes such names as MINAMOTO no Mitsunobu (of the Mino Genji), Yukitsuna TADA (of the Tada Genji), Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO (of the Omi Genji), Nobuyoshi TAKEDA, Tadayori ICHIJO, Yoshisada YASUDA (of the Kai Genji), as well as MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in Izu province and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune in Mutsu province, but many of the most important and powerful people of the day are missing from the list and there are many errors, prompting some to consider the list a literary fiction added later.
- 当時、農民層を直接支配していたのは、地頭・荘官などの階層から在地の領主として成長していった国人領主層であり、彼らが守護大名の被官となることでその軍事力を支え、室町幕府や守護大名の動向を規定していったとするものである。
- It asserted that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who had been raised from the classes of jito (manager and lord of manor) or shokan (an officer governing manor) to the local lord, that directly ruled the farmers class in those days, and that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who, by becoming low-level bureaucrat of the shugo daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), supported their military power and came to define the movement of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the shugo daimyo.
- 当時の王権基盤は未熟な段階にあり、大王の地位が各地域の首長から構成される連合政権の盟主に過ぎなかったことを考慮すれば、直木孝次郎の説くように、5世紀のヤマト政権はまさに「大王と葛城氏の両頭政権」であったと表現出来る。
- The foundation of sovereignty was still underdeveloped during those days, and the position of the Okimi was nothing more than that of a leader of chiefs, assigned to each region of the coalition government; the Yamato regime during the 5th century can be described as the 'diarchy of Okimi and Katsuraki clan' as the historian Kojiro Naoki has decribed.
- この当時、世界で女性参政権を認められていた地域はアメリカ合衆国のワイオミング州準州や英領サウスオーストラリアやピトケアン諸島といったごく一部であったので、この動きは女性参政権を実現したものとしては世界で数例目となった。
- Because in those days women's suffrage had been granted only in a few places worldwide, for example in Wyoming Territory in the U.S., British South Australia and the Pitcairn Islands, this movement was among only a handful of cases in the world where women's suffrage was won.
- 酒株を持った酒造人が生産する酒の量を酒造石高といい、籾米1石(当時の徴税はこの状態であり、精米すると精米度合いにもよるがおよそ6割になる。つまり玄米だけの体積は0.6石程度となる)を使った際に生成できる酒の歩合である。
- The amount of sake produced by a brewer with sakekabu is expressed in sake brewing kokudaka (yield in the unit of koku), which is the percentage of sake produced using one koku (about 180 litters) of unhulled rice (Taxation was based on rice in this stage at that time. When polished, it becomes some 60 percent in volume depending on how well it is polished. That means the volume of only the brown rice is about 0.6 koku).
- しかしながら、地租改正当時の測量技術が未熟であったこと、時間と人員の制約から測量の専門家でない素人が測量にあたったこと、また税の軽減を図るために故意に過小に測量したことなどから、その内容は必ずしも正確なものではなかった。
- However, the details of survey at the time of land-tax reform were not necessarily accurate; it was because the survey technique used was primitive, people who were not the specialists for survey engaged in the task owning to the constraints of time and human resources, and there existed people who deliberately underestimated their land to deduce tax.
- 謀議が事実であったかどうかは当時でも疑問視する向きが多く、西光と成親が清盛の呼び出しに簡単に応じていることから、平氏側(清盛)が院近臣勢力を潰すため、もしくは山門との衝突を回避するためにでっち上げた疑獄事件の可能性もある。
- Whether there in fact were any secret plans was questioned even at that point and since Saiko and Narichika readily attended to Kiyomori's call, there is a possibility that it was a plot by the Taira clan (Kiyomori) to destroy close aides of the cloistered government or evade confrontation with the Sanmon.
- 決定的とは認知されていない説だが、『魏略』には現在の半年を当時の日本が一年として数えていたという『倍年説』を基に歴史を再計算しその結果、神武天皇の即位は西暦181年であり、寿命は127歳の半分の63歳であったと主張している。
- It is not recognized as conclusive, but he recalculated years of the history according to 'Double Year Theory' which says in 'Weilue (Brief Account of the Wei Dynasty)', a half year of the present was counted as a year at that time in Japan, and as a result, he asserts that Emperor Jinmu was enthroned in 181 and his life duration was 63 years, half of 127 years.
- この年の5月から6月にかけて当時相論で行われていた「三例三答」と呼ばれる手続きに従い、信輔は4度(本来は3度であるが補足として4度目の意見書を出した)、昭実は3度意見書を提出して自己の主張の正当性と相手の主張の誤りを主張した。
- From May to June of the year, according to the procedure of the sanrei-santo (legal proceedings of three questions and three answers, 三例三答) utilized in the soron (legal dispute) at that time, Nobusuke submitted a written statement four times (officially, a written statement should be submitted three times, but he submitted a forth supplementary one), and Akizane submitted three times, in order to insist on the legitimacy of their own statements and the errors of the opponent's.
- 当時仏教受容の先頭を切ったのは蘇我稲目であり、百済の聖王が日本の朝廷の伝えてきた金銅釈迦像・経典若干卷のうちの仏像を小墾田(おはりだ)の家に安置し、さらに向原(むくはら)の家を清めて向原寺(こうげんじ)とした(『日本書紀』)。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the introduction of Buddhism into Japan was spearheaded by SOGA no Iname, who enshrined a gilt bronze statue of Shakyamuni that had been presented, together with some sutras, to the Imperial court by King Seong of Baekje, in his house at Oharida and purified his house in Mukuhara, converting it into Kogen-ji Temple.
- 本圀寺の変(ほんこくじのへん・本國寺の変)とは、永禄12年1月5日 (旧暦)(1569年1月21日)に三好三人衆が京都本圀寺(当時の呼称は「本國寺」)に仮の御所(六条御所)を置いていた室町幕府征夷大将軍・足利義昭を襲撃した事件。
- The Incident of Honkoku-ji Temple, on January 31, 1569, was an attack of Miyoshi sanninshu (three chief retainers of the Miyoshi clan) on Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), who was in his temporary residence (Rokujo Palace) in Kyoto Honkoku-ji Temple (it was called 'Honkoku-ji' then).
- 1月30日(当時の感覚でいえば、「正月晦日」)の未明、賀茂川東側の宮川町団栗辻子(現在の京都市東山区宮川筋付近)の空家から出火、折からの強風に乗って南は五条通にまで達し、更に火の粉が鴨川対岸の寺町通に燃え移って洛中に飛び火した。
- In the early dawn of March 7 (January 30 in old lunar calendar which is a day called Shogatsu Misoka at the time), a fire broke out at an unoccupied house in Donguri no Zushi in Miyagawa Town on the eastern side of Kamo-gawa River (in the vicinity of modern-day Miyagawasuji, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City) and was carried south by strong winds to Gojo-dori Street while sparks also spread to Teramachi-dori Street on the opposite side of Kamo-gawa river and throughout central Kyoto.
- しかしながら、続く平城天皇朝の大同2年(807年)に当時政権№2,3の座にあった、藤原雄友(是公の子:大納言)・藤原乙叡(継縄の子:中納言)が伊予親王の変により失脚し、仲麻呂に続き、豊成・乙麻呂の系統も中央貴族としては衰退した。
- However, in 807, during the era of Emperor Heijo, FUJIWARA no Otomo (son of the Korekimi, or Dainagon (chief councilor of state)) and FUJIWARA no otoei/Tadatoshi (son of the Tsugutada, or Chunagon (vice-councilor of state)), who were in the second and third positions of the political power at the time, fell from power as a result of Iyo Shinno no Hen (the Conspiracy of Imperial Prince Iyo), whereby the family lines of Toyonari and Otomaro declined as the central nobility, followed by the fall of Nakamaro.
- 天保元年(1830年)に彦根城で能会が開かれた折に、彦根藩のお抱え狂言師であった小川吉五郎が「枕物狂」を上演中に急病で倒れ、その後を千吾(当時20歳)が見事に代演してみせたので、藩主の井伊直弼に気に入られ、その場で召し抱えられた。
- When Kichigoro OGAWA, a personal retainer and Kyogen performer of the Hikone clan, suddenly fell ill during his performance of 'Makuramonogurui' (a Kyogen love story between an old man and a young girl) at a Noh ceremony held in Hikone Castle in 1830, Sengo (20 years old at that time) managed to perform as a substitute for Kichigoro, by which Sengo gained favor with Naosuke II, the lord of the Hikome clan and was taken into his service on the spot.
- さらに、藤原不比等が養老4年(720年)に没すると、その子である藤原四兄弟(藤原武智麻呂、藤原房前、藤原宇合、藤原麻呂)はまだ若く、議政官は当時参議の地位にあった房前のみであったため、長屋王は皇親の代表として政界の主導者となった。
- When FUJIWARA no Fuhito died in 720, his sons Fujiwara four brothers (FUJIWARA no Muchimaro, FUJIWARA no Fusasaki, FUJIWARA no Umakai, FUJIWARA no Maro) were still young and only FUJIWARA no Maro had the position of Sangi (councilor) as Giseikan (Legislature), so Prince Nagaya became a leader of the political world as a representative of Koshin.
- 当時、全国的な争乱(観応の擾乱)が続いており、兵糧調達のため、激戦地であった近江国(守護:六角氏)・美濃国(守護:土岐頼康)・尾張国(守護:土岐頼康)の本所領(荘園)を対象として、その年の収穫に限り、守護に年貢半分の徴発を認めた。
- At that time, the government allowed provincial constables to requisition half of the taxes from the production of the year to obtain provisions in the midst of a nationwide disturbance (the Kanno Disturbance), aiming at the manors of the Province of Omi (provincial constable: Rokkaku clan), the Province of Mino (provincial constable: Yoriyasu TOKI) and the Province of Owari (provincial constable: Yoriyasu TOKI) all of which were the bloodiest battlefields in the disturbance.
- 更には当時の幕府は法律に関する出版を厳しく禁じる方針を採っていたにも関らず、高札に掲示された法令に関しては「万民に周知の事」と言う理由で簡単に出版が許されたばかりでなく、高札の文章は寺子屋の書き取りの教科書としても推奨されていた。
- Even though bakufu had maintained the policy of prohibiting the publication regarding any general laws, a permission of publishing the act and laws noted on Kosatsu was not only allowed to publish easily in order to thoroughly 'notify those act and laws to all the people', but also the sentences noted on Kosatsu were recommended as textbooks for Terakoya (temple elementary school during the Edo period) to practice dictation skills.
- そして、東京大学名誉教授の坂野潤治は、福澤の状況的発言は当時の国際状況、国内経済などの状況的認識と対応していることを強調し、甲申事変が失敗したことにより状況的認識が変化して「脱亜論」が書かれたと説明して、以下のように喝破している。
- A professor emeritus at Tokyo University, Junji BANNO emphasized that Fukuzawa's situational remark corresponded to recognition of the international situation and domestic economy at that time and he explained that the 'Datsu-A Ron' was written when this situation recognition changed when the Gapsin Coup failed; he corrected it as follows:
- 戦国時代の残滓が残っているとはいえ、「武断政治」から「文治政治」への転換が図られて、「喧嘩両成敗」という理非を問わずに双方を処断するというやり方は、無実の人間を残虐な刑罰に晒す危険性があると当時の儒学者などからの批判もあったという。
- Some Confucians criticized 'Kenka Ryoseibai' by pointing out the possibilities of punishing innocent people without making clear what is right and what is wrong, especially now that the politics had shifted from military government to civilian government although there were remnants left from the Sengoku Period (period of civil war).
- 平安時代に入ると、桓武天皇による律令制再建政策の中で延暦18年(799年)には大宰府にも明法博士が設置され、同21年(802年)には当時30名の定員があった算生の定員を10名削って、明法生を10名から20名に増やす措置が採られている。
- In the Heian period, in the restructuring policy of ritsuryo by the Emperor Kanmu, doctors of Myoho were appointed also in Dazaifu (the local government institution in Kyushu) in 799 and a measure was taken to increase the students of Myoho from 10 to 20 by cutting 10 of the fixed 30 students of Sando in 802.
- 2004年当時、丹波町(京都府)が存在していたが、市町の違いがあるので、競合そのものに法律上の問題はなかったが、丹波町が周辺の町と合併して京丹波町が発足した2005年(平成17年)10月11日をもって、丹波市・丹波町の並存は解消した。
- At that time, there was a Tanba town in Kyoto, though there was no legal issue of competition, due to the difference between town and city, and the problem itself disappeared when Tanba town consolidated with the surrounding towns and renamed itself Kyotanba town on October 11, 2005.
- が、当時の紀伊国造家や津守氏のように本姓はあっても名字の存在しない家や、源義高 (左兵衛権佐)流源氏のように姓と名字が同一の例も存在するなど、名字と本姓が必ず別であるという規則は無いこともあり、豊臣宗家の名字を断定することは出来ない。
- However, there was no strict rule on that myoji (family name) and honsei (original name) had to be different as these examples show: in the cases of the Miyatsuko family of Kii Province, and the Tsumori family, the honsei (original name) existed but they had no myoji (family name), on the other hand, the Minamoto clan, the line of MINAMOTO no Yoshitaka (Sahyoe no gon no suke [provisional assistant captain of the Left Division of Middle Palace Guards]), the sei (surname) and myoji (family name) were the same, and therefore, it is impossible to conclude what was the myoji of the head family of TOYOTOMI.
- 敏達天皇崩御後、彼女らの間に儲けた橘豊日皇子以降3人の弟・妹が、母親がれっきとした皇族である、甥の押坂彦人大兄皇子を差し置いて約40年大王(天皇)位につき、蘇我氏の全盛期が築かれる(ただ、当時は親子よりも兄弟の継承が一般的であった)。
- After the death of Emperor Bidatsu, Soga clan flourished as three children born (after Prince Tachibananotoyohi) between Emperor Kinmei and his wives took positions of Okimi (emperor) instead of Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko (prince) whose mother was officially a member of Imperial family; however, in those times accession to the throne was more common from brother to brother rather than from father to his son.
- 陸奥宗光は、当時有力な佐幕論者であった紀州藩士三浦休太郎が大垣藩井田五蔵らと共謀して京都にて不穏な動きをしていること、また、坂本龍馬、中岡慎太郎の暗殺(近江屋事件)が、伊呂波丸事件にて龍馬に恨みを持つ紀州藩が黒幕であるとの話を聞いた。
- Munemitsu MUTSU heard that Kyutaro MIURA, a feudal retainer of the Kishu Domain, who was an influential supporter of the bakufu, together with Itsuzo IDA of the Ogaki Domain and others were plotting something threatening in Kyoto and that the Kishu clan was the mastermind of the assassinations of Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Shintaro NAKAOKA (Omiya Incident), which occurred in retaliation for the Iroha Maru Incident from which they had a grudge against Ryoma.
- この時期の銀の市場価格の変動は大きくまた下落傾向が顕著であった為、そして、その当時世界経済の主導的地位を占めていたイギリスが既に金本位制に転じていた為、銀本位制諸国は深刻な影響をうけ、19世紀の終りにはほとんどの国が金本位制に転じた。
- Since fluctuation of market value of silver during this period was significant and tended to decline remarkably and the United Kingdom, which led the world economy around that time, already shifted to the gold standard, countries which adopted silver standard were seriously affected, so most of the countries shifted to the gold standard in the end of the nineteenth century.
- 戦国時代では赤以外にも黒色・黄色等の色で統一された色備えがあったが、当時赤は高級品である辰砂で出されており、戦場でも特に目立つため、赤備えは特に武勇に秀でた武将が率いた精鋭部隊である事が多く、後世に武勇の誉れの象徴として語り継がれた。
- In the Sengoku period, there were other Irozonae (colored arms) which were formed in a single color such as black or yellow other than red, but the red of the times came from cinnabar which was a high-quality product, and it also highly stood out in the battlefield, therefore, Akazonae were mostly elite troops led by a busho with outstanding bravery, and were passed down as a symbol of honor of bravery from generation to generation.
- 一条兼良の『樵談治要』の「諸国の守護たる人廉直をさきとすべき事」の条に「諸国の国司は一任四ケ年に過ぎず、当時の守護職は昔の国司に同じといへども、子々孫々につたへて知行をいたす事は、春秋の時の十二諸侯、戦国の世の七雄にことならず」とある。
- In the section 'Shugo (provincial military governor) should give high priority to honesty' in 'Shodanchiyo' by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, it is described as 'the term of office for kokushi (provincial governor) was four years a term and although the present shugo corresponds to kokushi in the former time, they are equivalent to the Twelve Feudal Lords in the Chunqiu period and the Seven Influential Lords in the Zhanguo period, because they govern and succeed the fief from father to son.'
- その成果の詳細は不明であるが、鎌倉時代には国内第一の港として「兵庫津(ひょうごのつ)」「兵庫島」あるいは「兵庫経島(ひょうごきょうじま)」と呼ばれるようになり、当時の兵庫津のようすは絵巻物『法然上人絵伝』や『一遍聖絵』にも描かれている。
- The details of the result are not clear, but during Kamakura period the port came to be called 'Hyogo no tsu,' 'Hyogo jima' or 'Hyogokyo jima' as the primary port in Japan and the atmosphere of Hyogo no tsu in those days was painted also in picture scrolls such as 'Honen Shonin Eden' (illustrated biography of a Buddhist saint, Honen) or 'The Ippen hijiri-e' (Painting of St. Ippen).
- 古代の有力豪族であった物部氏の末裔(仏教反対派として有名な物部守屋の弟の5代目の子孫だとされる)である石上氏に生まれた宅嗣は藤原仲麻呂討伐などで活躍をして大納言にまで昇る一方で当時を代表する知識人・文人であり、熱心な仏教信者でもあった。
- Born into the Isonokami clan that is descended from the powerful ancient clan of Mononobe (alleged to be the fifth-generation descendant of the younger brother of MONONOBE no Moriya who opposed the introduction of Buddhism), Yakatsugu is famed for his military accomplishments defeating FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and rising to the rank of Dainagon (chief councilor of state) but at the same time was a leading figure in literature and arts and an avid Buddhist.
- 解放令が検討された最初の案は、明治2年(1869年)12月に民部省改正掛の渋沢栄一より、大蔵大輔大隈重信(当時、民部省と大蔵省は事実上統合されていた)にあてて提出された戸籍に関する草案である(現在早稲田大学社会科学研究所「大隈文書」)。
- The first proposal was the draft on the family register made by Eiichi SHIBUSAWA who was in charge of revision at Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) in December, 1869 for Shigenobu OKUMA who was Okura no taifu (a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Treasury), when the both Ministries were unified in effect (according to 'OKUMA monjo (written material),' present Institute of social science of Waseda University).
- なお、流罪の場合でも非常赦と呼ばれる特別な恩赦が出ない限りは生涯流刑地から離れることは許されず、また死刑の際に付随される親族の連坐や除名、資財田宅の没官は宥免されなかったことから、当時の社会においては社会的に完全に抹殺される効果はあった。
- In the case of banishment, it was not permitted to leave the place where one was banished for life unless special amnesty called hijosha was granted, and family members could not be pardoned from guilt-by-association, also, expulsion, and impounding of assets and farm/housing land that went along with the death sentence, which effectively and entirely denied their social existence in those times.
- そうした中で、武士は所領の知行権などをめぐる訴訟(所務沙汰)において幕府による裁定が下された後も、当時の社会で容認されていた自力救済慣行を背景として、必ずしも幕府裁定に従わず、自らの実力を行使して所領知行権を確保しようとする傾向があった。
- On the other hand, there was a tendency that samurai, even after the bakufu judged in the lawsuit over the right of fief, which was called shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues), not necessarily followed the bakufu's judgment but tried to keep their right to manage the territory using their force with the aid of the customary practice of self-help which had been approved in the society at that time.
- 明治5年11月15日 (旧暦)(当時の日本の暦は太陰太陽暦の天保暦で、太陽暦のグレゴリオ暦だと1872年12月15日)の太政官布告第342号により定められたもので、明治6年(1873年)1月1日の日本における太陽暦採用と同時に施行された。
- It was instituted on December 15, 1872 by Dajokan Fukoku (Decrees of the Cabinet) No. 342 and was executed on January 1, 1873, at the same time with employment of the solar calendar in Japan.
- これに対して天皇は、当時の九条家の政治的地位を考慮し、同年11月29日_(旧暦)に九条家に対して綸旨を下し、道家の遺志はあくまでも一門上首による家長者の継承であり、その資格を有する九条家と一条家は嫡流としての同格であると裁決したのである。
- Considering the political position of the Kujo Family at that time, the emperor gave Rinji to the Kujo Family on November 29 (lunar calendar), in the same year giving the verdict that the will of Michiie was no more than the inheritance of the head of a family by the head of a clan and that the Kujo and Ichijo families, both having the qualification, were on equal footing as legitimate blood.
- 実際に襲撃したのは現在の時刻で翌12月15日 (旧暦)(1月31日)に入っての未明午前4時頃であったが、江戸時代の慣習では日の出の明け六つ鐘(1月31日では6時45分頃)を1日の区切りとしたので、当時の日付としては「14日の斬り込み」となる。
- Although the time when they actually made the raid was around 4 a.m. on December 15 according to the old calendar (January 31 in the modern calendar), it is considered 'the raid on 14' since there was a custom to divide and start each day at sunrise (which was at 6:45 a.m. on January 31) in the Edo period.
- 生類憐みの令を処罰された側から見ると悪法に見えるが、例えば、当時、まだ戦国時代 (日本)の「人を殺して出世する(賃金を得る)」がごとき風習が未だ根強く、病人や牛馬などを山野に捨てる風習や、宿で旅人が病気になると追い出されるなどの悪習があった。
- Although it appears an evil law from the viewpoint of the offender, there was still a persevering custom from the Civil War Period of 'Achieving promotion (monetary gain) by killing others', as well as a tendency to leave sick people, oxen and horses in fields and on mountains and of driving sick travellers out of inns.
- これにつき『福沢諭吉書簡集』の編集委員であった西川俊作は「この短い(およそ2,000字の)論説一篇をもって、彼を脱亜入欧の「はしり」であると見るのは短絡であり、当時の東アジア三国のあいだの相互関連を適切に理解していない見方である」と指摘する。
- For this, Shunsaku NISHIKAWA, a staff writer of the 'Fukuzawa Yukichi Shokanshu' (Collection of letters of Yukichi FUKUZAWA) pointed out that 'Judging Fukuzawa as the 'initiator' of the 'Datsu-A Nyu-O' (Leave Asia, Enter Europe) movement from a part of this short (about 2000-character) editorial is too shortsighted and it is a view from someone who does not properly understand the relationship among the three countries of East Asia at that time.'
- この後、哲学館は東洋大学となり、1928年に大学令による大学となるが、申請をしたにもかかわらず他の大学に比べて認可が遅れた(早稲田大学や國學院大學などは1920年に認可)のは哲学館事件が尾を引いたからではないかと当時の新聞は論説を書いている。
- Afterwards, Tetsugakukan became Toyo University, and became university under Acts of Universities in 1928, but the approbation was delayed compared to other universities (Waseda and Kokugakuin University were authorized in 1920), there was an opinion on a newspaper that the Tetsugakukan incident affected the delay.
- 先述のように現実の社会矛盾が取り繕われ隠蔽されたなかで天皇が多額の公費により巡幸を行っていることを悲しむとともに、米軍占領下での再軍備や朝鮮戦争が進行していた当時の情勢を踏まえ、日本が戦争に巻き込まれそうになった時の対応などを問うものであった。
- In this letter, students expressed sadness for the Emperor's tour on the ground that it was done using a big amount of tax money while social problems were being glossed over and concealed, and based on the situation at the time where Japan's re-militarization was in progress under U.S. occupation and the Korean War was becoming serious, they asked about Japan's attitude if it was on the verge of being dragged into the war.
- 一進会の設立当初、日本は一進会をそれほど評価してはいなかったが、一進会の設立後、宋秉畯は当時の日本の大佐、松石安治に対し書簡を送り、現状の高宗およびその官僚主導では大韓帝国の独立・維持は困難であると説明し、また京義線敷設の協力をも申し出ている。
- Japan initially wasn't putting a high estimation in Isshinkai, but after it was founded, Song Byung-joon sent a letter to Yasuharu MATSUISHI, a Japanese Colonel of the times, to explain that current regime led by Gao Zong and the bureaucracy couldn't bring independence and maintenance to Korean Empire, and he also offered a cooperation for the construction of Keigi Railroad.
- だが、当時の江戸幕府は成立したばかりであり、国内最大の経済都市である堺市・大坂を幕府と敵対する豊臣氏が支配していた事や全国経済の把握が進んでいなかった事、更に悪質な私鋳銭も出回ったこともあって、全国的な流通には至らなかったものと考えられている。
- The Edo Shognate had in fact just been established at the time, and it seems that the Keicho Tsuho coins were not distributed nationwide because Osaka and Sakai, the most economically developed cities, had been ruled by the Toyotomi Clan, who had felt hostility against the Edo Shogunate; the national economy had not been fully understood; and private low quality coins had been distributed.
- ただし、当時の首相である吉田茂は、憲法制定のスケジュールを、当初は8月11日公布、2月11日(紀元節)施行とし、その日程に間に合わなかったことから11月3日(明治節)公布、5月3日施行にしており、意図的にそれまでの祝祭日祝日に日程を合わせている。
- However, then prime minister Shigeru YOSHIDA intentionally made the dates of former national holidays become new national holidays; at first he scheduled to announce the Constitution of Japan on August 11 and to enact the same on February 11 (Kigensetsu (the National Foundation Day)), but since the government could not make it on schedule, they decided to announce the constitution on November 3 (Meiji festival) and to enact the same on May 3.
- そして開拓使十年計画の満期を迎えた1882年、当初の計画通り北海道開拓使を廃止し、その当時置かれていた北海道開拓使の札幌市の本庁および函館市・根室市の2支庁のそれぞれの管轄区域に応じて道外と同様に県という行政区域を新たに3つ設定することになった。
- When the Ten-year Plan of Development Commissioner was completed in 1882, Hokkaido Development Commissioner was abolished as originally planned, and it was decided that administrative districts called 'prefecture' were introduced just as outside Hokkaido and that three prefectures were newly established in accordance with jurisdictions of the government in Sapporo City and two offices in Hakodate and Nemuro Cities which had been administered by Hokkaido Development Commissioner.
- 孫の松田元輝の代になると宇喜多直家の力が強大になり、子の松田元賢に直家の娘と婚姻させ、姻戚関係を結ぶ、更には当時美作・備中への影響力が強かった尼子晴久が浦上氏を攻撃すべく備前へ侵攻してきた際には、尼子方に属するなどによって勢力の維持を図ろうとした。
- In the time of his grandson Mototeru MATSUDA, when Naoie UKITA increased his influences, he had his son Motokata MATSUDA marry a daughter of Naoie to ally, and further, he took sides with Haruhisa AMAGO, who had strong influence in Mimasaka and Bicchu at the time, advancing to Bizen to attack the Uragami clan, by which he tried to maintain his power.
- 日本国は、占領期間中に占領当局の指令に基いて若しくはその結果として行われ、又は当時の日本国の法律によつて許可されたすべての作為又は不作為の効力を承認し、連合国民をこの作為又は不作為から生ずる民事又は刑事の責任に問ういかなる行動もとらないものとする。
- Japan recognizes the validity of all acts and omissions done during the period of occupation under or in consequence of directives of the occupation authorities or authorized by Japanese law at that time, and will take no action subjecting Allied nationals to civil or criminal liability arising out of such acts or omissions.
- 編纂に当たっては「弘仁格」・貞観格に既出のもの、編纂当時に廃止されていたものは掲載せず、文章が長すぎるものは削り、以前の格で内容が不十分あるいは不明確であったものは書き加え、更に一部が使われていない場合には該当部分を削除するなどの修正が施されている。
- In compiling the new collection, such corrections were made as excluding items already taken up in Koninkyaku or Jogyankyaku and those already abolished at the time of compilation, shortening too long sentences, supplementing insufficient or unclear statements in any earlier Kyaku and, where some rules were partially out of use, clearing the pertinent rules of those unused parts.
- 鎮火後現場検証したところ、普段火の気がない事、そして寝具が何故か付近に置かれている事から、不審火の疑いがあるとして同寺の関係者を取り調べたところ、同寺子弟の見習い僧侶であり大学生の林承賢(京都府舞鶴市出身・当時21歳)がいない事が判明し行方を捜索した。
- In the investigation at the scene, when the police investigated temple staff on suspicions of arson, due to the fact that there were no sources of fire in the temple and that bedclothes were found near the scene of the fire, they found that Shoken HAYASHI, a monk of apprentice of the temple and a college student (from Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture, 21 years old at the time), was missing and thus searched for his whereabouts.
- なお、この反乱は一般に承平 (日本)・天慶 (日本)の両元号の期間に発生した事から「承平天慶の乱」と呼称されているが、承平年間における朝廷側の認識ではこの当時の将門・純友の行動は私戦(豪族同士の対立による私的な武力衝突)とその延長としか見られていない。
- The wars are commonly referred to as 'The Johei and Tengyo Wars' since they occurred during the Johei (Japan) and Tengyo (Japan) eras, but, at the time, the actions of Masakado and Sumitomo were seen by the Imperial Court as mere private warfare, private conflicts between local ruling families.
- またルイス・フロイスの『日本史』(Historia de Iapan)や、変に従軍した光秀配下の武士が江戸時代に書いたという『本城惣右衛門覚書』によれば、当時、重職以外の足軽や統率の下級武士は京都本能寺にいる徳川家康を討つものと信じていた、とされている。
- According to 'Historia de Iapan' by Luis Frois and 'Honjo Soemon Oboegaki' (literally, 'memorandum of Soemon HONJO') that is reportedly written by a samurai under Mitsuhide who followed the army in the Incident, ashigaru (foot soldier) and low-level samurai in command of them believed at that time that they would attack Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who was staying in the Honno-ji Temple in Kyoto.
- しかし、当時既に開設されていた電信によりいち早く彼らの蜂起とその規模を知った政府は、一部汽車をも利用して警察隊・憲兵 (日本軍)等を送り込むが苦戦し、最終的には東京鎮台の鎮台兵を送り郡境を抑えたため、11月4日に秩父困民党指導部は事実上崩壊、鎮圧された。
- However, the government, getting information on their uprising and its scale instantaneously by telegram that had already been in use at that time, sent a troop of police and military police (Japanese Army) partially by train only to face uphill fights, but finally soldiers in Tokyo Chindai Army (garrison in Meiji period) brought the county boundary under their control, leading the leaders of the Konmin Party to the collapse and subjugation on November 4.
- この介入は、執権北条時宗が後深草の立場に同情したためという説明が当時からなされている(『増鏡』)ほか、得宗と治天の交渉を仲介する立場にある関東申次西園寺実兼が亀山父子よりも後深草父子と親しかったため、後深草にとって有利な解決をはかったことも指摘されている。
- Other than the explanation for this intervention that has been given since it happened that the Regent Tokimune HOJO sympathized with Gofukakusa's situation ('Masukagami' (The Clear Mirror)), it has been pointed out that the Kanto Moshitsugi, Sanekane SAIONJI, who was in the position to mediate between Tokimune and the Chiten, was more intimate with the Gofukakusa father and son than the Kameyama father and son and could have worked for a more advantageous solution for Gofukakusa.
- 当時の政府は、外国人顧問から聴いた母国の植民地法制を参考にしつつ、日本の領域 (国家)たる外地(南樺太、台湾、朝鮮)には憲法の効力が及ぶのに対し、日本の領土ではない外地(関東州、南洋群島)には憲法の効力が及ばないという考え方を前提にして、統治方針を決めた。
- The government consulted foreign advisors and, referring to the legislation systems of the advisors' home coutries, established a governing policy based on the premise that the Constitution should be in force in Gaichi which were included in Japan's territories (Southern Sakhalin, Taiwan, and Korea) and should not be in force in Gaichi which were not included in Japan's territories (the Kwantung Leased Territory and the South Sea Islands).
- これは紀伝道教育が盛んであった当時の世相の反映であるが、その一方において、こうした行為は私的な師弟関係の形成と言う要素を含む事になり、菅原氏の学閥と反対する諸博士の学閥という対立抗争を生んだ他、大学寮制度の形骸化や家学の形成促進につながったと考えられている。
- It reflected the social conditions at the time when instruction on the Kidendo was widely offered; on the other hand, such an act was obliged to involve a private relationship between master and disciple -- It was considered that the latter fact introduced a conflict between the academic clique from the Sugawara clan and those from the hakase who opposed the Sugawara clan, and that the latter made the Daigaku-ryo system only in name and promoted the formation of hereditary learning.
- ただし、それは技能としての算術・数学であって、数学的思考や教養、感性が求められたものではなく、ましてや中国に見られたような高等数学が当時の日本社会で必要とされる場面は存在しなかったと考えられ、日本数学史が独自の進歩を見せるきっかけにはなりえなかったのである。
- However, this was arithmetic and mathematics as skill: mathematical thinking, cultivation, and sensibility were not sought after, and it seems that the advanced mathematics seen in China was not required by the Japanese society of that time, so this was not an opportunity for unique progress in the Japanese history of mathematics.
- 当時の処罰記録の調査によると、ごく少数の武家階級の生類憐みの令違反に対しては厳罰が下された事例も発見できるものの、それらの多くは生類憐みの令に違反したためというよりは、お触れに違反したためという、いわば「反逆罪」的な要素をもっての厳罰であるという解釈がある。
- According to investigations into punishment records of the time, although there are cases of severe punishment for lawbreakers among very small numbers of samurai, the punishment was not for violation of the law but for violation of the official notice, which can be interpreted as severe punishment being more linked with 'rebellion' and 'treason' than law-breaking.
- 下賜当時、西南戦争・竹橋・自由民権運動などの社会情勢により、設立間もない軍部に動揺が広がっていたため、これを抑え、精神的支柱を確立する意図で起草されたものされ、1878年(明治11年)10月に陸軍卿山縣有朋が全陸軍将兵に印刷配布した軍人訓誡が元になっている。
- At the time of the grant, the newly organized military had been shook up due to social unrest caused by Seinan War, Takebashi and Movement for democratic rights, and therefore, in order to settle the situation and establish a mental pillar they drafted the imperial rescript, which was made from the admonition for military men printed and distributed to all the officers and soldiers by Aritomo YAMAGATA, director general of the army, in October, 1878.
- 当時、三菱の海運事業「郵便汽船三菱会社」(国有会社であった「日本国郵便蒸気船会社」と三菱商会が合併して設立された)が大規模な値下げ攻勢で勢力を広げ、欧米系の船会社に握られていた日本の航海自主権を取り返したが、一方で日本国内の中小の船会社も追い出されてしまった。
- At that time, Mitusbishi's marine transportation business 'Yubin Kisen Mitubishi Kaisha' (which was established with the merger of a government-owned marine transportation company 'Nipponkoku Yubin Jokisen Kaisha' and Mitsubishi Shokai) extended power by offering huge discounts and deprived western companies of Japan's navigation autonomy, but at the same time, they squeezed out other small-and-medium-sized shipping companies in Japan.
- 前官礼遇を受けるには一定期間の在任が必要で、陸軍出身の首相である林銑十郎と阿部信行がその条件を満たしていなかったために、陸軍への配慮から改正されたという(前官礼遇とは首相・国務大臣等の要職を一定期間経験したものに対して現職者に準じる礼遇を賜る当時の制度である)。
- A Prime Minister was required to hold his post for a certain period of time to be granted the privileges later, and it is assumed that the definition was revised in consideration of the army because the two Prime Ministers, Senjuro HAYASHI and Nobuyuki ABE from the army, had not satisfied the condition (The system that existed in those days in which a person who had for a certain period of time occupied an important post such as a Prime Minister or a Minister of State was granted the same privileges as an incumbent was called 'zenkan reigu'.).
- 一方、橋本治はこれについて高倉天皇が立太子式を挙げた場所が藤原家の中でも最も格の高い邸宅であった東三条殿であったことに注目し、しかもこの東三条殿の当時の所有者が清盛の娘の盛子であった(藤原基実はこの立太子式の3ヶ月前に死去)ことが強く影響したという説を立てている。
- Osamu HASHIMOTO proposed an alternative hypothesis that focused on the fact that Emperor Takakura held the ceremony for becoming Crown Prince at the Higashi Sanjo-den, the noblest of all residences within the Fujiwara family, and that the owner of this residence was Kiyomori's daughter, Moriko (FUJIWARA no Motozane had died 3 months before the ceremony), who could have strongly affected his position.
- しかし、同法にいう戸籍法の適用を受けない者とは、本島人ノ戸籍ニ関スル件(昭和8年1月20日台湾総督府令第8号)又は朝鮮戸籍令(大正11年12月18日朝鮮総督府令第154号)の適用を受ける者、要するに公職選挙法施行当時に日本国籍を有していた台湾人や朝鮮人のことである。
- However, when it comes to those who do not fall under the provisions of the Family Registration Law according to the Public Offices Election Act, they are those who fall under the provisions of the item concerning family register of people in the main island (Taiwan Sotoku-fu [Governor-General] Rei Ordinance No.8 of January 20, 1933) or of Korea family register (Chosen Sotoku-fu Rei Ordinance No.154 of December 18, 1922), that is, they are Taiwanese or Korean persons who had Japanese nationality when Public Offices Election Act was enforced.
- 折りから道隆の父摂政兼家が死去し、新たに摂政となった道隆は自己の政治的立場を強化するためにも定子を皇后に立てることを望んだが、当時、皇后には円融の退位後も遵子がそのままとどまっており、皇太后には一条の生母藤原詮子が、太皇太后には昌子が就いており、后位に空席はなかった。
- Sessho (regent) Kaneie, the father of Michitaka, died and Michitaka became Sessho and wished to put up Teishi as empress to reinforce his political power, but the post of the empress was not vacant because Junshi stayed as empress even after the abdication of Emperor Enyu, and FUJIWARA no Senshi, the real mother of Ichijo, was Empress Dowager and Masako was Grand Empress Dowager.
- また、当時義昭によって京都を追われていた石山本願寺を頼っていた近衛前久も顕如に三好氏支援を進言した(ただし、前久の「反信長」は表向きは未だ信長が擁立した形となっている義昭の排除が目的であり、義昭が信長によって追放されると京都に帰還して一転して信長派の中心人物となる)。
- Sakihisa KONOE, who took refuge with Hongan-ji Temple after he was repelled from Kyoto by Yoshiaki, advised Kennyo to help the Miyoshi clan (However, then Sakihisa's anti-Nobunaga attitude came from his intention to defeat Yoshiaki, who was still officially protected by Nobunaga, and later he returned to Kyoto soon after Yoshiaki was expelled by Nobunaga, turning himself into a key figure among Nobunaga's allies.)
- 南北朝鮮では当時一進会が民衆のみならず知識人からも強い批判を受けていたこと、それまで一進会が同じくチンイルパの李完用首相と共に日本の朝鮮侵出を援護してきたことなどから、この声明書に対して「国権防衛運動、義兵闘争、愛国啓蒙運動などに反するもの」であると非常に批判的である。
- Because the Iljinhoe group were receiving strong criticism not only from the general public but also from intellectuals at that time and the group was back Japan's invasion of Korea together with another Chinilpa Prime Minister Lee Wan-Yong, in North and South Korea, people were fiercely critical toward this statement as 'a view opposing the protection of national sovereignty, the effort of the Righteous Army (Korean army) and the patriotic enlightenment movement.
- そこで当時院政を敷いていた後水尾法皇と江戸幕府との間で密かに万が一鷹司房子に男子が生まれないままに天皇が崩御された場合の時には小倉実起の娘(中納言典侍・実名不詳)が生んだ第1皇子である一宮が継承するという合意が出来ており、天皇や摂関家などの有力公家の合意を取り付けていた。
- There had been an agreement between Cloistered Emperor Gomizunoo, then taking the virtual reins of the court, and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a nominally emperor-appointed Shogun) that, if Emperor Reigen died before Fusako TAKATSUKASA delivered a son, the Emperor's oldest son Ichinomiya born to a daughter (an unidentified Chunagon Naishi (a maid of honor to the Vice-Councilor of State)) of Saneoki OGURA would inherit the throne, and this agreement had won consent of the Emperor and influential noble families including Sekkanke (families qualified for appointment as Prince Regent or Chief Advisor to the Emperor).
- 一方、当時の公家社会では、公家達のほとんどが北朝方公家の末裔であったために(多くは家督を巡って南北に分裂した)北朝正統論が強く、柳原紀光ら公家出身の歴史家の多くが北朝正統論を支持した、また皇室も永く現皇統につながる北朝を正統と考えていたとされ祭祀もその方針で行われていた。
- On the other hand, most of the court nobles at that time were descended from court nobles of the Northern Court (many families divided into Southern and Northern based on the family head), and strongly supported the Northern Court legitimacy theory, together with many aristocratic historians such as Norimitsu YANAGIHARA, and the Imperial Line also considered the Northern Court as legitimate because it was directly connected to the current imperial line, so rituals were also conducted following those policies.
- このように日朝修好条規、朝鮮修信使の制度ができるまでは、明治初期の1872年頃までの当時の開化派とされた朴珪寿でさえ、彼を含めた朝鮮政府の共通認識は「欧米人は通商によって利益を追求する人倫を欠いた禽獣であり、日本人もまた同様である(倭洋一体)」のようなものだったのである。
- Before the Treaty of Ganghwa (Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity) and the system of the post-1868 embassy from Korea, even Gyu-su PARK who was one of the most civilized at that time around up until 1872 and the common view of the Korean government including his was 'Europeans and Americans are animals without humanity who are only after profit from trade and Japanese are the same (Wayo Ittai ron theory to consider Japan, European countries and the USA as one).'
- 戦争中,中支の戦場にいた,のちの戦記作家の伊藤桂一(当時・陸軍上等兵)は,戦陣訓と軍人勅諭を比較して「「戦陣訓」にくらべると,明治十五年発布の「軍人勅諭」は荘重なリズムをもつ文体で,内部に純粋な国家意識が流れているし,軍隊を離れて,一種の叙事詩的な文学性をさえ感じるのである。
- Keiichi ITO was in the central China during the war (as a lance corporal of the Army) and when he became a novelist of military history later, he compared Senjinkun military code with the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and said, ''the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors,' that was issued in 1882, has a literary style with more solemn rhythm than 'Senjinkun military code,' pure national consciousness is seen through it, and it gives impression of a kind of epic literature instead of the military.
- 元正天皇(元正天皇)は即位直前に一品を与えられたこと、孝謙天皇の後継者に擬えられた道祖王(廃太子)及び大炊王(淳仁天皇)がいずれも一品親王である新田部親王・舎人親王(いずれも故人)の子であり、陽成天皇の事実上の廃位後に立てられた時康親王(光孝天皇)は当時唯一の一品親王であった。
- The Empress Gensho was conferred Ippon just before the enthronement, and Funado no Okimi (the deposed crown prince) and the Prince Oi (the Emperor Junnin) who were the sons of both Ippon Shinno, the Imperial Prince Niitabe and the Imperial Prince Toneri (both deceased); the Imperial Prince Tokiyasu (the Emperor Koko) was the only Ippon Shinno at that time when he ascended after the Emperor Yozei's de facto dethronement.
- この案をほぼそのまま継承した「戸籍編成例目」が翌明治3年(1870年)3月に正式に大蔵省から太政官に提出されたが、戸籍を大蔵民部省(当時、大蔵省と民部省が実質統合されていたことから付けられた俗称)が行うことに東京府知事大木喬任を始めとして地方官が反対したことから実現しなかった。
- Following this proposal as it almost was, 'Koseki hensei rei moku (family register formation illustration list)' was presented officially by Okurasho (Ministry of Treasury) for Dajokan in March of the next year (1870), but it did not materialized because chihokan (local officials) led by Takato OKI, the Governor of Tokyo Prefecture, who opposed for Okura-Minbusho (commonly called due to the fact that Okurasho and Minbusho were virtually unified) to deal with the family register
- だが、東大寺の開山である良弁が死の間際に当時僧侶として東大寺にいた親王禅師(早良親王)に後事を託したとされること(『東大寺華厳別供縁起』)、また東大寺が親王の還俗後も寺の大事に関しては必ず親王に相談してから行っていたこと(実忠『東大寺権別当実忠二十九ヶ条』)などが伝えられている。
- However, it is said that Roben, who was the founder and the first chief priest of the Todai-ji Temple, asked Imperial Prince Zenji (Imperial Prince Sawara) to take care of affairs in the future ('Todai-ji Kegon no Bekkyo Engi'), and that the priests in Todai-ji Temple were sure to consult Imperial Prince Sawara about important affairs of the temple even after he returned to the secular life (Jitchu 'Todai-ji Associated Grand Abbot Jitchu Twenty Nine Articles').
- こうした行政の動きに関しては、自由民主党 (日本)内で「花粉症等アレルギー症対策議員連盟(通称ハクション議連:事務局長・小野晋也衆院議員)」が、安倍晋三ら約50名(当時)の国会議員によって1995年に設立され、本格的な対策の推進を国に働きかけるようになったことが大きく影響している。
- Such administrative actions include the Liberal Democratic Party 'Federation of Diet Members for Measures Against Pollinosis and Other Allergies' (commonly known as Hakushon Giren, secretary general: lower house member Shinya ONO) which was established by Shinzo ABE and approximately 50 (at the time) other Diet members in 1995, and has had a major impact on the national implementation of serious efforts.
- この当時の状況は和久田薫著『大江山鉱山 中国人拉致・強制労働の真実』(2006年、(株)かもがわ出版)、フランク・エバンス著『Roll Call at Oeyama P.O.W. Remembers 大江山の点呼 捕虜は思い出す』(1985年、イギリスにて出版、英文のみ)に詳しい。
- The details of the circumstances at the time are mentioned in 'Oeyama Mine: the True Story of the Kidnapping of Chinese Nationals and the Forced Labor' written by Kaoru WAKUDA (published by Kamogawa Shuppan Publishers in 2006) and 'Roll Call at Oeyama P.O.W. Remembers' written by Frank Evans (published in English only in England in 1985).
- 、徳川秀忠が幕府御船手頭向井忠勝に建造させた史上最大級の安宅船「安宅丸」は、総櫓及び船体の総てに防火・防蝕を目的とした銅板貼りが施されていた事が幕府の公式な記録から確認されており、1635年当時、軍船の表面に金属板を貼るという発想が存在していた事そのものは疑いがたい事実と言えよう。
- From the official bakufu documents it is confirmed that the 'Atake Maru', the largest Ataka bune in history, which Hidetada TOKUGAWA ordered Tadakatsu MUKAI, the chief of the bakufu navy to build, had all oars and the whole hull covered with copper plates for the prevention of fire and erosion, which proves a definite fact that an idea of covering the surface of a warship existed in 1635.
- 明治22年(1889年)の町村制導入以後は、それぞれ京都府の上鳥羽村・下鳥羽村として別個の歩みを遂げ、大正7年(1918年)には上鳥羽村の一部が京都市下京区(当時)に編入され、昭和6年(1931年)に上鳥羽村の残部は下京区に、下鳥羽村は伏見市などとともに新設の伏見区に編入される事になる。
- After the introduction of Municipal Government Act in 1889, the two villages took its course individually as Kamitoba Village and Shimotoba Village of Kyoto Prefecture; Kamitoba Village was incorporated into Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City (at the time) partially in 1978, then the rest in 1931, while Shimotoba Village, along with Fushimi City, was incorporated into the newly established Fushimi Ward in 1931.
- だが、孝謙天皇称徳天皇亡き後に最も皇位に近い立場にいた筈の他戸親王の『続日本紀』における初出が、父・光仁天皇の即位後であること(つまり称徳朝における叙任記録が存在しない)や姉の酒人内親王も井上内親王が37歳の時の子であることを考えた場合、当時でも稀な高齢出産があった可能性も排除出来ない。
- Even considering that the first time he was reported in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) was after his father, Emperor Konin, ascended the throne even then that he was considered the closest crown prince to the Imperial Throne after Emperor Koken and Emperor Shotoku died (this means that there is no record he was conferred to any position) and his sister, Imperial Princess Sakahito was born when her mother, Imperial Princess Inoe was 37 years old, so we cannot exclude the possibility of late childbearing even it was very rare case at that time.
- なお、『秩父事件史料集成』の編纂に参加した歴史学者の色川大吉は、当時の明治政府側の公文書の分析によって、明治政府が西南戦争に準じた「反乱」として認識していた事実を指摘している(なお、取調調書には参加者の最終的な目標が「天朝様(天皇)を倒す」ことであるとする自白があったとする記述がある)。
- A historian, Daikichi IROKAWA, who participated in compiling 'Chichibu Jiken Siryo Hensan (A Collection of Chichibu Incident Data) ', through an analysis of documents of the Meiji Government, pointed out that the incident was taken by the government a 'revolt' equivalent to the Seinan War (the interrogation record included a description of a confession that the final goal of the participants was 'to defeat the Emperor').
- しかしその実は、当時世界最高水準の複式簿記考案(中井源左衛門・日野商人)(小倉栄一郎『江州中井家帳合の法』)や、契約ホテルのはしりとも言える「大当番仲間」制度の創設(日野商人)、現在のチェーン店の考えに近い出店・枝店を積極的に開設するなど、徹底した合理化による流通革命だったと評価されている。
- In reality, however, they are now considered the pioneers who brought revolutionary changes to the distribution business by strictly pursuing the concept of streamlining, as seen in the examples of the invention of the double-entry system in bookkeeping by a merchant from Hino, Genzaemon NAKAI, which was at the highest level in the word at that time (according to Eiichi OGURA 'Goshu Nakai-ke chogo no ho' (bookkeeping method of the Nakai family in Omi Province)); the establishment of the system of 'Otoban nakama' by the merchants from Hino, which can said to be an early concept of the contracted hotel; and the expansion of the business by proactively opening branches, which is a similar concept to today's chain stores.
- だが、この事実が当時の幹部以外の軍部関係者には認識されず、大山・山縣は参謀総長として出席したと解されたらしく、以後の御前会議で統帥部が出席する根拠とされ、また事実と全く反するにも関わらず「政府の決定によって統帥部の決定がひっくり返された前例はない」とする'神話'が生み出されたと言われている。
- However, this fact was not known to the military related person except for the executives at that time, OYAMA and YAMAGATA might have been considered to be attended the conference as the Chief of the General Staff, and this became an evidence for the supreme command staff to attend the later conference in the presence of the Emperor, and despite it was completely the opposite to the fact, 'a myth' was born saying 'there is no precedent that the decision of supreme command staff was overturned by the decision of the government'.
- 兄弟が畿内周辺を彷徨し、聖なる新室宴において唱え言をあげたことや、弘計の別名である「来目稚子」が久米舞を継承する来目部(くめべ)を連想させること、神楽歌における囃し言葉を「おけおけ」ということなどから、当時に溯る民俗的背景がほのみえ、両皇子発見譚に史実性を認めながらも、詳細には意見は割れている。
- From stories that the brothers wandered around Kinai and chanted at a sacred celebration party for a new house, that the different name of the younger Oke, 'Kume no wakugo,' reminds Kumebe which inherits Kumemai dance, that the cheering refrain in Shinto music and dance numbers says 'Oke, Oke,' etc., there are recognized a slight ethnic background which goes back to that age and historicity of the story of discovery of the two princes, but opinions about the details are divided.
- また、明治時代末期から第二次世界大戦敗戦まで、当時の政府の公式見解においては、南朝 (日本)を正統な皇統としてこの時代を「南北朝時代 (日本)」と称していたが、その結果、北朝 (日本)が任じた初代尊氏・2代足利義詮・3代足利義満(南北朝合一以前)は正式な将軍とは認められていなかった(皇国史観)。
- Also, according to the official opinion of the government at the time, from the end of the Meiji period until defeat in World War II, Nancho (Japan) was regarded as the legitimate imperial line, and this age was referred to as the 'period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan)'; because of such a view, the first shogun Takauji, the second shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA and the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA were not acknowledged as official shoguns (based on imperial history).
- このような計画が策定された理由については、人口増加に伴い食糧不足が生じた、辺境での国防費に係る財政需要が生じた(この説では計画の施行地域は陸奥国などの辺境地域に限定する考えもある)、当時実権を握っていた長屋王(長屋親王)による権勢誇示的な計画だった、等が考えられているが、どれも決定的な説ではない。
- Reasons this project was approved are considered as follows but none of them is definite: As population increased, shortage of food supply occurred; financial demand for national defense in remote regions occurred (in this theory some say enforced areas of the project were limited to remote regions such as Mutsu Province); it was a project to show off the power of Prince Nagaya (Nagaya no Okimi); and so on.
- これについて「参謀総長であった大山巌・山縣有朋が御前会議に出席している」という反証が出されるが、大山・山縣はこの時に元老の待遇を受けて、国政について諮問を受ける立場にあったために参加を求められたものであり、当時の記録類にも大山・山縣は「元老」として記載されて「参謀総長」という肩書きは書かれていない。
- As for the conference, counter-evidence was given saying 'the Chief of the General Staff Iwao OYAMA and Aritomo YAMAGATA attended the conference in the presence of the Emperor', however the reason why they were there was that they received treatment of Genro and had to be inquired about the state policy, also in the record at that time their titles were described not as 'the Chief of the General Staf' but 'Genro.'
- 近年では吉村茂樹が、当時の災害異変が突出していないこと、後三条の病気(糖尿病と推定されている)が重篤化したのが退位後であることを理由として、摂関家を外戚に持たない実仁親王に皇位を継承させることによる王権の拡大を意図し、摂関政治への回帰を阻止したものであって院政の意図はなかったと主張し、通説化している。
- In recent years, Shigeki YOSHIMURA has been asserted on the grounds that there was no sharp rise in disasters/accidents at that time, and Gosanjo's illness (assumed to be diabetes) became significantly worse only after his abdication, and that this was intended for the expansion of sovereignty by having Imperial Prince Sanehito, who did not have Sekkan-ke as cognates, succeed to the throne, thereby preventing the return to Sekkan seiji; however, there was no intention to start insei, and consequently such a view has become accepted.
- また、分国後の丹波国が丹後国に対して「丹前国」とされなかったのは、分国当時(和銅6年)の分国の原則が、それ以前の同等な国の分割(吉備を備前、備中、備後とするような分割)とは異なり、母国から一部を割いて、分割された側に別の新国名を付ける形(備前から美作が分国するような形)がとられていた為であると考えられる。
- Additionally, the reason that Tanba Province after the separation was not named 'Tanzen Province' after Tango Province would be that, unlike the previous principles of splitting a province evenly (e.g., the split of Kibi into Bizen, Bichu and Bingo), in the principles used for its separation (713) a portion of the original province was separated and only the portion was given a new name (e.g., the separation of Mimasaka from Bizen).
- 明朝側としても倭寇を取り締まる能力のある日本の支配者との通交の必要はあったものの、儒教復興が叫ばれていた当時、足利氏が日本の君主ではなく「持明」(持明院統の天皇の事。明朝は「持明」を「良懐」(懐良親王)と日本の王位を争っている人物名と解釈していた)の臣下の「将軍」にすぎないことを理由に、通交を拒否していた。
- The Ming Dynasty also needed to have relations with the ruler of Japan, who was able to crack down on Japanese pirates, but they rejected the offer of trade with regard to the domestic opinion for the restoration of Confucianism, on the grounds that the Ashikaga clan was not the ruler of Japan but only a 'shogun,' or the vassal of the party of Jimyoin, who was considered by the Ming Dynasty as the name of the political opponent of 'Ryokai' (Imperial Prince Kanenaga) over the succession of the imperial throne.
- (彼女にとって)長男田村皇子の有力生年から、彼女自身には伝わる事績は多いとはいえないが、崇仏や王位継承などを巡って対立した蘇我・物部両氏の二頭体制から、厩戸皇子が活躍したとされている推古朝、彼亡き後深まった蘇我氏の専横、大化の改新、対外戦争等と数多くの事件を見ながら当時としてはかなりの長寿を全うしたと思われる。
- She does not have numerous exploits to her credit but judging from the most convincing theory about the year of the birth of her son, the Prince Tamura, she seems to have lived a long life in those days going through various incidents, such as the diarchy system of the Soga clan and the Mononobe clan, which conflicted each other on the Buddha worship and the succession to the throne, the reign of the Empress Suiko, during which the Prince Umayado seemingly wielded great power, the despotism of the Soga clan which enforced after the demise of the Prince, the Taika Reforms, and the wars against other countries.
- 位階や旭日章・瑞宝章などのその他の勲章は仕官して公務員(当時は官吏)となれば勤続年数などの一定の条件で大抵誰でも受勲することができ、また官吏では無い兵 (日本軍)や民間人でも対象となったが、金鵄勲章は軍人軍属のみでかつ相応の戦功がなくては授与されず、大将や皇族軍人といえども相応の武功がなければ授与されなかった。
- In terms of other orders, including courtly rank and the Orders of the Rising Sun and Orders of the Sacred Treasure, when it came to civil servants (at the time, they were termed 'government officials') in government service, once they fulfilled the prescribed condition--for example, working continuously for a certain number of years--almost everyone would receive such medals, and non-government soldiers (in Japan's army) or civilians could also receive them; the Order of the Golden Kite, however, was limited only to military personnel, and furthermore was only granted to those who had sufficiently distinguished themselves in battle, meaning that simply being a general or an army officer of imperial blood, without distinguished service in battle, would not bring one this medal.
- また、山崎の戦いの後、織田信孝が近衛前久に対し追討令を出して執拗に行方を捜したこと、吉田兼見が事情の聴取を受けていること、更に当時の一級史料である『兼見卿記』(兼見の日記)の原本内容が本能寺の変の前後1か月について欠けており、天正10年の項目は新たに書き直していた、という点も、朝廷黒幕説を支える根拠とされている。
- Other grounds that support the views that the mastermind of the plot was the Imperial Court are that, after the Battle of Yamazaki, Nobutaka ODA tenaciously searched for Sakihisa KONOE by issuing an order to track down and dispose of him, that Kanemi YOSHIDA was interrogated for information, and that the original contents of 'Kanemikyo-ki' (diary of Kanemi), which is the first class historical material for that time, were missing for approximately one month around Honnoji Incident and the section for 1582 was rewritten.
- 吉井勇の『かにかくに』の歌で有名なお茶屋『大友』の女将で芸妓である磯田多佳や、井上流の名手として、また後輩の育成に努めた松本佐多、ほかに早崎春勇、三宅小まめ、玉木里春、藤本竹葉、安藤孝子(現役当時の芸名は孝千代、後に11PMに出演)、岩崎究香、高田真知子、佳つ乃など京都のみならず、世間に花を添えてきた芸妓が数多くいる。
- Other geisha include: Taka ISODA who was a geisha and the proprietress of the teahouse 'Daitomo,' known by the tanka poem 'Kanikakuya' (meaning somehow) by Isamu YOSHII; Sata MATSUMOTO who was an excellent performer of the Inoue School of Dance and engaged in nurturing junior geisha and apprentice geisha; and many more geisha such as Haruyu HAYASAKI, Komame MIYAKE, Satoharu TAMAKI, Takeha FUJIMOTO, Takako ANDO (whose geisha name was Takachiyo when active and appeared on a TV program called '11 PM'), Mineko IWASAKI, Machiko TAKADA (高田真知子), and Katsuno, all of whom have enlivened not only Kyoto but also the world outside Kyoto.
- 平安時代後期より公家などの文筆に携わる人々が往復書簡(往来)の形式を採った文例集(消息集)に由来している(同じ様な形式のものは、中国伝来とされる『杜家立成』が東大寺正倉院に収められているが、当時の中国の書式を元により整理された形式となっており、往来物が中国のものの影響を受けながらも日本独自に発展していったことが分かる)。
- They derived from boilerplates (shosoku-shu) which were a collection of correspondence from the late Heian period written by those who were engaged in literary work, such as nobles (A similar item called 'Tokarissei,' reportedly from China, is preserved in Todai-ji Temple Shoso-in Treasure Repository, but even this had been arranged from the Chinese original, showing that oraimono developed independently with an influence from China).
- 後に「武士」として登場する、関東の開発領主達の11世紀末までの状況がどうだったかといえば、当時はその所領支配は、郡司、郷司などの公的な職の体系を媒介として、開墾を行い、村落を形成することを課題としはじめた頃であり、領地支配、あるいはその拡大において、隣接する開発領主との抗争が日常化するほどの飽和点にはまだ至ってはいない。
- The situation of kaihatsu-ryoshu in the Kanto region that later appeared as 'bushi' in the late eleventh century used soryo ruling through gunji, goji, and other public duties to start cultivating and forming villages and was not up to a saturated level to quarrel constantly with neighboring kaihatsu-ryoshu over the ruling and expansion of manors.
- 11-12世紀の間に、開発領主として発展していったことが豊富な資料で裏付けられる安芸国高田郡の藤原氏、但馬国温泉郷(ゆのごう)の平氏、伊賀国名張郡の丈部(はせつかべ)氏、下総国相馬御厨の千葉氏、その他の例をみても、彼らが当時の「武士の棟梁」と言われた軍事貴族と人格的な主従関係をもっていたと証明することは非常に困難とされる。
- It was hard to prove that the Fujiwara clan of Takata County, Aki Province, Taira clan of Yunogo, Tanba Province, Hasetsukabe clan of Nabari County, Iga Province, and Chiba clan of Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch), Shimosa Province that developed as the kaihatsu-ryoshu between eleventh-twelfth century, and other examples proven by many historical manuscripts, had master and servant relationships with the military aristocrats called 'toryo of bushi' at that time.
- 当時の政府発表(最終のもの)によれば、大嘗祭が「国事行為」とされなかった理由は、憲法上の天皇の「国事行為」とは漠然と国に関わる行為を指すものではなく、すべて「内閣の助言と承認」を必要とするものであり、皇室の伝統祭祀である大嘗祭は「国事行為」に当たらない(大嘗祭は政務上の「国事行為」と次元を異にする尊貴な行為である)ためである。
- According to the final announcement of the government at that time, the Onie no matsuri Festival was not considered as a state act, because unlike the emperor's state acts, which were not related to the state vaguely but needed advisement and authorization of the ministry, the Onie no matsuri Festival, a traditional noble ritual, was in a different category to the state acts belonging to the affairs of State, and thus was not considered as a state act.
- 当時は安政の五カ国条約として、アメリカ合衆国(日米和親条約、日米修好通商条約)、オランダ(日蘭和親条約)、ロシア(日露和親条約)、イギリス(日英和親条約、日英修好通商条約)、フランス(日仏和親条約)と不平等条約を、李氏朝鮮とは逆不平等条約(日朝修好条規、日本が有利)を結んでおり、平等条約は清と結んでいる日清修好条規のみだった。
- Japan had unequal treaties, known as the Ansei Five-Power Treaties, that were imposed by the United States (the Treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan), the Netherlands (the Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity), Russia (the Treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan), Great Britain (the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty and the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce) and France (the Treaty of Peace and Amity between France and Japan), and had another one with Yi Dynasty Korea (the Treaty of Ganghwa, imposed by Japan) while the Japan-Qing Treaty of Friendship was the only equal treaty that Japan had at the time.
- 国内的には主として上記の松方財政の影響、さらには1873年から1896年ごろにかけて存続したヨーロッパ大不況のさなかに発生した1882年のリヨン生糸取引所(同取引所はフランスのみならず、当時欧州最大の生糸取引所のひとつであった)における生糸価格の大暴落の影響により、1882年から1883年にかけて生糸の国内価格の大暴落が発生した。
- Due to domestic influences mainly of the above Matsukata finance and what was more, the influence of the steep fall in the silk market in Lyon Silk Exchange (which was then one of the biggest silk exchanges not only in France but also in Europe) occurring in 1882, the midst of the Great Depression in Europe, which existed from 1873 to 1896, the domestic prices of raw silk fell quite heavily from 1882 to 1803.
- しかし、松方デフレ等の影響で没落した農家・地主たちや疲弊した地方を尻目に官営事業の払下げで急速に力をつけてきた政商資本家の台頭という資本主義経済における自由競争の負の部分が顕在化しつつあった当時の状況や、大日本帝国憲法では天皇制を定め、近代天皇制国家の形成が進められていたことから、施行延期派を支持する声が段々と強まるようになっていく。
- However, more and more people supported the Seko-enki-ha Group, because of the then situation that in spite of peasants and landowners who were brought to ruin and local regions impoverished by Matsukata Deflation, and the appearance of businessmen with political ties who were rapidly increasing power by getting government properties cheaply, a negative part of free competition in capitalist economy, and the fact that in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan the Emperor system was adopted and the formation of the modern Emperor-system nation was on going.
- ただし、フロイスがこの「儀式」について初めて記したのは信長の死後であり、フロイス自身が「儀式」が行われたとされる当時に安土周辺にはいなかったこと、日本国内の一級史料ではこの「儀式」についてまったく言及されていないことなどから、谷口克広はフロイスの記述に信憑性はなく、信長が滅んだことを正当化するために記したものであるとの見解を示している。
- However, as Frois first written about this 'ceremony' only after Nobunaga's death and he was not in the vicinity of Azuchi when such ceremony was held and this 'ceremony' has never been referred to in first-class historical materials in Japan, Katsuhiro TANIGUCHI proposed the view that description by Frois is not reliable and it was written just to justify overthrowing Nobunaga.
- 当初は、琵琶湖から日本海と瀬戸内海を結ぶ阪敦運河構想を北栄造福井県知事が調整し始めたが、当時の平田佐矩四日市市長が熱心だったこともあり、福井県・滋賀県・岐阜県・愛知県・三重県、名古屋市・敦賀市・四日市市の間で、自民党副総裁の大野伴睦を会長に、総工費2500億円~3500億円に及ぶ若狭湾~琵琶湖~伊勢湾を結ぶ運河の建設期成同盟が結成された。
- Initially, the governor of Fukui Prefecture, Eizo KITA, accommodated the plan 'Framework on Hanko Canal' (阪敦運河構想) to connect the Sea of Japan and the Seto Inland Sea via Lake Biwa, but because Sukenori HIRATA, who was then the mayor of Yokkaichi City, was keen on the plan, the alliance for the construction of the canal to connect Wakasa Bay and Ise Bay via Lake Biwa (at a total cost of 250 to 350 billion yen) was formed with Banboku ONO, the Vice President of the Liberal Democratic Party, as chairman, among Fukui Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Aichi Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Nagoya City, Tsuruga City and Yokkaichi City.
- その結果藩札481貫110匁(金換算8,019両)が回収され、未発行分の230貫190匁(同3,836両)と合わせた合計711貫300匁(同11,855両、当時の藩財政の約1/6相当にあたる)が、方谷の命令によって嘉永5年(1852年)9月5日_(旧暦)領内の高梁川にある近似川原(ちかのりがわら)に集められた藩士・領民の目前で焼却処分された。
- As a result, 481 kan and 110 monme (8,019 ryo of gold) of the han bills collected and 230 kan and 190 monme (3.836 ryo of gold) of unissued han bills (711 kan and 300 monme [11,855 ryo of gold, one sixth of their fund] in total) were burned in front of feudal retainers and the people of the domain at Chikanorigawara beside Takahashi-gawa River by the order of Hokoku on September 5, 1852 (old lunar calendar).
- 老中松平定信は、その著書『宇下人言』(うげのひとごと)の中でかなりのページ数を裂いて当時の醸造業界のあり方について触れ、「酒というものは値段が高ければ飲むことも少なく、安ければ飲むことが多い。民のために、物価の安定が望まれる日用品とはしょせん性格の違う商品である。多く入荷すれば多く消費し、少なく入荷すれば少なく消費するものである」と述べている。
- Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA who served as roju (a member of shogun's council of elders) wrote much about the sake-brewing industry of the day in his book 'Ugenohitogoto' (an autobiography of Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA), and he said: 'sake is not drunk much when it costs much. It is drunk much when it does not cost much. After all, it differs in nature from daily necessities for which the prices are expected to be stable for our people. The more that is in stock the more will be drunk, and the less that is in stock the less will be drunk.'
- これは当時日本で一国ほどの価値があるとされた茶器や陶器を作り出す陶工を大名が藩の庇護の下、士分を与えるなど手厚い待遇をしていたのに比べ、李氏朝鮮では儒教思想による身分制において陶工は最下層の賤民に位置づけられ、奴隷的な労働を強いられるとともに、失策を犯した場合には体罰を課せられるという過酷な状況にあり、職人に対する根源的な差別があったことが原因である。
- The reason is considered as follows: In Japan at that time, potters who produced chaki (tea utensils) and earthenware, considered having a value equal to that of a province, were treated favorably, for example, given the samurai status, but in Yi Dynasty Korea, potters were designated as humble or lowly people with the lowest social status in the social status system based on the Confucian thought: They were forced to work like slaves and were placed in such harsh conditions that they were punished physically when committing an error, or in other words, there existed fundamental discrimination against craftsmen.
- ただし、民法典の起草委員の一人である梅謙次郎によれば、ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナード起草の旧民法では当時の立法例に則して30年となっていたものを、交通の便が開けたことにより遠くにある財産の把握が容易になったこと、取引が頻繁にされることにより権利の確定を早期に行う必要があることから20年に短縮したものと説明されており、日本の旧来の法には触れていない。
- However, according to Kenjiro UME, one of the drafting committee members of Minpoten (the legal code that stipulates basic regulations related to Civil Code), in Old Civil Codes drawn up by Gustave Emile BOISSONADE it was stipulated as 30 years based on the legislation of the time, but it became easier to figure out distant properties thanks to better transportation and also it was necessary to determine the rights more quickly because of more frequent transactions, it was shortened to 20 years, and he didn't mention the links to the old law in Japan.
- だが、当時はまだこの状態を常に維持するための政治的組織や財政的・軍事的裏付けが不十分であり、平安時代中期には幼く短命な天皇が多く十分な指導力を発揮するための若さと健康を保持した上皇が絶えて久しかったために、父系によるこの仕組みは衰退し、代わりに母系にあたる天皇の外祖父の地位を占めた藤原北家が天皇の職務・権利を代理・代行する摂関政治が隆盛していくことになる。
- However, the political structure and financial/military support at that time were insufficient to maintain such a situation, and because many Emperors were young and short-lived in the middle of the Heian period, there was no Joko with the energy and health needed to exercise sufficient authority; consequently, this structure by which authority was exercised by the Emperor's father gradually declined and was eventually replaced by a system called Sekkan seiji (摂関政治), in which a member of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan exercised rights and performed duties in place of the Emperor, became widespread.
- もっとも、当時の天文道・暦道は日食の発生の予知の正確さについてはかなり高かったものの、その他の分野に関しては毎日戌の刻と寅の刻に行われる定時観測を維持するだけの人員と設備しかなかったと考えられており、天文博士らが確実に異常な天文現象を観測できる保証が無かったために、実際には異常な天文現象が発生しても、天文密奏が行われなかった例も相当数あったと考えられている。
- It was considered that tenmondo and rekido in those days provided relatively highly accurate prediction of solar eclipse, but that since their personnel and equipment were only enough for keeping their standard time observation from eight to ten p.m. and from four to six a.m. and not enough for observing other phenomena, tenmon hakase and others were not guaranteed to observe unusual astronomical phenomenon without fail -- therefore, great many of unusual astronomical phenomena might have been left out of the tenmon misso.
- 宇治郡山科町には安朱、上野、大塚、大宅(おおやけ)、音羽、小野、上花山(かみかざん)、川田、勧修寺、北花山(きたかざん)、栗栖野、小山、四ノ宮(しのみや)、厨子奥、竹鼻、椥辻(なぎつじ)、西野、西野山、八軒、東野、髭茶屋、日ノ岡、御陵(みささぎ)の23の大字が存在したが、これらは昭和6年(1931年)、山科町が当時の東山区に編入した際に計301町に編成された。
- In Yamashina-cho Town, Uji County: there were twenty-three Oaza (Anshu, Ueno, Otsuka, Oyake, Otowa, Ono, Kami-kazan, Kawata, Kanshuji, Kita-kazan, Kurisuno, Koyama, Shinomiya, Zushioku, Takehana, Nagitsuji, Nishino, Nishinoyama, Hachiken, Higashino, Higechaya, Hino-oka, and Misasagi) which were reorganized into three-hundred and one towns in 1931 when Yamashina-cho Town was integrated into Higashiyama Ward.
- 従来の学説では院庁において実際の政務が執られたとされていたが、鈴木茂男が当時の院庁発給文書に国政に関する内容が認められないことを主張し、橋本義彦がこれを受けて院庁政治論を痛烈に批判したため近年では、非公式の私文書としての側面のある院宣を用いて朝廷に圧力をかけ、院独自の側近を院の近臣として太政官内に送り込むことによって事実上の指揮を執ったとする見解が有力となっている。
- Earlier theories asserted that political affairs were in fact conducted at Incho, but Shigeo SUZUKI asserted that no details regarding national government could be seen in the documents issued by Incho at that time, and Yoshihiko HASHIMOTO, based on this fact, strongly criticized the view that political affairs were conducted at Incho; consequently, in recent years it has become the prevalent view that the In put pressure on the Imperial Court by using inzen, which had the aspect of a non-official document, and that by placing his aides in positions of general council of state he took virtual control of the government.
- そこで道家は嫡孫にあたる教実の子・九条忠家に対して処分状(遺言状みたいなもの)を渡し、当時の公家にとってもっとも重要な遺産であった日記などの文書類は一条家の相伝とするが、東福寺などの一族寺院の管理権を司る家長者は、まず最初は3男である一条実経が継ぎ、その次には長男の子九条忠家が継承して、以後は2人の子孫のうちでもっとも官職の高い人物(一門上首)が継ぐように指示を出した。
- Michiie gave Tadaie KUJO, Norizane's son and Michiie's grandchild, to be the legitimate heir, a shobunjo (a kind of will) to give instructions that documents such as diaries (which were the most important heritage for a court noble at the time) should be inherited by the Ichijo Family, but that the head of a family who controls the family temples such as Tofuku-ji Temple should first be inherited by Sanetsune ICHIJO, the third son of Michiie, then by Tadaie KUJO, a child of the eldest son of Michiie, and later by either descendant of the Kujo Family or the Ichijo Family who took the highest-ranking official position (head of a clan).
- その傍証として、ワケ号を負う履中・反正とは根本的に異質な名であることや、この2天皇から病気を理由に愚か者として軽蔑されていて、即位が円滑に行われなかったという所伝、当時の有力豪族たる蘇我・葛城氏の系譜に、武内宿禰の子として若子宿禰という人物の存在が伝えられ、時代が重なること、さらには、倭王済(允恭)と倭王珍(反正に比定される)の血縁関係を記さない『宋書』の問題などが挙げられる。
- Collateral evidences for that include: a fact that his name is fundamentally different from those of Richu and Hanzei which bear the title of wake (which means 'coming into being'); a legend that he was despised by these two Emperors as a fool because of his illness and his accession to the throne did not proceed smoothly; a story told in genealogies of Soga and Katsuragi clans which were the influential Gozoku of the time that there was reportedly a person known as WAKUGO no Sukune who was a son of TAKENOUCHI no Sukune at a period which overlaps that of Ingyo; and a problem in the 'So-jo' (the Book of Song) that it does not describe any blood relationship between King Sai of Wa (Ingyo) and King Chin of Wa (identified with Hanzei).
- これは実際には「生かさぬように殺さぬように」という発想で再生産が抑圧され、地主の地位が強力であった日本の農業社会の実態に合わず、また実際の地租算定においても生産経費を実際よりも低く見積もられたために、高率の税率も重なって地租が生産経費を圧迫し、小作料を跳ね上げる(当時の物価水準では収穫の1/3近くが地価の3%に相当し、更に地主が利潤を上乗せするために、結果的に小作料が上昇した)結果をもたらした。
- In fact, this assumption proved to be incorrect in the Japanese agricultural society where the position of landowners were strong and reproduction was suppressed under the idea of 'let the farmers live only well enough to work but don't kill them'; In addition, because the production expense was estimated lower than the expense required in the actual calculation of land-tax, together with high tax rate, land-tax put pressure on the production expense and as the result, the land-tax made the farm rent jump; (in the price level at the time, nearly the one third of the crop yield was equivalent to the 3% of the land price, and because the landowners added their profit on top of this, the farm rent increased as the result).
- 当時の日本人には朝鮮人の肉食文化が野蛮なものに見えたことが原因であるとし、その根拠として『画図入(えずいり)朝鮮来聘記全』内の狂詩における「通信使が寺の中に魚や肉を持ち込んで食い散らかしている」という表現、及び淀藩の資料『朝鮮人来聘記』内の朝鮮聘礼使淀城着来図の絵に描かれたうちの一部(右図)を「通信使一行が町人の飼っている鶏を盗んで逃げようとし、日本人と喧嘩になっている」様子だとしたうえで挙げている。
- It is said that the meat-eating culture of the Koreans looked barbaric to the Japanese at that time and this was one cause of the conflicts, and as grounds for this, the following are listed: There is the expression of 'Tsushinshi brought fish and meat into a temple and ate them littering the place' in a comical poem in 'Ezuiri Chosenraiheikizen' (Descriptions of Korean visits, with pictures), and part of the picture depicting the arrival of Chosen envoy at Yodo Castle in 'Chosenjin Raiheiki' (see the picture on the right), a document in the Yodo province: It is said that this picture depicted the scene where an officer of Tsushinshi who stole a chicken kept by a townspeople was fighting with Japanese while escaping with the chicken.
- 問題の天正13年の朝廷の人事については『公卿補任』をはじめ当時の朝廷人事に関する史料・記録・文書の日付がバラバラで余りにも錯綜しているため、同年前半の任官記録を矛盾無く並べる事が事実上不可能で歴史学者の間でも頭を悩ませている問題であるが、大まかな流れとして左大臣が一条内基から二条昭実、更に近衛信輔に移り、右大臣は二条昭実から近衛信輔、更に菊亭晴季(前内大臣)に移り、内大臣は菊亭晴季から近衛信輔を経て秀吉の就任に至ったと考えられている。
- As for the matter over the personnel of the Imperial Court in 1985, historical materials, records, documents including the 'kugyo bunin' (list of high court nobles) list different dates for the matter, and thus, it is too distorted to put in order the dates of accessions in the first half of the year coherently, causing historians to puzzle over the matter; roughly speaking, however, it is assumed that the position of Sadaijin was transferred from Uchimoto ICHIJO to Akizane NIJO and then to Nobusuke KONOE, that that of Udaijin from Akizane NIJO to Nobusuke KONOE and then to Harusue KIKUTEI (former Naidaijin), and that that of Naidaijin from Harusue KIKUTEI to Nobusuke KONOE and finally to Hideyoshi.
- なお、統帥権独立の考えが生まれた源流としては、当時の指導者が、政治家が統帥権をも握ることにより幕府政治が再興される可能性をおそれたこと、それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと、南北朝時代 (日本)に楠木正成が軍事に無知な公家によって作戦を退けられて湊川で戦死し、南朝 (日本)の衰退につながった逸話が広く知られていたことなどがあげられる。
- The idea of the independence of the supreme command came originally from the facts that the leaders at that time were afraid of the revival of the government by the shogunate if statesmen acquired the supreme command, despite the contradiction to that, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface, the anecdote of Masashige KUSUNOKI who died at Minatogawa River because his strategy of the war was denied by the ignorant court nobles in the Northern and Southern Court Period (Japan), and it led to the decline of the Southern Court (Japan).
- これに対して山梨半造陸軍大臣をはじめ、田中義一前陸相及び元老山縣有朋は、軍部大臣に文官を任命することは軍人勅諭及び帝国憲法の統帥権の解釈からして不適当であること、陸軍省官制および海軍省官制には軍部大臣が現役あるいは予備役の大将・中将と明記され(当時は軍部大臣現役武官制ではない)ていること、また、陸海軍大臣の帷幄上奏には統帥に関わる部分も含まれており、これを文官が代理するのは憲法で保障された統帥権の独立に対する違憲行為であるとして反発した。
- Hanzo YAMANASHI, the Minister of Army, Giichi TANAKA, the former Minister of Army, and Aritomo YAMAGATA, the Genro, rebelled to appoint the civil officer to the Minister of Military, because it was not appropriate to the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and the understanding of supreme command in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the government regulations of the Ministry of Army and Navy described that the Minister of Military should be the Major Captain and Lieutenant General in commission or reserve duty (The Military ministers to be officers on active-duty rule was not adopted at that time.), and Iaku-joso (making comments on military affairs to the Emperor with full responsibility of the results) by the Minister of Army and Navy included a part related to the supreme command, the substitution of the duty by the civil officer would be the unconstitutional action against the independence of the supreme command which secured under the Constitution.
- まず元禄14年8月19日 (旧暦)(1701年9月21日)に吉良家の屋敷が江戸城のお膝元呉服橋から当時江戸の外れといわれていた本所(現東京都墨田区両国 (墨田区))の松平信望の上ゲ屋敷に屋敷代えとなり、さらにその直後の8月21日 (旧暦)(8月23日)には、庄田下総守(浅野を庭先で切腹させた大目付)、大友義孝(吉良義央と親しくしていた高家仲間)、東条冬重(吉良義央の実弟)の三名を同時に呼び出して「勤めがよくない」などと咎めて役職を取り上げた。
- Kira was forced to change his residence located in Gofuku-bashi near Edo-jo Castle to the residence of Nobumochi MATSUDAIRA located in Honjo, the edge of Edo (current location of Ryogoku, Sumida Ward, Tokyo) on September 21, 1701, and on August 23, the bakufu then called the governor of Shimousa, Shoda (ometsuke who was in charge of Asano's seppuku in the yard), Yoshitaka OTOMO (a Koke member who was close with Yoshinaka KIRA) and Fuyushige TOJO (who was a biological brother of Yoshinaka KIRA) and took their positions away by saying 'your services were not good enough.'
- 従って、後白河法皇が自己の政権維持のために平氏を利用して、高い官職を与え知行国を増やさせてきたという経緯や当時の社会問題に対する貴族社会の対応能力の無さという点には触れず、清盛と平氏一門がいかに専横を振るい、「驕れる者」であったかを強調している(だが、実際には少なくても治承3年以前における平氏の権力は後白河との強い関係の下で行使されたものが大半であり、その段階において清盛及び平氏一門が独裁的権力を有していたという具体的な事実は存在していない)。
- Therefore, they do not mention that the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa used the Taira clan to maintain his government by giving them high positions and increasing the number of provinces that they were custodians of, and the inability of the aristocracy at that time to deal with the social problems that they faced, but instead emphasize the arrogant behavior of Kiyomori and the Taira clan members (whereas in reality, at least up to 1179, the authority of the Taira clan was mostly due to the strong relationship with Goshirakawa and there is no specific evidence that Kiyomori or the Taira clan members had any dictatorial powers).
- 理由はこの両名が武田勝頼と内通していたという訴えが五徳姫より信長にもたらされたためであるが、当時、もはや盟友とは名ばかりであり、実質的に織田を盟主とする従属国であった家康には信長の要求を拒否し、同盟を破棄して戦うだけの実力も無かったため、家康は要求に従って信康と築山殿を処刑するしかなかったと言われている(もっとも、この時期信康と家康、厳密に言えば家康家臣団との対立が激しくなっており、信康粛清は信長の要求ではないとする説が近年では有力視されている)。
- That's because Gotokuhime (Princess Toku) told Nobunaga that Nobuyasu and Tsukiyama-dono secretly communicated with Katsuyori TAKEDA; while Ieyasu, the Nobunaga's allies of sorts and the virtually dependent to the leader Oda, had no power neither to deny Nobunaga's order, nor to fight with him by abrogating the alliance, it is said that he had no choice but to execute Nobuyasu and Tsukiyama-dono (although the confrontation of Nobuyasu and Ieyasu, more precisely Nobuyasu and the vassals of Ieyasu was getting intense at this time, therefore, a theory is getting dominant in recent years which advocates that the purge of Nobuyasu was not Nobunaga's demand).
- 当初計画のEDA終了が近づき、参加極はEDAの期間を3年間延長するという合意をまとめて、ユーラトム、日本、ロシア連邦の3極により署名された。米国は一年間に限り参加することに合意した。その時参加極は、財政上の理由から、当時に設計されていた装置の建設に進むことの困難さを認識し、技術目的の要求を下げてコストを大幅に低減(約50 %)しつつも、計画目標に合致する技術目的を採択した [2]。このEDA延長期間は、1998年に改訂された技術目標の下に設定された低コスト設計、及び工学R&D計画の完遂のために充てられた。これらの活動の結果はITER所長によって提示され、ITER理事会によって承認されたITER最終設計報告書に反映されている [3]。
- With the approaching end of the original period set for the EDA, the Parties negotiated an agreement extending the EDA period for three years which was signed by three Parties, Euratom, Japan and the Russian Federation. The USA agreed to participate for one additional year. At that time the Parties, recognizing the possibility that they might be unable, for financial reasons, to proceed to the construction of the then foreseen device, adopted a less demanding set of detailed technical objectives [2] that would still meet the overall programmatic objectives but at a significantly reduced cost (about 50%). The EDA extension period was primarily devoted to developing a design under the revised technical objectives set in 1998, as well as completion of planned technology R&D projects. The results of these activities have been reflected in the report of the ITER design presented by the ITER Director and approved by the ITER Council [3].