強化: 890 Terms and Phrases

• 強化
• strengthen
• intensify
• reinforce
• solidify
• enhancement
• fortify
• upgrade
• reinforcement
• consolidation
• intensification
• consolidate
• buildup
• fortification
• sharpen
• consolidative

• 強化米
• fortified rice

• 強化性
• reinforcing

• 強化子
• reinforcer

• 海外強化
• expanding abroad
• tapping overseas markets

• 言語強化
• verbal reinforcement

• 間欠強化
• intermittent reinforcement

• 強化因子
• reinforcer

• 規制強化
• tightening of regulations

• 機能強化
• functional enhancement

• 強化合宿
• training camp

• 強化食品
• fortified foods
• enriched foods

• 強化する
• intensify
• aggrandize
• beef
• beef up
• brace
• buttress
• confirm
• edify
• enforce
• recruit
• reinforce
• strengthen
• toughen

• 警備強化
• increased or beefed up security

• 強化効果
• reinforcing effect

• 連続強化
• continuous reinforcement
• CRF

• 免疫強化
• immunopotentiation

• 集中強化
• intensive

• 正の強化
• positive reinforcement

• 分化強化
• differential reinforcement

• 負の強化
• negative reinforcement

• 強化学習
• Reinforcement learning

• 人間強化
• Human enhancement

• 部分強化
• partial reinforcement
• intermittent reinforcement

• 直後強化
• immediate reinforcement

• 王の強化
• the aggrandizement of the king

• 強化療法
• consolidation treatment
• consolidation therapy

• 強化した
• tempered

• 性能強化
• enhancement

• 関係強化
• strengthening of relations

• 足払い強化
• improved trip

• 二刀流強化
• improved two-weapon fighting

• 強化ガラス
• toughened glass
• tempered glass
• temper glass

• 強化バンパ
• reinforcing bumper

• 強化可能性
• reinforceability

• 連携の強化
• Strengthening of Coordination

• 偶発的強化
• accidental reinforcement

• 強化ワイン
• fortified wine
• Marsala wine

• 強化ミルク
• fortified milk

• 社会的強化
• social reinforcement

• 強化モード
• enhancement mode

• 強化化学療法
• consolidation chemotherapy

• 強化するもの
• intensifier

• 素手攻撃強化
• improved unarmed strike

• 身かわし強化
• improved evasion

• 呪文威力強化
• empower spell

• 強化ボーナス
• enhancement bonus

• 薙ぎ払い強化
• great cleave

• 繊維強化金属
• fiber reinforced metal
• fiber reinforced metal (FRM)

• 観測強化地域
• area of intensified observation
• areas of intensified observation

• 正の強化因子
• positive reinforcer

• 負の強化因子
• negative reinforcer

• 強化制限時間
• limited hold

• 栄養強化食品
• fortified food

• 遺伝的強化法
• genetic enhancement

• 強化段ボール
• reinforced corrugated fibreboard

• 将軍権力の強化
• Strengthening of the shogun's authority

• 連携の確保強化
• Securing and Strengthening Coordination

• 武器落とし強化
• improved disarm

• 突き飛ばし強化
• improved bull rush

• 部分強化ガラス
• partially-tempered glass

• 毛細血管強化薬
• capillary stabilizer

• 再ミネラル強化
• remineralization

• 集中強化治療棟
• intensive care unit
• ICU

• 条件性強化因子
• conditioned reinforcer

• 緩和能力の強化
• Enhancing Mitigation

• 強化された協力
• Enhanced co-operation

• 酒精強化ワイン
• Fortified wine

• 今週の強化記事
• Collaboration of the week

• 強化後反応休止
• post reinforcement pose

• 論文を強化する
• buttress your thesis

• 放射線強化木材
• wood-plastic composite
• wood-plastic combination/
• WPC

• の防衛を強化する
• fortify

• 放射能強化型爆弾
• enhanced radiation bomb

• 放射能強化型兵器
• enhanced radiation weapon

• イニシアチブ強化
• improved initiative

• クリティカル強化
• improved critical

• 強化プラスチック
• reinforced plastics
• reinforced-plastic

• 繊維強化複合材料
• fiber reinforced composites

• 強化スケジュール
• reinforcement schedule
• schedule of reinforcement

• 炭素繊維強化樹脂
• carbon fiber reinforced plastics

• 産業技術力強化法
• Industrial Technology Enhancement Act

• 低反応率分化強化
• differential reinforcement of low rate

• 強化した革の手袋
• a glove of armored leather

• セキュリティ強化
• enhanced security

• グラスファイ強化
• glassfibre reinforced

• 情報提供の充実強化
• Improvement and Reinforcement for Provision of Information

• アンドロゲン強化性
• synandrogenic

• 非両立行動分化強化
• differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors

• 締め付けを強化する
• tighten one's control of

• 代替行動の分化強化
• reinforcement of alternative behavior

• 消去抵抗と部分強化
• resistance to extinction and intermittent schedule of reinforcement

• 好子提示による強化
• reinforcement by the presentation of a reinforcer

• 嫌子除去による強化
• reinforcement by the removal of an aversive condition

• 強めるか、強化する
• bolster or strengthen

• 強化された販売努力
• beefed-up sales efforts

• 繊維強化セメント板
• Fiber reinforced cement boards

• 強化インスリン療法
• intensive insulin therapy

• 脚の筋肉を強化する
• strengthens the leg muscles

• 繊維強化コンクリート
• fiber reinforced concrete

• 繊維強化セラミックス
• fiber reinforced ceramics

• 繊維強化プラスチック
• fiber reinforced plastics
• FRP
• fiber reinforced plastics (FRP)
• FRP Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic
• fiberglass reinforced thermoplastics
• Fibre-reinforced plastic
• FRP (fiberglass reinforced plastic)

• 定時強化スケジュール
• fixed interval schedule
• FI schedule

• 定率強化スケジュール
• fixed ratio schedule
• FR schedule
• fixed-ratio schedule

• 一方向繊維強化積層板
• unidirectionally fiber reinforced laminate

• ガラス繊維強化テープ
• glass-reinforced tape

• 権力強化と南北朝合一
• Strengthening of Power and Integration of the Northern and Southern Courts

• 治療の働きを強化する
• enhancing the action of a medical treatment

• 堀で囲まれて強化する
• fortify by surrounding with trenches

• 地域競争力強化支援室
• Support Office for Regional Projects

• 水産業体質強化推進室
• Fisheries Structure Improvement Office

• ～の取締まりを強化する
• crack down on ~

• ボロン繊維強化複合材料
• boron fiber reinforced composite

• 建築物の断熱構造の強化
• enhancing the insulation properties of construction materials

• 強化プラスチック複合管
• fiber reinforced plastic mortar pipe
• Fiberglass reinforced plastic mortar pipes

• 暫定強化表流水処理規則
• Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

• 定比率強化スケジュール
• fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement

• 変時隔強化スケジュール
• variable-interval schedule of reinforcemnet

• 変比率強化スケジュール
• variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement

• 定時隔強化スケジュール
• fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement

• 屋根をトラスで強化する
• truss the roofs

• 規則を強化してください
• Tighten the rules
• stiffen the regulations

• 強化されたセキュリティ
• enhanced security

• アスベスト強化セメント
• cement asbestos

• 決済システム強化推進室
• Payment and Settlement Sysme Enhancement Office

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチック
• carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP)
• carbon fiber reinforced plastics
• Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer

• 社外の機関との連携の強化
• increasing cooperation with external organizations

• 部分強化による行動の維持
• partial reinforcement

• 好子除去の阻止による強化
• reinforcement by the prevention of the removal of a reinforcer

• 腹筋を強化するための運動
• an exercise designed to strengthen the abdominal muscles

• 物理的に強化されていない
• physically untoughened

• 二カ国間の関係を強化する
• strengthen the relations between the two countries

• 古い建物を支えて強化する
• shore and buttress an old building

• 強化して、報奨金で支える
• strengthen and support with rewards

• 繊維強化プラスチック用語
• Vocabulary for fibre reinforced plastic

• 集団の統率力を強化した。
• This strengthened his leadership among the cohort of pirates.

• 3. 他の氏族との関係強化
• 3. Strengthening of relationship with other clan

• ガラス繊維強化コンクリート
• glass fiber reinforced concrete

• リサイクル推進基盤強化税制
• taxation system to strengthen basis for recycling promotion

• 繊維強化プラスチック成形機
• fiber reinforced plastics molding machine

• ガラス繊維強化プラスチック
• glass fiber reinforced plastics
• fiberglass reinforced plastic

• 技術経営力強化のための施策
• Policy for Strengthening of Technology Management Capability

• 一時的であるか補助的な強化
• a temporary or supplementary fortification

• 彼はコンクリートを強化した
• he reinforced the concrete

• 夜は防御体制を強化した軍隊
• The troops dug in for the night

• 繊維強化プラスチック引抜材
• Pultruded fibre reinforced plastics

• 繊維強化プラスチック管継手
• Fittings and joints for fibre reinforced plastic pipes

• 繊維強化金属の引張試験方法
• Test method for tensile properties of fiber reinforced metals

• 繊維強化金属の圧縮試験方法
• Test method for compressive properties of fiber reinforced metals

• 繊維強化金属の曲げ試験方法
• Test method for flexural properties of fiber reinforced metals

• 繊維強化金属の疲れ試験方法
• Test method for fatigue properties of fiber reinforced metals

• 増大と増進によって強化する
• intensifying by augmentation and enhancement

• ケブラー繊維強化プラスチック
• kevlar fiber reinforced plastic

• アラミド繊維強化プラスチック
• aramid fiber reinforced plastic

• それが機能連携を強化します。
• It will enhance function linkage.

• 緊急事態対応策(EP)の強化
• Strengthening Emergency Preparedness

• 脚の屈筋を強化するための体操
• an exercise designed to strengthen the flexor muscles of the leg

• 脚の筋肉を強化するための運動
• exercise designed to strengthen the leg muscles

• 接着剤で強化された粗い綿織物
• a coarse cotton fabric stiffened with glue

• 守備を強化する技術または科学
• the art or science of strengthening defenses

• 腕の筋肉を強化するための運動
• exercise designed to strengthen the arm muscles

• 脚の伸筋を強化するための運動
• an exercise designed to strengthen the extensor muscles of the leg

• プラスチック強化コンクリート
• concrete plastic combination

• 強化繊維製品の水分の試験方法
• Reinforcement products−Determination of moisture content

• 中心支配中で力を強化する行為
• the act of consolidating power under a central control

• 高くされたか強化された縫い目
• a raised or strengthened seam

• 強化されたフィード生成クラス
• Enhanced feed generation classes

• 事件後は浪士取締りが強化する。
• Control over the roshi became stricter after the incident.

• 麻薬取引の取り締まりを強化する
• hunt down drug traffickers

• 省エネルギー広報の強化について
• Matters concerning the Strengthening of Energy Saving Public Relations

• 増大した移民が植民地を強化した
• the increased immigration strengthened the colony

• 強化スケジュールと反応パターン
• schedule of reinforcement and response patterns

• 強化スケジュールによる確立操作
• schedule-induced establishing operations

• ガラス繊維強化ポリエステル波板
• Glassfiber reinforced plastic corrugated sheets

• 反応と強化で一対になる条件付け
• reinforcement occurs only after the response is given

• サービスのセキュリティ強化機能
• service hardening

• 強化磁器食器の縁部衝撃試験方法
• Rim impact testing method for strengthened porcelain tableware

• 足首を強化するために着用する装具
• a brace worn to strengthen the ankle

• 運動強化のために使われる体育用具
• a gymnastic apparatus used for strengthening exercises

• 強化された詳細な候補の背景の調査
• the intensified scrutiny of the candidate's background

• 繊維強化金属の繊維配向度試験方法
• Test method for preferred fiber orientation parameter in fiber reinforced metals

• 構造用ガラス繊維強化プラスチック
• Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics for Structural Use

• メーンマストを強化する前檣前支索
• the forestay that braces the mainmast

• 三代将軍足利義満はその強化を図る。
• The third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, was bent on strengthening shogunal power.

• 一方で、執権権力の強化にも努めた。
• On the other hand, he tried to strengthen the power of Shikken.

• 海洋産業の振興及び国際競争力の強化
• Promotion of Ocean Industries and Strengthening the International Competitiveness

• 天板には強化ガラスを使用しました。
• We used reinforced glasses for the sheet.

• とがった高みと強化された基礎のない
• absence of peaky highs and beefed-up bass

• この運動は、上半身を強化するだろう
• This exercise will strengthen your upper body

• 端強化は、ゼログラフィに固有である
• edge enhancement is intrinsic in xerography

• 循環系を強化することを意図する運動
• exercise intended to strengthen the circulatory system

• 繊維強化金属の線膨張係数の試験方法
• Test method for linear thermal expansion coefficient of fiber reinforced metals

• 強化されている医療について使われる
• used of a medicine that is strengthening

• 特性に配慮せず一様に強化される基準
• a standard that is enforced uniformly without regard to individuality

• 我々は組織を強化しなくてはならん。
• We must beef up our organization.

• 産業技術力強化法の改正に伴う経過措置
• Transitional Measures With Regard To Revisions of the Industrial Technology Enhancement Act

• 空港のセキュリティを強化してください
• ramp up security in the airports

• 肋材を施され、またはそれで強化された
• furnished or strengthened with ribs

• 軍隊が配置されている強化された駐屯地
• a fortified military post where troops are stationed

• 敵の砲火から守るために強化された要塞
• a stronghold that is reinforced for protection from enemy fire

• 後援または後援することなしに強化する
• strengthen by providing with a back or backing

• ガラス繊維強化プラスチック製耐食貯槽
• Glass-fiber reinforced thermosetting resin chemical-resistant tanks

• 光沢を強化して改善するために処理する
• treat to strengthen and improve the luster

• （本質を）強化し、使いやすさを高める
• make (substances) hard and improve their usability

• 頬骨弓を強化する、側頭骨の細長い突起
• a slender process of the temporal bone that strengthens the zygomatic arch

• 上の刃に沿って金属で強化したのこぎり
• a handsaw that is stiffened by metal reinforcement along the upper edge

• 独立運動の監視体制はむしろ強化された。
• The surveillance system against the independence movement was more strengthened.

• 構造体強化による振動低減、高い安定稼働
• Reduced vibration and higher reliability through structural improvements

• 信念の堅い土壌の定着によって強化される
• strengthened by rootage in the firm soil of faith

• 骨組みを強化するために使用する構造部材
• a structural member used to stiffen a framework

• 被告はそれらに対する行動の強化を求めた
• the defendants asked for a consolidation of the actions against them

• 繊維強化プラスチック—曲げ特性の求め方
• Fibre-reinforced plastics composites−Determination of flexural properties

• 繊維強化プラスチックの耐薬品性試験方法
• Testing method for chemical resistance of fiber reinforced plastics

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの曲げ試験方法
• Testing Methods for Flexural Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics

• 首の筋肉を強化するために考案された運動
• exercise designed to strengthen the neck muscles

• 読者の性生活を強化することを目的とする
• intended to enhance the reader's sexual life

• 各企業が品質管理の取り組みを強化します。
• Each company will ramp up efforts to tighten quality control.

• 最近の暴動以降、治安部隊は強化されている
• military security has been stepped up since the recent uprising

• ローマ帝国を強化して、英国南部を征服した
• consolidated the Roman Empire and conquered southern Britain

• ガス用強化ゴムホース及びホースアセンブリ
• Wire reinforced rubber hoses and hose assemblies for gas

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの試料の作製方法
• Preparation of carbon fibre reinforced plastic panels for test purpose

• ガラス繊維強化プラスチックの試験方法通則
• General Rules for Testing Methods of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics

• 政党から任命されて規律の強化に当たる議員
• a legislator appointed by the party to enforce discipline

• 背中の筋肉を強化するために考案された運動
• exercise designed to strengthen the back muscles

• 江戸時代に入るとこの方針は一層強化された。
• Into the Edo period, the policy measures were further strengthened.

• 爆着法による金属繊維強化複合材料の破壊挙動
• Fracture Morphology of High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Metal Matrix Composite Produced by Explosive Bonding Method

• 長軸方向に強化したアレーホースを有するもの
• Arrays having array hoses reinforced in the long axis direction

• 当社はさらに石油開発体制の強化を図ります。
• We will further strengthen the system for oil development.

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの屋外暴露試験方法
• Testing method for exposure to natural weathering of carbon fibre reinforced plastic

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの多軸衝撃試験方法
• Testing method for multiaxial impact behavior of carbon fibre reinforced plastics

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの面圧強さ試験方法
• Testing methods for bearing strength of carbon fiber reinforced plastics

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの面内圧縮試験方法
• Testing methods for compressive properties of carbon fibre reinforced plastics

• 藩政においては郷村支配の強化に努めている。
• As for domain duties, Takanao put effort into reinforcement of control over goson (a self-governing village).

• 輸出市場での競争力強化が緊急の課題である。
• The strengthening of competitiveness on export markets is an urgent need.

• 爆破予告以来、空港の警備体制は強化された。
• Security at the airport has been stepped up since the bomb scare.

• 経済構造改革の推進及び産業国際競争力の強化
• Promotion of Economic Structural Reforms and Reinforcement of International Industrial Competitiveness

• 徴兵や植民地支配強化を目的とした政策である。
• It was a policy with a purpose of conscription and reinforcement of colonial occupation.

• アジアにおける環境パートナーシップの推進強化
• promotion and strengthening of international partnership in Asia

• 特に両国のエネルギー関係強化の動きが目立つ。
• There are signs that the energy relationship between the two countries especially is strengthening.

• 我が国産業の国際競争力の強化及び持続的な発展
• Intensification of the international competitiveness and sustainable development of Japanese industry

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチック板のＸ線透過試験方法
• Testing method for radiography of carbon fibre reinforced plastic panels

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの衝撃後圧縮試験方法
• Testing method for compression after impact properties of carbon fibre reinforced plastics

• 繊維強化金属中の短繊維のアスペクト比試験方法
• Test method for aspect ratio of short fiber in fiber reinforced metals

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの面内せん断試験方法
• Testing methods for in-plane shear properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastics by ±45°tension method and two pairs of rails method

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの層間せん断試験方法
• Testing method for apparent interlaminar shear strength of carbon fiber reinforced plastics by three point loading method

• ガラス繊維強化プラスチックの横せん断試験方法
• Testing method for transverse shear strength of glass fiber reinforced plastics

• 後白河は自らの政治基盤の強化を意図していた。
• Goshirakawa endeavored to strengthen his political foundation.

• 強化あるいは正当化のための即座の言い直すこと
• immediate rephrasing for intensification or justification

• 強化あるいは装飾のためへりに沿って縫った細片
• strip sewn over or along an edge for reinforcement or decoration

• ボタン穴の周りなど、丸くかがって縁を強化する
• a reinforcing looped stitch for edges, as around a buttonhole

• それを強化するものであるのは確かだけれど。
• though it doubtless contributes force to them.

• 次の１及び２に該当する繊維により強化されたもの
• Those that are reinforced by fibers that fall under the following i. or ii.

• 産業廃棄物の不法投棄等の監視体制の強化について
• Strengthening of the Monitoring Systems on Illegal Dumping of Industrial Wastes

• 国際的な各主体間のネットワーキングの充実、強化
• Enhancing and Strengthening International Networking

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの有孔圧縮強さ試験方法
• Test method for open-hole compressive strength of carbon fibre reinforced plastic

• 長繊維強化セラミックス複合材料の弾性率試験方法
• Testing methods for elastic modulus of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの有孔引張強さ試験方法
• Test method for open-hole tensile strength of carbon fibre reinforced plastic

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの３点曲げ衝撃試験方法
• Testing method for impact properties of carbon fibre reinforced plastics by instrumented 3-point bending impact test

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチック板の超音波探傷試験方法
• Testing method for ultrasonic pulse echo technique of carbon fibre reinforced plastic panels

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの曲げクリープ試験方法
• Testing methods for flexural creep of carbon fibre reinforced plastics

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの引張クリープ試験方法
• Testing methods for tensile creep of carbon fibre reinforced plastics

• Windows サービスのセキュリティ強化機能
• Windows Service Hardening

• 衣服を強化するか、大きくするのに用いられる材料
• a piece of material used to strengthen or enlarge a garment

• 私は１９９９年に向けて、市場強化に専念します。
• I'll focus on the market development for 1999.

• ともに内閣総理大臣の権限を強化するものであった。
• Both of the above changes were enacted in order to strengthen the Prime Minister's power and authority.

• また、理蕃政策を再調整するとともに強化を行った。
• They also enforced and realigned the Riban policy (the policy of subjugating and forcibly assimilating the aborigines).

• 検索エラー発生時のセーフティ機能を強化しました。
• We enhanced safety when search errors appear.

• レバノン南部とシリア南部の軍備強化された丘陵地帯
• a fortified hilly area between southern Lebanon and southern Syria

• 動物または植物の、肋骨状の支持または強化する部分
• a riblike supporting or strengthening part of an animal or plant

• 新しい国際的な経済体制における米国の主導権の強化
• the consolidation of the United States' hegemony over a new international economic system

• 長繊維強化セラミックス複合材料の曲げ強さ試験方法
• Testing method for flexural strength of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites

• ガラス繊維強化プラスチックのバーコル硬さ試験方法
• Testing method for barcol hardness of glass fiber reinforced plastics

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックのシャルピー衝撃試験方法
• Testing method for Charpy impact strength of carbon fiber reinforced plastics

• それを生じさせた反応の見込みを増加させる強化刺激
• a reinforcing stimulus that serves to increase the likelihood of the response that produces it

• コーポレートガバナンスや説明責任を強化している。
• Corporate governance and accountability are being strengthened.

• 文永の役後、幕府は博多湾の防備を強化しようとした。
• After Bunei no Eki, bakufu intended to strengthen the defense of Hakata Bay.

• 彼は唐と友好関係を強化しようとしていたと思われる。
• It is thought that he was trying to strengthen relationships with the Tang Dynasty.

• 地震防災対策強化地域に係る地震に関する情報等の報告
• Reports, etc. Concerning Earthquakes Pertaining to the Areas for Intensified Measures against Earthquake Disasters

• 繊維強化プラスチック—積層板の面内圧縮特性の求め方
• Fiber-reinforced plastic composites−Determination of compressive properties in the in-plane direction

• 繊維強化プラスチック—試験板の作り方—第１部：総則
• Fiber-reinforced plastics−Methods of producing test plates-Part 1 : General conditions

• ガラス繊維強化プラスチックのシャルピー衝撃試験方法
• Testing method for Charpy impact strength of glass fiber reinforced plastics

• ガラス繊維強化プラスチックのアイゾット衝撃試験方法
• Testing method for Izod impact strength of glass fiber reinforced plastics

• 文永の役後、元 (王朝)の再襲来に備え強化された。
• After the Bunei War, it was build up in preparation for the invasion of Yuan (dynasty) again.

• 営業活動を強化するために再編成する必要があります。
• We need to reorganize it in order to strengthen our business activities.

• 我々は軍事力を強化すべきだと、大統領は言っている。
• The President says we must beef up our military forces.

• 評論家たちは経済規制の強化を激しく非難しています。
• Critics are coming down hard on tightened economic restrictions.

• 長繊維強化セラミックス複合材料の強化材特性試験方法
• Testing methods of continuous ceramic fibers for continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix Composites

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの両振り平面曲げ疲れ試験方法
• Testing method for complete reversed plane bending fatigue of carbon fibre reinforced plastics

• 価値、美しさまたは品質が増加したあるいは、強化された
• increased or intensified in value or beauty or quality

• 士気を生み出し強化することによって影響を与える物や人
• something or someone who influences by building or strengthening morale

• コンピュータ・ネットワークの境界線を強化するシステム
• a system that enforces boundaries between computer networks

• 8世紀前半は、律令制強化への動きが積極的に展開された。
• In the first half of the eight century, the move to strengthen the Ritsuryo system became active.

• これを機会に、西連協の運営が強化され、今に続いている。
• On this occasion, the management of the Sei Ren Kyo was strengthen, and was carried on up to the present date.

• 使用済み燃料プールへの水補給能力と計装設備を強化する。
• Enhancing spent fuel pool makeup capability and instrumentation for the spent fuel pool.

• 強化されたコンクリートには鉄棒または鉄網が含まれている
• reinforced concrete contains steel bars or metal netting

• 機体または船体を強化するための、縦材で構成される筋かい
• brace consisting of a longitudinal member to strengthen a fuselage or hull

• 彼のジェスチャーは、彼の苦情における説得力を強化させた
• his gestures provided eloquent reinforcement for his complaints

• 長繊維強化セラミックス複合材料の層間せん断強さ試験方法
• Testing methods for interlaminar shear strength of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites

• 長繊維強化セラミックス複合材料の破壊エネルギー試験方法
• Testing method for fracture energy of fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの定荷重引張−引張疲れ試験方法
• Testing method for constant-load amplitude tension-tension fatigue of carbon fibre reinforced plastics

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの層間破壊じん（靱）性試験方法
• Testing methods for interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fibre reinforced plastics

• プラスチック−記号及び略語−第２部：充てん材及び強化材
• Plastics - Symbols and abbreviated terms - Part 2: Fillers and reinforcing materials

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの繊維含有率及び空洞率試験方法
• Testing methods for carbon fiber content and void content of carbon fiber reinforced plastics

• 地方でも、朝廷の税収確保のため、国司の権限を強化した。
• Also, in the provinces, the authority of Kokushi was enforced in order for the Imperial Court to ensure the tax revenue.

• 小さな囲まれた火砲陣地（通常強化されたコンクリートの）
• a small enclosed gun emplacement (usually of fortified concrete)

• 清盛一族はさらに権力を強化し、ついに平氏政権を樹立した。
• The Kiyomori family gained further power and finally established the Taira clan administration.

• 信長は仕方なく、三方の監視のみを強化して一旦兵を引いた。
• Helplessly, Nobunaga made the soldiers withdraw while strengthening the three-side surveillance.

• 2006年　経営基盤の強化を目的に、グループ経営に移行。
• 2006: Shifted to the group management for the purpose of strengthening its operating foundations.

• こうした要求活動を通じて惣村の自治権が強化されていく。
• The autonomy of the soson was increased through such demanding actions.

• ペム 通信中に暗号化を施し、プライバシーを強化したメール。
• PEM Privacy Enhanced Mail

• 当院は慢性期の個別リハビリテーション体制を強化しています。
• Our hospital is enhancing the rehabilitation system for chronic individuals.

• 爆撃は、国内安全保障を強化する緊急の注意を促すものであった
• the bombing was a wake-up call to strengthen domestic security

• 彼の皇帝の任期中その辺境を強化し、教育と建物の建設を促した
• travelled throughout his empire to strengthen its frontiers and encourage learning and architecture

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの熱分析によるガラス転移温度測定法
• Testing method for glass transition temperatures of carbon fibre reinforced plastics by thermal analysis

• セキュリティが強化された Windows ファイアウォール
• Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

• より強い国を強化し豊かにするための、より弱い国の資源の利用
• the use of the weaker country's resources to strengthen and enrich the stronger country

• プロシアの軍を改革して、強化した（1688年−1740年）
• reformed and strengthened the Prussian army (1688-1740)

• 表面の孔をふさいだり、織地を強化するために用いられる固着剤
• any glutinous material used to fill pores in surfaces or to stiffen fabrics

• 地面に打ち込まれた棒で作られていた強いフェンスから成る強化
• fortification consisting of a strong fence made of stakes driven into the ground

• 礼儀による秩序を構築・強化する為に以下のような施策を行った。
• In order to establish and enhance public order through the courtesies, the following measures were taken:

• 反良妻賢母主義を危険思想だと見る文部省は取り締まり強化した。
• At that time, the Ministry of Education was strengthening the censorship of ideas because the Ministry regarded any ideas as dangerous if they argued that an ideal woman was not a dutiful wife and devoted mother.

• 取り除くと、それを生じさせた反応の見込みを減少させる強化刺激
• a reinforcing stimulus whose removal serves to decrease the likelihood of the response that produced it

• 秩序を強化している一方で自由を許容する法学にとって重大な問題
• the great problem for jurisprudence to allow freedom while enforcing order

• 長繊維強化セラミックス複合材料の常温における圧縮挙動試験方法
• Test method for compressive behavior of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites at room temperature

• 長繊維強化セラミックス複合材料の常温における有孔引張試験方法
• Test method for open hole tension of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites at room temperature

• 長繊維強化セラミックス複合材料の高温における引張挙動試験方法
• Testing method for tensile behavior of continuous fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites at elevated temperatures

• 金属または金網を加えて圧力に対する支えを強化したコンクリート
• concrete with metal and/or mesh added to provide extra support against stresses

• 経済協力・開発の強化に向けた枠組みに関する宣言(APECの)
• Declaration on an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Framework for Strengthening Economic Cooperation and Development

• - ナチュラルライフスタイル Crv（強化ガラス、耐熱ガラス）
• - Natural Lifestyle Crv (A shop where sells glass products, such as toughened glass and heat-resistant glass)

• 繊維強化プラスチック−試験板の作り方−第４部：プリプレグの成形
• Fibre-reinforced plastics-Methods of producing test plates-Part 4: Moulding of prepregs

• そして、自然が完全に征服されたのだという信念は強化されました。
• and it strengthened my belief in a perfect conquest of Nature.

• 屋根を強化し、風雨に耐えるよう作られ取り付けられた、金属の薄板
• sheet metal shaped and attached to a roof for strength and weatherproofing

• 異質な物質を取り除くことによる（混合物の溶質などの）濃縮の強化
• strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material

• 直轄軍である奉公衆を増強するなどして着実に将軍の権力を強化した。
• He steadily strengthened the shogun's authority by reinforcing the hokoshu (guard force under shogun's direct control), which was under his direct control.

• そこで諸藩の団結強化のため、江戸城に代わる新たな犠牲を想定した。
• Thus, the new government created scapegoats in order to strengthen its position for unification of the domains.

• 井伊家には警告が届いていたが、直弼はあえて護衛を強化しなかった。
• The Ii family had received a prior warning about his safety, but Naosuke refused to strengthen his protection.

• このことを契機に強化手法を変え、若手主体のチーム作りに転換する。
• With this demotion as a turning point, the club changed the strengthening method and converted it into making up the team mainly with young players.

• 繊維強化プラスチック−平板ねじり法による面内せん断弾性率の求め方
• Fibre-reinforced plastic composites-Determination of the in-plane shear modulus by the plate twist method

• それが付着された表面を強化するために用いられる木または金属の一片
• a strip of wood or metal used to strengthen the surface to which it is attached

• 蓮華王院には荘園・所領が寄進され、後白河の経済基盤も強化された。
• A manor and land were donated to Rengeo-in Temple to strengthen Goshirakawa's economic foundation.

• 産業金融機能強化のための金融所得課税のあり方に関する検討小委員会
• Subcommittee to Study Taxation Systems for Finance- derived Income in order to Strengthen Industrial Finance Functions (provisional)

• 繊維強化プラスチック—±４５°引張試験による面内せん断特性の求め方
• Fiber-reinforced plastic composites−Determination of the in-plane shear stress/shear strain response, including the in-plane shear modulus and strength, by the ±45゜tension test method

• それはまた戦車のような軍用車両を強化する目的でも使用されている。
• It also reinforces military vehicles, such as tanks.

• 但し、秋田城は放棄されず、軍事機能を強化して国司が駐在して指揮した。
• But Akita-jo Castle was not abandoned; with its military functions being reinforced, a provincial governor resided and took the initiative.

• この傾向は長尾景虎（上杉謙信）が上杉氏宗家を継承した後も強化された。
• This tendency was accelerated after Kagetora NAGAO (more commonly called 'Kenshin UESUGI') succeeded to 'Soke' (the head family or house) of the Uesugi clan.

• カウンターはかかとの周りを物質で強化し、足を支持するために使用される
• a counter may be used to stiffen the material around the heel and to give support to the foot

• 長繊維強化セラミックス複合材料の示差走査熱量法による比熱容量測定方法
• Determination of specific heat of ceramics composite by differential scanning calorimetry

• 繊維強化プラスチック−試験板の作り方−第７部：レジントランスファ成形
• Fibre-reinforced plastics-Methods of producing test plates-Part 7: Resin transfer moulding

• ――このすべては、瞳孔がきわめて敏感だという仮説を強化するものです。
• --all reinforced the theory of an extreme sensitiveness of the retina.

• 要塞を強化するためにその周りに建てられた壁または土手で成る防衛的構造
• defensive structure consisting of walls or mounds built around a stronghold to strengthen it

• これはあらゆる関係者が協力して分裂を避けるインセンティブを強化する。
• This strengthens the incentives for all parties to cooperate and avoid forking,

• 壊滅的な被害を防ぐために世界的な警戒を強化していく重要性を確認した。
• They confirmed the importance of strengthening global precautions in order to prevent devastating losses.

• こうした兵農分離政策は江戸時代に一層強化され身分の移動は少なくなった。
• These policies which separated warriors and peasants were further enforced in the Edo period, and social mobility was reduced as a result.

• この案では損害もでず、また高麗の統治強化および南宋と日本の分断が可能。
• This plan could strengthen its governing power in Goryeo and isolate the Southern Sung Dynasty and Japan from each other, without suffering any damage.

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチックの目違い切欠き圧縮による層間せん断強さ試験方法
• Test method for interlaminar shear strength of carbon fibre reinforced plastic by double-notch specimen

• 平頼綱は、時宗を継いだ年少の北条貞時を補佐し、得宗専制の強化に尽力した。
• TAIRA no Yoritsuna supported the young Sadatoki HOJO, who succeeded Tokimune, and tried hard to strengthen the Tokuso autocracy.

• 城郭の防御能力の強化・弱点の補強・物見などの目的で作られる独立した曲輪。
• It is an independent kuruwa provided to enhance the defensive capability of the castle, to strengthen vulnerable spots or structures, and to enable observation.

• 長繊維強化セラミックス複合材料の常温における引張応力−ひずみ挙動試験方法
• Testing methods for tensile stress-strain behavior of continuous fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites at room temperature

• 長繊維強化セラミックス複合材料のレーザフラッシュ法による熱拡散率測定方法
• Determination of thermal diffusivity of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites by the laser flash method

• 繊維強化プラスチック−試験板の作り方−第８部：ＳＭＣ及びＢＭＣの圧縮成形
• Fibre-reinforced plastics-Methods of producing test plates-Part 8:Compression moulding of SMC and BMC

• 特に被官・家臣の統制を強化し、知行高に応じて軍役を課す貫高制を確立した。
• In particular, sengoku daimyo strengthened their control over hikan (low-level bureaucrats) and kashin (vassals), and established the kandakasei system, a system for imposing military duties in return for chigyo daka (a stipend based on a fief's rice production).

• この論点は、ハイパーリンクや高性能サーチエンジンの存在で一層強化される。
• This point is much strengthened by hyperlinks and the existence of good search engines.

• すべての兵士を一騎当千のつわものに育てるカギは訓練を強化することである。
• The key to raising every soldier into a great warrior is in strengthening training.

• 並行して、キリスト教の制限と貿易の管理強化をすすめ、社会の安定化に努めた。
• In parallel, the bakufu made efforts to stabilize society through restricting Christianity-related activities and strengthening the control of trade.

• そのため、徳川吉宗は幕府権力の再強化と財政再建（享保の改革）を推し進めた。
• Therefore, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA promoted the re-strengthening of the bakufu authority and financial reconstruction (Kyoho Reforms).

• 仏教に対しても大官大寺等の造営が進められるとともに僧尼の統制が強化された。
• As for Buddhism, as the construction of the Daikandai-ji Temple was proceeded, the control of monks and nuns was strengthened.

• 2006年は検査の強化や中国側が輸出を控えているため、台湾産が増えている。
• In 2006, the amount of eels from Taiwan increased because of stricter inspection as well as China holding back on exports.

• 繊維強化プラスチック−ショートビーム法による見掛けの層間せん断強さの求め方
• Fibre-reinforced composites plastics-Determination of apparent interlaminar shear strength by short-beam method

• 応安2年（1369年）に三代将軍に就任した足利義満は将軍権力の強化を図った。
• Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who became the third shogun in 1369, tried to strengthen the authority of shogun.

• こうした内向的な時期を経てヤマト王権による支配体制が徐々に強化されていった。
• Through such a domestically-oriented period, control by the Yamato sovereignty had been gradually strengthened.

• また耐久度を上げるため、親骨と紙は糊で貼られた上に糸で結ばれ強化されている。
• Additionally, the outer two ribs of a mai-ogi are bound to fan paper with thread after they are stuck to each other with glue in order to improve the durability of the mai-ogi.

• グルタミン酸ナトリウム、核酸系調味料を添加して、うまみを強化する場合がある。
• Sodium glutamate or nucleotide flavor is added to emphasize flavor.

• 繊維強化プラスチック−試験板の作り方−第５部：フィラメントワインディング成形
• Fiber-reinforced plastics-Methods of producing test plates-Part 5: Filament winding

• ガラス強化熱硬化性プラスチック(ＧＲＰ) 管及び継手−回帰分析法及びその使用
• Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings−Methods for regression analysis and their use

• 馬子は聖徳太子と協調した一方、聖徳太子の進めた天皇権力の強化を警戒していた。
• While Umako cooperated with Prince Shotoku in establishing their ancient political system, he was on guard against the rising power of the emperor.

• 永正3年（1506年）に相模国で検地を初めて実施して支配の強化を図っている。
• In 1506, he carried out the first survey of Sagami, aiming to strengthen his authority.

• 花の御所を造営して権勢を示し、直轄軍である奉公衆を増強して将軍権力を強化した。
• He displayed his influence by having the Flower palace rebuilt, and he increased the numbers in his hokoshu (guardian) force, essentially an army he personally commanded, thereby boosting shogunal authority.

• 貞時は、政治の実権を内管領から取り戻し、実質的な得宗専制を一層強化していった。
• Sadatoki regained real political power from Uchi-Kanrei and further strengthened the Tokuso autocracy.

• 否定的および肯定的な感情を率直に述べることができるように強化する心理療法の方法
• a method of psychotherapy that reinforces you for stating negative and positive feelings directly

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチック—面内せん断試験方法—第2部：ダブルV-ノッチせん断法
• Carbon fiber reinforced plastics-Testing methods for in-plane shear properties-Part2:Double V-notch shear method

• 繊維強化プラスチック—試験板の作り方—第２部：接触圧成形及びスプレーアップ成形
• Fiber-reinforced plastics - Methods of producing test plates -Part 2: Contact and spray up moulding

• この象徴は三権分立を明示し、機関活動のダイナミズムを強化するものであります。
• It is a sign that underlines the separation of powers and strengthens the dynamism of institutional action.

• またこれに関して我々は常に、法の支配を強化することに専念しなければなりません。
• In this respect also, we have always to concentrate on strengthening the rule of law.

• 包囲や検問所を強化し、我々が作り上げたインフラ（基幹）施設の破壊を続けました。
• it continued to tighten the siege and check-points and continued to destroy the infra-structures that we have built.

• 室町時代には、守護の権限が強化され、守護による荘園・公領支配への介入が増加した。
• During the Muromachi period the authority of the shugo (provincial constable) was strengthened, and the intervention by the shugo in the governance of the manor and public land increased.

• また、新嘗祭（または大嘗祭）という重大な祭事に臨む天皇の霊を強化する祭でもある。
• Chinkon-sai Festival also means a ceremony to enhance the soul of an emperor who is going to conduct a significant festival called Niiname-sai Festival (which means 'the Harvest Festival,' and the emperor's first Niiname-sai Festival is specially referred to as Daijo-sai Festival).

• 国司は大幅に増えた権限に対応するため、国衙機構の強化に努めるようになっていった。
• In order to cope with the massively increased power, the Kokushi attempted to strengthen the structure of Kokuga.

• 結果として大阪会議以前の大久保の独裁体制が、より強化された形で復活したといえる。
• As a result, Okubo's former despotic system was revived in a more powerful form.

• 留守中の大名領地に太閤検地が行われ、豊臣政権の統治力と官僚的な集団が強化された。
• Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's nationwide land survey) was conducted for territories of daimyo who were absent and the governing power and bureaucratic group of the Toyotomi government were strengthened.

• 草履はスニーカーなど靴の変形進化した履物と比較して足腰の安定、強化や美脚に良い。
• Zori are better at providing stability and strengthening physique or forming beautiful legs than modern footwear like sneakers.

• 炭素繊維強化プラスチック—面圧強さ試験方法—第2部：直交積層板及び擬似等方積層板
• Carbon fiber reinforced plastics-Testing methods for bearing strength-Part2: Orthotropic and Quasi-isotropic long fiber laminates

• のち光孝天皇・宇多天皇にいたってその権威は強化され、組織も拡充されるにいたった。
• Thereafter, the authority was strengthened during the periods of Emperors Koko and Uda, and the organization was expanded.

• そしていずれも、ロック式所有権の論理を強化するためにそれなりの働きをしてくれる。
• and they certainly do their bit to reinforce the Lockean logic of ownership.

• 明日から強化合宿に入るんですが、強化するのは体力面ではなく、メンタルの部分です。
• I'm going to a training camp tomorrow. However it's not the physical side that I'll be training, but the mental.

• 陵墓が今日のように整備され、管理が強化されるようになったのは明治以後のことである。
• It was not until the Meiji period that imperial mausoleums began to be carefully maintained under the close supervision of the government.

• そのため幕府の対応は三浦半島の防備を強化する為に彦根藩の兵を増やした程度であった。
• Under that opinion, the Shogunate did not take the necessary measures to prepare for Perry's arrival, but only increased the number of soldiers in the Hikone Domain to strengthen the defenses of the Miura Peninsula.

• また、司法省の権限強化を目指した江藤新平の追及もこの事件に大きな影響を与えている。
• In addition, the pursuit by Shinpei ETO who aimed strengthening of authority for the Ministry of Justice also had a great influence on this incident.

• 米国原子力規制委員会タスクフォースによる 21 世紀の原子炉安全性強化のための勧告
• Recommendation by the American Nuclear Regulatory Commission Task Force for enhancing reactor safety in the 21st century.

• 彼らは、家庭生活を強化するための方法を提案するために、委託権限でグループを設立した
• they set up a group with a remit to suggest ways for strengthening family life

• この結果、次第に他家の学生を圧迫して、藤原氏による官界支配を強化する原動力となった。
• As a result, these students oppressed the students of other families and became the motive power to strengthen Fujiwara clan's reign over the bureaucracy.

• 神祇信仰の論理性の強化は、仏教側からの侵食に対抗し、これと共生することを可能とした。
• Because of the consolidation of the logicalness, Jingi belief was able to confront the invasion of Buddhism and symbioses with.

• プラスチック−引張特性の求め方−第５部：一方向繊維強化プラスチック複合材料の試験条件
• Plastics-Determination of tensile properties-Part 5: Test conditions for unidirectional fibre-reinforced plastic composites

• 信繁の愛槍は、「十文字槍」というもので、両鎌槍を強化してつくられた細めの槍であった。
• Nobushige's favorite spear was a 'Jumonji Yari' (a cross-shaped spear), a relatively thin weapon made by enhancing ryokamayari (a spear with two hooks).

• 2005年には経済産業省「広域新事業支援ネットワーク拠点重点強化事業」に採択された。
• In 2005, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry designated REC as the site of 'Network hub reinforcement project to support new businesses covering wide regions'.

• 天文23年（1554年）には嫡男義信の正室に今川義元の娘を迎え、甲駿同盟を強化する。
• In 1554, the daughter of Yoshimoto IMAGAWA married his legitimate son, Yoshinobu as his lawful wife to enhance the Kosun Alliance (an alliance between the Takeda clan in Kai Province and the Imagawa clan in Suruga Province).

• ローマカトリック教会の教義を再定義し、様々な教会の虐待を廃止して、教皇政治を強化した
• redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy

• さらに、寺町は、城下町の外郭に配されて広い寺院が建ち並び、都市防衛強化の一翼を担った。
• The Teramachi was located at the outer rim of the jokamachi and spacious temples formed part of the city defenses.

• すなわち聖地への旅の過程において、人々は神との繋がりを再認識し信仰を強化するのである。
• In other words, the process of traveling to holy sites makes people reconfirm their ties with God and strengthens their religious beliefs.

• 酒造石高の実態を把握して課税を強化し、幕府の財政基盤を少しでも確かにすることであった。
• The purpose was to secure the financial basis for the bakufu to any extent at all by grasping the actual condition of sake brewing kokudaka and strengthening taxation.

• だが、天平2年（730年）に陰陽寮強化の一環としてうち3名を陰陽得業生として給費する。
• In 730, in a bid to enhance the Onmyoryo, scholarships were given to three of the onmyo no sho as onmyo tokugyo no sho (onmyo students).

• しかし、キリシタン禁教の強化と鎖国体制の完成によってこれらの関係は途絶し、幕末に至る。
• However, such relations were cut off due to the tightening of the ban on Christianity and the completion of the national isolation system, and the situation continued till the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.

• 特に私寺に対する禁令が強化された延暦年間以後に定額寺に列する寺院が急激に増加している。
• Particularly, after the Enryaku era, when a ban on private temples was fortified, the number of temples designated as jogakuji skyrocketed.

• 現在ダム機能の強化を目的にバイパストンネル建設を柱とするダム再開発事業を計画中である。
• There is a plan in place for a renewal project, featuring the construction of a bypass tunnel to extend the functions of the dam.

• プラスチック配管系−ガラス強化熱硬化性プラスチック（ＧＲＰ）管−軸方向引張特性の求め方
• Plastics piping systems−Pipes made of glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) −Determination of initial longitudinal tensile properties

• 780年に秋田城強化の方針が打ち出され、国司が秋田城に常在し統治に当たることとなった。
• In 780 a plan for how to strengthen Akita-jo Castle was worked out, under which Dewa's provincial officers would make the castle their permanent home and the seat of provincial government.

• そこで義満が密かに兵備を強化していると、間もなく明徳の乱の発生の知らせが入ったという。
• In response to Ariyo's words, Yoshimitsu secretly enhanced armaments, and soon after news of the Meitoku War arrived.

• 大規模コークス工場や輪西製鉄（のち新日本製鐵室蘭製鐵所）の設立などで鉄道輸送力を強化。
• He reinforced railway transportation capacity by establishing a full-range coke plant and Wanishi Iron Works (later Nippon Steel Corporation Muroran Works) amongst others.

• 強化因子が取り除かれ、そして、条件反射が条件刺激から独立するコンディショニングプロセス
• a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus

• ラケットのように形づくられる軽量フレームは、横材で強化されて、ひものネットワークを含む
• a lightweight frame shaped like a racquet is strengthened with cross pieces and contains a network of thongs

• 室町中期ごろ、商品経済の発達や農業生産の向上、惣結合の強化などに伴い社会情勢が変化した。
• In the middle of the Muromachi period, the social situation changed according to the development of a commodity economy, the improvement of agricultural production, the consolidation of so (peasants' self-governing association), and the like.

• 出羽国司次官である介が受領官に格上げされると共に、秋田城常駐となり軍事機能も強化された。
• The position of Suke, Deputy Governor of the kokushi in Dewa Province, was promoted to that of Zuryo (Provincial Governor), and the position was permanently stationed at Akita-jo Castle, enhancing its military capabilities.

• これは、守護の権限強化へとつながり、守護大名の登場および守護領国制成立への契機となった。
• This resulted in the expanded power of the Shugo and creating an opportunity for Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) to emerge and construct Shugo-ryogoku system (a system in which a Shugo dominates a manor).

• この結果、得宗家の勢力が強化され、それに伴い御内人も鎌倉幕府内で権勢を持つようになった。
• As a result, as the Tokuso family came to enhance their political power, Miuchibito also increased their political influence in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 西郷は新政府に必要なのは士族を中心とした軍備強化と農本主義的な国家経営であると主張した。
• Saigo argued that what was necessary for the new government was a strong military power based on samurai and an agriculture-oriented nation management.

• 舟艇−船体構造−スカントリング　第１部：材料：熱硬化性樹脂，ガラス繊維強化材，基準積層材
• Small craft-Hull construction and scantlings-Part 1 : Materials : Thermosetting resins, glass-fibre reinforcement, reference laminate

• プラスチック配管系−ガラス強化熱硬化性プラスチック (ＧＲＰ) 管−管の初期剛性の求め方
• Plastics piping systems−Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes−Determination of initial specific ring stiffness

• 昭和に入ると思想関係の締め付けが強化された世相を反映して、京都大学でも思想事件が相次ぐ。
• Entering the Showa era, Kyoto Imperial University came to be struck frequently by events related to the professors' thoughts, which reflected the social conditions at that time when the control over thoughts was strengthened.

• これ以後、キリシタンへの徹底した予防と探索を行い、領民に対し仏教・神道への信仰を強化した。
• After this incident, the domain worked to seek out and suppress Christianity, and looked to strengthen the faith of the people of the domain in Buddhism and Shintoism

• 清盛は、若い頃から西国の国司を歴任し、父から受け継いだ西国の平氏勢力をさらに強化していた。
• Kiyomori held the position of Kokushi (provincial governor) in Western Japan since he was young, and he further strengthened the influence of the Taira clan in the west.

• これも個人的な信仰だけでなく、宗教的権威により皇統の正統性を強化する意図を含むものである。
• This was not only meant as a personal religion, but intended to strengthen the legitimacy of the royal line by religious authority.

• 憲平は、村上の先代朱雀天皇のひとり娘である昌子内親王と結婚し、その立場はさらに強化された。
• Norihira married Imperial Princess Shoshi, the only daughter of Emperor Suzaku, who was the emperor before Murakami, and strengthened his position.

• その後、御七日御修法の大阿闍梨の役目を務めるなど、宗派の代表としての役割を強化していった。
• To-ji Choja then acted as the Great Ajari for Shichinichi no Mishiho (seven days' secret ceremony of severe prayer), and started to strengthen its role as a representative of the sect.

• この新羅遠征計画は天皇の軍事力強化が狙いで、渡海遠征自体は目的ではなかったという説もある。
• According to one theory, the main objective of this expedition to Silla was to build up the Imperial military power, and not to subjugate Silla across the sea.

• 当主就任後はその地位を磐石なものとするため、寺社勢力に所領を寄進してその関係強化に務めた。
• After becoming the family head, he tried to strengthen the relationship with temple and shrine powers by donating his territories in order to solidify his position.

• モンゴル軍は、石塁などで防御が強化された日本軍の抵抗に苦戦した末、暴風雨のために壊滅した。
• The Mongolian army fought a tough battle against the Japanese army who resisted utilizing their strengthened defense which including stone mound fortifications, and were ultimately destroyed by a storm.

• 少なくとも亮政の頃には国人層による連合制的な面が強く、代を経るごとに支配体制が強化している。
• During the Sukemasa's reign at least, the political situation was influenced by the Kokujin (local samurais) union-tinged regime; the controlling system of the Azai clan was gradually strengthened along with the generations.

• また、京や畿内に惣管・平城京以西の道ごとには鎮撫使、のちに節度使を設置し治安維持を強化した。
• They deployed a Sokan (a military authority) in Kyoto and Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), a Chinbushi (a temporary government post), later a Setsudoshi (a military governor), in every route in areas west of Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) to improve the maintenance of security.

• プラスチック−比較可能なシングルポイントデータの取得及び提示−第２部：長繊維強化プラスチック
• Plastics-Acquisition and presentation of comparable single-point data-Part 2 : Long-fibre-reinforced plastics

• プラスチック—引張特性の試験方法—第４部：等方性及び直交異方性繊維強化プラスチックの試験条件
• Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Test conditions for isotropic and orthotropic fibre-reinforced plastic composites

• 動力集中方式では動力車の重量に対処するため、動力分散方式より軌道・路盤を強化する必要がある。
• In the concentrated traction system, stronger railways must be used and the ground under them must also be more solid, compared to the distributed traction system, to support the heavy weights of locomotive cars.

• 創建当初からの風致が大きく損なわれたため、景観規制条例の強化の動きが出るなど、論議を呼んだ。
• The scenic beauty of the area that had been kept since the time of the temple's founding was greatly damaged, which has led to debates regarding the strengthening of landscape regulating ordinance.

• 当時は淳仁天皇・恵美押勝の政権下にあり、同政権の強化策として改制が行われたと考えられている。
• At that time, the Emperor Junnin and EMI no Oshikatsu were in power and it is considered that the above reform was implemented as a measure to strengthen their administration.

• 三世一身法・墾田永年私財法などの農地拡大政策もこうした律令制強化の一環だったと考えられている。
• It is considered that the policies to increase arable land, such as Sanze-isshin Law (a law allowing farmers who created new arable lands to own them for a period of three generations) and Konden einen shizai Law (a law allowing farmers who created new arable lands to own them permanently), were for supporting the strengthening the Ritsuryo system.

• 一方で、産業育成と軍事力強化（富国強兵）を国策として推し進め、近代国家の建設は急速に進展した。
• In addition, the government promoted the fostering of industries and the strengthening of military power (so-called Fukoku-kyohei) as a national policy, forwarding the move to convert Japan into a modern state rapidly.

• このため、景虎は残る長尾方の北信濃国人衆への支配を強化して、実質的な家臣化を進めることになる。
• Therefore, Kagetora strengthened the control of the remaining local samurai landowners in the northern Shinano area, and became to make efforts to make them retainers of the Nagao family.

• また「ふき」を特に厚く仕立てることで、強化遠近法の応用で実際よりも身長を高く見せる効果もある。
• Besides, making 'fuki' extremely thick will bring about an effect that it makes the wearer look taller than she really is by applying the enhanced perspective method.

• 乱後、信西は政権の強化に尽力し、保元新制を発して荘園整理令・大寺社の統制・内裏再建などを行う。
• In an effort to strengthen the political authority of the Imperial Court, after the War, Shinzei issued the Hogen edict, which imposed the Decree Restricting the Expansion of Private Estates, introduced regulations governing major temples and shrines, and restored the Imperial Palace.

• 幕末の尊王攘夷運動の過程で強化され、明治維新後には政治体制によって正統な歴史観として確立した。
• It was strongly influenced by a campaign to restore the emperor and expel the barbarians during the last days of the Tokugawa government, it was established as an orthodox historical view by the new political system after the Meiji Restoration.

• 粒度またはサイズを塗ること（粘っこい物質）で多孔性材料を覆う、強化する、あるいはつや出しをする
• cover or stiffen or glaze a porous material with size or sizing (a glutinous substance)

• プラスチック配管系−ガラス強化熱硬化性プラスチック (ＧＲＰ) 部材−質量法による組成の求め方
• Plastics piping systems−Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) components−Determination of the amounts of constituents using the gravimetric method

• この頃鉄道省内部に「鉄道幹線調査会」が設立され、主要幹線の輸送力強化についての検討が行われた。
• Around this time, the 'Trunk railway investigation committee' was established by Japanese Government Railways (JGR), and how to increase transportation capacities of major trunk railways were investigated there.

• 構造的には、貫 (建築)といわれる水平方向の材を使い、柱と強固に組み合わせて構造を強化している
• Architecturally it utilizes horizontal wooden beams known as penetrating tie beams which are combined with pillars to reinforce the structure.

• また同年、甲相同盟を強化するため、北条氏政の妹を継室（遠山夫人は信勝出産後死去）として迎えた。
• In the same year, he received Ujimasa HOJO's sister as his second wife (Fujin TOYAMA died after the birth of Nobukatsu) to strengthen the Koso Alliance (an alliance between the Takeda clan in the Kai Province and the Hojo clan in Sagami Province).

• 同年12月に勝頼の異母妹菊姫 (大儀院)を正室に迎えて甲越同盟を結び、武田家との関係を強化した
• Then, Kagekatsu took Kikuhime (Daigiin), Katsuyori's half sister by a different mother, as his lawful wife in December and concluded the Koetsu Alliance (an alliance between the Takeda clan in Kai Province and the Uesugi clan in Echigo Province), so that the relationship with the Takeda clan would be strengthened.

• 時宗は文永9年（1272年）2月の二月騒動で同族内の対抗勢力を排除して得宗独裁の強化を図った。
• In March 1272 Nigatsu Sodo (the February Rebellion) broke out and Tokimune removed the rival influence from his clan to strengthen the Tokuso dictatorship.

• 守護大名の権限強化と惣村・郷村の自立とによって、荘園は次第に解体への道を進んでいくこととなった。
• The shoens gradually collapsed with the aggrandizement of shugo-daimyo and the independence of sosons and gosons.

• 8世紀末から9世紀初頭の桓武天皇による諸改革も上記のような律令制支配の維持強化を目的としていた。
• The reforms carried out by Emperor Kanmu from the late eighth century to the early ninth century also aimed at the above mentioned maintenance and enhancement of the Ritsuryo system domination.

• 太平の世にありながら尾張藩を仮想敵国とした軍備の強化に奔走し、そのことを巡り嫡子忠春と対立した。
• Even during the time of peace, he busied himself with the reinforcement of army against his own imagined enemy, Owari Domain; however, this led him confront with his legitimate child, Tadaharu, who was against this.

• 平家台頭後は日宋貿易に熱心だった平清盛が肥後守に就任するなど、平家による肥後国統制が強化される。
• After the rise of the Taira family, TAIRA no Kiyomori, who was enthusiastic about the trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China took the post of the Governor of Higo Province, thus the Taira family's controlling over Higo Province was strengthened.

• 幕府権威の低下を防ぐため、安藤らは将軍徳川家茂と皇女和宮の婚姻で公武合体による幕権強化策を図る。
• To prevent bakufu authority from declining, Ando and others tried 'kobu-gattai' (integration of the Imperial Court and the shogunate) through the marriage of Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA and Imperial Princess Kazunomiya.

• 構造的には、貫 (建築)といわれる水平方向の材を使い、柱と強固に組み合わせて構造を強化している。
• Structurally, the style incorporates a horizontal beam known as a nuki (penetrating tie beam), which is used in combination with pillars to reinforce the structure.

• 軍事力の強化、もしくはその任務実行を支援するための軍事作戦（しばしば新しい人や物資の供給を伴う）
• a military operation (often involving new supplies of men and materiel) to strengthen a military force or aid in the performance of its mission

• プラスチック−荷重たわみ温度の求め方−第３部：高強度熱硬化性樹脂積層材及び長繊維強化プラスチック
• Plastics-Determination of temperature of deflection under load-Part 3: High-strength thermosetting laminates and long-fibre-reinforced plastics

• ガラス繊維強化プラスチック（ＧＲＰ）管及び継手—圧力とその関係，施工並びに接合に関する用語の定義
• Pipes and fittings made of glass fiber reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) −Definitions of terms relating pressure, including relationships between them, and terms for installation and jointing

• 建久8年（1197年）には、薩摩国や大隅国などで大田文を作成させ、地方支配の強化を目指している。
• In 1197, Yoritomo ordered to create Ota-bumi (a cadastre created during the Kamakura period) in Satsuma Province and Osumi Province, aiming to reinforce regional control.

• 自らの政治力強化を目指す後白河は、清盛の協力により憲仁親王（後の高倉天皇）の立太子を実現させた。
• Aiming to enhancing his own political power, with support of Kiyomori, Goshirakawa was able to have Prince Norihito (who later became Emperor Takakura) formally installed as Crown Prince (rittaishi).

• しかし、こうした一連の政略結婚政策を遂行する中で棟梁としての権力を強化し、一族の家人化を進めた。
• However, while he carried out these series of political marriages, he expanded his authority as Toryo (leader) and promoted the subordination of the other families to the Kiyohara clan.

• 江戸時代に入ると幕府は寛永通宝の流通を始め貨幣政策を強化したため、私鋳銭は徐々に姿を消していった。
• In the Edo period, however, as the bakufu enforced its policy on currency by starting to circulate Kanei Tsuho coins, shichusen gradually disappeared.

• そのため、社会主義協会の活動を強化することとなり、幸徳の平民社などとともに社会主義の紹介を行った。
• Therefore they got to enhance the activity of the Socialism Society, and introduced socialism together with Heiminsha, an association organized by KOTOKU.

• 新羅は日本の侵攻に備えて築城（723年、毛伐郡城）し、日本でも一時軍備強化のため節度使が置かれた。
• Silla built a castle (毛伐郡城) in 723 to prepare for a Japanese invasion and, Japan temporarily installed a setsudoshi (military governor) to strengthen armaments.

• 醤油を原料に、昆布だしやカツオだし、液糖やステビア等の甘味料を添加し、うまみを強化した液体調味料。
• These soy-sauces are liquid seasonings that emphasize flavor, based on soy-sauce, with stock made from konbu kelp, stock made from dried bonito flakes, sweetener such as syrup, stevia added.

• ドリルの先端を潤滑および冷却し、切削屑を流し出し、穴の側面を強化するために掘削パイプから注入される
• pumped down the drill pipe to lubricate and cool the drilling bit and to flush out the cuttings and to strengthen the sides of the hole

• 頼之は応安大法を実施して土地支配を強固なものにし、京都や鎌倉の五山制度を整えて宗教統制を強化した。
• Yoriyuki implemented Oan no Taiho, a land expropriation law, to consolidate land management, and developed the Five Mountain System in Kyoto and Kamakura to strengthen control over religion.

• そして義持の代から中断していた勘合貿易を再開させて財政政策を見直すなど、幕府権力の強化につとめた。
• He then restarted the tally trade with China that had been suspended since Yoshimochi's time and reviewed financial policy in order to reinforce the government's power.

• これに対して朝廷も、僧位・僧官の昇進権を媒介に上級僧侶を組織して、宗教界への支配を強化しようとした。
• On the other hand, the Imperial Court tried to organize the upper-ranked Buddhist monks through the promotion to Soi (rank of Buddhist priests) and Sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by the Imperial Court) to strengthen their control over the religious world.

• この事件、ひいては足利義輝の幕権強化を考えるに当たって問題となるのが、義輝の三好家との距離感である。
• A major factor to be considered in discussing this incident as the attempt by Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA to strengthen the Bakufu's authority is his perceived sense of distance from the Miyoshi family.

• 朝鮮では、日清戦争で日本が清に勝利すると、王妃である閔妃が朝鮮で一層強化する日本の支配力を警戒した。
• In Korea, after Japan defeated Shin in Sino-Japanese War, Empress Myeongseong took precautions against Japan of which dominating power was further increasing in Korea.

• また軍隊からは、先にそちらの強化をおこなうべきだとして、西郷隆盛などを中心に反対の声も上がっていた。
• Moreover, military personnel such as Takamori SAIGO opposed the project, insisting that armaments should be strengthened first.

• 水稲農耕に必要な首長権力や、共同体の結束強化、内部と外部での階級差を反映しているとも考えられている。
• The different size of moats were probably representing how strong a chieftaincy's controlling power was over wet-rice cultivation in the area, how tight the community was united, or the difference in villager classes who lived inside and outside the moat.

• 淀川本川においては瀬田川浚渫・瀬田川洗堰改築を始め堤防強化に加え、天ヶ瀬ダムを建設する計画を立てた。
• For the main stream of the Yodogawa-River, it worked out a plan to build Amagase Dam in addition to dredging the Seta-gawa River, and strengthening dikes such as repairing Setagawa-araizeki Barrage.

• 委員会が NRC スタッフに対して、以下のことを実施することにより ROP を強化するよう指示する。
• The Task Force recommends to direct the NRC staff to strengthen the ROP by doing the following:

• また、買米仕法を再編強化し、農民から余剰米を強制的に供出させ、それを江戸に廻漕して利益を増大させた。
• Also, he reorganized and reinforced the kaimai shiho (rice trading system) that he forced farmers to provide the domain with surplus rice which was shipped to Edo to gain more profit.

• 本所が自らの荘園支配を強化するために、家臣を現地へ派遣し、下司や公文などを指揮監督することがあった。
• To take greater control of manors, Honjo often sent down their retainers to supervise Gesu and Kumon.

• 同年の猪熊事件では京都所司代として後陽成天皇と家康の意見調整を図って処分を決め、朝廷統制を強化した。
• He made a decision as the Kyoto Shoshidai on the Inokuma incident that occurred the same year, harmonizing views among Emperor Goyozei and Ieyasu, and strengthened the control of the Imperial Court.

• 長徳元年（995年）正月、二女原子を皇太子居貞親王（後の三条天皇）の妃とし、後宮政策の強化を図った。
• In February 995, he made his second daughter, Genshi, the empress of the Crown Prince, the Imperial Prince Okisada (later Emperor Sanjo), and tightened management of kokyu (literally, rear palace; imperial harem).

• この謀反を、自身の更なる権力強化の好機ととらえて討伐軍を動員した義村によって、三石城を取り囲まれた。
• Muramune secluded in Mitsuishi-jo was surrounded by a punitive force lead by Yoshimura who thought that the revolt by Muramune was the opportunity to further strengthen his power.

• 彼らに安全や、法の支配の強化、公債の管理の健全な運用を提供することは、満たされるべき権利なのです。
• Providing them with security, strengthening the rule of law, sound performance in the management of public funds are rights to be fulfilled.

• 数ヶ月前に財源を強化する必要があり、そのためにフランス銀行からナポレオン金貨三万枚を借り入れました。
• We had occasion some months ago to strengthen our resources and borrowed for that purpose 30,000 napoleons from the Bank of France.

• また舞鶴海軍工廠では艦船を中心に蛟龍などの特殊兵器も生産するなど軍需生産拠点としても機能強化が図られ、
• Further, the Maizuru Navy Arsenal's function as a weapon's arsenal was enhanced, producing many weapons/arms (mainly naval vessels) which included special purpose weapons such as the Koryu.

• プラスチック配管系−ガラス強化熱硬化性プラスチック (ＧＲＰ) 管−見掛けの初期周方向引張強さの求め方
• Plastics piping systems−Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes−Determination of the apparent initial circumferential tensile strength

• そこで、産業革命の進展や国際情勢の緊迫化などで東西幹線の早期完成や輸送力強化が求められるようになった。
• With the intensifying industrial revolution and tense international affairs, early completion of the East-West Main Line and increased carrying capacity became necessary.

• 正平一統は北朝上皇が南朝に奪われて破綻すると後光厳天皇を擁立しての北朝再建、将軍権力の強化に尽力する。
• When the Retired Emperor of the Northern Court was deprived of the Shohei no itto by the Southern Court, Doyo supported the Emperor Gokogon, reestablishing the Northern Court and strengthening the power of shogunate.

• また、同法の画期的な部分は次回来航期限を定めた信牌交付や長崎の行政改革による貿易管理の強化の部分にある。
• One of the revolutionary points of this law was to issue Shinpai (信牌) (port-entry permit) which set the next port entry due date and the enhanced trading management through administrative reforms in Nagasaki.

• ガラス長繊維強化プラスチック—空洞率の求め方—強熱減量による方法，気泡を破壊する方法及び気泡を数える方法
• Textile glass reinforced plastics−Determination of void content−Loss on ignition, mechanical disintegration and statistical counting methods

• プラスチック配管系−ガラス強化熱硬化性プラスチック（ＧＲＰ）管及び継手−ボルト式フランジ接合部の試験方法
• Plastics piping systems−Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings−Test method to prove the design of bolted flange joints'

• プラスチック配管系−ガラス強化熱硬化性プラスチック (ＧＲＰ) 管及び継手−接着又は積層接合部の試験方法
• Plastics piping systems−Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings−Test methods to prove the design of cemented or wrapped rigid joints

• また、小谷城山上に六坊（寺の集住）を建設したり、寺社衆に対して所領の安堵や税政策の強化などを打ち出した。
• In addition, Hisamasa built rokubo (a complex of temples) on the top of the mountain where Odani-jo Castle is located while guaranteeing the ownerships of territory to temples and shrines with reinforced taxation policies.

• 我々は包括的改革のための研究委員会の立ち上げを訴える一方、我々の組織間の協調を強化しなければなりません。
• While we call for the launching of a workshop for comprehensive reform, we have to strengthen cooperation among our institutions.

• プラスチック配管系−ガラス強化熱硬化性プラスチック（ＧＲＰ）管及び継手−短期間内圧による漏れ強さの試験方法
• Plastics piping systems- Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings - Test methods to prove the leaktightness of the wall under short-term internal pressure

• さらに執権権力を強化する一方で、御家人や民衆に対して善政を敷いた事は、今でも名君として高く評価されている。
• Moreover, he is highly appreciated even today as a wise ruler due to the fact that he strengthened the regent's power while providing proper administration to immediate vassals of the shogun as well as common people.

• 異国警固番役などを新たに設置して国防を強化し、この文永の役を教訓として博多湾岸に今でも残る石塁を構築した。
• He strengthened the country's defense by creating new positions for defense such as the Ikoku Keigo Banyaku (Foreign Enemy Defense) and built stone mounds, which remain still the present day, along the coast of Hakata Bay having learned from the Bunei War.

• 幕府の影響力を寺社・朝廷にまで広げて幕府主導による政治運営の強化、国政改革を行おうとしたと考えられている。
• It seems that in reforming national politics he wanted to reinforce the bakufu's controlling power in politics by extending its influence over the religious institutions as well as the court.

• 髄質の幹からサゴがとれる、マレーシア原産のヤシ−−食品を濃くしたり、織り地を強化したりするのに使われる澱粉
• Malaysian palm whose pithy trunk yields sago--a starch used as a food thickener and fabric stiffener

• 産業技術力強化法（平成十二年法律第四十四号）第二条第二項に規定する技術経営力の強化に関する助言を行うこと。
• Providing advice concerning the enhancement of technology management capabilities prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Industrial Technology Enhancement Act (Act No. 44 of 2000);

• 長期的検討事項として、地震により誘発された火災や洪水(溢水)を防止、緩和する能力の強化可能性につき評価する。
• As part of the longer term review, that the NRC evaluate potential enhancements to the capability to prevent or mitigate seismically induced fires and floods.

• これらの動きは、一方では守護の権威の低下を招いたが、他方では守護による国人への支配強化へとつながっていった。
• Although these movements invited a reduction in the power of the Shugo, on the other hand they led to stronger rule over the kokujin by the Shugo.

• この頃の九州は、元寇の後に鎮西探題が設置され、北条氏による支配が強化されており、御家人達の不満は募っていた。
• In those days in Kyushu, the Chinzei tandai (office of the military governor of Kyushu) was established after the Mongol invasion of Japan, and the governance by the Hojo clan was reinforced, which aggravated grievances among gokenins (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through the Edo periods).

• アフリカの厚い枝分かれした広まっている木としばしば、地面からそびえている支店で強化される隣接した南西部アジア
• thick-branched wide-spreading tree of Africa and adjacent southwestern Asia often buttressed with branches rising from near the ground

• 後白河は公卿を法住寺殿に召集して対策を協議させるとともに、検非違使・武士に動員令を下して御所の警備を強化する。
• Goshirakawa summoned kugyo (top court officials) to Hojuji-dono Palace to discuss measures and gave mobilization orders to kebiishi (police and judicial chief) to increase security.

• ところが、3代将軍足利義満の治世では将軍の権力強化の煽りを受けて、勢力削減の対象となった守護大名家が出てきた。
• However, under the reign of the 3rd Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who was aiming at strengthening his authority, the powers of several Shugo daimyo families were forced to diminish.

• 漂着同然で各地に入港する外国船からの伝染病の脅威は幕府施薬院の成立と共に検疫強化に踏み切ったという見方もある。
• Another viewpoint claims that the Bakufu embarked on strengthening its quarantine practices in addition to establishing the Bakufu Seyaku-in (Pharmacy Institution), citing the threat of infectious diseases brought in by foreign ships entering ports in various regions in conditions that were no better than drifting ships.

• 後にこれに倣って醴酒を、ゴマの肝臓機能強化を知ってか悪酔い止めにと黒ゴマ粉で濁したものが室町時代に用いられた。
• Probably because it was known that sesame enhances the liver's functioning, reishu (sweet half sake) darkened with black sesame powder was used to cure hangovers later in the Muromachi period.

• プラスチック配管系−ガラス強化熱硬化性プラスチック（ＧＲＰ)管及び継手−偏平下における管内面の耐薬品性の求め方
• Plastics piping systems- Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings- Determination of the resistance to chemical attack from the inside of a section in a deflected condition

• プラスチック配管系−ガラス強化熱硬化性プラスチック (ＧＲＰ) 管−リングの初期変位に対する破壊強さの試験方法
• Plastics piping systems−Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes−Test method to prove the resistance to initial ring deflection

• 義詮時代には領域的な支配機構を司る引付衆の役割を縮小して執事職の権限を強化し、一元化な統治機構の確立を目指す。
• In the period of Yoshiakira the role of Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court) who administered regional governing authorities was reduced and the power of the stewards was strengthened, with the aim of establishing a centralized governing authority.

• ローマの天皇でドイツと英国でローマの規則を強化して、軍を改良して、帝国に繁栄をもたらしたフラビアン王朝の創設者
• Emperor of Rome and founder of the Flavian dynasty who consolidated Roman rule in Germany and Britain and reformed the army and brought prosperity to the empire

• 今のところ、彼の容疑からはほとんど欠点が見つからないだろうし、捜査も向こうの主張を強化するのに役立つばかりだ。
• You can hardly find a flaw in the case which can now be presented against him, and all further investigation has served to strengthen it.

• 当時最大の権力者だった恵美押勝（藤原仲麻呂）により、対東国防備の強化のため、健児を復活したのだとする見解もある。
• There is an opinion that these kondei were restored by the greatest mogul of that time, EMI no Oshikatsu (FUJIWARA no Nakamaro), who intended to reinforce the defenses against Togoku.

• 国司や領主などの支配層は、田堵負名による名田経営を強化するために、現地での支配権・管理権を次第に付与していった。
• The ruling class, including territorial governors and manorial lords, granted tato farmers various rights to rule and manage land in villages in order to strengthen the myoden system supported by these farmers.

• 第一次世界大戦における日露の関係強化と第三国の中国支配阻止、極東における両国の特殊権益の擁護を相互に再確認した。
• They reassured each other that they should enforce the relationship between Japan and Russia at the First World War, stop the third party from controlling China, and protect the both countries' special interests in the Far East.

• 当時、明治政府は政府主導による憲法制定・国会開設を着々と準備する一方で、民権運動に対する弾圧政策を強化していた。
• At that time, the Meiji Government was promoting the preparation of the government-led formulation of a constitution and establishment of the National Diet while it was strengthening an ironfisted policy to democratic movements.

• 新たに成立した第2次桂内閣による取締り強化もこの流れに拍車をかけ、1910年の大逆事件（幸徳事件）へと発展した。
• This trend was further spurred by the stronger crackdown by the newly-formed second Katsura Cabinet, and developed into the Taigyaku Jiken (case of high treason) or the Kotoku Incident in 1910.

• ガラス長繊維強化プラスチック—プリプレグ，成形材料及び成形品—ガラス長繊維及び無機充てん材含有率の求め方—焼成法
• Textile glass reinforced plastics−Prepregs, moulding compounds and laminates−Determination of the textile-glass and mineral-filler content−Calcination method

• また、軍事力強化を優先する余り、仮想敵国の状況が現実の日本を取り囲む状況を反映しないというという点も問題とされた。
• With the firm commitment to enlarge the military force, it became a problem that the situation of the imagined enemies did not reflect the circumstances surrounding Japan.

• 朝鮮半島から暦法など中国の文物を移入するとともに豪族や民衆の系列化・組織化を漸次的に進めて内政面を強化していった。
• At the same time the Yamato Kingdom was importing Chinese culture, such as calendar making, from the Korean Peninsula, it was strengthening domestic administration by gradually organizing both the ruling elite and the common people.

• 事業者は、基本理念にのっとり、研究及び開発並びにその成果の企業化並びに技術経営力の強化に積極的に努めるものとする。
• In accordance with the Basic Principle, business operators shall actively endeavor to carry out research and development and to enhance the commercialization of the results thereof and to strengthen Technology Management Capability.

• 皮肉にもこの路線は彼らを倒した称徳天皇・弓削道鏡政権によって強化され、神護景雲元年（767年）に内豎省に昇格した。
• Ironically, this policy was further strengthened by the Emperor Shotoku and YUGE no Dokyo who overthrew the former administration and Naijudokoro was upgraded to Naijusho (Ministry of Imperial Pages) in 767.

• この二年間にわたって、我々は司法機関や法廷をその独立性と能力の強化を図るために改革のステップを踏んでまいりました。
• Over the last two years, we have made steps to reform the judicial apparatus and the courts with the aim of strengthening their independence and capabilities.

• そのような中で室町幕府が擁する北朝及び有力権門である摂関家や寺社との連携を強化することでこの危機を乗り切ろうとした。
• The Muromachi bakufu made attempts at getting over the crisis by developing stronger partnerships with temples and shrines, influential families such as the Sekken-ke and the Northern Court (Japan), which it had been supporting.

• 公家の乱脈ぶりが白日の下にさらされただけでなく、江戸幕府による宮廷制御の強化、後陽成天皇の退位のきっかけともなった。
• The incident not only disclosed the wild license of court nobles but even triggered tightened control of the Imperial Court by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a Shogun) and abdication of Emperor Goyozei.

• しかし、その後江戸幕府はキリスト教の禁教政策を強化し、1624年（寛永元年）にはスペイン船の来航を禁止するに至った。
• However, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) tightened the ban on Christianity later, and in 1624, Spanish ships were prohibited from visiting Japan.

• 資金難から活発な事業を行えずにいたが、活動強化を目指し、1919年には「財団法人月瀬保勝会」として法人改組している。
• Although financial difficulties kept the association from taking active measures, it was incorporated as 'Tsukigase Hoshokai Foundation' in 1919 in an effort to reinforce its activities.

• しかし、他チームから有力選手を獲得して場当たり的にチーム強化を図っていたツケがとうとう2000年になって回ってきた。
• But as the team had attempted to strengthen itself in a haphazard way by getting outstanding players from other teams, in 2000 it fell into the situation where it would have to pay for it after all

• それに対して義信は、今川家との同盟を強化して飛騨攻めを画策するなど信玄の外交路線と一線を画した方針を取るようになる。
• Yoshinobu, on the other hand, disagreed with his father's diplomatic methods, strengthening the alliance with the Imagawa clan and planning the Assault on Hida (Hida-zeme).

• この改正によって府県に法人格が与えられて自治体としての体勢が強化される一方で、府県知事の権限規定も整備・強化された。
• This revision gave Fuken a legal personality to reinforce its position as an autonomous body, and it also organized and reinforced the regulations on the authority of the prefectural governor.

• 新たに発足した室町幕府は、戦乱を抑えることを目的として、在地武士を組織するため、国単位におかれる守護の権限を強化した。
• The newly inaugurated Muromachi bakufu strengthened the power and authority of shugo positioned in each province in order to prevent the maelstrom of war and organize the local samurais.

• これらの動きは、一方では守護大名の権威の低下を招いたが、また一方で守護大名による国人への支配強化へとつながっていった。
• On one hand, these movements undermined the authority of the shugo daimyo, but on the other hand they tightened the control of the kokujin by the shugo daimyo.

• 当時の京都は、このように全体として新都市の様相を呈しており、そこでは王権の強化にともなう各種の美術品の創作がみられた。
• Kyoto at that time exhibited an aspect of a new city, and various arts were thriving there due to the strengthened imperial power.

• 大名の勢力（軍事力）を統制して徳川家による全国支配を強化することを目的としており、特に外様大名の多い西国に徹底させた。
• Its purpose was to strengthen the Tokugawa family's domination of the entire country by regulating the power (military force) of the feudal lords; it was focused in particular on the western provinces, where there were a lot of nonhereditary feudal lords.

• 英国の司令官、政治家で、1757年のプラッシーでの勝利がインドの英国のコントロールを強化した（1725年−1774年）
• British general and statesman whose victory at Plassey in 1757 strengthened British control of India (1725-1774)

• 更に文永の役翌年の建治元年（1275年）には六波羅探題の機能はさらに強化され、御家人処罰の権限と裁判制度が充実された。
• Additionally, in 1275, the year following Bunei Battle, the function of Rokuhara Tandai was further enhanced, and authority for punishing gokenin and the trial system was enhanced.

• 対斎藤戦で優位に立った信長は、永禄7年（1564年）には北近江国の浅井長政と同盟を結び、斎藤氏への牽制を強化している。
• Nobunaga who had the advantage in the battle over the Saito clan made an alliance with Nagamasa AZAI of Kita-Omi Province in 1564, which strengthened their warning against the Saito clan.

• 身体的な煩わしさは、礼儀作法の拘束力によって強化されていなければ、人が習慣的に軽視してきた不都合なものである。
• Physical irksomeness is an incommodity which men habitually make light of if it is not reinforced by the sanction of decorum;

• またそのすべての町に盾とやりを備えて、これを非常に強化し、そしてユダとベニヤミンを確保した。 (歴代志2 11:12)
• He put shields and spears in every city, and made them exceeding strong. Judah and Benjamin belonged to him. (2 Chronicles 11:12)

• これにより、文引制と合わせ対馬島内諸勢力の通交は宗氏本宗家の支配するところとなり、宗氏の領国支配が強化されることになる。
• This treaty, coupled with the Bunin (a pass issued by the So clan to enter the Korean Dynasties) system, effectively enabled the head family of the So clan to control trading among the powers within Tsushima island, strengthening territorial rule by the So clan.

• 王権の強化のため、有力皇族や豪族の主を除き、その残党を納得させ、財産を王権に統合するために妃を取るということの様である。
• His aim was to abolish masters of powerful imperial families and local ruling families and subdue the remnants so as to strengthen the imperial power; then to get married to women in those families to integrate the fortune to his own.

• 戊申詔書による風紀引き締めと同時に社会主義運動を弾圧、幸徳事件の摘発や南北朝正閏問題への介入、出版物の取締強化を行った。
• The cabinet not only enforced discipline by Boshin Shosho (imperial edict, decree issued in 1908) but also cracked down on socialism, conducted the prosecution of Kotoku Incident (The High Treason Incident), intervened the legitimacy of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and strictly regulated publishing.

• プラスチック配管系−ガラス強化熱硬化性プラスチック（ＧＲＰ）管−湿潤条件下でのクリープファクター及び長期偏平剛性の求め方
• Plastics piping systems−Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes−Determination of the creep factor under wet conditions and calculation of the longterm specific ring stiffness

• しかし、この新体制は 「宿老の専横抑制と義村自身の発言力の強化」 を狙う意図が見え透いていたため、村宗は義村に反発した。
• However, it was not difficult to suspect the true purpose of this new political system which was to 'enforce the suppression of a tyranny by chief vassals and the influence of Yoshimura'; therefore, Muramune opposed to Yoshimura.

• その後も一君万民論は朝野における思想的底流として根強く、断続的に天皇の権威強化と皇室以外の身分特権の縮小がなされていった。
• Meantime, as the Ikkunbanmin-ron theory was still robust as an undercurrent ideology at the court and among ordinary people, the authority of the emperor was consequently reinforced, and the privileges to the nobles other than the Imperial Family became gradually reduced.

• だが、義詮の将軍就任後は父・尊氏生存中から進めてきた将軍親裁権強化の方針に合わせて将軍自身に宛先が変更されるようになった。
• However, after Yoshiakira assumed the position of shogun, the address was changed to the shogun himself in accordance with the bakufu's policy to reinforce the shogun's power, which had started to be taken when Yoshiakira's father Takauji was alive.

• サケの白子は主にDNAやプロタミンの抽出材料として利用され、核酸系調味料、強化剤、保存料、工業原料などにも利用されている。
• Salmon milt is mainly used for extracting DNA and protamine, and also used for nucleic acid seasoning, nutrient supplement, preservatives, and industrial material.

• オペラント反応の発生に付随して起きる反応の強化を示すことにより、刺激制御の下においてオペラント反応が引き起こされる条件づけ
• conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response

• これらの非常措置と併せて、1943～1944年にはモハ60を増備、1944年1月には6連化を実施して輸送力の強化を図った。
• Along with these extreme measures, Moha 60 cars were increased between 1943 and 1944 and transport capacity was enhanced by introducing six-car trains in January 1944.

• やがて人身売買に対する規制が強化されると、一種の脱法行為として人身質入による質券奉公人（しちけんほうこうにん）が出現する。
• As regulation of human trafficking was reinforced, shichiken hokonin (a servant put in pledge) appeared as a way to circumvent the regulation.

• たとえば、それを強化して、耐候性の外部の基盤を提供するために建物のとめ金具と根太に適用される板の層から成っている保護カバー
• protective covering consisting, for example, of a layer of boards applied to the studs and joists of a building to strengthen it and serve as a foundation for a weatherproof exterior

• このような政治動向に危機感をもった上皇は、翌天平神護元年（765年）2月に現地の国守である佐伯助らに警戒の強化を命じている。
• Having felt the sense of danger to this political situation, in February 765, Retired Empress Koken ordered to tighten the security in Awaji to SAEKI no Tasuku and others who were kokushu (the governors of the province).

• しかし鎖国政策をおめるにつれてキリスト教の弾圧が強化され、には長崎市西坂で「元和の大殉教」として知られる大量処刑が行われた。
• However, along with the reinforcement of the seclusion policy, the crackdown on Christianity was strengthened, and a mass execution known as 'mass martyrdom in Genna era' was executed in Nishizaka of Nagasaki City in 1622.

• しかし、富国強兵を目的とする近代国家建設を推進するためには、中央集権化による政府の地方支配強化は是非とも必要なことであった。
• However, the government desperately needed strong control over the provinces in order to develop the construction of modern state, to enrich the country and to strengthen the military.

• これに伴い洪水調節を強化する為比奈知ダム（名張川）等の建設が計画されたが、桂川流域においてもダムによる洪水調節が求められた。
• So in order to achieve better flood control, the building of Hinachi Dam (over the Nabari-gawa River) was planned and flood control using dams was also demanded for the Katsura-gawa area.

• 防御力強化の目的で、本丸などの主要な曲輪の周りに帯曲輪（おびくるわ）や腰曲輪（こしくるわ）などの小曲輪を配置する事があった。
• In order to strengthen defensive capability, small kuruwas, such as an obikuruwa and a koshikuruwa, were sometimes built around the major kuruwas, such as the honmaru.

• 観光産業をさらに発展させていくために、新たな観光事業の展開を図る事業者への支援を行ったり、観光関連産業の連携強化を支援する。
• The Ministry is to support entrepreneurs who plan to start tourism-related businesses, and assist the tourism industry to enhance cooperation amongst its members to further develop the industry.

• 国の関係行政機関は、産業技術力の強化に関する施策の円滑な実施が促進されるよう、相互に連携を図りながら協力しなければならない。
• National relevant administrative organs shall cooperate while providing mutual coordination, in order to promote smooth implementation of policies concerning enhancing Industrial Technology Capability.

• 両国の間に伝統的に存在する平和及び友好の関係を強化し、並びに民主主義の諸原則、個人の自由及び法の支配を擁護することを希望し、
• Desiring to strengthen the bonds of peace and friendship traditionally existing between them, and to uphold the principles of democracy, individual liberty, and the rule of law,

• このため秀吉との対立で不利になった家康は、相模国の北条氏との同盟関係を強化するため、上野国・沼田市を割譲することを約束した。
• Having been placed in a disadvantageous position in confrontation with Hideyoshi, Ieyasu promised to give Numata City in Kozuke Province to the Hojo clan, to strengthen the alliance with the clan in Sagami Province.

• 1587年頃より毛利氏の領国支配の強化のため、安芸国、備後国、周防国、長門国、石見国、出雲国、伊予国等の検地を実施している。
• He conducted land survey of Aki, Bingo, Suo, Nagato, Iwami, Izumo, and Iyo Provinces in order for Mori clan to strengthen the control of to these provinces around 1587.

• 後白河は院御所に公卿・検非違使・武士を召集して警備を強化するが、大衆は院御所ではなく内裏に向かい宮中に乱入して気勢を上げた。
• Goshirakawa called his court nobles, kebiishi (police and justices), and samurai to the Imperial Palace where he resided, to enhance security; however, the group of priests headed not for Goshirakawa's Palace but the Imperial Palace precincts, and made its attack of the precincts.

• こうした企図はすべて成功し、しかも彼はすべてを私人のためでなく、教会の強化のために行なったので、ますます声望を高めたのです。
• All of these enterprises prospered with him, and so much the more to his credit, inasmuch as he did everything to strengthen the Church and not any private person.

• 院政期において、土地領有や売買貸借を巡る訴訟の増加や治安の悪化への対策としての取締強化によって再び明法道が興隆するようになる。
• In the period of Insei (rule by a retired emperor), Myohodo flourished again in response to increasing cases about land possession and buying, selling, loan and growing security concerns.

• 角倉了以の保津川開削以後、桂川の輸送力が強化されると、丹波と京都の中継地点として亀岡市域内の宇津根・馬路・保津・山本が栄えた。
• When capacity for transport increased as a result of the excavation of the Hozu-gawa River by Ryoi SUMINOKURA, Uzune, Umaji, Hozu and Yamamoto in the Kameoka area prospered as a waypoint between Tanba and Kyoto.

• 義教は、将軍の権力強化をねらって、斯波氏、畠山氏、山名氏、京極氏、富樫氏の家督相続に強引に介入し、意中の者を家督に据えさせた。
• Yoshinori planed to consolidate the power of shogun and intervened in the succession to family headship of the Shiba, Hatakeyama, Yamana, Kyogoku, and Togashi clans in a high-handed manner and made those in his mind take over the clan.

• 同時に、国家の手によって国家公認の僧であることの証明書としての度牒が発給され、その統制を更に一層強化することとなったのである。
• Simultaneously, official certificates as priests who were officially recognized by the government were issued by the government, and its control was further strengthened.

• 国は、第一項に規定する総合的な施策を策定し、及びこれを実施するに際しては、技術経営力の強化の促進の重要性を踏まえるものとする。
• The national government shall give due consideration with the importance of promoting the enhancement of Technology Management Capability when formulating a comprehensive policy as prescribed in paragraph 1 and implementing it.

• 複数原子炉の事象において、要因と配置、線量評価能力、訓練と演習、装置と施設に関する EP を強化するための規則作成を開始する。
• Initiate rulemaking to require EP enhancements for multiunit events in the following areas: personnel and staffing; dose assessment capability; training and exercises; and equipment and facilities.

• 運転中の各原子炉に関して、設計基準地震や設計基準洪水(溢水)に対する構造物、系統、機器の防御を再評価し、必要に応じて強化する。
• The NRC require licensees to reevaluate and upgrade as necessary the design-basis seismic and flooding protection of structures, systems, and components for each operating reactor.

• 望ましい行動を強化し望ましくない行動を消滅させることによって、異常あるいは不適応な行動を消失、あるいは抑制しようとする心理療法
• psychotherapy that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by reinforcing desired behavior and extinguishing undesired behavior

• 戦国時代に入り、戦国大名による一円支配が強化されるに従って、惣村の自治的性格が薄まっていき、土一揆の発生も次第に減少していった。
• The Sengoku period was one in which, along with the strengthening of governance of the entire region by the warring lords, the soson's predisposition toward self-government was weakened, and gradually the occurrence of peasants' uprisings decreased.

• 国土交通省は学研都市の建設の理念を「産・官・学の連携の強化と、文化・学術・研究の国際的・学際的・業際的な交流の推進」としている。
• Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism define construction of the Science City as 'strengthening cooperation among industries, government offices and academic institutes while promoting international, interdisciplinary and inter-industrial exchange of culture, science and research.'

• こうして室町期の守護のうち領国支配の強化に成功した守護や、守護に取って代わった守護代・国人は、戦国大名へと変質・成長していった。
• The shugo in the Muromachi period that had succeeded in strengthening the control of the province, as well as the shugo-dai and the kokujin that had overthrown the shugo, gradually evolved into the Sengoku daimyo.

• 朝廷は京都守護に代り新たに設置された六波羅探題の監視を受けるようになり、皇位継承をも含む朝廷に対する鎌倉幕府の統制が強化された。
• In place of the Protectors of Kyoto, the Court now had to accept the surveillance of the newly established Commissioner of Rokuhara, and shogunal control over Court affairs, even up to and including matters of Imperial succession, became much stronger.

• 第6代将軍・足利義教は父・義満の政治路線を受け継いで将軍権力の強化を行なったが、そのあまりに強硬的なやり方は周囲の反発を招いた。
• The sixth shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, attempted to reinforce shogunal authority by following his father's policies but his excessively harsh actions caused objection among his vassals.

• しかし一方で、人間の精神を強化し拡大するもの、つまりは最高次の問題についての自由で大胆な思索というものは、放棄されているのです。
• while that which would strengthen and enlarge men's minds, free and daring speculation on the highest subjects, is abandoned.19

• 政策は、唐で安史の乱が発生した為、九州の警備を強化したが、仲麻呂が推進した新羅討伐計画を許可し、官位も唐風の名称に改めるなどした。
• Due to the occurrence of the Anshi Rebellion in Tang, Emperor Junnin tightened the security in Kyushu; however, he allowed Nakamaro to pursue the plan to subjugate Silla and also changed the names of official ranks to Chinese style.

• これを機に鎌倉幕府は非御家人への軍事指揮権も獲得したほか、西国での支配権が強化され、北条一門が鎮西探題、長門探題として派遣された。
• The Kamakura bakufu used this opportunity to take command of higokenin (non-vassals) and strengthen their control over Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) where members of the Hojo clan were dispatched as Chinzei tandai (military governor of Kyushu) and Nagato tandai (Shogunal deputies in Nagato (in present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture).

• この時期、後白河は院政の強化を図っており、清盛の子の平重盛に軍事警察権を委任し、東海道・東山道・山陽道・南海道の追討を担当させた。
• At this time, Goshirakawa was trying to strengthen the cloister government and gave Kiyomori's son, TAIRA no Shigemori the rights to the military and guards to police the Tokai-do, Tosan-do, Sanyo-do, and Nankai-do routes.

• このような危機に対応すべく、家斉死後の、老中水野忠邦が幕府権力の強化のために天保の改革と呼ばれる財政再建のための諸政策を実施した。
• After Ienari died, in order to cope with these crises, Senior councillor Tadakuni MIZUNO implemented various policies called the Tenpo Reforms to reconstruct financial affairs for the purpose of strengthening the power of the shogunate government.

• 755年、安史の乱が起こり唐で混乱が生じると、新羅に脅威を抱く渤海との関係強化を背景に藤原仲麻呂は新羅への征討戦争を準備している。
• In 755, when the Anshi Rebellion occurred and Tang was thrown into disorder, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro made preparations for a punitive war against Silla, based on Japan's strengthening relationship with Balhae (who posed a serious threat to Silla).

• 設計基準事象及び設計基準を超える外部事象に対して、全ての運転中及び新規の原子炉における全交流電源喪失に対しての緩和能力を強化する。
• The NRC strengthen station blackout mitigation capability at all operating and new reactors for design-basis and beyond-design-basis external events.

• こうして、室町期の守護のうち領国支配の強化に成功した守護や、守護に取って代わった守護代、国人は、戦国大名へと変質・成長していった。
• In this way the Muromachi period Shugo who succeeded in securing feudal rule, the Shugodai who replaced Shugo, and kokujin transformed into daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period and grew.

• 室町幕府は守護に仁木義直を任じて支配強化を図ったが、持法は一方で守護支配に抵抗する国人と結びつつ、裏では義直と結託していたという。
• The Muromachi bakufu (shogunate) tried to strengthen its control by appointing Yoshinao NIKI as provincial governor however, some say Jiho colluded with Yoshinao behind the scenes while simultaneously conspiring with minor local lords in resistance to the powers of the governor.

• こういう問題というものは、人類の精神が強化され拡大すれば自ずと解決するものだし、そうなるまではうまく解決されることはないでしょう。
• which would come right of themselves, if but the minds of mankind were strengthened and enlarged, and which will never be made effectually right until then:

• 守護は大田文に基づいて、国衙領・荘園への支配を強化することが可能となり、ひいては荘園公領制の解体・崩壊が一層進んでいくこととなった。
• The Ota bumi enabled shugo to strengthen the control over the territories of kokuga and the shoen, which resulted in the further dissolution and collapse of the shoen-koryo-sei (the system of public lands and private estates).

• しかし受領による国内支配の強化への妥協と見る説と、郡司層が旧来の権利を失った代替として越訴権が与えられたとする見解が提出されている。
• However, some have suggested it was accepted as a compromise measure against Zuryo's growing control over entire Japan, while others have suggested that the Gunji class (local magistrates) was given the right to direct appeals in exchange for their lost conventional rights.

• 1911年、1921年、1925年、1929年の改正で、自治権の強化と公民権の拡張が進むが、この制度の基本的な性格は変わらなかった。
• Although the revisions of the law carried out in 1911, 1921, 1925 and 1929 had increased the autonomy and expanded the civil right, the basic character of this law remained unaltered.

• 後鳥羽上皇の院政において訴訟対応への強化が図られ、その一環として明法勘文や実務文書作成のための手本として作成されたと考えられている。
• It is believed that this law book was created as an example used for preparing Myobo kanmon (written reports to the Imperial Court by scholars of the law) and practical documents, as a part of the efforts to reinforce responses to lawsuits under the cloister government of the retired Emperor Gotoba.

• 9月には、北条・上杉の講和の結果北条傘下を離れた昌幸が信蕃に加勢するようになり、家康は信蕃と昌幸に曽根昌世らをつけて戦力を強化した。
• In September and October, Masayuki, who had left the umbrella of Hojo as a result of the peace made between Hojo and Uesugi, gave his support to Nobushige, and Ieyasu enhanced his military power by having Masatada SONE assist Nobushige and Masayuki.

• さらに幕府は後嵯峨上皇没の直後の二月騒動で時宗の庶兄北条時輔等を粛正し統制を強化、さらに諸国への異国警護、異国降伏の祈祷を行わせる。
• Bakufu also purged Tokimune's older brother by a concubine, Tokisuke HOJO, and others, in order to strengthen its leadership through Nigatsu-sodo (February rebellion) just after the death of the retired Emperor Gosaga, and in addition, ordered various provinces to guard against foreign attacks and held prayer services for the surrender of foreign enemies.

• 事業者の安全確保状況に対しての規制側の監視(ROP)を、推奨される深層防護の枠組みに基づく深層防護の要件に重点を置いて強化実施する。
• The NRC strengthen regulatory oversight of licensee safety performance (i.e., the Reactor Oversight Process) by focusing more attention on defense-in-depth requirements consistent with the recommended defense-in-depth framework.

• 一方、国司請負制により権限が強化された国司は公領を自領のように扱いはじめ、田堵を在庁官人に任命し、郷司、保司等として地方行政官とした。
• In the meantime, kokushi who strengthened their rights by the contracting system of kokushi began to deal with Koryo as if it were their own property and appointed Tato as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) who were such as Goji (a local government of official under ritsuryo system) and hoji (an officer governing koryo, or public land) as their local government officials.

• まもなく伊藤は侍補の廃止を決断する一方、高まる自由民権運動に対抗するために道徳教育の強化には同意して政府の教育政策の継続が認められた。
• Soon Ito decided to abolish the role of jiho but agreed to strengthen moral education to hold out against the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) and decided to allow the continuation of the government's education policy.

• そして、足利将軍家の歴代将軍のうちより、何人かの源氏長者・淳和奨学両院別当を輩出したことと相俟ってより源氏嫡流としての性格を強化した。
• Coupled with the fact that some of the successive shogun members of the Ashikaga shogun family became the chief of the Minamoto clan as well as Junna shogaku ryoin betto (senior bureaucrat for Junna shogaku ryoin school appointed from outside), he reinforced the family characteristics as the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan.

• そのほか、東京国際空港の滑走路増設による発着能力増強や、横田空域の一部返還により、更なる所要時間短縮による競争力強化が見込まれている。
• In addition, they also take into account that the transportation capacities will be increased by the provision of an additional runway in the Tokyo international airport and the shortening of flying time due to the partial return to Japan of the Yokota air space will further enhance their competitiveness.

• 旧主の畠山稙長と和睦してまで長政の排斥を目論む遊佐長教に対抗すべく、蓮淳の仲介で管領・細川晴元との関係強化を図ったが、これに失敗する。
• To oppose Naganori YUSA, who had even schemed to drive out Nagamasa by making peace with his former master Tanenaga HATAKEYAMA, he planned to strengthen the relationship with Kanrei, Harumoto HOSOKAWA through the intermediation of monk Renjun, but failed in that attempt.

• 6代将軍の足利義教は将軍権力の強化を目指し、管領の権限は縮小され、斯波氏や畠山氏の家督争いに介入し、その後の両家の衰退の遠因となった。
• The sixth Shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, aimed to strengthen the authority of the Shogun, so the authority of the Kanrei was reduced, and intervened in disputes over inheritence in the Shiba and Hatakeyama clans, which later contributed to the decline of both families.

• 平成8年（1996年）頃から、教育現場において、当時の文部省の指導で、日章旗（日の丸）の掲揚と同時に『君が代』の斉唱の通達が強化される。
• Since around 1996, in the field of education, under guidance by the Ministry of Education at that time, the instruction for the chorus reading of 'Kimigayo' together with raising of the Japanese (rising sun) flag (hinomaru) were strengthened.

• それら私営田経営者、そして弱体化し始めたとはいえ、いまだ一定の勢力を保つ郡司と、強化された国守・国衙の権力との利害対立が顕在化していく。
• The conflict of interests amongst those managers of shieiden (lands directly governed by powerful families), gunji started to weaken, but still held constant power, and kokushu (head of provincial governors) and kokuga (provincial government offices) powers that became stronger was more apparent.

• 第2代藩主・大村純頼は慶長12年（1607年）、財源確保と藩主権力強化のため、「御一門払い」と呼ばれる一門の領地没収を強制的に実行した。
• In 1607, Sumiyori OMURA, the 2nd lord of the domain annexed the lands of these families in a move known as 'Goichimon Barai' to secure a source of income and shore up his position as lord of the domain.

• これは、御家人の所領の分散を阻止するために、惣領による悔返権の強化や他人和与の禁止を進めてきた鎌倉幕府の土地政策の延長上にあると言える。
• It is possible to say that this provision was an extension of a land policy taken by the Kamakura bakufu which enhanced the right of kuikaeshi (the right of claim for return) of soryo (heir) and prohibited the donation of land to others, so as to prevent dispersion of Gokenin's shoryo.

• 9世紀後半頃、国司の権限が大幅に強化され、受領化するとともに、郡司の権限は大幅に縮小され、全国的に郡衙が衰退したことがわかってきている。
• These remains were proof that around the late ninth century, the kokushi (provincial governors) acquired greater authority and significant power and began to administrate like a Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) in their actual practice, and the effect of this fact upon the Gunji was a dramatic reduction in power and authority so the Gunga system declined in Japan.

• 矢が射場外に飛び出るのを防ぐために「防矢ネット」が設置されたり、窓がある看的所には「アクリル板」や「強化ガラス」が設置されたりしている。
• Arrow protection net' is installed to prevent an arrow from flying out of the iba, and 'acrylic board' and 'tempered glass' are installed for a kantekijo with window.

• プラスチック配管系−ガラス強化熱硬化性プラスチック(ＧＲＰ)管−湿潤状態下における管の長期間極限曲げひずみ及び長期間極限相対変位の求め方
• Plastics piping systems−Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes−Determination of the long-term ultimate bending strain and calculation of the long-term ultimate relative ring deflection,both under wet conditions

• 早雲は、領国支配の強化を積極的に進めた最初期の大名であり、かつ伊豆一国を支配しながら室町幕府から正式な伊豆の守護として任じられなかった。
• Soun was one of the first feudal lords who actively strengthened the rule of regional territories and ruled over Izu, although he was never officially appointed to serve as the Muromachi Shogunate's representative..

• 内政にあっては得宗権力の強化を図る一方、圧倒的に国力の勝るモンゴルの2度にわたる侵攻を退け、後世には日本の国難を救った英雄とも評される。
• While strengthening the power of the Tokuso family within the country, he repulsed two attacks by the Mongolian Empire, which at that time was far more powerful than Japan, and consequently has been regarded by later generations as a hero who had saved the nation of Japan.

• 嘉承2年（1107年）に堀河が没するとその皇子（鳥羽天皇）が4歳で即位し、独自性が見られた堀河時代より白河は院政を強化することに成功した。
• When Horikawa died in 1107, his prince (Emperor Toba) succeeded the throne at age four; and Shirakawa succeeded in strengthening insei relative to the era of Horikawa, where some originality in government by the Emperor was seen.

• しかしジャスコ久御山店、ロックタウン久御山店などの大規模な商業施設がオープンしてからは逆に周辺市町からの来客も発生し、商業面が強化された。
• However, after the opening of large-scale commercial facilities such as JUSCO KUMIYAMA, LOC TOWN KUMIYAMA, people came from surrounding municipalities, and commerce was strengthened.

• 1901年の北京議定書締結後もロシアの満洲占拠が続いたために、張之洞や袁世凱は東三省の行政体制を内地と同一とするなどの統治強化を主張した。
• The Russians continued their occupation of Manchuria even after the Boxer Protocol was concluded in 1901, prompting Zhang Zhidong and Yuan Shikai to assert Qing sovereignty over Dongsan Province by claiming that it should treated as an internal affair.

• 倭国軍の戦闘構想は、先ず扶余豊璋を帰国させて百済復興軍の強化を図り、新羅軍を撃破した後、後続部隊の到着を待って唐軍と決戦することにあった。
• Wakoku's military strategy was first to bring home King Hosho to strengthen the Kudara restoration force, then, after crushing the Silla force, to wait for the arrival of the reinforcements to fight against the Tang forces.

• 「后腹」の親王の政治的立場を強化するために平城・嵯峨の同母妹である高志内親王を同じ式家出身の母親を持つ大伴親王に嫁がせたと考えられている。
• It is therefore assumed that, in order to strengthen the political position of the Imperial Princes of the Empress, Imperial Princess Koshi, who was the maternal sister of Heizei and Saga, was made to marry Imperial Prince Otomo, who had a mother from the same the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan.

• 外観に特徴を与える意匠として商業施設などに採用される場合があるが、茅葺に見えるような繊維強化プラスチックなどの屋根が採用されることもある。
• Thatched roof designs are sometimes used in commercial facilities to give character to their exterior, but some use reinforced plastic that look similar to thatch instead.

• 一方、軍事的必要性、及び戦国大名の一円支配強化から望楼を起源とする「天守」（天守閣）が現れ、城郭建築の象徴として一世を風靡することとなる。
• On the other hand, due to military necessity and also for the necessity of warring loads strengthening the control of their territories, 'tenshu' (also tenshukaku: castle turret) was designed based on boroes, with many such turrets built as a symbol of castle buildings.

• 国は、前条の基本理念（以下「基本理念」という。）にのっとり、産業技術力の強化に関する総合的な施策を策定し、及びこれを実施する責務を有する。
• In accordance with the Basic Principle of the preceding Article (hereinafter referred to as 'Basic Principle'), the national government shall have the responsibility to formulate a comprehensive policy concerning enhancing Industrial Technology Capability and implement it.

• 国は、中小事業者の経営基盤の強化を図るため、新たな設備の設置その他資本装備の高度化、生産管理の合理化等に関し必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to ensure the strengthening of the business foundation of small and medium sized business operators, the State shall take any necessary measures for upgrading of capital equipment, installation of new facilities, and the streamlining of production management.

• 兵衛とは、天皇やその家族にの近侍・護衛のために国造の子弟から選抜された舎人の機能を強化・拡充する形で天武天皇時代に成立したと言われている。
• The Middle Palace Guard was created during the reign of Emperor Tenmu to attend to or guard the Emperor and his family by enhancing and expanding the function of valets chosen from children of the regional administrators.

• 比叡山座主であった足利義教がくじ引きで将軍になると、土岐氏・赤松氏・大内氏らの有力守護大名の後継争いに積極的に干渉し将軍権力の強化に努めた。
• When Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the head priest of Enryakuji on Mt. Hiei, was chosen by lot to become Shogun, powerful daimyo families like the Toki, Akamatsu, and Ouchi clans actively interfered in the shogunal succession, trying to shore up the shogunal authority.

• 朝廷は大宰府に武器を集め702年（大宝 (日本)2年）8月、九州南部に兵を送るとともに唱更国（後の薩摩国）を設置し現地の支配体制を強化した。
• In September 702, the Imperial court assembled weapons in Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region) and sent troops to southern Kyushu at the same time as it established Hayahito Province (later Satsuma Province) for the purpose of reinforcing the ruling system in the area.

• また元禄年間を過ぎた頃から銅の産出に陰りが見え始め、輸出用の御用銅が不足し始めたことも鋳銭事業に対する幕府の管理体制を強化させた一因である。
• After the Genroku era (from 1688 to 1703) production of copper began to decline and the bakufu was running out of copper for export, which was one of the reasons the bakufu strengthened the control of mintage.

• また、深層防護の適用は、「拡張」設計基準事象の要件への対処に適した深層防護のレベルを規則において公式に定めることにより強化されるべきである。
• Furthermore, the application of defense-in-depth should be strengthened by formally establishing, in the regulations, an appropriate level of defense-in-depth to address requirements for ”extended” design-basis events.

• 俊勝は元々水野氏の女性を妻に迎えていたが、その妻の死後に水野家と松平家の間で帰趨が定まらず、松平氏との対抗上その関係強化が理由と考えられる。
• Toshimasa had married a daughter of the Mizuno clan, but did not have good relationship with the Mizuno family or the Matsudaira family after her death, and he strengthened relations with the Mizuno clan in his struggle against the Matsudaira family.

• 祖父の藤原師輔は村上天皇の治世を右大臣として支えた実力者で、娘の中宮藤原安子が後の冷泉天皇、円融天皇を生んだことで外戚として立場を強化した。
• His grandfather, FUJIWARA no Morosuke, was an influential figure who supported Emperor Murakami's reign as Udaijin (Minister of the Right), and when his daughter, Empress FUJIWARA no Anshi/Yasuiko, gave birth to Emperor Reizei and Emperor Enyu he strengthened his position as a maternal relative of the Imperial Family.

• また、幕府も荘園制度の解体や守護の権力強化は望ましいとは考えておらず、朝廷や寺社との対立をしてまで、有力守護大名に対して度々掣肘を加えている。
• Moreover, the shogunate did not think it was appropriate to dismantle the manorial system or strengthen the power of the shugo, and this often disturbed powerful shugo daimyo despite the opposition of the Imperial Court, temples and shrines.

• 1989年（平成元年）より、洪水調節機能の強化と新規利水を目指し国内最大級の放水路トンネルを建設する「天ヶ瀬ダム再開発計画」が進められていた。
• The 'Renewal Plan of Amagase Dam' had been underway since 1989 to strengthen the functions of flood control and to build the biggest tailrace tunnel in Japan for a greater utilization of its water.

• 従来の日本地図とは異なり、実測を元にした非常に正確・精密な地図の質の高さに幕府上層部も大いに驚き、伊能の測量事業への支援を強化することとなる。
• The top management of the Bakufu was greatly surprised at the high quality of the very accurate and precise maps which were drawn on the basis of local survey unlike the previous maps of Japan and decided to strengthen support for INO's survey operations.

• 締約国は、他の平和愛好国と協同して、国際の平和及び安全を維持する国際連合の任務が一層効果的に逐行されるように国際連合を強化することに努力する。
• The Parties will endeavor in concert with other peace-loving countries to strengthen the United Nations so that its mission of maintaining international peace and security may be discharged more effectively.

• その模範とは、民族闘争というるつぼの中で、我が民族のエネルギーをことごとく柔軟な性質に変革していくために強化されねばならないものであります。
• It is a model that has to be consolidated in order to melt all the energies of our people in the melting pot of national struggle.

• よって、国家として公認した僧人を僧籍に編成することによって、その規制を強化し、同時に公許の僧人であることの証明書としての度牒を発給したのである。
• Thus, the state strengthened the regulation by compiling a registry of officially recognized priests and the same time issued Docho official certificates as certificates of priesthood with official government permission.

• 大学は、その活動が産業技術力の強化に資するものであることにかんがみ、人材の育成並びに研究及びその成果の普及に自主的かつ積極的に努めるものとする。
• Considering that their activities contribute to enhancing Industrial Technology Capability, universities shall autonomously and actively endeavor to engage in training human resources and carry out research and disseminating the results thereof.

• FEMA、州政府、他の外部関係機関とともに福島において行われた EP を評価し、復旧や再入域も含めた米国の意思決定枠組みの強化可能性を見極める。
• Work with FEMA, States, and other external stakeholders to evaluate insights from the implementation of EP at Fukushima to identify potential enhancements to the U.S. decisionmaking framework, including the concepts of recovery and reentry.

• 自動車との衝突事故を防ぐため、踏切を一切設けない（ミニ新幹線として運行されている在来線の場合は、踏切数を削減すると共に保安設備を強化している）。
• No crossing with roads is provided to prevent the trains from colliding with vehicles (for the regular railways where mini-Shinkansen are operated, the number of crossings are reduced, with safety measures strengthened as well).

• 現在は阪急が蛍池駅に快速急行（急行）を停車させ大阪モノレールとの連携を強化し、都心への所要時間を短縮したことにより本構想は代替されたともいえる。
• Because the Hankyu Railway provides Rapid Express (express) trains that connect to Osaka Monorail at Hotarugaike Station for the sake of improved access, the time required to reach the city center has been reduced, and thus it can be said that 'JR Fukuchiyama Line Branch Track Plan' has been replaced by this route.

• 大名統制を強化して福島正則ら多くの外様大名を改易し、3人の弟を尾張藩・紀伊藩・水戸藩に配置し、自身の子徳川忠長に駿河国・遠江国・甲斐国を与えた。
• He tightened the controls on Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), by which many Tozama daimyo (a daimyo who was not a hereditary vassal of the Tokugawa family) including Masanori FUKUSHIMA were deprived of their status, and assigned his three younger brothers to the Owari Domain, the Kii Domain and the Mito Domain respectively and gave Suruga Province, Totomi Province and Kai Province to his own son, Tadanaga TOKUGAWA.

• 京都における官衙を含めた領主権力が強化され、座の権威を無視して営業税をかけたり、地方の商工業者が地元の領主と結びついて座の権威打破を図ろうとした。
• The power of feudal lords including government offices in Kyoto was increased, which made it possible for them to impose business taxes without the consent of za; further, local merchants and manufacturers tried to destroy the authority of za in cooperation with local lords.

• 1531年には本願寺教団内部で対立（後の山科本願寺焼討事件まで含めて享禄・天文の乱と呼ぶ）が起こるが、証如はこれを抑えて法主の指導力強化に努めた。
• In 1531, a conflict within the Hongan-ji religious group occurred (it is called the Kyoroku-Tenbun War (Kyoroku-Tenbun Rebellion) including the later incidents until when Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple was burned down), but Syonyo resolved this conflict and made efforts to strengthen the leadership of Hoshu (high priest).

• 時宗は政村や北条実時・安達泰盛・平頼綱らに補佐され、モンゴルの国書に対する返牒など対外問題を協議し、異国警固体制の強化や、降伏の祈祷など行わせる。
• Tokimune, advised by Masamura, Sanetoki HOJO, Yasumori ADACHI and Yoritsuna TAIRA, discussed foreign diplomacy issues such as how to reply to the official letter from the Mongolian Empire, while they strengthened their defense system against a foreign invasion, and held a prayer service for victory.

• 国は、水産物の輸出を促進するため、水産物の競争力を強化するとともに、市場調査の充実、情報の提供、普及宣伝の強化その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take measures such as strengthening the competitiveness of the domestic marine products, promoting market research, providing information, encouraging dissemination activities and other necessary measures to promote exports.

• 幕府権力の再強化や雄藩の政権への参加を目的とし、幕府は朝廷の伝統的権威と結び付き、尊皇攘夷（尊攘）運動を押さえ、幕藩体制の再編強化を図ろうとした。
• The Shogunate aimed to re-strengthen its power and to involve the major clans in government by associating itself with the traditional authority of the Imperial Court, and to suppress the Sonno joi or Sonno (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) Movement and strengthen and reorganize the structure of the Shogunate.

• 国は、農産物の輸出を促進するため、農産物の競争力を強化するとともに、市場調査の充実、情報の提供、普及宣伝の強化その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as strengthening the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products, promoting market research, providing information and encouraging dissemination activities, in order to promote exports.

• このように慶雲の改革は、大宝律令の施行に伴う不具合を調整することを意識して行われたものであり、さらなる国家体制強化を図ろうとする性質のものであった。
• As seen from the above, the political reform in the Keiun era was carried out in order to adjust the flaws experienced when administering Taiho code, and its fundamental characteristic was to strengthen the national polity.

• 日本では、唐の脅威にさらされた7世紀後期、国力の充実強化を目的として、律令の概念が積極的に受容され、まず先駆的な律令として飛鳥浄御原令が制定された。
• In Japan, the concept of Ritsuryo was actively adopted in order to reinforce and substantiate national power against the threat of the Tang during the late seventh century, and Asuka Kiyomihara Ryo was first established as the pioneer of Ritsuryo.

• さらに京都の支配を強化するために、1370年（応安3年）に朝廷より山門公人（延暦寺及びその支配下の諸勢力及びその構成員）に対する取締権を与えられた。
• In 1370, in order to strengthen control over Kyoto, the Court gave him authority to control the Sanmon Kunin (a clique of influential people of Enryaku-ji Temple and its affiliates, as well as member of the temple)

• ある意見の根拠がその人自身の理性にとって争う余地のないものでないなら、その意見を採用することで、彼の理性は強化されずに、弱めることもありうるのです。
• If the grounds of an opinion are not conclusive to the person's own reason, his reason cannot be strengthened, but is likely to be weakened, by his adopting it:

• しかし五人組制度が存在することによって、間接的に名主・庄屋の権威を裏付け、住民の生活を制約すると同時に町村の自治とりまとめを強化することには役立った。
• However, the Gonin-gumi system indirectly helped to give Nanushi/Shoya authority, control the life of the citizens, and reinforce autonomy of the villages and towns.

• 寛政12年（1800年）の銀座改革により勘定奉行による統制が強化され「御勘定附切り」となり、それ以降、文政丁銀から糺吹は必要なしと判断され廃止された。
• With the ginza reform of 1800, control by the kanjo-bugyo was strengthened, placing coin minting an operation directly done by the shogunate and making tadashifuki no longer necessary from the Bunsei chogin.

• 日本においては、天皇に自分の娘を嫁がせ次の天皇に成る皇子を産ませ、その皇子を擁立し外祖父として一族の政治力を強化・維持する方法が古代より知られている。
• In Japan, the ancient method of making one's own daughter an emperor's bride was practiced, having her give birth to a prince that would be the next emperor, and supporting the prince as his maternal grandfather, thereby increasing and maintaining the political power of his relatives.

• 構造材にチタン合金又は繊維強化複合材料を用いたものであって、二五〇ニュートン以上の力又は二五〇ニュートンメートル以上のトルクで作業することができるもの
• Underwater robots which use titanium alloy or fiber reinforced composite materials as structural materials and which are capable of being operated under a force of more than 250 newtons or at a torque greater than 250 newtons

• だが、後を継いだ息子顕誓は蓮悟と並んで宗派を代表する碩学の一人と称えられながら、その蓮淳による法主強化政策による弾圧（大小一揆）によって破門となった。
• But Kensei, who was his successor, son, and a renowned great scholar of the sect along with Rengo, was persecuted by Renjun's Hossu (the head of a Buddhist sect) empowerment policy and excommunicated.

• フランク王国が分裂して中央の支配力が緩みだし、ノルマン人やマジャール人の侵入が激しくなると、各地の領主は半ば自立して領地や居舘の防備を強化しはじめた。
• When the Frankish kingdom split and loosened its grip and the invasion by Normans and Magyars intensified, local lords became independent and reinforced the defense of their territories and residences.

• 荘園領主は、現地の有力農民（田堵など）を名主に任じ、荘園の現地経営を安定させると同時に、直属の預所を現地へ派遣するなどして、荘園支配の強化維持に努めた。
• Shoen owners appointed the local leading farmers (such as tato who managed the rice fields in shoen or kokuga domain) as myoshu (the class entrusted to manage myoden, rice field as a basic unit for tax levying), sent the direct subordinate azukari dokoro (appointed local shoen manager) to the local region as well as stabilized the local management of shoen and they did their best to strengthen and maintain the governance of shoen.

• 義材は前将軍義尚の政策を踏襲し、丹波国、山城国など、畿内における国一揆に対応するため、1491年（延徳3年）、六角討伐を継承するなど軍事的強化を図った。
• Yoshiki followed the policies of the former shogun Yoshihisa and tried to increase his military strength, by taking over the campaign against the Rokkaku house in 1491 to deal with uprisings like in Tanba and Yamashiro provinces in the Kinai region.

• この法令を施行し、それに反発する者を取締る為、今までの威圧的・牽制的な警察体制はますます強化され、戦前の警察による市民弾圧の側面もよりいっそう強まった。
• In order to enforce this law and to crack down on the opposition, as the coercive and alerting police system was reinforced, the aspect of the police repression against citizen was also strengthened.

• 713年（和銅6年）には大隅国が設置され当時律令制導入の先進地であった豊前国から5000人を移住させ指導に当たらせるなど支配体制がさらに強化されている。
• Upon the establishment of Osumi Province in 713, 5,000 people were immigrated from Buzen Province, where the ritsuryo system was well adopted, to instruct the people there and further reinforce the ruling system.

• セラミック複合材料であって、粒子、ウィスカー又は繊維により強化されたもののうち、けい素、ジルコニウム又はほう素の炭化物又は窒化物をマトリックスとするもの
• Among ceramic composite materials reinforced by particles, whiskers or fibers, those having silicon, zirconium or boron carbide or nitride as a matrix

• しかし、防御能力強化工事中の永禄8年（1565年）、松永久秀と三好三人衆に襲撃され、自ら刀を執って奮戦するも義輝は殺害され二条城は焼失した（永禄の変）。
• However, during the construction to improve its defensive capabilities it was attacked by Hisahide MATSUNAGA and the Miyoshi Sanninshu in 1565 and Nijo-jo Castle burned down; even though Yoshiteru himself took up his sword and fought he was killed (Eiroku Disturbance).

• 委員会は、NRC の規制枠組みを強化して設計基準を超えた事象を包含するとともに、以下の対策を通しての監視強化を開始することをスタッフに指示すべきである。
• The Task Force recommends that the Commission direct the staff to initiate action to enhance the NRC regulatory framework to encompass beyond-design-basis events and their oversight through the following steps:

• その後、神祇官末期に設置された宣教使による大教宣布を強化するために、わずか半年で教部省に改称され、宮中祭祀は分離されて宮内省式部寮に移されることとなった。
• Following the creation of the Ministry of Divinities, a mere six months later its name was changed to kyobusho (Ministry of Religion) in order to disseminate further the Imperial Edict (of 1870) for the Establishment of Shinto through the efforts of the senkyoshi (Shinto missionaries) who had been established in the final days of the Department of Divinities; the religious services of the Imperial Court were separated from this Ministry's jurisdiction and placed under the control of the shikiburyo (Bureau of Rites) of the Imperial Household Agency.

• この幽閉劇は、毛利氏による旧尼子家臣団への締め付けと出雲国の支配強化が狙いであり、三沢氏同様、旧尼子家臣団でもあった三刀屋久扶も追放の憂き目にあっている。
• This dramatic confinement was designed by the Mori clan to increase its pressure on the retainers of the old Amago clan and strengthen its lordship over Izumo Province, such that Hisasuke MITOYA who had been a member of the old Amago's retainer group also suffered exile in the same manner as those of the Misawa clan.

• 後に藤原緒嗣により「今天下の苦しむところは軍事と造作なり」と指弾されることとなる対蝦夷戦争は、「天皇の政治的権威の強化に大きな役割を担っていた」のである。
• FUJIWARA no Otsugu criticized this war against Ezo, saying, 'The causes of suffering in today's world are military affairs and construction,' and that it had 'played a great role in enhancing the Emperor's political power.'

• 繊維で強化した黒鉛（五〇〇キログラム以上のペイロードを三〇〇キロメートル以上運搬することができるロケット又は無人航空機に使用することができるものに限る。）
• Graphite strengthened with fibers (limited to that usable in rockets or unmanned aerial vehicles capable of transporting payloads weighing 500 kilograms or more for 300 kilometers or more)

• 更に鎌倉時代後期に入ると武家側と対抗するために寺社を本所とする荘園の一円支配が強化され、荘園における本所法の典拠として本所である寺院の寺院法が用いられた。
• Furthermore, in the late Kamakura period, temples tightened the control as honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) over the shoen and its surrounding areas to rival samurai, and as the rules of honjo, Jiin-ho were introduced, providing the authority for a honjo law at shoen.

• そもそも、平安時代において氏長者の権限は低下傾向にあり、氏爵の制度に基づき同氏族への人事への影響力を有したことは、氏長者の権力が再強化されることとなった。
• In the first place, the authority of uji no choja was on a declining trend in the Heian period, and possessing influence on personnel affairs for the said clans under the system of uji no shaku resulted in restrengthening the authority of uji no choja.

• 南北に長い京都府内を縦貫し、府北部と南部の連携を強化、地域の活性化を図ると共に、高規格道路網の脆弱な京都市都市圏の南部外環状道路としての役割を果たしている。
• The expressway runs through the long, narrow Kyoto Prefecture from north to south, contributing to enhanced regional cooperation between north and south and the promotion of regional activation, and acts as a belt line in the southern urban areas of Kyoto City, which otherwise lack adequate high-standard road networks.

• その後、惣村の形成により地縁的な性格が強化されていき、15世紀には広範な地域で見られるようになり、宮座の秩序がそのまま惣村の運営にも反映される場合もあった。
• After Soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) was established, the regional characteristics of the group were enhanced; Miyaza was extensively present in the 15th century, and sometimes, the system of Miyaza was directly reflected in the operation of Soson.

• 産業技術力強化法（平成十二年法律第四十四号）第二条第二項に規定する技術経営力の強化に寄与する人材を養成し、その資質の向上を図り、及びその活用を促進すること。
• cultivation of human resources who can contribute to the strengthening of the Technology Management Capability as prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Industrial Technology Enhancement Act (Act No. 44 of 2000), improvements in the quality of such human resources, and promotion of their utilization; and

• さらに戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名による一円支配の強化とともに名田の解体が急激に進み、最終的には安土桃山時代の太閤検地によって、名田は完全に消滅した。
• In the Sengoku period (the period of warring states in Japan), the collapse of the myoden system rapidly proceeded accompanying the enhancement of the unified government by Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period), and eventually, it completely disappeared due to the taiko-kenchi (cadastral surveys instituted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) in the Azuchi-Momoyama period.

• 室町時代以降、武家においては次第に惣領制が強化されつつあり、嫡流の家系が宗家・本家を形成し、庶子家が次第に庶家として、宗家の家臣として編入される例もみられた。
• Since the Muromachi period, the soryo system (a system in which the shoryo of a clan were inherited by clan members, but they and their shoryo were ruled by the soryo) was gradually enhanced; the family line of chakuryu formed the soke and honke, and the shoshi-ke (families other than the chakuryu in a clan) as shoke (branch families) were integrated as its vassals, in some cases.

• また企業や団体での類似の現象も院政と比喩されることがあるが、この場合は忠実な腹心や縁者を後継者として確定させることにより権力の更なる強化を図る意味合いが強い。
• Also, similar situations in companies or groups are sometimes described as insei, but in such cases the further strengthening of power is sought by deciding on a loyal right-hand man or a relative as one's successor.

• また、幕府の公式の監察官である大目付が伝令を主たる職務とする儀礼官になるなど将軍直属の監察能力の形骸化があり、これを補って将軍権力を強化する意味あいもあった。
• He also wanted to make the shogun power stronger by compensating the lack of inspection ability under the direct control of shogun because Ometsuke, the official senior inspector of the bakufu, actually acted as the ceremony officer whose main duty was conveying commands.

• しかしなお、いくつかの栄養素で著しい欠乏が認められるため、適宜、副菜の摂取、後述のトッピング、強化米を飯に加えるなどして栄養バランスを調整補完する必要がある。
• However, because it still lacks some nutritions, there is a need of adjusting and complementing the nutritional balance by eating side dishes, adding toppings described later, or adding fortified rice to the rice, as needed.

• 「言文一致運動」に早い段階から参加していたことや、成瀬仁蔵による日本女子大学設立への参与など、当時の動静から女子教育強化に対する中川の情熱を窺うことができる。
• NAKAGAWA's strong passion toward the enhancement of women's education can be traced through his activities at that time, such as his participation in the 'The Vernacular Movement' from the earlier stage of the movement, and involvement in the establishment of Japan Women's University promoted by Jinzo NARUSE.

• 1199年（正治元）、頼朝が死ぬと北条氏の権力強化を図って、有力御家人であった梶原景時や源頼家の外戚に当たる比企能員らを大江広元・仁田忠常らとともに殺害した。
• When Yoritomo died in 1199, Tokimasa and his family members attempted to increase their power and killed many senior vassals, including Kagetoki KAJIWARA, Yoshikazu HIKI (a maternal relative of MINAMOTO no Yoriie), OE no Hirotada and Tadatsune NITA.

• また今までの権限を強化するとともに、特定非営利活動法人（NPO法人）の認証や大規模小売店舗の届出確認など府から新たな権限を委譲するなど機能強化が図られている。
• In addition to retaining the former administrative power, the new bureaus had their functions strengthened: for example the right to certify non-profit organizations (NPO corporations) and those to check large-scale retail stores were transferred from the prefectural government to these bureaus.

• しかし、この時期も含めて義輝は度々長慶暗殺を試みており、その試みが自身の権力基盤を強化するどころか突き崩すものである事に考えが至らなかった事を強く示唆している。
• However, Yoshiteru made many attempts to assassinate Nagayoshi, including some in this period, and this fact strongly suggests that he did not realize such attempts would rather undermine the basis of his power than strengthen it.

• 守護大名（しゅごだいみょう）は、軍事・警察権能だけでなく、経済的権能をも獲得し、一国内に領域的・一円的な支配を強化していった室町時代の守護を表す日本史上の概念。
• The shugo daimyo is a concept in Japanese history that refers to the shugo of the Muromachi period, who acquired not only the function of the military and law enforcement but also the economic power, and strengthened the territorial, pervasive control over a province.

• この中では、上に挙げた富国強兵の一環で西洋軍事技術の導入も盛んに行われ、軍隊では兵隊の腕力や体力を強化する目的で、提供される食事（軍隊食）までもが西洋化された。
• As the principal part of the wealth and the military strength policy, the introduction and adaptation of Western-style military technologies and skills was strongly promoted; even the food service provided in the military (military ration) was Westernized in order to strengthen the physical power and stamina of soldiers.

• 次の（一）から（三）までのすべてに該当するベローズ（アルミニウム合金、マルエージング鋼又は繊維で強化した複合材料からなるものに限る。）の製造用のマンドレル又は型
• Mandrels or molds used for manufacture of bellows (limited to those made from aluminum alloys, maraging steel, or fiber-reinforced composite materials) falling under the following all of 1. through 3.

• 2004年の近畿交通審議会答申第8号で「輸送力の強化等によるサービス向上に資する事業」として、加茂 - 木津間の複線化が盛り込まれているが、複線化の動きはない。
• In the eighth report of the Council for Kinki Regional Transport of 2004, plans were created to make the section between Kamo and Kizu a double track as part of the 'project for improving services by strengthening the power of transport and so on,' but there have been no developments toward this plan.

• 大規模なダイヤ改正が実施され、運転間隔を20分毎から15分毎（三条～石山寺または浜大津準急、三条～四宮普通）に変更することにより京津線と京阪本線との連絡が強化。
• The time schedule of the line was drastically revised, and as a result the connection between the Keishin Line and the Keihan Main Line was strengthened thanks to the change in the operating interval from 20 minutes to 15 minutes (sub-express trains between Sanjo and Ishiyamadera/Hamaotsu, local trains between Sanjo and Shinomiya).

• さらに有力貴族・寺社などの権勢家（権門）が、自らの経済基盤を強化するため、墾田永年私財法による規制面積以上に土地を開発し、百姓層の生活を圧迫する状況が見られた。
• In addition, influential families such as dominant nobility, temples and shrines tended to develop more land over the regulation of Konden einen shizai Law (a law allowing farmers who cleared new lands to own them permanently) in order to strengthen their economic bases, and press farmers' lives.

• 近世に入り、王権が強化され中央集権化が進むと、封建貴族は支配地を失い宮廷貴族となり、王の役人や軍事的、政治的功績があった者が新たに貴族に任命されるようになった。
• Entering early modern times, as the king's rights were strengthened and power became increasingly more centralized, feudal Kizoku lost their territories and became Kizoku in the court, and officers for King and persons who contributed significantly, militarily or administratively, were newly appointed to Kizoku.

• 教皇の意図が、教会の強大化でなくて、公の強大化にあったにせよ、彼がなしたことは、彼の死と公の破滅の後、その苦労の産物すべてを相続した教会の強化に寄与したのです。
• And although his intention was not to aggrandize the Church, but the duke, nevertheless, what he did contributed to the greatness of the Church, which, after his death and the ruin of the duke, became the heir to all his labours.

• こうした大量の銅は、宗氏が新たに入手したものではなく、朝鮮王朝が交易の制限を強化していく中、対馬・博多において大量に過剰在庫となって溜まっていたものと考えられる。
• This large amount of copper was not mined by the So clan, and it is thought that a large amount of copper had been accumulated as excess stock in Tsushima and Hakata due to the trade restrictions imposed by the Korean Dynasty.

• 強力な権限を獲得した国司は、国内に自らの行政権をあまねく及ぼすため、行政機能の強化を目的として、国衙に政所（公文所）・田所・税所・検非違使所などの機関を設置した。
• Kokushi who were given great authority established, with the aim of demonstrating their executive power and strengthening administrative function, various organs at kokuga (provincial government offices), including mandokoro (administrative board), kumonjo (administration office), tadokoro, zeidokoro (tax office) and kebiishi dokoro (police and judicial office) etc.

• 後嵯峨院は、奏事（弁官や蔵人による奏上）を取り次ぐ役職である伝奏の制度化、そして院が評定衆とともに相論（訴訟）裁許に当たる院評定を確立し、院政の機能強化に努めた。
• Gosaga-in strengthened the function of insei by formalizing the system of delivery, which was a position for the delivery of reports from Benkan (弁官) and Kurodo (蔵人) to the Emperor, and by establishing In-no-hyojo, where the In, together with Hyojo-shu, participated in decision/permission regarding lawsuits.

• そこで名主仲間（宮座仲間）は、かつての荘園「山国庄」の時代と同様に天皇から正式に官位を授かることなどで地域の一円禁裏御料化を目指し、宮座の結束強化をはかっていた。
• At this point the council of village headmen (who were also comrades from the shrine organization) began to set their sights on the entire region remaining under the control of the imperial house, arguing that, much like during the days the area was a shoen, 'Yamaguni estate,' they had received an official position and rank from the emperor and should have control over the whole area, thereby aiming to fortify the unity of the shrine organization.

• 石垣は中世においても城郭の要に一部用いられることはあったが、安土桃山時代になると、重い櫓を郭の際に建てる必要から、土塁の表面に石材を積んで強化した石垣が発達した。
• Stone walls were used at several important parts of a citadel even in the medieval period, but stone walls reinforced by stacking stones on the surface of earthen walls developed as the need arose to build heavy turrets near the citadel in the Azuchi-momoyama period.

• だが、豊臣政権・徳川政権によって不法行為の取締が強化される一方、分一などの発見者・救出者への法定による一定の権利保障が定められて問題の解決が図られるようになった。
• Toyotomi and Tokugawa governments tightened control of unlawful acts, but at the same time they tried to solve problems by instituting such laws as to assure Buichi and other particular rights of a finder or rescuer of drifting/drifted ships.

• 有力な家臣を排除することで自身の権力を強化しようする藩主がいる一方で、家臣にとって不利益だったり、無能な主君を隠居や押込などの手段で廃立しようとする家臣も存在した。
• There were lords who aimed to strengthen power by eliminating top retainers, as well as retainers who sought to do away with lords who behaved against their interests or who were incompetent by means of coercive retirement, house arrest, etc.

• そこで、「納銭所会所」と呼ばれる一種の座を結成させて同業者間の協力組織を確立させるとともに幕府による保護・監督体制を強化して土倉や酒屋の自由な営業・廃業を規制した。
• Therefore, the bakufu allowed the Nosenkata to form a za (guild) called 'Nosendokoro kaisho' (meeting place for the Nosenkata) aiming to establish a cooperative system among the Nosenkata, and restricted the free trade and free closure of the doso and sakaya by strengthening the bakufu-led protection and supervising systems.

• 北条氏の得宗専制体制は強化されるが、元寇以後には、元寇の戦功に応じた恩賞を受けられず没落する御家人が増加し、執権の地位は有名無実化し、諸国では悪党の活動が活発化する。
• Although the Tokuso autocracy system of the Hojo clan had been strengthened, after the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, there was an increase of in the number of gokenin who became bankrupt having received no reward in return for their service in repelling the Mongol invasion attempts; consequently, the position of regent became symbolic and gangsters increased their activities in various provinces.

• 清盛は、後白河との関係を放棄する一方で高倉天皇との関係を強化し、高倉もまた後白河院政からの独立を志向し、翌治承2年（1178年）、両者は連携して新制17条を発布した。
• Kiyomori dropped his relationship with Goshirakawa, and strengthened his ties with Emperor Takakura, and Takakura was interested in becoming independent of the Goshirakawa cloistered government, leading to a joint issuance of the 17 New Rules in 1178.

• 従前の高官に代わって平氏一族や親平氏的貴族が登用され、また知行国の大幅な入れ替えもあって中央・地方の両面において平氏一門を中心とする軍事的な支配体制が強化していった。
• Members of the Taira clan and pro-Taira aristocrats took the places of previous high officials and there was an extensive replacement of province governors, leading to the strengthening of military control organization on the central and local level by the members of the Taira clan.

• 幕府は不受不施派の取締りを強化していたことから、1665年（寛文5年）日蓮宗の寺院に対し、幕府からの朱印地は国主が寺院に対し、供養したものと認める手形の提出を命じた。
• In line with the policy to strengthen its control over the Fujufuse school, bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) ordered in 1665 temples of Nichiren Sect to submit a written oath stating to the effect that they admit shuinchi (land granted to temples and shrines by bakufu) is the offering to temples by Kokushu (lord of domain).

• 後年、根来寺は規模が拡大し僧兵による武力強化が著しく、不穏分子と判断した豊臣秀吉は1585年春、遂に大軍で根来山を攻撃、根来寺は完全に破壊され多くの僧侶は処刑された。
• Later, Negoro-ji Temple's size grew and was significantly militarized with priest soldiers, which Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI determined as disrupting the peace, and in the spring of 1585, a large army attacked Mt. Negoro, totally destroying Negoro-ji Temple and executing many of the priests.

• 荘園支配の内部に目を向けると、武士による侵略を防ぐために本所は荘園支配の強化に乗り出していたが、在地で荘園支配の実務にあたる荘官は自らの経営権を確立しようとしていた。
• Focusing internally on manor governance, while honjo strengthened their control on the manor to prevent invasions by samurai, shokan who were in charge of the practical business of manor governance, were working to establish their own management authority.

• 時忠の意図は、高倉没後に避けられなくなる後白河の政治力増大を食い止めると同時に、徳子の経済基盤を強化することで間接的に自らの発言力を保持することにあったと推測される。
• It is inferred that Tokitada's intention was to prevent an increase in Goshirakawa's political influence that would become inevitable after Takakura's death and, at the same time, to indirectly maintain his own influence by consolidating an economic foundation of Tokuko.

• 持氏も幕府中央の混乱に乗じて関東・奥州各地に発生した武装蜂起に対して自己の政権の権限と基盤の強化に乗り出して幕府中央の権威を否定する動きを以前から見せていたからである。
• This is because Mochiuji also had started to deny the authority of the central bakufu by strengthening the power and basis of his regime against the armed uprisings which were breaking out in various areas in Kanto and Oshu regions during the confusion of the central bakufu.

• 明和2年（1765年）以降は金座および銀座 (歴史)が鋳銭事業を兼任することになり、定座としての銭座が確立し、鋳銭に対する幕府の支配が強化され、銭貨の均質化が図られた。
• As kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) and gin-za concurrently took charge of mintage of coins after 1765, zeniza was established as a fixed guild and the bakufu strengthened the control of mintage and tried to homogenize coins.

• これに対し政府内部では、山縣有朋らの取締強化の要求に抗することができなくなり、1907年2月、西園寺内閣による「安寧秩序妨害」を理由とした結社禁止命令に伴い解散となった。
• Meanwhile, the government could no longer resist the demand, presented by Aritomo Yamagata and others, for the government to crack down on socialism; consequently, the Saionji Cabinet issued a mandate of banning the Nihon Shakaito for the 'disturbance of peace and order,' and thus the socialist party was dissolved in February, 1907.

• かざしにはもともと生花、それも祭りの場で生えている草花を使用することから、樹霊との交流を得て生命力を強化しようとする一種の共感呪術＜参照：金枝篇＞の名残と考えられている。
• Real flowers, especially flowers and leaves growing on the festival site were originally used for Kazashi, which is regarded to be a remnant from a kind of Kyokan jujutsu (empathy magic) strengthening the life force by having interchange with the spirit of trees.

• 対外的には長崎貿易の利益独占目的から、貿易統制ならびにキリシタン弾圧を強化し、寛永14年（1637年）の島原の乱を経て寛永18年（1641年）までに鎖国体制を完成させた。
• In foreign affairs, he strengthened the trade control and crackdown on Christians with the aim of monopolizing trade profits in Nagasaki, and through the Shimabara Rebellion in 1637, he established the national isolation policy until 1641.

• 師輔自身は、摂政・関白になる事はなかったが、村上天皇の崩御後に安子の生んだ憲平親王が即位し（冷泉天皇）、その後は守平親王が続き（円融天皇）、外戚としての関係を強化できた。
• Morosuke was not able to become a Sessho or Kanpaku; however, after the death of Emperor Murakami, Anshi's son, Imperial Prince Norihira, was enthroned as Emperor Reizei, followed by Imperial Prince Morihira as Emperor Enyu, which strengthened ties with the Imperial family.

• その後大正デモクラシーの高まりを受けて歴史学にも再び自由な言論が活発になり、マルクス主義の唯物史観に基づく歴史書も出版されたが、社会主義運動の高まりと共に統制も強化された。
• After that, movement towards freedom of speech became popular again in historical studies as the Taisho Democracy became more popular, some historical books about Marxism based upon historical materialism were published, there was more strict control as the socialist movement became more popular.

• 国は、産業技術力の強化の円滑な実施を図るため、研究及び開発を行うための施設及び設備の整備、研究材料の供給並びに技術に関する情報の流通の円滑化に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to provide smooth implementation of enhancing Industrial Technology Capability, the national government shall take the necessary measures to facilitate the maintenance of facilities and equipments for carrying out research and development, the supply of necessary materials for research, and the achievement of smooth flow of technology-related information.

• このような権限の強化を背景に、守護による地頭の被官化がさらに進行し、守護大名として軍事・警察権能だけでなく、経済的権能をも獲得して、分国内での領域的な支配を強化していった。
• Supported by stronger authority, shugo encouraged increasing numbers of jito to become vassals of samurai families, and obtaining economic as well as military and police power as shugo daimyo (shugo that became daimyo), shugo strengthened territorial control over provinces under their control.

• それに対して室町将軍も、守護大名の頭越しに各地の武士と主従関係を結び、上記の「奉公衆」を編成し、将軍直轄の軍事力を強化するのみならず、守護大名の領国支配に楔を入れたのである。
• Against such circumstances, Shogun Muromachi hired samurais of various regions over the Shugo daimyos' heads, and formed 'Hoko-shu' as mentioned above, which not only strengthened the direct military power of the shogun but also deterred the control of Shugo daimyos over their lands.

• この他、呉国（宋 (南朝)）から手工業者・漢織（あやはとり）・呉織（くれはとり）らを招き、また、分散していた秦民（秦氏の民）の統率を強化して、養蚕業を奨励したことも知られる。
• Emperor Yuryaku is also known for having promoted the sericultural industry by inviting handicraftsmen such as Ayahatori and Kurehartori from Wu (Sung (Southern Dynasty)) and by gathering and controlling scattered people of the Hata clan.

• 有名なのは延暦寺であり、特に京都市中及びその周辺部にあった祇園社や青蓮院などを傘下に納めて莫大な上納収入を獲得し、その経済力に支えられた権力を背景に更なる基盤の強化を図った。
• The most famous one was Enryaku-ji Temple, which collected vast amounts of income from control over Gionsha, Shoren-in Temple in Kyoto City and surrounding areas and sought to further strengthen the base of its power, as derived from finance.

• 以上のように、守護職の固定化および権能の大幅な拡大を背景として、室町期守護は、領国内の在地領主（国人）、土地、人民（百姓など）に対する一円支配（一元的な支配）を強化していった。
• Thus, taking advantage of the monopolization of the shugo-shiki as well as the drastically expanded authority, the shugo in the Muromachi period strengthened the comprehensive (unified) control over the resident landholders (called 'kokujin' [local lord]), lands, people (including peasants) and so on.

• これに対し、勧修寺経顕時代には体裁は消息・御教書であっても本人の直状によって発給され、西園寺実俊時代には幕府の影響力強化に沿う形で本人の直状である正式な施行状が発給されている。
• On the other hand, during the period of Tsuneaki KANSHUJI, although the documents took the form of shosoku or migyosho, they were issued in the form of jikijo (direct documents) by officials, and during the period of Sanetoshi SAIONJI, the formal shigyojo by officials were issued in accordance with the increasing power of the bakufu.

• しかし、幕権強化のために朝廷を利用することは尊王派の怒りを買い、文久2年（1862年）正月、老中安藤は江戸城坂下門外で襲撃され、一命は取り留めたが後に失脚した（坂下門外の変）。
• However, this provoked rage from those who advocated restoring power to the emperor, because the bakufu government still tried to use the emperor to fortify the power of the government, and roju Ando was attacked outside Sakashita-mon Gate, got severely injured, and eventually lost his power (the Sakashitamongai incident).

• 寛永文化の中心は京都であったとされ、中世以来の伝統を引き継ぐ町衆勢力と後水尾天皇を中心とする朝廷勢力が、封建制を強化する江戸幕府に対抗する形で古典文芸・文化の興隆を生み出した。
• The center of Kanei-bunka was Kyoto, and people of merchant class who inherited the tradition of medieval times and those of Imperial Court who gathered around the Emperor Gomizunoo created classical Japanese arts/culture against the Edo bakufu, which strived to strengthen the feudal system.

• 地方公共団体は、基本理念にのっとり、産業技術力の強化に関し、国の施策に準じた施策及びその地方公共団体の区域の特性を生かした自主的な施策を策定し、及びこれを実施する責務を有する。
• In enhancing Industrial Technology Capability, in accordance with the Basic Principle, local governments shall have the responsibility to formulate policies that follow the national policies, and autonomous policies that utilize the characteristics of the region of that local government, and to implement those policies.

• 政府は、牛海綿状脳症の発生を予防できなかったことにかんがみ、関係府省の連携を強化する観点から、生産から消費に至る食品の安全に関する行政の抜本的な見直しにつき検討するものとする。
• In view of the fact that it was impossible to prevent an outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, the government shall consider a radical revision of the administration concerning the safety of food from production to consumption, with a view to strengthening collaboration between relevant ministries and agencies.

• 国は、研究者及び技術者の創造性が十分に発揮されることにより、産業技術力の強化が図られることにかんがみ、研究者及び技術者の確保、養成及び資質の向上に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In light of the fact that the enhancing of Industrial Technology Capability is furthered by enabling the creativity of researchers and engineers to be fully demonstrated, the national government shall take necessary measures to secure and train researchers and engineers and to improve their qualities.

• その後、100系車両の投入（1985年）とJR東海の発足（1987年）による東海道新幹線の競争力強化を受けて、1988年に近鉄特急も新型車両「近鉄21000系電車」を投入した。
• After that, 100 series train-cars were introduced in 1985, and as the competitiveness of the Tokaido Shinkansen line was enhanced by the inauguration of JR Tokai in 1987, new train-cars, the '21000 series Kintetsu train-car,' were introduced for the Kintetsu limited expresses in 1988.

• これは第二次世界大戦中の1944年（昭和19年）に、B-29の爆撃で交通網が分断された場合に備え、他の交通機関との連携強化ために敷設されたとされる（京都市電の側線も造られた）。
• It is said that this track was constructed in 1944, during World War II, in order to bolster cooperation with other transportation means, assuming that the transportation network might be disrupted by bombardment from B-29 airplanes (side tracks for Kyoto City Trams were also constructed).

• 翌永仁2年（1294年）3月、兼時は「異国用心」のため、筑前国と肥前国で九州の御家人達と、とぶひ（狼煙）の訓練を行い、軍勢の注進、兵船の調達などを行って異国警固体制を強化した。
• In April, 1294, the following year, for 'a precaution against foreign countries,' Kanetoki conducted signal fire training with gokenin of Kyushu in the Provinces of Chikuzen and Hizen, and made a report of the force and increased procurement, strengthening the security guard against foreign countries.

• 黒田内閣の役目は、憲法制定と帝国議会開設によって再燃が予想された自由民権運動に対する取締り強化と、欧米列強との間に交わされたままとなっていた不平等条約の条約改正することであった。
• The purpose of Kuroda Cabinet was to enhance the control of Jiyu Minken Undo (democratic-rights movement) which would be rekindled due to the establishment of the constitution and the foundation of the imperial diet, and also to revise the unequal treaty which had been untouched since it was concluded with the allied western powers.

• 開港以後は、国学 (学問)の発展によって強化されつつあった日本は神国であるというナショナリズムの発想である尊皇論と結びつき、尊皇攘夷論となって諸藩の志士や公卿によって支持された。
• After the opening of the port, the theory of Joi was related to the Sonno ron (theory of 'Revere the Emperor'), which was becoming prevalent due to the development of kokugaku (the study of Japanese literature and culture) and was transformed into Sonno joi ron (the theory of Sonno joi); the Sonno ron believed that Japan was the country of god and became origin of the thought of nationalism, and was supported by patriots of various domains and kugyo (court nobles).

• この背景には、南北朝の動乱期に目覚めた支配下の農民層への支配力の強化、室町幕府や守護大名の支配や干渉への対抗、馬借や問丸といった運送業の発達に伴う流通経済・地域経済の伸張がある。
• Behind this were the strengthening of the rule against the farmers which arose during the turbulence of the South and North Courts, opposition against ruling and intervention by Muromachi bakufu and shugo daimyo, and the expansion of a distribution economy and the local economy due to development of transport businesses such as bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) and toimaru (specialized wholesale merchants.

• 勢力拡大を警戒されたばかりか、晴元との関係強化を独自に画策する重臣・木沢長政には離反された上、これ等に同族の天敵である尾州家・畠山稙長まで加わった連合軍を形成され、攻撃を受ける。
• Not only the expansion of his power was watched out, but also Nagamasa KIZAWA, his senior vassal, who was uniquely plotting to strengthen relations with Harumoto, defected from him and moreover, he was attacked by the allied forces which was formed including Tanenaga HATAKEYAMA of the Bishu family, the natural enemy of the same clan.

• 多くの問題を改め、健全な規則を強化するために、同志サラーム・ファイヤード博士[34]によってなされたこれらの前進は、我が国の公債の運用における透明性と効率に自信をもたらしました。
• These steps, made by my brother Dr. Salam Fayyad, to rectify many issues and to consolidate sound rules make us proud in our transparency and the efficiency in the management of public funds in our country.

• 本来は竹と木材を鰾（ニベ。ゼラチンの一種）で張り合わせた竹弓だが、現在では合成接着剤で張り合わせた竹弓や、安価な繊維強化プラスチック（ガラス繊維、炭素繊維）製のものが普及している。
• Originally, it was a bamboo bow made of bamboo and wood glued together with isinglass (a kind of gelatin), but today bamboo bows glued with synthetic adhesive or affordable ones made of fiber-reinforced plastic (glass fiber, carbon fiber) are popular.

• 一方、皇族（大王 (ヤマト王権)の一族）を中心とする支配体制を強化し、血縁や勢力にとらわれない人材登用を進めるため、官位（冠位）の制度（官職と位階を関連づける制度）も取り入れられる。
• The official rank (cap rank) system (the system where a government post was associated with a court rank) was also adopted in order to consolidate the government headed by the imperial families (a clan of okimi [Yamato Dynasty]) and to appoint talented people into government service free from blood relations and influence.

• 更生保護法人は、更生保護事業を確実、効果的かつ適正に行うため、自主的に、被保護者に対する処遇等その事業内容を向上させるとともに、経営の基盤の強化と透明性の確保を図らなければならない。
• In order to ensure certain, effective and adequate performance of offenders rehabilitation services, the juridical person for offenders rehabilitation shall endeavor on its own accord to improve its services such as for the treatment of aided persons, strengthen its financial basis and ensure transparency in operation.

• 昭和14年（1939年）に定められた宗教団体法（法律77号）は、戦時体制強化のための宗教統制のための法規であったが、その一方で寺院に初めて法人格を認めたという意味では画期的であった。
• While the Religious Organization Law (Law No.77) enacted in 1939 was a law which aimed at controlling religions in order to strengthen the war regime, it was also a milestone in that the law recognized the corporate status of temples for the first time.

• さらに、領民のあいだから醸造技能に優れた者が輩出すると、蔵屋敷などを通して先進地域への出稼ぎ先を斡旋したりと、藩をあげて杜氏集団と蔵元地域とのつながりを強化しようとしたところも多い。
• In many of such clans, furthermore, they unanimously worked to enhance relations between toji groups and sake brewing districts by arranging places to work during the agricultural off-season in some advanced sake-brewing regions through kurayashiki (a warehouse and sales office for rice and other local products maintained by daimyo in the Edo period) when those who had great brewing skills appeared.

• 国家総動員法、国民精神総動員運動、選挙粛清運動と並び、前年に決定し1940年（昭和15年）に内務省 (日本)が布告した「部落会町内会等調整整備要綱」（隣組強化法）によって制度化される。
• Along with the National General Mobilization Act, Movement for General Mobilization of the National Spirit, and Movement for Strict Enforcement of Election, it was institutionalized through 'Outline of Control and Enhancement of Village Community Associations and District Associations, etc' (Neighborhood Association Enhancement Act) decided in 1939 and decreed by the Ministry of Home Affairs (Japan) in 1940.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、産業技術力の強化に関する施策で大学に係るものを策定し、及びこれを実施するに当たっては、研究者の自主性の尊重その他の大学における研究の特性に配慮しなければならない。
• In formulating and implementing policies for enhancing Industrial Technology Capability pertaining to universities, the national government, and local governments shall pay due attention to autonomy of researchers or other characteristics of research conducted at universities.

• 1069年荘園整理令を発布して記録荘園券契所を設置し、1070年には絹布の制、1072年には延久宣旨枡や估価估価法の制定等、律令制度の形骸化により弱体化した皇室の経済基盤の強化を図った。
• In 1069, the Decree Restricting the Expansion of Private Estates was issued and a contract office to record estates was established, followed by the issuance of the silk fabric regulation in 1070 and the setting of the Enkyu measuring cup by the Emperor's order; the official measuring cup and the price regulation were established in 1072, and the Emperor tried to build a strong financial base for the Imperial Court, which had been destabilized due to the system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes and had become a mere facade.

• 国は、木材産業等が林産物の供給において果たす役割の重要性にかんがみ、その健全な発展を図るため、事業基盤の強化、林業との連携の推進、流通及び加工の合理化その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures, in consideration of an importance of the role of wood industry, etc. in the supply of wood products, such as enhancement of business base, promotion of partnerships with forestry, streamlining of distribution and processing, for the sound development of wood industry.

• 映画業界のお金の力で強化される映画のスターをあがめたてまつることは、俳優個人ただ一人だけである「アウラ」の意味をなくし、インチキな商品的な価値だけを意味する「人格の魔術」を温存するのだ。
• The cult of the movie star, fostered by the money of the film industry, preserves not the unique aura of the person but the 'spell of the personality,' the phony spell of a commodity.

• 名体制を確立するため、現地支配に当たる国司の筆頭者の権限強化が求められるようになり、10世紀中頃には租税収取・軍事警察などの分野で中央政府から現地赴任筆頭国司への大幅な権限委譲が行われた。
• As strengthening the authority of the head of kokushi, who were responsible for local administration, was required in order to maintain the above system, a big transfer of authority from the central government to the head of kokushi was made in the mid-10th century concerning tax collection and military police.

• 梅北一揆によって島津氏の政治的な立場は極度に悪化したが、検地やそれに伴う国人領主層の没落は結果として島津氏の大名権力を強化する事につながり、慶長の役で軍功をあげ名誉を挽回する契機となった。
• Although the political status of the Shimazu clan had fallen to the extremely precarious state as a result of Umekita ikki, the land survey by the administration and the fall of the local lords which was triggered by it actually strengthened the authority of the Shimizu clan as a feudal lord as a result, and in the Keicho Campaign, the Shimizu clan reclaimed its reputation for their distinguished military service.

• 高天神城の戦いでは、天正8年（1580年）に日下部定好と共に小笠山・中村・能ヶ坂・火ヶ峰・獅子ヶ鼻・三井山の六砦間の連携を行い包囲網を強化し、天正9年（1581年）に高天神城を落城させる。
• During the Battle of Takatenjin-jo Castle, he established a coalition among the six fortresses, Mount Ogasa, Nakamura, Nogasaka, Higamine, Shishigahana, and Mount Mii, with Sadayoshi KUSAKABE in 1580 to strengthen the siege, and captured the Takatenjin-jo Castle in 1581.

• スポーツマンシップが古代からあり、規範的地位にあるという主張をさらに強化するかのように、名誉の感覚はまた、我々よりもいささかなりと古風な文化では、目立つほどにより鮮明なものとなるのである。
• And as if to further fortify the claim of sportsmanship to antiquity and prescriptive standing, the sense of honor is also noticeably more vivid in communities of a somewhat more archaic culture than our own.

• 後鳥羽上皇は多芸多才で『新古今和歌集』を自ら撰するなど学芸に優れるだけでなく、武芸にも通じ狩猟を好む異色の天皇であり、それまでの北面の武士に加えて西面の武士を設置し軍事力の強化を行っていた。
• The retired Emperor Gotoba possessed many talents, including exceptional skill in the arts--as evidenced by the fact that he personally chose the poems that were recorded in the 'Shinkokin wakashu' (A New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry)--but his skills also extended to the martial arts, and he was fond of hunting as well, making him quite unique as a sovereign; in the time leading up to his revolt, he had worked to bolster his military strength by establishing a Western Guard Corps and adding this to his existing Northern Guard Corps.

• 鎌倉時代から室町時代の伊達氏歴代の居城として有名であるが、現在の遺構はむしろ伊達政宗移封後の、蒲生氏時代または上杉氏時代に、対伊達氏政策で防備を強化して改築されたものであると考えられている。
• The castle was famous as the residential castle for the successive Date clan since the time from the Kamakura period to the Muromachi period, and the present structural remnants are what has been rebuilt to reinforce the defense against the Date clan in the era of Gamou clan or Uesugi clan after the Masamune DATE was transferred to other domain.

• 幕府は朝廷と一体になって、国家鎮護に当たることとし、西国の警固を再強化するとともに、それまで幕府の支配の及ばなかった朝廷側の支配地、本所一円地からの人員・兵粮の調達が認められるようになった。
• The bakufu collaborated with Imperial Court for the defense of the nation and, in addition to refortifying the Saigoku's defenses, it also received permission to procure personnel and military supplies from the Imperial Court's territories which had previously been outside of the bakufu's control.

• こうした共有林は、1889年の市制町村制施行当初から、内務省 (日本)では財政基盤確立と各市町村の体力強化のため、部落有林をはじめとした部落有財産を各市町村財産に統合することを推進していた。
• Concerning these common forests, the following movement was carried out since the time when The Municipal Government Act was enforced in 1889: Ministry of Interior (in Japan) promoted the integration of properties owned by each community, including the forests owned by each community, into the corresponding city, town or village property, to establish and strengthen the financial base of each city, town or village property.

• 朝廷は純友が京を襲撃するのではないかと恐れて宮廷の14門に兵を配備して2月22日には藤原慶幸が山城国の入り口である山崎に派遣して警備を強化するが、26日には山崎が謎の放火によって焼き払われた。
• The Imperial Court, afraid that Masakado would make an attack on Kyoto, posted soldiers at the 14 gates of the Imperial Palace and, to tighten security, they sent FUJIWARA no Yoshiyuki to the gate of Yamashiro Province in Yamazaki on February 22, but Yamazaki was burned down in an anonymous arson attack on February 26.

• やがて、南北朝時代 (日本)や戦国時代 (日本)の戦乱によって荘園制が崩壊すると、多くの寺社領が失われ、統一政権では検地の強化によって、一部の朱印地が幕藩体制によって保護されるに過ぎなくなる。
• When the shoen system collapsed in the disturbances during the Nanbokucho period (North and South Dynasties period) and the Sengoku period (Warring states period), many of the jisharyo were lost -- In the Toyotomi administration, kenchi (cadastral surveys) was strengthened, whereby merely a part of shuinchi (estates of temple and shrine confirmed by the shogun and exempted from tax) was protected under the bakuhan system (power structure of bakufu and daimyo domains).

• 室町時代初頭の貞和2年（1346年）、南北朝の争乱が続く中で、室町幕府は守護の権能を強化することで治安を確保することを企図し、守護に使節遵行権および刈田狼藉 の検断権を直接付与する法令を発した。
• In 1346 of the early Muromachi period, while the battle between the Southern and Northern Dynasties had been going on, the Muromachi bakufu contemplated securing public order by strengthening the Shugo's authorities and enacted laws which directly granted the Shugo the right to judge criminal cases for shisetsu jungyo and Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally).

• しかし、文治的だった義隆政権を否定して軍事力強化に走った義長・晴賢連合の新政権は、大内家支配下にあった国人や諸大名への賦役を増大させたために、かえって反発を受けるなど領国統治に不安を抱えていた。
• However, since the new government of Yoshinaga-Harukata alliance which tried to enhance the military forces while denying the civilian Yoshitaka government increased slave labor to local lords and territorial lords under the rule of the Ouchi family, and it was rather resisted and experienced unsteadiness in ruling territory.

• 区間によって乗客の流動に大きな偏りがあることや、旧日本国有鉄道や西日本旅客鉄道が、山陽新幹線開業以降、山陰本線沿いの各都市から直接山陽新幹線に至る路線（陰陽連絡線）を強化してきた結果と思われる。
• The above seems to have resulted from the uneven distribution of passengers, depending on sections as well as the policy, which has been adopted by former Japan National Railway and West Japan Railway Company since the Sanyo Shinkansen came into operation; and of strengthening the lines directly connecting cities along the Sanin Main Line and those along the Sanyo Shinkansen (In-Yo connecting line).

• だが、道鏡事件以後、桓武天皇が僧侶の政治関与の排除や財政再建のために寺院統制の強化や封戸の削減を行い、更に朝廷が信頼のおける僧侶を座主・別当・長者などに任命して三綱に代わって寺院の支配を行わせた。
• However, the Emperor Komu's ban on monks becoming involved in politics and his reconstruction of state finances after the Dokyo Incident led to the strengthening of temple regulations and a reduction of the number of vassal households that could be held, in addition to the appointment of monks that could be trusted by the imperial court to high-ranking positions such as zasu (temple's head priest), betto (the superior of a temple) and choja (chief abbot of the temple) in order to take control of temples from the sango (three monastic positions with management roles at a temple).

• 国は、国及び地方公共団体の試験研究機関、大学並びに事業者が互いに補完することにより産業技術力の強化の効果的な実施が図られることにかんがみ、これらの者の間の連携の強化に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The national government shall, considering that enhancing Industrial Technology Capability can be effectively promoted when the research and development institutes of the national government and local governments, universities and business operators supplement each other, take necessary measures for strengthening the coordination of these entities.

• これにより、江戸幕府の財政難に拍車がかかったことは否めないが一方で、同時期に出された服忌令、捨子禁止令からも見られるように、道徳観を民衆に扶植することで、文治政治を強化する狙いがあったともいえよう。
• It cannot be denied that this law accelerated financial difficulties of the Edo bakufu, but it was designed to strengthen bunchi seiji by establishing a sense of morality among the common people, as seen in the law of mourning or the prohibition of abandonment of children issued around the same time.

• 幕府御家人で、元寇後の困窮した御家人の救済を目指した弘安徳政を推進していた安達泰盛と、御内人の利益を重んじ、御内人の中心に位置する得宗の権力強化を目指す頼綱は、政治路線をめぐって激しく対立していた。
• Putting miuchibito's interests first and seeking to reinforce the power of the Tokuso family around whom the miuchibito were organized, Yoritsuna was vehemently and politically opposed to Yasumori ADACHI who vigorously pursued political reform called Koan Tokusei to help the impoverished retainers after the Mongol Invasion.

• かくして長保元年令は同2年・3年・4年と3年間に3度にわたる規定の強化と再施行を経て長期にわたって効力を有し、長元3年（1030年）にも長保年間の一連の新制を再確認する過差を禁じる禁制が出されている。
• Thus Chohogannenrei remained effective for a long time, after being reinforced and reissued three times in three years from 1000 to 1002, and a ban on luxury which reconfirmed a series of shinsei in the Choho era was issued in 1030.

• その後は晴元の養女如春尼（左大臣三条公頼の末娘。長姉は晴元に、次姉は武田信玄に嫁ぐ）を長男顕如の妻に迎えて晴元と和睦し、室町幕府とも親密な関係を築いて中央との関係修復に努め、本願寺の体制強化を進めた。
• After that, he made peace with Harumoto by making his first son Kennyo marry Nyoenni, an adopted daughter of Harumoto (the youngest daughter of Sadaijin (minister of the left) Kinyori SANJO. Her eldest sister married Harumoto and her second eldest sister married Shingen TAKEDA), and built rapport with the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to mend the relationship with the central government and promote strengthening of the system of Hongan-ji Temple.

• 12世紀から代々と同荘下司職を勤める大江氏は、13世紀後半に黒田荘への支配権を強化しようと画策し、東大寺と対立してついに悪党と呼ばれるようになり、最終的には東大寺の要請を受けた六波羅探題に鎮圧された。
• The Oe clan, who served as geshi (shokan in charge of practical business in the field) in this manor for generations since the 12th century, planned to strengthen their rule over Kuroda no sho during the late 13th century until they were eventually called akuto after conflicting with Todai-ji Temple, and was ultimately suppressed by Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) which received a request from Todai-ji Temple.

• この法律において「地球温暖化対策」とは、温室効果ガスの排出の抑制並びに吸収作用の保全及び強化（以下「温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等」という。）その他の国際的に協力して地球温暖化の防止を図るための施策をいう。
• The term 'global warming countermeasures' as used in this Law shall mean measures to control greenhouse gas emissions and to maintain and improve the absorption of greenhouse gases (hereinafter referred to as 'control of greenhouse gases') and other measures taken in international cooperation for the prevention of global warming.

• こうして時宗はモンゴル軍の襲来という国難を回避したが、戦後に今度は御家人などに対する恩賞問題などが発生したり、3度目の元軍襲来に備えて改めて国防を強化せねばならないなど、難題がいくつも積み重なっていた。
• Thus Tokimune avoided the national crisis of a Mongolian invasion, but many difficult problems were left following the war, such as providing reward grants for the Kamakura bakufu's retainers and the further strengthening of defense in preparation for the third Mongolian invasion.

• 江戸時代初期には諸藩においては地方知行を行う例が多く蔵米知行は下級家臣に限られていたが、次第に大名の支配権力と財政基盤の強化のために上級家臣に対しても地方召上を行って蔵米知行に変更されることが多くなった。
• In the early Edo period, jigatachigyo (provision of land) was generally conducted in the domains, while kuramaichigyo (stipend provision in rice) was limited to lower-ranked vassals; later on, however, the domains gradually changed the provision form of chigyo to kuramaichigyo even for their higher-ranking vassals by carrying out jikata-meshiage in order to strengthen the daimyo's authority and consolidate the territory and financial base of the domain.

• しかし、同藩の桂小五郎（のちの木戸孝允）や久坂玄瑞、久留米の神官・真木和泉ら尊王攘夷派は、幕府の権力強化につながるこの策に猛反対し、長井は失脚させられて、以後長州の藩論は尊王攘夷の最過激派へと転換される。
• However, Kogoro KATSURA (later Koin KIDO) and Genzui KUSAKA from the Choshu clan, and people of Sonno Joi ha, such as Izumi MAKI of Kurume, firmly opposed this policy because they thought it would lead to a restrengthening of the bakufu's power, and thus they brought down Nagai, and the Choshu clan returned to the radical Sonno Joi philosophy of restoring power to the emperor and expelling foreigners.

• しかしながら、TF は、60 年代、70 年代に築かれ、80 年代以降、今日に至るまでに強化された安全基盤の上に、今後数十年間にわたる原子力発電所の許認可及び監視に適した規制構造を構築するように勧告する。
• Nonetheless, the Task Force is recommending building on the safety foundation laid in the 1960s and 1970s, and the safety improvements added from the 1980s to the present, to produce a regulatory structure well suited to licensing and overseeing the operation of nuclear power plants for decades to come.

• あれを息子の耳にふきこんでいたとしたら、その心情は憎悪と暴力に向けて傾いていったに違いない。そう思わせるほど、警察の主張を大きく強化するような態度なんだ。そうと意識してやっているんじゃないんだろうけどね。
• that she was unconsciously considerably strengthening the case of the police for, of course, if her son had heard her speak of the man in this fashion, it would predispose him towards hatred and violence.

• だが、奈良時代末期の道鏡事件をきっかけとした仏教に対する規制強化や朝廷の財政難などによって造寺事業は縮小され、遅くても平安時代初期には殆どの造寺司は廃止され、財源や寺院の監督は別当や三綱に移ることになった。
• Due to the tightening of regulations on Buddhism after the Dokyo Incident occurred at the end of the Nara period and the financial trouble of the Imperial Court, temple construction had slowed down and most of Zojishi were abolished by the early Heian period; since then, temples and their revenue resources were supervised by betto (head priest) and sango.

• そして、1493年（明応2）の明応の政変前後を契機として、低下した権威の復活に失敗した守護は、守護代や国人などにその地位を奪われることになり、逆に国人支配の強化に成功した守護は、領国支配を一層強めていった。
• Then, around the time of the Meio Coup in 1493, the Shugo, who had failed to restore their waning power, lost their position to the Shugodai and kokujin, so that the Shugo who had strengthened rule over the kokujin in fact ended up strengthening feudal rule all the more.

• 嘉永6年（1853年）アメリカのマシュー・ペリー率いる艦隊が来航して通商を求めた際には、水戸徳川家の徳川斉昭や薩摩藩主の島津斉彬とともに海防強化や攘夷を主張するが、老中の阿部正弘らと交流して開国派に転じる。
• When the American fleets led by Matthew PERRY came to Japan to ask for commerce in 1853, he insisted on reinforcement in marine defense and expulsion of foreigners together with Nariaki TOKUGAWA from the Mito-Tokugawa family and Nariakira SHIMAZU, the lord of the Satsuma Domain, but turned to the open country wing after interaction with Masahiro ABE, Roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate).

• 嘉慶元年（1387年）に頼康が死ぬと、養子の土岐康行が惣領を継いだが、将軍権力の強化を図る義満は勢力の強すぎる土岐氏一族の内紛を画策し、康行は挙兵に追い込まれ、幕府軍の追討を受けて没落した（土岐康行の乱）。
• In 1387 after Yoriyasu's death, Yasuyuki TOKI, an adopted child took over the soryo position, however Yoshimitsu wanted to aggrandize power of the shogun and plotted an internal conflict in the Toki clan to weaken strong influence of the Toki clan, Yasuyuki was driven to raising an army but attacked by the army of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and brought to ruin (The War of Yasuyuki TOKI).

• すなわち、オットー・フォン・ビスマルク時代以後のドイツ君権強化に対する抵抗の理論として国家法人説を再生させたイェリネックの学説を導入し、国民の代表機関である議会は、内閣を通して天皇の意思を拘束しうると唱えた。
• In short, he proclaimed that the diet, a representative of nation's people, can restrain the emperor's will via the Cabinet by introducing a theory of Jellinek who reproduced the state authority theory as a theory against strengthening of monarchy in Germany in and after the period of Otto von Bismarck.

• 義教の時代には正長の土一揆や後南朝勢力の反乱など、室町幕府を巡る政治・社会情勢が不穏であり、強力な指導力を持つ将軍の存在が望まれていた武家社会や民衆の要請に沿う形で、義教は幕府権力の強化に一定の成果をあげた。
• Both the political and social conditions associated with the Muromachi shogunate government during Yoshinori's time were unsettled, as seen in events such as the Shocho peasant uprising and the rebellion by forces of the Latter Southern Court, and by reinforcing the shogunate's authority, Yoshinori was meeting the needs of the warrior class and the general public for the presence of a shogun with strong leadership.

• 昭和37年6月21日、折からの大学管理制度改革（文部大臣（当時）による国立大学の学長選任権及び監督権を強化する内容が含まれていた）に対して反対するデモが、京都府学生自治会連合（京都府学連）の主宰により行われた。
• On June 21 in 1962, the student union of Kyoto Prefecture organized the demonstration against the reform of university management because it included more authority of the Ministry of Education (at the time) to assign and control the presidents of the national universities.

• そして、1493年（明応2）の明応の政変前後を契機として、低下した権威の復活に失敗した守護大名は、守護代・国人などにその地位を奪われて没落し、逆に国人支配の強化に成功した守護大名は、領国支配を一層強めていった。
• Starting around the Meio-no-seihen (明応の政変) in 1493, the shugo daimyo that had failed to regain authority were ousted from their positions by shugo-dai and kokujin, while those that succeeded in tightening the control of the kokujin further strengthened the provincial control.

• 日本書紀の記述から、5世紀後半には吉備や播磨、伊勢などの首長がヤマト王権へ対抗するなどの動きがあったと推測されており、そうした中で登場したワカタケル王は強化した軍事力をもとに各地の首長への支配力を強めていった。
• From descriptions in the 'Nihonshoki', it is believed that the chiefs of Kibi, Harima, and Ise rebelled against the Yamato Kingdom sometime around the latter half of the fifth century and it was during this period that King Wakatakeru appeared and strengthened the political power of the Yamato Kingdom over the regional chiefs with its increased military strength.

• 国は、国、地方公共団体、大学等及び事業者が相互に連携を図りながら協力することにより、知的財産の創造、保護及び活用の効果的な実施が図られることにかんがみ、これらの者の間の連携の強化に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• National government shall, in light of the fact that mutual cooperation and coordination between national government, local governments, universities, etc. and business operators can effectively achieve the creation, protection and exploitation of intellectual property, take necessary measures to strengthen coordination between these parties.

• 一般国道24号京奈和自動車道は新名神高速道路、山陽自動車道、神戸淡路鳴門自動車道、紀淡連絡道路とともに近畿地方の外側を結んだ環状道路として、各都市の連絡を強化し、1周約300kmの関西圏の大環状道路を形成する。
• The general National Highway Route No. 24, Keinawa Jidoshado, a ring road connecting the outer lines of the Kinki Region together with the Shin Meishin Expressway, Sanyo Jidoshado Expressway, Kobe Awaji Naruto Jidoshado Expressway and Kitan Renraku Road, promotes exchange between cities and constitutes the Kansai area's large ring road, being approximately 300 km in circumference.

• 守護はこのように強化された権限を背景に、それまで国司が管轄していた国衙の組織を吸収すると同時に、強まった経済力を背景に、国内の地頭、在地領主（当時、国人と呼ばれた）、さらに有力名主らを被官（家臣）にしていった。
• With this kind of increased power behind them the Shugo absorbed the kokuga (provincial government offices) organization that was until then controlled by the Kokushi, and at the same time, with their increased economic power, made the provincial Jito, local lords (called Kokujin at the time) and other people of influence Hikan (vassals).

• 政府は、京都議定書目標達成計画に即して、その事務及び事業に関し、温室効果ガスの排出の量の削減並びに吸収作用の保全及び強化のための措置に関する計画（以下この条において「政府実行計画」という。）を策定するものとする。
• The national government shall implement a plan (referred to hereinafter in this article as the 'National Government Action Plan') for measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to maintain and improve greenhouse gas absorption with regard to its own administration and undertakings, in line with the Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan.

• この法律において「産業集積の活性化」とは、産業集積の存在する地域において企業立地又は事業高度化が行われることにより、当該産業集積の有する機能が強化され、かつ、当該産業集積における事業の構造が高度化することをいう。
• The term 'development of industrial clusters' as used in this Act means the strengthening of the functions of industrial clusters and the advancing of the business structure of said industrial clusters through the establishment of new business facilities or business innovation in a region where said industrial clusters exist.

• 享保期になると8代将軍徳川吉宗は支持基盤強化のために譜代大名、特に老中経験者たちの前官礼遇という形をとり、すでに隠居していた酒井忠挙、稲葉正往と共に長重の3人を、前代の遺老、学識豊かな経験者としてとくに優遇した。
• When the Kyoho period started, the eighth shogun, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA made a system of zenkan-reigu (to welcome retired persons to the field they had experience in) for fudai-daimyo, especially, the persons who had experience as roju in order to enhance the basis of the shogun's political support, and treated especially kindly three people, which included Nagashige together with Tadataka SAKAI and Masayuki INABA who had already retired, as the remaining persons who had experienced the previous generation and who had rich academic knowledge.

• 1943年（昭和18年）になるといよいよ戦局が激化すると、舞鶴鎮守府は日本海軍の重要拠点として強化される事となり、東舞鶴市（東舞鶴地区）だけではなく、旧舞鶴市（西舞鶴地区）にも海軍諸施設が多数立地するようになった。
• In 1943, together with the acceleration of war, Maizuru Chinju-fu enhanced its function as a Japanese Naval base, and many naval facilities were built not only in Higashi-Maizuru City (Higashi Maizuru region) but also in Old Maizuru City (Nishi Maizuru region).

• 国は、国及び地方公共団体の試験研究機関並びに大学における研究及び開発の成果が事業活動において活用されることが産業技術力の強化に重要であることにかんがみ、当該成果の事業者への移転の促進に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The national government shall, considering that it is important for the enhancing of Industrial Technology Capability that the results of research and development at research and development institutes of the national government and local governments and universities be utilized for business activities, take the necessary measures for promoting the transfer of those results to business operators.

• 彼は自分を傷つけることのできる不満分子をすべて殺し、新しい民事法令や軍事法令で自分を強化し、こうして、彼が君主であった一年間は、彼はフェルモの市で身の安全を確保したばかりか、近隣諸国から恐れられる存在となりました。
• He killed all the malcontents who were able to injure him, and strengthened himself with new civil and military ordinances, in such a way that, in the year during which he held the principality, not only was he secure in the city of Fermo, but he had become formidable to all his neighbours.

• この権限拡大を背景として、受領たちは租税収取・軍事両面において統治を強化するため、旧来の補佐官で同一階層出自ゆえに一方的に使役しがたい掾（じょう）、目（さかん）に替えて、国内の豪族・有力者らを国衙の体制に組み入れた。
• Through the empowerment of zuryos, they incorporated the local ruling families leading the people into a kokuga government system, instead of the jo (the third-ranking local administrator) and sakan (the fourth-ranking local administrator) who were reluctant to accept the one-sided orders they issued because jo and sakan were also old administrative aides from the same class, in order to strengthen the governance of both tax collection and military affairs.

• 国は、水産加工業及び水産流通業の健全な発展を図るため、事業活動に伴う環境への負荷の低減及び資源の有効利用の確保に配慮しつつ、事業基盤の強化、漁業との連携の推進、水産物の流通の合理化その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as enhancement of business base, promotion of coordination with fisheries and rationalization of marine products marketing for the sound development of fishery processing industry and fishery marketing with consideration to the reduction of adverse effects to environment caused by the business operation and maintenance of effective utilization of resources.

• 明治5年3月14日_(旧暦)（1872年4月21日）の教部省設置と宮中祭祀の切り離し、宣教使の廃止によって大教宣布は見直しを迫られることとなり、大教宣布の路線の再建・強化を目指した大教院が翌年に設置されることとなる。
• In April 21, 1872, they were forced to revise the Imperial Edict (of 1870) for Establishment of Shinto by establishment of Kyobusho (Ministry of Religion), separation of court ritual and abolition of missionary, and then, next year, Daikyoin (Great Teaching Institute), which aimed to reconstruction and reinforcement of the policy of Edict, was established.

• 守護は以上のように強化された権限を背景に、それまで国司が管轄していた国衙の組織を吸収し、国衙の在庁官人を被官（家臣）として組み込むと同時に、国衙領や在庁官人の所領を併合して、守護直轄の守護領（しゅごりょう）を形成した。
• Because of the enhanced powers as described above, the shugo took over the organization governed by the kokushi and recruited the zaicho-kannin (kokuga's officer) in the kokuga as a vassal while at the same time combining the kokuga's province with the zaicho-kannin's territory to form the shugo-ryo (shugo's province) directly governed by the shugo.

• 第四条第十二号に該当する金属マトリックス複合材、セラミックマトリックス、金属間化合物若しくは金属間化合物強化材料から製造された部分品又は同条第十三号に該当する樹脂を用いて同条第十五号に該当する複合材から製造された部分品
• Components manufactured from metallic matrix composite materials, ceramic matrix, inter-metallic compounds or inter-metallic reinforcing materials that fall under Article 4, item (xii) or components manufactured from the composite materials that fall under item (xv) of the same Article using the resin that falls under item (xiii) of the same Article

• 戦時体制の強化に伴い、日本精神史（文学部）、東亜経済政策原論（経済学部）、航空学・燃料化学（工学部）などの国策に沿った講座が設けられ、太平洋戦争の開戦後、学生を軍隊風に編成する目的で「京都帝国大学報国隊」が結成される。
• As the war regime got strengthened, some programs complying with the national policy were set up, such as History of Japanese Spirit (in the Faculty of Letters), Principles of East Asian Economics Policies (in the Faculty of Economics), and Aeronautics & Fuel Chemistry (in the Faculty of Engineering), and after the Pacific War began, 'Loyal Patriots' Corps of Kyoto Imperial University' was formed for organizing students in the military style.

• 厩戸皇子は当時最大の豪族である蘇我馬子と協調して政治を行ない、隋の進んだ文化をとりいれて天皇の中央集権を強化し、新羅遠征計画を通じて天皇の軍事力を強化し、遣隋使を派遣して外交を推し進めて隋の進んだ文化、制度を輸入した。
• Umayado no Miko administered the state affairs in cooperation with SOGA no Umako, who was the head of the most powerful regional clan in those days, enhanced centralization of the Imperial government by emulating the advanced Chinese model, built up the Imperial military forces through the project for the expedition to Silla, and imported the advanced cultures and systems of the Sui Dynasty by dispatching envoys to establish and maintain diplomatic relations with the Sui Dynasty.

• 先の襲津彦伝承に見たような対朝鮮外交を通して、葛城地方に定住することになった多くの渡来系集団が、葛城氏の配下で鍛冶生産（武器・武具などの金属器）を始めとする様々な手工業に従事し、葛城氏の経済力の強化に貢献したとみられる。
• Through the diplomacy that Sotsuhiko had with Korea as described above, it is likely that number of immigrant groups that have been settled in the Katsuraki region contributed in stregthening Katsuraki clan's economic power by being engaged in handycrafts such as smithery (arms and weapons) under the control of the Katsuraki clan.

• 満州事変勃発以降は、戦時体制・翼賛体制が強化されたことを勘案しても、満州国成立を容認・擁護し、昭和17年（1942年）に発表した『白櫻集』で、以前の歌「君死にたまうことなかれ」とは正反対に、戦争を美化し、鼓舞する歌を作った。
• After the Manchurian Incident broke out, by taking into consideration that the wartime regime and Yokusan Taisei (Support system of Taisei Yokusan-kai - Imperial Rule Assistance Association) were strengthened, she approved and supported the establishment of Manchukuo and in 'Hakuo-shu' that she published in 1942, she wrote poems that glorified and encouraged the war, completely opposite of her pervious work 'Kimi Shinitamou koto nakare.'

• 我々の前途には講じられるべき多くのステップが横たわっており、PNA長官から一般市民に至るすべての者に適用されるべき法によってもたらされる安全の傘の存在を市民が実感できるように、それは強化されそして完遂されなければなりません。
• Ahead of us lie many steps to be taken that need to be consolidated and carried out so as to make the citizen feel the existence of a security umbrella provided by law that is applicable to all, starting with the President of the PNA and down to any citizen.

• 国は、海洋産業の振興及びその国際競争力の強化を図るため、海洋産業に関し、先端的な研究開発の推進、技術の高度化、人材の育成及び確保、競争条件の整備等による経営基盤の強化及び新たな事業の開拓その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The State, in order to promote the Ocean Industries and to strengthen the international competitiveness, shall take necessary measures with regard to the Ocean Industries, to promote the cutting-edge research and development, to upgrade the level of technology, to nurture and secure the human resources and to reinforce the management basis with the improvement of competitive conditions and others as well as to exploit new businesses and to execute others.

• 日本の盆栽はヨーロッパでは1970年頃から「enBonsai」として根強い人気があったが、2008年10月15日にオランダ輸出向けの庭木よりゴマダラカミキリが寄生されたものが見つかった事により輸入規制強化の緊急措置が施行された。
• Japanese bonsai, known as 'enBonsai,' became very popular in Europe from the 1970s, however due to the discovery on October 15, 2008, of an Asian long-horned beetle parasite on a garden tree being exported to the Netherlands, an emergency measure was taken to tighten import regulations.

• この2つの戦いを一括りにすることの是非については、議論の余地があるものの、両者とも本願寺10世証如と、その後見人蓮淳（8世蓮如の6男で証如の外祖父であり大叔父でもある）による法主の権限強化を図った政策方針の末に生じた出来事である。
• It is disputable to treat these two wars as one historical event, but both wars happened as a result of the policy by which Shonyo, the 10th chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple, and his guardian Renjun (the 6th son of Rennyo, the 8th chief priest, and also both a maternal grandfather and a grand-uncle of Shonyo) tried to strengthen the authority of hoshu (a head of a Buddhist sect).

• 前項の施策を講ずるに当たっては、中小企業が我が国経済の活力の維持及び強化に果たすべき重要な使命を有するものであることにかんがみ、個人による創業及び事業意欲のある中小企業者による新事業の開拓に対する特別の配慮がなされなければならない。
• In taking the measures set forth in the preceding paragraph, national government shall specially consider business startups by individuals and the development of new businesses by small and medium sized enterprise operator with volition, in light of the fact that small and medium sized enterprises are entrusted with an important mission for maintaining and strengthening the vitality of the Japanese economy.

• 第八条の規定による改正後の産業技術力強化法第十六条第一項第三号及び第四号に掲げる者に係る特許出願であって一部施行日前に特許をすべき旨の査定又は審決の謄本の送達があったものに係る特許料の減免又は猶予については、同項の規定は、適用しない。
• Concerning reduction of, exemption from or deferment of patent fees pertaining to patent applications involving persons listed in item 3 and item 4 of paragraph 1 of Article 16 of the Industrial Technology Enhancement Act after the revisions thereto pursuant to the provisions of Article 8 and for which transcripts of assessment or decision to grant patent were delivered prior to the date of partial enforcement, the provisions of the same paragraph shall not apply.

• 寛平の治は、王臣家が諸国富豪と直接結びつくことを規制することで権門（有力貴族・寺社）を抑制し、小農民を保護するという律令制への回帰を強く志向したものであり、併せて蔵人所の充実や検非違使庁の権限拡充等天皇直属機関の強化を行うものであった。
• Kanpyo no chi was intended as a return to the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) that protected tenant farmers and suppressed influential families (noble families, temples and shrines with power) by restricting direct bondage between oshinke (nobles in the capital) and the rich classes in the provinces, while at the same time, it was also intended to reinforce organizations ruled by the emperor, including enhancing the kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) and an increase of authority by the Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief).

• また、証如の代に本願寺は、加賀一向一揆の調停という形で北陸地方の門徒集団への介入を深め、1546年には金沢市に御坊を築いて同地方における門徒の統制を強化したが、これは朝倉氏との対立もあって、証如の時代には必ずしも十分に達成されなかった。
• In addition, during the days of Shonyo, Hongan-ji Temple began to intervene even more actively on behalf of their followers in the Hokuriku region by acting as a mediator in the Kaga Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers in Kaga), and to strengthen the control of their followers in the region, they built a Gobo in Kanazawa City in 1546, but they did not fully succeed in their aim during Shonyo's lifetime as a result of a conflict with the Asakura clan.

• こうした規定は鎌倉幕府が御家人に対して課していた御家人役が円滑に行われるためには、惣領に対する族的結合と財政基盤の確保が必要であり、そのために惣領の権限強化を図って御家人の所領分散による窮乏化を最低限に留めるためのものであったとされている。
• These rules were set because, for Gokeninyaku (the posts of retainers), the task the Shogunate set to Gokenin (vassals), to be carried out smoothly, the strong connection of the family toward the heir and assurance of financial base were necessary; and for this, the Shogunate needed to minimize the Gokenin's impoverishment from property dispersion by strengthening the power of the heirs.

• 結果として自由民権運動や大隈の唱えるフランス流やイギリス流を否定したものの、岩倉らの進めようとしたプロシア流についても一旦は白紙撤回されることとなった（勿論、これによってプロシア（ドイツ）流論者の政府内での立場が強化されたのは事実であるが）。
• As a result, the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, France style and England style, which were recommended by Okuma, were rejected but also Prussia style, which was recommended by Iwakura, was rejected (as a result, people who advocated Prussia (Germany) style strengthened their position).

• 国は、産業技術力の強化の効果的な実施を図るため、国の資金により行われる研究及び開発の適切な評価を行い、その結果を予算の配分へ反映させること等により、産業技術に関する研究及び開発に係る資金の重点化及び効率化の促進に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to promote effective implementation of enhancing Industrial Technology Capability, the national government shall take necessary measures for promoting the prioritization of funds for research and development related to Industrial Technologies and increasing the efficiency thereof, by means of implementing suitable evaluation of the researches and developments carried out using national funds and having the results thereof reflected in budget allocations.

• 和与状はいずれの場合でも作成されたが、「贈与」の和与の場合には去状（避状）など他の文書形式も存在したことや鎌倉幕府が御家人の所領の安易な分散化を規制するために親族に対する悔返権の強化及び他人和与の禁止を行ったことで、現存する和与状は多くは無い。
• Though Wayojo was composed in either case, there were other forms of documents for a compromise in the sense of 'donation', such as a leave notice (eviction notice) and the Kamakura Shogunate reinforced the right to annul the transfer of property rights and banned Taninwayo in order to control shogunal retainers' careless decentralization of territories, so there are not many Wayojo existing.

• しかし、「本格焼酎」の呼称を用いる基準が必ずしも明確でなかったことから議論が生じ、その結果2002年11月1日に前述の省令の一部改正により基準が強化され、以下に掲げるアルコール含有物を蒸留したものでなければ本格焼酎と名乗ることはできなくなった。
• But it generated a discussion about the standard not being clarified enough to use the name 'Honkaku Shochu,' as the result, on November 1, 2002 the standard was strengthened by partial revision of the law mentioned above and it became impossible to name it Honkaku Shochu except for shochu produced by distillation of alcohol-containing substances as below:

• 国は、食品産業が食料の供給において果たす役割の重要性にかんがみ、その健全な発展を図るため、事業活動に伴う環境への負荷の低減及び資源の有効利用の確保に配慮しつつ、事業基盤の強化、農業との連携の推進、流通の合理化その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as enhancing business base, encouraging closer cooperation with agriculture, streamlining its distribution system, in order to promote the sound development of food industry in view of an importance of its role in stable food supply with proper consideration to the reduction of adverse effects to be caused by the business operation on the environment and ensuring effective use of the resources.

• 6代将軍足利義教は、管領などに対抗して将軍の権威を高めるために、将軍が主宰・臨席する御前沙汰の権威強化に乗り出し、雑訴のみならず所務も御前沙汰の評定対象として加え、実務を担当する右筆・奉行人の中から御前沙汰衆を選んで御前沙汰への参加資格を与えた。
• To strengthen the power of shogun against the shogunal deputy and others, the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA started out to extend the influence of gozen-sata that was chaired and attended by the shogun -- he included shomu (land management) as well as zasso on the agenda of gozen-sata, and also organized gozen-sata shu (members of gozen-sata) from working-level officials of yuhitsu (amanuenses) and bugyonin (magistrates) and qualified them to attend gozen-sata.

• 目に見えてエゴだけからくる行動に対するタブーは、われわれを取り巻く文化にもあるけれど、それはハッカー（サブ）カルチャーでは極端に強化されていて、だからそれがハッカーたちにとっては、なにか一種の特殊な適応上の機能があるにちがいないとしか考えられない。
• The surrounding culture's taboo against visibly ego-driven behavior is so much intensified in the hacker (sub)culture that one must suspect it of having some sort of special adaptive function for hackers.

• この乱により、足利尊氏・直義に分割されていた将軍の権力は尊氏のもとに一本化され、将軍の親裁権は強化されるが、高師直によって吉野を陥落させられ滅亡寸前にまで追い込まれた南朝に、直義・尊氏が交互に降るなど息を吹き返し延命したため、南北朝の動乱が長引いた。
• Because of this disturbance, the authority of the shogun that was divided between Takauji and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA was unified under Takauji and the power of the shogun was strengthened but the Southern Court that was forced to the brink of elimination when KO no Moronao attacked Yoshino, was prolonged when Tadayoshi and Takauji surrendered in turn, and led to the prolongation of the upheaval of the period of Northern and Southern Courts.

• 第二次世界大戦中は更に政府の統制が強化されたが、終戦後の1946年（昭和21年）の第1次地方制度改革で知事の選挙投票者による分類制が導入されるなどの民主化が行われ、最終的には1947年（昭和22年）の地方自治法の成立により現行の都道府県制に移行した。
• During World War II, the regulation by the government was enforced, however, after the war, the first reform of the local system was implemented in 1946 to promote democratization, and the classification system where a prefectural governor is elected by voters was introduced, which was after all replaced by the current Todofuken sei (system of prefectural government) when the Local Autonomy Law was established in 1947.

• 打上げ用の飛しょう体の部分品（ノーズコーン以外のものにあっては、重量が一〇キログラムを超えるものに限る。）であって、第四条第十二号又は同条第十五号に該当する金属マトリックス複合材、有機複合材、セラミックマトリックス又は金属間化合物強化材料を用いたもの
• Components of spacecrafts used for launching (limited to those other than nose cones, the weight of which exceeds 10 kilograms) metal matrix composite materials which fall under Article 4, item (xii) or Article 4, item (xv), organic composite materials, ceramic matrices or intermetallic compound reinforcing materials

• 国は、効率的かつ安定的な農業経営を育成し、これらの農業経営が農業生産の相当部分を担う農業構造を確立するため、営農の類型及び地域の特性に応じ、農業生産の基盤の整備の推進、農業経営の規模の拡大その他農業経営基盤の強化の促進に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for the promotion of improvement of agricultural production base, expansion of farm management scale and enhancement of farm management infrastructure according to the type of management and regional characteristics, in order to develop efficient and stable farm management and to establish agricultural structure that can play considerable part in the agricultural production.

• そのため、「エクスプレス予約」の山陽新幹線への拡大、300km/hの高速性能と700系車両を上回る居住性の両立を目指した次世代車両であるN700系車両の共同開発など、それまで対立の多かったJR東海とJR西日本両社は連携を強化する体制に転換しつつある。
• Therefore, JR Tokai and JR West, having frequently confronted each other, have started cooperating more strongly: For example, the coverage of the 'Express reservation' has been expanded to the Sanyo Shinkansen line, and the N700 series train-cars, the next generation train-cars aiming at a high performance of 300-km/h operations and at passenger comfort exceeding that of the 700 series train-cars, have been developed jointly.

• また5世紀末から6世紀初めにかけて、それまで首長墓を造営してきた古墳群の多くが衰退し、新興の古墳群が出現していることから、ワカタケル大王の王権強化策は成功したが、その一方で旧来の勢力からの反発を招き、その結果として王権が一時的に弱体化したとの説もある。
• Furthermore, since towards the end of the fifth and the beginning of the sixth centuries many of the old burial mounds where chiefs were entombed went into decline and new types of burial mounds emerged, it is thought that King Wakatakeru's strategy for strengthening sovereignty succeeded, although his power was temporarily weakened by rebellions from the former powers.

• しかし国司請負制により権限が強化された国司は、自領のように扱いはじめた国衙領を増やすため、天皇の代替わりに際して「新政」として発布された荘園整理令を根拠とし依然として収公を進めることが多く、領家の権威だけでは荘園の所有が維持できないケースが多く見られた。
• Meanwhile, being granted a more powerful authority due to the contract system of kokushi (provincial governors), kokushi often executed confiscation on grounds of the Manor Regulation Act issued as a 'new policy' when the Emperor changed in order to increase kokugaryo (territories governed by the provincial government office) as their own territories; therefore, there were many cases that the authority of ryoke was insufficient to maintain Shoen ownership.

• 都道府県及び市町村は、京都議定書目標達成計画に即して、当該都道府県及び市町村の事務及び事業に関し、温室効果ガスの排出の量の削減並びに吸収作用の保全及び強化のための措置に関する計画（以下この条において「地方公共団体実行計画」という。）を策定するものとする。
• Prefectural and municipal governments shall formulate plans (referred to hereinafter in this article as 'action plans of local governments') for measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to maintain and improve greenhouse gas absorption with regard to their own administration and undertakings, in line with the Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan.

• 特に内政面において辣腕を振るい、天文22年（1552年）には「今川仮名目録」の追加法を制定し、さらに商業保護や流通統制、寄親寄子制度による家臣団の結束強化を図るなど優れた行政改革を進めた（後にこの政策は江戸幕府を開府した徳川家康によって踏襲されている）。
• In domestic policies especially, Yoshimoto displayed his uncommon abilities, starting with the enactment of the articles (Kana Mokuroku Tsuika) to expand on the 'Imagawa Kana Mokuroku' (the Imagawa clan's basic house rules to control the territory) in 1552, carrying out excellent administrative reforms such as commercial protection and distribution control within his territory, and consolidation of vassals by introducing the system of Yorioya-Yoriko (Later, when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA established the feudal government, he applied these policies to the system of the Edo bakufu.)

• 国は、効率的かつ安定的な林業経営を育成し、これらの林業経営が林業生産の相当部分を担う林業構造を確立するため、地域の特性に応じ、林業経営の規模の拡大、生産方式の合理化、経営管理の合理化、機械の導入その他林業経営基盤の強化の促進に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for the promotion of expansion of forestry management scale, streamlining of production system, and rationalization of management according to the regional characteristics, in order to develop efficient and stable forestry management and to establish the forestry structure that plays considerable part in the forestry production.

• ものづくり基盤技術の振興に当たっては、ものづくり事業者の大部分が中小企業者によって占められていることにかんがみ、中小企業者であるものづくり事業者（第十五条において「中小事業者」という。）の経営基盤の強化及び取引条件に関する不利の補正が図られなければならない。
• In promoting core manufacturing technology, the strengthening of the business foundation of manufacturing business operators who are small and medium sized enterprise operators (referred to as 'small and medium sized business operators' in Article 15) and the correction of any disadvantageous trade terms shall be ensured, considering that most of the manufacturing business operators are small and medium sized enterprise operators.

• だが、逆に国粋主義の流れを汲みこの動きを国内における危機と見た人々は既に1900年に近衛篤麿が結成していた国民同盟会（1902年解散）の流れを汲む諸派に結集して、国家主義の強化と国民への統制強化によって国民が一致団結して自主・独立を追求すべきであると唱えた。
• However, the people who followed the nationalism and took this movement as a crisis, united the group following the People's Alliance (dissolved in 1902) set up by Atsumaro KONOE in 1900, and they advocated that it was necessary for people to pursue independence with united the nation by strengthening of the nationalism and reinforcement of control over the people.

• 折りから道隆の父摂政兼家が死去し、新たに摂政となった道隆は自己の政治的立場を強化するためにも定子を皇后に立てることを望んだが、当時、皇后には円融の退位後も遵子がそのままとどまっており、皇太后には一条の生母藤原詮子が、太皇太后には昌子が就いており、后位に空席はなかった。
• Sessho (regent) Kaneie, the father of Michitaka, died and Michitaka became Sessho and wished to put up Teishi as empress to reinforce his political power, but the post of the empress was not vacant because Junshi stayed as empress even after the abdication of Emperor Enyu, and FUJIWARA no Senshi, the real mother of Ichijo, was Empress Dowager and Masako was Grand Empress Dowager.

• しかしながら、ドイツ・オーストリア海軍Uボート及び武装商船の海上交通破壊作戦が強化され、1917年1月からドイツおよびオーストリアが無制限潜水艦作戦を開始すると連合国側の艦船の被害が甚大なものになり、イギリスは日本へ、地中海へ駆逐艦隊、喜望峰へ巡洋艦隊の派遣を要請した。
• However, as operations by the German and Austrian navy to destroy sea traffic with U-boats and armed merchantmen grew in intensity and Germany and Austria began unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917, navy ships of the Allies were made to suffer serious damage, so that Britain requested Japan to dispatch a destroyer fleet to the Mediterranean and a cruiser fleet to the Cape of Good Hope.

• 国、地方公共団体、弁護士会、日本弁護士連合会及び隣接法律専門職者団体、弁護士、弁護士法人及び隣接法律専門職者、裁判外紛争解決手続を行う者、被害者等の援助を行う団体その他の者並びに高齢者又は障害者の援助を行う団体その他の関係する者の間における連携の確保及び強化を図ること。
• Ensure and strengthen coordination and alliances among the national government, local governments, local bar associations, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations, the associations of related legal experts and specialists, attorneys at law, legal professional corporations and related legal experts and specialists, persons involved in alternative dispute resolution procedures, organizations and other persons providing assistance to victims and family members, organizations providing assistance for the aged or disabled persons and other related persons

• 国は、農業並びに食品の加工及び流通に関する技術の研究開発及び普及の効果的な推進を図るため、これらの技術の研究開発の目標の明確化、国及び都道府県の試験研究機関、大学、民間等の連携の強化、地域の特性に応じた農業に関する技術の普及事業の推進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as setting specific goals for the research and development of technology, encouraging closer cooperation among national and local research institutes, universities and private bodies, and promoting the dissemination of agricultural technologies that suit the regional characteristics, in order to effectively promote research and development and dissemination of such technologies in the area of agriculture, food processing and distribution.

• 次の１又は２からなる連続した繊維（一、〇〇〇度の温度における引張強さが七〇〇メガパスカル未満のもの、又は一、〇〇〇度の温度において一〇〇メガパスカルの応力が発生する荷重を一〇〇時間にわたって加えたときに、クリープ歪みが一パーセントを超えるものを除く。）により強化されたもの
• Those reinforced by continuous fibers made of the following i. or ii. (excluding those with a tensile strength at a temperature of 1,000 degrees centigrade less than 700 megapascals or those with a creep distortion exceeding 1% when a load that generates stress of 100 megapascals is added for 100 hours at a temperature of 1,000 degrees centigrade)

• 南朝勢力を強化するために、後醍醐天皇の皇子である懐良親王が征西将軍として派遣され、筑後川の戦い（大保原の戦い）では、南朝方の懐良親王、菊池武光、赤星武貫、宇都宮貞久、草野永幸らと北朝方の少弐頼尚、少弐直資の父子、大友氏時、宇都宮冬綱ら両軍合わせて約10万人が戦ったとされる。
• In order to bolster the Southern Court's military might in Kyushu, Emperor Godaigo's son Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi was dispatched there as Seisei shogun (General of the West), and in the battle of the Chikugo river (also known as the battle of Ohobaru) over 100,000 men were said to have fought, including Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, Takemitsu KIKUCHI, Taketsura AKABOSHI, Sadahisa UTSUNOMIYA, and Nagayuki KUSANO for the Southern Court, and father and son Yorihisa and Naosuke SHONI as well as Ujitoki OUCHI and Fuyutsuna UTSUNOMIYA for the Northern Court.

• 室町幕府が成立すると、守護領国制が確立されていく過程で公家や寺社などの荘園領主は守護の軍事力に依拠しなければ年貢・公事の徴収が困難となり、反対に守護はその立場を利用して国内の荘園・公領に段銭などの形で独自の公事を賦課することで領国支配の強化と財政基盤の構築を図るようになった。
• After Muromachi bakufu was founded, in the process of establishing Shugo-ryogoku system, it became difficult for lords of the manor such as kuge, temples and shrines to collect nengu and kuji unless they relied on the military power of shugo, on the other hand, shugo made a use of their position to impose their original kuji to shoen and koryo in form of tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan), so that they could have enhanced the control over daimyo's territory and built financial base.

• 国は、水産に関する技術の研究開発及び普及の効果的な推進を図るため、これらの技術の研究開発の目標の明確化、国、独立行政法人、都道府県及び地方独立行政法人の試験研究機関、大学、民間等の連携の強化、地域の特性に応じた水産に関する技術の普及事業の推進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for effective promotion of research and development and dissemination of technologies relevant to fisheries such as setting of specific goals for research and development of such technologies, enhancement of coordination with national laboratories, laboratories of incorporated administrative agencies, local governments and local incorporated administrative agencies, universities and private bodies, and promotion of dissemination activities of technologies relevant to fisheries in accordance with regional characteristics.

• 国は、ものづくり基盤産業における事業活動の効率化、高度化等を図るため、自然的経済的社会的条件からみて一体である地域における工業団地等の施設の整備、ものづくり事業者の交流又は連携の推進等ものづくり事業者の新たな集積の促進又は既存の集積の有する機能の強化に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to ensure the increased efficiency and sophistication of, and any other improvements in, business activities in the core manufacturing industry, the State shall take necessary measures for promoting a new agglomeration of manufacturing business operators and strengthening the functions of the existing agglomeration, such as the establishment of such facilities as industrial parks and the promotion of exchange and cooperation among manufacturing business operators in an area that is regarded as a single domain in light of natural, economic and social conditions.

• 弘安の役はこれを一時的に中断させたが、13世紀終わりには日本の朝廷や鎌倉幕府の許可の下に勧進活動を名目とした寺社造営料唐船（建長寺船・天龍寺船など）が派遣されるなど、日本側は元に対する警固体制を強化しつつも貿易については積極的にこれを奨励したため、準公式な貿易関係も成立するようになった。
• The Koan War temporarily halted the trade; however, the quasi-official trade relationship came to be established since Japan promoted the trade actively by dispatching the trading vessels, Kenchojibune (the trading vessels dispatched to cover the costs of repair and construction on Kencho-ji Temple) and Tenryujibune (the trading vessels dispatched to cover the costs of repair and construction on Tenryu-ji Temple), to Yuan Dynasty in order to raise funds to build a temple or a shrine with permissions of the Japanese Imperial Court and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the end of the 13th century while increasing the guard against Yuan Dynasty.

• 近年の研究では、従来から言われていた894年（寛平6年）の遣唐使廃止や896年（寛平8年）の造籍、私営田抑制、滝口の武士の設置等に加え、国司に一国内の租税納入を請け負わせる国司請負や、位田等からの俸給給付等を民部省を通さずに各国で行う等、国司の権限を強化する改革を次々と行ったとされている。
• According to recent studies, in addition to the abolition of Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) in 894, register of population, restriction of the private land, and deployment of Takiguchi no Bushi (the guards of the Imperial Palace who were in charge near the palace waterfall) in 896, he seems to have continuously carried out reforms to strengthen the power of kokushi (provincial governors), such as kokushi ukeoi to make kokushi collect all local taxes in their provinces, and making each province pay the salary directly from iden (fields given based on ikai, the court rank) without going through the minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs).

• この法令によって意図されたものとしては、今後の室町幕府の土地に関する基本的原則と所領訴訟に対する姿勢が確立して、結果的には守護領国制が事実上公認されたこと、半済から守られることとなった天皇家や摂関家との関係を強化して後年の義満による朝廷・院政支配への道を開いたことの意味の方が大きいと言える。
• Among the goals in the enactment of this law, the following points can be regarded as more significant than others: First, the basic principles of administration of territories and the basic approach toward litigation over territories were established by the Muromachi bakufu, resulting in the de facto recognition of the Shugo-ryogoku system; second, the relationships with the Imperial family and Sekkan-ke, both of which were exempt from hanzei by this law, were strengthened, clearing the way for Yoshimitsu to rule over the Imperial Court and the Retired Emperor in later years.

• それでも明応7年（1498年）頃より京都の住民に対する地子銭徴収が次第に増加していったこと、永正5年（1508年）以後の酒屋役徴収の強化命令が幕府から出されている事から、この時期に京都の人口回復が軌道に乗り出したと考えられ、明応9年の祇園祭の前後数年間が京都の本格的な復興期と考えられている。
• Yet, considering that the sum of jishi sen (miscellaneous taxes imposed on fields and houses under the manorial system) collected from Kyoto residents from around 1498 and the issuance of a Bakufu order for a more strict collection of sakaya yaku (taxes imposed on sake breweries by the Muromachi Bakufu) in 1508, the population of Kyoto presumably began to increase steadily again; the few years before and after the Gion Festival in 1500 are regarded as the phase of the real recovery of the city.

• 地方公共団体は、自らの事務及び事業に関し温室効果ガスの排出の量の削減並びに吸収作用の保全及び強化のための措置を講ずるとともに、その区域の事業者又は住民が温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等に関して行う活動の促進を図るため、前項に規定する施策に関する情報の提供その他の措置を講ずるように努めるものとする。
• Local governments shall take measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to maintain and improve greenhouse gas absorption with regard to their own administration and undertakings, and shall endeavor to provide information and take other measures with regard to the steps prescribed in the preceding paragraph, in order to promote activities by businesses and residents in their local areas concerning the control of greenhouse gases.

• 国は、生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用に関する施策を適正に策定し、及び実施するため、関係省庁相互間の連携の強化を図るとともに、地方公共団体、事業者、国民、民間の団体、生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用に関し専門的な知識を有する者等の多様な主体と連携し、及び協働するよう努めるものとする。
• The government shall, for the purpose of properly formulating and implementing policies for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, aim at strengthening mutual coordination among relevant ministries and agencies, and endeavor to coordinate and cooperate with diversified bodies, including local governments, businesses, citizens, private bodies and persons who have expert knowledge about conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

• 特許庁長官は、自己の特許出願について出願審査の請求をする者が次に掲げる者であって産業技術力の強化を図るため特に必要なものとして政令で定める要件に該当する者であるときは、政令で定めるところにより、特許法第百九十五条第二項の規定により納付すべき出願審査の請求の手数料を軽減し、又は免除することができる。
• When a person who is listed in the following items and satisfies the requirements specified by Cabinet Order as being one particularly needed to promote the enhancement of Industrial Technology Capability, requests examination of his own patent application, the Commissioner of the Japan Patent Office may, pursuant to provisions of Cabinet Order, grant the person a reduction of, or exemption from the fee for requesting the examination of patent application payable pursuant to the provisions of the Patent Act Article 195, paragraph 2.

• 特許庁長官は、特許法第百七条第一項の規定による第一年から第三年までの各年分の特許料を納付すべき者が次に掲げる者であって産業技術力の強化を図るため特に必要なものとして政令で定める要件に該当する者であるときは、政令で定めるところにより、特許料を軽減し若しくは免除し、又はその納付を猶予することができる。
• When a person who should pay annual patent fees for each year from the first to the third year pursuant to the provisions of Article 107, paragraph 1 of the Patent Act is a person listed in the following and meets the requirements specified by Cabinet Order as being a person particularly needed to promote the enhancement of Industrial Technology Capability, the Commissioner of the Japan Patent Office may, pursuant to provisions of Cabinet Order, grant the person a reduction of, exemption from, or deferment of the payment of the patent fees.

• 締約国は、その自由な諸制度を強化することにより、これらの制度の基礎をなす原則の理解を促進することにより、並びに安定及び福祉の条件を助長することによって、平和的かつ友好的な国際関係の一層の発展に貢献する。締約国は、その国際経済政策におけるくい違いを除くことに努め、また、両国の間の経済的協力を促進する。
• The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between them.

• 同宣言には「日本国政府ハ日本国国民ノ間ニ於ケル民主主義的傾向ノ復活強化ニ対スル一切ノ障礙ヲ除去スベシ」「言論、宗教及思想ノ自由並ニ基本的人権ノ尊重ハ確立セラルベシ」等と定められたため、ダグラス・マッカーサー率いる連合国軍最高司令官総司令部（GHQ/SCAP）は、大日本帝国憲法の改正を日本政府に求めた。
• According to the sentences of the declaration, 'the Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people' and 'Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established,' the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) led by Douglas MACARTHUR demanded modification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.

• 多くに場合、個々人は特定のことがらを、平均すると、政府官僚ほどうまくやれないかもしれないが、それにもかかわらず、自分の精神的教育の手段として、つまり、その行動能力を強化し、判断を訓練し、彼らに委ねることでその課題の一般的知識を習得させるやり方として、政府が行なうより、個人が行なうほうが望ましいのです。
• In many cases, though individuals may not do the particular thing so well, on the average, as the officers of government, it is nevertheless desirable that it should be done by them, rather than by the government, as a means to their own mental education―a mode of strengthening their active faculties, exercising their judgment, and giving them a familiar knowledge of the subjects with which they are thus left to deal.

• 打ち上げ用の飛しょう体の推進装置の部分品であって、第五号、第七号又は前号のいずれかに該当する推進装置に使用するように設計したもののうち、第四条第十二号又は同条第十五号に該当する金属マトリックス複合材、有機複合材、セラミックマトリックス又は金属間化合物強化材料を用いたもの（第六号又は第八号に掲げるものを除く。）
• Among components of propulsion equipment of spacecrafts used for launching which are designed for use in propulsion equipment that falls under any of item (v), item (vii) or the preceding item, those using metal matrix composites, organic composites, ceramic matrices or intermetallic compound reinforcing materials which fall under Article 4, item (xii) or Article 4, item (xv) (excluding those listed in item (vi) or item (viii))

• こうして形成された薩摩藩への悪評（世論も大きな影響を持っていた）は薩摩藩の京都・大坂での活動に大きな支障となったので、西郷は6月11日に大坂留守居木場伝内に上坂中の薩摩商人の取締りを命じ、往来手形を持参していない商人らにも帰国するよう命じ、併せて藩内での取締りも強化し、藩命を以て大商人らを上坂させぬように処置した。
• The bad reputation that the Satsuma Domain had rested on things like this, and caused them no small interruption of their activities in Kyoto and Osaka, Saigo was ordered by Dennai KOBA of Osaka Rusui to regulate the activeity of the merchant of Satsuma who is in Osaka on June 11, and he gave the order to merchants who did not have Orai-tegata (travel permit) to go return to their points of origin, and also made strict regulations in the domain, and took measures against merchants coming to Osaka by command of domain.

• 国は、森林、林業並びに林産物の流通及び加工に関する技術の研究開発及び普及の効果的な推進を図るため、これらの技術の研究開発の目標の明確化、国、独立行政法人、都道府県及び地方独立行政法人の試験研究機関、大学、民間等の連携の強化、地域の特性に応じた森林及び林業に関する技術の普及事業の推進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as setting specific goals for research and development of technology, enhancing the partnerships among laboratories of national, independent administrative agencies, local governments, local independent administrative agencies, universities, and private bodies, and promoting dissemination of forest and forestry technologies that suit the regional characteristics, in order to effectively promote research and development and dissemination of the technologies relevant to the forest and forestry distribution and processing.

• こ の法律は、産業集積が地域経済の活性化に果たす役割の重要性にかんがみ、企業立地の促進等による地域における産業集積の形成及び活性化のために地方公共団 体が行う主体的かつ計画的な取組を効果的に支援するための措置を講ずることにより、地域経済の自律的発展の基盤の強化を図り、もって国民経済の健全な発展 に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, in consideration of the significance of the role played by industrial clusters in developing local economies, to strengthen the foundation of the self-sustaining growth of local economies by taking necessary measures to effectively assist independent and planned efforts being made by local public entities for the formation and development of regional industrial clusters through promotion of the establishment of new business facilities, etc., and thereby contribute to the sound development of the national economy.

• 社会不安の高まりと相次ぐ災害に憂慮をした一条天皇及び内覧左大臣藤原道長を中心とした朝廷は、7月11日、内裏の再建を決定するとともに、神仏の信仰を通じた社会不安の沈静化と法規制の強化による秩序の回復を目指して仏神事違例（仏事・神事における違反）と制美服行約倹事（服装の贅沢禁止）に関する審議が行われた（『小右記』・『権記』）。
• The Imperial Court, including Emperor Ichijo and nairan sadaijin (minister of the left who has a right to read and deal with documents before reporting to the Emperor from Daijokan, the Great Council of State) FUJIWARA no Michinaga, was so concerned about growing social unrest and a series of disasters that it decided to rebuild the dairi on July 11 and discussed unconventionality in the Buddhist and the Shinto rituals as well as a ban on luxurious dressing, in order to subdue social unrest through a belief in God and to restore order by reinforcing control. ('Shoyuki' (the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke), 'Gonki' (FUJIWARA no Yukinari's diary))

• 高度情報通信ネットワーク社会の形成は、電子商取引その他の高度情報通信ネットワークを利用した経済活動（以下「電子商取引等」という。）の促進、中小企業者その他の事業者の経営の能率及び生産性の向上、新たな事業の創出並びに就業の機会の増大をもたらし、もって経済構造改革の推進及び産業の国際競争力の強化に寄与するものでなければならない。
• The formation of an advanced information and telecommunications network society shall encourage electronic commerce and other economic activities that depend on advanced information and telecommunications networks (hereinafter referred to as 'electronic commerce, etc.'), improvement in the management efficiency and productivity of small and medium enterprise operators and other business operators, creation of new businesses and increased employment opportunities, thereby facilitating economic structural reforms and reinforcing international industrial competitiveness.

• この法律は、我が国の産業技術力の強化に関し、国、地方公共団体、大学及び事業者の責務を明らかにするとともに、産業技術力の強化に関する施策の基本となる事項を定め、併せて産業技術力の強化を支援するための措置を講ずることにより、我が国産業の持続的な発展を図り、もって国民生活の安定向上及び国民経済の健全な発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to further sustainable development of Japanese industries, by clarifying the responsibilities of the national government, local governments, universities and business operators in regard to enhancing the our nation's industrial technology capability, stipulating provisions to form the basis of policies concerning enhancing industrial technology capability, and taking measures to support enhancing industrial technology capability, and thereby to contribute to the stabilization and improvement of the general welfare of the life of the citizens and to the sound development of the national economy.

• 政府及び地方公共団体は、京都議定書目標達成計画に定められた温室効果ガスの吸収の量に関する目標を達成するため、森林・林業基本法（昭和三十九年法律第百六十一号）第十一条第一項に規定する森林・林業基本計画その他の森林の整備及び保全又は緑地の保全及び緑化の推進に関する計画に基づき、温室効果ガスの吸収作用の保全及び強化を図るものとする。
• In order to attain the targets prescribed in the Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan regarding the amount of absorption of greenhouse gases, the national government and local governments shall take steps to maintain and improve greenhouse gas sinks, based on the basic plan for forests and forestry as prescribed in Article 11, Paragraph (1) of the Basic Law on Forests and Forestry (Law No. 161 of 1964) and other plans regarding afforestation, greening, and the preservation of forests and other green spaces.

• 国は、効率的かつ安定的な漁業経営を育成するため、経営意欲のある漁業者が創意工夫を生かした漁業経営を展開できるようにすることが重要であることにかんがみ、漁業の種類及び地域の特性に応じ、経営管理の合理化に資する条件の整備、漁船その他の施設の整備の促進、事業の共同化の推進その他漁業経営基盤の強化の促進に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall, in view of importance of enabling motivated fishery operators to develop creative fishery management, take measures such as improvement of conditions that helps management rationalization, promotion of improvement of fishing boats and other facilities, promotion of joint operation of business and others necessary for the promotion of reinforcement of fishery management infrastructure to develop efficient and stable fishery management.

• いっぽう幕権強化・雄藩連合などの様々な思惑を孕みつつ、文久3年12月に徳川慶喜・松平春嶽・松平容保・伊達宗城（宇和島藩主）・島津久光による参預会議が開催され、神奈川鎖港談判、長州藩の処置、大坂港の防備強化などの議題が話し合われたが、将軍後見職の徳川慶喜の非協力的態度に春嶽・久光らが反撥して帰国したため、早くも翌年3月には崩壊。
• Leaving various ideas, such as reinforcing the power of the bakufu, and the alliance of major clans, as they were, a council meeting was held on December 1863 by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Munenari DATE (the lord of Uwajima clan), and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU to discuss the condition of the port of Kanagawa, the treatment of the Choshu clan, and strengthening the defences of the port of Osaka, but it failed as early as in March 1864, when Shungaku and Hisamitsu became upset with Yoshino TOKUGAWA, a guardian of the shogun, who was not cooperative at all.

• 特許庁長官は、特許法（昭和三十四年法律第百二十一号）第百七条第一項の規定による第一年から第三年までの各年分の特許料を納付すべき者が次に掲げる者であって産業技術力の強化を図るため特に必要なものとして政令で定める要件に該当する者であるときは、政令で定めるところにより、特許料を軽減し若しくは免除し、又はその納付を猶予することができる。
• When a person who should pay patent fees for each year from the first to the third year pursuant to the provisions of Article 107, paragraph 1 of the Patent Act (Act No.121 of 1956) is a person listed in the following items and meets the requirements specified by Cabinet Order as being a person particularly needed to promote the enhancement of Industrial Technology Capability, the Commissioner of the Japan Patent Office may, pursuant to provisions of Cabinet Order, grant the person a reduction of, exemption from or deferment of the payment of the patent fees.

• ただし、寺院と神社では支配の傾向に違いがあり、寺院では荘園領主としての権限が複数の職の体系に分割されずに一元的な支配が行われるか、寺院本体とそこに属する院家の間で分割され、他者の参入を防ごうとしたが、14世紀になると武士による侵略に晒されたために、寺院周辺の荘園における直務支配を強化して確実に加地子得分の確保を目指すようになった。
• The state of rule differed between the temple and shrine -- In the temples, the right of shoen ryoshu (estate proprietor) was not divided into multiple positions in a system and the estate was put under centralized control, or alternatively, the right was divided between the main temple and inge (temple next in rank of monzeki that had imperial connections), that belonged to the main temple, to prevent an invasion from outside; but in fourteenth century, as the temples were exposed to invasions of bushi, the temples enhanced its direct rule in the shoen near the precinct of the temple to secure its kajishi (additional tax).

• 参加極は、自発的な研究開発として、物理データベースを更に強化するとともに、外挿する上での不確実性の範囲が減少でき、かつ、可能なＩＴＥＲ運転に対するより広範囲なオプションが探求できるように物理的探求を行ってきた。ＩＴＥＲの物理Ｒ＆Ｄは、ＩＴＥＲ物理委員会の調整のもとで、表6-1に示されるように７つの専門家グループによって実施された。
• On a voluntary basis, the Parties have conducted well-focused physics investigations that strengthen further the physics database, reduce the ranges of uncertainty in extrapolation and explore wider options for possible ITER operation. The ITER Physics R&D [5] has been carried out by seven Expert Groups, under the coordination of the ITER Physics Committee, as given in Table 6-1.

• 事業者は、我が国産業の発展において知的財産が果たす役割の重要性にかんがみ、基本理念にのっとり、活力ある事業活動を通じた生産性の向上、事業基盤の強化等を図ることができるよう、当該事業者若しくは他の事業者が創造した知的財産又は大学等で創造された知的財産の積極的な活用を図るとともに、当該事業者が有する知的財産の適切な管理に努めるものとする。
• In light of the importance of the role that intellectual property plays in the development of Japanese industry, business operators shall, in accordance with the basic principles, endeavor for positive exploitation of the intellectual property that is created by themselves or by other business operators and the intellectual property that is created by universities, etc. as well as for proper management of their own intellectual property in order to increase their productivity and reinforce their business foundation through vigorous business activities.

• 国は、大学等における技術に関する研究成果の民間事業者への移転の促進に関する法律（平成十年法律第五十二号）第十二条第一項の認定を受けた者が同項の特定試験研究機関の施設を同項に規定する事業の用に供する場合であって、産業技術力の強化を図るため特に必要であると認めるときは、当該認定を受けた者に対し、当該特定試験研究機関の施設を無償で使用させることができる。
• When an entity which has received accreditation pursuant to the Article 12, paragraph 1 of the Act on the Promotion of Technology Transfer from Universities to Private Industry (Act No. 52 of 1998), provides the facilities of a Specified Research and Development Institute of the same paragraph for use of business prescribed in the same paragraph and that the national government finds that the facilities are particularly necessary for promoting the enhancement of Industrial Technology Capability, the national government may allow said entity which has received accreditation to use the facilities of said Specified Research and Development Institute without charge.

• 国は、技術経営力の強化が産業技術力の強化に重要であることにかんがみ、事業者が広く技術革新の動向を把握する上で有用な将来の技術に関する見通しの提示、技術経営力の強化に寄与する人材の養成及び資質の向上、事業者が研究及び開発の成果を事業活動において効率的かつ円滑に活用することができる環境の整備その他技術経営力の強化の促進のために必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• Considering that enhancing Technology Management Capability is important for enhancing Industrial Technology Capability, the national government shall take necessary measures for promoting the enhancing of Technology Management Capability, such as presenting forecasts concerning useful future technologies for business operators to comprehensively grasp the trends of technological innovations, training the human resources who will contribute to enhancing Technology Management Capability and improving the qualities thereof, thus maintaining an environment in which business operators can efficiently and smoothly utilize the results of research and development in carrying out business activities, etc.

• 高度情報通信ネットワーク社会の形成に関する施策の策定に当たっては、急速な技術の革新が、今後の高度情報通信ネットワーク社会の発展の基盤であるとともに、我が国産業の国際競争力の強化をもたらす源泉であることにかんがみ、情報通信技術について、国、地方公共団体、大学、事業者等の相互の密接な連携の下に、創造性のある研究開発が推進されるよう必要な措置が講じられなければならない。
• Strategies developed to form an advanced information and telecommunications network society shall ensure that the necessary action is taken to promote creative research and development for information and telecommunications technologies in close mutual coordination among the Government of Japan, local public entities, universities, business operators and other parties, given that rapid technological innovation is the foundation of future expansion of the advanced information and telecommunications network society and a source of reinforcement of Japan's international industrial competitiveness.

• 国は、自らの事務及び事業に関し、温室効果ガスの排出の量の削減並びに吸収作用の保全及び強化のための措置を講ずるとともに、温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等のための地方公共団体の施策を支援し、及び事業者、国民又はこれらの者の組織する民間の団体（以下「民間団体等」という。）が温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等に関して行う活動の促進を図るため、技術的な助言その他の措置を講ずるように努めるものとする。
• The national government shall take measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to maintain and improve greenhouse gas absorption with regard to its own administration and undertakings, support the programs of local government bodies for the control of greenhouse gases, and endeavor to provide technical advice and other measures to promote activities by businesses, citizens, and private groups organized by businesses or citizens (hereinafter referred to as 'private entities') with regard to the control of greenhouse gases.

• 技術経営力の強化は、それが前項に規定する産業技術力の強化に資するものであることにかんがみ、事業者が研究及び開発を行うに当たり、自らの競争力の現状及び技術革新の動向を適確に把握するとともに、その将来の事業活動の在り方を展望することが重要であること、並びに現在の事業分野にかかわらず広く知見を探究し、これにより得られた知識を融合して活用することが重要であることを踏まえて、行われるものとする。
• In light of the fact that enhancing Technology Management Capability contributes to the enhancing of Industrial Technology Capability as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the enhancement of Technology Management Capability shall be carried out based on the premise that when business operators engage in research and development, it is important for said business operators to accurately grasp the current status of their competitiveness and the trends of technical innovation, and it is also important for said business operators to seek broad knowledge regardless of their current business field and to assimilate the knowledge thus obtained and utilize it.

• この法律は、科学技術（人文科学のみに係るものを除く。以下同じ。）に関 する試験、研究及び開発（以下「研究等」という。）を行う者（以下「研究者等」という。）による先端大型研究施設の共用を促進するための措置を講ずること により、研究等の基盤の強化を図るとともに、研究等に係る機関及び研究者等の相互の間の交流による研究者等の多様な知識の融合等を図り、もって科学技術の 振興に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, by taking measures for promoting public utilization of advanced large research facilities by persons engaged in testing, research and development (hereinafter referred to as the 'Researchers, etc.') concerning science and technology (excluding those pertaining only to humanities and social sciences; the same shall apply hereinafter) (hereinafter referred to as the 'Researches, etc.'), to facilitate reinforcement of the basis of the Researches, etc. as well as integration etc. of various knowledge held by the Researchers, etc. through exchange among institutions pertaining to the Researches, etc. and the Researchers, etc., thereby contributing to the development of science and technology.

• これによって一見すると守護大名の領域に治外法権地域が生まれる事になり、室町幕府の支配系統に障害が生じたかのように見られるが、実態はそれとは反対で守護領国制の強化によって守護大名による領国一円支配を阻止してその勢力拡大を抑制するとともに、特権を受けた御家人層は幕府権力への依存を強めてこの権利を維持しようと図り、幕府にとっては守護大名に対抗するための政治的・経済的・軍事的な基盤を支える支持の形成に効果があった。
• Although this could have apparently produced a chigaihoken (extraterritoriality) area in the domains of shugo daimyo and seems to have caused an obstacle in ruling systems of the Muromachi bakufu, in fact, contrary to that, by tightening of the shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a shugo dominates a manor), it prevented shugo daimyo from executing ryogoku ichien shihai (ruling the whole region of the territory) and suppressed expansion of his power, and at the same time, the privileged gokenin class tried to maintain this privilege by increasing dependence on the bakufu powers, which helped the bakufu form support for political, economic, and military bases to confront the shugo daimyo.

• 産業技術力の強化は、産業技術力が産業構造の変化、技術の進歩等の内外の経済的環境の変化に適確に対応して我が国産業の持続的な発展を図るための基盤であることにかんがみ、我が国産業の発展を支えてきた技術の改良に係る産業技術の水準の維持及び向上を図りつつ、国、地方公共団体、大学及び事業者の相互の密接な連携の下に、創造性のある研究及び開発を行うとともに、その成果の企業化を行う能力を強化することを基本として行われるものとする。
• In light of the fact that Industrial Technology Capability is the foundation for furthering sustainable development of Japanese industries by accurately responding to changes in the internal and external economic environment, such as changes in industrial structure and technological progress, etc., Industrial Technology Capability shall be enhanced with the basic objectives of enhancing the capability to implement creative research and development under mutually close coordination of the national government, local governments, universities and business operators, and of enhancing the capability to implement the commercialization of results thereof, based on a foundation of striving to maintain and improve the industrial technology standards related to technology improvement that have supported our nation's industrial development.

• 前項に規定するもののほか、耐震強化施設である桟橋の要求性能にあっては、レベル二地震動等の作用による損傷等が、軽微な修復によるレベル二地震動の作用後に当該桟橋に必要とされる機能の回復に影響を及ぼさないこととする。ただし、当該桟橋が置かれる自然状況、社会状況等により、更に耐震性を必要とする桟橋の要求性能にあっては、レベル二地震動の作用後に当該桟橋に必要とされる機能を損なわず継続して使用することに影響を及ぼさないこととする。
• In addition to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the performance requirements for piled piers which are classified as high earthquake-resistance facilities shall be such that the damage due to Level 2 earthquake ground motions and other actions do not affect the rehabilitation of the functions required of the piers concerned in the aftermath of the occurrence of Level 2 earthquake ground motions. Provided, however, that as for the performance requirements for the piled pier which requires further improvement in earthquake-resistant performance due to environmental conditions, social or other conditions to which the pier concerned is subjected, the damage due to said actions shall not adversely affect the rehabilitation through minor repair works of the functions of the pier concerned and its continued use.

• 国は、産業技術力の強化を図るため、国の試験研究機関の研究者がその研究成果を活用する事業を実施する営利を目的とする私企業を営むことを目的とする会社その他の団体（次項において「研究成果利用会社等」という。）の役員、顧問若しくは評議員の職を兼ねることが当該研究成果の事業者への移転の促進にとって重要な意義を有することに配慮しつつ、当該研究成果を活用する事業を実施する事業者に対する支援に必要な措置を講ずるよう努めなければならない。
• In order to enhance Industrial Technology Capability, the national government, shall endeavor to take necessary measures to provide support to the business operators who will implement businesses that utilize said research results, taking into account the fact that it has an important meaning in the promotion of transfers of said research results to business operators, for researchers at national Research and Development Institutes to jointly hold positions as officers, advisors or councilors in companies and other organizations whose purpose is to conduct for-profit private enterprise to implement businesses utilizing the results of that research (referred to in the next paragraph as 'Research Results Utilizing Companies, etc.').

• 地方公共団体は、産業技術力の強化を図るため、公立大学等（学校教育法第一条に規定する大学及び高等専門学校であって地方公共団体が設置するものをいう。）及び地方公共団体の試験研究機関の研究者が研究成果利用会社等の役員、顧問若しくは評議員の職を兼ねることが当該研究成果の事業者への移転の促進にとって重要な意義を有することに配慮しつつ、当該研究成果を活用する事業を実施する事業者に対する支援に必要な措置を講ずるよう努めなければならない。
• In order to enhance Industrial Technology Capability, local governments shall endeavor to take necessary measures to provide support to the business operators who will implement businesses that utilize said research results, taking into account the fact that it has an important meaning in the promotion of transfers of said research results to business operators, for researchers at universities, etc. (meaning entities that are universities or national colleges of technology as prescribed in Article 1 of the School Education Act and are established by local governments) and Research and Development Institute of local governments to jointly hold positions as officers, advisors or councilors of Research Results Utilizing Companies, etc.

• この法律は、雇用対策法（昭和四十一年法律第百三十二号）と相まつて、職業訓練及び職業能力検定の内容の充実強化及びその実施の円滑化のための施策並びに労働者が自ら職業に関する教育訓練又は職業能力検定を受ける機会を確保するための施策等を総合的かつ計画的に講ずることにより、職業に必要な労働者の能力を開発し、及び向上させることを促進し、もつて、職業の安定と労働者の地位の向上を図るとともに、経済及び社会の発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act, together with the Employment Countermeasures Act (Act No. 132 of 1966), is to promote the development and improvement of the abilities workers need for their jobs, by way of comprehensively and systematically taking measures for enriching and smoothly carrying out vocational training and vocational ability tests and measures for ensuring that there are opportunities for workers to receive educational training on the job or vocational ability tests voluntarily, and thereby to ensure security of employment and improvement of the status of workers, as well as to contribute to the development of the economy and society as a whole.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、児童買春の相手方となったこと、児童ポルノに描写されたこと等により心身に有害な影響を受けた児童について専門的知識に基づく保護を適切に行うことができるよう、これらの児童の保護に関する調査研究の推進、これらの児童の保護を行う者の資質の向上、これらの児童が緊急に保護を必要とする場合における関係機関の連携協力体制の強化、これらの児童の保護を行う民間の団体との連携協力体制の整備等必要な体制の整備に努めるものとする。
• In order to enable proper protection based on expert knowledge with regard to children who have suffered physical and mental damage as a result of having been a party to child prostitution or of having been depicted in child pornography, the national and local governments shall endeavor to establish and improve the systems necessary for promoting research and studies, improve the quality of those protecting such children, reinforce the systems of cooperation and liaison among the administrative organs in cases where there is urgent need of protection, and arrange systems of cooperation and liaison with private organizations.

• 前項に規定するもののほか、耐震強化施設である岸壁の要求性能にあっては、レベル二地震動等の作用による損傷等が、軽微な修復によるレベル二地震動の作用後に当該岸壁に必要とされる機能の回復に影響を及ぼさないこととする。ただし、当該岸壁が置かれる自然状況、社会状況等により、更に耐震性を向上させる必要がある岸壁の要求性能にあっては、レベル二地震動の作用後に当該岸壁に必要とされる機能を損なわず継続して使用することに影響を及ぼさないこととする。
• In addition to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the performance requirements for wharves which are classified as high earthquake-resistance facilities shall be such that the damage due to the action of Level 2 earthquake ground motions and other actions do not affect the rehabilitation through minor repair works of the functions required for the wharf concerned in the aftermath of the occurrence of Level 2 earthquake ground motions. Provided, however, that for the performance requirements for the wharf which requires further improvement in earthquake-resistant performance due to environmental conditions, social conditions or other conditions to which the wharf concerned is subjected, the damage due to said actions shall not affect the rehabilitation through minor repair works of the functions of the wharf concerned and its continued use.

• 第一項に規定するもののほか、耐震強化施設を構成する部材の要求性能にあっては、レベル二地震動等の作用による損傷等が、軽微な修復によるレベル二地震動の作用後に当該施設に必要とされる機能の回復に影響を及ぼさないこととする。ただし、当該施設が置かれる自然状況、社会状況等により、更に耐震性を必要とする施設を構成する部材の要求性能にあっては、レベル二地震動の作用後に当該施設に必要とされる機能を損なわず継続して使用することに影響を及ぼさないこととする。
• In addition to the provisions of the preceding paragraph (1), the performance requirements for the structural members comprising high earthquake-resistance facilities shall be such that the damage due to Level 2 earthquake ground motions or other actions do not affect rehabilitation through minor repair works of the functions required of the facilities concerned in the aftermath of the occurrence of Level 2 earthquake ground motions. Provided, however, that the structural members comprising the facilities in which higher earthquake-resistant performance is required due to environmental conditions and social circumstances surrounding the facilities concerned shall maintain the functions required of the facilities concerned in the aftermath of the occurrence of Level 2 earthquake ground motions for the continuous use of the facilities without impairing their functions.

• 知的財産の創造、保護及び活用に関する施策の推進は、創造性のある研究及び開発の成果の円滑な企業化を図り、知的財産を基軸とする新たな事業分野の開拓並びに経営の革新及び創業を促進することにより、我が国産業の技術力の強化及び活力の再生、地域における経済の活性化、並びに就業機会の増大をもたらし、もって我が国産業の国際競争力の強化及び内外の経済的環境の変化に的確に対応した我が国産業の持続的な発展に寄与するものとなることを旨として、行われなければならない。
• Measures for the creation, protection and exploitation of intellectual property shall be promoted with the objective of achieving an intensification of the technical capabilities of Japanese industry and the revitalization of the industry, the activation of the local economy, and an increase in job opportunities, thereby contributing to the intensification of the international competitiveness of Japanese industry and a sustainable development of Japanese industry that precisely responds to the changes in the economic environment at home and abroad, through encouraging smooth transfer of the results of creative Research and Development into commercial use and promoting the development of new business fields, management innovation and business startups, all of which are based on intellectual property.

• 国土形成計画は、我が国及び世界における人口、産業その他の社会経済構造の変化に的確に対応し、その特性に応じて自立的に発展する地域社会、国際競争力の強化及び科学技術の振興等による活力ある経済社会、安全が確保された国民生活並びに地球環境の保全にも寄与する豊かな環境の基盤となる国土を実現するよう、我が国の自然的、経済的、社会的及び文化的諸条件を維持向上させる国土の形成に関する施策を、当該施策に係る国内外の連携の確保に配意しつつ、適切に定めるものとする。
• National Spatial Strategies shall appropriately formulate measures for the spatial development to maintain and improve the natural, economic, social and cultural conditions of Japan, while paying attention to securing domestic and international coordination pertaining to the said measures, in order to appropriately respond to the changes in social and economic structures including population and industry in Japan and the world and realize a national land that acts as the foundation of: local communities that independently develop in accordance with their own characteristics; a vital economy and society through the enhancement of international competitiveness, promotion of science and technology, etc.; citizens' lives for which safety is secured; and a rich environment which also contributes to the preservation of the global environment.

• 地方公共団体は、その地方の自然的条件の特殊性又は公共施設の整備、建築物の建築その他の土地利用の現状及び将来の見通しを勘案し、前項の政令で定める技術的細目のみによつては環境の保全、災害の防止及び利便の増進を図ることが困難であると認められ、又は当該技術的細目によらなくとも環境の保全、災害の防止及び利便の増進上支障がないと認められる場合においては、政令で定める基準に従い、条例で、当該技術的細目において定められた制限を強化し、又は緩和することができる。
• In cases where, in consideration of the special nature of local natural conditions and the present state and future prospects for development of public facilities, construction of buildings and other land use conditions, it is deemed difficult to realize preservation of the environment, prevention of disasters and promotion of conveniences only by detailed technical provisions specified by Cabinet Order set forth in the preceding paragraph, or cases where it is deemed that no impediments to preservation of the environment, prevention of disaster and promotion of conveniences will arise even if the said detailed technical provisions are not followed, local governments may strengthen or relax restrictions established by the said detailed technical provisions by ordinance in accordance with the standard specified by Cabinet Order.

• 国は、排他的経済水域等（排他的経済水域及び大陸棚に関する法律（平成八年法律第七十四号）第一条第一項の排他的経済水域及び同法第二条の大陸棚をいう。以下同じ。）の開発、利用、保全等（以下「排他的経済水域等の開発等」という。）に関する取組の強化を図ることの重要性にかんがみ、海域の特性に応じた排他的経済水域等の開発等の推進、排他的経済水域等における我が国の主権的権利を侵害する行為の防止その他の排他的経済水域等の開発等の推進のために必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The State, in consideration of the fact that it is important to strengthen the efforts with regard to the development, use and conservation and others of the Exclusive Economic Zone and other areas (the term 'the Exclusive Economic Zone and other areas' shall means the Exclusive Economic Zone defined by Article 1, paragraph (1) of the Law on the Excusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf (Law No.74 of 1996) and Continental Shelf defined by Article 2 of the Law. The same shall apply hereinafter)(hereinafter referred to as 'Development and others of the Exclusive Economic Zone and other areas') shall take necessary measures in order to promote the Development and others of the Exclusive Economic Zone and other areas including the Development and others of the Exclusive Economic Zone and other areas according to the characteristics of its sea areas, prevention of the infringement on the sovereign rights of our State in the Exclusive Economic Zone and other areas and execution of others.

• 前項に規定するもののほか、耐震強化施設である係留施設の附帯設備の要求性能にあっては、レベル二地震動等の作用による損傷等が、軽微な修復によるレベル二地震動の作用後に当該設備に必要とされる機能の回復に影響を及ぼさないこととする。ただし、当該設備が置かれる自然状況、社会状況等により、更に耐震性を向上させる必要がある施設の附帯設備の要求性能にあっては、レベル二地震動の作用後に当該設備に必要とされる機能を損なわず継続して使用することに影響を及ぼさないこととする。
• In addition to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the performance requirements for the ancillary facilities for mooring facilities which are classified as high earthquake-resistance facilities shall be such that the damage due to Level 2 earthquake ground motions and other actions do not affect the rehabilitation through minor repair works of the functions required of the piers concerned in the aftermath of the occurrence of Level 2 earthquake ground motions. Provided, however, that as for the performance requirements for the ancillary facilities of the mooring facilities which require further improvement in earthquake-resistant performance due to the environmental conditions, social or other conditions to which the pier concerned is subjected, the damage due to said actions shall not adversely affect the rehabilitation through minor repair works of the functions of the facilities concerned and their continued use.

• 気象庁長官は、地象、地動、地球磁気、地球電気及び水象の観測及び研究並びに地震に関する土地及び水域の測量の成果に基づき、大規模地震対策特別措置法（昭和五十三年法律第七十三号）第三条第一項に規定する地震防災対策強化地域に係る大規模な地震が発生するおそれがあると認めるときは、直ちに、政令で定めるところにより、発生のおそれがあると認める地震に関する情報（当該地震の発生により生ずるおそれのある津波の予想に関する情報を含む。）を内閣総理大臣に報告しなければならない。
• When the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency finds a risk, based on the results of observations and research with regard to terrestrial phenomena, tremors and ground deformations, terrestrial magnetism, terrestrial electricity, hydrological phenomena, and surveys of land and water-areas concerning earthquakes, of the occurrence of a large-scale earthquake pertaining to the Areas for Intensified Measures against Earthquake Disasters prescribed in Article 3, paragraph (1) of the Act on Special Measures for Large-scale Earthquakes (Act No. 73 of 1978), he/she shall, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, immediately report to the Prime Minister information concerning the earthquake at risk of occurring (including information concerning prediction of a potential tsunami caused by the earthquake event).

• 前項第一号及び第二号に規定するもののほか、耐震強化施設に接続する道路に係る橋梁の要求性能にあっては、レベル二地震動の作用による損傷等が、軽微な修復によるレベル二地震動の作用後に当該橋梁に必要とされる機能の回復に影響を及ぼさないこととする。ただし、当該橋梁が置かれる自然状況、社会状況等により、更に耐震性を向上させる必要がある橋梁の要求性能にあっては、レベル二地震動の作用後に当該橋梁に必要とされる機能を損なわず継続して使用することに影響を及ぼさないこととする。
• In addition to the requirements provided in items (i) and (ii) of the preceding paragraph, the performance requirements for the bridge constituting a part of a road which is connected to high earthquake-resistance facilities shall be such that the damage due to Level 2 earthquake ground motions and other actions do not affect rehabilitation through minor repair works of the functions required of the bridge concerned in the aftermath of the occurrence of Level 2 earthquake ground motions. Provided, however, that as for the performance requirements for the bridge which requires further improvement in earthquake-resistant performance due to environmental, social conditions and/or other conditions to which the bridge concerned is subjected, damage due to said actions shall not affect the rehabilitation through minor repair works of the functions of the bridge concerned and its continued use.

• 総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備に当たっては、法による紛争の迅速かつ適切な解決に資するよう、裁判その他の法による紛争の解決のための制度を有効に利用するための情報及び資料のほか、弁護士、弁護士法人及び隣接法律専門職者の業務並びに弁護士会、日本弁護士連合会及び隣接法律専門職者団体（隣接法律専門職者が法律により設立を義務付けられている法人及びその法人が法律により設立を義務付けられている法人をいう。以下同じ。）の活動に関する情報及び資料が提供される態勢の充実強化が図られなければならない。
• When implementing comprehensive legal support and establishing systems, conditions and systems shall be improved and strengthened to facilitate the provision of not only information and data necessary to effectively utilize judicial decisions and other systems for settlement of disputes based on laws, but also information and data concerning the business of attorneys at law, legal professional corporations, and related legal experts and specialists, and the activities of local bar associations, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations, and the associations of related legal experts and specialists (associations which related legal experts and specialists are obligated to establish based on laws or associations which the said associations are obligated to establish based on laws; the same shall apply hereinafter) to enable the prompt and proper settlement of disputes based on laws.

• 総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備に当たっては、国、地方公共団体、弁護士会、日本弁護士連合会及び隣接法律専門職者団体、弁護士、弁護士法人及び隣接法律専門職者、裁判外紛争解決手続（裁判外紛争解決手続の利用の促進に関する法律（平成十六年法律第百五十一号）第一条に規定する裁判外紛争解決手続をいう。第三十条第一項第六号及び第三十二条第三項において同じ。）を行う者、被害者等の援助を行う団体その他の者並びに高齢者又は障害者の援助を行う団体その他の関係する者の間における連携の確保及び強化が図られなければならない。
• When implementing comprehensive legal support and establishing systems, coordination and alliances shall be secured and strengthened among the national government, local governments, local bar associations, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations, the associations of related legal experts and specialists, attorneys at law, legal professional corporations and related legal experts and specialists, persons involved in alternative dispute resolution procedures (the alternative dispute resolution procedures provided for in Article 1 of the Act on Promotion of the Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedures (Act No. 151 of 2004); the same shall apply hereinafter in Article 30, paragraph (1), item (vi) and Article 32, paragraph (3)), organizations and other persons providing assistance for victims and family members, organizations providing assistance for the aged or disabled persons and other related persons.

• 前項に規定するもののほか、災害時に耐震強化施設と一体となって機能を発揮する必要がある荷さばき地の要求性能にあっては、レベル二地震動等の作用による損傷等が、軽微な修復によるレベル二地震動の作用後に当該荷さばき地に必要とされる機能の回復に影響を及ぼさないこととする。ただし、当該荷さばき地が置かれる自然状況、社会状況等により、更に耐震性を向上させる必要がある荷さばき地の要求性能にあっては、レベル二地震動の作用後に当該荷さばき地に必要とされる機能を損なわず継続して使用することに影響を及ぼさないこととする。
• In addition to the requirements specified in the preceding paragraph, the performance requirements for cargo handling areas which need to function in an integrated manner with high earthquake-resistance facilities during disasters shall be such that the damage due to Level 2 earthquake ground motions and other actions do not affect rehabilitation through minor repair works of the functions required of the areas concerned in the aftermath of the occurrence of Level 2 earthquake ground motions. Provided, however, that as for the performance requirements for cargo handling areas which require further improvement in earthquake-resistant performance due to environmental, social and/or other conditions to which the cargo handling areas concerned are subjected, the damage due to said actions shall not affect the rehabilitation through minor repair works of the functions of the cargo handling areas concerned and their continued use.

• 国は、海洋に関する科学技術（以下「海洋科学技術」という。）に関する研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及を図るため、海洋科学技術に関し、研究体制の整備、研究開発の推進、研究者及び技術者の育成、国、独立行政法人（独立行政法人通則法（平成十一年法律第百三号）第二条第一項に規定する独立行政法人をいう。以下同じ。）、都道府県及び地方独立行政法人（地方独立行政法人法（平成十五年法律第百十八号）第二条第一項に規定する地方独立行政法人をいう。以下同じ。）の試験研究機関、大学、民間等の連携の強化その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The State, in order to promote the research and development and to disseminate the result with regard to the science and technology of the oceans (hereinafter referred to as 'Ocean Science and Technology'), shall take necessary measures including establishing the research systems, promoting research and development, nurturing researchers and technicians, strengthening coordination among such research institutions as the State, Incorporated Administrative Agency (referring to the Incorporated Administrative Agency set forth in the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agency (Act No.103 of 1999), Article 2, paragraph (1); the same shall apply hereinafter), the prefecture, and Local Incorporated Administrative Agency (referring to the Local Incorporated Administrative Agency set forth in the Act on Local Incorporated Administrative Agency (Act No.118 of 2003), Article 2, paragraph (1); the same shall apply hereinafter), universities and private bodies, and executing others.

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• 審議会は、前二項に規定するもののほか、森林病害虫等防除法（昭和二十五年法律第五十三号）、国有林野の管理経営に関する法律（昭和二十六年法律第二百四十六号）、森林法（昭和二十六年法律第二百四十九号）、保安林整備臨時措置法（昭和二十九年法律第八十四号）、林業経営基盤の強化等の促進のための資金の融通等に関する暫定措置法（昭和五十四年法律第五十一号）、森林の保健機能の増進に関する特別措置法（平成元年法律第七十一号）及び林業労働力の確保の促進に関する法律（平成八年法律第四十五号）の規定によりその権限に属させられた事項を処理する。
• In addition to the matters provided in the preceding two paragraphs, the Council shall deal with the tasks authorized pursuant to the provisions of the following Acts: Forest Pests and Disease Control Act (Act No. 53 of 1950), Act Concerning Utilization of National Forest Land (Act No.246 of 1951), Forest Act (Act No. 249 of 1951), Temporary Measures Act for Protection Forest Consolidation (Act No. 84 of 1954), Temporary Measures Act Concerning Fund for Improvement of Forestry Management Framework (Act No. 51 of 1979), Special Measures Act for Improvement of Public Health Function of Forests (Act No.71 of 1989), Act Concerning the Securing of forestry Work Force (Act No. 45 of 1996)

• この法律は、原子力災害の特殊性にかんがみ、原子力災害の予防に関する原子力事業者の義務等、原子力緊急事態宣言の発出及び原子力災害対策本部の設置等並びに緊急事態応急対策の実施その他原子力災害に関する事項について特別の措置を定めることにより、核原料物質、核燃料物質及び原子炉の規制に関する法律（昭和三十二年法律第百六十六号。以下「規制法」という。）、災害対策基本法（昭和三十六年法律第二百二十三号）その他原子力災害の防止に関する法律と相まって、原子力災害に対する対策の強化を図り、もって原子力災害から国民の生命、身体及び財産を保護することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to strengthen nuclear disaster control measures, in cooperation with the Act on Regulation of Nuclear Source Materials, Nuclear Fuel Materials and Reactors (Act No. 166 of 1957; hereinafter referred to as the 'Reactor Regulation Act'), the Basic Act on Disaster Control Measures (Act No. 223 of 1961) and other Acts concerning nuclear disaster prevention, by providing special measures for the obligations, etc. of nuclear operators concerning nuclear disaster prevention, the issuance of a declaration of a nuclear emergency situation and the establishment, etc. of nuclear emergency response headquarters, and the implementation of emergency response measures and other matters relating to a nuclear disaster, taking into consideration the particularity of a nuclear disaster, thereby protecting the lives, bodies and properties of citizens from a nuclear disaster.

• 国土交通大臣は、特定重要港湾であって、長距離の国際海上コンテナ運送の用に供され、かつ、同一の民間事業者により一体的に運営され、又は運営されることとなる岸壁その他の係留施設及びこれに附帯する荷さばき施設その他の国土交通省令で定める係留施設以外の港湾施設であって国土交通省令で定める規模以上の国際コンテナ埠頭を有するもののうち、コンテナ取扱量その他の国土交通省令で定める事情を勘案し、当該国際コンテナ埠頭の機能の高度化により当該特定重要港湾の運営の効率化を図ることが国際競争力の強化のために特に重要なものを、指定特定重要港湾として指定するものとする。
• The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism shall designate those ports, where promotion of the efficient operation of the port through the enhancement of the functions of international container wharves has special importance for the enhancement of international competitiveness, as Designated Special Major Ports based on their cargo volumes, scale of facilities and other conditions specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Designated Special Major Ports shall be designated from among the Special Major Ports with international container wharves for long distance international maritime container transport, which are of a scale exceeding that specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and are composed of quaywalls and other mooring facilities, auxiliary cargo handling facilities and Port Facilities other than the mooring facilities specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and are operated or shall be operated by the same private operator as a unit.

• ロケット若しくは無人航空機のレードーム（五〇〇キログラム以上のペイロードを三〇〇キロメートル以上運搬することができるロケット又は無人航空機に使用することができるものに限る。）に使用するためのセラミックの複合材料（一〇〇メガヘルツ以上一〇〇ギガヘルツ以下の範囲のいずれかの周波数における比誘電率が六未満のものに限る。）又はロケット若しくは無人航空機の先端部（五〇〇キログラム以上のペイロードを三〇〇キロメートル以上運搬することができるロケット又は無人航空機に使用することができるものに限る。）に使用することができる炭化けい素で強化された未焼成セラミック
• Composites of ceramics (limited to those with relative permittivity less than 6 in frequencies within the range of 100 megahertz or more and 100 gigahertz or less) for use in radomes (limited to those usable in rockets or unmanned aerial vehicles capable of transporting payloads weighing 500 kilograms or more for 300 kilometers or more) of rockets or unfired ceramics strengthened with silicon carbide usable for nose tips of rockets or unmanned aerial vehicles (limited to those capable of transporting payloads weighing 500 kilograms or more for 300 kilometers or more)

• この法律は、内外の社会経済情勢の変化に伴い、我が国産業の国際競争力の強化を図ることの必要性が増大している状況にかんがみ、新たな知的財産の創造及びその効果的な活用による付加価値の創出を基軸とする活力ある経済社会を実現するため、知的財産の創造、保護及び活用に関し、基本理念及びその実現を図るために基本となる事項を定め、国、地方公共団体、大学等及び事業者の責務を明らかにし、並びに知的財産の創造、保護及び活用に関する推進計画の作成について定めるとともに、知的財産戦略本部を設置することにより、知的財産の創造、保護及び活用に関する施策を集中的かつ計画的に推進することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, for the objective of realizing a dynamic economy and society that is based on the creation of added values through the creation of new intellectual property and effective exploitation of such intellectual property in light of a growing necessity for intensifying the international competitiveness of Japanese industry in response to the changes in the social and economic situations at home and abroad, to promote measures for the creation, protection and exploitation of intellectual property in a focused and systematic manner by stipulating the basic principles on the creation, protection and exploitation of intellectual property and the basic matters to achieve the principles, clarifying the responsibilities of national government, local governments, universities, etc. and business operators, establishing the Intellectual Property Strategy Headquarters, and providing stipulations on the development of a strategic program on the creation, protection and exploitation of intellectual property.

• 大規模地震対策特別措置法（昭和五十三年法律第七十三号）第九条第一項の規定に基づく地震災害に関する警戒宣言（以下この条において「警戒宣言」という。）が発せられたときは、同法第三条第一項の規定により地震防災対策強化地域として指定された地域のうち当該警戒宣言に係る地域内に所在する保険の目的については、保険会社等は、当該警戒宣言が発せられた時から同法第九条第三項の規定に基づく地震災害に関する警戒解除宣言が発せられた日（当該警戒宣言に係る大規模な地震が発生するに至つた場合にあつては、財務大臣が地震保険審査会の議を経て告示により指定をする日）までの間、政府の再保険契約に係る地震保険契約（政令で定めるものを除く。）を新たに締結することができない。
• When a warning declaration about an earthquake disaster under the provision of paragraph (1) of Article 9 of the Act on Special Measures for Large-scale Earthquakes (Act No. 73 of 1978) (hereinafter referred to as 'warning declaration' in this Article) is issued, insurance companies, etc. may not enter into any new earthquake insurance contract to be covered by the reinsurance contract of the government (excluding those prescribed by a Cabinet Order) for subjects located in areas pertaining to said warning declaration and designated as areas for intensified countermeasures against the earthquake by the provision of paragraph (1) of Article 3 of the same Act from the time when the warning declaration is issued until the day when the warning declaration is withdrawn under the provision of paragraph (3) of Article 9 of the same Act (or, where the large scale earthquake pertaining to the warning declaration does occur, until the day designated by the Minister of Finance in a public notice after consultation with the Earthquake Insurance Council).

• 承認事業者が国立大学法人（国立大学法人法第二条第一項に規定する国立大学法人をいう。）、大学共同利用機関法人（同条第三項に規定する大学共同利用機関法人をいう。）又は独立行政法人国立高等専門学校機構から譲渡を受けた特許権若しくは特許を受ける権利（産業技術力強化法（平成十二年法律第四十四号）附則第三条第一項各号に掲げるものに限る。）又は当該特許を受ける権利に基づいて取得した特許権（平成十九年三月三十一日までにされた特許出願（同年四月一日以後にする特許出願であって、特許法第四十四条第二項（同法第四十六条第五項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定により同年三月三十一日までにしたものとみなされるものを除く。）に係るものに限る。）であって承認事業者に属するものについて特許法第百七条第一項の規定により納付すべき特許料、同法第百九十五条第一項若しくは第二項の規定により納付すべき手数料又は工業所有権に関する手続等の特例に関する法律第四十条第一項の規定により納付すべき手数料の納付については、承認事業者を国とみなして特許法第百七条第二項、第百九十五条第四項及び第五項並びに工業所有権に関する手続等の特例に関する法律第四十条第三項及び第四項の規定を適用する。
• Concerning the payment of patent fees to be paid pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 107 of the Patent Act, the fees to be paid pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 or paragraph 2 of Article 195 of the same Act, or the fees to be paid pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 40 of the Act on Special Provisions of Procedures, etc. concerning Industrial Property Rights, with respect to patent rights or the right to receive a patent (limited to those listed in the items of paragraph 1 of Article 3 of the Supplementary Provisions of Industrial Technology Enhancement Act (Act No. 44 of 2000)) or to patent rights obtained based on the right to receive said patent (limited to those pertaining to patent application filed on or before March 31, 2007 (excluding those filed on or after April 1 of the same year, but deemed, pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 44 of the Patent Act (including those cases that paragraph 5 of Article 46 of the same Act apply mutatis mutandis thereto), to have been filed on or before March 31 of the same year)), the assignment of which rights having been received by an Accredited TLO from a National University Corporation (referring to a National University Corporation provided in paragraph 1 of Article 2 of the National University Corporation Act), an Inter-University Research Institute Corporation (referring to an Inter-University Research Institute Corporation provided in paragraph 3 of the same Article), or from a Institute of National Colleges of Technology [Incorporated Administrative Agency], and said rights belonging to the Accredited TLO, under these conditions the Accredited TLO shall be deemed to be the State and the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 107, paragraph 4 and paragraph 5 of Article 195 of the Patent Act as well as paragraph 3 and paragraph 4 of Article 40 of the Act on Special Provisions for Procedures, etc. concerning Industrial Property Rights shall be applied.