Honyaku Star - Search: 年寄

年寄: 395 Terms and Phrases

年寄
old people
the aged
coach
coaches

年寄り
old people
the aged
coach
coaches

若年寄
young person acting like an old person
officials who helped the council of elders during the Edo period
Wakadoshiyori

準年寄
temporary coaching status for a retired wrestler

年寄る
to grow old

年寄株
sumo management stock
one of the 105 titled trusteeships in the Japan Sumo Association
tradable share that entitles the holder to take part in the management of sumo

年寄衆
elder chief of a village or town during Edo Period

御年寄
Otoshiyori

一代年寄
special coaching stock awarded to retired grand champion

【年寄】
toshiyori (close associates of Shogun)

年寄り子
child of one's age

準年寄り
temporary coaching status for a retired wrestler

年寄り役
senior's role

若年寄り
young person acting like an old person
officials who helped the council of elders during the Edo period

平年寄り
coach without a special assignment within the Sumo Association

年寄名跡
any of the 105 family names available to professional sumo coaches

長浜三年寄
Nagahama sandoshiyori (Three influential families in Nagahama)

年寄り臭い
slovenly like an old man

上臈御年寄
Joro otoshiyori

主な御年寄
Major Otoshiyori

一代年寄り
special coaching stock awarded to retired grand champion

若年寄支配。
It was under the control of Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor).

お年寄りの方
elderly passengers

年寄り染みた
characteristic of the aging (ageing)

小年寄とも。
They were also called Kotoshiyori.

年寄りの冷や水
old man’s indiscretion

(2)年寄・中老
(2) Toshiyori (a management position in the Edo bakufu), Churo

一人暮しのお年寄り
solitary seniors

年寄（姫路市など）
Toshiyori (Himeji City and other region)

町年寄（大坂など）
Machi-doshiyori (ward head: Osaka and other region)

上臈御年寄との関係
Relationships with Joro-otoshiyori

年寄境川を襲名した。
He inherited the name of Sakaigawa as Toshiyori (retired wrestler).

年寄の方が背は低い。
The older woman was shorter,

二本松七郎（年寄兼務）
Shichiro NIHONMATSU (doubled as toshiyori [senior councilor])

名主年寄（岡山市など）
Nanushi Toshiyori (Okayama City and other region)

御年寄列　鈴木嘉十郎重熈
Otoshiyori line Kajuro Shigehiro SUZUKI.

惣年寄の旗が残っている。
There remains a flag of sodoshiyori.

大奥での位は上臈御年寄。
Her place in O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside) was joro Otoshiyori (high rank maid in the Imperial Court who controls the servants in O-oku).

彼女は年寄りに親切です。
She is kind to old people.

年寄りは二度目の子ども。
Once a man, twice a child.

奏者番・若年寄・老中格。
He served as sojaban (an official in charge of the ceremonies), wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)), and received the treatment relevant to roju (a member of shogun's council of elders).

若年寄平山敬忠、川勝広運
Listed here are some examples of personnel assigned in the bakufu; Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor), Yoshitada HIRAYAMA, and Hirokazu KAWAKATSU

若年寄（わかどしより）とは
What is Wakadoshiyori?

引退後は年寄7代井筒を襲名。
After his retirement, he inherited the title of the seventh Izutsu as Toshiyori (retired wrestler).

幾島 - 天璋院付の御年寄。
Ikushima - Otoshiyori to Tenshoin.

お年寄りには親切にしなさい。
Be kind to old people.

１２歳といえば犬は年寄りだ。
Twelve years is old for a dog.

「だいぶ年寄りだったから、」
'She was so old,'

幾島（天璋院付きの大奥御年寄）
Ikushima (senior lady-in-waiting associated with Tenshoin - the wife of Iesada TOKUGAWA, the 13th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan)

彼がかならず年寄りに席を譲る。
He always offers his seat to the elderly.

お年寄りにはやさしくしなさい。
Be kind to old people.

私は年寄りだが、君はまだ若い。
Though I am old, you are still young.

私の両親はまだ年寄りではない。
My parents aren't old yet.

お年寄りには親切にするべきだ。
We should be kind to the aged.

お年寄りはとてもはやく起きる。
Old people get up very early.

年寄りはものを忘れがちである。
Old men are apt to forget.

長浜十人衆・長浜三年寄の一人。
One of the Nagahama juhinshu (Ten influential families in Naagahama) and Nagahama sandoshiyori (Three influential families in Nagahama).

大奥での身分は上臈御年寄ふぢ。
At O-oku, she served as Joro Otoshiyori (high rank female servant) and she was called Fuji.

その後、若年寄、老中を歴任する。
After that, he served as wakadoshiyori and roju.

お年寄りに優しくしてあげなさい。
Be kind to the old.

1705年（宝永2年）若年寄。
In 1705, he was appointed to the wakadoshiyori.

その後に、若年寄として復活した。
Later, the post was restored as the Wakatoshiyori post.

年寄りは大事にしなければならない。
The old must be respected.

1796年（寛政8年）　西丸若年寄
In 1796, Nishi no maru (the western keep of a castle) wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu)

若年寄支配で、番頭の役高4000石。
It was under the management of wakadoshiyori (junior councilor) and the yakudaka (salary paid in accordance with the rank of one's post) of Banto was 4,000 koku (approximately 0.72 million liters of crop yields).

私の父は非常に年寄りなので耳が遠い。
My father is so old that he is hard of hearing.

両親は私に年寄りを敬うように言った。
My parents told me we should respect the old.

うんざりだよ年寄りの赤鼻の大ばかが！
Tiresome old red-nosed imbecile!

第6代藩主・京極高久は若年寄となった。
The sixth lord Takahisa KYOGOKU became wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu).

アメリカのお年寄りは比較的裕福である。
American senior citizens are comparatively well-off.

私の父はとても年寄りなので働けません。
My father is too old to work.

確かにソロモンはかしこい年寄りでした。
and certainly he was a wise old fellow,

1789年（寛政元年） 7月西丸若年寄
He became a Nishinomaru wakadoshiyori in August, 1789.

「年寄りの冷や水」という言葉が生まれた。
From this situation, the expression 'an old man's indiscretions (one should act one's age)'emerged.

大鵬幸喜（力士・第48代横綱・一代年寄）
Koki TAIHO (Sumo wrestler, forty-eighth Yokozuna, special sumo coaching stock awarded to retired grand champion)

お年寄りに席を譲ることは確かに親切です。
To offer your seat to the old that is a kindness indeed.

お年寄りにやさしくすることはよいことだ。
It is good to be kind to old people.

あれは年寄りには登れないような高い山だ。
That is such a high mountain as old people can't climb.

彼は年寄りを助けて優しい男のふりをした。
He made a show of helping the old man.

お年寄りには親切にしなければなりません。
You must be kind to old people.

大崎 (大奥御年寄) - 家斉付御年寄。
Osaki (O-oku Otoshiyori) - Otoshiyori to Ienari.

また大奥の役職名である御年寄のことをいう。
It is also called otoshiyori (a lady who controls the servants in O-oku) in O-oku (the inner palace of Edo Castle.)

天保7年（1836年）に上臈御年寄となる。
In 1836, Anegakoji became a Joro-otoshiyori.

その後、10代・井伊直朗が若年寄となった。
Later the tenth head of the Ii family, Naoakira II became wakadoshiyori (junior councilor).

私の父さんはとても年寄りなので働けません。
My father is so old that he can't work.

これらの座席はお年寄りのために取ってある。
These seats are reserved for old people.

冬は道路が凍るのでお年寄りがよく転びます。
In the winter, many older people slip on ice and fall down.

若年寄配下で、役料は200 - 300俵。
It was subordinate of wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu) with yakuryo (executive allowance) of 200 – 300 bales.

彼は年寄りだが、まだその仕事に耐えられる。
Though he is old, he is still equal to the task.

「じゃあ、貴殿が年寄りの乞食だったのだ。」
'So you were the old beggar,'

翌文久3年（1863年）には若年寄格を兼任。
In 1863, he also held the post of Wakadoshiyori (executive post for younger generations).

絵島 - 徳川家継時代に勢力をはった御年寄。
Ejima - Otoshiyori who had power during the Ietsugu TOKUGAWA regime.

年寄りで、飢えていて、体中痛みだらけでした。
--old and famished and full of pain,

お年寄りの肌は、若い人の肌に比べて反応が弱い
the skin of old persons is less reactive than that of younger persons

職制上は若年寄に属し、治安維持の役割を担った。
It belonged to wakadoshiyori (junior councilor) in personnel system and played a role in maintaining the security.

姉小路 - 12代将軍徳川家慶付き上臈御年寄。
Anekoji - Joro Otoshiyori to the 12th Shogun Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA.

お年寄りのためにこの席は空けて置いてください。
Keep these seats for the elderly.

でも年寄りカラスはぼくをなぐさめてくれたんだ。
but the old crow comforted me, saying,

寛保2年（1742年）には西の丸若年寄となる。
In 1742, he became nishinomaru wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu).

奏者番、若年寄、大坂城代、西丸老中を歴任した。
He held various posts such as sojaban (an official in charge of ceremonies), wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu), Osaka jodai (the keeper of Osaka-jo Castle), and Nishinomaru Roju.

この年、若年寄を命ぜられ名乗りを出羽守に改める。
In the same year, he was assigned the position of wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu)and chaged his post name to Dewa no kami.

天保10年（1839年）より西丸若年寄を勤める。
From 1839, he served as Nishinomaru wakadoshiyori.

悪天候にもかかわらずお年寄りたちは御機嫌だった。
The senior citizens' spirits were high in spite of the bad weather.

1804年（文化 (元号)元年） 8月本丸若年寄
He became a Honmaru wakadoshiyori in September, 1804.

翌年大番頭になり、その後奏者番、若年寄を歴任する。
He became the Oban gashira in the following year and then served as sojaban and wakadoshiyori.

また御年寄になると町屋敷が与えられることもあった。
Sometimes machiyashiki (long and narrow wooden row houses) were given to Otoshiyori.

お年寄りを助けるくらいの優しい気持ちを持ちなさい。
Be so kind as to help the old.

あの出来事はそんなに年寄りでなくても覚えているよ。
You don't have to be very old to remember that event.

近頃では、年寄りにどんな敬意が払われているのだ？　
What respect is shown to old age in these days?

「あんたときたら、なんて、いけずな年寄りなんだい」
'Why, you lazy old fellow,'

矢島局（徳川家綱の乳母であり、その時代の大奥御年寄）
YAJIMA no Tsubone (wet nurse for Ietsuna TOKUGAWA, the 4th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, then senior lady-in waiting during the Ietsuna's period)

家慶の死去後に落飾、勝光院と号して上臈御年寄を引退。
After Ieyoshi died, she got her head shaved, took up the title Shokoin and retired from being a Joro-otoshiyori.

大奥では上臈御年寄にこの名が使われることが多かった。
In O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside), this name was often used for Joro-otoshiyori.

年寄職と、中老職が同義として、使用される藩もあった。
In some domains, the Toshiyori and Churo posts were used to mean the same thing.

絵島（江戸時代中期、7代将軍徳川家継時代の大奥御年寄）
Ejima (senior lady-in-waiting associated with Shogun Ietsugu TOKUGAWA, the 7th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, the mid Edo period)

姉小路は広大院付の上臈御年寄・梅渓に罪をなすり付けた。
Anegakoji laid the blame on the Joro-otoshiyori named UMETANI who served Kodaiin.

延宝7年（1679年）7月10日、若年寄に任ぜられる。
On August 16, 1679, he was appointed to wakadoshiyori.

玉沢 -10代将軍徳川家治の時代に勢力をはった御年寄。
Tamasawa (玉沢) - Otoshiyori who had power during the regime of the 10th Shogun, Ieharu TOKUGAWA.

ご存知の通り、お年寄りがますます多くなってきています。
You know, there are more and more old people.

誰もが長生きしたがるが、誰も年寄りにはなりたがらない。
Every man desires to live long, but no man would be old.

のちになり、年寄りになってもまだ、そう思っていました。
And later, when he was older, he still thought

慶応2年（1866年）正月7日には若年寄に任じられた。
On February 21, 1866 he was called upon to serve as wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu).

江戸幕府の若年寄の目耳になって旗本・御家人を監察した。
In the Edo bakufu, the officers in this post watched for Wakatoshiyori (governmental officers in the bakufu) the states of Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) and Gokenin (also direct retainers of the bakufu, but lower-ranked than Hatamoto).

「年寄（としより）の癖に余計な世話を焼かなくってもいい。
'It's none of business of you old people.'

1706年（宝永3年）1月9日 - 序列が若年寄の次座。
March 3, 1706: He reached the position ranked directly below that of Wakadoshiyori (the Shogun's junior advisor).

瀧山（13代将軍徳川家定、14代徳川家茂時代の大奥御年寄）
Takiyama (senior lady-in-waiting for Iesada TOKUGAWA, the 13th Shogun and Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the 14th Shogun)

しかしお年寄りなど正座が難しい場合は許容される場合が多い。
However, sitting cross-legged may be permitted for people such as the elderly who find the seiza style difficult.

当主は、大番や若年寄といった役職に就任する機会が多かった。
The family heads mainly assumed the positions of Oban (a group of guards in the Edo shogunate) and wakadoshiyori.

瀧山 - 徳川家定時代から14代将軍徳川家茂時代の御年寄。
Takiyama - Otoshiyori between Iesada TOKUGAWA and the 14th Shogun Ieshige TOKUGAWA.

目が見えない看護婦は年寄りの世話をすることに一身を捧げた。
The blind nurse devoted herself to caring for the elderly.

けれども、ネロはまだ若く、パトラッシュはもう年寄りでした。
yet one was still young, and the other was already old.

1685年（貞享2年）6月22日_(旧暦)、若年寄に就任。
On July 23, 1685, assumed the position of Wakadoshiyori (junior councilors).

しかしながら、本項目で扱われるのは大奥女中の御年寄である。
However, descriptions here are made only for Otoshiyori in O-oku.

御年寄列、二千五百石、内五百石足高　渡辺新左衛門在綱(49)
Otoshiyori line, 2500 koku, 500 out of 2500 koku tashidaka (a wage system established by the Edo bakufu) Shinzaemon Aritsuna WATANABE (49).

享保4年（1719年）大番頭になり、享保8年に若年寄に進む。
He became the Oban gashira in 1719 and promoted to wakadoshiyori in 1723.

江戸時代初期までは、家老と年寄が未分化であった藩も多かった。
Until the early Edo period, the posts of Karo and Toshiyori were still not clearly differentiated in many domains.

堀田正俊は江戸城内で、従兄弟の若年寄・稲葉正休に殺害された。
Masatoshi HOTTA was killed in the Edo castle by Wakadoshiyori, Masayasu INABA, who was his male cousin.

国友村で年寄脇（年寄の次席）を勤める御用鉄砲鍛冶の家の一つ。
One of the gun smith families in Kunitomo village patronized by the government that had the rank of toshiyoriwaki (a hereditary rank given to gun smith families), which was one below toshiyori.

若年寄の序列では、後任でも城主は先任である無城の上席であった。
In the hierarchy of wakadoshiyori (assistants to roju in the Edo bakufu), a joshu daimyo, even if nominated later, was placed higher than a mujo nominated earlier.

江戸幕府では若年寄の支配下で、征夷大将軍の身辺の雑用を務めた。
In Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), under the supervision of a wakadoshiyori (a managerial position within the Edo government), Kosho took care of the personal chores of the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues barbarians').

譜代席のみは城中で若年寄や頭などの上司に謁見して申し渡された。
The status of `Fudaiseki` (hereditary ranked families) were bestowed the title during a face-to-face meetings with superiors within the castle.

慶応3年（1867年）、若年寄に任ぜられるも出仕せず半年で辞任。
In 1867, he was appointed as Wakadoshiyori, but did not attend executive meetings and resigned from the post in a half year.

二条城は若年寄・永井尚志と水戸藩士約200名が守備のため残った。
About 200 soldiers of the Mito Clan, including Wakadoshiyori and Naoyuki NAGAI, stayed behind to defend Nijo-jo Castle.

上臈御年寄（じょうろうおとしより）は江戸時代の大奥女中の役職名。
Joro otoshiyori is the title of women serving in the O-oku during the Edo Period.

年寄の婦人は時々赤シャツを見るが、若い方は横を向いたままである。
The older woman would occasionally glance toward Red Shirt, but the younger kept her profile away.

お千万の方）、玉沢（大奥上臈御年寄）、娘（石野基綱室）らがいる。
(also known as Osenman no kata), Tamasawa (chief Joro [high rank woman servant] in O-oku [the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside]), and the wife of Mototsuna IWANO were his daughters.

大名時代の徳川氏の年寄に由来し、寛永ごろに老中の名称が定着した。
The name originated in Toshiyori (literally, old persons), which was an important post in the Tokugawa clan when the Tokugawa family was a daimyo, and the use of Roju for the post was established in around the Kanei era (1624 - 1644).

現在、「小野川 (年寄名跡)」は日本相撲協会の年寄名跡のひとつ。
At present, 'ONOGAWA (sumo stable-master name system)' is one of sumo stable-master name systems of Japan Sumo Association.

この頃に会津藩若年寄となり戦費の調達、藩兵の西洋化などに尽力した。
Around this time, he was appointed as Wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu) of the Aizu Domain and contributed to fund raising for fight and westernization of warriors of the domain.

右衛門佐局 - 綱吉から奥向きを取締まるよう命じられた上臈御年寄。
Uemon no suke no tsubone - Joro otoshiyori that Tsunayoshi ordered to the administrator of the inner part of the house.

小藩の場合は、家老に次ぐ年寄は、置かれないことがほとんどであった。
In most small domains, there was no Toshiyori post following Karo.

御年寄は大抵の場合、一人で「部屋方」を十数名ほど抱えていたという。
It is said that an Otoshiyori mostly employed more than ten 'heyakata' persons.

トムは一団の一番の年寄りで、われわれより２０ほども年をとっていた。
he was the oldest of our party by a score of years;

庄屋、組頭（年寄）、百姓代という村政を担う3種の村役人全体を指す。
Jikatasanyaku meant the three officers of a village, shoya (nanushi [a village headman]), kumigashira (toshiyori [a head of the group]) and hyakushodai (a village headman) who conducted village government in accordance with instructions from the official agents.

旗本寄合が若年寄支配であるのに対し、旗本交代寄合は老中支配となる。
While Hatamotoyoriai (hatamoto meetings) were dominated by wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu), Kotaiyoriai meetings were lead by the Roju (members of the Shogun's council of elders).

旗本・御家人は武家諸法度により統制され、若年寄の支配下におかれた。
Hatamoto and Gokenin were governed by Buke shohatto (Laws for the Military Houses), and were placed under control of wakadoshiyori (junior councilor).

但し、時代によっては姫君様付や将軍生母付の御年寄がいる事もあった。
However, depending on the era, there was Otoshiyori to a princess of the shogun family or Otoshiyori to shogun's real mother.

今西家住宅（重要文化財） - 今西家は代々今井の惣年寄筆頭を務めた。
Imanishi Residence (Important Cultural Property): Imanishi family served as the head of sodoshiyori (officers who worked under the town magistrate) of Imai town for generations.

勤務中の警官は、一人のお年寄りが自分の背後に近づいてくるのを感じた。
The police officer on duty sensed an elderly man coming up behind him.

峰山藩京極家からは幾人もの若年寄が出、江戸幕府中枢において活躍した。
A number of members of the Kyogoku family of the Mineyama domain were active in the center of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) politics.

若年寄に属する目付の上位に位置し、その権威だけはますます強くなった。
The Ometsuke post was placed above the Metsuke post that belonged to the Wakadoshiyori post (a managerial post in Edo bakufu), and the Ometsuke's power became increasingly stronger.

しかしこれは、その女性が実際に御年寄の役職に就くというわけではない。
However, this did not mean that such females were appointed to the Otoshiyori post.

天明4年（1784年）に大番頭になり、その後奏者番、若年寄を歴任する。
In 1784, he became the Oban gashira and served as sojaban and wakadoshiyori.

ご覧の通りの年寄りですが、お仕事やご用では若い者には負けませんから。」
though I look old I will do the service of a younger man in all your business and necessities.'

また、元綱の三男・朽木稙綱 (土浦藩主)は幕臣として若年寄に就任した。
In addition, Tanetsuna KUTSUKI (the lord of the Tsuchiura Domain), the third son of Mototsuna, was appointed as wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu) as a Shogun's retainer.

若年寄の支配を受け、役高200俵、役扶持７人扶持、焼火の間席であった。
The officer was under control of wakadoshiyori (a governmental post of the bakufu) officers, earned 200 straw bags of rice crop for his post and the amount of rice crop for seven persons as his yaku-buchi (a type of salary), and used the takibino-ma room (literally, a bonfire room).

絵島生島事件の御年寄･絵島は、7代将軍徳川家継生母･月光院付であった。
For example, Otoshiyori Egima in the Ejima-Ikushima incident was Otoshiyori to Gekko-in, the real mother of Ietsugu TOKUGAWA, the seventh shogun.

（反面、年寄名跡制度は一代年寄制度と併存しながらであるが守られている）
On the other hand, the Toshiyori (sumo elders) Myoseki system is still practiced, although the practice coexists with the single-generation Toshiyori (sumo elder) system).

9歳で父に代わって藤兵衛と名乗り、17歳で鉄砲鍛治の年寄脇の職を継いだ。
He succeeded the 'Tobei' name from his father at age 9, and at 17, he inherited the position of toshiyoriwaki.

そのため、戦後から1980年代ぐらいまでの間は、年寄り臭い趣味とされた。
Therefore, from after the war until about the 1980's, it was considered a hobby for old people.

また、峰山藩京極家からは幾人もの若年寄が出て、江戸幕府の中枢で活躍した。
The Kyogoku clan of the Mineyama Domain produced a lot of 'wakadoshiyori' (a managerial position in Edo bakufu) and they worked actively in the inner circle of the government.

混雑している列車の中では、私は自分の席をお年寄りにゆずるようにしている。
In a crowded train, I make it a rule to give my seat to old people.

さらに正徳 (日本)元年（1711年）12月23日には若年寄に就任した。
He was appointed to Junior Councillor on January 30, 1712.

天明8年（1788年）、父が若年寄になると藩政を取り仕切る立場になった。
When his father became a wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu) to serve the shogunate government in 1788, Takamasa took the position to preside the administration of the domain.

西の丸失火により忠世は筆頭年寄を退いているが、忠行は奏者へ復職している。
While Tadayo resigned from the first on the list of the close associates of Shogun due to the totally burn down of the Nishinomaru, Tadayuki once again obtained the position of sosha (a person in charge of informing a shogun or daimyo of the name of visitors to the residence before a meeting).

薩摩藩では、はじめ横目頭と呼ばれ、藩では家老、若年寄に次ぐ役職であった。
In Satsuma domain, the post was called Yokome-gashira, and was placed after Karo and to Wakatoshiyori.

当時は「五奉行」などの特定の呼称は存在せず、「年寄」などと呼ばれていた。
In those days, the specific name 'Gobugyo' was not used, and they were called by their posts like 'Toshiyori' and the like.

豊臣秀吉の命を受け長浜城下町作りに貢献した、長浜三年寄吉川三左衛門の子孫。
He was a descendant of Sanzaemon YOSHIKAWA who was one of Nagahama San-doshiyori (three influential families in Nagahama) and had played important roles in building Nagahama castle town by the order of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.

天保3年（1832年）5月、崋山は田原藩の年寄役末席（家老職）に就任する。
In May 1832, Kazan assumed Toshiyori-yaku Masseki (the lowest position of executive retainer, which is a position of Karo, or chief retainer) of the Tahara Domain.

明治18年（1885年）5月場所を最後に引退、年寄雷 (相撲)を襲名した。
In 1885, he retired from sumo in the May tournament and succeeded to the name of toshiyori (a retired wrestler who is a trustee of the Japan Sumo Association), Ikazuchi.

しかし、徳川家斉の御台所・広大院付の上臈御年寄となり、茂姫の側近を勤めた。
After that, however, she became joro (the upper grade ladies-in-waiting) in the position of Otoshiyori (a lady who controls the servants in O-oku) to serve Kodaiin (Shigehime), who was midaidokoro (wife of a shogun or a highest-ranking nobleman) of Ienari TOKUGAWA, and acted as a close adviser of Shigehime.

わしが足をなくしたのと同じ一斉射撃で、年寄りのピューもめくらになったんだ。
The same broadside I lost my leg, old Pew lost his deadlights.

寛政3年（1791年）、病気を理由に若年寄の辞任を求めたが許されなかった。
In 1791, he asked for resignation from wakadoshiyori due to his illness, but it was not accepted.

年寄千賀ノ浦として弟子の育成に尽力したが、大きな成果は残せずに50歳で没。
As toshiyori (a retired wrestler who is a trustee of the Japan Sumo) Chiganoura, he devoted himself to train apprentices, but without significant result, he died at the age of 50.

また、江戸時代後期の将軍側室の一部に「御年寄上座格」が与えられる者もいた。
In the later Edo period, some concubines of shogun were given 'Otoshiyori-kamizakaku' (literally, the head Otoshiyori level).

宝永2年（1705年）に奏者番に就任して以降、若年寄、京都所司代を歴任する。
After he assumed as sojaban in 1705, he served as wakadoshiyori and Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy).

「みんなの本当のお父さんになるなんて、年寄りみたいな気がしちゃうんだよなぁ」
'it would make me seem so old to be their real father.'

私はただのばかな年寄り女ですし、そのようなことをしようとは考えてもいません。
I'm only a stupid old woman and I wouldn't presume to do such a thing.

そしていま、気難しい年寄りの、すばらしい召使だった男が死んでいこうとしている。
and now, sullen, old, serviceable servant, it was he that was to die.

しかし天明5年(1785年)伏見元町年寄文殊九助ら7名が政方の非道を直訴した。
However in 1785, 7 people including Kusuke MONJU, the ex-machi-doshiyori (ward head) of Fushimi, appealed directly about Masamichi's villainy.

寛永12年（1635年）11月20日、再び小姓組番頭となり、若年寄を兼任した。
On December 29, 1635, he became chief of the bodyguard of the Shogun again and also served as wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu).

御年寄（おとしより）は江戸時代の大奥女中の役職名で、老女と呼称される事もある。
Otoshiyori was a female servant post (or also indicated the servant herself) in O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants resided) in the Edo period, and was often called Rojo as well.

そして、9月には60数名の少年が小姓として任命され、家光の年寄衆・家臣団となる。
In September, more than sixty junior vassals were designated as pages, constituting the group of assistants and vassals to look after the affairs of Iemitsu.

このため、近江国八幡山城に43万石を与えられた（うち、23万石は御年寄り衆分）。
He was given 430,000 koku (crop yields) in Hachimanyama-jo Castle in Omi Province (of which 230,000 were for Otoshiyori [chief retainers] as a reward).

というのも、白い子ネコは年寄りネコに、もう四半時も顔を洗ってもらっていたからです
For the white kitten had been having its face washed by the old cat for the last quarter of an hour

おれは若い女も嫌（きら）いではないが、年寄を見ると何だかなつかしい心持ちがする。
I do not despise young women, but when I see an aged woman, I feel much more solicitous.

1798年（寛政10年）、長崎町年寄の高島茂起（四郎兵衛）の三男として生まれた。
He was born in 1798 as the third son of Shigeki (Shirobe) TAKASHIMA, a Nagasaki machi toshiyori (an important local officer under the Tokugawa Shogunate of Nagasaki-machi Town).

1308年（延慶元年）に六波羅探題南方を辞任して鎌倉に帰還し、翌年寄合衆となる。
In 1308, he resigned Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata and returned to Kamakura, and became Yoriaishu (a member of the top decision making organ) in the following year.

享保15年（1730年）ころ本町筋の年寄役となり、藩主に拝謁を許されるにいたった。
At around 1730, the family gained an official position of chief executive of Honmachi-suji and became allowed to meet the lord of the Tosa clan.

しかし一貫斎の高い技術力が認められ、文政元年（1818年）に年寄側の敗訴となった。
However, Ikkansai's exceptional skills were recognized, and the case ended with the toshiyori's loss.

大番頭を務めた後の文化9年（1812年）2月から若年寄に任じられて幕政に参与した。
After he served as Oban-gashira (a captain of the Great Guards of the shogunate government), he was appointed as a wakadoshiyori in March, 1812 and since then participated in the shogunate government.

第一に譜代大名は、老中・若年寄をはじめとする幕閣の要職に就く資格があることである。
First, fudai daimyo are characterized by being eligible to an important post of the cabinet officials of the shogunate including the posts of roju (senior councilors in the Edo bakufu) and wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu).

老中・若年寄・奉行・大目付の制を定め、現職将軍を最高権力者とする幕府機構を確立した。
He established the system of senior councilor, junior councilor, administrator and inspector general, as well as the feudal government system headed by a shogun as the person in paramount authority.

慶安2年（1649年）2月19日に若年寄を免ぜられ、3万石をもって常陸土浦藩に転封。
On March 31, 1649, he was excused from wakadoshiyori, gained 30000 koku, and changed the territory to Hitachi Tsuchiura Domain.

妹に伊与子（大奥の上臈御年寄・姉小路）、理子（大奥の上臈御年寄・唐橋 (大奥女中)。
Among his younger sisters were Iyo (upper grade Otoshiyori maid Anekoji in O-oku), and Rishi (the upper grade Otoshiyori maid Karahashi in O-oku).

姉小路（あねこうじ/あねがこうじ/あねのこうじ）とは、御年寄上臈御年寄との違いの名。
Anekoji was another name for so-called Otoshiyori or Joro-otoshiyori.

江戸幕府4代征夷大将軍徳川家綱時代と、11代将軍徳川家斉時代の上臈御年寄が有名である。
The Joro-otoshiyori during the times of the 4th seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Edo bakufu Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and during the times of the 11th general Ienari TOKUGAWA were famous.

初代小野川 (年寄名跡)の養子となって大坂相撲で初土俵を踏みのちに江戸相撲に合流した。
He became Onogawa the first's (a retired wrestler who was a trustee of the Japan Sumo) adopted son, and joined the Edo sumo wrestling after entering the sumo ring for the first time in the Osaka sumo wrestling.

全国に渡る緯度・測量結果を収録した「大日本沿海実測録」とともに幕府若年寄に提出された。
It was submitted to wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu) along with 'Dainihon Enkai Jissokuroku,' a record of latitude and survey results throughout Japan.

明治元年（1868年）の江戸開城に際して、川勝広運は同年正月23日より若年寄を務めた。
Immediately before the Surrender of Edo-jo Castle (1868) on January 23, Hirokazu KAWAKATSU was appointed to Wakadoshiyori.

一方若い女は、年寄りの妻にはなりたくないと、白髪を見つけ次第、片っ端から抜いていった。
The younger, on the contrary, not wishing to become the wife of an old man, was equally zealous in removing every gray hair she could find.

その後江戸幕府においては若年寄の配下で江戸城内の管理に携わり、奥坊主衆を監督指揮した。
And then, Doboshu managed Edo-jo Castle, directed and supervised the Okubozushu, serving under the Wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu) in the Edo bakufu.

当初、老中は年寄衆と呼ばれていたということで、旗本の間では年寄衆という呼称で定着した。
Initially, Roju was called Toshiyorishu (literally, old persons), and the name of Toshiyorishu was generally used among Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which was a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

三年寄は、舟町の吉川三左衛門家、本町の下村藤右衛門家、呉服町の安藤九郎右衛門家であった。
Sandoshiyori were families of Sanzaemon YOSHIKAWA in Funa-machi, Toemon SHIMOMURA in Hon-cho, and Kuroemon ANDO in Gofuku-machi.

晩年になっても先代徳川家治の息子徳川家基の命日に自ら参詣するか、若年寄を代参させていた。
Even in his later days, Ienari either made personal pilgrimages or had a wakadoshiyori (a high government official) visit the tomb of Iemoto TOKUGAWA, the son of the previous shogun Ieharu TOKUGAWA, on the anniversary of his death.

若年寄の支配に属し、役料500石・役高は1,000石・布衣格・菊之間南際襖際詰であった。
Under the command of the wakadoshiyori, the officer earned executive allowance of 500 koku (rice yield) and salary of 1,000 koku, was of Hoi (commoner) rank and was stationed to be at the side of the southern door of the Kiku-no-ma Hall.

月日が経って、ネロは力強い若者に成長した一方、パトラッシュは年寄りになってしまいました。
for the passage of the years that were only bringing Nello a stronger youth were bringing him old age,

明治天皇に臣籍降下を直訴したが、天皇は「年寄りを困らせるものではない」と取り合わなかった。
Although he made a direct appeal to Emperor Meiji for his demotion from nobility to commoner, the Emperor turned a deaf ear to the appeal saying, 'Don't create a headache for an old man!'

飛鳥井局とともに御台所となる伏見宮貞清親王の息女顕子女王に随行して江戸へ下った上臈御年寄。
The Joro-otoshiyori who accompanied queen Akiko, a daughter of the Imperial Prince Sadakiyo of Fushimi no miya Palace (who became the royal kitchen bureau with ASUKAI no Tsubone), to descend to Edo.

なお、天文方は延享4年1月23日 (旧暦)（1747年3月4日）に若年寄支配となっている。
Tenmonkata was placed under the supervision of wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu) on March 4, 1747.

乙名は長老・宿老・老中・年寄とも呼ばれ、惣村の構成員のうち年齢や経験が上位の者があたった。
The title, Otona, was also called choro (patriarch), shukuro (chief vassal), roju (elder) or toshiyori (head), and was given to a member of the soson who ranked higher in terms of age and experience.

秀忠の死後、前代からの老中（老中）である土井利勝、酒井忠勝、酒井忠世が引き続き年寄となった。
After the death of Hidetada, Toshikatsu DOI, Tadakatsu SAKAI and Tadayo SAKAI remained in their posts as senior councilors to the shogun.

このような形態で今井の町造りが始まり、惣年寄制によって自治権を確立した町並みが出来上がった。
The construction of Imai-cho thus began and the town run by the so-doshiyori system with an established autonomy came into existence.

上田家住宅（重要文化財） - 屋号を「壺屋」といい、今西家・尾崎家と並び惣年寄を勤めていた。
Ueda Residence (Important Cultural Property): The Ueda family traded under the name of 'Tsuboya,' and worked as sodoshiyori along with the Imanishi and Ozaki families.

公家出身であるため政治的権力は持っておらず、武家旗本出身の御年寄とは対立関係にあったという。
Coming form kuge families, they were provided with no political power, and it is said that they confronted Otoshiyori servants who were from hatamoto (a direct retainer of the bakufu) samurai families.

実はこの年寄りの魔女は決して水にさわらず、水が自分に触れることも決して許さなかったのでした。
Indeed, the old Witch never touched water, nor ever let water touch her in any way.

そして一度なんかアリスは、こんなことを言って年寄りの乳母さんを本当にこわがらせたものでした。
And once she had really frightened her old nurse by shouting suddenly in her ear,

特に1684年、大老・堀田正俊が江戸城内にて若年寄で従兄・稲葉正休に斬殺された事件が起きた。
In 1684, Masatoshi HOTTA, Tairo (the highest post in the bakufu government to the person in the post) was slain with a sword in the Edo castle by Masayasu INABA, his cousin and a wakadoshiyori officer.

お子様やお年寄り、皮膚の弱い方などが使用するときは、暖房便座にながく座ることはご遠慮ください。
Children, elderly persons and persons with sensitive skin are advised not to sit on the warmed seat for long periods.

そのうち年寄りカラスが近くに飛んできて、ぼくを注意深く眺めてから、肩にとまってこう言ったんだ。
By and by an old crow flew near me, and after looking at me carefully he perched upon my shoulder and said:

また、紫野周辺のお年寄りの中では「佛専」（ぶっせん）と前身の佛教専門学校の略称で呼ぶ方もいる。
Also, some elderly people in Murasakino call it 'Bussen,' which is the abbreviated name for Bukkyo Senmon Gakko (Bukkyo Professional School).

詮房は、側衆としての格が上がり、若年寄に次ぐ地位になり、ついで序列上、老中の次席を命じられた。
Akifusa was promoted to Chamberlain, coming to occupy a position just below that of Wakadoshiyori (Junior Advisor to the Shogun), and was subsequently appointed to the position of assistant member of the Shogun's Council of Elders.

ちなみに御台所付御年寄は「千鳥之間」ではなく、御台所住居近くにある「老女衆詰所」に詰めていた。
By the way, the Otoshiyori to shogun's wife did her job not in the 'Chidorino-ma' room but in 'Rojoshu-tsumesho' (literally, the room for female servants) near to the wife's residence.

しかしながら、1662年（寛文2年）に再び若年寄が設置され、将軍家の家政については分掌された。
However, in 1662, the Wakadoshiyori post was again established for housekeeping of the Shogun family, sharing the job with Roju.

国友村の年寄4家は自分たちを差し置いてのこの扱いに異議を申し立て長い抗争に発展した（彦根事件）。
The four toshiyori (one rank above toshiyoriwaki) families in Kunitomo village, objected to him being favored despite his lower rank, which resulted in a long lasting conflict (Hikone Incident).

家光は今まで年寄一人ができたことも、年寄3人での合議が無ければ将軍への披露を認めないことにした。
Iemitsu changed the rules of Hidetsugu's system from having a single senior councilor reporting decisions to the shogun to having the reports given after a conference between three councilors.

文化3年（1806年）には若年寄、文化9年には西丸側用人、文政1年（1818年）には老中を勤める。
He served as wakadoshiyori in 1806 and Nishinomaru sobayonin (grand chamberlain in the Nishinomaru) in 1812 and roju in 1818.

第4代藩主・小出英貞は奏者番、寺社奉行、若年寄を歴任し、次男の小出英治に1000石を分与している。
Hidesada KOIDE, the fourth lord of the domain, had held the positions of sojaban (the administrator of etiquette in the shogunate), jisha-bugyo (the position responsible for the management of temples and shrines), and wakadoshiyori (the commander of Hatamoto/Gokenin (the vassals)), and allocated territory with a yield of 1,000 koku to Hideharu, his second son.

パトラッシュは年寄りです。それに、昨日の朝から何も食べてないんです。」おどおどとネロは言いました。
he said, timidly.'He is old,and he has had nothing since last forenoon.'

貞享元年（1684年）：若年寄稲葉正休が、本丸で大老堀田正俊を殺害し、正休もその場で殺害された事件。
1684: Wakadoshiyori, Masayasu INABA killed chief minister Masatoshi HOTTA in Honmaru (the keep of a castle), and he was also killed on the spot.

もし、外来者が今井町内で宿泊する必要のあるときは、その都度、町年寄へ届出を必要としていたようである。
When outlanders needed to stay in Imai-cho overnight, they were required to notify machi-doshiyori accordingly each time.

福祉行政に関しても全国で始めて「65歳以上のお年寄り医療費助成制度」をつくるなど手厚い予算をつけた。
Also, he appropriated sufficient funds to implement a welfare policy that included creating 'a medical expenses subsidy system for the population aged 65 or more' which was a first for the nation.

また、徳川御三家などの徳川将軍家親族や老中・若年寄・京都所司代歴任者に対しては基準が緩かった様である。
Furthermore, it seems that the standard of the loan was easy with the Tokugawa Shogun families such as Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged braches of Tokugawa family), and persons who held the posts of roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate), wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu), and Kyoto shoshidai eligible for Haishakukin.

この頃の惣年寄の仕事はどのようなことをしていたかというと、今西家の古文書には以下のように書かれている。
With respect to tasks performed by so-doshiyori in those days, there is a description in ancient documents written by the Imanishi family as follows:

小娘は商品を素早く受け取ると、彼女の隣に立っていた背の小さな年寄りを指差してにっこり笑ってこう言った。
The girl snapped up the package and pointed to a little old man standing beside her.

日本相撲協会の年寄名跡は実際には多額の金銭を対価として売買されるが、それは以上のロジックで理解できる。
With the exception of direct family members, Myoseki `names` of Toshiyori (sumo elders) of the Japan Sumo Association are invariably traded for large sums of money.

御年寄の中でも時代によって権力や格式に格差があったが、基本的には将軍付の方が上であったと言われている。
The power and social status of Otoshiyori was dependent on the era, but it is said that the rank of Otoshiyori to Shogun was basically placed above those of other Otoshiyori.

このため、本来は上臈御年寄よりも下位の御年寄が大奥の最高権力者となり、大奥における大事小事を差配した。
For this reason, lower-ranking toshiyori actually held the highest authority in O-oku, dominating all important and lesser matters.

当初はこの制度は円滑に動いていたが、後に年寄たちが案件を翌月に先送りするようになり、さらに渋滞を招いた。
This system went smoothly at first, but councilors gradually became apt to put off their decisions to the following month, causing further delays in government affairs.

そこで、長年若年寄を務めた家や、旧家・名族を城主格に処遇し、幕末の慶応3年（1867年）で19家あった。
For this reason, families who had served as wakadoshiyori for many years, and old and noble families were treated as joshukaku, and at the end of Edo Period there were 19 such families at the end of Edo Period (1867).

組織の拡大にあわせて、陸軍奉行の若年寄格への昇格、歩兵奉行並や撒兵奉行並の設置など指揮系統も整備された。
As the organization expanded, the chain of command was improved, such as upgrading Army Bugyo to wakadoshiyori, the establishment of foot soldier Bugyo nabi and Sappei Bugyo nabi.

尚、陣幕という四股名は後に日本相撲協会に拠って年寄名跡『陣幕』として現在に至るまで代々受け継がれている。
The sumo wrestler's professional name of Jinmaku was decided to be inherited by Nihon Sumo Kyokai (Japan Sumo Association) and until today, it has been inherited as a professional name of a Toshiyori (retired wrestler) year after year.

松平信興（まつだいらのぶおき）は、江戸時代の大名（常陸国土浦藩など）、若年寄、大坂城代、京都所司代。
Nobuoki MATSUDAIRA was a Japanese feudal lord called daimyo (ruling Tsuchiura Domain in Hitachi Province, etc.), who also served as wakadoshiyori (junior councilor of the shogunate), Osaka jodai (the keeper of Osaka Castle), and Kyoto shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy).

御年寄は、大奥女中たちが住まう「長局向」の中でも最も格式の高い「一之側」を住居として割り当てられていた。
Ichinosoku,' the place with the highest status of 'Nagatsubone' (attendants' quarters), where female servants in O-oku resided, was allocated to Otoshiyori.

町代を「ちょうだい」と読ませた町役人は江戸・大坂にも存在したが、町年寄や町名主を補佐する事を職掌とした。
Some town officials in Edo and Osaka adopted another way of pronunciation 'Chodai' for 'Machidai' and assisted town councilors and town chief.

ただし、交代寄合・高家以外の江戸幕府の旗本にあっては、原則としてその家中に家老・年寄は設置されなかった。
However with the exception of the high ranking families and alternative arrangements, as a general rule as vassals of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Yonin were not provided for family elders and the elderly within families.

御台所付の中臈が将軍の目に適った場合は、将軍付御年寄が御台所付御年寄に掛け合って寝間の準備が行なわれた。
If a churo working for a midaidokoro was appointed by the shogun, Otoshiyori to Shogun negotiated with the Otoshiyori to Midaikodoro and prepared the bed.

前者は明治元年に銭札を、後者は慶應二年に米会所から庄屋・年寄・百姓の請負による米手形形式の銀札を発行した。
The former issued zeni-satsu in 1868 and the latter issued gin-satsu in the Kome-tegata format from the rice association in 1866, entrusted by the shoya, Toshiyori (elder chief of a village or town during Edo Period) and farmers.

元禄11年（1698年）3月7日、若年寄であった稲垣重定が常陸国から移封されたため、再び山上藩が立藩した。
On April 17, 1698, the Yamakami Domain was revived when wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) Shigesada INAGAKI was transferred in from Hitachi Province.

京兆家の政務執行を補佐する役目にあった在京香川家は京兆内衆として年寄衆、管領伴衆、管領内意見人などを歴任。
The Zaikyo Kagawa family, which held a post to support the Keicho family to implement government affairs, held various posts including Toshiyori-shu (senior vassals handling government affairs), Kanrei-banshu (officials accompanying Kanrei [the shogun's deputy]) and Kanrei-nai-ikennin (a senior vassal of Kanrei) as a member of Keicho Uchishu (inner group of the Keicho family).

ドアを開けた彼は、女に「あの年寄、気をつけたほうがいい」と言い、警官に、通りまでついてくるよう身振りした。
''You had better see to the old man,' he said to the woman, as he opened the door, and motioned the officer to follow him into the street.

そして、天保3年（1832年）、家臣の平山醇左衛門を長崎町年寄高島秋帆に入門させて、西洋式砲術を学ばせた。
In 1832, Shigeyoshi made his vassal Junzaemon HIRAYAMA become a disciple of Shuhan TAKASHIMA, Nagasaki machi toshiyori (an important local officer under the Tokugawa Shogunate of Nagasaki-machi Town), to learn Western gunnery.

7月には佐渡奉行に、12月には所務奉行（のちの勘定奉行）に任じられ、同時に年寄（のちの老中）に列せられた。
Nagayasu was appointed the magistrate of Sado Province in July, the magistrate of estates (later, the commissioner of finance) in December, and was simultaneously ranked among senior administrators (later, a member of shogun's council of elders).

「惣年寄義ハ古来より六町之〆括り取捌役ニ而勤来、公事訴訟願等の義は勿論御上より被仰渡候御用町年寄へ申渡。」
We, so-doshiyori, have long been performing the role of supervisors over the six townships which, in addition to addressing the matters concerning taxes, lawsuits and petitions, includes communicating instructions from the Shogunate to machi-doshiyori.'

京都の糸割符年寄り、長崎屋忠七がその糸割符仲間と伴に鋳銭を幕府に願い出て、大銭の鋳造を請け負うこととなった。
Chuhichi NAGASAKIYA, the head of itowappunakama (thread tally union) in Kyoto requested minting of the coin to bakufu with his members of the union, and he was assigned to mint ozeni.

江戸幕府においては若年寄支配にて江戸城内の需要を満たすための工芸品製作が行う機関として城内に設置されていた。
The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) established Saikudokoro within a castle as an institution manufacturing handicrafts under the control of Wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu), in order to satisfy demand within the Edo-jo Castle.

また町政や公事にも参加し、町年寄を選ぶ選挙権や被選挙権を持つなど、社会的身分や公的権利・義務を持つ者である。
They participated in local politics and public events, also held social status, as well as public rights and obligations, which entitled them voting right and eligibility for machi-doshiyori (ward head) selection.

12代将軍・徳川家慶時代の大奥で絶大な権勢を振るった上臈御年寄姉小路、水戸藩老女花野井は、経子の伯母である。
Joro Otoshiyori (high rank senior maid) Anekoji, the senior maid Hananoi of the Mito clan, who enjoyed extreme reins of power in the O-oku (inner palace) during the period of the 12th generation shogun Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA, was Keishi's aunt.

養父に引き続き上京町年寄、及び徳川家斉、表千家・了々斎、裏千家・認得斎、武者小路千家・好々斎の御用を務める。
Following his adoptive father, he took the position as town head at Kamigyo District, and was a purveyor to Ienari TOKUGAWA, Omote Senke Ryoryosai, Urasenke Nintokusai, and Mushanokoji Senke Kokosai.

山尾家（県指定文化財）-山尾家は、十市郡新堂村より移住したので「新堂屋」の屋号で、幕末には、町年寄を務めた。
Yamao Residence (prefectural cultural property): The Yamao family moved from Shindo village, Toichi County, thus bearing the trade name 'Shindoya,' and served as machi-doshiyori (ward head) in the end of the Edo period.

悲観的な気分になる人たちは、年寄りや病気持ちや不虞《ふぐ》となった貧民があまりに多いことに大きな懸念を持つ。
Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people, who are aged, diseased, or maimed;

大坂青屋口の加番や大番頭を務めた後の天明8年（1788年）、若年寄に任じられて寛政の改革期の幕政に参与した。
After he had worked as kaban (a person in charge of guard) at aoyaguchi gate of Osaka-jo Castle and Oban gashira (captains of the great guards), he was appointed as wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu) in 1788 to participate in the shogunate government in the period of Kansei Reforms.

元和2年（1616年）5月には、竹千代の守役として酒井忠利・内藤清次・青山忠俊の3人が家光付けの年寄となった。
In May, 1616, Tadatoshi SAKAI, Kiyotsugu NAITO and Tadatoshi AOYAMA were appointed as councilors to look after Iemitsu.

慶応元年（1865年）に観行院が亡くなると、終生、和宮に尽くし、和宮を批判する天璋院や大奥御年寄らと対立した。
Even after Kangyoin died in 1865, she remained royal to Princess Kazunomiya throughout her life, while being in conflict with Tenshoin or Otoshiyori of O-oku who criticized the princess.

家斉の死後、その側近政治は幕政の実権を握った水野忠邦に否定されて、旗本・若年寄、大奥等数人が罷免・左遷される。
Subsequent to Ienari's passing, the existing practice of his inner circle running the administration was renounced by Tadakuni MIZUNO, who seized control of the shogunate and several hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu); the wakadoshiyori and officials of the O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the shogun's wife and her servants resided) were either dismissed or demoted.

カフェインが少なく、胃への負担もあまりないことから、子供からお年寄り、病人まで、安心して飲用できるお茶である。
Hojicha contains little caffeine and so does not stress the stomach, and for this reason, everyone from children to elderly people and even those who are sick can drink it without having to worry about any adverse effects.

まだまだ、駅前という立地条件を生かした福知山ファミリーの再生は可能でお年寄りの方などはたくさん利用されている。
It is possible to recover the Fukuchiyama family by effectively using the advantage that it is located in front of a station, and many senior citizens in fact use the place.

公家（公卿）より御台所が降嫁する際に同伴してくる公家出身の女官たちは、大奥女中最高位の上臈御年寄の役に就いた。
Female servants from a kuge (court noble) family, accompanying a female who was from a kuge family and married to shogun, were appointed to the Joro-otoshiyori post, the highest post for female servants in O-oku.

それと、致死学、それから頭蓋絞殺（ずがこうさく）――絞殺の先生は、年寄りのヤツメウナギで、週に一度だけくんの。
then Drawling--the Drawling-master was an old conger-eel, that used to come once a week:

天明4年（1784年）に息子で若年寄の田沼意知が江戸城内で佐野政言に暗殺されたことを契機とし、権勢が衰え始める。
In 1784, Masakoto SANO assassinated Okitomo TANUMA, his son and vise-senior councillor (wakadoshiyori), in Edo-jo Castle, and Okitsugu's power began to wane.

将軍が目に適った者の名を御年寄に告げると、その日の夕刻には寝間の準備をして寝所である「御小座敷」に待機していた。
When a shogun told the name of a churo who suited his taste to the Otoshiyori (the lady who controlled the servants in O-oku), the bed was prepared at 'Okozashiki' by that evening, and the churo was waiting for the shogun.

とアリスはつけくわえながら、非難がましい目つきで年寄りネコのほうをながめて、できるだけきびしい声を出そうとします
she added, looking reproachfully at the old cat, and speaking in as cross a voice as she could manage

その際、もし将軍の選んだ相手が御台所付御中臈であった場合、将軍付御年寄が御台所付御年寄に掛け合う事となっていた。
When shogun selected one of his wife's Ochuro, it was customary that the Otoshiyori to shogun negotiated with the Otoshityori to shogun's wife.

元和9年（1623年）には死去した清次の穴埋めとして酒井忠世・酒井忠勝 (若狭国小浜藩主)が年寄として付けられる。
In 1623, after the death of Kiyotsugu NAITO, Tadayo SAKAI and Tadakatsu SAKAI (the lord of Obama Domain, Wakasa Province) became the successors and were appointed as councilors for Iemitsu.

綱吉が将軍に就任したすぐの時期に、若年寄の稲葉正休が殿中で刺殺されたこともあり、側用人の柳沢吉保が実権を掌握した。
However, immediately after Tsunayoshi assumed the position of shogun, his sobayonin (lord chamberlain), Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA gripped the real power over the bakufu, making use of adverse situations including the incidence in which Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor) Masayasu INAGA was stabbed to death inside the palace.

その後、年寄陣幕として大坂相撲の発展に尽くしたが、1880年（明治13年）9月場所限りで廃業し、実業家に転進した。
After that, he was involved deeply in the development of Osakazumo as Toshiyori (retired wrestler), however he resigned at the end of the September Tournament of 1880 and withdrew from the sumo world, and became a business man.

徳川家綱の側近として中奥小姓、小姓組番頭、御側などを務めたほか、若年寄、大坂城代、京都所司代などの要職も歴任した。
As a close adviser to Ietsuna TOKUGAWA, he served as nakaoku kosho (middle inner page), koshogumi bangashira (head of the page office) and osoba (close aide), in addition to holding prominent positions such as wakadoshiyori (junior councilor of the shogunate), Osaka jodai (the keeper of Osaka Castle), and Kyoto shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy).

小河原は広岡小之次郎らによって斬り倒されたが、有村も重傷を負って歩行困難となり、若年寄遠藤胤統邸の門前で自決する。
OGAWARA was killed with a sword by Nenojiro HIROOKA, while ARIMURA, who was also seriously injured and had difficulty walking, killed himself in front of the gate at the residence of Tsunenori ENDO, the Wakadoshiyori (a 'Junior Elder').

そこで女は立って神の人の言葉のようにし、その家族と共に行ってペリシテびとの地に七年寄留した。 (列王紀2 8:2)
The woman arose, and did according to the word of the man of God. She went with her household, and lived in the land of the Philistines seven years. (2 Kings 8:2)

そのため、給与面、格式面において御年寄ないし上臈御年寄に相当する待遇として、「御年寄上座格」が与えられたとされる。
It is sad that 'Otoshiyori-kamizakaku' was given to the servant for making her treatment equivalent to that of Otoshiyori or Joro-Otoshiyori (the highest female servant post in O-oku) in salary and rank status.

やっと、木の下にすわっていたとっても年寄りのカエルが、立ち上がってゆっくりよたよたと、アリスのほうにやってきました。
but at last, a very old Frog, who was sitting under a tree, got up and hobbled slowly towards her:

貞享元年（1684年）8月28日、大老堀田正俊が従兄弟で若年寄だった稲葉正休に声をかけられ、不意に殺害されたという。
On October 7, 1684, Masatoshi HOTTA, who held the title of chief minister, was called to by Masayasu INABA, who was Masatoshi's cousin and held the title of managerial position, and suddenly killed by him.

元治元年（1864年）奏者番、慶応2年（1866年）若年寄を経て、慶応3年（1867年）12月15日、老中格となる。
He was appointed as sojaban in 1864 and wakadoshiyori in 1867, and received the treatment relevant to roju since January 9, 1868.

寛永16年（1634年）には制度を改め、年寄り3人の担当を月番制とし、六人衆（若年寄の前身）をその補佐として置いた。
In 1634, the conference system was changed to a system where each of the three councilors would take turns on a monthly duty system and six assistants (predecessors of junior assistants system) were appointed to support the business of the councilors.

歴代藩主の多くが大番頭や奏者番、そして若年寄などの要職を務めているが、藩政における治績はほとんど見られない小藩だった。
Many of the domain lords from the lineage were appointed important posts such as Oban gashira (captain of the great guards), sojaban (official in charge of the ceremonies) or wakadoshiyori, although the domain itself was too minor for the lords to be remembered for any notable record of lordship under their rule.

また先に浅野家再興の嘆願を取りなして欲しいと依頼した荒木政羽も、江戸に戻ってから老中や若年寄に取り成しを行ってくれた。
Masahane ARAKI, who had previously promised to be the mediator for the restoration of the Asano clan, passed the idea on to the members of shogun's Council of Elders as well as Junior Elders after returning to Edo

奥女中のうち、上臈御年寄から御坊主までがお目見え以上と言い、将軍と御台所への目通りを許されていた上級の女中たちである。
Jochu ranked from Joro Otoshiyori to Gobozu were allowed to see the Shogun and Midaidokoro, therefore they were upper rank jochu and called 'Omemie ijo'.

忠英は正徳 (日本)元年（1711年）、寺社奉行から若年寄に昇進し、正徳2年（1712年）に下野壬生藩に移封となった。
Tadateru was promoted to wakadoshiyori from jisha-bugyo in 1711, and transferred to the Mibu Domain in Shimotsuke Province.

小区には戸長と副戸長をおき、これには江戸時代の村役人（庄屋・名主）や町役人（年寄など）、大庄屋などの経験者を任命した。
Each Shoku was controlled by a kocho and a deputy kocho, to which experienced village and town administrators during the Edo Period, such as shoya, nanushi and toshiyori, were appointed.

このかわいい年寄りの、心がきれいなこいつがひどいことを口にするんだから、わからんもんだなぁ、これは覚えておいてくれよ。
Here's this poor old innocent bird o' mine swearing blue fire, and none the wiser, you may lay to that.

主君が不在であったり病気等の理由で江戸城に登城できない場合、陪臣が登城し用件を老中・若年寄など幕閣に伝える場合もあった。
When a lord was absent or could not come to the Edo-jo Castle by reasons of sickness or others, baishin sometimes came to castle and transmitted a message to the cabinet officials of the Shogunate such as roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate) and wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu).

御年寄は大奥女中の位の中では第二位に当たるが、奥向の万事を差配する大奥随一の権力者で、表向の老中に匹敵する役職であった。
The Otoshiyo post was the second-highest one of those of female servants in O-oku, but the persons in this post were the most powerful in O-oku, controlling everything in inner halls, being equivalent to Roju in Omotemuki (literally, the front halls: indicating governmental operations).

「尤下より申上候義、何事ニ不依、公事訴訟之義ハ当人又は町年寄江改相談、相済候義ハ埒明、滞申義者御役迄申上候義ニ而勤来候。」
With respect to the bottom-to-top communication, there are no restrictions on the subject matter to be brought up and, as to the affairs in relation to taxes, lawsuits and petitions, we have first sufficiently discussed the issue with the party concerned as well as machi-doshiyori but, if no solution was reached, we have then presented the matter to the government officials.'

さらに、お年寄りが互いに交流し、アメリカの生活の中で何時までも積極的に参加していられるように、多くの団体が結成されている。
In addition many groups have been formed so that the elderly can socialize with one another and remain active participants in American life.

資宗は順調に出世し、徳川家光からの覚えも良く、六人衆（のちの若年寄）となり、さらには下野国山川藩15600石の藩主となる。
Sukemune who had been favorably promoted and favored by Iemitsu TOKUGAWA was assigned for a managerial position in Edo bakufu initially called 'Rokuninshu' later called 'Wakadoshiyori,' and became a lord of the Yamakawa Domain, Shimotsuke Province which yielded 15,600 koku in rice.

番頭の諸藩における地位は、厳密にはまちまちであり、家老、年寄・中老に次ぐ重職であることもあれば、用人より格下のこともある。
The status of the bangashira in a domain varied in details by domains, ranking in importance after the chief retainers, toshiyori and churo (middle-level retainers) in some cases, and lower than yojin (lord chamberlain) in other cases.

それから、旗本・御家人の場合には所属する頭・支配（目付）によって改めて末期養子届が作成されて併せて老中・若年寄に提出された。
Afterwards, in the case for a Hatamoto or Gokenin, another matsugo-yoshi application was generated anew by the kashira (head) or shihai of his Hatamoto or Gokenin group, and both applications were submitted to Roju (the second-highest governmental post in the Edo bakufu) and Wakadoshiyori (the managerial post just under Roju).

また、司馬遼太郎の『最後の将軍』では、14代将軍継嗣問題の渦中にあった頃、慶喜の正室一条美賀子の老女（御年寄）とされている。
On the other hand, in 'Last Shogun' written by Ryotaro SHIBA, she was described as a senior lady-in-waiting (called Otoshiyori) serving Mikako ICHIJO, who was the lawful wife of Yoshinobu, at the time in the midst of a struggle for the succession of the fourteenth Shogun.

これら旗本家は、若年寄、大目付、勘定奉行、外国奉行、外国（事務）副総裁、開成所総奉行などを務めた幕臣を、主に幕末に輩出した。
At the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, the members of those families of Hatamoto were appointed to important posts such as Wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu), Ometsuke (Chief inspector of the Edo bakufu), Kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), Vice President of the administrators of Gaikoku bugyo (magistrate of foreign affairs), and Chief of Kaiseijo (magistrate for examination of foreign books).

子に橋本実久、伊与子（大奥の上臈御年寄・姉小路）、理子（大奥の上臈御年寄・唐橋 (大奥女中。後に花ノ井と名を改める）がいる。
Among his children, Sanehisa HASHIMOTO, Iyo (Anekoji) who served as Joro-otoshiyori (high rank female housekeeper in the inner Edo-jo Castle), Masako (or Ayako or Riko) who served as Joro-otoshiyori too, and Karahashi (later changed her name to Hananoi) who served as a female housekeeper in the inner Edo-jo Castle are known.

また、目付と大目付を設置し、年寄達を通さずに直接将軍が情報を掌握できるようにするなど、幕府の諸役職は家光の時期に定まっている。
Inspector of samurai and inspector general were established so that the shogun could receive information directly, rather than through councilors, meaning that a number of main official posts of the Tokugawa shogunate were established during Iemitsu's rule.

ヨセフは年寄り子であったから、イスラエルは他のどの子よりも彼を愛して、彼のために長そでの着物をつくった。 (創世記 37:3)
Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his children, because he was the son of his old age, and he made him a coat of many colors. (Genesis 37:3)

またこの日、近藤は若年寄格、土方は寄合席、隊員は全て小十人格となる（幕臣取立てを言っているが、実際は前年の6月10日である）。
On this day, KONDO became wakadoshiyori kaku, HIJIKATA became yoriai seki (upper class officials of bakufu) and all soldiers became kojunin kaku (escort guard) (while it referred to recruitment to Bakushin, it actually happened on July 11 of the previous year).

また奥右筆のために独立した御用部屋が設置され、老中・若年寄などから上げられた政策上の問題を将軍の指示によって調査・報告を行った。
There was an separated office placed for Oku-yuhitsu and they researched and released reports about policy issues sent by Roju (senior councilor) or Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor) under the supervision of Shogun.

政府は江戸時代からの庄屋、名主、年寄、大庄屋等を廃止した（荘屋名主年寄等ヲ廃シ戸長副戸長ト改称シ給料並ニ諸入用割合ヲ定ム（））。
The government abolished existing administrator systems, such as shoya and nanushi (both village headmen), dai-shoya (big village headmen) and toshiyori (administrators), which was established in the Edo Period.

和宮が家茂に降嫁することで公武合体が完成し、和宮は大奥にて御年寄の瀧山、本寿院（徳川家定生母）と天璋院とともに過ごすこととなった。
After Kazunomiya married with Iemochi, the union of the Imperial Court and the Shogunate was completed, she started her new life living with Otoshiyori, Takiyama, Honjuin (Iesada TOKUGAWA's mother) and Tenshoin in Ooku.

業務の主宰者は問屋と称され、その助役の年寄、さらに人馬の出入りや賃銭などを記入する帳付、人馬に荷物を振り分ける馬指などの者がいた。
The master of Toiyaba was called Tonya and there were Toshiyori, who was Tonya's assistant, Chozuke, who registerd riders, horses and wages, and Umasashi, who alloted baggage to riders and horses.

年寄りのピューは、もうその時はめくらだったが、恥ずかしく思うどころか、一年で1200ポンド使いやがった、まるで上院議員みたいにな。
Old Pew, as had lost his sight, and might have thought shame, spends twelve hundred pound in a year, like a lord in Parliament.

町役人の名称や組織については地域によって異なり、江戸では江戸町役人以下町名主などが置かれ、大阪では総年寄以下町年寄などが置かれた。
Names for this position and their organizations differed from region to region; in fact, they had chonanushi (town headman) as well as machiyakunin in Edo, and in Osaka, they had similar positions called sodoshiyori and machidoshiyori.

武家社会の勃興した鎌倉時代よりみられるが、室町時代までは年寄（としより、おとな）・宿老（しゅくろう）・執事（しつじ）などと呼ばれた。
Such a post already existed in the Kamakura period, the start of samurai-based society, and was called Toshiyori (or Otona), Shukuro or Shitsuji.

また、歴代藩主の多くが若年寄や大坂加番、大番頭や奏者番などの要職を歴任したことも、かえって藩財政の出費を著しいものとする遠因となった。
Even though many of the lords of the domain served important posts such as wakadoshiyori, Osaka-kaban (a secondary guard post of Osaka-jo Castle), Oban gashira (captains of the great guards) and sojaban (an official in charge of the ceremonies) one after another, such service only added further expense on top of the domain's suffering financial situation.

そこで幕府でも今井を町として認め、江戸・大阪・京都・奈良同様に惣会所を設け、町年寄などの町役人を指揮して町政に当たらせるようになった。
The Tokugawa shogunate consequently recognized Imai as a township whereby so-kaisho (meeting place of a municipality) as seen in Edo, Osaka, Kyoto and Nara was installed and machi-yakunin (municipal officials) such as machi-doshiyori (ward heads) began to manage affairs of the town under supervision of the shogunate.

彼は、白い胴服（チョッキ）を着て、踵に素晴らしく大きな鉄製の金庫を引きずっている一人の年寄の幽霊とは生前随分懇意にしていたのであった。
He had been quite familiar with one old ghost, in a white waistcoat, with a monstrous iron safe attached to its ankle,

甘く調味された調味梅干は比較的新しく(戦後生まれである)、お年寄りと若者とで食べ慣れた梅干しが異なるので、梅干の好みに差が広がっている。
The sweetened chomi-umeboshi are relatively new (having emerged after the war), and a difference in preferred umeboshi is growing between the elderly and the young, who are used to eating different kinds of umeboshi.

幕府では、1634年（寛永11年）六人衆が置かれ、1649年（慶安2年）に六人衆（後の若年寄に相当）が廃止され、その職掌があわせられた。
In the Edo bakufu, the post of Rokuninshu (literally, six persons; corresponding to the later Wakadoshiyori (literally, younger old persons) post) was established in 1634, and was abolished in 1649, with the job absorbed in that of Roju.

徳川時代になって、高度の自治を展開したので幕府は今井を町として認め、江戸、大阪、京都、奈良と同様に惣年寄、町年寄をおき町制にあたらせた。
According to the head of the family, although he was nominated for a barony by the government after the Meiji Restoration, the family were so destitute that they could not afford the processing fee for the peerage and he also mentioned that he was proud of his ancestors for not having been arrogant about their power.

第5代藩主・遠藤胤統（若年寄）の代である嘉永5年（1852年）12月25日、江戸城西の丸造営の功績を賞されて、2,000石の加増を受けた。
On February 3, 1853, the fifth lord of the domain Tanenori ENDO (wakadoshiyori) received additional 2,000 koku crop yields in appreciation of his achievement in constructing a castle compound to the west of the main compound of Edo-jo Castle.

12月13日、徳川慶喜は枚方市へ退く一方で新選組は若年寄永井尚志に伴われ二条城へ行くが、大場一進斎率いる水戸藩本圀寺組とにらみ合いとなる。
On January 7, while Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA retreated to Hirakata City, Shinsengumi went to the Nijo-jo Castle followed by Naoyuki NAGAI, who had the title of wakadoshiyori (junior councilor), but became hostile with Honkokuji gumi (the group of Honkoku-ji Temple) of Mito han (Mito Domain) led by Isshinsai OBA.

秀忠は政権移譲した後も、大御所として軍事指揮権等の政治的実権は掌握し続け、幕政は本丸年寄と西の丸年寄の合議による二元政治のもとに置かれた。
Even after Hidetada transferred political power to his son, he continued to have the real power where he had the bakufu put under a dual policy by mutual consent between assistants in the keep of the castle and the secondary enclosure of the castle.

5世小堀政峯は、徳川家継・徳川吉宗・徳川家重の3代に仕え、若年寄を2度務めるなど幕閣の一員として活躍し、譜代大名並の格式を許された人である。
Masamine KOBORI, the fifth head of the clan, served the three generations of Ietsugu TOKUGAWA, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA and Ieshige TOKUGAWA, and was appointed as a wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu) twice, being active as a member of the feudal government and having a prestigious designation as a hereditary daimyo.

幕府では45歳のときに寺社奉行に起用されたのを皮切りに、若年寄、ついで、元禄12年（1713年） - 宝永4年（1720年）、老中を務める。
In the bakufu (shogunate government), he was promoted to the jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines) at the age of 45 at first, then promoted to wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu), and from 1713 to 1720, assumed the position of roju (member of shogun's council of elders).

今西家は江戸初期から幕末まで前述のように惣年寄役として勤めてきたのであるが、これは現位置すなわち慶安三年に本建物が創立されてからのことである。
As mentioned earlier, the Imanishi family had worked as so-doshiyori between the early Edo period and the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate but it was after Imanishi-ke Jutaku was first established at the present location in 1650 that they began to perform this role.

これを聞くと、彼らは年寄から始めて、ひとりびとり出て行き、ついに、イエスだけになり、女は中にいたまま残された。 (ヨハネによる福音書 8:9)
They, when they heard it, being convicted by their conscience, went out one by one, beginning from the oldest, even to the last. Jesus was left alone with the woman where she was, in the middle. (John 8:9)

第3代藩主・堀田正陳は若年寄となって寛延元年（1748年）10月15日に3,000石の加増を受け、宮川藩は1万3,000石を領することになった。
On November 5, 1748, the third lord Masanobu HOTTA was promoted to wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) together with an increase of 3,000 koku, with which the Miyagawa Domain's territory was expanded to a total of 13,000 koku.

今井町の惣年寄制は、慶長に始まったようで、初めは今西・尾崎両家が任命されたが、寛永に上田家が加えられて合計三人となり、今西家が筆頭になっている。
It seems that the so-doshiyori (officers who worked under the town magistrate) system in Imai-cho started in the Keicho era (1596 - 1615) and the Imanishi family and the Ozaki family were originally appointed to that position but, during the Kanei era (1624 - 1644), the Ueda family was added to make up a group of three so-doshiyori with the Imanishi family being at the head of that group.

天明4年（1784年）3月24日に江戸城中で老中・田沼意次の子、若年寄・田沼意知を佐野善左衛門が暗殺した際に用いられたのが二代忠綱の大脇差と言う。
It is said that Zenzaemon SANO killed wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu) Okitomo TANUMA, a son of roju (senior councilor) Okitsugu TANUMA, at the Edo Castle on May 13, 1784 with a short sword of the second Tadatsuna.

(1)一般の非人は、非人頭（悲田院年寄・祇園社・興福寺・南宮大社など）が支配する非人小屋に属し、小屋主（非人小頭・非人小屋頭）の配下に編成された。
(1) Hinin in general belonged to Hinin-goya (Hinin-hut) where was ruled by Hinin-gashira or head of a Hinin organizational section (Hiden-in Temple Toshiyori, Gion-sha Shrine, Kofuku-ji Temple, Nangu-taisha Shrine) and organized under Koya-nushi (Hinin kogashira or subforeman・Hinin-goya kashira or Hinin-goya foreman)

慶長4年（1599年）閏3月、岐阜の家臣瀧川主膳に対し、石田三成の年寄職引退、佐和山城蟄居を受けて稲葉山、町口の防備を固めるよう書面で指示している。
In intercalary April 1599, he gave a written instruction to Shuzen TAKIGAWA, his vassal in Gifu to build up the defenses in Inabayama and Machiguchi due to Mitsunari ISHIDA's resignation from the position of Toshiyori (Chief Senior Councilor) and house arrest in Sawayama-jo Castle.

享保4（1719年）年6月、留守居支配（留守居は老中支配）より若年寄支配の寄合となり、元文5（1740年）年、3,000石以上の旗本を全て寄合とした。
Yoriai had been under the control of rusui (caretaker or keeper [official post in the Edo period]; rusui is under the control of rojyu [senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate]), but it became under the control of wakadoshiyori in June 1719, and in 1740, hatamoto with income of 3,000 koku or greater was appointed as yoriai.

第5代藩主・小堀政峯は7年半にわたって若年寄を努めたことから、本来なら小堀氏は外様大名であったが、この功績により譜代大名の格式を許され、伺候席となった。
For the fifth lord of the domain Masamine KOBORI's seven-and-a-half-year service as a position of Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor), the Kobori clan, which was supposed to be a nonhereditary feudal lord, was admitted to amend the status into Fudai Daimyo (hereditary vassals to the Tokugawa family) and was able to wait on a higher-ranked sheat to meet the Shogun.

将軍は、将軍付御中臈の中から夜伽の相手を選び、それを将軍付御年寄に伝えれば、その日の内にその御年寄が将軍の選んだ相手が寝所で待機するように指示を出した。
When shogun selected one of Shogun's Ochuro (female servants in waiting for Shogun) for yotogi, and informed the Otoshiyori of the name of the Ochuro, the Otoshiyori ordered the selected Ochuro to wait in shogun's bed.

しかし、町民によって祭神は町年寄の家へ移され、その後、恵比須神を祀る神社の奥社で密かに祀っていた（現在の豊国神社で事代主が一緒に祀られているのはこのため）。
While, the enshrined deity was moved to the house of machi-doshiyori (ward head) by citizens, then enshrined secretly in the back of a shrine for the Ebisu (a god of fishing and commerce), and that is why the Kotoshiro nushi is enshrined together in the present Hokoku-jinja Shrine.

しかしながら、次第に年寄の上層部が家老として、分化するようになり、年寄と呼称される役職は、家老そのものではなく、家老に次ぐ役職である場合が一般化していった。
However, over time, the upper class officers in Toshiyori posts came to be distinguished as Karo officers, and generally, most Toshiyori did not become Karo itself but the next post down.

大奥は時代が下るにつれて規模が肥大化し、それに伴って数多くの役職が置かれていったが、その頂点に立つのが上臈御年寄や御年寄といった取締役（統括管理職）だった。
The scale of O-oku increased in later times, many posts were established and at the top of such posts were managers (umbrella administrator) like Joro Otoshiyori and Otoshiyori.

第6代藩主・堀田正敦は陸奥国仙台藩主・伊達宗村 (仙台藩主)の八男であり、その経緯から若年寄、湯島聖堂再建の副奉行、『寛政重修諸家譜』などの編纂を務めている。
The sixth lord of the domain, Masaatsu HOTTA, was the eighth son of Munemura DATE, the lord of the Sendai Domain in Mutsu Province, and due to such relationship, Masaatsu took positions as wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu, Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and fuku-bugyo (vice magistrate) for reconstruction of Yushima Seido (Sacred Hall at Yushima), and also engaged in compilation of 'Kansei Choshu Shokafu' (genealogies of vassals in the Edo bakufu).

上京の町年寄を務めるなど、京の町人の中でも重鎮であり、柄杓師としては徳川家治、徳川家斉、表千家・ソツ啄斎、裏千家・不見斎、武者小路千家・一啜斎の御用を務める。
He was a leading figure in Kyo, being the head of townsmen at Kamigyo District, and a purveyor to Ieharu TOKUGAWA, Ienari TOKUGAWA, Omote Senke Sottakusai, Urasenke Fukensai, and Mushanokoji Senke Ittotsusai.

万軍の主は、こう仰せられる、『エルサレムの街路には再び老いた男、老いた女が座するようになる。みな年寄の人々で、おのおのつえを手に持つ。 (ゼカリヤ書 8:4)
Thus says Yahweh of Armies: 'Old men and old women will again dwell in the streets of Jerusalem, every man with his staff in his hand for very age. (Zechariah 8:4)

ここだろうと、いい加減に見当をつけて、ご免（めん）ご免と二返ばかり云うと、奥（おく）から五十ぐらいな年寄（としより）が古風な紙燭（しそく）をつけて、出て来た。
I knocked at the door of a house, which I knew must be his, and a woman about fifty years old with an old fashioned paper-lantern in hand, appeared at the door.

姉小路（あねがこうじ、文化 (元号)7年2月12日 (旧暦)（1810年3月16日） - 明治13年（1880年）8月9日）は、江戸時代末期の大奥の上臈御年寄。
Anegakoji (March 16, 1810 to August 9, 1880) was a Joro-otoshiyori in O-oku during the late Edo period.

そのため、綱吉の寵愛を於伝之方から離すため、新上西門院を通じて宮中で最も学問に秀でているとの呼び声が高い典侍・右衛門佐局を、御台所付上臈御年寄として大奥へ招聘。
For this reason, in order to change Tsunayoshi's feeling of love for Oden no kata, she invited Uemon no suke no tsubone, that is, Naishi no suke (a court lady of the first rank) who was said to shine academically best in the Imperial Court, as Joro (high rank woman servant in the Imperial Court) Otoshiyori (a lady who controls the servants in O-oku) under Midaidokoro through Shinjosaimonin.

それ故、年寄りは怒りっぽく、短気で気むずかしく、我が儘で、そして自分の家族には寛容だが、よそ者や、自分の好みでないものや、自分に必要でないものは、全て嫌悪する。
wherefore the old man is often snappish, irritable, hard to please, and selfish, tolerant only of his own household, but averse to strangers and to all who do not administer to his comfort or to his necessities.

また宝永期の吹替えにより莫大な利益を上げていた銀座 (歴史)に対し正徳4年5月13日に手入れが決行され、深江庄左衛門ら銀座年寄りらが遠島流罪、闕所などに処された。
Ginza (organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during Edo period) which gained enomous amount of profit by reminting was inspected on June 24, 1714, and toshiyori (heads) of ginza including Shozaemon FUKAE were exiled to isolated island or punished with kessho (confiscation of one's estate for punishment): this incident was called Shotoku no chi (political reform of Shotoku).

大正4年（1915年）6月場所で弟子の梅ヶ谷藤太郎 (2代)が引退すると雷部屋と年寄名跡を譲って廃業したが、協会は「大雷」の尊称を贈り相談役待遇として接していた。
After his disciple Totaro UMEGATANI the second retired from sumo in the June 1915 tournament, Ikazuchi handed over control of his stable to him, transmitted his professional name to him and retired from business, but the Japan Sumo Association bestowed the honorific title of 'Oikazuchi' on Ikazuchi and welcomed him as an adviser.

そのあまりに急な死に、実は綱吉は信子と御台所付御年寄・伊豆局の手によって殺害され、信子はその後自害したという俗説（『日光邯鄲枕』）も残っているが、信憑性に乏しい。
Her sudden death caused a popular belief that Tsunayoshi was actually killed by Nobuko and Izu no tsubone who was Otoshiyori under Midaidokoro and then Nobuko committed a suicide later ('Nikkokantanmakura'), but this is unreliable.

自らの部下たる御中臈が夜伽の相手に選ばれ懐妊し、更にはその子が将軍世嗣となり、後々その世嗣が将軍宣下を受けた場合、その御年寄は大奥内で大きな力を持つことが出来た。
When an Ochuro, a subordinate of an Otoshiyori, was selected for yotogi, became pregnant, and the son became the heir to the shogun and was proclaimed Shogun later, the Otoshiyori could become quite powerful in O-oku.

このことから、以後将軍が女人と交合する時には、屏風の後ろに監“聴”役二人を置き、二人の証言が一致し御年寄（大奥の最高権力者）が承認するまで徹底的に話し合ったという。
It is believed that because of this incident, two people were stationed behind a screen to listen carefully when the shogun was having intercourse with a woman and thorough discussions held until the Otoshiyori (the most powerful person in the shogun's harem) acknowledged that their testimonies agreed.

子の加藤明英は譜代の格式を与えられ、元禄3年（1690年）に寺社奉行から若年寄に昇進し、5000石の加増を受けて元禄8年（1695年）、下野国壬生藩に移封となった。
Akihide KATO, a son of Akitomo, was bestowed the rank of fudai daimyo (hereditary daimyo), and in 1690, promoted to wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) from jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines) and transferred to the Mibu Domain in Shimotsuke Province in 1695 with an increase of 5,000 koku of rice.

御年寄にして月光院の腹心であった絵島が大奥の門限に遅れた江島生島事件では老中や譜代門閥層と結託して月光院と側用人・間部詮房と新井白石らの権威失墜を謀ったとされている。
At the Incident of Ejima Ikushima when Ejima, who was Otoshiyori (a lady who controled the servants in O-oku) and a trusted retainer of Gekkoin, delayed the curfew of O-oku, she is considered to have ploted the derogation of Gekkoin, sobayonin (lord chamberlain) Akifusa MANABE and Hakuseki ARAI together with roju (member of shogun's council of elders) and fudai (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) class.

そのような状況の中で翌天正8年（1580年）3月1日、朝廷は本願寺へ勧修寺晴豊と庭田重保を勅使として遣わして年寄衆の意向を質し、本願寺は和議を推し進めることで合意した。
Then, in March 26, 1580, the Imperial Court sent imperial envoys, Haretoyo KAJUJI and Shigeyasu NIWATA, to Hongan-ji Temple to confirm the will of the Toshiyorishu (senior vassals) and they agreed to proceed with the peace talks.

しかしながら、貞享元年（1684年）堀田正俊が若年寄稲葉正休に刺殺されると、綱吉は以後大老を置かず側用人の牧野成貞、柳沢吉保らを重用して老中などを遠ざけるようになった。
However, after Masatoshi HOTTA was stabbed to death by Masayasu INABA, a junior councilor, in 1684, Tsunayoshi no longer had a tairo, instead relying on sobayonin (lord chamberlains) such as Narisada MAKINO and Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA, and kept his distance from the roju (member of shogun's council of elders).

今井町に惣年寄制がしかれたのは慶長年間（1600年頃）で初めに川井長左衞門正冬（後改め今西氏）、河瀬入道兵部房（後改め今井氏）、尾崎源兵衛、あと上田忠右衛門、を加えた。
It was around 1600 when the so-doshiyori system was implemented in Imai-cho with Nagazaemon Masafuyu KAWAI (later assumed the new family name of Imanishi), Nyudo Hyobubo KAWASE (later assumed the new family name of Imai) and Genbei OZAKI initially being appointed as so-doshiyori and Chuemon UEDA subsequently joined this team at a later date.

奥女中の階級の中では最上位に位置する上臈御年寄だが、幕府の公家対策・あるいは御台所が権力を持つ機会が少なかったためか、大奥の中で実権を持つことはあまりなかったとされる。
Although ranking the highest among the women of O-oku, they are believed to have wielded little influence within Ooku, due to the lack of opportunity to influence the shogunate's policy on court nobility or due to the fact that the shogun's wife had little power.

息が荒く、血にまみれた手を持った年寄りのエセ者が、カリフォルニアのそよ風で血の気の薄くなっている小柄な婦人を相手に取るなどというのはフェアプレイとは言えますまい。
A mite of a little woman with blood thinned by California zephyrs was hardly fair game for the red-fisted, short-breathed old duffer.

1807年（文化 (日本)4年）、北辺防備を唱えた『不恤緯（ふじゅつい）』を著して幕閣（若年寄水野忠成）に献上するが、幕府の警戒するところとなり喚問を受けて閑居させられる。
In 1807, he wrote 'Fujutsui' which urged the necessity of protection of the northern areas, and presented it to the cabinet official of the shogunate (Wakadoshiyori [a post to support senior councils] Tadaakira MIZUNO), but as a result he was put under watch of the Tokugawa shogunate, summoned and was forced to shut himself in the house.

寛文7年の制によれば、責任者を若年寄としてその指揮監督にあたり、若年寄の支配下にあった使番1名を正使、同じく小姓番と書院番からそれぞれ1名ずつを副使として派遣することとした。
According to the system introduced in 1667, the envoys were led by a wakadoshiyori (junior elder) as supervisor, with one tsukaiban as official envoy reporting directly to the wakadoshiyori, accompanied by one from koshoban (inner guards) and another from shoinban serving as vice-envoys.

この惣年寄の下に町年寄十一人（当時六つの町があり、各町二人ずつ、北町のみ一人）・町代六人・肝煎六人（いずれも各町一人ずつ）都合二十六人の町役人が、自治的に町の支配に当たった。
Under so-doshiyori, there were a total of twenty-six machi-yakunin including eleven machi-doshiyori (two representatives per township for five of the six towns that existed in those days and one representative for the remaining Kita-cho, six cho-dai (one representative per township) and six kimoiri (one representative per township) who had autonomous control over administration of the municipality.

第9代藩主・植村家長の時代には預かり地が6万6000石近くにまでなり、所領と合わせて約10万石となった家長は、奏者番や寺社奉行、若年寄、執政格などを歴任するなど幕政に参与した。
During the time of the ninth lord of the domain, Ienaga UEMURA, the consigned shogunal demesne increased to nearly 66,000 koku, which made the total landholdings approximately 100,000 koku including his own territory, and Ienaga took part in the shogunate government serving in the positions such as Sojaban (an official in charge of the ceremonies), Jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines), Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor), Shisseikaku (Rojukaku: a councilor who acted as roju [senior councilor] but whose hereditary stipend was less than the minimum for roju) and so on.

江戸幕府の組織としての黒鍬(組)も三河国松平氏時代からの譜代の黒鍬から構成されており、若年寄支配で小者･中間として江戸城内の修築作業や幕府から出される諸令伝達や草履取り等の雑務に従事した。
Kurokuwa also indicated the unit of kurokuwa (construction workers) which was one of the organizations of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun,) consisting of kurokuwa who had been fudai (hereditary vassals) since the era of Matsudaira clan of Mikawa Province and were in charge of repairing work in the Edo-jo Castle, transmission of orders issued by the bakufu, miscellaneous affairs such as zoritori (sandal bearer, equivalent to a batman,) and whose status was komono (a lower servant) or chugen (a rank below common soldier) under the control of wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu).

一之側から四之側までの4棟に加え、東長局、御半下部屋があり、格式に応じて一之側が上臈御年寄や御年寄、二之側、三之側がその他のお目見え以上の女中、四之側がお目見え以下の女中たちに配分された。
In addition to the four buildings from Ichi no soba (一之側) to Yon no soba (四之側), there were two buildings named Higashi nagatsubone and Ohashitabeya, and Joro Otoshiyori (high rank women servants who controls the servants in O-oku) and Otoshiyori were given Ichi no soba, other jochu of higher rank able to see the Shogun were given Ni no soba or San no soba, and lower rank jochu not able to see the Shogun were given Yon no soba in accordance with their rank.

分一銀は文政南鐐二朱銀では鋳造高の3.5%と設定され、また丁銀および古南鐐二朱判などからの吹替えにより幕府が得た出目は『銀座年寄御賞筋願之義申上候書付』によれば1,705,191両であった。
Buichigin (the profit of Ginza) was set at 3.5% of the total amount of the mintage of Bunsei Nanryo Nishu Gin and 'Ginza Toshiyori Goshosuji Negainogi Moushiagesouro Kakitsuke' (Ginza top official's report on prize application) said that the profit bakufu made by re-refining Bunsei Nanryo Nishu Gin from Chogin and Ko Nanryo Nishu Ban was 1,705,191 ryo.

相撲部屋（小野川部屋）の年寄が詫びを入れてことは治まったが、大坂町奉行所与力内山彦次郎がこれを問題にして近藤を怒らせ、のちに新選組により暗殺されている（内山を暗殺した者については異説もある）。
Toshiyori of the Onogawa stable of sumo wrestlers apologized and this incident was settled, but Hikojiro UCHIYAMA, the yoriki of the office of Osaka Town Magistrate, made an issue of this incident; this angered KONDO, and UCHIYAMA was later assassinated by Shinsen-gumi (there are different views regarding who assassinated him).

陣幕久五郎の死去から95年後、昭和の大横綱・千代の富士貢が引退して年寄陣幕を襲名した際、陣幕の故郷である東出雲町では、千代の富士とその師匠である北の富士勝昭を招き、陣幕の顕彰記念行事を催している。
Ninety-five years after the death of Kyugoro JINMAKU, when Mitsugu CHIYONOFUJI, the greatest Yokozuna of the Showa period, retired and inherited the name of Jinmaku as Toshiyori, the Jinmaku's hometown Higashi-Izumo-cho invited Chiyonofuji and his master Katsuaki KITANOFUJI and held a ceremony to honor Jinmaku.

江戸時代であれば、この程度の修理は官費で賄えたであっただろうが、明治維新後は廃藩置県によって、長年勤めてきた惣年寄の役職もなく、一市民としては簡単な修理も覚束ないといった窮状に達していたようである。
In the Edo period, the repair of this magnitude could have been paid for at the public expense but, with abolition of clans and establishment of prefectures coming to effect after the Meiji Restoration, the family no longer had a post of so-doshiyori which they had long served and it seems that, being just ordinary townspeople, they were in desperate straits whereby finding it difficult to afford to keep up with simple repairs.

他方、大きな藩では、家老と用人の中間に年寄・中老をはじめ、さまざまな家老を補佐する役職があるので、用人の役目は相対的に低くなり、特命事項や庶務的なものとなるので、用人は番頭より格下となることもある。
In a large domain, however, there were various ranks of retainers between the chief retainer and the yojin, such as toshiyori and churo, who supported the chief retainer, thus reducing the importance of the yojin's role to only general administrative matters and special issues, and at times reducing its rank lower than the bangashira.

われわれはわが主に言いました、『われわれには老齢の父があり、また年寄り子の弟があります。その兄は死んで、同じ母の子で残っているのは、ただこれだけですから父はこれを愛しています』。 (創世記 44:20)
We said to my lord, 'We have a father, an old man, and a child of his old age, a little one; and his brother is dead, and he alone is left of his mother; and his father loves him.' (Genesis 44:20)

宮座は基本的には臈次制が採用され、年齢や経験などによって若衆・中老・乙名（大人・年寄）などの区分が見られ、更に乙名の中でも総責任者である一臈（一和尚）以下二臈（二和尚）・三臈（三和尚）などの序列があった。
Basically, Miyaza adopted the Roji system; members were divided into Wakashu (younger members), Churo (people around the age 50), and Otona or Toshiyori (leader of a village) in order of age and experience; in Otona, there were ranks from Ichiro (ichi osho), the general manager, to Niro (ni osho) and Sanro (san osho).

なお、当時は「五大老」の呼び名は無く、「五人御奉行」などと呼ばれていたが、江戸時代にいわゆる五奉行（こちらは主に「五人御年寄」などと呼ばれていた）と混乱し、後に「五大老」と呼ばれるようになったものである。
In those days, they were called 'Gonin bugyo,' but it became quite confusing with 'Gonin gobugyo' during the Edo period (though they were mainly called 'Gonin otoshiyori' at the time); as a result, the term 'Gotairo' was coined later to indicate the former to distinguish between them.

長浜三年寄（ながはまさんどしより）とは、豊臣秀吉の命を受け長浜城下町（49町・10組）を整備した町人衆のうち、組を代表する町年寄の十家が長浜十人衆と呼ばれており、そのうち更に有力であった三家のことである。
Nagahama sandoshiyori refers to most influential three families among Nagahama juninshu (10 influential families in Nagahama), 10 representative families of machi-doshiyori (ward head) in townspeople who built the Nagahama-jo Castle town (49 towns and 10 wards) under the order of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.

忠裕は、寺社奉行、若年寄、大坂城代、京都所司代と、およそ幕閣の登竜門とされるポストを残らず勤め、文化 (元号)元年（1804年）老中に起用され30年以上勤めるなど、文化文政期の幕閣の中心人物として活躍した。
Tadahiro took an active role as a key person of the cabinet officials of the Shogunate in Bunka-Bunsei period; he was engaged in all the posts which were deemed as a gateway to the cabinet officials of the Shogunate such as jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines), wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu), Osaka jodai (the keeper of Osaka Castle), Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy), and served as roju (member of shogun's council of elders) for 30 years after he was employed in 1804.

徳川家康以来、江戸幕府歴代将軍が鷹狩を愛好した事からこうした役職はその時々に応じてあったと考えられているが、若年寄の下に10人が鳥見に任じられて正式な役職として成立したのは寛永20年（1643年）のことである。
Although the post is believed to have been created because falconry was the favorite sport of shoguns since Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, it did not become an official position until 1643 when 10 torimis were appointed under the wakadoshiyori.

しかしながら、徳川綱吉時代の右衛門佐局、徳川家治時代の高岳、徳川家慶時代の姉小路、徳川家定時代の歌橋など、上臈御年寄でありながら幕政をも左右するほどの権力を握った者もおり、単純に「権力を持たなかった」とは言い切れない。
Notwithstanding, there were joro otoshiyori who demonstrated influence over shogunate policy, such as Uemon no suke no tsubone during the reign of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, Takakoka during the reign of Ieharu TOKUGAWA, Anekoji under Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA and Utahashi under Iesada TOKUGAWA, showing that 'absence of power' was not necessarily true.

信憑性は薄いものの、異説によれば、このほか信州佐久郡武石に居住した武石五郎信興という男子がおり、娘には織田信正の正室恭姫、六角氏正統の六角義郷、八幡山秀綱の母千代君（『招提寺内興起後聞併年寄分由緒実録』）があるという。
According to another view ('招提寺内興起後聞併年寄分由緒実録'), although it lacks credibility, Nobuhiro also had a son named Takeishi Goro Nobuoki, who lived in Takeishi, Saku county, Shinshu; another daughter Kyohime, who was Nobumasa ODA's legal wife, and another daughter Chiyogimi, who was the mother of both Yoshisato ROKKAKU, a member of the legitimate ROKKAKU clan, and Hidetsuna HACHIMANYAMA.

しまいには、間違った方角をむき、僕のほんのそばを通り過ぎて、村の方向へ「ジョニー、黒犬、ダーク」や他の名前を、「どうか年寄りのピューを見捨てないでおくれよ、仲間だろ、ピューを見捨てないでくれ」とさけびながら走っていった。
Finally he took a wrong turn and ran a few steps past me, towards the hamlet, crying, 'Johnny, Black Dog, Dirk,' and other names, 'you won't leave old Pew, mates--not old Pew!'

6月1日までに江戸に戻った荒木は、将軍徳川綱吉や老中若年寄らに収城の報告をおこない、大石から浅野家再興の嘆願に希望があったことも伝えたものの、結局、浅野長広は本家広島藩へお預けとなり、大石内蔵助の浅野家再興運動は挫折した。
Araki returned to Edo no later than July 6, and reported the inspection to Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, roju and wakadoshiyori (lower-ranking members of the cabinet), and also he told them about Oishi's desire to restore the Asano family, but nevertheless, Nagahiro ASANO ended up being left to his head family Hiroshima clan, and this is how Kuranosuke OISHI's activity for the restoration of the Asano family was failed.

諸大名にあっては、徳川家康によって江戸定住が定められていた水戸徳川家（水戸藩）と、老中・若年寄・寺社奉行など江戸幕府の公職にあって江戸城に詰めている藩主（主に譜代大名）は、江戸に定住する必要性があったので、当然に定府となる。
As for all kinds of Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), Mito Tokugawa family (Mito Domain) who were obligated to live permanently in Edo by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and lords of domains (mainly fudai daimyo [a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family]) who held public posts of Edo bakufu including roju (member of shogun's council of elders), wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu), and jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines) and stationed at Edo-jo Castle were of course Jofu because they needed to live permanently in Edo.

「汝になるべくすべてを話そう伝えることはほんの少し。ぼくは門にすわったすごく年寄りの男を見かけた。『お年寄り、あなたはだれ』とぼくはたずねる『そしてあなたのお仕事は？』そしておじいさんの答はぼくの頭をざるに入れた水みたいに流れ落ちる。
`I'll tell thee everything I can; There's little to relate. I saw an aged aged man, A-sitting on a gate. 'Who are you, aged man?' I said, 'and how is it you live?' And his answer trickled through my head Like water through a sieve.

主なものとして老中に1万両、老中格が5000両、若年寄・側用人が4000両、留守居・陸軍奉行並・海軍奉行並・外国総奉行並・大目付・町奉行・勘定奉行にそれぞれ2500両などがされることとなった（ただし、所領の禄高によって支給制限がある）。
Typical yakukin were 10,000 ryo paid to roju (members of the shogun's council of elders), 5,000 ryo to the posts equal to roju, 4,000 ryo to wakadoshiyori (the position next to roju) and sobayonin (political coordinators), and 2,500 ryo to rusui (officer in charge of the Inner Palace), rikugun bugyo nami (deputy magistrate in charge of army), kaigun bugyo nami (deputy magistrate in charge of navy), gaikoku sobugyo nami (deputy general magistrate in charge of foreign affairs), ometsuke (chief inspector of the Edo shogunate), machi bugyo (magistrate in charge of administration of Edo), and kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) (however, these amounts were restricted according to stipends of the territory).

また、土居の内側を洛中・外側を洛外として、洛中内部において更に農村として扱った上野・西ノ京・中堂寺・九条・塩小路などの村々を除いた洛中地域を特に京中（きょうちゅう）として上京・下京のそれぞれの町年寄（後に町代）による一定の自治を認めた。
Upon designating the area inside of the doi as Rakuchu and the area outside as Rakugai, Hideyoshi went on to specifically designate inner Rakuchu; with the exception of villages such as Ueno, Nishinokyo, Chudoji, Kujo and Shiokoji which were treated as agricultural villages; as Kyochu and allowed a certain degree of self-governance by machi-doshiyori (ward heads) and later by chodai (town officials who assisted government officials).

同じころ、伊勢の山田には年寄による自治制度（山田三方）があったほか、伊勢の大湊にも会合衆による自治組織が、また博多は12人の年行司が町を治め、庄内酒田には町政を取り仕切った三十六人衆がいるなど、それぞれの都市に応じた制度で自治が行われた
In the same period, the elders of Yamada in Ise, headed a self-government system called 'Yamadasanpo,' a form of self-government was also found in Egoshu in Ominato, Ise, while in Hakata, twelve Nengyoji (town officials) were administering the city, and in Shonai Sakata the Sanju-roku-nin shu with thirty-six members were in control of town administration; all these are examples of self-government that was suited to their respective cities.

しかし上臈御年寄に関しては諸説あり、先述した上臈御年寄の役にある大奥女中最高位の女中を単に上臈と言い、その上臈の役にある者で御年寄の役を兼ねていた者を上臈御年寄と言うという説や、上臈御年寄・小上臈（上臈の見習い役）・御年寄の総称を老女とする説も存在する。
However, there are various theories concerning Joro-otoshiyori as in the following: One theory is that the female servants who were positioned in the highest post of the female servants in O-oku, or the Joro-otoshiyori post described above, were simply called Joro, and of those in the Joro post, the persons who were also appointed to the Toshiyori post were called Joro-otoshiyori, and the other theory is that the persons in the Joro-otoshiyori post, in the Ko-joro (female servants training to become Joro servants) post, and in the Otoshiyori post were totally called Rojo.

長崎の町年寄りは、元禄5年（1692年）および元禄7年（1694年）に、長崎では殺生禁止が徹底していないので今後は下々の者に至るまで遵守せよ、という内容の通達を出しているが、その通達の中でも、長崎にいる唐人とオランダ人については例外として豚や鶏などを食すことを認めていた。
Since the prohibition on killing animals was not thorough enough, the ward head in Nagasaki issued a circular notice to preserve the law among ordinary people twice, in 1692 and 1694, but the notice made an exception of Chinese and Dutch residents who were allowed to eat chicken and pork.

「文」字が楷書体のものは若年寄・小笠原長行の筆によるもので「真文（しんぶん）」であり、草書体の「攵」となっているものが老中・板倉勝静の筆によるもので「草文（そうぶん）」であり、草書体で「寳」の字が「宝」となっているものが政事総裁・松平慶永の筆によるもので「略宝（りゃくほう）」と呼ばれる。
The character '文' engraved in the Kaisho-tai (square style of writing) was originally written by Nagamichi OGASAWARA, wakadoshiyori, and called 'shinbun,' the character '攵' engraved in the Sosho-tai (cursive style writing) was originally written by Katsukiyo ITAKURA, roju (senior councilor), and called 'sobun,' and the character '寳,' spelt '宝'in the Sosho-tai (cursive style writing) was originally written by Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, the president of the political affairs and tasks, and called 'Ryakuho'.

当初は諸国巡見使が公儀御料（天領）の巡見も行っていたが、寛文11年（1671年）に関東地方の代官及び農民支配を目的として関八州巡見使が独自に派遣され、正徳 (日本)2年（1712年）に関八州から全国規模に拡大され、老中支配の勘定・支配勘定と若年寄支配の徒目付による御料巡見使が派遣された。
Although shokoku-junkenshi was initially in charge of inspecting kogi-goryo as well, the dispatch of Kanhasshu junkenshi for the 8 provinces of Kanto region in 1671 to examine the state of rule by the local governors and peasant control in the region led to wider application of such inspection on the nationwide scale in 1712, leading to the creation of the goryo-junkenshi envoys representing the kanjo (accounting) office under the roju (shogunate elders) and kachimetsuke (security patrol and intelligence) office under the wakadoshiyori.

「多門筆記」によると、若年寄の加藤明英、稲垣重富がこの決定を目付の多門に伝えたが、多門は「内匠頭五万石の大名・家名を捨て、お場所柄忘却仕り刃傷に及び候程の恨みこれあり候は、乱心とても上野介に落ち度これあるやも測りがたく・・・（略）・・・大目付併私共再応糾し、日数の立ち候上、いか様とも御仕置き仰せつけられるべく候。
According to 'Okado hikki', Okado protested to say, 'He must have had so much grudge as to abandon takumi-no-kami (the head of Bureau of Skilled Artisans) 50,000 koku crop yields daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and kamei (family name), it is difficult to clear whether he was mad or there was a fault on the part of Kozuke no suke (snip) I think this case should be reconsidered.

地方勘定帳は翌年の10月までに提出を義務付けられ、特別な事情がある場合でも3年以内に勘定仕上げをして下勘定所に提出し、監査を経たのちに老中・若年寄・勘定吟味役・勘定奉行・勘定組頭らの前で代官が改めて収支報告をする地方総勘定が行われ、勘定吟味役・勘定奉行・勘定組頭の奥書と老中・勝手掛担当の若年寄による奥印、勝手方老中の綴目印と調印を行って代官に返却された。
For the final settlement of accounts, local account books had to be submitted to the Shimo kanjosho (financial office) by October in the following year or within three years under special circumstances for auditing and general local accounting, where the balance of payments was reported by the local governor in front of higher officers such as roju, wakadoshiyori, kanjo ginmiyaku, kanjo bugyo, kanjo kumigashira, and the account books were returned to the local governor with postscripts by kanjo ginmiyaku, kanjo bugyo and kanjo kumigashira attached, certified seals were affixed by the roju and wakadoshiyori in charge of finance, and a stitching seal and a verification seal were affixed by the roju in charge of finance.