平仮名: 72 Terms and Phrases

• 平仮名
• hiragana
• cursive Japanese syllabary used primarily for native Japanese words (esp. function words, inflections, etc.)

• 平仮名表記
• written in hiragana

• 女手（平仮名）
• Onna-de (hira-gana) characters

• 平仮名、片仮名
• Hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters), and katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries)

• （平仮名を参照）
• (See Hiragana.)

• 片仮名も平仮名に改める。
• Changed katakana to hiragana.

• 漢字片仮名平仮名交じり文で記される。
• It is written in a blend of kanji, katakana, and hiragana.

• 〔〕及び片仮名から平仮名へ修正は加筆者。
• The description in 〔〕 and changes from Hiragana to Katakana were later made by another author.

• 製図−文字−第１０部：平仮名，片仮名及び漢字
• Technical drawings-Lettering-Part 10 : Japanese characters (Kana and kanji)

• 平仮名の使用など国風文化に大きな影響を与えた。
• They had a big influence on the Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) such as usage of the hiragana syllabary.

• なお、平仮名表記ではだんぢりとされることもある。
• It is also written as dandiri in hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters).

• 掛詞となる語は、ほとんどの場合平仮名で書かれる。
• Words used as a pivot word are almost always written in hiragana (Japanese phonetic alphabet).

• そうして「平仮名」と「片仮名」が創造されたのである。
• Both the 'hiragana' and 'katakana' syllabaries were created from these characters.

• 伝本の形態には平仮名、変体漢文、漢字片仮名の別がある。
• Existing books may be written in hiragana, Japanized Chinese, or in a combination of Chinese characters and katakana characters.

• しかしその一方で「平仮名」による表現が盛んに始まった。
• On the other hand, 'hiragana' (Japanese syllabary characters) began to be used frequently for writing.

• 平安時代には万葉仮名をもとにして平仮名と片仮名が作られた。
• In the Heian period, hiragana (the Japanese cursive syllabary) and katakana (syllable based writing system of the Japanese language) were made on the basis of Manyo-gana.

• 豚肉も鶏肉も利用することから、平仮名で「やきとり」と呼んでいる。
• Because both pork and chicken are used, yakitori is written in hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) as 'やきとり' instead of '焼き鳥,' which signifies only chicken by the use of the Chinese character '鳥.'

• このため、現代では「やまと絵」という平仮名表記を用いる場合もある。
• For this reason, some people use the hiragana (the Japanese cursive syllabary) description as 'やまと絵' in modern times.

• その後の平仮名による表現、特に女流文学の発達に大きな影響を与えている。
• It had a great influence on the later writing in Hiragana and the development of women's literature.

• このため、万葉仮名を男手（おのこで）、平仮名を女手（おんなで）といった。
• Therefore, Manyo-gana characters and hira-gana characters were called onoko-de (characters for males) and onna-de (characters for females), respectively.

• 1876年（明治9年）9月 平仮名絵入新聞が東京絵入新聞と改題され日刊化。
• In September 1876, the Hiragana-e-iri Shinbun was renamed to Tokyo-e-iri Shinbun and became daily.

• また、平仮名は漢字の草書体を元にしたもので（安→あ）主に女性が用い始めた。
• Hiragana was designed from the sosho (cursive) style writing of kanji characters (for example あ from 安) and it was mainly women who started to use Hiragana.

• 同年4月、東京で高畠藍泉を編集長として小新聞「平仮名絵入新聞」が創刊される。
• In April in the same year, a small-scale newspaper 'Hiragana-e-iri Shinbun' (a newspaper in hiragana with pictures therein) started to be published with Aisen TAKAHATA as its editor in chief.

• また清水卯三郎は、前島密と同様平仮名を用いるべきとの論説を発表した（第七号）。
• In addition, Usaburo SHIMIZU announced an article which recommended to use hiragana as well as Hisoka MAEJIMA (No.7).

• 当時の公式文書は漢文であったが、平仮名の中古日本語による表現が盛んにはじまった。
• Although the official documents during this period continued to be written in Chinese prose, expressing things in Early Middle Japanese, using hiragana, started to become popular.

• 平安時代中期になると、草仮名をさらに簡略化して記号化された平易な平仮名が誕生した。
• Entering the middle era of the Heian period, simpler hira-gana characters, simplified and symbolic versions of so-gana characters, were generated.

• 日本語文字では、漢字平仮名の大小2種類、及び漢字片仮名による印行が確認されている。
• It is identified that Japanese scripts were printed and published in two sizes including big and small kanji (Chinese characters) and hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters), and in kanji and katakana.

• 他のだんじり同様、平仮名で表記されることも多く、地車は当て字であると考えられている。
• Like other danjiri, it is often written in hiragana, and it is considered that the Chinese characters used are phonetic equivalent characters.

• かつての駅名標には、歴史的仮名遣に則り平仮名で「たかをぐち」と表記されていたのが特徴。
• Formerly, the station's name was notable as it conformed with the conventions of pre-war Japanese hiragana spelling by being written as 'Takawoguchi.'

• 但しマスコミにおいては、これに従わず、平仮名の「さま」をつけて「さま」と呼ぶことが多い。
• However, not following this custom, the mass media often addresses them by adding the suffix 'sama' (an honorary title) in hiragana at the end of their names.

• 伝本に古写本は無く、慶安四年片仮名本と寛文十年平仮名本が版本として刊行された流布本である。
• Among den-pon (existent transcriptions and published books), there is no old manuscript, as for block printing rufu-bon, there remain a katakana-bon (book in Japanese katakana character) published in 1651 and a hiragana-bon (book in Japanese hiragana character) published in 1670.

• 土佐日記：紀貫之が土佐守の任務を終えて帰る旅の途中のことを女性を装って平仮名で書いている。
• Tosa Nikki (The Tosa Diary): A diary written in Hiragana detailing his trip after completing his mission as Tosa no kami (the Governor of Tosa Province), in which he impersonated a woman.

• 漢字平仮名の印行物に関しては活字による印行で、かつ、大小の順に作られたことが認められている。
• It is identified that matters printed and published in kanji and hiragana, and were made in order of size.

• しかし乾本時代には、その派生として漢字を草書・振り仮名を平仮名にするものも登場してきている。
• In the era of the Inuibon, however, as a derivative, there appeared new type of setsuyoshu, in which each entry was written in Chinese character in cursive style and the furigana was in the form of hiragana (the cursive form of kana or the Japanese syllabaries).

• 漢字の伝来後はこれを表記に用い、後に、漢字を元にした表音文字の一種である平仮名、片仮名が成立。
• After the introduction of kanji (Chinese characters), it was used for writing, while hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (another Japanese syllabary), which are two sets of phonograms based on kanji, were established later.

• 万葉仮名を崩して生まれた平仮名による和文と、漢文の書き下しである漢文訓読体とが合流して生まれた。
• It was a mixture of a writing style modeled after a translation of a classical Chinese text into Japanese and the Japanese sentences written in hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters), which was created by simplifying the Manyo-kana, an archaic form of the Japanese language.

• 豚カツ専門店では「とんかつ」と平仮名表記され、店の雰囲気やメニューも和風であることが一般的である。
• Restaurants specializing in tonkatsu have signs with 'Tonkatsu' (pork cutlet) in Hiragana and their atmosphere and dishes are usually in the Japanese style.

• へのへのもへじ は、これら7つの平仮名のみを使い人の顔を模した図柄を描く文字遊び（文字絵）である。
• 'Henohenomoheji' face-like pictographs are created by playing around with and arranging seven hiragana phonetic syllables to form the caricature of a human face as a picture (letter picture).

• しかし、裳着(元服に相当)を済ませたにも拘らず化粧せず、お歯黒を付けず、引眉せず、平仮名を書かず。
• However, even after her Mogi (coming-of-age ceremony for girls), she does not wear make up, paint her eyebrows, paint her teeth black, or write hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters).

• 男は漢文を書くのが常識とされていた時代に、女の作者を装って土佐国から京都までの紀行を平仮名で綴った。
• In the time when it was common for men to write in Chinese characters, he pretended to be a woman and wrote, in Hiragana, a journal of his journey from Tosa Province to Kyoto.

• 漢字と片仮名、もしくは漢字と平仮名の混ざった和漢混淆文で書かれたものとしては、最初の優れた文芸作品である。
• It was the first excellent literary work written in Chinese characters and Katakana, or the Wakan Konkobun mixed writing style of Chinese characters and Hiragana.

• 日本語の表記において漢字と仮名が交用されていく中で漢字の点画も平仮名のような曲線を帯びるようになっていった。
• While both kanji (Chinese characters) and hiragana were used together in Japanese writing, the dots and strokes making up a kanji character gradually came to have curve lines like hiragana characters.

• 漢文と万葉仮名の草書体（草仮名）とを混用し、中に女手（平仮名字体）や2字連続の草書体（連綿草）を含んでいる。
• His writing is a mixture of classical Chinese and so-gana and also contains onnade (writing in hira-kana) and two-character renmenso (cursive style writing).

• 丑＝鰻二匹説 - 平仮名で墨汁を使って毛筆で書いた「うし」と言う文字が、まるで二匹の鰻のように見えたからと言う説。
• An ox = two eels theory: The Japanese syllabary characters meaning an ox ('うし'), which were written on something with a brush and India ink, looked like two eels, so they became the origin of the custom, this theory states.

• この「新聞」を浮世絵の題材に取り上げて、平仮名しか読めない大衆も絵と平易な詞で理解できるようにしたものが錦絵新聞である。
• Nishiki-e-shinbun featured this 'shinbun' as its subject matter and worked out its expression for even the general public who could only read hiragana (one of the two types of phonograms of Japanese language) to be able to understand the shinbun through pictures and easy words.

• 1875年（明治8年）、「平仮名絵入新聞」（のちの「東京絵入新聞」）の創刊にもかかわり、この新聞で挿絵画家としても活動。
• He was also involved in publication of 'Hiragana Eiri Shinbun (Hiragana Illustrated Newspaper)' (later Tokyo Eiri Shinbun) in 1875 and worked as an illustrator for this newspaper.

• 日本文学史上、おそらく初めての平仮名による優れた散文であり、その後の日記文学や随筆、女流文学の発達に大きな影響を与えた。
• In the history of Japanese literature, it was probably the first prose written in Hiragana, and it had a great influence on the later literature of diaries and essays, contributing to the development of literature by female authors.

• 紀貫之が書いた『古今和歌集』の「古今和歌集仮名序」は、漢文の用法を遺しながらも平仮名で書かれた和文として初期のものである。
• Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (Preface of Kokin Wakashu written in kana) of the 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) written by KI no Tsurayuki was an early work written in Hiragana while keeping the usage of a text in Chinese.

• 「琵」「琶」が当用漢字・常用漢字外であることから、滋賀県内では平仮名書きにした「びわこ」「びわ湖」という表記も数多く見られる。
• Since the kanji for 'bi' and 'wa' are not in common use and have not been designated as kanji for daily use, Lake Biwa (or Biwako) is often written in Shiga Prefecture either completely in hiragana (びわこ) or with the first two characters written in hiragana and the last one in kanji (びわ湖).

• 明六社誕生以前、まずこの問題について意見表明したのは前島密で、彼は漢字を廃止し、平仮名を英語のように分かち書きにすることを提唱した。
• Before the establishment of Meirokusha, Hisoka MAEJIMA showed his opinion about this for the first time, and he proposed to abolish kanji (Chinese characters) and write hiragara (Japanese syllabary characters) with putting space between characters like English.

• ひえ田野町・曽我部町（註「ひえ」は草かんむりに稗と書く。以下、平仮名で記す）、に佐伯神社、穴太寺、神蔵寺など由緒ある重要な寺社も多い。
• There are important historic temples and shrines such as the Saeki-jinja Shrine, the Anao-ji Temple and the Jinzo-ji Temple in Hietano-cho and Sogabe-cho (the Chinese character for 'hie' as in 'Hieta-cho' is the combination of the radical 'kusa-kanmuri' and the Chinese character 'hi,' but the word is described in hiragana in this article).

• 字がまずいばかりではない、大抵（たいてい）平仮名だから、どこで切れて、どこで始まるのだか句読（くとう）をつけるのによっぽど骨が折れる。
• Not only was it poorly written but it was a sort of juxtaposition of simple syllables that racked one's brain to make it clear where it stopped or where it began.

• 「天狗の数も会員と同数で、かの絵探しと同じように、その天狗の顔と翼をたどっていくと、会員の苗字がことごとく平仮名で現れるということを誰かが発見した。」
• `somebody discovered that the number of Tengu is the same as the number of members, and the family names of the members appeared by tracing the faces and wings of Tengu like they did when they tried to find a picture.'

• 905年（延喜5年）、醍醐天皇の命により初の勅撰和歌集『古今和歌集』を紀友則、壬生忠岑、凡河内躬恒と共に編纂し、平仮名による序文である仮名序を執筆した。
• In 905, by order of Emperor Daigo, he compiled 'Kokinwakashu (Collection of Ancient and Modern),' the first collection of poems by imperial command, with KI no Tomonori, MIBU no Tadamine and OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, and wrote the kanajo (preface written in Hiragana).

• 錦絵新聞の成功を追うように平仮名絵入新聞のような、絵と振り仮名をそなえた小新聞が発行され始めると、それに押されるように錦絵新聞は大衆の視野から消えていった。
• When small-scale newspapers each including pictures and furigana like hiragana-eiri-shinbun started to be issued as if they followed the success of nishiki-e-shinbun, nishiki-e-shinbun disappeared from the visual field of the general public as it was overwhelmed by those small-scale newspapers.

• 奈良時代から漸次的に進んでいた文化の日本化が国風文化として結実し、平仮名・片仮名の使用が開始し、『源氏物語』・『枕草子』に代表される物語文学などが花開いた。
• The Japanization of culture that had gradually advanced from the Nara period produced a Japanese-style culture, using hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (another set of Japanese syllabary characters) started and narrative literature, typical examples being 'The Tale of Genji' and 'Makura no soshi' (the Pillow Book), flourished.

• 元々、口承説話として伝えられたものが『後漢書』や『白氏文集』など漢籍の影響を受けて一旦は漢文の形で完成されたが、後に平仮名で書き改められたと考えられている。
• Under the influence of the Chinese books like 'History of the Later han Dynasty' and 'Bai-Shi Wen Ji,' the original tale, which had been passed on by word of mouth, was once written down in Chinese, and then it seems to have been rewritten in kana later.

• 日本の計量法では、尺貫法の単位はほぼ全廃されているが、匁だけは真珠の質量の計量に限定して使用して良い単位となっている（ただし表記は平仮名の「もんめ」である）。
• The Japanese Measurement Act has abolished almost all units used under the traditional system of weights and measures, but it allows monme (written in 'もんめ' in hiragana [the cursive form of kana, the Japanese syllabary]) to be used merely for weighing a pearl.

• 特徴としては、平仮名・片仮名の発明で中古日本語の表記が容易になったことによる、和歌・日記・物語文学の隆盛、官衣束帯の登場（官服の国風化）、寝殿造の登場などがある。
• It is characterized by the following: the prosperity of waka, diaries, chronicles, which occurred because description of ancient and medieval Japanese became easier following the invention of hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries); the appearance of Kan-i-sokutai (official uniform in aristocratic culture), and the appearance of Shinden-zukuri style (architecture representative [characteristic] of a nobleman's residence in the Heian period).

• 名古屋市営地下鉄鶴舞線いりなか駅（地名は杁中）と同様に「椥」の字が常用漢字表にないことや読めない人が多いことから平仮名駅名も候補にあったようだが、漢字表記になった。
• As with Irinaka Station, a Nagoya City Subway Tsurumai Line facility whose name contains a Chinese character not included among the characters designated for common use in Japan, the name of Nagitsuji Station is difficult to read for many people if written in Chinese characters, and for this reason it had been proposed to write the station name in hiragana; ultimately, however, it was decided to use Chinese characters for the station name.

• 930年（延長 (元号)8年）から934年（承平4年）土佐国の国司だった貫之が、任期を終えて土佐から京へ戻るまでの55日間の紀行を、女の作者を装って平仮名で綴った。
• Tsurayuki, who had been the kokushi of Tosa Province from 930 to 934, wrote about his 55-day journey from Tosa to Kyoto after he had served out his term, pretending to be a female writer and using Hiragana.

• 只今では此の薬、殊の外、世上に広まり、方々に偽看板を出だし、イヤ小田原の、灰俵の、さん俵の、炭俵のと色々に申せども、平仮名を以って「ういろう」と記せしは親方圓斎ばかり。
• These days, unexpectedly, this medicine has become widespread in the world; there are dishonest signs everywhere, saying it's made in Odawara, haidawara (straw bag of ash), sandawara (lid of komedawara, rice bag), sumidawara (straw bag for charcoal), etc., but it's only my master Ensai who gives 'uiro' in hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters).

• その一方、基本的に日本人を「倭人」として見下しながらも古く室町には平仮名、片仮名と言った固有文字の存在に、江戸時代には京都、大阪、江戸といった都市の絢爛豪華さに驚いた。
• On the other hand, while fundamentally disparaging Japanese as 'Wajin' (an older name for Japanese), Koreans were astonished in the Muromochi period by the existence of Japan-original characters of Hiragana and Katakana and by the splendor of cities, such as Kyoto, Osaka and Edo, in the Edo period.

• 宣命書は、「漢字万葉仮名交じり文」と言えるが、その万葉仮名を平仮名に変えると、「漢字仮名交じり文」とほぼ同じになり、これは日本語表記の展開史の上で注目すべき出来事であった。
• Senmyogaki can be called 'a composition written in kanji and manyogana,' but if the manyogana is changed to hiragana, it becomes almost the same as 'a composition written in kanji and kana,' which is a remarkable thing in the history of development of the Japanese orthography.

• 「送り仮名・助詞に該当する部分」に変体仮名（漢字行草書含む）・平仮名・カタカナ・合字、さらには行草書の漢文助辞が使われるが、公式文書に近いほど、仮名部分がなく、漢文調である。
• Hentaigana (including kanji characters in gyosho and sosho), hiragana, katakana, and ligatures as well as auxiliary words in kanji writing in gyosho or sosho are used as the part of okurigana (kana written after a kanji character to complete the full reading of the word) and postpositional particles, but the more official the document is, the less kana and more kanji is used.

• 「勧修寺」の寺名とともに、今日では「かじゅうじ」と読むのが一般的だが、中世日本の書籍等では「くわんしゆし」との平仮名表記も散見され、「かんじゅじ」とも読まれていたことがうかがわれる。
• Today, the characters of the family name are generally read, in the same way as those of the temple by the same name, as 'Kajuji,' but the hiragana (today read as 'kuwanshiyushi') occasionally found in medieval books suggests that they were also read as 'Kanjuji.'

• 平仮名を駆使した和文の簡潔な口語体で書かれ、総じて軽妙な筆致の短編が多いが、中関白家の没落と主君・定子皇后の身にふりかかった不幸を反映して、時にかすかな感傷が交じった心情の吐露もある。
• It was written in the plain vernacular using Hiragana (the Japanese cursive syllabary), and most of the chapters were written in a witty style, but sometimes sentimental lamentation appears reflecting the fall of the Michitaka FUJIWARA's family and unhappiness gone through by her majesty Empress Teishi.

• 王朝物語（おうちょうものがたり）は、平安時代後期から室町時代前期ごろにかけて作られた小説・物語群のうち、和文と平仮名表記をもっぱらとし、王朝期の風俗や美意識・文学観念に依拠しつつ製作されたものを指す。
• Among the novels and tales written from the late Heian period to the early Muromachi period, Ocho Monogatari refers to the ones that are characterized by having Japanese sentences written in Hiragana (the Japanese syllabaries), and having been created on the basis of the customs, aesthetic sense, and the concepts of literature during the period of Court rule.

• 平仮名の使用は長い間女性に限定されていたと言われてきたが、実際には和歌を中心として男性が非公式の場において平仮名を用いる事もあり、日本最初の勅撰和歌集『古今和歌集』も平仮名交じりの文体が採用されている。
• Although hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) had been believed for long to be used only by female, male also used hiragana in writing informal sentences like waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables), which are shown in 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), the first Chokusenshu (anthology of poems compiled by Imperial command) in Japan, written in hiragana-mingled style.

• 作家の戸部新十郎は、元々は陰陽道における房術を示す「九一ノ道」が本義であり、九の字がたまたま、平仮名のくの字と同じ発音のうえ、一と合すれば、ともに女になることからくノ一というふうになったものである、と著書「忍者と忍術」で述べている。
• The novelist Shinjuro TOBE said in his book, 'Ninja To Ninjutsu' (Ninja and the Art of Ninja), that kunoichi originally came from 'kuichi no michi,' which indicates the art of the chamber bed in Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang, an occult deviation system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements), and the Chinese character '九' and hiragana, whereby 'く' happen to have the same pronunciation and with the combination of '一' it becomes '女.'

• 中には「按するに、虎哥か此の論、孟子の性善良知の説を本とし、終に王陽明か心を師とするの論に帰着す」（加筆者訳：思うにグロチウスのこの論は孟子の性善説・良知の説を基礎として、 最終的には王陽明が説く心即理の説へと到達するものである。〔注：原文の片仮名は平仮名に変換〕）というように、グロチウスの自然法に関する説明は陽明学と同一視する部分すらある。
• This is a part of translator's note: original '按するに、虎哥か此の論、孟子の性善良知の説を本とし、終に王陽明か心を師とするの論に帰着す' (translation by Yasutsugu SHIGENO: the theory of Grotius has theories of Mencius as the ground such as the ethical doctrine that human nature is fundamentally good and human nature that is ability to judge good or bad and the theory finally achieves to the theory of Yangming WANG that considers mind itself is the law); as seen above, among the such notes, there is a part that explains the explanation about international law by Grotius seems the same as Yomei-gaku (neo-Confuciasnism based on teaching of Yangming WANG).

• 継続して三年以上日本国内において商標権者、専用使用権者又は通常使用権者のいずれもが各指定商品又は指定役務についての登録商標（書体のみに変更を加えた同一の文字からなる商標、平仮名、片仮名及びローマ字の文字の表示を相互に変更するものであつて同一の称呼及び観念を生ずる商標、外観において同視される図形からなる商標その他の当該登録商標と社会通念上同一と認められる商標を含む。以下この条において同じ。）の使用をしていないときは、何人も、その指定商品又は指定役務に係る商標登録を取り消すことについて審判を請求することができる。
• Where a registered trademark (including a trademark deemed identical from common sense perspective with the registered trademark, including a trademark consisting of characters identical with the registered trademark but in different fonts, a trademark that is written in different characters, Hiragana characters, Katakana characters, or Latin alphabetic characters, from the registered trademark but identical with the registered trademark in terms of pronunciation and concept, and a trademark consisting of figures that are considered identical in terms of appearance as those of the registered trademark; hereinafter the same shall apply in this article) has not been used in Japan in connection with any of the designated goods and designated services for three consecutive years or longer by the holder of trademark right, the exclusive right to use or non-exclusive right to use, any person may file a request for a trial for rescission of such trademark registration in connection with the relevant designated goods or designated services.