幕: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 字幕の有無
- subtitle availability
- 幕末の兵器
- Weapons in the bakumatsu period
- 幕末の思想
- Ideology during bakumatsu
- 幕末政治史
- Political history of Bakumatsu
- のべつ幕なし
- without a break
- without stopping
- incessantly
- ceaselessly
- 室町幕府滅亡
- The Fall of Muromachi bakufu
- 鎌倉幕府の長。
- The leader of Kamakura bakufu.
- 幕末、戊辰戦争
- End of Edo period, and Boshi Civil War
- 幕末・明治時代
- End of Edo period and the Meiji period
- 江戸幕府の廃止。
- Abolition of the Edo Shogunate;
- - 鎌倉幕府滅亡
- The Kamakura bakufu fell.
- 16世紀~幕末まで
- From the 16th century to the end of the Tokugawa shogunate
- 存立原理と幕府機構
- The Principle of Existence and the Bakufu System
- 鎌倉幕府の統治構造
- Governing Structure of the Kamakura Bakufu
- 旧幕軍は瓦解した。
- The former bakufu side fell apart.
- 鎌倉幕府の執権一覧
- A list of Shikken (Shogunal regents) to the Kamakura bakufu
- 室町幕府を開いた。
- Later he established the Muromachi bakufu.
- 幕府における評定始
- Hyojohajime of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)
- 後醍醐天皇の倒幕運動
- Emperor Godaigo's Movement to Overthrow the Bakufu
- (詳細は討幕の密勅)
- (For details, see secret Imperial command of attacking the shogunate)
- 幕末まで鋳造された。
- Minting continued until the end of Edo period.
- 幕末での陽明学の信奉者
- Adherents of Yomeigaku during the final days of the Tokugawa Shogunate
- 幕府は再びこれを拒否。
- The Bakufu refused the request again.
- 幕府、使者61名を処刑。
- The Bakufu executed 61 members of the envoy.
- 鎌倉幕府連署・引付頭人一覧
- A list of rensho (co-signatories, assistants to the Shogunal regents) and hikitsuke tonin (tribunal judges) of the Kamakura bakufu
- 直義の死後は幕府に帰参した。
- After Tadayoshi's death the clan returned to serving the bakufu.
- 幕府重臣らは半信半疑であった。
- The senior vassals of the bakufu were dubious of the news.
- 幕府は徳政令を発して対応する。
- The shogunate government coped with the matter by issuing the Tokuseirei (ordering the return of land sold and the dissolution of debts), but society remained in chaos.
- 幕末には世直し一揆が起こった。
- At the end of the Edo period, yonaoshi ikki (peasant uprising to reform society) occurred.
- ここで幕府軍は苦戦を強いられる。
- Here, the army of the bakufu was forced into a hard fight.
- 幕府の政策意思決定の最高合議機関。
- The supreme council system of policy decision within the bakufu.
- 鎌倉幕府の将軍(鎌倉殿)の補佐役。
- Assistant to the shogun (Kamakura-dono) of the Kamakura Bakufu.
- 幕府は権力と経済を分散させている。
- The shogunate government separated political power from econoic power.
- 江戸時代には幕府が一揆を禁止した。
- In the Edo period, the shogunate government prohibited ikki.
- 鎌倉幕府の基本的定義及び学説上の諸説
- Basic Definitions and Academic Theories
- 幕府側の主導で戦後処理が進められた。
- The misdeeds of the conflict were atoned for under the leadership of the bakufu faction.
- それでもなお、幕府の対応は鈍かった。
- Nevertheless, the bakufu was slow to respond to the situation.
- 幕府からの返礼使は対馬藩が代行した。
- The Tshushima domain sent a return-call envoy to Korea instead of the bakufu.
- いずれも幕府の指導者に影響を与えた。
- Each such visitor was to have a significant influence on the leaders of the bakufu.
- 幕府へ提訴された訴訟の審理を担当した。
- Responsible for the trial lawsuits filed with the bakufu.
- - 鎌倉幕府の編年体・日記体裁の史書。
- - A history book about the Kamakura shogunate written in diary form and organized chronologically.
- 幕府は同年2月に第二次長州征伐を発令。
- The bakufu issued the second order to conquer Choshu in Feburary of that year.
- 現在では幕府領、幕領ということが多い。
- The terms 'bakufu-ryo' or 'baku-ryo' (lit. Shogunate's territories) are often used in the present day.
- - 足利尊氏が京都(室町)に幕府を開く
- Takauji ASHIKAGA established a bakufu in Kyoto (Muromachi).
- 結局、室町幕府は徳政令を出さなかった。
- After all, the Muromachi bakufu did not issue Tokuseirei (order for return of land sold and dissolution of debts).
- 能役者の各家が、徳川幕府に提出した文書。
- These are the documents that all noh actors submitted to the Tokugawa Shogunate.
- また幕府も「(御)公儀」と呼ばれていた。
- Also, bakufu was called as 'goki' or 'gokogi.'
- こうして倒幕運動は鎮圧されたかに見えた。
- The anti-bakufu movement seemed to be suppressed in this way.
- 幕府は大政奉還により権力の温存を図った。
- The bakufu tried to keep its authority through Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor).
- ここに江戸幕府による政権は名目上終了する。
- Here the governance by the Edo shogunate was nominally ended.
- ここに足利室町幕府の無力化は明確となった。
- Here, dis-empowerment of the Muromachi bakufu of the Ashikaga clan became clear.
- これは、幕府による朝廷の制御を困難にした。
- The disruption hindered the bakufu from controlling the Imperial Court.
- 幕府-守護体制は15世紀中葉まで存続した。
- The bakufu-Shugo system remained until around the middle of 15th century.
- そこで幕府も酒屋に対する課税に目をつけた。
- The bakufu decided to impose a tax on sake breweries.
- 1474年、朝鮮王朝から室町幕府へ牙符発給。
- In 1474, the Yi-Dynasty issued Gafu to the Muromachi bakufu.
- 幕府へ提訴される訴訟に関する実務を担当した。
- Responsible for practices concerning lawsuits filed with bakufu.
- - 林家が編纂した江戸幕府による編年体史書。
- - A chronological history sponsored by the Edo shogunate and compiled by the Hayashi family.
- 薩長同盟と討幕運動(1864年~1866年)
- The Satsuma-Choshu Alliance and anti-shogunate movement (1864 – 1866)
- 江戸幕府は日本の歴史で最後の武家政権である。
- The Edo bakufu was the last samurai government in Japanese history.
- 対外政策としては幕府は鎖国政策を布いていた。
- The shogunate government took up the seclusion policy as a foreign policy.
- ただし、将軍の居所を「幕府」とは呼んでいる。
- However, they called the shogun's residence 'bakufu.'
- 幕府の旗本は「侍」、御家人は「徒士」である。
- The hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) of bakufu were 'samurai' and the gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) were 'kachi.'
- 戦後も中央政権としての幕府の力は残っていた。
- Even after the Disturbance, the power of the bakufu as the central government remained.
- 18世紀に入ると幕府財政が慢性的に悪化した。
- Entering the 18th the century, the finance of the bakufu became chronically deteriorated.
- 年代順の詳細な経過については幕末の年表を参照。
- See the timetable of the Bakumatsu for detailed chronological accounts.
- 幕末の尊皇攘夷運動は陽明学に影響を受けている。
- The Sonno Joi (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) movement of the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate was influenced by Yomeigaku.
- 一色氏と斯波の軍勢が加勢して幕府軍は盛り返す。
- The forces of the Isshiki clan and the Shiba clan joined, and the bakufu army reversed the tide.
- これは幕藩体制を確立するために大いに役立った。
- This measure worked very well in establishing the shogunate system.
- 幕末頃から、民間の暦にひっそりと記載され始めた。
- It began to be secretly described in a folk calendar from the end of the Edo period.
- 関東御成敗地に関しては幕府が地頭の補任権を持つ。
- The feudal government had the authority to assign Jito in Kanto goseibaichi (provinces, manors and provincial lands where the shogun families of Kamakura bakufu possess the power to appoint/dismiss Jito).
- 室町幕府にも評定衆とともにこの儀式が継承された。
- This ritual, along with the hyojoshu, was inherited by the Muromachi bakufu.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると鎌倉幕府によって地頭が導入された。
- In the Kamakura period, jito (manager and lord of manor) was adopted by the Kamakura bakufu.
- これは幕府権力が全国的に展開する一つの契機となる。
- This was to be an opportunity for the power of bakufu to expand nationwide.
- 後の室町幕府も、この法令を原則として継承している。
- The Muromachi Bakufu which followed also inherited this decree in principle.
- 鎖国は貿易の権限を幕府が制限・管理した政策である。
- Seclusionism was a policy by which the Bakufu controlled and managed the authority of trade.
- 後醍醐は側近の千種忠顕とともに幕府に捕らえられた。
- Godaigo was arrested by the bakufu together with his close adviser, Tadaaki CHIKUSA.
- 同月、護良親王も吉野で挙兵して倒幕の令旨を発した。
- In the same month, Prince Morinaga also raised an army in Yoshino and issued ryoji (order issued by a prince, etc.) to overthrow the bakufu.
- 特に室町幕府財政において主要な財源の1つであった。
- It was the main source of revenue, especially for the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 京都守護(きょうとしゅご)は、鎌倉幕府の職制の一つ。
- Kyoto-shugo is one of the occupational categories of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 原画は江戸幕府、大奥にあったが、天保年間、焼失した。
- The original painting had been kept in O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside) of the Edo Shogunate, but was destroyed by fire during the Tenpo era.
- その後、上館(新発田市)に陣屋を移して幕末に至った。
- Later, the family moved to Kamitate (Shibata City) and remained until the end of the bakufu.
- 鎌倉幕府は、以下のような独自の経済基盤を有していた。
- The Kamakura Bakufu possessed the following economic bases.
- ここに大口方面における約2ヶ月もの戦いに幕は下りた。
- Here, the battle fought about two months in the Oguchi area ended.
- 城郭:社会の安定と幕府による規制のため急激に衰えた。
- Castle: the construction of castle declined rapidly due to the social stability and the regulations of the shogunate government.
- 徳川家が将軍を歴任したので「徳川幕府」とも呼ばれる。
- Since the Tokugawa family monopolised the position of shogun for generations, it is also called as the Tokugawa bakufu.
- 軍勢の中からは脱落して幕府方に降参する者も出始める。
- Some men from his army began to drop out and surrender to the bakufu.
- 幕府に帰参していた山名時熙が50騎を率いて参戦した。
- Tokihiro YAMANA, who had been serving the bakufu, entered the battle with 50 cavalrymen.
- どの幕府も形式上は将軍の家政機関の形態をとっていた。
- All the bakufu formally functioned as a domestic organization of shogun.
- 明応の政変により中央政権としての幕府体制が瓦解した。
- However, the bakufu system as the central government fell down because of the Coup of Meio.
- 江戸幕府の幕藩体制の秩序を守るために利用されていた。
- This ranking system was used by the Edo bakufu to maintain its bakuhan taisei (feudal system characteristic of the shogunate).
- 足利尊氏が南朝に対して北朝を擁立し室町幕府を開いた。
- Takauji ASHIKAGA was against the Southern Court, and opened the Muromachi bakufu supporting the Northern Court.
- 牙符制は室町幕府8代征夷大将軍足利義政により始まった。
- Gafusei was started by the eighth seii taishogun (Commander in chief) of the Muromachi bakufu (shogunate government), Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA.
- 乱直後、朝廷は、次代の天皇を誰にするかを幕府へ諮った。
- Immediately after the war, the Imperial Court asked the bakufu who the next Emperor would be.
- エンフィールド銘柄のミニエー銃を幕末日本ではこう呼ぶ。
- In the Bakumatsu period, Minie-type rifles with the brand name 'Enfield' were called Enfield rifles.
- なお江戸幕府は唯一李氏朝鮮とは正式な国交をもっていた。
- The shogunate government had official diplomatic relations only with Yi Dynasty Korea.
- 文久永宝(ぶんきゅうえいほう)は、幕末に流通した銭貨。
- Bunkyu Eiho coin was a coin circulated at the end of the Edo period.
- そのため幕府が度々諸大名に配下の徹底管理を命じている。
- The bakufu often ordered feudal lords to thoroughly supervise samurai under their command.
- (幕府という形態はこの後、備後の鞆の浦に細々と続く)。
- (The form of bakufu barely continued in Tomonoura in Bingo.)
- 幕府権力の発露の末端である御家人も武家と呼ばれ始めた。
- Furthermore, the term also came to encompass gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogun in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods) who were regarded as the rank and file of the bakufu that enforced the influence of the bakufu.
- 主として対馬府中藩が江戸幕府と李氏朝鮮の仲介を行った。
- The Tsushima-fuchu Domain played a principal intermediary role between the Edo bakufu and Yi Dynasty Korea.
- 室町幕府が成立すると要地となり鎌倉府に管理される。が、
- After the establishment of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it was managed by the Kamakurafu (local government office Muromachi bakufu in Kamakura) as an important place.
- 幕府はこれに窮し、管領畠山満家に命じて制圧に乗り出す。
- The pinched bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) ordered Mitsuike HATAKEYAMA, kanrei (shogunal deputy) to repress them.
- 京都に本拠を置いた幕府は、朝廷の権能を次第に侵食した。
- The bakufu, which placed its core site in Kyoto, gradually eroded the functions of the Imperial Court.
- 室町幕府における武家の作法・制度について解説している。
- The book provides a guide to manners and systems of samurai family in the Muromachi bakufu
- 例えば鎌倉幕府の最初の侍所別当となった和田義盛である。
- For an example, Yoshimori WADA, who became Samurai-dokoro betto (the Chief Officer of Board of Retainers) during the early Kamakura bakufu.
- 幕法(武家諸法度)違反(城郭の違法な増改築、違法婚姻等)
- Breach (illegal extension or reconstruction of castles or illegal marriage) of the Shogunate law (Buke Shohatto [code for the warrior households])
- 鎌倉幕府滅亡後に開始された建武の新政から尊氏が離反する。
- Takauji then turned against the Kemmu Restoration which started after the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) fell.
- 朽木氏は朽木谷城を本拠として代々室町幕府奉公衆を務めた。
- The Kutsuki clan was based in Kutsukidani-jo Castle, which served as hokoshu (a military post in the Muromachi Shogunate) for the Muromachi bakufu (a Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for generations.
- 鎌倉幕府の存立は、武士、特に関東武士団を基盤としていた。
- The existence of Kamakura bakufu was based on samurai, especially Kanto Samurai Group.
- これにより、鎌倉幕府の形成がひとまず完了することとなる。
- These events essentially completed the formation of the Kamakura Bakufu.
- 天領(てんりょう)とは江戸幕府の直轄領のことを指す通称。
- Tenryo is commonly known as a name for territories that were under the direct control of the Edo Shogunate.
- この乱によりキリスト教は幕藩体制を揺るがす元凶と考えた。
- This war made the Bakufu believe that Christianity might shake the feudal system that was characteristic of the shogunate.
- これが徳川幕府に継承され、江戸時代の通貨の基軸となった。
- This system was succeeded to Tokugawa shogunate which was basis for the currency in the Edo period.
- いわゆる外様家臣は幕府の職につくことを潔しとしなかった。
- For vassals of collateral line, they was too proud to take a post of bakufu.
- 後醍醐天皇を中心とした勢力による鎌倉幕府討幕運動である。
- The movement was driven by the powers that had gathered together with Emperor Go-Daigo as the central figure.
- 同書は資料性は高いものの、幕府寄りの視点で書かれている。
- It is valuable as a historical resource, but is written from a viewpoint that leans towards the bakufu.
- それから、江戸に幕府を開き、大坂の役で豊臣氏を滅ぼした。
- Then he established the bakufu in Edo and destroyed the Toyotomi clan in Osaka no Eki (the Siege of Osaka).
- 鎌倉時代において、幕府は惣領制を御家人支配の基盤とした。
- The Soryo system (the eldest son system as the succession of the head of the family) was made as a base to rule over gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) by bakufu during the Kamakura period.
- 即ち、当時の源頼朝の武家政権は鎌倉幕府の称を用いていない。
- That is, the samurai government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo did not use the name Kamakura bakufu.
- 頼朝の家政機関に端を発し、幕府の一般政務・財政を所管した。
- Originated from Yoritomo's domestic governing institution and was in charge of general government practices and finance.
- こうして幕府の実権は、執権の北条氏が掌握することとなった。
- Thus, the real power of bakufu came to be held by Shikken Hojo clan.
- 江戸時代の幕府の顧問僧であった天海の目撃情報などに基づく。
- The data is based on the visual information of Tenkai, a priest and an adviser to the bakufu in the Edo period, and on others.
- しかしこのような国際的背景を幕府が知りえたか定かではない。
- It is uncertain, however, whether or not the Bakufu would be able to learn in such a global background.
- 天皇親政を理想に掲げ、鎌倉幕府の打倒を密かに目指していた。
- Emperor Godaigo espoused the ideal of direct administration by the Emperor, but he harbored the aim of overthrowing the Kamakura bakufu.
- 幕府軍の死者は260人余、山名軍の死者は879人であった。
- There were 260 deaths from the bakufu army and there were 879 deaths from the Yamana army.
- 幕末の開国を経て、明治初年に日本とスペインは国交を回復する。
- After the opening of the country to the world at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, Japan resumed diplomatic relations with Spain in the first year of the Meiji period.
- 回生期 - 源頼朝時代の鎌倉幕府成立~源頼朝時代の源頼朝死去
- Resuscitation period: Establishment of Kamakura bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo ~ Death of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo
- 分家も少なくないが、江戸幕府の幕臣川勝氏がよく知られている。
- Among their many branches, the Kawakatsu clan vassals who served the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) are well known.
- 頼兼は伊豆国を地盤として鎌倉幕府とも繋がりを持ったとされる。
- Gaining a foothold in Izu Province (part of today's Shizuoka Prefecture), Yorikane is said to have linked with the Kamakura 'bakufu' (a Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 武家政権を幕府と称したのは江戸時代になってからのことである。
- It was not until the Edo period that a samurai government came to be called bakufu.
- さらに第一次長州征伐(幕長戦争)でも薩摩が長州を屈服させた。
- In addition, in the First Choshu Expedition (also called the Baku-cho War [the war between Choshu and 'bakufu,' or shogunate]), the Satsuma Domain participated and forced the Choshu Domain to surrender.
- 以上のように、鎌倉幕府は元々、源頼朝の私的政権に発している。
- As described above, the Kamakura bakufu was originally derived from the private government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- この時点では倒幕派公家は朝廷内の主導権を掌握していなかった。
- At that point, the court nobles of tobakuha had not held initiative in the Imperial Court.
- 旧幕府軍は陸軍と海軍に分かれ、以下のような組織となっていた。
- The Old Bakufu was separated into Army and Navy taking the organization as follows.
- 江戸幕府(えどばくふ)は、徳川家康が創設した武家政権である。
- Edo bakufu was a samurai government established by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- こうした土一揆の頻発は、幕府権力の弱体化をもたらしていった。
- The frequent occurrence of tsuchi-ikki undermined the power of the bakufu.
- 大政奉還、王政復古 (日本)により江戸幕府が消滅すると解散。
- The organization was dissolved when the Edo bakufu ceased to exist by Taisei Hokan (the Return of Political Power to the Emperor) and Osei Fukko (the Restoration of Imperial Rule).
- そのため、幕府で要職を占めるのは将軍家の譜代家臣達であった。
- Therefore, the important posts in the bakufu were occupied by shogun family's hereditary vassals.
- 幕末の万延元年(1860年)、山岡鉄舟が『武士道』を著した。
- Tesshu YAMAOKA published 'Bushido' in 1860 during the latter days of Edo bakufu.
- In 1860 at the end of the Edo period, Tesshu YAMAOKA wrote 'Bushido'.
- 守る幕府軍は細川、畠山氏、京極氏の3000騎で激戦となった。
- The bakufu army on the defense consisted of 3000 cavalrymen of Hosokawa, Hatakeyama and Kyogoku clans, and the battle became fierce.
- 幕府は持明院統の光厳天皇を即位させ、元号を正慶と改めさせた。
- The bakufu enthroned the Emperor Kogen from the Jimyoin line and changed the imperial era name to Shokei.
- 鎌倉時代後期、鎌倉幕府では北条氏得宗家が権勢を振るっていた。
- In the late Kamakura period, the Tokuso family of the Hojo clan exercised authority over the Kamakura bakufu.
- 鎌倉幕府が滅亡した後、天皇親政である建武の新政が開始された。
- After the fall of the Kamakura bakufu, the Kenmu Restoration, which was a direct rule by the emperor, started.
- 本格的な武家政権は、源頼朝が鎌倉幕府を開いた事により始まる。
- The full-scale military government started when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established the Kamakura bakufu.
- まず幕府軍は正成の配下の平野将監らが守る上赤坂城へ向かった。
- First, the bakufu army headed for Kami-Akasaka-jo Castle, which was being defended by the Masashige vassal Shogen HIRANO.
- 幕府の組織である公文所・政所・問注所・侍所に属する職員を指す。
- It indicates the staff that worked at bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) organizations such as Kumonjo (administration office), Mandokoro (administrative board), Monchujo (court of justice), and Samuraidokoro (board of retainers).
- 親幕府派の二条良基の要望もあって一旦は12月に交渉は成立した。
- Partly because Yoshimoto NIJO (a sympathizer of Muromachi bakufu) wanted it, the two sides reached an agreement in December (in the lunar calendar).
- 慶喜は先手を打って大政を奉還することで、討幕の名分を失わせた。
- Yoshinobu outwitted them and voluntarily carried out Taisei Hokan, and thus removed a good cause for attacking the shogunate.
- 各地で幕府軍の敗報が相次ぐなか、7月20日家茂が大坂城で病死。
- The bakufu lost many battles across the country, and Iemochi died of disease at Osaka-jo Castle on July 20.
- 鎖国政策は江戸幕府にとってまさに生命線そのものだったのである。
- Seclusionism was the very lifeline of the Edo Bakufu.
- 主な鋳造所は幕府の江戸と近江国坂本 (大津市)の銭座であった。
- A main minting factory was zeniza located in Edo where the bakufu existed, and in Sakamoto (Otsu City), Omi Province.
- 室町幕府は本来、土倉から土倉役、酒屋から酒屋役を徴収していた。
- The Muromachi bakufu originally collected a tax called doso-yaku from doso and a tax called sakaya-yaku from breweries.
- しかし、山名時氏のとき鎌倉幕府に対する足利尊氏の挙兵に従った。
- However, during Tokiuji YAMANA's era, the clan sided with Takauji ASHIKAGA, who raised an army against the Kamakura bakufu.
- 当時の人々は鎌倉や室町の中央政庁を「幕府」と呼んだことはない。
- People in those days never called the central government office of Kamakura or Muromachi 'bakufu.'
- 地方政治は藩によって行われ、幕府と合わせて幕藩体制と呼ばれる。
- Local politics were conducted in each domain, which are, together with the bakufu, called the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate.
- 以上のように、江戸時代前期に確立した支配体制を幕藩体制という。
- The control system established in the first half of the Edo period, as described above, is called the bakufu-domain system.
- 上記の室町幕府将軍による武家執奏を多く取次したのも実俊であった。
- And as mentioned above, it was Sanetoshi that relayed many bukeshisso by the Muromachi bakufu shogun.
- つまり外交だけでなく貿易の権限を幕府が制限・管理した体制である。
- In other words, Japan's national isolation indicated a regime in which the Bakufu restricted and controlled not only authority of diplomacy, but also controlled trade.
- 幕府に対して布教を一切しないことを約束したためとも言われている。
- Another theory suggests that the permission resulted from the promise the company made to the Bakufu that it would never conduct missionary work.
- 箱館裁判所は、江戸幕府の箱館奉行所の機能を引き継ぐものであった。
- The Hakodate Court assumed the functions of Hakodate Bugyosho set up by the Edo bakufu feudal government.
- わずかに残った教徒は隠れキリシタンとして幕末まで信仰を持続した。
- A miniscule number of surviving Christians retained their faith until the end of Edo period as crypto-Christian.
- 江戸幕府は、大量に蓄積された金銀を原資に貨幣制度の改革を行った。
- The shogunate government in Edo reformed the currency system using a large amount of accumulated gold and silver.
- 天保年間の鋳造により江戸幕府が得た利益は180,800両である。
- The profit of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) gained by coin minting during the Tenpo era was 180,800 ryo.
- 鎌倉幕府においては問注を行う場所として問注所を設置したのである。
- It was the Kamakura bakufu which established the Monchujo as the place specifically reserved for holding the monchu.
- これは幕府によって宗氏の力量が試されたという側面も存在している。
- This included the aspect that the ability of the So clan was to be checked by the bakufu.
- その影響で、鎌倉幕府の正史である『吾妻鏡』も日記体をとっている。
- Affected by such a situation, 'Azuma Kagami' (the Mirror of the east), an official history of the Kamakura bakufu, was written in a diary style as well.
- 江戸時代末期やがて幕府の財政的な傾きと共に尊皇論が広まっていく。
- At the end of the Edo period, with the financial downswing of the bakufu, sonnoron (the thought respecting the Emperors) gradually spread.
- そういったことなどを背景として、幕藩体制は次第に動揺していった。
- With these situations as a background, the bakufu-domain system gradually became shaky.
- 幕末に至って欧米諸国を範に幕府や雄藩は近代的な艦隊の創設に向かう。
- At the end of the Edo period, the bakufu and major domains started to establish their modern fleet.
- 川勝氏(下田氏)は桑田郡・船井郡内を知行し、室町幕府に仕えてきた。
- The Kawakatsu clan (the Shimoda clan) had governed Kuwata County and Funai County, and had served the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- さらに、鎌倉幕府という概念が登場したのは、明治20年以降とされる。
- Moreover, it is considered that the concept of bakufu did not appear until after 1887.
- 次第に将軍の権限を吸収していき、事実上の鎌倉幕府のトップとなった。
- The post gradually absorbed the power of shogun and became the de facto top position within the Kamakura bakufu.
- また、享保5年にはさらに校訂を加えた享保本が幕府に献上されている。
- The revised book, the Kyoho edition, was offered to the government in 1720.
- 鎌倉幕府の成立をどの時点とするかについては、次のような諸説がある。
- The following theories exist regarding when the Kamakura Bakufu was established.
- 少なくともロシアの南下政策は既知であり、幕府はこれを懸念していた。
- At the very least, the Bakufu was uneasy about the knowledge of Russia expanding southward.
- そのため幕府の経済政策の主力は米相場を安定させる事が中心になった。
- Therefore, the economic policy of the shogunate government focused on the stabilization of rice price.
- 広義の幕藩体制は明治4年(1871年)の廃藩置県をもって終焉する。
- The shogunate system in a broad sense ended at the time of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1871.
- それは、その後江戸時代の幕藩体制の基礎となる石高制のもととなった。
- This originated the system of Kokudaka (assessed yield; tax system based on rice, determined according to the annual rated yield of the domain) which formed the foundation of the shogunate system in the subsequent Edo period.
- 江戸時代には江戸幕府の管理下に金座・銀座 (歴史)などが作られた。
- During the Edo period, the kin-za (literally, gold za, or gold mint) and the gin-za (literally, silver za, or silver mint) were established under the control of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 江戸時代初期には、大名の末期養子は江戸幕府によって禁じられていた。
- During the early Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) prohibited the daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) to carry out the practice of Matsugo yoshi.
- このことが、国内的に大々的に喧伝され、幕府権威の高揚に利用された。
- This visit to the shrine was publicized widely, being used for enhancing the prestige of the bakufu.
- 武家(ぶけ)とは、幕府権力の総称、将軍家、または武士一般を指す語。
- The word 'buke' refers to the collection of various powers which support the authority of a bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and this word sometimes also refers to a Shogun family or general samurai.
- 後に、対馬藩家老であった柳川調興は国書偽造の事実を幕府に明かした。
- Later, Shigeoki YANAGAWA, Karo (chief retainer) of the Tsushima Domain, admitted to the bakufu the fact that the sovereign's message was forged.
- 幕府は再び大仏家時、名越宗教、大仏高直らが率いる大軍を差し向けた。
- The bakufu again dispatched a large army led by Ietoki OSARAGI, Munenori NAGOE (or NAGOSHI), and Takanao OSARAGI.
- 朝廷は幕府の判断をもとめ、緒仁親王の即位が実現した(後円融天皇)。
- The Imperial Court asked for the bakufu's decision and the ascension of Imperial Prince Ohito was realized (Emperor Goenyu).
- これは倒幕に参加していた薩長土肥の志士や公家の一部にも及んでいた。
- This outrage spread to the royalists from Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, Hizen, that participated in overthrowing the Shogunate, and some of the court nobles.
- 幕末から明治初期にかけては朝鮮征伐、征韓などと呼ばれるようになった。
- From the end of the Edo period to the beginning of the Meiji period, it was called 'chosen seibatsu' (punitive expedition to Korea) or 'seikan' (punitive expedition to Korea).
- だが、一部は室町幕府に降り奉公衆に取り立てられて重んじられたという。
- Some of them were appointed to the important government post of hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate) by the Muromachi bakufu.
- なお医療宣教師が阿片を使用したことも喫緊の課題として幕府を動かした。
- The Bakufu had to address the crucial problem of medical missionaries using opium.
- 寛永13年(1636年)6月、幕府が江戸橋場と近江坂本に銭座を設置。
- In July 1636, the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) established zeniza (an organization in charge of casting coins during the Edo period) at Hashiba in Edo and Sakamoto in Omi Province.
- 「幕」は帳幕・天幕を意味し、「府」は王室等の財宝や文書を収める場所。
- 'Baku' means curtain or tent and 'fu' means a place where treasure and documents of the royal family, etc. are kept.
- 幕府権力は著しく低下し、全国各地に戦国大名と呼ばれる勢力が出現した。
- The power of the bakufu had been significantly weakened, and sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku Period) emerged in various places all over Japan.
- 寺社を本所とする一円知行地のうち幕府が誤って半済を認めた所領がある。
- Within Ichien Chigyo territories with a temple or shrine as a honjo, there were a number of territories in which the bakufu approved the implementation of hanzei by mistake.
- 幕藩領主は普請・掃除・交通などのために、領民に人足役を賦課していた。
- Lords in the shogunate system imposed ninsokuyaku (physical labor) for construction, cleanup and traffic on the people inhabiting a fief.
- 膳所城は天下普請として江戸幕府が諸大名に号令し築いた城の第1号である。
- Zeze-jo Castle was the first castle built by Tenkabushin, a construction order given to territorial lords by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- これにより、室町幕府は事実上崩壊し、畿内に織田政権が確立したのである。
- This was virtually the end of the Muromachi bakufu and the Oda government was established in Kinai region.
- また福島正則は広島城無断修築を咎められた幕法違反により改易されている。
- Also, Masanori FUKUSHIMA was subjected to kaieki for violation of the Shogunate law when he tried to repair Hiroshima-jo Castle without permission.
- 室町幕府が滅亡した1573年から、徳川政権が確立するまでの時代を指す。
- The Momoyama period refers to the period that ranged from when the Muromachi bakufu fell in A.D. 1573, to when the Tokugawa bakufu was established.
- 幕府などの公権力の統制を無視して海上で独立した軍事力と権力をふるった。
- They exercised their independent military force and their own power, ignoring public power including that of the bakufu.
- 幕臣以外にも、八戸藩、棚倉藩、八幡藩そして忍藩などに、川勝氏が存した。
- In addition to the vassals of the Edo bakufu, there were other Kawakatsu clans in areas such as Hachinohe Domain, Tanakura Domain, Hachiman Domain, and Oshi Domain.
- 1838年(天保9年) - 江戸幕府が、調練場内の田畑の休耕を命じる。
- In 1838, the Edo bakufu ordered that farmland in the shooting practice field be left fallow.
- 江戸での薩摩藩邸焼き討ちの報が大坂城へ伝わると、城内の旧幕兵も興奮し、
- Troops of the former bakufu staying in Osaka-jo Castle were excited when they heard the residence of the Satsuma clan had been burnt down.
- しかし一方では尊皇攘夷派など反幕府思想、武力による倒幕運動が存在した。
- However on the other hand there was also anti-Bakufu sentiment such as the Sonno Joi ha (supporters of the doctorine of restoring the emperor and expelling the barbarians) and movements to overthrow the Shogunate using armed forces.
- 幕府直轄の各領地には代官処がつくられ、郡代や代官・遠国奉行が支配した。
- Daikan-sho (Office of Local Governor) were established in each of the territories that were under the direct control of the Shogunate, and gundai (intendant of a region), daikan (local governor), or ongoku-bugyo (the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period) governed those territories.
- これにより室町幕府の細川氏のような権力者を生み出さないようにしている。
- This separation intended to prevent the growth of a powerful clan such as the Hosokawa in the Muromachi period.
- ただ幕府は相場が行き過ぎた場合のみ介入し、普段は市場経済に委ねていた。
- But such interventions of the bakufu were implemented only when the exchange market overheated, and usually the exchange business was left into the hands of the market.
- それが日本に来ては、近衛大将の唐名となり、幕下あるいは柳営ともいった。
- When the word came to Japan, it became the Chinese style name of Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), and it was also called Makushita or Ryuei.
- 日本国王使の派遣には朝鮮王朝が室町幕府に発行する象牙符が必要であった。
- They needed ivory checks issued by the Korean Dynasty to the Muromachi bakufu to dispatch royal envoys.
- 室町時代になると、室町幕府の設立の経緯から、守護の権力が強大であった。
- From the start of the Muromachi period, provincial constables increased their power based on the background of the establishment of the Muromachi bakufu.
- 中世において、寺社は朝廷も幕府も無断で立ち入ることができない聖域だった。
- In the medieval times, temples and shrines were sanctuaries into which neither Imperial Court nor bakufu could enter.
- 通し字は、それぞれ「広」、「隆」、「氏」(家紋、通し字とも幕臣川勝氏)。
- The toshiji (common kanji characters which the male members shared in given names) of the Kawakatsu clan (the vassals of the Edo bakufu) were '広,' '隆' and '氏.'
- 、幕府の無策に憤って大坂町奉行所の元与力大塩平八郎が大坂で武装蜂起した。
- In 1837, Heihachiro OSHIO, a former police sergeant (yoriki) of the magistrate's office of Osaka, became indignant at the do-nothing government and conducted an armed uprising in Osaka.
- 1738年(元文3年)10月18日 - 幕府が、役職として大筒役を新設。
- On October 18, 1738, the bakufu established the ozutsu yaku (office of artillery) as a managing post.
- このため、治天の君→伝奏→武家執奏→室町幕府将軍の図式が崩壊してしまう。
- So, the system of relaying messages from Chiten no kimi to tenso, bukeshisso, and shogun of the Muromachi bakufu collapsed.
- 鎌倉幕府では仁治元年(1240年)以来、たびたび押買の禁令を出している。
- Since 1240, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) often issued laws forbidding oshigai.
- ただし、1221年の承久の乱での勝利をもって幕府の成立とする見解もある。
- However, one theory states that the bakufu was formed as a result of victory in the Jokyu War of 1221.
- これにより、武田氏の信濃国支配が室町幕府により正当化されることになった。
- In this way, the control of Shinano Province by the Takeda clan became authorized by the Muromachi bakufu.
- 織田政権や徳川幕府より邪宗とされた日蓮宗不受不施派は徹底的に弾圧された。
- The fuju-fuse (no receiving and no giving) group of the Nichiren sect, which was determined to be a heresy by the Oda government and Tokugawa shogunate, was cracked down on completely.
- だが、それが勤皇思想と結んだ結果において倒幕と言うエネルギーに一転した。
- However, at time when this theory was related to the pro-Imperial thought, it led people to shift to the movement to overthrow the Shogunate.
- 1200年ごろ、後鳥羽天皇が鎌倉幕府の軍事力に対抗して結成したとされる。
- It is said that it was organized by the Emperor Gotoba in around 1200 to counter the military force organized by the Kamakura bakufu.
- 主家の実権を掌握した庶家の代表例が室町幕府三管領のひとつ、細川氏である。
- The typical example of shoke who grabbed the real authority of the employer's household was the Hosokawa clan, one of the three kanrei (shogunal deputies) of Muromachi bakufu.
- 織田信長は室町将軍足利義昭を放逐し、室町幕府に代わる畿内政権を樹立した。
- Nobunaga ODA ousted Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, the shogun in Muromachi, and established the Kinai government (the government in the Kinai area - roughly corresponding to the present Kansai region) replacing the Muromachi bakufu.
- 更に代替地の規定については幕府が代替地探しに積極的な態度を見せなかった。
- Furthermore, the bakufu did not show an assertive attitude toward searching for alternative territories (to be found by the bakufu to compensate for its mismanagement of the hanzei as mentioned above), despite the regulation it created to do so.
- このため幕府は政策を見直し、4代徳川家綱の時代に末期養子の禁は緩和された。
- For this reason, the bakufu reviewed its policy and the Matsugo yoshi no kin (ban on adoption of a son on one's deathbed) was loosened during the time of the fourth shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA.
- 廃藩置県では旧幕府領、旧藩がそのまま府県となっていたため飛び地が多かった。
- Under the policy of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), former domains became prefectures, therefore there were a lot of overlooked lands.
- 江戸への移封後はこれらが関東地方に随行してそのまま江戸幕府の水軍となった。
- After Ieyasu was transferred to Edo, these clans moved to the Kanto region with him and remained the Edo bakufu's suigun.
- 大塩に従った農民も多く、地方にも飛び火して幕府や諸藩に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- Many farmers followed Oshio, and the uprising spread repercussions in other regions, which gave a great shock to the shogunate government and domains.
- 鎌倉幕府は1333年に鎌倉の北条氏が新田義貞らの軍に滅ぼされて幕を閉じた。
- The Kamakura Bakufu ended in 1333 when the Hojo clan in Kamakura was defeated by the army of Yoshisada NITTA and his allies.
- 幕末の政治世界で影響力を持った薩摩藩と長州藩は討幕の思想では共通していた。
- The Satsuma and Choshu Domains, both of which had clout within Japanese political circles in the last days of the Edo period, had the anti-shogunate idea in common.
- そこで、重要地や旧幕府直轄地に置かれた府・県とともに「府藩県体制」となる。
- Then, the 'Prefectures and Domains' system was established, and important regions and the regions formerly under direct control of the Shogunate were made into prefectures and domains.
- しかし、薩長の倒幕派が太政官制度を復活させ、天皇を中心とした新政府を樹立。
- The anti-shogunate party of Satsuma and Choshu domains, however, revived the Great Council of State (dajokan) System, and established a new government headed by the Emperor.
- 吹替えにより江戸幕府が得た出目(改鋳利益)は1,018,300両であった。
- The Edo bakufu made a profit of 1,018,30 ryo by reminting the coin.
- 1346年、幕府は守護に対して、刈田狼藉の取締と使節遵行の権限を付与した。
- In 1346, the bakufu gave to shugos the power and authority of control of karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally) and of shisetsu jungyo (process for implementing bakufu's decision on conflicts regarding property ownership).
- 二代征夷大将軍足利義詮の時代に切り取った領国の安堵を条件に室町幕府に帰順。
- The clan submitted to the Muromachi bakufu during the era of the second seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, with a condition that the clan was guaranteed territory which had been taken away.
- 九州の武家は平家方だったため鎌倉幕府を開いた源頼朝からの信頼感は薄かった。
- As samurai in Kyushu supported Heike (Taira family), trust to them by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who established the Kamakura bakufu was weak.
- 奥州藤原氏の滅亡後、鎌倉幕府は関東の武士を送り込んで陸奥・出羽を支配した。
- After the destruction of the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, Kamakura bakufu took over the Mutsu and Dewa provinces by sending samurai into the Kanto region.
- 幕末期には、江戸に約1500校、全国では約15000校の寺子屋が存在した。
- By the end of the shogunate, there were 1,500 schools in Edo, and a total of 15,000 Terakoya throughout Japan.
- 室町、徳川幕府では征夷大将軍の位は君主家たる将軍家の男児に代々世襲された。
- The position of seii taishogun was passed on to male heirs of the families positioned to accede to the shogunate of the monarchy in the Muromachi bakufu and the Tokugawa shogunate.
- この戦いで義昭が信長に敗れて京都から追放され、実質的に室町幕府は滅亡した。
- Yoshiaki lost the battle and was expelled from Kyoto, leading to the virtual downfall of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 源頼朝を首長とする鎌倉幕府は、治承・寿永の乱で勝利して平氏政権を打倒した。
- The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo as its chief defeated the Taira clan government in the Jisho-Juei War.
- そのため、徳川吉宗は幕府権力の再強化と財政再建(享保の改革)を推し進めた。
- Therefore, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA promoted the re-strengthening of the bakufu authority and financial reconstruction (Kyoho Reforms).
- しかしながら、守護大名の拡大指向は根強く、幕府対守護の戦乱が多数発生した。
- However, the Shugo daimyo tried tenaciously to expand their power, and many battles were fought between the bakufu and Shugo.
- また、後述のように室町幕府の所領訴訟に対する基本方針を定めた法令とされる。
- It was regarded as a law that established standard policies on territorial litigation of the Muromachi bakufu as well as a law that drew the line on the Hanzeirei of the past.
- 大久保忠隣や本多正純のように幕府内部の権力闘争に敗れて改易された大名もいた。
- Furthermore, there were Daimyo such as Tadachika OKUBO and Masazumi HONDA who were subject to kaieki because they lost the power struggle inside the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 結果、炮術調練場は延伸するが、当面は訓練を行わないことで、幕府と住民が合意。
- As a result, although the shooting practice field was extended, the bakufu and residents agreed that it wouldn't be used for shooting for the time being.
- 第13代石川時光は、新田義貞による倒幕の軍に長子石川義光率いる軍を従わせる。
- Tokimitsu ISHIKAWA, the thirtieth head of the family, sent an army headed by his eldest son Yoshimitsu ISHIKAWA to join the shogunate government overthrowing army headed by Yoshisada NITTA.
- 幕臣である大舘氏の立場で書かれた書札礼で一般的な書札礼を論じた著作ではない。
- This book was written by the Odachi clan in the capacity of the bakufu's vassal and it is not a book dealing with general shosaturei.
- 鎌倉幕府の確立を成し遂げた源頼朝は、1199年(正治1)1月に突然死去した。
- MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who established the Kamakura bakufu, died suddenly in January 1199.
- 江戸時代に入ると当道座は盲人団体として幕府の公認と保護を受けるようになった。
- In the Edo period, Todo-za received the official permission and protection as the group of the blind.
- だが、平氏政権・鎌倉幕府初期の段階では検断権そのものは朝廷・院が有していた。
- The right to judge criminal cases was, however, held by the Emperor or the retired emperor, in the period of the Taira clan government through the early Kamakura Period.
- しかし、桜田門外の変後、将軍後継問題で幕府がゆれる間に事態は急速に変化する。
- After the Sakuradamongai Incident, however, things changed rapidly while the shogunate government was at a standstill to deal with the shogunate successor problem.
- 大名には幕府によりその格式に定められた参勤交代と御手伝いの義務が課せられた。
- The shogunate government obliged daimyo to live in Edo every other year (Sankinkotai) and compulsory service in construction work, which were determined according to their social status.
- 幕府に氏清、満幸謀反の報が12月19日に丹後国と河内国の代官より伝えられた。
- The news of Ujikiyo and Mitsuyuki's insurrection was passed on to the bakufu on January 21, 1392 through the local governors of Tamba and Kawachi Provinces.
- そのため、室町幕府は事実究明のため朝鮮へ使者を送り、その真偽を確かめさせた。
- Consequently, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) sent envoys to Korea to conduct an investigation into whether the rumors of a new invasion from mainland China were accurate, and had the envoys endeavor to get to the bottom of the matter.
- 後醍醐は幕府に釈明して赦されたものの、側近の日野資朝は佐渡島へ流罪となった。
- Godaigo vindicated himself to the bakufu and was pardoned, but his close adviser Suketomo HINO was exiled to Sadoga-shima Island.
- 社会的混乱から諸国では悪党の活動が活発化し、幕府は次第に支持を失っていった。
- That activated Akuto (a villain of the medieval times) in the respective provinces, and gradually the bakufu lost support.
- 14世紀頃から16世紀頃までは室町時代と呼ばれ、京都の室町に幕府が置かれた。
- The era from the 14th century to the 16th century is called the Muromachi period, and the bakufu was placed in Muromachi of Kyoto.
- 鎌倉時代中期から酒屋が商業として登場するが、鎌倉幕府によって禁じられていた。
- Sake brewing started as a business in the middle of the Kamakura period, but dealing sake had been banned by the Kamakura bakufu.
- 幕府はその惣領と御恩・奉公による主従関係を結び、間接的には庶子をも支配した。
- The soryo made a master and servant relationship with bakufu through favor and service, and indirectly ruled over illegitimate children.
- 光格天皇の頃は朝廷権威の復興を望み、幕府との間に尊号一件が起こるなど折衝した。
- Around the time of Emperor Kokaku, the Imperial Court tried to regain its authority, and negotiations, such as the Songo Case (an effort by the emperor to give an honorary title), were conducted with the Shogunate.
- 尊皇攘夷運動の支柱である水戸学には朝廷権威により幕府専制を抑える思想があった。
- The Mito School, which was at the heart of the Sonnojoi Movement, held a belief that the authority of the Imperial Court should suppress the rise of autocratic Shogunate.
- 後鳥羽上皇は、治天として専制的な政治を指向し、幕府の存在を疎ましく感じていた。
- Retired Emperor Gotoba aimed for autocratic rule as Chiten and despised the existence of the bakufu.
- そのため、西郷らは相楽総三ら浪士を集めて江戸に騒擾を起こし、幕府側を挑発した。
- Then, Saigo assembled rochi including Sozo SAGARA, provoking the bakufu.
- 幕府はこれ以降、火事をできるだけ妨げられるよう都市計画を変更することになった。
- After the fire, the bakufu revised its urban planning policies to minimize the risk of fire hazards.
- 前述のように将軍が突如殺害されて、室町幕府の最高権力者が不在となってしまった。
- As stated above, the Shogun was suddenly killed, and the supreme position in the Muromachi Bakufu was left vacant.
- 京都町奉行(きょうとまちぶぎょう)は、江戸幕府が京都に設置した遠国奉行の1つ。
- The Kyoto Town Magistrate was one of the ongoku-bugyo (magistrates placed at important areas) that was set up in Kyoto by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- それについては、幕府が代替地を見つけるまで当面は本所と武家が半分ずつ領有する。
- These territories were to be divided in half, each part owned by the honjo and the samurai family respectively until the bakufu could find alternative territories.
- 大坂の役以後、戦争が無くなると、世嗣断絶と幕法違反による改易が主なものとなった。
- During the war-free period after the Siege of Osaka, kaieki was mainly applied as punishments for the extinction of a family line or breach of the Shogunate law.
- 源頼朝が鎌倉幕府を開くと、横山党の横山時広は軍功により横山庄の所領を安堵された。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), as a reward for military service Tokihiro YOKOYAMA from the Yokoyama Party received a fief and was approved as the landowner of the Yokoyama-sho estate.
- しかし、子孫は秀吉の死後江戸幕府を開いた家康に冷遇されまもなく改易処分となった。
- However, his descendants were treated coldly by Ieyasu, who had established the Edo bakufu after Hideyoshi's death, and shortly after that, they were punished by being deprived of their fief.
- こうして鎌倉幕府は鎌倉時代を通じて名実ともに武家政権として成立することとなった。
- This was why Kamakura Bakufu came to be established as a samurai government both in name and reality throughout the Kamakura period.
- これは、朝廷・院が検断権を有し幕府はそれを委ねられた存在であるという考えによる。
- This is because the right to judge criminal cases was held by the Emperor or the retired emperor, and the enforcement was delegated to the bakufu.
- 復古神道や垂加神道は幕末の尊王思想にも影響を与え、明治期の政策にも影響を与えた。
- At the end of Edo period, reactionary Shintoism and Suika Shintoism also had an influence on the thought of reverence for the emperor as well as on policies in the Meiji period.
- 江戸幕府は株仲間を結成させて特定商人の独占を認めることで商業統制を行おうとした。
- The Edo government intended to control commerce by forcing the formation of merchant guilds (kabunakama) and admitting monopolies by them.
- そこで江戸幕府は取り扱う両替商および商人への南鐐二朱銀に対する優遇措置を行った。
- So the Edo bakufu (shogunate) gave priority to exchangers and business people who dealt with Nanryo Nishu Gin.
- 日本では、幕末に朝廷から一般民衆まで熱く論じられ、反体制運動の合言葉ともなった。
- In Japan, it was discussed passionately among people from Chotei Court officials to the general public at the end of the Edo period and became a watchword for the anti-establishment movement.
- 幕府は大仏貞直、金沢貞冬、足利尊氏(後の尊氏)、新田義貞らの討伐軍を差し向けた。
- The bakufu dispatched the punitive force that had been formed by Sadanao OSARAGI, Sadafuyu KANAZAWA, Takauji ASHIKAGA and Yoshisada NITTA.
- 幼い親王に代わって実権は足利直義に握られ、やがて室町幕府の関東の出先機関となる。
- Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA seized real power instead of a very young prince, and it later became the local office of the Muromachi bakufu in the Kanto region.
- その後、御家人筆頭である北条氏が幕府政治を実質的にリードする執権政治が確立した。
- After that, the regency in which the Hojo clan, the head of gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), practically controlled the bakufu politics was established.
- 承久の乱後には鎌倉幕府が備前国・備中国両国より兵粮米を受け取る権利が認められた。
- After the Jokyu War, the authority of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to collect provisions for the troops from both Bizen and Bicchu provinces was recognized.
- 江戸幕府成立以来、京都とその周辺の行政は京都所司代及び京都郡代が管轄していたが、
- Since the establishment of the Edo bakufu, Kyoto Shoshidai and Kyoto Gundai were in charge of administration in Kyoto and the neighboring areas.
- 幕末における幕府の大老を務めた井伊直弼は、藩主となるまでをこの城下で過ごしている。
- Naosuke II who served as Tairo (chief minister) during the end of the Edo Period had spent his time at this castle town until he became the lord of the domain.
- 室町幕府の征夷大将軍が北朝(朝廷)に対して特定の事項に関する政治的要請を行うこと。
- One meaning is that of when the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu made a political request to the Northern Court (the Imperial Court) on a particular issue.
- これらの武士は、「鎌倉殿」(=将軍)の家人となることで、鎌倉幕府の構成員となった。
- These samurai became kenin (retainers) of the Kamakura-dono (= shogun) and became the members of Kamakura bakufu.
- 江戸時代の幕藩体制において朝廷は政治的に規制され、朝廷内部の運営に制限されていた。
- Under the Shogunate system during the Edo Period, the political power of the Imperial Court was restricted and it was confined to the management of the Court.
- 幕府・各藩は海防のため、後には倒幕のために、競って西洋の最新兵器を揃えようとした。
- The bakufu and other clans tried to get modern Western weapons, at first to protect the coastlines, and later to overthrow the bakufu.
- しかしこれを不満とする幕臣たちは脱走し北関東、北越、南東北など各地で抵抗を続けた。
- However, not all members of the bakufu were happy with the peace settlement, and some of them continued to resist in many places, particularly in the regions of northern Kanto, Hokuetsu, and southern Tohoku.
- つまり264年間に渡って江戸幕府(徳川将軍家)が保持していた政権を朝廷に返上した。
- Thereby power maintained by the Edo Shogunate (Tokugawa Shogunate Family) for 264 years was returned to the Imperial Court.
- その後、1858年の日米修好通商条約の締結によって鎖国は完全に幕を閉じたのである。
- Afterwards, the national isolation completely ended after the conclusion of 'The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan' in 1858.
- また木戸は能力を重視して大隈とともに旧幕臣の郷純造や渋沢栄一らを新政府に登用した。
- Also, Kido empahasized the ability of individuals and appointed, along with Okuma, a former retainer of shogun Junzo GO and Eiichi SHIBUSAWA to posts within the new government.
- 基本的には各国とも室町幕府の定めた守護大名が、そのまま戦国大名化したケースが多い。
- Basically, in each country, there were many cases in which shugo daimyo that was appointed by the Muromachi bakufu were transformed into sengoku daimyo.
- 室町幕府の将軍は守護大名の連合の上に成り立っており、その権力は弱体なものであった。
- The Muromachi bakufu's shogun was positioned atop an alliance of shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lords), and his authority was weak.
- やがて家康は秀吉の死後に発生した関ヶ原の合戦の勝者となって江戸幕府を開く事になる。
- Later, Ieyasu won the Battle of Sekigahara, which occurred after Hideyoshi's death, and opened the Edo bakufu.
- 907年(延喜7)には唐が滅亡し、遣唐使は再開されないままその歴史に幕を下ろした。
- In 907, the Tang Dynasty perished and this brought an end to Japanese missions to Tang China.
- 彼らはその代償たる御恩として、地頭に補任され、所領の支配権が鎌倉幕府に保証された。
- As benefits of the position, they were designated as Jito and the authority of their lands was guaranteed.
- 江戸時代は264年間に渡って続き、幕府は朝廷を禁中並公家諸法度などにより統制した。
- The Edo period lasted for 264 years and the bakufu controlled the Imperial Court based on Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles).
- 室町幕府第3代征夷大将軍足利義満が就任して最初の評定始の際に定められた法令である。
- Jisha honjoryo no koto was formulated at the first hyojohajime (a ceremony within the bakufu conducted at the first held conference gathering of government officials on New Year's day or at the inauguration of a new shogun) after the inauguration of the third Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- しかしやがて鎖国の時代の到来とともに幕府艦隊も縮小され老朽化した安宅丸も解体された。
- But before long, with the arrival of sakoku (the period of isolation) the bakufu's fleet was reduced in size, and the aging Atake maru was scrapped.
- ただし、武家執奏自身の地位や室町幕府内の権力関係によって手続が変化する場合があった。
- However, the procedures sometimes changed, depending on the rank of the bukeshisso himself or power relationships within the Muromachi bakufu.
- 政権の最高実力者に対する暗殺という結果は、幕府の権威を大きく失墜させることとなった。
- Due to the assassination of its top official, the authority of the bakufu government crumbled.
- また、江戸幕府の国別人口調査と異なり、全国一律の基準で集計した点でも画期的であった。
- Moreover, unlike population surveys by country conducted by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) it was innovative, adding up on the uniform standard throughout the country.
- この見解は、幕府時代の条約を引き継いだという認識に立つ日本政府と異なるものであった。
- This view was different from that of the Japanese government which stood on recognition of having took over the treaty of the shogunate era.
- 江戸幕府の支配下、各藩大名に対して参勤交代を強いたり、築城・治水工事を命じたりした。
- Under the control of the Edo bakufu, all daimyo were obliged to participate in Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) and to engage in castle construction and flood prevention works.
- 1331年(元弘元年)8月、後醍醐の側近である吉田定房が六波羅探題に倒幕計画を密告。
- In August 1331, Godaigo's close adviser Sadafusa YOSHIDA informed Rokuhara Tandai of the plan to overthrow the bakufu.
- 鎌倉時代末期に後醍醐天皇が討幕運動を起こし、足利尊氏など幕府の有力御家人が呼応した。
- At the end of the Kamakura period, Emperor Godaigo launched an anti-shogunate movement and senior vassals of the bakufu, including Takauji ASHIKAGA, joined forces with the emperor.
- 朝鮮通信使のそもそもの趣旨は室町幕府征夷大将軍からの使者と国書に対する返礼であった。
- Chosen Tsushinshi originally started as a return call for an envoy and message dispatched by Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to Korea.
- 大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇が鎌倉幕府を滅ぼし、建武の新政と呼ばれる天皇専制の政治を行った。
- Defeating the Kamakura bakufu, Emperor Godaigo for Daikakuji-to governed the nation autocratically in his so-called Kemmu Restoration.
- 一方、朝廷・公家側も室町幕府に対して民衆の要求を拒絶するように政治工作を繰り返した。
- On the other hand, the Imperial Court and nobles repeated political measures to have the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) reject the people's demands.
- 貞陸は延徳2年(1490年)より明応7年(1498年)まで室町幕府政所執事を務めた。
- Sadamichi was Mandokoro Shitsuji (chief of Mandokoro, the Administrative Board) of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) from 1490 through 1498.
- 酒屋役(さかややく)とは、室町幕府によって京都を中心とする酒屋に課された課税のこと。
- Sakaya-yaku was a tax imposed upon sake breweries in Kyoto by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- しかし、キリシタン禁教の強化と鎖国体制の完成によってこれらの関係は途絶し、幕末に至る。
- However, such relations were cut off due to the tightening of the ban on Christianity and the completion of the national isolation system, and the situation continued till the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- 戦国時代に入った1484年、幕の平合戦で阿蘇惟憲が勝利を収め、ようやく一族を統一した。
- After the Period of Warring States started, Korenori ASO won the Battle of Makunohira in 1484 and finally reunited the clan.
- 1824年(文政7年) - 佐々木卯之助が、本調練場の責任者である、幕府大筒役となる。
- In 1824, the Unosuke SASAKI became a bakufu ozutsu yaku in charge of the shooting practice field.
- 義満以後の室町幕府においても引き続き武家執奏による朝廷への介入が行われることとなった。
- And because of the situation in the later Muromachi bakufu after Yoshimitsu, intervention by bukeshisso still continued.
- 翌年初頭、藩中枢部の籠もる萩城を攻撃し、俗論派を壊滅させて再び藩論を反幕派へ奪回した。
- At the beginning of the next year, they attacked Hagi-jo Castle where the central figures of the clan stayed and restored the principle of the clan to 'anti-bakufu', rejecting the conservatism that acknowledged fealty to the bakufu.
- 水戸藩の要請を受けた幕府軍の追撃により壊滅させられる事件も発生した(天狗党の乱参照)。
- Another incident involved the pursuit and destruction of the bakufu's army, as demanded by Mito domain (See the Tengu Party War).
- 鎖国(さこく)は、江戸幕府が日本人の海外交通を禁止し、外交・貿易を制限した政策のこと。
- National Isolation ('Sakoku' in Japanese) refers to the policy of seclusion by which the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) prohibited Japanese citizens from going abroad, while imposing restrictions on diplomatic exchanges and trade with foreign countries.
- 幕府が鎖国に踏み切った決定的な事件は寛永14年(1637年)に起こった島原の乱である。
- The critical incident that urged the Bakufu to launch into seclusionism was the Shimabara War in 1637.
- しかし幕府は慶長小判回収を促進するため、二朱金への両替は元禄金に限るという策を講じた。
- However, bakufu took a measure to allow only Genrokukin at currency conversion to Nishukin to encourage collection of Keicho koban.
- これにより東国武士が多数、畿内・西国へ移住し、幕府の勢力が広く全国に及ぶこととなった。
- This caused many of Togoku samurai (a group of samurai in the eastern part of Japan) to move to the Kinai and Saigoku regions and the influence of the bakufu widely spread across Japan.
- 康暦元年(1379年)、康暦の政変により幕府の実権を握っていた管領細川頼之が失脚する。
- In 1379, kanrei (shogunal deputy) Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had the actual power in the bakufu, fell from power due to the Koryaku Coup.
- 幕府の名称がすなわち中央政庁を表すようになったのは、藩と同じく江戸時代中期以降である。
- Like the name 'han' (feudal clan), the name 'bakufu' began to be used for the centralized government after the late Edo period.
- だが後醍醐は、処分を免れた側近の日野俊基や真言宗密教の僧文観らと再び倒幕計画を進めた。
- Godaigo resumed his plan to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu with his close adviser Toshimoto HINO, who had been exempted from punishment, and a monk called Monkan from the Shingon-shu sect of Tantric Buddhism.
- 次の徳川家康は吾妻鏡を手本とし清和源氏を称し、征夷大将軍の位に就き、江戸幕府を開いた。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the shogun after Hideyoshi, claimed member of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) by following 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), assumed the post of seii taishogun, and established the Edo bakufu.
- なお「御掟」「御掟追加」の条文は後に江戸幕府の「武家諸法度」に大幅に取り入れられている。
- Most of the provisions written in 'On Okite' and 'On Okite Tsuika' were adopted into 'Buke shohatto' (Laws for the Military Houses) issued by the 'Edo bakufu' (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 御門葉とは清和源氏の一門のうち鎌倉幕府において鎌倉殿の一門としての処遇を受けた者をいう。
- The term 'gomonyo' referred to those who, among the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), were treated as a family of Kamakura-dono (Lord of Kamakura) in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- それまで、幕府お抱えの宿館として城番をおいて管理していたが、水口城は同氏の居城となった。
- Before the castle belonged to the Kato clan, the bakufu was taking care of it as their Shukukan with a Joban staying there.
- 先の応仁の乱では、幕府の管領を務めた細川勝元に従って、他の国人衆とともに合戦に参加した。
- During the Onin War, members of the clan had served Kanrei (Shogunal deputy) Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and fought battles as was the case for other governors.
- また、能勢の領地は累代の居城であった丸山城を廃して地黄陣屋を置き幕末に至るまで統治した。
- Also, Maruyama-jo Castle, that had been a residential castle for the Nose clan for generations, was replaced with Jio jinya (residence for small clans) in the territory in Nose, which continued to be ruled by the Nose clan until the end of Edo period.
- 幕末においてもっとも力と意味を持った思想潮流は、「尊王攘夷」の思想であると言われている。
- Among them, the philosophical movement called 'Sonno Joi' (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) is said to be the most influential.
- こうしたなか、薩摩藩は徐々に幕府に非協力的な態度を見せ始め、逆に長州との提携を模索する。
- The Satsuma clan gradually became uncooperative towards the bakufu in those movements, and tried to cooperate with Choshu instead.
- これが幕末の開国以後日本が急速に自主的な近代化を達成しえた基盤のひとつになったといえる。
- This became the basis of Japan's rapid and independent attainment of modernization after the Bakufu opened the country during the end of Edo period.
- この「文 久 永 寳(宝)」の文字には三種類のものがあり、それぞれ能筆の幕閣が担当した。
- Three writing styles were used to engrave '文 久 永 寳 (or 宝)' and each writing was created by a cabinet official who was a skilled calligrapher.
- 参勤交代(さんきんこうたい)は、藩の大名を定期的に江戸に出仕させる江戸幕府の制度である。
- Sankin-kotai is one of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)'s system that obligated daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) to reside in Edo periodically.
- ただ、人口に関しては、記録に残っているのは幕末に60万人近くとなった町人人口のみである。
- However, as for population, extant records only reveal the number of townspeople, which was close to six-hundred thousand in the waning days of the Bakufu.
- 逆に守護の被官として貢献度を高め守護代の地位を勝ち得たり、幕府や守護を通じて官位を得た。
- Conversely, some obtained the position of Shugodai (deputy of Shugo), or other official positions by serving the Shugo, through the Shugo or the bakufu.
- 室町時代には幕府の奉公衆(番衆)に加えられ直参の御家人となり、摂津の有力国人へと成長する。
- During the Muromachi period being enrolled on the hokoshu (or banshu; the shogunal military guard), the Nose clan became gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate) and grew into a powerful local lord in Settsu Province.
- 従来の薩長史観では見過ごされがちだが、この三者が幕末において果たした役割を再評価している。
- The three politicians of the government hadn't been considered important by the past historians who had followed the majority viewpoint (appreciating 'Saccho'), however recently the significance of their political works is being reconsidered due to the assistant professor's idea.
- 折しも、倒幕派公家の岩倉具視らの画策によって討幕の密勅が下されようとしていたときであった。
- The incident happened just when court nobles of tobakuha (anti-Bakufu, crushing-the-Bakufu faction) including Tomomi IWAKURA schemed the issuance of secret Imperial command of attacking the shogunate.
- 江戸幕府より統治の許可を得た諸大名が原則的には一代に限り土地統治を認められた封建制である。
- In principle, the local government was based on a feudal system under which the authorized feudal lord (daimyo) was allowed to administer the assingned territory only for one generation.
- 幕府創立前のに金座(小判座)および銀座 (歴史)を設立し、慶長小判慶長丁銀の鋳造を命じた。
- In 1601 before the foundation of the government, the gold guild (kin-za) (the coinage guild) and the silver guild (gin-za) (history) were established, and the mintage of Keicho Koban (gold oval coin) and Keicho Chogin (silver oval coin) was ordered.
- ただ、幕府の出費節減はなったが、国内的な将軍権威の発露というもうひとつの意義は損なわれた。
- However, although the cost of the bakufu for this event was reduced, the domestic meaning of showing the prestige of the shogun was damaged.
- 1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)に鎌倉幕府が滅亡に至るまでの一連の戦乱を含めることも多い。
- References to Genko no Ran often include a series of conflicts fought until the fall of the Kamakura Bakufu (shogunate government) in 1333.
- これにより、徳川家康率いる東軍と、石田三成率いる西軍による東西合戦が幕開けすることとなる。
- This marked the beginning of the battle between the eastern army lead by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and the western army lead by Mitsunari ISHIDA.
- 幕府においては、年始及び征夷大将軍就任時に初めて評定衆を集めて開く評定の際に行われていた。
- Hyojohajime of the bakufu was conducted at the New Year and at the first consultation that convened hyojoshu (the members of the Council of State) after a seii taishogun (lieterally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') assumed the post.
- もちろん、それが後に鎌倉幕府、いわゆる「武士の時代」の原動力にとなったと考えたからである。
- Of course, it was believed to be the driving force of the Kamakura bakufu or the 'period of samurai.'
- 御前沙汰(ごぜんさた)とは、室町幕府において征夷大将軍が主宰・臨席した非公式な評定のこと。
- Gozen-sata was an informal consultation chaired and attended by Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun.)
- しかし、戦国時代 (日本)の日本にはヨーロッパのように弾幕で敵を阻止する戦術思想がなかった。
- In Japan at that time (the Sengoku period [period of warring states]), unlike in Europe, there were no tactical ideas of using artillery barrage to hold back enemies.
- しかし定着せず、幕末の動乱で一掃されるまで火縄銃が使われ続けた要因になったと考えられている。
- As a result they failed to take root in Japan and the matchlock guns were used until they were cleared out in the upheavals in the closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- これ以後は幕藩体制が確立して改易、転封は減少して大名は固定化されるようになり、幕末に至った。
- The shogunate system was established afterwards and accordingly, the application of kaieki and transfers decreased, and the allocation of Daimyo was fixed until the end of the bakufu.
- しかしながら、幕末の海軍創生期には、水夫達のかなりの人員が水軍の伝統ある地方の出身であった。
- However, during the period of the navies' creation, a large number of sailors were from regions that had the tradition of a suigun navy.
- そして、貞治4年(1365年)には義種を侍所に推し、幕府中枢の要職を一族で集中させていった。
- Finally, he recommended Yoshitane to the post of samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) in 1365 and his family monopolized the important posts of the bakufu.
- このとき朝廷側の交渉前面に登場したのは、権大納言でもあった室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義満である。
- In this case, the negotiations' director on the side of the court was Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who occupied the position of 'seii taishogun' (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in Muromachi bakufu and also the position of 'Gon Dainagon' (Provisional Major Counselor) in court.
- 明治4年(1871年)には、廃藩置県が断行され、名実共に幕藩体制は終焉した(明治維新参照)。
- In 1871, traditional feudal domains were abolished and prefectures were introduced by the Meiji government, ending the feudal system both in name and reality (Article of the Meiji Restoration).
- また、国学思想から来る尊王思想と結びついて「尊王攘夷」運動として幕府批判へつながっていった。
- In addition, the idea of restoring power to the emperor, found in the study of Japanese classical literature, combined with the idea of expelling foreigners, eventually forming 'Sonno Joi' Movement (the Movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) as a tool to revoke the bakufu government.
- 江戸時代に江戸幕府や諸藩によって作成された勘定帳や年貢皆済目録もこの流れを汲んだものである。
- The kanjocho (account book) and nengu kaisai mokuroku (catalogue of land tax collection) which were prepared by the Edo bakufu and domains in the Edo Period originated from the above.
- それ以降、明や清との朝貢貿易の利益のため江戸幕府と中国への両属とする体制が幕末までつづいた。
- Since then, the islands had belonged to China and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), who sought benefits from tribute trade with the Ming and Quing dynasties.
- 特に江戸には飢饉などにより地方から流入してきた農民も多く、幕府はしばしば帰農令を出している。
- Especially, many peasants flew into Edo from rural areas due to famines, and the shogunate government often promulgated the orders to support peasants to return their own communities financially.
- この農民の商売熱を冷まそうと幕府は田畑永代売買禁止令や帰農令などを発布するも効果がなかった。
- The shogunate government intended to dampen peasants' enthusiasm for business by promulgation of the ban against buying and selling of fields and the back-to-the-land order, but neither was effective.
- しかし大友氏は島津氏との耳川の戦いで大敗、家臣や幕下の国人の離反が相次いで急速に衰えていく。
- However, the Otomo clan suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Mimi-kawa with the Shimazu clan and breakaway of many vassals and kokujin under its control repeatedly resulted in a quick decline of the Otomo clan.
- 幕府軍は京へ侵攻する山名軍を迎え撃つべく主力5000騎を旧平安京の大内裏である内野に置いた。
- In order to fight against the Yamana army invading into Kyoto, the bakufu army positioned the principal force of 5000 cavalrymen in Uchino, which was the daidairi (place of Imperial residence and government offices) of the former Heian-kyo (ancient capital).
- 鎌倉幕府において雑務沙汰を所管したのは、東国については問注所、鎌倉市中については政所だった。
- In the Kamakura bakufu, monchujo (a court of justice) in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) and mandokoro (Administrative Board) in Kamakura City held jurisdiction over Zatsumusata.
- 鎌倉幕府の成立をもって新たな時代区分が開始したとされ、この時点が平安時代の終期とされている。
- This new period of history is considered to have started with the establishment of Kamakura bakufu and this point is regarded as the end of the Heian period.
- 倒幕派の諸藩を中心とする維新政府は戊辰戦争を経て旧幕府勢力を退けると、明治新政府を樹立した。
- The restoration government centered on the domains for overthrowing the bakufu expelled the former bakufu powers via the Boshin Civil War, and then established the new Meiji government.
- 源義朝の子の源頼朝は後に挙兵して平家(伊勢平氏の平清盛一族)を倒し、源家による鎌倉幕府を開く。
- Later, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, a son of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, raised an army and beat Heike (the family of TAIRA no Kiyomori of Ise-Heishi), and established the Kamakura bakufu ruled by the Gen family.
- 井上左太夫貞高(幕府鉄砲方)と、江川太郎左衛門(当主)と、鉄砲場見廻役(地元住民)で運営した。
- It was managed by Sadayu Sadataka INOUE (the government official of Teppo Kata), Tarozaemon EGAWA (family head) and the patrolmen of the firing range (local residents).
- 豊臣政権(太閤検地)では文禄期以後、江戸幕府では寛文・延宝検地以後に統一した書式が定められた。
- Under the regime of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, it was only after the Bunroku era (A.D. 1592 - 1596) that the standardized form of kenchi-cho was established for 'Taiko-kenchi' (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), and under the Edo 'bakufu' (Japanese feudal regime headed by a shogun), the standardized form was established only after the land survey in the Kanbun (A.D. 1661 - 1673) and the Enpo (A.D. 1673 - 1681) eras was implemented.
- 武家政権の時代においては、征夷大将軍が主宰する政府(幕府)についても「朝廷」と言うことがある。
- In the period of military government, a bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was sometimes called 'Chotei', too.
- 領土の支配体制は各大名の規模によってかなり異なるが、ほぼ幕府の支配機構体制に準ずる形をとった。
- Ruling system in a fief differed significantly according to the scale of each daimyo, but followed the central ruling organization system of the shogunate government.
- 大きな財政負担を与えることで弱体化させ江戸幕府に対して武力反抗できないようにする政策を執った。
- The Edo bakufu aimed to weaken the domains by placing them under large financial burdens and not letting them revolt against the bakufu.
- 戦国時代 (中国)、王に代わって指揮を取る出先の将軍が張った陣地を幕府と呼んだことに由来する。
- It originated in China during the period of Warring States; where the general who took command in place of a king was called bakufu.
- そこで、鎌倉幕府では所務沙汰を適正に裁判するため、非常に精緻な訴訟処理システムを確立していた。
- Thus, in order to judge shomusata appropriately, Kamakura bakufu had established a very detailed system for settling lawsuits.
- だが最も重要な理由として、幕府が大名の力を削ぎ統制を強めることに大いに意を用いていた事にある。
- But the most important purpose for the prohibition was in the bakufu's motivation to weaken the influence of daimyo in order to control them more easily.
- さらに、『寛政重修諸家譜』『新編相模国風土記稿』など、幕府の編纂事業も学問所がおこなっていた。
- Gakumonjo also edited documents for Bakufu: 'Kansei Choshu Shokafu (genealogies of vassals in Edo Bakufu)' and 'New edition of Sagamino kuni fudoki,' and so forth.
- ところが酒屋の座の中には延暦寺を本所とするものがおり、彼らは延暦寺に麹座と幕府の行為を訴えた。
- However, some of the sakaya belonged to Enryaku-ji Temple as their honjo, and they complained about the conduct of the bakufu and the koji za to Enryaku-ji Temple.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)、後醍醐天皇らが鎌倉幕府を滅ぼして建武の新政を開始し、武家政権は中断する。
- In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Emperor Godaigo and his people destroyed the Kamakura bakufu and started the Kenmu Restoration, and thus the military government was discontinued.
- 源氏将軍なき後の鎌倉幕府は執権北条氏は、源頼朝の妹の曾孫にあたる頼経を2歳で鎌倉殿として迎えた。
- The regent Hojo clan in the Kamakura bakufu without a shogun of the Minamoto clan origin, accepted two-year-old Yoritsune, a great-grandson of a younger sister of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, as Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura).
- 鎌倉期の幕府御家人に課せられた軍役は、大番役や追捕などであり、戦時には「いざ鎌倉」とはせ参じた。
- The military service imposed on the immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura period included the guard duty in Kyoto and Kamakura, to search and capture and the like, and in wartime, they would summarily rush to the place, 'Iza Kamakura' (To Kamakura with haste).
- 室町幕府の将軍による執奏は「奏聞」「申入」「口入」など記録によっていくつもの表記が存在している。
- As a description of bukeshisso, it is written, depending on the record, in several different ways such as 'somon' (reporting to the Emperor), 'moshiire' (making a proposal to the Emperor) and 'kuchiire' (mediating two parties).
- 特に鎌倉幕府時代に東使を務めた二階堂氏・佐々木氏らが使者に立てられる場合を「武家申詞」と称した。
- Especially, in cases where a member of the Nikaido or Sasaki clans who acted as Toshi (messenger from the Kamakura bakufu to the Imperial court in Kyoto) was dispatched this was called 'buke moshi kotoba' (report informing the Court of the bakufu's intention).
- 鎌倉幕府の地奉行は、下部の役職である保奉行人とともに北条泰時によって整備されたと考えられている。
- It is considered that during the Kamakura period, Yasutoki HOJO appointed Jibugyo together with Hobugyonin (person who monitors and polices villains and street traders), a low-level position.
- これ以後、親王将軍(宮将軍)が代々迎えられ、親王将軍は幕府の政治に参与しないことが通例となった。
- Following this, successive generations of Imperial Prince shogun (miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court)) was welcomed but generally did not participate in bakufu politics.
- 幕末(ばくまつ)とは、日本の時代区分であり、江戸幕府による国内統治の末期、つまり、江戸時代末期。
- Bakumatsu, one of the Japanese periodization, refers to the final years of the Edo period when the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) ruling a county came to an end.
- 旧幕臣・福地源一郎は、著書『幕府衰亡論』の中で「江戸開城をもって江戸幕府は滅亡した」としている。
- Genichiro FUKUCHI, one of the former Shogunate retainers, concluded in his book 'Bakufu Suibo Ron' (The Theory of Shogunate's Decline and Fall) that the surrender of Edo Castle marked the collapse of the Edo Shogunate.
- なお、旗本知行地(約300万石)も含めた言い方として幕府領、幕領という語が用いられることもある。
- Bakufu-ryo or baku-ryo was sometimes used as a term that includes hatamoto chigyo-chi (territories of hatamoto[direct retainers of the shogunate]) (about 3 million goku).
- その年貢収入は幕府の財政基盤となり、大坂、長崎など重要な都市や佐渡金山などの鉱山も天領とされた。
- The land tax income became the financial basis for the shogunate, and tenryo also included major cities such as Osaka and Nagasaki, and mines such as the Sado Gold Mine.
- 八代将軍徳川吉宗は、江戸の開幕以降最大の幕政改革を行ない、「江戸幕府の中興の祖」と呼ばれている。
- The eighth shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA conducted the largest-scale reformation of the shogunate government since its foundation, thus earning the title 'Restorer of the Edo bakufu.'
- 幕末諸隊の指揮官などは多くはそれぞれの官職、職名(隊長、総督、参謀、下参謀など)で呼ばれている。
- For example, the commanders of various end-of-Edo-period corps are called by their official titles, such as, taicho (captain), sotoku (chief), sanbo (staff officer), and shimo-sanbo (lower staff officer).
- 幕府(ばくふ)は、武家政治の政庁や武家政権そのものを指す(平氏政権・織豊政権などの例外はある)。
- Bakufu refers to the government office of military rule or samurai government itself; however, there are some exceptions, such as, the Taira clan government and the Shokuho government (the government of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI. 'Shoku' and 'ho' are the initial letters of Oda and Toyotomi).
- 鎌倉幕府武家という呼称が定着すると、朝廷に仕える文官の総称としての「公家」が登場するようになる。
- Once people became accustomed to referring to the Kamakura bakufu as buke, another new word 'kuge,' which was a general term representing civil officials at the Imperial Court, appeared.
- 幕末に内外の緊張が高まると、浪人の再就職(仕官)が増えた事により、町人出身の師匠の比率が増えた。
- When tension both internally and externally increased near the end of the Edo period, ronin found more work (in government service) and the ratio of shisho who were townspeople rose.
- 山国隊(やまぐにたい)は、幕末期に丹波国桑田郡山国郷(現京都市右京区京北町)で結成された農兵隊。
- The Yamagunitai (the Yamaguni Corps or Troop) was an armed force of farmers that was formed during the Bakumatsu period (a fifteen-year period, from 1853-1868, that saw the demise of the Tokugawa bakufu) in the hamlet of Yamaguni in Kuwata county of Tanba Province (the modern-day Keihoku-cho, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto).
- これに酒屋側が反発すると、幕府は兵を動員して「麹室」と呼ばれる酒屋付属の麹工房を悉く打ち壊した。
- When the sakayas opposed this, the bakufu mobilized an army to destroy every koji factory called 'koji muro' attached to the sakaya.
- この動きは13世紀後半の元寇によって加速し、幕府の対応策は徳政令発布や得宗専制という形で現れた。
- This move was accelerated due to the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, and the measures taken by the bakufu against this move appeared in the forms of Tokuseirei (ordering the return of land sold and the dissolution of debts) and the tyranny of the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan.
- その代わりに酒屋と土倉が年間6,000貫を幕府に納める代わりに原則的にはその他の課税を免除した。
- Sake breweries and doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) were exempted from other taxes in return for paying the bakufu 6,000 kan per year.
- Sake shops and doso paid the bakufu 6,000 kan (now obsolete unit of currency) per year in return for being exempted from other taxes.
- 一方鎌倉幕府は引き続きこの酒屋の禁止を続け、禁止対象である酒屋から課税する事にも否定的であった。
- On the other hand, the Kamakura bakufu continued to ban Sakaya and had a negative view for imposing taxes on Sakaya, which was subjected to prohibition.
- 武器と戦闘様式から見ても、平安時代から鎌倉時代、鎌倉幕府の滅亡までの間ではそう大きな変化は無い。
- There were no big transformations of weapons and battle formations from the Heian to the Kamakura period and the fall of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 江戸幕府に対する朝鮮通信使が派遣されて正式の和平が果たされたのは慶長12年(1607年)であった。
- It was in 1607 that Chosen Tsushinshi to Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was dispatched and formal peace was made.
- 江戸時代には、幕府や海辺に領地をもった大名は船手組、船手方、船手衆などと呼ばれる水軍をもっていた。
- During the Edo period, the bakufu and daimyos that possessed their territory along coastal areas had suigun navies called funategumi, funatekata, or funateshu.
- 以後、経顕が尊氏及びその代理と言える高師直・足利直義・足利義詮らとの間で朝幕交渉を行うことになる。
- After that, Tsuneaki started to negotiate with the Takauji or so called Takauji's deputy group of KO no Moronao, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, about the issues between the Imperial Court and the bakufu.
- また、幕府機構を見ると、朝廷のそれと大きく異なり、鎌倉殿の家政機関としての性格を色濃く残していた。
- The system of bakufu was very different from that of the Imperial Court, and the Kamakura-dono character of a domestic governing institution remained strong.
- この戦で、一敗地にまみれた長州藩は逆賊となり京から追放され、幕府から征伐軍が派遣されることとなる。
- Because of this battle, the Choshu clan were expelled from Kyoto as rebels, and the bakufu dispatched the army to try and conquer them.
- 開国から9年後、徳川慶喜による大政奉還によって幕藩体制は完全に崩壊し、日本は近代国家への道を歩む。
- Nine years after the Bakufu opened the country, the shogunate system completely collapsed due to the restoration of the imperial rule implemented by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, which led Japan into choosing the path to the modern state.
- しかしこれにより三好氏は京都の掌握はおろか、義輝の臣下として幕府政治機構に組み込まれることなった。
- However, this development not only prevented the Miyoshi clan from ruling Kyoto but also reduced its status to a mere element of the governing mechanism of the bakufu as a subject of Yoshiteru.
- これによって武力衝突に発展して死者も出した上、北野社一帯が炎上したが幕府側が付近の制圧に成功した。
- This lead to an armed conflict leaving some dead, and the area around Kitano-sha Shrine burnt, but the bakufu successfully conquered the surrounding area.
- 戦国時代 (日本)、室町幕府や守護は国内統治権を失い、新たに台頭した戦国大名が多くの国を支配した。
- In the Sengoku Period, the Muromachi bakufu and shugo lost their authorities to rule the nation and daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku period, who newly came to the forefront, ruled many countries.
- 永禄11年(1568年)9月、織田信長に擁されて上洛し、室町幕府の第15代将軍に就任した足利義昭。
- Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, supported by Nobunaga ODA, went to Kyoto and became the fifteenth Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu.
- 南北朝時代_(日本)にも継承されたが、院政の機能が室町幕府に吸収された14世紀末期には形骸化した。
- Although it was still held in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, hyojohajime of Insei became only a name at the end of the 14th century when the Muromachi bakufu took over the government function of Insei.
- 京都市におかれた平安京が、鎌倉幕府が成立するまで政治上の唯一の中心だったことから平安時代と称する。
- The period is named so due to the fact that Heian-Kyo in Kyoto City was the only political center before the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu.
- 慶長8年(1603年)から慶応3年(1867年)までは江戸時代と呼ばれ、江戸に江戸幕府が置かれた。
- The era from 1603 to 1867 is called the Edo period, and the Edo bakufu was placed in Edo.
- 土佐藩などの主張で幕府が朝廷に政権を返上し、諸侯会議により幕政改革を推進する公議政体論が主張された。
- Following the opinion of clans such as Tosa, the Shogunate returned the ruling power to the Imperial Court, and the idea of giving political power to the council of representatives from various clans, which would reform the Shogunate system, was recommended.
- 鎌倉時代、室町時代は時に応じて課せられ、一定の基準はなかったが、江戸幕府においてはこれを一定させた。
- The military service was not based on a certain standard and imposed for each occasion during the Kamakura and the Muromachi periods; and the Edo shogunate standardized that.
- それまで日本は幕藩体制の中でバラバラの状況であり、一つの国家と国民という結びつきが出来ていなかった。
- Until then, Japan had been divided into many domains due to the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate, and had not been regarded as a unitary nation of united people.
- 文明 (日本)16年(1484年)には幕府により尼子経久追討の命令が下り、三刀屋氏もこれに加わった。
- In 1484, the bakufu commanded that the punitive force be dispatched against Tsunehisa AMAGO, which was joined by the Mitoya clan.
- 室町幕府の地奉行は、地方頭人(じかたとうにん)と呼ばれて下に開闔・寄人などの地方役人が置かれていた。
- Jibugyo of the Muromachi bakufu was called Jikatatonin (a head of Jikata, a person in charge of trials related to housing and land), and local officials such as Kaigo (assistant administrator) and Yoriudo (staff that worked at bakufu organizations) were placed under them.
- 諦めない後醍醐は、1331年(元弘1)、倒幕計画を立てたがこれも事前に発覚し、翌年隠岐島へ流された。
- Emperor Godaigo did not give up and planned to overthrow the bakufu, but his plot was exposed and he was exiled to Oki no shima Island in the following year.
- 11月19日の江戸開市と新潟開港の延期通告、28日のロシアとの改税約書締結を行ったのは幕府であった。
- It was the bakufu that notified postponement of the opening of Edo and the Niigata Port on December 14 and that concluded the revised trade agreement with Russia on December 23.
- 幕末の過程は、多くの文学作品に描かれており、たとえば島崎藤村の長編小説『夜明け前』などが挙げられる。
- The process of the change was described in many works of literature, such as 'Yoakemae' (Before the Dawn), a long novel written by Toson SHIMAZAKI.
- 江戸時代に入っても、対馬藩にはその権限が引き続き認められ、幕府の対朝鮮外交を中継ぎする役割を担った。
- The Tsushima Domain was allowed to carry authority even during the Edo period, having the honor of coordinating the diplomatic exchanges between the Bakufu and Korea.
- 仏教は、幕府の宗教政策の一貫として民衆支配の方策として用いられたために(檀家制度)一概に不振だった。
- Buddhism was not so popular in general because it was used by the shogunate government as a ruling measure of people (the parishioner system) as a part of religious policies.
- 幕末には、平田国学や水戸学などナショナリズムとして絶対化され、仏教を排斥する廃仏毀釈としても現れる。
- At the end of the Edo Period, imperialism became more absolute as nationalism was advocated in the Hirata Japanese classics and in Mitogaku, a school of Japanese historical and Shinto studies that arose in the Mito domain, and imperialism also developed into a movement to abolish Buddhism.
- 幕末になると政治的中心が再び京都に移り、15代将軍徳川慶喜は将軍としては江戸に一度も居住しなかった。
- The political center had shifted back to Kyoto by the end of the Edo Period, and the 15th shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA never resided in EDO.
- それは大久保が批判対象とする旧幕臣を飛び越して一連の政策立案の中心である大隈をその最大の対象とした。
- The above was mainly targeted at Okuma, who was a key person in a series of policy planning, rather than the former retainers of shogun whom Okubo criticized.
- しかし、幕府は1185年の源義経謀叛を契機に、諸国の荘園・公領に地頭を任ずる権利を得ることとなった。
- The bakufu however, got the right to appoint the jito in shoen and koryo of various provinces, when the rebellion of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune happened in 1185.
- 当然、本所側は反発し、中央政府と幕府の調整の結果、地頭の設置は平氏没官領と謀反人領のみに限定された。
- Naturally the honjo side objected to this and as the result of negotiation between the central government and the bakufu, the set up of jito was limited only to Heishi mokkanryo (land rights confiscated by the Kamakura bakufu from the Taira family) and muhonninryo (land rights confiscated by the Kamakura bakufu from rebels).
- 続く江戸時代は、農業技術の進歩と新田開発の進展、幕府や藩の財政悪化などによりたびたび検地が行われた。
- In the Edo period, which followed on the heels of Hideyoshi's time, land surveys were occasionally conducted, either to take advantage of advances in agricultural techniques or the opening of new rice paddies, or because the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or the domain conducting the survey had fallen into difficult financial straits.
- 倒幕準備のために創設したとする説の他、武芸を好んだ上皇が鎌倉幕府とは関係なく創設したとする説もある。
- One of the theories has it that the Saimen no Bushi was organized in preparation to overthrow the bakufu, while another theory holds it that it was created by the Retired Emperor who simply liked military arts, and that it has no relation to the Kamakura bakufu.
- この事件、ひいては足利義輝の幕権強化を考えるに当たって問題となるのが、義輝の三好家との距離感である。
- A major factor to be considered in discussing this incident as the attempt by Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA to strengthen the Bakufu's authority is his perceived sense of distance from the Miyoshi family.
- 3年前の嘉吉の変以後その政治的影響力が減退していた幕府はこれに屈して北野麹座の独占権の廃止を認めた。
- The bakufu, whose political influence had weakened after the Kakitsu Incident three years before, gave in to Enryaku-ji Temple, and allowed the abolition of the monopoly on Kitano koji za.
- 最終的に関東に本拠を置いた武家政権、すなわち鎌倉幕府の勝利によって内乱は終結した(治承・寿永の乱)。
- The war finally ended in the victory of the first military government, Kamakura bakufu, which placed its headquarters in the Kanto region (the Jisho-Juei War).
- 幕府では向井氏、長州藩では能島氏、尾張藩では千賀氏のようにかつての海賊衆の末裔たちが世襲して維持した。
- The suigun navies were succeeded and maintained in the bakufu by Mukai clan, in Choshu domain by the Noshima clan and in Owari domain by the Senga clan, who were all the descendants of kaizoku shu.
- 朝廷から任命された役職ではあるが、禁裏御守衛総督の役料として幕府より月に7500俵受け取る合意を得た。
- Though the post was appointed by the Imperial court, he obtained a consensus to receive 7,500 bales of rice a month as a reward for the Kinri Goshuei Sotoku from the bakufu.
- 承久の乱で幕府側として活躍した諏訪部助長は承久3年(1221年)に三刀屋郷の地頭職を与えられ下向した。
- Sukenaga SUWABE, who worked hard in the Jokyu War on the side of the feudal government headed by a shogun, was hired as the manager and lord of manor in Mitoya-go district and travelled there in 1221.
- 全体的に朱子学に基づいた水戸学=大義名分論とする尊皇論で貫かれており、幕末の思想に大きな影響を与えた。
- Over all, it was written based on the idea of Mitogaku based on Shushigaku which considered that retainers should revere the emperor, and the book greatly influenced thought during the end of the Edo period.
- 京都守備に当たっていた幕府や会津・薩摩軍と激突し、御所周辺を巻き込んだ合戦が行われた(禁門の変参照)。
- They clashed with armies of the bakufu, Aizu, and Satsuma, who were defending Kyoto, and a battle extending to the Imperial Palace developed (the Kinmon incident).
- 武家屋敷に使用人として住む町人の人口は、幕府の管理下になかったため、江戸の人口統計から除外されている。
- The population of servants living in samurai residences was excluded from the Edo census because it was not an administrative responsibility of the Bakufu.
- そうなることを防ぐため、江戸幕府は地理的に有利な西日本の大名に先んじて、朝鮮と国交を結ぶ必要があった。
- To prevent such a situation from prevailing, it was necessary for the Edo bakufu to establish diplomatic relations with Korea ahead of daimyo in the western part of Japan.
- また、政治的には京都における幕府の支配力の低下が明らかとなり、京都における有力寺社の影響力も復活した。
- In a political sense, the derogation of the bakufu's power to control Kyoto became apparent, and revived the influence held by powerful temples.
- 当初は幕府が直接徴収していたものの、後には有力酒屋を納銭方に任じて数十軒単位ごとに酒屋役を徴収させた。
- The bakufu directly collected taxes initially, but later it picked up a large sake brewery from each several dozen houses in the same business and assigned them to serve as Nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) to collect sakaya-yaku.
- 当初は幕府が直接徴収していたものの、後には有力土倉を納銭方に任じて数十軒単位ごとに土倉役を徴収させた。
- The bakufu directly collected dosoyaku at first, but later on appointed influential doso as nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) and had them collect dosoyaku from several dozens of doso.
- 頼嗣の後の将軍は後嵯峨天皇の皇子である宗尊親王が1252年に迎えられ、鎌倉幕府は宮将軍が就くことになる。
- Imperial Prince Munetaka, the prince of Emperor Gosaga, was accepted as shogun after Yoritsugu in 1252 and since then miyashoguns (shoguns from the Imperial court) assumed positions in the Kamakura bakufu.
- その知行は江戸時代を通して加増され、幕末には庶家を含め14家、総知行高は1万3千石を超えていたとされる。
- Their chigyo (enfeoffment) was increased during the Edo period and at the end of the Edo period total Chigyo fief amount of fourteen cognate families was said to be more than 13,000 koku including branch families.
- 鎌倉時代の武家社会における惣領制の確立によって初期には総領に従う庶子の事を指した(『鎌倉幕府追加法』)。
- In the Kamakura period, the Soryo system (the eldest son system for the succession of the head of the family) was established in the samurai world, and at first Yoriko meant the child born out of wedlock who followed the eldest child ('Kamakura Bakufu Tsuika Ho' - additional laws applied by Kamakura Bakufu).
- 江戸幕府によってその本拠地であった江戸の屋地に関する行政・裁判を行った町奉行と同様の役割を果たしていた。
- He played a role similar to that of machi-bugyo (town magistrate) who was responsible for administration and trials related to housing and land in Edo where the Edo bakufu was located.
- アヘン戦争の衝撃は、日本各地を駆け巡り、魏源の『海国図志』は多数印刷されて幕末の政局に強い影響を与えた。
- The impact of the Opium Wars shook the whole country, and mumerous copies of 'Illustrated Treatise on the Marine Kingdoms' by Wei Yuan were published and influened greatly on the political situation during the end of Edo period.
- 安土桃山時代と江戸時代には、地方統治は大小多様の大名と、大名に準ずる領主、江戸幕府の直轄領に分割された。
- In Azuchi-Momoyama period and Edo period, the control of local areas was divided by daimyos of various sizes, feudal lords equivalent to daimyos and direct control of Edo shogunate.
- これに対して、新井白石や徳川吉宗ら歴代の幕府首脳はこうした動きにたびたび禁令を発して取締りを強めてきた。
- As a countermeasure, successive leaders of the Bakufu, such as Hakuseki ARAI and Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, often issued prohibitions on these acts.
- 現在のわれわれが感じるイメージよりもはるかに広範な政治・情勢的知識を幕府が持ちえてきたことが垣間見える。
- This means that the Bakufu had far more knowledge about politics and the global situation than what people today imagine when they think of the Bakufu.
- しかし幕末にはこの負担が多くの大名の財政を圧迫し、むしろ幕府への不満を増大させ、討幕運動の遠因となった。
- However, toward the end of the Edo period, this obligation put a strain on the finances of many daimyo, increasing their dissatisfaction with the bakufu and becoming an underlying cause of the anti-shogunate movement.
- 幕藩体制においては、朝廷は幕府の制約を受けていたが、権威的秩序、宗教的な頂点の存在として位置づけられた。
- In the shogunate system, the Imperial Court had restrictions put on it by the shogunate, but it was nominally situated at the top of the order of authority and the religious system.
- 御府内の範囲は時代によって異なり、特に寺社門前町の取り扱いについては幕府役人の間でも問い合わせがあった。
- The area governed by the town magistrate's office varied with time, and the handling of temple/shrine towns was a particularly troublesome issue among Bakufu officials.
- 国歌は、近代西洋において生まれ、幕末、日本が開国した時点において、外交儀礼上欠かせないものとなっていた。
- The national anthem was born in the modern Occident and, when Japan opened the country to foreigners in the last days of the Edo Period, it had become indispensable for diplomatic ceremonies.
- 鎌倉幕府において検断沙汰を所管したのは、東国については侍所、西国については六波羅探題の検断奉行であった。
- In the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), kendan-sata was under the jurisdiction of samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region), and in Saigoku (the western part of Japan), it was under the jurisdiction of kendan-bugyo (magistrate for trial) of Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto).
- これらの戦国大名の中から強大化した織田信長が室町幕府を滅ぼし、強力な中央集権の基礎(織田政権)を築いた。
- Nobunaga ODA, who grew in strength among these daimyo in the Sengoku period, defeated the Muromachi bakufu and formed the foundation for a strong centralized system (the Oda government).
- これにより、信長は足利義昭を室町幕府の第15代将軍に擁立し、自らはその後見人として政権を確立したのである。
- This enabled Nobunaga to put forward Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA as the 15th shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and he, as his guardian, established the government.
- 徳川家茂と孝明天皇が死去すると効果を示さなくなり、京都では尊攘派が主流となり幕府に対して攘夷決行を求めた。
- However, the effects of the arrangement were lost once Iemochi TOKUGAWA and Emperor Komei died, and the Sonjo group became dominant in Kyoto and led others in demanding that the Shogunate eliminate contact with foreigners.
- なお、永仁の徳政令では年期売に関する規定はないが、建武政権や室町幕府の徳政令では年期売も対象とされていた。
- Moreover, though the Einin-era debt cancellation order does not include any provisions regarding nenki-uri, the debt cancellation orders given during the Kenmu Restoration and under the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) do explicitly apply to nenki-uri.
- また、鎌倉幕府の御成敗式目には第1条に神社の修理と祭祀の専念、第2条に寺塔の修造と仏寺の勤行を定めている。
- Article one of the Goseibai shikimoku of the Kamakura bakufu stipulated repairing shrines and devotion to religious services, and Article two stipulated repaiing and rebuilding of pagodas in the temples and religious services at the temples.
- これは単に「朝廷の衰微・幕府の驕慢」という皇国史観的な発想で解釈すると事実の見誤りの生じさせる言葉である。
- This expression is misleading if interpreted as 'the decline of the Imperial Court and the arrogance of the bakufu' according to kokoku shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto).
- 廃藩置県と太政官制の改革を経て中央集権体制が整ったことで、ようやく旧幕府時代の制度を改革する準備が整った。
- Finally, due to the accomplishment of centralization after the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures (Haihan-chiken) and the reform of the system of Departments of State, it was possible to begin reform of the old Shogunate system.
- 幕末期には病弱であった明治天皇も、士族による養育のためか健康も回復し、西洋的立憲君主としての心得も学んだ。
- Although Emperor Meiji was in poor health when he was a child, he recovered thanks to the education by warrior class palace staff, and then he learned how to be a western-style constitutional monarch.
- 幕末の文久2年(1862年)閏8月には、文久の改革の一環として、3年に1回(100日)の出府に緩和された。
- In leap August 1862, daimyo were permitted to serve in Edo for one hundred days once every three years as part of the Bunkyu Reform.
- 幕末に活躍した人びとには、勤皇方、幕府方を問わず、下級藩士・郷士・町人など軽輩階層出身者であった者が多い。
- Many of people who played active roles at the end of the Edo period, whether pro-imperial or pro-shogunate, came from these derogatory class such as lower-rank samurai, country samurai, merchants.
- その後、徳川を盟主とする旧幕府勢力と薩長を主体とする新政府が対立し、鳥羽・伏見の戦いを機に戊辰戦争が勃発。
- After this, the conflict between the old shogunate forces in command of the Tokugawa clan and the new government led by Satsuma and Choshu domains mainly led to the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, the beginning of the Boshin Civil War.
- 「万人恐怖」と言われた政治を行った足利義教が嘉吉の乱で死没すると、室町幕府の力は急速に衰えることとなった。
- As Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who had administered affairs of state, also known as 'Everyone's fear,' died in the Kakitsu War, the power of the Muromachi bakufu declined rapidly.
- 室町幕府も当初は訴訟処理機関として問注所を設置したが、記録文書の管理や簡易訴訟のみを取り扱うにとどまった。
- At the beginning, the Muromachi bakufu established the Monchujo also as a body that dealt with lawsuits, but its function remained only to manage the recordings and summaries of lawsuits.
- このために、関所の設置と廃止が繰り返され、結果的には室町幕府の政治的権威の低下を示すことになってしまった。
- Therefore, the establishment and abolishment of the checkpoints occurred repetedly, which only served to show the reduction in the political authority held by the Muromachi bakufu.
- この時期、室町幕府は幼少の将軍を擁して南朝 (日本)側と対峙している状況にあり、危機的状況に置かれていた。
- During this period, the Muromachi bakufu was facing a critical situation in its conflict with the Southern Court (Japan) even though the shogun was still an infant.
- だが、幕府はその動向を恐れて6月 (旧暦)、義興追討の綸旨を得て安芸国・石見国の国人らに義興追討を命じた。
- The bakufu was afraid of their movements, however, and after acquiring a rinji (Emperor's command) in July, ordered the local lords of the Aki and Iwami Provinces to hunt down and kill Yoshioki.
- 大坂の役で豊臣氏が滅ぼされて以後、武力抵抗をした大名は皆無であり、全て無抵抗で城と領地を幕府へ明渡している。
- After the Toyotomi clan was destroyed in the Siege of Osaka, no more Daimyo attempted armed resistance and all handed over their castles and lands to the bakufu without resistance.
- 15代将軍となった慶喜により大政奉還が行われるが、王政復古 (日本)、小御所会議を経て討幕運動が主流となる。
- The ruling power was relinquished by Yoshinobu (formerly Keiki) TOKUGAWA, who had become the 15th Shogun but the anti-Shogunate movement became more dominant with the restoration of Imperial rule and the establishment of the national political council held at Kogosho in Kyoto.
- これにより日本は、封建的な幕藩体制に基づく代表的君主政から、近代的な官僚機構を擁する直接的君主政に移行した。
- In this way, Japan shifted from a representative monarchy based on the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate to direct monarchy with a modern bureaucratic organization.
- (逆に当該役人は朝廷や院庁からの幕府への申入れ(公家施行)を受け取って将軍に伝達する立場になる場合もある)。
- (Conversely, sometimes the official acted as the messenger to receive the message [kuge shigyo] from the Imperial Court or In no cho [Retired Emperor's Office], and convey the messages to the Shogun.)
- 南朝 (日本)の軍事的攻勢や戦乱による収入の途絶の危機を室町幕府の軍事力・経済力によって辛うじて回避していた
- The Southern Court managed to avoid the crisis of losing income due to the military campaign from the Southern Court, with military and economic support from the Muromachi bakufu.
- 鎌倉時代に治天の君・天皇の勅裁は関東申次を経由して鎌倉幕府あるいはその出先機関である六波羅探題に伝達された。
- During the Kamakura period the imperial messages of Chiten no kimi or from the emperor were sent to the Kamakura bakufu or Rokuhara tandai (the bakufu's regional office) through Kanto moshitsugi (court-appointed liaison with the bakufu).
- 一、是なりにて幕兵東帰せし時は、きっと朝廷へ申上げすぐさま冤罪は朝廷より御免に相成り候都合にきっと尽力との事
- Article 4 : When the war ends in stalemate and bakufu returns to the Kanto region, the Satsuma Domain shall definitely appeal to the Imperial Court to clear up the false charge of being the enemy of the emperor, which was imposed on Choshu on the occasion of Coup on August 18.
- 泰盛は、時宗の理解も得て、幕府の経済基盤の充実を図るとともに、御家人の地位を保証する政策を実現しようとした。
- With the understanding of Tokimune, Yasumori attempted to implement a policy to guarantee the status of gokenin, as well as enrich the economical base of the bakufu.
- 1252年、幕府への謀叛に荷担した将軍藤原頼嗣が廃され、代わりに宗尊親王を新将軍として迎えることに成功した。
- In 1252 FUJIWARA no Yoritsugu, who played a part in a rebellion against the bakufu, was deposed and Tokiyori successfully welcomed Imperial Prince Munetaka as new shogun in his place.
- その後、元治元年(1864年)9月、禁門の変後の情勢を幕府が過信し制度を元に戻したが、従わない藩も多かった。
- In September 1864, the Edo bakufu, misinterpreting the post Kinmon Incident situations, brought the system back to the original form, but many domains did not follow the bakufu's policy.
- 降伏後も一部の旧幕府勢力が東北などで抵抗したが、五稜郭の箱館戦争を最後に新政府が勝利し、戊辰戦争は終結した。
- Although some old shogunate forces resisted in the Tohoku region even after the surrender of Yoshinobu, the new government won in the last war, known as the Hakodate War around a pentagonal fortress (goryokaku), and the Boshin Civil War came to an end.
- 武力によって完全に幕府を倒そうとしていた倒幕勢力は攻撃の名目を一時的に失ったため、先手を取られた形となった。
- He took the initiative from the anti-shogunate group in the plan to overthrown the shogunate government in armed struggles, because they lost their cause to justify their use of force for a while.
- 幕府により大名の大幅な配置換えが実施された江戸時代は、同時に日本中で活発な文化交流が行われた時代でもあった。
- The Edo period when the shogunate government implemented a drastic relocation of feudal lords (daimyo) was also an era of active cultural exchange throughout Japan.
- しかし、このような一両あたりの含有銀量の高い丁銀への復帰は幕府の財政難を招き、再び路線変更を余儀なくされた。
- However, returning to Chogin which had a high silver content caused financial difficulties for the bakufu and forced it to change the policy again.
- これは、「開国」と「攘夷」という相反する対外思想が「討幕」という一つの行動目的へと収斂される可能性を生んだ。
- This created the possibility for the conflicting principles of opening the country and expelling foreigners to converge toward the goal of attacking the shogunate.
- 歴代将軍の中でも一番独裁性の強かった徳川家康の治世においても、諌言したり政策立案する幕閣は存在したのである。
- Even under the rule of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, whose governance had the strongest aspects of dictatorship of all the shoguns, there were cabinet officials in the Shogunate who remonstrated against the shogun and were engaged in formulation of policies.
- 特に旧幕府・旗本領や旧中小藩を引き継いだ県では府県庁所在地周辺よりも多くの飛地を遠隔地に持つ所が少なくない。
- Prefectures that inherited the territory of former bakufu, hatamoto or small domains had many enclaves located far from prefectural capitals.
- 新徴組(しんちょうぐみ)は、江戸時代後期の文久2年(1862年)に結成された、江戸幕府による警備組織である。
- The Shinchogumi was a security force established by the Edo bakufu (a Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1862, during the late Edo period.
- この乱の過程で鎌倉幕府は朝廷から東国の支配権、軍事警察権を獲得し、朝廷から独立した地方政権へと成長していた。
- During the war, the Kamakura bakufu obtained the right to rule Togoku as well as military and police authorities, becoming a local government independent of the Imperial Court.
- そうした中勃発した島原・天草一揆は、キリスト教禁止の徹底と、幕府による管理貿易である鎖国の完成へとつながる。
- In such a situation, the occurrence of Shimabara/Amakusa uprisings led the bakufu to the complete prohibition of Christianity and the complete national isolation that allowed only bakufu-controlled trade.
- 一世を風靡した高芙蓉の古体派は幕末になると次第に変容し、中には古体派の風を逸脱し独自色を打ち出す者も出現する。
- The Kotai school of Fuyo KO which had been a dominant influence, changed gradually at the end of the Edo period, so that there appeared people who departed from the style of the Kotai school and highlighted their own uniqueness.
- この傾向は大名領国制への以降とともに日本全国規模で確立され、幕藩体制を経て明治の版籍奉還・秩禄処分まで続いた。
- This trend spread throughout Japan as the daimyo ryogokusei system (daimyo control over provinces) was introduced, and observed through bakuhan taisei (power structure of bakufu and daimyo domains) until hanseki hokan (surrender of the domain registers to the emperor) and chitsuroku shobun (abolish hereditary stipend) were carried out.
- これにより頼朝政権は、全国の軍事権・警察権を掌握したため、この時期をもって幕府成立とする説が有力とされている。
- It was due to this that the Yoritomo administration held the military and police powers throughout the entire country, and it is therefore the prevailing opinion that the bakufu was established during this period.
- 朝廷の威信は文字どおり地に落ち、幕府は朝廷監視のために六波羅探題を置き、朝廷に対する支配力を強めることとなる。
- The prestige of the Imperial Court was in tatters and the bakufu appointed Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) to monitor the Imperial Court and strengthened its governance over the Imperial Court.
- こうした状況下、薩摩・長州はもはや武力による倒幕しか事態を打開できないと悟り、土佐藩・広島藩の取り込みを図る。
- Under these circumstances, both Satsuma and Choshu understood using armed forces would be the only way to overthrow the bakufu and started to gather the Tosa and Hiroshima clans.
- いっぽう、長州藩の長井雅楽が主導する「航海遠略策」が朝廷・幕府の賛同を得て、公武一和の具体策として急浮上する。
- Meanwhile, a policy that recommended improving Japan's navigational skills to communicate with foreign nations, advocated by Uta NAGAI of Choshu clan, was approved by both the imperial court and the bakufu, and emerged as a tool to unite the court and the shogunate.
- 6月に開戦するが、薩摩との連携後軍備を整え、大村益次郎により西洋兵学の訓練を施された長州の諸隊が幕府軍を圧倒。
- The war started in June, and the troops of Choshu, better-equipped after the cooperation with Satsuma and trained in Western military theories by Masujiro OMURA, overwhelmed the bakufu.
- 漂着同然で各地に入港する外国船からの伝染病の脅威は幕府施薬院の成立と共に検疫強化に踏み切ったという見方もある。
- Another viewpoint claims that the Bakufu embarked on strengthening its quarantine practices in addition to establishing the Bakufu Seyaku-in (Pharmacy Institution), citing the threat of infectious diseases brought in by foreign ships entering ports in various regions in conditions that were no better than drifting ships.
- この寺子屋が増えていったことで日本の識字率が高まっていき、幕末から明治にかけての近代化を支える原動力となった。
- The increase of such private elementary schools (terakoya) contributed to raise the literacy rate of Japan, which became a driving force to support modernization from the end of the Edo to the Meiji period.
- 但し、彼らの用いる兵力は殆どなく、18世紀初頭の長崎奉行は10数人、幕末の五条代官所でも30人しかいなかった。
- But, their military strength was almost nil, and early in the 18th century there were only ten soldiers in the Nagasaki magistrate office and at the end of the Edo period only 30 soldiers in the Gojo magistrate's office.
- この時代は農本主義のため、幕府・大名の拠点のある城を中心とした町(城下町)の他は基本的に農村と考えられていた。
- Due to the agricultural fundamentalism of this period, places other than towns around castles (castle town), the base of the shogunate government or each daimyo, were basically considered to be agricultural communities.
- 鎌倉・室町幕府においては、(時によっては将軍家・執権すらしのぐほどの)有力御家人・守護大名が要職に就いていた。
- In the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, major senior vassals and shugo daimyo (provincial military governors, who became feudal lords) took important roles and were sometimes even stronger than the shogunal family or regent.
- 江戸時代になると、防衛都市としての色合いが薄くなり、江戸幕府や藩による政治・経済の中心としての色が濃くなった。
- In the Edo period, the requirements as a defensive city waned and they became increasingly the center of politics and economics by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Han (domain).
- 応仁の乱後、収入は低迷したものの室町幕府末期まで継続され、変遷を経つつも同様の税制が織田政権以後も継続された。
- Although the tax revenue decreased after Onin war, this tax system was continued until the end of the Muromachi bakufu, and it went through changes but was not abolished even after Nobunaga Oda's administration.
- 半済令によって本所領を占拠している地頭が武家ではなく、幕府より勲功によって地頭職を与えられた公家の場合もある。
- In some cases, the Jito occupying a territory of a honjo was not a samurai family, but a Kuge (court noble) who was given the position of Jitoshiki (manager and lord of a manor) as a reward by the bakufu for meritorious service
- そして慶長8年(1603年)に徳川家康が征夷大将軍として江戸幕府を開いたことにより、豊臣政権は終焉したのである。
- Ieyasu Tokugawa's establishing the Edo Bakufu (Edo shogunate) as Seiitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) in 1603 put an end to the Toyotomi government.
- 明徳2年(1391年)の山名満幸の明徳の乱では山名氏の傘下を離れ、幕府の指示に従って、山名氏討伐に傘下している。
- During the Meitoku War started by Mitsuyuki YAMANA in 1391, the Mitoya clan seceded from the Yamana clan and participated in the punitive force against it under the command of the government headed by a shogun.
- 吉保の子柳沢吉里の代で大和国郡山藩(奈良県大和郡山市)に転封され、彼の家系は15万石の大名として幕末まで至った。
- During the time of Yoshisato YANAGISAWA, the son of Yoshiyasu, the governing land of the clan was switched to the Koriyama Domain, Yamato Province (currently Yamato Koriyama City, Nara Prefecture), and his family continued to be a daimyo with 150,000 koku until the end of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- しかし室町幕府は朝鮮王朝と同格の存在であり、許可を受けなければならない立場にはなく、自由な通交が認められていた。
- Since the Muromachi bakufu was on an equal footing with the Yi-Dynasty, it need not be allowed to have diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty; therefore, the Muromachi bakufu was permitted to freely have diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty.
- 更に室町幕府が荘園の一円支配を認める権限を獲得したことで却ってその代行者である守護の荘園への介入の口実を作った。
- In addition, the Kamakura bakufu acquired the right to approve the domination over the whole region of Shoen, which rather allowed provincial constables to intervene into Shoen as the representatives of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 鎌倉幕府の成立によって御恩と奉公からなる封建制が成立したとする説で、戦前以来、ほとんどの概説書で採用されていた。
- One view is that the Go-on (obligation) and Hoko (duty) -based Hoken system was completed with the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and this view has been adopted in most introductory books since prewar periods.
- このように、武力紛争が絶えない幕府の状況は、1219年(承久1)1月の将軍・源実朝の暗殺という最悪の事態に至る。
- The continuing armed conflicts of the bakufu culminated in the assassination of shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo in January 1219.
- その後、執権職は貞時に代わって北条氏支流の4人が次々に受け継いだが、貞時は得宗として幕府を実質的に支配し続けた。
- After this, when Sadatoki left the position of Shikken (regent), he was succeeded by four men from the branch line of the Hojo clan in succession; Sadatoki himself retained the position of Tokuso (patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), however, which means that he held the real power to control the bakufu.
- またこの時期、薩摩藩主の父で前藩主斉彬の弟・島津久光が、亡き兄の遺志を継ぎ、幕政改革を志して兵を率いて上京した。
- In the same period, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, brother of the former lord and father of the current lord of the Satsuma clan, went to Kyoto with his troops, aiming to help the reformation of the government and fulfill the dying wish of his brother.
- 承久の乱の際に鎌倉幕府が設置した諸国の守護・地頭に対して北条義時追捕の弁官下文(承久3年5月15日)が出された。
- Benkan (Oversight Department: division of the daijokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) kudashibumi (document issued by a superior or office) was issued (on June 13, 1221) for shugo and jito (military governor and estate steward) appointed by the Kamakura bakufu, to search and capture Yoshitoki HOJO, when the Jokyu War took place.
- さらに幕末から、財政難の各藩による偽造二分金が横行し、今日現存する銀台にめっきしたものがそれであると推定される。
- Also from the end of the Edo period, each domains were in economic difficulties, therefore forged nibukin were distributed and it is considered that existing silver coins with gold finish are some of those.
- なお「藩」という制度上の呼称はこのとき初めて定められたものであり、江戸幕府下の制度として「藩」という呼称はない。
- In the meantime, 'han' (domain) was a system newly established at that time and 'han' didn't exist as a system of the Edo bakufu.
- 1180年に発足した初期鎌倉幕府は、御家人の中から荘園・公領の徴税事務や管理・警察権を司る地頭を任命していった。
- The early Kamakura bakufu, established in 1180, appointed the jito who was responsible for the office work of tax collection and the control and police power in shoen and koryo from gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
- これにより、御家人の在地領主としての地位は、本来の荘園領主である本所ではなく幕府によって保全されることとなった。
- And thus, the status of gokenin as the local lord was secured not by honjo which was originally the lord of shoen, but by the bakufu.
- また、幕府から同国守護にも補任されていた興福寺が徳政令を認めたために、公式な拘束力をもったものとして施行された。
- Moreover, since Kofuku-ji Temple, which was assigned as Shugo (provincial constable) of the same province by the government, allowed Tokuseirei, it was enforced as an official order.
- 以後、院政を展開しようとする霊元上皇とこれを阻もうとする近衛基熙や江戸幕府との長い確執が始まる事になるのである。
- There ensued a prolonged feud between the Retired Emperor Reigen, attempting to exercising virtual ruling authority as retired emperor, on one hand and Motohiro KONOE and the Bakufu in Edo trying to obstruct the retired Emperor's intention on the other.
- 信長は下京への焼き討ちは中止したが、幕臣や幕府を支持する商人などが多く住居する上京は許さず、焼き討ちを実行した。
- Although Nobunaga stopped setting fire to Shimogyo, he did not forgive Kamigyo, where Shogun's retainers and a lot of merchants supporting Bakufu lived, and set fire to this area.
- 近代の始期は一般に幕末期〜明治維新期とされるが、18世紀前半の家内制手工業の勃興を近代の始まりとする考えもある。
- It is generally said that modern times started around the end of the Edo period to Meiji Restoration, but there is another opinion that the modern times started in the first half of 18th century when the household-based handcraft industry started.
- 更にこれは半済法でありながら、その内容は室町幕府の所領に関する政策と訴訟に対する姿勢を内外に示した法令であった。
- While this law was categorized as a hanzei law, its contents demonstrated policies concerning territories of the Muromachi bakufu as well as the attitude toward litigation on the inside and outside of the bakufu.
- 一方、には大坂の豪商が朱子学を中心に儒学を学ぶ懐徳堂を設立して、後に幕府官許の学問所として明治初年まで続いている。
- On the other hand, a wealthy merchant in Osaka established Kaitokudo school, where Confucianism, mainly the doctrines of Zhu Xi, was taught, and later this school was officially licensed by the shogunate government as gakumonjo (a school) and existed until 1886.
- 久光は勅使大原重徳とともに江戸へ赴き、一橋慶喜(徳川慶喜)の将軍後継職就任や、幕府に対して幕政改革などを要求する。
- Hisamitsu toured to Edo with the Imperial Envoy, Shigetoku OOHARA, and demanded that the Shogunate accept Keiki HITOTSUBASHI (Keiki TOKUGAWA) as the successor Shogun and reform the Shogunate.
- なお、鎌倉幕府は、ある一時期をもって成立したと見るのではなく、徐々に数段階を経て成立したとする見解が支配的である。
- Kamakura bakufu is not considered to have been established at one specific time, rather it is the dominant view that the bakufu was gradually established in several stages.
- 1224年に北条義時、1225年に北条政子や大江広元といった幕府創業世代が死去し、義時の子北条泰時が執権となった。
- As the founding generation of the bakufu passed away, with Yoshitoki HOJO dying in 1224, and Masako HOJO and Hiromoto OE both passing away in 1225, Yoshitoki's son, Yasutoki HOJO became Shikken.
- 平氏政権・鎌倉幕府はその下で権限を行使をする存在とされ、また朝廷・院が独自に警察力・軍事力を行使することもあった。
- The Taira clan government and the Kamakura bakufu were considered as the law-enforcement agency under the control by the Emperor or the retired emperor, who sometimes exercised the police and military forces directly.
- また、国内のキリスト教徒の増加と団結は幕府にとっても脅威となり締め付けを図ることとなったと考えるのも一般的である。
- Another conceivable reason for the Bakufu's regulation on diplomatic exchanges was the threat posed to the Bakufu by an increase in Japanese having faith in Christianity and their unity.
- この裁判所は、江戸幕府の奉行所と郡代支配所の機能を引き継ぎ、当座の行政の空白を埋める必要から設けられたものである。
- The local courts were originally created in response to the need to fill a temporary administrative vacuum created by the establishment of the new government, and they took over the functions of Bugyosho (a magistrate's office) and Gundai-shihaijo (an administrative office for each county), both administrative offices during the Edo bakufu feudal government.
- しかし鎖国中の幕府が、北東アジア・ロシア・東南アジア等などの情報を多くもち分析していたことが各史料から垣間見える。
- Several historical materials suggest that the Bakufu had an abundance of information about Northeast Asia, Russia, Southeast Asia, etc. to analyze, despite its seclusionism.
- 署名者には公卿と諸侯のほか、同年5月に天皇に直属する朝臣となった旧幕府旗本のうち千石以上の領地を持つ者も加わった。
- Other than Kugyo and lords, former hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu) holding more than 1,000 koku territory, who became direct retainers of the Emperor in May of the same year joined.
- また金融制度でも旧幕府時代の貨幣制度を改めて、通貨単位として「円 (通貨)」を導入(1871年。新貨条例を参照)。
- The financial system was also revised, changing the currency system of the Shogunate period and adopting the 'yen'as the currency unit in 1871 (refer to the article of the 'New Currency Regulation').
- 嘉慶 (日本)元年(1387年)幕府創業の功臣であり、美濃国、尾張国、伊勢国三カ国の守護である土岐頼康が死去した。
- In 1387, Yoriyasu TOKI, a meritorious vassal who helped to establish the bakufu, and who was a shugo of the three provinces of Mino, Owari and Ise, passed away.
- 室町時代末期、日朝・日明貿易の実権が大名に移り、力を蓄えさせたと共に、室町幕府の支配の正当性が薄れる結果になった。
- Towards the end of the Muromachi period, the real power of the trade between Japan and Korea and that between Japan and the Ming moved to daimyo, making daimyo gain power and making weaker the validity of the control by the Muromachi bakufu.
- そのため、各地の守護が戦乱などを口実に幕府の許しを得ずに行ってきた半済・押領を追認・永続化させる法的根拠を与えた。
- This provided the legal grounds to authorize and perpetuate the usurpation of territories and hanzei that had been enforced by Shugo in various regions on the pretext of war without approval from the bakufu.
- その収入額は明確ではないが、一説には当時の記録より嘉吉年間に月額200貫文が幕府に納付されていたと推定されている。
- The amount of revenue is not clear, but based on records of the time, it is estimated that 200 kanmon was paid to the bakufu every month during the Kakitsu Era (1141-1144).
- しかし、その後江戸幕府はキリスト教の禁教政策を強化し、1624年(寛永元年)にはスペイン船の来航を禁止するに至った。
- However, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) tightened the ban on Christianity later, and in 1624, Spanish ships were prohibited from visiting Japan.
- 杉本氏からは、初代の鎌倉幕府侍所別当 和田義盛にはじまる和田氏が別れた他、杉浦氏、鮎川氏、走水氏などの庶流が別れた。
- From the Sugimoto clan, the Wada clan, which originated from Yoshimori WADA, Samuraidokoro Betto (an administrator of the Board of Retainers) of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), separated, and other branch families such as the Sugiura clan, as did the Ayukawa and Hashirimizu clans.
- だが、それは前述のように反対の経路によって幕府側の要望を治天の君もしくは天皇へと伝達する役目を果たすことにもなった。
- It, conversely, also meant, as is mentioned above, to convey the bakufu's request to Chiten no kimi or Emperor through the opposite route.
- このため、治天の君(光厳上皇)と室町幕府は実俊を後継者として庇護することを条件として後醍醐天皇の家門安堵を追認した。
- As a result, Chiten no kimi (the retired Emperor Kogen) and the Muromachi bakufu confirmed the kamon ando through Emperor Godaigo, provided that the family protect Sanetoshi as successor.
- 今日一応の通説があるとはいえ、鎌倉幕府とは何か、その成立時期等についても必ずしも統一された見解がないのが現状である。
- Although there are currently prevailing opinions, there are no unified views on issues such as what the Kamakura Bakufu was and when it was established.
- 土佐藩の坂本龍馬らの斡旋・仲介・手助けもあって、幕末日本の薩摩と長州の二大地方勢力は討幕へと向かっていくことになる。
- Then later, with the intercession and help of Rhoma SAKAMOTO of Tosa Domain, two large local forces of Satsuma and Choshu Domains turned toward attacking the shogunate at the end of the Edo period.
- ところが、戦国時代 (日本)における京都の支配は、将軍と対立し幕府政治機構に頼らないまま維持することが困難であった。
- However, during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), it was difficult to maintain rule over Kyoto in opposition to the Shogun without relying on the governing mechanism of the bakufu.
- しかし、応仁の乱により将軍の権力が失墜すると、細川氏は三管領筆頭の斯波氏、畠山氏を圧倒し、幕政を牛耳るようになった。
- However, when the shogun's power was lost in the Onin War, the Hosokawa clan overwhelmed the Shiba clan and the Hatakeyama clan, that were the heads of the three kanrei, and started to control the politics of the bakufu.
- 公家の乱脈ぶりが白日の下にさらされただけでなく、江戸幕府による宮廷制御の強化、後陽成天皇の退位のきっかけともなった。
- The incident not only disclosed the wild license of court nobles but even triggered tightened control of the Imperial Court by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a Shogun) and abdication of Emperor Goyozei.
- そのような中で室町幕府が擁する北朝及び有力権門である摂関家や寺社との連携を強化することでこの危機を乗り切ろうとした。
- The Muromachi bakufu made attempts at getting over the crisis by developing stronger partnerships with temples and shrines, influential families such as the Sekken-ke and the Northern Court (Japan), which it had been supporting.
- 最初は上洛時に、北条時政が任命され京都の御家人を統率、洛中の警護・裁判を行い、朝廷と幕府の間の連絡の任に当たっていた。
- He took command of gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) in Kyoto and engaged in guarding and judging activities in Kyoto as well as performing a liaison function between the Imperial Court and the bakufu.
- 根来寺は室町時代においては幕府の保護を背景に紀伊・和泉に八か所の荘園を領有し、経済力・武力の両面において強力であった。
- The Negoro-ji Temple held eight shoen (manor in medieval Japan) at Kii and Izumi Provinces on the background of the support of the bakufu in the Muromachi period and had strong economic and military powers.
- 結局、日朝貿易を室町幕府の統制下に置こうという義政の目論見は無に帰すが、牙符制そのものは文禄・慶長の役まで続けられる。
- As a result, Yoshimasa's plan to place Japan-Korea trade under the control of the Muromachi bakufu failed, but Gafusei was observed until Bunroku Keicho no Eki.
- 彼らの多くは鎌倉幕府の守護や地頭になって獲得した軍事的・警察的権限を自己の所領にも展開し、他の所職を排除しようとした。
- Many of the gokenin applied military and police powers, which they had obtained after becoming shugo or jito of the Kamakura bakufu, on their own shoryo to remove various kinds of shiki associated with their own shoryo.
- しかし、日本では儒教の思想よりも礼節の面が受け入れられ、江戸幕府では道徳的実践を重んじる朱子学が「官学」と定められた。
- In Japan, however, the aspect of reisetsu (propriety) was received more favorably than Confucianism; thus, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) designated the Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) which had always insisted on the importance of moral practice as 'kangaku' (a school of learning advocated by the Tokugawa shogunate).
- この頃、朝廷においては、後嵯峨天皇以後の皇位を巡って大覚寺統と持明院統の2系統に分立して幕府に皇位継承の調整を求めた。
- During this time, concerning imperial succession after the Emperor Gosaga, the Imperial Court had split into the Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama) and Jimyoin-to (imperial lineage from Emperor Gofukakusa to Emperor Gokomatsu), and requested that the bakufu arrange the affairs of imperial succession.
- 土佐藩では後藤象二郎が坂本龍馬の影響もあり、武力倒幕路線を回避するために大政奉還を山内容堂に進言し、周旋を試みていた。
- In the Tosa domain, Shojiro GOTO, influenced by Ryoma SAKAMOTO, was working on that task by recommending to Yodo YAMANOUCHI the effects of restoring power to the emperor as a way to avoid overthrowing the shogunate by military conflicts.
- だが、いまだに関東を中心に旧幕府の勢力圏が広がっている中で、朝廷が真の意味で倒幕を実現させるまでにはなお時間を要した。
- But as the former Shogunate's sphere of influence was still spreading out of the Kanto region, it took the Imperial Court more time to overthrow the Shogunate in any real sense.
- 老中などの権力を持つ譜代大名は殆ど10万石規模の石高だが、経済の豊富な外様や国持大名には幕府政治に介在を許さなかった。
- Hereditary vassal daimyl (fudai daimyo) were allowed to fill a powerful post such as the senior councillor (roju) in spite of their economic strength being an annual stipend of hundred thousand koku in rice at most, while wealthy daimyo, such as outside daimyo (non-hereditary vassal daimyo) and a feudal lord with more than one fief (kunimochi daimyo) were not allowed to participate in the natilnal government.
- ただ、大名は支配土地を自由自在に支配できたわけではなく、幕府からは大目付が発する監察使にその行政を監視規制されていた。
- However, daimyo was not allowed to administer the fief at their own will, and put under the surveillance of inspectors who were sent by the chief inspector in Edo (ometsuke).
- しかし水戸藩、仙台藩、松本藩、三河吉田藩、高田藩、岡山藩、長州藩、岡藩等でも幕府の許可を得て銭座を設けて鋳造していた。
- However, the Mito Domain, Sendai Domain, Matsumoto Domain, Mikawa-Yoshida Domain, Takada Domain, Okayama Domain, Choshu Domain, Oka Domain and so on also obtained the bakufu's permission, and established zeniza.
- 新たに発足した室町幕府は、戦乱を抑えることを目的として、在地武士を組織するため、国単位におかれる守護の権限を強化した。
- The newly inaugurated Muromachi bakufu strengthened the power and authority of shugo positioned in each province in order to prevent the maelstrom of war and organize the local samurais.
- 室町時代・戦国時代 (日本)・安土桃山時代を経て江戸幕府成立に至る過程で、次第に武士が公権力を担う領域は拡大し続けた。
- In the formation process of the Edo bakufu through the Muromachi, Sengoku, and Azuchi-Momoyama period, the area where the bushi were in charge of the official authority gradually and continuously increased.
- そして江戸時代中期、3代将軍徳川家光が死去した後、幕府の武断政治から文治政治への転換は武力による支配の終焉ともいえる。
- And, then, in the middle stage of the Edo Period after the death of the third shogun, Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, a conversion by the bakufu from a ruling backed with military force to a ruling by a civilian government can be deemed as the end of governance by force.
- ために戦乱後成立した日本の徳川幕府は先進文物を受け入れるために、対馬島主をとおして交渉を許可するように朝鮮に懇請した。
- Therefore, the Tokugawa shogunate, which was established after the war, needed to import advanced things and requested Korea to conduct negotiations with Japan through the head of the Tsushima island.
- 鎌倉府(かまくらふ)とは、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代にかけて、室町幕府が関東を統治するために設置した政庁である。
- The Kamakurafu was a government office which the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) established in the Northern and Southern courts period and the Muromachi period for the purpose of ruling the Kanto region.
- 幕末から明治維新にかけて、文明史など西欧の近代歴史学が一気に流入したが、特に進歩史観・進化史観が日本で急速に広まった。
- During the era from around the end of the Edo period to the Meiji Restoration, modern European history, such as history of civilization, had been brought to Japan rapidly, and in particular, progressive views of history and evolutionary views of history had rapidly become well known.
- 江戸時代には幕府と密接に連携し一定量の発注を受けて生産し、工人等は交代で江戸に詰め、江戸城での銃器メンテナンスも行った。
- A close alliance with the shogunate during the Edo period led to orders being placed and workers being alternately seconded to Edo where they carried out firearm maintenance at Edo-jo Castle.
- 室町時代後期には『能本作者註文』・『自家伝抄』などが成立し、江戸時代に入ると各家の所伝からなる作者付が幕府に提出された。
- Documents including 'Nohon Sakusha Chumon' and 'Jika Densho' were written during the latter part of the Muromachi period, and in the Edo period, sakushazuke containing the traditions of each playwright were submitted to the shogunate.
- 江戸時代(えどじだい、~、徳川時代とも)とは、江戸幕府によって日本が統治されていた時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
- The Edo period (also known as the Tokugawa period) refers to a period in Japanese history where Japan was governed by the Edo shogunate government.
- 徳川幕府は徹底的な政局安定策をとり、武家諸法度の制定や禁中並公家諸法度など諸大名や朝廷に対し、徹底した法治体制を敷いた。
- The Tokugawa shogunate took a thorough political stabilization policy, and established a complete law-abiding system controlling feudal lords (daimyo) and the imperial court by enacting Laws Governing Military Households (Buke Shohatto) and Laws Governing the Imperial Households and Court Nobles (Kinchu narabini Kuge Shohatto).
- 幕府は一橋慶喜が京都へ赴き、大政委任の確認させるなど運動するが、尊攘派は天皇の大和行幸による王政復古 (日本)を目指す。
- Keiki HITOTSUBASHI, representing the Shogunate, went to Kyoto to have the Entrustment of Political Power confirmed but the Sonjo Group aimed for the restoration of imperial rule by having the Emperor tour throughout Japan.
- こうした中、薩摩藩や長州藩など「雄藩」と呼ばれる有力藩では財政改革に成功し、幕末期の政局で強い発言力を持つことになった。
- Under such circumstances, powerful domains called 'Yuhan,' such as Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain, succeeded in financial reform and began to influence more and more in the political situation during the end of Edo period.
- また、幕末には、海外での金銀比価が日本国内と大きく異なったため、これを調整しようとして極端に小さな万延小判に改鋳された。
- Also in the end of Edo period, exchange ratio between gold and silver abroad was so different from domestic one that extremely small Manen koban was casted to adjust the gap.
- 1333年の鎌倉幕府滅亡から建武の新政、室町時代初期までの間は、全国的に戦乱が相次ぎ、荘園の所有関係も非常に流動化した。
- From the demise of the Kamakura bakufu in 1333 to the Kenmu Restoration or the early Muromachi period, the maelstrom of war continued and the ownership relationship of shoen were also fluidized.
- 河原者の中で最も著名なのが、室町幕府の八代将軍足利義政に仕えた庭師の善阿弥で、銀閣寺の庭園は彼の子と孫による作品である。
- The most famous Kawaramono was Zenami, a gardener who served the eighth Shogun of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, and the garden of Ginkaku-ji Temple was a work created by his son and grandson.
- その武家権力としての独立性を保つ機構を作るために近衛大将より格下の征夷大将軍に任ぜられ、その権力機構として幕府を開いた。
- To maintain the independence of the samurai authority, he was appointed seii taishogun, which was ranked below Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards) and established a bakufu as an administrative structure.
- 同年12月9日 (旧暦)(1868年1月3日)に江戸幕府は廃止され、新政府(明治政府)が設立された(王政復古 (日本))。
- On January 3, 1868, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) came to its official end, and a new government (the Meiji government) was established (Osei Fukko).
- だが、足利義満の時代に室町幕府が京都市中の支配権を完全に掌握すると、検非違使は事実上廃止されて地奉行に権限が一本化された。
- But once the Muromachi bakufu took total control of the city of Kyoto in Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's day, the post of kebiishi was virtually abolished and the authority was granted to jibugyo exclusively.
- これにより義詮は有力守護権力を抑制するとともに公家・寺社からの信頼を取り戻し、室町幕府の安定性を大いに高めることとなった。
- Thanks to the above, Yoshiakira regained the confidence of court nobles and temples/shrines while restricting the authority of influential shugo and enhanced the stability of Muromachi bakufu.
- つまり、この時代には唯一の検断権の行使機関であった鎌倉幕府に対する反抗は即ち社会秩序全体を危うくする行為と見なされていた。
- A rebel against the Kamakura bakufu, which was the only agency to exercise the right to criminal cases, was considered as a dysfunctional behavior in this period.
- 開拓使の初代長官には、旧幕時代から北方の重要性を説いていた佐賀藩主鍋島直正が就任したが、彼は実務にとりかかる前に辞任した。
- The first chief of the Hokkaido Development Commission was Naomasa NABESHIMA who claimed the importance of Ezo even before the bakufu era ended, but he resigned before embarking on the practical reclamation work.
- 江戸幕府は、1603年3月24日(慶長8年2月12日 (旧暦))に徳川家康が征夷大将軍(以下、将軍)に任官されて始まった。
- The Edo bakufu was founded on March 24, 1603 when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed as Seii Taishogun (hereinafter shogun).
- そしてついに永禄元年(1558年)には将軍義輝と近江守護六角義賢の攻撃を受けて和睦し、長慶は幕府御相伴衆に列するに至った。
- Finally in 1558, attacked by the troops of Shogun Yoshiteru and Yoshikata ROKKAKU, Shugo of Omi, Nagayoshi was forced into a rapprochement, and joined the Bakufu Goshobanshu (private guards of the Shogun).
- そのために、徳川幕府は、能力よりも忠誠心や家柄、譜代家臣を重視する旧来の封建体制を復活させ、体制維持に努めたとの意見もある。
- Some believe that, in order to avoid making the same mistake, the Tokugawa shogunate restored the old feudal system under which loyalty, family lineage and fudai daimyo (hereditary vassals) were more important than the ability to maintain the regime.
- 徳川幕府の西国への重要な備えとしての役割を担う彦根城も、彦根藩の各組織の管轄で天守以下倉庫等として徳川時代の大半を過ごした。
- The Hikone-jo Castle that had taken the purpose as important defense wall toward Saigoku (western part of Japan) spent most of the time in the Tokugawa Period as a warehouse and others under the jurisdiction of organizations in the domain.
- 南北朝分裂の時代を経て、室町幕府3代将軍足利義満の時代、1392年にようやく南北両朝は合一し、文化の中心は再び京都へ戻った。
- After the period of separation, the Northern and Southern Courts were at last unified in A.D. 1392, when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA reigned over the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as the third shogun, and the center stage of Japanese culture returned to Kyoto.
- これら旗本家は、若年寄、大目付、勘定奉行、外国奉行、外国(事務)副総裁、開成所総奉行などを務めた幕臣を、主に幕末に輩出した。
- At the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, the members of those families of Hatamoto were appointed to important posts such as Wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu), Ometsuke (Chief inspector of the Edo bakufu), Kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), Vice President of the administrators of Gaikoku bugyo (magistrate of foreign affairs), and Chief of Kaiseijo (magistrate for examination of foreign books).
- 元寇では過重な軍役に比して所領の加増が少なかったことが鎌倉得宗への不満として蓄積し、鎌倉幕府滅亡の遠因になったと考えられる。
- Since the territory was not increased as much as excessive military services imposed during the Mongolian Expeditions against Japan, dissatisfaction built up among the samurai retainers with the the head of the Hojo clan regent of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which supposedly formed a remote cause of the fall of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 鎌倉幕府では元日より数日にわたり、北条氏をはじめとする有力な御家人が征夷大将軍に対して太刀・名馬・弓矢とともに椀飯を奉った。
- At the Kamakura bakufu, for a few days from the first day of the year, the Hojo clan and other prominent gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate) presented the Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') with oban together with swords, good horses, and bows and arrows.
- しかし、これを契機に得宗専制に不満を持つ楠木正成、赤松円心など各地の悪党と呼ばれる武士が各地で反幕府の兵を挙げるようになる。
- However, samurai known as akuto in various areas, including Masashige KUSUNOKI and Enshin AKAMATSU, were dissatisfied with the Tokusho autocracy and raise forces opposed to the bakufu throughout the country.
- 鎌倉幕府は、頼朝以来、鎌倉殿の個人的な資質に依拠するところが大きく、その組織も鎌倉殿の家政機関を発展させただけのものだった。
- The Kamakura Bakufu largely depended on the personal character of the Kamakura-dono and the organization only developed to become a domestic governing institution of the Kamakura-dono.
- 戦国時代の動乱を最終的に収めた江戸幕府は、このような風潮を改め、家臣の主君への従順を教えるため朱子学の道徳を武士に学ばせる。
- The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), after finally settling this upheaval of the Warring States Period, made samurai learn the Neo-Confucianism ethics, to teach the vassals' loyalty to their lords.
- 投票に参加したのは、旧幕府脱走軍の指揮役(士官)クラス以上であり、下士官・兵卒クラスは除外、むろん箱館住民も参加していない。
- The persons who took part in the vote were the leaders (commissioned officers) and the higher ranking officials of the Old Bakufu Deserters' Army, and noncomissioned officers and soldiers were excluded, and of course, Hakodate residents did not take part in it, neither.
- 幕府は自由な民間貿易を厳重に取り締まっていたものの、実際には来航した外国船と日本商人との間に密貿易がおこなわれていたという。
- Although the Bakufu cracked down on free nongovernmental trade, it is believed that Japanese merchants were actually trading illegally with ships from abroad.
- 新政府にとって、最大の目標は欧米列強に追いつくことであり、そのためにも旧幕府時代に締結された不平等条約の改正が急務とされた。
- The biggest goal for the new government was to catch up with powerful western countries, and for this reason, they had to solve the problem of the unequal treaty signed in the Shogunate era as soon as possible.
- 「江戸」という地名は、鎌倉幕府の歴史書『吾妻鏡』が史料上の初見で、おおよそ平安時代後半に発生した地名であると考えられている。
- The first written record pertaining to the name 'Edo' first appeared in 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), a Kamakura-bakufu (c.1185 - 1333) history, but the name itself is said to be a place name that emerged in the latter half of the Heian Period (794 - c.1185).
- 以前は1467年に始まった応仁の乱を戦国時代の始期とする見解が有力とされていたが、その後も幕府は中央政権として機能していた。
- In the past the view that the Sengoku Period started at the time of Onin War, which commenced in 1467, was prevailing, but the bakufu functioned as the central government even after that.
- この来日の際には、幕府に朝鮮国王直筆の親書、銅鏡が進呈され、また使節団が神君とされる大権現家康が眠る日光東照宮を参拝をした。
- The envoy that came to Japan in this occasion presented to the bakufu a message written directly by the King of Korea and bronze mirrors, and visited Nikko Tosho-gu Shrine where daigongen (Great Avatar) Ieyasu, considered having been Shinkun (a god-like head of Japan), was buried.
- 幕府直轄の昌平坂学問所(しょうへいざかがくもんじょ)は、昌平坂に面していたので昌平坂学問所、または昌平黌(こう)とよばれた。
- Shoheizaka Gakumonjo, which was under the direct control of the bakufu, was given this name or was called Shoheiko, since it faced the slope of Shohei-zaka.
- これにより、実質的に室町幕府は滅亡したのである(ただし、なおも義昭自身は征夷大将軍の地位にあり、従三位の位階も保っていた)。
- With that, Muromachi bakufu practically went to ruin. (However, Yoshiaki was still in the position of Seii taishogun and held Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).)
- 礼銭(れいせん)とは、本来は室町幕府において征夷大将軍の任命などの祝い事の際に守護大名や寺社などから献上された祝い金のこと。
- The reisen was originally a gift money presented from Shugo Daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), temples and shrines in celebrations such as the appointment of Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') at the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 福田豊彦によれば、後に鎌倉幕府の基盤となる「開発領主」は、「私営田経営(領主)」とは根本的に異なった所領経営の方法をとった。
- According to Toyohiko FUKUDA, the 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' that later became the basis for the Kamakura bakufu differed in a fundamental management methods from 'shieiden management.'
- しかし、幕末に至っても両家による全国編成は完了せず、百姓身分のまま神職を勤める '百姓神主' がかなりの割合で存在していた。
- However, nationwide organization by the families did not end even at the end of the Edo period, and there was a significant proportion of 'hyakusho priests,' who served as Shinto priests while staying at the farming rank.
- 平安末期における地方官人と荘園との対立に端を発する事件は、荘園を国衙の支配下に置こうと企てた官人が配流となることで幕を閉じた。
- The incident stemmed from the confrontation between local officials and shoen in the late Heian period ended with banishment of official who attempted to place shoen under the rule of kokuga.
- 主従の契約は、御家人が鎌倉殿へ見参した際の名簿差出(みょうぶさしだし)によって行われ、幕府は御家人名簿により御家人を管理した。
- The master-servant relationship contract was managed by myobu (a piece of wood with a name inscribed on it) offered by a gokenin who visited Kamakura-dono, and the bakufu supervised gokenin using the Gokenin Meibo (name list of retainers).
- 江戸時代後期には、江戸幕府の全国統治は天皇から徳川将軍家への委任関係に由来するという大政委任論と呼ばれる学説が唱えられていた。
- In the late Edo period, there was a theory called taisei-ininron saying that the government of the country by the Edo bakufu derived from a delegation from the emperors to the Tokugawa Shogun family.
- 幕末の思想の特徴は、幕藩体制の根拠を説明しあるいは批判するもの、またその体制に代わり得るあたらしい国家像を模索することである。
- The thoughts of this period are characterized by explanation and criticizm of the long-held rational of the feudal system, and the search for a new vision of the country to replace the old system.
- 家茂の死後、将軍後見職の徳川慶喜は徳川宗家を相続したが、幕府の自分に対する忠誠を疑ったため、征夷大将軍職への就任を拒んでいた。
- Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who succeeded Iemochi as head of the TOKUGAWA family, was suspicious whether the bakufu would be loyal to him and refused to assume the position of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- これらの事件は倒幕を目的とした最初の軍事的行動として、後世から見た歴史的な意味は大きいものの、この時点では無残な結末となった。
- From the current point of view, those incidents are significant because they were the first military actions attempting to overthrow the bakufu, but all of them failed miserably.
- しかし、江戸幕府の国防政策により大きな船が作ることが出来なかったため、樽廻船による日本沿海を周回する物資流通が大きく発達した。
- However, since the national defense policy of the shogunate government prohibited the shipbuilding of large vessels, the distribution of goods by taru-kaisen (cargo ships) circulating along the coast of Japan developed significantly.
- 室町幕府によって保証されていた古い権威が否定され始め、新興の実力者が新しい権力階級にのし上がり領国を統治していくこととなった。
- Old authorities that had been backed up by the Muromachi bakufu began to be negated and emerging powerful persons rose to new establishment and governed territories.
- その後、両国が友好関係にあった室町時代の前例に則って、徳川幕府から通信使派遣の要望により国使は回答兼刷還使から通信使となった。
- After that, following the precedent in the Muromochi period in which the two nations retained a good relationship, an envoy fromm Korea came to be sent to Japan corresponding to a request from the Tokugawa shogunate, and then the name of the envoy was changed from Kaito-ken-sakkanshi to Tsushinshi.
- 19世紀中ごろまでに、国内の社会矛盾と国外からの圧力(ロシア、イギリス、アメリカ船の接近)により、幕藩体制は限界を迎えていた。
- Due to domestic social contradictions and pressure from the inside and outside of Japan (for example, ships of Russia, of England, and of US came near to Japan), the bakufu-domain system had reached its limit by around the middle of the 19th century.
- また、室町時代後期以後に「請酒」と呼ばれる小売専門の酒屋や地方からの名酒の流入もあったが、幕府はこれらに対しても課税を行った。
- There had been dedicated sake retailers called 'ukezake,' and reputed sake produced in rural areas had been sold in Kyoto since the late Muromachi period; and the bakufu also imposed taxes on them.
- その次ぎの武士層の拡大は、鎌倉幕府の崩壊から南北朝時代 (日本)であり、この段階で日本全国が長年に渡る争乱の時代へと突入する。
- The next expansion of the bushi class began from the fall of Kamakura bakufu to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and all Japan entered the period of war that lasted for a long time.
- 一説によると東南アジアの森林地帯では樹木が邪魔になって弾幕戦の効果が低く、狙撃に適した瞬発式が好まれ受容されたとも言われている。
- According to one theory, barrage tactics were less effective in the forest area of Southeast Asia because of obstructive trees, and for that reason, the instantaneous discharge ones suited for sniping became popular and accepted.
- この結果、守護大名をはじめとする各地の武士によって自己の所領の全一的支配が確立され、その影響は室町幕府の御料所にも及んでいった。
- As a result, each of the bushi throughout Japan including shugo daimyo (great feudal lord) established an integral rule over his own shoryo, which influenced the goryosho of the Muromachi bakufu.
- 幕府への恭順路線を貫き、責任者の処刑など西郷が提示した降伏条件の受け入れを承認したため、第1次長州征伐は回避されることとなった。
- In the end, the first conquest of Choshu was avoided because Choshu accepted the conditions to surrender, proposed by Saigo, including an execution of responsible persons, and absolute allegiance to the bakufu.
- 江戸時代後期には、諸外国との通商条約の締結などを巡って、朝廷の伝統的権威が復興し、幕府と朝廷の提携による公武合体政策が取られた。
- The traditional authority of the Imperial Court was restored as a result of various events including the signing of commercial treaties with foreign countries, and the policy of kobu-gattai (reconciliation between the Imperial Court and the Shogunate) was adopted through cooperation between the Shogunate and Court.
- 公家領や寺社領に対する訴訟の権限は有していたものの、警察・軍事に関しては幕府の行動に大義名分を与える役割に限定されるようになる。
- The court still held the power regarding the suits about territory of kuge (court noble) as well as temples and shrines, but as for the police and military, the court was only in a position to justify the bakufu actions.
- 幕府の各大名の支配方法として、参勤交代と御手伝いの義務のほか、将軍の娘をもらったり息子を養嗣子としたり、お金を貸し与えたりした。
- The shogunate government controlled feudal lords (daimyo) by various means, such as the alternate-year residence system in Edo (sankinkotai) and compulsory service in construction work, but in another occasion through the marriage with a daughter of the shogun or adoption of a son of the shogun and loaning.
- 明徳の乱(めいとくのらん)は、室町時代の明徳2年(1391年)に山名氏清、山名満幸ら山名氏が室町幕府に対して起こした反乱である。
- The Meitoku War was a war against the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) that was started by the Yamana clan members, such as Ujikiyo YAMANA and Mitsuyuki YAMANA, in 1391 during the Muromachi period.
- 平氏政権の崩壊とともに、中央政府である朝廷とは別個に、内乱を収拾して東国の支配権を得た鎌倉幕府が登場し、平安時代は幕を下ろした。
- With the collapse of the Taira clan administration, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) came to power after sorting out the civil wars aside from the Imperial Court, and the central govenment gained the right to rule the Eastern provinces, leading to the end of the Heian period.
- だが、室町幕府の征夷大将軍足利義政はこの最中に花の御所を改築し、世事に全く関心を示さず、堪りかねた後花園天皇の勧告をも無視した。
- However, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), had no interest in the real world, renovated the Hana-no-gosho residence, and ignored the advice from the Emperor Gohanazono who became concerned with the situation.
- 歴代水口藩は、同城を幕府からお借りしている城として大切に管理し、特に居城であるにもかかわらず、本丸部の御殿を使用しなかったらしい。
- Although, it was in essence their own castle, successive Minakuchi Domain custodians treated it as if they were just borrowing it from the bakufu and took great care of it, and didn't seem to use the Goten in the Honmaru (the keep of the castle).
- このような危機に対応すべく、家斉死後の、老中水野忠邦が幕府権力の強化のために天保の改革と呼ばれる財政再建のための諸政策を実施した。
- After Ienari died, in order to cope with these crises, Senior councillor Tadakuni MIZUNO implemented various policies called the Tenpo Reforms to reconstruct financial affairs for the purpose of strengthening the power of the shogunate government.
- そして、承久の乱では摂津守護大内惟信や同族の多田基綱のほか畿内の武士の多くが京方に属して敗れたが、能勢氏は幕府方に属したとされる。
- Then in the Jokyu war while many samurais in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) such as Korenobu OUCHI, the shugo of Settsu Province and his cognate Mototsuna TADA joined the army on the Kyoto side and were defeated, the Nose clan are said to have been on the side of the Shogunate.
- 以上の理由から、鎌倉幕府の統治機構としての性格、あるいは成立時期というのもあくまで後世の、特に近代歴史学上のとらえ方の問題である。
- For these reasons, the character of the Kamakura Bakufu as a system of government or the time of its founding are both issues relating to the perceptions of subsequent generations, particularly within the field of modern history.
- 実際に朝廷は外交に関しては全く為す術が無く、10月23日に外交については引き続き幕府が中心となって行なうことを認める通知を出した。
- As expected, the Imperial Court had no ability for diplomacy and served a notice to admit that the bakufu would keep on dealing with diplomatic matters on November 18.
- これにより、討幕の名分を失わせるとともに、徳川家は天皇の下に一元化された政治の中枢に入り、引き続き実権を掌握する事を想定していた。
- Because of this move, whilst the anti-Shogunate group lost their justification to attack the Shogunate, the Tokugawa family intended to gain entry into the administration unified by the name of the Emperor and continue their control of power.
- 王政復古 (日本)において、幕府や摂政・関白の廃止と天皇親政が定められ、天皇の下に総裁・議定・参与の三職からなる官制が施行された。
- On the occasion of Osei-hukko (the restoration of Imperial rule in Japan), the new government abolished the Shogunate, the positions of Regent and Chief Advisor to the emperor, provided direct Imperial rule, and established a central government organization consisting of a president, a chairman (Gijo), and a councilor under the control of the Emperor.
- 18世紀末に、ロシアに漂流しエカチェリーナ2世に謁見した大黒屋光太夫や、幕末に活躍する中浜万次郎(ジョン万次郎)もその一人である。
- Kodayu DAIKOKUYA, who drifted to Russia and presented to Catherine II of Russia at the end of the 18th century, and Manjiro NAKAHAMA (John Manjiro), who would play an active role at the end of Edo period, were one of them.
- 1221年の承久の乱の結果、後鳥羽上皇を中心とする朝廷が幕府に敗れる事態となり、上皇方についた貴族・武士の所領はすべて没収された。
- As the result of Jokyu War in 1221, the imperial court centering on the Retired Emperor Gotoba was defeated by the bakufu and all the lands of the aristocrats and samurais who were on the side of the Retired Emperor were confiscated.
- 倍増した耕地面積は食糧増産と人口増加をもたらし、村請を通じて幕府財政や藩財政を支えるとともに、全国的な流通経済を大きく発展させた。
- Doubling the arable land increased the population as well as the amount of food produced, supporting the finance of the bakufu and that of each domain through the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) and greatly advancing nation-wide distribution-related economy.
- 礼銭が賄賂とみなして厳しく禁じられるのは統一的権力を打ちたて、強力な財政基盤と武士道の涵養に尽力した江戸幕府の成立以後の事になる。
- It was not until the establishment of the Edo bakufu, which formed a unified government and was engaged in creating a sound financial footing and the samurai code, that the reisen was considered to be a bribe and strictly prohibited.
- 鎌倉時代中期から酒屋が全国各地に広まるが、鎌倉幕府は酒が社会に害悪をもたらすとしてこれを禁じる沽酒の禁を出して厳しく取り締まった。
- Sakaya had been spread in many parts of the country since the middle of the Kamakura Period; however, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) imposed strict controls upon Sakaya by putting 'koshu no kin' (the ban on sale and purchase of sake) in force as the government believed that sake has a harmful influence on the community.
- 騎士は知行取り、御目見得であるのに対し、徒士は蔵米取り、御目見得以下とされており、幕府でいえば旗本が騎士、御家人が徒士に対応する。
- Kishi with a fief and vassals were allowed to have an audience with the Shogun, whereas Kachi were given kuramai (rice preserved in a depository by Edo Shogunate and domains) and were not allowed to have an audience with the Shogun, and in the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Hatamoto corresponded to Kishi and Gokenin corresponded to Kachi.
- このため、紀伝道・文章博士そのものは幕末まで続くが、教育学科としての実態が存在していたのは平安時代末期までであったと考えられている。
- Therefore, although kidendo and monjo hakase continued until the end of the Edo period, it is thought that their existence as an actual subject lasted only until the end of the Heian period.
- 1835年(天保6年)12月 - 炮術調練場の責任者である、幕府大筒役の佐々木卯之助が、評定所から青ヶ島遠島(流刑)の判決を受ける。
- In December 1835, Unosuke SASAKI, who was in charge of the shooting practice field, was sentenced to be exiled to Aogashima Island by the Hyojosho (conference chamber).
- だが、住民からは旧幕府軍に対する反感が増し、新政府側のゲリラ組織「遊軍隊」に参加したり、新政府軍に内通する者も出てくる始末であった。
- However, residents' antipathy to the Old Bakufu was increasing, and some of them joined the 'Yuguntai', a guerrilla standing on the new government side, or worked as spies for the new government army.
- つまり後醍醐天皇の行為は鎌倉幕府が社会秩序を維持する国家形態及び政権自体に対する転覆の企て、即ち「謀叛」であると見なされたのである。
- The Emperor Godaigo's act was seen as an attempt to overthrow the state or government itself, namely '謀叛', when the Kamakura bakufu maintained the social order in Japan.
- 寛永19年(1642年)には譜代大名にも参勤交代が義務付けられ、原則として幕府の役職者を除く全ての大名が参勤交代を行うようになった。
- In 1642, fudai daimyo (hereditary vassals to the Tokugawa family) were required to live in Edo and their own feudal domains each for one year, which meant that all daimyo excluding the cabinet officials of the Shogunate were subject to sankin-kotai, in principle.
- 武士身分を対象とした学校は、江戸幕府直轄の学校と、藩が運営した藩校に大別され、その規模、内容共にこの時代を代表する教育機関であった。
- Schools for samurai status were broadly divided into the schools under the direct control of the Edo bakufu and those run by each han (domain); both were educational institutions representing the period in their scale and content.
- 江戸時代になると幕府に公認された既存の秩序以外の形で、こうした一揆の盟約による政治的共同体を結成すること自体が禁じられるようになる。
- During the Edo period, people were forbidden to form a political community by concluding an ikki in any form other than that which accorded with the existing order that was officially recognized by the shogunate government.
- 秀吉は忠実な天皇の侍大将として信長より前の室町幕府武家政権としての成果と文書体系をも覆し天皇にひれ伏した。(「武家と天皇」今谷 明)
- Hideyoshi reversed the achievement and document architecture of the military government in the Muromachi bakufu, which was even before the era of Nobunaga, and groveled at the Emperor's feet as a loyal samurai general of the Emperor ('Buke to Tenno'(the Emperor and the Samurai) by Akira IMATANI).
- しかし、この御殿が将軍の宿舎として使われたのは、この家光上洛の1回限りで、その後同城は、幕府の任命した城番が管理する「番城」となった。
- However, Iemitsu's trip to Kyoto was the first and last time the Goten was used as a shogun's inn, and later it became a 'banjiro' under the supervision of a Joban (one who takes care of castles) who was appointed by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 江戸幕府においては、年始に江戸在府の御三家が老中以下の幕閣や有力旗本を饗応し、同じく町奉行が役宅で与力らを饗応することを椀飯と称した。
- In the Edo bakufu, the Gosanke (the three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family) in Edo would entertain the roju (member of shogun's council of elders) and other prominent council members and hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu), and in a similar way, the Machibugyo (town magistrate) would entertain yoriki (police sergeant) and others at the official residence and these were considered oban.
- 東山御物(ひがしやまぎょもつ/ひがしやまごもつ)とは、室町幕府8代征夷大将軍足利義政によって収集された絵画・茶器・花器・文具などの称。
- Higashiyama gyomotsu (Higashiyama gomotsu) refers to the paintings, chaki (tea utensils), kaki (flower vase), stationery and other items collected by Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, the eighth seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the eastern barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 1868年に戊辰戦争が起こり、鳥羽・伏見の戦いで幕府軍が敗れると、薩摩藩長州藩軍の大軍が江戸に迫り、江戸は戦火に晒される危険に陥った。
- The Boshin War broke out in 1868, and when the Bakufu army was defeated in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, a large force of combined Satsuma and Choshu Domains advanced on Edo, putting the metropolis under the threat of warfare.
- その後、豊臣政権から江戸幕府成立の過程において、佐竹氏や里見氏などの旧来の勢力は転封あるいは改易によって関東の地から姿を消す事になる。
- Later, in the process from the Toyotomi government until the formation of the Edo bakufu, old powers such as the Satake clan and Satomi clan, disappeared from Kanto by relocation or being deprived of their territory.
- 室町時代になると、検断権(統治・裁判権)が幕府→守護→国人・惣村へと分散化していき、例えば惣村自体が検断権を行使する自検断も行われた。
- In the Muromachi period, the right to judge criminal cases (the right to govern and judge) was decentralized from the bakufu to shugo (provincial constables), and to kokujin (local samurai) down to soson (a community consisting of peasans' self-governing association); in some cases, the soson, by exercising such a right, judged the criminal cases which took place in their community (jikendan).
- 1793年に林述斎(じゅっさい)が林家をついで大学頭となると、それまで林家の家塾だった「湯島聖堂」が、正式に幕府直轄の学問所となった。
- In 1793, when Jussai HAYASHI inherited the Hayashi family and became Daigaku no kami, 'Yushima Seido,' which had been a government-backed school operated by the Hayashis, officially became Gakumonjo (a school) under the direct control of the bakufu.
- 院政においても鎌倉幕府の影響を受けて後嵯峨上皇の院政下である寛元4年(1246年)より院評定が開催されたが、ここでも評定始が開かれた。
- In the period of Insei, the Retired Emperor Gosaga began inhyojo (consultation under the cloister government) in 1246 adopting the Kamakura bakufu's practice, and also held hyojohajime.
- 鎌倉幕府の評定衆に倣って西園寺実氏ら5人の評定衆が任命されるとともに開催場所も院庁の文殿である「院文殿(いんのふどの)」と定められた。
- Similarly to the hyojoshu (a member of Council of State) of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), five members including Saneuji SAIONJI were appointed to hyojoshu, and the 'In-no-fu-dono,' Fumidono (the retired emperor's Documents Bureau) in the In no cho (Retired Emperor's Office) was designated as the venue.
- 江戸幕府をはじめとした領主は、このような本百姓数の維持増加に努め、平和が続いたことによる社会の安定化によって耕地の開発も進んでいった。
- Feudal lords, exemplified by the Edo bakufu, made efforts to increase and maintain the number of such hon-byakusho, and as the peaceful period continued to realize social stability, cultivation of land was developed.
- 1861年(文久元)には、幕府による攘夷実行を条件に孝明天皇の妹の和宮親子内親王を14代将軍徳川家茂夫人として降嫁させることに成功した。
- In 1861, he succeeded in having the sister of Emperor Komei, Princess Kazunomiya, become the wife of the 14th Shogun, Iemochi TOKUGAWA, on condition that the Shogunate eliminate contact with foreigners.
- また、幕府が罪人を捜査する「検断権」も大寺社内には及ばず、そのため源義経や後醍醐天皇など、戦乱に追われた人々の多くが寺社にかくまわれた。
- The right for the bakufu to investigate wanted people, called 'Kendanken,' could not be enforced within large temple grounds and therefore many people who were escaping the war such as MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and Emperor Godaigo sought protection under the temples.
- 百寮訓要抄(ひゃくりょうくんようしょう)は、南北朝時代 (日本)に関白二条良基が室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義満のために執筆有職故実の解説書。
- Hyakuryo Kunyosho was a book on the study of ancient courtly traditions and etiquette which Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) Yoshimoto Nijo wrote for Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians) of the Muromachi bakufu.
- 特に幕府・関白を介さず、朝廷から直接水戸藩へ勅書が出された件(戊午の密勅参照)は井伊ら幕閣の警戒感を強め、水戸藩への弾圧は苛烈を極めた。
- Among others, an incident in which the imperial court sent an imperial order directly to the Mito clan (Boshin no Micchoku) made Ii and the cabinet officials of the shogunate stay alert, and they clamped down on the Mito clan severely.
- 嘉永6年(1853年)、アメリカ合衆国が派遣したペリー提督率いる4隻の黒船が浦賀沖に来航し、江戸幕府に開国を迫る大統領国書をもたらした。
- In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry's four-ship squadron, which was sent by the United States, arrived off the shore of Uraga, with an official letter from the President of the United States to urge Japan to open the country.
- このため永い間、幕府の方針もあり、政治的には静かな都として過ごしてきた京都がにわかに騒然となっていき、有名な「幕末の騒乱」が巻き起こる。
- This is why Kyoto, which had been a politically calm capital for a long time, was thrown into a commotion suddenly, in part due to the policy of the shogunate government, and became the main arena of 'disturbances at the end of Edo period.'
- 幕府は江戸、大阪、京都に町奉行・所司代を置き重要視したが、その他伊豆国・日田市・長崎市・新潟県・飛騨国や重要鉱山に代官を配置し支配した。
- The shogunate government regarded Edo, Osaka and Kyoto as important, and established town magistrates (machi bugyo) and local governors (shoshidai), while governed Izu Province, Hita City, Nagasaki City, Niigata Prefecture, Hida Province and primary mines by placing administrative officials (daikan).
- しかしこの数値は鉄銭などとの引換に回収され安政年間に幕府庫に集積された数であり、既に述べたように鋳造高はこの程度にとどまるものではない。
- However, the above figure showed an amount of coins collected in exchange for iron coins and accumulated in the bakufu's treasury during the Ansei era, and as already stated in the above, the amount of minted coins went beyond it.
- 後に清河八郎に率いられて江戸に戻るが、4月に清河が暗殺されると幕府により新徴組として再組織され、主に江戸市中の警戒、海防警備に従事する。
- Subsequently, they returned to Edo led by Hachiro KIYOKAWA, but after Kiyokawa was assassinated in April, the Roshi-gumi was reorganized as the Shinchogumi by the Edo bakufu, and they maintained vigilance inside Edo City and served as the naval defense and guard.
- 楠木軍は城壁に取り付いた幕府軍に対して大木を落としたり、熱湯を浴びせかけたり、予め設けておいた二重塀を落としたりといった奇策を駆使した。
- The army of the bakufu scaled the wall of Shimo Akasaka-jo Castle while the army of Kusunoki employed unprecedented tactics against the bakufu army, such as throwing enormous trees down onto them, pouring boiling water over them, and collapsing the outer layer of the two-layered wall to which they were clinging.
- 幕府は承久の乱で鎌倉の武家権力が朝廷権力に勝利して、旧平家領にも守護地頭を起き支配権を全国に広げ、ついに初の全国統一の武家政権となった。
- The samurai authority in Kamakura defeated the Imperial Court authority in the Jokyu Revolt, and thus the bakufu deployed Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) in the territory of the Taira family, spread their authority across the country, and eventually established the first nationally-standardized military government.
- しかし、鎌倉幕府が衰え、河内国南部に楠木正成に代表される伊予橘氏(越智氏)などの系統の在地豪族が台頭すると、それに圧倒されて勢力を失った。
- However, as the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) fell into a decline and the local powerful clans, such as the Iyotachibana clan (the Ochi clan) represented by Masashige KUSUNOKI, emerged in the Southern area of Kawachi Province, it began to lose its power, being overwhelmed by such new forces.
- ただし、関ヶ原の戦いにおいて徳川家康が勝利したを始期、江戸幕府の本拠地である江戸城が官軍(朝廷)に明け渡されたを終期とする見方も存在する。
- Another view holds that starting point of this period is when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA won the Battle of Sekigahara, and its ending is when Edo-jo Castle, the base of the Edo shogunate government, was surrendered to the imperial army, however.
- 貞治5年8月8日 (旧暦)(1366年9月13日)将軍足利義詮は突如、斯波高経の陰謀が露顕したと称して、軍勢を三条坊門の幕府に集結させた。
- On September 13, 1366, shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA suddenly gathered his troops at the bakufu located at Sanjo bomon on the pretext of Takatsune SHIBA's conspiracy.
- 特に元寇による対外的危機は公武権力を寺社保護に向かわせ、天人相関説も相まって院政や幕府における徳政において各種寺社興行の規定が設けられた。
- Especially, the crisis in the foreign relations caused by the Mongolian Expeditions against Japan forced the imperial court authority and the bakufu authority to protect the temples and shrines; besides, supported by tenjin sokan setsu (theory of correlation between Heaven and man), tokusei (debt cancellation edict) issued by the cloistered emperor's government or the bakufu provided various kinds of Jisha Kogyo.
- さきの討幕の密勅は、慶喜の大政奉還を想定した上で、主導権を持たない岩倉具視ら倒幕派の中下級公家と薩長側の非常手段として画策したものである。
- The said secret Imperial command of attacking the shogunate was planned as emergency measures by middle- and lower-graded court nobles without initiative including Tomomi IWAKURA, and Saccho (Satsuma and Choshu), under the supposition that Yoshinobu would carry out Taisei Hokan.
- 明治維新によって、幕府も含めて旧来の朝廷機構は事実上廃止されて(王政復古の大号令)、新しく生まれ変わった行政組織である明治政府が成立した。
- The old Imperial Court system including the bakuhu was virtually abolished by the Meiji Restoration (the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule), and the Meiji Government was established as a newly born political system.
- 禁門の変を理由に幕府は、第一次長州征伐を決行、同時期に、英米仏蘭4ヶ国艦隊の反撃に遭い、上陸され砲台を占拠された(四国艦隊下関砲撃事件)。
- On the pretext of the Kinmon Incident, the shogunate government carried out the First Choshu Expeditions, but at the same the combined fleet of Great Britain, United States, France and the Netherlands made a counterattack and got to land to occupy the gun battery (the Shimonoseki Bombardment).
- また寛永期を過ぎると金銀の産出に陰りが見え始めたのに対し、人口が次第に増加し経済が発展して幕府の支出が増大したため財政難に陥るようになる。
- As the outputs of gold and silver began to decline after the Kanei era, in spite of the increase of expenditure due to the economic development and the population growth, the shogunate government got into financial trouble.
- しかし、それ以外の将軍は幕閣に政治を任せるか、前将軍(または将軍の父)である大御所に唯々諾々と従う存在であったかのように思われがちである。
- The other shogun are often considered to have left political matters to Bakufu cabinet officials, or to have merely followed the orders made by the former shogun (or his father).
- またこの事により、あまり政治に関与しなかった将軍であっても、幕閣の完全な傀儡になる事はなく、政権の簒奪も未然に防止することが可能となった。
- Due to this fact, even if the shogun was not involved in politics, he would not become a complete puppet of the cabinet officials, and equally usurping of power could be prevented.
- 人口100万人とは、幕府による調査が行われていない武家や神官・僧侶などの寺社方、被差別階級などの統計で除外された人口を加えた推計値である。
- 'One million people' is an approximate figure based on the retroactive inclusion of several elements of society such as the samurai households, Jisha-gata (those working for shrines and temples including Shinto priests and Buddhist monks), and ostracized castes who were not included in the original population census.
- 太閤検地では室町期以来、慣行となっていた地下請を継承して、村が一括して年貢を納入する村請(むらうけ)が採用され、江戸幕府も村請を継続した。
- In Taiko-kenchi, the jigeuke, which had been a customary practice since the Muromachi period, was succeeded and the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment), where one village was responsible for the collective tax payment, was applied and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) also succeeded the murauke system.
- これは、土地(下地)を折半(中分)するもので、両者の交渉(和与)で中分する和与中分と荘園領主の申し立てにより幕府が裁定する中分とがあった。
- The shitaji (lands) were divided into halves and there was wayo chubun (territorial division agreed to by compromise) where the lands were divided into halves by the compromise between the both sides and in some cases the bakufu divided the lands following the claim of the lords of shoens.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、北朝 (日本)を擁した室町幕府は、兵粮確保を名目に半済令を出して荘園・公領の年貢半分の徴収権を守護に認めた。
- Upon entering the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Muromachi bakufu, which championed the Northern Court, issued Hanzeirei (order allowing military governors, or Shugo, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund) on the pretense of keeping the army provisioned; the law recognized the authority of Shugo (provincial constable) to levy a half-tax (50% of all rice) annually on all private estates and public territories.
- 幕府開設当初、江戸の地はひなびた場所であり、上方が文化の先進地域であったが、やがて諸国の人材が集まる江戸に美術の担い手が集まるようになった。
- When the Edo bakufu was founded, Edo was just a rural area, while Kamigata was the cultural front line, but before long, Edo began to attract artists, because Edo became the mecca of local talents in other fields as well.
- 幕府水軍の拠点は三浦半島の浦賀と江戸の日本橋 (東京都中央区)に設けられ、1631年に建造された将軍の御座船安宅丸を初めとする巨船を擁した。
- The footholds of the bakufu's suigun were set up in Uraga on the Miura Peninsular and Nihonbashi (Chuo Ward, Tokyo) of Edo, and the bakufu possessed large ships including the pleasure boat Atake maru for the shogun built in 1631.
- またこの間、オランダが日本貿易を独占するため、スペインなどの旧教国に日本植民地化の意図があり、危険であると幕府に助言したことも影響している。
- In addition, during the riot, in order to monopolize trade with Japan, the Netherlands advised the shogunate government that it would be dangerous for Japan to trade with Catholic countries such as Spain because they intended to colonize Japan.
- 経顕の活動は10年余りであるがこの時期に朝幕交渉の具体的な手続などが整備され、「武家執奏」の職制と名称が定まり、文書にも登場するようになる。
- Tsuneaki did his duties for about 10 years, and during the period the procedures in relation to negotiations between the Court and the bakufu were established, and the office organization and name of 'bukeshisso' were consolidated, and the word bukeshisso began to appear in documents.
- それは、京都大学教授の林屋辰三郎が指摘するように、そもそも幕府というものの本質をいずれに置くのか、歴史学上未確定であるところによるとされる。
- As Tatsusaburo HAYASHIYA (scholar of Japanese history, professor of Kyoto University) pointed out, to begin with, it is uncertain where the essence of bakufu lies in terms of historical science.
- さらに、浅野内匠頭が切腹になったのに吉良上野介が無罪になったことの不当性を、本来は幕府に訴えて、裁判により明らかにすべきであると論じている。
- And he went on to say that the judgment by the government was not adequate to make ASANO Takumi-no-kami to kill himself, leaving the other party KIRA Kozuke-no-suke non-guilty; the ideal closing should have been to bring the case to the government to resolve by court.
- この背景として、脱走軍は榎本武揚が指導者になっているとは言え、元藩主や元幕府老中といった大名クラスも参加しており、君臣の関係が複雑であった。
- 表現を変更しました。
- これにより、まず当時の先進地域だった畿内において、民衆が連帯組織=一揆を形成して、支配者(幕府や守護など)へ政治的な要求を行うようになった。
- In the wake of the change, the masses in the Kinai region (the provinces in the vicinity of the capital which were under direct Imperial rule), which was an advanced area of those days, began to form solidarity organizations (called ikki in Japanese) to make a political appeal to their rulers such as the bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) and their shugo (provincial constables).
- 中世東アジアにおいて倭寇前期倭寇と呼ばれる海上勢力が猛威を奮い、朝鮮王朝は討伐・懐柔・室町幕府への鎮圧要請など、様々な対応を余儀なくされる。
- During the Middle Age, influential maritime forces called zenki-wako (early Japanese pirates) threatened East Asia, and the Korean Dynasty was obliged to take various countermeasures including the dispatch of troops, attempts to conciliate the pirates, and requests for suppression of the pirates sent to the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 神領興行(しんりょうこうぎょう)とは、主に鎌倉時代中期以降に、天人相関思想に基づき、天皇、鎌倉幕府が行った神事の興行を図る政策のことである。
- Shinryo Kogyo was a policy implemented by the Emperor and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a Shogun nominally appointed by the Emperor) mainly in the mid-Kamakura period to promote the performance of Shinto rituals on the basis of tenjin sokan shigo (an idea of correspondence between Heaven and Man).
- つまり、その内関東進止領・関東御口入地には鎌倉幕府とは異なる荘園領主・国司が存在し、しかも彼らは荘官や郷司・保司の任命権は持たないのである。
- In other words, the Kanto shinshiryo (manors and provincial lands where the shogun of the Kamakura bakufu has the right to appoint/dismiss Jito) and Kanto gokunyuchi (manors and provincial lands where the shogun of the Kamakura bakufu has the right to recommend Jito) had Shoen-ryoshu and Kokushi who were different from those of the Kamakura bakufu and had no patronage of Shokan, Goji, or Hoji.
- 本阿弥光悦が、江戸幕府から与えられた、京都の鷹ヶ峰の地に、さまざまな分野の、町衆の文化人や職人、芸術家たちを集めて、独自の文化を築きあげた。
- Koetsu HONAMI gathered artisans and artists from machi-shu (towns people) of various fields in Takagamine, Kyoto, which he received from the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and subsequently build a unique culture.
- その後、鎌倉幕府の初代の征夷大将軍として武家棟梁となった源頼朝が河内源氏であったことから、河内源氏から名実ともに武家の棟梁が出ることとなった。
- MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who became the head of samurai families as the first Seii Taishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) of the Kamakura bakufu later, was Kawachi-Genji, therefore, the head of samurai families was chosen from Kawachi-Genji both in name and reality afterwards.
- 配下に京都守護職の松平容保、京都所司代の松平定敬らを従え、江戸の幕閣達から独立した動きをみせ、 在京幕府勢力の指導的役割を果たす存在となった。
- He gained vassals such as Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto), and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy), and he worked independently from the cabinet officials of the Shogunate in Edo and took the leadership role in the bakufu forces stationed in Kyoto.
- これは、幕府や藩などの媒介なしに、天皇の下にある中央政府が直接に土地と人民を支配し、統治権(立法権・行政権・司法権)を行使することを意味する。
- This meant that the central government, on behalf of the emperor, could directly rule land and people, and exercise ruling powers (legislative power, executive power, and judicial power).
- 以後、義久は弟の義弘に家督を譲って二頭政治を行ない、島津家は豊臣政権、江戸幕府の下でこの2国1郡の領土を明治時代まで守り抜いていくことになる。
- Thereafter, Yoshihisa transferred the head of the family to his younger brother Yoshihiro to launch a diarchy, and the Shimazu family retained the two Provinces and a County under the Toyotomi regime and Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) until the Meiji period.
- もう1つの「武家執奏」の意味として、北朝の勅裁である治天の君の院宣や親政時における天皇の勅旨を室町幕府に伝達する役目を担う公家のことを指した。
- Bukeshisso,' taking the other meaning, indicated the court noble who was in charge of conveying Chiten no kimi's inzen (decree from the retired Emperor) which was the imperial decision by the Northern Court or the emperor's Imperial order at the time of direct imperial rule to the Muromachi bakufu.
- この考え方では、古代律令社会の解体から各地に形成された在地領主の発展を原動力として、領主層の独自の国家権力として鎌倉幕府が形成されたとみなす。
- In this view, the Kamakura bakufu was formed as an independent state power of feudal lords driven by the development of local feudal lords in various places after the breakup of ancient society based on the ancient Ritsuryo codes.
- 今日、歴史学上では初の武家政権及び武家政治の創始は平氏政権にあるとされるが、朝廷から独立した本格的な武家政権が鎌倉幕府であることは間違いない。
- Today, historians consider Taira clan government to have founded samurai government and politics but there is no doubt that the first full-fledged samurai government independent from the Imperial Court was the Kamakura Bakufu.
- 尊攘派の擡頭により朝廷・幕府政治の混乱が起きていることを憂えた孝明天皇の意をくみ、久邇宮朝彦親王は極秘に会津藩・薩摩藩に長州藩の追放を命ずる。
- Understanding that the Emperor Komei was worried about the emergence of sonjo party and the resulting confused political circumstances of the imperial court and of the shogunate, Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko secretly ordered the Aizu and Satsuma clans to expel the Choshu clan.
- それでも、いよいよ財政的に行き詰まった旧幕府軍首脳は、箱館の豪商から金品を徴収しようとしたが、これは土方歳三が強硬に反対して取り止めになった。
- When the financial situation finally got to the deadend, the leaders of the Old Bakufu planned to collect money and valuables from wealthy merchants in Hakodate, but Toshizo HIJIKATA was strongly againt it, and the plan was turned down.
- 徳川幕府は朝鮮王朝と対馬の宗氏の間に1609年己酉約条を結ばせ交易を再開、また朝鮮通信使と日本国王使の往来によりおおむね対等な関係を構築した。
- The Tokugawa shogunate started trading again with the Korean dynasty by concluding the Giyu treaty with the So clan of Tsushima Island in 1609 and established a relationship of almost equality through mutual visits of Korean messengers and Japanese envoys.
- 農村では名主、庄屋が幕府・大名と農村の橋渡しとして存在し、原則的に武士は農村にいなかったとされる(地方知行制を温存した仙台藩など例外はある)。
- A headman of a village called nanushi or shoya served as a bridge between the shogunate or domain government and the agricultural community, where no samurai was considered to live in principle, (with the exception of the Sendai Domain in which the Jikatachigyo system [the direct administration of the assigned fief by a shogunate retainer who transferred there] was preserved).
- しかし幕末には禁裏御料は郷内の半分ほどで、村々の所領関係が異なることは、山国の諸村が一体となり山国神社の宮座を堅持していく上で問題も多かった。
- But by the Bakumatsu period (1853-1868), the remaining territory controlled by the imperial house was about half of the interior of the region, and territorial relations among the villages had changed; the various villages in Yamaguni had joined together as organized parishioners of the same local shrine, the Yamaguni-jinja Shrine, and the new balance of power led to many conflicts over land control.
- それだけに主家と利害対立が起こると、公然と反抗する者もあり、時として主家に攻め込んだり、或いは幕府に願い出て宗家からの自立を図ることもあった。
- Therefore, when confrontation concerning the interest occurred against the employer's household, some shoke publicly resisted against the employer's household and they sometimes attacked the employer's household or planned to become independent from the employer's household by asking the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for their independence.
- 京都所司代の力のみでは過激派浪士を抑えることができなくなった幕府は、1862年(文久2年)閏8月に会津藩主松平容保を新設の京都守護職に任命する。
- In leap August 1862 (according to the old lunar calendar), the Shogunate appointed the head of the Aizu clan Katamori MATSUDAIRA to a newly established post, Kyoto-shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto), for suppressing increasing masterless samurai extremists whom Kyoto-shoshidai (Deputy for Governor-general of Kyoto) had been no longer able to control.
- 不入の権による警察権排除の動きは、検断権が幕府に移った後でも「守護不入」の形で主張・権利化され、戦国大名による荘園制度解体まで続くことになった。
- The movement towards eliminating policing rights by funyu no ken was advocated and was made into a privilege even after policing rights were transferred to the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as 'Shugo funyu' (the right to keep shugo [provincial constable] from entering the property) and this continued until the shoen system was eliminated by the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
- 実際には幕府も内高を調査しある程度把握していたが、軍役などの大名・旗本の義務的支出に関わる家格や軍役の算出に用いられる基準はあくまで表高とした。
- In fact, although bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) investigated uchi-daka and they kept the track of it to some degree, omote-daka was still used as the standards for calculating kakaku (family status) and military service that would determine compulsory expenditure of daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) or hatamoto.
- ことは複雑で事態は単純ではないが、大きな流れとしては、江戸幕末では「開国」を主張する徳川幕府や薩摩藩と、「攘夷」を主張する長州藩の対立となった。
- While the whole situation was very complex, the major trend at the end of the Edo period was that the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Satsuma Domain who insisted on opening Japan to the world were at odds with the Choshu Domain who insisted on expelling foreigners.
- 寛永3年(1626年)に常陸国水戸の富商・佐藤新助が、江戸幕府と水戸藩の許可を得て鋳造したのが始まりだが、この時はまだ、正式な官銭ではなかった。
- In 1626, Shinsuke SATO, a rich merchant in Mito, Hitachi Province, started minting this coin upon obtaining the permission of Edo bakufu and Mito Domain, but this coin was not a coin officially permitted by the government yet at this time.
- 応永26年(1419年)幕府は北野麹座に京都全域における麹の製造販売の権利一切を与え、京都の全ての酒屋は北野麹座から麹を購入する事が決定された。
- In 1419, the bakufu gave all rights to produce and sell koji malt in Kyoto to Kitano koji za, and it was determined that all sakaya in Kyoto should purchase koji malt from Kitano koji za.
- 永正の錯乱(えいしょうのさくらん)は、戦国時代 (日本)の初期にあたる永正4年(1507年)、室町幕府管領・細川政元が殺害された事件を指し示す。
- Eisho Disturbance refers to an incident during the early Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan) where the kanrei (shogunal deputy) for the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) named Masamoto HOSOKAWA was assassinated in 1507.
- 治承・寿永の乱によって源頼朝が鎌倉殿となり鎌倉幕府を開くと、鎌倉殿に臣従した武士である御家人をこれまでの郡司、郷司、荘官に代えて地頭に任命した。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo became Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) as a result of the Jisho-Juei War and established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), shogunal retainers (of the Kamakura bakufu) who were samurai serving kamakura-dono were substituted for the old gunji, goji, shokan and appointed to jito (manager and lord of manor).
- さらに島津歳久が秀吉によって一揆の黒幕とみなされ、島津義久の追討を受けて死亡したほか、一揆に家臣が参加したという理由で肥後の阿蘇惟光が斬首された。
- In addition, Toshihisa SHIMAZU was accused of being the mastermind behind the uprising by Hideyoshi and was hunted and killed by Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, and Koremitsu ASO was also decapitated as a punishment for his vassals joining the uprising.
- 幕府財政は、享保の改革での年貢増徴策によって年貢収入は増加したが、宝暦年間(1751年 - 1763年)には頭打ちとなり、再び行き詰まりをみせた。
- Land income tax increased due to an additional tax collection policy in the Kyoho Reforms, but hit a ceiling in the Horeki era (1751 - 1763), after which, the financial affairs of bakufu started to hit an impasse yet again.
- 将軍や管領が京都を落ち延びることは今まで何回もあったが、評定衆や奉行人といったものまで逃げ出してしまったため、京都幕府は崩壊してしまったのである。
- There had been a number of occasions in which Shogun or Shogunal Deputies escaped from Kyoto; but this time, because even the personnel like members of Council of State or magistrates also escaped, the Kyoto bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) collapsed.
- 外国との条約締結を巡り幕府では朝廷に勅許を求めるべきであるとする意見が出され、鎖国政策を維持するか、開国するかにあたり朝廷の判断を仰ぐ事となった。
- Some in the Shogunate had the view that they should acquire Imperial permission from the Imperial Court in order to sign a treaty with a foreign country, and a decision was made to seek the judgment of the Imperial Court on whether to maintain the sakoku policy (seclusion) or an open-door policy.
- ところが徳川慶喜は山内容堂の進言を受け入れ、前日在京諸藩士の前で大政奉還を宣言しており(14日に朝廷に奏請)、討幕派は大義名分を失うこととなった。
- However, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA had already accepted the way Yodo YAMAUCHI suggested, and had announced the restoration of power to the emperor in front of members of various clans of Kyoto (the petition to the Emperor was made on October 14), and the anti-shogunate group lost the legitimate reason to attack the bakufu.
- そこで旧幕府軍において資金調達を担当していた会計奉行の榎本道章と、副総裁の松平太郎は、貨幣を偽造してばら撒き、「脱走金」の悪名を流すことになった。
- So, Michiaki ENOMOTO, Accounting Bugyo who had ever been in charge of fund raising at the Old Bakufu, and Taro MATSUDAIRA, Vice-President, counterfeited money for circulation, and they became notorious for 'Deserter's money' for this reason,
- 樺太は江戸幕府がロシア政府と結んだ日露和親条約で日露混住の地とされ、王政復古 (日本)の後は箱館裁判所と箱館府の支配を経て、開拓使の管轄となった。
- Sakhalin, where the Japanese and the Russians lived under the treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan signed between Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Russian government, was initially controlled by Hakodate District Court and Hakodate-fu after the Restoration of (Japanese) Imperial Rule, and later, by the Hokkaido Development Commissioner.
- これにより5港の開港と領事裁判権、片務的最恵国待遇、関税自主権喪失などを認めさせ(後に英、露、蘭、仏とも)幕府の二百数十年続いた鎖国を終わらせた。
- With these treaties, Japan was made to open five ports, grant consular jurisdiction, recognize one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, and abandon tariff autonomy (later with Britain, Russia, Holland, and France), and forced out of its 200 and several decades old national isolation of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 幕藩体制の確立と共に全国に普及、創鋳から30年ほど経った寛文年間頃には、永楽通宝をはじめとする渡来銭をほぼ完全に駆逐し、貨幣の純国産化を実現した。
- Shin-Kanei-bunsen which spread across the country along with the establishment of shogunate system almost completely expelled Torai-sen (coins imported from China) including Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) in around the Kanbun era about 30 years after the first minting, and domestic production of all coins was realized.
- 家康が1600年の関ヶ原の戦いに勝利して天下人となり、1603年に征夷大将軍に任ぜられると、幕府の所在地として江戸の政治的重要性は一気に高まった。
- Edo rose in political prominence when it became the seat of the Bakufu government when Ieyasu 's became the ruler of Japan after his victory in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and was annointed 'Seii taishogun' in 1603.
- 重継の子である江戸重長は1180年に源頼朝が挙兵した時には、当初は伊勢平氏方として頼朝方の三浦氏と戦ったが、後に和解して鎌倉幕府の御家人となった。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised an army in 1180, EDO Shigenaga, the son of Shigetsugu, initially fought against the Miura clan that was allied to Yoritomo as an ally of Ise-Heishi (Taira Clan), but later made peace with the Yoritomo and became a gokenin (shogunal retainers) of Kamakura bakufu (headed by Yoritomo).
- (なお新政府は朝敵となった江戸幕府による債務はその発生時期を問わずに一切の債務引受を拒絶したため、別枠処理された外国債分を除いて全て無効とされた)
- (The new government didn't inherit the debts of Edo bakufu, which became the Emperor's enemy, regardless of the time, and such debts were declared void except for foreign debts).
- しかし、各大名は知藩事(藩知事)として引き続き藩(旧大名領)の統治に当たり、これは幕藩体制の廃止の一歩となったものの現状は江戸時代と同様であった。
- However, daimyo continued to rule domains (former territory of daimyo) as chihanji (hanchiji), and this system was the same as that of the Edo period though it was a step forward towards abolishing the eudal system.
- しかし、徳川家康が江戸幕府を開いた江戸時代以降、長幼の序を重んじる徳川将軍家により、嫡流の地位は徳川氏の政権下にあって再び重視されるようになった。
- Since the Edo period when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA established the Edo bakufu, however, the position of chakuryu was emphasized again because the Tokugawa Shogun family highly valued choyo no jo (Confucian teaching regarding the relationship between senior and junior).
- 以後、院文殿における院評定が院政の中枢機関として活動するようになり、南北朝時代_(日本)末期に室町幕府によってその政治的権限を奪われるまで続いた。
- Since then, the in-no-hyojo at the In-no-fu-dono became the central organization for the government by a retired emperor until its political authority was deprived by the Muromachi bakufu at the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 副将軍・足利直義は暦応4年12月23日 (旧暦)(1342年1月30日)鎌倉幕府の例にならい、夢窓と相談の上、翌年秋に造営料宋船の派遣を提案した。
- On February 7, 1342, vice-shogun Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA followed the example of the Kamakura bakufu in seeking advice of Muso and proposed the dispatch of zoeiryososen (trading vessels) in Autumn of the next year.
- だが、陰陽道においては土御門家_(安倍氏)が、暦学においては江戸幕府天文方が圧迫を加えたために、後世の幸徳井家は専ら暦注のみを担当するにとどまった。
- However, the Kotokui family were suppressed both in Onmyodo (the way of Yin and Yang, an occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements) by the Tsuchimikado family (Abe clan), and in rekigaku by the Tenmonkata (Astronomical Institute) of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); therefore, the Kotokui family was, in later ages, limited to the preparation of rekichu (assorted information recorded in the almanac).
- 一方で畿内においては織田信長が上洛を果たし、反対勢力(信長包囲網)を滅ぼし、将軍足利義昭を追放し室町幕府を滅亡させ、天下統一事業をおしすすめていた。
- In the Kinai region, Nobunaga ODA successfully arrived at Kyoto, exterminated his opposing forces known as the anti-Nobunaga network, drove out shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, put the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to an end, and carried out his task of unification of the whole country.
- 安倍氏の分裂状態は室町幕府の支援を受けた安倍有世(泰親の子孫)の元で統一が図られ、土御門家 (安倍氏)と号して天文道・陰陽道を統括する立場となった。
- The divided Abe clan was reunited under ABE no Ariyo (a descendent of Yasuchika), who was backed by the Muromachi bakufu (a Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); they named themselves the Tsuchimikado family (the Abe clan), and acquired a position from which they could supervise both tenmondo and onmyodo.
- 黒船来航・開国以来、尊皇攘夷が高まりを見せ、天皇・朝廷が急速に政治的求心力を備えてくると、幕府の所在する江戸から離れた京都が政治動向の中心となった。
- After the Perry Expedition and the Opening of Japan, the following of Sonno Joi greatly extended their influence, accordingly the Emperor and the Imperial Court rapidly gathered momentum, and the political center moved from Edo to a distant city, Kyoto (the Imperial Court and its vicinity).
- 室町幕府においては、有力守護大名家の家督(棟梁)が将軍に椀飯を奉って会食を行う儀式となり、大名家ごとに将軍の元に出向いて椀飯を奉る日付が定められた。
- At the Muromachi bakufu, there was a ceremony where prominent Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) family heads (toryo) served oban to the shogun and ate together, and the date to serve oban at the shogun's place was chosen for each Daimyo family.
- 当初の鎌倉幕府は東国を中心に成立した鎌倉殿を主宰者とする武士を首班とした地方政権であり、承久の乱後、全国政権へと飛躍し、権力を拡大させたものである。
- The Kamakura Bakufu was originally a local government headed by the Kamakura-dono founded in the Tokoku region which presided over the samurai but rapidly developed throughout the nation and expanded its power following the Jokyu War.
- 金貨の通貨単位としての両は武田信玄により、鋳造を命じられた甲州金により確立され、江戸幕府に継承されたもので、1両は4分に等しく、また16朱に等しい。
- As the currency unit of gold coins, ryo was established by Koshu-kin (the gold coin minted in Koshu Province), which Shingen TAKEDA ordered to coin, and handed down to the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); 1 ryo was equalized with 4 bu, or 16 shu (bu and shu were former Japanese currency unit).
- 一方、江戸城とその堀が幕府から大名に課せられた普請によって整備され、江戸城は巨大な堅城に生まれ変わり、城と武家屋敷を取り巻く広大な惣構が構築された。
- Meanwhile, the Edo Castle and its moats were renovated by daimyo who were consigned to labor by the government, and the castle was reborn as a massive, hardened citadel, and big defense facilities were also constructed in a way to surround the Castle and samurai residences.
- このことは、旧幕臣の腐敗こそが江戸幕府の滅亡の原因で維新のために尽力した薩長土肥の若い人材こそが政府に必要であると考える大久保には理解できなかった。
- Okubo couldn't understand Kido's decision because he thought that the corruption among the retainers of the shogun was the cause of the Edo bakufu's fall and young people of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Hizen who strived to bring about the Meiji Restoration should be utilized for the new government.
- こうした中、対馬藩の努力によって1607年(慶長12年)、江戸時代はじめての通信使が幕府に派遣され6月29日(5月6日 (旧暦))、家康に謁見した。
- Meanwhile, the first Tsushinshi in the Edo period was sent to the bakufu due to efforts of the Tsushima Domain and had an audience with Ieyasu on June 29, 1607.
- 彼らは地頭という全く新しい職に付いたわけではなく、あくまで荘官や郷司・保司のうち幕府と主従関係を結んだものが地頭と呼ばれる点に付いては注意されたい。
- Note that it does not mean that they took up a completely new Shiki called Jito; Jito was simply a position, among Shokan, Goji and Hoji, which had a master-subordinate relationship with the feudal government.
- 家斉の治世は、はじめ質素倹約の政策が引き継がれたが、貨幣悪鋳による出目の収益で幕府財政が一旦潤うと、大奥での華美な生活に流れ、幕政は放漫経営に陥った。
- At the beginning of Ienari's government, the policy of simple and frugal life was succeeded, but when the finance of the shogunate government recovered temporarily by minting new currency with low content of gold and silver, which brought profit margin to the government, administration fell into a lax management at an extravagant expense of the harem (ooku).
- 武家執奏(ぶけしっそう)とは、武家政権である室町幕府と公家政権である北朝 (日本)(朝廷)の公武関係(朝幕関係)に関連する用語で次の2つの意味がある。
- Bukeshisso is a term that relates to the Court-Bakufu (the Imperial Court and Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) relationship between the Muromachi bakufu and the Northern Court in Japan (the court noble government), and the term has the two following meanings:
- 公武合体(こうぶがったい)は、江戸時代後期(幕末)に公家(朝廷)の伝統的権威と、武家(幕府)を結びつけて幕府権力の再構築をはかろうとした政策論をいう。
- Kobu gattai is a policy promoted in the second half of the Edo period which aimed to reassert the power of the Shogunate by bonding the traditional authority of the Imperial Court to the Shogunate.
- 井伊死後、老中の久世広周(関宿藩主)・安藤信正(磐城平藩主)らが幕政を主導し、失墜した幕府の権力を復活させるため、朝廷との提携(公武合体)を模索する。
- After the death of Ii, Hirokane KUZE (the lord of the Sekiyado clan) and Nobumasa ANDO (the lord of the Iwakitaira clan), both senior councilors, led the government, trying to unite the Imperial Court and the Shogunate (kobu-gattai [integration of the imperial court and the shogunate]), in order to restore the power of the bakufu government.
- 王政復古(おうせいふっこ)は、江戸時代末期の慶応3年12月9日 (旧暦)(1868年1月3日)に討幕派の計画により「天皇親政」が宣言された政変である。
- The Restoration of Imperial Rule was a coup planned by the anti-Shogunate group in January 3, 1868, which began with their declaration of 'Direct rule by the emperor.'
- 慶長8年2月12日 (旧暦)(1603年3月24日)、家康は伏見城で征夷大将軍に就任、江戸幕府を開き、江戸城を始め普請事業を行うなど政権作りを始める。
- On March 24, 1603, Ieyasu assumed the post of Seiitaishougun (Barbarian Subduing Generalissimo) in Fushimi-jo Castle, established the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and started to strengthen his political power by performing construction projects including Edo Castle.
- 一方、江戸後期には幕藩体制の矛盾と対外緊張の高まりの中、庶民の間でも歴史への関心が広がり、『日本外史』『皇朝史略』など通俗的な歴史書が多く出版された。
- On the other hand, during the latter half of the Edo period, as the bakufu-domain system became unmatched with needs at that time and pressure from foreign nations had heightened, interests for history had increased among general public as well, and many popular histories, such as 'Nihon Gaishi' (historical book on Japan) and 'Kochoshiryaku' (brief history book about emperors from Jinmu to Gokomatsu), were published.
- 寺社本所領事(じしゃほんじょりょうのこと)は、応安元年6月17日 (旧暦)(正平 (日本)23年/1368年7月2日)に室町幕府によって出された法令。
- 'Jisha honjoryo no koto' was a law enforced by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on July 10, 1368.
- が、それ以前については旗本時代以来の本拠が朽木にあったことから、その大名取立てから鹿沼領有までの11年間は江戸幕府における朽木藩が存在したとされている。
- However, as the family's base had been in Kutsuki from the time of hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it is thought that the Kutsuki Domain of the Edo bakufu existed during the eleven-year period after Tanetsuna became daimyo and before he gained Kanuma.
- 義満が政変を利用して将軍権力を強めていくのも父の貞治の変と同工異曲であり、やがて土岐氏・山名氏・大内氏を討った義満は、室町幕府の最盛期を築くこととなる。
- Yoshimasa strengthened the power of the shogun taking advantage of the coup, as with his father who took advantage of Joji Incident, and eventually led Muromachi bakufu to its height of power by defeating the Toki clan, the Yamana clan, and the Ouchi clan.
- 後に江戸幕府が「文治政治」の導入に伴って、再び帯刀規制に乗り出す事になった(1668年(寛文8年)、後1683年(天和 (日本)3年)に全国的に拡大)。
- Later, upon introducing 'bunchi seiji' (civilian government), the Edo bakufu resumed control over the custom of sword bearing (in 1688, which was expanded throughout the nation in 1683).
- 明治維新(めいじいしん)は、江戸幕府による幕藩体制から、明治政府による倒幕運動および天皇親政体制の転換と、それに伴う一連の戦争(戊辰戦争)・改革をいう。
- The Meiji Restoration was the historic change from the feudal system of the Edo Shogunate to the system of direct Imperial rule by the Meiji government through the overthrow of the Shogunate, and the accompanying series of wars (the Boshin War) and reforms.
- 非公式に発足した関東軍事政権(後の鎌倉幕府)にとって、これらの訴訟を迅速・円滑に処理していくことが、確固たる政権として認められる条件の一つとなっていた。
- The smooth and swift handling of lawsuits was one of the requirements for the unofficially established military government (later Kamakura bakufu) to be recognized as a stable government.
- 8代将軍となった徳川吉宗は、紀州徳川家の出身であり、それまで幕政を主導してきた譜代大名に対して遠慮することなく、大胆に政治改革をおこなった(享保の改革)。
- Yoshimune TOKUGAWA from the Kishu Tokugawa family assumed the position of the eighth shogun, and implemented dynamic political reforms with no regard for the feelings of the hereditary vassal daimyo who had taken the initiative in the shogunate government until then (Kyoho Reforms).
- まず1180年(治承4年)に鎌倉の大倉郷に頼朝の邸となる大倉御所が置かれ、また幕府の統治機構の原型ともいうべき侍所が設置されて武家政権の実態が形成された。
- Firstly Okura Palace was located in Okurago in Kamakura in 1180, and the Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers), which was an archetype of governing system of bakufu, was established and formed an actual samurai government.
- そのため、幕府の支配権の及ぶ範囲は主として頼朝傘下の武士に限られ、少なくとも承久の乱までは朝廷側勢力(権門勢家)の支配権を侵害しないことを原則としていた。
- Thus, the extent of the bakufu's control was limited mainly to the samurai under Yoritomo and, in principle, at least until Jokyu War, it did not infringe on the control of Imperial Court forces (the great and powerful).
- 慶応3年12月9日 (旧暦)(1868年1月3日)に勃発した王政復古 (日本)のクーデターは事実上の中央政府が江戸幕府から朝廷へ移っただけに過ぎなかった。
- Osei-fukko (Restoration of Imperial Rule) declared on January 3, 1868 was a coup through which the actual power of central government was shifted from the Edo bakufu to the Imperial Court.
- これに激怒した天皇は阿野を閉門処分にして宮中警護の武士を小倉邸に派遣して同邸を制圧、一宮を飛鳥井雅豊邸に幽閉した上、幕府に対し小倉実起への処分を要請した。
- Furious at this outcome, the Emperor ordered Ano under house arrest, sent warriors guarding the Imperial Place to Ogura's residence, which was occupied by the warriors, confined Ichinomiya in the residence of Masatoyo ASUKAI, and requested the Bakufu to punish Saneoki OGURA.
- その後幕府により朝敵とされた長州藩の征伐(長州征伐)が行われるが、孝明天皇が死去すると長州は許され、藩論を倒幕に転換した薩摩藩と秘密裏に薩長同盟が結ばれる。
- Although this was followed by the offensive carried out by the Shogunate on the Choshu clan, which was deemed the enemy of the Imperial Court, once Emperor Komei died, the Choshu clan was forgiven, and a Saccho alliance was secretly formed between the Choshu clan and the Satsuma clan, which switched its position to bring the end of the Shogunate rule.
- 鎌倉時代後期の1333年(元弘3)に後醍醐天皇の討幕運動から元弘の乱が起こると、阿蘇惟時は護良親王の令旨を受け、足利尊氏らと京都の六波羅探題攻めに参加する。
- When the anti-shogunate movement by the Emperor Godaigo developed into the Genko War in 1333, which was in the late Kamakura period, Koretoki ASO received ryoji (an order) from the Imperial Prince Morinaga and cooperated with Takauji ASHIKAGA to attack Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto).
- それまでの歴史から後鳥羽は、ほどなく義時が討ち取られ、関東武士たちも帰順すると見込んでいたが、幕府側は、頼朝以来の御恩を訴え、御家人の大多数を味方につけた。
- Considering the history so far, Gotoba expected that Yoshitoki would soon be killed and that the Kanto Samurai Group would submit, but the bakufu faction called in its favors since the time of Yoritomo and allied with the majority of gokenin.
- 蝦夷共和国(えぞきょうわこく)は、明治元年12月(1869年1月)に成立し、蝦夷地(北海道)に短期間存在した佐幕派の政権である蝦夷島政府に対する俗称である。
- The Ezo republic that was built in January 1869 was a familiar name of the Ezo Island Government, a political power belonging to Sabaku-ha which existed for a short time in Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu) (Hokkaido).
- 支配体制のいまだ確立していない江戸時代初期には特に顕著で、幕府の成立から三代征夷大将軍徳川家光の治下にかけて、嗣子がないために取り潰される大名家が続出した。
- During the early Edo period when the control system had not been established yet, especially the period between the foundation of the bakufu and the regime of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, many daimyo families became extinct due to the lack of an heir.
- 特に管領 細川政元は征夷大将軍足利義稙を追放し、次期将軍に幼い足利義澄を擁立しこれを傀儡化させ、幕政を牛耳っており、室町幕府は事実上、細川氏の政権となった。
- Especially, Masamoto HOSOKAWA expelled Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), backed up Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA who was still too young to become the next shogun, made Yoshizumi a puppet, and controlled the politics of the bakufu, and the Muromachi bakufu, in fact, became the administration of the Hosokawa clan.
- 禁裏御守衛総督(きんりごしゅえいそうとく)とは、江戸時代末期(幕末)に幕府の了解のもと、朝廷によって禁裏(京都御所)を警護する為に設置された役職のことである。
- Kinri Goshuei Sotoku is the post set up to protect the kinri gosho (Kyoto Imperial Palace) under the understanding of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the end of Edo Period.
- 大阪経済大学助教授の家近良樹が、幕末期の政治状況は従来の薩長と幕府との対立というだけでは説明できないとしてこの「一会桑政権」と呼ばれる歴史概念を主張している。
- For a long time historians had considered that the conflict between 'Saccho' (the alliance between the Satsuma clan and the Choshu clan) and the Shogunate had driven the politics at the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, however, recently Yoshiki IECHIKA, an assistant professor of Osaka University of Economics, proposed the new idea of 'the Ichikaiso Government' for the simple reason that it's impossible to grasp the whole political situation during the tempestuous period from only the past historical point of view.
- しかし、幕府の有力者たちは、若年の頼家に政務を任せることに不安を抱き、有力御家人が頼家に代わって裁判と政務を執行する十三人の合議制と呼ばれる政治体制を築いた。
- However, the powerful individuals within the bakufu were anxious about entrusting government practices to Yoriie at such a young age and therefore senior vassals established a governing system called the 13-person parliamentary system which was in charge of court and government affairs instead of Yoriie.
- 1246年、時頼排除を企てた前将軍・藤原頼経と名越光時一派を幕府から追放する(宮騒動)と、1247年には有力御家人である三浦泰村の一族を討滅した(宝治合戦)。
- In 1246, Tokiyori expelled a group of the former shogun FUJIWARA no Yoritsune and Mitsutoki NAGOE from the bakufu because they attempted to eliminate Tokiyori (Miya-sodo (failed attempt at rebellion)) and in 1247 he eradicated the family of Yasumura MIURA who was a senior vassal (Battle of Hoji).
- 院政期文化(いんせいきぶんか)または平安末期文化(へいあんまっきぶんか)とは、平安時代末葉の11世紀後半から鎌倉幕府成立に至る12世紀末にかけての日本の文化。
- Insei period culture (culture during the period of the government by the Retired Emperor) or the culture of the end of the Heian period refers to Japanese culture from the end of Heian period, the latter half of the 11th century to the period when the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was founded, the end of the 12th century.
- また、鎌倉時代には津軽地方の豪族である安東氏が、鎌倉幕府の執権北条氏より蝦夷管領(または蝦夷代官)に任ぜられ、これら3種の蝦夷を統括していたとする記録もある。
- Another record states that the Ando clan, the Gozoku (local ruling family) in the Tsugaru region, was appointed as an Ezo Kanrei (or Ezo Daikan (local governor)) by the Hojo clan, the regent of the Kamakura bakufu, and that it controlled these three Ezo groups in the Kamakura period.
- またヨーロッパの銃兵隊は伝統的に隊列を組んだまま指揮官の命令で同じ方向に向けて一斉射撃して弾幕を張る戦法が一般的であったため、命中率は特に問題とはされなかった。
- In Europe, musket troops traditionally formed a line and discharged in a volley in the same direction to lay down a barrage at orders of a commander, therefore accuracy rates were of no particular concern.
- 幕末に長州藩が幕府軍に武力抵抗して打ち勝ち(長州征伐)、幕府の弱体化が顕になって大名への絶対的統制は崩れ、鳥羽伏見の戦い以後の戊辰戦争により幕藩体制は終焉した。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Choshu clan defeated the bakufu army through armed resistance (the Choshu Conquest), the bakufu dramatically lost its power and absolute control over the Daimyo, and the shogunate system was destroyed as a result of the Boshin War that occurred after the Battle of Toba-Fushimi.
- 政治史の分野においては、幕末の把握に関して、単なる過渡期とするか、あるいはそれ以前以後とは異なった独自の国家状態もしくは国家体制とするかの2つの見方に分かれる。
- In the field of political history, there are two different views on the bakumatsu period, one of which sees it as a normal transitional period, and another which views the period as a unique state of governance, separate from the previous system.
- だが、この事態に危機感を抱いた薩摩藩の暗躍に幕府側の強硬派が乗せられ、慶応4年1月3日 (旧暦)(1868年1月27日)に鳥羽・伏見の戦いに突入することになる。
- However the clandestine activities of the Satsuma Domain, who felt very much threatened by this development, successfully agitated the hard-liners of the Shogunate supporters, leading to the Battle of Toba and Fushimi on January 27, 1868.
- 幕藩改革の混乱や、異国船の来航による対外的緊張など政治的混乱がおこると、幕府は秩序維持のため大政委任論に依存して朝廷権威を政治的に利用し、朝廷の権威が復興する。
- When confusion over reform of the shogunate system and political chaos due to tension with foreign countries occurred, the Tokugawa shogunate tried to make use of the authority of the Imperial Court for the maintenance of political order, insisting that its political power was entrusted by the Imperial Court, and through this the authority of the Imperial Court was restored.
- 幕府は特に精錬した鉄地金を用いた精鉄四文銭(せいてつよんもんせん)であることを強調したが、評判は悪く、鋳銭に関して損失が出るなどしたため発行は少数にとどまった。
- The bakufu insisted that the four-mon iron coin was a four-mon refined-iron coin which was especially made of refined iron ingots, but only a small quantity was issued because of bad reputation and loss caused by the minting of coin.
- 一方、その中で山口県(旧長州藩)だけは逆にかつての「宿敵」である旧幕臣出身の県令を派遣して成功を収め、その後の地方行政における藩閥の発言力を確固たるものとした。
- By contrast, kenrei who used to be a retainer of bakufu, a former 'enemy 'of the Choshu domain, was dispatched to Yamaguchi Prefecture (former Choshu domain), and contributed to strengthening the influence of hanbatsu (domain clique) in local administration.
- 幕府の役所の下役で一代限り雇用名目の者達のうち、与力は本来は寄騎、つまり戦のたびに臨時の主従関係を結ぶ武士に由来する騎馬戦士身分で「侍」、同心は「徒士」である。
- Among those who worked under the bakufu's office and were nominally hired only in one generation, the '与力' (yoriki, a police sergeant) was originally '寄騎' (yoriki, lower-ranked samurai), that is, they were in the class of cavalry warriors who came from the bushi who established a temporal master-subordinate relationship every time war happened and were 'samurai,' and doshin (a police constable) were 'kachi.'
- 室町幕府は洛中に根拠を置いたために、武士の居住は減少し、再び寺院などが建てられて信仰の町としての趣が取り戻し、参詣客を相手とした芸能、茶売りなどの文化で賑わう。
- Because the Muromachi bakufu was based in central Kyoto, warriors living there decreased and temples, were again constructed and the town recovered religious character and became cheerful with cultural activities targeting visitors to temples with entertainment and tea stands.
- 江戸時代末期になり、諸外国が幕府に開国を求めると、尊皇攘夷などの運動が盛んとなり、政情不安の中で、十五代将軍の徳川慶喜は大政奉還を行い、武家政権は終焉を迎えた。
- At the end of the Edo period, as many foreign countries requested the bakufu to open the nation to the world, movements such as Sonno Joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners), and yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, the 15th Shogun, implemented Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) under the unstable political situation, resulting in the end of the military government.
- 文安の麹騒動(ぶんあんのこうじそうどう)とは、室町時代、京都において酒造工程の一つである麹造りを支配していた座(北野麹座)が室町幕府の攻撃を受けて没落した事件。
- Bunan no Koji Sodo was an incident in which Kitano koji za (a guild in Kitano for producers of koji malt, a kind of mold grown on produce such as boiled rice), who controlled production of koji malt (which is part of the sake brewing process) in Kyoto, was attacked by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) causing its decline during the Muromachi Period.
- そればかりか、長禄3年(1459年)に伊勢神宮再建を名目に幕府自らが関を設置され、続いて文明_(日本)10年(1478年)には内裏再建を名目に再度関を設置した。
- Furthermore, the bakufu itself set up a checkpoint in 1459 for the purpose of funding the reconstruction of Ise Jingu Shrine, and then in 1478, again set up checkpoints for the purpose of funding the reconstruction of the Imperial Palace.
- 室町時代、これらの国人衆は畠山氏の被官化したもの(隅田・安宅・小山氏など)、幕府直属の奉公衆として畠山氏から独立していたもの(湯河・玉置・山本氏)に分かれていた。
- In the Muromachi period, these Kokujin-shu were separated into those who were hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of the Hatakeyama clan (such as Sumida, Ataka and Koyama clans) and the others who were independent from the Hatakeyama clan as hokoshu (the shogunal military guard) under the direct control of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (such as Yukawa, Tamaki and Yamamoto clans).
- しかし、鎌倉幕府との結びつきが強かったことを理由に新政府に冷遇され、第14代石川貞光の時、陸奥守北畠顕家は古来から石川氏が治めていた領地を結城家や和地氏に与える。
- Nevertheless, the Ishikawa clan was treated coldly by the new government for the reason that it was tied closely with the Kamakura bakufu, and in the time of Sadamitsu ISHIKAWA, the fourteenth head of the family, the Governor of Mutsu Province, Akiie KITABATAKE, distributed the fief traditionally succeeded and controlled by Ishikawa clan to the Yuki family and the Wachi clan.
- その後は治天の君に近侍する伝奏が直接自分達の上司でもある将軍・足利義満に伝達し、義満もしくは奉行などの幕府役人の意向も伝奏を経由して治天の君・天皇に取り次がれた。
- After that, the tenso who served the Chiten no kimi directly conveyed the messages to the shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who was his superior, and the intention of Yoshimitsu or the bakufu officials including bugyo (magistrate) was in return relayed to Chiten no kimi or the Emperor through the tenso.
- その後も二国間はまだ交戦していたが、天文 (元号)7年(1538年)に室町幕府第12代将軍・足利義晴の仲介を受けて和睦し、結果、大内義隆による九州平定は頓挫した。
- Thereafter, the two camps still fought against each other, but in 1538, they finally made peace through the mediation of the twelfth shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA -- As a result, the subjugation of northern Kyushu by Yoshitaka OUCHI met with a hitch.
- 大舘常興書札抄(おおだちじょうこうしょさつしょう)は、室町時代後期から戦国時代 (日本)にかけての室町幕府幕臣大舘尚氏の書札礼書(「大館」とも表記、常興は法号)。
- Odachijoko shosatsusho is a book of shosatsurei (model sentences for official letters) written by Hisauji ODACHI, a vassal of the Muromachi bakufu from the late Muromachi period to the Sengoku period (Japan) (the book is also called 'Odachi' and Joko was the priest name of the author).
- 中には所領を増加させる御家人もいたが、没落傾向にある御家人も少なくなく、所領を売却したり、質入するなどして失い、幕府への勤仕ができない無足御家人も増加していった。
- Some gokenin, some increased the number of territories they held but a considerable number went into decline, with an increase in the number of musoku gokenin (a vassal without territory) who sold or pawned their territories and were unable to work for bakufu.
- 世論が沸き起こること自体、幕藩体制が堅牢なころには起こり得ないことであったが、この「世論」の精神的支柱として、京都の天皇帝(みかど)の存在がクローズアップされる。
- Public opinion itself had never been a concern when the shogunate system was stable, but with this 'public opinion' as an emotional prop, the existence of the Emperor in Kyoto came to the fore.
- 官軍主力隊本営では3月18日、野津鎮雄少将(第1旅団長)・三好重臣少将(第2旅団長)、参謀長野津道貫大佐、高瀬征討本営の大山巌少将などによって幕僚会議が開かれた。
- On March 18, in the headquarters of the main force of the government army, those including Major General Shizuo NOZU (1st Brigadier), Major General Shigeomi MIYOSHI (2nd Brigadier), Chief of Staff, Colonel Michitsura NOZU, and Major General Iwao OYAMA from the Takase punitive headquarters held the General Staff Council.
- だが、応仁・文明の乱により散逸した物や諸大名に下賜されたり、幕府財政難のために土倉に売却されるなどして、地方に移ったものやそのまま行方不明になった物も少なくない。
- However, quite a few works were moved to various provinces or gone missing, because they were scattered and ultimately lost during the Onin-Bunmei Wars, given away to territorial lords, or sold to doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) due to the economic difficulties of the bakufu.
- そのため、幕府の公式文書では「来貢使」という用語は一切使われていないにも関わらず、民間では琉球使節と同様に一方的な従属関係を示す「来貢」という言葉が広まっていた。
- Therefore, although the term of Raikoshi (indicating a messenger with an article of tribute from a foreign country) was not used in any official documents, the term of Raiko (coming to pay tribute), which indicated an outright master-slave relationship, came to be used widely among the general public, as for envoys from Ryukyu.
- 幕府が政治的に影響力を及ぼすことができたのは、当初は将軍任国である関東と将軍所領のみであったが、次第にその範囲は拡大し、承久の乱で全国的な支配権を確立するに至った。
- The regions over which the Kamakura Bakufu could exert a political influence were at first only the ningoku (place of appointment) of shogun, which was the Kanto region and the territories of the shogun, but gradually the regions expanded and after the Jokyu War, nationwide sovereignty was established.
- 高経らが越前に入ると、幕府は佐々木高秀(道誉の子)、赤松光範、山名氏冬、土岐頼康、畠山義深らによる大軍を編成し、高経の籠もる杣山城および義将の拠る栗屋城を包囲した。
- After Takatsune went to Echizen, bakufu organized a large army consisted of the forces of Takahide SASAKI (Doyo's son), Mitsunori AKAMATSU, Ujifuyu YAMANA Yoriyasu TOKI and Yoshitou HATAKEYAMA and besieged Soyama-jo Castle and Kuriya-jo Castle where Takatsune and Yoshimasa confined themselves respectively.
- 修史事業の動機には、幕府の編纂が行われていたことや、明暦の大火でその資料が亡失したこと(江戸城本丸もこの時焼失した)、林羅山の死などが契機になったと考えられている。
- The fact that the government was compiling history, but lost the materials because of the Great fire of Meireki and the death of HAYASHI Razan is considered to have motivated Mitsukuni to compile it.
- 薩長同盟 (さっちょうどうめい)は、江戸時代後期の慶応2年1月21日 (旧暦)(1866年3月7日)に幕末の薩摩藩と長州藩の間で締結された政治的、軍事的同盟である。
- Saccho Domei' refers to the political and military alliance concluded on March 7, 1866 in the last days of the Edo period between the Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain.
- 旧幕府側の武士を中心として明治政府から独立した政権を模索し蝦夷共和国の樹立を宣言するが箱館戦争で、翌明治2年(1869年)5月新政府軍に降伏し、戊辰戦争が終結した。
- Enomoto wanted to form a new state independent from the newly formed Meiji government and based around samurai from the previous bakufu regime, and declared that the Republic of Ezo was established, but lost the Battle of Hakodate, surrendering to the government in May 1869 and ending the Boshin War.
- これは事実上徳川幕藩体制による大政委任の継続を承認したと言えるもので、王政復古の大号令は取り消されなかったものの、慶喜の主張が完全に認められたものに他ならなかった。
- This statement was practically interpreted as approving the continuation of Yoshinobu's delegation of the government under the system of the Tokugawa Shogunate and although the Decree of the Restoration of Imperial Rule was not negated, it was clearly taken as acknowledgement of Yoshinobu's contention.
- そして、従来は同じく中国思想であったものが日本化した攘夷論とむすびつき、幕府や幕藩体制を批判する先鋭な政治思想へと展開していき、この思想が明治維新の原動力となった。
- Furthermore, conventional Chinese thoughts were Japanized in the same way, and united with the doctrine of excluding foreigners, developing into a radical political position criticical of the shogunate and its domain system, and as such, this became a driving force for the Meiji Restoration.
- それまでの天誅は、開国派や公武合体派であった個人を狙ってのものが大半であったが、この事件では足利将軍の木像を梟首することで暗に倒幕の意味を持つものとして重視された。
- Heaven's punishment used to be given to those individuals that were a part of groups which were for opening Japan to the world, integrating the imperial court and the shogunate, but this incident was counted because destroying the heads of wooden images of the Ashikaga Shoguns implied that they wished to overthrow the Shogunate.
- ただし、地域領主である藩などを指して公儀と呼ぶ習慣も残り、幕府のことを「公儀の公儀」と認めて特に大公儀(おおこうぎ)とも呼ぶようになったのは寛永以後と言われている。
- However, the tradition to call the local landlord, or clan as Kogi remained and to recognize the bakufu as 'the kogi of kogi', it was especially called O-kogi (great official authority) after the Kanei Era.
- 一族中で生き残った源有綱(戦いの時伊豆国にいた)や源広綱などは源頼光以来の摂津源氏の子孫を伝えたが、幕府を開いた頼朝と比べるならばもはや一御家人の境遇でしかなかった。
- Survivors of the family such as MINAMOTO no Aritsuna (in Izu Province at the time of the battle) and MINAMOTO no Hirotsuna continued the family line of Settsu-Genji from MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, but they were, compared with Yoritomo who established the Kamakura bakufu, only gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate)
- 元弘3年(1333年)、鎌倉幕府が滅亡して建武の新政が成ると、上洛して新政権から従五位下宮内大輔に、翌建武 (日本)元年(1334年)に従四位下大膳大夫に任じられた。
- When the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) fell and the Kenmu Restoration started in 1333, Tokimitsu ISHIKAWA went up to Kyoto and was appointed to Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade, the Imperial Household Secretary by the new government, and Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade, the Master of the Palace Table in 1334.
- この時点で辞官納地(慶喜の内大臣辞任と幕府領の放棄)は決まってはいなかったが、岩倉らは徳川政権の失政を並べ、「辞官納地をして誠意を見せることが先決である」と主張する。
- At this point, Yoshinobu's resignation from Minister of the Interior and the abandonment of the Shogunate's territories ('Jikan-nochi') were not yet determined, but Iwakura and his comrades listed the mistakes made by the Tokugawa Shogunate and demanded that their first step be to show their sincerity by agreeing with 'Jikan-nochi.'
- 1867年から横浜市の大田陣屋で幕府伝習隊の教練をしていたフランス軍事顧問団から副隊長ジュール・ブリュネ砲兵大尉ら約10人がフランス軍籍を脱走して蝦夷政権に参加した。
- About ten soldiers including Assistant Chief Jules Brunet, Captain of Artillery Unit, deserted French Military Advisory Team which was giving a military drill to Bakufu Denshutai (Edo shogunate's army) at Ota Jinya (regional government office) in Yokohama City from 1867, and abandoned the French national army to join the Ezo Government.
- その後、幕府は第二次長州征伐を決行するが、高杉晋作の組織した奇兵隊などの庶民軍の活躍に阻まれ、また、総指揮者である将軍徳川家茂が大坂城で病没するなどもあり、失敗した。
- Thereafter the shogunate government executed the Second Choshu Expeditions, but failed due to successful interruption by the army of non-regular soldiers organized by Shinsaku TAKASUGI, the 'Irregular Militia,' and the death from disease of Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the general supervisor, at the Osaka Castle.
- しかし、1970年代・1980年代頃から、史料に基づく実証的な研究が進んでいくと、平氏政権も鎌倉幕府に先立って武家政権的な性格を呈していたことが判明するようになった。
- However, when empirical research based on historical documents became popular during the 1970s and 1980s, it was discovered that the Taira clan administration had bushi government-like characteristics before the Kamakura bakufu.
- その献上対象も令制国を治める守護大名をはじめとして、朝廷や幕府、守護に影響のある実力者、公家や守護代、奉行衆などの実際の行政・訴訟実務の担当官吏にまで広がっていった。
- The targets for the reisen also widely ranged from Shugo daimyo ruling the ryoseikoku (province), the Imperial Court, the bakufu, powerful figures having influence over Shugo (provincial constable), Court nobles, Shugodai (deputy of Shugo), even to government officials in charge of actual administrative and legal practices such as the bugyoshu (group of magistrates).
- 幕府は守護大名庶家や足利氏譜代から奉公衆を編成し、在京奉公を課したが、一方で守護大名は国内の在地領主(国人)に対する支配を強め、その所領に応じた軍役を課すようになった。
- The Muromachi bakufu formed the military guard of the shogunate from branch families of the territorial lords as provincial constable and hereditary vassals of Ashikaga clan and imposed service in Kyoto on them; on the other hand, the territorial lords as provincial constable tightened control over the local lords in their provinces and imposed military services on them according to their territories.
- しかし、いずれも効果は薄く、特に上知令は幕府財政の安定と国防の充実との両方を狙う意欲的な政策であったが、社会各層からの猛反対を浴びて頓挫し、忠邦もわずか3年で失脚した。
- However, none of these policies worked well, least of all Land Requisition Orders, which was an ambitious policy aimed at both the financial stabilization and the reinforcement of the national defense, but fierce opposition from every social class threw back them and Tadakuni was overthrown in only three years.
- 天皇の住む都を「上」とする事から用いられ、特に江戸幕府は三河国以西の畿内(大和国・山城国・摂津国・河内国・和泉国)三州(近江国・丹波国・播磨国)を、「上方筋」と定義した。
- The city where the emperor lived was called 'kami' and the Edo government defined Kinai, west of the Mikawa Province (the Yamato, Yamashiro, Settsu, Kawachi and Izumi Provinces) and Sanshu (the Omi, Tanba and Harima Provinces) as 'Kamigatasuji.'
- 斯波氏没落後、足利義詮はすぐにその領国である若狭国・越前・越中国・摂津などの守護職を没収し、幕府の御料所となし、奉行人を派遣して、寺社本所領の返付や半済の停止を執行した。
- After the collapse of the Shiba clan, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA immediately deprived it of shugoshiki (post of provincial constable) of the provinces of Wakasa, Echizen, Ecchu and Settsu, made these provinces bakufu's territory, dispatched bugyonin (group of magistrates), returned Jisha Honjo Ryo (lands formerly owned by temples/shrines) and suspended hanzei (shugo's right to collect half of the taxes).
- 幕府では井伊直弼が大老に就任し、日米修好通商条約の締結、紀伊藩の徳川慶福(徳川家茂)を将軍後継に決定して将軍継嗣問題の解決を図るなど朝廷の意向を無視した強硬政治を行った。
- Naosuke II was appointed Tairo (Chief Minister) in the Shogunate and drove policies against the wishes of the Imperial Court, such as signing the Japan-US Treaty of Amity and Commerce and arbitrarily naming Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA (Iemochi TOKUGAWA) of the Kii Domain as the next shogun.
- その口火を切った安良城盛昭は、太閤検地実施前後の時期の分析から荘園制社会を家父長的奴隷制社会(=古代)とし、太閤検地を画期として成立する幕藩体制を日本の封建制と規定した。
- Moriaki ARAKI, who sparked the controversy, considered the manorial system-based society to be a patriarchal slavery society (=the ancient times), and defined the shogunate system established with Taiko-kenchi as the Hoken system in Japan.
- 表高は、多くの場合、江戸幕府公認の検地によって打ち出された石高の額面で、代替わりごとに新当主に対し主君である将軍が発給する所領安堵の朱印状に、所領の地名とともに記される。
- Omotedaka refers to, in many cases, the face value of kokudaka figured out from land survey certified by the Edo bakufu, and it was written, along with the name of the territory, in shuinjo (a vermillion seal letter) of shoryo ando (act of providing authorization for land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure) issued by the shogun, who was also lord, to a new owner every replacement.
- 関係者全員死罪を主張しながら、周囲の説得により手ぬるい幕府の処分案に同意せざるを得なくなった後陽成帝は、ままならぬ状況に絶望し、これ以降しばしば譲位を口にするようになる。
- Emperor Goyozei, persuaded by his aides into accepting the Bakufu's lukewarm proposal against his demand for capital punishment of all the persons involved, despaired at the circumstances which were out of his control and began to speak of abdication quite often.
- なお、元暦2年(1185年)滅亡することがなければ、平清盛の政権は鎌倉幕府とはまた違った、西国を中心とした独自の武家政権へ成長したのではないかとの可能性も指摘されている。
- It has been suggested that if it had not all ended in 1185, TAIRA no Kiyomori's government would have been different from the Kamakura bakufu, possibly developing into an original bushi government with the west provinces as its center.
- 以仁王と頼政の挙兵は短期間で失敗したが、その影響は大きく、以仁王の令旨を奉じた源頼朝や源義仲、甲斐源氏、近江源氏などが各地で蜂起し、治承・寿永の乱の幕を開けることになる。
- Prince Mochihito and Yorimasa's uprising was brief and ended in failure, but it had profound effects, with Mochihito's princely command used as justification and rallying cry for local insurrections launched by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, the Kai Genji, and the Omi Genji among others, marking the true beginning of the Genpei War (the Jisho-Juei war between the Minamoto and the Taira).
- また、長年続いた礼銭の観念から賄賂に対する罪悪感は希薄な状態が続き、江戸幕府そして明治政府以後に至るまでこうした賄賂や買収を巡る問題が絶えない一因とも考えられるのである。
- It is also possible to suppose that the issues of bribery and corruption kept appearing from the Edo bakufu through and after the Meiji government because people had been accustomed to the concept of the reisen and not felt so guilty for a long time.
- 当時の太政官日誌は都市の書店で一般に発売されていたが、各農村にまで配布されておらず、一般国民に対しては、キリスト教の禁止など幕府の旧来の政策を踏襲する五榜の掲示が出された。
- At that time Daijokan nittshi was available at urban book stores, but not distributed in the rural areas yet and to the general public Gobo no keiji (five edict boards) taking over traditional policies of bakufu such as a ban of Christianity was posted.
- また日本に対しては1853年と翌年アメリカ合衆国は東インド艦隊司令長官ペリーとその艦隊を派遣し、軍事的威圧のもとに日米和親条約つづいて日米修好通商条約を江戸幕府と締結した。
- The United States of America dispatched Commodore Perry of the East Indian squadron and other squadrons to Japan in 1853 and the following year, and concluded a Treaty of amity and commerce between the United States and Japan; The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan followed by Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan under military threat.
- また、江戸城は徳川氏の征夷大将軍の居城であり、江戸は幕府の政庁が置かれる行政府の所在地であると同時に、自身も天領を支配する領主である徳川氏(徳川将軍家)の城下町でもあった。
- The Edo Castle was the residence of successive Tokugawa shoguns, or Seii taishogun (literally, 'the great general who pacifies barbarians'), and the city of Edo was both the site of bakufu administrative organs and the personal castle town of the Tokugawa Clan that ruled over the shogunal domain.
- 通信使接遇には一度に約100万両(1両=1石換算で幕府の直轄領約400万石の1/4に相当する)かかるものであり、もともと白石は来日招聘そのものに反対であった点が注目される。
- To treat a Tsushinshi envoy, one million ryo (assuming that one ryo is equal to one koku (roughly, rice of 180 liters), this amounted up to 1/4 of the four million koku from the land controlled directly by the bakufu) was required, and attention must also be paid to the fact that Hakuseki originally opposed the invitation of the envoy to Japan itself.
- 鎌倉幕府滅亡後に京都に成立した後醍醐天皇の建武政権から離反した足利尊氏は、持明院統の光厳上皇の院宣を受け、建武3年(1336年)6月に京都を確保すると上皇を奉じて入京する。
- Takauji ASHIKAGA separated from the Kenmu Government set up by Emperor Godaigo in Kyoto after the collapse of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and received an Imperial decree by the Retired Emperor Kogon of the Jimyo-in line, after which he captured Kyoto in July and August 1336 and led the Retired Emperor into Kyoto.
- 一方の武家においては、武士の棟梁として台頭した河内源氏の流れを汲む源頼朝が源氏嫡流を称して、鎌倉幕府を開き、門葉という一族や有力御家人を中心とする武家政治の基礎を形成した。
- Among the samurai class, however, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, a descendant of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) who rose as the leader of samurai, called himself chakuryu of the Minamoto clan, established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and established the basis of samurai government mainly led by the monyo (clans basically connected by blood) of his clan members and prominent gokenin (shogun's vassals).
- 後に足利義氏 (足利家3代目当主)(文治5年(1189年)~建長6年(1255年))が承久の乱(承久3年(1221年))の戦功により鎌倉幕府の命で守護職として三河国に入った。
- Yoshiuji ASHIKAGA (1189 - 1255), the third head of the Ashikaga family, was later appointed to serve as the military governor of Mikawa Province by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as a reward for his contributions during the Jokyu War of 1221.
- 応仁の乱後、幕府における椀飯は行われなくなり、その一方で一般の武家社会においては家臣が主君を接待する儀式から、年始や節供などに主君が家臣を接待する儀式へと変質を遂げていった。
- After the Onin War, oban was not conducted at the bakufu any more, but within the ordinary buke society, it transformed from a ceremony where vassals entertained their lord into a ceremony where the lord entertained his vassals in the beginning of the year and Sechi (seasonal) times.
- 12月10日になって、慶喜は自らの新たな呼称を「上様」とすると宣言して、征夷大将軍が廃止されても「上様」が江戸幕府の機構を生かしてそのまま全国支配を継続する意向を仄めかした。
- On December 10, Yoshinobu declared his new title 'Uesama' (the upper lord), suggesting his intention to continue ruling the country using the mechanism of the Edo Shogunate even though the Shogun himself had been abolished.
- この戦いで薩長側が掲げた錦の御旗に動揺した幕府軍は大敗したばかりでなく「朝敵」としての汚名を受ける事になり、崩壊が時間の問題であった新政府を結果的には救ってしまう事になった。
- The Shogunate army, unnerved by the Imperial standards used by the Satsuma forces, not only suffered a crushing defeat but were also labeled as the Emperor's enemy, despite in the end being the ones who saved the new Imperial government whose days were already numbered.
- 幕末には経済学者佐藤信淵は土地国有化と海外進出を行う絶対主義国家を論じ、吉田松陰は幽囚録で蝦夷地開拓とともにカムチャッカ半島、朝鮮、台湾、満州等への侵略統治論を展開していた。
- In the closing days of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Nobuhiro SATO, an economist argued absolutism of nationalizing lands and finding ways into foreign countries, while Shoin YOSHIDA argued in his book titled yuin-roku (descriptions in prison) reclamation of Ezo and invasion for the control of such as the Kamchatkan Peninsula, Korea, Taiwan, and Manchuria.
- 幕臣勝海舟は早期停戦を唱えて薩長軍を率いる西郷隆盛と交渉、最後の将軍徳川慶喜は江戸城の無血開城し降伏、交戦派と官軍の間の上野戦争を例外として、江戸は戦火を免れた(江戸開城)。
- Kaishu KATSU, a retainer of the Shogun, advocated an early cease-fire with Takamori SAIGO--commander of combined Satsuma and Choshu forces; Consequently, the last Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA surrendered Edo Castle without any bloodshed and spared Edo from the ravages of war with the exception of the Battle of Ueno fought between domain and government forces.
- 延宝6年(1677年)、天皇は幕府の意向を確かめるべく江戸に使者を派遣するが、当時の征夷大将軍徳川家綱は法皇やその正妃東福門院(家綱の叔母)の同意のないこの提案には反対した。
- In 1677, the Emperor sent an envoy to Edo to know what the Bakufu's intention was, but Ietsuna TOKUGAWA, then Seii Taishogun (literally 'great general who subdues the barbarians') objected to this proposal, which had not been approved by the Cloistered Emperor and his legitimate consort Tofukumonin (Ietsuna's aunt).
- これに対し、勧修寺経顕時代には体裁は消息・御教書であっても本人の直状によって発給され、西園寺実俊時代には幕府の影響力強化に沿う形で本人の直状である正式な施行状が発給されている。
- On the other hand, during the period of Tsuneaki KANSHUJI, although the documents took the form of shosoku or migyosho, they were issued in the form of jikijo (direct documents) by officials, and during the period of Sanetoshi SAIONJI, the formal shigyojo by officials were issued in accordance with the increasing power of the bakufu.
- 翌貞治3年(1364年)には、三条坊門に幕府の御所が造営され、各守護に普請が割り当てられたが、赤松則祐の工期が遅れたとして高経が赤松の所領を没収したため、赤松氏の恨みを買った。
- In 1364 when the bakufu's residence was constructed in Sanjo bomon and its construction work was allotted to shugodaimyo, Takatsune forfeited Norisuke AKAMATSU's territory on the ground of the delay in the construction schedule and incurred Akamatsu clan's resentment.
- 源頼朝による鎌倉幕府の成立以後、元服や移徙などの重要な儀礼の際には椀飯が行われ、とりわけ年始に行われる「歳首の椀飯」は武家政権の最も重要な儀式の1つとして行われるようになった。
- After the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, oban was served at important ceremonies such as Genpuku (coming of age) and Ito (moving), and the 'Saishu no oban' that was served in the beginning of the year became one of the most important ceremonies of the buke (military) government.
- しかし、幕権強化のために朝廷を利用することは尊王派の怒りを買い、文久2年(1862年)正月、老中安藤は江戸城坂下門外で襲撃され、一命は取り留めたが後に失脚した(坂下門外の変)。
- However, this provoked rage from those who advocated restoring power to the emperor, because the bakufu government still tried to use the emperor to fortify the power of the government, and roju Ando was attacked outside Sakashita-mon Gate, got severely injured, and eventually lost his power (the Sakashitamongai incident).
- 壬申約条において通交に制限を加えられたのは、宗氏のように朝鮮王朝にとって陪臣に当たる者達であり、朝鮮王朝と同格である日本国王(室町幕府)の使節の通交を制限するものではなかった。
- The Jinshin Yakujo imposed trading restrictions on parties who were considered equivalent to vassals of the Korean Dynasty such as the So clan, and this treaty did not intend to restrict relations with the king of Japan (the Muromachi bakufu), who had the same rank as the Korean Dynasty.
- 豊臣政権末期の政情不安定期に公権力を漠然と公儀と呼ぶ慣習が生まれ、江戸時代に入ると統一政権で諸領主権力間の唯一の利害調整機関となった江戸幕府を指して公儀と呼ばれるようになった。
- Kogi became the general term for official authority in the period of governmental instability in towards the end of the Toyotomi administration, and in the Edo Period, Kogi started to indicate the Edo bakufu which was the only unified authority that mediated the power struggles among the feudal lords.
- だが、土倉役を巡る延暦寺との対立は引き続き、その後も延暦寺などが勝手に徴収を行い、幕府が禁令を出すという事態の繰り返しが100年近く経た文明_(日本)年間にも繰り返されている。
- A conflict over dosoyaku with the Enryaku-ji Temple continued for nearly a hundred years, and the state that Enryaku-ji Temple collected dosoyaku at their discretion and the bakufu issued the ban was occurred repeatedly even in Bunmei Era (1469-1487).
- 彼は、幕府開設から元禄までの間、長崎貿易の決済のために、金貨国内通貨量のうちの4分の1、銀貨は4分の3が失われたとし、長崎奉行大岡清相からの意見書を参考にして、この法令を出した。
- He concluded that from the opening of the shogunate government in Edo to the Genroku era, a quarter of domestic gold currency and three quarters of domestic silver currency were lost due to the settlement of foreign trades in Nagasaki, and issued this regulation using the proposal of the Nagasaki magistrate Kiyosuke OOKA.
- 幕末、ヨーロッパの万国博覧会に出展した幕府や各藩の工芸品や美術品はすぐれた装飾品として絶賛され、日本の工芸へのヨーロッパからの関心が高まり、外貨を稼ぐ輸出品となる可能性が開かれた。
- In the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, the shogunate and some domains put handicrafts and art works in international European exhibitions, and they were highly praised as excellent decorations, so that Japanese crafts attracted the attention of European people, and their export enabled Japanese to gain foreign currency.
- 極東地域、日本近海にも欧米の船が出没する回数が多くなったが、幕府は日本との外交ルートを模索する外国使節や外国船の接触に対し、には外国船打払令を実行するなど、鎖国政策の継続を行った。
- In spite of the frequent visits of western vessels in the far east area, or the sea of Japan, the shogunate government continued the seclusion policy by strong measures such as the enforcement of the edict to repel foreign vessels in 1825 to prevent contacts with foreign envoys and vessels asking for a diplomatic channel with Japan.
- こうした後醍醐の姿勢は皇位継承問題をきっかけとして幕府の得宗専制と衝突することとなり、1324年(正中 (元号)1)、後醍醐の蜂起計画が露呈し、側近の公家が処罰された(正中の変)。
- Godaigo's attempt to achieve political reform was motivated by a desire to avoid problems regarding the imperial succession, but this created conflict with the Tokuso autocracy of the bakufu, and in 1324 Godaigo's plan to lead an uprising was revealed, and the kuge who served as his close advisers were punished (Shochu Disturbance).
- 勅使に屈した幕府をさらに追い込むべく三条実美・姉小路公知ら尊王攘夷派の過激公卿が、長州藩などの勢力を背景に将軍に上洛を命ずる一方、攘夷の勅命を請願するなど、朝政を壟断しつつあった。
- During this period, radical court nobles who advocated Sonno Joi ha such as Sanemi SANJO and Kintomo ANENOKOJI acted as if they were leaders of the country, using the influence of the Choshu clan to further press a government which had already yielded to the imperial messenger, and ordered the shogun to go to Kyoto, while they petitioned the emperor to grant an imperial order to expel foreigners.
- なお幕末においては、たとえば横井小楠の発言にみられるように、外に対する「鎖国」だけではなく、日本国内においても藩と藩とのあいだも「鎖国」状態であるとの批判をおこなう論者もみられた。
- During the end of the Edo period, as described by the remarks made by Shonan YOKOI, some people criticized the seclusionism, saying that the policy indicated 'severing contact' not only from foreign countries, but also within each domain.
- 貿易は鎖国政策を布いていたために、主流は長崎市の唐人屋敷における中国、出島におけるオランダとの交易であるが、対馬藩を仲介した李氏朝鮮との倭館での交易も幕府の公認を受けたものだった。
- Under the seclusion policy, foreign trades were mainly limited to those with China at the Chinese residential area in Nagasaki, and with the Netherlands at Dejima island, but also through Tsushima Domain, trade with Yi Dynasty of Korea was authorized by the shogunate government at the consular office (wakan).
- 相対的な価値は慶長期と急激な下落を見た幕末期では概ね一桁以上は異なる上に、生活様式が現在と全く異なるため物価基準であるか賃金基準であるかにより、さらに物価も品目により大きく異なる。
- Relatively, the value in Keicho era was different in more than one digit from that in the end of Edo period by its sharp depreciation, moreover, since the life style was completely different from that of today, it varied greatly whether it was the standard of wage or commodity price which differed from items.
- 延享度の通信使の朝鮮朝廷への帰国報告では、信使の渡来を幕府は諸侯に「朝鮮入貢」として知らせており、それまでの使節もそれを知りながら紛争を恐れて知らぬふりをしていた旨が記されている。
- The Tsushinshi who visited Japan in the Enkyo era (1744 to 1748) submitted a report to the Korean Imperial Court after returning from Japan, and in it, described the following: The bakufu informed lords that Tsushinshi came to Japan 'to pay tributes from Korea' and all of the past envoys knew the fact but acquiesced fearing the disputes that would occur otherwise.
- 幸い人的被害はなかったが、国宝の舎利殿(金閣)が全焼し、創建者である室町幕府3代将軍、足利義満の木像(当時国宝)、観音菩薩像、阿弥陀如来像、仏教経巻などの文化財6点も灰燼に帰した。
- Fortunately, no one was hurt, but Shariden (Kinkaku), a national treasure, was completely burned down and six other cultural properties such as a wooden statue of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (national treasure at the time), the third Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the founder of Kinkaku-ji Temple, a statue of Kannon Bosatsu (Bodhisattva of Merciful Godess), a statue of Amitabha Tathagatae and Buddhist canons were also lost in the fire.
- 鎌倉幕府の権威を背景に荘園を侵略し、豊作凶作にかかわり無く一定額の年貢で荘園管理を一切請け負わせる地頭請や、荘園を地頭分と領家分に強引にわける下地中分など、一部で横暴も多くあった。
- With the backing and authority of the Kamakura bakufu, jito could (and many did) treat shoen very harshly; given their total contractual power over shoen to collect the predetermined amount for the annual tax regardless of whether it had been a good or a poor harvest, and their power forcibly to divide the land in a shoen into the jito's private section and the (absentee) owner's section, many jito were oppressive and little more than tyrants, in a sense.
- 徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任ぜられたのは1603年だが、美術史上の区分では、大坂の役で豊臣氏が滅亡し、江戸幕府の支配体制が確立した1615年を桃山時代と江戸時代の区切りとすることが多い。
- Though it was in A.D. 1603 when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians), the boundary between the Momoyama period and the Edo period is commonly thought to have been in A.D. 1615, when the Toyotomi clan fell in Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka) and the ruling system of the Edo bakufu was established.
- 1728年(享保13年) - 享保の改革の一環で、幕府鉄炮方の井上左太夫貞高が、鉄炮方役人の銃術鍛練の場として、柳島村(相模川河口)から片瀬村までの海岸に、相州炮術調練場を設置する。
- In 1728, as part of the Kyoho reforms, Sadayu Sadataka INOUE (the government official of Teppo Kata of the Tokugawa shogunate) established Soshu Hojutsu Chorenjo, a shooting practice field for government officers of Bakufu teppo kata (the gun division of the Tokugawa shogunate) in the seashore from Yanajima Village (the mouth of the Sagami-gawa River) to Katase Village.
- いっぽう、薩摩藩の大久保・西郷らは、洛北に隠棲中だった岩倉具視と工作し、中山忠能(明治天皇の外祖父)・中御門経之・正親町三条実愛らによって10月14日に討幕の密勅が出されるにいたる。
- Meanwhile, Okubo and Saigo of Satsuma worked with Tomomi IWAKURA, who secretly stayed in the Rakuhoku area of Kyoto, in order to receive a secret imperial command to attack the bakufu on October 14, from Tadayasu NAKAYAMA (maternal grandfather of the Emperor Meiji), Tsuneyuki NAKAMIKADO, Sanenaru OGIMACHISANJO, and others.
- 徳川宗家を相続した慶喜は自ら親征の意志を見せるものの、一転して和睦を模索し、広島で幕府の使者勝海舟と長州の使者広沢真臣・井上馨らの間で停戦協定が結ばれ、第二次長州征伐は終焉を迎えた。
- Yoshinobu, who succeeded as head of the Tokugawa family, at first showed the will to participate in the battle himself, but he changed his position and tried to make peace, ending the second attempt to conquer Choshu when Kaishu KATSU from the bakufu side, and Masaomi HIROSAWA and Kaoru INOUE from the Choshu side concluded the armistice in Hiroshima.
- 勘定奉行の小栗忠順は幕府が慶應元年(1865年)に横須賀製鉄所の建設を計画した際、その建設費をこの二分判による改鋳利益で賄おうと企てたため、小栗二分金(おぐりにぶきん)とも言われた。
- When Kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) Tadamasa OGURI planed construction of Yokosuka Iron Factory, he tried to cover the cost by the profit of recasting nibuban, therefore it was also called Oguri nibukin.
- 江戸は明治維新により東京とされるまで皇居を置かなかったため都ではなかったが、江戸時代には江戸幕府が置かれた事実上の日本の首都(行政首都)であり、日本の政治経済の中心地として発展した。
- Edo did not become the capital until the Meiji Restoration when it was renamed Tokyo because the Imperial Palace was not located there; However, Edo served as the seat of Bakufu authority and thus the defacto capital of Japan (administrative capital) in the Edo period, and developed into a political and economic center of power.
- 慶長6年(1601年)に初めて発行され、以後、万延元年(1860年)までに10種類鋳造されたが、江戸幕府および市場の経済事情により時代ごとに品位・量目が小判金と同様に改定されている。
- In 1601, it was issued for the first time and after that since 1860, 10 kinds were casted and according to the economic status of Edo bakufu and the market, the karat and ryome (a weighed value) were revised as koban.
- そこで李氏朝鮮は高麗時代からの民族雑居状態の解消と、官営貿易で利益を独占する事を望み、室町幕府や九州探題、対馬の実質的な支配者である宗貞茂に対して倭寇および私貿易の取締りを要求した。
- At this point, the Joseon dynasty wanted to cull society of its multiethnic character, which had been the norm during the Goryeo period (918 - 1392), and achieve a monopoly over trade profits by bringing trade under government control, so they requested that the Muromachi bakufu, the tandai (military commissioner) of Kyushu, and Sadashige SO, the de facto ruler of Tsushima island, bring both Wako activity and private trade under control.
- 平安時代(へいあんじだい、794年-1185年頃)とは、794年に桓武天皇が平安京(京都)に都(首都)を移してから、鎌倉幕府の成立までの約390年間を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
- The Heian period denotes a period of Japanese history spanning roughly 390 years, from 794 when Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Heian Kyo (ancient Kyoto) to the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1185.
- 一方三条実美ら長州過激派の公家は文久3年8月18日の政変以来、京から追放されたままであり、岩倉ら少数の倒幕派公家は家柄が低かったため影響力はあっても朝廷内の主導権を握れてはいなかった。
- Meanwhile, court nobles belonging to the radical party for Choshu including Sanetomi SANJO had been expelled from Kyoto after a coup on September 30, 1863, and few court nobles of tobakuha such as Iwakura had not been able to hold initiative in the Imperial Court due to their humble family lineage, although they were influential.
- 関山直太郎(1958年)は、旗本御家人と家族約11万5千人、その家来・従属者約10万人、諸藩の在府者と家族約18万人、幕府直属の足軽・奉公人等約10万人、合計約50万人と推定している。
- On the other hand, Naotaro SEKIYAMA (1958) estimated that the aggregate population of samurai households was around 500,000, composed of 115,000 hatamoto and their dependents, 100,000 of their servants, 180,000 domain-retained samurai and their dependents, and 100,000 of ashigaru (common foot soldier) and servants retained by Bakufu.
- 翌年、鄭舜功の部下が大友氏の使者とともに京都に赴いて室町幕府に倭寇禁圧の要請をする事を許されたが、鄭舜功自身は豊後にて軟禁状態に置かれていたものの、日本の国情の調査を行うことは許された。
- During the next year, a subject of Cheng Shun-kung went to Kyoto with an envoy of the Otomo clan, and was allowed to request the Muromachi bakufu to suppress wako -- On the other hand, Cheng Shun-kung was still confined in Bungo Province, but allowed to gather intelligence of Japan's actual circumstances.
- 頼朝の直系が断絶し、困惑した幕府は、朝廷へ親王将軍を要望したが、治天の君・後鳥羽天皇はこれを拒否し、曲折の末、頼朝の遠縁に当たる摂関家の幼児藤原頼経が新将軍=鎌倉殿として迎え入れられた。
- Yoritomo's direct family line died out and the bakufu, concerned by this, requested that the Imperial Court appoint an Imperial Prince shogun, but Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power), the Emperor Gotoba refused this and as a result of a series of complicated moves, a Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) infant, FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, who was distantly related to Yoritomo, was welcomed as a new shogun = Kamakura-dono.
- ただし、幕府としても本来の趣旨は軍役奉仕であったため、藩財政が破綻して軍役が不可能となることは、参勤交代の趣旨を根底的に否定する事になるため、大名行列の制限を行うなどの措置を採っている。
- But because the bakufu introduced the system for military service, clans' failure to do military service owing to their financial difficulty was detrimental to the foundation of the system, which led the bakufu to take measures such as restricting daimyo-gyoretsu (daimyo's procession).
- 薩摩藩では、島津斉彬が死んだ後、後を継いだ藩主島津忠義の父である島津久光が長州藩を牽制すべく公武合体運動を展開し、藩内の攘夷派を粛清(寺田屋事件)し、幕府に改革を要求した(文久の改革)。
- In Satsuma Domain after the death of Nariakira SHIMAZU, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, a father of the feudal lord Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, advocated the union of the Imperial Court and the shogunate and purged the exclusionist party against foreigners (the Teradaya Incident), while requested the shogunate government to carry out reforms (Bunkyu Reforms).
- だが、後には一献料(いっこんりょう)とも呼ばれて、官職や訴訟における有利な判決と引き換えに謝礼として室町幕府や朝廷、守護大名、あるいはそれらに仕える役人達に対して献上される金品を指した。
- The reisen was later called the ikkonryo to indicate the gifts (money or goods) presented to the Muromachi bakufu, the Imperial Court, Shugo Daimyo, and the government officials working for them in exchange for receiving a government post or a favorable ruling in a lawsuit.
- 毛利氏と信長とは、毛利元就の代においては友好的な関係であったが、その後継の毛利輝元は義昭を庇護し(幕府)、さらに最大の反信長勢力である石山本願寺と同盟し、信長への敵対の態度を強めていった。
- The Mori clan and Nobunaga were on friendly terms during the times of Motonari MORI, but his successor Terumoto MORI protected Yoshiaki in the bakufu, and in addition, formed an alliance with Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, which was the largest of the anti-Nobunaga forces, growing more hostile toward Nobunaga.
- 幕藩体制の崩壊に伴い、中央集権国家の確立を急ぐ必要があった新政府は、律令制を範とした名称を復活させた(例:太政官、大蔵省など。ただし、当然のことながら実態は律令制のそれとはかなり異なる)。
- The new government, which needed to establish a centralized government quickly after the feudal system of the Shogunate collapsed, restored job titles and names of government offices following the Ritsuryo system (such as Dajokan [Grand Council of State] and the Ministry of Finance. Naturally, the actual work of the given titles was substantially different from that under the Ritsuryo system).
- 一方鷹見安二郎(1940年)は明治初年の華族・士族人口や石高の統計などをもとに、諸藩の在府者と家族の人口を約36万人、幕府配下の武家と家族の人口を約26万人、合計約62万人と推定している。
- On the other hand, Yasujiro TAKAMI (1940) estimated the population of domain-retained samura and their dependents to be approximately 360,000, and the population of samurai and dependents administered by the Bakufu to be approximately 260,000 for a combined total of 620,000 based on an 1864 (meiji 1) census carried out over peerage and warrior classes.
- 1180年代になると、平氏政権打倒を名目とした内戦(治承・寿永の乱)が起こり、最終的に、軍事貴族に出自し関東の在地領主層武士層を基盤とする源頼朝の武家政権(後の鎌倉幕府)が内戦に勝利した。
- During the 1180's a civil war (Jisho-Juei War) to overthrow the Taira administration broke out, and the samurai government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (later to become the Kamakura bakufu), consisting of local ryoshu (samurai lord) and samurais in Kanto who were originally military aristocrats, won.
- 奥書によると、応永29年(1422年)に兼良が自分の子弟の教育のために書いたものとあり、また別に室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義量の求めに応じて、19才の兼良が何の書物も見ずに書いて進ったともある。
- According to the colophon, it was written by Kaneyoshi for his disciples in 1422, and also, it was written by nineteen-year-old Kaneyoshi at the request from Seii taishogun (Commander in chief) of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshikazu ASHIKAGA, without referring to any book.
- この動きを倒幕への準備と見誤った同藩の尊攘派が久光によって鎮圧される事件が発生したものの(寺田屋騒動参照)、久光の朝廷工作により、幕府改革への勅使として大原重徳が遣わされるという事態となる。
- Some members of Hisamitsu's clan who advocated sonjo party (royalists) misunderstood Hisamitsu's action as preparation to overthrow the bakufu, but they were suppressed by Hisamitsu (See the Teradaya incident), and his efforts with the Court worked, and Shigenori OHARA was sent as an imperial messenger to the bakufu.
- 逆賊となった長州藩に長州征討が発令され、総大将に徳川慶勝(尾張藩主)、参謀に西郷隆盛(薩摩藩士)が任命されるが、幕臣・勝海舟との会談で長州藩への実力行使の不利を悟った西郷は、開戦回避を模索。
- An order to conquer the rebellious Choshu forces was issued, and Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (the lord of Owari) was appointed as commander-in-chief, and Takamori SAIGO (a feudal retainer of Satsuma), as military staff, but Saigo tried to avoid the military conflict, understanding the disadvantages of the conflict after discussions with Kaishu KATSU, who served for the bakufu.
- 今日においては「朝廷」という言葉が幕府に対応する言葉としてよく使われるが、これは天皇・貴族(公家政権)と武家(武家政権)を対立した存在として捉えるようになった近世以後の考えからの影響が強い。
- Today, 'Chotei' is often used as the word comparable to a bakuhu; this is strongly influenced by the thoughts after the modern times in which the Emperor/aristocrat (the Government of kuge, or the court nobles) and buke (military government) oppose one another.
- 徳川慶喜の静岡下向を見届けた海軍副総裁榎本武揚は旧幕臣の保護と北辺防備を目的として慶応4年(1868年)8月19日に品川沖から開陽丸を旗艦に8隻の軍艦を率いて江戸を脱出し、蝦夷地に向かった。
- Takeaki ENOMOTO, the Vice-President of Navy, who made sure that Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA left the capital for Shizuoka, went away form Edo for Ezo leading eight military ships on Kaiyomaru as a flagship from off Shinagawa on August 19, 1868, for the purpose of rescue of former retainers of shogun and protection of Hokuhen.
- 東アジアから東南アジアにおいて、15世紀には中国の明が海禁政策を行い、また日本の室町幕府との日明貿易(勘合貿易)が途絶した事などにより倭寇(後期倭寇)による私貿易、密貿易が活発になっていた。
- Because the Ming Dynasty in China strictly controlled overseas trade in East and South East Asia during the 15th century and the tally trade between the Muromachi shogunate and the Ming Dynasty had been disrupted, wako (koki wako, or 16th-century wako pirate-traders) actively engaged in private and illicit trades.
- 分一銀は文政南鐐二朱銀では鋳造高の3.5%と設定され、また丁銀および古南鐐二朱判などからの吹替えにより幕府が得た出目は『銀座年寄御賞筋願之義申上候書付』によれば1,705,191両であった。
- Buichigin (the profit of Ginza) was set at 3.5% of the total amount of the mintage of Bunsei Nanryo Nishu Gin and 'Ginza Toshiyori Goshosuji Negainogi Moushiagesouro Kakitsuke' (Ginza top official's report on prize application) said that the profit bakufu made by re-refining Bunsei Nanryo Nishu Gin from Chogin and Ko Nanryo Nishu Ban was 1,705,191 ryo.
- 特に東国では武士身分の下級貴族が多数、開発領主として土着化し、所領の争いを武力により解決することも少なくなかったが、次第に武士団を形成して結束を固めていき、鎌倉幕府樹立の土台を築いていった。
- Especially in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan), many lower-ranking nobles from the samurai class were indigenized as kaihatsu-ryoshus and they often solved land disputes by force, but they gradually became closely united by forming groups of samurai and laid down the foundation for the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- とはいえ、末期養子の認可のためには、幕府から派遣された役人が直接当主の生存と養子縁組の意思を確かめる判元見届(はんもとみとどけ)という手続きが必要であり、無制限に認められたわけではなかった。
- However, even after the lifting of a ban, for Matsugo yoshi to be given approval, the procedure of 'Hanmoto Mitodoke', in which the family head was confirmed as alive and his will for adoption was certified by a bakufu official, had to be carried out, which made it not always as straightforward as it could have been.
- しかしそうであれば、実朝薨御後も足利氏が存続し、やがて室町幕府を開くのであるから、「系譜的視点」なるものによるならば本項記述の如く実朝薨御を以て河内源氏の「崩壊」とするのは矛盾すると言えよう。
- However, if that is the case, it is contradictory to see the death of Sanetomo as the collapse of Kawachi-Genji as written in this section, because Ashikaga clan continued after the death of Sanetomo and established the Muromachi bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) according to the genealogical viewpoint.
- やがて、南北朝時代 (日本)や戦国時代 (日本)の戦乱によって荘園制が崩壊すると、多くの寺社領が失われ、統一政権では検地の強化によって、一部の朱印地が幕藩体制によって保護されるに過ぎなくなる。
- When the shoen system collapsed in the disturbances during the Nanbokucho period (North and South Dynasties period) and the Sengoku period (Warring states period), many of the jisharyo were lost -- In the Toyotomi administration, kenchi (cadastral surveys) was strengthened, whereby merely a part of shuinchi (estates of temple and shrine confirmed by the shogun and exempted from tax) was protected under the bakuhan system (power structure of bakufu and daimyo domains).
- また、近隣間の些細なトラブルでさえ暴力によって解決される傾向にあった、そのため、秀吉は刀狩と並行して武器の使用による紛争の解決を全国的に禁止(喧嘩停止令)し、この施策は江戸幕府にも継承された。
- People would often resort to force to solve even trivial matters, and Hideyoshi addressed this by prohibiting any conflict resolution using weapons (kenka choji rei (edict prohibiting quarrel and fighting)) throughout the nation in parallel with katanagari edict, which was inherited by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 幕府側にはそれを拒否する力は無く、安政の大獄で失脚した徳川慶喜を将軍後見職、松平春嶽を政事総裁職、松平容保(会津藩主)を京都守護職とするなどの人事を含む改革を余儀なくされた(文久の改革参照)。
- The bakufu side was not yet strong enough to resist that messenger, and had to accept the reformation, including personnel affairs such as appointing Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who lost his standing during the Ansei purge, as a guardian of the shogun, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA as Seiji sosai shoku (roughly, director-general of political affairs), and Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Aizu clan) as Kyoto shugoshiki (post of provincial constable) (See Bunkyu Reform).
- 士農工商の下には、古くからあった穢多、非人と呼ばれる被差別階級があり、かれらは人の嫌がる仕事(刑死執行人・掃除など)を与えられ、その上、幕藩体制維持のために諸大名より差別政策の犠牲者となった。
- Under the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants (shinokosho), there were discriminated classes called eta and hinin for a long time, and they were given duties which other people were unwilling to do (such as executioners, cleaning), and moreover, they became victims of discrimination policies enacted by feudal lords in order to maintain the shogunate system.
- 徳川幕府を代理する立場ではあるが、江戸を離れた京都にあって天皇の信任を得る一方、必ずしも江戸の幕閣の意向を代弁するわけではなく、相対的に独自の勢力を形成していたとする見方からこのように呼ばれる。
- Originally they were to represent the Tokugawa Shogunate, however, in Kyoto, far from Edo (present Tokyo, the hub of the Shogunate), they gained the Emperor's trust and didn't always speak for the Shogunate, but instead formed an original force of politics; for that reason recently there is a historian saying that they should be called the 'Ichikaiso Government.'
- 幕府が諸外国と条約を結び、鎖国体制を解いて開国を行うと、攘夷論と結合して尊王攘夷(尊攘)となり、幕政批判や討幕運動などへと展開していく素地のひとつとなり、明治以降の国体論や国家神道へも影響する。
- When the Tokugawa shogunate ended its policy of isolation and concluded treaties with foreign countries, opening Japan to the outside world, imperialism was fused with the principle of excluding foreigners, and grew into an anti-foreign imperialism; this became a conduit for criticism of shogunate policy and for the anti-shogunate movement, and exerted an influence on national polity theory and State Shinto.
- 幕府財政は一部で健全化し、には江戸時代を通じて最高の税収となったが、年貢税率の固定化やゆきすぎた倹約により百姓・町民からの不満を招き、折からの享保の大飢饉もあって、百姓一揆や打ちこわしが頻発した。
- The government finance got balanced partially, and in 1744 the tax revenues were the highest of the Edo period, but the fixation of rice tax rate and the forced frugality of everyday life negatively affected peasants and citizens, resulting in frequent peasant revolts and destructive urban riots, which were also results of the Great Famine of Kyoho.
- しかし、これを機に主導権を握ろうとする薩摩藩と幕府・一橋慶喜の思惑の違いが絡んで横浜鎖港をめぐって対立、1864年(元治元年)2月に山内が帰国、3月には残る全員が辞表を提出してあっけなく瓦解した。
- However, conflict arose over the agenda of Yokohama-ko Port against the background of different purposes between Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI who aimed to protect the Shogunate and the Satsuma clan who aimed to take advantage of the Council to gain leadership, therefore, in February 1864 (according to the old lunar calendar) Yamauchi went back to his domain, and in the following March other members also resigned, consequently the Sanyo-kaigi was broken up.
- そして、旧幕府において京都と江戸の警備に当たっていた会津藩及び庄内藩は朝敵と見なされ、会津は武装恭順の意志を示したものの、新政府の意志は変わらず、周辺諸藩は新政府に会津出兵を迫られる事態に至った。
- Accordingly, the Aizu and Shonai clans that took the charges of keeping peace of the cities of Kyoto and Edo became the enemies of the imperial court; Aizu were willing to show allegiance but the new government still took Aizu as the enemy, forcing the surrounding clans to dispatch troops against Aizu.
- 朝廷や幕府財政の悪化が深刻になると、段銭・半済などの課役免除や禁制制札の発給、関所の新設廃止、座などの商業上の特権付与、訴訟に対する支持など様々な権利を求める人々に対して礼銭を求めるようになった。
- When the financial conditions of the Imperial Court and the bakufu greatly worsened, to present the reisen was required for those who asked for various kinds of privileged rights such as: tax exemption including the tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan) and the hanzei (tax system in which the Muromachi bakufu allowed Shugo, or military governors, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund); issuance of the kinsei seisatsu (notice of banning orders on a street bulletin board); ban on the construction or abolition of a sekisho (checking station); granting of commercial privileges such as the za (privileged guild); or support for a lawsuit.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると国基の後裔は幕府の御家人となり、『吾妻鏡』建久6年(1195年)3月10日 (旧暦)条にある将軍家東大寺供養に随行する兵の中に「野瀬判官代」とその同族「安房判官代」の名がみえている。
- During the Kamakura period, descendants of Kunimoto became gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate) and on an entry dated April 28, 1195 of 'Azuma Kagami (The Mirror of the East),' the names of 'Nose hogandai' and his cognate, 'Awa hogandai' are listed among soldiers who accompanied the group on a trip to memorial service for Shogun family at Todai-ji temple.
- 明治39年(1906年)に、10代藩主徳川慶篤の孫にあたる徳川圀順が完成させるまで、実に250年の歳月を要した(ただし、本紀・列伝は光圀存命中にはほぼ完成しており、幕末以後、何度か刊行されている)。
- TOKUGAWA Kuniyuki, the grandson of the tenth family head, TOKUGAWA Yoshiatsu, completed it in 1906 and its completion took 250 years (Honki and retsuden were almost completed while Mitsukuni was alive and they published it several times since the end of the Edo period.).
- 折から幕法に反して京都に藩邸を置く諸大名を制御できず、京都の治安維持さえ独力でおぼつかない幕府と、幕藩体制の根幹である「武士」の武力に対する信頼とその権威は、この敗北によって急速になくなっていった。
- When the shogunate government could neither stop feudal lords setting up their residenes in Kyoto against the shogunate order, nor maintain the public order in Kyoto by its own efforts, the reliance on the shogunate government and its authority as well as the trust in the military power of samurai, which was the backbone of the shogunate and domain system, fell rapidly after this defeat.
- だが、江戸時代中期以後商品作物の生産が広まってくると都市周辺部の農村など本来は米の生産が可能な地域においてもなし崩しに買納制が行われていき、江戸幕府さえもが事実上の黙認政策を採らざるを得なくなった。
- However, as the production of commercial crops became widely spread during the mid-Edo period, baino-sei was carried out even in suburban villages where rice can be produced, to which the Edo bakufu virtually took an acquiescence policy.
- 一般には、12世紀後半の源頼朝による鎌倉幕府の設立から、慶応3年(1867年)の徳川慶喜による大政奉還まで、約700年間に渡る武家による政権を指すが、現在は平清盛の平氏政権からとする説が有力である。
- The military government was an administration under the control of samurai, which continued for about 700 years from the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the late 12th century to Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) lead by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA in 1867; however, a theory, in which the start was the Taira clan government ruled by TAIRA no Kiyomori, is now widely accepted.
- しかしながら、徳川政権により上田から海津城(松代)に移された真田氏は藩主は勿論、家臣団にとっても武田配下だった「御先祖様」活躍の地であるためもあって幕末まで戦跡は保護されたり語り継がれることとなった。
- However, the Sanada clan was transferred from Ueda to Kaizu-jo Castle (located in Matsushiro) by the Tokugawa administration, and because the area was the place where the ancestors of the lord of the domain and of the retainers had had a lively showing, therefore the battle sites were protected and tales about the sites were handed down for generations until the end of the Edo period.
- 一方、公家の乱脈ぶりを憂慮した幕府は、公家統制の重要性を悟り、慶長18年(1613年)の「公家衆法度」の制定を招き、さらに慶長20年(1615年)の「禁中並公家諸法度」制定につながっていくこととなる。
- Meanwhile the Bakufu, worried by the lax morals of court nobles, realized the importance of controlling them more strictly, resulting in the institution of Kugeshu hatto (the regulatory law for court nobles) in 1613 and further leading to that of Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto (the regulatory laws for the Emperor and court nobles) in 1615.
- また武家権力による天下統一のため農地を基礎とする農本主義を選択せざるを得ず商業の隆盛による前期資本主義的社会の成立に財政徴税などの基本体制が対応できず幕府各藩とも大商人からの借入が拡大し破綻していく。
- Each domain of the bakufu ran into debt from large-scale merchants and eventually went broke because of their dependence on agricultural fundamentalism to rule the nation, in addition, basic systems such as tax collection, did not respond to the establishment of the lower capitalist society made up of flourishing commerce.
- これに対して造酒正も延暦寺なども激しく抵抗したが、足利義満のもとで強力な軍事力を保っていた幕府の圧力に屈し、明徳4年(1393年)には「洛中辺土散在土倉并酒屋役条々」という5ヶ条からなる法令を出した。
- Although Miki no kami and Enryaku-ji Temple fiercely fought back against the bakufu's move, they were suppressed by the strong military power of the bakufu of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, and the bakufu put into force a law called 'Rakuchu-hendosanzai doso-narabini-sakaya-yaku jojo' (洛中辺土散在土倉并酒屋役条々) (Rules of tax regarding financial services and sake dealers in Kyoto) with five articles in 1393.
- 一会桑政権(いちかいそうせいけん)は、幕末の政治動向の中心地京都において、禁裏御守衛総督兼摂海防禦指揮・一橋慶喜、京都守護職・松平容保(会津藩)、京都所司代・松平定敬(桑名藩)三者により構成された体制。
- The Ichikaiso Government was a politically prominent group in Kyoto, the center of politics at the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate; it was formed of Kinri-goshuei-sotoku (Governor-general of the inner palace's guard) Sekkai-bogyo-shiki (Commander of the coastal defense of Osaka-wan Bay) Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI, Kyoto-shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto) Katamori MATSUDAIRA from the Aizu clan, and Kyoto-shoshidai (Deputy for Governor-general of Kyoto) Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA from the Kuwana clan.
- 大久保らは大政奉還により大義名分が失われたとして討幕の密勅を猶予する沙汰書を黙殺し、藩論を率兵上洛(藩兵を率いて上洛する)へとりまとめ、武力討幕を目的とした薩摩・長州・安芸3藩による出兵同盟を締結する。
- Okubo and others ignored an instruction to postpone a secret Imperial command to attack the Shogunate, saying it could no longer be justified since the Taisei Hokan, encouraged the domains to send their troops to Kyoto and arranged an alliance of three domains, Satsuma, Choshu and Aki, for the dispatch of troops for the purpose of overthrowing the Shogunate with military force.
- 戦国の武士の気風を受け継ぎ殉死などを行なうかぶき者を公秩序維持のため徳川家綱の代に禁止し、江戸幕府が、儒教の朱子学を公の学問としたため、信・義・忠を重んじ、気高い振る舞いを行なうのが武士であるとされた。
- The kabuki-mono (the crazy ones, dandy), who followed their master to the grave with the moral tone of bushi during the Sengoku period, were forbidden for the maintenance of public order during the generation of Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and the Edo bakufu authorized Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) of Confucianism as public scholarship and thus the bushi should emphasize the faith, justice and loyalty and behave nobly.
- 嘉禄元年(1225年)、鎌倉幕府に評定衆が設置されて以来、重要な政務は評定によって決定されたが、13世紀後期に年始の行事の一環として毎年1月中旬の1日に執権・連署以下を召集して評定始を行うようになった。
- Important policies had been decided by the council since 1225 when the hyojoshu was set up in the Kamakura bakufu, and in the late thirteenth century, hyojohajime began as a New Year ceremony convened with a regent, rensho (assistant to regents), and other subordinates on a day of mid-January every year.
- 室町幕府は主に御料所などからの収入で財政を維持してきたが、全国的な内乱のために年貢輸送が途絶えたり、あるいは南朝_(日本)軍に占領されたり、自軍への恩賞に回されたりしてその範囲は小さくなる一方であった。
- The Muromachi bakufu managed to finance its budgets by the income from goryosho (the Imperial or shogunate's estate), whose areas were dwindling because the transportation of nengu (land tax such as rice) was disturbed by civil wars across the country, and some goryosho were occupied by the Southern Court's army which were used to reward their soldiers.
- 具体的には、「いざ鎌倉」などに代表される緊急時の軍役、内裏の警護である大番役、幕府の警護である大番役、後の元寇の頃には異国警固番役や長門警固番役という形で行われ、また関東御公事と言われる経済負担もあった。
- Specifically, there was military service during emergencies such as 'Iza, Kamakura' (mobilization to Kamakura at the time of emergency), Obanyaku (the job of guarding Kyoto) to protect for dairi (Imperial Palace) or bakufu, Ikokukeigobanyaku and Nagato keigoban during later Mongol invasions, and Kanto-mikuji which was an economic burden.
- しかし、同藩の桂小五郎(のちの木戸孝允)や久坂玄瑞、久留米の神官・真木和泉ら尊王攘夷派は、幕府の権力強化につながるこの策に猛反対し、長井は失脚させられて、以後長州の藩論は尊王攘夷の最過激派へと転換される。
- However, Kogoro KATSURA (later Koin KIDO) and Genzui KUSAKA from the Choshu clan, and people of Sonno Joi ha, such as Izumi MAKI of Kurume, firmly opposed this policy because they thought it would lead to a restrengthening of the bakufu's power, and thus they brought down Nagai, and the Choshu clan returned to the radical Sonno Joi philosophy of restoring power to the emperor and expelling foreigners.
- どの戦国大名も従来の大名に替わって室町幕府に「郡検断」「軍勢催促」「段銭徴収」等の諸権力を公認されることで各地域の中心勢力を形成し、そして新しい中央政権たる豊臣秀吉の奥州仕置によって既得権益を追認された。
- Each sengoku daimyo formed the central power of influence in each region by being authorized to execute various powers such as 'jurisdiction,' 'demand for military assistance,' and 'collection of Tansen (tax on rice fields)' by the Muromachi bakufu in place of the existing daimyo and then had their vested interests confirmed by Oshu-shioki (repression of the Oshu region) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as the new central government.
- 将軍義輝の排除はもともと三好・松永の発案ですらなく、古くは阿波国守護細川持隆が最初に策した事であり、この事も示すように当初より実権と将軍専制に固執した義輝の存在は多くの幕府吏僚にとって煙たい存在であった。
- Ousting of Shogun Yoshiteru, not even proposed by Miyoshi and Matsunaga initially, but was first masterminded by Mochitaka HOSOKAWA, governor of Awa Province, in a rather early year and, as this fact reveals, Yoshiteru who had insisted on real power and despotism by the Shogun, had been shunned by Bakufu bureaucrats since the beginning.
- その後、麹屋側の巻き返しにより天文_(元号)14年(1545年)には再度北野麹座による麹の独占が許されるものの、室町幕府の権威が完全に失墜した状況下では時は既に遅く、やがて麹造りは酒屋業の一工程となった。
- After that, though the monopoly of the koji malt by Kitano koji za was permitted again in 1545 due to the catch up by Kitano koji za, it was too late, as the Muromachi bakufu had fallen from power, and the production of koji malt had become integrated into the sakaya industry.
- 1544年に発生した蛇梁倭変により、1512年に宗氏と朝鮮王朝の間で締結された壬申約条は破棄され、日本国王使(室町幕府使節)および大内氏・少弐氏の使節を除き、日本からの通交(外交を兼ねた貿易)は禁じられた。
- In the saryan wahen (Coup of Shinryo IWAYA) which occurred in 1544, the Jinshin Yakujo concluded between the So clan and the Yi-Dynasty in 1512 was denounced; thereafter, trading (trade concurrent with a diplomacy visit) from Japan was inhibited except for the King of Japan envoy (the Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] envoy) and the envoys from the Ouchi clan and the Shoni clan.
- 大政奉還(たいせいほうかん)とは、江戸時代末期の慶応3年10月14日(1867年11月9日)に、江戸幕府第15代将軍徳川慶喜が、統治権返上を明治天皇に上奏し、翌15日に天皇が上奏を勅許した政治的事件である。
- Taisei Hokan is a political incident in which the 15th Shogun of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA reported to the Emperor Meiji that he would return the sovereignty to the Emperor on November 9, 1867 at the end of Edo period, and the Emperor gave the imperial sanction to the report on the next day.
- この後、朝廷から禁裏御守衛総督・摂海防禦指揮に任ぜられた慶喜は、京都守護職松平容保(会津藩主)・京都所司代松平定敬(桑名藩主)兄弟らとともに、江戸の幕閣から半ば独立した動きをみせることとなる(一会桑政権)。
- After the collapse, Yoshinobu, who was appointed as Kinri goshuei sotoku (director-general to guard Imperial Palace) and director of protection of the sea around Osaka, along with the brothers Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Aizu clan), Kyoto shugoshiki, and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Kuwana clan), Kyoto shoshidai (representative of shoshi), became semi-independent from the cabinet officials of the shogunate (Ichikaiso Government).
- 慶長6年(1601年)には、伏見銀座から慶長丁銀が鋳造され、以後、江戸幕府によって品位を一定に定められた丁銀が発行され、元和 (日本)年間以降は常に小額通貨である同品位の豆板銀(小玉銀)を伴って発行された。
- In 1601, Keicho Chogin (oval silver coins) were made in Fushimi Ginza (silver mint) and since then, Chogin of a consistent standard had been coined by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and after the Genwa era, Mameitagin (small coins) of the same quality were made as a permanent small currency unit.
- だが、慶長8年(1603年)、徳川家康は征夷大将軍となり江戸幕府を開設、続いて風説通りに家康は源氏長者・右大臣・秀頼には内大臣昇進があったものの、幼少であるという理由で関白は引き続き兼孝が務める事となった。
- In 1603, however, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA became Seii Taishogun and established the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and then, as it had been rumored, he was promoted to Genji Choja (the head of the Minamoto clan) and Udaijin while Hideyori was promoted only to Naidaijin and Kanetaka continued to serve as Kanpaku for the reason of Hideyori's being too young.
- かつての通説によると、鎌倉幕府は、1192年(建久3年)に源頼朝が征夷大将軍(以下、将軍)に任官されて始まったとされていたが、頼朝の権力・統治機構はそれ以前から存続しており、現在ではこの説は支持されていない。
- According to an old popular theory, the Kamakura Bakufu was thought to have started in 1192, when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (hereinafter, shogun), but the power and governing system of Yoritomo had existed before that and now this theory is not believed.
- この他にも、後に村田銃の開発で有名になった村田経芳が、旧幕府から引き継がれたシャスポー銃を、スナイドル銃とは別の金属薬莢を用いる弾薬用に改造しようと計画するなど、更に補給を混乱させかねない事態が進行していた。
- In addition, matters that might further confuse the army in supplying ammunition were proceeding such that Tsuneyoshi MURATA, who later became famous for developing Murata rife, was planning to convert Chassepot rifle, which had been handed down from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), into a model using metal cartridge case other than that for Snider rifle.
- 江戸幕府はスペイン・ポルトガル勢力をアジアから追放しようとするイギリスとオランダの商人によってこの情報を得て、家康の積極外交から鎖国に方針転換したと考えられている(家光が単に外国嫌いであったという説もある)。
- It is believed that the Edo Bakufu changed its policy to seclusionism after obtaining this information from merchants of Britain and the Netherlands who were aiming to oust Spanish and Portuguese power from Asia, even though the Edo Bakufu during the era of the Ieyasu TOKUGAWA shogunate had positive relations with foreign countries (another theory suggests that Iemitsu was simply a xenophobia.)
- また、貨幣吹替および飢饉の影響などによる変動はあったものの、米1石(当時の人一人の一年分の米消費量にほぼ相当する)の価格は1両前後であり、元禄年間から幕末の世情不安に至る前まで、ほぼこの前後の水準で推移した。
- Although some fluctuations were seen under the influence of reminting, famine, and others, the price of 1 koku rice (nearly equal to the amount consumed by a person per year) was around 1 ryo from the Genroku era (1688 to 1704) until just before the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate when the Japanese society became unstable.
- その後、軍事貴族の平清盛が平氏政権をうちたて、平氏政権打倒の過程で発生した の内乱(源平合戦)の結果、東国に武家政権(鎌倉幕府)が登場することとなったが、その後も貴族たちは一定の政治実権を握り続けたのである。
- Later, TAIRA no Kiyomori from the military nobles established the Taira clan administration, and as a result of the civil war of Gisho-Juei (the Genpei war) which occurred during the course of overthrowing the Taira clan administration, a military administration (the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)) was established in the East, but the nobles continued to seize political power afterwards as well.
- その後、六角高頼が幕府御料地を侵略した際には9月と8月の2回、第9代将軍足利義尚の親征を受けたが、その2度とも観音寺城を放棄し甲賀の山中でゲリラ戦を展開、一時的に城を明け渡すが共に奪回している(長享・延徳の乱)。
- Later, when the castle was attacked by the ninth Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, twice, in August and September, due to Takayori ROKKAKU's invasion of bakufu goryochi (the land directly controlled by bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]), they temporarily abandoned the castle, conducted guerrilla wars in the mountains of Koka, and recaptured the castle later in both wars (the Chokyo-Entoku Wars).
- 主に旧薩摩藩・長州藩および一部の公家による専制政治として実行されたため「藩閥政府」と揶揄されることもあるが、中級官僚以上でも旧親藩・旧幕臣などから採用された者も少なくなく、一概に一部雄藩のみが主導したともいえない。
- Since the Meiji Restoration was implemented arbitrarily by the Satsuma clan, the Choshu clan, and some court nobles, it was sometimes derisively called 'a clan dominated government,' but it cannot be said that a couple of powerful clans led this restoration because a considerable number of Tokugawas and former retainers of the Shogun were hired as the middle or upper levels of the bureaucracy.
- 義昭・信長と前久・石山本願寺との対立は後の元亀兵乱の一因となるが、兵乱の過程において、信長との関係が悪化した義昭は本願寺と和解し反信長同盟(いわゆる信長包囲網)を形成するも信長に敗れ、室町幕府は滅亡することになる。
- While the opposition between the Yoshiaki-Nobunaga pair and the Sakihisa-Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple alliance proved to make up a cause of subsequent Genki heiran (the Genki Disturbance), Yoshiaki whose relationship with Nobunaga worsened in the process of warfare made peace with Hongan-ji Temple to form an Anti-Nobunaga alliance (so-called Nobunaga encircling net), which eventually was defeated by Nobunaga, and the Muromachi bakufu collapsed.
- 京都と鎌倉を結ぶ東海道の要地に勢力を持った足助氏は朝廷との繋がりも深く、後に源氏将軍家が断絶し承久3年(1221年)に後鳥羽上皇が倒幕の兵を挙げると一族は京方として戦い、足助重秀の子足助重成が討死にした(承久の乱)。
- It also had a close relationship with the Imperial Court because of its power in the key areas of Tokaido connecting Kyoto and Kamakura; and when the Minamoto clan was broken in 1221and Retired Emperor Gotoba staged a rebellion in an attempt to reclaim the throne and overthrow the Kamakura bakufu, it fought together with samurai around Kyoto who were against the shogunate, and Shigenari ASUKE, who was a child of Shigehide ASUKE, died in the battle (the Jokyu War).
- そして、元弘元年(1331年)の後醍醐天皇による討幕の計画・元弘の乱では幕府が事前に知るところとなり天皇は笠置山 (京都府)に逃れるが、この時真先に馳せ参じて天皇に味方したのが7代目惣領・次郎足助重範であったという。
- In the Genko War of 1331, when the attack plan of Emperor Godaigo became known by the shogunate before the fact and the Emperor then evacuated to Mt. Kasagi in Kyoto Prefecture, the seventh head, Jiro Shigenori ASUKE, rushed to him first to engage him in battle.
- これは足利義詮政権の下で、貞治2年(1363年)に大内弘世・山名時氏ら有力守護が南朝から北朝(幕府)へ帰順するなど、この時期には北朝の優位がほぼ確定し、全国的にも南北朝の動乱期が収まりつつあることを示すものであった。
- The above showed the fact that after influential shugodaimyo like Hiroyo OUCHI and Tokiuji YAMANA submitted themselves to Northern Court (bakufu) in 1363 when Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA was shogun, the superiority of the Northern Court became apparent and unquiet days of Northern and Southern Courts was ending nationwide.
- 江戸時代後期、慶応3年(1867年)に15代征夷大将軍徳川慶喜が大政奉還を行って江戸幕府が消滅し、山岡鉄太郎の斡旋により新政府軍の大総督府参謀である西郷隆盛と徳川家陸軍総裁の勝海舟の会談で江戸城の無血開城が決定する。
- In 1867 in the late Edo period, the Edo bakufu ruined due to the Taisei Hokan conducted by the 15th Seii Taishogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, then through the mediation of Tetsutaro YAMAOKA, the bloodless surrender of Edo Castle was decided at a meeting of Takamori SAIGO, a general officer of the grand government general, and Kaishu KATSU, president of the Tokugawa family's army.
- 成人男性の識字率も幕末には70%を超え、同時期のロンドン(20%)、パリ(10%未満)を遥かに凌ぎ、ロシア人革命家メーチニコフや、トロイア遺跡を発見したドイツ人のハインリッヒ・シュリーマンらが、驚きを以って書いている。
- The literacy rate of adult males living in Edo exceeded seventy per cent by the end of Edo Period, far higher than those of London (20%) and Paris (below 10%), which a Russian revolutionist, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, and German archaeologist, Heinrich Julius Schliemann who discovered Trojan Ruins, reported with astonishment.
- 武士は当初、「侍」に象徴されるように天皇・貴族の警護や紛争の鎮圧を任とする階層であったが、平清盛の平氏政権を経て鎌倉幕府の成立に至り、旧来の支配権力である朝廷・国司・荘園に対して全国の軍事・警察を担う公権力に発展した。
- Bushi were firstly in the class which guarded the Emperor and aristocrats and suppressed the conflicts as symbolized in 'samurai,' but when the Kamakura bakufu was established through the Taira clan government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, bushi developed into the official authority which were in charge of military affairs and police activities against the Imperial Court, kokushi (provincial governors) and shoen which were traditionally ruling powers.
- だが、貞享4年(1687年)中院通茂が先年の暴言の事実と皇太子への悪意の疑いで追放され(ただし、後年許されて霊元上皇と東山天皇の推挙で幕府から加増を受けている)、直後に朝仁親王(東山天皇)への譲位と院政開始を宣言する。
- However, in 1687, Michishige NAKANOIN was expelled for his abusive remark earlier in the year and was suspected of ill intentions toward the Crown Prince (although he was remitted afterwards and his salaries from the Bakufu were increased at the recommendation of the Retired Emperor Reigen and Emperor Higashiyama), and immediately after that the incumbent emperor declared the abdication of his throne in favor or Imperial Prince Asahito (now Emperor Higashiyama) and the start of his assumption of the virtual reins of the court as retired emperor.
- 本来、公家という言葉が「おおやけ」すなわち朝廷及び天皇を指していたが、領主制による私的支配に由来する新たな公権力である武家政権成立後に武家である幕府及び征夷大将軍と区別するために公儀という言葉も用いられるようになった。
- Originally, the word 'Kuge' meant 'Oyake' or the Imperial Court and the Emperor, but after the establishment of the 'Buke', or military administration and the new official authority that arose through private management in the manorial system, the word 'Kogi' was used to differentiate from the 'Buke', the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 河内源氏は鎌倉幕府樹立の過程で治承の戦いの際に恩賞などの形で獲得した旧伊勢平氏知行国のうち9ヶ国(下総国・上総国・武蔵国・相模国・伊豆国・越後国・信濃国・駿河国・豊後国)及び没官領となった500ヶ所以上の荘園を獲得した。
- The Kawachi Genji received nine provinces (Shimousa Province, Kazusa Province, Musashi Province, Sagami Province, Izu Province, Echigo Province, Shinano Province, Suruga Province, Bungo Province) among those that had been the Ise Heishi's chigyokoku, and 500 or more shoen, that had been mokkan ryo (confiscated lands) -- All of them were received as rewards in the Jisho no ran (Jisho civil war, 1180) in the process of establishing the Kamakura bakufu (military government of Kamakura).
- 先に足利義教が暗殺された嘉吉の変では、管領らが協議して直ちに後継将軍が定められたが、永禄の変以前の永禄6年(1563年)に管領細川氏綱が死去して以後、管領は置かれておらず、将軍の死により幕府機能は事実上停止するに至った。
- In the Kakitsu Incident in which Yoshinori ASHIKAGA was assassinated, his deputy and other officials held consultations and immediately selected the succeeding Shogun, but, since Deputy Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA had died in 1563 before the Eiroku Incident, the position of deputy was unfilled, allowing the functions of the Bakufu to be virtually halted by the Shogun's death.
- この体制は尊皇攘夷・長州藩への対抗を通じて形成され、八月十八日の政変以降、尊皇攘夷派が退潮し、さらに公武合体論に基づく有力諸侯による参預会議が崩壊したのち、王政復古の大号令による倒幕派クーデタまでの京都政界をほぼ支配した。
- At first the group had been formed to counter the group of Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the Choshu clan; after the Sonno Joi group had been purged by the August 18 Coup (the Bunkyu Coup of 1863), the powerful lords including the three of the Ichikaiso Government participated in the Sanyo-kaigi (the Councilor Council in the Court) which had been set up so that the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Imperial Court cooperate on dealing with impending matters; although the Sanyo-kaigi was unraveled soon, the three politicians had maintained their power and dominated over the politics in Kyoto until the Overthrow of the Shogunate and the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule (1867).
- 戦国時代、出雲国においては京極氏が出雲守護職に補任されてきたが、同氏が室町幕府において三管領に次ぐ四職の家柄にあり、北近江守護職を兼務していたことから、京極氏の庶流である尼子氏が、京極氏の守護代として出雲国を任されていた。
- During the Sengoku Period, in Izumo, the Kyogoku clan helped with the duties of Izumo shugoshoku and the Kyogoku clan was the linage of the fourth post next to the three kanrei in the Muromachi bakufu and also acted as Kitaomi shugoshoku and, therefore, the Kyogoku clan left the Izumo Province to the Amago clan which was shoryu of the Kyogoku clan, as shugodai (deputy of Shugo).
- なお、旧幕府時代、名目上は独立国でありながら実質上薩摩藩の支配下にあった琉球王国に関しては、廃藩置県の際に「琉球藩」が設置されて日本国家内に取り込まれることとなり、1879年(明治12年)に沖縄県として正式に県に編入された。
- In addition, the Ryukyu Kingdom, which was nominally an independent country but actually was under the control of Satsuma Clan in the Shogunate period, belonged to Japan when Ryukyu domain was established at the time of Haihan-chiken, and then Ryukyu was formally incorporated into Japan as Okinawa prefecture in 1879.
- 尊王論が日本に受容されるに際して、日本では天皇が「王」であり、江戸幕府の征夷大将軍が「覇」であると読み換えられたが、天皇は単なる国王ではなく皇帝であるという優越意識を踏まえて「尊皇」という漢字に置き換えて用いることもあった。
- At the time when imperialism was introduced into Japan in the Edo Period (the period during which the Tokugawa shogunate ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867), the tenno (emperor) was advocated as the 'king' and the shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate was the 'military ruler'; despite this, sometimes the Chinese character meaning emperor was used instead of 'king', based on assumptions of superiority, that the emperor was more than a mere 'king'.
- 戦後初期の第一線の中世史の研究者が「武士」を問題とするとき、その対象は鎌倉幕府成立の基盤としてとらえられた「武士団」であり、それが中世的な在地支配の形態とセットで、「中世の成立」と不可分なものとして研究されてきた経緯がある。
- The front running historian specialized in medieval history immediately after World War II considered 'bushi' as 'bushidan' when studying 'bushi' since bushidan formed the basis of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and paired it with the form of medieval estate control as something crucial for the 'formation of the medieval era.'
- 身分制度については、江戸幕府下の「士農工商」の別を廃止し、旧武士階級を士族、それ以外を平民とし、「四民平等」を謳う一方、旧公家・大名や一部僧侶などを新たに華族として特権的階級とすると同時に、宮内省の支配の下に置くことになった。
- Regarding the class system, the government advocated equality of all people, abolishing the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants under the Edo Shogunate, and changing former samurai class to the warrior class and the rest of classes to commoner class, whereas they gave the privileges of nobility to former court nobles, feudal lords, and some of the Buddhist monks so as to put them under the control of the Ministry of the Imperial Household.
- 文明 (日本)16年(1484年)、室町幕府により京目一両は4.5匁(約16.8グラム)と公定され、安土桃山時代すなわち元亀、天正年間には、京目一両は4匁4分 (約16.4グラム)と変更され、京目以外の基準は田舎目と呼ばれた。
- In 1484, Muromachi bakufu officially established 1 ryo of Kyome (the weight standard used in and around Kyoto, applied to the gold currency) was equivalent to 4.5 monme (about 16.8 grams) then in Azuchi Momoyama period (or Genki and Tensho eras [1570 to 1592]), 1 ryo of Kyome was changed to 4 monme and 4 bu (about 16.4 grams) and the weight standards other than Kyome were called Inakame.
- そこで幕府は銭相場の下落を防止するため、天保13年8月に御用相場として一両=6500文の触書を出し、しばらくは一両=6000~7000文程度で落ち着いたが、幕末期の大量発行に至り慶應年間にはついに一両=10000文を突破した。
- Therefore, in order to prevent the downfall of the exchange rate of the sen (a unit of currency), the rate was officially fixed as 6,500 mon per ryo by the furegaki (bakufu orders) announced by the Edo bakufu in September 1842 to be stayed around 6,000 to 7,000 per ryo for a while, however, after the mass production in the end of the Edo period, it finally went over 10,000 mon per ryo in Keio era (1865 to 1868).
- この「天皇の正統性」「日本の独自性」の主張は、『日本書紀』を含むその後の正史(いわゆる六国史、『続日本紀』『日本後紀』『続日本後紀』『日本文徳天皇実録』『日本三代実録』)の主要なテーマであり、以後、幕末期までその影響が及んだ。
- This assertion of 'the legitimacy of the Emperor' and the 'uniqueness of Japan' were main themes in Rikkokushi (the Six National Histories), which in addition to 'Nihonshoki,' include 'Shoku Nihongi' (chronicle of Japan, continued), 'Nihon Koki' (later chronicle of Japan), 'Shoku Nihon Koki' (later chronicle of Japan, Continued), 'Nihon montoku tenno jitsuroku' (the fifth national history, covering years 850 - 858, reign of Montoku) and 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (the sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts), and its effects remained until the end of the Edo period.
- 慶長8年2月12日 (旧暦)(1603年3月24日)に徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任ぜられ江戸(現在の東京)に幕府が開かれた時を始まりとし、慶応3年10月14日 (旧暦)(1867年11月15日)に大政奉還するまでの264年間を指す。
- This period started at the time when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed shogun (a barbarian-quelling generalissimo) and settled the government in Edo (present Tokyo) on March 24, 1603, and lasted till the return of political power to the Emperor (taisei hokan) on November 15, 1867 for 264 years.
- 本圀寺の変(ほんこくじのへん・本國寺の変)とは、永禄12年1月5日 (旧暦)(1569年1月21日)に三好三人衆が京都本圀寺(当時の呼称は「本國寺」)に仮の御所(六条御所)を置いていた室町幕府征夷大将軍・足利義昭を襲撃した事件。
- The Incident of Honkoku-ji Temple, on January 31, 1569, was an attack of Miyoshi sanninshu (three chief retainers of the Miyoshi clan) on Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), who was in his temporary residence (Rokujo Palace) in Kyoto Honkoku-ji Temple (it was called 'Honkoku-ji' then).
- 相馬御厨は在庁官人が在地領主に変貌していく過程で、国司や目代と激しく対立した事、在地領主層が脆弱な地位を守るために寄進を行った事、寄進による保護にも限界があり、鎌倉幕府の成立へとつながって行った事の例示としてよく取り上げられる。
- Soma-mikuriya is often raised as an exemplary case of: bitter struggles with kokushi (provincial governors) and mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) during the transformation of local officials to local lords; donation by the local lord classes to defend their vulnerable positions; and the limits of the protection by donation, which led to the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 貞治の変(じょうじ の へん)は、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)後期(室町時代初期)の貞治5年(1366年)、室町幕府の執事(のちの管領)であった斯波義将およびその父で征夷大将軍足利義詮側近の有力守護大名であった斯波高経が失脚した事件。
- Joji Incident, which occurred in 1366 during the late Northern and Southern Courts Period (Japan) (the early Muromachi period), was an incident by which Yoshimasa SHIBA, shitsuji (steward, later renamed kanrei) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and his father Takatsune SHIBA, an influential shugodaimyo (territorial lord as provincial constables) and a close aid of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, fell from power.
- しかし、孝明天皇は撫恤のための薪水給与は認めていたが、通商条約や異国人の入国には強く反対しており、また岩倉具視ら多くの公家が関白の幕府寄りの姿勢を批判したため(廷臣八十八卿列参事件参照)、堀田の工作にもかかわらず勅許は得られなかった。
- However, Hotta could not get permission primarily because the Emperor Komei strongly objected to the ideas of allowing foreigners to come into Japan and concluding a commercial treaty, though he did give permission for supplying fuel and water in mercy, and also because many aristocrats including Tomomi IWAKURA criticized Kujo for his attitude towards the shogunate (see the incident that 88 high-ranking aristocrats went on a sit-in protest).
- 天保通寳は寛永通寳5~6枚分の量目に過ぎず、吹き減りおよび工賃を差し引いても一枚10文前後のコストで製造可能である為、幕府は地方での発行を「禁制」として認めなかったが、幕末期に偽装工作としての地方貨幣発行の陰で各藩による密鋳が横行した。
- Since the Tenpo-tsuho only weighed five or six Kanei-tsuho coins and it was possible to produce a coin in 10 mon even less labor charge and reducing the weight by minting, the bakufu did not admit to issue the coin in local areas as 'Kinsei' (taboo), however some clans secretly minted the Tenpo-tsuho behind the imitative deception of the local coin issuance in the end of the Edo period.
- 永禄の変(えいろくのへん)は、永禄8年5月19日 (旧暦)(1565年6月17日)、三好三人衆(三好長逸・三好政康・岩成友通)と松永久秀らの軍勢によって室町幕府第13代征夷大将軍・足利義輝が京都・二条御所に襲撃され、討死した事件である。
- In the Eiroku Incident, troops led by the so-called 'Miyoshi Triumvirate' (Nagayuki MIYOSHI, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI) and Hisahide MATSUNAGA attacked and killed Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, the 13th Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), at the then Imperial Palace in Nijo, Kyoto on Eiroku 8, the 19th day of the 5th month (according to the old calendar) (June 17, 1565).
- 一方江戸幕府は御定相場として慶長14年(1609年)に、金1両は、銀50匁(約187グラム)、銭4貫文(4,000文 (通貨単位))に等価と布告し、後の元禄13年(1700年)に、金1両は、銀60匁(約225グラム)、銭4貫文と改正した。
- Meanwhile, Edo bakufu set the mint par of exchange, proclaiming in 1609 that 1 ryo of gold was equalized to 50 monme of silver (about 187 grams), or to 4 kanmon (or 4000 mon) of copper, then later in 1700, proclaimed again that 1 ryo of gold became 60 monme of silver (about 225 grams), or 4 kanmon of copper.
- そのため、平氏政権は、武士に出自しながら旧来の支配勢力と同質化してしまったと批判されたのに対し、在地領主層=武士階級から構成される鎌倉幕府は、旧来の支配階級を打倒した画期的・革新的な存在だとして、階級闘争史観などにより高く評価されていた。
- Therefore, the Taira clan administration was criticized as becoming as one with the conventional control forces even though they were born as bushi, as regards to the Kamakura bakufu, which consisted of the local landowner class (bushi class), and was considered as a novel and significant existence due to their toppling of the conventional control class and was highly rated in the history of class conflict.
- 下関での会談を西郷が直前に拒否する事態もあったが、1月21日(22日説も)京都小松清廉邸(京都市上京区)で坂本を介して西郷隆盛、大久保利通、薩摩藩家老の小松清廉と長州藩の木戸孝允(当時は桂小五郎)が倒幕運動に協力する6か条の同盟を締結した。
- Although the conference due to be held in Shimonoseki was cancelled by Saigo just before its start, the six-article alliance for defeating the shogunate was concluded on March 7 (some say on March 8) with the mediation of Sakamoto at Kiyotada KOMATSU's residence in Kyoto (in the present Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City) between the Satsuma representatives (Takamori SAIGO, Toshimichi OKUBO and Kiyotada KOMOTSU [the clan's chief retainer]) and the Choshu counterpart Takayoshi KIDO (called Kogoro KATSURA at that time).
- 成綱の兄・源有綱は源頼朝の挙兵の際に参陣していることから、成綱もまた鎌倉幕府に従ったと思われる(神奈川県厚木市の「及川村」という地名は成綱または成綱の子・及川光綱の縁かとも思われるが、古くは「及河」とも書き「おいがわ」と濁って読むのが正しい。
- Apparently, Naritsuna also followed the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) because Naritsuna's elder brother, MINAMOTO no Aritsuna, joined MINAMOTO no Yoritomo when Yoritomo rose up in arms (the place name 'OIGAWA village' in Atsugi City, Kanagawa Prefecture, seems to have had a relationship with Naritsuna or Naritsuna's son Mitsutsuna OIKAWA, but formerly it was also written as '及河' and was properly read as 'OIGAWA' in a dull sound.
- 特に戦国時代 (日本)は室町幕府を開いた足利氏の嫡流 足利将軍家に対し、庶流の細川氏が管領として実権を奪ったり、出雲守護で嫡流であった京極氏は庶流の尼子氏に守護の地位を簒奪されるなど、血筋では地位や権力を担保し得ない実力本位の時代でもあった。
- The Sengoku period (period of warring states), in particular, was a time based on merit when bloodline did not guarantee rank or power; the Hosokawa clan, the shoryu, took power as the kanrei (shogunal deputy) from the Ashikaga Shogun family, the chakuryu of the Ashikaga clan who established the Muromachi bakufu; and the Amago clan, the shoryu, usurped the position of Shugo (Provincial Constable) from the Kyogoku clan, Izumo Shugo, and the chakuryu.
- 関係史料が少ないため、平氏政権における国守護人・地頭の設置とそれに伴う支配の深化がどれほど進んでいたかは、必ずしも明らかとなっていないが、学界では、これら国守護人・地頭は、後の鎌倉幕府における守護・地頭の先駆的な存在だと考えるようになっている。
- It is not clear how large an influence the establishment by the Taira clan administration of Jito and Province officers had, or the amount of control they exerted because there are few related historical documents, but the academic field proposes that the Jito and Province officers were like a prototype for Shugo and Jito in the Kamakura bakufu.
- 摂海防禦指揮徳川慶喜は、いまだに条約への勅許が得られていないのが原因と考え、老中らに勅許工作と外国艦隊との交渉をおこなわせるが、独断で兵庫開港を決めた阿部正外・松前崇広らに対し朝廷から老中罷免の令が出される異常事態となり、幕府は慶喜への疑念を強める。
- Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who was in charge of protecting the sea around the Osaka region, had senior councilors negotiate with the foreign squadron, while promoting activities to get permission from the emperor, but things became complicated with the order to dismiss the two senior councilors, Masato ABE and Takahiro MATSUMAE, who had decided to open Hyogo port on their own authority, making the bakufu side suspicious of Yoshinobu.
- そのうち鎌倉、室町、徳川の各武家権力は、武力により政権を樹立し、源頼朝が確立したが、形式上朝廷から任ぜられる形で征夷大将軍の位に付く事で幕府を開き、封建制とも呼ばれる分権的な統治を行い、地方領主として地域の実効支配権を持つ武士の連合政権の形をとった。
- Of all administrations in the military government, each samurai authority of Kamakura, Muromachi, and Tokugawa were set up by force and could be traced back to the establishment by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo; he started the bakufu by arriving in power of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in the form of being entrusted by the Imperial Court, achieved decentralized governance, called a 'feudal system,' and adopted a form of coalition government of samurai who held sway over their region as a local feudal lord.
- 表高は江戸幕府公認の検地によって算定された石高だが、実際の藩内では17世紀に進んだ新田開発や、農業技術(農機具・肥料等)の革新による生産力の増大に基づいた藩内検地、専売制による特産品の税高改定などによって、多くの藩では内高は表高を上回って増大していた。
- Omote-daka was calculated based on the land survey officially recognized by the Edo bakufu; however, in many domains the actual uchi-daka was higher than omote-daka and also increasing, thanks to the progress of development of new field in 17th century, the land survey within domains that was based on the increased productivity by innovation of agricultural technique (farming equipments, fertilizer), and tax reform by monopolization of indigenous products.
- 吉保の4男柳沢経隆は宝永6年(1709年)甲斐国八代郡(現在の山梨市・甲州市)に甲府新田藩1万石を与えられ、享保9年(1724年)越後国蒲原郡黒川(新潟県蒲原郡黒川村 (新潟県北蒲原郡)・現在の新潟県胎内市黒川)で黒川藩1万石の大名になり、幕末まで続いた。
- Tsunetaka YANAGISAWA, the fourth son of Yoshiyasu, was bestowed the Kai Nitta Domain with 10,000 koku in Yashiro gun, Kai Province (the present-day cities of Yamanashi and Kofu) in 1709, then in 1724 became the daimyo of the Kurokawa Domain with 10,000 koku in Kurokawa, Kanbara-gun, Echigo Province (which became Kurokawa Town, Kanbara gun, Niigata Prefecture (Kita Kanbara-gun, Niigata Prefecture) and is currently Kurokawa Tainai-shi City, Niigata Prefecture) and the descendents continued to hold that post until the end of the bakufu.
- 天保の改革最中の天保13年(1842年)9月の御触書には「百姓の余技として、町人の商売を始めてはならない」という文があり、併せて農村出身の奉公人の給金に制限を設けているが、これはこうした風潮が農業の衰退に繋がる事を危惧した幕府の対応策であったと考えられる。
- An official announcement issued in October and November 1842 in the midst of the Tempo Reforms contained the following sentence: 'peasants must not start business of the townsman as a sideline' and set a ceiling on wages paid for employees who came from farming villages, all of which must have been countermeasures taken by the bakufu for fear that such tendencies would lead to a decline in agriculture.
- 第二次世界大戦後はマルクス主義的な歴史認識により、武士を支配階級、農民を被支配階級と定義し、農民生活の悲惨さとそれに由来する階級闘争の存在が強調され、商人は財産(資本)を蓄積したブルジョワ階級であり、近代への幕を開く歴史的存在として捉えられるようになった。
- After World War II, Marxian history began to define samurai as the ruling class and the peasants as the ruled class, emphasizing the misery of the peasants' life and the existence of a class struggle derived from this misery, with merchants as the bourgeoisies who accumulated property (capital) which ushered in the modern age.
- 薩長は、土佐藩、佐賀藩をも巻き込み、開国以来の違勅条約に対する反対論と外国人排撃を主張、実行に移そうとする「攘夷」を、国学の進展などにより江戸時代後期から広がっていた国家元首問題としての尊王論とを結びつけ、「尊皇攘夷」を旗頭に「倒幕」の世論を形成していった。
- Satsuma and Choshu domains, together with Tosa and Saga domains, advocated the 'anti-shogunate movement' based on the 'antiforeign imperialism' insisting that the treaties with the Western powers, which were concluded against the imperial order, should not be accepted in the first place and that foreigners should be expelled out of Japan, and placating those who were about to resort to force for the cause of exclusionism, these domains tried to unite exclusionism with the imperialism on the supremacy of the emperor.
- それでも惣領制は鎌倉時代にはともかくも維持されていたが、鎌倉幕府という重しが消滅し、建武政権が南北に分列し、更に天下三分の形勢となるに及んで、嫡子、庶子の分裂も見られるようになり、更には勝った側についた庶子・庶家(しょけ)が嫡流の宗家を凌駕する事態も訪れる。
- The soryo system was sustained during Kamakura period, but as heavy presence of Kamakura period disappeared, Kenmu government subdivided into south and north as well as the conflict began to rise between the legitimate child and illegitimate child as 天下三分 formed, and illegitimate child and branch family that was on the winning side started to surpassed the head family of the main line.
- 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
- Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
- 日本で今日のような天文学の研究が開始されるのは、江戸幕府が天文方を設置して以後であるが、初代天文方の渋川春海は『天文瓊統』において、科学的な天文観測とともに天文道以来の天体と占いの関係についての学説に割いている(これは春海が土御門泰福から神道を学んだ影響も大きい)。
- Although it was only after the establishment of tenmonkata (officer in charge of astronomy) by the Edo bakufu that people started to conduct astronomical research in the current style, the first tenmonkata, Harumi SHIBUKAWA, discussed the theory on the relationship between astronomical bodies and divination, which followed the tradition of Tenmondo, as well as scientific observation of the sky in a book called 'Tenmon Keito' (this may stem from the fact that Harumi learned Shinto from Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADO).
- その後、光圀は父徳川頼房の死去により家督を相続し、公務が多忙となったため事業からは遠ざかっていたが、幕府では寛文2年(1662年)に林鵞峰に命じて編年体の史書『本朝通鑑』の編纂を開始しており、光圀は林鵞峰を藩邸に招いて面談し、編纂方針や正統問題について質問している。
- Then, Mitsukuni succeeded to the family after his father, TOKUGAWA Yorifusa, died and became busy with official duties, so that he stayed away from the enterprise, but the government ordered HAYASHI Gaho to compile a chronicle of Japan, 'Honchotsukan' and Mitsukuni asked HAYASHI Gaho about compiling policy and legitimacy, in person.
- 薩長や岩倉らが実権を掌握するためには、武力蜂起により親徳川派中心の摂政・関白その他従来の役職を廃止して天皇親政の新体制を樹立し、慶喜には辞官・納地(旧幕府領の返上)を求めて新政権の中心となることを阻止することが必要となり、王政復古 (日本)へ向かっていくことになった。
- In order for Saccho and Iwakura group to obtain real power, it was necessary for them, through military uprising, to abolish regent, chancellor and other conventional posts mainly taken up by pro-Tokugawa people, to establish a new system to realize direct rule by the emperor, and to inhibit Yoshinobu from being the core of the new government by asking him to surrender the post and domains (former terriroty of the bakufu) to the Imperial Court, and this situation led to the movement of the Restoration of Imperial Rule.
- 一方、公家の岩倉具視や薩摩藩の大久保利通ら討幕派は、親徳川派の摂政・二条斉敬や久邇宮朝彦親王(維新後久邇宮)が主催する下で徳川中心の朝廷政府が成立することを阻止するため、満15歳の明治天皇を手中にして二条摂政や朝彦親王を排除し、朝廷を掌握するためのクーデター計画を進めた。
- On the other hand, in order to prevent establishment of an Imperial Government centered on Tokugawa under the sponsorship of Nijo and the Imperial Prince, members of the anti-Shogunate group including Tomomi IWAKURA, a noble, and Toshimichi OKUBO of the Satsuma Domain manipulated the 15-year-old Emperor Meiji, expelled pro-Tokugawa members of the court such as Nariyuki NIJO (the Imperial Regent) and Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko (Kuninomiya after the Meiji Restoration) and planned a coup to seize control of the Imperial Court.
- 戦国時代(せんごくじだい、1493年(1467年)頃-1573年頃)は、1493年の明応の政変頃あるいは1467年の応仁の乱頃をその始期とし、1573年に15代室町将軍足利義昭が織田信長によって追放されて室町幕府が事実上消滅するまでの時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
- The Sengoku Period in Japan (from around 1493 (or 1467) to around 1573) is a chronological period in the history of Japan that commenced from the Coup of Meio in 1493 or the Onin Disturbance in 1467 and ended by the disappearance of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with the purge of Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA by Nobunaga ODA, the fifteenth shogun, of the Muromachi bakufu, in 1573.
- そこで当時院政を敷いていた後水尾法皇と江戸幕府との間で密かに万が一鷹司房子に男子が生まれないままに天皇が崩御された場合の時には小倉実起の娘(中納言典侍・実名不詳)が生んだ第1皇子である一宮が継承するという合意が出来ており、天皇や摂関家などの有力公家の合意を取り付けていた。
- There had been an agreement between Cloistered Emperor Gomizunoo, then taking the virtual reins of the court, and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a nominally emperor-appointed Shogun) that, if Emperor Reigen died before Fusako TAKATSUKASA delivered a son, the Emperor's oldest son Ichinomiya born to a daughter (an unidentified Chunagon Naishi (a maid of honor to the Vice-Councilor of State)) of Saneoki OGURA would inherit the throne, and this agreement had won consent of the Emperor and influential noble families including Sekkanke (families qualified for appointment as Prince Regent or Chief Advisor to the Emperor).
- 幕府は17世紀末の元禄年間以降、貨幣の中に含まれる金を減らし、貨幣の発行量を多くすることによって貨幣発行益を上げて財政を持ち直そうとしたが、いずれも過度のインフレーションを招き失敗に終わっている(徳川綱吉の元禄小判、徳川吉宗の元文小判、徳川家斉の頃の南鐐二朱銀の発行など)。
- Since the Genroku era at the end of the 17th century the shogunate government had tried to restore their finances by the issue of coins with low content of gold and silver and the further issue of currency so as to get profits from the issue of coinage, but every case caused hyper-inflation and resulted in failure (the issue of the genroku gold coin [genroku koban] by Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, Genbun gold coin [genbun koban] by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, Nanryo silver coin (nanryo nishu gin) around the era of Ienari TOKUGAWA, and so on).
- これは本来質量単位としての一両の目方の砂金と言う意味であったが、鎌倉時代には金一両は五匁、銀一両は4.3匁と変化し、文明 (日本)16年(1484年)、室町幕府により京目(きょうめ)金一両は4.5匁(約16.8グラム)と公定され、それ以外のものは田舎目(いなかめ)とされた。
- This meant gold dust in weight of 1 ryo which was originally a mass unit, but in the Kamakura period kin 1 ryo was 5 monme and gin (silver) 1 ryo was 4.3 monme and in 1484 the Muromachi bakufu determined Kyome kin 1ryo as 4.5 monme (about 16.8 gram) and the others as inakame (unit of measure in old Japan).
- その後、届出額の半数以上が天保年間以前の債務に由来するまたは幕府債務として無効を宣言されて総額で3486万円(うち、新公債1282万円、旧公債1122万円、少額債務などを理由に現金支払等で処理されたものが1082万円)が新政府の名によって返済されることになった(藩債処分)。
- Thereafter, more than half of the above amount was declared void as the debts made before the Tempo era or the debts of bakufu, and the total amount of 34.86 million yen (shin-kosai: 12.82 million yen, kyu-kosai : 11.22 million yen, small amount debts that were repaid in cash: 10.82 million yen) were repaid by the new government (hansai-shobun (the policy on the disposition of the debts of feudal domains)).
- ただし、その支配は荘園公領制の範疇におけるものであり、他の権門との協調を掲げる鎌倉幕府の所領よりも地方にある御家人の所領の方が武士による所領の独占的支配の傾向が早く出現するものの、この時代には上級の所職を占める公家・寺社や現地の国衙からの影響力を完全に排除するには至らなかった。
- The rule of the gokenin remained subject to the shoen koryosei system; therefore, although samurai's monopolistic control of the shoryo was liable to appear earlier in the local shoryo of the gokenin than the shoryo of the Kamakura bakufu, which stated the policy of having gokenin in harmony with the other powerful houses, influences of the court nobles, temples, and shrines, which occupied higher various shiki, and the local kokuga cannot be completely removed during this period.
- 儒教では、放伐を認めるかどうかが難題とされてきたが、徳川幕府は朱子学について孟子的理解に立ち、湯武放伐、易姓革命論を認めていたが、それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
- In Confucianism, whether to allow the expulsion of a disqualified monarch had been a difficult problem to deal with, but the Tokugawa Shogunate adopted a position taken from the standpoint of Mencius (a Chinese thinker in the fourth century BC) concerning the teachings of Zhu Xi, and approved of the Tang-Wu revolution (the expulsions of disqualified monarchs by King Tang and King Wu) and the revolution (change of dynasty) decreed by Heaven (when the incumbent emperor is found lacking in moral virtue).
- 鎌倉幕府は元寇に伴う対外的危機を通じて、一円支配が確立した本所領の住人を動員することには成功したが、それでも検断権などを本所領に対しては及ぼすことが出来ず、却って寺社興行法などで御家人の権利よりも寺社領の権限を保護する政策を取って神仏の加護よる対外危機の克服を期待する有様であった。
- The Kamakura bakufu succeeded in calling the residents in the honjoryo, in which the bakufu established a ruling throughout the land, to arms through the external crisis accompanying Genko (Mongol Invasion), but still cannot exercise kendanken (provincial policing authority) and so forth on the honjoryo -- On the contrary, the bakufu prayed for divine protection and expected god and Buddha to support the bakufu to overcome the external crisis, and took a policy to protect not the right of the gokenin (the top of the warrior-class hierarchy) but the right of the jisharyo by issuing the jishakogyoho (Shrine restoration policy).
- 足利三代木像梟首事件(あしかがさんだいもくぞうきょうしゅじけん)は、江戸時代後期、幕末の文久3年2月22日 (旧暦)(1863年4月9日)に、京都等持院にあった室町幕府初代征夷大将軍足利尊氏、2代足利義詮、3代足利義満の木像の首と位牌が持ち出され、賀茂川の河原に晒された事件である。
- In the incident of Ashikaga-sandai mokuzo kyoshu, heads of the wooden images and the mortuary tablets of the first Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Takauji ASHIKAGA, the second Seii taishogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, and the third Seii taishogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA were taken away from Kyoto Jito-in Temple on April 9, 1863 in the late Edo period, and were cast to the riverbed of Kamo-gawa river.
- 幕末は、徳川宗家の当主が征夷大将軍職に就き、幕府の主宰者として君臨する幕藩体制が変質し、崩壊していく過程であり、また、鎖国すなわち海禁政策を抛棄して開港し、外国との通商貿易の開始によって日本が世界的な資本主義市場経済に組み込まれ、社会そのもののあり方が劇的に変化していく過程でもある。
- The bakumatsu can be described as the period in which the feudal system characteristic of the shogunage by the head of the Tokugawa family collapsed, or the period in which the social structure dramatically changed as the country abolished the long-held closed-door policy and started trading with foreign countries, eventually becoming a member of the global capitalist market economy.
- 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽隊は既に整理され事実上消滅し、残りも最低定員で末端役人や治安警備担当に振り分けられていたため、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設した。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu and the domains abolished the 'firearm units' which bore matchlock guns and there was a growing need to form western-style infantry units and musket units, but due to the fact that the preexisting ashigaru units had already been disbanded and had virtually disappeared, with those remaining serving as low-level officials and security police, new personnel was recruited and infantry units resembling the ashigaru units of the Sengoku period were created.
- 以前から天皇は、弟宮の八条宮智仁親王への譲位を望んでいたが、豊臣秀吉の猶子となったことがある親王への譲位は、豊臣家と敵対する幕府が難色を示し、また後陽成帝の皇子・後水尾天皇へ徳川秀忠の娘徳川和子を入内させようとしていた家康の意向に沿わなかったため、譲位すらもままならない状況が続いた。
- The Emperor had wished to abdicate his throne in favor of his younger brother Imperial Prince Toshihito HACHIJONOMIYA, but the Bakufu, the arch enemy of the Toyotomi family, was against his wish, as the Prince had been once a yushi (an adopted son in an old Japanese way) of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and it also was the intention of Ieyasu who wanted judai (entering the Imperial Palace after an official ceremony) of Kazuko TOKUGAWA, a daughter of Hidetada TOKUGAWA, as a consort of Emperor Gomizunoo, a son of Emperor Goyozei, with the consequence that the Emperor was not free even to abdicate.
- これは後の鎌倉幕府による本格的な武家政権支配と比較すると、御家人制度のように確立されたものでもなく未熟なものだったといえるが、武士を通じた支配ネットワークを構築したことは従前の貴族政権には見られない画期的なものとされ、ゆえに学界では発現期の武家政権であるとする評価が主流となっている。
- Later, compared to the more established samurai government control by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it was an undeveloped system without an established lower-ranking vassal system, but was nonetheless significant because it built a control network through bushi that was not seen in previous aristocratic governments, and therefore in the academic field it is largely considered as a beginning form of samurai government.
- これによって辞官納地も有名無実化される寸前になり、16日には慶喜がアメリカ合衆国・イギリス・フランス・オランダ・イタリア・プロシアの6ヶ国公使と大坂城で会談を行ない、内政不干渉と外交権の幕府の保持を承認させ、更に19日には朝廷に対して王政復古の大号令の撤回を公然と要求するまでになった。
- Through this Jikan-nochi became merely nominal, and Yoshimune met minister-counselors of six countries - USA, UK, France, the Netherlands, Italy and Prussia - at the Osaka Castle on the 16th and talked them into admitting noninterference in internal affairs and approving the Shogunate's rights to diplomacy, going so far as to publicly request the Imperial Court to withdraw the Decree of the Restoration of Imperial Rule on the 19th.
- 薩摩藩と長州藩が薩長同盟を結び倒幕運動を推し進めていた幕末も大詰めの時期、公議政体論を主張し将軍の政権返上を政治路線として考えていた土佐藩は、慶応3年(1867年)10月3日 (旧暦)に(坂本龍馬が発案計画し、後藤象二郎協力)大政奉還の建白書を藩主山内豊信を通じ将軍・徳川慶喜に提出した。
- At the very end of the Edo period when the Satsuma clan and Choshu clan formed Satsuma-Choshu Alliance to promote the movement to overthrow the Shogunate, the Tosa clan, which supported the parliamentary regime theory and the Shogun's returning the sovereignty to the Emperor, submitted a petition for Taisei Hokan (proposed and planned by Ryoma SAKAMOTO in cooperation with Shojiro GOTO) to the Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA through the lord of the domain Toyoshige YAMAUCHI on October 29, 1867.
- また、秀吉は当初は征夷大将軍への就任に意欲を示したとも言われているが実現せず、代わって偶発的事情から得た関白の地位を武家である豊臣氏による世襲制度(公家である藤原氏の五摂家を排除)に変更して、幕府制度に代わる武家関白制(ぶけかんぱくせい)とも言うべき体制を導入しようとしたと考えられている。
- It is said that after Hideyoshi's failure to accomplish his desire to become 'Seii Taishogun', he introduced a new system, 'the Kanpaku system by the samurai family' instead of the 'Bakufu' system; the status of 'Kanpaku' was given to him through accidental events, and he tried to change the status to the Toyotomi-clan hereditary system (by excluding five Fujiwara Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho and Kanpaku)).
- しかし一般的にはその前年にあたる1867年(慶応3年)の大政奉還、王政復古以降の改革を指すことが多い(日本の歴史学界における明治維新研究では、前段階である江戸幕府崩壊期(天保の改革あるいは黒船来航以後)も研究対象とされるが、維新体制が整う以前の政治状況については幕末の項で扱うものとする)。
- However, the Meiji Restoration generally includes Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) and Osei-hukko (the restoration of the Imperial rule) which started in 1867 (according to various academic studies of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, it includes the late Edo Shogunate period (after the Tempo reforms or the Perry Expedition) as the first part of the Restoration, but some political situations prior to the Restoration are mentioned in the article of 'Bakumatsu' (the end of the Edo Shogunate)).
- だが、鎌倉幕府によって地頭が設置されて検断権を掌握し、更に在地勢力に発言権の高まりとともに本所及び荘務権そのものが衰退し、南北朝時代 (日本)に守護請・地頭請あるいは在地の有力者などに一定額の年貢納入義務を引き換えに荘務を請負わせる「請負荘園」の増加によって荘務権は有名無実化することになる。
- However, since the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) had established the jito (estate stewards), who held the right to judge criminal cases, the authority of the shomuken and honjo themselves eroded; and further, as the cases of 'Ukeoi shoen, ' which was the contract system in which the shoen owners entrusted the shomu to Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) or to the locally influential individuals in return for the exemption of the payment of the certain amount of nengu (land tax), increased during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the shomuken virtually lost its substance.
- これらはそれぞれの家の初代当主の幼名であり、(たとえば竹千代は江戸幕府初代征夷大将軍徳川家康の、五郎太は尾張藩祖徳川義直の、長福丸は紀州藩祖徳川頼宣の、鶴千代は水戸藩祖徳川頼房の、犬千代は加賀藩祖前田利家の幼名である)これらは子孫のうち後を継ぐべき嫡男の幼名にもなり、代々受け継がれていった。
- Each such name had originally been the childhood name of the founder of the family (so for example, the name Takechiyo had been the first Edo-period Shogun, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's name, while Gorota had been the Owari branch progenitor Yoshinao TOKUGAWA's, Chofukumaru the Kishu branch founder Yorinobu TOKUGAWA's, Tsuruchiyo the Mito branch forefather Yorifusa TOKUGAWA's, and Inuchiyo the Kaga Domain patriarch Toshiie MAEDA's), and each was passed down from family head to the son being groomed as heir, becoming their childhood name in turn; this passing down continued from generation to generation.
- この法令によって意図されたものとしては、今後の室町幕府の土地に関する基本的原則と所領訴訟に対する姿勢が確立して、結果的には守護領国制が事実上公認されたこと、半済から守られることとなった天皇家や摂関家との関係を強化して後年の義満による朝廷・院政支配への道を開いたことの意味の方が大きいと言える。
- Among the goals in the enactment of this law, the following points can be regarded as more significant than others: First, the basic principles of administration of territories and the basic approach toward litigation over territories were established by the Muromachi bakufu, resulting in the de facto recognition of the Shugo-ryogoku system; second, the relationships with the Imperial family and Sekkan-ke, both of which were exempt from hanzei by this law, were strengthened, clearing the way for Yoshimitsu to rule over the Imperial Court and the Retired Emperor in later years.
- 特に安政の大獄を断行した大老井伊直弼が桜田門外の変で横死して後、公武合体を望む幕府が征夷大将軍徳川家茂の正室として孝明天皇の妹和宮の降嫁を求めた1861年(文久元年)頃から、薩摩藩・長州藩・土佐藩などの雄藩が中央政界への進出をうかがうようになり、尊王攘夷派がぞくぞくと京都に集まるようになった。
- In the Sakuradamongai Incident (1860), extremists murdered Tairo (a councilor of the Council of Five Elders) Naosuke II who had conducted Ansei no Taigoku (the suppression of extremists by the Shogunate), soon after that, in 1861 the Shogunate offered the lawful marriage of Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') the 14th shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA with Kazunomiya (a younger sister of Emperor Komei) to the Imperial Family for the purpose of gaining the Imperial Court's cooperation; especially since then, statesmen of strong clans including the Satsuma clan, the Choshu clan and the Tosa clan aimed for advance to the political center, and the following of Sonno Joi came to Kyoto one after and another.
- 氷川神社が延喜式に掲載されている古社であり、かつ、氷川神社の主祭神がスサノオになった(=元々主祭神であったアラハバキ神が客人神になった)のは江戸幕府の政治的意図によるものであることからすれば、出雲と氷川の繋がりの話は、大和朝廷による蝦夷(含、渡来人)支配の一過程であると捉えたほうがよさそうである。
- Since Hikawa-jinja Shrine is an old establishment listed in the 'the Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) and the main god of Hikawa-jinja Shrine became Susanoo (in other words, the original main god Arahabaki became the guest god) only because of political reasons of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the story on the link between Izumo and Hikawa may be taken as part of the process of Emishi (including Toraijin [people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese]) control by the Yamato Court.
- しかし、18世紀の末頃から江戸幕府が蝦夷地の直接支配に乗り出し始めると次第に拡大し、東は1800年には野田追(のだおい、現八雲町)、1864年には同長万部(おしゃまんべ、現長万部町)など、後の胆振国山越郡にあたる地域に広がり、西では1865年に後の後志国小樽郡に相当する小樽内(おたるない、現小樽市)に達した。
- But from the end of 18th century, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) began to control directly the Ezo area, Wajinchi expanded gradually, and in the eastern area, the scope of Wajinchi reached Nodaoi (present Yakumo town) in 1800, and Oshamanbe (present Oshamanbe town, later Yamakoshi County, Iburi Province) in eastern area of Ezo in 1864, and within Otaru area corresponding to later Otaru County, Goshi Province (present Otaru City) in western area in 1865.
- 会津藩上洛後の京都では尊攘運動がますます激しく、尊攘激派浪士による暗殺・脅迫が横行、朝廷においても尊攘派公家によって朝議が左右されるようになり、天皇の意向はまったく無視されて勅旨が乱発され、幕府に破約攘夷の実行を要求し、さらに1863年(文久3年)8月には天皇による攘夷親征を実行するための大和行幸が企てられた。
- After the statesmen of the Aizu clan had come to Kyoto, the Sonno Joi movement gained additional strength, assassinations and threats by masterless samurai extremists became commonplace; even in the Court, sympathetic court nobles to Sonno Joi had a great influence, they often gave Imperial order without asking the Emperor's permission and demanded that the Shogunate immediately renounce the treaties with foreign countries following the Joi group's proposal (expulsion of foreigners), and what's more, in August 1863 (according to the old lunar calendar) they planned the Emperor's visit to Yamato for carrying out the Emperor's direct commitment to Joi.
- 足助氏はその後も御家人として存続したが、4代目惣領・足助重方とその子・足助親重は官位を有し昇殿をも許されるなど朝廷との繋がりは依然として深く、加えて一族の中には有力御家人安達氏との縁戚がおり、弘安8年(1285年)の霜月騒動で一族の足助重房が連座して滅ぼされたことなどから、次第に鎌倉幕府への不満を強めていくこととなる。
- After that, the Asuke clan survived as a vassal of the shogunate, but its relationship with the Imperial Court was still so close that the fourth head, Shigekata ASUKE, and his son Chikashige ASUKE had been given official rank and allowed to enter the denjo room in the palace; moreover, its dissatisfaction with the Kamakura bakufu increased because of problems such as the Shimotsuki Affair in 1285, in which Shigefusa ASUKE was involved and destroyed because, in the Asuke clan, there were relatives of the powerful gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), Adachi clan.
- 室町時代・戦国時代 (日本)の朝廷・室町幕府の財政基盤が大変弱かった事から、官職・役職への補任や継目安堵(将軍の就任に際して引き続き所領安堵の安堵状を得る事)の文書発給条件として謝礼としての礼銭の献上が期待されるようになり、いつしか論理がすり替わって礼銭の献上の多寡によって発給の是非が決定されるようになっていったのである。
- In the Muromachi and Sengoku (warring states) periods, the Imperial Court and the Muromachi bakufu were in severe financial difficulties, and as a result, the reisen as a gratuity was expected to be presented as a condition for receiving the documents of awarding government posts and official positions as well as of the tsugime ando (receiving again the ando-jo, or document to authorize the ownership and control of the shoryo, or territory, in case of appointment of Shogun); before long, the logic was changed, and whether the documents were issued or not came to depend on the amount of the reisen presented.
- そのため、室町幕府は応安の半済令を定めて寺社本所領の下地中分を強行する代わりに一切の押領を認めない(ただし、禁裏御料・殿下渡領・本所一円支配地は半済そのものも否認する)姿勢を取ったが、戦国時代 (日本)になるとそれも有名無実化して直務支配下にあった一部例外を除いたほとんどの寺社本所領は戦国大名や国人に奪われていくことになる。
- To cope with this situation, the Muromachi bakufu took the attitude of rejecting all the cases of embezzlement by forcing shitaji chubun (physical division of the shoen) on the jisha honjoryo by promulgating oan no hanzeirei (half-tax decrees in the oan era) (but, even the half-tax measure was rejected for kinri goryo, denka watariryo, and honjo ichien shihaichi); however, during the Sengoku period (warring states period), the decree became in name only and most part of the jisha honjoryo except for the land under the direct rule was deprived by sengoku daimyo (local chieftain of warring province) and kokujin (leading local warrior).
- いっぽう幕権強化・雄藩連合などの様々な思惑を孕みつつ、文久3年12月に徳川慶喜・松平春嶽・松平容保・伊達宗城(宇和島藩主)・島津久光による参預会議が開催され、神奈川鎖港談判、長州藩の処置、大坂港の防備強化などの議題が話し合われたが、将軍後見職の徳川慶喜の非協力的態度に春嶽・久光らが反撥して帰国したため、早くも翌年3月には崩壊。
- Leaving various ideas, such as reinforcing the power of the bakufu, and the alliance of major clans, as they were, a council meeting was held on December 1863 by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Munenari DATE (the lord of Uwajima clan), and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU to discuss the condition of the port of Kanagawa, the treatment of the Choshu clan, and strengthening the defences of the port of Osaka, but it failed as early as in March 1864, when Shungaku and Hisamitsu became upset with Yoshino TOKUGAWA, a guardian of the shogun, who was not cooperative at all.
- この変更の理由としては江戸時代も安定期に向かい、将軍の国内的地位が幕初の覇者的性格から実質的に君主的性格に移行した現実を踏まえ、「国王」を称することにより徳川将軍が実質的意味において君主的性格を帯びるようになったことを鮮明にせんとしたとも、あるいは、「大君」は朝鮮国内においては王子のことを指すので、これではむしろ対等ではないので国王に戻すのだとも説明されている。
- The reason why the term for the title of shogun was changed was explained as follows: The change was made because the state of the nation in the Edo period had become stabilized, then the domestic positioning of shogun became like sovereign rather than a winner of wars, and therefore, it was intended to use the term of 'King of Japan' to clearly show that the Tokuwaga shogun became effectively a sovereign, or because the term of 'Tycoon' was used in Korea for indicating a prince, and therefore, use of 'King of Japan' was restored to remedy the unequal state of using the term.
- 将軍在任期間は、それぞれ藤原頼経が18年間(1226年 - 1244年)、藤原頼嗣が8年間(1244年 - 1252年)と比較的長期間ではあったものの、幼いころから成人するまでの期間で政治的な力も全くなく、幕府の実権は、北条氏が完全に掌握していたため将軍とは名ばかりの傀儡将軍だったが、特に藤原頼経は、傀儡であることを嫌ったがため北条氏によって煙たがられた不遇の将軍であった。
- FUJIWARA no Yoritsune assumed the role of shogun for eighteen years (1226-1244) and FUJIWARA no Yoritsugu for eight years (1244-1252), comparatively long periods, but from childhood until attaining manhood without any political power because the Hojo clan fully controlled the bakufu and the shoguns were just puppets, especially FUJIWARA no Yoritsune was an unfortunate shogun since he hated being a puppet and was a threat to the Hojo clan.
- 幕末の期間に関する厳密な定義はないが、嘉永6年(1853年)の黒船つまりアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー率いるアメリカ海軍のサスケハナ、サラトガ号、ポーハタン号、ミシシッピ号による艦隊の来航から、慶応3年(1867年)に徳川慶喜が大政奉還をおこなって幕府が日本の全国政権としての地位を失い、翌1868年に明治天皇が即位して元号が「明治」と改元されたときまでとするのが、一般的である。
- Though the duration of the Bakumatsu is not strictly defined, it generally refers to the period from 1853, when the squadron, called the Black Ships, led by Commodore Matthew Perry, consisting of the four US Naval ships Susquehanna, Saratoga, Mississippi, and Plymouth, arrived off the shore of Uraga near Edo (current Tokyo), to 1867, when Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA returned power to the Emperor, ending the central governance under the Tokugawa shogunate, allowing the start of the Meiji period in 1868.
- 鎌倉幕府の成立時期をめぐっても諸説あり、源頼朝が征夷大将軍に任命された建久3年(1192年)説、日本国総守護地頭に任命された建久元年(1190年)説、公文所及び問注所を開設した元暦元年(1184年)説、守護・地頭の任命を許可する文治の勅許が下された文治元年(1185年)説、事実上、東国の支配権を承認する寿永二年の宣旨が下された寿永2年(1183年)説、頼朝が東国支配権を樹立した治承4年(1180年)説がある。
- There are also several theories on when the Kamakura Bakufu was established, such as the theory that it was founded in 1192, when MIYAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to seii taishogun, the theory of 1190, when he was appointed to Japan general Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward), the theory of 1184, when he opened a Kumonjo (administration office) and monchujo (a court of justice), the theory of 1185, when the Bunji imperial sanction was declared, which licensed the appointment of Shugo and Jito, the theory of 1183, when Juei-ninen no Senji was declared for approving, in fact, the dominion of Togoku and the theory of 1180, when he established the dominion of Togoku.
- その理由として、御誓文と同時に出された宸翰に出てくる「旧来の陋習」の語がそもそも鎖国攘夷の意味に限定されていないこと、また木戸孝允自身が「打破すべき封建性」「打破すべき閉鎖性」の意味で「旧習」「旧来の陋習」「陋習」という言葉を広く使用していること、また、大久保利通でさえ木戸の「旧来の陋習」と同じ意味のことを「因循の腐臭」とより痛烈に批判していること、つまり、薩長いずれも密留学をさせ倒幕に立ち上がった開明的雄藩であったにもかかわらず長州の木戸より薩摩の大久保のほうが藩主父子・出身藩の内部事情などのためにより批判的にならざるを得ない危険な封建性・閉鎖性をより自覚していたということ(寺田屋事件~西南戦争)、更に、岩倉具視も他の文書で「天地の公道」という全く同じ言葉を万国公法とはおよそ次元の異なる「天然自然の条理というような意味」で用いていることなどが挙げられている。
- As the reason, they explained that the word 'evil customs of the past' in shinkan (Imperial letter) issued at the same time as Charter Oath was not restricted to national isolation as well as expulsion of foreigners, and Takayoshi KIDO himself used the words 'old customs', 'evil customs of the past' and 'conventions' widely as meaning of 'feudalism to be conquered' or 'closed nature to be conquered', and even Toshimichi OKUBO severely criticized the same thing as 'evil customs of the past' mentioned by Kido for 'corrupt smell of old customes', in other word, though both Satsuma and Choshu provided overseas education secretly and were liberal domains led the movement of overthrowing the Shogunate, Okubo from Satsuma recognized more about dangerous feudalism as well as closed nature than Kido from Choshu, Okubo had to criticize more extreme because of internal affair regarding father and son of the lords of his domain and internal circumstances of his domain (The Teradaya Incident - Seinan War), moreover Tomomi IWAKURA also used just the same words 'the laws of Nature' as 'reason of nature' in other document, which meant totally different from international public law.
- (大田南畝 「寛政十年戊午江戸人別」 『一話一言』 巻26 (1820年) 山下重民 「江戸市街統計一班」 『江戸会雑誌』 1冊(2号) pp. 18–26(1889年) 勝海舟 「江戸人口小記」「正徳ヨリ弘化迄江戸町数人口戸数」 『吹塵録』(1890年) 小宮山綏介 「府内の人口」 『江戸旧事考』 2巻 pp. 19–23(1891年) 『日本財政経済史料』 9巻 pp. 1210–1243(1922年) 柚木重三、堀江保蔵 「本邦人口表」 『経済史研究』 7号 pp. 188–210(1930年) 幸田成友 「江戸の町人の人口」 『社会経済学会誌』 8巻(1号) pp. 1–23(1938年) 鷹見安二郎 江戸の人口の研究」 『全国都市問題会議』 第7回1(本邦都市発達の動向と其の諸問題上) pp. 59–83(1940年) 高橋梵仙 『日本人口史之研究』 三友社(1941年) 関山直太郎 『近世日本の人口構造』 吉川弘文館(1958年) 南和男『幕末江戸社会の研究』 吉川弘文館(1978年)より作成。
- Sources: Nanbo OTA, 'Kansei 10 nen, Bogo, Edonin betsu' from vol. 26 of 'Ichiwa Ichigen' (1820); Shigetami YAMASHITA, 'Edo shigai Tokei Ippan' from vol.1 (pp. 18-26) of 'Edokai zasshi' (1889); Kaishu KATSU, 'Edo Jinko Shoki' from 'Suijinroku' (1890); Yasusuke KOMIYAMA, 'Funai no Jinko' from vol. 2 (pp. 19–23) of 'Edo kyujiko' (1891) and vol. 9 (pp. 1210–1243) of 'Nihon Zaise Keizai Shiryo' (1922); Juzo YUZUKI and Yasuzo HORIE, 'Honpo jinko hyo' from vol. 7 (pp. 188–210) of 'Keizaishi Kenkyu' (1930); Shigetomo KODA, 'Edo no Chonin no Jinko' from vol. 8 (pp. 1–23) of 'Shakai Keizai gakkaishi' (1938); Yasujiro TAKAMI, 'Edo no Jinko no Kenkyu' from the 7th conference (pp. 59–83) of 'Zenkoku Toshi Mondai kaigi' (1940); Bonsen TAKAHASHI, 'Nihon Jinkoshi no Kenkyu' from Sanyusha publishing (1941), Naotaro SEKIYAMA, 'Kinsei Nihon no Jinko Kozo' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1958); Kazuo MINAMI, 'Bakumatsu Edo Shakai no Kenkyu' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1978).