帝: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 帝国農会
- Empire Agricultural Association
- 柴又帝釈天
- Shibamata Taishakuten
- 反復帝王切開
- repeat cesarean section
- 東夷の小帝国
- Small empire of eastern barbarians
- 帝国国防方針
- Imperial Defense Policy
- 帝国財政革新会
- Teikokuzaiseikakushin kai (conference on reform of imperial financial affairs)
- (隋 - 煬帝)
- Sui Dynasty - Yang
- (隋 - 文帝)
- (Sui Dynasty - Wen)
- 第3章 帝国議会
- Chapter 3. The Imperial Diet
- 冬、桐壺帝崩御。
- In winter, Emperor Kiritsubo dies.
- (『隋書』煬帝紀)
- ('Suishu' the Record of Yang Guang)
- (明 - 洪武帝)
- (Ming Dynasty - Hongwu)
- 劉邦・始皇帝など。
- Liu Bang, the First Emperor, Shi Huangdi and so on.
- 帝国学士院会員議員
- Imperial Academy Councilors
- 桐壺帝光源氏の父。
- Kiritsubo no Mikado, father of Hikaru Genji.
- 帝王切開後経腟分娩
- vaginal birth after cesarean
- 十六 武帝・西王母
- 16. Emperor Wu of Han and the Queen Mother of the West
- 十五 武帝・李夫人
- 15. Emperor Wu of Han and Consort Li
- 桐壺帝の第二皇子。
- He was the second prince of Emperor Kiritsubo.
- ローマ帝国の複都制
- Multi-capital system in the Roman Empire
- - 京城帝国大学開設
- Establishment of Keijo Imperial University
- 李氏朝鮮(大韓帝国)
- Yi Dynasty Korea (The Korean Empire)
- 「魏書帝紀」の俾弥呼
- Himiko in the Wei-shu Imperial Records
- 平出〔先帝〕(同上)
- The term 'Sendai' (an honorific title given to all former emperors including Daijo Teno, who had passed away) was quoted in this Article as the same Heishutsu word as mentioned above.
- 平出〔皇帝〕(同上)
- The term 'Odai' (an emperor) was quoted in this Article as the same Heishutsu word as mentioned above.
- 大正7年帝国国防方針
- Imperial Defense Policy in 1918
- 「皇帝、倭王に問う。」
- I want to ask the king of Wa about the following.'
- - 大日本帝国海軍軍人
- Officer of the Great Japanese Imperial Navy
- 大日本帝国・小村寿太郎
- The Empire of Japan: Jutaro KOMURA
- 弘文天皇を帝に加えた。
- It includes Emperor Kobun.
- 大日本帝国海軍の艦艇名
- Name of a ship belonging to the Japanese Imperial Navy
- 桐壺更衣桐壺帝の更衣。
- Kiritsubo Koi, Koi of Kiritsubo no Mikado
- 年変って、朱雀帝退位。
- The following year, Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne.
- 明治40年帝国国防方針
- Imperial Defense Policy in 1907
- 大正12年帝国国防方針
- Imperial Defense Policy in 1923
- 昭和11年帝国国防方針
- Imperial Defense Policy in 1936
- 博覧会―帝国主義の視線―
- Exhibition -point of view of Imperialism-
- 蒙古皇帝国書を参照のこと。
- Refer to Letter of the Mongol Emperor.
- 所 管・・・大日本帝国直轄
- Jurisdiction ⋯ Direct control of the Empire of Japan
- 大日本帝国海軍の重巡洋艦。
- a heavy cruiser by the former Japanese Imperial Navy.
- 匂宮今上帝と明石中宮の子。
- Nioumiya, a child between Kinjo no Mikado and Empress Akashi
- 別名を日本帝国憲法という。
- It is given a sobriquet 'the Japanese Imperial Constitution.'
- - 大日本帝国海軍軍人、軍神
- Officer of the Great Japanese Imperial Navy, deified as war hero
- 源氏と密通して冷泉帝を産む。
- She commits adultery with Genji and bears the child that will one day become Emperor Reizei.
- 大日本帝国憲法下での皇室財産
- Imperial Property under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan
- 5月2~4日:先帝祭(下関市)
- May 2 to 4: Festival of Late Emperor (Shimonoseki City)
- モンゴル帝国時代の「ジパング」
- Zipangu' in the Mongolian Empire
- 梅謙次郎(帝国大学法学部教授)
- Kenjiro UME (Professor of Faculty of Law, Imperial University)
- 神功皇后を歴代の帝から除いた。
- It excludes Empress Jingu.
- 大日本帝国憲法第34条 貴族院
- Article 34. The House of Peers
- 大日本帝国憲法第1条 天皇主権
- Article 1. The emperor's sovereignty
- 大日本帝国憲法第2条 皇位継承
- Article 2. Imperial succession
- 大日本帝国憲法第11条 統帥権
- Article 11. Supreme command of the Army and Navy
- 大日本帝国憲法第4条 統治大権
- Article 4. Prerogative of Sovereignty
- 帝国陸軍・・・関東軍、関東軍管区
- The Imperial Army ⋯ Kwantung Army, Kwantung military district
- 大日本帝国憲法第73条 憲法改正
- Article 73. Provisions of the Constitution
- 大日本帝国憲法第31条 非常大権
- Article 31. Exercises of powers in cases of a national emergency
- 大日本帝国憲法第14条 戒厳大権
- Article 14. Prerogative to declare a state of siege
- 大日本帝国憲法第12条 編成大権
- Article 12. Prerogative to organize the Army and Navy
- 大日本帝国憲法第13条 外交大権
- Article 13. Prerogative to control diplomatic affairs
- 源氏と藤壺の子冷泉帝が即位する。
- And then Emperor Reizei, the child of Genji and Fujitsubo, succeeds to the throne.
- 源氏、帝の落胆は言うまでもない。
- Needless to say, Genji and the Emperor were dejected.
- これを期に、朱雀帝は位を退いた。
- Emperor Suzaku took this opportunity to abdicate the throne.
- 後周皇帝より禅譲を受けて建国した。
- He received a peaceful transfer of power from the Emperor of the Later Zhou Dynasty and established his kingdom.
- 大日本帝国憲法第20条 兵役の義務
- Article 20. Duty of military service
- 義満は永楽帝に宛てて国書を送った。
- Yoshimitsu sent a letter to Emperor Yongle as well.
- 『続日本紀』の「内大臣より君十帝」
- Ten emperors from the Minister of the Center' in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued)
- 私草大日本帝国憲法案(田村寛一郎)
- Shisou Dai Nippon Teikoku Kenpo an (A Personal Draft of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan) (Kanichiro TAMURA)
- 樺太島仮規則 1867年 ロシア帝国
- Provisional Regulations on Sakhalin, 1867, Russian Empire
- 日露和親条約 1855年 ロシア帝国
- Russo-Japanese Treaty of Amity, 1855, Russian Empire
- 政体が帝国の場合は帝政復古とも言う。
- If the constitution of the country was that of an empire, its restoration can be called 'Teiseifukko' (Restoration of Imperial Rule).
- ドイツ帝国・シュワルツェンシュタイン
- German Empire: Shwarzenstein
- 1890年の帝国議会開設頃まで続く。
- It lasted until the Imperial Diet was established in 1890.
- 俊蔭娘は帝に見いだされ内侍司となる。
- Toshikage's daughter is recognized by the Emperor, and becomes Naishi no tsukasa (one of the female palace attendants).
- 本協約朝鮮には皇帝の承認が欠如していた
- Approval of the Korean emperor was missing in the treaty.
- 近代国家として大日本帝国を成立させた。
- The Empire of Japan was established as a modern state.
- 堂本印象:『訶梨帝母』『兔春野に遊ぶ』
- Insho DOMOTO: 'Kariteimo' (the Indian deity hariti, a protector of children)/'Usagi Haruno ni Asobu' (Rabbits Play in a Spring Field)
- 大日本帝国憲法は、7章76条からなる。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan consists of 76 articles in seven chapters.
- 桐壺帝と桐壺更衣の子で桐壺帝第二皇子。
- A child of Kiritsubo no Mikado and Kiritsubo Koi, the second son of Kiritsubo no Mikado
- 1892年3月4日 帝国大学教授職非職
- On March 4, 1892, he resigned the post of a professor of the Imperial University..
- 大清帝国欽差全権大臣 李經方(欽差大臣)
- Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of China, Li Ching Fong
- 1889年の大日本帝国憲法制定を迎えた。
- In 1889, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan was finally enacted.
- 大日本帝国憲法第22条 居住・移転の自由
- Article 22. Freedom of movement
- 入宋した僧成尋が北宋皇帝に進上している。
- It was presented to the Northern Song Emperor by the monk Jojin when he visited Song.
- 同じ頃狭衣は帝の愛娘・女二宮と婚約した。
- It is around this time that Sagoromo becomes engaged to Onna Ninomiya, the emperor's beloved daughter.
- 姫君は帝の寵愛を受けて中宮に上りつめる。
- The princess find favor in the eye of the emperor and becomes the Chugu (the empress).
- 一方で更衣の遺児は帝のもとで育てられた。
- Meanwhile, the motherless child grew up in the home with the Emperor.
- 五日市憲法[日本帝国憲法](千葉卓三郎)
- Itsukaichi Kenpo/Nihon Teikoku Kenpo (Itsukaichi Town Constitution/Constitution of the Empire of Japan) (Takusaburo CHIBA)
- こうした状況は帝国議会でも問題となった。
- The topic was discussed at the Imperial Diet as well.
- 1890年帝国議会開設のため廃止された。
- It was abolished in 1890 due to the establishment of Imperial Diet.
- 大日本帝国全権 伊藤博文 (内閣総理大臣)
- Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, Hirobumi ITO (Minister President of State)
- 樺太・千島交換条約 1875年 ロシア帝国
- Treaty of Saint Petersburg, 1875, Russian Empire
- オーストリア=ハンガリー帝国・ワールボルン
- Austria- the Hungarian Empire; Warborn
- 皇帝・王を中心とした事柄を年毎に記述する。
- Descriptions with the annalistic approach of events that happened around emperors or kings.
- 使者は正月の朝賀に参列し、皇帝を祝賀した。
- Envoys attended Choga (a New Year's greeting to the emperor by retainers) and celebrated the emperor.
- 明治初期の大日本帝国陸軍の主力小銃となる。
- It became the main rifle used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the early Meiji period.
- 大日本帝国憲法第19条 公務への志願の自由
- Article 19. Right to be appointed to civil or military or any other public offices equally
- 帝国学士院会員で30歳以上の男子から互選。
- The councilors were internally selected from male members of the Imperial Academy who were 30 years of age or older.
- 皇帝(曹芳)は掖邪狗らを率善中郎将とした。
- Emperor (Cao Fang) appointed envoys including Ekiyaku as Lieutenant Colonel in the Imperial Guard.
- (「廃帝」より(廃帝とは仲恭天皇のこと))
- (From the section dealing with 'the Dethroned Emperor' (referring to Emperor Chukyo))
- 頭中将の次男、母は桐壺帝の右大臣の四の君。
- He is the second son of Tono Chujo, and his mother is Yon no Kimi, a daughter of the Minister of the Right for Emperor Kiritsubo.
- 高宗は王宮に戻り、大韓帝国の独立を宣言した。
- Gao Zong came back to the royal palace, and the Korean Empire declared independence.
- 帝国陸軍・・・台湾軍 (日本軍)、台湾軍管区
- The Imperial Army ⋯ Taiwan army (Japanese army), Taiwan military district
- 帝国陸軍・・・朝鮮軍 (日本軍)、朝鮮軍管区
- The Imperial Army ⋯ Korean army (Japanese army), Korea military district
- - 倭国王の帥升が安帝 (漢)に拝謁を願う。
- Suisho of the King of Wa requested an audience with Emperor An (Han).
- また、帝国議会に憲法改正の発案権がなかった。
- And also, the Imperial Diet had no initiative of constitutional amendment.
- 大日本帝国憲法第10条 官制大権及び任官大権
- Article 10. Prerogative to organize branches of the administration, and to appoint and dismiss all civil and military officers
- 頭中将の嫡男で、母は桐壺帝の右大臣の四の君。
- He was the heir of To no chujo and his mother was the fourth daughter of the Minister of the right of Kiritsubo no mikado.
- また『古事類苑』帝王部も近衛経家を父と記す。
- The section of Emperors in 'Kojiruien' (an encyclopedia of ancient literature) also says that Tsuneie KONOE was her father.
- アイグン条約 1858年5月28日 ロシア帝国
- Treaty of Aigun, May 28, 1858, Russian Empire
- 明使の在日中に明で永楽帝が即位する政変が起る。
- While envoys dispatched from the Ming were staying in Japan, there was a political coup in the Ming, by which the Emperor Yongle ascended the throne.
- 帝は源氏追放を悔いて勅旨によって帰京を命じる。
- The Emperor regrets expelling Genji and issues an order to bring him back to the capital.
- また、戦後には大韓帝国の併合を積極的に唱えた。
- And the Taigaiko group promulgated annexation of the Korean Empire after war.
- 同鉄道を守備するための大日本帝国陸軍の常駐権。
- Railway guards from the Imperial Japanese Army should be permitted to be stationed permanently.
- だが帝から勝敗を付けるようにとの仰せがあった。
- The Emperor, however, insisted that he should settle on a winner and loser.
- 中露イリ通商協定 1851年8月6日 ロシア帝国
- Sino-Russian Treaty of Kuldja (Ili), August 6, 1851, Russian Empire
- 清王朝最後の皇帝溥儀は満州国の皇帝となっている。
- Puyi (溥儀), the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, became the emperor of Manchukuo.
- 松江藩支藩(無城→城主格)3万石 御家門 帝鑑間
- Matsue Domain branch domain (mujo=>joshukaku); 30,000 koku; gokamon (the lineage of a prestigious family); Teikan no ma
- 翌年二月、藤壺は無事男御子(後の冷泉帝)を出産。
- The next February, Fujitsubo gave a safe birth to a son (later known as Emperor Reizei).
- 斎宮下向から程なく、桐壺帝が重態に陥り崩御した。
- Soon after the high priestess had left, Emperor Kiritsubo fell into a critical condition, and died.
- 『古事記』は、帝紀的部分と旧辞的部分とから成る。
- 'Kojiki' is composed of Teiki (records of the Emperor's family tree) part and the Kyuji (a record of stories current at court) part.
- 一方、中の君は今上帝のもとで気楽に過ごしている。
- Meanwhile, Naka no Kimi lived in comfort with Kinjo no Mikado.
- 608年(推古16年) - ? (『隋書』煬帝紀)
- 608 - unknown ('Suishu' the Record of Yang Guang)
- まず国号表記である「大日本帝国郵便」が欠けている。
- Firstly, it lacked the name of the country '大日本帝国郵便' (Empire of Japan Post).
- 大清帝国欽差頭等全権大臣 李鴻章(北洋大臣直隷総督)
- Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of China, Li Hung Chang (Minister Superintendent of Trade for the Northern Ports of China)
- ロシア皇帝アレクサンドル3世も暗に死刑を求めていた。
- Russian Emperor Alexander Ⅲ also demanded the death penalty.
- 『漢書』は「帝紀」と「后紀」の二本立てになっている。
- 'Kanjo'(historical records of the Han Dynasty) consists of 'Teiki' (a genealogy of the imperial family) and '后紀.'
- 明治憲法、あるいは単に帝国憲法と呼ばれることも多い。
- The Constitution is also called 'the Meiji Constitution' or 'the Constitution of the Empire.'
- 大日本帝国憲法第29条 言論・出版・集会・結社の自由
- Article 29. Freedom of speech, assembly and association
- 末子とされる冷泉帝は、桐壺帝の実子でなく、源氏の子。
- His youngest son, Emperor Reizei, is not his biological son but the son of Genji.
- なお、朝鮮は1897年に大韓帝国と国号を改めている。
- Korea renamed itself to the Korean Empire in 1897.
- 同じ年、源氏の養女秋好中宮が冷泉帝の中宮に立后する。
- In the same year, Genji's adopted daughter Empress Akikonomu prevailed in the competition to be the empress of the Emperor Reizei.
- 東西の帝都である東京と京都が並立して首都とするもの。
- The view asserting that Kyoto as the imperial capital in west and Tokyo as the one in east are both capitals equally.
- 「東の天皇、敬(つつし)みて西の皇帝に白(もう)す。」
- The Emperor of the East is honored to speak to the Emperor of the West.'
- 大日本帝国全権弁理大臣 陸奥宗光(外務大臣 (日本))
- Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, Munemitsu MUTSU (Minister of State for Foreign Affairs [Japan])
- 1890年10月30日、帝国議会開設のため廃止された。
- Genroin was abolished on October 30, 1890, for the establishment of the Imperial Diet.
- 1889年(明治22年)、大日本帝国憲法が公布された。
- In 1889, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan was promulgated.
- 1897年 京都国立博物館と京都帝国大学が設立された。
- 1897: Kyoto National Museum and Kyoto University were established.
- 冬、冷泉帝が六条院に行幸し、源氏の栄華はここに極まる。
- In winter, Emperor Reizei visits the Rokujo estate, and Genji is at the height of his prosperity.
- ロシア帝国へ漂流した大黒屋光太夫なども招待されていた。
- Kodayu DAIKOKUYA, who was a castaway in the Russian Empire, was also invited.
- 五 天皇ヨリ下付セラレ又ハ帝国議会ヨリ送致スル人民ノ請願
- 5) Popular petitions submitted by the Emperor or the Imperial Diet
- 帝国陸軍・・・北部軍 (日本軍)、北部軍管区 (日本軍)
- The Imperial Army ⋯ Northern Troops (Japanese army), Northern military district (Japanese army)
- 帝国陸軍・・・南方軍 (日本軍)及び第31軍 (日本軍)
- The Imperial Army ⋯ Southern Expeditionary Army Group (Japanese Army) and 31st Division (Japanese Army)
- - 帝国ホテル総支配人として西欧ホテル経営の基礎を伝える
- - As the general manager of the Imperial Hotel, he provided instruction in the basics of hotel management in the western European style
- 桐壺帝はすでに退位し、源氏の兄が即位している(朱雀帝)。
- Emperor Kiritsubo has already abdicated the throne and Genji's older brother (Emperor Suzaku) has ascended to it.
- 一方で、藤壺は立后を控え狂喜する帝の姿に罪悪感を覚える。
- Meanwhile, the Emperor went into raptures about investiture of the Empress, which made Fujitsubo feel guilty.
- 罪を許された光源氏は都に返り咲き、冷泉帝も元服を迎えた。
- Having been forgiven for what he had done, Hikaru Genji came back to the capital, and Emperor Reizei celebrated his coming-of-age.
- そのあいだに冷泉帝が退位し、今上帝(朱雀帝の子)が即位。
- During this time, Emperor Reizei abdicates the throne, and Emperor Kinjo (a son of Emperor Suzaku) succeeds to his father.
- 五月雨の頃、源氏は故桐壺帝の妃の一人麗景殿女御を訪ねる。
- In the early summer rainy season, Genji visited Reikeiden no nyogo (Lady Reikeiden), one of the Empresses of the late Kiritsubotei (Emperor Kiritsubo).
- 桐壺帝の宇治八の宮(第八皇子)で、光源氏の異母弟である。
- He was Uji Hachi no Miya (the Eighth Prince), the eighth son of Kiritsubo no Mikado (Emperor Kiritsubo), and was Hikaru Genji's younger brother by a different mother.
- 匡房は後三条天皇・白河天皇・堀河天皇三帝の侍読を勤めた。
- Masafusa was an Imperial tutor and served three emperors: Emperor Gosanjo, Emperor Shirakawa, and Emperor Horikawa.
- 天子が直隸する帝都から五百里以内の土地)と呼ばれていた。
- Kinai region was land within 500 ri (ri is a Japanese distance unit; one ri = about 3.92 km) from the capital which was under direct control of an emperor).
- 第十五国立銀行(十五銀行)→1944年に帝国銀行に合併。
- The 15th National Bank (Jugo Bank) -> merged into the Teikoku Bank in 1944.
- 帝国国防方針は国防の基本戦略を記した軍事機密文章である。
- The Imperial Defense Policy was military secret documents in which the basic strategy of national defense was written.
- 足利義満も「日本国王」として明の皇帝永楽帝に表文を送った。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was one of those who sent a Johyobun as King of Japan to Emperor Yongle of Ming.
- このような日本側の姿勢は「てんびん棒帝国主義」と評された。
- This attitude of Japan was described as 'Balanced Imperialism.'
- 後宮(こうきゅう)とは、国王や皇帝などの后妃が住まう場所。
- Kokyu palace was where the empress of the king or emperor lived.
- 三皇五帝、孔門十哲、商山四皓、七賢、狩野永徳ニかゝせられ。
- Eitoku KANO painted pictures of three sovereigns and five emperors, of the most excellent ten pupils of Confucius, of the Shozan Shiko (four hermits in Shozan), and of Shichiken (Seven Sages) by orders of Nobunaga.
- 1942年(昭和17年)、大日本帝国海軍監視所として設置。
- In 1942, the Kyogamisaki Sub Base was built as a Japanese Imperial Navy observation post.
- また、この他に帝産湖南交通の路線もかつては乗り入れていた。
- In addition, Teisan Konan Kotsu (Teisan Konan Transportation) had its own route as well.
- 遠山は、「脱亜論」を日本帝国主義のアジア侵略論と紹介した。
- Toyama introduced 'Datsu-A Ron' as a thesis about an Asian invasion because of Japan's Imperialism.
- 一度目は文禄・慶長の役である(元寇は通常モンゴル帝国扱い)。
- The first battle was the Bunroku-Keicho War (Mongol invasion of Japan was usually regarded as a war against he Mongolian Empire.
- しかし日清戦争後、蘇峰は帝国主義へと転向して論調が一変した。
- However, after the Sino-Japanese War, Soho turned to Imperialism and his tone of work changed drastically.
- 40歳を迎えたのを機に、冷泉帝より准太上天皇の待遇を受ける。
- When he reaches 40 years of age, Emperor Reizei treats him as Jun Daijo tenno.
- 皇室財産(こうしつざいさん)は、皇帝や天皇の家の財産である。
- 'Imperial property' refers to the property of the Imperial family.
- これらをローマ帝国が東西2国に分裂したとするのは誤りである。
- It is not correct to consider that the Roman Empire was divided into two countries; the West and the East.
- 日墺修好通商航海条約 1869年 オーストリア・ハンガリー帝国
- Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between Austria and Japan, 1869, Austria-Hungary Empire
- しかし例外もありその場合違うものがこの皇帝を倒し善政を敷いた。
- There were exceptions too, and in such cases, others defeated the emperor and conducted a reign of virtue.
- 前漢の武帝は、辺境地帯を防衛する兵士に農耕を行わせた(軍屯)。
- Emperor Wu of the Former Han (dynasty of China) had soldiers who guarded the outlying areas farm the land (Gunton).
- 開戦前の大韓帝国では、日本派とロシア派での政争が継続していた。
- Political conflict between pro-Japanese factions and pro-Russian factions continued before the the war.
- 帝はみずからの子と信じて疑わず、これを皇太子にしたいと考える。
- The emperor believes that it is his own son, and thinks about making him the heir apparent.
- これを深く嘆く帝を慰めるために、先帝の皇女(藤壺)が入内した。
- To console the Emperor for missing his beloved, the former Emperor's daughter (Fujitsubo) made her bridal entry into court.
- そして、負けじと豪華な絵を集めて帝の気を引こうと躍起になった。
- Not willing to be outdone, he became an avid collector of splendid pictures to draw the emperor's attention.
- 今上帝の子の中で一番の美貌で、方々から婿にとの誘いがかかった。
- He was the most handsome son among the children of Kinjo no Mikado, so many parents asked him to marry their daughters.
- 光源氏の長男(実は異母兄冷泉帝がいるが、夕霧自身は知らない)。
- He is the eldest son of Hikaru Genji (in fact, Emperor Reizei is his older half brother by a different mother, but Yugiri does not know the truth).
- 常駐外国公使に清朝皇帝が謁見を許可したのはこれが最初であった。
- It was the first time that an emperor of the Qing dynasty admitted a ministry in China to have an audience.
- 中平とは、霊帝の治世の184年 - 189年の期間の年号である。
- Zhongping is a name of era during the reign of Emperor Ling from between 184 and 189.
- 第3条:日本国政府は代表者として韓国皇帝の下に韓国統監府を置く。
- ARTICLE III: The government of Japan shall be represented at the Court of His Majesty the Emperor of Korea by a Resident General.
- モンゴル帝国による南宋攻撃が本格化してからも往来は継続している。
- The coming and going of people and goods continued after the attacking the Southern Sung by the Mongolian Empire went into full swing.
- 以後、フランス第二帝政の時期を経て、フランスに共和政が定着した。
- Subsequently, the republican constitution became settled in France through the period of the Second Imperial France.
- 翌1890年第1回衆議院議員総選挙が行われ、帝国議会が開かれた。
- The next year in 1890, the first general election of members of the House of Representatives was held and Imperial Diet opened.
- 特に大日本帝国陸軍では、将兵は全文暗誦できることが当然とされた。
- It was taken for granted that officers and soldiers in Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) in particular recited all the sentences.
- 「妣」の文字は母という意味であるため、「先帝」は醍醐天皇である。
- Because the character '妣' indicates a mother, the former emperor was Emperor Daigo.
- 大日本帝国憲法第10条は、官制大権が天皇に属すると規定している。
- Article 10 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan defined that the emperor held the prerogative to control official affairs.
- 帝国議会を開設し、衆議院は公選された議員からなること(第3章)。
- The Imperial Diet shall be established, and the House of Representatives shall be composed of members elected by the people (Chapter 3).
- 1904年2月、日本はロシア帝国に宣戦布告し日露戦争が勃発した。
- In February 1904, Japan declared war against Russian Empire and the Japanese-Russo War broke out.
- また新帝即位により斎宮が交替し、六条御息所とその娘の斎宮が帰京。
- Also, Rokujo no Miyasudokoro and her daughter priestess return to the capital because when the new Emperor succeeds to the throne, the priestess also has to be changed.
- 桐壺帝の夢告により源氏は須磨を離れ、明石入道がこれを迎えいれる。
- Genji has a revelation in a dream in which Emperor Kiritsubo encourages him to leave Suma, so he follows the revelation and Priest Akashi takes him in his residence.
- 一方で薫は女二宮(今上帝の皇女)と結婚するが傷心はなぐさまない。
- Although Kaoru gets married with Onna Ni no Miya (Emperor Kinjo's princess), his sorrow can't be soothed.
- 源氏一門の繁栄は明石の姫君と今上帝の皇子たちを中心にゆるぎない。
- The prosperity among the Genji family thrives, centering around the children of young lady Akashi and Emperor Kinjo.
- 本紀21巻(ただし、巻21の仁孝天皇(先帝)に関しては目次のみ)
- Biographies of the Emperors, 21 volumes (the 21st volume concerning the former Emperor Ninko has a table of contents only)
- 仲忠は大納言へ昇進し、春宮は新帝に、藤壺腹の皇子が春宮になった。
- Nakatada is promoted to Dainagon (a chief councillor of state), and Togu becomes the new Emperor and the prince, whose mother is Fujitsubo, becomes Togu.
- 玉鬘は自分の内侍司の役を中の君に譲り、今上帝のもとへ入内させた。
- Tamakazura handed over her position of Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendant) to Naka no Kimi, marrying her to Kinjo no Mikado.
- 冷泉帝へ内侍司としての入内が決まるが、出仕直前に髭黒と突然結婚。
- She is to enter into court as Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendant) of Emperor Reizei, but just before she enters, she suddenly is married to Higekuro.
- 実は帝国憲法そのものが超然主義を前提に制定されたものでなかった。
- After all, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan was never designed to be aligned with transcendentalism.
- 1924年には京城帝国大学が開設され、民立大学期成運動に対抗した。
- In 1924, Keijo Imperial University was established to counter the movement for establishing private universities.
- また自ら皇帝を称するなど台湾王朝の建国を目指したものが6件あった。
- Six uprisings aimed at establishing a Taiwan dynasty with the conspirators calling themselves emperors.
- 1871年 8月、大日本帝国とハワイ王国との間で日布修好条約締結。
- In 1871, the Empire of Japan and the Kingdom of Hawaii signed the treaty of amity with each other.
- 日本は開国により帝国主義時代の欧米列強と国際関係を持つこととなる。
- By opening the country, Japan established international relationships with the allied western powers of imperialism.
- 帝国主義時代に入った欧米列強の進出・侵略の手は東アジアにも迫った。
- In the age of imperialism, the great powers of Europe and the United States started to advance into and occupy East Asia.
- 1895年(明治28) 帝国奈良博物館(現奈良国立博物館)が開館。
- 1895: Imperial Museum of Nara (present-day Nara National Museum) was inaugurated.
- 大日本帝国憲法34条は、華族の貴族院 (日本)列席特権を規定した。
- Article 34 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan provided Kazoku with the right to be members of the House of Peers (Japan).
- 翌7日、衆議院は貴族院の修正に同意し、帝国議会での審議は結了した。
- On October 7, the House of Representatives approved the modifications added by the House of Peers, all the debates at the Imperial Diet were completed.
- 第16師団(だいじゅうろくしだん)は、大日本帝国陸軍の師団の一つ。
- The Sixteenth Division was one of the divisions of the Imperial Japanese Army.
- 源氏は御息所の遺言にしたがって彼女を養女として冷泉帝に入内させる。
- According to her will, Genji adopts her daughter, making her a court lady of Emperor Reizei.
- 三角縁神獣鏡を卑弥呼が魏皇帝から賜った100枚の鏡であるとする説。
- The theory which assumed that excavated triangular-rimmed mirrors were from amongst the 100 mirrors which Himiko was given by the Emperor of Wei.
- 逸文であるため、内容は『帝王編年記』などの二次資料によるしかない。
- As it is a Itsubun (a composition previously existed but does not exist now), the contents have to be referred to the secondary sources such as 'Teio Hennen ki' (the Chronicle of emperors).
- 一方所望が叶わなかった今上帝の機嫌は悪く、息子たちは玉鬘を責める。
- On the other hand, Kinjo no Mikado was in a bad mood because his wish was not accepted, so her sons blamed Tamakazura.
- 『年中行事秘抄』には、大友皇子が「皇太子となり帝位に即く」とある。
- 'Nenju Gyoji Hisho' says that Prince Otomo 'became the crown prince and was enthroned.'
- (『上宮聖徳法王帝説』によれば、少治田天皇御世乙丑年(605年)。
- (According to 'Jogu Shotoku Hoteisetsu' [Biography of Shotoku Taishi], it was established in 605.)
- 大日本帝国憲法下では、内閣総理大臣は国会議員でいる必要はなかった。
- Under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the prime minister was not required to be a member of the Diet.
- これによって朝鮮は、帝国主義が渦巻く世界へ開国していくことになった。
- As a result, Korea was opened to the world of imperialism.
- 国王は今後殿下ではなく、皇帝陛下として独立国の君主として振る舞う事。
- The king shall conduct himself as his Imperial Majesty, a monarch of the independent country, rather than Imperial Highness.
- 宗我『先代旧事本紀』天孫本紀、『上宮聖徳法王帝説』、『日本三代実録』
- It was alternatively recorded as '宗我' in the 'Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History): Lineage of the Mononobe and Soga clans, 'Jogu Shotoku Hooteisetsu' (Biography of Shotoku Taishi), and 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan).
- - 鉱山技術、生野銀山にて帝国主任鉱山技師、日本各地の鉱山調査(仏)
- - Active in mining technology, and served as the chief mining engineer for Imperial Japan at Ikuno Silver Mine; he also surveyed various mine sites in Japan
- 辻堂村西部は、大日本帝国海軍の横須賀海軍砲術学校辻堂演習場となった。
- The western part of Tsujido Village became the Tsujido maneuvering range of the Yokosuka naval gunnery school of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
- 母大宮 (源氏物語)は桐壺帝の姉妹であり、源氏とは従兄妹同士となる。
- Her mother Omiya is a sister of Kiritsubo no Mikado, and she is a cousin of Genji.
- それから四年の年月が経ち冷泉帝から今上帝 (源氏物語)へ時代は移る。
- Four years later, the time has shifted from the reign of Emperor Reizei to Kinjo no Mikado.
- 欧米による帝国主義時代・開港による植民地化を目的とした寄港拠点の確保
- The Age of Imperialism, led by Europe and the United States, was a time of opening ports and securing footholds for colonization.
- 首都とは国中一番のみやこ、帝城、中央政府のある所、首府のことである。
- A capital is the no.1 city in a country, the Imperial Palace, the place where the central government is located.
- 帝国燃料興業会社内淵線:大谷駅 (樺太庁) - 内淵駅(23.2km)
- Imperial Fuel Industrial Enterprise Company Naibuchi Line: Otani Station (Karafuto) - Naibuchi Station (23.2km)
- 帝が上皇の長寿のお祝いを紅葉賀と銘打って主催し、源氏はこれに舞を舞う。
- When Emperor holds the Momiji no Ga (the autumn excursion) to celebrate the Retired Emperor's birthday, Genji performs a dance.
- 早速訪れた冷泉帝は噂以上の玉鬘の美しさに魅了されて熱心に想いを訴える。
- Emperor Reizei, who immediately visited Tamakazura, was charmed by her beauty which was even greater than he had heard, and confessed his love for her eagerly.
- 1905年(明治38年)3月26日韓国皇帝のロシア皇帝宛の密書が発覚。
- On March 26, 1905, the secret letter from the Emperor of Korea to the Russian Emperor was found out by Japan.
- 中国の皇帝は日本の天皇と同じく、建国者(高宗)の男子子孫がこれを継いだ。
- The emperors of China, as well as of Japan, was succeeded by the male descendants of the founder (Gao Zong (高宗)) of the country.
- 中国の朝廷は皇帝を中心とし、丞相などの宦官を含めた中国古来の政府である。
- Chinese Imperial Court was the ancient Chinese government which centered on an emperor and involved eunuchs such as Chancellor and the like.
- 「陰陽思想」は古代中国神話に登場する帝王「伏羲」が作り出したものである。
- Yin-yang' was originated by Emperor 'Fukki,' also known as Fukugi) who appears in ancient Chinese mythology.
- 反は皇帝・天皇の殺傷、叛は本朝(本国)を裏切って外国を利することである。
- '反' indicates 'killing or wounding the emperor', while '叛'(another character of 'hon') is 'betraying the court (country) while helping other countries'.
- 以降フランスはフランス第一共和政へ、さらにフランス第一帝政へと移行した。
- Since then, France transitioned to the First Republican France and furthermore into the First Imperial France.
- 一方都では朱雀帝の夢に桐壺帝があらわれ、源氏は無実の旨を告げて叱責する。
- Meanwhile at the capital, Emperor Suzaku has a dream in which Emperor Kiritsubo appears and tells him that Genji is innocent, blaming Suzaku.
- 12月、冷泉帝の大原野行幸が行われ、玉鬘 (源氏物語)も見物に参加した。
- In December, Emperor Reizei visited Oharano, and Tamakazura joined the party, too.
- やがて源氏自身がかつて父桐壺帝を裏切ったように、女三宮の密通が発覚する。
- After a while, Onna San no Miya's affair becomes apparent, just like Genji, who once betrayed his father Emperor Kiritsubo.
- 今上帝 (源氏物語)の三の宮(第三皇子)で、母は光源氏の娘の明石の姫君。
- He was the third prince of Kinjo no Mikado, and his mother was young lady Akashi, the daughter of Hikaru Genji.
- 翌年三月には明石の姫君(源氏の娘)が今上帝 (源氏物語)の男御子を出産。
- In March of the next year, young lady Akashi (Genji's daughter) bears the Emperor a baby boy.
- また、ロシアの外蒙古、日本の朝鮮(大韓帝国)での特殊権益も互いに認めた。
- They also recognized mutually Russian special interests in the outer Mongolia and Japanese special interests in Korea (the Korean Empire).
- 第6代皇帝の孝文帝は、三長制の成果を前提として、均田制と均賦制を実施した。
- The sixth emperor, Xiaowen, implemented the equal-field system and the equal assessment system on the assumption that the sanchang system would work.
- 帝国は、強大な西洋諸国に対抗する形で各国に経済的・軍事的に進出していった。
- The empire was expanding both economically and militarily in order to oppose powerful Western countries.
- 1925年7月には第2回全国大会を京都帝大で開催、代議員80名が参加した。
- In July, 1925, the 2nd national gathering was held at Kyoto Imperial University, in which 80 representatives were participated.
- よって、醍醐天皇を先帝と呼びうる天皇は、その次の天皇、即ち朱雀天皇である。
- Therefore, the emperor who could call Emperor Daigo as the former emperor was the emperor who succeeded Emperor Daigo, or Emperor Suzaku.
- 1368年に早くも洪武帝は新王朝建国の報告と朝貢要求を近隣諸外国に発信た。
- In 1368, Emperor Kobu (Shu GENSHO) soon announced the establishment of the new dynasty and requests for tributes to neighboring foreign countries.
- 帝、その遠きを矜(あわれ)み、有司に詔して、歳貢にかかわることなからしむ。
- Taking pity on the Japanese envoy because of the long journey he had had to make, the emperor ordered the office in charge not to request tributes from Japan every year.
- Taiso felt worried for the envoy taking a long voyage to Tang, and ordered an officer in charge to spare the tributes of every year.
- 前述するとおり、憲法の改正は大日本帝国憲法第73条の規定によって行われた。
- As mentioned above, the constitutional amendment was conducted following Article 73 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 子に源氏のほか、朱雀帝(のち朱雀院)、蛍兵部卿宮、八の宮などが作中に出る。
- His other children who appear in the tale are Emperor Suzaku (later called Suzakuin), Hotaru Hyobukyo no Miya and Hachi no Miya.
- 冬、大原野の行幸があり玉鬘に執心する冷泉帝を垣間見て彼女もにくからず思う。
- In the winter when the Emperor makes a royal visit to Oharano, Tamakazura catches a glimpse of Emperor Reizei, who sets his heart on her, and she has tender feelings for him too.
- 一方で朱雀帝は出家に際して末娘女三宮の行末を案じ、これを源氏に嫁がしめる。
- Meanwhile, Emperor Suzaku is to retire into priesthood, but he is worried about his youngest daughter Onna San no Miya, and so asks Genji to marry her.
- 十一月、紅葉の六条院へ冷泉帝と朱雀帝が揃って行幸し、華やかな宴が催された。
- In November, Emperor Reizei and Emperor Suzaku went to the Rokujo-in Palace together, where a splendid banquet was held.
- 巻第十九・哀傷に収める新待賢門院(後村上帝の生母阿野廉子)の歌を下に記す。
- The following is a poem collected in the nineteenth volume of Elegies and composed by Shintaikenmonin (or Renshi ANO, the real mother of Emperor Gomurakami).
- この戦争でイギリスら連合国の側についた日本はオスマン帝国と敵同士となった。
- Japan, having sided with the Allies consisting of Britain and others in this war, became the Ottoman Empire's enemy.
- 統監は外交を管理するために京城に駐在し韓国皇帝と親しく内謁することができる。
- He shall reside at Seoul, primarily for the purpose of taking charge of and directing matters relating to diplomatic affairs, and have the right of private and personal audience of His Majesty the Emperor of Korea.
- 男子禁制をとっているのはオスマン帝国などのイスラム諸王朝や中国などであった。
- Still, the Kokyu palaces in the Islamic dynasties such as Ottoman Empire and Chinese dynasties were forbidden to men's admittance.
- そして同年5月、第三回帝国議会において民法典論争は政治的な決着がはかられた。
- In May of the same year a political settlement of the Minpoten Ronso was made in the third Imperial Diet.
- 先ず①について、当該条に「贈皇后藤原氏、諱胤子、先帝之妣」という記載がある。
- First, concerning (1), the description includes 'The title of Empress was awarded after her death; her posthumous name was FUJIWARA no Inshi; the mother (妣) of the former Emperor.'
- 円融も幼帝の父として一定の政治的影響力を獲得し“院政”的な状況を生み出した。
- Enyu also obtained a certain degree of political clout by being the young emperor's father, leading to a 'cloistered government'-like situation.
- 592年、蘇我馬子は東漢駒を遣い崇峻天皇を暗殺すると、女帝推古天皇を立てた。
- In 592, Umako SOGA used Koma TOKAN to assassinate Emperor Sushun and established Suiko as empress.
- それらの受入れのため、1907年4月1日に鉄道作業局を帝国鉄道庁に改編した。
- In order to accommodate them, on Aril 1, 1907 the Imperial Government Railway was reorganized to the Imperial Railway Agency.
- 中国の史書においても、『晋書』帝紀では邪馬台国を「東倭」と表現していること。
- In Chinese history books, the Imperial Record in 'Jin shu' (History of the Jin Dynasty) referred to Yamatai as 'eastern Wa.'
- 帝は元服した彼を臣籍降下させ源氏姓を与えて、左大臣家の娘・葵の上の婿とする。
- When he celebrated his attainment of manhood, the Emperor demoted him from nobility to subject and made him marry Aoi no ue (Lady Aoi), a daughter of the House of the Minister of the Left.
- 姫君は母の縁によって宮中の某所に移り住んだが、そうした姿を帝に見いだされる。
- With the aid of her mother, the princess moves to a certain place within the imperial court and is recognized by the emperor.
- 帝国議会も開催されるなど、一時的に首都機能が移転し、臨時首都の様相を呈した。
- In Hiroshima City, the Imperial Diet was opened and capital functions were tentatively transferred to this location, and Hiroshima City temporarily assumed the status of capital.
- 大日本帝国憲法の下で、国民による運動で内閣が倒されたのはこのときだけである。
- During the period governed by the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, this was the only time that a cabinet was brought down by a popular movement.
- また非公開の取り決めで、大韓帝国軍の解散・司法権と警察権の委任が定められた。
- The unpublished section of the treaty also stipulated dissolution of the Korean army, and handover of judicial and policing powers to the Japanese inspector general.
- 韓国併合によって大韓帝国は消滅し、日本はその領土であった朝鮮半島を領有した。
- With this annexation of Korea, the Korean Empire ceased to exist, and the Korean Peninsula that was its territory was occupied by Japan.
- 錦鶏間祗候(きんけいのましこう)は、大日本帝国憲法下の宮中に於ける資格の一。
- Kinkei no ma shiko is one of the licenses of the Imperial Court defined under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- そのうえで、海軍陸戦隊と海兵隊大日本帝国陸海軍を上陸させて第2砲台を放火した。
- Then they sent Naval Landing Forces and Marine Corps and Landing Forces of the Empire of Japan to set fire to the second gun battery.
- 韓国統監府を前身とし、大韓帝国を改組・統合したが主要高官はほぼ日本人であった。
- Its predecessor was Kankoku Tokan-fu (Resident General of Korea), and the Korean Empire was reorganized and integrated, but the major high officials were mostly Japanese.
- 1914年- 7月13日、日本はドイツ帝国へ宣戦を布告、第一次世界大戦に参戦。
- 1914: Japan declared war against the German Empire on July 13 to participate in World War I.
- 友人のすすめで生活費稼ぎに書いた「ソビエト帝国の逆襲」がベストセラーになった。
- Being exhorted by friends, he wrote a bestseller 'The Soviet Empire Strikes Back' in order to earn a living.
- 代々の支配者たちは、社会構造を固定することにより帝国経済の維持を図っていった。
- Successive rulers tried to maintain the imperial economy by fixing the social structure.
- 足利義満は明徳の和約を遂げ、また日明貿易を行い明皇帝から日本国王に冊封された。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA completed the Meitoku treaty to unify the Northern and Southern Courts, conducted trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China and was awarded the title of King of Japan by the emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
- 峰山海軍航空隊(みねやまかいぐんこうくうたい)は、大日本帝国海軍の部隊の一つ。
- The Mineyama Naval Air Squadron was one of the squadrons of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
- 大日本帝国憲法では、皇室の永続性が皇室の正統性の証拠であることを強調していた。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan emphasized that consistency of the Imperial Family was an evidence for their orthodoxy.
- やがて神託によって狭衣は帝位につき、彼の実の息子・若宮の皇位継承が約束される。
- Sagoromo is eventually declared emperor by an oracle, and it is promised that his real son, Wakamiya, will succeed the imperial throne.
- 今上帝 (源氏物語)の元服に合わせ、源氏も明石の姫君の裳着の支度を急いでいた。
- Genji hurried to prepare for young lady Akashi's Mogi (coming-of-age ceremony for girls), which was timed to coincide with Kinjo no Mikado's coming of age ceremony.
- 翌日、大日本帝国憲法起草を主導した伊藤博文も同様の主張を表明する演説を行った。
- On the next day, Hirobumi ITO, who led drafting of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, made a similar announcement.
- 帝国国防方針は大正7年、12年、昭和11年に改定されたが大きな変化はなかった。
- The Imperial Defense Policy was revised in 1918, in 1923, and in 1936, but there were no significant changes.
- 針生の場合は更に『黄帝素問経』・『黄帝鍼経』・『脈決』・『黄帝明堂経』を読んだ。
- In addition, students of acupuncture had to study 'Kotei Somonkyo' (Basic Questions in Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, covering the theoretical foundation of Chinese medicine and its diagnostic methods), 'Kotei Shinkyo' (Needling Canon in Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, discussing the acupuncture therapy in detail), 'Myakuketsu' (a Chinese classic on sphygmoscopy), and 'Kotei Myodokyo' (a Chinese classic on acupuncture, highly valued along with Kotei Shinkyo).
- 荘園制に先立つシステムは、後期ローマ帝国の農村経済にその初現を見ることができる。
- The system preceding the manorialism firstly appeared in the rural economy of the late Roman Empire.
- 1889年(明治22年)2月11日、大日本帝国憲法が発布され、国民に公表された。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was promulgated on February 11, 1889, and then announced to the public.
- 帝国財政革新会(ていこくざいせいかくしんかい)は、明治中期に設立された政治団体。
- Teikokuzaiseikakushin kai was a political group established in the middle of the Meiji Period.
- 自らも夢で桐壺帝に叱責され眼病で気弱になった朱雀帝はついに源氏の召還を決意した。
- Emperor Suzaku, who was also reprimanded by Emperor Kiritsubo in his dreams, became timid due to eye trouble and finally decided to recall Genji.
- 源氏の父桐壺帝の麗景殿女御を姉に持ち、源氏とは若い頃から関係があったと見られる。
- Genji's father's Reikeiden no nyogo, Kiritsubotei was her elder sister and seems to have been associated with Genji from her earlier years.
- 「直轄領」と「保護国」とをもつ「東夷の小帝国」と換言しても事実認識に変化はない。
- There is no disparity in saying it as 'a small empire of eastern barbarians' which has 'directly controlled territory' and 'a protected state.'
- そして、翌日、史誌編纂掛を廃止を決定し、4月7日に帝国大学総長浜尾新に通達する。
- And on the following day, it was decided the History Compilation Bureau was abolished and on April 7, Arata HAMAO, the president of Imperial University, was notified of the decision of the abolishment.
- 総督の命令(制令)が司法・行政・立法の全機能を有し、帝国議会の議決は不要とされた。
- The Sotoku's orders (regulations) reserved all the functions of judicial, executive and legislative administration, and voting of the Imperial Diet was unnecessary.
- はばからず直接的に書けば、反は皇帝・天皇に対する殺人と傷害、謀反はその計画である。
- In plain words, '反'(hon) is a murder or mayhem of the emperor, and 謀反 (muhon) is a plan for '反'.
- しかし、現在の皇帝に不満がある場合国民などが帝位に着くことを望んだ場合帝位に上る。
- However, a citizen could accede the imperial throne if he did not satisfy with the present emperor and hoped to do so.
- 日本以外では皇帝や王に叛逆し、また謀叛をくわだてた犯罪を、大逆罪と呼ぶことがある。
- Outside of Japan, crimes of treason and rebellion against Emperor or King are sometimes called high treason.
- 律令制により国力の充実した唐は大帝国を築き上げ、東アジア諸国へ大きな影響を与えた。
- Based on the Ritsuryo system, the Tang Dynasty built up the country into a great empire and expanded its influence to other East Asian countries.
- これが神戸の関帝廟が例外的に神戸南京町から離れた山手の住宅地に存在する理由である。
- This is the reason why the unusual step was taken of moving Kantei byo Shrine in Kobe from Kobe Nankin–machi (Kobe's Chinatown) to the residential area in Yamate.
- 内閣統計局『日本帝国統計年鑑』(~1941年)は朝鮮・台湾・樺太のみを外地とした。
- 'Statistical yearbook of the Empire of Japan' (-1941) issued by the Statistics Bureau of the Cabinet defined only Korea, Taiwan, and Sakhalin as Gaichi.
- これには輪王寺宮の「東武皇帝」へ推戴し、東北政府を作る構想もあったとする説もある。
- Accordingly, some believe that the alliance would have conceived the idea of inaugurating Rinojinomiya as the Emperor Tobu and setting up the Tohoku government.
- 下関戦争 長州藩 vs 大英帝国・ フランス・ オランダ・ アメリカ合衆国 連合軍
- The Shimonoseki War the Choshu Domain vs allied forces of the British Empire, France, Holland, and the USA
- フランス皇帝ナポレオン3世より幕府に送られたもので、幕府軍の精鋭部隊に与えられた。
- Napoleon the third, Emperor of France, sent the rifles to the bakufu, and they were given to the elite troops of the bakufu.
- 当時の自由民権家や新聞各紙も、同様に大日本帝国憲法を高く評価し、憲法発布を祝った。
- Democratic activists and newspapers of that time also highly evaluated the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and celebrated its promulgation.
- 1876年に公布されたオスマン帝国憲法に次いで、アジアでは2番目の近代憲法である。
- It was the second modern constitution in Asia after the constitution of the Ottoman Empire enacted in 1876.
- 1905年(明治38年)7月18日に京都府で編成された大日本帝国陸軍の師団である。
- It was a division of the Imperial Japanese Army established in Kyoto Prefecture on July 18, 1905.
- この「井真成」は死後に皇帝から「尚衣奉御」(尚衣局の責任者)の位を授けられている。
- `Manari INO' was posthumously granted the rank of `Shoihogyo' (responsible official of the Department in charge of dealing with clothes for emperor, Shoikyoku) by an emperor.
- これに対して実録とはもともとある皇帝一代ごとに、その事蹟を書き記したものであった。
- In contrast, veritable records originally only recorded the deeds of each emperor.
- これを深く嘆く帝を慰めるために亡き更衣生きうつしの藤壺が入内し、新たな寵愛を得る。
- In order to console the deeply grieving Emperor, Fujitsubo, who looks exactly like the late Koi, is sent to the Imperial court and wins the Emperor's favor.
- 正妻は最初元服と同時に結婚した左大臣の娘葵の上、後に兄朱雀帝の皇女・女三宮である。
- His legal wife was Aoi no ue, a daughter of Sadaijin (the Minister of the Left), whom he marries upon coming of age; and later, Onna San no Miya, a daughter of his older brother, Emperor Suzaku, becomes his legal wife.
- 衝撃を受けた帝は、実の父を臣下にしておくのは忍びないと考え源氏に位を譲ろうとした。
- Shocked, the emperor thought he could not tolerate keeping his biological father being his subordinate, and tried to abdicate the throne in favor of Genji.
- はじめの3巻は帝紀、中の5巻は列伝、終わりの2巻は貴族社会の故実・逸話に割かれる。
- The first 3 volumes are used for teiki (records of emperor's family tree), the middle 5 volumes for retsuden (a series of biographies) and the last 2 volumes for ancient practices and episodes of the society of nobles.
- そこへ冷泉帝から誘いがあり、馳せ参じた源氏ら一同は明け方まで詩歌管弦に興を尽くす。
- Then Emperor Reizei invites them to his place, and Genji and the others who hurry there stay up until dawn enjoying poetry and music.
- 安土桃山時代、文禄の役の講和折衝にあたり、明の神宗万暦帝は豊臣秀吉に誥命を送った。
- During the peace negotiation process of Japan's first invasion of Korea in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, Emperor Wanli of the Ming sent a letter to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 『立坊次第』(紹運要略)には、天智天皇10年に「同年12月5日帝位に即く」とある。
- 'Ritsubo Shidai' (Joun Gairyaku) says 'he was enthroned on December 5' in the 10th year of Emperor Tenchi.
- 同書には内閣修史編修官兼東京帝国大学教授・重野安繹がこの著書の序文に協力している。
- The preface of the book was written by Yasutsugu SHIGENO, Cabinet Editor for Historical Materials and Professor of Tokyo University.
- 次いで、『後漢書』安帝紀の永初二年(107年)の記事に初めて「倭国王」の語が見える。
- Following this, in the article of the Record of Emperor An in 107 in the 'History of the Later Han Dynasty,' the word 'Wakokuo' (the King of Wa) is first seen.
- ちなみに中国国内で皇帝の位を帝位と呼び、通常はこれをとることは不義不忠とされている。
- The imperial title was called crown (帝位) in China and it was usually considered disloyal to take over it.
- 当時、大韓帝国では最も大きな政治結社であり、会員数は80万人から100万人であった。
- At that time, it was the biggest political association of The Korean Empire, and the number of its members was between 800 thousands and one million.
- 尾崎は1898年8月21日に帝国教育会茶話会で行った演説の中で、次のように発言した。
- OZAKI spoke at the tea party of the Imperial Education Society on August 21, 1898 as follows.
- また国母(後陽成帝の生母)勧修寺晴子からも寛大な処置を願う歎願が所司代に伝えられた。
- Also, the Empress Dowager (real mother of Emperor Goyozei) Haruko KAJUJI's petition for a lenient disposition reached Shoshidai.
- 前東宮との間の娘は斎宮、のちに源氏の養女となって冷泉帝の後宮に入り、秋好中宮となる。
- She has a daughter, Saigu, by the retired Togu, and later the daughter becomes Genji's daughter-in-law, entering the kokyu of Emperor Reizei and thus becoming Empress Akikonomu.
- 一方で更衣の遺児は帝のもとで育てられ、亡き母に似るという藤壺をことに慕うようになる。
- The child of the late Koi is brought up under the protection of the Emperor, and comes to love Fujitsubo, who is said to look like his lost mother.
- 美保海軍航空隊(みほかいぐんこうくうたい)は、大日本帝国海軍の部隊・教育機関の一つ。
- Miho Naval Air Corps was one of the troops and educational institutions of the Imerpial Japanese Navy.
- なお、記紀編纂の基本史料となった『帝紀』、『旧辞』は7世紀頃の成立と考えられている。
- In addition, it is thought that 'Teiki' (a genealogy of the Imperial Family) and 'Kyuji' (a record of stories current at court) which were the basic historical materials for the compilation of Kojiki and the Nihonshoki were established around the seventh century.
- 今上帝 (源氏物語)は、母女御を亡くし後見人もいない女二宮を託したい旨を薫に告げる。
- The present Emperor Kinjo no Mikado told Kaoru that he wanted Kaoru to look after Onnaninomiya, who lost her mother and had no guardian.
- 結局、大韓帝国成立後も実質的に李氏朝鮮王朝と同様の政体が朝鮮を支配することとなった。
- After all, with a similar constitution, the Yi Dynasty Korea, in fact, ruled Korea after the establishment of the Korean Empire.
- 大韓帝国政府と韓国統監府は廃止され、かわって全朝鮮を統治する朝鮮総督府が設置された。
- The Korean Empire and Korea Protection Agency were discontinued, and instead, Chosen Sotoku-fu (Governor-General of Korea) was established to rule all of Korea.
- これに対して、煬帝が倭王に宛てた国書は、『日本書紀』によれば小野妹子が紛失したという。
- In response to the letter, Emperor Yodai wrote an official letter to King of Wa, but according to 'Nihonshoki', ONO no Imoko lost the letter on his way back.
- 天皇主権(てんのうしゅけん)とは、大日本帝国憲法において、天皇が保持するとされた主権。
- Imperial sovereignty is the sovereignty held by the Emperor under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 桓武天皇は中国皇帝にならい郊天祭祀を行うなど、中国への志向が強かったと考えられている。
- It is considered that Emperor Kanmu strongly admired China; he followed Tang emperors and performed Koten saishi (a sacred ceremony that acknowleges an Emperor as son of heaven).
- 日本では7世紀前半にまとめられた「帝紀」「旧辞」が国家による歴史書編纂の始まりである。
- In Japan, the first recorded history works were the 'Teiki' (Imperial Records) and 'Kyuji' (Ancient Dicta), both compiled in the first half of the seventh century.
- また帝国議会は法案提出権や予算協賛権を有し、予算審議を通じて行政を監督する力を持った。
- The Imperial Diet also had the right to submit law bills and to approve budgets, and the power of controlling administration using budgetary discussions.
- さらに冷泉帝は翌年が源氏四十の賀であることを知って、彼を准太上天皇に進める旨を勅する。
- Moreover, Emperor Reizei knows that Genji's fortieth birthday will come next year, and issues an order to grant him a rank equivalent to Retired Emperor.
- 安中藩(城主)→西尾藩(城主)→掛川藩(城主)→与板藩(城主格) 2万石 譜代 帝鑑間
- Annaka Domain (joshu)=> Nishio Domain (joshu)=> Kakegawa Domain (joshu)=> Yoita Domain (joshukaku); 20,000 kokus, fudai (hereditary daimyos); Teikan no ma (room for fudai daimyo of Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade and Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)
- 一方薫は、冷泉帝と秋好中宮に殊更に可愛がられ育てられ、元服後は官位の昇進もめざましい。
- On the other hand, Kaoru, who was pampered by Emperor Reizei and Empress Akikonomu, was dramatically promoted to a higher official rank after cerebrating his coming of age.
- 滝川事件(たきがわじけん)は、1933(昭和8)年に京都帝国大学で発生した思想弾圧事件。
- The Takigawa Incident was a crackdown on freedom of thought that occurred at the Kyoto Imperial University in 1933.
- 天皇が唯一の立法機関とされ、帝国議会が立法機関ではなく、天皇の立法協賛機関とされたこと。
- The emperor was thought to be the only legislative organ, so the Imperial Diet was defined just as a legislative support organ, not a legislative organ.
- 茶話会(さわかい)とは、大日本帝国憲法下における貴族院_(日本)における院内会派の一つ。
- The Sawakai (literally, the Tea Party) was an internal faction within the House of Peers in Japan's National Diet, which was formed under the Meiji Constitution.
- 正始6年(246年)、皇帝(斉王)は帯方郡を通じ難升米に黄幢(黄色い旗さし)を下賜した。
- In 246, Emperor (King of Qi) gave Nashime a yellow streamer via Daifang Commandery.
- 初めて父頭中将の姿を見た玉鬘だったが、それ以上に源氏そっくりな冷泉帝の端麗さに見とれる。
- Tamakazura saw her father, To no Chujo (the first secretary's captain), for the first time, but she was more fascinated by the beauty of Emperor Reizei, who looked exactly like Genji.
- 定員は4(帝国学士院は、分野ごとに2部に分けられたため、各部ごとに2名ずつ選出された)。
- The number was set to be four (there were two divisions in the Imperial Academy, so two from each division were selected).
- 臣等伏シテ方今政権ノ帰スル所ヲ察スルニ、上帝室ニ在ラズ、下人民ニ在ラズ、而独有司ニ帰ス。
- We were humbled to consider who has the political right and realized that it is not the Emperor nor the people but the bureaucrats.
- 当時支那は漢民族の明朝が滅んで、万里の長城の北の野蛮人の満州族が皇帝の清朝となっていた。
- In China at that time, the Ming Dynasty of the Han race was destroyed and the Manchurian who was a barbarian living in the north of the Great Wall of China became the emperor and established the Qing dynasty.
- 日清戦争における清、日露戦争におけるロシア帝国などは敵ではあるが「賊軍」とは言われない。
- Enemies such as the Qing Dynasty during the First Sino-Japanese War and the Russian Empire during the Japanese-Russo War were not called a 'rebel army'.
- たとえば'God'をマーティンは「上帝」としているが、この書では「造物者」と直している。
- For example, 'God' translated as 'Jotei' (上帝) in Martin version but as 'Zobutsusha' (造物者) in the book.
- 次の煬帝の代には、その改正である『大業律令』が頒布されたが、『開皇律令』と大差がなかった。
- During the reign of his successor, Emperor Yang, the revised 'Daye Ritsuryo,' which differed only slightly from the 'Kaihuang Ritsuryo,' was promulgated.
- 伊藤自身が初代総裁となり、伊藤系官僚と憲政党(旧自由党)・帝国党が中心となって創立された。
- Ito himself became the first president of the party which was established on the initiative of the bureaucracy leaning toward Ito, Kensei Party (former Liberal Party), and Empire Party.
- 南樺太炭鉱鉄道株式会社線(帝国燃料興業会社内幌線):本斗駅 - 内幌炭山駅(16.4km)
- South Karafuto Coalmine Railway Company Line (Imperial Fuel Industrial Enterprise Company Naihoro line) : Honto Station - Naihoro coal mine Station (16.4km)
- 仲恭天皇(九条廃帝、仲恭の贈名は明治以降)は廃され、守貞親王の子が即位した(後堀河天皇)。
- The reigning Emperor, Chukyo (note however that the titles Kujo the Deposed Emperor and Chukyo did not come into use until the Meiji period), was deposed, and the son of Imperial Prince Morisada was raised to the throne (as Emperor Gohorikawa).
- 一時後醍醐帝と和解し持明院統の光明天皇を擁立(北朝 (日本))して征夷大将軍に任ぜられた。
- He came to a temporary understanding with Emperor Godaigo, where he supported and protected Emperor Komyo of the Jimyoin-line (the Northern Court) and thus was appointed seii taishogun.
- 夕霧 (源氏物語)と雲居雁の結婚を頭中将が許し、明石の姫君は東宮(朱雀帝の子)に入内する。
- To no Chujo approves Yugiri's marriage to Kumoi no Kari, and young lady Akashi enters the Imperial court to marry the Crown Prince (a son of Emperor Suzaku).
- 桐壺帝死後の右大臣派と左大臣派の政争にまきこまれた源氏は、これを口実に陥れられようとする。
- Because of this, Genji, who has become involved in the political conflict between the Udaijin and Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) after the death of Emperor Kiritsubo, is put in a difficult situation.
- 1881年に成立した大日本農会と、1895年に成立した全国農事会が、帝国農会の前身である。
- Agricultural Society of Japan established in 1881 and National Agricultural Association founded in 1895 are the predecessors of Empire Agricultural Association.
- 京都も東京も帝都だが、本来首都は京都であり、東京は施政の便宜上天皇がいる場所だというもの。
- The view asserting that both Kyoto and Tokyo are regarded as imperial capitals, but Kyoto is originally the capital and Tokyo is the place where Emperor exists for convenience'sake.
- 武が中国皇帝に上表した文書には、先祖代々から苦労して倭の国土を統一した事績が記されている。
- King Bu presented documents to the emperor of China, depicting achievements in the unification of the Wa Sate, and detailing episodes of struggle, in the long history to unify, generation after generation, in Wa's ancestral past.
- 大韓帝国(李氏朝鮮)は、第二次日韓協約によって日本の保護国となりすでに外交権を失っていた。
- The Korean Empire had become a protectorate of Japan under the terms of the earlier Eulsa Treaty, and had thus lost the right to conduct diplomatic exchanges with other countries.
- 懇話会(こんわかい)とは、大日本帝国憲法下における貴族院_(日本)における院内会派の名称。
- Konwa-kai refers to a faction within the Diet of the House of Peers under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 議会における与党は帝国党のみであり、伊藤博文の立憲政友会と大隈重信の憲政本党は野党に回った。
- The ruling party in the Congress was only the Teikokuto (Imperialist party) and the Rikken Seiyukai led by Hirobumi ITO and the Kensei Honto (True Constitutional party) led by Shigenobu OKUMA were the opposition parties.
- 海外における類似の制度にはコロナートゥス(ローマ帝国)と言った別の呼称を利用される事がある。
- A different name, such as Colonatus (in the Roman Empire), is sometimes used to indicate a similar system which existed in a foreign country.
- 室町幕府将軍が明皇帝から「日本国王」として冊封を受け、明皇帝に対して朝貢する形式で行われた。
- The Japan-Ming trade took the form of having the Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu conferred a peerage of 'King of Japan' by the Ming emperor, and in return he paid tributes to the emperor.
- 1900年(明治33年)には日本初の美術史本と目される『稿本日本帝国美術略史』が刊行された。
- In 1900, the book with the title 'The original draft of the brief history of Japanese art' was published, which is deemed the first book written on art history in Japan.
- 784年は甲子革令の年であり、桓武帝は天武天皇系から天智天皇系の天皇であったことも興味深い。
- It is interesting to know that the year 784 was the year of the Kasshi kakurei (the first year of the sixty-year cycle in Chinese calendar when changes are often said to happen), and that Emperor Kanmu was a direct descendant of Emperor Tenchi, not of Emperor Tenmu.
- しかし、九州帝国大学医学部教授の中山平次郎が、万葉集の記述などを検討し福岡城址説を提唱した。
- But Heijiro NAKAYAMA, the professor of the Medical Department of Kyushu Imperial University, advocated an opiion that the construction site of Korokan was the ruins of Fukuokajo Castle after examining records including Manyoshu.
- 吏党(りとう)とは、明治時代中期の初期帝国議会における明治政府寄りの姿勢を示した政党のこと。
- The Rito party was a political party that supported the Meiji government at an early Imperial Diet during the mid-Meiji period.
- 北清事変以後のロシア帝国の満洲進出に警戒感を抱き、日本政府に対して強硬策を取るように迫った。
- The society pressed the government to take forceful measures sensing a danger from Russia which expanded into Manchuria after the Boxer Rebellion.
- 居留地警察(きょりゅうちけいさつ)とは、条約改正前の大日本帝国の外国人居留地に置かれた警察。
- Kyoryuchi Keisatsu (the Foreign Settlement Police) refers to the police force placed in the foreign settlements throughout the Empire of Japan prior to treaty revision.
- 桐壺帝に仕える年配の女官で血筋、人柄の申し分ない源典侍には、希代の色好みという評判があった。
- Gen no Naishinosuke, an old court lady serving Emperor Kiritsubo, was of good birth and left nothing to be desired about her personality, but there was a rumor that she was extraordinary lecherous.
- この皇子の東宮時代から後見として支え、即位後に冷泉帝が事実を知り譲位を考えた時には固辞した。
- Hikaru Genji acts as regent to his child from his Crown Prince years, and when the child becomes Emperor Reizei and plans to abdicate the throne to Genji after learning the facts, Genji strongly refuses.
- 嵐が収まった明け方、源氏の夢に故桐壺帝が現れ、住吉の神の導きに従い須磨を離れるように告げる。
- At dawn when the storm calmed down, the late Emperor Kiritsubo appeared in Genji's dream, and told him to leave Suma in accordance with the guidance of the deities of Sumiyoshi.
- 法要が一段落ついた頃、藤壺の時代から仕えていた夜居の僧が、冷泉帝に出生の秘密を密かに告げた。
- When the memorial services for her reached a certain point, a Buddhist priest on a night-watch duty, who had been serving since Fujitsubo's heyday, secretly told Emperor Reizei about the circumstances of his birth.
- 研究会(けんきゅかい)とは、大日本帝国憲法下における貴族院_(日本)における院内会派の一つ。
- Kenkyukai (a study group) was a faction within the House of Peers under the Constitution of the Great Empire of Japan.
- 日本に関連する王号の初出は、漢の光武帝が奴国の王に賜綬した金印に見える「漢委奴国王印」である。
- The first appearance of the title of king related to Japan is the 'Kanno Wano Nano Kokuo' (the King of Japan, Chinese Colony) seen in the gold seal given by the Emperor Guangwu of Han to the king of Nakoku.
- 松尾尊兌はこれを「内には立憲主義、外には帝国主義」という二面性をもったものとして説明している。
- Takayoshi MATSUO explains such two-sidedness of Taisho Democracy with the phrase, 'inward constitutionalism, and outward imperialism.'
- ちょうど司馬遷が『史記』を書いた時代は武帝の時代であるため、列侯と呼ばれていた時期と一致する。
- The time when 'rekko' was used was almost the same period of Emperor Wu, when Sima Qian wrote 'Shiki.'
- 一説によれば、当時の日本の銃の保有量はオスマン帝国と並んで世界最大規模だったと推定されている。
- According to a theory, it is estimated that the number of guns in Japan at that time was largest in the world together with Ottoman Empire.
- 明で正徳帝(武宗)が即位し、大内氏が遣明船(勘合船)を主催して発行された正徳勘合符を独占する。
- When Emperor Zhengde (Wuzong) ascended the Ming Dynasty throne, the Ouchi clan sponsored the kenminsen (namely, Kangosen, the envoy ship dispatched to Ming Dynasty China) and monopolize all Zhengde kangofu which were issued.
- 又、大日本帝国海軍が整備した与保呂川は今も東舞鶴の水源地として多くの市民の飲み水となっている。
- The Yohoro-gawa River, which the Japanese Imperial Navy once improved, is still a water resource in Higashi-Maizuru that supplies many Maizuru citizens with drinking water.
- 6月20日、政府は、大日本帝国憲法73条の憲法改正手続に基づき、憲法改正案を衆議院に提出した。
- On June 20, the government submitted the constitution revision proposal following procedures for amending the constitution defined in Article 73 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 絵合の当日、源氏が須磨流浪の折の自筆の絵巻が藤壺、冷泉帝に賞賛され、斎宮女御方の勝ちとなった。
- On the day of the picture contest, the picture scroll made by Genji when he was in exile in Suma is applauded by Fujitsubo and Emperor Reizei, so the high priestess wins the contest.
- この天皇と内閣との関係は大日本帝国憲法・内閣官制においてもほぼそのまま引き継がれることになる。
- The above-mentioned relationship between the Emperor and the cabinet was taken over by the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the Cabinet Organization Order almost in the same form.
- 若い冷泉帝は始め年上の斎宮女御になじめなかったが、絵画という共通の趣味をきっかけに寵愛を増す。
- The young Emperor Reizei did not become attached to the high priestess of Ise at first because she was older than him, but a common hobby of painting brought him to favor her.
- 翌朝8月15日 (旧暦)に葬送が取り行われ、帝や頭中将、秋好中宮など多くの人から弔問があった。
- The next morning, on August 15 (old lunar calendar), the funeral was held and many people such as the Emperor, Tono Chujo (the first secretary's captain), Empress Akikonomu, and so on came to give their condolences.
- もっとも早いのは10世紀に書かれた『西宮記』で、天智天皇10年の「12月に帝位に即く」とある。
- The earliest document was 'Saikyuki' (exemplary book on Heian rituals) written in the 10th century, and it says that Emperor Tenchi 'was enthroned in December' in the 10th year of Emperor Tenchi.
- 互選の方法その他は、貴族院帝国学士院会員議員互選規則(大正14年勅令第233号)に定められた。
- The election method and other rules were stated in Kizokuin Rules of the internal selection of the Imperial Academy councilors (Imperial Edict Number 233, 1925).
- 町村制(ちょうそんせい)は、市制とともに大日本帝国憲法下における地方自治に関する基本法である。
- Chosonsei, as well as Shisei (a municipal system), is the fundamental law governing local autonomy under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- これを格式(きゃくしき)というが、唐2代皇帝の太宗 (唐)が制定した貞観格式が最初の格式である。
- These additionally issued supplement and bylaws were called '格式,' ('Geshi') first established as Zhenguan Geshi by the second emperor of Tang Dynasty, Taizong.
- 関東州は、1905年調印のポーツマス条約により、租借地としてロシア帝国から引き継いだ地域である。
- Japan took over the Kwantung Leased Territory as a leased territory from the Russian Empire as a result of the Treaty of Portsmouth signed in 1905.
- 秦の始皇帝は中国を統一すると全国全てを郡と県に分け、中国全土を完全な中央集権的郡県制で支配した。
- After unifying China, Shikotei, the first Qin Emperor, divided the state into gun and ken, and ruled the whole state with the completely centralized system of gun and ken.
- 1905年(明治38年)7月18日 - 旧大日本帝国陸軍第16師団 (日本軍)が深草に置かれる。
- July 18, 1905: The sixteenth Army Division of the now-defunct Imperial Japanese Army was established in Fukakusa.
- 舞鶴鎮守府(まいづるちんじゅふ)とは、京都府舞鶴市にあった旧大日本帝国海軍の鎮守府海軍 鎮守府。
- Maizuru Chinjufu was Chinjufu (navy base) of Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) located in Maizuru City, Kyoto.
- 激怒した後陽成帝は、乱交に関わった全員を死罪に処せと命じたが、従来の公家の法には死罪は無かった。
- An infuriated Emperor Goyozei demanded all the participants in the promiscuous relations be sentenced to death, but no traditional law governing court nobles provided for capital punishment.
- 1907年には山縣の主導によって平時25師団体制を確保するとした「帝国国防方針」案が纏められる。
- In 1907, under the leadership of Yamagata, the 'Imperial Defense Policy' proposal was prepared to secure a 25 division formation during times of peace.
- なお、帝国議会開設に先立ち、1884年(明治17年)に華族令を定めて、華族に身分的特権を与えた。
- Prior to the opening of the Imperial Diet, the government established the Peerage Law to give Kazoku hierarchical privileges.
- ちなみに、憲法改正無限界説においては、大日本帝国憲法には改正限界を規定する条文は存在していない。
- But, according to the theory of limitation of constitutional amendment, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan did not define any limitations of constitutional amendment.
- さらに、帝国議会の一院に、公選されない貴族院 (日本)を置き、衆議院とほぼ同等の権限を持たせた。
- Furthermore, the House of Peers, which consisted of non-elected-members, was established as a house of the Imperial Diet, and it had almost the same powers as the House of Representatives.
- 帝は式典に参加できない藤壺のために、特別に手の込んだ試楽(リハーサル)を宮中で催すことに決める。
- The Emperor decided to hold an elaborate rehearsal at Imperial court for Fujitsubo, who could not attend the ceremony.
- 第三部は、26歳になった女君が帝に迫られるなどの苦難に遭いながら思索を深めていく様子が描かれる。
- Chapter three portrays the woman at the age of 26, deepening her thoughts through hardships she underwent, such as the Emperor's advance on her.
- 中国では前漢の武帝 (漢)が匈奴との戦いで逼迫した財政を再建するために鉄や塩などの専売を行った。
- In China, Emperor Wu of the Former Han (Han) monopolized iron and salt in order to rebuilt the financial status of the Empire, which had been strained due to the war against Xiongnu.
- 結局大日本帝国憲法にはプロシアをモデルとした立憲君主制が採用され、議院内閣制は採用されなかった。
- Eventually, the Prussian-style constitutional monarchy, not the parliamentary cabinet system, was adopted in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- その後、西方正帝コンスタンティヌス1世が帝国を統一し、東方に新都コンスタンティノポリスを建てた。
- After that, Constantinus I, the emperor of the West, united the Empire and constructed a new capital, Constantinople in the east.
- 無所属団(むしょぞくだん)とは、大日本帝国憲法下における貴族院_(日本)における院内会派の名称。
- Independent Party (Mushozoku-dan) refers to a faction within the Diet of the House of Peers under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 一部右翼活動家の中にはイルクーツク州以東のロシア帝国領土割譲がされると国民を扇動する者までいた)。
- A part of right-wing activists agitated the Japanese people by sayng that the Russian Empire's territory in the east of Irkutsk State would be ceded.
- 天皇の称号が道教の天皇大帝に由来するという説とともに、この「真人」も道教由来のものとする説がある。
- There is a theory that the title of tenno (天皇) (emperor) derived from Tien-Huang-ta-ti (天皇大帝) of Taoism, and also some say that this 'Mahito' also came from Taoism.
- 1928年4月17日には東京帝大が新人会に解散命令を出し、以降各帝国大学社研に解散命令が下された。
- Since April 17, 1928 when Tokyo Imperial University ordered Shinjin-kai (a student movement organization established at Tokyo Imperial University) to dismiss it, the Shaken of each Imperial University was ordered to be dismissed.
- 国内的には中央集権的な支配を確立するとともに、東夷の小「中華帝国」を目指したものに他ならなかった。
- Domestically, its aims were simply consolidation of centralized control and creation of a little 'Chinese-style empire' by eastern barbarians.
- 伝統的な南下政策がこの戦争の動機の一つであったロシア帝国は、この敗北を期に極東への南下を断念した。
- Although the Russian Empire's entry into the war was motivated by its traditional policy of southward expansion, this defeat prompted it to abandon this policy in the Far East.
- これらの現象は地上にある国家やその支配者(国王・皇帝・天皇)に重大な影響を与えると考えられてきた。
- These phenomena were thought to significantly influence nations on earth and their rulers (kings and emperors).
- ひっそりと物静かな、昔語りのゆかしい風情に住みなしている人のもとで、源氏は父帝在世のころをしのぶ。
- At her residence in which she lives a quiet, charming life like something out of an old tale, Genji remembers the days of the reign of his father the emperor.
- 帝国農会(ていこくのうかい)とは、1910年(明治43年)に公認された、中央農政機関のことである。
- Empire Agricultural Association refers to the central agricultural administration organization approved in 1910.
- 源氏の兄朱雀帝は病気を患い出家しようとするが、後見人の居ない愛娘女三宮の将来が心配で躊躇している。
- Genji's older brother, Emperor Suzaku has fallen ill and thought of entering into priesthood, but he hesitates because he feels anxious about the future of his beloved daughter, Onna Sannomiya (the Third Princess), who does not have any guardian.
- 皇帝のものが「璽」、それ以外の通常の官印が「印」と呼称され、そのスタイルも統一されたものとなった。
- The kanin for emperors was called 'Ji' and the other normal kanin was called 'In' and the style became unified.
- その後、前漢が成立する(紀元前221年)と王号は皇帝の臣下へ与えられる称号(諸侯王)として定着した。
- Afterwards, as the Former Han was established (221 B.C.), the title of king settled as a title (vassal king) which was given to the emperor's vassals.
- 衆議院を解散してそのまま内閣総辞職を行った例は大日本帝国憲法・日本国憲法を通じてこの時だけであった。
- This is the only case in which dissolution of the House of Representatives directly led to cabinet resignation en masse under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the Constitution of Japan; The Constitution of Japan.
- また、後宮を意味するハレム(harem)は、オスマン帝国の後宮がそう呼ばれていたところからきている。
- Additionally, the harem signified the Kokyu palace is based upon the Ottoman Empire which Kokyu palace was called harem.
- 帝国内への居住が認められた異民族foederatiが移住してきたため、コロヌスの数は増加していった。
- As the other ethnic groups (foederati), who were allowed to live in the empire, moved in and the number of colonus increased.
- 滝川事件に関連して京都帝大を辞職した教官のうち、18名が立命館大学に教授・助教授などの形で移籍した。
- Among the staff who quit Kyoto Imperial University over the Takigawa Incident, 18 of them transferred to Ritsumeikan University as professors, associate professors, etc.
- この後、金 (王朝)・モンゴル帝国との戦いまで、宋において軍人勢力が勃興することはなかったのである。
- After this, no military power arose during the Song Dynasty until the war with the Jin (Dynasty) and the Mongolian Empire.
- 13世紀には、高麗はモンゴル帝国の攻撃を避けるために首都を江華島に移して数十年にわたる抗戦を続けた。
- During the thirteenth century, Goryeo transferred its capital to Gonghwa Island in order to avoid attacks from the Mongolian Empire, and continued resistance activities for decades.
- 大日本帝国 『清国ニ対スル宣戦ノ詔勅』では朝鮮の独立と改革の推進、東洋全局の平和などが唱われている。
- The imperial prescript of Empire of Japan advocates the cause to promote independence and reform of Korea and peace of the entire East.
- そして1906年、紆余曲折を経た鉄道国有法案は、第1次西園寺内閣によって第22帝国議会に提出される。
- And in 1906, after twists and turns, the bill of Railway Nationalization Act was submitted to the 22nd Imperial Diet by the First Saionji Cabinet.
- 保元の乱に関する史料としては、『兵範記』『愚管抄』『百錬抄』『帝王編年記』などを挙げることができる。
- Historical texts describing the Hogen Disturbance include the 'Heihan-ki,' 'Gukansho,' 'Hyakurensho,' and 'Teio Hen-nenki.'
- この協約は、1910年の日本による韓国併合に先立って、清と大韓帝国との国境を画定させる意味を持った。
- Before Japan annexed Korea in 1910, this agreement had a significance demarcating a border between Qing and the Korean Empire.
- 『後漢書』(南北朝時代、432年成立)には、57年に倭奴国王が後漢光武帝から漢委奴国王印を授かった。
- 'History of the Later Han Dynasty' (the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, established in 432) describes that Wano Nano Kokuo (the King of Japan) received Kanno Wano Nano Kokuo Kinin (the Golden Seal of the King of Japan, Chinese Colony) from Kobu-tei (Emperor Guangwu) of The Later Han Dynasty in 57.
- 実頼は窮したが、その時帝が「しのぶれど」と兼盛の歌を口ずさんでいるのを高明が聞きつけ、実頼に伝えた。
- Saneyori was at a loss at what to do, but as Takaakira heard the emperor mumbling, 'shinoburedo' which was a part of Kanemori's line, Takaakira conveyed this to Saneyori.
- 藤壺の御前で物語絵合せが行われたのをきっかけに、帝の御前でも梅壺対弘徽殿の絵合せが華々しく催された。
- With a contest that had been held in front of Fujitsubo on inspiration, there was also a picture contest in front of the emperor between Umetsubo (Lady Plum Pavilion, i.e., Empress Akikonomu) and Kokiden, held in spectacular style.
- 今上帝 (源氏物語)は匂宮の遠出をやめさせるために、夕霧 (源氏物語)の六の君との結婚を取り決める。
- Kinjo no Mikado decided to marry Nioumiya to Roku no kimi, a daughter of Yugiri, in order to stop his trip.
- その後髭黒との間に男児(侍従の君)、大君(冷泉院女御)、中君(今上帝 (源氏物語)尚侍)をもうける。
- Later, She bears him a baby boy (Jiju no Kimi - a chamberlain), Oigimi (a consort of Emperor Reizei), Naka no kimi (Naishinokami of Kinjo no Mikado - Emperor).
- 私擬憲法(しぎけんぽう)とは、明治時代の大日本帝国憲法発布以前に、民間で検討された憲法の私案のこと。
- Shigi Kenpo are draft constitutions created by nongovernmental bodies before the issuance of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan in the Meiji period.
- 19世紀半ばから20世紀初頭における博覧会は「帝国主義の巨大なディスプレイ装置」であったといわれる。
- The exhibitions of the middle 19th century to the early 20th century are said to have served as a 'giant system to display Imperialism.'
- しかし、これらの地域もいずれは中国の皇帝の主宰する秩序原理に組み入れられる存在として認識されていた。
- However, these areas were deemed as the ones that were to be incorporated into the principle of order of the emperor of the Chinese dynasty.
- 1914年第一次世界大戦参加にともない、大日本帝国海軍がドイツ領ミクロネシア(南洋群島)を占領した。
- When Japan took part in World War I in 1914, the Imperial Japanese Navy conquered German Micronesia (South Pacific islands).
- その後、明六社は明六会となり、東京学士会院、帝国学士院を経て、日本学士院へと至る流れの先駆をなした。
- After that, Meirokusha changed to Meirokukai, becoming a forerunner of societies afterwards, such as Tokyo Gakushikaiin (the Tokyo Academy), the Teikoku Gakushiin (the Imperial Academy) and the Nippon Gakushi-in (the Japan Academy).
- 倭王から隋皇帝煬帝(ようだい)に宛てた国書が、『隋書』「東夷傳俀國傳」に以下のように書き出されていた。
- According to the section of 'the Record of Eastern Barbarians, the Record of Wakoku (Japan)' in 'Suishu' (the Book of the Sui Dynasty), the beginning of the official message of the king of Wa written to Yang Guang, the emperor of Sui, was as follows.
- 政治制度として天皇制を重視した大日本帝国憲法下の日本政府は大逆罪を重罪とし、死刑・極刑をもって臨んだ。
- The Japanese government, putting a great importance on the Emperor system to govern the nation under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, treated high treason as a felony and punished offenders capitally.
- この事件判決で司法の独立を達成したことにより、まだ曖昧だった大日本帝国憲法の三権分立の意識が広まった。
- Tsuda's trial case became the first example of the independence of the judiciary, and it raised people's awareness of separation of powers stated in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan which used to be ambiguous in meaning.
- 同年、ロシア帝国のエフィム・プチャーチン艦隊との間でも川路聖謨らの交渉により日露和親条約が締結された。
- In the same year, the treaty was concluded between Toshiakira KAWAJI and Evfimiy Vasil'evich Putyatin of the Russian Empire.
- 「西遊記」では、玉皇大帝(ぎょくこうたいてい)が孫悟空に斉天大聖(せいてんたいせい)の位を与えている。
- In 'Saiyuki' (Journey to West), Gyokukotaitei conferred Songoku the rank of Seitentaisei.
- 浅川藩(無城)→伊保藩(無城)→相良藩(無城)→泉藩(城主格) 1万5,000石→2万石 譜代 帝鑑間
- Asakawa Domain (mujo)=>Iho Domain (mujo)=>Sagara Domain (mujo)=>Izumi Domain (joshukaku); 15,000 koku=>20,000 koku, fudai; Teikan no ma
- 少年の日、高麗の人相見が彼に告げた「その身は帝王にあらず、臣下にあらず」という予言はみごとに的中する。
- When he was a boy, a Goryeo physiognomist prophesied that he would become neither Emperor nor subject, which comes true.
- ところが、それほどまでに望まれていた藤壺の子は桐壺帝の御子ではなく、その最愛の息子光源氏の子であった。
- However, Fujitsubo's child, who was expected so enthusiastically, was in fact, not Emperor Kiritsubo's, but the child of his beloved son, Hikaru Genji.
- 朱雀帝時代から斎院を長く続けたたため婚期を逃し、そのまま独身を貫き通して出家、物語の表舞台から消える。
- Because she had been Saiin for a long time since the reign of Emperor Suzaku, she missed the chance to get married, remained single, became a nun, then stepped off the center stage of the tale.
- 朱雀院から斎宮を妃にとの要望が来ていたが、源氏は藤壺の助言を得て、斎宮を冷泉帝へ入内させることにした。
- Although Suzakuin (Retired Emperor Suzaku) had requested Genji to have the high priestess as his empress, Genji decided to have her enter the court of Emperor Reizei following the advice of Fujitsubo.
- 中国における天下は、一般に中国王朝の皇帝が主宰し、一定の普遍的な秩序原理に支配されている空間であった。
- In China, Tenka generally referred to the space which the emperor of the Chinese dynasty ruled based on the fixed universal principle of order.
- 1947年(昭和22年)、大日本帝国憲法の廃止と日本国憲法の施行により、貴族院と華族制度は廃止された。
- In 1947, by the abolition of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and enforcement of the Constitution of Japan, Kizokuin and the peerage system was abolished.
- 帝国議会創設時に誕生した政務研究会(せいむけんきゅうかい)を源流として1891年11月4日に発足した。
- It was founded on November 4, 1891, originating from Seimukenkyu-kai which was born when the Imperial Diet was established.
- だが、実際に帝国議会が開かれると、「民党」と称された自由民権運動の流れを汲む野党勢力が激しく抵抗した。
- When the Imperial Diet actually met, the opposition force called 'minto' (political parties opposing the han-based administration) that was in favor of Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Rights) showed strong resistance.
- 殉死(じゅんし)とは、王や皇帝、首長、祭司王などの喪や埋葬に際して、近親者や従者がそれを追って死ぬこと。
- Junshi is applied to the death of a close relative or a follower of a king, an emperor, a chief, or a priest, resulted from suicide to follow his or her master in death.
- 外地(がいち)とは、第二次世界大戦終結前の日本(大日本帝国)において、いわゆる内地以外の統治区域をいう。
- Gaichi means the territories of Japan (the Empire of Japan) other than the so-called inland in the period before the end of the World War II.
- この事件により後に制定される大日本帝国憲法は君主大権を残すドイツ憲法を範とされることが決まったといえる。
- The incident resulted in later formulation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, which modeled after the Constitution of the German Empire, which preserves the royal prerogative.
- 5世紀に入ると、ゲルマンがローマ帝国の権威を継承したことにより、ローマ人領主は異民族に取って代わられた。
- In the fifth century, as the Germanic peoples succeeded to the authority of the Roman Empire, the lords of Romans were replaced by other ethnic groups.
- だがモンゴル帝国の南下による宋の衰亡により、大陸へ帰還したり日本へ土着する者が現れるなどで縮小していた。
- However, the residential area had became smaller because such merchants returned to China or settled in Japan with the collapse of the Sung Dynasty.
- 607年、小野妹子らを隋に遣隋使として遣わして、隋の皇帝に「日出る処の天子、書を日没する処の天子に致す。
- In 607, Prince Shotoku sent Imoko ONO as an envoy to Sui (China) and sent a diplomatic message to the Sui emperor with the wording 'The Emperor in the Land of the Rising Sun sends a letter to the Emperor in the Land of Setting Sun.'
- 子に柏木、雲居雁(夕霧夫人)、弘徽殿女御(冷泉帝の女御)、玉鬘(夕顔の子、髭黒大将夫人)、近江の君など。
- His children are Kashiwagi, Kumoi no Kari (Yugiri's wife), Kokiden no Nyogo (Nyogo of Emperor Reizei), Tamakazura (child of Yugao, Higekuro Taisho's wife), Omi no Kimi, etc.
- 陸奥外交の現実主義・帝国主義外交によって日本は朝鮮・満洲などの東アジアへの進出の道を切り開く事になった。
- Japan paved the way for expansion into East Asia such as Korea, Manchuria and others through the realism and imperialism diplomacy of Mutsu diplomacy.
- 女王は景初2年(239年)以降、帯方郡を通じ数度にわたって魏に使者を送り、皇帝から親魏倭王に任じられた。
- Queen Himiko sent envoys to Wei through Daifang Commandery a couple of times after 239, and she was appointed as the ruler of Wa by the Emperor.
- その後女三宮は無事男子(薫)を出産したもののすっかり弱り切り、心配して密かに訪れた朱雀帝に出家を願った。
- After that, Onna san no miya gave birth to a baby boy (Kaoru) without trouble, but became drastically weak and pleaded with Suzakutei, who was concerned and privately visited her, to allow her to enter the priesthood,.
- 大友村主氏は諸蕃(渡来人の子孫)で、『続日本後紀』承和 (日本)四年十二月条に「後漢献帝苗裔也」とある。
- The Otomo-suguri clan was Shoban (descendent of people from overseas) and it said 'he was the descendent of Kentei (the last emperor) of the Later Han Dynasty' in the Article of January, 838 of 'Shoku Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan Continued).
- それによれば『日本書紀』、『懐風藻』、瞽史児女子の書に大友皇子が帝だったという事実が書かれているという。
- It says that 'Chronicles of Japan,' 'Kaifuso' and a Koshi Jijoshi document indicated that Prince Otomo was an emperor.
- 初めに即位を論じた那波活所は、自説を蜀皇帝を正当とした例にならうものとして、宋学の名分論を前面に出した。
- Kassho NABA who argued the enthronement first asserted that his theory followed the precedent of justification of Shu Emperor and put forward the theory of justification of Sogaku (Neo-Confucianism).
- それを目的に中国を訪れた冊封あるいは朝貢使節の存在は、中国皇帝の徳が遠くの「夷狄」に及んだ証左とされた。
- Existence of envoys for sakuho or choko was recognized as the proof of emperor's virtue influencing 'iteki.'
- 一世一元の制(いっせいいちげんのせい)とは、元号を君主(天皇、皇帝、国王)の在位中には変えない制度をいう。
- Isse ichigen no sei (system of one era per Emperor) refers to the system where an era name will not be changed during the reign of a monarch (Emperor or king).
- ここでは山東半島におけるドイツ帝国勢力の駆逐と中国利権の確保を契機として、政友会と国民党は選挙で敗北した。
- The Okuma Administration drove out the German Empire forces from the Shandong Peninsula to secure Japanese interests in China, which consequently lead the defeat of the Seiyukai and the Kokuminto in the election.
- 明の第3代永楽帝は鄭和率いる大規模な海上艦隊を編成して東南アジアからインド洋、アラビア海まで派遣している。
- The third Emperor Yongle of the Ming dynasty organized a large scale surface fleet led by Zheng Hu and dispatched it as far as Southeast Asia, the Indian Sea and the Arabian Sea.
- このため同年4月、進退窮まった沢柳総長は辞職に追い込まれた(後任総長は山川健次郎東京帝大総長が兼任した)。
- Under such circumstances, the president of the university, Sawayanagi, was driven into a corner and was forced to resign from his post in April of the same year (Kenjiro YAMAKAWA, the president of Tokyo Imperial University, was concurrently appointed as a successor).
- 時宗が得宗となった前後の1268年、モンゴル帝国第5代大ハーンのクビライが高麗を通して朝貢を要求してきた。
- Around 1268 when Tokimune became Tokuso, Kublai (the 5th Khan of the Mongol Empire) demanded that tributes be brought via Goryeo.
- アプリシオが最初に出現したのは、シャルルマーニュ(カール大帝)の南仏保有地であるセプティマニア地方である。
- The first emergence of aprisio was in the Septimania region, in southern France owned by Charlemagne (Charles the Great).
- 『三国志』(三国志)の卷四 魏書四 三少帝紀第四には、正始四年に「冬十二月倭國女王俾彌呼遣使奉獻」とある。
- According to the fourth volume of Sanshoteiki, the Wei-shu four of the fourth volume of Sanguo Zhi (the History of the Three Kingdoms), 'In December [of 243], Himiko, a queen of Wa, sent an envoy.'
- 「天皇」という称号も道教に由来するという説がある(天皇大帝参照 すなわち北極星という意味であるという説)。
- There is a theory that the title of 'Emperor' also originated in Dokyo (The theory which the term indicates the North Star c.f. Tenno-Taitei [天皇大帝].)
- 明治通宝のデザインを踏襲して後に軍用手票、台湾銀行券、第一銀行券(大韓帝国通用紙幣)の製造にも使用された。
- The design of Meiji Tsuho was later used in manufacturing Japanese military bills, Taiwan Bank bills, and SC First Bank (Standard Chartered First Bank Korea Limited) bills.
- 女三宮の出家、落葉の宮の夫の死と、相次ぐ姫宮たちの不幸を嘆く朱雀帝から、女三宮のところに筍が贈られてきた。
- A bamboo shoot was sent to Onna Sannomiya (the Third Princess) by Emperor Suzaku, who lamented a series of misfortunes happening to his daughters such as Onna Sannomiya's becoming a nun, the death of Ochiba no miya's husband.
- 日清戦争後に一時的に沈静化していた対外硬の再燃が始まるのは、北清事変後のロシア帝国による満州駐留であった。
- The beginning of reactivation of Taigaiko which had receded temporarily after the Japanese-Sino War was due to the military presence in Manchuria by the Russia Empire after The Boxer Rebellion.
- そうした日本の博覧会に「帝国主義の視線」という博覧会の負の側面が見え始めたのが、第5回大阪博覧会であった。
- The fifth Osaka Exhibition revealed its negative side of 'point of view of Imperialism'.
- 協定は東京において、日本の外務大臣西徳二郎男爵とロシア帝国の外務大臣ロマン・ローゼン男爵の間で交わされた。
- The agreement was signed in Tokyo between Japanese Foreign Minister Baron Tokujiro NISHI, and Russian Foreign Minister Baron Roman Romanovich Rosen.
- なお、煬帝が立腹したのは俀王が「天子」を名乗ったことについてであり、「日出處」「日沒處」との記述にではない。
- Yang Guang became angry because the king of Wa called himself 'the emperor,' not because of the use of the terms 'the Land of the Rising Sun' and 'the Land of the Setting Sun.'
- 一進会(イルチンフェ・いっしんかい)とは、1904年から1910年まで大韓帝国で活動した当時最大の政治結社。
- Isshinkai(イルチンフェ) was a biggest political association of the times which was active in the Korean Empire from 1904 to 1910.
- 淳仁天皇を連れ出せなかった仲麻呂は、塩焼王(かつての塩焼王)を偽帝に擁立し、太政官符をもって諸国に号令した。
- Having failed to take Emperor Junnin with him, Nakamaro raised Prince Shioyaki as fake emperor, and sent orders to local governments with daijokanpu (the official documents of the Daijokan).
- 岩倉の命令を受けた井上はドイツ帝国を樹立したプロシア王国式に倣った君権主義国家が妥当とする意見書を作成した。
- Inoue made a proposal that a state system modeled after the Kingdom of Prussia, which established German Empire and had the royal prerogative, was appropriate.
- 応永11年(1404)明(永楽帝)使、足利義満に冠服・金印とともに「日本国王之印」のある永楽の勘合符を送る。
- In 1404, the Ming envoy sent by Emperor Yongle brought the Yongle Kangofu, on which the 'Seal of the King of Japan' was printed, to Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA together with traditional Han Chinese clothing and a gold seal.
- 西ヨーロッパ旧帝国内の一定の地域では、古代末期に別荘(villa)システムが確立し、中世世界へと継承された。
- In certain areas of the west European old empire, the villa system was established in the late ancient period and continued into the medieval world.
- また、以下の経過は大正時代に黒板勝美東京帝国大学教授が提唱して以来、広く信じられている潮流説に基づいている。
- Furthermore, the progress of the battle given below is based on the now widely accepted tidal theory first proposed in the Taisho period by Katsumi KUROITA, professor at Tokyo Imperial University.
- この際、清の冊封の象徴であった「迎恩門」や「恥辱碑」といわれる大清皇帝功徳碑を倒し「独立門」を記念に建てた。
- At this time 'Yeongeunmun' and the Samjeondo Monument that is dubbed as 'disgrace gate' were destroyed and 'Independence Gate' was errected to celebrate its independence.
- この際、幕府側は主にフランス第二帝政の支援を、倒幕側は主にイギリス帝国の支援を受け、火器や軍艦が導入された。
- At this time, the Edo bakufu force was supported by the French Second Empire, while the force overthrowing the Edo bakufu was supported by the British Empire, and both deployed firearms and warships.
- 逆に奥羽全域の平定後も従来通りの「小帝国」を維持するために内地に「化外」の居住区を人為的に作るためとする説。
- A fourth theory is the opposite of the previous theory: after conquering the Ou area, in order to maintain the 'small empire' as before special residential areas were created for the outcasts.
- 一方で実父の内大臣は、姉妹の弘徽殿女御と冷泉帝の寵を争うよりはよいとこの縁談を歓迎、源氏の計らいに感謝した。
- On the other hand, her biological father, the Minister of the Palace, welcomed this marriage and thanked Genji, because he thought that it was better for his other daughter, Kokiden no nyogo (Empress Kokiden), not to compete with Tamakazura for Emperor Reizei's favor.
- どの帝の御代であったか、それほど高い身分ではないのに帝(桐壺帝)から大変な寵愛を受けた方(桐壺更衣)がいた。
- In a certain reign, there was a lady (Kiritsubo no Koi) not of the first rank whom the Emperor (Emperor Kiritsubo) loved more than any of the others.
- また兄柏木の未亡人落葉の宮や藤壺女御(今上帝 (源氏物語)の妃)、その娘の女二宮に思いをかけたこともあった。
- There was a time when he loved Ochiba no Miya, a widow of his older brother Kashiwagi, and Fujitsubo no Nyogo (a consort of Kinjo no Mikado), and her daughter, Onna Ninomiya.
- また、『元史日本伝』には、1266年、元 (王朝)朝皇帝フビライ・ハーンから「日本国王」に送った国書がある。
- In addition, the sentense which read, 'in 1266 a diplomatic message of Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan dynasty, was sent to 'the king of Japan' in 1266,' is seen in 'Chapter of Japan' in the 'History of Yuan Dynasty (Yuan-shi).'
- 結局、議事堂は木造2階建の仮建築で実施され、第1回帝国議会開会の1890年に竣工した(国会議事堂歴史参照)。
- Consequently, the construction of the temporary building of the Congress Hall, which had two stories, was started and the main building was completed in 1890 when the First congress of the Imperial Diet was opened (the reference of History of the Diet Building.)
- これにより、私擬憲法が政府に持ち寄られて議論されることはなく、大日本帝国憲法に直接反映されることはなかった。
- Because of this, Shigi Kenpo were no longer brought to the government for discussion and thus were not directly reflected in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 一つ目は、初出とされる推古紀16年9月の条の「東の天皇、敬みて西の皇帝に白す。」であるとする従来の通説である。
- One is a traditional popular theory that the notation of tenno first appeared in the October 608 article in the Suiko section as 'higashi no tenno tsutsushimite nishi no tenno ni mosu' (the emperor of the east respects the emperor of the west).
- 無礼な蕃夷の書は、今後自分に見せるな、というのである(「帝覽之不悅 謂鴻臚卿曰 蠻夷書有無禮者 勿復以聞」)。
- In other words, he told the officer never to present him again with such rude letters from barbarians.
- これは中国の天子の歴史だけが「本紀」といわれるべきであり、高麗王は中華皇帝の諸侯である、という趣旨からである。
- This is because only the histories of Chinese emperors could be termed 'imperial chronicles', and it indicates that the kings of Goryeo-era Korea were vassals of the Chinese emperor.
- 第2回目遣隋使として、阿毎多利思北孤が、隋の皇帝煬帝(ようだい)に奉った有名な国書(上表文)は次の通りである。
- The following is a part of the famous official letter (Johyobun) from AME no Tarishihoko to Emperor Yodai of Sui Dynasty, which was brought by the second Kenzuishi.
- この時点で前近代的な政治体制である朝廷は終焉を迎えて日本国(あるいは大日本帝国)政府に取って代わったと言える。
- At this point, the Japanese Imperial Court as the premodern political system was ended and replaced by the government of Japanese Nation (or the Empire of Japan).
- 『貫首秘抄』に、摂関・蔵人らが天皇の御作法や政治への顧問、幼帝の教育の方法を知るための必見の書と書かれている。
- It is described as a must-read for Sekkan (regents and advisers) and Kurodo (Chamberlain) to learn the Emperor's manners and the way of working as a political advisor and educating young emperors in 'Kanjuhisho' (accounts on the hints on Kurodo, written by FUJIWARA no Toshinori).
- この問題は、皇帝直轄地である王領(fisc)のうち、未耕作で不毛な地帯を西ゴート族へ割り当てることで解決した。
- This problem was solved by allotting the uncultivated and barren areas in the land of the direct rule of the emperor (fisc) to the west Goths.
- 明治20年に実証主義史学の祖レオポルト・フォン・ランケの弟子に当たるルードビヒ・リースが帝国大学に招聘された。
- In 1887, Ludwig Riess, a disciple of Leopold von Ranke, the founder of positivism-based history, was invited to Imperial University.
- 後世の「源平盛衰記」には為平親王を東国に迎えて乱を起こし、帝につけようとしていたと書かれているが信用できない。
- According to the 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira Clans) written years later, MINAMOTO no Takaakira intended to invite Imperial Prince Tamehira to the eastern provinces to start a war and then place Prince Tamehira on the throne, but this is not credible but this is not credible.
- 教科書としては、子部五行類の『新撰陰陽書』・『黄帝金匱経』・『五行大義』・『周易』・『難儀』などが用いられた。
- The textbooks they used were books classified as Shibu-gogyo, such as 'Shinsen Onmyosho,' 'Kotei kingi kyo,' 'Gogyo Taigi,' 'Zhou Yi' (I Ching (Book of Changes)) and 'Nangi.'
- 明治憲法制定により帝国議会が開設されるまでの間、自由民権派は御誓文の実現を求めて政府に対する批判を繰り返した。
- Until Imperial Diet was introduced based on Meiji Constitution, the Freedom and People's Rights group criticized the government repeatedly demanding realization of Charter Oath.
- 中心となる話題は朱雀院(一の院・一説に桐壺帝の父親。光源氏の兄とは別人)五十歳の祝典、藤壺の出産と立后である。
- The central events are the fiftieth birthday ceremony of Suzakuin (Ichi no In; according to one theory, the father of Emperor Kiritsubo; a different man from Hikaru Genji's older brother), and Fujitsubo's childbirth and investiture of the Empress.
- 両書は「脱亜論」へのコメントを含む新書版であったため、以来、「脱亜論」は日本帝国主義の理論として有名になった。
- Because both of them were paperbacks containing comments on 'Datsu-A Ron,' the editorial became notorious as the theory of Japanese Imperialism since then.
- こうして義満は「日本国王」の称号を獲得し、中華皇帝に臣従する外臣として認知され、国際的な国王として承認された。
- In this way, Yoshimitsu obtained the title of 'the king of Japan,' and internationally acknowledged as a king who served the Chinese emperor.
- 日露協約(にちろきょうやく)は日露戦争後に締結した日本とロシア帝国がお互いに権益を認め合った4次にわたる協約。
- The Russo-Japanese Agreement is the agreement in which Japan and the Russian Empire agreed upon mutual interests ranging over 4 times after the Russo-Japanese War.
- 「陸軍服制」(明治33年勅令第364号)によると、大将から兵卒まで、帝国陸軍の軍帽には五芒星が刺繍されていた。
- According to the 'Army dress code system' (1900 imperial edict No. 364), the Gobosei was embroidered on the caps of the Imperial Army from taisho (general) to soldiers.
- 7月24日には第三次日韓協約を結んで内政権を掌握し、直後の8月1日には大韓帝国の軍隊を解散させるにまで至った。
- On July 24th, they concluded the third Japan-Korea Treaty to grasp domestic administration authority, and disbanded the army of the Korean Empire on August 1st immediately after that.
- 1897年3月、帝国議会で台湾銀行法が通過、11月に台湾銀行創立委員会が組織され台湾銀行の開設準備が着手された。
- In March 1897, the Bank of Taiwan Act was passed in the Imperial Diet, and in November the committee of establishing Bank of Taiwan was organized to prepare for the opening of Bank of Taiwan.
- 1921年、第一回台湾議会設置請願書を大日本帝国議会に提出すると、以降13年15回にわたって継続的に行なわれた。
- In 1921, the first petition to establish a Taiwan parliament was submitted to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the deliberations on its establishment continued for the next thirteen years for a total of fifteen times.
- 三国干渉によってロシア帝国の東アジアへの影響力が強まったことで、日本への牽制を含めて親露政策を強めるようになる。
- The Russian Empire enhanced its clout to East Asia after the Triple Intervention, so Korea enhanced the pro-Russia policy including feint to Japan.
- しかし、西魏の恭帝元年に北朝がこの地を占領すると、同じ北朝内に雍州を二つ置くわけにいかないため、襄州と改名した。
- While, in 554 of Westerm Wei, after this area was in occupation of Pei-Dynasty, it was renamed Xianzhou, because two Yong Zhou could not exist in the same Pei-Dynasty.
- ロシア帝国の南下を抑えることに成功し、加えて戦後に日露協約が成立したことで、相互の勢力圏を確定することができた。
- Japan succeeded in containing the southward advance of the Russian Empire and confirming their respective spheres of influence through the Russo-Japanese Treaty.
- この上申書を契機として、政府は再三、鉄道公債法と私設鉄道買収法を帝国議会に提出したが、いずれも可決されなかった。
- Taking this opportunity, the government repeatedly submitted the bill of railway public ponds and acquisition of private railways to the Diet, but every time the bill was not passed.
- 現在の陸上自衛隊第7普通科連隊が駐屯する福知山駐屯地には、かつては大日本帝国陸軍歩兵第20連隊の駐屯地があった。
- The camp for the twentieth Infantry Regiment of the Imperial Japanese Army used to be stationed in Camp Fukuchiyama where the present-day seventh Infantry Regiment of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force now is stationed.
- 蛮勇演説(ばんゆうえんぜつ)は、1891年(明治24年)12月に第2回帝国議会で行われた樺山資紀海軍大臣の演説。
- Banyu Enzetsu is a speech made by Navy Minister Sukenori KABAYAMA in the second Imperial Diet in December 1891.
- そのような中での府県制の公布と帝国議会開設による「請願権」の獲得は新県設置に向けた運動を高まらせる要因となった。
- In that period, because the prefectural system was issued and 'the right of petition' was introduced through the establishment of the Imperial Diet, the movement to create a new prefecture was growing.
- 一方、嵯峨帝が譲位して東宮が即位するが(後一条帝)、新帝への入内を予定されていた源氏の宮は神託により斎院になる。
- Emperor Saga abdicates the throne and the Crown Prince is crowned (Emperor Goichijo) but Genji no Miya, who was expected to become the consort of the new emperor is appointed a Sai-in (Imperial Princess appointed to serve the deities of the Kamo-jinja Shrines) by an oracle.
- ところが、明使の滞在中、靖難の変(1399年~1402年)により成祖永楽帝(在位1402年~1424年)が即位。
- While the Ming envoy was in Japan, the Emperor Yongle (period of reign: 1402-1424) ascended the throne in the wake of the Jingnan Incident (1399-1402).
- 朝鮮半島では、長らく中原を治める天子を皇帝と仰ぎ、それが唯一「wikt皇」の文字を使用できる存在として見てきた。
- On the Korean Peninsula, people have traditionally admired the person who ruled Chugen (China) as emperor, and considered only that person qualified to use the term '皇' (emperor).
- このため、大川自身も計画に参加した大日本帝国陸軍将校によるクーデター計画・十月事件を「錦旗革命事件」とも称する。
- Thus, the October Incident in which OKAWA participated, plotted by the military officers of Imperial Japanese Army, was also called 'Kinki Revolution Coup.'
- 宝亀元年(770年)に女帝が死去すると、皇太子は白壁王と決定され、道鏡は下野国の下野薬師寺へ左遷(配流)された。
- When the empress died in 770, Prince Shirakabe was decided as the Crown Prince; Dokyo was demoted to Shimotsuke Yakushi-ji Temple in Shimotsuke Province.
- だが、山縣は大日本帝国陸軍と貴族院_(日本)を利用して政友会攻撃を行い、明治天皇の詔書によって漸く事態を収拾した。
- However, YAMAGATA attacked the Seiyu Party by making use of the Imperial Japanese Army and the House of Peers (Japan) and the situation was finally settled by the imperial edict of Emperor Meiji.
- 列侯は初め徹侯と言っていたが、漢武帝 (漢)(劉徹)の諱である徹にふれる為に通侯に改められ、その後列侯に変わった。
- At first 'rekko' (列侯 in kanji) was called 'tekko' (徹侯 in kanji) but tekko contained a kanji of 徹, which appeared in the personal name of the Emperor Wu of Han (Han dynasty) (Che Liu, 劉徹 in kanji), so 'tsuko' (通侯) was used instead and changed into 'rekko' (列侯) later.
- 一方、自由民権運動は3月に起きたロシア帝国のアレクサンドル2世暗殺事件の影響で過激な論調が現れるようになっていた。
- On the other hand, in the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, radical opinions were expressed after assassination of Alexander II of the Russia Empire in March.
- 1368年に朱元璋(洪武帝)が建国した明朝は、東アジアで活動していた倭寇(前期倭寇)の禁圧を日本に対して要求した。
- The Ming Dynasty in China, founded by Gensho SHU (Emperor Kobu) in 1368, demanded that Japan should suppress the wako (Japanese pirates, early wako) ravaging East Asia.
- それでも、皇后の長男であり、先帝の女婿であり、有力な外戚に支えられた憲平を廃嫡する決断は村上には結局できなかった。
- However, since he was the first son of the Empress and the son-in-law of the previous Emperor, with support from influential maternal relatives, Murakami could not make the decision to disinherit Norihira.
- その報告に基づき、翌年鉄道国有法案および私設鉄道買収法案が帝国議会に提出されたが、これも議決されることはなかった。
- Based on the report by the committee, the following year, the bills of railway nationalization and acquisition of private railways were submitted to the Imperial Diet, but the bills did not go through the Diet.
- それゆえに、大日本帝国憲法第73条の規定に則り改正された以上憲法改正は正当であるとし、法的連続性は存在するとする。
- Therefore, the theory justified the Constitution of Japan because it was created by the amendment conducted according to the Article 73 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and insisted that it had legal continuity.
- 大日本帝国憲法の下で成立した法令は、日本国憲法第98条により「その条規に反する」ものについて、同時に失効している。
- Laws and ordinances which had been established under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan lost validity if they 'went against the provisions' according to the Article 98 of the Constitution of Japan.
- 民力休養・政費節減(みんりょくきゅうよう・せいひせつげん)とは、明治時代の初期帝国議会において民党側が掲げた公約。
- Minryoku-Kyuyou and Seihi-Setsugen referred to the policy pledge of Minto (general term of the political parties such as the Liberal Party and Progressive Party that conflicted with a han-dominated government when the Imperial Diet was inaugurated) in early the Imperial Diet of the Meiji Period.
- 主に帝国議会開設から日清戦争にかけて使われてきたが、その後も「民衆代表政党」の意味を込めて大正期まで使われてきた。
- It was used mainly between the establishment of the Imperial Diet and the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, but was used to the Taisho period with the meaning of 'the Parties of the People's Representatives' afterwards.
- 以後、反対闘争は自由民権運動以後の「地租軽減運動」や初期帝国議会における「民力休養」論などに舞台を移すことになる。
- After this, the conflicts were taken over to 'the movement for land-tax reduction' following Jiyu Minken Undo and the theory for 'the reduction of people's tax burden' seen at an early stage of the Imperial Diet.
- 邪馬台国には元々は男王が置かれていたが、国家成立から70~80年を経たころ、漢の霊帝の光和年間に政情不安が起きた。
- Although men had originally been placed as sovereigns in Yamatai, 70 to 80 years after the establishment of the state, which was during the Guanghe period (178 to 184) of the Emperor Ling in Han, political instability took hold.
- イスラム帝国の拡大に従って、従来からのヨーロッパとアジアを結ぶ中継貿易の役目に加えて、地域内の交易も盛んになった。
- As the caliphate expanded, regional trade flourished in addition to the traditional intermediate trade between Europe and Asia.
- 桐壺帝は最愛の源氏にそっくりな美しい皇子を再び得て喜んだが、それを見る源氏と藤壺は内心罪の意識に苛まれるのだった。
- Emperor Kiritsubo was delighted to have a beautiful prince who looked like exactly his beloved Genji, but Genji and Fujitsubo felt guilty in their heart to see that.
- すなはち、阿禮に勅語して帝皇日継(すめらみことのひつぎ)及び先代旧辞(さきつよのふること)を誦み習はしめたまひき。
- The emperor immediately ordered Are to read and learn Kyuji that describes the lineage and incidents of past emperors that the emperor determined and selected himself.
- 承久の乱前夜において尚古傾向と末代意識が強く、理想的な帝王の姿を説くのは後鳥羽天皇への諫言が込められているという。
- Since this work was complied during the eve of the Jokyu War, it has a strong tendency to respect old political systems, and to remonstrate Emperor Gotoba by preaching the ideal emperor.
- 朱雀帝は、女三宮に譲った三条宮に彼女を移らせることを勧めるが、源氏はまだ若い妻を手放すのが惜しく首を縦に振らない。
- Emperor Suzaku recommends her moving to the Sanjo no miya residence which he gave to her, but Genji, who is reluctant to lose his young wife, will not agree.
- 考証を経た上で即位論を唱えた最初の著作は、江戸時代の寛永4年(1624年)に那波活所が書いた『帝王暦数図』である。
- The first literary work that advocated the enthronement theory based on historical investigations was 'Teio Rekisu Zu' written by Kassho NABA in 1624 in the Edo period.
- これにより、大韓帝国は消滅し、朝鮮半島は第二次世界大戦(大東亜戦争、太平洋戦争)の終結まで日本の統治下に置かれた。
- With this, the Korean Empire ceased to exist, and the Korean Peninsula was held under Japanese rule until the end of the Second World War (the Greater East Asian War, the Pacific War).
- 『上宮聖徳法王帝説』では、「爵十二級、大徳、少徳、大仁、少仁、大礼、□□大信、少信、大義、少義、大智、少智」とある。
- In 'Jogu Shotoku Ho-o Teisetsu,' a biography of Prince Shotoku, the ranks are given as 'Shaku Juniku, Daitoku, Shotoku, Dainin, Shonin, Dairai, XX Daishin, Shoshin, Daigi, Shogi, Daichi, Shochi.'
- 倭王雄略天皇(わおうぶ)は、宋 (南朝)の昇明2(478年)年5月、宋の皇帝順帝(じゅんてい)に上表文を奉っている。
- The king of Wa, Emperor Yuryaku (aka. Waobu), presented a Johyobun to Emperor 順帝 of Song (Southern Dynasty) in May 478.
- 文帝の次の煬帝や隋に代わって中国を統一した唐の皇帝たちも律令を制定・公布したが、これらは開皇律令を概ね踏襲している。
- Yang-di who succeeded Emperor Wen, as well as the emperors of the Tang Dynasty that succeeded the Sui Dynasty proclaimed and enacted Luli, which were based on Kaihuang Luli.
- 朝鮮における立法も、台湾と同様に日本の領土とされたため、帝国議会の協賛を要するという見解を前提にした方策が採られた。
- Since Korea was considered as Japan's territory just like Taiwan, the measures were taken based on the viewpoint that the legislation in Korea required the consent of the Imperial Diet.
- - 東京帝国大学文科大学史料編纂掛(東京大学史料編纂所)により編纂が続けられており、六国史以降の史料をまとめている。
- - Representing a collection of historical materials dating from the era of the Six National Histories, it was (and is) in the process of compilation for many years by the Office of Historiography in the Faculty of Letters at Tokyo Imperial University (today's Historiographical Institute at the University of Tokyo).
- 現在知られる合戦への潮流の影響は大正3年(1914年)に黒板勝美東京帝国大学教授が著書『義経伝』で提唱した説である。
- The present well-known theory that the effect of the changing tides decided the battle was first advanced by Katsumi KUROITA, professor at Tokyo Imperial University, in his work entitled 'The Legends of Yoshitsune' in 1914.
- また東港では旧帝国海軍舞鶴工廠の伝統を受け継ぐユニバーサル造船があり、自衛隊桟橋の先に造船ドックを見ることができる。
- Universal Shipbuilding Corporation, which has observed the traditions of the Old Imperial Navy Maizuru Navy Arsenal, is also located in the East Port, and its shipbuilding dock can be seen at the end of the Maritime Self-Defense Force's dock.
- このため、政府は野党や世論に押され、1911年(明治44年)2月4日には帝国議会で南朝を正統とする決議をおこなった。
- Pressured by the opposition and public opinion, at the Imperial Diet meeting on February 4, 1911, the government officially declared the Southern Court legitimate.
- 帝国鉄道庁では、各私鉄から引き継いだ膨大な人員を糾合したため、ポストの重複などによって余剰人員を抱えることとなった。
- As the Imperial Government Railway employed the vast number of employees that it had succeeded from the private railways, it ended up holding redundant workers because of position overlapping etc.
- なお、賠償金が取れなかったことから、日本帝国はジェイコブ・シフのクーン・ローブに対して金利を払い続けることとなった。
- Japan continued to pay interest to Kuhn Loeb & Co. of Jacob Schiff, because it did not receive reparations from Russia.
- この時期、フランス第二帝政公使レオン・ロッシュがたびたび登城して慶喜に抗戦を提案しているが、慶喜はそれも退けている。
- At the same time, Léon ROCHES the Minister of the French Second Empire, in one of his frequent visits to Edo-jo Castle, suggested to Yoshinobu his support in defense of battle, but Yoshinobu refused his suggestion.
- 源氏物語においては70年余りの帝王4代にわたる出来事が描かれているが、作中で登場人物の年齢が明記されることは少ない。
- The Tale of Genji describes events during the reigns of four emperors, covering a period of over seventy years, but the author seldom specifies the ages of the characters in the story.
- が、鎌倉時代に存在する書物を集めた記録では「舎人親王撰 帝王系図一巻」とあり、このころまでは存在したとも考えられる。
- However, among the records which gathered books existing in the Kamakura period, there is a record that 'Selected by Imperial Prince Toneri, one volume of imperial genealogy,' so that it can be thought that it had existed until this time.
- 第三十二国立銀行(浪速銀行)→1920年に十五銀行に合併され、帝国銀行、三井銀行、さくら銀行を経て現在の三井住友銀行
- The 32nd National Bank (Naniwa Bank) -> merged into the Jugo Bank in 1920, and the current Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation after the Teikoku Bank, the Mitsui Bank, and the Sakura Bank.
- また、儒教的世界観では、支那の帝国が周辺の野蛮人の国よりも勢力も強く、倫理的にも優れるという中華思想が根本にあった。
- In addition, the Confucianism's view of the world is based on the Sinocentrism that the Chinese empire is stronger than any other nearby barbarian countries and that the Chinese people are ethically superior to the barbarian.
- 麝香間祗候(じゃこうのましこう)は帝国憲法下に於いて、華族・親任官及び明治維新の功労者を優遇する為に設けられた資格。
- Jako no ma shiko was one of the licenses of the Imperial Court defined by the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, in order to treat the peerages and government officials for their contributions, and the person who rendered a distinguished service for the Meiji Restoration.
- これは幼くして即位した同治帝がある程度成長したこと、欧米人よりは日本人の方がまだ心理的抵抗がなかったことが影響した。
- This was because the Emperor had already grown up and did not have much psychological resistance to Japanese compared to European.
- しかし国家元首に謁見すること、すなわち清朝皇帝と会見することは、長い間非常に高いハードルがあったと言わねばならない。
- However, to have an audience with a head of China, namely an emperor, there was a very high bar for long time.
- 皇帝だけでなく皇族や諸侯で王号を称する者にも「璽」を用いるようになり、さらに将軍の印は「章」と呼ばれるようになった。
- Ji' started to be used not only by emperors but also Imperial families and lords who claimed the title of King, and the seals for shogun came to be called 'Sho.'
- 徳は、五常の徳目を統べる意があることから、漢代以降、帝王の色として尊ばれた「紫」を充てた推測できる(『漢書』天文志)。
- As 'toku' (virtue) governs the other five virtues, it is presumed that it was allocated 'purple' since that had been valued as the color of the sovereign (emperor) since the Han dynasty (Tenmonshi of 'Kanjo' (Historical records of the Han Dynasty)).
- 学生は基礎課程として『黄帝甲乙経』・『脈経』・『神農本草経』(延暦6年(787年)以後は『新修本草』に変更)を読んだ。
- In the basic course, students had to study 'Kotei Ko-otsukyo' (the Chinese classic on clinical acupuncture, written by Huangfu Mi), 'Myakukyo' (the oldest Chinese book on sphygmoscopy), and 'Shinno Honzogyo' (Divine Husbandman's Classic on pharmacology, which is a Chinese classic), and in 787, the last textbook was replaced with 'Shinshu Honzo' (Chinese pharmacology, completed in A.D. 659).
- 明治30年(1897年)に白川村内に京都帝国大学理学部が設置されると、北白川もまた学生街としての要素を帯び始めていく。
- In 1897, the Faculty of Science, Kyoto Imperial University was established in Shirakawa-mura, which started to make Kita Shirakawa also the student quarter.
- 御製(ぎょせい)とは、天皇や皇帝、また皇族が手ずから書いたり作ったりした文章(政令の類は除く)・詩歌・絵画などをいう。
- Gyosei refers to documents (aside from decrees), poems and paintings that have been personally written or created by emperors or royal family members.
- 落葉の宮はこのまま山荘に残り出家したいと思ったが、父朱雀帝の反対にあい、夕霧によって強引に本邸の一条宮に連れ戻された。
- Although Ochiba no Miya hopes to stay at the villa and become a priest, her father Emperor Suzaku disagrees with her and sends Yugiri to take her back to the principal residence at Ichijo Palace.
- 前者から後者に行くに従い、漸次中国皇帝の徳が及ばなくなり、同時に中国の支配力も低下していくという観念で支えられている。
- It was supported by the concept that in areas which are not directly controlled by an emperor of China such as the second or third categories above, the virtue of an emperor of China lost influence, and the power of control of China decreases accordingly.
- これらの中でも洛陽は、食糧に乏しい長安に比べて食糧が豊富なため、皇帝は皇太子に長安で監国させ、たびたび洛陽に巡幸した。
- Among these capitals, Luoyang was richer in food than Changan, so emperors often visited there, with princes staying in Changan to govern the country on behalf of emperors.
- その後、中国をはじめて統一した(紀元前221年)秦の始皇帝は、価値を落とした王号に代わって新しい称号「皇帝」を使用した。
- Later, the first Qin Emperor who unified China for the first time (221 BC) used the new title 'emperor' instead of the title of king which lost its value.
- 『日本書紀』によるこれに対する返書の書き出しも東の天皇が敬いて西の皇帝に白す(「東天皇敬白西皇帝」『日本書紀』)とある。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' the reply to this letter starts with the phrase '東天皇敬白西皇帝' (the emperor of the east respectfully writes to the emperor of the west).
- 社稷・国家とは、尊号を直接書くことをはばかったものだと律の疏(注釈)にあるので、字義通りではなく皇帝・天皇のことである。
- The notes for ritsu said, that the the word 'state' was used to avoid mentioning the honorary title directly, so 'the state' is understood as 'the emperor'.
- 我が国の皇帝陛下と日本明治天皇に懇願し、我々も一等国民の待遇を享受して、政府と社会を発展させようではないか」と主張した。
- We should beg his Imperial Majesty and Meiji Emperor of Japan in order to be able to receive the treatment as Itto Kokumin (First-class people) to develop our government and society.
- 南樺太についても、台湾や朝鮮と同様に日本の領土であったため、帝国議会の協賛を要するという見解を前提にした方策が採られた。
- Since Southern Sakhalin, just as Taiwan and Korea, was Japan's territory, the Japanese government took measures based on the viewpoint that the legislation in the region required the consent of the Imperial Diet.
- 鎌倉時代以降の武家政権の時代と比較して、政治の実権が帝王の統治する「王朝」すなわち朝廷にあったことに由来する名称である。
- The term is used to contrast the period with the age of samurai government following the Kamakura period, and the name derives from the fact that political power was held by an imperial dynasty headed by an emperor.
- その中にあって日本の律令国家体制では、天皇は中国の皇帝と並ぶものであり、唐と同様、日本を中華とする帝国構造を有していた。
- Japan, included in this group of small empires, had a system of ritsuryo kokka, where the emperor was in a position comparable to the emperor of China and Japan had an imperial structure in which Japan was regarded as the center of the world, similarly to Tang.
- ポーツマス条約(1905年(明治38年)9月5日)によってロシア帝国から日本に譲渡された満州利権の移動を清国が了承した。
- Qing approved the Russian Empire's interests in Manchuria to be transferred to Japan, as stated in the Treaty of Portsmouth (September 5, 1905).
- 兄の朱雀帝即位後、その外戚である右大臣・弘徽殿女御派の圧力や尚侍となっていた朧月夜との醜聞もあって須磨、後に明石へ隠退。
- After his older brother Emperor Suzaku ascends the throne, he goes into voluntary seclusion at Suma, and then at Akashi, under pressure from the Udaijin (Minister of the Right) and Kokiden no nyogo (Empress Kokiden) group, who were maternal relatives of the emperor and due to the scandal about his relationship with Oborozukiyo, who had become Naishi no Kami (Principal Handmaid).
- 朧月夜_(源氏物語)との仲が発覚し、追いつめられた光源氏は後見する冷泉帝に累が及ばないよう、自ら須磨への退去を決意する。
- After the affair with Oborozukiyo (The Tale of Genji) is revealed, Hikaru Genji is brought to bay and makes up his mind to exile himself to Suma so as not to get Emperor Reizei, who was under his guardianship, in trouble as well.
- 第百三十一国立銀行→1881年第三十二国立銀行(十五銀行、帝国銀行、三井銀行、さくら銀行を経て現在の三井住友銀行)に合併
- The 131st National Bank -> merged into the 32nd National Bank in 1881 (the current Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation after the Jugo Bank, the Teikoku Bank, the Mitsui Bank, and the Sakura Bank).
- 第百四十二国立銀行→1881年第三十二国立銀行(十五銀行、帝国銀行、三井銀行、さくら銀行を経て現在の三井住友銀行)に合併
- The 142nd National Bank -> merged into the 32nd National Bank in 1881 (the current Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation after the Jugo Bank, the Teikoku Bank, the Mitsui Bank, and the Sakura Bank).
- 第五国立銀行(第五銀行)→1898年浪速銀行に合併され、十五銀行、帝国銀行、三井銀行、さくら銀行を経て現在の三井住友銀行
- The Fifth National Bank (Daigo Bank) -> merged into the Naniwa Bank in 1898, and the current Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation after the Jugo Bank, the Teikoku Bank, the Mitsui Bank, and the Sakura Bank.
- が、約1世紀半もたって、5世紀の初めの413年(東晋・義熙9)に倭国が貢ぎ物を献じたことが『晋書』安帝紀に記されている。
- However, one and half centuries later, in the year '413' of the early fifth century there was a transcribed record confirming Wakoku's (ancient Japan) presentation of articles of tribute to Emperor An of the Chinese Dynasty; this was written in the 'Jin shu (History of the Jin Dynasty)' in the period of Emperor An.
- 大神は再度宣命を訊くことを拒むが、清麻呂は「天の日継は必ず帝の氏を継がしめむ」という大神の神託を大和に持ち帰り奏上する。
- The big god refused to listen to the Imperial edict; however, Kiyomaro did bring an oracle given from the big god to Yamato and reported about it; the content of the oracle is as follows: 'Without doubt, the person who succeeds the present Emperor will be a person with the Imperial family name.'
- 唐の則天武后が674年に「皇帝」を「天皇」と改称したのにならい、天武天皇も天皇表記を採用したのではないかと推測されている。
- Emperor Tenmu is surmised to have adopted the notation of tenno following Empress Sokuten of the Tang who changed her title from 'Kotei' (emperor) to 'Tenno' (emperor) in 674.
- 一方で台湾など海外との合作による大作や70ミリ映画「釈迦」「秦・始皇帝」(2作ともヒット)を制作するなど超大作路線を歩む。
- At the same time, Daiei devoted itself to large-scale productions, such as joint productions with companies in Taiwan and other countries and 70mm film productions such as 'Shaka' (Shakyamuni) and 'Shin no Shikoutei' (Shi Hunagdi), both of which became box office hits.
- 9月10日、松方に大命が降下したものの、以前の第1次松方内閣のときの帝国議会対策での失敗もあり組閣も順調とはいかなかった。
- Although the imperial command was given to MATSUKATA on September 10, organization of the Cabinet did not progress smoothly due to failure in measures against Imperial Diet in the previous First MATSUKATA Cabinet.
- ヤマト王権が統一国家を形成しようとしていた6世紀には、倭王家の系譜を記す『帝紀』・倭国の神話を記す『旧辞』が、編纂された。
- In the 6th century when the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) was going to form a unified nation, Teiki, which recorded the family tree of the Wa royal family, and Kyuji, in which mythology of Wa was described, were compiled.
- 5世紀の中国の歴史書『宋書』倭国伝に、 478年(順帝昇明2年)倭王武が宋 (南朝)に届けた上表文として以下の記述がある。
- In 'Sosho (Sung Shu) Wakokuden,' the Chinese history book of the fifth century, the following sentence is seen as a Johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) delivered from Waobu to Sung (Nan-Dynasty) in 478.
- この処分案に対し、後陽成帝は非常に不満であったが、諸公卿・新上東門院など朝廷の主立った面々は賛成しており、処刑が確定した。
- Although Emperor Goyozei was very much dissatisfied with this proposal, court nobles and other influential members of the Imperial Court including Shinjotomon-in approved of it, and the penal sentence was finalized.
- 大韓帝国は冊封体制から離脱したものの、満州を勢力下においたロシアが朝鮮半島に持つ利権を手がかりに南下政策を取りつつあった。
- Although the Korean Empire broke away from the tributary system, Russia which held Manchuria under its sphere of influence, took advantage of its interests in Korea to proceed with its southward expansion.
- 618年、隋に変わって中国を統一した唐は、大帝国をきずき、東アジアに広大な領域を支配して周辺諸地域に大きな影響をあたえた。
- The Tang Dynasty, who took over from the Sui Dynasty and unified China in 618, built a large empire and controlled a vast territory in East Asia, exerting a strong influence on the neighboring areas.
- 白河藩支藩(白河新田藩)(無城)→桑折藩(無城)→篠塚藩(無城)→上里見藩(無城)→小幡藩(城主格) 2万石 譜代 帝鑑間
- Shirakawa Domain branch domain (Shirakawa Nitta Domain) (mujo)=>Kuwaori Domain (mujo) =>Shinozuka Domain (mujo) =>Uesatomi Domain (mujo) =>Kobata Domain (joshukaku); 20,000 koku; fudai; Teikan no ma
- 「故これ、帝紀を撰録し、旧辞を討覈して、偽りを削り実(まこと)を定めて、後葉(のちのち)に流(つた)へむと欲(おも)ふ。」
- Therefore, I will advisedly select Teiki, and find kyuji to eliminate the false parts and find the truth for future generations.'
- 大日本野史(だいにほんやし)は、後小松天皇(明徳年間)から仁孝天皇までの二十一代の帝王の治世を紀伝体で記した日本の歴史書。
- Dai Nihon Yashi is a Japanese history book written in a style of biographical historiography, and covers the 21 Emperors' reigns from Emperor Gokomatsu (Meitoku era) to Emperor Ninko.
- また、蘭学の奨励、工藤平助らの提案による蝦夷地調査、アイヌを通じた対ロシア帝国交易の模索など、海外政策の改革も行っている。
- He also implemented foreign policy reforms, such as promoting Western learning, surveying 'Ezochi' (the Ainu-dwelling area in the Matsumae Domain) proposed by Heisuke KUDO and others, and seeking trade with the Russian Empire via the Ainu.
- しかし、山田宗有らの尽力による民間交流とはうらはらに、とうとうオスマン帝国が滅びるまで正式の国交が結ばれることはなかった。
- However, despite such civilian exchanges supported by Soyu YAMADA and others, formal diplomatic relations were not realized until the fall of the Ottoman Empire.
- 中央集権国家の複都制では、皇帝が常住する京や都を上京・上都・京城・皇都・京師などと言い、その他の都を陪都(ばいと)という。
- In the multi-capital system of centralized government, the palace or the capital where the emperor always resides is called kamikyo, joto, kyojo,or kyoshi and other capitals are called baito (secondary capital city).
- これを見た煬帝は立腹し、外交担当官である鴻臚卿(こうろけい)に「蕃夷の書に無礼あらば、また以て聞するなかれ」と命じたという。
- This message made Yang Guang angry, and it is said that he told a foreign service officer whose position was called korokei (the chief of the office which was in charge of the entertainment of foreign envoys or ambassadors) not to talk about this country because the message was rude.
- 前者は政治・経済・軍事といった諸方面から国家のあり方を論じたもので、特に皇帝専制政治批判は舌鋒鋭く、清末に至り再評価された。
- The former book describes how the nation should be from various viewpoints including political, economical, and militarily, sharply criticizes the autocracy of the Emperor, and was re-evalued at the end of the Qing period.
- また「元史」によると、元寇の発端は、高麗王の忠烈王が「元の皇帝に執拗に、東征して日本を属国にするよう勧めた」との記述がある。
- In addition, 'Genshi' states that Genko began with King Chungnyeol of Goryeo 'persistently recommending an expedition to the east to Yuan's emperor in order to force Japan to become its subject.'
- この後日本は紆余曲折を経て度重なる条約締結により朝鮮王朝(大韓帝国)の保護国化と1910年朝鮮併合へ至る道を進むこととなる。
- Subsequently Japan made its way to creating the Korean Dynasty (The Korean Empire) a protected state and Annexation of Korea in 1910 through conclusions of treaties many times after complicated negotiations.
- また、1917年のロシア帝国崩壊後は日本が一手に利権の扶植に走り、ついに1932年には自身の傀儡国家である満州国を建国した。
- Japan immediately sought to fill the vacuum after the disintegration of the Russian Empire in 1917, and finally established the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932.
- しかし、政府はこれらの私擬憲法を持ち寄り議論することなく、大日本帝国憲法を起草したため、憲法に直接反映されることはなかった。
- However, since the government drafted the Constitution of the Empire of Japan without discussing public ideas, they were not reflected in the constitution at all.
- 紫の上の憂慮はひとかたならず、源氏自身もほんの少女にすぎない彼女に対して愛情を感じられないが、兄帝の願いを無下には断れない。
- Lady Murasaki is deeply concerned with this, and while Genji himself can't feel affection for the third princess because she is a mere child, he also can't turn down his older brother and the Emperor's offer.
- 素性も知らぬままに扇を取り交わして別れた姫君こそ、朱雀帝への入内が決まっている右大臣の六の君(朧月夜_(源氏物語))だった。
- The lady, who he exchanged fans with and said good-bye to without knowing who she was, was the sixth daughter of the Udaijin (Minister of the Right) (Oborozukiyo [The Tale of Genji]) who was to enter the court of Emperor Suzaku.
- 大韓帝国は冊封体制から離脱したものの、満州を手に入れたロシアが朝鮮半島に持つ利権を手がかりに明確な南下政策を取りつつあった。
- Although the Korean Empire seceded from the tributary system, Russia, which obtained Manchuria, was obviously making southward expansion, taking advantage of the interest it had in the Korean peninsula.
- 准士官が正装・礼装時に着用する軍服 (大日本帝国陸軍)正装(大礼服)の正帽の天井には、金線(銀線)で五芒星が刺繍されていた。
- A Gobosei was embroidered with gold line (silver line) on the top of the official cap of the military uniform (Imperial Japanese Army) formal attire (taireifuku [court dress, full-dress uniform]) that the under-officers put on as the formal attire or the ceremonial dress.
- これを見た煬帝は、立腹し、外交担当官である鴻臚卿(こうろけい)に「蕃夷の書に無礼あらば、また以て聞するなかれ」と命じたという。
- The letter angered Emperor Yodai and the Emperor said to Korokei, a diplomat, that 'if another rude letter comes from the barbarian, do not bring it to me'.
- 日本を含めた諸外国の研究者の間では、一進会が大日本帝国の侵略の意図を見抜けず韓国を亡国へと導く役割を果たしたことは事実である。
- Many of the world researchers including Japan agreed that it was true that Isshinkai couldn't see through the intention of invasion Empire of Japan had aimed at and happened to play a role for leading Korea to the ruin.
- に公布され、翌に施行された大日本帝国憲法は4条で「天皇ハ國ノ元首ニシテ統治權ヲ總攬シ此ノ憲法ノ條規ニ依リテ之ヲ行フ」と定めた。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan, promulgated in 1889, taking effect the following year, stipulated in Article 4 that 'the Emperor is the head of the state and holds all sovereignty but is to execute its authority according to the Articles of the Constitution.'
- このようなことを根拠に、政府は関東州には憲法の効力が及ばず、天皇は帝国議会の協賛を要せず立法権を行使できるという見解を採った。
- Based on the fact, the government adopted the standpoint that the Constitution was not legally in force in the Kwantung Leased Territory and the Emperor was able to exercise the legislative power without the consent of the Imperial Diet.
- このことが自由民権運動や初期帝国議会における激しい政府批判を招き、また地租に替わる財源として酒造税の相次ぐ増税の一因となった。
- This deletion of the provision invited Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) and fierce criticisms against the government in the initial Imperial Diet; in addition, it became a cause of a series of tax increase of brewery tax as the financial resource to replace land-tax.
- 日本の室町幕府と中国の明朝との間で行われた日明貿易(勘合貿易)は、室町初期の幕府3代将軍足利義満、明の建文帝の頃に開始された。
- The Japan-Ming trade (tally trade) between the Muromachi bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) in Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China began around the time when the third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA of the early Muromachi bakufu governed Japan and Emperor Jianwen ruled China.
- 大日本帝国憲法第19条で「日本臣民ハ法律命令ノ定ムル所ノ資格ニ応シ均ク文武官ニ任セラレ及其ノ他ノ公務ニ就クコトヲ得」と定めた。
- The nineteenth article of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan states 'Japanese citizens can equally be appointed as administrative/military officials and other official positions according to the criteria determined by law.'
- 近代立憲国家の一般的な理解でさえも押しつぶされたこととなり、ここに大日本帝国憲法による立憲政治は、その実質を失ったことを示す。
- Due to this incident, the definition of a modern constitutional nation became obscure, and Japan's constitutionalism based on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan broke down.
- 天皇の裁可を経て、11月3日、大日本帝国憲法の改正は日本国憲法として公布され、翌1947年(昭和22年)5月3日に施行された。
- The amended Constitution of the Empire of Japan was promulgated as the Constitution of Japan when it received the emperor's assent on November 3, and came into effect on May 3, 1947.
- しかし元永元年(1118年)秋ごろから、先帝の霊がとりついたと称してたびたび託言を行い、藤原璋子の妊娠、出産を予言したりした。
- From the autumn of 1118, however, she often prophesied something on the pretext of being possessed by the spirit of former Emperor, including the prophet concerning FUJIWARA no Shoshi's pregnancy and delivery.
- 李完用らの協力もあり、7月20日には半ば強制的に高宗は退位に追いこまれ、純宗_(朝鮮王)が第2代の大韓帝国皇帝として即位した。
- With Lee Wan-Yong's cooperation, Gojong was half-compelled to abdicate from the crown on July 20th, and Sunjong (Korean King) acceded to the throne of the second emperor of the Korean Empire.
- 敵対関係であった後梁・後唐を除いて五代の変遷は全て旧王朝の節度使職にあった者が旧王朝の皇帝を滅ぼして自ら皇帝となったものである。
- Except for the Later Liang and Later Tang Dynasties, which were hostile to each other, the transition in all of the Five Dynasties occurred by those who were setsudoshi under the former dynasty overthrowing the emperor of the former dynasty and enthroning themselves as emperors.
- しかし、このように大人数の乱行が発覚しないわけはなく、慶長14年(1609年)7月、後陽成帝の耳に達し、逆鱗に触れることとなる。
- However, it was impossible to keep such sexual relations secret among so many persons, and in July and August 1609 information on the fact reached the ears of Emperor Goyozei to his vehement wrath.
- 1897年にもはや清の服属国でなくなったことから改革が実施され、「国号」を「大韓」と改め、高宗が皇帝に即位、大韓帝国が成立した。
- Being no longer a state subject to China, Korea performed a reform in 1897: 'the name of the country' was changed into 'Korea,' Gojong acceded to the throne, and the Korean Empire was founded.
- 本書完成直後に承久の乱を起こしている事でもわかるように、天皇政治復興の情熱がこめられ、次代の皇子に帝王の道を伝えようとしている。
- As revealed by the outbreak of the Jokyu War immediately after the completion of the book, there was a profound yearning for the restoration of the Imperial government and to pass the way of the sovereign down to the princes of the next generation.
- 日韓議定書(にっかんぎていしょ)は、日露戦争中の1904年(明治37)2月23日に、日本と大韓帝国との間で締結された条約である。
- The Japan and Korea Protocol was the treaty which was signed between Japan and the Korean Empire during the Russo-Japan War in 1904.
- 中でも日清戦争、日露戦争の勝利により世界的に影響力を強めつつあった大日本帝国に注目・接近し、日本政府・日本軍の特別の庇護を受けた。
- They especially paid attention to and approached to Empire of Japan which was increasing the influencial power in the world after the victory of Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War, and they came under the patronage of Japanese Government and Japanese Army.
- 王朝が滅んだ際には次に正統を継いだ王朝が国家事業として、前王朝の皇帝ごとの実録を元に正史を編纂する、というのが大まかな手順である。
- The general process, then, was when a dynasty crumbled, to compile an official history based on the 'veritable record' of each emperor of the preceding dynasty; this task was one of the affairs of state for the dynasty legitimately succeeding them.
- ロシア帝国は、不凍港を求めて南下政策を採用し、露土戦争 (1877年)などの勝利によってバルカン半島における大きな地歩を獲得した。
- In its pursuit of warm-water ports, the Russian Empire preceded with its southward expansion and acquried a significant foothold in the Balkan peninsula through its victory against the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish Wars (1877).
- 1812年にナポレオン・ボナパルトの攻撃を受けたロシア帝国がモスクワで行った作戦(1812年ロシア戦役を参照)を参考にしたという。
- The Tokugawa family side seemed to have adapted this scorched-earth strategy from one taken by the Russian Empire to city of Moscow, during the military campaign by Napoleon BONAPARTE in '1812' (Please refer to 'the Russian military campaign of 1812.').
- 『書紀』と『懐風藻』に「大友帝」とは書かれていないから、何らかの論証を経た結論と思われるが、本文が失われているので内容不明である。
- Since 'Emperor Otomo' was not found in 'Chronicles of Japan' and 'Kaifuso,' it was considered that the conclusion was made based on some proofs, but details were unknown because the text was lost.
- 法的な規定は無かったが、大日本帝国憲法の下で首相を決定することができる権限を持っていた人物たちで、いわゆる藩閥政治を形成していた。
- Although there was no legal provisions to stipulate it, these nine people had the authority to name a Prime Minister in accordance with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and they had developed the so-called Han-batsu Seiji (government dominated by cliques from the major han).
- 大同団結運動(だいどうだんけつうんどう)とは、1887年-1889年に発生した帝国議会開設に備えた自由民権運動各派による統一運動。
- The movement to unite for a common purpose refers to a unification movement took place between 1887 and 1889 among factions of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement to prepare for the establishment of the Imperial Diet.
- 北京議定書 1901年9月7日 英国、米国、日本、ロシア帝国、フランス、ドイツ、イタリア、オーストリア、ベルギー、スペイン、オランダ
- Beijing Protocol, September 7, 1901, United Kingdom, United States, Japan, Russian Empire, France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Belgium, Spain, and Netherlands
- この年の6月、平清盛の主導により、まだ3歳の新帝安徳天皇、父高倉上皇、祖父後白河法皇の福原行幸がおこなわれ、行宮もその地に置かれた。
- That July, with Kiyomori's initiative, a new Emperor Antoku, who was still three years old, and the Retired Emperor Takakura, who was Antoku's father, and Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, who was his grandfather, paid a visit to Fukuhara and the Angu (temporary lodging built to accommodate an Imperial visit) was set up there.
- 1993年、ロシア皇帝のものと推定される骨の鑑定に使うため、このときにニコライの手当てをした布から彼のデオキシリボ核酸が採取された。
- In 1993, the Russian government was attempting to verify whether alleged bone fragments really belonged to Tsar Nicholas II, and they ordered the Japanese government to take deoxyribonucleic acid from clothes which used for Nicholas's medical treatment as a sample.
- 帝国議会開設後、民党勢力は具体的に地租を地価の2.5%から2%に引き下げるように要求して、衆議院において度々予算の減額修正を図った。
- After the Imperial Diet was inaugurated, Minto specifically demanded the land tax reduction 2 to 2.5% of the land price and tried to decrease the budget of the House of Representatives.
- 亡母に似ているとして父帝の後宮に入った藤壺を慕い、遂に一線を越えて子(後の冷泉帝)をなすが、密通の事実は世に知られることはなかった。
- His feelings for Fujitsubo, who enters the kokyu (Empress's residence) of his father because she looks like his lost mother, became stronger and he has a sexual relationship with her (resulting in Emperor Reizei), but no one knows of their illicit affair.
- 結局、密使の派遣が問題となり、高宗は李完用らに責任を問われ皇帝の地位を純宗に譲ることとなり、第三次日韓協約の調印へと進むこととなった。
- After all, the dispatch of the secret agent became a problem and Gao Zong, blamed by Wan-yong LEE and others, had to give Sunjong his position as the emperor, which led to signing of the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty (Third Japan-Korea Treaty).
- また中国では国内で戦争が起こりその勝者が皇帝に対し禅譲を要求して皇帝となり国号を変え前皇帝の男子の子孫でない別の者が皇帝となっている。
- In China, a winner of domestic war - not necessarily a son of an emperor - asked an former emperor to transfer his power to him, and acceded to the imperial throne and chaged the name of the country.
- 京都学連事件(きょうとがくれんじけん)は1925年(大正14年)12月以降、京都帝国大学などでの左翼学生運動に対して行われた弾圧事件。
- Kyoto Gakuren Jiken (Kyoto Affair of the Student Federation) was a suppression incident occurring on and after December 1925 against the left wing student movement in the Kyoto Imperial University and so forth.
- また、第一次エチオピア戦争で、エチオピア帝国がイタリア王国に勝利した先例があるが、 これは英仏の全面的な軍事的支援によるものであった。
- Although there was a precedent set by the Ethiopian Empire when it defeated the Kingdom of Italy in the First Italo–Ethiopian War, they succeeded in ousting the Italian with the full military support of England and France.
- 狭衣の優柔不断で不誠実な態度に絶望した女二宮は、狭衣の男児・若宮(表向きは大宮の産んだ嵯峨帝の第二皇子とされた)を出産した後出家する。
- Onna Ninomiya, driven to despair by Sagoromo's indecisive and dishonest attitude, becomes a nun after giving birth to Sagoromo's son, Wakamiya (announced as the second son of Emperor Saga and Omiya).
- 中国では紀伝体の史書を「書」(『漢書』『後漢書』など)と呼び、帝王の治世を編年体にしたものを「紀」(『漢紀』『後漢紀』)と呼んでいた。
- In China, history books written in Kidentai (biographical historiography) were called 'sho' (such as 'Kanjo' (Historical records of the Han Dynasty), 'Gokanjo' (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty)), while other history books in which the reign of the emperor was recorded in chronological order were called 'ki' (紀) (such as 'Records of the Han Dynasty' and 'Records of Later Han').
- ただわずかに今上帝 (源氏物語)の三の宮(匂宮)と女三宮腹の若君(薫、実は柏木 (源氏物語)の子)が当代きっての貴公子との評判が高い。
- Only Kinjo no Mikado's son, Sannomiya (the third Prince) (Niou Miya) and Onna Sannomiya (the Third Princess) 's son (called Kaoru, in fact, Kashiwagi (The Oak Tree) 's son) had a reputation for being the greatest nobleman of the day.
- 雍正帝以降、朱子学の正学化確立、乾隆・嘉慶 (清)の考証学全盛期(いわゆる乾嘉の学)到来によってさらにその傾向を強め、陽明学は衰微した。
- After the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, with Shushigaku officially authorized and Koshogaku at its height under Emperors Qianlong and Jiaqing (known as Qian-Jia teachings), Yomeigaku went into decline.
- 後に帝国議会が開かれた時に、当初衆議院の選挙権や貴族院_(日本)の多額納税議員の資格が与えられたのは、その多くがこうした地主層であった。
- When Imperial Diet was held later, at first election franchise for House of Representatives or entitlement of councilor of large taxpayer in House of Peers were given to many of such landlord class.
- 『吾妻鏡』の壇ノ浦の戦いの元暦二年三月二十四日の条で「二位ノ尼は宝剣を持って、按察の局は先帝(安徳天皇)を抱き奉って、共に海底に没する。
- The entry in the 'Azuma kagami' for the 24th day of the third month of Genryaku 2, which concerns the battle of Dannoura, states that 'Tokiko held the treasured Sword, and Lady Azechi reverently held Emperor Antoku close, and then they jumped together and sank away to the bottom of the sea.'
- 当時日本の近代化のほとんどは当時世界一の大帝国だったイギリスを模範に行っていたため、歌詞もイギリスの国歌を手本に選んだとも言われている。
- It is also said that the words were selected using the British National Anthem as a model because almost all modernization of Japan at that time was carried out after the model of Great Britain, which was the biggest imperial monarchy in the world at that time.
- それにより、立憲改進党・国民協会・立憲革新党・中国進歩党・帝国財政革新会・大手倶楽部の6党派による新たな硬六派が形成されることになった。
- Thus, the new Ko Roppa was formed by six parties consisting of the Rikken Kaishinto, the Kokumin Kyokai, the Rikken Kakushinto (Constitutional Reform Party), the Chugoku Shinpoto (Western Region of Japan Progressive Party), the Conference of Reform of Imperial Financial Affairs, and the Ote Club.
- 宮中側は明治天皇が儒教に基づいた東洋的な専制君主として「天皇親政」を行うべきであると主張し、明治天皇への帝王教育もその路線で行ってきた。
- The Imperial Court side insisted that the Emperor Meiji should pursue the direct imperial rule as an oriental autocrat based on Confucianism and had provided the Emperor Meiji with the study to become an emperor accordingly.
- 系譜に挙げた人物を数え上げる記述(男は帝王○人、親王○人、大臣○人などと、女は后○人、斎院○人、女御○人、女房○人などと数え上げている)
- The number of characters mentioned in the genealogy (male characters: Emperors ** people, Imperial Princes ** people, Ministers ** people, and female characters: Empresses ** people, Sai-in (Imperial Princess appointed to serve the deities of the Kamo-jinja Shrines) ** people, nyogo (a high-ranking lady in the court - a consort of an emperor) ** people, and court ladies ** people)
- 淳仁、仲恭が天皇であったことは明白で、単に諡号がなかっただけであったから問題にはならなかったが、「大友帝」の存在は学説に拠るものだった。
- Since it was clear that Junnin and Chukyo were emperors without posthumous titles, there was no problem, but the existence of 'Otomo Tei' was only based on theories.
- しかし、1917年のロシア革命でロシア帝国が滅亡すると、協約はソビエト連邦政府によって破棄され、日本は中国権益の危機を迎えることとなる。
- But Japan came to face a crisis over her interests in China when the Russian Empire fell due to the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the Agreement was cancelled by the soviet Union government.
- 明確な時期は不明だが、帝国議会が設置された1890年11月から程なく谷干城・曾我祐準・鳥尾小弥太・山川浩・島津忠済らによって結成された。
- It's not known exactly when the faction was formed; however, Tateki TANI, Sukenori SOGA, Koyata TORIO, Hiroshi YAMAKAWA and Tadanari SHIMAZU formed it shortly after setting up Imperial Diet in November 1890.
- これは、当時の大韓帝国の巨額の債務や土地インフラに膨大な予算が必要になることから日本国民の理解を得ることは難しいとの政治判断からであった。
- It was a political decision from the judgement that it would be difficult to have Japanese people's understanding, because, at the time, the Korean Empire held an enormous debt and also needed a lot of budget for the land infrastructure.
- これにより東大寺盧舎那仏像がつくられ、752年(天平勝宝4年)に完成、女帝孝謙天皇・聖武太上天皇臨席のもと、盛大な開眼供養がおこなわれた。
- Under the imperial edict, Rushana daibutsu of Todai-ji Temple was constructed and completed in 752, and a big kaigenkuyo (ceremony to consecrate a newly made Buddhist statue or image by inserting the eyes (thereby investing it with soul)) was held in the presence of the Empress Koken and the former Emperor Shomu.
- ロシアでは、相次ぐ敗北と、それを含めた帝政に対する民衆の不満が増大し、1905年1月9日には血の日曜日事件 (1905年)が発生していた。
- In Russia, the successive defeats exacerbated popular dissatisfaction towards the Czarist regime, leading to the Bloody Sunday Incident on January 9th, 1905.
- また、元老でありながら参謀総長として戦争を指揮した山縣有朋の発言力が高まり、陸軍は「大陸帝国」論とロシアによる「復讐戦」の可能性を唱えた。
- The war increased the influence of Aritomo YAMAGATA who took command in the war as the Chief of the General Staff, even though he was also a Genro (elder statesman), and the Army raised the possibility that Russia could develop into a 'Continental Empire' or pursue a 'War of Revenge.'
- 元服した彼は帝によって源氏を賜り、源氏物語の登場人物左大臣家家娘葵の上の婿となって、その光り輝くような美貌から光源氏と呼ばれるようになる。
- He celebrates his coming of age, being given the name of Genji and getting married to Lady Aoi, a daughter of the House of the Sadijin (Minister of the Left), and people come to call him Hikaru Genji because of his shining beauty.
- とくに下士官兵卒の防寒装備に至っては、毛糸の外套2枚を渡されただけである(当時の日本陸軍の軍装については軍服 (大日本帝国陸軍)も参照)。
- In particular, noncommissioned officers were given only two woolen coats as their cold protection equipment (about the military uniform of Japanese Army at that time, see also Military Uniform [Imperial Japanese Army]).
- このことが右大臣側の勢力、特に朱雀帝の母で藤壺のライバル、また源氏の母を迫害した張本人である弘徽殿女御に発覚したら二人の破滅は確実だった。
- Both of them would surely be ruined, if it was revealed to the influential people who sided with the Minister of the Right, especially Kokiden no nyogo (Empress Kokiden), the mother of Emperor Suzaku and Fujitsubo's rival, moreover the woman who persecuted Genji's mother.
- 白居易『長恨歌』の後半をモチーフとしており、また第1帖「桐壺」で源氏の父桐壺帝が亡き桐壺更衣を偲んで詠んだ和歌と呼応するものとなっている。
- The poem alludes to the latter half of the Juyi BAI's 'The Song of Everlasting Sorrow,' and it is also the response to the waka poem which was composed by Genji's father, Emperor Kiritsubo, when he remembered the late Kiritsubo no Koi (lower class court lady) in the first chapter of 'Kiritsubo' (The Paulownia Court).
- 『扶桑略記』は、「天智天皇10年10月に大友太政大臣が皇太子に立った。12月3日に天皇が崩じた。同5日に大友皇太子が帝位についた」と記す。
- 'Fuso Ryakki' (A Brief History of Japan) says 'Otomo Grand Minister became the crown prince in October in the 10th year of Emperor Tenchi. The emperor died on December 3. Prince Otomo was enthroned on December 5.'
- 現役の衆議院議員で首相となったのは原敬が初めてであり、大日本帝国憲法下の33人の首相の中では、濱口雄幸、犬養毅を併せた3人に留まっている。
- Takashi HARA was the first serving councilor of the House of Representatives who became the Prime Ministor and out of 33 Prime Ministers under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, there were only two more such cases: Osachi HAMAGUCHI and Tsuyoshi INUKAI.
- 1908年(明治41)12月18日、東洋拓殖株式会社法(東拓法)を根拠法として、大韓帝国政府と日韓民間資本の共同出資などにより設立された。
- On December 18, 1908, it was jointly established by the government of the Korean Empire and the private capital of Japan and Korea based on Toyo Takushoku Kabushiki Gaisha Law (Totaku Law).
- しかし1873年に日清修好条規を締結した際、副島種臣は『万国公法』に根拠に同治帝に謁見を求め、三跪九叩頭の礼をしないでの会見を成功させた。
- However, at the time of the conclusion of Japan-Qing Treaty of Friendship in 1873, Taneomi SOEJIMA requested to have an audience with the Emperor on ground of 'Bankoku Koho' and succeeded to have meeting without nine kowtows.
- 協定はサンクトペテルブルクにおいて、山縣有朋元首相(当時)と、ロシア帝国の外務大臣アレクセイ・ロバノフ=ロストフスキー公の間で交わされた。
- The agreement was signed in Saint Petersburg by the ex-prime minister of Japan, Aritomo YAMAGATA, and the Russian foreign minister, Prince Alexey Lobanov-Rostovsky.
- 無効論者の多くは本協約について、国家(大韓帝国)と個人(皇帝・高宗 (朝鮮王))の両方に強制と脅迫が加えられたために無効であると考えている。
- Many of the advocates of invalidity think it is invalid because compulsion and a threat were imposed both on the state (The Korean Empire) and the individual (Emperor Gao Zong [Korean King]).
- 日本國政府及韓國政府ハ兩帝國ヲ結合スル利害共通ノ主義ヲ鞏固ナラシメムコトヲ欲シ韓國ノ富強ノ實ヲ認ムル時ニ至ル迄此目的ヲ以テ左ノ條款ヲ約定セリ
- The Governments of Japan and Corea, desiring to strengthen the principle of solidarity which unites the two Empires, have with that object in view agreed upon and concluded the following stipulations to serve until the moment arrives when it is recognized that Corea has attained national strength: -
- それでも政府は世論の支持と元老・内大臣の了承を背景に、帝国議会・枢密院 (日本)を押し切って同年(1930年)10月2日に批准を完了させる。
- Even so, the government broke down the opposition of the Imperial Diet and the Privy Council (Japan) with a support of the public opinion and the acknowledgement of Genro (elder statesman) and the Minister of the Interior, completed the ratification in October 2, 1930.
- その3行半の文面にはいくつか種類があるが、多くは前段で離婚文言を述べ、後段で再婚許可文言を述べる(東京帝国大学教授・穂積重遠の研究による)。
- There are several versions for the body of the letter, but mostly the description about the divorce comes in the first part and the description about permission to remarriage comes in the latter part (according to Shigeto HOZUMI, Professor of Tokyo Imperial University.)
- 新政府軍は主にグレートブリテンおよびアイルランド連合王国から、旧幕府軍は主にフランス第二帝政から、軍事教練や武器供与などの援助を受けていた。
- The new government's forces received military training and weapons mainly from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland while the former Shogunate forces from the French Second Empire.
- 古くはローマ帝国の皇帝の地位は後継者が先代皇帝の養子となる体裁をもつことや、まれに実際の血族に代襲させることで権威の正当性を継続させていた。
- In the ancient world, with regard to the status of an Emperor of the Roman Empire the legitimacy of authority was maintained by a successor keeping up the appearance of continuity by becoming the adopted child of the last Emperor; on rare occasions a blood relative succeeded by representation.
- 宋代には真宗 (宋)や徽宗といった皇帝が道教を保護し、内丹術(ないたんじゅつ)や錬度(れんど)の科目が盛行し道教の姿も大きく変化していった。
- In the Sung period, emperors, such as Shinso and Kiso protected Dokyo, and as the subjects of Naitanjutsu (内丹術) and Rendo (錬度) were studied by many people, Dokyo underwent a drastic transformation.
- 東洋拓殖株式会社(とうようたくしょくかぶしきがいしゃ)は、大日本帝国時代の朝鮮の植民地事業を進めることを目的として設立された特殊会社である。
- Toyo Takushoku Kabushiki Gaisha was a special company established for the purpose of carrying forward colonial enterprises in Korea during the era of the Great Empire of Japan.
- それは中国王朝の皇帝と周辺諸国の君主とが君臣関係を結ぶことを意味するが、それにより中国王朝の支配が周辺諸国全域に貫徹するということではない。
- It means that an emperor of Chinese dynasty and monarchs of neighboring countries established the relations between lord and vassal but it does not mean that the neighboring countries would be completely controlled by the Chinese dynasty.
- 台湾総督府をはじめとする他の外地政庁と異なり、朝鮮総督府は大韓帝国政府の機構を殆どそのまま継承したため、最初から多くの朝鮮人官僚を抱えていた。
- Different from government offices in other overseas territories such as Taiwan Sotoku-fu, Chosen Sotoku-fu took over the most structures of the Korean Empire government as it had been, so it had numbers of Korean bureaucrats from the beginning.
- その後朝鮮は似たような内容の条約を他の西洋諸国(アメリカ合衆国、イギリス、ドイツ、ロシア帝国、フランス)とも同様の条約を締結することとなった。
- Later, Korea concluded treaties with similar contents between other Western countries (the United States of America, England, Germany, the Russian Empire, and France).
- この事は、煬帝からの返書は倭国を臣下扱いする物だったのでこれを見せて怒りを買う事を恐れた妹子が返書を破棄してしまったのではないかと推測される。
- It is thought that Imoko destroyed the reply from Yang Guang because Yang Guang regarded Wakoku to be a subject of the Sui, and he was afraid that the letter might make the king angry.
- 最終的に、元駐清公使フォン・ブラントの意見書(4月8日)を皇帝ヴィルヘルム2世 (ドイツ皇帝)が受け入れて、ロシアと共に干渉することになった。
- In the end, Germany began the coordinated intervention with Russia after obtaining the approval from German Emperor, Wilhelm II.
- 朝廷内で皇帝に侍る史官が、皇帝および国家の重大事を記録する「起居注」を蓄積し、皇帝が崩御すると、代ごとに起居注をまとめた「実録」が編纂される。
- The chroniclers serving the emperor at court would store up those of the 'collected sayings' of the emperor that touched on matters of critical importance to the emperor or the state, and then for each generation, after the emperor passed away, they would compile and edit a 'veritable record', which contained his collected sayings.
- また、ロシア帝国との間では1875年に、樺太・千島交換条約が締結され、それまで日露雑居地とされた樺太および千島列島における日露国境が確定した。
- Also in 1875, the government concluded the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with the Russian Empire to determine the border between Japan and the Russian Empire in Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, which was a mixed residential quarter of Japan and the Russian Empire until then.
- 「日露戦争で最も儲けた」シフは、ロシア帝国のポグロム(反ユダヤ主義)への報復が融資の動機といわれ、のちレーニンやトロツキーにも資金援助をした。
- Schiff who is said to have 'profited the most from the Russo-Japanese War,' is said to have financed Japan out of retaliation for Russian pogrom (anti-Semitic purges), and is known to have financed Lenin and Trotsky.
- 福岡城址に駐屯する大日本帝国陸軍歩兵第24連隊に所属した鏡山猛が、弾薬庫の歩哨のかたわら鴻臚館の瓦の破片を採取したことも中山説の傍証となった。
- Nakayama's opinion was supported by Takeshi KAGAMIYAMA belonging to the 24th Infantry Regiment of the Imperial Japanese Army which was stationed at the ruins of Fukuokajo Castle, who gathered fragments of tiles used for Korokan while watching the ammunition depot.
- 倭奴国王印や親魏倭王印等の金印は倭が文字を理解したから皇帝から賜ったのであり、また倭も手ぶらで中国に朝貢したのではなく上表文を携えて行っている
- The golden seals such as Wa no na no kokuo in (the seal for the king of Wanonanokuni [small country in Hakata area of Fukuoka prefecture]) or Shingi Wao no in (the seal for the king of Wa) was granted by an emperor since Wa understood their characters, and Wa also visited to pay tribute to China with the Johyobun (memorial to the Emperor).
- しかし実子を持たず確かな後見ある正妻でもなかったため、朱雀帝の女三宮の降嫁が決まった時には衝撃を受け、自分の身の不安定さに改めて気付かされる。
- Because she has no children of her own and no powerful guardian, she is shocked when she learns that Emperor Suzaku's daughter, Onna San no Miya, is going to get married to Genji, and she realizes how vulnerable she is.
- 『帝紀』や『旧辞』は、6世紀前半ないし中葉頃までに、天皇が日本を支配するに至った経緯を説明するために、朝廷の貴族によって述作されたものである。
- 'Teiki' or 'Kyuji' was made based on recitations from the court nobles in the Imperial court by the first half or the middle of the sixth century in order to explain the background of how Japan was reigned by the emperor.
- 荘園を構成する田畠は主に皇帝よりの恩賜地や墾田、質入や買入による購入、寄進、更には暴力を伴う強奪などの手法によって獲得されたものも含まれていた。
- The fields (of rice and other crops) which made up the shoens included the land from the Emperor, the new rice field, the land by purchase or by pawning or donation and also land acquired by robbery with violence and so on.
- セルゲイ・ヴィッテ首相は、戦争によって負けることはないにせよロシアが疲弊することを恐れ、戦争回避論を展開したが、これは皇帝達によって退けられた。
- Prime Minister Sergei Witte expressed opposition to the war in the fear that though Russia would not lose, it would could exhaust the country; However, his assertions were rejected by the Emperor and others.
- 延長8年(930年)に朱雀天皇(姉の藤原穏子の子)が即位すると、基経の没後は長く摂政関白が置かれなかったが新帝が幼少であるため摂政に任じられた。
- No one had been appointed as either a regent or a chancellor for a long time after Mototsune's death, but considering the Emperor's youth, Tadahira was appointed as a regent when Emperor Suzaku (the son of his sister, FUJIWARA no Onshi) succeeded to the throne in 930.
- 貴族院議長近衛篤麿の東亜同文会を中心として貴族院議員や憲政本党・帝国党などの衆議院議員、頭山満に代表される右翼のような対外硬派の人々が結集した。
- Led by Chairman Atsumaro KONOE and his group, 'Toa-dobunkai (an association of Pan-Asianism)', members of the House of Peers, members of the House of Representatives belonging to right-wing parties such as Kenseihonto or Teikokuto having a strong foreign policy, rightist like Mitsuru TOYAMA joined forces to found the society.
- …ここに天皇(天武)詔(の)りたまひしく「朕(われ)聞きたまへらく、『諸家のもたる帝紀および本辞、既に正実に違ひ、多く虚偽を加ふ。』といへり。」
- The emperor says `As far as I understand, 'Teiki' and 'Honji' (accounts of the origin) that have been handed down to families are falsified and are not like the original one.'
- 冷泉帝の東宮時代、これを廃し代わりに八の宮を東宮に擁立せんとの弘徽殿女御方の陰謀に加担させられたため、時勢が移るとともに零落していったのである。
- When Emperor Reizei was the Crown Prince, Kokiden no nyogo (Empress Kokiden) plotted to remove him and help Hachi no Miya to the throne; as a result, he was involved in the conspiracy, and was coming down in the world as the times had changed.
- この法令は日本国憲法のみならず大日本帝国憲法も制定されていない時代のものだが、最高裁判例により現在も法律と同一の効力があることが確認されている。
- In spite of having been established before the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, let alone before the Constitution of Japan, this act is determined by the Supreme Court of Japan to retain the same effect as laws and ordinances today.
- 1889年(明治22年)に公布された大日本帝国憲法(明治憲法)には、内容が違憲でない限り有効なものとして扱う旨の明文の規定があった(76条1項)。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan (the Meiji Constitution) promulgated in 1889 expressly provided that any existing Dajokan Fukoku or Tasshi was valid unless it was against the Constitution (Article 76, Paragraph 1).
- 4月下旬に始まった帝国議会において、ロンドン海軍軍縮会議締結に対し、軍令部が要求していた、補助艦の対米比7割に満たないとして条約締結拒否を言った。
- The Army demanded to reject the conclusion of the treaty of London Naval Conference on Disarmament at the Imperial Diet opened in the late April, because the proportion of the auxiliary ships unreached to 70 percent comparing to that of the United States.
- 神武天皇から後小松天皇まで(厳密には南北朝時代_(日本)が統一された1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)までを区切りとする)の百代の帝王の治世を扱う。
- It covers the reigns of one hundred emperors, from the Emperor Jinmu to Go-Komatsu (exactly to 1392 when the Nanboku-cho period finished).
- ニコライ2世も「わがロシア帝国と日本との戦争は有り得ない。なぜなら朕がそれを欲しないから」といい、日本は戦争を決断しないだろうと考えていたという。
- Nicholai II said, 'A war between the Russian Empire and Japan is impossible. I do not desire to go to war,' and he thought that Japan would not decide to go to war.
- また、蘭学を奨励し、工藤平助らの提案によって最上徳内を蝦夷地に派遣し、新田開発や鉱山開発さらにアイヌを通じた対ロシア帝国交易の可能性を調査させた。
- He encouraged Western studies, and following the suggestion of Heisuke KUDO, dispatched Tokunai MOGAMI to Ezo to investigate the potential for development of new rice fields or mines and trade with the Russian Empire through the intermediation of the Ainu.
- 一方で冷泉帝はふとしたことからみずからの出生の秘密を知ってしまい、実の父である源氏を皇位につけようとするが、源氏はこれを諌め、秘密を守りつづける。
- On the other hand, Emperor Reizei accidentally finds out that his real father is Genji and tries to have his father succeed to the throne, but Genji admonishes him for it, keeping the secret.
- 明治時代以降は天皇が最高権威者となり、対外的にも「日本国皇帝」もしくは「日本国天皇」の号を用いたために「日本国王」号は用いられることが無くなった。
- After the Meiji period, when the emperor of Japan became the head of state, he began to use the title of 'the emperor of Japan' or 'Nihonkoku Tenno' in foreign affairs as well, and the title of 'the king of Japan' fell into obscurity.
- 『善隣国宝記』によれば、「日本国王 臣源表(す)」から始まる中国の伝統的な表文の形式に則っており、これに対して永楽帝は「日本国王之印」を授けている。
- According to the 'Zenrin kokuhoki', the letter started with '日本国王 臣源表(す)' in accordance with the traditional form of a Chinese official letter and Emperor Yongle conferred the 'seal of the king of Japan' to him in return.
- 中でも知識に対する貪欲さはすさまじく、皇帝から下賜された品々を売り払って、その代価ですべて書籍を購入して積み帰ったと唐の正史に記されるほどであった。
- It is recorded in the official history of Tang that their thirst for knowledge in particular was so insatiable that some people from Japan sold goods bestowed by the emperor and spent all the money to buy books to take back to Japan.
- 成立の経緯を記している序によれば、稗田阿礼が暗誦していた『帝紀』(天皇の系譜)・『旧辞』(古い伝承)を太安万侶が書き記し、編纂したものとされている。
- According to Kojiki's preface that states the process to completion of Kojiki, O no Yasumaro wrote and compiled the 'Teiki' (records of Emperor's family tree) (genealogy of the emperor) and 'Kyuji' (a record of stories current at court) (ancient tradition) that HIEDA no Are memorized and recited.
- 西郷軍の士気が高かったのは西郷隆盛が総大将であったからだと考え明治政府は、天皇を大日本帝国陸軍・海軍の大元帥に就かせて軍の士気高揚を図るようになった。
- Reasoning that the supreme commander Takamori SAIGO raised the fighting spirit of Saigo's army, the national government in the Meiji period appointed Emperor to the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Army and Navy to raise the morale of the armies.
- 1814年、ナポレオン戦争に敗れた皇帝ナポレオン・ボナパルトが退位し、ルイ16世の弟ルイ18世 (フランス王)が即位してフランスブルボン朝が復活した。
- In 1814, when the Emperor Napoleon BONAPARTE abdicated from the throne after being defeated in the Napoleonic War, Louis XVIII (King of France), a younger brother of Louis XVI, ascended the throne to revive the Bourbon Dynasty of France.
- 朝鮮半島でも統一新羅の時代より貴族や寺院による小規模な荘園が形成されていたが、本格化するのは武人政権の成立、モンゴル帝国の侵略が続いた高麗後期である。
- Also in the Korean Peninsula, small scaled shoens were formed by the aristocrats or temples from the unified Silla period, but they became fully in progress during the late Goryeo period when the military government was established and the attacks of the Mongolian Empire continued.
- 古ゲルマン人社会の従士制度(軍事的奉仕)と、ローマ帝国末期の恩貸地制度(土地の保護)に起源を見いだし、これらが結びつき成立したと説明されることが多い。
- The retainer system (military duties) in the ancient German society and the land loan system (land protection) in the later Roman Empire are often seen as the origin, and it is often explained that the two systems were combined to form feudalism.
- それに対し、岩倉が「帝は不世出の英主であり、今日のことはすべて天皇のご決断である。それを幼い天皇とは妄言である」と論駁したため、容堂が失言を謝罪した。
- Iwakura refuted this, saying 'The Emperor is a rare and distinguished monarch and today's incident is all what he approved. It is absurd to call him amateur,' so Yodo apologized his inappropriate comment.
- 悦んだ魏の皇帝(景初2年だとすると曹叡、景初3年だとすると曹芳)は女王を親魏倭王とし、金印紫綬を授けるとともに銅鏡100枚を含む莫大な下賜品を与えた。
- The Emperor of Wei (Cao Rui [Emperor Ming] if it was in 238 and Cao Fang in 239), who was pleased with this, conferred the title of the ruler of Wa (Japan) upon Queen Himiko and endowed her the Gold Seal with Purple Ribbon, as well as enormous gifts including 100 bronze mirrors.
- 2月9日の憲政擁護第3大会は2万の集会となり、さらに、翌10日には数万人の民衆が議会を包囲して野党を激励、民衆示威のなかで桂は帝国議会の開会をむかえた。
- On February 9, about 20,000 people gathered at the third rally of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism, and on the next day, tens of thousands besieged the Diet Building to support the opposition parties, and Katsura had to convene the Imperial Diet amid a mass demonstration.
- しかし、大日本帝国海軍では「御勅諭の精神を覚えておけばよい。御勅諭全文より諸例則等を覚えよ」とされることが多く、全文暗誦を求められることは多くなかった。
- On the other hand, Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) often stated 'It is necessary to remember the spirit of the rescript. Sailors should rather memorize each rule than all the sentences of the rescript,' and they rarely needed to recite all the sentences.
- 結果、台湾を領有、大韓帝国を韓国併合、満州国を建国、南洋諸島を委任統治とするなど、アジア・オセアニア各地に急速に分布域を広げたために多民族国家となった。
- As a result, Japan became a multiracial nation due to a rapidly expanded range of settlement over various regions of Asia and Oceania, possessing Korea, annexing the Korean Empire, building Manchukuo, and putting the South Sea Islands under mandate.
- 前述のように朝鮮通信使は主として将軍家を祝賀するためにやってきた国使であり、中国皇帝に対する朝貢使節と同様の役割、すなわち将軍の権威の誇示に利用された。
- As described above, Chosen Tsushinshi was a national envoy that came to Japan to make congratulations to the shogun family, and was provided with the same role as an envoy to bring tributes to a Chinese emperor or was used for showing the prestige of shogun.
- 沢柳事件(さわやなぎじけん)は、1913年から翌1914年にかけて京都帝国大学(現京都大学)で起こった、総長(学長)と学部教授会との間の内紛事件である。
- The Sawayanagi incident was an internal conflict that occurred at Kyoto Imperial University (current Kyoto University) from 1913 to 1914 in which the president of the university confronted the faculty council.
- 東港は1901年に軍港に指定され舞鶴鎮守府が開設されて以来、大日本帝国海軍が港湾のみならず、本来単なる入り江に過ぎなかった東舞鶴地区の土地造成も行った。
- Since the East Port was designated as a naval port to house the Maizuru Chinju-fu in 1901, the former Japanese Imperial Navy not only developed it as the harbor but also reclaimed the land of Higashi Maizuru area--once merely an inlet.
- 日露戦争の戦闘は、1904年2月8日、旅順港に配備されていたロシア旅順艦隊(太平洋艦隊 (ロシア帝国海軍))に対する日本海軍駆逐艦の奇襲攻撃に始まった。
- Russo-Japanese War started was initiated by Japan with a surprise attack on the Russian Pacific Fleet (Lushun Fleet) stations in the port of Lushun on February 8th, 1904.
- 日本においても大日本帝国憲法下では天皇家の皇位始め(万世一系)、身分(華族・士族・平民)の世襲が定められており、これを打破するには閨閥を繋ぐ他なかった。
- In Japan, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan stipulated the heredity of the Imperial throne of the Imperial family (unbroken line), and the heredity of a person's social status such as member of the peerage, warrior class or commoner; the only way to overcome this system of differentiation was through marriage and claiming a connection by blood line.
- 帝国議会の開設に合わせて、旧自由民権運動諸派の間で大同団結運動が発生すると、同運動に反対する保守的な議員達もこれに対抗するために結集を果たすようになる。
- In time with the opening of the Imperial Diet, a movement to the Daido assembly happened among the old minor parties supporting the Jiyu Minken Undo on the sidelines of opening of the Imperial Diet, the conservative councilors who opposed the movement assembled in a move to counteract them.
- 1899年に農会法が成立すると、全国農事会は自身を系統農会の中央機関と位置づけるようになり、1907年に帝国農会と改称し、1910年に法制化を実現した。
- After the Agricultural Society Law was established in 1899, National Agricultural Association began to position themselves as a central organization of agricultural association system, changed its name to Empire Agricultural Association in 1907, and realized the legislation in 1910.
- 1904年(明治37年)に喜田貞吉が論文「女帝の皇位継承に関する先例を論じて大日本史の大友天皇本紀に及ぶ」を出して壬申年に女帝があった可能性を示唆した。
- In 1904, Sadakichi KIDA published a thesis 'the history of Emperor Otomo with precedents of succession of empresses to the Imperial Throne' to suggest that there was a possibility that an empress was put up in the Jinshin year.
- 『三国志』のいわゆる「魏志倭人伝」によると、西暦239年に邪馬台国の女王卑弥呼が魏に遣使をした際、帝から「親魏倭王」金印と銅鏡百枚などを授かったという。
- According to so-called Gishiwajinden (The History of the Wei Dynasty) in Sangokushi (Annals of the Three Kingdoms), when Princess Himiko of Yamataikoku Kingdom dispatched envoys to Gi in 239, she was given from Emperor a golden stamp 'Shingi Wao' (the title of the king of Wa (Japan)) and a hundred of bronze mirrors.
- 「韓国併合」というとき、大韓帝国が消滅し、朝鮮が日本の領土となった瞬間的事実だけではなく、併合の結果として朝鮮を領有した継続的事実を含意する場合もある。
- The annexation of Korea refers not only to the momentary fact that the Korean Empire disappeared and Korea became a Japanese territory, but also sometimes refers to the continuous fact that Korea had been occupied as a result of the annexation.
- 台湾総督府(たいわんそうとくふ、旧字体:臺灣總督府)は、清から大日本帝国へ割譲され、日本領となった台湾を統治するために設置された当時の日本の官庁名である。
- Taiwan Sotoku-fu (old form of a character: 臺灣總督府) is the name of the Japanese authorities then, which was established for ruling Taiwan, ceded from Qing to Empire of Japan and became Japanese territory.
- 朝鮮総督府(ちょうせんそうとくふ)は、1910年(明治43年)、韓国併合によって日本統治時代の朝鮮を統治するために、当時の大日本帝国が設置した官庁である。
- Chosen Sotoku-fu was a government office established by the Empire of Japan of the day in 1910 in order to govern Korea in the period of Japan's rule by the annexation of Korea.
- 7教授罷免に際して京都帝大法科大学(現・京大法学部)の教授・助教授たちは仁保亀松学長(現在の学部長)を中心に結束し、教授の人事権は教授会にありと主張した。
- When they learned of the dismissal of seven professors, professors/assistant professors of the law school of Kyoto Imperial University (current law department of Kyoto University) stood together with the principal of the school, (current dean) Kamematsu NIHO being in the center, arguing that authority over personal issues of professors should belong to faculty councils.
- 寛平御遺誡(かんぴょうのごゆいかい)とは、寛平9年7月3日 (旧暦)(897年8月4日)に宇多天皇が醍醐天皇への譲位に際して当時13歳の新帝に与えた書置。
- Kanpyo no goyuikai was the note that Emperor Uda left for the 13-year-old new emperor when he abdicated the throne in favor of Emperor Daigo on August 8, 897.
- 大日本帝国憲法制定に際し、伊藤博文は『憲法義解』の中で「官が家に属し、族によって職を世襲」する陋習(すなわち、家職)を臣民権利義務規定に反するものとした。
- Upon the ratification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, Hirobumi ITO wrote in the 'Kenpo Gikai' that the custom of 'officials affiliated with an Ie and passing down positions amongst their clan,' in other words, Kashoku, was against the rights and obligations of the people.
- 白河は応徳3年(1086年)に当時8歳の善仁皇子(堀河天皇)へ譲位し太上天皇(上皇)となったが、幼帝を後見するため白川院と称して、引き続き政務に当たった。
- In 1086, Shirakawa abdicated to Imperial Prince Taruhito (Emperor Horikawa), who was then eight years old; he named himself Shirakawa-in and became Dajo Emperor (Joko), but to oversee the young Emperor he continued the conduct of political affairs.
- 直後、再度渡米して、帝政ロシアを敵視するアメリカ合衆国のユダヤ人銀行家ジェイコブ・シフと接触し、残額500万ポンドの外債引き受けおよび追加融資を獲得した。
- Korekiyo travelled back to the United States immediately afterwards and contacted Jacob Schiff, a Jewish banker in the United Stateswho regarded Tsarist Russia as an enemy, and secured another 5 million pounds from him in the form of foreign bonds and additional loans.
- もっともこの時には既に大日本帝国憲法が制定されており、見かけだけの「欧化」に依存しなくても日本の国際社会における地位は少しずつ上昇に向かっていたのである。
- Having said that, however, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan had already been established then and Japan's international status was gradually getting high without depending on a shell of 'Europeanization.'
- この両国間の紛争解決の為に仲裁契約が結ばれ第三国のロシア帝国による国際仲裁裁判(当時は常設の国際司法裁判所がなかったための措置)が開催されることになった。
- To resolve this dispute between the two countries, an arbitration agreement was signed and an International Court of Arbitration (measures taken because of nonexistence of the Permanent Court of International Justice) was held by a third party, the Russian Empire.
- 現在の概念にあたる首都は1868年(明治元年)以来、主に「帝都」と称され、1950年(昭和25年)の「首都建設法」制定以降になって「首都」の語が普及した。
- The capital corresponding to the present concept of capital was established in 1868, since then it has been chiefly called 'the imperial capital,' and it was after the enactment of 'Law of Capital Construction' in 1950, that the term 'Capital' spread into general use.
- これによりニコメディア、シルミウム、メディオラヌム、アウグスタ・トレウェロルムの4都が置かれ、ローマは首都機能を失ったが、名目的には帝国の都として続いた。
- Because of this, four capitals were placed in Nicomedia, Sirumium, Meduiolanum and Augusta Treverorum respectively, and Rome lost its capital functions but nominally remained as the capital of the Empire.
- 4世紀に分治の色が濃くなったものの、当時「西の皇帝」「西の領土」などとは言われても「西ローマ帝国」とは言われず、あくまで「ローマ帝国」の分割統治であった。
- Even though in the 4th century divided governing of the country became more evident and the West of Rome was called as 'the emperor of the West' or 'the territory of the West', it was not officially called the Western Roman Empire and 'the Roman Empire' was considered to govern the both territories.
- 上記のように企業としては戦後派であるが、撮影所は東西ともに帝キネ→新興→大映第二(東横)を引き継いでおり、徹底して大衆娯楽路線を重視する路線なども似ている。
- As outlined above, Toei is categorized as a company which was established after World War Two, but both its eastern and western studios took over those of Teikoku Kinema Engei Kabushiki Gaisha (Imperial Cinema Entertainment Company), Shinko, and Daiei Second (Toyoko) and as with these studios, Toei specifically focused on mass entertainment.
- 2007年9月、英国において新薬の研究開発に対する投資環境の改善に尽力した功績を認められ、エリザベス2世 (イギリス女王)より大英帝国勲章を授りナイト叙任。
- In September 2007, he was named Knight Commander of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II for his contributions to the improvement of the investment environment for the pharmaceutical industry in Britain.
- 神祇、帝王、後宮、人事、歳時、音楽、賞宴、奉献、政理、刑法、官制、文学、田地、祥瑞、災異、仏道、風俗、殊俗という18の分類(類聚)ごとにまとめられておいる。
- All entries are classified into 18 categories (Ruiju): gods of heaven and earth, the emperor, consort of the emperor, human affairs, events in the year, music, prize and party, dedication, political affairs, criminal law, organization of government, literature, rice fields, good omen, natural calamity, the teachings of Buddha, manners and customs, and strange customs.
- 712年(和銅5年)にできたとされる『古事記』は、宮廷に伝わる「帝紀」「旧辞」をもとに天武天皇が稗田阿礼によみならわせた内容を太安万侶が筆録したものである。
- The 'Kojiki,' which is believed to have been completed in 712, was a record of histories which the Emperor Tenmu ordered HIETA no Are to memorize based on 'Teiki' (records of Emperor's family tree) and 'Kyuji' (a record of stories current at court) and recorded by O no Yasumaro.
- このうち、日本国国憲按は、皇帝の国憲遵守の誓約や議会の強い権限を定めるなど、ベルギー憲法(1831年)やプロイセン憲法(1850年)の影響を強く受けていた。
- Japan's national constitution draft was strongly influenced by the constitutions of Belgium (1831) and Prussia (1850), and insisted the emperor's compliance with the constitution and the strong authority of the assembly.
- 斯議院ヲ立、天下ノ公論ヲ伸張シ、人民ノ通義権理ヲ立テ、天下ノ元気ヲ鼓舞シ、以テ上下親近シ、君臣相愛シ、我帝国ヲ維持振起シ、幸福安全ヲ保護センコトヲ欲シテ也。
- By establishing the Giin and expanding the opportunity to discuss people's opinions, we would like to respect people's rights, and raise people's sprits, so the top and the bottom will work together, lords and vassals will respect each other; we also would like to keep our state developing and protect our happy, secure society.
- 例えば、帝国憲法第71条においては、本予算(当初予算)が年度開始前までに成立しなかった場合には前年度の予算がそのまま新年度予算として執行される規定があった。
- For example, according to Article 71 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, if the (original) budget plan was not approved before a fiscal year started, the budget of the previous fiscal year would be adopted as the budget for the next fiscal year.
- 6月19日、孝徳天皇と中大兄皇子は群臣を大槻の樹に集めて「帝道は唯一である」「暴逆(蘇我氏)は誅した。これより後は君に二政なし、臣に二朝なし」と神々に誓った。
- On July 20, Emperor Kotoku and Naka no Oe no Oji gathered their retainers under a big zelkova tree and swore to gods, 'the way the policy is carried out by Emperor is only one' and 'we slew the tyrant (Soga clan) and from now on, there will be only one policy for Emperor and only one Court for retainers.'
- これらの軍事支出と皇帝万暦帝の奢侈は明の財政を悪化させ、17世紀前半の女真の強大化に耐え切れないほどの、明の急速な弱体化の重要な原因となったと考えられている。
- Such military expenditure and extravagance by the emperor, Banreki, worsened the financial conditions of Ming and it is considered to be a serious cause of rapid weakening of Ming that could not bear growth of Jurchen during the first half of the seventeenth century.
- 部落解放同盟京都府連合会委員長であった朝田善之助は、「アメリカ帝国主義とそれに従属する日本独占資本」への対決に収斂しようとする共産党系の運動論を強く批判した。
- Zennosuke ASADA, who was a chairman of the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation, strongly accused the Communist Party of the leaning movement that led to the conclusion of the confrontation against 'American imperialism and its subservient Japanese monopoly capital.'
- 最多入集は先帝・後村上天皇の百首で、宗良親王の99首がそれに次ぎ(これは先帝を最多入集にするための計らいで、実際には宗良親王は「読人不知」としても多数入集)、
- Poems by the former Emperor Gomurakami were selected most (100 poems), and the second most were by the Imperial Prince Muneyoshi (99 poems) (in order to make the former Emperor's poems selected most, but in reality, Prince Muneyoshi's other poems were selected a lot as 'Anonymous.')
- そしてこの国家目標に基づく国家戦略としては、満州及び大韓帝国に扶植した利権と東南アジア・中国に拡張しつつある民力の発展の擁護と拡張であると定められたのだった。
- The national strategy based on the national goal was specified to protect and expand the interests which were implanted in Manchuria and the Korean Empire and the development of resources of a nation which was extending to the Southeast Asia and China.
- 19世紀から20世紀初頭にかけて、帝国主義列強はアジア諸国に対して、条約港の割譲や在留外国人の治外法権承認、領土の割譲や租借など不平等な内容の条約を押し付けた。
- From the 19th century to the early 20th century, powerful imperialist countries imposed on Asian countries treaties containing unequal provisions including the cession of treaty ports, approval of extraterritoriality of foreign residents, and cession or lease of territory.
- 『日本書紀』の記述には主語はないが、『上宮聖徳法王帝説』では聖徳太子と蘇我馬子が「共に天下の政を輔けて」と記されていることから、この二人の事蹟と考えられている。
- The 'Nihon Shoki' makes no mention of who established the twelve cap rank system, but from a description in the 'Jogu Shotoku Ho-o Teisetsu' that Prince Shotoku and SOGA no Umako 'together reinforced rule over the whole country,' it is believed that the system was a legacy of these two.
- なお、明治天皇は北朝の五帝の祭祀については従前どおり行うよう指示したとされる)、南北朝時代は南朝が吉野にあったことにちなんで「吉野朝時代」と呼ばれる事となった。
- The Emperor Meiji is said to have ordered to have the ceremonies for the five emperors of the Northern Court to be continued as before) and the Nanbokucho was to be called 'Yoshino-cho period' because the Southern Court was located in Yoshino (Nara Prefecture).
- 流された讃岐でも厳重に監視されることになり、崇徳は光源氏・在原行平・淳仁天皇(淡路廃帝)ら、かつて流離にあった人々に自身を重ね合わせて、我が身の不運を思い嘆く。
- He is to be kept under surveillance even at Sanuki, where he has been exiled, and Sutoku identifies himself with Hikaru Genji, ARIWARA no Narihira and Emperor Junnin (Awaji haitei, or the eliminated emperor), who had once gone into exile, lamenting the harshness of his fate.
- それらは武力行使による犠牲者を生み出した他、内外の世論の関心を惹起し、1897年の帝国議会では台湾を1億元でフランスに売却すべきという「台湾売却論」まで登場した。
- Such policy with use of force created victims as well as caused public interest in and outside of Japan, so the 1897 session of the Imperial Diet debated whether Japan should sell Taiwan to France for 100 million yuan.
- 1863年から李朝第26代高宗 (朝鮮王)(在位1863年 - 1907年)の父で摂政の興宣大院君による政権時代、迫り来る帝国主義列強を排除する政策をとっていた。
- In 1863, Heungseon Daewongun, regent of the regime of the father of the 26th king of Yi Dynasty of Gao Zong (reign 1863 – 1907), implemented a policy to exclude the coming powerful countries of imperialism.
- 桂はこの事態を乗り切るために外交では日英同盟を締結してロシア帝国との対決姿勢を強め、内政では伊藤博文を枢密院議長に祭り上げて政友会総裁を辞めさせることに成功した。
- In order to weather that crisis, Katsura took a more clearly adversarial stand against the Russian Empire by concluding the Anglo-Japanese Alliance; he also succeeded in having Hirobumi ITO resigning his position as the president of the (Rikken) Seiyu party by kicking him up to chairman of the Privy Council.
- その危険性に気づいた伊藤博文らは大日本帝国憲法制定時に天皇の神格化を図り、「神棚に祭る」ことで第三者が容易に関与できないようにし、合法的に天皇権限を押さえ込んだ。
- Hirobumi ITO and his colleagues realized that risk, and tried to deify the emperor when they legislate the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, to 'enshrine the emperor in the Shinto altar' makes third party incapable of participating easily, and legally suppressed the authority of the emperor.
- なお、この時占いに用いられた書として『天文要録』・『新撰陰陽書』・『帝覧』・『天文録』・『天地瑞祥志』・『指掌宿曜経』・『占事略決』・『暦林』などが知られている。
- As the books used for divination at this time, 'Tenmon yoroku' (astrological digest), 'Shinsen Onmyo sho' (New edition of the book of Onmyo), 'Teiran', 'Tenmon roku' (astronomical records), 'Tenchi zuisho shi,' 'Shishosukuyokyo,' 'Senji ryakketsu,' and 'Rekirin' were known.
- この圧力に対抗するため、陸奥、出羽及び越後の諸藩により奥羽越列藩同盟(北部政府)が結成され、輪王寺宮公現法親王(のちの北白川宮能久親王)が擁立された(東武皇帝)。
- To address this move, an alliance was formed among clans in Mutsu, Dewa, and Echigo (in the north-eastern region of Japan), supporting Cloistered Imperial Prince Rinojinomiya Kogen, later Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa (also known as Tobu Emperor).
- 世論が沸き起こること自体、幕藩体制が堅牢なころには起こり得ないことであったが、この「世論」の精神的支柱として、京都の天皇帝(みかど)の存在がクローズアップされる。
- Public opinion itself had never been a concern when the shogunate system was stable, but with this 'public opinion' as an emotional prop, the existence of the Emperor in Kyoto came to the fore.
- 開皇二十年(600年)の「倭王姓阿毎字多利思比孤」は男王であり「王妻號雞彌 後宮有女六七百人 名太子爲利歌彌多弗利」がいるので、太子でも女帝(推古天皇)でもない。
- A king of wa (Japan) whose family name was Ame and his adult nickname was tarishihoko and he called himself as a king' in 600 refers to a male king, and it was neither a prince nor an empress (Empress Suiko) based on the description 'the name of the king's wife is Keimi, there are 600 to 700 women in a imperial palace, and the name of king's son (a prince) is Rikamitahori.'
- 中国の史書、『晋書』安帝 (東晋)には、266年に倭国の関係記事があり、その後は5世紀の初めの413年(東晋・義熙9年)に倭国が貢ぎ物を献じたことが記されている。
- In the articles of Emperor An in 'Jin shu' (History of the Jin Dynasty), a history book in China, there is a description on Wakoku (Japan) in 266, and also another description that Wakoku paid a tribute in 413.
- ところが、戸水は金井・寺尾と連名でポーツマス条約に反対する上奏文を宮内省に対して提出したため、久保田は東京帝国大学総長の山川健次郎を依願免職の形で事実上更迭した。
- However, Kubota virtually replaced President of Tokyo Imperial University Kenjiro YAMAKAWA in the form of dismissal at his request because Tomizu submitted a report against Treaty of Portsmouth in the joint names with Kanai and Terao to the throne.
- 内容は第1次桂内閣の外交を軟弱であると糾弾して「バイカル湖まで侵攻しろ」と主戦論を唱え、対ロシア帝国武力強硬路線の選択を迫ったものであり、世論の反響も大きかった。
- It condemned the foreign policy of the First Katsura Cabinet as wimpy and pressed the Cabinet to take a hard line on the Russian Empire advocating war and saying 'Invade as far as lake Baikal,' to which the public reaction was huge.
- 当時の世情として太田朝敷や沖縄県民は、大日本帝国の一員であり本土出身者と同じ日本民族だとの意識が広まりつつあったため、他の民族と同列に扱うことへの抗議でもあった。
- At that time, the people in Okinawa were increasingly more conscious that those who lived in Okinawa, including Chofu OTA, were citizens of the Empire of Japan and are in the same ethnic group as the people on mainland Japan, so the protest was also meant to complain about being treated equally to the other ethnic groups.
- 日本統治時代を韓国側が日帝強占期(韓国の公営放送KBS=韓国放送公社=ではこの呼称に最近統一しようとしている)、日帝時代または日政時代などと呼ぶ事が知られている。
- It is known that the period of Japan's rule is called the Japanese forced occupation period (Korean public broadcasting, KBS, Korean Broadcasting System is trying to unify the names into this), the Japanese Imperial period, or Japanese administration period by South Korea.
- したがって版図外といっても、その地は中国の支配(あるいは中国皇帝の徳)がなかなか及ばないだけで、本来中国皇帝に支配されるべき地であるという意識は捨てられていない。
- Even an area is categorized as 'outside of territory', it means that the land is just not easy to influence by control of China (or the virtue of an emperor of China) and it should be controlled by an emperor of China.
- これら行政機関以外に法院、刑務支所、少年教護院、警察官訓練所、交通局、港務局、専売局、台北帝国大学、各直属学校、農林業試験所などの司法、教育関係の部署を擁していた。
- Other governmental bodies included judicial and educational departments such as courts, corrections, orphanages, police academies, transportation, port authority, monopoly bureaus, Taihoku Imperial University, schools of all levels, agricultural and forestry research stations.
- 東京帝国大学法科の首脳は京大法科を支持、当時の奥田義夫文部大臣も「教授ノ任免ニ付テハ総長カ職権ノ運用上教授会ト協定スルハ差支ナク且ツ妥当ナリ」と京大法科を支持した。
- The head of the law school of Tokyo Imperial University supported the law school of Kyoto Imperial University, and then Minister for Education Yoshio OKUDA also supported the law school of Kyoto Imperial University by saying 'in the case of the appointment and dismissal of professors, it is all right and appropriate for the president to conclude the agreement with faculty councils.'
- したがって、この「君」は特定の個人をさすものではなく、治世の君(古今和歌集の時代においては帝)の長寿を祝し、その御世によせる賛歌として収録されたものとも考えられる。
- Therefore, we can also understand that this 'kimi' does not mean any specific individual person, but this waka was included as an anthem to celebrate the longevity of the reigning lord (the emperor at the time of Kokin-Wakashu) and was dedicated to his reign.
- 先述の伊藤との関係により、1889年には帝国憲法・皇室典範の公式解説書たる『憲法義解』の版権が著者の伊藤から学会に寄贈され、同年に学会から公刊され基本財産となった。
- Because of the relation with Ito previously noted, the copy right of the 'Kenpo Gikai' (Commentaries on the Constitution), a official commentary on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the Imperial House Law was donated by the author Ito to the Kokkagakkai in 1889, and it was published by Kokkagakkai in the same year, becoming a basic fund.
- 八甲田雪中行軍遭難事件(はっこうだせっちゅうこうぐんそうなんじけん)は、1月に大日本帝国陸軍第8師団 (日本軍)の歩兵第5連隊が八甲田山で冬季訓練中に遭難した事件。
- Death March of Hakkoda Mountains Incident was the incident in which the fifth Infantry Regiment of the eighth Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) division was stranded while on a training exercise on the Hakkoda-san Mountain.
- 池田亀鑑は1926年に東京帝国大学文学部国文学科を卒業し、1956年12月に死去したため、学者としての、研究生活のほぼ全期間を本書を作成する仕事に捧げたことになる。
- Kikan IKEDA graduated from Department of Japanese Literature, Faculty of Letters, Tokyo University in 1926, and passed away in December, 1956, so he devoted almost whole life of studying as a scholar to completing the work.
- 室町幕府3代将軍足利義満が、明皇帝から「日本国王源道義(にほんこくおうげんどうぎ)」の封号を与えられ、日本国王に冊封されて以降、室町将軍の外交称号として使用された。
- It had come to be used as the diplomatic title of the Muromachi shogun since Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third shogun of Muromachi shogunate government, was appointed king of Japan under a seal of investiture of a title of 'Nihon-kokuo Gen Dogi' by the emperor of the Ming dynasty.
- 内容は案によって様々で、抵抗権や革命権(東洋大日本国国憲按)を容認したもの、人民主権、議院内閣制を主張するもの、国民投票で皇帝を廃立する権利を規定したものもあった。
- The contents differed among drafts; some allowed the right of resistance and the right of revolution (Toyo Dai Nippon-koku Kokken-an [Draft of the National Constitution for Great Japan of the East]), some insisted that sovereignty should reside with the people or on a parliamentary system, and some included the right to dismiss an emperor from the throne by national referendum.
- これは明治時代に旧大日本帝国陸軍参謀本部が制定したものとされ、安居神社にある「眞田幸村戦死跡之碑」には戦死の地の選定に関しての参謀本部の関与を示す一文が刻まれている。
- This is assumed to have been established by Imperial Japanese Army Saff Headquarters in the Meiji period, and on 'Sanada Yukimura Senshi Ato no Hi (monument) ' in Yasui-jinja Shrine, one sentence showing the involvement of the Saff Headquarters in selecting the place where Yukimonura died.
- この年(和銅元年)、遷都を主導した藤原不比等は正二位、右大臣に進み、不比等の後妻、県犬養三千代は女帝の大嘗祭において杯に浮かぶタチバナとともに「橘宿禰」の姓を賜った。
- In this year (708), FUJIWARA no Fuhito, who led the transfer of the capital, was promoted to Shonii Udaijin (Senior Second Rank, Chief of the Imperial Japanese Council of State) and his second wife, Agata no INUKAI no Michiyo, was given the family name of 'Tachibana no Sukune' together with a tachibana (mandarin orange) floating in a cup on the occasion of Daijosai (first ceremonial offering of rice by newly enthroned Empress).
- 帝国主義の発想を持つ欧米のアジアへの接近(侵略・進出・植民地化)により、それまでの江戸の天下泰平の世の中(鎖国体制下の社会)を維持したいという発想として盛り上がった。
- This theory was made widely known during the Edo period of Japan so as to maintain its society's peaceful state (sakoku society, where foreigners were not allowed to enter the nation) as a way to avoid the imperialism of Europe and America, who were, in those days, approaching Asia for the purpose of invasion, expansion, and colonization.
- 帝国議会設置以来、衆議院では、自由党_(明治)・立憲改進党に代表される自由民権運動を継承する民党とこれに反対する国民協会に代表される温和派(吏党)が対立を続けてきた。
- There were conflicts between the 'Minto' (People's Party) representing the Jiyuto (Liberal Party) in Meiji period and the Rikken Kaishinto supporting the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, and the 'Rito' (Bureaucrats' Party) representing the Kokumin Kyokai after the constitution of the Imperial Diet opposed it.
- ロシア皇帝アレクサンドル2世による国際裁判は1875年6月に「日本側の措置は一般国際法にも条約にも違反せず妥当なものである」とする判決を出し、ペルー側の訴えを退けた。
- In June of 1875, the International Court held by Alexander ll, the Russian Czar, ruled that 'the measures taken by Japan were appropriate conforming to all international laws and treaties,' and he dismissed the appeal by Peru.
- ここではまず、天武天皇の事跡を厳かに述べた後、天武天皇が稗田阿禮に勅語して『帝記』・『旧辞』を暗誦させたが、時世の移り変わりにより文章に残せなかった経緯を記している。
- The second paragraph first describes the achievement of Emperor Tenmu in detail, and then describes the background that 'Teiki' and 'Kyuji' which Emperor Tenmu ordered HIEDA no Are to recite couldn't be documented due to changing circumstances.
- 姫君二人(大君、中の君)には、今上帝 (源氏物語)や冷泉帝から声がかかるが、帝には義妹の明石の姫君が、冷泉院には異母姉の弘徽殿女御がいるため、玉鬘は判断に迷っていた。
- Kinjo no Mikado and Emperor Reizei asked Tamakazura to let them marry her two daughters, Oigimi (oldest sister) and Naka no Kimi, but Mikado had already been married to young lady Akashi, her sister-in-law, and Emperor Reizei had Kokiden no nyogo (Empress Kokiden), her older sister by a different mother, so she did not know what to do.
- 哲学館事件は現在でも日本の教育史では大きなトピックとなっており、松本清張の「小説東京帝国大学」(1969年、新潮社)などのように小説や論説の題材として使用されている。
- Tetsugakukan incident is an important topic in educational history in Japan, it is used as a theme of novels and editorials, for example'Novel Tokyo Imperial University' (published in 1969, by Shinchosha Publishing Co., Ltd.;) written by Seicho Matsumoto.
- 韓国併合(かんこくへいごう)は、1910年8月22日、日韓併合条約に基づいて日本が大韓帝国(今日の大韓民国と朝鮮民主主義人民共和国に相当する地域)を併合した事を指す。
- The annexation of Korea refers to the Japanese annexation of the Korean Empire (which currently corresponds to the area of the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea), based on the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty on August 22, 1910.
- しかし、事実上は日本陸軍はロシア、大日本帝国海軍はアメリカ合衆国を仮想敵国とする事態は変わらず、その国防思想を統一するという当初の狙いは不十分にしか達成されなかった。
- However, in fact, the situation never changed in which the Japanese Army considered Russia as the imagined enemy and the Imperial Japanese Navy considered the United States of America as the imagined enemy, and therefore the original intentions to unify the ideas of national defense was achieved imperfectly.
- 「天皇(大帝)」は中国古代の宇宙の最高神天帝の名で、道教思想と深い関わりを持つが、天武の施政には道教的色彩が認められ、天武が天皇表記を用い始めたとする説を補強している。
- The 'tenno (great emperor)' is the name of the supreme god of space in ancient China and has a deep relationship with Taoism thoughts, and also during the administration of Emperor Tenmu the Taoism influence was accepted, which supports the theory that the Emperor Tenmu started using the notation of tenno.
- 逆にソウル大学校教授李栄薫は、韓国で教えられている「日帝による土地収奪論」は神話であり、客観的数値で見ても日本が編入した朝鮮の土地は10%に過ぎないとする研究者もいる。
- On the other hand, researchers such as Lee Yong-hoon of the Seoul National University say that the 'land requisition by Empire of Japan' taught in South Korea is a myth, and the Korean land incorporated by Japan was only 10% from the viewpoint of objective figure.
- この時代の土器は1874年(明治17年)に帝国大学(現・東京大学)の隣地の向ヶ岡弥生町(現・東京都文京区弥生)から出土した壷形土器が学史的には最初の出土例とされている。
- Of all earthen vessels of this period, the crock-shaped vessel, excavated in Mukaigaoka-Yayoi-cho (the present Yayoi, Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo Metropolis) next to Tokyo Imperial University (today's Tokyo University) in 1874, was found for the first time in the history of Japanese archeology.
- これらの農村の膨大な武器がほぼ完全に消滅するのは、大日本帝国が太平洋戦争においてポツダム宣言を受諾し降伏文書に調印した後の、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の占領政策による。
- These cache of weapons in the rural villages were almost completely eradicated under the Occupation policy by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) which was carried out after the Empire of Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration for the Pacific War and the Instrument of Surrender was signed.
- さらに巨大な帝国だった中国諸王朝が中華思想、華夷秩序に基づいて周辺諸国を冊封して朝貢関係を築き、それが経済交流と外交秩序の一定の安定を東アジアにもたらしたことにもよる。
- Another reason is the sovereign-vassal relationship with tributes between Chinese dynasties, great empires, and surrounding countries based on Sinocentrism and Suzerainty, that brought economic exchanges and a certain stability of diplomatic orders to East Asia.
- 鳥羽法皇の旧臣たちは、この悲劇を思い、とりわけ崇徳が讃岐に流されたことについて、玄宗皇帝などと重ね合わせて、いかに帝でもあっても因果から離れることはできないと嘆息する。
- The old retainers of the Cloistered Emperor Toba grieve at this tragedy, particularly of Sutoku's exile to Sanuki, and lament that even the Emperor can't escape from karma, identifying him with Emperor Hsuan Tsung/Xuan Zong.
- それまで法とは、皇帝がつくり制定するものである(「国法とは皇帝の家法」)とする伝統的な考え方が支配的であったが、自然法という皇帝を介さない天与の法という観念が伝わった。
- Although traditional way of thinking which understood that laws should be prepared and enacted by an emperor ('national laws are family laws of an emperor') was dominant until that time, new conception of heaven-sent law without mediation by an emperor was brought in.
- ドイツの参加理由は、露仏の接近を妨害すること、ロシアの注意を東に向けて欧州における脅威を減らすこと、ドイツ自身の極東への野心、また皇帝が主張した黄禍論などに基づいている。
- The reasons why Germany joined the intervention was 1. to impede closer ties between Russia and France, 2. to divert Russia's attention from Europe to the Far East to lessen its threat to Europe, 3. to fulfill its own ambition in the Far East, and 4. to combat the 'yellow peril' claimed by the Emperor himself.
- 1925年12月、京都府警察部特別高等警察課は、全市の警察署高等係を動員して京都帝大・同志社大学などの社研会員の自宅・下宿などを急襲、家宅捜索および学生33名を検束した。
- In December, 1925, the Special Higher Police Division of Kyoto Prefectural Police Department mobilized the Higher Police Division of all the city police to attack and conduct domiciliary searches on the houses and lodgings of all the members of Shaken of Kyoto Imperial University and Doshisha University, and arrested 33 students.
- 何ぞ文部省側の主張の如く一時の変態として之を看過するを得んや」「日本帝国に於て真に人格の判定を為すの標準は知識徳行の優劣より先づ国民的情操、即ち大義名分の明否如何に在り。
- How can we allow this to be overlooked as suggested by the Education Ministry, because it was just a temporary anomaly?'; 'In Imperial Japan, the true way of determining character is not by knowledge or good deeds but by national emotions, in other words, the cause.
- 関係者全員死罪を主張しながら、周囲の説得により手ぬるい幕府の処分案に同意せざるを得なくなった後陽成帝は、ままならぬ状況に絶望し、これ以降しばしば譲位を口にするようになる。
- Emperor Goyozei, persuaded by his aides into accepting the Bakufu's lukewarm proposal against his demand for capital punishment of all the persons involved, despaired at the circumstances which were out of his control and began to speak of abdication quite often.
- 太平洋戦争末期の1944年には、皇居と大本営を長野県松代町 (長野県)(現長野市)に移転させる計画が大日本帝国陸軍により始められたが、敗戦により中止された(松代大本営)。
- In 1944 at the end of Pacific War, the Army of the Great Empire of Japan started a plan to move the Imperial Palace and the Imperial headquarters to Matsushiro Machi, Nagano Prefecture (present Nagano City), but the plan was suspended due to the end of the war (Matsushiro Imperial headquarters).
- これにより李氏朝鮮がロシアの保護国と見なされる危険性もあったと考え、日本は朝鮮への影響力を維持するため1897年に大韓帝国と国号を改めて独立の事実を明確にさせようとした。
- Believing this posed the risk that the Yi Dynasty Korea might be regarded as a Russian protected state, Japan tried to clarify the fact of its independence by changing its name to the Korean Empire in order to maintain Japan's clout on Korea in 1897.
- これは、かつて日本は朝鮮半島で闘ったことがあるというわずかな記憶と、女帝斉明天皇が新羅遠征のために、筑紫朝倉宮まで行幸した故事を元に、創作されたとする仮説が唱えられている。
- Scholars formed a hypothesis that Japan may have fabricated the tale of Sankan-Seibatsu based on a vague memory of a battle on the Korean peninsula and a historical event of an Imperial visit to the Tsukushi Asakra Palace during the expedition to Silla by Empress Saimei.
- 伊藤博文は大日本帝国憲法の制定に専念するため総理を辞して初代枢密院議長に転じることになり、後任には藩閥の中心的存在のひとりで農商務大臣として閣内にあった黒田清隆を推奏した。
- Hirobumi ITO decided to step down from his position as Prime Minister and assume office as the first Chairman of the Privy Council in order to focus on the establishment of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and nominated Kiyotaka KURODA who was one of the important figures of the domain and who had already been in the cabinet as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, as his successor.
- 三国干渉および北清事変後中国東北部(満州)を勢力圏としていたロシア帝国による朝鮮半島への南下(朝鮮支配)を防ぎ、日本の安全保障と半島での利権を確保することを目的とした戦争。
- It was a war to protect the sovereignty of Japan and secure Japanese rights and interests in the peninsula by preventing the southward expansion of the Russian Empire (the domination of Korea), which established a presence in Northeastern part of China (Manchuria) after the Triple Intervention and the Boxer Rebellion.
- 奈良海軍航空隊(ならかいぐんこうくうたい)及びその前身組織・三重海軍航空隊奈良分遣隊(みえかいぐんこうくうたい ならぶんけんたい)は、大日本帝国海軍の部隊・教育機関の一つ。
- Nara Naval Air Corps and its predecessor, Nara Detachment of Mie Naval Air Corps, were one of the troops and educational institutions of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
- 第一国立銀行(第一銀行)→帝国銀行(この時点で一旦法人格消滅)→第一銀行(新たな法人格を立ち上げて分割)→第一勧業銀行→みずほ銀行(第一勧業銀行となった時点で法人格は消滅)
- The First National Bank (Daiichi Bank) -> the Teikoku Bank (the corporate entity was disappeared once at this point) -> the Daiichi Bank (divided by establishing new corporate entity) -> the Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank -> the Mizuho bank (the corporate entity was disappeared when the bank became the Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank.)
- 谷森種松は、『懐風藻』が天智天皇のことを「淡海先帝」とことさらに「先」の字を付けて書いたのは、淡海後帝の存在を暗示するもので、大友皇子の即位を知らせようとしたのだと考えた。
- Yoshiomi TANIMORI considered that the fact that 'Kaifuso' referred to Emperor Tenchi as Tankai Ex-Emperor suggests presence of Tankai Post-Emperor and the enthronement of Prince Otomo.
- ドイツ帝国に宣戦布告したことにより、日清戦争後の三国干渉によってドイツが中国から得た膠州湾租借地、19世紀にスペインから得た南洋諸島を、日本は参戦後瞬く間に攻略して占領した。
- By declaring war against the German Empire, Japan, in no time after its entrance into war, captured and occupied the leased territory of Jiaozhou which Germany had gained from China in the Triple Intervention after the Sino-Japanese War, and the South Sea Islands which had been gained from Spain in the 19th century.
- 実際の執行例としても、土御門天皇の代、1207年(承元元年)に法然の弟子である法本坊行空と安楽坊遵西が、女犯の罪で羅切の刑に処せられたとの、「皇帝紀抄(巻7)」の記録がある。
- The actual incidents were also recorded in 'Kotei Kisho, volume 7' ('Excerpt From the Imperial Age') that the pupils of Honen priest, Gyouku and Jyunsai, received the penalty of 'Rasetsu' for violating precepts by committing adultery in 1207.
- その直後に朝鮮半島で起きた起きた東学党の乱への軍事介入を機に日清戦争が始まると、広島市に大本営と帝国議会を移して戦時体制を確立し、日本を勝利に導いて清国と下関条約を締結した。
- Immediately after that, when Sino-Japanese War broke out starting with military intervention to Donghak-to disturbance occurred in the Korean Peninsula, ITO transferred the Imperial headquarters and Imperial Diet to Hiroshima City to establish the wartime regime and led Japan to victory and concluded Treaty of Shimonoseki with Qing.
- 冷泉帝の後宮に時めく斎宮女御(梅壷女御。後の秋好中宮)と権中納言の姫君(弘徽殿女御)は、それぞれかつての親友であった源氏と頭中将(今は権中納言)が後盾となって寵を競っている。
- Competing for Emperor's favor, the high priestess of Ise (Lady Plum Pavilion, later called Empress Akikonomu) and a daughter of Gon no Chunagon (Kokiden no Nyogo) are respectively supported by Genji and To no Chujo (now Gon no Chunagon), who was once his best friend.
- 桐壺帝は最愛の藤壺が懐妊した喜びに酔いしれ、一の院の五十歳の誕生日の式典という慶事をより盛大なものにしようという意向を示しているため、臣下たちも舞楽の準備で浮き足立っている。
- Emperor Kiritsubo was carried away due to his beloved Fujitsubo's pregnancy, planning to make the auspicious event of Ichi no In's fiftieth birthday ceremony more impressive, so his retainers also became restless, preparing for bugaku (traditional Japanese court music accompanied by dancing).
- しかし国書の中に「皇」「勅」の文字が入っており、冊封体制下では「皇」は中国の皇帝にのみ許される称号であり、「勅」は中国皇帝の詔勅を意味していたので、朝鮮側は受け取りを拒否した。
- However, the Joseon Dynasty refused to receive the letter because it contained the Chinese characters '皇' (Royal, imperial) and '勅' (imperial decree) despite the fact that '皇' was allowed to be used only for the Chinese emperor and '勅' signified the imperial rescript under the tributary system.
- この条約によって朝鮮王朝は清の冊封体制から離脱して大韓帝国となり、第26代の高宗 (朝鮮王)が中国皇帝の臣下を意味する「国王」の称号を廃して、はじめて皇帝と称することとなった。
- In the aftermath of this treaty, the Korean dynasty became the Korean Empire, breaking free from the tributary system of Qing, and the 26th Gao Zong (Korean King) first referred to himself as 'Emperor,' abolishing the title 'King,' which means a vassal of the Chinese Emperor.
- しかし全くの絶学とはならず、清初においては右派が中心だったため穏健となり、陽明学は「聖学(=朱子学)と異同非ず」と 康熙帝が言うように必ずしも異学視されていたわけではなかった。
- But Yomeigaku did not completely disappear, and led by the right-wingers during the early Qing period it became more moderate; as Emperor Kangxi's statement that Yomeigaku was 'not different from Seigaku (= Shushigaku)' shows, Yomeigaku was not considered unauthorized teaching.
- 、石田友治らによって言論雑誌『第三帝国 (雑誌)』が刊行され、またには東京大学の吉野作造により民本主義による政治が提唱された事を背景に、次第に普通選挙運動が活発になっていった。
- With the publication of the political magazine 'Daisan Teikoku' (The Third Empire) by Tomoji ISHIDA and others and the proposal of government founded on democracy by Sakuzo YOSHINO of Tokyo Imperial University, the movement calling for popular elections began to grow.
- 一方、大正中期の1920年に日本初の建築デザイン運動として、堀口捨己・山田守・石本喜久治・森田慶一・瀧澤眞弓等の東京帝国大学建築学科出身者が集まり分離派建築会の活動が始まった。
- Meanwhile, in 1920, the mid Taisho era, the first Japanese architectural design movement was beginning with a group of graduates from the Department of Architecture of Tokyo Imperial University including Sutemi HORIGUCHI, Mamoru YAMADA, Kikuji ISHIDA, Keiichi MORITA and Mayumi TAKIZAWA; it was called Bunri-ha Kenchikukai.
- 当時、旧民法賛成派であったのが明治法律学校(現明治大学)や和仏法律学校(現法政大学)であり、反対派であったのが東京帝国大学(現東京大学)やイギリス法律学校(現中央大学)である。
- At that time, supporters of the Old Civil Code included Meiji Law School (now Meiji University) and Japanese-French Law School (now Hosei University), while the opponents included Tokyo Imperial University (now Tokyo University) and English Law School (now Chuo University).
- リスボン近郊シントラのアルベルト・アウストリア枢機卿(フェリペ2世 (スペイン王)の妹マリア・デ・アブスブルゴとマクシミリアン2世 (神聖ローマ皇帝)の男子)の王宮に招かれる。
- Invited to the palace of Cardinal Albert of Austria (the son of Maria de Habsburgo, a younger sister of Felipe the second [King of Spain] and Maximilian II [Holy Roman Emperor]) in Sintra in the suburbs of Lisbon.
- 明治末期から大正時代にかけて、現在の東京大学史料編纂所、当時の帝国大学史料編纂掛の二人の研究者、和田英松と八代国治が、それまでは知られていなかった吉川本その他の諸本を紹介した。
- From the late Meiji to Taisho periods, Hidematsu WADA and Kuniji YASHIRO, scholars in The Historiographical Institute of Tokyo University (old Historiographical Office of Tokyo Imperial University), introduced the Yoshikawabon and other variant texts which had been unknown until then.
- また、源氏が故紫の上(8月15日 (旧暦)に火葬)の手紙を焼くエピソードは、『竹取物語』で八月十五日に月へ帰ったかぐや姫から贈られた不死の薬を帝が焼く話から着想したと思われる。
- The episode in which Genji burns the letter written by the late Murasaki no ue (cremated on August 15 (old lunar calendar)) seems to have been inspired by 'Taketori Monogatari' (The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter), in which Mikado (Emperor) burns an elixir of life sent by Kaguya Hime (Lady Kaguya) who returned to the moon on August 15.
- 戦前にも婦人参政権の導入、労働組合の容認、帝国大学の増設などの法案が議会に提出され、衆議院では可決されているが、こうした「進歩的内容」の法案が貴族院を通ることは決してなかった。
- Before the World Wars, legislation - which included the recognition of women's suffrage, allowing labor unions to set-ups and expanding the Imperial University - was taken to the Diet and passed by the House of Representatives but never passed by Kizokuin.
- しかしながら、1907年以降の日本の帝政ロシアへの再接近(日露協約)、および満州への経済投資の増大によって、協定は中国での日本の覇権に対するアメリカの影響力の弱体化に帰着した。
- However, the agreement weaked the United States influence in China over Japanese dominance through Japanese approach to the Russian Empire after the Russo-Japanese Agreement in 1907 and increasing economic investment in Manchuria,
- 黒田内閣の役目は、憲法制定と帝国議会開設によって再燃が予想された自由民権運動に対する取締り強化と、欧米列強との間に交わされたままとなっていた不平等条約の条約改正することであった。
- The purpose of Kuroda Cabinet was to enhance the control of Jiyu Minken Undo (democratic-rights movement) which would be rekindled due to the establishment of the constitution and the foundation of the imperial diet, and also to revise the unequal treaty which had been untouched since it was concluded with the allied western powers.
- なお、明帝国は日本船の来航を禁止していたので、中国は(ポルトガル居留地マカオを除けば)朱印船渡航先とはならず、朝鮮との交易も対馬藩に一任されていたので、朱印状は発行されなかった。
- Since the Ming Empire forbade Japanese ships from visiting China, Chinese ports (except for Macao inhabited by Portuguese) were not included among the destinations of Shuinsen ships, and shuinsen licenses were not issued to ships that traded with Korea, either, since trading with Korea was entrusted entirely to Tsushima Domain.
- 古典的理解での摂関政治では、幼帝の外祖父とその血縁者のみが摂政、後に関白や公卿の権利を持っていたが、院政の成立後には藤原北家頼通流にのみ摂政・関白職が世襲されることが公認される。
- In the traditional sense of the regency, only an infant emperor's maternal grandfather and his relatives had the right to take the post of regent, and then the post of chancellor or court noble, but after the cloistered government was formed, it was officially recognized that the posts of regent and chancellor were to be passed down from generation to generation only within Yorimichi's line in the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
- 玄宗 (唐)の時代には、司馬承禎から法籙を受け道士皇帝となり、自ら『道徳経』の注釈書をつくり、崇玄学(道教の学校)を設置してその試験の合格者は貢挙の及第者と同格とされた(道挙)。
- In the Genso era (in Tang), Genso coveted Horoku (法籙), from Shotei SHIBA to become Taoist emperor, wrote a commentary of 'Dotoku-kyo [道徳経],' established Sugengaku (崇玄学) (a school for Dokyo), and made the status of the persons who passed the test there equivalent of that of those who passed Kokyo (貢挙), (called Dokyo [道挙]).
- 即位して間もなく、簒奪者との謗りも受けていた永楽帝は、「外夷」からの使節の到来を自らの天子としての徳を証明するものとして喜び、義満に「日本国王之印」と通交に必要な勘合符を与えた。
- The Emperor Yongle, who was accused of being a usurper soon after his ascension, welcomed the envoy from the 'outer barbarians' as an opportunity to prove his virtues, and gave Yoshimitsu the seal of 'the king of Japan' (Nihon-kokuo no in) and a tally (a certificate to show that the ship was lawfully registered by the Ming), which was necessary for trading.
- 寛文3年(1663年)には「女中衣類直段之定」が定められ、当時の明正上皇(女帝、銀500貫目)や御台所(征夷大将軍正室、銀400目)の衣装代にまで制約をかける徹底的なものであった。
- In 1663, uncompromising 'Jochu Irui Nedan no Jo' (女中衣類直段之定) was announced, restricting even the clothing costs of the retired Emperor Meisho (an empress regnant, silver 500 Kan) and midaidokoro (the lawful wife of seii taishogun [literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'], 400 kan of silver).
- 露仏同盟を結びロシアへ資本を投下していたフランスと、ヴィルヘルム2世 (ドイツ皇帝)とニコライ2世とが縁戚関係にあるドイツは心情的にはロシア側であったが具体的な支援は行っていない。
- France which invested capital into Russia under the Franco-Russian Alliance and Germany whose Emperor Wilhelm II (the Kaiser) was a relative of Nicholai II were sympathetic of Russia, but offered no specific assistance to Russia.
- 魏志の魏書三少帝紀によれば、同じ年に東夷が朝貢して禅譲革命の準備がなされたという記事があるので、この女王は壹与で、魏に代って成立した西晋の皇帝(司馬炎)に朝貢したと考えられている。
- Because there is an account that the Eastern barbarians brought a tribute to the Chinese court in the same year and made preparations for Zenjo (one of the forms of the emperor replacement whereby the emperor was not decided by succession but instead the throne moved to the most virtuous person) according to 三少帝紀 in Wei chih, this queen must have been Iyo and her envoys apparently brought a tribute to the emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty (Sima Yan) which was established after Wei.
- 父桐壺帝は光る君を東宮(皇太子)とすることを考えたが、実家の後援がないことを危ぶみ、また光る君が帝位につけば国は乱れると高麗人に予言されたこともあり、臣籍降下させ源氏の姓を与えた。
- His father, Emperor Kiritsubo, had intended to make Hikaru Kimi the Crown Prince but instead demotes him to the status of a subject and gives him the family name of Genji because he fears the fact that his son would not be supported by his mother's family, and because a Korean predicted that the country will be in a state of disorder if Hikaru Kimi became emperor.
- そもそも「韓日合邦を要求する声明書」は韓国と日本が対等な立場で新たに一つの政府を作り、一つの大帝国を作るという、当時の現状から見ても日本にとっては到底受け入れられない提案であった。
- In the first place, the 'Statement calling for the annexation of Korea' said Korea and Japan would establish one government anew on an equal basis to create a large empire, which was not acceptable at all to Japan in view of the circumstances of those days.
- 安帝紀に「倭国王帥升等」とあるように、倭国王は地域の小国家ではなく、いくつかの地域国家連合の首長としての「倭国の王」と考えることができ、これは倭国の成立を示すものではないかとされる。
- As it is written 'the King of Wa Suishora' in the Record of Emperor An, it is possible to think that the King of Wa was not a toparchy of the region, but was a 'King of Wa' as a chief of several regional nations, and this is thought to be the establishment of Wakoku (country of Wa).
- 1862年春(文久2年夏)、島津久光の政略によって徳川慶喜・松平春嶽の2人が幕政に復帰すると、春嶽によって「将軍徳川家茂は上洛して帝にこれまでの失政を陳謝すべき」との進言が為された。
- In the spring of 1862, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA and Shungaku MATSUDAIRA returned to the shogunate government due to political tactics of Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, and Shungaku said 'Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA should go to Kyoto and apologize for his misgovernment to the Emperor.'
- ただし皇太子の負傷に関しては、皇帝も皇太子も日本の迅速な処置や謝罪に対して寛容な態度を示しており、日本がこの問題を無事解決できた理由の一つにロシアの友好的な姿勢があることは疑いない。
- As for the injury of Nicholas, the Russian Emperor had a forgiving attitude following Japan's prompt actions and apology, and there is no doubt that this warm attitude of Russia helped Japan solve this difficult problem.
- 義和団に殺害されたドイツ特命全権公使と日本書記官に対する清朝要路者の弔問(ドイツ公使には皇弟愛新覚羅載澧、日本書記官には戸部待郎那桐)と十分な賠償、さらに光緒帝本人の哀悼の意の表明。
- A visit of condolence to the late German envoy extraordinary and that to the late Secretary of Japan, both of whom were murdered by the Boxers, shall be made (Prince Aixin Jueluo Zaitan to Germany and Na'Tung, Vice-President of the Ministry of Revenue to Japan), sufficient reparations shall be paid and Guangxu Emperor himself shall express his regrets.
- 博覧会は元々その開催国の国力を誇示するという性格を有していたが、帝国主義列強の植民地支配が拡大すると、その支配領域の広大さを内外に示すために様々な物品が集められ展示されるようになる。
- Originally exhibitions were held to show off the power of host countries, but as the imperialist powers extended their colonies, they began to collect and display various items to show the vastness of their territories to their nation and the outside the world.
- 皇帝が陪都に滞在し、皇帝不在の皇都で国政をみさせるために代理を置くときは、権限を制限したうえで太子を置いたり(太子監国の制)、信頼の厚い重臣などの有力者を置いたりした(留守官の制)。
- When the emperor stayed in baito, prince or powerful people like reliable senior vassals substituted for the emperor to govern the nation, though their power was limited.(Taishikankokuno sei or Rusukanno sei, respectively)
- 一方、581年に建国された隋は中国大陸を統一し楊堅・煬帝の治世に4度の大規模な高句麗遠征を行ったもののいずれも失敗し、これが有力な原因となって弱体化、618年に煬帝が殺害されて滅んだ。
- On the other hand, the Sui Dynasty, which was founded in 581, unified mainland China, but their failure to achieve any results even after conducting four large scale expeditions to Kyoguryo during the reign of Yo Ken (Yang Jian) and Yo-dai (Emperor Yang) served as a major cause of its decline and finally its demise when Yo-dai was assassinated in 618.
- ところが大航海時代以降世界に進出、支配領域を拡大したヨーロッパ、続く帝国主義の波に乗ったアメリカ合衆国によるアフリカ・アジア進出・侵略・植民地化は、東アジア各国にとっても脅威となった。
- However, European countries which started to explore the world after the Age of Geographical Discovery to expand their areas of dominance and the USA which rode on the wave of continuous Imperialism and made a foray into Africa and Asia for incursions and colonization became a threat for East Asian countries.
- 日本側の全権・小村寿太郎はロシアとの交渉決裂を恐れて8月29日、樺太の南半分の割譲と日本の大韓帝国に対する指導権の優位などを認めることで講和条約であるポーツマス条約に調印したのであった。
- Being afraid of the breakdown of the negotiations, Jutaro KOMURA, a plenary power of the Japanese side, signed, on August 29, the Treaty of Portsmouth, a peace treaty, by accepting several conditions including the cession of the southern half of Sakhalin and the Japan's priority for taking a leadership toward Korean Empire.
- 1900年(明治33年)、パリ万博に際して岡倉天心を中心に『稿本日本帝国美術略史』が刊行されたが、建築の部門を任された伊東忠太は天心の美術史区分に大きな影響を受け、建築史の大枠を築いた。
- The manuscript 'A Shortened History of Japan's Fine Arts,' published in 1900 to coincide with Japan's participation in the world's fair in Paris, was compiled chiefly by Tenshin OKAKURA with Chuta ITO in charge of the architecture section; it was strongly influenced by Tenshin's method of classifying the history of fine arts and his established framework of architectural history.
- しかし、称徳女帝が崩御して光仁天皇となり、道鏡が失脚すると、宝亀3年10月14日 (旧暦)(772年)に、墾田私有を許可する(が百姓は苦しませないように)と言う旨の太政官符が発布された。
- On November 17, 772 however, when Emperor Konin ascended the throne after the demise of Empress Shotoku, and Dokyo fell from power, a Daijokanpu which permitted the ownership of cultivated lands (on condition that farmers not be tormented) was promulgated.
- 中央の円形枠内には事実上の日本の国章である天皇家の菊花紋章と大韓帝国の国章である李王家の李花紋章(ko대한제국의 국장)が左右同じ高さに置かれて日韓両国の紋章が対等の位置におかれている。
- The Crest of the Chrysanthemum of the Imperial Family, the Japanese national emblem, and Yihwamunjang (대한제국의 국장)of the House of Yi, the national emblem of the Korean Empire was located on the same level within the circle frame in the center, which meant the national emblems of Japan and Korea were treated on the equal footing.
- 日露戦争終結直後の1905年8月日英同盟の改訂が行われた事を受けて、イギリスとロシア帝国との間で開戦となった場合の日本軍の対処方針について山縣有朋を中心に検討したのがルーツとされている。
- Following the revision of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in August, 1905, just after the end of the Russo-Japanese War, it was the beginning of the Imperial Defense Policy that Aritomo YAMAGATA reviewed the action policy of the Japanese army if the war between Great Britain and the Russian Empire should start.
- 会社自体は大手の中では後発だが、戦前の日活の製作機構を主に引き継いでいる(発足時に合併で得た新興=帝キネの製作部門は戦後に分離し東映の母体となる)ため伝統ある老舗として語られることが多い。
- Although a late starter among the leading motion picture companies in Japan, Daiei was regarded a respected, longstanding company because it mainly inherited Nikkatsu Corporation's prewar film-making organization including the production division of Shinko Cinema (formerly known as the Teikoku Cinema) which was merged at the time of establishment and was split in the postwar period to become a parent organization of Toei Company, Ltd.
- 煬帝の家臣である裴世清を連れて帰国した妹子は、返書を百済に盗まれて無くしてしまったと言明している(「臣參還之時 唐帝以書授臣 然經過百濟國之日 百濟人探以掠取 是以不得上」『日本書紀』)。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' Imoko said he did not have the reply because a person from Baekje stole it, when he returned to Japan with Hai Seisei, a vassal of Yang Guang.
- 第三回遣隋使は608年(推古天皇16年)に、唐の皇帝あての国書を持たせ、また、小野妹子を大使に、難波吉士雄成を小使に、鞍作福利を通事(つうじ)に任命し、裴世清一行と留学生8人を渡航させた。
- In the third Kenzuishi (608), ONO no Imoko, chief of the envoy, NANIWANOKISHI Onari, deputy chief, and KURATSUKURI no fukuri, translator, were sent to Tang China with a party of HAI Seisei (an envoy of Sui Dynasty to Japan) and other eight students with another Johyobun (official letter) to the Tang's Emperor.
- 日清戦争(にっしんせんそう、中国語甲午戦争、第一次中日戦争、英語)は、1894年(明治27年)7月から1895年(明治28年)4月にかけて行われた主に朝鮮王朝をめぐる大日本帝国と清の戦争。
- Japanese-Sino War (Kogo war in Chinese, First Sino-Japanese war in English) is a war fought between the Empire of Japan and the Quing Dynasty over Korean Dynasties from July 1894 through April 1895.
- 推古29年(621年)に摂政であった厩戸皇子が、同34年(626年)には蘇我馬子が、さらに、推古天皇は36年(628年)に没し、36年間の長期に渡った日本歴史上初めての女帝の時代が終わる。
- Prince Shotoku died in 621, followed by Umako SOGA and Empress Suiko in 626 and 628 respectively, and with this the era of the first empress in Japanese history, lasting for 36 years, finished.
- これは大日本帝国憲法の編纂作業を指揮していた内閣総理大臣である伊藤に対する根拠のない政治的な中傷であったが、こうした風説でも保守派や民権派は第1次伊藤内閣攻撃の材料として積極的に活用した。
- Although it was a simply baseless political aspersion on ITO who conducted the compilation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan as a prime minister, the conservatives or Minkenha (a group for democratic movement) made active use of such rumor as materials for attacks on the First Ito Cabinet.
- 大日本帝国陸軍が陸海軍作戦の統合的な国防方針を策定しようと発案したことがきっかけとなり、明治40年4月4日明治天皇により裁可されたのが最初となり、以後国際情勢の変化などに応じて変更された。
- The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) presented a plan to formulate a comprehensive national defense policy for Army-Navy operations, and it was approved by the Emperor Meiji on April 4, 1904, and was revised in accordance with changes in the international situation, etc.
- 日宋貿易は南宋代の終わりまで行われ、幕府の執権を代々つとめた北条氏も臨済宗を保護したため、宋の禅僧も数多く貿易船に便乗して来日し、モンゴル帝国による南宋攻撃が本格化してからも往来は継続した。
- The trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China continued until the end of Southern Sung Dynasty and as the Hojo clan, which became a regent of bakufu for generations, also protected Rinzaishu sect, many Zen monks from Sung came to Japan on trading vessels and the mutual visits continued even after the attack on Southern Sung Dynasty by the Mongolian Empire shifted into full swing.
- また一進会は、日露戦争時に設立され、日韓軍事同盟においてロシアを侵攻を阻止することが、ロシアの大韓帝国に対する影響力を弱め、さらには欧米列強のアジア進出を防ぎ、朝鮮の復興になると考えていた。
- Also, Isshinkai which was founded in the middle of Russo-Japanese War had a thought that blocking Russia's invasion under the Japan-Korea Military Alliance could weaken Russia's influence on the Korean Empire, that it further could prevent the allied western powers from advancing into Asia, and that it finally could lead to the restoration of Korea.
- 征韓論が台頭したとき、そして実際に大韓帝国を併合する際(韓国併合)や、日韓同祖論が生まれて外地における同化政策(皇民化教育など)が進められるようになったときも、その思想的背景の一つとなった。
- Japanese militaristic authorities utilized this theory as background support in many ideological situations; on the occasion of rising the Seikanron (Debate to conquer Korea), merging Korean Empires (the annexation of Korea) practically and when Nikkan Doso Ron (Japan and Korea have a common ancestor) was birthed, then the assimilation policy in foreign lands (for example, imperialization education on Korea during Japan's colonial rule) was implemented and went forward.
- 自由党の幹部であった大井は帝国議会開設後の1891年5月、自由党内にアジア主義・急進的自由主義を掲げた東洋倶楽部という派閥を結成していたが、土佐派の星亨との政争に敗れて東洋自由党を結成した。
- In May, 1891, after the Imperial Diet was established, Oi, a former executive member of the Jiyuto, formed within the Jiyuto a faction called the Toyo Kurabu (Oriental Club), which upheld Asianism and ultraliberalism, however, after losing a political battle with Tosa School member Toru HOSHI, he formed the Toyo Jiyuto.
- 日墺修好通商航海条約(にちおうしゅうこうつうしょうこうかいじょうやく)とは、日本とオーストリア=ハンガリー帝国との間で1869年10月18日(明治2年9月14日 (旧暦))に締結された条約。
- The Japan-Austria Treaty of Amity and Commerce was an agreement concluded between Japan and Austria/Hungarian empire on October 18, 1869.
- したがって国防方針は帝国軍の国防は東アジアにおいて日本の国家戦略を侵害しようとする国に対して攻勢を取ることを定め、さらに満州や韓国に利権を扶植したので、国土での専守防衛を明確に否定している。
- Therefore, the policy for national defense stated that the national defense by the Imperial Army would take the offensive against countries that attempted to violate Japan's national strategy in East Asia, and clearly rejected the defense-only policy due to the establishment of interests in Manchuria and Korea.
- なお、日本には記紀が成立する以前に『古事記』の序文などに記されている『帝紀』と『旧辞』のような二つの史書を組み合わせた「日本式の紀伝体」とでもいうべき形態が存在したのではないかとする説もある。
- In addition, some people have a view that before the establishment of kiki (the Kojiki and Nihonshoki), Japan already had 'Japanese kiden-tai'-like format, combined with the two historical books such as 'Teiki' (imperial records) and 'Kyuji' (mythical tradition), which were written in the preface of 'Kojiki.'
- 元寇(げんこう)とは、日本の鎌倉時代中期に、当時大陸を支配していたモンゴル帝国(元 (王朝))及びその服属政権となった高麗王国によって2度にわたり行われた日本侵攻(遠征)の、日本側の呼称である。
- Genko is the Japanese name of two invasions (expeditions) that Japan suffered in the middle Kamakura period from the Mongol Empire (Yuan Dynasty), which was then dominant on the continent, and its subjected kingdom, the Kingdom of Goryeo.
- それ以後、高麗王はほとんどモンゴルと一体化し、モンゴル名を貰い、モンゴル皇帝の娘を王妃にしモンゴル皇帝であるクビライ王家の娘婿(キュレゲン、グレゲン)となる姻族、「駙馬高麗国王家」となっていた。
- After that, the king of Goryeo became almost a member of the Mongol Empire, having received a Mongol name and become a son-in-law of the Mongol imperial family of Kublai (kuregen or guregen) by marrying his daughter, and thus Goryeo became 'Mongol's son-in-law kingdom of Goryeo.'
- 江戸幕府が本格的な朝廷政治の統制に踏み切ったのは寛永7年7月13日_(旧暦)に後水尾天皇退位を受けて大御所徳川秀忠(新帝明正天皇外祖父)より出された15ヶ条からなる覚書が最初であるとされている。
- The Edo bakufu eventually embarked on the full-fledged control over the imperial court administration on August 21, 1630 when emperor Gomizunoo abdicated the throne, with the memorandum consisting of 15 Articles issued by the retired shogun Hidetada TOKUGAWA, who was a maternal grandfather of the new Emperor Meisho.
- 例えば、草の根の人権憲法として名高い千葉卓三郎らの憲法草案(いわゆる五日市憲法)でも、天皇による立法行政司法の総轄や軍の統帥権、天皇の神聖不可侵を定めている点などは、大日本帝国憲法と同様である。
- For example, a constitution draft which was renownedas a grass-roots constitution written by Takusaburo CHIBA and others (so-called Itsukaichi constitution) shared the same points with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan as defining that the emperor should have the executive powers, legislature, and judiciary, and supreme command of the armies, and this was sacred and inviolable.
- そののち推古16年(608年)4月に隋煬帝の使者裴世清が来訪するにあたって、まず筑紫に滞在させ、その間に「高麗館(こまのむろつみ)の上に新館を造る」(『日本書紀』)ことで歓迎の準備を整えている。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' when 裴世清, an envoy of Emperor Yodai in the Sui dynasty, came to Japan in May and June in 608, and the government constructed a new building on the top of the Koma-no-murotsumi (Koma Lodge) for his visit, while having 裴世清 stay at Tsukushi.
- 『国史大辞典』の「後亀山天皇」項では、『帝王系図』吹上本の付紙を根拠に、天皇の生母が阿野実為の娘であることをほぼ確実とする一方で、この人物が嘉喜門院と同一人物ではない可能性のあることを示唆する。
- Based on a snip of paper pasted to a page of the Fukiage bon of 'Teio Keizu' (Genealogical Table of Emperor), the entry of 'Emperor Gokameyama' in 'Kokushi Daijiten' (Great Dictionary of National History) says that probably the Emperor's real mother was a daughter of Sanetame ANO, suggesting that the woman might have not been the Kakimon-in.
- 紀伝体の史書で、本紀(帝王)73巻、列伝(后妃・皇子・皇女を最初に置き、群臣はほぼ年代順に配列、時に逆臣伝・孝子伝といった分類も見られる)170巻、志・表154巻、全397巻226冊(目録5巻)。
- The history book is written about events and consists of the 397 volumes with 226 books, and the first seventy three volumes are honki (about the emperors), next 170 volumes are retsuden (retsuden describes empresses, prince and princesses and courts chronologically while it is sometimes classified as gyakushinden or koshiden) and the last 154 volumes are shi and hyo (five catalogues).
- 唐や宋の荘園には不輸不入の権限は存在しなかったものの、皇帝からの恩賜地は租税を減免され、官僚所有の荘園には免役特権が存在したため、農民が重い税負担から逃れるために荘園を官僚に寄進する例も見られた。
- The shoens during the Tang and Sung dynasty did not have the right of tax exemption and the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property, but the lands from the Emperor were exempt from taxation and the shoens owned by bureaucrats had the right of tax exemptions and so some farmers donated their shoens to the bureaucrats so as to escape from heavy tax burden.
- その結果、1401年(応永8年)、「日本准三后道義」の表文を携えて派遣された使節はついに目的を果たし、「日本国王源道義」宛の建文帝(在位1398年~1402年)の詔書を携えて明使とともに帰国した。
- As a result, an envoy, who was dispatched in 1401 with the letter of 'Nihon Junsango Dogi,' accomplished the object and returned to Japan with a Ming envoy, who bore a letter of the Jianwen Emperor (period of reign: 1398 -1402) addressed to 'Nihon-kokuo Gen Dogi.'
- 戦後のオスマン帝国の解体とトルコ共和国の成立という目まぐるしい情勢の変化を経て、1924年発効のローザンヌ条約締結、1925年の大使館開設により、ようやく日本とトルコは正式の国交を結ぶことになる。
- Through drastic changes of circumstances such as the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey after the war, Japan and Turkey finally entered into diplomatic relations following the conclusion of the Treaty of Lausann in 1924 and the establishment of the Embassy in 1925.
- 中国での『万国公法』の受容は、その当初こそ前述したように儒教的道徳を媒介とした自然法的理解からなされたが、帝国主義が大手を振ってまかり通る世界情勢とのギャップが次第に認識されるようになっていった。
- 'Bankoku Koho' started being accepted in China as understanding of natural law through Confucian morality as mentioned above; however, a gap between 'Bankoku Koho' and actual global situation, in which imperialism worked anywhere was gradually recognized.
- 台湾統治に当っては、当時の政府の見解としては、前述のとおり日本の領土であるため憲法の効力が及び、台湾における立法についても憲法5条により帝国議会の協賛を要するという見解を基本として統治方針を固めた。
- As for governing Taiwan, the government of that time settled on the governing policy based on the above viewpoint that the Constitution should be in force in Taiwan as it was Japan's territory and the legislation in Taiwan required the consent of the Imperial Diet in accordance with Article 5 of the Constitution.
- 明治維新は欧米列強に抑圧されたアジア諸国にとって近代化革命の模範ともなったが、やがて日本自身が列強側の国家として、帝国主義的な領土・権益獲得の立場となったことから、かえって反発を呼ぶことにもなった。
- The Meiji Restoration in Japan was a model for the modern revolution of the various Asian countries which were suppressed by powerful western countries, but Japan also received resistance from them because Japan itself became a powerful imperialistic country trying to obtain lands and interests.
- しかしながら、大日本帝国憲法は国民の権利を、天皇が臣民に与えた「恩恵的権利」と定義し、権利制限の根拠を「法律ニ定メタル場合」「法律ノ範囲内」などのいわゆる「法律の留保」、あるいは「安寧秩序」に求めた。
- However, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan specified that people's rights were 'privileged' ones that were given by the emperor and these rights could be limited 'by the constitution' and only permitted 'within the confines of the law,' in favor of public order and security.
- 1913年7月、文部省の任命で就任して2ヵ月になったばかりの澤柳政太郎京都帝国大学総長は、教学の刷新を標榜して7教授(医科大学1名、理工科大学5名、文科大学1名)に辞表を提出させ8月に免官を発令した。
- In July 1913, the president of Kyoto Imperial University Masataro SAWAYANAGI, who was appointed by the Ministry of Education two months before, ordered seven professors (one for the medical school, five for the science and engineering school, and one for the literature school) to submit resignation letters because they called for the education reform, and dismissed them in August.
- その後女三宮の出家と柏木の死でさすがに怒りも和らぎ、また亡き父帝も源氏の過ちを悟っていながら咎めなかったのではないかと思いを馳せて、源氏は生まれた子の秘密を誰にもいわず自分の子として育てる事になった。
- Subsequently, his anger cools after Onna San no Miya becomes a nun and Kashiwagi passes away, and he considers that his deceased father might also have known of Genji's sin but did not blame him, so he makes up his mind to raise the child as his own without telling anybody the secret.
- だが、1990年代に遠山美都男が改めて倭姫即位説を、2000年代に入って倉本一宏が倭姫の即位を予定した段階での乱勃発を説くなど、中継ぎ女帝論を背景にした倭姫即位・称制説が盛り返し、決着はついていない。
- Mitsuo TOYAMA advocated the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement theory again in the 1990's and Kazuhiro KURAMOTO asserted a theory in the 2000's that the Jinshin War broke out when the enthronement of Yamatohime no Okimi was planned, resulting in revival of the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement and Shosei theories with the background of a relay successor empress theory, and the issue was still unsettled.
- 鳥羽即位時、公実は摂関家の若年の当主藤原忠実を侮り、幼帝の外舅の地位にある自分こそ摂政に就任すべしと主張したが、「四代もの間、諸大夫として仕えた者が今摂関を望むとは」と白河院別当の源俊明に一蹴された。
- When Emperor Toba ascended the throne, Kinzane took lightly FUJIWARA no Tadazane, young family head of Sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers) and argued that he himself who had been at the position of maternal father of the young Emperor should have assumed the post of Sessho (regent to the emperor), but he was scoffed at by MINAMOTO no Toshiaki, Chief of the Office of the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, reproving that 'the man who had served for four emperors as Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than court nobles) still tried to seek the post of Sekkan (regent and adviser).'
- ところが、これが大日本帝国憲法下の当時の日本では「不敬の言」であると曲解され、まず宮内省から批判の声が挙がり、初の政党内閣である隈板内閣に批判的な枢密院 (日本)・貴族院 (日本)に非難の声は広がった。
- However, this was criticized by the Imperial Household Ministry first as 'insulting words' under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and then by the House of Peers and the Privy Council which were critical of the Wai-han Cabinet, the first party cabinet.
- 今日の多く個人主義の日に発達し、ニヒリストさへ輩出する時代に於ては特に緊要重大にして欠くべからず」という論が出され、これを機に南北朝のどちらの皇統が正統であるかを巡り帝国議会での政治論争にまで発展した。
- In these days of individualism, where even nihilists are appearing, this is a matter of great urgency and importance,' which led to a political debate in the Imperial Diet about whether the Southern or the Northern Court was legitimate.
- これには国家が利益追求を行って庶民から財を貪るものだとして儒学者から反対の声が上がり、次の昭帝 (漢)の代にはこの政策の賛否を巡る論争会が開かれた(この論争を纏めたのが『塩鉄論』であると言われている)。
- Confucian scholars protested agasint this policy, saying that the nation was pursuing profits and depriving the property of the common people, so the next Emperor Zhao (Han) held a debate to discuss the pros and cons of this policy (it is said that this debate was summarized into 'Discourses on Salt and Iron').
- すなわち強国が弱小国を併呑していく当時の世界情勢(帝国主義時代)は、自然の摂理であると受け取られ、『万国公法』の説く「万国並立」「万国対峙」という理念は建前に過ぎないといったシニカルな受容をもたらした。
- Namely the world situation, in which strong countries annexed small countries (age of imperialism) was considered natural providence and resulted in believe that principles of 'Bankoku Koho,' such as '万国並立' or '万国対峙' (equality of countries) were mere slogans.
- 台湾総督は台湾の行政・司法・立法から軍事までを一手に掌握しうる強大な権限を持ったため「土皇帝」と呼ばれた程である(後に軍事権が台湾軍 (日本軍)司令官に移譲されたことにより、文官の総督就任が可能になる)。
- Power was highly centralized with the Taiwan governor wielding the public administration, administration of justice, legislation and military, therefore it was called 'Do Kotei', the local emperor (later, the military power was transferred to the Taiwanese army [Japanese army] so the civil officers could assume the governer).
- 1923年12月27日、難波大助(なんば だいすけ)が虎ノ門で第48帝国議会の開院式に向かう摂政・皇太子裕仁親王(後の昭和天皇)の車に向けてステッキ状の拳銃を発砲・狙撃し、現行犯で逮捕された暗殺未遂事件。
- The Toranomon Incident was an assassination attempt occurred on December 27, 1923 at Toranomon, by Daisuke NANBA who fired a stick-shaped gun at Imperial Prince Hirohito (later the Emperor Showa), then-regent and crown prince, when Prince was heading by car for the opening ceremony of the 48th Imperial Diet, and Nanba was arrested red-handed.
- 三条の意見により還幸の日が延びていたが、先帝(孝明天皇)の三年祭と立后の礼を行なう必要があるという岩倉の意見もあり、明治元年(1868年)12月8日、天皇はひとまず京都に還幸し同年12月22日に到着した。
- The day for the emperor to return home was delayed due to Sanjo's opinion, but Iwakura believed that it was necessary to hold the third anniversary of the late emperor Komei and a ceremony to define the empress, and the emperor left for Kyoto on December 8, arriving on December 22, 1868.
- ただし、皇族が政争に巻き込まれることは好ましくないという考えから、皇族は議会で催される式典などに参列することはあっても、議員として日常的に議会内に立ち入ることは無く、登院は帝国議会史上、極めて稀であった。
- To avoid having imperial family members involved in political conflict, although they participated in ceremonies, they did not routinely attend the Diet and their appearance in the Diet was extremely rare in the history of the Imperial Diet.
- 「尚衣奉御」が歴代皇帝の親族がその任に当たっていたことや、現在「井」及び「井」という氏から派生した「井野」という姓は九州熊本県の産山村・南小国町・一の宮町などに多く存在すること、また井は倭(ゐ)に通じる。
- The families of successive emperors worked at `Shoikyoku' (Department in charge of dealing with clothes for emperor), and the family name, `I' (井) and `Ino' (井野), which derived from `I' (井), were often seen in Ubuyama-mura Village, Minamioguni-machi, and Ichinomiya-machi of Kumamoto Prefecture today, and `I' (井) is associated with `I' (倭).
- 作品が国宝に指定されている画家としては、日本人では雪舟、狩野正信、狩野永徳、長谷川等伯、俵屋宗達、尾形光琳、円山応挙、池大雅、与謝蕪村、渡辺崋山、浦上玉堂など、中国では梁楷、李迪、徽宗皇帝などが挙げられる。
- Of the painters who have created one or more paintings designated national treasures, Japanese painters include Sesshu, Masanobu KANO, Eitoku KANO, Tohaku HASEGAWA, Sotatsu TAWARAYA, Korin OGATA, Okyo MARUYAMA, IKE no Taiga, Buson YOSA, Kazan WATANABE, and Gyokudo URAGAMI, while Chinese painters include LIANG Kai, DI Li, and Emperor Huizong.
- 1894年7月25日、豊島沖で大日本帝国海軍第1遊撃隊(司令官坪井航三少将、「吉野 (防護巡洋艦)」「浪速 (防護巡洋艦)」「秋津洲 (防護巡洋艦)」)は、清国軍艦「済遠」「広乙」と遭遇し、戦闘が始まった。
- On July 25, 1894, the first commando unit of the Imperial Japanese Navy (commander Kozo TSUBOI 'Yoshino (defense cruiser),' 'Naniwa (defense cruiser),' and 'Akitsushima (defense cruiser') encountered Qing warships 'Tsi yuen' and 'Guangyi' and started the war.
- しかし『上宮聖徳法王帝説』や『元興寺縁起』は、欽明天皇の戊午年10月12日 (旧暦)(同年が欽明天皇治世下にないため(宣化3年)と推定されている)に仏教公伝されることを伝えており、こちらが通説になっている。
- However, according to 'Jogu Shotoku Hooteisetsu' (Biography of Shotoku Taishi) and 'The Origin of Gango-ji Temple,' official introduction of Buddhism was on October 12 in the Bogo year (in the old lunar calendar, and it is guessed to be in 537 because it was not under the reign of the Emperor Kinmei), which is commonly believed.
- 午前2時46分に山陽鉄道(現在の西日本旅客鉄道山陽本線)の福山駅に停車したところ、二等客車(二軸客車197号車)で、大日本帝国陸軍第12師団福岡連隊中隊長であった足立直躬大尉(当時45歳)が惨殺されていた。
- When the train stopped at Fukuyama station of the Sanyo Railway (currently JR West Sanyo Honsen) at 2:46 am, Senior Lieutenant Naomi ADACHI (45 years old) who was the commander of the Fukuoka regiment of the 12th division of the Japanese Imperial Army was found murdered in a 2nd grade car (two-axle four-wheel car, No. 197).
- しかし、条約改正を目的としていたことや帝国議会開設前に編纂完了をしていたこと等の事情から十分な審議を尽くされなかったため、施行断行派と施行延期派との論争が始まり、延期派から様々な批判が展開されるようになった。
- However, sufficient discussions were not made because the Civil Code was aimed at revising treaties and had completed the compilation before the Imperial Diet was established; therefore, disputes between Seko-danko-ha Group (people who advocated carrying it out) and Seko-enki-ha Group (people who advocated postponing the enforcement) began and the latter developed various criticisms.
- この間、遷都しなくても衰退の心配がない浪華(大坂)よりも、世界の大都市のひとつであり、帝都にしなければ市民が離散してさびれてしまう江戸のほうに遷都すべきだとする前島密による「江戸遷都論」が大久保に届けられた。
- During this time an argument for transferring the capital to Edo was received from Hisaka MAEJIMA to Okubo who believed that more important than transferring the capital to Naniwa (Osaka), which was not in danger of decline, the capital should be transferred to Edo, one of the largest cities, because if it wasn't made the imperial capital the citizens would break up and Edo would crumble.
- 『大鏡』は天智・天武の継承では大友皇子の即位に触れないが、別のところで「大友皇子はやがて帝になり、帝のまま失せた」と記す、また「この皇子は太政大臣の位で、つぎにはやがて同じ年のうちにみかどとなった」とも書く。
- 'Okagami' (the Great Mirror) did not state the enthronement of Prince Otomo in the section of the succession of Tenchi and Tenmu, but says that 'Prince Otomo became an emperor and died as an emperor,' and 'this prince held the post of Grand Minister and became the emperor in the same year.'
- 高平・ルート協定(たかひら・ルートきょうてい、)は、アメリカ合衆国国務長官エリフ・ルートと、日本の高平小五郎駐米大使の間で交渉が行われ、11月30日に調印された、大日本帝国とアメリカ合衆国との間の協定のこと。
- Root-Takahira Agreement refers to an agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan signed by the United States Secretary of State Elihu Root and Japanese Ambassador to the United States Kogoro TAKAHIRA on November 30 after negotiations by those two.
- 中国の律令制が皇帝にすべての権限を集めて三省(中書省・門下省・尚書省)がこれを補佐する体制であるのに対し、日本の律令制では、天皇と各省の間に天皇の代理機能を果たす緩やかな合議体、太政官を置いたことに特徴がある。
- While the ritsuryo system in China concentrated all power in the emperor, who was supported by three ministries of Secretariat, Chancellery and State Affairs, Japanese ritsuryo system was characterized by the establishment of a loose consultative body, namely Daijokan (Grand Council of State), which worked as the emperor's proxy between the emperor and ministries.
- 元来は、オスマン帝国が恩恵的にフランス、オランダ、イギリスに対して与えていたカピチュレーションの制度において、治外法権その他を認めていたものだが、産業革命以後は西欧経済圏への従属を企図したものに変質していった。
- Originally, an unequal treaty was to approve extraterritoriality and other conditions in the capitulation system which was beneficially given to France, the Netherland and the United Kingdom by the Ottoman Empire, but such treaties gradually transformed into ones aiming for subordination to the Western European economic zone after the Industrial Revolution.
- 桂園時代(けいえんじだい/けいおんじだい)とは、大日本帝国陸軍・山縣有朋閥に属する桂太郎と、伊藤博文の後継者として立憲政友会総裁に就いた西園寺公望が、政権を交互に担当した1905年から1912年の8年間をいう。
- Kei-En era (or Kei-On era) was the 8-year period from 1905 to 1912 during which Taro KATSURA, who belonged to the faction led by Aritomo YAMAGATA of the Imperial Japanese Army, and Kinmochi SAIONJI, who assumed the position of president of Rikken seiyukai (a political party) as a successor of Hirobumi ITO, gained power alternately.
- 神皇正統記(じんのうしょうとうき)は、南北朝時代 (日本)に公卿の北畠親房が、幼帝後村上天皇のために、吉野朝廷(いわゆる南朝 (日本))の正統性を述べた、常陸国小田城(茨城県つくば市小田)で著した歴史書である。
- The Jinno Shotoki (A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns) was written by the court noble Chikafusa KITABATAKE during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) on behalf of the young Emperor Gomurakami; it is a book on history that Chikafusa wrote at Oda-jo Castle in Hitachi Province (present day Oda, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture), in which he lays out the case for why the Yoshino Court (often called the Southern Court) and its imperial lineage was the true, legitimate one.
- 1889年(明治22年)に発布された大日本帝国憲法(1890年11月9日施行)による立憲体制下において、自治体としての府県は1890年にプロイセンの州制度に範をとって制定された法律「府県制」によって規定された。
- Under the constitutional system of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan issued in 1889, 'Fukensei' was established following the state law of Prussia, which stipulates that Fuken are autonomous bodies.
- 明治元年(1868年)5月24日、徳川氏が江戸から駿府70万石に移されることが決まると、大木・江藤の東西両都案も決され、政府は同年6月19日、参与・木戸孝允と大木に江戸が帝都として適しているかの調査にあたらせた。
- In May 24, 1868, when it was decided that the Tokugawa clan would transfer 700,000 koku from Edo to Sunpu, the Oki and Eto draft for Kyoto and Tokyo to be the capital was decided upon, and on June 19 the government surveyed Sanyo, Takayoshi KIDO, and Oki about whether Edo was appropriate for the Imperial capital.
- その上に、墨家の上帝鬼神の思想信仰、儒教の神道と祭礼の哲学、老荘(道家)の「玄」と「真」の形而上学、さらに中国仏教の業報輪廻と解脱ないしは衆生済度の教理儀礼などを重層的・複合的に取り入れてできあがった物であろう。
- Dokyo seems to have been created by incorporating, both in an integrated fashion and in a layer by layer fashion, Bokka's philosophy and belief of 上帝鬼神 (jotei-kishin: god in the heaven and the ogre preventing disasters), the philosophy of Shintoism and festival rites in Confucianism; the metaphysics of '玄' (gen) '真' (shin: truth) in Laozi and Zhuangzi (Doka); and finally, 業報輪廻 (gyoho-rinne: philosophy concerned with 'cause and effect '[業報], 'rebirth' [輪廻]), Gedatsu (being liberated from earthly desires and the woes of man, [reaching] nirvana, moksha, and mukti) and doctrines and rituals in salvation by Buddha and the Bodhisattvas (Shujyo Saido).
- また学校教育や警察機構を通じた台湾人の衛生概念改善行動もあり、一般市民の衛生概念も着実に改善を見ることができ、また台北帝国大学内に熱帯医学研究所を設置し、医療従事者の育成と台湾の衛生改善のための研究が行われていた。
- Activities were developed through school education or policy for improving public health awareness of Taiwanese, resulting in a steady improvement of public health awareness of the public, and a research center for tropical medicine was established attached to the Taihoku Imperial University to educate healthcare professionals and research for the public health improvement.
- したがって、太政官布告・達が対象が明治憲法下で法律事項とされる場合(天皇に立法権があるが、帝国議会の協賛を必要とする)には法律としての効力を有し、命令事項である場合は命令 (法律)としての効力を有するものとされた。
- Thus, Dajokan Fukoku or Tasshi stipulating matters which should be stipulated by law (which should be legislated by the Emperor with the approval of the Imperial Diet) under the Meiji Constitution was interpreted to be valid as a law, while Dajokan Fukoku or Tasshi stipulating matters which should be stipulated by an order was interpreted to be valid as an order.
- 堀説では、信長は天下統一まで任官できないとして右大臣兼右近衛大将を辞官しており統一前に任官する理由が立たないことを指摘し、信長には任官の意思はなく、律令体制に留まらず中華皇帝を指向していたと推察できるともしている。
- Hori pointed out that Nobunaga had resigned as Minister of the Right and Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards because he would not take any official post until his unification of the whole country, and Hori also said Nobunaga probably did not want any official post, and instead he had the aim of becoming an emperor outside the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- こうして、アジアでは初の本格的な立憲君主制・議会制民主主義国家が完成した(正確にはオスマン帝国のタンジマート改革における1876年ミドハト憲法公布がアジア初の立憲制ではあるが、同国は直後に君主専制に回帰している)。
- Thus, a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy was completed for the first time in Asia (precisely speaking, the Midhat Constitution in 1876 of Tanzimat Reform in the Ottoman Empire was the first Asian constitutional monarchy, but the country returned to a monarchy in the same year).
- 皇帝が冊封国の王に与えた金印に「漢の○の○の国王」のような三重にも修飾した例が無い(金印は陪臣に与えるものでない)こと及び、高位の印であることからことから、この金印は「委奴国王」=「倭国王」に与えられたものである。
- Because the golden seals which the emperor gave to the king of Sakuho-koku (countries to confer a peerage with a Saku paper) haven't been inscribed in such a way that `the king of X of X in Han,' and the golden seals are to be given to a person of high rank, the golden seal was given to `the king of Wanonanokuni,' or `the king of Wakoku.'
- 久米邦武筆禍事件(くめくにたけひっかじけん)とは、久米邦武の論文「神道ハ祭天ノ古俗」を1892年(明治25年)に田口卯吉が主宰する『史海』に転載したのをきっかけに問題となり、帝国大学教授職を辞することとなった事件。
- The Incident of Kunitake KUME was the incident in which a thesis, 'Shinto wa saiten no kozoku' (Shinto Is a Remnant of the Ancient Custom of Worshiping Heaven) was reprinted in 1892, in 'Shikai' (Ocean of History) which Ukichi TAGUCHI edited, which caused a problem, and Kume lost his position as professor at the Imperial University.
- しかし、その形式が従来と違い文中に中国皇帝のみが使用する「皇」や「勅」の語があったことで、朝鮮側はそれらは朝鮮にたいし日本を上位におくととらえ、また近代化を進める日本を「仮洋夷」として警戒してその受け取りを拒否した。
- However, the Korean government refused to accept it saying that the note was written in a style that differed from the conventional one and containing words '皇' and '勅'--traditionally used only by Chinese emperors-- suggested that Japan was superior to Korea, and warning that Japan's modernization was based on 'a presumed doctrine of excluding western threats.'
- 大日本帝国憲法(だいにほんていこくけんぽう、だいにっぽんていこくけんぽう、大日本帝國憲法)は、1889年(明治22年)2月11日に発布、1890年(明治23年)11月29日に施行された、近代立憲主義に基づく日本の憲法。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was the organic law of the Empire of Japan based on the idea of modern constitutionalism, promulgated on February 11, 1889, and came into effect on November 29, 1890.
- 天皇もこの空気を敏感に察しており、淡路に流された廃帝(淳仁天皇)の謎の死、和気王の突然の処刑、天皇の異母妹である不破内親王の皇籍剥奪など皇族に対する粛清が次々と行われていき、皇位継承問題は事実上のタブーとなっていった。
- The Empress was also keenly aware of this atmosphere, and purges to the Imperial family were done one after another as follows: the dethroned Emperor Junnin's mysterious death, the sudden execution of the Prince Wake, sudden abridgment of register of the Imperial family from Imperial Princess Fuwa who was a younger paternal half-sister of the Empress; accordingly, the subject of the succession to the Imperial Throne became virtually a taboo.
- エルトゥールル号遭難事件は、オスマン帝国末期の外交政策と海軍の弱体化がもたらした悲劇であったが、この事件で被害者に対して示された日本人の友誼は、その後も長く日土友好関係の起点として両国の関係者に記憶されることになった。
- The distress of the Ertuğrul was a tragedy caused by a foreign policy of the late Ottoman Empire and the weakened Navy; however, Japan's amity to the victims of the disaster has been long remembered by persons concerned in both countries as a starting point of friendly relations between Japan and Turkey.
- この傾向は明治時代以降も続き、征韓論が台頭したとき、そして実際に大韓帝国を併合する際(韓国併合)や、日韓同祖論が生まれて外地における同化政策(皇民化教育など)が進められるようになったときも、その思想的背景の一つとなった。
- It continued to support this theory in and after the Meiji period.
- 大韓帝国内でも李氏朝鮮による旧体制が維持されている状況では独自改革が難しいと判断した進歩会は日韓合邦を目指そうと鉄道敷設工事などに5万人ともいわれる大量の人員を派遣するなど、日露戦争において日本への協力を惜しまなかった。
- The Shinpo-kai, which determined that the pursuit of reforms was difficult under systems of the former Yi Dynasty sought political union with Japan and voluntarily collaborated in support of Japan during the Russo-Japanese War; for instance, it reportedly deployed 50,000 people to construct railways.
- ただし冷泉帝の出生は秘事であり、また公的には女三宮の生んだ薫が源氏の子(次男)とされている(なおこの占いのためもあってか、源氏は始め女三宮が身篭ったと聞いてもすぐには信じず、後に柏木 (源氏物語)との密通を知り納得した)。
- However, Emperor Reizei's birth was a secret, and Onna San no Miya's child was officially recognized as his second son, Kaoru (because of the prediction, Genji doesn't believe Onna San no Miya is pregnant at first, but it makes sense later when he learns of her affair with Kashiwagi).
- まず、当時の国際慣習法規範において国家を代表する個人に対する脅迫による強制調印は無効であると認めつつも、本協約に関しては個人(皇帝・高宗 (朝鮮王))の強制と脅迫に関する歴史的資料に乏しいことから、無効論を退ける立場がある。
- First, admitting that compulsory signing due to a threat against an individual who represents a state is invalid in the norm of the international common law in those days, there is a position to repulse the views of invalidity on the ground that historical data related to this treaty on compulsion and a threat against the individual (Emperor Gao Zong [King of Korea]) are insufficient.
- 大津事件(おおつじけん)は、1891年(明治24年)5月11日に日本を訪問中のロシア帝国の皇太子・ニコライ(後のニコライ2世)が、滋賀県大津市で警備にあたっていた巡査・津田三蔵に突然斬りかかられ負傷した、暗殺未遂事件である。
- The Otsu Incident was a failed assassination attempt occurred on May 11, 1891, that the Crown Prince of the Russian Empire, Nicholas (later Tsar Nicholas II) was attacked in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, by a patrol officer, Sanzo TSUDA, who guarded Nicholas during his visit to Japan.
- また、大日本帝国時代には台湾と朝鮮半島を領有し、さらにアジアや南洋の各地に進出して分布域を広げ、その地域に一定の社会基盤を築いていったが、太平洋戦争(大東亜戦争)が終結した時、日本の主権が失われたため日本本土へ帰っていった。
- In the Imperial Japanese period, they occupied Taiwan and the Korean Peninsula, moving into the countries of Asia and the South Seas, expanding their range of distribution and establishing a standardized social foundation; however, they returned to Japan's mainland as Japan's sovereign power was lost when the Pacific War (The Greater East Asian War) ended.
- 尊王論が日本に受容されるに際して、日本では天皇が「王」であり、江戸幕府の征夷大将軍が「覇」であると読み換えられたが、天皇は単なる国王ではなく皇帝であるという優越意識を踏まえて「尊皇」という漢字に置き換えて用いることもあった。
- At the time when imperialism was introduced into Japan in the Edo Period (the period during which the Tokugawa shogunate ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867), the tenno (emperor) was advocated as the 'king' and the shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate was the 'military ruler'; despite this, sometimes the Chinese character meaning emperor was used instead of 'king', based on assumptions of superiority, that the emperor was more than a mere 'king'.
- 奈良時代に書かれた『続日本紀』には、天平宝字2年(758年)に淳仁天皇が藤原仲麻呂に恵美押勝の名を与えたときに、藤原氏の功績を称えて「近江大津宮の内大臣より(中略)君十帝をへて年ほとんど一百」と勅で述べたことが記されている。
- 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) written in the Nara period says that when Emperor Junnin gave the name of EMI no Oshikatsu to FUJIWARA no Nakamaro in 758, the emperor praised the Fujiwara clan for their achievements by stating in the imperial order, 'almost a hundred years from the days of the Minister of the Center at Imperial Palace Omi Otsu no Miya (omitted) through the reigns of ten emperors.'
- 1890年の帝国議会開設に備えて貴族院議員の選出が行われたが、このうち子爵出身者であった山内豊誠・加納久宜・堀田正養らが政策研究と懇親を兼ねた団体として同年の9月22日に子爵議員を中心として立ち上げた政務研究会を源流とする。
- Prior to the establishment of the Imperial Diet in 1890, members of the House of Peers were elected, among which, members selected from viscounts including Toyoshige YAMAUCHI, Hisayoshi KANO, Masayasu HOTTA formed a group named Seimukenkyukai, which was mainly composed of viscount councilors, to study political affairs and to promote mutual friendship on September 22, 1890, and that was the origin of Kenkyukai.
- 当時ドイツ帝国の科学的植民地主義に傾倒していた後藤は生物学の観点から植民地の同化は困難であり、英国政府の植民地政策を採用し、日本内地の外に存在する植民地として内地法を適用せず、独立した特殊な方式により統治するというものである。
- Goto, who was inclined towards scientific imperialism of Germany, claimed that it was difficult to assimilate the natives of colonies from a biological viewpoint and that Japan should follow the British colonial policies; the colony outside Japan should not be subject to Japanese law and should be governed under a special approach independent from Japan.
- 建武中元二年(57年)、博多湾沿岸に所在したと見られる倭奴国の首長が、後漢の光武帝から倭奴国王に冊封されて金印(倭奴国王印)の賜与を受けており(『後漢書』「」)、当時は北部九州の勢力が倭国内の中心勢力であったと考えられている。
- In 57, a chieftain of Wanonanokuni (small country in Hakata area of Fukuoka Prefecture), which is believed to have been located along the Hakata Bay, had suzerain-vassal relationship with the Emperor Kobu-tei (Emperor Guangwu) of the Latter Han Dynasty, who invested him with Wakoku by giving golden stamp (Wa no na no kokuo in [the oldest known seal in Japan]), ('History of the Latter Han Dynasty'), therefore, the center of Japanese political force is believed to have been located in the northern part of Kyushu at that time.
- 仏教が百済経由で日本へ公式にもたらされた(仏教公伝)時期については、公式の史書である『日本書紀』には552年、『上宮聖徳法王帝説』や『元興寺縁起』には538年とあるが、今日では後者の538年を仏教公伝の年とするのが定説である。
- The exact year of official introduction of Buddhism via Paekche (an ancient Korean kingdom) into Japan is argued between the A.D. 552-theory (backed up by the official Japanese history book Nihonshoki) and the A.D. 538-theory (backed up by 'Jogu Shotoku Hooteisetsu' (Biography of Prince Shotoku) and 'Gango-ji Engi' (History of the Gango-ji Temple)), and today, the established theory is the latter.
- 395年には、東帝テオドシウス1世(西帝は形式的に幼い次男ホノリウス)の死により、長男アルカディウスが東帝とされ、都が東のコンスタンティノポリスと西のメディオラヌム(後にラヴェンナへ遷都)に置かれ、東西二分が進むことになった。
- Due to the death of Theodosius I, the emperor of the East (with his young second son Honorius being the emperor of the West as figurehead) in 395, his first son Arccadius became the emperor of the East, and the two capitals were placed, one in Constantinople in the East and the other in Mediolanum (later to Ravenna) in the West, which promoted the Roman Empire to be divided into the West and the East.
- 皇室の一族(多くの場合故先帝から始まっており、今上帝 (源氏物語)にいたるまでの全ての天皇・全ての皇子・全ての皇女が含まれる最も規模の大きい系譜である。光源氏(通常は「六条院」と呼ばれている)及びその子孫達も全てここに含まれる)
- Genealogy of Emperor's families (most of them begin with the late emperor, and continues until Kinjo no Mikado [The Tale of Genji], which is the largest-scale genealogy including all Emperors, Imperial Princes, and Princesses; Hikaru Genji [usually called 'Rokujoin'] and his descendants are all included here.)
- これらの行動を受けて、日本政府は大韓帝国が外交案件について日本政府と協議のうえ決定・処理しなければならないとしていた同条約を遵守する意志がないと考え、日本が韓国の外交権を完全に掌握できる第二次日韓協約の締結を要求するようになる。
- In response to these actions, the Japanese government decided that the Korean Empire had no intension of abiding by the agreement which ruled that the Korean Empire was to discuss any diplomatic matters with the Japanese government; the Japanese government began asking for the Second Korea-Japan Agreement so that they could totally control the diplomatic rights of Korea.
- ロシアの影響力の増大を警戒するドイツ帝国の宰相オットー・フォン・ビスマルクは列強の代表を集めてベルリン会議 (1878年)を主催し、露土戦争の講和条約であるサン・ステファノ条約の破棄とベルリン条約 (1878年)の締結に成功した。
- Alarmed by the increasing influence of Russia, Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of the German Empire hosted the Congress of Berlin (1878) and succeeded in gathering the representatives of the great powers to denounce the Treaty of San Stefano, the peace treaty of the Russo-Turkish Wars and conclude the Treaty of Berlin (1878).
- この条約において、日本は、満州南部の鉄道及び領地の租借権、大韓帝国に対する排他的指導権などを獲得したものの、戦争中に軍事費として投じてきた国家予算の約4倍にあたる20億円を埋め合わせるはずの戦争賠償金は取得することができなかった。
- Although it acquired the railway and lease for the territory in South Manchuria and exclusive authority over the Korean Empire, Japan failed to obtain the war reparation it had counted on to cover its war-time military expenditures of 2 billion yen, equivalent of four times its national budget.
- 自由民権運動の流れを汲みこの動きを評価する人々は、1905年に国民倶楽部を結成して「内に立憲主義、外に帝国主義」という標語を掲げて、普通選挙を行って正しい国民の声を政治に反映させることが国家の自主・独立の確立に必要であると主張した。
- The people who valued the movement following the Freedom and People's Rights Movement united the National Club in 1905 and set a slogan which said 'Constitutionalism internally, and imperialism externally', then advocated that it was necessary for the national independence to reflect the right people's voice in politics with a popular election.
- (大抵所記者 自天地開闢始 以訖于小治田御世 故天御中主神以下 日子波限建鵜草葺不合尊以前 爲上卷 神倭伊波禮毘古天皇以下 品陀御世以前 爲中卷 大雀皇帝以下 小治田大宮以前 爲下卷 并録三卷 謹以獻上 臣安萬侶 誠惶誠恐頓首頓首)
- The description begins with the creature of heaven and earth and ends with the reign of Oharida (Emperor Suiko). The period from Amenominakanushi no kami (God Ruling the Center of Heaven) to Hikonagisatake ugayafukiaezu no mikoto was determined to be contained in Kamitsumaki (Volume 1), the period from Kamuyamatoiwarebiko no sumera mikoto to the reign of Homuda was determined to be contained in Nakatsumaki (Volume 2), and the period from Emperor Osasagi to Owarida no Omiya was determined to be contained in Shimotsumaki (Volume 3). I am honored to present these three volumes that I wrote. Sincerely Yours, Your subject, Yasumaro.
- 更に東学党の乱などでゆれる朝鮮半島問題では、川上操六参謀次長とともに清国に対して強硬論を唱えて、日清戦争を開戦させるとともにイギリス・ロシア帝国からは好意的な中立を獲得して、下関条約締結まで終始日本側の有利に戦況を進める結果となった。
- And in the matter over the Korean Peninsula rocked by the Tonghak Uprising and others, he advocated hard line toward Qing with a vice chief of staff Soroku KAWAKAMI, and started the Sino-Japanese War, gaining favorable neutrality from the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire, which caused that Japan carried on the war advantageously from the beginning to the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
- 天皇系譜が『帝紀』的部分の中心をなし、初代天皇から第33代天皇までの名、天皇の后妃・皇子・皇女の名、およびその子孫の氏族など、このほか皇居の名・治世年数・崩年干支・寿命・陵墓所在地、およびその治世の大事な出来事などについて記している。
- The Imperial lineage is central to the 'Teiki' (records of the Emperor's family tree) part, and it describes the names of emperors from the first to the thirty third generation, the names of the empress, prince, and princess, and the clan of descendants of the emperor as well as the name of imperial residence, reign duration, the Oriental zodiac of the year of death, life duration, locations of imperial mausoleums, and major incidents during the reign of emperor.
- このような中での大正12年(1923年)12月27日、帝国議会の開院式に望んだ摂政裕仁親王(後の昭和天皇)が、自称共産主義者の難波大助という青年によって狙撃されるという事件が起こったが、幸いにして裕仁親王は無傷であった(虎ノ門事件)。
- Against such background, on December 27, 1923, an attempted assassination occurred where Prince Hirohito (who later became Emperor Showa) was sniped by a young man, Daisuke NANBA, a self-proclaimed communist, when the Prince was on his way to open the new Imperial Diet session, but fortunately he was unhurt (the Toranomon Incident).
- 超然主義は、第2代内閣総理大臣の黒田清隆が、大日本帝国憲法公布の翌日である1889年(明治22年)2月12日、鹿鳴館で催された午餐会(昼食会)の席上、地方官らを前にして行った、以下の演説(いわゆる「超然主義演説」)において表明された。
- Transcendentalism was announced for the first time by Kiyotaka KURODA, the second prime minister of Japan, on February 12, 1889, which was the day following the issuance of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, in his speech shown below (so-called transcendentalist speech) addressed to local officials at the luncheon (lunch party) held at the Rokumeikan building.
- 絵巻の内容は、大江匡房の『江談抄』に記される物語と一致しており、遣唐使の吉備真備が在唐中に幽閉され、鬼(幽霊)となった安倍仲麻呂に導かれて、皇帝による『文選 (書物)』や囲碁による無理難題を解いて、遂に帰国を達成する、というものである。
- The contents of the picture scroll match the story marked down in 'Godansho,' written by OE no Masafusa, and the story is about KIBI no Makibi, a Japanese envoy sent to Tang Dynasty China, who succeeds in returning to Japan after being imprisoned during his visit to Tang by solving arduous tasks: 'Monzen' (Wen-hsuan, ancient Chinese poems) Igo (board game of capturing territory) and more set by the Emperor of Tang, with the guidance of his companion ABE no Nakamaro who passed away and became a ghost.
- それは国家の統治権が及ぶ範囲を「化内」、それが及ばない外部を「化外」と区別し、さらに化外を区分して唐を「隣国」、朝鮮諸国(この時代には新羅と渤海)を「諸蕃」、蝦夷・隼人・南島人を「夷狄」と規定する「東夷の小帝国」と呼ぶべきものであった。
- It was a country worthy of the name 'small empire of eastern barbarians' and classified its sphere of sovereignty as 'kenai,' everywhere outside of this as 'kegai' and further classified kegai into Tang (defined as a 'neighboring country') 'shoban' (literally, miscellaneous barbarians, consisting of kingdoms in Korea: Silla and Balhae in this period) and 'Iteki,' including Ezo (northerners), Hayato (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) and inhabitants in southern islands.
- その後、帝国議会の開始とともに小会派や無所属議員を取り込みながら、木曜会(1891年1月9日、なお毎週木曜日に霞会館において会合が開かれていた事に由来する)、同志会(同3月12日)と改称を続け、1891年11月4日に約40名で発足した。
- Lter, as the Imperial Diet began, Seimukenkyukai won over small groups and independent members and changed its name to Mokuyokai (on January 9, 1891, the name came from the fact that the meeting was held every Thursday (Mokuyo) at Kasumi Building) and from Mokuyokai to Doshikai (on March 12, 1891), and Kenkyukai was founded with 40 members on November 4, 1891.
- 内容は、神武天皇より堀河天皇の寛治8年(1094年)3月2日 (旧暦)までの国史について、帝王系図の類を基礎に和漢年代記を書入れ、さらに六国史や『慈覚大師伝』などの僧伝・流記・寺院縁起など仏教関係の記事を中心に、漢文・編年体で記している。
- It was written in classical Chinese and in chronological order, dealing with the national history ranging from Emperor Jinmu's reign to March 26 1094 (Emperor Horikawa's reign) in which chronicles of Japan and China based on a genealogical table of the Emperor were added, and besides that Rikkokushi and 'Jikaku Taishi Den' (Biography of Bishop Jikaku), which contains the Buddhist related articles such as biographies of priests, history, and origins of temples were put in the book.
- しかし、律令制が確立していくにつれて、唐を「隣国」、新羅・渤海_(国)を「蕃国」、そして蝦夷を「化外の民」として隼人とともに「夷狄」として、天皇の統治下にある日本内地の王民と峻別する一種の小中華思想を掲げた「小帝国」が成立することになる。
- However, as the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) was established, a 'small empire' came to be established with a kind of Sino-centrism, which distinguished people in inland Japan under the Emperor's rule from Tang as a neighbor country, Silla and Balhae as foreign countries, and Emishi as barbarians as well as Hayato (ancient tribe in Kyushu) looking upon them as social outcasts.
- 言い換えれば、当時相当先進的な内容であった大日本帝国憲法をもってしても自由民権運動の真意がかなえられる事は無く、1945年の太平洋戦争敗北後に、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部が行なった民主化政策でしか自由民権運動の成果は結実しえなかったのである。
- In other words, the then fairly progressive Constitution of the Empire of Japan could not achieve the real aim of the movement and they had to wait to be fully realized in the democratization, which was prompted by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) after Japan's defeat in the Pacific War in 1945.
- その由来については淡路国に流された淡路廃帝大炊親王(淳仁天皇)のために同国の官物・庸調が廃帝の生活に充てられ、平城京に籠った平城上皇のために大和国の田租・地子イネが生活に充てられたもの、更にその後導入された親王任国を制度の嚆矢とする説もある。
- The theoris on the origin of the ingubunkokusei system describes: One that it started when kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and choyo (taxes in tribute and labor under the ritsuryo system) collected within Awaji Province were used to feed Imperial Prince Oi who had been deported to the province and called Awaji Haitei (deposed Emperor of Awaji); another theory argues that the system began when denso (a rice field tax) and rice collected within Yamato Province was used to feed Retired Emperor Heizei who had confined himself in Heijo-Kyo; a third theory states that the system was established along with shinno nintoku (provinces whose governing posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes) system that was introduced later on.
- 『三国志』魏志倭人伝、『後漢書』の通称倭伝(『後漢書』東夷傳)、『隋書』の通称倭国伝(『隋書』卷八十一 列傳第四十六 東夷 倭國)、『梁書』諸夷伝、『三国史記』新羅本紀では表記は「卑彌呼」、『三国志』魏書 帝紀では「俾彌呼」と表記されている。
- The Imperial Records of the Wei-shu, or 'Sanguo Zhi,' list Himiko as '俾彌呼,' while other sources write her name as '卑彌呼,' including the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, the Waden (or 'Eastern Barbarians') in the 'History of the Later Han Dynasty,' Wakokuden (eastern barbarians) of the 46th biography in the 81st volume of 'Suishu' (The Book of the Sui Dynasty), the Record of Various Barbarians in the Book of the Liang Dynasty, and the Shilla History of Samguk Sagi (the History of the Three Kingdoms).
- 1882年に施行された旧刑法116条、および大日本帝国憲法制定後の1908年に施行された刑法73条(1947年に削除)が規定していた、天皇、皇后、皇太子等を狙って危害を加えたり、加えようとする罪、いわゆる大逆罪が適用され、訴追された事件の総称。
- Taigyaku Jiken is a collective term referring to the incidents in which perpetrators were prosecuted for high treason, which was a crime to inflict or try to inflict harm on Emperor, Empress or Crown Prince, as defined in the article 116 of the former Penal Code enforced in 1882 and the article 73 of the Penal Code enforced in 1908 after the enactment of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (the article was eliminated in 1947).
- 一進会の設立当初、日本は一進会をそれほど評価してはいなかったが、一進会の設立後、宋秉畯は当時の日本の大佐、松石安治に対し書簡を送り、現状の高宗およびその官僚主導では大韓帝国の独立・維持は困難であると説明し、また京義線敷設の協力をも申し出ている。
- Japan initially wasn't putting a high estimation in Isshinkai, but after it was founded, Song Byung-joon sent a letter to Yasuharu MATSUISHI, a Japanese Colonel of the times, to explain that current regime led by Gao Zong and the bureaucracy couldn't bring independence and maintenance to Korean Empire, and he also offered a cooperation for the construction of Keigi Railroad.
- だが、親政友会の奥田義人法制局長官による行財政改革案を葬って辞任に追い込んだことが伊藤を含めた政友会の怒りを買って内閣を攻撃し、一時は大日本帝国憲法の停止を検討する程(5月19日山縣有朋宛の桂書簡(「山縣有朋文書」))の危機的状況を迎えていた。
- That cabinet disapproved of the administrative and financial reform plan, which was made by Yoshihito OKUDA, the Director-General of the Cabinet Legislation Bureau, and made him resign; Ito and other members of the Seiyu party were enraged by that and attacked the cabinet, which led to such a critical situation as the Constitution of the Empire of Japan might be abandoned (from Katsura's letter to Aritomo YAMAGATA on May 19 ('Aritomo YAMAGATA monjo' [written materials]).
- 1334年正月に定められた「建武」の年号は、中国の後漢王朝の25年に劉秀(光武帝)が王莽を滅ぼし漢王朝を復興した際に定めた元号であり、先例に反し、辛酉革命説により「武」の一字が不吉であると断固反対した公家衆の反対を押し切って定めたものであった。
- The 'Kenmu' era name, established in the first month of 1334, was the era name chosen in China in the twenty-fifth year of the later Han dynasty, when Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu) destroyed Wang Mang and restored the Han dynasty to power; he went against precedent, and despite the fact that it was the fifty-eighth year of the sixty-year cycle and it was taboo to use the character 'mu' (samurai) in that year, he overcame the resolute opposition of the nobility and selected 'Kenmu' as the era name anyway.
- いっぽう、13日に大阪城に戻っていた慶喜は、16日にはイギリス・フランス第二帝政・オランダ王国・アメリカ合衆国・イタリア王国・プロイセン王国6国の公使を引見し、王政復古後も外交権が自らにあることをアピールするなど、強気の姿勢を崩していなかった。
- Meanwhile, after returning to Osaka Castle on 13, Yoshinobu had audiences with ministers of six countries; Britain, Second French Empire, the Netherlands, the United States of America, Italy, and Prussia to appeal that he still held the diplomatic right even after the Restoration of Imperial Rule, showing no sign of softening his stance.
- この事件をきっかけに蓑田胸喜ら原理日本社の右翼、および菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)(貴族院 (日本))や宮澤裕(衆議院・立憲政友会所属)らの国会議員は、司法官赤化の元凶として帝国大学法学部の「赤化教授」の追放を主張、司法試験委員であった滝川を非難した。
- Due to this incident, Muneki MINODA and others from the right wing group, Genri Nihonsha, Takeo KIKUCHI (army veteran) (House of Peers (Japan)), Yu MIYAZAWA (House of Representatives, affiliated with Rikken Seiyukai) and other Diet members proposed the exile of 'Red (communist) Professors' in the Faculty of Law in imperial universities as the cause of communist judges and accused Takigawa, who was a member of the bar test board.
- 大山らが登場させて後は専ら国歌として知られるようになった『君が代』だが、それまでの賀歌としての位置付けや、天皇が「國ノ元首ニシテ統治権ヲ総攬」していた(大日本帝国憲法による)という時代背景から、戦前にはごく自然な国家平安の歌として親しまれていた。
- Although 'Kimigayo' became to be known mainly as the national anthem after having been made to appear by Oyama and so on, it was liked before the War as a very natural song for cerebrating peace of the nation because of its position as gaka in the past and historical background that the emperor 'was the head of state and had a ruling power' (the Constitution of the Empire of Japan).
- 巻末の跋文によれば、執筆の動機および命名の由来は、内大臣藤原伊周が妹中宮藤原定子と一条天皇に当時まだ高価だった料紙を献上した時、「帝の方は『史記』を書写なさったが、こちらは如何に」という宮の下問を受けた清少納言が、「枕にこそは侍らめ」と即答した。
- According to an afterword to the book, her motive for writing the book and the origin of the title came from the episode in which, when Naidaijin (minister of the center) FUJIWARA no Korechika presented to his younger sister FUJIWARA no Empress Teishi and Emperor Ichijo a bundle of paper, which was still expensive in those days, the Empress inquired, 'Emperor used the paper to copy 'Shiki (Records of the Grand Historian),' what do you think we could write on this?' to which Sei Shonagon answered, 'it (the book) would be good to use as a pillow.'
- 1947年(昭和22年)3月、最後の帝国議会終了時における各会派の所属者数は次のとおり:研究会142、公正会64、交友倶楽部41、同成会33、火曜会32、同和会30、無所属倶楽部22、無所属8計373名(ただし4月に交友倶楽部所属議員1名が死去)
- In March 1947 when the last session of Imperial Diet was finished, the numbers of councilors of each group were: 142 Kenkyukai, 64 Koseikai, 41 Koyukurabu, 33 Doseikai, 32 Kayokai, 30 Dowakai, 22 Mushozokukurabu, 8 independent - a total of 373 (but one of the Koyukaikurabu member died in April).
- 表記のぶれをめぐっては、「壹」を「臺」の誤記とする説のほか、「壹與遣,倭大夫率善中郎將掖邪狗等二十人送,政等還。因詣臺,」から混同を避けるために書き分けたとする説、魏の皇帝の居所を指す「臺」の文字を東の蛮人の国名には用いなかったとする説などがある。
- There are theories about the indefinite nature of the notation: a theory that '壹' is a writing error of '臺,' an alternative theory that they were written distinctly to avoid confusion, which can be guessed from '壹與遣,倭大夫率善中郎將掖邪狗等二十人送,政等還。因詣臺,' and another theory that the letter '臺,' which indicated the place in which the emperors of Wei lived, was not supposed to be used for the country name of the eastern barbarians.
- 「市制・町村制」(明治21年法律第1号)と併せて明治憲法下の地方自治制度を形づくる法律である「府県制」(明治23年法律第35号)は、「郡制」(明治23年法律第36号)とともに第1次山縣内閣の下で帝国議会の協賛を経て1890年5月17日に公布された。
- The law, Fukensei (Act No. 35 in 1890) which forms the local administration system under the Meiji Constitution, along with 'Shisei Chosonsei' (City, town and village system law) (Act No. 1 in 1888), was supported by the Imperial Diet under the First Yamagata cabinet and was issued with 'Gunsei' (County system law) (Act No. 36 in 1890) on May 17, 1890.
- 実際にはこの「国境」を越えた清朝領域に越境した朝鮮人が多数に上ったため、彼らをどう保護するかという問題とも絡んで、この後大韓帝国となっても清朝との国境線画定の話し合いは断続的に行われたが、豆満江・鴨緑江を国境線とすることが次第に既成事実化していった。
- Actually, there were a number of Korean people who crossed the border, then negotiations between Korea and the Qing dynasty were held regarding protection of the Koreans even after Korea became the Korean empire, and the borders of the Tumen river and the Yalu river gradually became an accomplished fact.
- 1905年、日露戦争は東郷平八郎率いる大日本帝国海軍がロシア海軍のバルチック艦隊を撃破したことを契機に、アメリカ合衆国大統領のセオドア・ルーズベルトの仲介のもと、アメリカのポーツマス (ニューハンプシャー州)にて日露の和睦交渉が行なわれることとなった。
- In 1905, Japan and Russia came to be holding reconcilatory negotiations at Portsmouth of America (State of New Hampshire) through the intermediation of Theodore ROOSEVELT, the President of the United States of America, triggered by the incident that the Baltic Fleet, the Russian Navy, was explosed by the Imperial Japanese Navy led by Heihachiro TOGO during the Russo-Japanese War.
- そもそも「国王」称号や「干支」の使用は中華秩序における冊封体制の残滓であり、中華帝国を頂点として周辺諸国を従属国視する、伝統的東アジア外交秩序そのものであり、いまこそ、その体制から離脱を図り、かつ朝鮮側にもそれを認知させようとしたのだ、という論である。
- One opinion is as follows: Use of the title of 'King' and the 'Oriental zodiac' was a residue of the China-centered sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system, indicating the traditional eastern Asian diplomatic order with China placed at the top and nations around it considered dependent on China, and it was time to try separating from such a system and to make such a situation acknowledged by the Korean side as well.
- 後南朝は次第に勢力を失い、応仁の乱において小倉宮の末裔(『大乗院寺社雑事記』には小倉宮の子孫との記述あり)と称し、岡崎前門主という人物の息子が山名宗全により洛中の西陣に迎えられた(これを「西陣の南帝」と呼ぶ)との記録を最後に、歴史上にあらわれなくなった。
- The Gonancho forces gradually lost their power, and during the Onin War were labeled in historical records as descendants of Oguranomiya (in the 'Daijoin temple and shrine records of miscellaneous matters' they are listed as offspring of Oguranomiya), while the son of Zenmonshu (Gatekeeper) OKAZAKI being welcomed in the capital's western district (this son was called 'The Southern Emperor of the western district') by Sozen YAMANA is the last historical mention of them; after this point, they no longer appear in historical records.
- 金村は継体天皇を迎え入れた功績があり、また任那の運営を任されており、武烈、継体、安閑天皇、宣化天皇、欽明天皇の5代にわたって大連を務めたが、欽明天皇の時代に百済へ任那4県を割譲したことの責任を問われ失脚し、摂津国住吉郡(現大阪市住吉区帝塚山)の邸宅に篭る。
- Kanamura was credited with the reception of Emperor Keitai, was appointed to govern Mimana, and was serving as Oomuraji during the reigns of 5 different emperors--Emperors Buretsu, Keitai, Ankan, Senka and Kinmei but, upon being ousted from power on the accusation of ceding 4 prefectures within Minama to Kudara in the reign of Kinmei, he hid himself in his home in Sumiyoshi County, Settsu Province (present-day Tedzukayama, Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City).
- 台湾の日本統治時代(にっぽんとうちじだい)は、日清戦争の敗戦に伴い清朝が台湾を大日本帝国に割譲した1895年(明治28年)4月17日から、第二次世界大戦後の1945年(昭和1945年)10月25日、中華民国統治下に置かれるまでの植民地支配の約50年間を指す。
- The period of Japanese rule of Taiwan refers to approximately fifty years during which time Taiwan was governed by Japan as colony from April 17, 1895 when the Qing dynasty ceded Taiwan to Imperial Japan due to the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War to October 25, 1945 when Taiwan was put under the rule of the Republic of China.
- 第二次伊藤内閣で、メキシコとの間に平等条約締結を成功させた陸奥宗光が外相となり、駐英公使の青木周蔵を交渉に当たらせ、1894年(明治27年)の日清戦争直前、ロシア帝国の南下に危機感を募らせていた英国と日英通商航海条約の調印に成功し、治外法権制度を撤廃させた。
- Becoming a Foreign Minister in the second ITO Cabinet, Munemitsu MUTSU, who had succeeded in the conclusion of the equal treaty with Mexico, requested the Minister-Counselor to England Shuzo AOKI to negotiate with the country, and in 1894 just before the Sino-Japanese War, he succeeded to conclude the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with England, which heightened the sense of danger against the advance southward of the Russian Empire, and thus abolished the extraterritoriality.
- 朝鮮における壬午事変・甲申政変や清の戊戌の変法の失敗、長続きしなかったイランのイラン立憲革命やロシア帝国のセルゲイ・ヴィッテ改革、ピョートル・ストルイピン改革などが典型である(朝鮮の改革運動については金玉均など、清の改革については光緒帝、黄遵憲なども参照)。
- The examples of unsuccessful reforms are as follows: the Imo Incident and the Gapsin Corp in Korea; the Hundred Days' Reform in Qing; the Persian Constitutional Revolution in Iran; and the Reform of Sergei Witte and the Reform of Pyotr Stlypin in Russian empire (Regarding the movement of the reforms in Korea, refer to the article of 'Kim Ok-gyun,' and regarding the reforms in Qing, refer to the articles of 'Guangxu Emperor' and 'Huang Zunxian').
- 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
- Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
- また価値観の転換や中世史の研究の進歩で、足利尊氏の功績を評価したり、楠木正成は「悪党」としての性格が研究されるようになり、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政は宋学の影響で中華皇帝的な天皇独裁を目指す革新的なものであるなど、南北朝時代に関しても新たな認識がなされるようになった。
- Also, with changes in values and progress in medieval history research, new views regarding the Nanbokucho period such as re-evaluating the achievements of Takauji ASHIKAGA, researching aspects of Masanori KUSUNOKI as an 'Akuto' (rebel), and establishing that Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration was influenced by Sung-period neo-Cunfucianism and was revolutionary because he aimed for a dictatorship, like a Chinese emperor, have come forth.
- 東回りでマカオの歴史にまで進出したポルトガルおよびポルトガル人とならんで、西回りで太平洋に進出マニラ・ガレオンを開拓しフィリピンの歴史を植民地としたスペイン帝国およびスペイン人は、16世紀半ば(戦国時代)に日本人が初めて接触したヨーロッパの国・ヨーロッパ人であった。
- The Spanish Empire and its people that advanced to the Pacific Ocean via an east-to-west route, developed Manila Galleon and made a colonial period in the history of the Philippines, as well as Portugal and its people that advanced to the history of Macao via a west-to-east route, were the first European country and people Japanese people met in the middle of the 16th century (the Sengoku period [period of warring states]).
- (「皇帝問倭皇 使人長吏大禮 蘇因高等至具懷 朕欽承寶命 臨養區宇 思弘德化 覃被含靈 愛育之情 無隔遐邇 知皇介居海表 撫寧民庶 境內安樂 風俗融合 深氣至誠 遠脩朝貢 丹款之美 朕有嘉焉 稍暄 比如常也 故遣鴻臚寺掌客裴世清等 旨宣往意 并送物如別」『日本書紀』)
- 19世紀、欧米列強のアジア侵略に対抗するため、清朝は、朝鮮やベトナム、琉球などの冊封国を保護国あるいは併合することによって中国皇帝を中心としたアジアの伝統的な国際関係をそのまま近代的国際関係へと移行させて清の地位と影響力を保持しようとし、冊封国に対して保護国化を強めた。
- In the 19 century, in order to resist the invasion of the western powers in Asia, the Qing dynasty tried to shift the traditional international relationships in Asia to the modern ones with the Qing emperor in the center intactly to maintain the influential status by means of changing the subordinate countries under the tributary system, such as Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu, to protected states, or merging them, thus promoted to make its subordinate countries protectorates.
- 最終的には「大日本史」の記述を根拠に、明治天皇の裁断で三種の神器を所有していた南朝が正統であるとされ(ただし、現在の学説では北朝の光厳・光明・崇光の三帝は三種の神器を保有していたことがほぼ確実とみられ、神器の有無を根拠に北朝のすべてを「正統でない」とするのは無理である。
- In the end, based on the description in 'Dainihonshi' (Great Japanese History) as evidence, the Emperor Meiji decided that the Southern Court was the legitimate line because it owned the Three Sacred Treasures (however, the current academic theory has basically established that the three Northern Court emperors, Emperors Kogon, Komyo and Suko, had owned the Three Sacred Treasures, so the assumption that all of the emperors in the Northern Court were 'not legitimate' because they did not own the sacred treasures is incorrect.
- ところが時頼没後の文永5年(1268年)にはモンゴル帝国から臣従を要求する国書が届けられて元寇の到来に至り、続いて国内では時頼の遺児である執権北条時宗が異母兄北条時輔を殺害し、朝廷では後深草上皇と亀山天皇の対立の様相を見せ始めるなど、内乱の兆しを思わせる事件が発生した。
- However, in 1268, after Tokiyori died, a sovereign letter from the Mongolian Emperor ordering submission to the Mongolian Empire was delivered to Japan, which led to the attack by the Mongolian army in 1274, following which the regent Tokimune HOJO, who was Tokiyori's son, murdered his older paternal half-brother, Tokisuke HOJO, while there were also signs of conflict between the Retired Emperor Gofukakusa and Emperor Kameyama in the imperial court, and all these events suggested signs of a civil war.
- 内容は大きく分けて、天部、歳時部、地部、神祇部、帝王部、官位部、封禄部、政治部、法律部、泉貨部、称量部、外交部、兵事部、武技部、方技部、宗教部、文学部、礼式部、楽舞部、人部、姓名部、産業部、服飾部、飲食部、居処部、器用部、遊戯部、動物部、植物部、金石部の30部門からなる。
- The contents are classified into 30 sections, including sections of Ten (gods of the heavens), Saiji (events throughout the year), Chi (earthy section), Jingi (gods of heaven and earth), Teio (emperors), Kani (official ranks), Horoku (stipend), Seiji (politics), Horitsu (law), Senka (currency), Syoryo (measurement), Gaiko (diplomacy), Heiji (military), Bugi (martial arts), Hougi (technology), Shukyo (religion), Bungaku (literary), Reishiki (code of etiquette), Gaku (dance and music), Jin (personnel), Seimei (surname), Sangyo (industry), Fukushoku (garment), Inshoku (eat and drink), Kyosho (living home), Kiyo (art), Yugi (amusement), Dobutsu (animal), Shokubutsu (plant), and Kanaishi (metal).
- 体裁で違うところといえば、題名のつけかたで、庭鐘が『英草子』第一篇「後醍醐帝三たび藤房の諫を折くこと話」とか『繁野話』第一篇「雲魂雲情を語つて久しきを誓ふ話」とか長くつけるのに対し、『雨月物語』の方は第一篇「白峯」や第二篇「菊花の約」のようにすっきりとした題がついている。
- Regarding the difference in style, the expression of titles is different; Teisho put a long title such as 'The story of Emperor Godaigo, who rejected the fujifusa's advice three times' as the first story in 'Hanabusa Soshi,' and 'The story of talking about souls and the scene of clouds that promise long-lasting relationships' as the first story in 'Shigeshige Yawa,' while 'Ugetsu Monogatari' has short titles like 'Shiramine,' which is the first story, and 'The Chrysanthemum Vow,' which is the second.
- その後新渡戸稲造がアメリカ人に紹介するために書いた『武士道 (新渡戸稲造)』が、日清戦争以降、逆輸入され広く受け入れられ、大日本帝国の軍人が持つべき倫理と接合して、軍人の倫理の骨格をかたちづくり、また一方では、美学として文学や芸能の世界でさまざまなかたちとなってあらわれた。
- Later, Inazo NITOBE wrote 'Bushido (Inazo NITOBE)' to introduce bushido to American people, but after the Sino-Japanese War, it was reimported to Japan and formed the ethical framework for military officers, mixing with the ethics which the military officers of the Empire of Japan should have, and on the other hand it appeared as aesthetic in various forms in the world of literature or entertainment.
- 公実の逸話として、嘉承2年(1107年)に甥が鳥羽天皇として即位した時、彼は摂関家の当主藤原忠実の若年なるを侮って、幼帝の外舅の地位にある自らこそ摂政に就任すべしと主張し、「四代もの間、諸大夫として仕えた者が今摂関を望むとは」と白河院別当の源俊明に一蹴されたという話がある。
- According to an anecdote told about Kinzane, when his nephew acceded to the throne as Emperor Toba in 1107, Kinzane insisted that, as the father of the young Emperor's wife, he himself should become the emperor's regent rather than the head of the Fujiwara regent's line, FUJIWARA no Tadazane (who he despised for his youth), but MINAMOTO no Toshiakira, the superintendant of the court of the retired Emperor Shirakawa, refused his demand, saying, 'How foolish you are to desire to become regent now, having held the rank of shodaibu through four generations of emperors.'
- 特に国民協会が帝国党に衣替えした際に、一部が分裂してこれに従わずに自由党の後継政党である憲政党や藩閥官僚(伊藤博文系)とともに立憲政友会を結成したことによって、政友会とその反対党という構図へと変化を見せ、「吏党」・「民党」という言葉は完全に意味を成さないものになっていった。
- When the Kokumin Kyokai turned over to Teikokuto (Imperialist party), some members broke off from the group and and formed the Seiyukai (Association of Friends of Constitutional Government) together with the Kenseito (Constitutional Party), which was the incoming party of the Jiyuto, and the Hanbatsu Kanryo (domain government officials, a political party of Hirobumi ITO), and soon the political layout was mostly the Seiyukai against their opponents, that the terms 'Rito' and 'Minto' eventually lost their original meaning..
- なお、中国では、周の天子(王)を「王」のモデルとしていたことから、本来「尊王」と書くが、尊王論が日本に受容されるに際して「王」とは天皇のことであるという読み換えが行われたことから、天皇は単なる国王ではなく皇帝であるという優越意識を踏まえて「尊皇」に置き換えて用いることもある。
- While the Chinese character '王' was used in '尊王' (Sonno) in China because 'O' (王) was modeled after the Emperor of the Zhou, Sonno was also written as '尊皇' because '王' had meant the 'Emperor' (皇) in Japan who was not just a King but someone more revered since Sonnoron (Imperialism) was accepted in Japan
- …抑モ東京ハ帝国ノ首都ニシテ政治経済ノ枢軸トナリ国民文化ノ源泉トナリテ民衆一般ノ瞻仰スル所ナリ一朝不慮ノ災害ニ罹リテ今ヤ其ノ旧形ヲ留メスト雖依然トシテ我国都タル地位ヲ失ハス是ヲ以テ其ノ善後策ハ独リ旧態ヲ回復スルニ止マラス進ンテ将来ノ発展ヲ図リ以テ巷衢ノ面目ヲ新ニセサルヘカラス…
- 'Tokyo is the capital of the empire and the political and economic center, and the source of Japan's culture. Tokyo suffered an enormous disaster this time and can not cling to its old situation, but still holds status as capital of the empire, therefore, it is necessary not only to restore it to what it used to be but also have it undergo a complete new transformation.'
- 宇多上皇(程なく宇多法皇になる)は醍醐天皇に譲位した後も、『寛平御遺誡』という君主の心構えを新帝に説くばかりでなく、道真を始め源善・中納言源希・蔵人頭平季長・侍従藤原忠平といったいわゆる「寛平の治」の推進役だった一種の側近集団を新帝の周囲に配置して新帝の政策を主導しようと図った。
- Even after Retired Emperor Uda (who soon after became Cloistered Emperor Uta) abdicated the throne to Emperor Daigo, he went far beyond merely his written injunction, the Kanpyo goyuikai--which advised the new emperor on how to prepare himself to rule--and actively planned to continue his leadership role in the new emperor's government by surrounding Emperor Daigo with the group of his closest aides and ministers who had been the driving force behind the administration of the Kanpyo era, notably Michizane but also including MINAMOTO no Yoshi, the Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) MINAMOTO no Mare, the Kuroudo no kami (Majordomo of the palace) TAIRA no Suenaga, and the Jiju (Chamberlain) FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- のちに議員はその文言に気づき、無所属68名の代表として臼井哲夫、帝国党18名の代表として佐々友房、中正党33名の代表として桑原政、交友倶楽部25名の代表として内山敬三郎が、議院事務室につめかけ、書記官長の措置は注意を欠く旨をのべ、議長に奉答文の再議を迫ったが、いずれも応じなかった。
- Later, the members realized the wording, and Tetsuo USUI as a representative of 68 independents, Tomofusa SASA as a representative of 18 Imperial Party members, Tadasu KUWABARA as a representative of 33 Chusei-to Party members, Keizaburo UCHIYAMA as a representative of 25 Koyu Club members packed into the office of the House of representatives, and they claimed that the secretary's action was careless, and pressed the chairman for conferring it again, but both didn't respond.
- 邪馬台国の女王、卑弥呼は魏に遣使していたとされ、中国の歴史書『三国志 (歴史書)』「魏志倭人伝」には239年(景初3年)魏 (三国)の皇帝が卑弥呼に銅鏡百枚を下賜したとする記述があることから、三角縁神獣鏡がその鏡であり、魏、または朝鮮半島の楽浪郡・帯方郡の製作であるとする説がある。
- Based on the story that the princess of Yamatai-Koku kingdom, Himiko was considered to be dispatched to the Wei dynasty and according to a description in the Chinese history book 'Sangokushi' (Three Kingdom Saga - history book) 'Gishiwajinden' (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty') that in 239 the Emperor of the Wei dynasty (Three Kingdoms) gave a hundred bronze mirrors as an imperial grant to Himiko, there is the theory that Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was the said mirror and it was produced in the Wei dynasty or Rakuro County or Taiho County (ancient counties that existed in the northern Korean Peninsula) in the Korean Peninsula.
- しかしたとえ『万国公法』を非常に効果的に活用する場面があったとしても、次第にフランス帝国主義が浸透し、最後には天津条約によって清朝がベトナムに対する宗主権を放棄したことにより、完全にフランスの植民地となったという歴史の大勢に変わりはなく、それは後世のわれわれがよく知るところである。
- However, even if there was a chance for effective use of 'Bankoku Koho' it did not affect later history, French imperialism became widespread and after the Qing dynasty gave up suzerainty of Vietnam under the Treaty of Tianjin, Vietnam entirely became a colony of France.
- 事件は、京都帝国大学法学部の瀧川幸辰教授が、1932年10月中央大学法学部で行った講演「『復活』を通して見たるトルストイの刑法観」の内容(レフ・トルストイの思想について「犯罪は国家の組織が悪いから出る」などと説明)が無政府主義的として文部省および司法省内で問題化したことに端を発する。
- The incident started when a lecture, 'Tolstoy's view on penal law through his novel, 'Resurrection'' in October 1932 by Professor Yukitoki TAKIGAWA of the Faculty of Law, Kyoto Imperial University explained in his talk that 'Criminal offenses occur when organization of the national governmental is bad,' which was considered problematic by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Law as being anarchist.
- 以前から天皇は、弟宮の八条宮智仁親王への譲位を望んでいたが、豊臣秀吉の猶子となったことがある親王への譲位は、豊臣家と敵対する幕府が難色を示し、また後陽成帝の皇子・後水尾天皇へ徳川秀忠の娘徳川和子を入内させようとしていた家康の意向に沿わなかったため、譲位すらもままならない状況が続いた。
- The Emperor had wished to abdicate his throne in favor of his younger brother Imperial Prince Toshihito HACHIJONOMIYA, but the Bakufu, the arch enemy of the Toyotomi family, was against his wish, as the Prince had been once a yushi (an adopted son in an old Japanese way) of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and it also was the intention of Ieyasu who wanted judai (entering the Imperial Palace after an official ceremony) of Kazuko TOKUGAWA, a daughter of Hidetada TOKUGAWA, as a consort of Emperor Gomizunoo, a son of Emperor Goyozei, with the consequence that the Emperor was not free even to abdicate.
- しかし、東京時代と言っても大日本帝国憲法下と日本国憲法下では政治体制に大きな違いがある事や、100年以上前と現在を一括した呼称となるだけに違和感を抱かれる事が多いのか、一部の本で近現代(近代と現代)の日本を指す呼称として用いられるケースもあるものの、一般においては全く使われていない。
- However, the term 'Tokyo period' is not used in general, except in some books that use the term to refer to modern or contemporary Japan, probably because there is a big difference in political systems between Japan under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and Japan under the present Constitution of Japan, and because it may seem unnatural to call a period that stretches beyond 100 years with the same name.
- 韓日合邦を要求する声明書(かんにちごうほうをようきゅうするせいめいしょ)とは、1909年12月4日、大韓帝国で日本の影響下にあったチンイルパ一進会(公称会員数百万人・実数数万人程度)が皇帝純宗 (朝鮮王)、韓国統監曾禰荒助、首相李完用に送った朝鮮と日本の対等合併を要望する声明書である。
- The statement of Requesting the Equal Merger of Korea and Japan is a statement to request an equal merger between Korea and Japan sent to Emperor Sunjong (of the Korean Empire), the Resident-General of Korea Arasuke SONE and Prime Minister Lee Wan-Yong on December 4, 1909 by a group of Chinilpa (literally 'people friendly to Japan') called Iljinhoe which was under the influence of Japan in the Korean Empire (officially reported membership was a few million but actual membership was a few ten thousands).
- 具体的には、天命を承けた中国皇帝が直接支配する地域(行政区である省が置かれている)間接統治地域(辺境の有力者を土司・土官に任命し、貢ぎ物と引き替えに一定の自治を認める)版図外(「夷狄」のいる地域、皇帝の徳の感化が及ばない土地。所謂「化外の地」)という大きく分けて三つのカテゴリーがある。
- In more details, regions are roughly classified into the following three categories:- Regions which were directly controlled by an emperor of China, who received the will of heaven (Administrative districts called 'sho (Province)' were set up.)- Indirectly controlled area (Influential persons in outlands were appointed to doshi/dokan (local governor) and a certain level of autonomous control was allowed in exchange of tributes.)- Outside of the territory (regions in which 'iteki' lived; land which was not covered by influence of the virtue of the emperor; so-called 'kegainochi (land out of states reign)').
- 18世紀には、主にロシア、イギリス、フランスなど帝国主義時代の欧米列強が日本へも接近し、日本人漂流民の返還のために蝦夷地へ来日したアダム・ラクスマンの来航(寛政4年(1792年))といった諸外国が通商を求める出来事や、1811年(文化8)のゴローニン事件といった摩擦・紛争が起こり始めた。
- In the 18th century, the allied western powers of imperialism such as Russia, England and France approached Japan thus some issues and disputes started to occur such as the arrival of Adam Kirillovich Laksman who came to Ezo to return Japanese castaways in 1792 and the Golovnin Incident of 1811.
- なお、日本書紀欽明天皇2年3月条には、分注において皇妃・皇子に付いて本文と異なる異伝を記した後、『帝王本紀』について「古字が多くてわかりにくいためにさまざまな異伝が存在するのでどれが正しいのか判別しがたい場合には一つを選んで記し、それ以外の異伝についても記せ」と命じられた事を記している。
- In addition, in the notes of the section of April 541 in Nihonshoki, there is a description on the order 'to choose one tradition and write other heresies when there were too many heresies to judge which ones were true and it is difficult to choose one because of too many old characters' about 'Teio Honki' (The Chronicle of Emperors) after the notes on heresies about empresses and princes.
- 根拠として、本来モンゴル帝国の軍事行動では、事前に兵力100〜1万規模での敵地への威力偵察を数度段階的に行った後、本格的な侵攻を行う場合が多く、また『元史』「日本伝」には元軍の矢がすぐに尽きたという記述が見られることと、3万人程度(中には非戦闘員もいる)という少ない兵力からこの説も根強い。
- This theory is persistent, based upon the following facts; the army of the Mongol Empire in many cases performed several reconnaissances in a phased manner before a serious invasion, with a number of soldiers varying from a hundred to ten thousand; arrows run short soon in the Yuan army as described in 'Nihon Den' of 'Genshi;' and the number of soldiers was small, about thirty thousand (including non-soldiers).
- やがて広大な領土支配のため北部と西部方面の辺境地域を藩部とし南のネパール、ビルマ、シャム、越南(ベトナム)、東の朝鮮及び琉球(なお琉球は日本側とも冊封関係にあった)を冊封して清を中心とする国際秩序をアジアに構築、北辺ではシベリアに進出したロシア帝国との間に条約を締結して国境を漸次確定した。
- The dynasty soon established an international order in Asia with Qing as the center by joining northern and western remote regions as its provinces and had its vassal system with Nepal, Burma, Siam, and Vietnam in the south and Korea and Ryukyu Islands (although ryukyu had also a peerage relationship with Japan) in the east, and temporarily defined its northern border by concluding a treaty with the Russian Empire that had advanced into Siberia.
- 大日本帝国憲法、衆議院議員選挙法が公布された翌日(1889年(明治22年)2月12日)、黒田は鹿鳴館で開催された午餐会の席上において「超然主義演説」を行って政党との徹底対決の姿勢を示したが、その一方で立憲改進党前総裁(実質は党首)で外務大臣 (日本)の大隈重信を留任させて条約改正の任にあたらせた。
- The day after the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the election law of the members of the House of Representatives were issued (February 12, 1889), KURODA made the speech called 'speech of the doctrine of superiority' in order to show his attitude to cope with the political parties to the bottom in the luncheon held at Rokumeikan, and on the other hand, he had Shigenobu OKUMA, who was also the former president of the Constitutional Progressive Party, stay in the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) to assign the mission to revise the treaty.
- しかし学会設立の要因に際しては、先述のような東京大学内部の事情のみならず、当時大日本帝国憲法草案をほぼ完成していた伊藤博文が渡辺洪基(総長)に対し「大(おおい)ニ国家学ノ研究ヲ振興シ、普(あまね)ク国民ヲシテ立憲ノ本義ト其運用トヲ知ラシムルコトガ極メテ必要デアル」と助言したこと大きく関わっている。
- However, as for the factor of foundation of it, not only internal circumstances at the University of Tokyo previously noted, but also that Hirobumi ITO who almost completed a draft of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan at that time advised to Koki WATANABE (president), 'The study on the science of the nation should be immensely encouraged, and we extremely need to inform people of underlying principle and implementation of constitution widely.' were deeply related to.
- また、文部省が京大総長の具状を待たずに分限委員会を開き滝川の休職処分を決定したことは、京大における沢柳事件(1913年 - 1914年)以来、「教授会自治」として認められていた慣行(総長の具状は教授会の同意を必要とするというもの)を無視するものであったうえに帝国大学官制にすら違反する可能性があった。
- The decision for Takigawa's extended leave by the Bungen (change in employment status) board of the Ministry of Education without waiting for an explanation from the President of Kyoto University ignored the tradition of 'Ruling by the Board of Professors' that was established by the Sawayanagi Incident (1913-1914) at Kyoto University (the explanation of the president requires the consent of the board of professors) and may have possibly been against the Imperial University Rules.
- 同宣言には「日本国政府ハ日本国国民ノ間ニ於ケル民主主義的傾向ノ復活強化ニ対スル一切ノ障礙ヲ除去スベシ」「言論、宗教及思想ノ自由並ニ基本的人権ノ尊重ハ確立セラルベシ」等と定められたため、ダグラス・マッカーサー率いる連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ/SCAP)は、大日本帝国憲法の改正を日本政府に求めた。
- According to the sentences of the declaration, 'the Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people' and 'Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established,' the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) led by Douglas MACARTHUR demanded modification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- なぜなら、自由民権派が求めるようなイギリスの議院内閣制そのものは否定して天皇の権威の絶対化を目指すものの、同時にドイツ帝国の体制は皇帝の権限が強すぎるためにそのまま導入した場合、当時明治天皇からの信任が厚かった宮中保守派(中正派)が求める「天皇親政」への道を開き兼ねないとというジレンマがあったからである。
- This was because there was the following dilemma behind this background; while the British parliamentary cabinet system itself demanded by the group of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement was denied and the absolutization of the Emperor's power was aimed, the direct introduction of the German Empire's system could lead to 'the direct rule by the emperor,' which was demanded by the conservatives in the Imperial Court who had gained the confidence of the Emperor Meiji at the time, because the authorization of the Emperor under the German Empire's system was so strong.
- 天皇・皇后の東京への行幸啓のたびに、公卿・諸藩主・京都の政府役人・京都市民などから行幸啓の中止・反対の声があがり、政府は「これからも四方へ天皇陛下の行幸があるだろうが、京都は千有余年の帝城で大切に思っておられるから心配はいらない」とする諭告(『告諭大意』)を京都府から出させ、人心の動揺を鎮めることに努めた。
- Every time the Emperor and empress left for Tokyo, there were calls in opposition and cancellations by the nobles, domain lords, government officials, and citizens in Kyoto, and the government issued a statement saying 'The emperor will be visiting all around, and there is nothing to worry about because Kyoto is the imperial palace of 1000 years which is still very important.' in the 'Official Notice' that was released from the Kyoto government and was able to calm everyone's hearts.
- 『高麗史』によると1272年に、高麗の王世子の諶(しん、後の忠烈王)が、元 (王朝)のクビライ皇帝に「惟んみるに、日本は未だに聖化を蒙らず。故に詔使を発し、軍容を継耀かし、戦艦兵糧まさに、須いる所あらん、もし此事を以って臣に委ねなば、勉めて心力を尽くして 小しく王師を助くるに庶幾(ちか)からん」と具申したとある。
- According to 'Koraishi,' in 1272, Crown Prince Sim of Goryeo (later King Chungnyeol) gave his opinion to Emperor Kublai of the Yuan Dynasty, 'I think that Japan has not yet leant the virtues of the Emperor. Therefore, an imperial order should be issued to use the army, warships and provisions for this purpose. If you commission your vassals to do it, we will do our best to support the imperial army.'
- ところが大日本帝国憲法に先行して天皇から与えられた「勅諭」であることから、陸軍(および海軍の一部)は軍人勅諭を政府や議会に対する自らの独立性を担保するものと位置づけていた(陸軍の一部には「政論に惑わず政治に拘わらず」について「政府や政治家が何を言おうと気にする必要はない、ということだ」という解釈すらあったという)。
- On the side of the Army (and a part of the Navy), however, since the imperial rescript was given by Emperor ahead of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, there was an idea that the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors secures their independence from the government and the parliament (Some members of the Army even interpreted 'Military men are neither perplexed at political opinions nor involved in politics.' as 'Military men need not care about what the government and statesmen say').
- この声明書の中で、「これまでの朝鮮の歴史の悲劇は自分達が招いたことであり、我が国の皇帝陛下と日本天皇陛下に懇願し、朝鮮人も日本人と同じ一等国民の待遇を享受して、政府と社会を発展させようではないか」と、大韓帝国と大日本帝国が新たに一つの政治機関を設立し、大韓帝国と大日本帝国が対等合邦して一つの大帝国を作るように求めた。
- In the statement, it says 'Tragedies in Korean history are our own fault, so we would like to plead to our Emperor and the Emperor of Japan to give Koreans the opportunity to enjoy the same treatment as the first class citizens of Japan. We ask the Japanese to develop our government and society' and suggest the Korean Empire and the Empire of Japan establish a new unified political body together and create a new empire by equal merger of both Empires.
- すなわち、明治初期、唯一の高等教育機関(大学)であった東京大学(法学部・文学部・理学部・医学部4学部で構成)において、政治学の専攻部門は「政治学理財学科」として経済学とともに文学部に管轄されていたが、1885年12月法学部に移管、さらに翌1886年3月の帝国大学令公布により東京大学法学部の「政治学科」として改編された。
- That is to say, in the University of Tokyo (it was consisted of 4 faculties: Faculty of Law, Faculty of Letters, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Medicine) that was the only higher education institution in early Meiji period, major course of political science was under the control of Faculty of Letters together with economic science as 'Department of Political Economy, Political Science', but it was transferred to Faculty of Law in December 1885, and reformed into 'Department of Political Science' of the Faculty of Law at the University of Tokyo under the Imperial University Ordinance promulgated in March 1886.
- モンゴル帝国時代、元 (王朝)時代の「日本観」についてであるが、大元朝後期に中書右丞相トクトらによって編纂された『宋史』「日本伝」では、「年代紀に記するところ」として天御中主尊から天照大神尊などの二十三世、神武天皇から冷泉天皇、(宋代初期の)当代の守平天皇(円融天皇)までの約六十四代を列記、されており、以下が記載されている。
- What can be said about information on Japan documented during the Mongolian Empire period, or the Yuan Dynasty, is that the subsection on Japan, 'Japan Accounts' (日本伝), of the 'History of Song Dynasty,' which was complied in the late Great Yuan Dynasty by Prime Minister Toktoghan recounted twenty-three generations from Amenominakanushi-no-mikoto to Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess) as 'what the Japanese chronicle had listed' and about sixty-four sovereigns, such as from the Emperor Jinmu (a grandson of Amaterasu Omikami) to the Emperor Reizei and the subsequent Emperor Enyu (the Emperor Morihira), who was the emperor of that age (the early Song Dynasty), and recorded as follows:
- アヘン戦争(1840年 - 1842年)の敗北により結ばれた南京条約の締結(1842年)に続き、アロー号戦争(1857年 - 1860年)、清仏戦争(1884年 - 1885年)、日清戦争(1894年 - 1895年)、義和団の乱(19世紀末 - 20世紀初頭)といった事件が起こっていき、帝国主義列強に侵略されていくことになる。
- After concluding the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 following the Opium War (1840 – 1842), China endured the Arrow War (1857 – 1860), the Sino-French War (1884 – 1885), the Sino-Japanese War (1894 – 1895) and the Giwadan War (late 19th century – early 20th century) before being invaded by powerful countries of imperialism.
- 当時の一般的な上流貴族の姫君の夢は、後宮に入り帝の寵愛を受け皇后の位に上ることであったが、『源氏物語』は、帝直系の源氏の者を主人公にし彼の住まいを擬似後宮にしたて女君たちを分け隔てなく寵愛するという内容で彼女たちを満足させ、あるいは人間の心理や恋愛、美意識に対する深い観察や情趣を書きこんだ作品として貴族たちにもてはやされたのである。
- A common dream of the Himegimi (daughters of persons of high rank) in those days was to enter the Kokyu (a section of the Imperial Palace where the Imperial family and court ladies lived) and gain the love of the Mikado (Emperor), thus being elevated to Empress; accordingly, 'The Tale of Genji' satisfied such ladies as it had as its protagonist a member of the Genji clan who was a direct descendant of the emperor that lived in a kind of pseudo-Kokyu and loved all women without distinction. The work was also welcomed by court nobles as an appealing work that offered a close observation of human psychology, love, and aesthetics.
- しかし、松方デフレ等の影響で没落した農家・地主たちや疲弊した地方を尻目に官営事業の払下げで急速に力をつけてきた政商資本家の台頭という資本主義経済における自由競争の負の部分が顕在化しつつあった当時の状況や、大日本帝国憲法では天皇制を定め、近代天皇制国家の形成が進められていたことから、施行延期派を支持する声が段々と強まるようになっていく。
- However, more and more people supported the Seko-enki-ha Group, because of the then situation that in spite of peasants and landowners who were brought to ruin and local regions impoverished by Matsukata Deflation, and the appearance of businessmen with political ties who were rapidly increasing power by getting government properties cheaply, a negative part of free competition in capitalist economy, and the fact that in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan the Emperor system was adopted and the formation of the modern Emperor-system nation was on going.
- 天皇は後に、「それが実は、あの詔書の一番の目的であって、神格とかそういうことは二の問題でした。(中略)民主主義を採用したのは明治大帝の思召しである。しかも神に誓われた。そうして五箇条御誓文を発して、それが基となって明治憲法ができたんで、民主主義というものは決して輸入物ではないということを示す必要が大いにあったと思います。」と語っている。
- The emperor said later 'actually it was the purpose of the edict, so the divinity or other things came next. (snip) it was the emperor Meiji who adopted democracy. He also swore to God and issued Charter Oath of Five Articles, by which Meiji Constitution was made, so I think it was necessary to show that democracy was not imported.'
- 石上英一以来歴史学者の間で唱えられた蝦夷・隼人と日本人は同じ倭人(倭の地に住む人間)であるにも関わらず、日本という国家成立を急ぐために本来は全ての倭人を内国(内地)化・王民化しなければならない辺境の人民をいまだ支配できていない現実を隠蔽して、逆にそれを利用して内国の王民を統治・支配する「小帝国」を形成してきたとする見解が一定の支持を受けている。
- The following view given by Eiichi ISHIGAMI and other historians has been supported to a certain extent: under the circumstances, hastening to establish Japan as a nation by bringing all the people and lands in Japan under the Emperor's rule, although Emishi, Hayato and other Japanese were the same Wajin (people who lived in the Wa country [Japan]), the government concealed the reality that it was not yet able to control these frontier people, and making the best of a difficult situation, established a 'small empire' to include all people who were currently under the Emperor's control.
- 故、天御中主神(あめのみなかぬしのかみ)以下、日子波限建鵜草葺不合命(ひこなぎさたけうがやふきあへずのみこと)以前を上巻となし、神倭伊波禮毘古天皇(かむやまといはれびこのすめらみこと)以下、品蛇御世(ほむだのみよ)以前を中巻となし、大雀皇帝(おほさぎのみかど)以下、小治田大宮(をはりだのおほみや)以前を下巻となし、併せて三巻を録して、謹みて献上る。
- The period from Amenominakanushi no kami (God Ruling the Center of Heaven) to Hikonagisatake ugayafukiaezu no mikoto was determined to be contained in Kamitsumaki (Volume 1), the period from Kamuyamatoiwarebiko no sumera mikoto to the reign of Homuda was determined to be contained in Nakatsumaki (Volume 2), and the period from Emperor Osasagi to Owarida no Omiya was determined to be contained in Shimotsumaki (Volume 3). I am honored to present these three volumes that I wrote.
- 1260年にモンゴル帝国の第5代皇帝(ハーン、ハーン)に即位した後のいわゆる「元 (王朝)」(大元ウルス、大元朝、元朝)の皇帝クビライは、1268年(日本の文永5年・大元朝の至元 (元世祖)5年)に第2代皇帝オゴデイ以来の懸案であった南宋攻略を開始する一方、既に服属していた朝鮮半島の高麗を通じて、1266年に日本に初めて通交を求める使者を送ろうとしていた。
- Kublai, who in 1260 became the fifth emperor (Khan) of the Mongol Empire that was later called 'Yuan' (the Great Yuan Ulus, Great Yuan Dynasty or Yuan Dynasty), in 1266 planned to send the first envoys to establish diplomatic relations with Japan, through Goryeo in the Korean peninsula, which had already become its subject, while starting to conquer the Southern Sung Dynasty in 1268, which had been its long-standing aim since the reign of the second emperor Ogodei.
- 4月下旬に始まった帝国議会において、ロンドン海軍軍縮会議締結に対し、軍令部が要求していた、補助艦の対米比7割に満たないとして条約締結拒否を言ったにもかかわらず、この条約を結んだことを理由に、野党の立憲政友会総裁の犬養毅と鳩山一郎が衆議院で、「軍令部の反対意見を無視した条約調印は統帥権の干犯である」と政府を攻撃、続いて枢密院議長倉富勇三郎もこれに同調する動きを見せた。
- Despite the Army demanded to reject the conclusion of the treaty of London Naval Conference on Disarmament, at the Imperial Diet opened in the latter half of April, because the proportion of the auxiliary ships unreached to 70 percent comparing to that of the United States, the government concluded the treaty, so that Tsuyoshi INUKAI, the President of the Opposition Rikken seiyukai, and Ichiro HATOYAMA attacked the government at the House of Representatives appealing 'The conclusion of the treaty ignoring the opposite opinion given by the Army means the interference and violate of supreme command,' and following that the Chairman of the Privy Council Yuzaburo KURATOMI showed his attitude to sympathize with that.
- 清はそれまで広州一港に貿易を限っていたがイギリス(大英帝国)は1840年と1857年のアヘン戦争および第二次アヘン戦争により南京条約(1842年)、天津条約(1858年)および北京条約(1860年)を結び多額の賠償金と香港、九竜半島の割譲、上海など11港の開港と領事裁判権の承認、関税自主権の喪失、片務的最恵国待遇、公使の北京駐在、キリスト教の公認と保護などを清に認めさせた。
- Although the Qing dynasty had allowed foreign trade only at Canton port, Britain (the British Empire) concluded the treaties of Nanjing (in 1482), Tianjin (in 1858), and Beijing (in 1860) after First Opium War and the Second Opium War in 1840 and 1857 to make Qing dynasty pay a large amount of reparations, cede Hong Kong and Kawloon island, open 11 ports including Shanghai, recognize consular jurisdiction, abandon tariff autonomy, grant one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, permit an envoy to stay in Beijing, and officially recognize and protect Christianity.
- 政府の公式見解は、国家国旗法案が提出された際の1999年6月11日段階では、「『君』とは、『大日本帝国憲法下では主権者である天皇を指していたと言われているが、日本国憲法下では、日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴である天皇と解釈するのが適当である。』(「君が代」の歌詞は、)『日本国憲法下では、天皇を日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴とする我が国の末永い繁栄と平和を祈念したものと理解することが適当である』」とした。
- According to the official view of the Government of Japan, it was explained on June 11, 1999 as 'Although it is said that, under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan,' the word 'Kimi' meant the emperor, who was the sovereign, but under the Constitution of Japan, it is appropriate to interpret it as the emperor who is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people' and '(the words of 'Kimigayo' is) under the Constitution of Japan, it is appropriate to understand them to be the hope for prosperity of Japan, which has the emperor as the symbol of State and the unity of the people and peace.'
- この作品には、かぐや姫が竹の中から生まれたという竹中生誕説話(異常出生説話)、かぐやが3ヶ月で大きくなったという急成長説話、かぐや姫の神異によって竹取の翁が富み栄えたという致富長者説話、複数の求婚者へ難題を課していずれも失敗する求婚難題説話、帝の求婚を拒否する帝求婚説話、かぐや姫が月へ戻るという昇天説話(羽衣説話)、最後に富士山の地名由来を説き明かす地名起源説話など、非常に多様な要素が含まれている。
- This work contains very different elements of story: a story of Princess Kaguya's being born from a bamboo (a story of extraordinary birth); a story of sudden growth as Kaguya's becoming grown-up in three months; a story of becoming a rich man as Taketori no Okina's flourishing due to miracles created by Princess Kaguya; a story of suitors and difficult tasks as her giving difficult tasks to the suitors to fail in solving them; a story of Emperor's marriage proposal as her refusing Emperor's courtship; a story of rising to heaven (a story of a robe of feathers) as Princess Kaguya's returning to the moon; a story of an origin of the name of the place as the name of Mt. Fuji being revealed at the end of the tale.
- 自由民権運動は政府の弾圧によって衰微し、自由党_(明治)は解党、立憲改進党も休止状態にあったが、1887年にいわゆる三大事件建白運動が発生すると、かつての自由党の領袖である後藤象二郎は自由民権運動各派が再結集して来るべき第1回衆議院議員総選挙に臨み、帝国議会に議会政治の打ち立てて条約改正や地租・財政問題という難題にあたるべきだと唱え、3月に旧自由党・立憲改進党の主だった人々に呼びかけたのがきっかけである。
- The Freedom and People's Rights Movement once declined because of the government's oppression, which led Liberal Party (Meiji Period) to dissolve and the Constitutional Progressive Party to halt its activities, but in 1887, when so called the petition movement of three major events happened, Shojiro GOTO, a leader of former Liberal Party, advocated the reunion of factions of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement to prepare for upcoming of the first House of Representatives election and he called for the establishment of parliamentary government within the Imperial Diet to deal with difficult problems such as treaty revision, a land tax, and financial affairs; in March of the same year, he got principal members of former Liberal Party and the Constitutional Progressive Party to participate, which triggered the movement to unite for a common purpose.
- ただ日本を含めた諸外国の研究者は、一進会が大日本帝国の侵略の意図を見抜けず韓国を亡国へと導く役割を果たしたことは事実であるが、対等合併論自体は日本の朝鮮併合論(朝鮮が日本に従属し、主権を放棄する形で植民地となる。)とは明らかに異なり、寧ろ併合後の日本が一進会すらも用済みとして切捨て、植民地統治を開始したことを踏まえて、「一進会もまた犠牲者であり、必ずしも責められるべき点ばかりではなかった」とする同情的意見も強い。
- However, many researchers of other countries including Japan, have sympathetic views stating that, although it is true that the Iljinhoe group played a role making Korea a lost country without foreseeing the Empire of Japan's intension of invasion, their theory of equal merger was totally different from Japan's theory of Korean annexation (Korea comes under the rule of Japan to become a colony by relinquishing sovereign power), so considering Japan discarded the Iljinhoe after the group served their purpose, 'the Iljinhoe were also victims and should not be totally blamed'.
- 『源氏物語』は、なぜ藤原氏全盛の時代(作者の紫式部も藤原氏で、その上『尊卑分脈』注に「紫式部是也(中略)御堂関白道長妾」とあるなど藤原道長の愛人とされる)に、かつて藤原一族が安和の変で失脚させた源氏(朱雀天皇以降、皇后に源氏がなったことはなく、常に藤原北家からの皇后である)を主人公にし、源氏が恋愛に常に勝ち、源氏の帝位継承をテーマとして描いた(王朝物語の全てが源氏が勝利する(例えば『狭衣物語』の狭衣中将)ことを含む)のか。
- There are questions as to why, as a main character, 'The Tale of Genji' set the Genji clan, which was once made to have fallen from power by the Fujiwara clan in the Anna no Hen Conspiracy (after the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was no empress from the Genji clan but always from the Norther House of the Fujiwara clan, during the height of the Fujiwara clan (the author Murasaki Shikibu was also of the Fujiwara clan, and the commentary of 'Japanese Various Families' Trees' says 'A court lady Murasaki Shikibu,... mistress of Michinaga,'), why Genji won the romance and why it described Genji's succession to the Imperial Throne (including the question of why, in all the dynasty tales, the Genji clan always wins (for example, Sagoromo Chujo in 'The Tale of Sagoromo').
- 新天皇が先帝死去の翌年になるのを待って改元する先例に反して即位後ただちに大同 (日本)と改元し、桓武がさかんに行った蝦夷侵略の軍事行動や遷都にともなう土木工事のために弛緩した財政の引き締め、機能していない官司の整理、参議を廃止して太政官が地方政治を直接監督する観察使を置くなど積極的に政治改革に取り組んだが、若いころから病身だった彼はやがて体調を崩し、早くも大同4年(809年)には皇太子神野(嵯峨天皇)に譲位することになった。
- Rather than wait until the year after the preceding Emperor died to change the name of the era which was the custom, the new Emperor changed the era name into Dodai and tightened the budget that had loosened while Kanmu had conducted frequent military activity against the Siberian invasion and moved the capital, and actively worked on organizing redundant court positions, placing of a Kansatsushi, where Daijokan directly watches over regional government and abolishing Sangi, but he was sickly from a young age and abdicated the throne to the Crown Prince Kamino (Emperor Saga) in 809.
- 日本は日露戦争中である1904年の第一次日韓協約締結により韓国の財政・外交に対し関与する立場となっていたが、日露戦争の講和条約であるポーツマス条約(1905年9月5日)により韓国に対する優越権をロシアから承認され、また高宗 (朝鮮王)が他の国に第一次日韓協約への不満を表す密使を送っていたことが問題となったこともあり、日本からの信頼を無くしていた大韓帝国に対し、より信頼できる行動をとることを求めるため、この協約を結ぶこととなった。
- Although Japan was in the position to take part in Korean finance and diplomacy due to the conclusion of the First Japan-Korea Treaty in 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War, she decided to conclude this treaty in order to required the Korean Empire, who had lost trust from Japan, to take more reliable actions, because Japan had been approved of the priority rights over Korea by Russia due to the Treaty of Portsmouth (September 5, 1905), the peace treaty of the Russo-Japanese War, and also because it became a problem that Gao Zong (King of Korea) had sent a secret agent to other countries to show his discontent with the First Japan-Korea Treaty.
- これに対して山梨半造陸軍大臣をはじめ、田中義一前陸相及び元老山縣有朋は、軍部大臣に文官を任命することは軍人勅諭及び帝国憲法の統帥権の解釈からして不適当であること、陸軍省官制および海軍省官制には軍部大臣が現役あるいは予備役の大将・中将と明記され(当時は軍部大臣現役武官制ではない)ていること、また、陸海軍大臣の帷幄上奏には統帥に関わる部分も含まれており、これを文官が代理するのは憲法で保障された統帥権の独立に対する違憲行為であるとして反発した。
- Hanzo YAMANASHI, the Minister of Army, Giichi TANAKA, the former Minister of Army, and Aritomo YAMAGATA, the Genro, rebelled to appoint the civil officer to the Minister of Military, because it was not appropriate to the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and the understanding of supreme command in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the government regulations of the Ministry of Army and Navy described that the Minister of Military should be the Major Captain and Lieutenant General in commission or reserve duty (The Military ministers to be officers on active-duty rule was not adopted at that time.), and Iaku-joso (making comments on military affairs to the Emperor with full responsibility of the results) by the Minister of Army and Navy included a part related to the supreme command, the substitution of the duty by the civil officer would be the unconstitutional action against the independence of the supreme command which secured under the Constitution.
- 黒板勝美は大日本帝国海軍水路部の元暦2年3月24日(ユリウス暦で5月2日)の関門海峡の潮流の調査を元に、午前8時30分に西への潮流が東へ反転して、午前11時頃に8ノットに達し、午後3時頃に潮流は再び西へ反転することを明らかにし、合戦が行われた時間帯は『玉葉』の午の刻(12時ごろ)から申の刻(16時ごろ)が正しく合戦は午後に行われたとして、潮流が東向きだった時間帯は平氏が優勢で、反転して西向きになって形勢が逆転して源氏が優勢になったとした。
- Katsumi KUROITA, based on an investigation conducted by Tokyo Imperial University's naval hydrographic department into the tidal currents on May 2, 1185, proved that the westward tidal current in the Kanmon straits started flowing eastward at 8:30 in the morning, reaching a speed of eight knots by around 11 AM, and returned to flowing westward at around 3 in the afternoon; asserting that the times given in the 'Gyokuyo' for when the battle was fought (from noon to 4 PM) were correct and thus that the battle took place in the afternoon, he further stated that as long as the current was flowing east the Taira clan had the advantage, but after it switched back to flowing west, there was a reversal of fortunes and the Minamoto clan gained the upper hand.