山林: 121 Terms and Phrases
- 山林
- mountain forest
- forest on a mountain
- montane forest
- mountains and forest
- Sanrin
- Yamahayashi
- Yamabayashi
- woodland
- 里山林
- community-based forest
- 山林原野
- forested mountains and fields
- 大韓民国山林庁
- Korea Forest Service
- 諸戸山林事務所
- Morotosanrinjimusho
- 山林部 - 山林課
- Forestry Department - Forestry Division
- 土地(宅地及び山林)
- Lands (residential area and mountain forest area).
- 2007年ギリシャ山林火災
- 2007 Greek forest fires
- 里山林の新たな保全・利用推進事業
- new conservation and utilization promotion project for community-based forests
- 藩の山林取締役兼御朱印番に就いた。
- He started to work as Director of Forest and Goshuin-ban (supervisor of official documents) in the domain.
- また山林や沼沢・荒地なども記載された。
- And the nature of the land (e.g. woody land/bogland/ wetland/desolate land) was entered into the blank space left in the item of 'chimoku.'
- 山林などにおいて悪獣の為に喰食せられる
- One is eaten by evil beasts in mountains and forests.
- 国内にある山林の伐採又は譲渡による所得
- Income arising from the cutting or transfer of ownership of forests located in Japan
- Income arising from the cutting or transfer of ownership of forests located in Japan;
- 樹木の栽植又は伐採を目的とする山林の賃貸借 十年
- Leases of forest for the purpose of planting or felling trees: 10 years;
- 同年7月、比叡山に登り山林修行に入り、大蔵経を読破。
- In July of the same year, he entered into the ascetic training in the mountains at Mt. Hiei-zan, and he completed the reading of Daizo-kyo Sutra.
- 祟り地とは特定の山林や田畑が祟ると恐れられているもの。
- Tatari-chi is a particular mountain, woods, or fields that is feared to cause a tatari.
- 所有家屋500坪、宅地2,000坪、農地山林50町歩以上
- The established minimums were 500 tsubo (approx. 1,600 square meters) in houses, 2,000 tsubo (approx. 6,500 square meters) in housing land, and 50 cho (approx. 120 acres) of agricultural and/or forest land.
- 庭園、山林その他尊厳又は風致を保持するために用いられる土地
- Gardens, mountain forests, and other areas of land that serve the purpose of maintaining sanctity and aesthetic appearance
- こうした山林利用の形態も明治中期以降から徐々に変化していく。
- This way of using the forest changed gradually after the middle of the Meiji period.
- 残された一部の山林などでの作業も翌1882年までに完了した。
- The remaining work in some mountains and forests were completed by the next year, 1882.
- 明治14年(1881年) 陸軍歩兵少佐に昇進、大日本山林会総裁
- In 1881, Imperial Prince Fushimi Sadanaru was promoted the rank of major in the infantry of the Imperial Army; he then became the president of The Dai Nihon Sanrinkai (The Japan Forestry Association).
- また、宮座が山林を保有してその収益を運営にあてる場合もあった。
- Miyaza also held forest lands, whose profits were used for its operation.
- そこへ沼藺の夫、山林房八がお尋ね者となった信乃を捕らえようと現れる。
- Then Nui's husband Fusahachi YAMABAYASHI showed up to capture Shino, who was now a wanted person.
- 遅れていた山林などにおける官有民地区分事業も翌年7月に終了している。
- The project of dividing public and private lands, especially mountains, took more time but was completed in the next July.
- 屋敷のすぐそばには祀らず、少し離れた山林の中に祀られるところもある。
- There are also places in which yashiki-gami are not enshrined next to the house itself, but in a nearby mountain forest.
- その後もこの地域における山林経営が村政運営の課題として採り上げられた。
- Even after that, the issue of forest business was taken up and discussed as a problem to be handled by the village government.
- 孫の一は農林省山林局長、侍従次長、外務省出入国管理庁長官等をつとめた。
- Hajime, who was his grandson, successively worked as Director-General of Bureau of Forestry, Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Deputy Grand Chamberlain of the Imperial Household Agency, and Commissioner of Emigration and Immigration Agency, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and so on.
- 室内や山林など、長柄の武器の取り回しが悪い環境では刀に持ち替えて戦った。
- They changed to Katana and fought in a circumstances such as indoors or in a mountain forest where it is difficult to handle long handle weapons.
- 最澄ははじめ東大寺で戒律を受けたが、比叡山に籠もり、12年間山林修業を行った。
- Saicho first received the precepts of Buddhism in Todai-ji Temple, but secluded himself in Mt. Hiei and had ascetic training in the mountain forests for 12 years.
- 財政基盤の脆弱な知井村では広大な山林を対象とした事業の実施が困難であったこと。
- It was difficult for Chi Village, that had a weak financial base, to conduct business for the vast forest by itself.
- 田畑や山林の地積には町、反、畝、歩を用い、宅地や家屋の地積には坪、合、勺を用いる。
- The units of cho, tan, se and bu are used for showing the acreage of fields, mountains, and forests, while the units of tsubo, go and shaku (勺) are used for the housing lots and the houses.
- ここでの隠逸とは山林などに身を隠すような隠遁と異なり、単に官を退くことと捉えてよい。
- Their recluses can be simply understood as retirements from official ranks, unlike hiding in mountains or forests.
- 隷書・楷書を得意とし、寛政11年(1799年)、20歳の時に書塾 小山林堂を開いた。
- Beian was noted for his skill in demotic semi-square styled (reisho) and standard or square styled (kaisho) calligraphy, and in 1799, at the age of 20 he opened a private calligraphy school called Shosanrindo ('小山林堂').
- 歩も用いられることはなく、田畑・山林の地積についてはアールや平方メートルが用いられている。
- Without using the unit of bu, the acreage of the fields and the mountains and forest are represented in are and square meter.
- 山林などは例外として対象に含まれず、これを以て完全に解体されたわけではないとの見解もある。
- Some think that the landlord system wasn't abolished completely because mountains and forests were exempted from the land reform.
- このような山林地上権での基準対価による契約更改は京都府下においては前例のないものであった。
- There was no precedent in Kyoto Prefecture for the renewal of a contract based on standard price for the right of using the forest land.
- 面積の約95%を山林が占め、林業や柚子の栽培などの農業、それを使った特産品が主な産業である。
- With roughly 95% of its land area is covered with forests, the major industries are forestry, farming including yuzu cultivation and production of goods using the citrus fruit.
- また、上級郷士ともなると多くの農地山林を抱え、さらに薩摩藩では武士同士の石高の売買が出来た。
- Also, when a samurai became a senior ranking goshi they controlled vast farming lands, forests and mountains, and moreover, it was possible for them to trade produce among samurai in the Satsuma clan.
- それらの山林は、後に管理会社として住友林業が設立され、今日まで住友の山として受け継がれている。
- Later, Sumitomo Forestry was established as a company managing the mountain range, and this area has been handed down as the Sumitomo mountain until today.
- これは山林で祀っていたものが屋敷に近づいていった結果、最終的に屋敷と融合したものだと思われる。
- This is believed to be a result of kami that were once enshrined in mountain forests being brought closer to the residence itself before finally ending up within the house.
- この盛長と云う者土佐の奥に有りて日夜山林を家とし鹿猿兎を猟て業とし飽くまで剛強にして不敵なり。
- A person named Morinaga survived deep in Tosa and spent every night in mountains; he hunted deers, monkeys, and rabbits to make a living, being strong and fearless forever.
- 名神高速道路 → 八日市インターチェンジ → 国道421号 → 国道8号 → 観音寺山林道有料道路
- Meishin Expressway=>Yokaichi interchange=>National Route 421=>National Route 8=>Kannonji-sanrindo Tollway
- 延暦12年(793年)、大学での勉学に飽き足らず、19歳を過ぎた頃から山林での修行に入ったという。
- It is said that, not satisfied with learning at the Bureau of Education, he performed ascetic practices in the forests starting around the age of 20.
- 消防対象物とは、山林又は舟車、船きよ若しくはふ頭に繋留された船舶、建築物その他の工作物又は物件をいう。
- The term 'property under fire defense measures' means a forest, or a vessel and vehicle, a ship moored at a dock or a pier, a building or other structure or any other object.
- 名前は三亥、字は孔陽、号は米庵のほかに楽斎・百筆斎・亦顛道人・小山林堂・金洞山人・金羽山人・西野子など。
- His given name was Sangai and Chinese courtesy name was Koyo and, besides being called Beian, his pen names included: Rakusai ('楽斎'), Hyakuhitsusai ('百筆斎'), Ekiten (or Yakuten or Mataten) dojin ('亦顛道人'), Shosanrindo (or Koyamarindo or Oyamarindo or Kosanrindo, written as '小山林堂'), Kinto-sanjin ('金洞山人'), Kin-u-sanjin ('金羽山人') and Seiyashi ('西野子').
- しかし吉野の金峰山や四国の石鎚山などで山林修行を重ねると共に、幅広く仏教思想を学んだことは想像に難くない。
- However, it can be easily imagined that he performed ascetic performances repeatedly in the forests of Mt. Kinpu in Yoshino and on Mt. Ishizuchi in Shikoku and that he learnt Buddhist thoughts widely.
- 春日山林泉寺 (上越市)(新潟県上越市)と高野山と栃尾市美術館の前庭(新潟県栃尾市)にも墓が残されている。
- His grave remains not only in Rinsen-ji Temple of Mt. Kasuga (Joetsu City) (Joetsu City, Niigata Prefecture) but also in Mt. Koya and in the front yard of Tochio City Art Museum (Tochio City, Niigata Prefecture).
- 太閤検地 (たいこうけんち)は、豊臣秀吉が全国的に行った検地(田畑(つまり山林は除く)の測量及び収穫量調査)。
- The Taiko-kenchi is a series of land surveys (surveys of agricultural lands [i.e. except mountains and forests] and production) conducted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI throughout Japan.
- 荘園は全国におよび、大修理の際には、一国全体を任されることもあり、既存の杣の山林資源が枯渇していたのを補った。
- In addition to its manors scattering throughout Japan, the province that was designated to offer its wealth for major repair supplemented the resources depleted from its existing lumber production forests.
- 没官された善男の財産は墾田・陸田などの田地、山林、庄家稲、製塩に必要な塩浜及び塩釜などによって構成されていた。
- Yoshio's confiscated property included fields such as newly cultivated rice fields and farmlands, mountains and forests, 庄家稲, beaches for drying salt and stoves for making salt.
- 社背の境内山林に隣接する畝傍及び長山部落の共同墓地、境内以西、畝傍山御料林以南、東南部深田池東側民家などを買収。
- Unebi adjacent to forests of precincts in the back of the shrine, public cemetery in Nagayama buraku, the land to the west of precincts, the land to the south of Imperial forest of Mt. Unebi, and houses in the east of Tonanbu Fukada-ike Pond were purchased by Nara Prefecture.
- 援軍を求め、教経、平行盛らが送られることが決まるが、通盛は津留賀城を放棄して山林へ逃れて、11月に帰京している。
- Michimori asked for reinforcements and it was decided that Noritsune and TAIRA no Yukimori would be sent, but Michimori gave up Tsuruga-jo Castle, fled into the mountains, and returned to Kyoto in November.
- 紀州征伐の際、根来攻めに参加した秀久は山林に放置されていた曰く付きの「安珍・清姫伝説」を戦利品とばかりに拾った。
- When Hidehisa took part in the Siege of Negoro-ji Temple to conquer Kishu, he picked up the bell 'the Legend of Anchin and Kiyohime' that had a shady history and had been left in a forest on a mountain as if it were spoils of war.
- このため、渡良瀬川は足利市付近で天井川となり、足尾の山林の荒廃とともにカスリーン台風襲来時は洪水の主原因となった。
- This has caused Watarase-gawa River to have a raised bed near Ashikaga City and brought devastation to the forests in Ashio, and when hit by Typhoon Kathleen, it became the major cause of the flood.
- また、1970年代以降の外国での有余った輸入材の増加に伴う木材価格の暴落により、採算に見合う山林の大部分が消滅した。
- Furthermore, most of the mountains and forests which could be profitable have disappeared because of the sharp decline in the wood price due to an increase of imported woods which abounded in foreign countries after the 1970s.
- 田畑や山林について、面積の値が町・反・畝で終わるときに、通常、その後に「歩」をつけてちょうどの値であることを明示する。
- For fields, mountains, and forests, even though the acreage is capable of being represented only by the units of cho, tan, and se, 'bu' is usually applied to the end of those units so as to clarify the value is even.
- 防火対象物とは、山林又は舟車、船きよ若しくはふ頭に繋留された船舶、建築物その他の工作物若しくはこれらに属する物をいう。
- The term 'property under fire prevention measures' means a forest, or a vessel or vehicle, a ship moored at a dock or a pier, a building or other structure or property belonging thereto.
- 主に東北・北海道地方において、12月12日(一部で1月12日)には山林での作業を一切行わない林業者の慣習が残っている。
- Mainly in Tohoku and Hokkaido regions, there is a remaining forestry custom in which no one works in the mountain and woods on December 12 (or on January 12 in some regions).
- そのため、山林に設けられた祭場は当初は祠などではなく、祭祀のときのみ古木や石を依代として祀ったものだったと考えられる。
- For this reason, it is thought that the places of worship established in mountain forests were not small shrines but rather ancient trees or rocks to which spirits were believed to be drawn only during the holding of rituals.
- 屋敷神は屋敷およびその土地を守護する神で、屋敷の裏や敷地に付属した土地もしくはやや離れた山林などに祀られることが多い。
- Yashiki-gami are kami that protect a dwelling or the land on which one is situated, and are enshrined to the rear of the residence, on land attached to the site, or in a nearby mountain forest.
- 地子(じし/ちし)とは、日本の古代・中世から近世にかけて、領主が田地・畠地・山林・塩田・屋敷地などへ賦課した地代を指す。
- Jishi, also called chishi, (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) referred to the land rent which feudal lords imposed on rice fields, fields (for fruits, vegetables, etc.), mountains and forest, salt fields, or residential areas from ancient and medieval periods to the early-modern times.
- ただし、当時の「荘」や「園」の主体は娯楽のための別荘であり、これに附属の庭園、更には周囲の田園や山林を含めたものであった。
- However, 'sho' or 'en' in those days were mainly villas for entertainment and they included attached gardens and furthermore the surrounding rural areas, mountains, and forests.
- 奈良県南部の吉野山に位置する金峯山寺は、7世紀に活動した伝説的な山林修行者・役小角(えんのおづぬ)が開創したと伝えられる。
- Kinpusen-ji Temple, located in Mt. Yoshino, south of Nara Prefecture, is reported to have been founded by EN no Ozunu, a semi-legendary practitioner of austerities in mountains and forests.
- そのため、その信仰を基底として、屋敷近くの山林に祖先をまつる祭場を設けたのが屋敷神の端緒ではないかと説明されることが多い。
- Based on this belief, therefore, many suggest that Yashiki-gami may have originated from ceremony sites established in mountains or forests near homes to worship ancestors.
- 総面積が10,320haながら宅地面積は1,143haあり、山林面積は6,410haと山地が多く、森と海に囲まれた都市である。
- The city is surrounded by sea and forest, with buildings comprising as much as 1,143 ha, forests 6,410 ha, out of the limited total area of 10,320 ha.
- 『玉葉』によると、4万の平氏軍で甲冑を付けていたのは4,5騎で平氏軍の過半数が死亡、残りは物具を捨てて山林に逃げたが討ち取られた。
- According to 'Gyokuyo,' out of forty thousand soldiers, only four or five soldiers wearing armor were found alive; the vast majority of the Taira army was killed and the rest fled into mountains and forests, leaving all their belongings behind, only to be found and murdered later.
- 開発計画は、北海道における土地、水面、山林、鉱物、電力その他の資源を総合的に開発するための計画とし、その範囲については、政令で定める。
- The Development Plan shall be made in order to comprehensively develop resources in Hokkaido including land, water, forests, minerals, and electricity, and their range shall be provided for in a Cabinet Order.
- 中でも奈良県南部の吉野・大峯や和歌山県の熊野三山は、古くから山岳信仰の霊地とされ、山伏、修験者などと呼ばれる山林修行者が活動していた。
- In particular, Yoshino and Omine of southern Nara Prefecture and Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano-Hongu-Taisha, Kumano-Hayatama-Taisha and Kumano-Nachi-Taisha) in Wakayama Prefecture have been long regarded as sacred places for a mountain religion, and practitioner training Buddhism in mountains and forests called yamabushi and ascetic Buddhist monk were engaged in activities there.
- また新兵組とともに軍費自弁のためにできた膨大な借金は名主仲間共有の山林を売り払うなどして賄われ、肝心の宮座は維新後間もなく消滅してしまった。
- But much like the Shinpeigumi, they were left with enormous debts because they were shouldering the financial burden of their wartime activities themselves, so although the council of village headsmen managed to cover their expenses by selling the lumber and other things they owned jointly as villages, this led to the shrine organization--the heart and soul of the troop--quickly ceasing to exist soon after the Restoration.
- こうした山林利用の他にも、佐々里峠から灰野に出て、一度由良川源流を下り、現在の事務所付近から櫃倉谷を通って権蔵坂で若狭に抜ける街道もあった。
- In addition ton the use of mountain forests, there was also a road that went to Haino via Sasari-toge Mountain Pass, that descended once along the headwaters area of the Yura-gawa River, passed Hitsukuradani from around the area where the present administration building is now located, reached Gonzozaka, and then went to Wakasa.
- 明治以降はこの地域全体が知井村となり、芦生奥山やおろし山などと漠然と呼ばれていた当研究林のエリアは、地租改正によって山林土地台帳も整備された。
- Since the Meiji period, this area as a whole came to be included in Chii Village, and the area of this research forest, referred to vaguely as Ashiu Oku-yama Mountain or Oroshi-yama Mountain, came to be registered in the forest cadaster due to land-tax reform.
- しかし、「小隠」ともいわれる隠逸スタイルは官位を捨て山林などに隠棲することであり、そもそも自らの生活のベースである特権階級をも維持できなくなる。
- However, a style of recluses called 'Shoin,' meant to abandon official ranks and retire from the world to mountain or forest, making it impossible for the recluses to hold their privileges that were the basis of their living.
- 屋敷近くの山林に祀られていたのが、次第に屋敷の建物に近づいていって、現在広く見られるような敷地内に社を建てて祀るという形態になったと思われている。
- It is thought that kami enshrined in mountain forests were gradually brought closer to residences before being enshrined in shrines built within houses as can be widely seen today.
- 日本では、古くから死んだ祖先の魂は山に住むと信じられてきたが、その信仰を背景として、屋敷近くの山林に祖先を祀る祭場を設けたのが起源だと考えられる。
- It has long been believed in Japan that the souls of deceased ancestors resided in mountains, and it is thought that the practice of enshrining yashiki-gami originated when this belief led to the creation of places of worship in mountain forests near to domestic residences.
- 県土の大半が琵琶湖であるかのように思われがちだが、最も面積を占めるのは山林(県総面積の約半分)であり、琵琶湖が占める面積は県総面積の1/6程度である。
- Although some think a large portion of Shiga Prefecture is occupied by Lake Biwa, it is forests that occupy the largest area (approximately half of the total area of the prefecture), and the area of Lake Biwa is approximately one-sixth of the prefecture's total area.
- 伊庭貞剛の別子大造林計画を継承し大正6年(1917年)から北海道北見から、九州宮崎県の椎葉村まで山林事業を起こし、また朝鮮の国有林にまで植林を敢行した。
- He took over the project of planting a forest of Besshi originally launched by Teigo IBA, and in 1917 started afforestation business from Kitami in Hokkaido down to Shiiba Village of Miyazaki Prefecture in Kyushu, and further extended afforestation business to the national forest in Korea.
- 會所山中腹を貫いた、久津トンネルが開通したのちに平成3年台風第19号によって杉の山林に大きな被害が出たことを、ヒサツヒメの祟りであるのではといわれている。
- After the opening of Hisatsu Tunnel bored through the mountainside of Mt. Yoso, the extensive damage to the cedar forests caused by typhoon No.19 in 1991 was attributed to the curse of Hisatsu-hime.
- 山林の固定資産税そのものは宅地や農地に較べて安価に設定されているが、代替わりの際に発生する相続税では、山林の評価額は近隣の宅地の評価額マイナス造成費となる。
- Although its fixed property tax is set low in comparison with that of housing or agricultural land, the inheritance tax imposed at the time of the generation change is calculated as the assessed value of the average neighboring housing land minus the land development expenses.
- 僧尼の破戒行為的な犯罪に対する処罰、国家が任命した僧綱による寺院及び僧尼への自治的な統制、私度僧や民衆教化の禁止及び山林修行や乞食行為に対する制限を柱とする。
- The Soniryo was essentially about penalties for subversive criminal acts by priests and nuns, the self-governing control of temples, priests and nuns by the members of the Sogo (a priest of a managerial post) who were appointed by the state, prohibitions against shidoso (lay priests), the indoctrination of the populace, and the regulation of ascetic training in the mountains and begging.
- 『続日本紀』天平宝字2年(758年)8月朔日(1日)条には天下の諸国で山林などに隠れて10年以上修行を積んでいる「清行逸士」には得度を許したという記事がある。
- In article of September 11, 758 of 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicles of Japan, Continued), there is writing about tokudo approved to 'seiko isshi' (清行逸士) in various regions around the country, who have accumulated ascetic practices for more than ten years hiding in mountains and forests.
- こうした広範な森林破壊は木材供給の逼迫をもたらしただけでなく、山林火災の増加、台風被害の激甚化、河川氾濫の増加など様々な災厄を日本列島にもたらすことになった。
- Such an extensive forest destruction not only threatened the supply of timber, but also triggered various disasters in the Japanese archipelago, including increased wildfires, intensified damage by typhoons, and frequent river flooding.
- 昭和になり、伊達興宗亡き後夫人が伊達家の所有する山林を勝手に売却するなど横暴な振る舞いをして親族と争いごとに発展したとされ、世間で新伊達騒動と言われ注目された。
- In the early Showa Period, after Okimune DATE died, his widow started to behave in an autocratic manner and sold mountain forests owned by the Date clan without consulting other family members, which led to an internal conflict of the Date family (a 'new Date Sodo') and attracted people's attention.
- こうした浄土教の普及に力があったのは、むしろ既成の教団や寺院から離れ、山林に入り、あるいは遍歴して独自の活動を展開した聖、あるいは上人とよばれた求道者であった。
- In fact, the seekers, so-called hijiri or shonin who had left their religious community or temples, and went into the mountain forest or wandered from place to place resumed their own activities; they spread the Jodo sect the most.
- 聖たちは、山林修行や諸国遊行を主としながらも造寺・造塔、写経、供養、鋳鐘、架橋や道路・港湾建設の勧進などの多彩な活動を通じて、民衆からの尊崇と支持を獲得していった。
- While the hijiri mainly underwent training in mountain forest, or wandered among various provinces, they obtained respect and support from common people, through various activities including building temples, pagodas, copying of a sutra, kuyo (a memorial service for the dead), casting bells, promoting the building of bridges, roads, and harbors.
- 雑木の利用から杉やヒノキといった用材を植林して山林経営を図るといった考え方が入ってくるようになり、面積広大な当研究林のエリアを事業の対象とする思惑が働くようになった。
- The forest business-managing concept that the trees more useful for materials such as Japanese cedar or Japanese cypress should be planted instead of using other small trees began to take hold, and the vast area of this research forest was targeted for business.
- 1977年3月25日、福岡県北九州市小倉南区平尾台での野焼きで、強風による飛び火で山林火災が発生し、207ヘクタールの山林・原野を焼損、消火作業中の消防士5人が死亡した。
- On March 25, 1977, the noyaki conducted in Hiraodai, Kokuraminami Ward, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka Prefecture, caused a forest fire due to the strong wind, and burned 207 hectare of the forest and field, and 5 firefighters trying to distinguish the fire died.
- この450万円という額は明治43年度から昭和22年度まで完全に固定され、その後の財政規模の拡大にともなう差額は山林・有価証券・農地などの皇室独自の財源からまかなわれていた。
- This amount, four million five hundred thousand, was set for expenditures from 1910 to 1947, the difference due to the expansion of the financial scale afterwards was managed out of individual Imperial financial assets such as Mountains and forests, securities, and agricultural land.
- 秩父地方では、自由民権思想に接していた自由党員らが中心となり、増税や借金苦に喘ぐ農民とともに「困民党(秩父困民党)」を組織し、1884年(明治17年)8月には2度の山林集会を開催していた。
- In Chichibu region people, mainly members of the Liberal Party organized 'Konminto Party (Poverty Party)' together with peasants suffering from increased taxes and debt burdens and held the second rally called Sanrin Shukai (literally, 'gathering of mountains and forest') in August, 1884.
- しかしながら、他地域の山林の山検地が進むにつれて、知井九ヶ村の人々が利用している山は芦生奥山、針畑郷の人々が利用している山はおろし山として、それぞれ独立した扱いを受けるようになっていった。
- However, as survey of mountain forests in other areas progressed, the mountain that was used by people in the nine Chii villages and the mountain used by people in Harihata-go Community came to be handled independently as Ashiu Oku-yama Mountain and Oroshi-yama Mountain, respectively.
- この台風では演習林事務所で総雨量361mmとへスター台風の時には及ばなかったものの、へスター、ジェーンの両台風で弱っていた山林に止めをさす結果となり、土砂災害などの被害を受けることとなった。
- Although the total amount of rainfall was 361mm, not as much as Typhoon Hester, it caused damage such as landslide disasters because the mountain forest had already been devastated by the both Typhoons Hester and Jane.
- (『扶桑略記』では病死説の後一説として「一云 天皇駕馬 幸山階鄕 更無還御 永交山林 不知崩所 只以履沓落處爲其山陵 以往諸皇不知因果 恒事殺害」とあり山中で行方不明になったとされることから天武天皇側による暗殺説もある)
- (According to 'Fuso-Ryakki', he died from an illness, but another explanation that has been offered is that he went missing in the mountains and that Emperor Temmu had him assassinated.)
- しかしながら、従来の九ヶ村惣山が九ヶ村共有林と呼び方が変わったにしてもこの地域における山林利用の形態に大きな変化はなく、従来同様知井や針畑から入山して、製炭を中心に、生活用品の原材料となる雑木を伐採して生計を立てていた。
- However, even though the expression of 'a mountain common to nine Chii villages' was changed to 'a mountain shared by nine villages,' the ways of using the forests in this area changed little, and the people there entered the mountains and earned their living mainly through creating charcoal while cutting miscellaneous trees to produce everyday utensils.
- 当研究林のエリアも含めた旧北桑田郡及び隣接する旧葛野郡・愛宕郡両郡北部の山林地域は、平安京遷都以降内裏の造営をはじめとした建築用材確保のための杣山として指定されるなど、旺盛な京都の材木需要に支えられて伐採~更新のサイクルが繰り返されていた。
- In the mountain areas that include former Kitakuwada County, including the area of this research forest, and also the northern forest part of both of former Kadono County and Otagi County bordering former Kitakuwada County, the cycle of logging and forest regeneration was repeated due to the active demand for wood in Kyoto as the area was specified as a somayama (timber forest) to secure wood for constructing the dairi (Imperial Palace) and other buildings after the relocation of the capital to Heian-kyo.
- 1924年には干ばつがあり、これは、水源地の足尾の山林が荒廃して保水能力を失ったためだと考えた両組合は、それぞれ別個に活動を行い、1925年には群馬県側の農民ら数千人の署名が集められ、貴族院、衆議院、内務大臣、農務大臣宛てに請願書が提出される。
- In 1924, those areas was hit by a drought, and both unions considered it was because the damaged forests had no longer absorbed nor contained water; although the unions took action separately, in 1925 the petition including thousands of signatures of the farmers and peasants and others in Gunma Prefecture was submitted to the House of Peers, the House of Representatives, the Minister of Home Affairs and the Minister of Agricultural Affairs.
- 伺方のうちでいくつかの職掌に分かれており、天領の小物成・高掛物などを扱う「中之間掛」、幕府関連寺社の修造などを扱う「神宝方」、幕府領の山林を管理する「御林方」、征夷大将軍の鷹狩・鹿狩関連の事務を行う「御鷹方」、運上・冥加・分一を扱う「運上方」。
- Ukagaikata included the following jobs: 'nakanoma-gakari' for handling the various taxes in the direct territories of the shogun, 'Shinpo-gata' for handling repairs to bakufu-related shrines and temples, 'Ohayashi-kata' for managing mountains and forests in bakufu territories, 'Otaka-kata' for supervising the falconry of Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and clerical work related to the falconry, 'Unjo-kata' for handling Unjo (business-related taxes), Myoga (tax for the use of a mountain, river, lake or sea) and Buichi (various miscellaneous taxes).
- 総所得金額(所得税法(昭和四十年法律第三十三号)第二十二条第二項に規定する総所得金額をいう。)及び山林所得金額(同条第三項に規定する山林所得金額をいう。)に係る各種所得の金額(同法第二条第一項第二十二号に規定する各種所得の金額をいう。以下同じ。)
- The amount of various types of income (this refers to the amount of various types of income provided for in item 22 of paragraph 1 of Article 2 of the Income Tax Act (Act No. 33 of 1965); the same shall apply hereinafter) pertaining to the aggregate income amount (this refers to the aggregate income amount provided for in paragraph 2 of Article 22 of the same Act) and the amount of timber income (this refers to the amount of the timber income provided for in paragraph 3 of the same Article).
- The amounts of various types of income (this refers to the amount of various types of income provided for in item (xxii) of paragraph (1) of Article 2 of the Income Tax Act (Act No.33 of 1965); the same shall apply hereinafter) pertaining to the aggregate income amount (this refers to the aggregate income amount provided for in paragraph (2) of Article 22 of the same Act) and the amount of timber income (this refers to the amount of the timber income provided for in paragraph (3) of the same Article).
- 民家の重要文化財指定に際して「土地」を併せて指定するということには民家の母屋のみならず、門、塀、蔵、井戸、祠等の付属建物、石垣、水路、庭園、堀等の工作物、さらには宅地、山林などを併せて指定することによって、屋敷構え全体の保存を図ろうとする意図がある。
- In fact, the designation of a private house as an important cultural property together with the land implies the intent to preserve the entire residence for posterity, thus encompassing not only the private house main building but also the attached construction such as the gate, fence, warehouse, well, shrine, structures such as stone walls, the waterway, garden, and moat, housing lot, forest, etc.
- そのころ倭国では、671年に天智天皇が急死(『扶桑略記』では病死説の後一説として「一云 天皇駕馬 幸山階鄕 更無還御 永交山林 不知崩所 只以履沓落處爲其山陵 以往諸皇不知因果 恒事殺害」とあり山中での狩の途中に行方不明になったという記事を根拠にする暗殺説あり)。
- During that time in Wakoku (671), Emperor Tenchi met an untimely death (although he may have died of illness, in 'Fuso Ryakki' [A Brief History of Japan] it is said that he may have been assassinated based on the account that he went missing during a hunting trip in the mountains).
- また王の山林を管理するアサフに与える手紙をも賜わり、神殿に属する城の門を建てるため、また町の石がき、およびわたしの住むべき家を建てるために用いる材木をわたしに与えるようにしてください」。わたしの神がよくわたしを助けられたので、王はわたしの願いを許された。 (ネヘミヤ書 2:8)
- and a letter to Asaph the keeper of the king's forest, that he may give me timber to make beams for the gates of the citadel by the temple, for the wall of the city, and for the house that I shall enter into.' The king granted my requests, because of the good hand of my God on me. (Nehemiah 2:8)
- しかし実際に所有者がその価格で売却しようとしても、デベロッパーには足元を見られて買い叩かれるか、場合によっては買い手が付くことさえ無い為、所有者は平地に持っている農地などを切り売りして資産価値の無い山林を持ち続ける(その余力も無い場合は相続税を支払えず破産する羽目に陥る)しか無いのである。
- However, in reality, even if the owner of Satoyama tried to sell the land with this value, developers tend to take advantage of the owner's weak position to bring down the price, and there are occasions where there is no purchaser and the owner has no remedy other than selling his farm lands and others by the piece, while maintaining the mountain forest that has practically no asset value (if the owner has no reserve, as he can not pay the inheritance tax, he is forced to become bankrupt).
- しかし、自ら、元々西方に縁のある神であるとの理由で、白サギに乗って、西方の出雲国能義郡黒田奥比田(現 金屋子神社の社地)の山林に着き、桂の木にて羽を休めていたところを宮司の祖先である安倍正重が発見し、長田兵部朝日長者が桂の木の横に神殿を建立したという(途中、吉備国中山にも立寄ったとの伝説がある)。
- However, because the god himself was originally related to the western region, the god arrived at a forest in a mountain in Kuroda-Okuhida in Nogi County in Izumo Province (currently, the site of Kanayago-jinja Shrine) in the western region and was resting the wings of a snowy heron after flying on it, and Abe no Masashige who was the ancestor of the current chief priest of the shrine found them, and a rich person of Asahi, Hyobu OSADA constructed a shrine there beside a katsura tree (there is also a legend that the god also visited Nakayama in Kibi Province on his way there).
- 当研究林をはじめとしたこの地域の山林の所有形態は、明治以降も、他地域のように大規模な山林地主が所有するものでも、土佐や木曽のように江戸時代は藩有林だったものを皇室財産として宮内省帝室林野局に移管したものでも、農商務省 (日本)山林局が監督する国有林でもなく、部落共有林として地域住民の共有財産として扱われていた。
- The ownership of each forest in the areas including this forest for research was dealt with as a common forest of the community or as a collective property of the residents in the area even after the start of the Meiji period: not as in other areas where a few persons owned a vast forest area, not as in Tosa and Kiso where domain-owned forests in the Edo period were transferred to Imperial Forestry Bureau of Imperial Household Ministry as the Imperial property, nor as national forests supervised by the forest bureau of Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce (in Japan).
- 江戸時代には現在の当研究林のエリアは、 明治以降旧知井村を構成する北、南、中、下、江和、田歌、河内谷の各村が篠山藩領に、現在の事務所周辺にあたる芦生村をはじめ佐々里、白石、知見の四ヶ村が園部藩領となったのとは異なり天領として京都代官所が支配し、当初は知井の他地域の山林同様知井九ヶ村惣山として一括して扱われていた.
- In the Edo period, each village of Kita, Minami, Naka, Shimo, Ewa, Tota, and Kawauchidani, all of which became to constitute Chii-mura Village in Meiji and later eras, came to be included in the territory of Sasayama Domain, and the three villages of Sasari, Shiraishi, in addition to Ashiu Village that are located in the vicinity of the present administration building came to be included in the territory of Sonobe Domain, but the area corresponding to the present research forest was controlled by Kyoto daikansho (regional office of administrative official) as a tenryo (bakufu-owned land) and was initially handled collectively as a mountain common to the nine Chii villages, much as the mountain forest in other Chii areas was.
- 各種所得の金額(退職所得の金額(所得税法第三十条第二項に規定する退職所得の金額をいう。)及び山林所得の金額(同法第三十二条第三項に規定する山林所得の金額をいう。)を除く。)のうち、租税特別措置法(昭和三十二年法律第二十六号)の規定により、所得税法第二十二条の規定にかかわらず、他の所得と区分して計算される所得の金額
- The amount of income calculated by dividing other income, notwithstanding the provision of Article 22 of the Income Tax Act, pursuant to the provision of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation (Act No. 26 of 1957) out of the amount of various income (excluding the amount of retirement income (this refers to the amount of retirement income provided for in paragraph 2 of Article 30 of the Income Tax Act) and the amount of timber income (this refers to the amount of the timber income provided for in paragraph 3 of Article 32 of the same Act)).
- The amount of income calculated by dividing other income, notwithstanding the provision of Article 22 of the Income Tax Act, pursuant to the provision of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation (Act No. 26 of 1957) out of the amount of various income (excluding the amount of retirement income (this refers to the amount of retirement income provided for in paragraph (2) of Article 30 of the Income Tax Act) and the amount of timber income (this refers to the amount of the timber income provided for in paragraph (3) of Article 32 of the same Act)).
- 非永住者の国外源泉所得に係る所得で国外の支払に係るもののうち、前各号の規定により送金があつたものとみなされたものに係る各種所得については、それぞれその各種所得と、これと同一種類の国外源泉所得に係る所得で国内の支払に係るもの及び国内源泉所得に係る所得とを合算してその者の総所得金額、退職所得金額及び山林所得金額を計算する。
- With regard to each of the various types of income categorized as a non-permanent resident's foreign source income that is paid outside Japan and is deemed to be remitted pursuant to the provision of the preceding items, the amount of the non-permanent resident's gross income, retirement income and timber income shall be calculated, respectively, by combining the said type of income with income categorized as foreign source income that is paid in Japan and income categorized as domestic source income, both of which are of the same type as the former.
- 当時政府はには開拓使を廃し、官有物一切を民間に払い下げようとする議があり、それと相表裏して五代友厚は、中野吾一、田中市兵衛とともに北海道に至り、つぶさに各地の状況を視察し、まず、岩内炭坑および厚岸山林の払い下げをうけ、石炭、木材を海外に輸出して、国富の増進をはかるとともに、北海道沿岸の海産物を採取して、内地の需要にあてようとし、14年7月このことを開拓使長官に出願した。
- The government at that time was trying to abolish Hokkaido Development Commissioner and dispose of all the government-run businesses to the private sector, and in connection with it Tomoatsu GODAI went to Hokkaido with Goichi NAKANO and Ichibee TANAKA to carefully inspect various places, and planned to receive the Iwanai coal mine and the Akkeshi forest as disposals from the government and export coals and wood to foreign countries to increase the national wealth, and also planned to harvest the marine products from the coasts of Hokkaido to answer domestic demand, and they applied to the director general of Hokkaido Development Commissioner for it in July, 1881.
- 同条第一項及び第四項に規定する資産並びに同条第三項に規定する山林は、非居住者の有するこれらの資産及び山林のうちこれらの規定に規定する損失が生じた時において国内にあつたものに限るものとし、同条第二項に規定する売掛金、貸付金、前渡金その他これらに準ずる債権(以下この号において「売掛金等」という。)は、非居住者が国内において行う同項に規定する事業に係る売掛金等に限るものとする。
- of the Act: the assets prescribed in paragraph (1) and paragraph (4) of the said Article and the forests prescribed in paragraph (3) of the said Article shall be limited to assets and forests held by a nonresident that existed in Japan at the time when the losses prescribed in these provisions occurred, and the accounts receivable, loans, advance payments or any other claims equivalent thereto prescribed in paragraph (2) of the said Article (hereinafter referred to as 'accounts receivable, etc.' in this item) shall be limited to accounts receivable, etc. pertaining to a business prescribed in the said paragraph which a nonresident conducts in Japan.
- しかし、日本では新たに植林をする場所がほとんどない上、むしろ森林所有者の管理放棄(特に人工林)や、相続税支払いのために売却・宅地転用 を余儀なくされる山林や農地の増加、さらに生産緑地地区農地課税の扱いが異なる自治体を施行したり、保安林維持予算の縮減・林野庁職員の大幅減員を行うなど政府与党の政策はむしろ逆行しているため、このままでは当初見込まれた吸収量を達する可能性が薄いと考えられており、達成できるかどうかは微妙な情勢である。
- However in Japan, there is little land for newly tree planting, and the mountain forests and farmlands increase, in which management has been abandoned by the forest owners (especially artificial forests) and/or disposition or diversion to building lots has been inevitably done in order to complete the inheritance tax payment; furthermore, the policies of the ruling party put a clock back, such as the enforcement of autonomous bodies where the taxations on productive green area farmlands are differently dealt with, the reduction of budget for keeping conservation forests, the large reduction of the staff in Forestry Agency and so on; therefore, it is considered to be difficult to achieve the absorption target initially expected.
- 気象庁長官は、離島、湖沼、山林、原野又はこれらに類する場所で、気象、地象、地動、地球磁気、地球電気又は水象を観測する場合において、あらかじめ所有者又は占有者の承諾を得ることが困難であり、且つ、当該物件の現状を著しく損傷しないときは、前項の規定にかかわらず、所有者又は占有者の承諾を得ないで、当該業務に従事する職員に、障害となる植物又はかき、さく等を伐除させることができる。この場合においては、すみやかにその旨を所有者又は占有者に通知しなければならない。
- In the case of observing meteorological phenomena, terrestrial phenomena, tremors and ground deformations, terrestrial magnetism, terrestrial electricity, or hydrological phenomena in an isolated island, a lake or swamp, a forest, a wilderness area, or a place similar thereto, if it is difficult to obtain prior approval from the owner or possessor thereof and no considerable damage is inflicted on the existing state of said property, the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency may, notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, cause the staff members engaging in said services to clear or remove the plants, fences, rails, etc. that would cause interference without obtaining approval from the owner or possessor thereof. In this case, the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency shall promptly notify the owner or possessor to that effect.
- 国内及び国外の双方にわたつて不動産所得、事業所得、山林所得又は雑所得を生ずべき業務を行なう非居住者が第二百七十九条第三項各号(補助的行為等)に掲げる行為をする場合には、その者の国内において行なう当該業務の部門が当該行為に係る費用で当該部門に帰せられるものとして支払を受ける金額又は当該部門が当該行為に係る費用でその者の国外において行なう当該業務の部門に帰せられるものとして支払う金額は、その者の国内において行なう当該業務に係る不動産所得の金額、事業所得の金額、山林所得の金額又は雑所得の金額の計算上、それぞれ総収入金額又は必要経費に算入しない。
- Where a nonresident who conducts, both in and outside Japan, a business consisting of operations yielding real estate income, business income, timber income or miscellaneous income, conducts any of the acts listed in the items of Article 279(3) (Supplementary Acts, etc.), the amount that a department of the nonresident which performs the said operations in Japan receives as expenses related to the said acts attributable to the said department or the amount of money that the said department pays as expenses related to the said acts attributable to a department of the nonresident which performs the said operations outside Japan shall not be included in gross revenue or necessary expenses, respectively, when calculating the amount of the nonresident's real estate income, business income, timber income or miscellaneous income pertaining to the said operations performed in Japan.
- 法第百六十六条(非居住者に対する準用)において読み替えて準用する法第百二十条第三項第三号(確定申告書への添附書類)に規定する財務省令で定める明細書は、同号に規定する非居住者のその国内及び国外の双方にわたつて行なう事業に係る収入金額又は費用若しくは損失の額を、同項に規定する申告書に係る年分の法第百六十五条(総合課税に係る所得税の課税標準、税額等の計算)に規定する国内源泉所得に係る不動産所得の金額、事業所得の金額、山林所得の金額又は雑所得の金額の計算上総収入金額又は必要経費の額に算入すべき金額として配分している場合における当該収入金額又は費用若しくは損失の額及びその配分に関する計算の基礎その他参考となるべき事項を記載した明細書とする。
- The detailed statement specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance prescribed in Article 120, paragraph (3), item (iii) (Documents to Be Attached to Final Return Forms) of the Act applied mutatis mutandis by replacing the terms pursuant to Article 166 (Mutatis Mutandis Application to Nonresidents) of the Act shall be a detailed statement, in which, in the case where the amount of revenue and expenses, or the amount of loss related to a business conducted both in and outside Japan by a nonresident prescribed in said item is allocated as the amount to be included in the amount of gross revenue and the amount of necessary expenses, in the calculation of the amount of real estate income, business income, timber income or miscellaneous income related to income from domestic sources prescribed in Article 165 (Calculation of Tax Base, Tax Amount, etc. of Income Tax in the Case of Comprehensive Taxation) of the Act for the year related to a return form prescribed in said paragraph, said amount of revenue and expenses, or the amount of loss, the basis of the calculation concerning the allocation, and any other matters for reference are entered.
- 前号に規定する所得の金額は、非永住者の国外源泉所得に係る所得で国外の支払に係るもの及び国内源泉所得に係る所得で国外の支払に係るものについてそれぞれ法第二十三条から第三十五条まで(所得の種類及び各種所得の金額)及び第六十九条(損益通算)の規定に準じて計算した各種所得の金額の合計額に相当する金額とする。この場合において、これらの所得のうちに給与所得又は退職所得があるときは、その収入金額を給与所得の金額又は退職所得の金額とみなし、山林所得、譲渡所得又は一時所得があるときは、それぞれその収入金額から法第三十二条第三項(山林所得の金額)に規定する必要経費、法第三十三条第三項(譲渡所得の金額)に規定する資産の取得費及びその資産の譲渡に要した費用の額又は法第三十四条第二項(一時所得の金額)に規定する支出した金額を控除した金額を山林所得の金額、譲渡所得の金額又は一時所得の金額とみなす。
- The amount of income prescribed in the preceding item shall be the amount equivalent to the sum of the amounts of various types of income calculated in accordance with the provisions of Article 23 to Article 35 (Types of Income and Amounts of Various Types of Income) and Article 69 (Aggregation of Profits and Losses) of the Act with regard to a non-permanent resident's income categorized as foreign source income that is paid outside Japan and income categorized as domestic source income that is paid outside Japan, respectively. In this case, if these amounts of income include employment income or retirement income, the amount of revenue concerned shall be deemed to be the amount of employment income or amount of retirement income, respectively, and if they include timber income, capital gains or occasional income, the amount calculated by deducting, from the amount of revenue concerned, the amount of necessary expenses prescribed in Article 32(3) (Amount of Timber Income) of the Act, costs for acquisition of assets prescribed in Article 33(3) (Amount of Capital Gains) of the Act and costs for transfer of the acquired assets, and the amount of expenditure prescribed in Article 34(2) (Amount of Occasional Income) of the Act, shall be deemed to be the amount of timber income, amount of capital gains or amount of occasional income, respectively.