Honyaku Star - Search: 専制

専制: 178 Terms and Phrases

専制
despotism
autocracy
tyranny

専制公
Despot (court title)

有司専制
Yushi Sensei (Despotism by Domain-dominated Government)

専制政治
despotic government
autocracy
absolutism
despotism
tyranny
tyrannical government
a tyrannical government

専制君主
absolute monarch
despot
autocrat
tyrant
czar
an absolute monarch

専制的な
arbitrary
despotic
imperious
tyrannical

啓蒙専制君主
enlightened despot
Enlightened absolutism

得宗専制の全盛
Height of the Tokuso Autocracy

専制的な支配者
despotic rulers

エピロス専制侯国
Despotate of Epirus

隋唐的専制君主説
The Sui-Tang style imperial autocrat theory

モレアス専制公領
Despots of the Morea
Despotate of the Morea

独裁者の専制政治
the arbitrary rule of a dictator

彼は専制君主である。
He is an absolute monarch.

得宗専制と御内人の擡頭
Tokuso Autocracy and Rise of Miuchibito

専制君主の特徴で統治された
ruled by or characteristic of a despot

専制君主のように振る舞う人
a person who behaves in a tyrannical manner

専制君主として国を統治する
rule a country as a tyrant

専制君主は人民を弾圧した。
The tyrant kept the people down.

封建社会から専制社会に変わる
moved from a feudal to a despotic order

彼の管理は、横柄で専制的だった
his administration was arrogant and despotic

隋唐的専制君主説 - 水野柳太郎
The Sui-Tang style imperial autocrat theory - by Ryutaro MIZUNO

皇帝は、専制的にロシアを統治した
the Czars ruled Russia autocratically

厳しく愛敬がない年を取った専制者
a harsh and unlovable old tyrant

ニケフォロス1世 (エピロス専制公)
Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas

人々は常に専制政治に抵抗するものだ。
People will always resist tyranny.

得宗専制が進むと軽視されるようになる。
It became neglected with the rise of Tokuso autocracy.

牢獄と監獄（特に専制的に行われるもの）
a jail or prison (especially one that is run in a tyrannical manner)

有司専制の罪として以下の5罪を挙げている。
In the zankanjo, Shimada accused the crime of Yushi Sensei (despotism by domain-dominated government), describing the five crimes as follows:

なぜなら、慣習の専制が完璧だったからです。
because the despotism of Custom is complete.

この事件により、得宗専制が完成したとされる。
This incident completed the Tokuso autocracy.

専制君主に属する、または専制君主の特徴を有する
belonging to or having the characteristics of a despot

白河に続く鳥羽天皇も、白河以上の専制を展開した。
Emperor Toba, the successor of Shirakawa, dominated more strongly than Shirakawa.

これは、鎌倉期の得宗専制を引き継いだものである。
This was a continuation of the Kamakura period's Tokuso autocracy.

通常は王位を継承する君主によって統治される専制政治
an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority

以降、称徳天皇と道鏡を中心とした専制体制が確立した。
After the Nakamaro's rebellion, Empress Shotoku and Dokyo took the control of the government.

アンドロニコス・パレオロゴス (テッサロニキ専制公)
Andronikos Palaiologos, Lord of Thessalonica

（天皇機関説ではしばしば専制を含む意味で主張された。）
(In the Emperor Organ Theory, it was often claimed to have been including autocracy.)

時頼の得宗専制体制に尽力した義景は格別の地位を保った。
Yoshikage who made efforts to establish the tyranny of the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan maintained a special position.

翌年の宝治合戦で三浦氏を滅ぼし、時頼の専制体制は完成する。
Tokiyori's autocracy was completed by destroying the Miura clan in the Battle of Hoji in the following year.

当時、大久保への権力の集中は「有司専制」として批判された。
In those days, OKUBO's domination of political authority was criticized as 'despotism by a domain-dominated government'.

専制政治による支配の下で、罪のない人々が市民権を剥奪された。
Under the reign of tyranny, innocent people were deprived of their citizenship.

しかし、堀の専制的な経営は不評を買い早々に経営から退いている。
However, HORI's autocratic management received bad reputation and he left the position of management quite soon.

専制政治の、専制政治に関する、または、専制政治に特徴づけられる
of or relating to or characterized by autarchy

専制君主によって、政府を代表するために選ばれた指導者または統治者
a leader or ruler who is chosen by a despot to head a government

頼綱は北条貞時を擁して専制を行うが、平禅門の乱で貞時に滅ぼされる。
Yoritsuna ruled as a despot under the command of Sadatoki HOJO, but Yoritsuna was overthrown by Sadatoki during the Heizenmon War.

慣習の専制主義はどこでも人間の進歩のずっと続く障害となっています。
The despotism of custom is everywhere the standing hindrance to human advancement,

ヨハネス・コムネノス・ドゥーカス (エピロス・テッサロニキ専制公)
John Komnenos Doukas

以後、頼綱一族ら御内人の勢力は一時後退して、貞時の専制政治が始まる。
After that, the momentum of miuchibito (private vassals of the Tokuso) including the family of Yoritsuna was diminished at one point, and Sadatoki started his tyranny.

もとは専制政治に反対する組織だったが、19世紀半ばに犯罪組織に変わった
originally opposed tyranny but evolved into a criminal organization in the middle of the 19th century

平頼綱は、時宗を継いだ年少の北条貞時を補佐し、得宗専制の強化に尽力した。
TAIRA no Yoritsuna supported the young Sadatoki HOJO, who succeeded Tokimune, and tried hard to strengthen the Tokuso autocracy.

12世紀末は貴族による専制政治から武士階級の封建社会への過渡期であった。
The end of 12th century is a transition period from nobles' autocracy to samurai feudal society.

中国の役人は、卑しい農夫と同じように、専制政治の道具であり産物なのです。
A Chinese mandarin is as much the tool and creature of a despotism as the humblest cultivator.

武断政治（ぶだんせいじ）とは、武力を背景にして行われる専制的な政治のこと。
Budan Seiji is an authoritarian government based on military power.

尊皇攘夷運動の支柱である水戸学には朝廷権威により幕府専制を抑える思想があった。
The Mito School, which was at the heart of the Sonnojoi Movement, held a belief that the authority of the Imperial Court should suppress the rise of autocratic Shogunate.

後鳥羽上皇は、治天として専制的な政治を指向し、幕府の存在を疎ましく感じていた。
Retired Emperor Gotoba aimed for autocratic rule as Chiten and despised the existence of the bakufu.

北条宗家を当時、得宗（徳宗）と呼んだことから、上記の政治体制を得宗専制という。
Because Muneie HOJO was called Tokuso at the time, the above political system is referred to as the Tokuso autocracy.

貞時は、政治の実権を内管領から取り戻し、実質的な得宗専制を一層強化していった。
Sadatoki regained real political power from Uchi-Kanrei and further strengthened the Tokuso autocracy.

夫の妻にたいするほとんど専制的な権力についてここで詳述する必要はないでしょう。
The almost despotic power of husbands over wives needs not be enlarged upon here,

また、啓蒙専制君主と比較して論じる者や、明治維新を市民革命と比較する視点もある。
There are several viewpoints when comparing the Tennosei to Enlightened despotism or comparing the Meiji Restoration to bourgeois revolutions.

将軍専制権力の確立を目指す義満は統制が困難だった有力守護大名の弱体化を狙っていた。
At that time, Yoshimitsu wanted to make the shogunate an autocratic power, and thus he aimed to weaken major shugo clans, whom he had trouble to control.

我々は%monarch%の不当な専制政治を放棄し、国王から植民地の独立を宣言した！
Let us renounce the unjust tyranny of %monarch% and declare the independence of our colonies from the crown!

試行錯誤しながら、律令国家・天皇中心の専制国家・中央集権国家を目指した時代であった。
It was an age which aimed, through trial and error, to create ritsuryo kokka (a nation centrally governed in accordance with Chinese-based legal codes), an autocratic nation centered around the emperor and centralized authority.

大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇が鎌倉幕府を滅ぼし、建武の新政と呼ばれる天皇専制の政治を行った。
Defeating the Kamakura bakufu, Emperor Godaigo for Daikakuji-to governed the nation autocratically in his so-called Kemmu Restoration.

その権利は国民にとっては大事なものであり、専制君主のみにとって問題となるものである。
a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

こうして、親王将軍の下で専制を強めていった北条氏は、権力を北条宗家へ集中させていった。
It was due to this that the Hojo clan which had come to strengthen its autocratic rule under Imperial Prince shogun conferred most of its power the power on Muneie HOJO.

時宗の息子・9代執権北条貞時は平禅門の乱で内管領の平頼綱を滅ぼして得宗専制を確立する。
The ninth regent Sadatoki HOJO, a son of Tokimune, killed TAIRA no Yoritsuna the Uchi-Kanrei in the Heizenmon War to secure a Tokuso autocracy.

有司専制（ゆうしせんせい）とは、明治政府の藩閥官僚中心・超然主義の政府を批判した言葉。
Yushi Sensei is a term criticizing the Meiji government for their domain cliques and transcendentalism.

目的が未開人の改善であれば、専制主義は未開人を取り扱うには道理にかなった統治様式です。
Despotism is a legitimate mode of government in dealing with barbarians, provided the end be their improvement,

しかし当時の幕府は既に北条氏による専制体制を整えていたため将軍には何ら権限は無かった。
However, by this time the Shoguns had already become puppets of the Hojo clan and the Shogun had no power at all.

戦国大名による領国支配は決して専制的なものではなく、家臣団の衆議・意向を汲み取っていた。
The control that the daimyo in the Sengoku Period extended over their territories was definitely not autocratic; instead, it was premised on the approval and inclinations of their group of retainers.

専制政治でさえ、その下で個性が存在しているかぎり、最悪の効果をもたらすことはありません。
Even despotism does not produce its worst effects, so long as individuality exists under it;

この頃は摂関政治に代わる院政の時代で、白河天皇が「治天の君」として専制権力を振っていた。
It was time of Insei (rule by the retired Emperor) which replaced the regency, and Emperor Shirakawa was exercising dictatorship as 'chiten no kimi' (the retired Emperor in power).

綱直の専制は、同5年（1599年）1月の宇喜多氏のお家騒動（宇喜多騒動）の一因となった。
Tsunanao's autocracy contributed to the feud of Ukita Family in January, 1599.

この事件により、執権北条時頼の権力が確立され、得宗（北条家嫡流）の専制権力への道を開いた。
This incident helped to establish the regent Tokiyori HOJO's power, and paved the way for the dictatorship of Tokuso (the main branch of the HOJO clan).

白河も鳥羽も積極的な政策展開を行い、専制的な院政の典型とも、院政の最盛期とも評されている。
Both Shirakawa and Toba worked to positively develop politics, it was criticized as the typical style of despotic cloistered government or the golden age of the cloistered government.

ここに雄藩諸侯会議路線は潰え、有司（維新官僚）専制による明治維新への道が開かれるのである。
This is how the major domains' lords conference line died and the way to the Meiji restoration by Yushi Sensei (autocratic government dominated by domain clique [Restoration bureaucrats]) was opened.

市民的かつ政治的自由、被統治者の同意を得た法制度、および専制的な権威からの保護に賛成すること
favoring civil and political liberties, government by law with the consent of the governed, and protection from arbitrary authority

また反対に憲法を定めず法令によらずして被支配者層を介せず統治するのが前近代的な専制政治である。
On the contrary, pre-modern autocracy is meant to rule a nation without establishing a constitution, following laws, and considering subjects.

ネロやジンギスカン・イワン雷帝のような昔の悪魔的な専制君主をはるかに越える恐ろしい代物なのだ。
It was beyond the capacities of such demonic dictators of yore as Nero and Genghis Khan and Ivan the Terrible.

この動きは13世紀後半の元寇によって加速し、幕府の対応策は徳政令発布や得宗専制という形で現れた。
This move was accelerated due to the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, and the measures taken by the bakufu against this move appeared in the forms of Tokuseirei (ordering the return of land sold and the dissolution of debts) and the tyranny of the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan.

植民地支配という一つの形が終わって、単により厳しい鉄の専制が置きかわるわけではないということを。
that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny.

泰時はこの難局にあたり、頼朝から政子にいたる専制体制に代わり、集団指導制、合議政治を打ち出した。
Facing this difficult time, Yasutoki launched a system of group instruction and council politics instead of the autocratic system that had been employed in the days of Yoritomo to Masako.

これらの民族が晒されている慣習の専制の脅威というのは、正確に言えば、無変化というものではありません。
the despotism of custom with which these nations are threatened is not precisely stationariness.

後鳥羽上皇の専制、三代将軍実朝の暗殺、合戦の原因・経緯などを述べて、土御門上皇の阿波配流までを書く。
It covers the Retired Emperor Gotoba's autocracy, the assassination of the third Shogun Sanetomo, causes and details of the battle, and the Retired Emperor Tsuchimikado's exile to Awa.

どの時代でも、古い精神的な専制主義は転覆されたけれど、新しい専制はまだ地歩を確立していませんでした。
In each, an old mental despotism had been thrown off, and no new one had yet taken its place.

軍事力を背景として皇位に就いた天武天皇は専制的な統治体制を構築していき、新たな国家建設を進めていった。
Emperor Tenmu, backed by military force, established an autocratic regime, and pushed forward with a new nation-building plan.

幕府の専制と摂関家による朝廷支配に憤慨していたこれらの公家たちは侍講から天皇へ式部の学説を進講させた。
Those court nobles who were angry at the tyranny of the bakufu, and Sekkan-ke's control over the Imperial Court made the jiko (teacher) give a lecture on Shikibu's theory to the Emperor.

白河上皇は堀河天皇の成人後も政権を返すことなく、受領階級や武家出身の近臣を用いて専制的な政治を行った。
SHIRAKAWA continued to have exert power even after Emperor Horikawa turned twenty years old and he strengthened his despotic position by appointing aids from the Juryro and Samurai class.

霜月騒動で上野国の守護が安達氏から得宗家へと替わり、上野でも得宗専制の影響が強くなってきたと見られる。
It seems that the influence of the Tokuso family's autocracy reached Kozuke Province after its shugo (military governor) changed from the Adachi clan to the Tokuso family after the Shimotsuki Incident.

愛国公党は、天賦人権論に立ち、専制政府を批判して、天皇と臣民一体（君民一体）の政体を作るべきと主張した。
The Aikokukoto Party supported the Tenpu-jinken-ron (theory of natural human rights), criticized autocratic government and insisted on creating a constitution which unifies the Emperor and his subjects (Kunmin ittai).

鎌倉幕府後期に得宗専制の立場から編纂されたと見られる後代史書吾妻鏡によれば事件の経過は以下の如くである：
In 'Azuma Kagami' (the Mirror of the East), a history book assumedly compiled in the last years of the Kamakura bakufu from the viewpoint of the tyrannical Tokuso (head of the Hojo clan), the progress of the incident is described as follows:

元寇以来、得宗専制に走った鎌倉幕府は次第に他の御家人を圧迫するようになり、社会に不満が溜まるようになる。
After the Mongol invasions of Japan of 1274 and 1281, the Kamakura Bakufu, which turned to the tokuso (the title held by the head of the mainline Hojo clan, who monopolized the position of regents of the Kamakura shogunate) dictatorship, gradually began to oppress the other Gokenin (Shogunal retainers), resulting in increasing dissatisfaction among people.

「徳川」姓は、家康個人が松平氏内部で専制権力を確立して松平一族と家臣団を統制するために使われたと考えられる。
The 'Tokugawa' surname established Ieyasu's autocratic powers within the Matsudaira clan and as such, it is thought Ieyasu exploited the entire Matsudaira clan and framework of retainers.

啓蒙の目的の一つは民衆の無気力・権力への卑屈さを克服することにあるが、それらは専制政府によってもたらされる。
One of the aims of enlightenment was to overcome people's spiritless and abjection to power, which were delivered by autocratic government.'

明応2年（1493年）、管領・細川政元は、10代征夷大将軍・足利義稙を廃立し専制権力を樹立した（明応の政変）。
In 1493, the kanrei Masamoto HOSOKAWA established a dictatorship after overthrowing Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, the tenth seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (this incident known as the Meio Coup).

彼らがどんなに悪意を持っていたとしても、現代の専制君主ほど完璧に臣民を支配できるような機構は持ってはいなかった。
For all their bad intentions they just didn't have the machinery to control their subjects as thoroughly as modern despots do.

更に翌年には貞時が直接下した裁定には越訴を認めないなどそれまでの得宗体制には見られなかった専制の度合いを強める。
Moreover, in the following year, he came to exercise dictatorship over the people, not approving a direct appeal (to a senior official without going through the normal formalities) for the lawsuit for which Sadatoki himself had already given a decision, which was not seen in the Tokuso administration.

総督の組織は中央集権式に特徴があり、台湾総督により行政、立法、司法、軍事が総覧され専制的な統治権が施行されていた。
The Sotoku-fu, characterized by the highly centralized system with the Governor-General wielding supreme executive, legislative, judicial and military power, governed Taiwan dictatorially.

専制者であるかのような全ての行為により、その性格が特徴づけられる国王は、自由な人々の統治者としてはふさわしくない。
A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free People.

選ばれた上院により統治されてたが、ユリウス・カエサルにより専制君主という信念に終わる上院への不満が内戦につながった
was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar

これに対し加藤は「半開」の国家で議院を設立しても「有司専制」（官僚独裁）に陥るだけだとして、最後まで慎重であった。
Against this, Kato maintained a cautious stance until the end by insisting that the establishment of parliament in a 'hankai' nation would lead to 'Yushi Sensei' (autocratic government dominated by the bureaucracy of domain clique).

天智天皇の死後、壬申の乱を経て政権を奪取した天武天皇は、軍事を政治の最優先項目に置き、専制的な政治を推進していった。
Following Emperor Tenji's death, Emperor Tenmu, who usurped the throne in the Jinshin War, placed priority on military affairs and implemented an autocratic style of government.

賭博禁止は決して効果的でなく、警察にどれほど専制権力をもたせても、賭博場はいつでも偽装して維持されることは確かだが、
It is true that the prohibition is never effectual, and that, whatever amount of tyrannical power may be given to the police, gambling-houses can always be maintained under other pretences;

14世紀初頭、北条得宗家の寄合衆を実態とする鎌倉幕府は、専制の頂点を極めつつもその進むべき道が見出せなくなっていた。
The actual originator of the Kamakura bakufu in the early 14th century was Yoriai-shu which consisted of the Hojo Tokuso family, and although it reached the height of a dictatorship, it finally came to an impasse.

そして実力的な裏付けの乏しい専制政治的な政策や無謀な討幕計画に対しては院の側近以外の貴族達は冷ややかな対応に終始した。
Apart from Go-Toba-in's aides, the lords turned a cold shoulder toward Go-Toba-in because he had an arbitrary government (although he was not very talented as a leader), and he attempted incautious plans to defeat the Kamakura government.

「坪内君が『桐一葉』を書いた時は、團十郎が羅馬法王で、桜痴居士が大宰相で、黙阿弥劇が憲法となっている大専制国であった。
When Mr. Tsubouchi wrote 'Kiri Hitoha,' Kabuki was just like an autocratic large country in which Kabuki Danjuro was the Pope, Ochi-koji was dai saiso (great prime minister), and Mokuamii geki (drama) was a Constitution.

この綱吉の代以後は、もっぱら側用人（または御用取次）を通じた政治運営が主流となり、将軍専制という政治形態が完成された。
In the Tsunayoshi era and later, the bakufu operation was conducted mainly through Sobayonin (or Goyotoritsugi), completing the political style called dictatorship by shogun.

我々がその誕生を目撃している新しい教義は、古い教義と同等の力−議論を制する専制的で絶対的な力−をもつことになるであろう。
The dogmas whose birth we are witnessing will soon have the force of the old dogmas; that is to say, the tyrannical and sovereign force of being above discussion.

鎌倉殿専制政治をとる頼朝にとっては重要な役割を担った忠臣である一方、御家人たちからは恨みを買いやすい立場の人物であった。
Although he was a loyal subject playing an important role to Yoritomo, who had established a tyrannical rule as the Lord of Kamakura, Kagetoki was in the invidious position of gokenin.

時宗没後の弘安8年（1285年）11月には霜月騒動と呼ばれる武力衝突が起こり、泰盛は敗死し、以後頼綱の専制政治が始まる。
After the death of Tokimune, an armed conflict referred to as the Shimotsuki Incident occurred in November, 1825 (December, 1825 in new calendar); as a result Yasumori lost and died, and Yoritsuna's despotic government started afterward.

前者は政治・経済・軍事といった諸方面から国家のあり方を論じたもので、特に皇帝専制政治批判は舌鋒鋭く、清末に至り再評価された。
The former book describes how the nation should be from various viewpoints including political, economical, and militarily, sharply criticizes the autocracy of the Emperor, and was re-evalued at the end of the Qing period.

しかし、これを契機に得宗専制に不満を持つ楠木正成、赤松円心など各地の悪党と呼ばれる武士が各地で反幕府の兵を挙げるようになる。
However, samurai known as akuto in various areas, including Masashige KUSUNOKI and Enshin AKAMATSU, were dissatisfied with the Tokusho autocracy and raise forces opposed to the bakufu throughout the country.

民撰議院設立建白書は、まず、政治権力が天皇にも人民にもなく、ただ有司専制（ゆうしせんせい。有司＝官僚）にあることを批判する。
The 'Minsen Giin Setsuritsu Kenpaku Sho' criticized that the political power was not in neither the Emperor nor the people but in Yushi Sensei (despotism by domain-dominated government, Yushi = the bureaucracy).

ただ同時に見逃せないのは、この事件の背景に専制を強める将軍およびその近臣勢力と東国有力御家人との対立が考えられることである。
One thing that should not be ignored at the same time is that, behind this incident, there could be a conflict between the shogun trying to strengthen a tyrannical control and his trusted vassals and the senior vassals in the togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) existed.

腐敗した政府や専制的政府にたいする保全策の一つとして、「出版の自由」の必要性を擁護する時代は過ぎ去ったと考えてもよいでしょう。
THE TIME, it is to be hoped, is gone by, when any defence would be necessary of the 'liberty of the press' as one of the securities against corrupt or tyrannical government.

いつも希望をもって喜びを抱き、苦難に耐えながら、人類の共通の敵、専制、貧困、疫病、そして戦争そのものに対して闘うという重荷を。
rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation. . .a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny. . .poverty. . .disease. . .and war itself.

やがて、専制を強めた浅見氏を追放し、京極氏を傀儡化させ、京極家の有力家臣をも従えて戦国大名へと成長していったとするのが通説である。
According to a common theory, in due course, the Azai clan expelled the Asami clan, who was aiming at enhancing its autocratic rule, and instead, the Azai clan grew gradually and became a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), by making the Kyogoku clan as its puppet and handling the influential vassals of the Kyogoku family.

この建白書では、官選ではなく民選の議員で構成される立法議事機関を開設し、有司専制（官僚による専制政治）を止めることが必要だとした。
Their political statement insisted on the establishment of a legislature consisting of members selected by the public, not the government, and abolishment of despotism by bureaucrats.

現在の英国国王による歴史は、傷つけ、奪ってきたことの繰り返しであり、その直接の目的は、これらの州への絶対専制を打ちたてることである。
The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.

後醍醐専制による建武の新政が次第に支持を失っていく中、東下して中先代の乱を鎮圧した後、鎌倉に留まり独自の政権を樹立する構えを見せた。
While the despotic Kenmu restoration by Emperor Go-Daigo had been losing support, Takauji traveled to the east to suppress the Nakasendai Rebellion, and stayed in Kamakura to try to build his own government.

宮中側は明治天皇が儒教に基づいた東洋的な専制君主として「天皇親政」を行うべきであると主張し、明治天皇への帝王教育もその路線で行ってきた。
The Imperial Court side insisted that the Emperor Meiji should pursue the direct imperial rule as an oriental autocrat based on Confucianism and had provided the Emperor Meiji with the study to become an emperor accordingly.

とくに加波山事件は、｢完全なる立憲政体を造出」するため「自由の公敵たる専制政府」を打倒すると公言した武装蜂起で、政府に大きな衝撃を与えた。
Particularly, the Kabasan Incident was an armed uprising with an avowed slogan of 'defeating the government, the enemy of freedom' in order to 'establish perfect constitutional system of government' and gave a great blow to the government.

党内からは総裁専制との批判が起こり、翌年政党政治を嫌う山縣有朋は、伊藤を総裁から退かせるために枢密院 (日本)議長に就任するよう推挽する。
From within the Seiyu Party, criticism arose against Ito's autocratic political style as a president and in the following year, Aritomo YAMAGATA, who disliked party government, nominated Ito for Chairman of the Privy Council (Japan) to unseat him from the presidency of the party.

また、板垣、後藤、江藤、副島らは、に民選議院設立建白書を政府に提出して有司専制を批判し、議会開設を主な要求とする自由民権運動の嚆矢となった。
Itagaki, Goto, Eto, Soejima and their sympathizers presented an opinion paper on establishing democratically elected parliament that criticized Yushi Sensei (despotism by domain-dominated government) to the government starting the Movement for Liberty and People's Right of which the establishment of the National Diet was the main demand.

構成は2項17条で、第1項で鎌倉幕府の得宗家専制以前の北条義時・北条泰時の施政を理想とし、足利幕府（室町幕府）が正統な後継者である事を示す。
It is composed of 2 sections and 17 articles, the first section of which held as ideal the administration of Yoshitoki HOJO and Yasutoki HOJO before the tokuso autocracy period of the Kamakura bakufu, and showed how the Ashikaga Shogunate(the Muromachi bakufu) was their legitimate successor.

天智天皇を後継した弘文天皇から、軍事力によって政権を奪取した天武天皇は、政権中枢を皇子らで占める皇親政治を開始し、専制的な政治を行っていった。
Emperor Tenmu, who had seized political power by force of arms from Emperor Kobun, the successor of Emperor Tenchi, began conducting Koshin politics, under which Imperial princes and other Imperial family members assumed key posts in the government, and thus strengthened the autocracy.

籤引きによって選ばれた6代将軍の足利義教が専制政治をしき、1441年に赤松満祐に誘殺されると（嘉吉の乱）、政権内の情勢にほころびが見え始める。
When Sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who had been selected for his office by lottery, but turned out to be a despotic ruler, was lured out and slain by Mitsusuke AKAMATSU (the Kakitsu Incident), the ruling power began to disintegrate.

また、外戚関係を媒介に摂政関白として政務にあたる摂関政治と異なって、院政は直接的な父権に基づくものであったため、専制的な統治を可能としていた。
Because insei was based on direct paternal rights, contrary to the Sekkan government, whereby the regents/kampakus conducted political affairs through their ties as cognates of the Emperor, insei facilitated a despotic form of government.

周防・長門・石見・豊前・和泉・紀伊の6カ国の守護を兼ね貿易により財力を有する強大な大内氏の存在は将軍専制権力の確立を目指す義満の警戒を誘った。
The Ouchi clan had become so powerful - simultaneously shugo of six provinces, Suo, Nagato, Iwami, Buzen, Izumi, and Kii, and possessing great wealth thanks to their trade - that they were bound to put Yoshimitsu, who was aiming to establish a system of despotic rule by the Shogun, on his guard.

畠山の乱に端を発した牧氏事件で時政を追放したことにより、幕府は時政の専制政治から義時・政子姉弟主導による寡頭体制によって専制政治が継続された。
As Tokimasa was exiled in the Makishi Incident which arose from the HATAKEYAMA Rebellion, the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was switched from Tokimasa's autocracy to Yoshitoki and Masako's oligarchic autocracy.

しかし、このほかにも「秀吉の自己顕示欲が1日で満足した」とする見方や、「単なる専制君主特有の気まぐれである」とする見方もあり、真相は定かではない。
However, besides this, there is a view that: Hideyoshi had satisfied his craving for the limelight in one day and, other views that: the event was a typical whim of an autocrat. Either way the truth is not clear.

得宗邸で行われる北条一門や御内人の私的会合である寄合が評定衆による幕府の公式の合議体（評定）に代わって実質上の幕政最高機関となり、専制体制を築く。
A body made up of the Hojo clan and their miuchibito that held private meetings at the Tokuso residence effectively replaced the bakufu's official advisory body, the Hyojoshu (Council of State), as the highest organ of the shogunate administration and established the autocracy system.

また、個性を破壊するものは何であれ、どんな名前で呼ばれようが、神のご意志やら人の命令やらを守らせようとしていると装おうが、それは専制政治なのです。
and whatever crushes individuality is despotism, by whatever name it may be called, and whether it professes to be enforcing the will of God or the injunctions of men.9

すなわち、黒田・伊藤らの主張は「オットー・フォン・ビスマルク流の専制を我邦に施さんとする」ものであり、国務大臣は議会に対して責任を負うものではない。
Kuroda and Ito claimed that 'Otto von Bismarck-style autocracy should be applied to our nation' and that the Minister of State should not be responsible for the Diet.

この制限を見つけ出し、侵犯にたいしてこの制限を守ることは、人間の諸情勢をよい状態に保つためには、政治的専制からの保護と同じくらい不可欠のことなのです。
and to find that limit, and maintain it against encroachment, is as indispensable to a good condition of human affairs, as protection against political despotism. 5

大日本帝国憲法の解釈は、当初、東京大学教授・穂積八束らによる天皇主権説が支配的で、藩閥官僚による専制的な支配構造（いわゆる超然主義）を理論の面から支えた。
For the interpretation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the imperial sovereignty theory suggested by Yatsuka HOZUMI, a professor of the University of Tokyo, was dominating and theoretically supported the autocratic ruling structure (what is called the doctrine of superiority) by domain clique bureaucrat.

その子　伊達晴宗は足利将軍家有力一門　斯波氏の流れをひく大崎氏歴代の職である奥州探題に補任されたが、一方で隠居の稙宗の専制に対する家臣団の反発が蓄積された。
The son of Tanemune, Harumune DATE, was first appointed as Oshu Tandai, the post successively held by the Osaki clan, a branch family of the Shiba clan (a powerful family of the Ashikaga Shogun Family), while a dictatorship by retired Tanemune caused anti-Tanemune feeling to build up among the vassals.

1180年代の治承・寿永の乱の結果、東国に鎌倉幕府が成立し、独自の支配権を獲得していたが、治天として専制を指向する後鳥羽には、幕府の存在が我慢ならないものだった。
In 1180 as the result of the Jisho, Juei War, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) was established in the eastern province and had their own right to rule the government, however Gotoba who had the absolute power to direct a despotic government as Chiten, he could not stand the existence of the bakufu.

以上は主に鎌倉幕府後期に得宗専制の立場から編纂されたと考えられる後代史書『吾妻鏡』の記述によった事件の経過だが、事件の背景としてはさらに次のようなことが考えられる。
The above is the progress of the incident described in the history book 'Azuma Kagami', assumedly compiled in the last years of the Kamakura bakufu from the viewpoint of the tyrannical Tokuso, but the further background of the incident was considered as follows.

天平宝字8年（764年）、孝謙上皇と対立した最高実力者・藤原仲麻呂が反乱を起こす（藤原仲麻呂の乱）と上皇は仲麻呂の専制に不満を持つ貴族たちを結集して仲麻呂を滅ばした。
FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, who was the most influential figure in the world of politics, came into collision with the Retired Empress Koken and in 764 he raised a rebellion (Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro); thereupon the Retired Empress gathered the court nobles who had discontent in the autocracy of Nakamaro and destroyed him.

北条氏の得宗専制体制は強化されるが、元寇以後には、元寇の戦功に応じた恩賞を受けられず没落する御家人が増加し、執権の地位は有名無実化し、諸国では悪党の活動が活発化する。
Although the Tokuso autocracy system of the Hojo clan had been strengthened, after the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, there was an increase of in the number of gokenin who became bankrupt having received no reward in return for their service in repelling the Mongol invasion attempts; consequently, the position of regent became symbolic and gangsters increased their activities in various provinces.

エルトゥールル号の遭難はオスマン帝国の国内に大きな衝撃を呼んだが、専制君主アブデュルハミト2世のもとでは人災としての側面は覆い隠され、天災による殉難と位置付けられた。
The distress of the Ertuğrul made a great impact on people in the Ottoman Empire; however, under the rule of the absolute monarch Abdülhamid II, the incident was regarded as martyrdom due to a natural disaster and the aspect as a man-made calamity was concealed.

国家権力全体を支配する組織を太政官と称して、同時に内部では権力分立を行って専制権力の発生を阻止しながら、諸大名や国民を強力に支配していく体制を組織しようとしたのである。
The new government aimed at establishing a firm control over the territorial lord's Daimyo and the Japanese people by organizing Dajokan for ruling over the entire state power, while securing Separation of Power inside the government to prevent an emergence of any autocratic power.

平群真鳥（へぐりのまとり）を大臣に、大伴室屋（おおとものむろや）・物部目（もののべのめ）を大連（おおむらじ）に任じて、軍事力で専制王権を確立した大泊瀬幼武大王（雄略天皇）。
By appointing HEGURI no Matori as an Oomi, and OTOMO no Muroya and MONONOBE no Me as Omuraji (Oomi and Omuraji are high ranking titles), Ohatsuse no Wakatakeru no Okimi (the Emperor Yuryaku) established a tyrannical government with military power.

それ故「妻妾論」では夫婦は必ず平等であるべきであって、家父長専制は文明に悖る、女性には家庭内の要である妻としての役割、教育を担う母としての役割があって、それを尊重すべきとした。
Therefore, in 'A theory of wives and concubines' he insisted that husband and wife should be always equal, patriarchal authority was against civilization and that women had a role as a wife, a key person in a family, and a mother who was in charge of education, which should be respected.

今の教育は「文部省の専制的裁断に屈従した教育」であるから、それを「各自治体におけるそれらの教育委員の自由裁量に一任」し、それによって「教育が国民自身のものとなる」と主張している。
She argued that education of the times was 'an education submissive to the Ministry of Education's despotic decisions' but it should be 'left to a discretionary power of the board of education of each municipality' in order to realize 'education for the people.'

若い頼家による独裁が御家人たちの反発が起き、正治2年（1200年）に頼家の専制を抑制すべく大江広元、梶原景時、比企能員、北条時政、北条義時ら老臣による十三人の合議制が定められた。
Young Yoriie's leadership caused a revolt among warriors, and a 13-member conference system was established in 1200 by OE no Hiromoto, Kagetoki KAJIWARA, Yoshikazu HIKI, Tokimasa HOJO and Yoshitoki HOJO, in order to control Yoriie's autocratic rule.

こうした後醍醐の姿勢は皇位継承問題をきっかけとして幕府の得宗専制と衝突することとなり、1324年（正中 (元号)1）、後醍醐の蜂起計画が露呈し、側近の公家が処罰された（正中の変）。
Godaigo's attempt to achieve political reform was motivated by a desire to avoid problems regarding the imperial succession, but this created conflict with the Tokuso autocracy of the bakufu, and in 1324 Godaigo's plan to lead an uprising was revealed, and the kuge who served as his close advisers were punished (Shochu Disturbance).

この逸話は家綱自身が幕政指導者としての指導力を発揮できず酒井忠清の専制を示すものとしても引用されているが、辻達也や福田千鶴らは幕政の意思決定における将軍上意の重要性を指摘している。
While this anecdote indicate the Tadakiyo SAKAI's autocracy and Ietsuna's inability to display leadership as head of the bakufu, Tatsuya TUJI and Chizuru FUKUDA point out the importance of the Shogun's wishes in decision making in the bakufu administration.

天皇が国家を統治すべきこと、天皇がどのような態度で統治すべきかといった、国家統治の根本に関わることを定めた法で、具体的には隋や唐の皇帝にならった専制君主と定めたものだとする説である。
The theory arguing that it is a code that advocates the essential manners to rule the nation, such as the emperor's sovereignty over the nation and his posture to practice good governance, or more concretely, it is a code that instituted the despotic ruling, following the emperors in the periods of Sui and Tang.

大久保を中心に岩倉具視・大隈重信・伊藤博文らが政府の再編を行うが、直後に台湾出兵をめぐる意見が対立、その結果、長州閥のトップ木戸孝允までが職を去る事態に陥り、ほぼ大久保専制体制となる。
Under Okubo's leadership, Okubo, Tomomi IWAKURA, Shigenobu OKUMA and Hirobumi ITO reorganized the government, but immediately after that, they clashed over the issue of the Taiwan expedition; eventually, Takayoshi KIDO, the leader of the Choshu faction, resigned from the office and thus Okubo's despotic regime virtually came into being.

河野は、同志田母野秀顕らと藩閥専制政府に対抗する連判状を取り交わしていたため、内乱陰謀の容疑で明治15年12月に検挙され、明治16年（1883年）高等法院において軽禁獄7年の刑を宣告された。
KONO was arrested in December, 1882, for the charge of conspiracy of domestic conflict because he exchanged a compact covenant under joint signatures to oppose domains-dominated government (Meiji oligarchy) with comrades Hideaki TAMONO and others, and in 1883, he was sentenced to seven years of detention at the special criminal court.

更に、北条高時の時代になると、御家人の不満や悪党の活動に加えて高時本人が暗愚であった事もあり、幕政は内管領で頼綱の一族である長崎高綱（円喜）・長崎高資父子に牛耳られ、得宗専制体制は崩壊に向かう。
Furthermore, the Tokuso autocracy system collapsed during the days of Takatoki HOJO due to the foolishness of Takatoki himself, the dissatisfaction and gangster activities of the gokenin, and the fact that the shogunate administration was controlled by Takatsuna NAGASAKI (Enki) and his son Takasuke NAGASAKI, who were Uchi-Kanrei and related to Yoritsuna.

しかし、議会制度を発足させるためには、官制改革・民度・国民教育などが未成熟であり、時期尚早であったため、大久保利通を中心に「有司専制」と呼ばれる薩長藩閥による官僚を中心とした改革体制が維持された。
However, it was too early to establish the Diet because the reform of the organization of the central government, the cultural level of the people, and national education were still immature, and due to the Saccho (Satsuma and Choshu) clanship a bureaucracy centered system called 'Yushi-sensei' led by Toshimichi OKUBO was maintained.

皇位継承と無関係とするものには、藤原氏が天皇家を輔佐することを定めた法だとする説、天皇を隋唐の皇帝のような専制君主と定めた法だとする説、天皇家が代々統治する原則を定めたとする皇統君臨説などがある。
Among the theories that argue the code's indifference with the imperial succession, a theory that it is a law to establish the regent of the Fujiwara clan, theory that it is a law to establish an imperial autocrat similar to that of the emperors in the Sui and Tang periods, and the theory that it is a norm that establishes the imperial family's successive rule, can be found.

なお、薨去の4ヶ月前には平氏に代わって政権を握り、鎌倉幕府を建てた源氏も前将軍源頼家が御家人の勢力争いの中命を落とし、それを見ていた専制的君主後鳥羽上皇が政治の主導権を朝廷に取り戻そうとしていた。
Furthermore, 4 months before he passed away, political power was grasped and shifted to the Taira clan; the Genji clan, who had built the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and the previous Shogun MINAMOTO no Yoriie lost their lives in power struggles with gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogun in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods) and, seeing this, the autocratic monarch Retired Emperor Gotoba took back the reigns of government from the Imperial Court.

貞時は、頼綱に支えられて自らを頂点とする得宗専制体制を敷いたが、頼綱の権勢に不安を抱くようになり、ついに1293年（永仁元年）、鎌倉大地震の混乱に乗じて鎌倉・経師ヶ谷の頼綱邸を攻撃し、頼綱を自刃させた。
With Yoritsuna's support, Sadatoki established the tyranny of the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan in which Sadatoki himself was the leader, but he came to be disturbed by Yoritsuna's reins of power and, finally in 1293, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the Kamakura Earthquake, Sadatoki invaded Yoritsuna's house in Gyojigayatsu in Kamakura and made him commit suicide with his sword.

後三条の子息の白河天皇は、子息堀河天皇・孫鳥羽天皇がいずれも幼少で即位し、父・祖父として後見役となる必要があったことから、次第に権力を掌握するようになり、最終的には専制君主として朝廷に君臨するに至った。
Emperor Shirakawa, who was the son of Gosanjo, needed to become a conservator for his son, Emperor Horikawa, and his grandson, Emperor Toba, since they both were enthroned in their childhood, gradually came into power, and finally, he came to reign over the Imperial Court as an absolute monarch.

将軍義輝の排除はもともと三好・松永の発案ですらなく、古くは阿波国守護細川持隆が最初に策した事であり、この事も示すように当初より実権と将軍専制に固執した義輝の存在は多くの幕府吏僚にとって煙たい存在であった。
Ousting of Shogun Yoshiteru, not even proposed by Miyoshi and Matsunaga initially, but was first masterminded by Mochitaka HOSOKAWA, governor of Awa Province, in a rather early year and, as this fact reveals, Yoshiteru who had insisted on real power and despotism by the Shogun, had been shunned by Bakufu bureaucrats since the beginning.

こういう逸脱の最悪のものは権力を強奪した少数者の仕業でしたし、またこうした逸脱は、いかなる場合も、民衆的制度の永続的な働きではなく、君主的なまた貴族的な専制にたいする突発的で発作的な暴動のせいだからです。
the worst of which were the work of an usurping few, and which, in any case, belonged, not to the permanent working of popular institutions, but to a sudden and convulsive outbreak against monarchical and aristocratic despotism.

ただし、徳川綱吉、徳川吉宗以降の将軍専制政治体制（将軍が側用人・御用取次を通じて政治を行う体制）において家治が積極的な政治関与を行わなかったことが、田沼が強力な政治的権力を握ることになった要因のひとつでもある。
One of the reasons that Tanuma gained strong political power is that Ieharu did not actively take part in politics via the shogun dictatorship political system (in which the shogun administers the affairs of state through chamberlains [sobayonin] and attendants [toritsugi]) after Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA and Yoshimune TOKUGAWA.

律令法において、天皇の地位、権能について規定がないのも、それが国家的祭祀の執行など大化前代以来の宗教的機能をもっていたことと、専制君主的性格をもったことの結果であって、法を超越した存在と考えられていたからである。
The position and authority of Emperors were not defined in the ritsuryo law, due to their religious functions, such as; their performing of national religious services since the pre-Taika era, and as a result of their despotic nature, this made them above the law.

主に旧薩摩藩・長州藩および一部の公家による専制政治として実行されたため「藩閥政府」と揶揄されることもあるが、中級官僚以上でも旧親藩・旧幕臣などから採用された者も少なくなく、一概に一部雄藩のみが主導したともいえない。
Since the Meiji Restoration was implemented arbitrarily by the Satsuma clan, the Choshu clan, and some court nobles, it was sometimes derisively called 'a clan dominated government,' but it cannot be said that a couple of powerful clans led this restoration because a considerable number of Tokugawas and former retainers of the Shogun were hired as the middle or upper levels of the bureaucracy.

こうして、アジアでは初の本格的な立憲君主制・議会制民主主義国家が完成した（正確にはオスマン帝国のタンジマート改革における1876年ミドハト憲法公布がアジア初の立憲制ではあるが、同国は直後に君主専制に回帰している）。
Thus, a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy was completed for the first time in Asia (precisely speaking, the Midhat Constitution in 1876 of Tanzimat Reform in the Ottoman Empire was the first Asian constitutional monarchy, but the country returned to a monarchy in the same year).

しかし権力の乱用や強奪が長くつづき、絶対専制支配の下に置こうとする意図が明らかで、その同じ目的をずっと追求しようとしているときには、そんな政府をなげすて、自分たちの将来の安全を新たに防護してくれる政府を求めるのが義務である。
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

つまり、弥生時代の個々の村落を統合する新しい支配者が現れる等して人々がより大きな集団を構成する際に、それまでのそれぞれの共同体の祭儀から専制的権力者の祭儀への変化が起き、各々の村落で使われていた銅鐸を埋納したというものである。
It means that when larger groups of people were organized by a new ruler that integrated individual villages of the Yayoi period, changes occurred in the ceremonial style from one of each community to one of a man with absolute power, leading to burial of dotaku that had been used in each village.

これらの現象は従来は下克上の一言で片づけられてきた嫌いがあるが、戦国大名による領国支配の形態の研究が進むにつれ、その支配体制が決して専制的なものでなく、家臣団の衆議・意向を汲み取っていたものであるとの見方が多くなってきている。
These phenomena tended to be simply seen as gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) in the past, but as the study progresses on the form of territory ruling by daimyo in the Warring States period, more people think that the ruling system was never be autocratic and took into consultations and intentions of the vassalage.

たとえば後者を要約すると、日本人の気風には専制政治を甘んじて受ける「奴隷根情〔ママ〕」が見うけられ、幕末まで美点とされてきた「忠諒易直」（心根が真っ直ぐであること）は、鎖国を国是としない明治の世では「無気無力」の別名に過ぎないとまでいう。
For example, the latter is summarized as follows; Japanese has a character of 'slave sprit' by which they quietly accept autocracy, and 'Churyoekichoku' (忠諒易直) (simple mind) which had been regarded as the virtue until the end of the Edo period was merely another name of 'apathy and sense of powerlessness' in the Meiji period when national isolation was not a national policy.

唐の律令の継受も、このような土台のうえに可能となったのであるが、秦・漢以来の歴代の専制主義的法制を集大成した唐の律令と大化前代の日本の法とでは、段階の差が、あまりにはげしかったので、律令法は継受法としての性格を強くもたざるをえなかったとみられる。
Adopting the Tang ritsuryo was possible based upon such a foundation, but the difference between the Tang ritsuryo, which was a comprehensive compilation of successive despotic legal systems since Qin and Han, and the Japanese law of the pre-Taika era, was so great that ritsuryo law could not avoid becoming, basically, an adopted law by nature.

どんな型にはめるかは、政府に支配勢力が君主だろうが聖職者だろうが貴族層だろうが、あるいは現世代の多数派だろうが、その望むままなので、それが効果的でうまくいくにしたがって、精神にたいする専制主義を確立し、それは自然の流れとして、肉体にたいする専制につながっていくのです。
and as the mould in which it casts them is that which pleases the predominant power in the government, whether this be a monarch, a priesthood, an aristocracy, or the majority of the existing generation, in proportion as it is efficient and successful, it establishes a despotism over the mind, leading by natural tendency to one over the body.

この体制の下では、部外の公衆は、実践上の経験を欠いているため、官僚制の業務運営の様式を批判したりチェックしたりする資格がないというだけでなく、専制制度の気まぐれか民主制度の自然な働きで、改革志向の支配者が頂点に立ったとしても、官僚制の利害に反する改革は達成できないのです。
Under this regime, not only is the outside public ill-qualified, for want of practical experience, to criticize or check the mode of operation of the bureaucracy, but even if the accidents of despotic or the natural working of popular institutions occasionally raise to the summit a ruler or rulers of reforming inclinations, no reform can be effected which is contrary to the interest of the bureaucracy.

12世紀末以来、武士階層を基盤とする鎌倉幕府は、数度の戦乱を通じて所領を基盤たる武士階層に再配分し、武士団の持つ自己増殖欲求に応えてきたが、宝治元年（1247年）の宝治合戦により得宗専制が完成して政治的安定が実現すると、所領再配分の機会となる戦乱の発生自体が見られなくなった。
Since the end of the 12th century, the Kamakura bakufu, based on the samurai class, had reallocated its territory to the samurai through several wars to meet the self-propagating desires of the samurai forces, but when the Hoji Battle of 1247 resulted in complete Tokuso sensei (autocracy by the shikken [regent for the shogun], who were members of the Hojo clan) and political stability was established, wars, that presented opportunities for territory reallocation, stopped occurring.

特にコント氏はそうであって、氏の「実証政治学論」に展開されている社会体系は、(法的装置というより道徳的装置によってでありますが)個人にたいする社会の専制を確立することを目的にしており、それは古代の哲学者のなかでも最も厳格な戒律主義者の政治的理想で意図されていたものを凌駕しているのです。
M. Comte, in particular, whose social system, as unfolded in his Systeme de Politique Positive, aims at establishing (though by moral more than by legal appliances) a despotism of society over the individual, surpassing anything contemplated in the political ideal of the most rigid disciplinarian among the ancient philosophers.14

専制的、あるいはいわゆる家父長的統治という体制に属するような事物が、私たちの習慣に入り込んでおり、その一方で、私たちの諸制度の一般的自由が、抑制を道徳教育として本当に効力があるものにするために必要なだけの統制を行使することを妨げているのは、この国の諸制度が矛盾の塊だというだけのことなのです。
It is only because the institutions of this country are a mass of inconsistencies, that things find admittance into our practice which belong to the system of despotic, or what is called paternal, government, while the general freedom of our institutions precludes the exercise of the amount of control necessary to render the restraint of any real efficacy as a moral education.10

建武の新政は表面上は復古的であるが、内実は蒙古的な天皇専制を目指し、武家を排除した公家中心の政権運営を敷き、性急な改革、土地訴訟への対応の不備や恩賞の不公平、大内裏建設計画などその施策の大半が各方面、特に武士勢力の不満を呼び、また有名な二条河原の落書に観られるようにその無能を批判され、権威を全く失墜した。
The Kenmu Restoration appeared to be a reactionary movement, but was in fact an old and ignorant imperial dictatorship, and most of the measures introduced, such as aristocracy-centered political management that excluded the samurai, sudden reforms, inability to handle lawsuits for land, inequality in rewards, and the unreasonable Daidairi Construction Plan, caused discontent in various sectors, especially in the samurai class. As a consequence, criticism of the government for its incompetency grew, as was evidenced in the famous Nijogawara Graffiti, and the government completely lost power over the public.

これは、北条時頼の頃から北条本家（得宗）による政治の専制化、すなわち得宗専制が確立していったことに伴うもので、北条一門の守護国は、鎌倉初期の1200年頃に2国（他氏36国、守護不設置4国）、1250年頃に17国（他氏24国、不設置5国）、1285年頃に33国（他氏18国、不設置5国）、鎌倉最末期の1333年には38国（他氏15国、不設置5国）と鎌倉中期を境に一気に増加していた。
This proceeded apace with the change to autocratic rule at the hands of the central Hojo family (Tokuso, the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), namely the establishment of the Tokuso autocracy; the Hojo clan's Shugo provinces were 2 in the early Kamakura period around 1200 (36 to other clans, 4 with no Shugo), around 1250 they were 17 (24 to other clans, 5 with no Shugo), around 1285 they were 33 (18 to other clans, 5 with no Shugo), and in 1333 at the end of the Kamakura period they were 38 (15 to other clans, 5 with no Shugo), expanding rapidly from around the middle Kamakura period.

日本国民は、恒久の平和を念願し、人間相互の関係を支配する崇高な理想を深く自覚するのであつて、平和を愛する諸国民の公正と信義に信頼して、われらの安全と生存を保持しようと決意した。われらは、平和を維持し、専制と隷従、圧迫と偏狭を地上から永遠に除去しようと努めてゐる国際社会において、名誉ある地位を占めたいと思ふ。われらは、全世界の国民が、ひとしく恐怖と欠乏から免かれ、平和のうちに生存する権利を有することを確認する。
We, the Japanese people, desire peace for all time and are deeply conscious of the high ideals controlling human relationship, and we have determined to preserve our security and existence, trusting in the justice and faith of the peace-loving peoples of the world. We desire to occupy an honored place in an international society striving for the preservation of peace, and the banishment of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance for all time from the earth. We recognize that all peoples of the world have the right to live in peace, free from fear and want.