封: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 封
- seal
- Kizuku
- Fuu
- closing
- 移封
- forced relocation of a daimyo to a different domain by the Edo shogunate
- 封印
- seal
- stamp
- to stamp
- to affix a seal
- to seal up
- to seal off
- cachet
- 封禅
- ancient Chinese sacrificial ritual
- 封土
- daimiate
- fief
- benefice
- feud
- 封切
- premiere
- first showing
- release (film)
- 封鎖
- blockade
- freezing (funds)
- seal
- investment
- blockage
- 封殺
- suppression (e.g. free speech)
- forceout (baseball)
- 封入
- enclose (in letter)
- inclusion
- encapsulation
- mounting
- entrap
- entrapment
- 減封
- forced reduction of a daimyo's land by the Edo Shogunate
- curtailment of a daimyo's domain
- Diminishing the Territory
- 完封
- complete blockade (seal)
- baseball shutout
- 液封
- liquid seal
- liquid ring
- 開封
- unsealed letter
- breaking the seal
- 転封
- forced relocation of a daimyo to a different domain by the Edo shogunate
- Tenpo
- 同封
- enclosure (e.g. in a letter)
- enclose
- 帯封
- half wrapper
- strip of paper
- 柵封
- documents of feudal appointment (in China)
- 封管
- sealed tube
- tube sealing
- seal tube
- 水封
- water seal
- water sealing
- 密封
- hermetically seal
- sealing (e.g. envelope)
- 分封
- hiving off
- swarming
- dividing a fief
- 別封
- under separate cover
- accompanying letter
- 封建制
- Hoken system
- Feudalism
- 陸封種
- land locked species
- land-locked species
- 封じ目
- seal (of an envelope)
- 封ずる
- to seal (letter)
- to prevent
- to forbid
- to block
- 封じ手
- a sealed move
- Adjournment (games)
- 封じる
- to seal (letter)
- to prevent
- to forbid
- to block
- 封切る
- to release (e.g. a film)
- 封切り
- premiere
- first showing
- release (film)
- 金一封
- gift of money (contained in an envelope)
- 角封筒
- western-style envelope
- 虫封じ
- incantation to rid a child of worms
- 茶封筒
- brown envelope
- manila envelope
- 素封家
- wealthy person or family
- 冊封使
- accredited Chinese envoys to neighbouring kingdoms
- 陸封型
- landlocked variety (of fish)
- 和封筒
- Japanese-style oblong, open end envelope
- 未開封
- unopened (state)
- with an unbroken seal
- ガス封入
- gas charging
- gas filling
- 信書開封
- Unlawful Opening of Letters
- 封建思想
- feudalistic thought or thinking
- 封建時代
- feudal era
- feudal times
- feudal period
- feudal age
- age of feudalism
- 封切り館
- first-run theater
- first-run theatre
- 封建制度
- feudal system
- feudalism
- 経済封鎖
- economic blockade
- embargo
- 入札開封
- bid opening
- opening of tenders
- 核封入体
- nucleoid
- nuclear inclusion body
- 密封軸受
- capped bearing
- sealed bearing
- 封印等破棄
- Destruction of Seals
- 封じ込める
- to shut in
- to confine
- to contain
- seal
- 窓付き封筒
- window envelope
- billing envelope
- 入札書開封
- bid opening
- openingof tenders
- 水封圧縮機
- water ring compressor
- 返信料封筒
- return, postage-paid envelope
- 返信用封筒
- self-addressed stamped envelope
- SASE
- 椥辻封シ川
- Nagitsujifuushigawa
- 開封(北宋)
- Kaifeng (Northern Sung)
- 吸水口密封板
- filler sealing plate
- 密封形変圧器
- sealed transformer
- 封じ込め政策
- containment policy
- 機械式水封じ
- mechanically induced water seal
- 返信用の封筒
- self-addressed stamped envelope
- SASE
- 御陵封ジ山町
- Misasagifuujiyamachou
- 椥辻封シ川町
- Nagitsujifuushigawachou
- 除封ともいう。
- Kaieki can also be expressed as the Japanese word jofu.
- 減封の主な理由
- Main Reasons for Diminishing Territory
- 神経核内封入体
- neuronal intranuclear inclusion
- 中国の冊封体制
- Tributary system of China
- 液封真空ポンプ
- liquid ring vacuum pump
- 窒素封入変圧器
- nitrogen-sealed transformer
- 密封ドレナージ
- under-waterseal drainage
- 封入接点継電器
- sealed contact relay
- 言論を封殺する
- to suppress the freedom of speech
- 物理的封じ込め
- physical containment
- 巨細胞封入体症
- cytomegalic inclusion disease
- 封じ込めレベル
- containment level
- 越流堰式水封じ
- overfall weir type water seal
- priming weir type water seal
- 副ダム式水封じ
- obstruction weir type water seal
- 二封筒入札方式
- Two Envelope System
- 封号は親魏倭王。
- Her title was Shingi Wao (the title of the King of Wa).
- 裂溝封鎖用レジン
- fissure sealant resin
- 水封式ドレナージ
- under-waterseal drainage
- 巨大細胞封入体症
- cytomegalic inclusion disease
- ガス永久封入方式
- static gas pressure system
- 気密封止したもの
- Integrated circuits that are sealed airtight
- バッフル式水封じ
- baffle type water seal
- 生物学的封じ込め
- biological containment
- 義満と日本国王冊封
- Yoshimitsu and the king of Japan under the tributary system
- 封印及び帳簿の閉鎖
- Sealing and Closing of Books
- 腕形静水池式水封じ
- cup basin type water seal
- 液体封入式ブッシュ
- hydraulic bush; hydro-bush
- 液体封入式マウント
- hydraulic mount; hydro-mount
- 巨大細胞性封入体症
- cytomegalic inclusion disease
- 封止用コンパウンド
- sealing compound
- 密封放射性同位元素
- sealed radioisotope
- トゥーデル式水封じ
- joggle type water seal
- stepped type water seal
- tudel type water seal
- offset type water seal
- 液封直読水道メータ
- liquid filled digital counter type water meter
- 傾斜放水口式水封じ
- tilted outlet type water seal
- 封緘(ふうかん)機
- case sealing machine
- グリア細胞質内封入体
- glial cytoplasmic inclusion
- 封じ込めるようにする
- try to contain
- 完全自由落下式水封じ
- clear overfall type water seal
- 補助サイホン式水封じ
- auxiliary siphon type water seal
- 小型サイホン式水封じ
- baby siphon type water seal
- maramsilli baby siphon type water seal
- 国替、移封とほぼ同義。
- Tenpo is almost a synonym for Kunigae and Ifu.
- 封入形マイクロスイッチ
- enclosed sensitive switch
- のち東映封切館となる。
- Later, it became a first-run theater of Toei Company, Ltd.
- 液体封入ガラス製温度計
- liquid in glass thermometer
- 「賜二封田一如レ例。」
- Fuden (a taxation unit comprising households) was granted as usual.'
- 『封殺鬼』(霜島ケイ)
- 'Fusatsuki (Fusatsu ogre)' (Kei SHIMOJIMA)
- 'Fusatsuki' (Kei SHIMOJIMA)
- 中国史における「封建制」
- Hoken system' in Chinese history
- 徳川氏の移封と東京の誕生
- Tokugawa clan's change of territory and the birth of Tokyo
- 液体封入式インシュレータ
- hydraulic insulator
- 東京開封府(現在の開封市)
- Dongjing Kaifengfu (Kaifeng City today)
- 金銅舎利塔(伝亀山天皇勅封)
- Gilt copper bussharito (stupa) (As legend goes, the Emperor Kameyama donated it.)
- 中世封建制度(フューダリズム)
- Hoken system in the medieval ages (Feudalism)
- 陳意見(意見封事に関する規定)
- This Article 'Chin-iken' (expression of opinion) set forth rules and regulations on preparing a letter of opinion in response to Emperor's inquiry, that would be enclosed in hermetically closed envelope and addressed direct to the Emperor.
- 呉式芬・陳介祺共編『封泥攷略』
- 呉式芬/Kaiki CHIN 'Fudei koryaku'
- 物理的封じ込めに用いられる装置
- Complete containment facilities
- 勅封はこの宝庫に施されている。
- These treasure houses are 'chokufu' (having the Imperial seal).
- 江戸時代に減封、分封に遭った大名
- Daimyo Whose Territories Were Diminished or Divided during the Edo Period
- 12年肥前国唐津藩に転封となる。
- In 1761, his territory was changed to the Karatsu Domain in Hizen Province.
- 土岐頼殷の大坂城代就任に伴う移封)
- The relocation of territory was conducted in accordance with Yorikata TOKI's taking office as Osaka jodai (the keeper of Osaka-jo Castle).
- 大寺、有封寺、諸寺に分かれていた。
- The other group consisted of daiji (temples built by Emperors), yufuji (temples given jikifu (sustenance households) by the Imperial court) and shoji (temples smaller than other kanji (state-sponsored temples)).
- 関ヶ原合戦で敗れた大名家の改易・減封
- Kaieki or genpo applied to Daimyo families that lost in the Battle of Sekigahara
- Depriving and Diminishing Territories of Daimyo Defeated in the Battle of Sekigahara
- 棚倉藩 - 6万石に減封(10万石)
- Tanagura Domain: the territory was reduced to 60 thousand goku (100 thousand goku).
- メカニカルシールで軸封をしているもの
- Separators having an axle sealed with a mechanical seal
- 祝儀や不祝儀を入れる和紙で出来た封。
- These are envelopes for putting shugi or bushigi in and are made of Japanese paper.
- また所領を削減されることを減封という。
- Also, having the size of lands in possession reduced is called genpo in Japanese.
- 以下、江戸時代の減封について叙述する。
- A description of the punishment of diminishing territory during the Edo Period follows.
- 戊辰戦争による除封改易はこの一家のみ。
- The punishment of jofu (kaieki) was given only to this family.
- 二本松藩 - 5万石に減封(10万石)
- Nihonmatsu Domain: the territory was reduced to 50 thousand goku (100 thousand goku).
- 返信用の切手を貼った宛先記入済みの封筒
- self-addressed stamped envelope
- 信書を発するのに必要な封筒その他の物品
- Articles necessary for sending letters, such as envelops;
- - 中臣鎌足に紫冠を授け、封を増した。
- - He gave murasaki no kouburi (purple cap) to NAKATOMI no Kamatari and raised his stipend.
- 養老元年(717年)10月12日 増封
- November 23, 717: Increased Fuko (Residential units [ko] assigned as fiefs [fu] to support top-ranking officials, temples, shrines, and royal households such as those of the queen-consort and crown prince).
- 扇子に金封をのせてさしだすこともある。
- A Kimpu (envelope with gift money) can be put on a Sensu when offered.
- 庄内藩 - 12万石に減封(17万石)。
- Shonai Domain: the territory was reduced to 120 thousand goku (170 thousand goku).
- 仙台藩 - 28万石に減封(62万石)。
- Sendai Domain: the territory was reduced to 280 thousand goku (620 thousand goku).
- 米沢藩 - 14万石に減封(18万石)。
- Yonezawa Domain: the territory was reduced to 140 thousand goku (180 thousand goku).
- 泉藩 - 1万8000石へ減封(2万石)
- Izumi Domain: the territory was reduced to 18 thousand goku (20 thousand goku).
- のちに京極家は但馬国豊岡藩へ移封となり、
- Eventually, the Kyogoku family was transferred to the Toyooka clan, Tajima Province.
- 大安寺 南都七大寺 ぼけ封じの笹酒が有名
- Daian-ji Temple: One of the seven great temples of Nara, best known for sasazake (hot Japanese sake in a bamboo cup) to prevent senility
- 後に内分伊予今治から伊賀名張へ転封した。
- Later, he was relocated from Naibun domain of Imabari, Iyo Province to Nabari, Iga Province.
- よって30万石の大封を得る大名となった。
- As a result, Naotaka became daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) possessing large properties bearing 300,000 koku.
- 密封形継電器(ハーメチックシール継電器)
- hermetically sealed relay
- 密封をした特定商品に係る特定物象量の表記
- Indication of the Quantity of the State of Physical Phenomena pertaining to Sealed-Up Specified Commodities
- 大学之助は家臣の守山を討ち口封じをする。
- Daigakunosuke kills his vassal Moriyama to silence him.
- (藩主・土岐頼行幼少の為、減石され再封)
- (The crop yield was reduced and reallocated due to the young age of the lord of domain Yoriyuki TOKI).
- 「鬼の腕は私が仁王経を読んで封印します」
- 'I will place a seal on the ogress' arm by chanting the Ninnogyo (Sutra of Benevolent Kings).'
- 一関藩 - 2万7000石に減封(3万石)
- Ichinoseki Domain: the territory was reduced to 27 thousand goku (30 thousand goku).
- 上山藩 - 2万7000石に減封(3万石)
- Kaminoyama Domain: the territory was reduced to 27 thousand goku (30 thousand goku).
- 亀田藩 - 1万8000石に減封(2万石)
- Kameda Domain: the territory was reduced to 18 thousand goku (20 thousand goku).
- 天童藩 - 1万8000石に減封(2万石)
- Tendo Domain: the territory was reduced to 18 thousand goku (20 thousand goku).
- 代わって信濃飯山藩より青山幸秀が入封した。
- Then Yukihide AOYAMA took over the domain from the Shinano Iiyama domain.
- しかし、3代伊奈忠勝の代で無嗣除封となった。
- However, the third lord, Tadakatsu INA, was deprived of his territory because he had no heir.
- 越後長岡藩 - 2万8千石に減封(7万4千石)
- Echigo-Nagaoka Domain: the territory was reduced to 28 thousand goku (74 thousand goku).
- 各地で敗走した鎌倉勢は、鎌倉の七切通しを封鎖。
- The Kamakura forces were routed in many places, so they blockaded seven roads (slopes) which had been cut through mountainous terrain of Kamakura.
- そのため、法皇は勅令でその井戸を封じたという。
- It is said that, therefore, the cloistered emperor issued an imperial edict to close the well.
- 封土は失われて後円部の石室のみが露出している。
- The burial mound is now lost and the stone chamber is solely exposed.
- 朱鳥元年(686年)封戸100戸を加封された。
- His fuko (a vassal household allotted to courtier, shrines and temples) was raised by 100-households in 686.
- これにより、中国と朝鮮との冊封関係は精算された。
- This caused the vassal relationship between China and Korea came to come to an end.
- 山形藩 - 近江国朝日山へ転封、朝日山藩を立藩。
- Yamagata Domain: the territory was changed to Asahiyama in Omi Province to establish the Asahiyama Domain.
- 会津藩 - 陸奥斗南藩3万石に転封(23万石)。
- Aizu Domain: the territory was changed to Mutsu-Tonami Domain with 30 thousand goku (230 thousand goku).
- 中国が日本を冊封した記録は後漢の時代にまで遡る。
- Records indicate that China put Japan in its tributary system, going back to the age of the Later Han Dynasty.
- また、『封神演義』からの影響を指摘する説もある。
- Furthermore, some theories point out that 'Hakkenden' is also influenced by 'Feng-Shen-Yen-I.'
- 大部分の神社では、長方形のお札が封入されている。
- The omamori provided by the majority of Shinto shrines have ofuda (charms) enclosed.
- 同時に封建された貴族は君主の名目的な支配下に入る。
- At the same time, the authorized nobility falls under the control of the monarchy.
- 九月 東寺、北野社の占拠及び丹波口、西八条の封鎖。
- September: To-ji Temple and Kitano-sha Shrine were occupied, and Tanbaguchi and Nishi-hachijo were blocked.
- 主に日本の封建時代においてみられた血族集団である。
- Shoke was a blood-relative group which was mainly present during the feudal period in Japan.
- 韓国の皇族は日本の皇族に準じる王公族に封じられた。
- The Korean Imperial family was given the title of Okozoku (social position given to imperial family of former Korea) along the lines of the Japanese Imperial family.
- 封戸と湯沐は呼び方の違いであり、実質は同じである。
- Fuko and Tomokuyu are different names, but are practically the same thing.
- 内膳正>【元和7年8月藩主就任-寛永元年9月移封】
- Naizen-no-kami (First cupbearer to the Emperor)> 'appointed as the lord of the domain in August 1621 - transferred in September 1624'
- 冊封使歓待を目的として発展した明清系の音楽である。
- It is a style of music with roots in the Ming and Qing dynasties that was developed with the aim of fostering warm diplomatic relations.
- 日本の封建制の成立をめぐっては、いくつかの説がある。
- There are several views about the formation of the Hoken system in Japan.
- 湯長谷藩 - 1万4000石へ減封(1万5000石)
- Yunagaya Domain: the territory was reduced to 14 thousand goku (15 thousand goku).
- 第一種指定化学物質が密封された状態で取り扱われる製品
- A product in which a Class I Designated Chemical Substance is handled in a hermetically sealed condition
- 第二種指定化学物質が密封された状態で取り扱われる製品
- A product in which a Class II Designated Chemical Substance is used in a hermetically sealed condition
- 物理的封じ込め施設において用いられる防護のための装置
- Protectors and containment equipment
- 令制では別に封戸があり、他の皇族と臣下に与えられた。
- There was Fuko (houses as a salary) besides Tomokuyu in the Ritsuryo system to give to the other Imperial family members and subjects.
- 同14年(823年)2月、三品に叙され封百戸を賜る。
- In February 823 she was appointed as Sanbon (the third of Imperial Princess' ranks) and was given ho (a fief) hyakko (one hundred houses).
- また初代頼宣が常陸国に封じられ常陸介にも叙任された。
- The first family head, Yorinobu, was given a fief in Hitachi Province and appointed as Hitachi no Suke (the vice-governor of Hitach Province) to become a kunimochidaimyo (a daimyo [Japanese feudal lord] with a vast fiefdom).
- 寛永12年に1万石加増の上駿河国田中藩に転封となる。
- In 1635, 10,000 koku was added and his territory was changed to the Tanaka Domain in Suruga Province.
- 封建制度は意味をなさなくなり、郡県制に置き換えられた。
- The Hoken system became meaningless and was replaced by the Gun Ken system.
- 福島藩 - 三河国重原藩2万8000石へ転封(3万石)
- Fukushima Domain: the territory was changed to the Shigehara Domain in Mikawa Province with 28 thousand goku (30 thousand goku).
- 盛岡藩 - 旧仙台領の白石13万石に転封(20万石)。
- Morioka Domain: the territory was changed to Shiraishi in the old Sendai territory with 130 thousand goku (200 thousand goku).
- その後、足利義満が新たに冊封されて「日本国王」となる。
- Thereafter, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was sent a new official message (Sakuho) from the Ming Court addressing him as the 'King of Japan.'
- また、韓国併合に貢献した韓国人は朝鮮貴族に封じられた。
- Furthermore, Koreans who contributed to the annexation of Korea were given the title of the Korean nobility.
- 経済的に封鎖された本願寺は、毛利輝元に援助を要請した。
- In the economic blockade, Hongan-ji Temple asked Terumoto MORI for aid.
- 家康の関東移封後、数正は信濃で10万石の大名となった。
- After Ieyasu moved to Kanto region, Kazumasa became the lord of a fief yielding 100,000 koku of rice in Shinano Province.
- 銀地金の買上および銀貨の包封などの役割りにとどまった。
- They were also in charge of purchasing silver bullion and wrapping and sealing silver coins.
- 物理的封じ込めのレベルがP三又はP四である施設用の装置
- Equipment for facilities with physical containment level of P3 or P4
- 会社の顧問弁護士に預けていた信夫の遺言書が開封された。
- Nobuo's will left with the company attorney was opened.
- 関東に移封された徳川家康の保護により、勢力を回復する。
- Later, it recovered its clout under the protection of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who had been transferred to Kanto.
- 封土はほとんど失われており墳丘の正確な形は不明である。
- Its exact shape is not known as its hodo (covering soil) is almost gone.
- 下手渡藩 - 旧領である筑後国三池へ転封、三池藩を立藩。
- Shimotedo Domain: the territory was changed back to the former territory of Mike, Chikugo Province to establish the Mike Domain.
- しかし、島原藩移封後は圧政を敷き島原の乱の原因を作った。
- However, he was the cause of much tyranny after he was transferred to Shimabara Domain, and that led to the Shimabara War.
- 直定は後、彦根藩の9代・11代(再封)藩主となっている。
- Later, Naosada became the 9th and 11th (resumption) lord of Hikone Domain.
- 1962年11月:京都宝塚劇場が東宝邦画系封切館となる。
- November 1962: The Kyoto Takarazuka Theater became a Toho chain of first-run movie theaters for Japanese films
- 変質を避けるため開封後は密閉容器に入れ冷暗所に保存する。
- Once unpacked, powdered green tea must be kept in an airtight container and be put in a cool dark place, in order to avoid change in quality..
- アンモニア処理の高野豆腐と違い密封保存する必要性は無い。
- Unlike the koya-dofu processed with ammonia, it doesn't need to be hermetically sealed.
- 清は冊封関係の回復にむけ積極的になり日清の関係は悪化した。
- The relationship between Japan and Qing worsened as Qing took active steps to recover the sakuho relationship.
- 深見隧道は両側で完全に封鎖されており、通行は不可能である。
- Fukami-suido Tunnel is closed entirely on the both sides and impassable.
- また、関門海峡も平知盛によって封鎖されて兵糧不足に陥った。
- The Kanmon Straits were closed off by TAIRA no Tomomori and the troops lacked food and supplies.
- なお、後に赤穂に入封した永井氏、森氏もまた藩札を発行した。
- The Nagai clan and the Mori clan, who later entered Ako Domain, also issued han bills.
- その後、渤海は新羅とは対立を続けるも唐からは冊封を受ける。
- Although the Bokkai Kingdom and Silla continued to clash in the subsequent years, Silla was still a vassal under the Tang Dynasty.
- 日本の封建社会における最後にして最大の農民一揆と言われる。
- The turmoil is said to be the last and largest peasant uprising in the feudal system of Japan.
- 忠邦以降、改革失敗の責任をとらされて出羽山形に転封となる。
- After the time of Tadakuni, their territory was changed to Yamagata, Dewa Province, for having failed in the reforms.
- 台の代わりに袱紗を折りたたみその上に金封を乗せて差し出す。
- Fold the fukusa in place of the board and offer the kinpu on it.
- 他方清との間ではその冊封を受けず限られた貿易のみを容認した。
- The Tokugawa shogunate did not have a Sakuho relationship with Qing dynasty and allowed limited trade.
- その子、俊次は元和7年(1621年)再び西尾へ転封となった。
- In 1621, his son, Toshitsugu, was ordered to change the territory again to the Nishio Domain.
- 国司は調庸・封物を中央の朝廷へ運搬進納する義務を負っていた。
- Kokushi had the obligation of carrying and delivering, to the Imperial Court in the capital, choyo (tributes and labor) and fubutsu (products from fuko [the families supplied to each noble]).
- 実際に木津川をこの6隻を主力として封鎖できたかも不明である。
- It is also uncertain whether the blockade of the Kizu-gawa River was really possible with these six ships as main force.
- 「封国は偏遠(へんえん)にして藩(はん)を外に作(な)す。」
- Our country is located far away and have domains outside the country.'
- 国際規制物資の移動を監視するために必要な封印又は装置の取付け
- affix any seals or install any devices necessary for monitoring the movement of international controlled material.
- 芸術に傾倒した徽宗の勅命により、石鼓はすべて開封に運ばれた。
- Due to a formal order of HUI Song who was an ardent admirer of fine art, sekko was all transported to Kai-feng.
- 主殿頭>【慶安2年2月28日藩主就任-寛文9年6月8日移封】
- Tonomo-no-kami (Director of the Imperial Palace Keeper's Bureau)> 'appointed as the lord of the domain on February 28, 1649 - transferred on June 8, 1669'
- 高三の孫である京極高盛は但馬国豊岡藩三万五千石へ転封となる。
- Takamitsu's grandson Takamori KYOGOKU was transferred to the Toyooka domain of Tajima Province with 35,000 koku.
- この直勝が興した系統は、安中藩から西尾藩、掛川藩と転封された。
- The family line being established by Naokatsu, changed their territory from the Annaka Domain to the Nishio Domain, and then the Kakegawa Domain.
- 大和ぼけ封じ霊場会、大和七福八宝の会、 大和十三仏霊場会札所。
- The temple is a fudasho (temples where amulets are collected) of Yamato boke-fuji (prevention of senility) reijo kai, Yamato Shichifuku Happo no kai and Yamato jusan butsu reijo kai.
- 翌年に義満を「日本国王臣源」に封じる内容の国書を持ち帰国する。
- They returned to Japan the next year with a sovereign's message that the emperor of the Ming Dynasty would confer a peerage of 'King of Japan' on Yoshimitsu.
- だが、目安箱は本質的に封建制度の下で将軍が設置したものである。
- However, meyasubako was originally established by a shogun under the feudal system.
- 藩庁は彦根城(滋賀県彦根市)に置かれた(入封当初は佐和山城)。
- The government building of the domain was located at Hikone-jo Castle (Hikone City, Shiga Prefecture) (at Sawayama-jo Castle at the beginning of the domain.)
- 1956年8月:増築により洋画封切館の京都スカラ座がオープン。
- August 1956: In a new extended building, Kyoto Scala-za opened as a first-run movie theater for foreign films.
- 侍従>【慶長5年12月3日藩主就任-元和6年閏12月8日移封】
- Chamberlain> 'appointed as the lord of the domain on December 3, 1600 - transferred on December 8, 1620'
- 紙製のものが多く、名刺大から封筒のサイズぐらいのものまである。
- It is generally made of paper and the size varies from about business cards to envelopes.
- これらの論の基準となる所は封建制の特徴とされる農奴の存在である。
- These views are based on the existence of serfs which are said to be characteristic of the Hoken system.
- これは稲葉家が上総から淀に移封する際に付いてきた物と考えられる。
- It seems due to the transfer of fief of the Inaba family from Kazusa Province to Yodo.
- 天正12年(1584年)氏郷は伊勢国松ヶ島城12万石に移封した。
- Ujisato was transferred to Ise-Matsugashima Castle, with crop yields of 120,000 koku, in 1584.
- ところが、律令制の弛緩とともに封戸や初期荘園の機能が形骸化した。
- As the statutory ritsuryo system became slack, fuko and the early shoen systems were only in name.
- しかし本格的な園部の開発は1619年の小出氏園部入封から始まる。
- However, full-fledged development of Sonobe started when the Koide clan was transferred to Sonobe in 1619.
- しかし、京都市側から登ると峠付近でゲートによって封鎖されている。
- Climbing up from Kyoto City side, however, the road around the pass is closed with a gate.
- 豊臣政権により徳川氏が関東に転封されると信濃諸豪族も関東へ移る。
- When the Tokugawa clan was shifted to Kanto by the Toyotomi government, gozoku in Shinano also moved to Kanto.
- 封建政治は、この後江戸幕府崩壊(1868年・慶応4年)まで続く。
- This feudal style of government was to continue for almost seven hundred years, until the destruction of the Edo bakufu in 1868.
- また異民族自体が周に封建され、諸侯として大国化する例も見られた。
- Also, some different ethnic groups were incorporated into Zhou and became major provinces.
- 伊達勢は庭坂、大森周辺へも進出し、米沢と福島間を完全に封鎖した。
- The Date forces advanced into Niwasaka, Omori and its surroundings, and then completely sealed off from Yonezawa to Fukushima.
- 替わって能登国能登下村藩より、譜代の鳥居忠英が2万石で入封する。
- Tadateru TORII, hereditary daimyo, entered into the Minakuchi Domain with 20,000 koku of rice from the Notoshimomura Domain in Noto Province.
- 主人公の左手にも鬼が封じられており、これを用いて除霊などを行う。
- An oni is sealed in the main character's left hand, with which he exorcises spirits.
- こうした家元による封建的・世襲支配構造など、非常に共通点が多い。
- These and the iemoto system have a lot in common, such as how the feudal and hereditary governance structure headed by iemoto.
- いずれも藩主は死一等を減じられ、一旦封土没収の上、削・転封された。
- The sentences for the lords of these domains were all reduced by one level from the death penalty; in addition, after the confiscation of all their territories, they were granted either a reduced territory or a different territory.
- 転じて、国を冊封された諸侯一般、およびその領地を指すようになった。
- Later, Han came to refer to the lords and their territories, whose country was in a vassal relationship with the Chinese empire.
- 仕上げた丁銀および豆板銀は500匁毎にまとめられ、常是が包封した。
- The finished Chogin and mameitagin coins were packaged in quantities of 500 mon and sealed by the jouze.
- 物理的封じ込めに用いられる装置であって、次のいずれかに該当するもの
- Physical containment facilities falling under any of the following
- 元禄13年に下総結城に転封となり、翌14年に3000石加増される。
- In 1700, his territory was changed to Yuki, Shimosa Province and 3,000 koku was added in the following year.
- そのため、開封しなければ賞味期限はおおよそ9〜11日となっている。
- The shelf life of unopened nama-yatsuhashi is now approximately 9 to 11 days.
- 一石経も地中へ埋納して封土で覆われ、供養碑が立てられる場合もある。
- Even an isseki kyo (one-stone scripture) was buried in the ground and covered with soil, and a monument was elected for it to pray for the dead.
- また所領を分割相続することを分封、所領を没収されることを改易という。
- Also, there were measures to divide their territories to succeed ('bunpo'), and to confiscate their territories ('kaieki').
- 1968年後期の寮自治会委員長として学生部封鎖や総長団交を推進した。
- He was the chairman of the dormitory council in the latter half of 1968 and spearheaded a blockade of the office of the student affairs department as well as negotiations with the president of the university.
- また「藩主」より、封地名に「侯」をつけて呼び現されることが多かった。
- In many cases, daimyo were called by their domain names with 'Ko' (lord), rather than 'Hanshu.'
- 冊封体制下では「属国」でありながら、「自主」であることは矛盾しない。
- Under the tributary system, being an 'independent' state as well as an 'autonomous state' did not contradict each other.
- 丁銀は200枚ずつ、豆板銀は500匁ずつ包み、座人封で銀座に廻した。
- Chogin silver coins were packed in units of 200 and mameitagin coins in 500 mon and were sealed by the zanin officers for shipping to the ginza.
- これにより松平重直は豊後国高田藩 (豊後国)(竜王藩)に転封となる。
- As a result of this, Shigenao MATSUDAIRA's territory was relocated to Takada Domain (Ryuo Province) in Bungo Province.
- 正保元年(1644年)の加増で関宿城主となり下総国関宿藩入封となる。
- The clan became the lord of Sekiyado-jo Castle because the koku increase in 1644, and they moved into the Sekiyado domain in Shimofusa Province.
- 子孫も代々阿部氏に仕え、転封により備後福山藩に移り、家老職も務めた。
- The descendants also served the Abe clan from generation to generation, with the changing the territory, they were transferred to the domain of Bingo-Fukuyama, and they even served as Karo (chief retainers).
- 封土が剥がされ、墓が暴かれたのは、蘇我氏に対する懲罰とする説もある。
- Some say that it was a punishment on the Soga clan that Hodo (covering soil) was taken out and the grave was opened.
- 子の石川憲之は慶安4年(1651年)に伊勢国伊勢亀山藩に転封となった。
- In 1651, his son Noriyuki ISHIKAWA was ordered to change the territory to the Ise-Kameyama Domain in Ise Province.
- その結果、調庸・封物京進を狙っていた群盗海賊は沈静化することとなった。
- As a result, the activities of robberies and piracy aiming at the choyo and fubutsu paying to Kyoto gradually became weaker.
- 実質減封となる場合もあったので、中堅以下の家臣であってもこれを嫌った。
- Even the middle or lower-ranked vassals disliked this reform because it could have diminished their territory substantially.
- 秤量銀貨の量目を定め、包封することは両替商の重要な仕事のひとつである。
- Deciding the ryome of silver-by-weight coins and packing them in bags was one of the important jobs for money-exchangers.
- 朝鮮を冊封体制から近代国際法的な属国へと位置づけし直そうとしはじめる。
- The Qing dynasty started to change the position of Korea from a subject state under the tributary system to that based on modern international law.
- 遺言者が、その証書を封じ、証書に用いた印章をもってこれに封印すること。
- the testator shall seal the certificate and, using the same stamp as that used for the certificate, affix his/her seal;
- 正倉院宝庫がこの厳密な意味での「勅封」になったのは室町時代以降である。
- The Shosoin treasure house became Chokufu in this strict sense after the Muromachi period.
- 景行天皇40年、蝦夷征伐の命を恐れて逃亡し、美濃国に封ぜられたという。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki,' and other historical books, in 114, Prince Oousu ran away because he was afraid of the order, the Emishi Seito (the conquest of Emishi, who were a group of people living in the northern part of land) and was then confined in Mino Province.
- 定政は、徳川が関東に移封された際、下総国の守谷市で一万石を与えられた。
- Sadamasa was given 10,000 koku (approximately 1.8 million liters of crop yield) in Moriya, Shimousa Province (Moriya domain) when the territory of the Tokugawa clan was transferred to Kanto region.
- 会津藩は寛永20年(1643年)に保科正之が入封してから石州流である。
- Aizu Domain had supported the Sekishu-ryu School since 1643, when Masayuki HOSHINA was the lord.
- あらかじめ缶の中にコーヒー液やミルクと一緒にコーヒー豆を封入しておく。
- Coffee beans are enclosed in the can in advance together with coffee liquid and milk.
- - 封筒の中に商品の番号を書いた紙を入れておき客に引かせる単純なもの。
- This is a simple game where prizes are given numbers, the numbers are placed in envelopes and the customer chooses an envelope.
- 青苧座は織豊政権による座の撤廃と上杉氏の移封によって力を失うことになる。
- Afterward, za was abolished by 'the Shokuho regime' (the regime of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI; 'Shoku' and 'ho' are the initial letters of Oda and Toyotomi), and the territory of the Uesugi clan was changed, so that aoso-za in Echigo Province lost its influence.
- 中国王朝でおこなわれた封建制は君主が貴族に領域支配を名目的に認める制度。
- In the Hoken system operated under Chinese dynasties, a monarchy nominally authorizes the nobility to rule the domain.
- 年料給分(ねんりょうきゅうぶん)とは、平安時代における封禄制度のひとつ。
- Nenryo kyubun is one of the horoku (stipend, pay, salary) systems in the Heian period.
- 当時、李氏朝鮮は清朝中国を中心とした冊封体制を堅持し、鎖国状態にあった。
- The Yi Dynasty Korea maintained a tributary system with the Qing Dynasty China as its center, and was closed off to the outside world at that time.
- 積雪のため信越国境が封鎖されている時期であり、長尾方諸将の動揺を誘った。
- The borders between Shinano Province and Echigo Province were closed due to accumulated snow in this season, and this situation made military commanders on the Nagao side unrest.
- このことは、朝鮮は清の冊封国であるという姿勢の清を牽制する意味もあった。
- This was also meant to act as a restraint on the Qing, who acted according to the principle that Korea was a Qing vassal state.
- 日曜日の夕方から夜にかけて封切り予定の映画を題名を隠しておまけで上映した
- sneak show
- 同年父が老中在職中の不正を咎められ、2万石減封の上出羽山形に転封となる。
- In the same year, his father was accused of his misconduct during the time he served as roju; as the punishment for this, 20,000 koku was diminished and the territory was moved to Yamagata, Dewa Province.
- 6月25日深夜に鈴鹿関に至り、そこで大海人皇子が張った封鎖線にかかった。
- The Prince Otsu reached Suzuka-no-seki Checkpoint at midnight of June 25 (old calender), and was stopped by the blockade the Prince Oama had setup.
- The Prince Otsu reached Suzuka-no-seki Checkpoint at midnight of June 25 (old calender), and was stopped by a blockade the Prince Oama had setup.
- 十兵衛は口封じに女房を手に掛けたあと、仁三を鈴ヶ森へ誘い出して殺害する。
- After Jubei killing his wife to keep her mouth shut, he lured Nisa into the Suzugamori forest and killed him.
- 12世紀末は貴族による専制政治から武士階級の封建社会への過渡期であった。
- The end of 12th century is a transition period from nobles' autocracy to samurai feudal society.
- 常陸入道念西を朝宗としているが、有宗が早世したから宗村が襲封したとある。
- Hitachi-nyudo Nensai is identified as Tomomune, and it says that Munemura succeeded the reign of the clan as Arimune died young.
- なお、乾燥させた海苔は湿気に弱いので、乾燥剤を入れた密封容器に保存する。
- Dried nori is sensitive to humidity, so it's stored in a closed container with desiccant agent in it.
- 石田氏滅亡の後、徳川四天王の一人である井伊直政がこの地に封ぜられ入城した。
- After the annihilation of the Ishida clan, Naomasa II, one of the Four Heavenly Guardians of the Tokugawa clan, was sent to clamp down on the area, and occupied the castle.
- 翌年北条氏直を小田原に囲み滅ぼし、徳川家康を関東に移封し天下統一をなした。
- The next year, he destroyed Ujinao HOJO by besieging Odawara, transferred Ieyasu TOKUGAWA to Kanto, and completed unifying the country.
- これにより、封鎖が解けた隙をついて五島勢を含む小西軍の船団脱出が成功した。
- This enabled the vessels of Konishi's troops, including the Goto troops, to evacuate when the blockade was broken.
- 江戸への移封後はこれらが関東地方に随行してそのまま江戸幕府の水軍となった。
- After Ieyasu was transferred to Edo, these clans moved to the Kanto region with him and remained the Edo bakufu's suigun.
- 幕府軍3万余騎は堺を包囲し、海上は四国・淡路島の海賊100余艘が封鎖した。
- The shogunal army of about 30,000 horsemen surrounded Sakai and laid siege to it, while at sea, pirates from Shikoku and Awaji Island blockaded Sakai's harbor with a fleet of more than 100 ships.
- 一種の封禄としての意味を持ち、平安時代初期に三宮に給与したのにはじまった。
- This system was meant to pay a kind of salary to the above people and started in the early Heian period when such posts were given to sangu (three empresses).
- 南朝 (中国)との関係では、倭の五王と冊封関係にあったことが知られている。
- As to any relationship with the Nan-Dynasty, it is well known that the five kings of Wa were in a sakuho (homage to the Chinese emperor) relationship with Nan-Dynasty.
- 会津領は没収され、置賜郡(長井郡)と伊達郡、信夫郡の30万石に減封された。
- Kagekatsu was deprived of the Aizu domain and his territory was diminished to Okitama District (Nagai District), Date District and Shinobu District yielding 300,000-koku (a unit of volume of rice).
- 吉永藩(よしながはん)は、加藤明友が近江水口藩に転封する前に治めていた藩。
- The Yoshinaga Domain was a han which had been governed by Akitomo KATO before he was transferred to the Minakuchi Domain in Omi Province.
- なお転封にあたり、長浜城の修築費として江戸幕府より白銀5千枚を与えられた。
- At the time of changing the territory, he was provided with 5,000 pieces of hakugin (white silver) by Edo bakufu for the repair cost of Nagahama-jo Castle.
- すなわち封建社会の一階級の思想を日本人全体に当てはめるとするものではない。
- In other words, it is not a class system of thought from feudal society to be applied to the Japanese people as a whole.
- 宝庫の扉の開封には勅使(天皇からの使い)が立ち会うことが必要とされていた。
- Opening the door of the treasure house required an inspection by an imperial envoy ('chokushi' in Japanese).
- 慶長5年(1600年)、関ヶ原の戦い後、細川氏は豊前国中津藩へ転封された。
- In 1600, the Hosokawa clan was transferred to the Nakatsu domain in Buzen Province after the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 朝廷より二品・一身阿闍梨・一品・護持・牛車・検封阿闍梨などの宣下を受ける。
- He was bestowed various titles such as nihon (the second court rank for Imperial Princes), Isshin Ajari (a special class of the teaching priests, who are noble and permitted to play role of ajari), Ippon (First Order of an Imperial Prince), Goji, Gissha (special permission from the Emperor to enter the imperial palace in an ox-drawn cart), and Kenpu Ajari (teaching priests, who were in charge of inspections and sealing) from the Imperial Court.
- 容器は白磁の壺、栓は漆塗りの桐であり、さらに漆を上塗りして封印してあった。
- The container was a white porcelain pot and the cap was lacquered paulownia sealed by giving a final coat of lacquer.
- 実際には明・朝鮮水軍は後退せずに海上封鎖を継続しており、海路撤退を妨害した。
- Actually, the Ming and Korean navy did not retreat, but continued the naval blockage and obstructed withdrawal by sea.
- 京北町側では現国道からの分岐直後にゲートで封鎖されており通過は不可能である。
- On the Keihoku Town side the road is closed with a gate immediately after it branches off from the current national route so it is not possible to drive through.
- しかし、清国はあくまでも朝鮮は冊封体制下の属邦であるとの主張を変えなかった。
- However, Qing did not change its view that Korea was its subject state under the tributary system.
- もっとも、加増を伴う転封も多く行われた為、一概に処分・統制とは言い切れない。
- However, territories were often changed with additional properties, so Tenpo is not categorically described as disposition and control.
- 明代の通俗小説「封神演義(ほうしんえんぎ)」では道教の神々が数多く登場する。
- In the popular Ming Dynasty novel 'Hoshinengi,' many Dokyo gods appear.
- 中国は自らが東アジアの中心となり近隣諸国・地域との冊封体制を構築していった。
- In China, civilization occurred during earlier times and as the center of East Asia, China built a tributary system with neighboring countries and areas.
- その大使らは、唐の高宗の泰山封禅儀式の際に唐に対しての臣従を誓ったとされる。
- It is said that the team of envoy made a pledge to become vassals of the Tang Dynasty in Gao Zong (Tang territory) during the Taizan Hozen ceremony (a ceremony thanking for the peace and harmony to the heavens by the king).
- 2代・山崎家治は元和 (日本)3年(1617年)備中国成羽藩に転封となった。
- Second generation Ieharu YAMAZAKI relocated to Nariwa Domain, Bicchu Province in 1617.
- 子の土岐頼行は幼少のため、減封により1万石にて下総国守谷に再び移封となった。
- His child, Yoriyuki TOKI, was still so young, so was forced to return to Moriya City, Shimousa Province with 10,000 koku, a diminished territory.
- なお同社の伝承によれば、大碓命は美濃に封じられて後、当地方の開拓に尽くした。
- Additionally, according to the traditional story which was passed onward from the founder of the Shrine; after Prince Oousu was confined in Mino Province, he put his efforts into developing this local area.
- 京都御所の北東角には屋根裏に木彫りの猿が鎮座し、鬼門を封じている(猿ヶ辻)。
- There is a wooden statue of a monkey placed behind the roof at the northeast corner of the Kyoto Imperial Palace to block the kimon (which refers to Saru-ga-tsuji (literally, monkey's road)).
- リノレン酸は酸化し易いため、同食用油の開封後は早めに消費する事が勧められる。
- Since linolenic acid is easily oxidized, once cooking shiso oil is opened, quick use is recommended.
- 啓蒙的な思想家が封建的な思想や習慣を否定し、西洋の政治制度、文物を紹介した。
- Enlightened thinkers denied feudal thoughts and customs, and introduced Western political systems and products of culture.
- 足利義満は明徳の和約を遂げ、また日明貿易を行い明皇帝から日本国王に冊封された。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA completed the Meitoku treaty to unify the Northern and Southern Courts, conducted trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China and was awarded the title of King of Japan by the emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
- 長益の養老領1万石は除封となり、また長則の弟長政の子孫は加賀藩の家臣となった。
- Nagamasu's territory of 10,000 koku was deprived of, and the descendants of Nagamasa, younger brother of Naganori, became vassals of the Kaga Domain.
- 7世紀なって日本は遣隋使を送るようになるが、これは冊封体制のもとではなかった。
- In the 7th century, Japan started to send Japanese envoys to Sui Dynasty China, but this envoy was not under tributary system.
- 同年8月13日、高市皇子は草壁皇子、大津皇子とともに400戸の封を加えられた。
- On September 9 in the same year, Prince Takechi, together with Prince Kusakabe and Prince Otsu, was given an additional compensation of 400 households.
- 朱鳥元年の封400戸との差は600戸だが、それがいつ加えられたかは不明である。
- The difference from the compensation of 400 households in 686 was 600 households, which was unknown when added.
- その故事にちなみ、紀伊国へ移封されたのちも頼宣の子孫は代々常陸介に叙任された。
- Because of this, successors of Yorinobu were appointed Hitachi no Suke for generations although his fief was later moved to Kii Province.
- ナタ太子の父として描かれる『西遊記』の托塔李天王、封神演義の李靖がこれである。
- This is Takutori-tenno, described as father of Nata-taishi in 'Journey to West' and Risei in Feng-Shen-Yen-I.
- このような周の封建制度を西洋的なフューダリズムと比較することはよくおこなわれる。
- Such a Hoken system in Zhou is often compared with Western feudalism.
- 西洋の法的な封建制度であるレーエン制とは異なり、軍事奉仕を期待するものではない。
- Unlike the fiefdom, the Western legal Hoken system, no military duties were expected.
- 日本は唐の冊封はうけなかったものの、実質的には唐に臣従する朝貢国の扱いであった。
- Although Japan did not receive sakuho (homage by the Chinese emperor) from Tang, it was essentially treated as a tributary state which served Tang as a subject.
- 江戸時代は征夷大将軍徳川氏を中心として、武士階級が支配していた封建社会であった。
- The Edo period was a feudal society where the soldier class (samurai) ruled with the barbarian-quelling generalissimo, or the shogun, the Tokugawa clan as the central figure.
- その子の戸田氏鉄は元和 (日本)3年(1617年)に摂津国尼崎藩に転封となった。
- In 1617, his son, Ujikane TODA, was ordered to change the territory to the Amagasaki Domain in Settsu Province.
- 北宋の開封、南宋の杭州、遼の大同 (山西省)、明の南京市や北京市、清の瀋陽など。
- Examples include, Kaifeng of Northern Song, Hangzhou of Southern Song, Datong of Liao Dynasty (Shanxi Province), Nanjing city or Beijing city of Ming Dynasty or Shenyan of Qing Dynasty.
- 1492年に中山王尚氏が三山を統一して琉球王国を建国すると、明朝の冊封を受けた。
- When the Sho clan, the royal family of Chuzan (the middle mountain), unified the Sanzan (Three Mountains) and established the Ryukyu Kingdom in 1492, they received an official seal from the Ming court of China.
- 北九州で活動していた南朝方の懐良親王は明に朝貢し、「日本国王」に冊封されていた。
- The Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi taking sides with the Southern Court, who worked in the northern Kyushu, had been conferred a peerage of 'King of Japan' in return for the tributes he paid to the court of the Ming Dynasty.
- 元和 (日本)5年(1619年)分部光信が伊勢国伊勢上野藩より2万石で入封した。
- In 1619, Mitsunobu WAKEBE entered the Ise-Ueno Domain, Ise province, being granted 20,000 koku (the unit showing the annual yield of rice).
- 伊予松山藩主加藤嘉明転封の7年後、次の藩主蒲生忠知が参勤交代の途中、京都で急逝。
- Seven years after Yoshiaki KATO, domainal lord of Iyo-Matsuyama domain, had his fief relocated, Tadatomo GAMO, who succeeded him as lord of the domain, died suddenly in Kyoto while on the way to Edo under the system of alternate attendance.
- 同年、入れ替わりに下野壬生藩より加藤明英の嗣子・加藤嘉矩が2万5千石で入封した。
- In the same year, Yoshinori KATO, an heir of Akihide KATO, entered into the domain from the Mibu Domain in Shimotsuke Province with 25,000 koku of rice.
- 美濃では大海人皇子の指示を受けて多品治が既に兵を興しており、不破の道を封鎖した。
- In Mino, under the direction of Prince Oama, O no Honji already took up arms and Fuwa road was blocked.
- しかし寛文9年(1669年)6月8日には肥前国島原藩に7万石で加増移封となった。
- However, he was transferred to the Shimabara in Bizen Province with an income increased 70,000 koku on June 8, 1669.
- 松平光慈(みつちか)<従五位下。丹波守>【享保2年11月1日藩主就任。同日移封】
- Mitsuchika MATSUDAIRA 'appointed as the lord of the domain on November 1, 1717 - transferred on the same date'
- 酸化防止とにおい移りを防ぐために、密封容器に入れ冷暗所に保管することが望ましい。
- To prevent oxidation and odor, it's preferable to put it in the hermetically sealed container and preserve it in a cold, dark place.
- 金封は必ず先方に向けて(金封の下部を先方に向ける)台を滑らすようにして差し出す。
- The kinpu has to be placed in the right direction to the receiver (with the bottom of kinpu to the receiver) and has to be slid on the board to be offered.
- 琉球王国は明(1644年滅亡)の冊封を受け東アジア諸国との交易により繁栄していた。
- The Ryukyu Kingdom was in a sakukfu relationship with the Ming Dynasty (that fell in 1644), and trade with East Asian countries flourished amongst the islands.
- また、蒲生家に対する厳しい処分やその後における上杉景勝の入封に関しても疑問が残る。
- Besides, there are various doubts about the severe punishment of the Gamo family and Kagekatsu UESUGI's move to a new domain.
- 明が海禁政策を行っている事情から足利将軍家の幕府将軍が「日本国王」として冊封した。
- Because the Ming Dynasty adopted the haijin policy (a ban on maritime activities), the shogun of the Ashikaga Shogun Family was granted the title of 'King of Japan' by the emperor of China.
- 三河国形原より松平家信が2万石で入るが、寛永12年(1635年)下総佐倉藩へ移封。
- Ienobu MATSUDAIRA entered with 20,000 koku from Katahara, Mikawa Province, but transferred to Sakura domain, Shimousa.
- 自動車卸売業(自動車用エアコンディショナーに封入された物質を回収するものに限る。)
- Motor vehicles wholesale business (limited to the wholesale business of collecting substances contained in vehicle air conditioners)
- また、外国の高官のため、特に開封することもあった(例、1922年英国皇太子拝観)。
- Moreover, Shosoin sometimes opened especially for foreign high-level public officials (for example, Great Britain's Crown Prince, who visited in 1992).
- 文明開化を経て封建主義や鎖国の影響も影をひそめ、欧米から近代文化がどっと流入する。
- After civilization and enlightenment, the influence of feudalism and national isolation seemed to disappear and modern culture flooded into Japan from Western countries.
- 幕藩体制下では、何ヶ国かの転封を経て上野国沼田藩3万5千石として明治維新を迎えた。
- Under the shogunate and domain system, the territory of the Toki clan was relocated to some other provinces, and finally, it ended up 35,000 koku (approximately 6.3 million liters of crop yield) in Numata domain, Kouzuke Province until the Meiji Restoration was established.
- 以後、幕末まで歴代が同藩で封を重ね、明治維新後に旧藩主家は子爵となり華族に列した。
- Thereafter, the clan continued to be the lord in this domain untill the end of the Edo period, and after the Meiji Restoration the former houses of the lords became viscounts and were on the same level as their peers.
- 入れ替わりに同地より奥平昌成が入封し、享保2年(1717年)には中津藩に転出する。
- In exchange, from the same place, Masashige OKUDAIRA took over the domain and was transferred to the Nakatsu domain in 1717.
- このとき要を手前にして、金封をのせ、相手の膝前に要がむくように、転回してさしだす。
- In this case, after a Kimpu is put on a Sensu with a Kaname closer to the giver, the Sensu with a Kimpu on it is turned with the Kaname closer to the receiver and offered.
- 島津義弘の救援軍が近づくのを知ると明・朝鮮水軍は順天の海上封鎖を解いて迎撃を行った。
- Knowing that Yoshihiro SHIMAZU's rescue forces were approaching, the Ming and Korean navy lifted their naval blockade of Suncheon and intercepted them.
- 明が清にかわると朝鮮国王に「三跪九叩頭の礼」を強いるなど冊封国としての関係を強めた。
- When the Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it forced the Korean dynasty to perform the courtesy of 'nine kowtows' to strengthen the relationship under the vassal system.
- その後上杉家は、会津・米沢藩と転封を重ねるが、政頼の子・高梨頼親もこれに従っている。
- The Uesugi family was then forced to change its domain from Aizu Domain to Yonezawa Domain, and Yorichika TAKANASHI, a child of Masayori, followed the Uesugi family.
- 鬼鎮神社(日本で唯一の鬼を祀った神社。菅谷館の鬼門を封じるために創建されたとされる)
- Kijin-jinja Shrine (only one shrine in Japan where the Oni (ogre) is enshrined; it is believed that this shrine was built in order to close the northeastern (unlucky) direction of Sugaya-yakata.)
- 調庸・封物の損失や未進が発生した場合は、郡司・富豪が私的に補償する義務を負わされた。
- When choyo and/or fubutsu was lost or could not be delivered, the gunji or the rich and powerful person was obliged to make necessary private compensation.
- 清の時代には冊封を受け、服属しながらも知識人の間では明の崇禎年号が好んで使用された。
- Korea received sakuho (the title, etc. given in return to tribute to China) during the era of the Qing dynasty, but the era name of the Ming dynasty was favored by intellectuals.
- 足利義満はこれに応じ日本国王に封じられ勘合符を使用して独占的に貿易を行うようになる。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA responded to this demand, was appointed King of Japan and started to monopolize the trade with Ming using Kangofu (certificate to show that a ship was lawfully registered by Ming).
- 代わって摂津有馬氏の出で東軍の武将であった有馬則頼が遠江国横須賀藩から2万石で入封。
- To take the place of Iemori YAMAZAKI, Noriyori ARIMA of Yokosuka Domain in Totomi Province who was originally from Settsu Arima clan and was also a busho (Japanese military commander) of the East camp entered into Sanda-jo Castle as a feudal lord with 20,000 koku.
- 豪族の弱体化策として豪族に与えられていた部曲(かきべ)を廃止し、食封制度も改革した。
- In order to weaken Gozoku (local ruling family), he abolished Buqu (a serf) and also reformed the Jikifu system.
- 天正18年(1590年)、伊勢松ヶ島へ転封していた蒲生氏郷が会津に移ることになった。
- In 1590 Ujisato GAMO who had shifted his territory to Ise Matsugashima moved to Aizu.
- アンモニアが揮発してしまうと効果がなくなるので、保存時は必ず密封しなければならない。
- The ammonia has no effect if it's allowed to vaporize, so it must be hermetically sealed when it's preserved.
- が、小西軍に属していた五島勢は共に明水軍・朝鮮水軍の海上封鎖を受けて撤退を阻害された。
- However, the Ming and Korean navy's blockade impeded the withdrawal of Konishi's troops, including the Goto troops.
- 宗族組織の解体とともに中国的な封建制度が崩壊していったことは、おおむね認められている。
- It is generally accepted that the Chinese Hoken system collapsed with the breakdown of Sozoku organization
- 版籍奉還により、各藩内の封建制は廃止され、人民が土地に縛り付けられることもなくなった。
- Since feudal systems of domains were abolished under the policy of Haihan-chiken, people were able to move to a different domain.
- 転封(てんぽう、てんぷう)は江戸幕府(征夷大将軍)が、大名の領土を別の場所に移すこと。
- Tenpo (aka Tenpu) refers to what the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by the seii taishogun [literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians']) changed daimyo's (Japanese feudal lord) territories to different locations.
- 条約締結以後、清朝が最後の冊封国朝鮮を維持しようと、朝鮮に積極的に関与するようになる。
- After conclusion of the treaty, the Qing dynasty became positively involved with Korea in order to maintain the last subject state under the tributary system.
- この間、関ヶ原の戦いの功績により福島高晴が3万石余で伊勢国長島から加増転封されて入る。
- During this time, with the meritorious deed at the Battle of Sekigahara, Takaharu FUKUSHIMA moved in from Nagashima, Ise Province with the added crop yields approximately 30,000 koku as the local lord instead of Nobukatsu.
- 1615年の大坂夏の陣で豊臣氏に内通した嫌疑をかけられて改易され、信雄が再び入封する。
- But Takaharu was punished by being deprived of his rank or fief due to the suspicion of secret communication with Toyotomi clan in the Summer Siege of Osaka in 1615, and Nobukatsu reentered Yamato Province and Kozuke Province.
- 密勅の返納に反対する藩士は城下を離れて街道を封鎖し脱藩、後に井伊直弼の襲撃を計画する。
- Feudal retainers of the domain left the castle town and blocked roads and left the domain, and later organized an attack against Naosuke II.
- なお「勅封」という言葉は本来「天皇の署名入りの紙を鍵に巻きつけて施錠すること」を指す。
- The word 'Chokufu' (Imperial seal) originally meant to lock by twisting paper with the emperor's signature around a key.
- ・・・何百年間封鎖して余人の近づくを許さなかったランド・オブ・カブキの関門を開いた。」
- ...He opened a new gate of the land of Kabuki that had been closed for hundreds of years and kept away from others.'
- 領地は上野小幡藩より勝成移封後の刈谷藩に入りその後同国三河吉田藩、信濃国松本藩と移る。
- When Katsunari changed his territory to the Kariya Domain, they moved together from the Kozuke-Obata Domain and later changed to the Mikawa-Yoshida Domain in Mikawa Province and to the Matsumoto Domain in Shinano Province.
- お庄は「封印切」のおえんとともに歌舞伎の代表的な花街の女将(花車方という役柄)である。
- Osho is a representative female master of Hanamachi (geisha district in Kyoto) (role called kashagata (old female roles)) in Kabuki as well as Oen of 'Fuinkiri.'
- 後三条天皇の信任が厚く、この年には百官を連れて長信の元を訪れ、封戸25戸を下賜された。
- He had been in the close confidence of Emperor Gosanjo, who visited Chosin with all his officials that year and granted fuko (a vassal household allotted to courtiers, shrines and temples) 25 households.
- それをお祓いし清めて出しているので敢えて中身を開封し“秘所”を見ることも無益であろう。
- The contents of omamori are exorcised and purified, so opening them to discover their 'secrets' may negate their effectiveness.
- 道教で強く希求される3種の願い、すなわち幸福、封禄、長寿の三徳を具現化したものである。
- Fukurokuju is the personification of the three wishes that are particularly sought in Taoism including happiness, wealth and longevity.
- 家数人馬改帳とともに封建領主が土地・人民を支配するための基本台帳としての役目を果たした。
- Along with 'iekazu jinba aratame-cho' (the survey register made per village in the Edo period on the number of houses, people, horses, and others), kenchi-cho functioned as the basic register for the feudal lord to rule the land and the people.
- のちに明の冊封を受け明にならい朱子学を国教とし科挙を実施、官僚制中央集権国家を形成する。
- In later years, the Dynasty, after having its vassal system with the Ming dynasty, adopted the doctrines of Zhu Xi; Neo-Confucianism as its state religion following Ming and conducted Kakyo/Keju (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats) to form its bureaucratic centralized government.
- 3. 漢から明代までの中国で、各地に王として封建皇族が軍事と行政の拠点として開いた政庁。
- 3. Government offices which the feudal royal family opened in various areas, as a base of military and public administration within China, from the Han to Ming dynasty.
- 封包した贋の二分金は9月より翌年3月にかけて各開港場・開市場で順次正貨に引き換えられた。
- Encapsulated counterfeit nibukin were exchanged for the specie money one by one at each open port and market from September to March of the next year.
- 日本はこの時代、豊富な前工業時代的技術と高い文化を兼ね備えた洗練された封建社会であった。
- A refined feudal society was established in Japan with rich preindustrial arts and a developed culture.
- 華族令施行に伴い井伊家は伯爵に叙されるが、この爵位は減封後の石高を基準としたものである。
- They were demoted to the rank of hakushaku (count) according to the Peerage Law, which developed from the Kokudaka System, where punishment incurred a deprivation of land and a decline in social status.
- 1601年(慶長6年) 山崎家盛は関ヶ原合戦で西軍に仕え敗戦、因幡国若桜藩に転封となる。
- In 1601 Iemori YAMAZAKI was forced to change his territory to Wakasa Domain in Inaba Province due to the defeat at the Battle of Sekigahara having taken the side of the West camp.
- 1626年(寛永3年) 出羽国上山藩から松平重直が3万石で三田に入封し三田藩は復活する。
- In 1626, after Shigenao MATSUDAIRA entered into Sanda from Kaminoyama Domain in Dewa Province receiving 30,000 koku, Sanda Domain was restored.
- 明治時代になると建築に関する封建的な規制もなくなり、資力に応じて住宅を造るようになった。
- Entering the Meiji period, feudalistic restrictions on building houses were removed and it became possible to build houses depending on funds available.
- この説では、生糸を束ねる毎にひとつの糸印で封印し、また日本側での受領印としたとしている。
- In this theory, raw silk was sealed with one itoin each time of bundling up, and the itoin was regarded as a receipt stamp in the Japanese side.
- 封建領主側は検地帳に記された村の石高の集計(村高)を元にして年貢・諸役を賦課した(村請)。
- Based on 'muradaka' (the total yield of a village) written on kenchi-cho, the feudal lord imposed 'nengu' (land tax) and 'shoyaku' (miscellaneous taxes other than nengu) on villagers as a whole, which was called 'murauke' (the village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment).
- 江戸幕府より統治の許可を得た諸大名が原則的には一代に限り土地統治を認められた封建制である。
- In principle, the local government was based on a feudal system under which the authorized feudal lord (daimyo) was allowed to administer the assingned territory only for one generation.
- これは当主の三沢為幸の手引きによる行動で、独立した動きを取る兄と弟を封じ込める策であった。
- This was a scheme by Tameyuki MISAWA, the head of MISAWA clan, who tried to contain the independent movements by his elder and younger sons.
- 中世には足利氏の一族である一色氏が入封、一時期を除いて室町時代を通じて丹後一国を支配した。
- In the middle ages, the Isshiki clan (a branch of the Ashikaga clan) entered the territory, after which they governed the entire Tango Province throughout almost all of the Muromachi period.
- これは四国征伐の武功による加増と言われているが、実質は40万石から20万石もの減封である。
- This transfer was believed to be the reward for his military achievement in the Shikoku Conquest and his hereditary rice stipend had to increase; however, in fact, the stipend was decreased from 400,000 koku (72156 cubic meters) to 200,000 koku (36078 cubic meters).
- 寛永10年に4000石を加増され、正保2年(1645年)には上野安中に2万石で転封される。
- In 1633, 4,000 koku was added; in 1645, the territory was changed to Annaka, Kozuke Province and koku to 20,000.
- 主力は田原坂・吉次峠の突破のために、別働隊は山鹿の桐野部隊の動きを封じ込むためにおかれた。
- The main force was deployed to break through Tabaru Slope and Kichiji Pass, and the detached force was deployed to contain the movements of the KIRINO's troop in Yamaga.
- 慶安2年(1649年)2万4千石の加増を受け高槻藩に転封となったため、当藩は廃藩となった。
- In 1649, he transferred to Takatsuki domain provided with another 24,000 koku, so the original domain was abolished.
- が、朝鮮への影響力を確保したい日本と、冊封体制を維持したい清との対立が高まることになった。
- However, this incident resulted in a severer confrontation between Japan and China, one of which wanted to ensure influence on Korea and the other of which wanted to maintain the vassal-state system.
- 九鬼氏は石高にそぐわない多くの家臣団を召し抱えていたため、財政は入封早々より行き詰まった。
- Soon after Kuki clan entered Sanda, they began to face financial difficulty due to an excess number of vassals over their crop yields.
- 同年、藩主に就いた井伊直憲は、文久2年(1862年)直弼の罪を問われ10万石を減封された。
- In the same year, Naonori II became the lord of domain, and in 1862, his yield was reduced by 100,000 koku because he was accused of Naosuke's sins.
- クラス―III安全キャビネットの有する物理的封じ込めの機能と同等の機能を有するアイソレータ
- Isolators having physical containment functions equivalent to those of class III safety cabinets
- また「釜の下に鬼を封じた」というのは、そのまま吉備津神社における鳴釜神事の縁起につながる。
- Also, the part about 'sealing the ogre under the iron pot' directly relates to the origins of the Narukama Shinji Ritual of Kibitsu-jinja Shrine.
- 一品親王には位田80町・品封800戸(『拾芥抄』では600戸)・資人160人が支給された。
- For Ippon Shinno, 793,360 m2 of iden (fields given according to the court rank), 800 households of honpu (a vassal household allotted to Ippon) (600 households according to 'Shugaisho' [Compendium of fragments, attributed to Kinkata TOIN]) and 160 shijin (lower-rank officers provided to the imperial or noble families and used as a guard or miscellaneous services) were provided.
- 密封の技術が発達した現在でも香ばしい風味が好まれ、茶漬けの標準的な具として入れられている。
- Even though that sealing technology has now advanced it is still the norm to add it to ochazuke as the fragrant flavor is popular.
- 観賢は、一尺あまり伸びていた空海の蓬髪を剃り衣服や数珠の綻びを繕い整えた後、再び封印した。
- Kangen shaved approx. 30-cm long disheveled hair, repaired his clothes and juzu (beadroll), and then sealed the place again.
- 照妖鏡(照妖鑑とも称する)は、中国明代の伝奇『封神演義』に登場する、本来の姿を映し出す鏡。
- 'Shoyokyo' (also called 'Shoyokan') was a mirror that revealed the original shape of the subject that appeared in 'Feng-Shen-Yen-I,' a bizarre tale created in Ming dynasty of China.
- その秦を滅ぼした前漢では郡県を布く地方と新たに諸侯王を封建する地方とに分ける郡国制を行った。
- The former Han, which overthrew the Qin Dynasty, adopted the Gun Koku system which separated places of newly appointed lords from places using the Gun Ken system.
- これ以後は幕藩体制が確立して改易、転封は減少して大名は固定化されるようになり、幕末に至った。
- The shogunate system was established afterwards and accordingly, the application of kaieki and transfers decreased, and the allocation of Daimyo was fixed until the end of the bakufu.
- 大きく減封された藩では財政が破綻したため、困窮した藩士の一部は北海道に移住し開拓に携わった。
- Those domains whose territories were greatly reduced as a result of the punishment went bankrupt, causing some of their impoverished retainers to move to Hokkaido only to engage in development.
- 私的な交易は認めず、冊封体制と呼ばれる国家間の公式な朝貢貿易に限定しようとした(海禁政策)。
- It did not authorize private trading but attempted to authorize only the official international tribute trading called sakuho system (the Chinese vassal system) (Kaikin Policy [the policy to forbid private people to trade with foreign countries]).
- 室町幕府将軍が明皇帝から「日本国王」として冊封を受け、明皇帝に対して朝貢する形式で行われた。
- The Japan-Ming trade took the form of having the Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu conferred a peerage of 'King of Japan' by the Ming emperor, and in return he paid tributes to the emperor.
- 有楽斎の系統は他に味舌藩、野村藩が存在したが、これらは江戸時代初期に除封、無嗣断絶している。
- Mashita and Nomura domains were also related to Yurakusai but were closed or dissolved in the early Edo period.
- Mashita Domain and Nomura Domain had also existed as a line of Yurakusai, however, they were abolished due to having no successor in the early Edo period.
- 当時朝鮮は清の冊封国であったが、鎖国政策を国是としていたため、国際交流は非常に限られていた。
- At that time Korea was a tributary state of the Qing dynasty, but as its national policy was seclusionism, it had diplomatic relations with very limited countries.
- また、皇統譜及び副本には、宮内庁長官及び宮内庁書陵部長が、その綴糸に封印する(旧3条2項)。
- Also, in the Kotofu and the duplicate copy, Grand Steward of the Imperial Household Agency and Manager of Imperial Household Archives seal the thread for binding (the old Article 3, Paragraph 2).
- 岡部氏の後に入封した稲葉紀通は暗愚な人物で、家中や領民に対して悪政を敷くという暴君であった。
- Norimichi INABA, who took over the domain after the Okabe clan was a tyrant, who ruled over his retainers and people with incompetence.
- しかし、時の天皇が約束を破ったために呪術を用いて、雨降らしの竜神を滝つぼに封印させてしまう。
- However, as the emperor broke the promise, Narukami locks up the dragon god of rainmaking in the waterfall basin using jujutsu (an occult act).
- 当時の記録によると腐敗防止のために、醤油を一旦沸騰させて陶磁器に詰めて歴青で密封したという。
- According to the record at that time, to prevent corruption of soy-sauce, soy-sauce was firstly boiled, and was poured into a ceramic bottle, being sealed with bitumen.
- この後、戸田芳実らにより王朝国家は農奴などを抑圧する初期封建国家であるとの位置づけがなされた。
- Thereafter, Yoshimi TODA defined the Dynastic polity as the early feudal nation which oppressed serf.
- その一方、ヨーロッパ封建制と本質的に異なる、日本独自の主従関係であるとする見解も出されている。
- On the other hand, another opinion has been proposed that the master-servant relationship is specific to Japan, being fundamentally different from that found in European feudalism.
- 武士階級が天皇・貴族階級と分離し新たな支配体制を求めて幕府を開き、封建政治を始めた時代である。
- As the warrior class separated from the Emperor and the aristocratic class and became a distinct entity in itself, it created the bakufu out of its search for a new method of government; this ushered in the age of feudal government in Japan.
- 中期以降は外様大名の転封は極端に減少し、幕府役職就任に伴う徳川系大名の行政的転封が主流となる。
- After the middle of the period, Tenpo of the Tozama daimyo extremely decreased, and administrative Tenpo of the daimyo on the Tokugawa clan's side on their appointments in the bakufu's posts became mainstream.
- 特に大減封を経験した外様藩は、収入を増やして家臣団を維持するために内高を厳しく打ち出していた。
- Especially for tozama clans that experienced a large diminishing of the territory had been conducting strict land survey to calculate uchi-daka in order to increase their income and maintain the vassals.
- しかしながら、豊臣秀吉によって上杉家は会津米沢へ移封されて川中島の地域は徳川の勢力下となった。
- However, as the territory of the Uesugi family was changed to Aizu-Yonezawa by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the Kawanakajima area came under the control of the Tokugawa clan.
- 播磨国龍野藩より岡部宣勝が5万1千石で入ったが、寛永17年(1640年)和泉国岸和田藩へ移封。
- Nobukatsu OKABE entered with 51,000 koku from Tatsuno domain, Harima Province, but was transferred to Kishiwada Domain, Izumi Province in 1640.
- 事実、明治元年(1868年)1月の『山名家加封之時藩士格録人名』には武田氏の名前が見えている。
- In fact, the Takeda clan was listed in the 'Yamanake kafunotoki hanshi kakuroku jinmei' compiled in January 1868.
- 安永6年(1777年)には側用人となり、従四位下に昇進すると共に駿河沼津藩2万石に転封となる。
- In 1777, he became a sobayonin; as he got promoted to Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade), his territory was changed to 20,000 koku of Suruga-Numazu Domain.
- サンスクリット語ムドラー (mudraa)の漢訳であり、本来は「封印」「印章」などを意味する。
- It is a translation of a Sanskrit term mudraa, which originally means 'seal,' 'stamp,' and so forth.
- しかし清は元来二島の領有を望まず、冊封関係維持のため二島を琉球に返還し琉球王国再興を求めていた。
- However, Qing whisked to maintain the sakufu relationship instead of possessing both islands changed its mind and requested Japan to return the islands to the Ryukyu Kingdom.
- 元禄11年(1698年)、堀田正高が堅田1万石に封じられて堅田に陣屋を設置して堅田藩が成立する。
- In 1698, when Masataka HOTTA was appointed to the lord of the Katata of 10,000 koku, he established Jinya (regional government office) and then the Katata Domain.
- 同年7月27日 (旧暦)(957年8月25日)の天皇の意見封事を求める綸旨に対して出されたもの。
- It was submitted in response to the Emperor's rinji (order) to submit ikenfuji issued on August 30, 957.
- ただし、仏教用語を用いたことで中華的冊封体制からの離脱を表明する表現であったとも考えられている。
- At the same time, it is also thought that they used the Buddhist terms to announce their secession from the Chinese tributary system.
- 関ヶ原の戦い後、細川家は豊前国に転封され、代わりに京極高知が丹後国12万3千石を拝領し入封した。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara, the Hosokawa family was transferred to Buzen Province in Kyushu, and in place Takatomo KYOGOKU entered Tanabe-jo Castle with 123 thousand koku to govern Tango Province.
- 1875年(明治8年)、正倉院全体が明治政府の管理下におかれてからは南倉も再び勅封となっている。
- After the whole of Shosoin was placed under administration by the Meiji Government in 1875, the south section reverted back to Chokufu.
- 霊亀元年(715年)1月11日に帰京後、三品に叙せられていた泉皇女は、100戸、封を加増された。
- After she returned to Kyoto on February 23, 715, she was conferred Sanbon (third rank) and was given the right to collect tax from 100 more families.
- 「皇帝の冊封をうけたわが国は、中国からは遠く偏って、外臣としてその藩屏となっている国であります。
- Our country, which was taken into Sakuho by the Emperor, is far away from China, and has become a hanpei (protector of the Emperor) as indirect subject.
- 石川総慶(ふさよし)<従五位下。主殿頭>【宝永7年10月23日藩主就任-宝永8年2月15日移封】
- Fusayoshi ISHIKAWA 'appointed as the lord of the domain on October 23, 1710 - transferred on February 15, 1711'
- 永井尚征(なおゆき)<従五位下。右近大夫>【明暦4年2月28日藩主就任-寛文9年2月25日移封】
- Naoyuki NAGAI 'appointed as the lord of the domain on February 28, 1658 - transferred on February 25, 1669'
- 明治時代になると、封建制度が崩壊し、諸藩に庇護されていた各流派が財政的に困難に陥るようになった。
- The feudal system collapsed at the beginning of the Meiji period, and each school protected by a clan became financially unstable.
- 終戦後、今度は封建的で民主主義に合わないとの理由で連合国軍最高司令官総司令部による規制が始まる。
- And then, after the war, the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers began to regulate Kabuki for the reason that it was feudalistic and not suitable for democracy.
- 内容は土俵の真ん中に日本酒、米、塩などを封じ、相撲の三神(タケミカヅチ他2神)と弊束を7体祭る。
- For the dohyo ceremony, three sumo gods (Takemikazuchi and other two gods) and seven Heisoku (offerings of rope, paper etc.) are decorated at the center of the dohyo, together with rice wine, rice, salt, etc.
- 水引(みずひき)は贈答品や封筒に付けられる飾り紐のことで、その形や色により様々な使い分けを行う。
- Mizuhiki is a string to decorate gifts and envelopes and varies in shape and color depending on the intended purpose of use.
- 修貢して倭国王に冊封された王が中国史書に5名記されていることから、これらの王は倭の五王と呼ばれる。
- According to Chinese historical sources, five figures from Wakoku paid tributes to the Chinese Court and were recognized as the kings of Wakoku; they are called the Five Kings of Wa.
- 後北条氏は天正18年(1590年)からの征伐(小田原の役)により滅ぼされ、家康は関東に移封された。
- The Gohojo clan fell from the conquest started in 1590 (the Siege of Odawara) and Ieyasu was transferred to Kanto.
- 江戸氏の居館跡はのちに、長禄元年(1457年)太田道灌が江戸に封じられた後江戸城として整備された。
- The remains of the residence of the Edo clan was rebuilt as Edo-jo Castle in 1457 by Dokan OTA who was assigned to Edo.
- 武家政権の長は自己の軍事力によって政権を獲得して、封建制度的な土地所有と法律による支配を実施した。
- The head of the military government gained the administrative power by his own military force and governed according to feudalism land ownership and law.
- なお清の冊封国であったベトナムでは、1802年に阮朝が建てられるとともに一世一元の制が行なわれた。
- In Vietnam, a Sakuho-koku (a kind of vassal state) of Ching, the system of one era per Emperor was introduced when the Nguyễn Dynasty was established in 1802.
- 江戸幕府では老中阿部正弘らを中心に、7月31日に国書を開封、諸大名から庶民まで幅広く意見を求めた。
- The Edo bakufu, lead by it's roju Masahiro ABE, upon opening the president's message on July 31 sought advice far and wide from territorial lords to the common people.
- また、堀田氏、酒井氏、本多氏などの有力譜代大名が転封を繰り返す中、彦根藩家は1度の転封もなかった。
- In addition, the Hikone Domain family never changed their territory while other powerful fudai daimyos such as Hotta clan, Sakai clan, and Honda clan continuously changed their territories.
- 正当な理由がないのに、封をしてある信書を開けた者は、一年以下の懲役又は二十万円以下の罰金に処する。
- A person who, without justifiable grounds, opens a sealed letter shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not more than 1 year or a fine of not more than 200,000 yen.
- 後宮職員令では内親王としての品位 (身位)に応じて封禄を賜い、更に春と秋には号禄を賜うものとする。
- Gokushikiinryo also provided compensation based on Hi's honi (court rank) and bonus in spring and fall.
- 明治元年(1868年)徳川家達の駿府藩入封に伴い、所領5万石の内2万3700石を菊間藩に移される。
- In 1868, when Iesato TOKUGAWA entered into a new domain, the Sunpu Domain, 23,700 koku of their 50,000 koku was moved to the Kikuma Domain.
- 松平定綱(さだつな)<従五位下。越中守>【元和9年閏8月20日藩主就任-寛永10年3月23日移封】
- Sadatsuna MATSUDAIRA 'appointed as the lord of the domain on August 20, 1623 - transferred on March 23, 1633'
- 貞享2年(1685年)、備中国庭瀬藩より5万石で久世重之が入るが、短期間で三河吉田藩へ移封となる。
- In 1685, Shigeyuki KUZE took over Kameyama with assigned revenues of 50,000 koku from the Niwase Domain in Bicchu Province, but the family was soon transferred to the Yoshida Domain in Mikawa Province.
- 封建時代は終わり、1885年に当時の文部卿森有礼によって儒教的な道徳教育を規制する命令が出された。
- The feudal period ended, and in 1885, the then Monbukyo (chief of Ministry of Education), Arinori MORI, issued an order to restrict Confucian ethics education.
- 初夏に採れた新茶を茶壺に封じて寝かせておき、炉開きの頃に封切る「口切の茶事」のための手続きである。
- It is a procedure conducted in a 'tea ceremony for kuchikiri,' where the seal of a jar in which the first tea harvested in early summer is contained to let it stand is broken around the time of the first use of the fireplace.
- CVSが定着し始めた1980年代中頃、おにぎりの開封方法は各社で規格が異なり統一されていなかった。
- In the mid-1980's when CVS has begun to take root in Japan, each company had own method to open a package of onigiri and the standard was not unified.
- 誤解されがちだが、冊封体制下の国、すなわち「朝貢国」とは即、「属国・保護国」を意味するものではない。
- It is often misunderstood, but a country under the tributary system, i.e. 'a tributary country,' does not directly imply 'a subject state/protected state.'
- その中に、「茲に特に爾を封じて日本国王と為す」の一文があり、秀吉は冊封を拒否して慶長の役に突入した。
- In this letter was a sentence which read, 'I hereby appoint you the king of Japan,' but Hideyoshi refused the investiture by the Chinese court and started the Japan's second invasion of Korea.
- しかし続く清朝においても「冊封」や「朝貢」が、明朝の対外関係で同じ比重を占めていたわけではなかった。
- However, it does not mean that the weight of 'sakuho' and 'choko' in the era of Qing was same as that in the era of Ming.
- これにより冊封体制の維持を理由に国交交渉を忌避する朝鮮を、交渉のテーブルに着くように促したのである。
- As a result of that, Japan urged Korea to enter into negotiations, while Korea had been avoiding the diplomatic negotiations in order to maintain the tributary system.
- 持統天皇5年(691年)1月4日、高市皇子の封が2000戸を増し、前のとあわせて5000戸になった。
- On February 10, 691, Prince Takechi was given an additional compensation of 2000 households which made it 5000 households in total.
- 簒奪の為の準備の一つであるとの説がある(ただし、貿易の利便性を高める為、冊封を受けたとの説もある)。
- There is a theory that says this was in preparation for usurpation (another theory says that sakuho was received in order to enhance convenience of trading).
- 現在では、封筒に付ける飾り紐や贈答品に添える置物として実用品であったが、趣味として作成する人もいる。
- Although in the past, Mizuhiki has been a product provided by professional artisans as Kazarihimo for an envelope and as a figurine to be attached to a gift, people are starting to make Mizuhiki as a hobby.
- 殷代には封建された国とは別に方国という国が存在しており、これらを外様あるいは異民族の国とする説がある。
- According to one theory, in the Yin period, there was another type of country called Fangguo apart from the granted countries, and these were the countries of foreigners or different races.
- 分家の創設の際に、主君から与えられた領地ではなく入封後新規に開発した領地(新田)を分与する方式である。
- When a branch family is established, the family is given a territory newly developed after entering into a new domain, not a territory given by the lord.
- 武士階級を主体とした場合は封建社会の、近代の思想家を主体とした場合は近代の矛盾を命題とした思惟である。
- In samurai society, the propositions of manas were contradictions in feudal society, while for modern thinkers, they are contradictions in modern times.
- 慶長11年には三河国新城藩1万石に転封となり、元和 (日本)2年(1616年)に2000石加増される。
- His territory was changed to the Shinshiro Domain in Mikawa Province, equivalent to 10,000 koku in 1606 and 2,000 koku was added in 1616.
- 封印のある遺言書は、家庭裁判所において相続人又はその代理人の立会いがなければ、開封することができない。
- A will that has been sealed may not be opened unless in the family court in the attendance of an heir or his/her representative.
- 但馬国出石より移封された外様大名の小出吉親により、元和5年(1619年)より2年の歳月をかけ築かれた。
- Yoshichika KOIDE, a tozama daimyo (territorial samurai lord who swore loyalty to the Tokugawa clan after the Battle of Sekigahara when Tokugawa became shogun) whose territory was transferred there from Izushi, Tajima Province, built the castle in two years starting from 1619.
- 慶長3年(1598年)、景勝は陸奥国の会津地方に転封となり、かわって越前国から堀秀治が越後に入部した。
- In 1598, Kagekatsu's territory was changed to the Aizu area of Mutsu Province, and Hideharu HORI moved to Echigo from Echizen Province.
- 持統天皇5年(691年)1月13日、高市皇子の封が2000戸を増し、前のとあわせて3000戸になった。
- On February 19, 691, Prince Takechi was given an additional compensation of 2000 households which made it 3000 households in total.
- 第2代藩主・青山幸道は宝暦8年(1758年)、美濃国郡上藩に移封となるなど、目まぐるしく入れ替わった。
- The second-generation lord Yoshimichi AOYAMA was transferred to the Gujo domain (of Mino Province) in 1758; the lord entered and departed at a dizzying pace.
- 主軸は西北西に向かい、封土の左側および前後の頂部はともに削平を受けているが右側の遺存状況は良好である。
- The main axis points west northwest, and although the left-side mound and the tops of front and back are flattened, the right-side remainders are in good condition.
- そして、製造時の加熱殺菌を利用してコーヒーを抽出することで香りや旨みが缶内に封じ込められるという製法。
- Then, coffee is extracted from the beans when heated by heat sterilization during the manufacturing process, by which the flavor and taste can be confined in the can.
- 砂糖と醤油が用いられているため変質しやすく、開封後は冷暗所に保存し、なるべく早く使い切るのが望ましい。
- As it uses sugar and soy sauce as its main ingredients, it spoils easily, so after opening it, one should keep it in a cool, dark place and use it up as soon as possible.
- 戊辰戦争後、明治新政府により1家(請西藩)が改易され、会津藩、仙台藩など22家が減封の処分を受けている。
- After the Boshin War, the new Meiji government subjected one family (Jozai clan) to kaieki and 22 families, such as the Aizu and Sendai clans, to genpo.
- 1590年、豊臣秀吉により天下が定まると、秀吉より関東移封を命ぜられたため家康は武蔵の江戸を本拠とした。
- In 1590, after whole country was conquered by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ieyasu was ordered by Hideyoshi to move to Kanto and Ieyasu took Edo in Musashi for his base.
- 山口は1907年3月、封建的家族制度を痛烈に批判する論考「父母を蹴れ」を平民新聞(第59号)に寄稿した。
- YAMAGUCHI had contributed an article of argument and consideration titled 'Kick the parents' to Heimin Shinbun (Commoner's Newspaper) (No.59) in March 1907, severely criticizing the feudal family system.
- それを目的に中国を訪れた冊封あるいは朝貢使節の存在は、中国皇帝の徳が遠くの「夷狄」に及んだ証左とされた。
- Existence of envoys for sakuho or choko was recognized as the proof of emperor's virtue influencing 'iteki.'
- 朝鮮側の認識では、日朝修好条規の締結は江戸時代における冊封体制下における交隣関係復活であると捉えていた。
- Korea understood the conclusion of the Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity was a revival of the relationship of peace and amity under the tributary system during the Edo period.
- 水軍力を恐れた徳川家光はこの家督争いを理由に九鬼氏の石高5万6千石を分割、内陸の三田と綾部に移封させた。
- Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, who had a fear of Kuki's Suigun navy power, divided the Kuki family's total yield of 56,000 koku and relocated their territories to Sanda and Ayabe, both of which were inland areas, for the reason of the succession dispute.
- 前項の苦情の申出は、被収容者が自ら作成し、封をした書面を捕虜収容所長を経由して提出することによって行う。
- Filling complaint set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be made by submitting the document, prepared and sealed by the detainee himself/herself, via the prisoner of war camp commander.
- このことによって天皇の権威は復活したが、幕府は当初、公武合体により、反幕勢力の批判を封じ込めようとした。
- From this incident the authority of the Emperor was restored, but at first, the bakufu tried to stop the criticism from anti-bakufu forces by carrying out Kobu-gattai (reconciliation between the Imperial Court and the shogunate).
- 開封されたとき、内容物である酒は蒸発により量的に減少し、アルコール度数は24%にまで高まっていたという。
- When it was opened, the contents decreased by evaporation and the alcohol degree rose to 24%.
- 秀行はまだ若年であるから、宿老らを統率できたとしても限度があるにもかかわらず「統率」を理由に減封している。
- Given that Hideyuki was young, he would have had his limitation even if he had managed to unite the chief vassals, but his estate was reduced due to his 'poor leadership.'
- こうした歴史学の影響で百姓はすなわち農民であり、封建的遺制のもとで収奪される被支配民という概念が生まれた。
- Due to such history, an idea emerged that hyakusho were peasants and ruled people who were exploited under the feudal system.
- 元禄11年(1698年)3月7日、若年寄であった稲垣重定が常陸国から移封されたため、再び山上藩が立藩した。
- On April 17, 1698, the Yamakami Domain was revived when wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) Shigesada INAGAKI was transferred in from Hitachi Province.
- 日本の軍事史(にほんのぐんじし)は、国内安定から長い封建的な戦いと帝国主義による海外遠征に特徴づけられる。
- Japanese military history is characterized by the long feudal battles inside the nation and the overseas expedition during the age of imperialism.
- 石川麻呂自身は649年に冤罪で自害し、讒言した弟の蘇我日向も大宰府に左遷させられた(口封じとの説もある)。
- Ishikawamaro himself was prompted to commit suicide when he was falsely charged in 649, and his younger brother, SOGA no Himuka, whose accusations led to his Ishikawamaro's death was demoted and transferred to Dazaifu (It is speculated that SOGA no Himuka was transferred as a means to keep him silenced.)
- 辛うじて読める文字には「封」・「封信」・「平安家書」などのような書信に関係するものから遊印などが見られる。
- Barely readable characters includes those relate to letters such as '封,' '封信,' and '平安家書,' and Yuin (seal carved favorite words or phrases.)
- 後漢時代にはすでに恩給と変わらないものとなっており、それも形骸化して、爵位だけを授ける封爵制として存続した。
- In the Later Han period, it virtually became a pension system, turning into a formality, and continued as a system to grant peerage.
- このため武家諸法度違反で相当数の大名が改易・減封処分を受けたが、この処罰は親藩・譜代・外様の別なく行われた。
- Through these inspectors, a great number of feudal lords (daimyo) were punished for violation of Laws Governing Military Households, and deprived samurai status with forfeit of the territories or curtailed their fief, but this punishment was imposed without extenuation of the classification of daimyo, that is, family daimyo (shinpan), hereditary vassal daimyo (fudai daimyo), or outside daimyo (tozama).
- また、信濃を統治していた仙石氏が但馬出石に転封した際、信濃の蕎麦を出石に持ち込んだため、出石そばが発祥した。
- When the Sengoku clan, the former ruler of Shinano area, was transferred to Izushi of Tajima Province, bringing Shinano soba with them, Izushi Soba (buckwheat noodles) was born.
- この際、清の冊封の象徴であった「迎恩門」や「恥辱碑」といわれる大清皇帝功徳碑を倒し「独立門」を記念に建てた。
- At this time 'Yeongeunmun' and the Samjeondo Monument that is dubbed as 'disgrace gate' were destroyed and 'Independence Gate' was errected to celebrate its independence.
- これにより日本は、封建的な幕藩体制に基づく代表的君主政から、近代的な官僚機構を擁する直接的君主政に移行した。
- In this way, Japan shifted from a representative monarchy based on the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate to direct monarchy with a modern bureaucratic organization.
- 荘園領主の地位は、より上位の領主からの要求を請け負うことにより保証されていた(詳しくは封建制を参照のこと)。
- The status of lords of shoen was guaranteed by undertaking the demand of the superior lords (see the details in the feudalism).
- 1620年(元和6年) 福知山藩主の有馬豊氏は大坂の役の武功により20万石の大名となり筑後国久留米藩に移封。
- In 1620 with highly evaluated and distinguished service at the Siege of Osaka, Toyouji ARIMA, the lord of Fukuchiyama Domain, became a daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) with 200,000 koku and was transferred to Kurume Domain in Chikugo Province.
- 粉末状のコーティング材料を基材とともに容器に封入し、七五七度以上の温度で加熱して、基材の表面に定着させる方法
- Method of fixing the coating material onto the surface of base metal by placing powdered coating material and the base material into a container and heating to 757 degrees centigrade or more
- 慶長14年(1609年)、徳川氏譜代の家臣である岡部長盛が下総山崎藩から移封され、丹波亀山藩が再立藩された。
- In 1609, when Nagamori OKABE, a hereditary vassal of the Tokugawa house, was transferred from the Shimousa-Yamazaki Domain to Tanba-Kameyama, the Tanba-Kameyama Domain was reestablished.
- 中世には身分制度や封建社会などが確立され、武具や武士に関わる所作を学ぶ事は、農工商にある者は許されなかった。
- However, in medieval times when the class system of feudal society was established, farmers, artisans, and merchants were not allowed to learn about arms and samurai postures.
- 尺が15巻もある大作で、同年11月14日、マキノ御室作品の衣笠貞之助監督作『話』と同日に別系統で封切られた。
- The film was a huge production with fifteen reels and was released on the same day as Makino Omuro's film 'Hanashi', directed by Teinosuke KINUGASA, on November 14, 1926.
- また、明・朝鮮水軍の出撃で順天の海上封鎖が解けたことを知った小西行長は海戦海域を避けて海路脱出に成功している。
- Knowing that naval blockade of Suncheon was lifted because of the sorties of the Ming and Korean navies, Yukinaga KONISHI succeeded to escape by sea avoiding the area of the on-going naval battle.
- 封建制(ほうけんせい)とは、中国など漢字文化圏における政治思想において主張された、周王朝を規範とする政治制度。
- The Hoken system is a political system modeled after the Shu Dynasty in China, which was advocated in the political thought of Kanji using nations, such as China.
- さらに秀吉も大和には信用できる身内を置いておきたいという考えから、定次は1585年、伊賀国上野城に移封された。
- As Hideyoshi wanted to put someone trustworthy among his family members or relatives in charge of Yamato, Sadatsugu was transferred to Ueno-jo Castle in Iga Province in 1585.
- これは、大大名であった佐竹氏を秋田に転封する見返りに、政情が不安定だった地区の持ち城を許したとも言われている。
- Also, some say that in return for the grand feudal lord Satake clan's change of the territory to Akita, they were allowed to own castles in the districts that had been politically unstable.
- 前項の場合において、遺言者が通訳人の通訳により申述したときは、公証人は、その旨を封紙に記載しなければならない。
- In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, if a testator has given a statement through an interpreter, a notary public shall make an entry on the sealed document to that effect.
- 『古事記』では、景行天皇が設置した地方官の官職名であり、皇族から分かれて諸地方に分封された豪族の称としている。
- According to 'Kojiki,' it is a name of a government post of a local official which Emperor Keiko established and is a title for local ruling families who separated from the Imperial family and were given lands in various regions.
- このことから、宋 (南朝)との冊封関係を結ぶ上で、ヤマト王権の王が姓を称する必要があったのだと考えられている。
- From this fact, it is believed that the king of the Yamato Dynasty needed to have a family name in order to form a Sakuho relationship with Sung (Southern Dynasty).
- 信成の子牧野親成が段々に加増され、寛文8年(1660年)に封地を移されて丹後田辺藩3万5千万石の藩主になった。
- The koku was gradually increased during the generation of the son of Nobushige, Chikashige MAKINO, and in 1660 he was transferred to become the lord of the Tango Tanabe domain with 35,000 koku.
- 代わって藤井松平家の松平忠晴が3万8,000石で入るが、第3代藩主の松平忠周の時代に武蔵国岩槻藩へ移封となる。
- Tadaharu MATSUDAIRA of the Fujii-Matsudaira family then took over Kameyama with assigned revenues of 38,000 koku, but the family was transferred to the Iwatsuki Domain in Musashi Province in the era of Tadachika MATSUDAIRA.
- スポンジ状の高野豆腐の内部までアンモニアガスが行き渡りアンモニアが全体に吸着したら、密封包装をして出荷される。
- Once the ammonia gas spreads into the spongy koya-dofu and becomes fully absorbed, the tofu is hermetically sealed and shipped.
- 南宋代になって、北宋の都である開封の繁栄したさまを記した『東京夢華録』にも、中元節に賑わう様が描写されている。
- The liveliness of the chugen-setsu event was also depicted in 'Tokeimukaroku' which was written in the Southern Sung period and which described the prosperous state of Kaifeng, the capital of Northern Song.
- 鎌倉幕府の成立によって御恩と奉公からなる封建制が成立したとする説で、戦前以来、ほとんどの概説書で採用されていた。
- One view is that the Go-on (obligation) and Hoko (duty) -based Hoken system was completed with the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and this view has been adopted in most introductory books since prewar periods.
- これに対して呂振羽は殷を奴隷制、周代を封建制の社会だとして反論し、この論争は結論を見ないままに終わることになる。
- Lu Zhenyu opposed the idea, insisting that Yin was a slavery society and Zhou was a Hoken system-based society, but the argument ended without conclusion.
- 吉保の子柳沢吉里の代で大和国郡山藩(奈良県大和郡山市)に転封され、彼の家系は15万石の大名として幕末まで至った。
- During the time of Yoshisato YANAGISAWA, the son of Yoshiyasu, the governing land of the clan was switched to the Koriyama Domain, Yamato Province (currently Yamato Koriyama City, Nara Prefecture), and his family continued to be a daimyo with 150,000 koku until the end of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 今谷明は、足利義満が明に「日本国王」に冊封されたことを重視して、以降の義満の御教書を「国王御教書」と呼んでいる。
- In emphasis of the fact that Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was conferred the title of 'King of Japan' by the Emperor of Ming, Akira IMATANI called Yoshimitsu's Migyosho 'Migyosho of a King.'
- その後60年にわたり封印されていた治罰の綸旨は享徳の乱で復活し乱用されることになり天皇の権威復活の端緒となった。
- Jibatsu no rinji (imperial order to punish enemies), which was sealed off for about 60 years, was reactivated and then abused, which marked the resurgence of the Emperor.
- 更に翌年には宇佐八幡宮からの再度の神託があり、先年の神託が偽神託であったとして封戸の返却を申し出たとされている。
- Furthermore, it is said that in the following year Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine reported the second oracle, which revealed that the oracle of the preceding year was false and therefore Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine offered return of fuko (salary) to the government.
- しかし、越前家の力を削ぎたい幕府の命令により、高田藩主松平忠昌(忠直弟・英勝院の養子)と領知を交換する形で転封。
- However, the bakufu, with the aim of reducing the strength of the Echizen family, ordered Mitsunaga to relocate by exchanging his territory with that of Tadamasa MATSUDAIRA, the lord of the Takada domain (a younger brother of Tadanao and an adopted child of Eisho-in).
- しかし、減封後の現石は9万石程度で、仮に減封がなくても国主で現石15万石を基準とする侯爵の基準は満たしていない。
- However, the deprivation of land left the Ii Family with 90,000 koku, which did not meet the standard of a marquis, but even a daimyo who had not been punished and did not suffer any land loss maintained land to the value of 150,000 koku.
- 復興が一段落すると忠明は大和郡山に移封され、以降大坂は将軍家直轄となり、『天下の台所』と呼ばれる商業の街になる。
- When the first stage of the revival was completed, Tadaakira was transferred to Yamato Koriyama, and after that Osaka came under direct control of the shogun family and became a commercialized city called 'the Kitchen of Japan'.
- 湯長谷藩の領地は岩城平藩の新田であるので、本家が転封されても分家の領地は本家の領地内に設定されなければならない。
- Since the territory of Yunagaya Domain was a new paddy of Iwakitaira Domain, the territory of the branch family should be included in that of the head family even if the head family was relocated.
- 2000年頃まで中京区河原町三条に東映封切館として存在していた同名の映画館(現在の京劇ボウル)とは無関係である。
- It is not connected with the movie theater of the same name (the present Kyogeki bowling alley) which was on Kawaramachi Sanjo in Nakagyo Ward and was the first movie theater run by Toei until around 2000.
- 入国警備官は、捜索又は押収をするため必要があるときは、錠をはずし、封を開き、その他必要な処分をすることができる。
- An immigration control officer may, in cases where it is necessary to conduct a search or seizure, remove locks, open seals, or carry out any other necessary measures.
- しかし、上冷泉家には御文庫といわれる、かつては勅封だった蔵もあり、京都御苑外に立地していたため取り壊しも免れた。
- However, because the Kami Reizei family had Gobunko, a library at one time locked with Chokufu, the imperial seal, and located outside Kyoto Gyoen, their residence escaped demolition.
- 1924年4月4日封切の浅草大東京の番組は、二川・井上そして後藤監督、寿々喜多呂九平脚本による短篇大会となった。
- The film program released on April 4, 1924 at Asakusa Daitokyo was a spree of short films directed by Futagawa, Inoue and Goto and scripted by Rokuhei SUSUKITA.
- 日本軍の進撃が平壌に迫ると宣祖は遼東との国境である北端の平安道・義州へと逃亡し、冊封に基づいて明に救援を要請する。
- As the Japanese army marched close to Pyongyang, Sonjo fled to Uiju in Pyeongan Province located at the north end and on the border of Liaodong and asked Ming for help based on sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors).
- 宋以後を封建制と見る立場からは均田制の下におかれた農民たちを奴隷とみなし、宋に入って登場した佃戸制を農奴とみなす。
- From the standpoint that the Hoken system became prevalent after the Song period, peasants under the Equal-field system were slaves and the Tien Hu system which first appeared in the Song period was regarded as a serfdom.
- これに対して日本では内藤湖南により魏晋南北朝時代・隋唐時代を封建制の時代とすべきと言う論が出された(唐宋変革論)。
- In response, Konan NAITO in Japan proposed the view that the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the period of Sui and Tang should be regarded as periods of the Hoken system (the Tang-Song Transition Thesis).
- 銀座は極印打および包封を行う常是役所(じょうぜやくしょ)、および座人が会同する銀座役所(ぎんざやくしょ)よりなる。
- The ginza consisted of the jouze-yakusho, the office in charge of printing hallmarks of authenticity and wrapping minted coins, and ginza-yakusho where the officers of the ginza assembled.
- 慶長11年(1606年)駿河国駿府藩4万石の内藤信成が4万石を与えられ、豊臣氏の動静を監視するため転封し立藩した。
- In 1606, Nobunari NAITO with 40,000 koku in the domain of Sunpu in Suruga Province transferred to another territory to watch Toyotomi clan's movements provided with 40,000 koku, and established the domain.
- ただし、転封の多い譜代大名や旗本の場合は、特に手続きもなく分家の領地が本田高として扱われるようになるケースがある。
- However, in the cases of fudai daimyo (daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) and hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) who were often transferred from one fief to another, the territory of a branch family was sometimes treated as a registered rice paddy with no specific procedure.
- 武士道(ぶしどう)とは、封建社会の日本における武士階級の倫理及び価値基準の根本をなす、体系化された思想一般をさす。
- Bushido refers to systemized thought that generally forms the basis of value and ethical standards in samurai hierarchy during feudal Japan.
- 大口取引に対しては丁銀および豆板銀を組み合わせて、銀一枚すなわち43匁あるいは500匁毎に包封した包銀を作成した。
- For large-amount transactions, chogin and mameitagin silver coins were put together to make a packet called 'tsutsumigin,' each of which was worth 1 silver coin, i.e., 43 monme of silver, or 500 monme of silver.
- 松平乗邑(のりさと)<従四位下。和泉守。侍従>【享保2年11月1日藩主就任-享保8年5月1日移封】〔大坂城代。老中
- Norisato MATSUDAIRA 'appointed as the lord of the domain on November 1, 1717 - transferred on May 1, 1723'[Osaka Jodai (Keeper of the Osaka Castle), Roju (Senior Councillor of the Tokugawa shogunate)]
- 封土(盛り土)の上部が剥がされているため、その形状は、2段積の方墳とも上円下方墳とも下方八角墳とも推測されている。
- Since the upper part of Hodo (covering soil) has been taken out, the shape of Kofun is presumed to have been a two-layer square, a dome-shaped mound on a square base or an octagonal base mound.
- もとは、文鳥や十姉妹といった小鳥を使い手なずけて封筒を引かせる見世物でくじ引きだけではなく「おみくじ」が主だった。
- They used to use tame Japanese sparrows and common finches to select the envelope, which usually contained a 'fortune slip' instead of a raffle ticket
- 毛利氏の場合、中立の立場をとったにも関わらず減封という結果になり、長州藩内には徳川家への怨恨が蓄積するようになった。
- In the case of the Mori clan, despite its having taken a neutral position in the Battle of Sekigahara, its territory was reduced and hard feelings against the Tokugawa family accumulated within the Choshu clan.
- 王朝国家体制への移行により、富豪層による調庸・封物の京進は廃され、国司(受領)による租税進納が行われるようになった。
- With the dynastic nation system starting, the system of rich and powerful persons' paying choyo and fubutsu to Kyoto was abolished, and kokushi (zuryo) came to convey tax to the central government.
- 一方で中国思想の影響の下に周の封建国としての箕子朝鮮神話が形成されており、儒教の教えが古くからこの地に根付いていた。
- On the other hand, the mythology of Gija Joseon (allegedly, one of the ancient Korean dynasties) as a nation feudatory to the Zhou dynasty was created under the influence of Chinese philosophy, and the teachings of Confucius had taken root here since a long time ago.
- 正休は元禄11年(1698年)3月7日に吉井から近江国坂田郡宮川に移封となったため、ここに宮川藩が立藩したのである。
- The Miyagawa Domain was established following Masayasu's relocation from Yoshii to Miyagawa, Sakata County, Omi Province in April 17, 1698.
- 7月、信長は大動員令を発して長島を陸上・海上から包囲し、散発的に攻撃を加えるとともに補給路を封鎖して兵糧攻めにした。
- In August, Nobunaga, issuing a large-scale mobilization order, besieged Nagashima by land and by sea and blockaded their supply lines to starve the enemy out while making sporadic attacks.
- 一方で、転封によって武士の在地領主的側面が切り離され、地方知行制から俸禄制への移行を促進する役割も担った事実がある。
- On the other hand, it is a fact that Tenpo took away the aspect of zaichi ryoshu (resident landlords) from samurai, playing a role in promoting the transition from the Jigatachigyo system (provision of lands from a feudal government or domains to retainers as salary) to the horoku system (salary).
- 彦根藩では、これに先立って直弼の腹心だった長野主膳や宇津木六之丞を斬首・打ち捨てに処したが、減封は免れられなかった。
- Although Naosuke's confidants, Shuzen NAGANO and Rokunojo UTSUGI, had already been decapitated and killed by the Hikone clan, their families still incurred a reduction in land value.
- 信成の長男、内藤信正は元和 (日本)元年(1615年)に、より大坂に近い摂津国高槻藩に転封となり当藩は廃藩となった。
- Nobumasa NAITO, the oldest son of Nobunari, transferred to Takatsuki domain in Settsu Province which was closer to Osaka, so the original domain was abolished.
- 韓国の本貫では先祖の中の偉大な人物を始祖と呼び、その人物かその子孫が住み着いた土地や封じられた場所などを本貫とする。
- In South Korea, the greatest figure among one's ancestor was referred to as Shiso (founder), and the place where he or his descendants settled down or were appointed were regarded as hongan.
- 平成17年(2005年)の平成17年台風第14号で大きな被害を受けた宮崎県、鹿児島県に見舞い金として金一封を贈った。
- He granted Miyazaki Prefecture and Kagoshima Prefecture, both of which were severely damaged by typhoon No.14 in 2005, a sum of money as a gift for showing his sympathy.
- 事績に不明な点が多く、686年(朱鳥元年)8月に志貴皇子と共に封200戸を加えられたが、以後の消息は分かっていない。
- Most of his achievements are unknown, and his life after he and Shiki no miko (the Prince Shiki [志貴]) were granted 200 households of fuko (residential units [ko] assigned as fiefs [fu] to support top-ranking officials, temples, shrines, and royal households such as those of the queen-consort and crown prince) in 686 is unknown.
- これら五王は、朝貢の見返りに、中国王朝から「倭国王」に封じられており、対外的にはこの称号を名乗っていたと推定される。
- These five kings, in return of the tribute, were taken into Sakuho system as 'Wakoku-o' by Chinese Dynasty, and it is estimated that this title was used diplomatically.
- その後、19年には三河国三河吉田藩に、正保2年(1645年)には5000石加増の上同国岡崎に、とたびたび転封された。
- After that, in 1642, his territory was changed to the Mikawa-Yoshida Domain in Mikawa Province and to Okazaki in the same province in 1645 with additional 5,000 koku increase.
- 禁止が解除された後も、封建思想を廃棄した時代の変化との齟齬は深まる一方で、多様化する大衆の嗜好から取り残されている。
- Even after the ban was lifted, it became increasingly out of touch with the changing times that had abolished feudalistic ideas, and has left behind the diversified public needs.
- しかし、那珂氏の一族である那珂通泰は武家方につき、那珂郡江戸郷を封ぜられ、子の江戸通高の代に江戸氏を称するようになる。
- However, Michiyasu NAKA, one of the Naka clan members, who sided with the samurai, was assigned to Edo-go of Naka County and his son Michitaka adopted Edo as his family name.
- また、仁和寺の東には「きゅうり封じ」で知られる蓮華寺 (京都市右京区)があり、仁和寺の北には御室八十八ヶ所霊場がある。
- In addition, there is Renge-ji Temple famous for 'Kyuri Fuji' (cucumber sealing) (Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City) east of Ninna-ji Temple, and there is Omuro Eighty-eight Reijo Places (place where human souls gather) at north of Ninna-ji Temple.
- 明国と冊封関係にあった琉球王朝は慶長14年(1609年、万暦37年)の薩摩藩による侵攻以来、日本と中国に両属してきた。
- The Ryukyu dynasty, which was conferred peerage by Ming dynasty, had belonged to both Japan and China since the invasion of Satsuma domain in 1609.
- 忠英は正徳 (日本)元年(1711年)、寺社奉行から若年寄に昇進し、正徳2年(1712年)に下野壬生藩に移封となった。
- Tadateru was promoted to wakadoshiyori from jisha-bugyo in 1711, and transferred to the Mibu Domain in Shimotsuke Province.
- そして小田原征伐後、信雄は尾張国から駿河国への移封を拒絶したため、信雄は所領を没収され、下野国に流罪とされてしまった。
- After the conquest and siege of Odawara, due to his refusal to change the territory from Owari Province to Suruga Province, Nobukatsu's territory was confiscated, then he was exiled to Shimotsuke Province.
- 公証人が、その証書を提出した日付及び遺言者の申述を封紙に記載した後、遺言者及び証人とともにこれに署名し、印を押すこと。
- after having entered the date of submission of the certificate and the statement of the testator upon the sealed document, a notary public shall, together with the testator and witnesses, sign it and affix his/her seal; and
- 1969年の春の東宝映画ビッグ企画として封切られ、世界のミフネこと三船敏郎以下、当今の大スターの競演で話題をさらった。
- It was first run as a main plan of Spring Toho Movie in 1969, and it attracted public attention since big stars of those days, such as Toshiro MIFUNE (he is called 'MIFUNE of the World'), appeared in the movie together.
- 元禄10年(1697年)、美濃国郡上藩より井上正岑が4万7,000石で入るが、これも短期間で常陸国下館藩へ移封される。
- In 1697, Masamine INOUE from the Gujo Domain in Mino Province took over Kameyama with assigned revenues of 47,000 koku, but his family was also quickly transferred, in their case to the Shimodate Domain in Hitachi Province.
- 連合艦隊は2月から5月にかけて、旅順港の出入り口に古い船舶を沈めて封鎖しようとしたが、失敗に終わった(旅順港閉塞作戦)。
- Between February and March, the IJN Combined Fleet attempted to blockade Port Arthur by sinking older vessels at the entrance of the port, but this plan ended in failure (Port Arthur Blockade Operation).
- 元禄11年(1698年)3月7日、下野国佐野藩主であった堀田正高が1万石で堅田に移封されたことにより、堅田藩が立藩した。
- On April 17, 1698, Masataka HOTTA who was the lord of the Sano Domain in Shimotsuke Province was transferred to Katata with properties bearing 10,000 koku (1 koku was about 180 liter; an old unit showing volume), and as a result, the Katada Domain was established.
- また、転封法度に未進や借り物の棄破等の文言があった為、土地の売買証文の中には徳政拒否文言が早い段階で記されるようになる。
- The Tenpo Hatto (The laws for changing the territory) had the words about nonpayment of tribute and the loss or damage of a borrowed thing, so land sales contracts came to contain the words to reject debt cancellation orders at an early stage.
- 蒲生郡大森(現・東近江市大森町)の最上氏は、出羽国の名族で山形城主であった最上氏が御家騒動により減知のうえ転封となった。
- The Mogami clan in Omori, Gamo County (present Omori-cho, Higashiomi City) was originally a distinguished clan in the Dewa Province and the lord of the Yamagata-jo Castle, but due to family issues, the amount of its chigyo-chi territory was reduced and transferred to this location.
- 前述したように華夷秩序では、中国王朝から冊封から受け、あるいは朝貢を行うことで、周辺諸国は宗主国―藩属国の関係となった。
- As described above, in the structure of Kaichitsujo, neighboring countries of China received sakuho or conducted choko and built a relationship with China as suzerain state and hanzokukoku.
- 委員会職員は、臨検、捜索又は差押えをするため必要があるときは、錠をはずし、封を開き、その他必要な処分をすることができる。
- FTC staff members may, when necessary to conduct a visit, search, or seizure, open locks, break the seal on mail, and take other necessary measures.
- 敗戦後は戦中にピークに達した社会的重圧を「軍国的」「封建的」の概念で否定するようになり、家紋はその表象のひとつとされた。
- After defeat in World War II, social pressure, which peaked during the war, was denied as 'militaristic' and 'feudalistic,' and Kamon was seen as one of the fostering symbols.
- 戦時プロパガンダ - 講談の内容はもともとは封建思想を賛美するものであり、戦時中には軍国主義プロパガンダの一環となった。
- Wartime propaganda: Since kodan originally celebrated feudalistic ideas, it was incorporated into militaristic propaganda during the war.
- 特に明の東林党や遺老の学が有名であり、そこでは官僚が責任者として自発的に地方統治を行うための制度として封建制が議論された。
- In particular, the Donglin movement and Iro no gaku in the Min period are famous, where the hoken system was discussed as a system for bureaucrats to voluntarily govern local areas as their responsibility.
- 日本中世史と日本近世史の間で、1953年から1960年代にかけて日本封建制成立論争が展開した(太閤検地論争とも呼ばれる)。
- There was a controversy between medieval history and early-modern history on the establishment of the Hoken system in Japan from 1953 through the 1960's (it is also called the controversy of Taiko-kenchi (cadastral survey instituted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI)).
- 大韓帝国は冊封体制から離脱したものの、満州を勢力下においたロシアが朝鮮半島に持つ利権を手がかりに南下政策を取りつつあった。
- Although the Korean Empire broke away from the tributary system, Russia which held Manchuria under its sphere of influence, took advantage of its interests in Korea to proceed with its southward expansion.
- 転封という概念が加わり、旧領や大名・旗本の先祖代々の土地に縛られず、幕府の意向により領国そのものを異動させる制度が出来た。
- Added to this was the conceptual system of forced relocation in which the Shogunate moved the territories of feudal lords at its discretion regardless of the former territories or ancestral lands of daimyo or hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu).
- 江藤は、薩摩系軍人が山城屋の事務所封鎖を計画しているのを知ってこれを抑え、司法省が直接捜査に乗り出すよう指示を出している。
- Eto, finding out that military men from Satsuma had been planning to close the office of YAMASHIROYA, prevented them and ordered the Ministry of Justice to start an investigation directly.
- 山鹿はこれに対し人間は確かに国家に属しているが武士に(封建)社会全体への義務を負わせることを選んだ存在も確かにいるとした。
- Yamaga also thought that people certainly belonged to a state, but at the same time there was an existence that chose samurais to let them have a duty to whole (feudal) society.
- 遺言者が、公証人一人及び証人二人以上の前に封書を提出して、自己の遺言書である旨並びにその筆者の氏名及び住所を申述すること。
- the testator shall submit the sealed certificate before one notary public and not less than two witnesses, with a statement to the effect that it is his/her own will, giving the author's name and address;
- しかし、平安時代の各種文書記録にも正倉院を「勅封蔵」と表現しており、事実上の勅封であったと見なして差し支えないといわれる。
- However some written records in the Heian period also express Shosoin as a Chokufu warehouse, so we can regard it as practically Chokufu even then.
- そのために、徳川幕府は、能力よりも忠誠心や家柄、譜代家臣を重視する旧来の封建体制を復活させ、体制維持に努めたとの意見もある。
- Some believe that, in order to avoid making the same mistake, the Tokugawa shogunate restored the old feudal system under which loyalty, family lineage and fudai daimyo (hereditary vassals) were more important than the ability to maintain the regime.
- 銀数十匁にもなる丁銀は日常生活には高額過ぎ、豆板銀と異なり包封していない裸銀として支払いに用いられることはほとんど無かった。
- Chogin, which had a value that was several dozens of times higher than that of monme, were too high in value to be used in everyday life, so unlike Mameitagin, they were hardly ever used as they were for payment unless they were sealed in the form of Hogin.
- 大韓帝国は冊封体制から離脱したものの、満州を手に入れたロシアが朝鮮半島に持つ利権を手がかりに明確な南下政策を取りつつあった。
- Although the Korean Empire seceded from the tributary system, Russia, which obtained Manchuria, was obviously making southward expansion, taking advantage of the interest it had in the Korean peninsula.
- 周の後期(春秋時代・戦国時代 (中国))には、周に封建制されていた諸侯が各自の国内・周辺地域に対する政治支配と同化を進めた。
- During the last stage of Zhou (the Chunqiu period and the Warring States period [China]), lords of various places which had been ruled by Zhou began to administer independently and assimilated into their own territory and surrounding regions.
- 元和 (日本)5年(1619年)8月27日、伊勢上野藩から移封された分部光信が2万石で入部することにより、大溝藩が立藩した。
- On October 4, 1619, Mitsunobu WAKEBE who was transferred from the Ise-Ueno Domain entered the domain for the first time with properties bearing 20,000 koku (1 koku was about 180 liter; an old unit showing volume), and as a result, the Omizo Domain was established.
- 日本史で言う藩は、江戸時代に1万石以上の領土を保有する封建領主である大名が支配した領域と、その支配機構を指す歴史用語である。
- Han in terms of Japanese history is a historical term that refers to the territories ruled by daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) who possessed a domain of 10,000 or more goku crop yields in the Edo period and the governance structure.
- 何人も、第二項第四号の規定によりされた封印又は取り付けられた装置を、正当な理由がないのに、取り外し、又はき損してはならない。
- No person shall remove or damage any seal or device affixed or installed pursuant to the provision of item (iv) of paragraph (2) without justifiable grounds.
- 中国の史書『宋書』夷蛮伝・倭国条(倭国伝)には、5世紀に冊封された倭の五王(讃・珍・済・興・武)についての記述が残っている。
- There is description about the five kings of Wa (San, Chin, Sai, Ko, and Bu) remaining in the Chinese history book in the 5th century, 'Sosho (Sung Shu)' Ibanden, Wakokujo (Wakokuden, or description about Wakoku).
- 10代信正が明治維新に際して奥羽越列藩同盟に加わったことから、明治期の安藤家は減封されたり礼遇停止となったりと混乱していた。
- But because Nobumasa, the 10th head of the family, joined Ouetsu-reppan domei (alliance among three provinces; Mutsu, Dewa, and Echigo) at the time of Meiji Restoration, the Ando family went through a confusing time as they lost a part of their territory and were deprived of their social status during Meiji period.
- 徳川家康は、徳川氏における精鋭軍を率いる井伊氏を、関ヶ原に近い彦根城に入封させて西国の抑えとし、北近江は彦根藩の領土となった。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA had the Ii clan, who led Tokugawa's elite force, enter Hikone-jo Castle so that the Ii clan would control Saigoku (western part of Japan), and Kitaomi belonged to the Hikone Domain.
- 室町時代、三代将軍である足利義満は、朝廷からの権力簒奪による治天の君を目指し策謀を図り、中国の明から「日本国王」に冊封される。
- In the Muromachi period, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun, hatched a conspiracy to obtain the position of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) by regaining the Imperial Court's power, and obtained sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as 'King of Japan' from Ming, China.
- 荘園公領制成立以前の武士は封建領主としての確固たる領地を持たず、一般の田堵負名と同様に名田の経営権を国衙との契約で付与された。
- Samurai didn't have their settled territories where they could rule as a feudal load before the shoen-koryo system was established, and kokuga gave management rights of myoden to them as well as ordinary tato and fumyo (local tax managers) by contract.
- 日本の開国・冊封体制からの離脱は、長らく東アジア国際秩序を保証していた中華秩序への挑戦であり、李氏朝鮮はこれに批判的であった。
- As the Japanese opening of the country to the world, and secession from the tributary system was a challenge to the Sinocentrist order that had assured East Asian international order for a long time, the Yi Dynasty Korea was critical of that decision.
- なお、紙に押して使うようになったのは唐代以降で、魏晋南北朝時代までは木簡・竹簡の束を止める「封泥」という粘土の塊に押していた。
- Kanin came to be stamped on papers after the age of the Tang Dynasty, but until the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, kanin were stamped on 'fudei' (a lump of clay) which was used to seal a bundle of mokkan or chikkan (narrow, long, and thin pieces of wood or bamboo strung together that were used to write on in ancient times).
- 特に江戸時代江戸時代初期の騒動では、求めに応じた幕府が審理にもとづいて大名家に介入し、改易や減封、転封などの処置を下している。
- Especially during the early Edo Period, the shogunate accepted such appeals and intervened in such households, implementing measures such as seizure of property, domain and rank, reduction of domain and revenue, transfer of domain, and so on.
- 何度かの戦闘の結果、新羅は再び唐の冊封を受け、唐は現在の清川江以南の領土を新羅へ与えるという形式をとって両者の和睦が成立した。
- As a result of several battles, Silla became a vassal under the Tang Dynasty again, and the two parties reached a reconciliation by Tang giving the territory south of Seisenko River.
- 位階のうち五位以上の者には位田・位封・位禄・位分資人が給与されるなど多くの特権が与えられており、特別の身分階層を形成していた。
- Those at the Fifth Rank or above received a number of privileges such as being granted fields, fiefs, stipends, and servants, and developed into a special social class.
- ここで、日本と清どちらが反乱を鎮圧するかの争いになったが、朝鮮は清の冊封国だからという理由で、清朝軍はそのまま反乱を鎮圧した。
- Here occurred a conflict between Japan and the Qing over which country was to subdue the revolt, but the Qing troops went ahead and did so on the basis that Korea was a Qing's vassal state.
- 慶長7年(1602年)5月、前田玄以が死去すると、後を子の茂勝が継いだが、茂勝は丹波八上藩に移封され、丹波亀山藩は天領となる。
- After the death of Geni MAEDA in May 1602, his son, Shigekatsu, succeeded him, but Shigekatsu was transferred to the new domain of Tanba-Yakami, and the Tanba-Kameyama Domain became a shogunal demesne (a territory held directly by the Tokugawa shogun).
- この餡を2枚の皮を合わせた状態で隙間がなくなる程度に1枚の皮種へ盛り付けていき、最後に餡を封じる皮種を揃えかぶせて完成となる。
- The bean jam is put on one of the tane so that there will not be any space when another tane is placed, and the other tane is finally placed on the bean jam for completion.
- 殷代の封建された土地について地名を特定しようという研究が続いており、さまざまな説が唱えられているがはっきりしたことはわからない。
- Studies have been going on to identify the name of lands granted in the Yin period and various views are advocated, but nothing clear is known.
- 郭沫若はその著書『中国古代社会史研究』の中に於いて中国史に発展段階論を適用し、周を奴隷制の時代とし、春秋時代以降を封建制とした。
- Guo Moruo applied the development stage theory to Chinese history in his book 'Studies on the Ancient Society of China' and defined Zhou as a slavery period and the Hoken system took hold after the Chunqiu period.
- 1596年(慶長元年)の通信使は日本と明の休戦交渉の締めくくりとして行われた明使(冊封使)の日本への派遣に同行したものであった。
- In 1596, Tsushinshi came together with the Ming envoy (Sakuho-shi ambassador) who came to Japan for closing the truce negotiation between Japan and the Ming.
- 文政8年(1825年)4月には城主大名に任じられたが、翌年10月10日に再び佐野へ移封となったため、堅田藩はここに廃藩となった。
- In May 1825, Masaatsu was appointed to joshu daimyo (governor of castle), but was transferred to Sano again on November 19, 1826, and the Katada Domain was abolished due to this event.
- この時期、幕府に逆らう大名、或いは武家諸法度の法令に違反する大名は親藩、譜代、外様の区別なく容赦なく、改易、減封の処置を行った。
- In this period of time, daimyo who opposed the bakufu or who violated the regulations of Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households) mercilessly received sanctions such as kaieki (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) and genpo (a punishment with deprivation of social status and part of territory), no matter whether they were shinpan (Tokugawa's relatives), fudai (hereditary daimyos) or tozama (outside daimyo).
- 例えば、小さな丁銀に豆板銀を加えて重量を43匁(約161.25グラム)にあわせ、紙に包んで封印し、まとめて使用する事も行われた。
- For example, Mameitagin were sometimes added to small Chogin to give a combined weight of 43 monme (approx. 161.25 g) and then wrapped in paper for use together.
- 彦根藩井伊氏は幕閣の中枢を成し、酒井氏・本多氏など譜代有力大名が転封を繰り返す中、一度の転封もなく石高も譜代大名中最高であった。
- The Ii clan of Hikone Domain found fame as a key cabinet figure of the Shogunate and was never transferred to other lands while other powerful fudai daimyo such as the Sakai clan and the Honda clan were transferred one after another, and had the largest yield among fudai daimyo.
- 公務員が施した封印若しくは差押えの表示を損壊し、又はその他の方法で無効にした者は、二年以下の懲役又は二十万円以下の罰金に処する。
- A person who damages or by any other means impairs a seal or a mark of attachment which has been affixed by a public officer, shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not more than 2 years or a fine of not more than 200,000 yen.
- 三代京極高盛は寛文3年(1663年)に弟の京極高門に2千石を分知し、また寛文8年(1668年)には、但馬国豊岡藩に転封となった。
- The third generation lord Takamori KYOGOKU subdivided and gave a domain of 2,000 koku to his younger brother Takakado KYOGOKU, and in 1668 he was transferred to the Toyooka domain in Tajima Province.
- にもかかわらず、憧れだけで入門した妓は封建的かつ前近代的な体質を持つ花街の昔気質のつらい修行に耐え切れず辞めてしまう場合が多い。
- However, a girl who becomes a disciple of Maiko only because of her yearning feelings often resigns, because she can not bear the old-fashioned severe training of the feudalistic red-light district.
- その噴火・発光、湯だまりの変異等の自然現象が起きる度に、神霊現象として中央へ報告され、神階が上昇し、封戸が与えられるなどしていた。
- Each time a natural phenomenon such as eruption, light emission, or changes in the crater lake occurred, it was reported to the central government as a phenomenon caused by a Shinto god, resulting in a raise of shinkai (a rank granted to Shinto gods) and granting of fuko (residential units (ko) assigned as prebends (fu) to support top-ranking officials, temples, shrines, and royal households such as those of the queen-consort and crown prince).
- フューダリズム(Feudalism)とは歴史学において中世ヨーロッパ社会特有の支配形態を指した用語であり、「封建制」と訳出される。
- Feudalism is a historical term referring to the system of government unique to medieval European society, and is translated as 'Hoken System.'
- 養老律令の雑令には「秘書玄象条」があり、「若し微祥災異有らば、陰陽寮奏せよ。訖らば季別に封して中務省に送り、国史に入れよ」とある。
- The article 'hisho gensho no jo' in Zoryo (the Law on Miscellaneous Matters) of Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro period) states that 'Onmyoryo should report a good omen or bad omen observed, to the emperor. The reported documents should be gathered for each season, sealed, sent to the Ministry of Central Affairs, and recorded for national history.'
- 百姓等領民にとって転封は、領主の交替により、それまでに獲得してきた諸権利を否定される可能性もある為、反対一揆を起こすこともあった。
- For the people including peasants, Tenpo meant what the rights they had acquired before would be denied due to the changes of their feudal lords, so the people sometimes staged opposition uprisings.
- 冊封体制の下での「属国」・「属邦」とは、近代あるいは現代の国際法におけるそれとは表記を同じくしながら、性格を異にする存在とされる。
- Although the terms 'subject state' or 'client state' used under the tributary system have a different meaning in the international law of recent history and the present day, the same expressions are still used.
- しかし1600年の関ヶ原の戦いでは西軍の総大将に祭り上げられ、周防国・長門国の2ヶ国に減封されるも、江戸時代を通じて安泰であった。
- The clan managed to keep themselves in peace during the Edo period, although the Mori clan was arranged to be the supreme commander of the Western Army in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and their territories were diminished to two provinces, Suo and Nagato.
- 天和 (日本)元年(1681年)、阿部正邦が武蔵国岩槻藩より入封するが、元禄10年(1697年)には下野国宇都宮藩に転出している。
- In 1681 Masakuni ABE took over the domain from the Iwatsuki domain of Musashi Province but was transferred to the Utsunomiya domain of Shimotsuke Province in 1697.
- 埋納される場所は霊地や聖地と位置付けられている山頂や神社境内である場合が多く、土中や土上に石室が作られて安置され、封土が盛られる。
- Burial sites were often located on the top of mountains or within the precincts of Shinto shrines, which were considered sacred, and a rock chamber was built under or on the ground and covered with soil.
- 第二次世界大戦後は連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により、封建制度の擁護や復讐の賛美などの要素があるとして一部の演目が上演を禁止された。
- After World War II, several acts of kodan were forbidden by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) for entailing elements of protection of feudalism and the celebration of vengeance.
- これは琉球の帰属問題で日本に有利に働き、明治政府は翌1875年琉球にたいし清との冊封・朝貢関係の廃止と明治年号の使用などを命令した。
- This put Japan in an advantageous position on the issue of the possession of Ryukyu and in the following year, 1875, the Meiji government ordered Ryukyu to abolish its sakuho and tribute relationship with Qing and use the era name of Meiji.
- 逆に、蒲生秀行に対しては「御家の統率がよろしくない」として、会津若松92万石から下野国宇都宮12万石に大減封されてしまったのである。
- In contrast, the Aizu Wakamatsu estate of Hideyuki GAMO, with a size of 920,000 koku (approximately 160,000,000 liters of rice-crop yield) was largely limited to the Utsunomiya domain, Shimotsuke Province, with W120,000 koku (approximately 21,600,000 liters of rice-crop yield) as 'incapable of ruling the lower-ranking vassals.'
- 会津藩に対する処分は厳しく「旧領の猪苗代か新天地の斗南どちらか3万石に転封」というもので、会津藩内での議論の末、斗南を選択している。
- So severe was the punishment of the Aizu that the Aizu Domain must move to either the former territory of Inawashiro or the new land of Tonami with 30 thousand goku; after discussion, it decided to be Tonami.
- また、南北朝時代 (日本)時代には、懐良親王が倭寇の取り締まりを条件に明朝から冊封を受け、「良懐」の名で日本国王の称号を受けている。
- In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Imperial Prince Kanenaga was given the title of the king of Japan under the name of 'Ryokai' by the Ming dynasty on the condition that he crack down on the Japanese pirates.
- 不動倉(ふどうそう)とは、律令制においてイネ穀を収納した正倉が満載となった後に、国司・郡司による検封作業を経て封印された倉庫のこと。
- Fudoso warehouse was a warehouse which was sealed after being examined of its degree of sealing by the provincial governor and the local official after the content of shoso (warehouse) became full in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- ヘリウム三の混合率が天然の混合率を超えるヘリウム(容器又は装置に密封されたヘリウム三であって、その重量が一グラム未満のものを除く。)
- Helium with a helium-3 mixing rate greater than the mixing rate in nature (excluding helium-3 sealed in containers or equipment with a weight less than 1 gram)
- 何人も、第十五項から前項までの規定によりされた封印又は取り付けられた装置を、正当な理由がないのに、取り外し、又はき損してはならない。
- No person shall remove or damage any seal or device affixed or installed pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs (15) to the preceding paragraph without justifiable grounds.
- 元禄の大古酒(げんろくのだいこしゅ)は1968年に長野県北佐久郡望月(もちづき)町で開封された、元禄時代に仕込まれたとされる日本酒。
- Genroku no Daikoshu is sake which is believed to be prepared in the Genroku era and took off a seal in Mochizuki-machi, Kitasaku County, Nagano Prefecture in 1968.
- 琉球王国では、中国(明や清)から冊封使が来たとき、あるいは徳川将軍に謝恩使や慶賀使を送る「江戸上り」のとき、中国系の音楽を演奏した。
- Music with roots in China was performed in the Ryukyu kingdom when diplomatic missions arrived from China (Ming & Qing) or whenever missions of gratitude and congratulations (Edo nobori) were sent to Shogun Tokugawa.
- 通説では、中世の国家の性格として鎌倉幕府を中心とする在地領主層を基盤とする封建国家、すなわち鎌倉幕府を中心とした国家観が定着している。
- The prevailing theory is that the medieval Japan was a feudalistic nation based on manor lords centered around the Kamakura Bakufu, so the view that the state centered around the Kamakura Bakufu has become firmly established.
- 南北朝を統一し、安定政権を築いた足利義満が、正式に明からの冊封を受けることで、15世紀初頭から日明貿易(勘合貿易)が開始するのである。
- The trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China (the tally trade - between Japan and the Ming Dynasty) started from the early 15th century when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who unified the Northern and Southern Courts and established his stable political administration officially received sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) from Ming Dynasty.
- その後、豊臣政権から江戸幕府成立の過程において、佐竹氏や里見氏などの旧来の勢力は転封あるいは改易によって関東の地から姿を消す事になる。
- Later, in the process from the Toyotomi government until the formation of the Edo bakufu, old powers such as the Satake clan and Satomi clan, disappeared from Kanto by relocation or being deprived of their territory.
- これら2つに加えて、カロリング朝の君主たちは、第3のシステムとして、荘園制に封建制を融合させたアプリシオ(aprisio)を創始した。
- In addition to these two, the monarchs of the Carolingians created the aprisio which fused the shoen system with the feudalism as a third system.
- しかし、1969年10月から1年間は東映封切館であった京都劇場が改築工事のため一時閉館したことに伴い、その代替劇場として復活していた。
- However, it operated as a movie theater for one year from October 1969 during which Kyoto Theater, a theater for new films of Toei, was temporarily closed for renovation.
- 天正18年(1590年)に徳川家康が関東に移封されたため、豊臣秀勝が甲斐に入部することになると、様々なな武将が短期間で入れ替わりした。
- In 1590, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was transferred to a new domain in the Kanto Region, and Hidekatsu TOYOTOMI took over Kai, whereupon various other warlords came and went in a short period of time.
- この公相君とは、1756年に訪れた冊封使節の中の侍従武官だったのでないかと見られており、空手の起源をこの公相君の来琉に求める説もある。
- It is considered that Koshokun was a military attaché to the Chinese palace who visited the Ryukyu Kingdom as one of the Sakuho Shisetsu (entourage of Chinese diplomats for the creation of peerage) in 1756, and there is a theory that the beginning of karate can be traced to this visit by Koshokun to the Ryukyu Kingdom.
- 庶家という概念は主に日本の封建時代、特に鎌倉時代から戦国時代 (日本)、江戸時代にかけて武家に見られた血族集団ないし階層のことをいった。
- The concept of Shoke refers to a blood-relative group or a blood-relative layer present amongst warriors in mainly the feudal period in Japan, especially from Kamakura period to the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) and Edo period.
- 現実の外交関係においては日清戦争での敗戦によって朝鮮が冊封関係から離脱し、そのことにより冊封と朝貢に基づく清朝の外交秩序は終焉を迎えた。
- In the real diplomacy, Korea seceded from the relation of sakuho after Qing's defeat in Japanese-Sino War, and the Qing dynasty's diplomacy based on sakuho and choko ended at that time.
- 江戸時代に入り、幕府による転封が行われるが、その初期は外様大名の地方転出、その跡への徳川系大名(親藩・譜代)の進出を基軸として行われた。
- In the Edo period, the bakufu started to enforce Tenpo, and in the early of the period, the basic policy of Tenpo was to transfer the Tozama daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lord) to regional areas and to transfer the daimyo on the Tokugawa clan's side (called the Shinpan [Tokugawa's relatives] and the Fudai [hereditary vassals]) to the former territories of the Tozama daimyo.
- まとめてスナイドル銃に改造して、軍による造兵施設の独占と軍用銃の所持を厳しく規制する事で、国民の武装を封じて内乱の再発を防ごうと努めた。
- Then, the government managed to prohibit the possession of arms by the general public to prevent a civil war by converting all of the withdrawn guns into Snider rifles, making the arms factories monopolized by the national Army, and regulating the possession of military guns more strictly.
- また、年貢増徴政策なども行なっているが、このために加藤氏が水口藩に移封された後も、天領の中では特に税率の高い地域になったといわれている。
- Additionally, the Kato clan evolved nengu (land tax)-increase policy, so that the domain was said to still be a particularly high-tax area after it was transferred to the Minakuchi Domain.
- 寛弘4年(1007年)正月、12歳の時に一品親王准后の位を授けられ、本封の外千戸を加えられた(この時の詔書が『大日本史』に載っている)。
- On New Years Day in 1007, she was granted the rank of Ippon Shinno (The first rank Imperial Prince) Jugo (honorary rank next to the three Empresses: Great Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager, and Empress) at the age of twelve, and 本封の外千戸 was added (the Shosho (imperial edict, decree) she received at that time was contained in 'Dainihonshi')
- 秀政は下総国古河から信濃国飯田を経て、慶長18年(1613年)には父祖縁の地である信濃国松本藩(現在の長野県松本市)8万石に転封となる。
- After Koga of Shimousa Province and Iida of Shinano Province, Hidemasa was relocated to his ancestral land, Matsumoto Domain, Shinano Province (presently Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture) holding 80,000 koku.
- 魏晋南北朝時代を封建制と捉える立場からは後漢の豪族たちによって使われていた小作農たちを奴隷とみなし、後漢の滅亡によりそれが変化したと見る。
- From the standpoint that the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties was a time of the Hoken system, tenant peasants used by local ruling families were slaves, and the situation changed with the downfall of the Later Han Dynasty.
- そのため、安土桃山時代に武士と百姓間の職業的・身分的な分離が進み、関ヶ原の戦いと江戸時代初期の大大名の盛んな加増・移封によって完成された。
- Therefore, the separation of the occupations and social ranks between samurai and peasants progressed in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, and it was completed by the Battle of Sekigahara and by actively adding or changing Daidaimyo's (a feudal lord having a greater stipend) territories in the early Edo period.
- これらには「冊封」(国王承認)や「朝貢」(貢ぎ物と引替えに賞賜が与えられ、さらに交易することができる)という政治的・経済的見返りを与えた。
- To such countries, political and economical returns such as sakuho (emperor's approval) and choko (In exchange of tributes, premium was conferred and the countries were allowed to trade with China).
- そしてこれまで述べてきたような「冊封」や「朝貢」、「互市」によって中国と関係を持つ国々をそれぞれ「冊封国」・「朝貢国」・「互市国」という。
- Countries which had relation through 'sakuho,' 'choko,' or 'goshi' were called respectively 'sakuho-koku (countries which were conferred peerage),' 'chokokoku (countries which bring tribute),' or 'goshikoku (countries which are trading partners).
- 差押状又は捜索状の執行については、錠をはずし、封を開き、その他必要な処分をすることができる。公判廷で差押又は捜索をする場合も、同様である。
- In the execution of a search warrant or seizure warrant, such necessary measures as unlocking or unsealing may be taken. The same shall apply to search and seizure in court.
- 長子相続を根幹とした血族共同体を基礎としたこの関係を宗族制度といい、宗族制度と封建制度が密接に関係していたであろうことは概ね認められている。
- These relationships based on the blood family community with primogeniture at its core is called the Sozoku System, and it is generally accepted that the Sozoku system and Hoken system were closely related to each other.
- 1871年7月の廃藩置県により琉球は鹿児島県に一応編入され、翌1872年9月琉球藩を設置し国王を藩王として華族に列する冊封詔書が授けられた。
- Ryukyu belonged to Kagoshima prefecture according to Haihan-chiken (new administration system to abolish feudal domains and establish prefectures) in July 1871, while the Ryukyu Domain was established and granted Sakuho Shosho (imperial edict, decree) recognizing peerage with the king of Ryukyu as the king of the domain in September 1872.
- 漢代になると、この「中国=天下」概念が現実の冊封関係に影響されて変容し、周辺諸民族をも含めた現代的意味での世界として「天下」概念が成立した。
- During the Han dynasty era, this notion of 'China = Tenka' changed under the influence of actual sakuho relations, and the contemporary notion of 'Tenka,' which means the world including other surrounding ethnic groups, was established.
- 実際には国書を下げ渡された堀尾吉晴が保管しており、現在も重要文化財(「綾本墨書 明王贈豊太閤冊封文」)として大阪歴史博物館に所蔵されている。
- In fact, the letter was kept by Yoshiharu HORIO, who received it from Hideyoshi, and is currently in the possession of the Osaka Museum of History as important cultural property (the official letter to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI from the King of Ming, 綾本墨書 明王贈豊太閤冊封文).
- 正信の嫡男・堀田正休は父の罪を許されて天和 (日本)2年(1682年)3月に1万石の大名として復帰を許され、上野国吉井藩の藩主に封じられた。
- Masanobu's heir, Masayasu HOTTA was excused in April 1682, regaining a status of daimyo appointed to lord of the Yoshii Domain in Kozuke Province with 10,000 koku.
- 信澄の後には、丹羽長秀・加藤光泰・生駒親正・京極高次と目まぐるしく城主が替わったが、京極高次が近江八幡へ転封となった後は無城主となっていた。
- After Nobuzumi, the lord of the castle changed constantly from Nagahide NIWA, Mitsuyasu KATO, Chikamasa IKOMA, to Takatsugu KYOGOKU, but the castle had no lords after Takatsugu KYOGOKU was relocated to Omi Hachiman.
- 大輪田泊は、延喜14年(914年)の三善清行の『意見封事十二箇条』に、奈良時代に大僧正行基が築いたとして記される行基摂播五泊のひとつである。
- Owada no tomari is described in 'Iken Fuji Junikajo' (twelve opinions to the Emperor Daigo) by Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI in 914 and was one of Seppan Gohaku which were built by a daisojo (a Buddhist priest of the highest order) Gyogi during the Nara period.
- こののち細川忠興は九州小倉に転封され、京極高知が丹後一国12万3千石を与えられ仮に田辺城に入城したが、宮津城を再築し宮津城へ本拠地を移した。
- After this, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA was transferred to Kokura, in Kyushu, and Takatomo KYOGOKU temporarily entered Tanabe-jo Castle with 123,000 koku to govern Tango Province, but later he rebuilt Miyazu-jo Castle in order to establish a base there.
- 1968年(昭和43年)に開封された元禄の大古酒のように279年まで行かなくとも、熟成期間100年を超した年代ものは一般に大古酒と呼ばれる。
- Aged sake, stored over 100 years is generally called daikoshu, needless to mention about 279 years of daikoshu from the Genroku period opened in 1968.
- 尚泰王の冊封式典のために訪れた清の使節の前で、「交手(こうしゅ)」という名で組手を披露したという記述があるが、その内容については不明である。
- There is a description that a kumite called 'ko-shu' was demonstrated in front of an ambassador from the Qing Dynasty who had visited Okinawa to create King Sho Tai as a new rank, but it isn't known what the 'ko-shu' was.
- 封建社会を経て近代化してもなお、このような原始宗教ともいわれる世界観を持ち合わせる国は少なく、日本独特に育まれてきた観念からの祭礼でもある。
- Among modernized countries having undergone feudal perods, only a few countries retain such an interpretation of the world which can be called a primitive faith; it is also a festival originated from the concept that has specifically been nurtured in Japan.
- これに恐れをなした本願寺は、船団に近寄ることすら躊躇うようになり、船団は7月17日に難なく堺市に着岸し、翌日から石山本願寺への海路を封鎖した。
- The Hongan-ji Temple navy, frightened at this attack and hesitant to even approach the fleet, let the Oda fleet easily reach Sakai City on August 30 and blockade the sea route to Ishiyama on the following day.
- 清代では、明朝の時以上に欧米諸国が中国を訪れるようになり、「冊封」や「朝貢」よりも政治的意味合いが希薄化した交易が増加の一途を辿ったのである。
- In Qing era, visits from European and American countries increased compared to Ming era and trade with less political meaning than 'sakuho' and 'choko' continued increasing.
- 元和 (日本)元年(1615年)直継は病弱で大坂の役に参陣出来なかったことを理由に、直勝と名を改め上野国安中藩に3万石を分知され移封となった。
- In 1615, Naotsugu changed his name to Naokatsu and was transferred to the Annaka Domain in Kozuke Province with subdivided properties bearing 30,000 koku because he could not participate in Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka) due to sickliness.
- 具体的には封建社会において並存する「幕藩体制の倫理と武士階級の倫理の衝突」であり、近代日本においては「日本人のアイデンティティの喪失」である。
- In more concrete terms, it is 'a conflict between the ethics in the feudal system and in samurai hierarchy' which are present simultaneously in feudal society and it is 'a loss of identity as a Japanese person' in modern Japan.
- また、ごくまれにだが、相手の正体を知った上で「ここで消してしまえば...」と口封じに走る生粋の悪党もいる(暴れん坊将軍に登場した悪老中など)。
- There are also genuine villains who knows the identity of the foe and tries to kill him thinking 'If I get him now…' fairly infrequently (such as a wicked roju [senior councilor] appeared in 'Abarenbo Shogun').
- 下関条約の結果、清の朝鮮に対する宗主権は否定され、ここに東アジアの国際秩序であった冊封体制は終焉を迎えた(李氏朝鮮は大韓帝国として独立した)。
- As a result of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, China's sovereignty over Korea was renounced whereby the traditional tributary system which was the international order in East Asia came to an end (and the Yi Dynasty Korea attained independence as the Korean Empire).
- 昭和時代になると、水引の結び方もさまざまな結び方が開発され金封、結納品、水引細工の生産が増え、現在では全国の70%の水引の生産高となっている。
- Thanks to a variety of methods for tying Mizuhiki developed in the Showa period, production of Mizuhiki (Kinpu, Yuino related articles, and Mizuhiki-zaiku) in Iida City has increased and now accounts for 70% of the total production in Japan.
- 士族への秩禄支給は大きな財政負担となっており、国民軍の創設などにおいても封建的特権意識が弊害となっていたため、士族身分の解体は政治課題であった。
- Because the supply of chitsuroku (hereditary stipend) to the warrior class was a serious financial burden, and a sense of feudalistic entitlement was detrimental to the establishment of the national army, the disorganization of the warrior class was a political issue.
- 今まで白文であったのは、木簡・竹簡の時期にあっては、その束を封じるために使われた「封泥」に押す際に字が浮き出てくれないと支障があるからであった。
- The reason hakubun-style had been common was because the characters had to stand out on 'fudei' used to seal a bundle of mokkan and chikkan.
- それ以下のものは精錬し直して、最上位の一割入れとし、規定の割合に銅を組み合わせて秤量し取組みが行われ箱に入れ封印し、銀見役から常是手代へ引き継ぐ
- Others were refined again and reclassified as top-quality ichiwari-ire, mixing the silver with lead in the statutory proportion, weighed, stored in boxes, sealed and handed from the silver inspector (ginmiyaku) to the jouze-tedai (assistant manager).
- 信長の血統であるということを重んじられて、信武の子・織田信休への家督相続こそ認められたが、所領を2万石に減らされた上で丹波国丹波柏原藩へ減移封。
- Although the succession to family headship to Nobuyasu ODA (the son of Nobutake) was admitted because of the highly respected blood line of Nobunaga, Oda clan was forced to reduce their territory crop to 20,000 koku and change their territory to Kaibara Domain of Tanba Province.
- 浦役人が封印した残荷物、揚荷物を査収して、浦役人の連署した浦証文を受け取り、濡荷の臨時処分、積荷の再輸送、浦入費の支払いなど一切の処理を行った。
- They dealt with all tasks such as verifying and accepting wrecked and unloaded cargo from the wrecked ship, which had been sealed by the port officials, receiving ura-shomon (a certification of the wreckage) which was jointly signed by the port officials, occasional disposing of wet cargo, reshipping of the cargo, and paying moorage at the port.
- 特に茶道においては、仕服を封じる紐に飾り結びを施すことで、装飾性を増すとともにみだりに開封できないようにする鍵の役目を持つ結びが多数考案された。
- Especially in sado (tea ceremony), many kinds of kazarimusubi were invented and used for the purpose of closing and decorating shifuku (tea caddy bag) and they also functioned as a key to seal the bag in the way that it cannot be opened easily.
- 元和 (日本)5年(1619年)7月、徳川家康の十男・徳川頼宣が紀州藩主に封じられたとき、その付家老として遠江国掛川城主・安藤直次が付けられた。
- When Yorinobu TOKUGAWA, the 10th son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, was appointed as the lord of the Kishu domain in July 1619, Naotsugu ANDO, the lord of Kakegawa Castle in Totomi Province, was assigned to the post of attendant chief retainer.
- この時代の権力者は封建社会の安定継続を望み、江戸城のような公の場に描かれる絵画は、新奇なものより伝統的な粉本に則って描かれたものが良しとされた。
- The powers of the time sought the stability and continuity of feudal society, and the paintings for public places such as Edo Castle were supposed to be painted in the style of traditional painting examples; they were not intended to be unique.
- しかし、1482年に牙符を所持した日本国王使が朝鮮に訪れることで牙符制が発効し、それを期に王城大臣使の通交は途絶え、偽使勢力は封じ込められている。
- Gafusei came into effect when the King of Japan carrying Gafu visited Korea in 1482; thereafter, the Ojo-daijin envoy stopped and the pseudo envoy powers had been contained.
- 明治政府の地方行政としては、徳川家を駿府藩に移封し、京都府・長崎県・函館市を政府直轄の「府」とした以外は、原則として以前の藩体制が維持されていた。
- At the local administration level the Meiji government basically maintained the domain system, except they changed the Tokugawa family's domain from Edo to Sunpu, and they put Kyoto, Nagasaki, and Hakodate under direct control of the government by making them 'Fu' (Prefecture).
- 城主・森可成は近江に居た野府城主・織田信治、青地茂綱らと共に交通の要所である坂本 (大津市)を先に占領して街道を封鎖して連合軍の進軍妨害を試みる。
- Yoshinari MORI, the lord of Usayama-jo Castle, attempted to intercept the advance of the allied forces by preemptively conquering Sakamoto (Otsu City), a strategic point of transportation, to help blockade roads along with Nobuharu ODA, the lord of Nobu-jo Castle, and Shigetsuna AOCHI.
- それを封じるため、治承4年(1180年)12月、平重衡は東大寺・興福寺を焼き討ちにした(南都焼討)が、より一層、平氏への抵抗を強める結果となった。
- To suppress this movement, in December 1180, TAIRA no Shigehira burned down Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji Temples (Nanto Yakiuchi), resulting in strengthening of the resistance against the Taira clan.
- これによって宇佐八幡宮は封戸と「八幡大菩薩」の称号を授けられ、これを勧進した両名にもそれぞれ朝臣のカバネと従四位下と外従五位下の官位が授けられた。
- By this visit of Heijo-kyo, Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine was given fuko (salary) and title of 'Hachiman Daibosatsu'; also the two people who actually visited the capital were given the kabane (hereditary title) of Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles) and the official rank of Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and Ge-jugoinoge, respectively.
- 中国王朝に対しどのようなスタンスを取るかという点で、(中国王朝から見て)周辺諸国はいくつかの国際関係の種類、たとえば冊封や朝貢、互市に分類される。
- Depending on what kind of stance was taken toward Chinese dynasty, neighboring countries were classified into several categories of international relations such as sakuho (conferring a peerage with papers), choko (bringing tributary) and goshi (relation to conduct a limited amount of trade).
- しかし、立原との大日本史編纂を巡る考え方の違いや、立原に謹慎を申し渡されていた中で藩主徳川治保へ封事を提出して免職されるなどしたため、立原は絶交。
- However, Tachihara made a break with Yukoku because they had different ideas about the compilation of Dainihonshi and Yukoku was dismissed since he submitted a written opinion sealed and presented to the lord of the Domain Harumori TOKUGAWA while he was suspended by Tachihara.
- 前条の規定により遺言書を提出することを怠り、その検認を経ないで遺言を執行し、又は家庭裁判所外においてその開封をした者は、五万円以下の過料に処する。
- A person who fails to submit a will pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, executes a will without passing through probate, or opens a sealed will in a place other than a family court shall be made subject to a civil fine of not more than 50,000 yen.
- その後、大坂の陣においても徳川方として武功を挙げたため、元和 (日本)6年(1620年)閏12月に20万石に加増の上で筑後国久留米藩に移封された。
- He went on to serve with distinction on the side of Tokugawa in the Osaka Siege, and was rewarded with a transfer to the Kurume Domain in Chikugo Province with increased income of 200,000 koku in December 1620..
- しかし一方では、開封さえしなければ、たいていの酒は買ってから自分の手元で手軽に熟成させうると主張する者が、流通・販売・消費者の側には多く存在する。
- On the other hand there are many persons on distribution, selling, and on the consumer side who insist that, if not opened, most sake can be matured easily after purchase, in their hand.
- しかし、西軍1万5000を大津城に釘付けにした功績は大きく、戦後、徳川家康は高次を召しだし、若狭国小浜城 (若狭国)8万2000石に加増転封させた。
- However, since Takatsugu's service of riveting the 15,000 solders of the West squad to Otsu-jo Castle was notable, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA sent for him after the war and gave him Wakasa Province as his territory with the ownership of Obama-jo Castle and the increased stipend of 82,000 koku (approximately 14.8 million liters of crop).
- 満州族による王朝である清は建国以来、父祖の地である満洲には漢民族を入れないという封禁政策を取り、中国内地のような目の細かい行政制度も採用しなかった。
- The Qing Dynasty was established by the Manchu, who forbade the ethnic Han from migrating into their native lands through an exclusion policy, and did not adopt specifically delineated administrative policies as they in Manchuria as they had in China.
- 減封(げんぽう)とは、江戸時代においては大名、旗本などの武士に課せられた刑罰を意味し、武士の身分を剥奪して所領と城・屋敷の一部を削減することをいう。
- Diminishing the territory was a type of punishment imposed on samurai including daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and hatamoto (direct vassal of the shogun) during the Edo period, that deprived samurai of their ranks, and partially diminished their territories, castles, and residences.
- 応仁の乱後に家督争いなどで没落したが戦国時代を乗り切った京極氏の一系統が、佐々木氏以来の家臣・与騎の一部を組み込んで近世大名となり転封を繰り返した。
- After the Onin War, they declined for the conflicts over the succession; however, one branch of the Kyogoku clan survived the Sengoku period; they incorporated some of the vassals and lower-ranking samurai warriors who had served the Sasaki clan, and at last became Kinsei Daimyo; however, their domain was frequently changed by the order of the shogunate.
- また、他領の領民に対する危害行為は、たとえ正当防衛である切捨御免の結果であったとしても、その領民が属する封建領主への敵対的行為とされる恐れがあった。
- Any harmful deed toward a person of another domain could be regarded as hostile behavior to the suzerain to whom the killed person belonged, even if it was the result of Kirisute gomen, justifiable defense.
- ここで高尾は、王朝国家を田堵農民から生産物地代を収取する貴族たちの連合政権であり、生産物地代を収取する点において封建的な要素を持ち始めているとした。
- In this book, Takao asserted that the Dynastic polity was the coalition government of aristocrats who collected products from tato nomin (cultivating farmers) as land rent and in view of collecting products as land rent, the Dynastic polity had an element similar to that of a feudal nation.
- 伯母の姿のまま、綱が切り取ったと言う鬼の腕を見たいと言い、封印された唐櫃から出されてきた腕を手にとってじっくり見ていると、突然伯母は鬼の姿に戻った。
- Remaining in the shape and guise of Tsuna's aunt, Doji asked to see the arm Tsuna had cut off of the oni, so Tsuna retrieves it from the sealed Chinese-style chest and hands it to her; yet even as he carefully watches her, Doji suddenly returns to his true oni shape.
- 長州征伐や海上封鎖の影響を直接受けなかった江戸でも大坂と同じように10年前の米価の4倍の水準にまで跳ね上がっており、市民の不満は急激に高まっていた。
- Edo was not directly affected by the Choshu Expedition and the naval blockade, but it saw the surge of the rice price just like in Osaka, although its appreciation rate was four times as high as a decade ago, and naturally the discontent of Edo citizens was mounting rapidly.
- 前王朝の明代において、「冊封」や「朝貢」は諸外国との関係の中で大きな比重を占めていたが、こうした制度自体は、清代まで大きく変化することなく存続した。
- In the former dynasty, Ming, 'sakuho' and 'choko' had a large weight in the relation with various foreign countries, and such system itself remained without large change until the era of Qing.
- あまつさえ、豊臣秀頼を大和郡山に転封の上、将軍家に毎年参勤、高台院を人質に江戸にさし交わすこと、さもなくば攻めほろぼすとの無理難題を突きつけている。
- In addition, he made an unreasonable demand for the transfer of Hideyori TOYOTOMI to Yamatokoriyama, annual sankin (daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo), and offering Kodaiin to Edo as a hostage, intimidating to attack the family otherwise.
- 同年末、関ヶ原で東軍に与した有馬豊氏は、本戦で後ろ揃えを務めた武功から、遠州横須賀藩3万石から福知山6万石に加増移封され、ここに福知山藩が立藩した。
- At the end of the year, Toyouji ARIMA, who had served with distinction in the rear guard of the eastern army in the Sekigahara Battle, was transferred from the Yokosuka Domain in Enshu which had a yield of 30,000 koku to Fukuchiyama where his income increased to 60,000 koku, and this led to the establishment of the Fukuchiyama Domain.
- これに対して唐末期から五代十国時代を奴隷制から封建制へ切り替わりと捉える前田直典の論が出され、戦前から1970年代に渡って激しい論争が繰り広げられた。
- On the other hand, Naonari MAEDA proposed a view that the social system changed from slavery to the Hoken system during the era ranging from the closing years of the Tang period through the Wudai Shiguo period, and the argument was heated from the prewar period through the 1970's.
- 具体的には後述するが、注目すべきなのは、朝鮮側の修正要求は冊封国としての体面的なものが多く、後々問題となる領事裁判権は一切問題とならなかった点である。
- The details will be described later, but an important point was that while Korea required amendments to maintain their honor as a tributary country, they did not mind at all about consular jurisdiction, which would later become a problem.
- 国清寺は、1504年(永正元年)頃、安東忠季によって創建された檜山安東氏の菩提寺であったが、安東氏(当時は秋田氏)が常陸国へ転封されたため、廃された。
- Kokusei‐ji was built around 1504 by Tadasue ANDO as the family temple of the warrior Hiyama-Ando clan, however it was abandoned when Ando clan (then called Akita clan) changed the territory to Hitachi Province.
- 寛喜3年(1231年)、土御門上皇が配流先の阿波国で崩御すると、麗子は自身の封戸、年官、年爵を辞して隠遁し、寛元元年(1243年)、59歳で崩御した。
- When Retired Emperor Tsuchimikado passed away in Awa Province, where he was exiled in 1231, Reishi abdicated fuko (a vassal household allotted to a courtier, shrines and temples), nenkan (a right granted as a stipend to members of the Imperial Family - including the emperor, consorts of the emperor, some Court nobles, and so forth to nominate a person for a certain government post conferred to them on the occasion of annually installing them as government officials), nenshaku (a right granted as a stipend to a retired emperor, the mother of the Empress Dowager, the Empress Dowager, the Empress, etc., to nominate a person for a certain rank conferred to them on the occasion of the annual conferment of a rank) and retired; she passed away at the age of fifty nine years old in 1243.
- 天皇家の代わりに、中国の明朝皇帝から「日本国王」として冊封を受け独自の外交を行っているが、これを国内的な君主号としての天皇の権威に対抗するためである。
- On behalf of the Imperial Family, a unique diplomacy was in place which was done by receiving a sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as the 'King of Japan' from the Ming Dynasty in China which was to oppose the Emperor's power, the monarch in Japan.
- 豊臣氏滅亡後の元和 (日本)3年(1617年)、定勝は伊勢国桑名藩6万石へ加増移封され、代わって摂津国高槻藩4万石の内藤信正が1万石加増の上で入った。
- In 1617, after the destruction of the Toyotomi clan, Sadakatsu was transferred to the Kuwana Domain in Ise Province, which had a greater yield than Fushimi of 60,000 koku; to replace Sadakatsu, Nobumasa NAITO of the Takatsuki Domain in Settsu Province was transferred to Fushimi, a territory that had a yield of 10,000 koku more than the 40,000-koku yield of Takatsuki.
- 嵯峨本は、別名角倉本、光悦本ともいい、京の三長者に数えられる嵯峨の素封家角倉素庵が開版し、多くは本阿弥光悦の書体になる文字摺りの国文学の出版であった。
- The Saga-bon was also called Kadokura-bon (a Kadokura book) or Koetsu-bon (a Koetsu book), and began to be published by Soan SUMINOKURA, a wealthy person in Saga who was said to be one of the three richest men in Kyoto, mainly in the area of Japanese literature printed in the handwriting style of Koetsu HONAMI.
- 徳川四天王の一人・井伊直政は、関ヶ原の戦いの後、その軍功により18万石にて近江国北東部に封ぜられ、西軍指揮官・石田三成の居城であった佐和山城に入城した。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara, Naomasa II, one of Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Tokugawa Ieyasu, was given the land in northeastern part of Omi Province with 180 thousand goku crop yields by his distinguished military service, and entered Sawayama-jo Castle that had belonged to Mitsunari ISHIDA, his enemy and the commander of West camp.
- 三代将軍徳川家光の時代には、封建制度の確立、鎖国の徹底、キリシタンの禁止が三大政策となり、キリスト教徒は殉教か棄教のいずれかを選択せざるを得なくなった。
- In the period of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun, three major policies were established: the establishment of a feudal system, thoroughness of national isolation, and a ban against Christianity, which forced Christians to choose either martyrdom or renunciation.
- 宮津藩京極家は改易、丹後田辺藩京極家は但馬へ転封となる中、峰山藩京極家は丹後の所領を幕末まで守り通し、京極高知の丹後藩の伝統を伝える存在として知られた。
- While the Kyogoku clan of the Miyazu Domain was punished by being deprived of their fief and the Kyogoku clan of the Tanabe Domain of Tango Province was transferred to Tajima, the Kyogoku clan of the Mineyama Domain kept their territory until the end of the Edo period, and passed down the tradition of the Tango Domain established by Takatomo KYOGOKU.
- しかし、平安時代に入ると、弘仁年間には議政官にも関わらず職封(封戸)が低かった参議に対して国守との兼務・遥任を認める例が慣例として現れた(参議兼国制)。
- However, entering the Heian period, the following custom began to be employed: When there was a Sangi (councilor) while being a legislator, was awarded with a small number of shikifu (or fuko) (families that the Sangi could control), he was appointed to kokushi as well, with his yonin approved, (called sangikenkokusei - literally, the system in which a Sangi was allowed to assume a kokushi as well).
- 李氏朝鮮の時代には、明の冊封を受け国号を「朝鮮」としたこともあって、「明=李氏朝鮮」関係を「周=箕子朝鮮」関係と同一視する中華的な「天下」概念があった。
- During the era of the Joseon Dynasty, the state name was changed to 'Chosen' since it entered into the sakuho relation with Ming, and there was a Chinese-style notion of 'Tenka' under which the relation of 'Ming between the Joseon Dynasty' was deemed as identical to the relation of 'Zhou between Gija Joseon.'
- さらに時代を下り、北宋の開封ではやや南北の中央線から時計回りに傾いた京城の中央に、ほぼ東西南北に隅角を揃えた皇城が、さらにその内側に宮城が置かれていた。
- More recent examples include Kaifeng, the capital of Northern Song, whose downtown inclined slightly clockwise from the north-south central axis and in the middle of the downtown was an administrative district with its four corners facing almost perfectly to the north, south, east and west, and inside the the administrative district stood the imperial palace.
- 実際に香りにこだわる場合は、削った物よりも節を購入するのだが、近年では既に削られた密封パック製品が増え、そもそも固形状態の鰹節を見たことが無い者も多い。
- When one is really particular about the savory quality of katsuobushi, he or she will purchase a large chunk of katsuobushi instead of shaved pieces, but nowadays the katsuobushi shaved beforehand and wrapped in a small, airtight bag is so popular that many people have never seen the solid katsuobushi.
- 太平洋戦争末期には、連合国の海上封鎖と空襲、働き盛りの男性が徴兵されたことによる労働力不足のために、日本は深刻な食糧難と物資不足に見舞われることになる。
- At the end of the Pacific War, Japan suffered serious shortages of food and supplies due to sea blockades and air raids by allied nations, and a labor shortage because of the military draft of men in their most productive years.
- 1582年(天正10年)6月の本能寺の変の後に行われた清洲会議では、明智討伐に功があった堀秀政に与えられ、その後、堀家の転封にともない堀尾吉晴が入城した。
- At the Kiyosu Council, which occurred in the sixth month of 1582 following the Honnoji Incident (in which Nobunaga died, betrayed by his vassal Mitsuhide AKECHI), the castle was awarded to Hidemasa HORI, who had won distinction during the hunting down of the Akechi forces, but thereafter, following a transition of the leadership of the Hori clan, it was Yoshiharu HORIO who occupied it.
- 一方で、諸大名中最大の石高を持ちながら、関東移封直後で新領地の整備のために九州への出陣止まりで朝鮮への派兵を免れた徳川家康が隠然たる力を持つようになった。
- On the other hand, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had the largest Kokudaka (assessed yield; tax system based on rice, measured by reference to the rated annual yield of the domain) among daimyo, but as he had been moved to Kanto just before, he only headed troops to Kyushu, but was exempt from going to Korea to fight in order to consolidate new territory, came to have latent powers.
- 更に、家康の帰依していた天台宗の僧天海が江戸城の鬼門にあたる上野忍岡を拝領、京都の鬼門封じである比叡山に倣って堂塔を建設し、1625年に寛永寺を開山した。
- Moreover, Ieyasu entrusted land in Ueno-Shinobugaoka which faced the kimon to the Tenda sect monk Tenkai, who erected a stupa in the likeness of Mt. Hiei which contains the demon's gate (kimon) and founded the Kanei-ji Temple in 1625.
- 12世紀に入る頃から、荘園領主である寺社は経営安定化のために雑役免系荘園の一円支配を目指し、寺田・神田などの封戸と同様に官物徴収権も獲得するようになった。
- From the beginning of the twelfth century, some of temples/shrines, the lord of shoen, began to seek ichienshihai (complete rule of the land) of Zoyakumen kei shoen and eventually obtained the right to collect kanmotsu as with the case of fuko (lands allotted to temples/shrines) called jiden (land allotted to temples) or shinden (land allotted to shrines).
- 佐和山藩は文禄4年(1595年)に豊臣秀吉のもとで五奉行として辣腕を振るっていた石田三成が、近江水口藩から移封されて19万4000石で入ることで立藩した。
- The Sawayama Domain was established in 1595 when Mitsunari ISHIDA, who displayed his uncommon shrewdness as Gobugyo under Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, was transferred from the Omi Minakuchi Domain to his new territory with 194,000 koku crop yields.
- しかし、清は元来二島の領有は望まず、冊封関係維持のため二島を琉球に返還し琉球王国再興を求めており、分島にたいする琉球人の反対もあり清は調印に至らなかった。
- But Qing basically didn't hope to get possession of those two islands but to revive the Ryukyu Kingdom, returning two islands to Ryukyu so that it could maintain a relationship based on sakuho, while Ryukyu objected to separating territorial rights over the islands, because of which Qing didn't sign the treaty.
- 版籍奉還という日本国内の難問を無事に乗り越えた1870年、朝鮮との国交交渉を有利にするため、冊封体制の頂点にたつ清朝と対等の条約、日清修好条規を締結した。
- In 1870 when Japan finished the 'Hansekihokan' (returning of lands and people to the emperor), a challenge in the domestic policy, successfully, Japan concluded the equal treaty (Japanese-Qing Treaty of Amity) with the Qing dynasty, which was at the top of the tributary system, because it would be advantageous to diplomatic negotiations with Korea.
- 鉄スクラップ卸売業(自動車用エアコンディショナーに封入された物質を回収し、又は自動車の車体に装着された自動車用エアコンディショナーを取り外すものに限る。)
- Iron scrap wholesale business (limited to the wholesale business of collecting substances contained in vehicle air conditioners or removing vehicle air conditioners installed in vehicle bodies)
- 熱と空気を遮断しなければならないため、長時間ライトが当たるような展示には不向きであるが、ケースに密封し乾燥剤を入れる、食用ニスを塗布するなどの方法がある。
- It has to block the heat and air and thus is not appropriate for the exhibition where the light is on for a long time, but there are methods to seal off the case and put desiccant in or paint food varnish and so on.
- 大王家の「倭」姓は、中国の冊封体制から離脱した5世紀末ないし、氏姓制度の形成が進んだ5世紀末から6世紀前半までの間に放棄されたとする説が有力となっている。
- A theory stating that the family name 'Wa' of Daio-ke was abandoned at the end of the 5th century when leaving the Sakuho system in China, or was abandoned in between the end of the 5th century and the first half of the 6th century when the Shise system was established, is powerful.
- 6世紀前半即位した百済の聖王(聖王)は、中国南朝梁の武帝から「持節・都督・百済諸軍事・綏東将軍・百済王」に冊封され、当初新羅と結んで高句麗に対抗していた。
- King Sei, who was enthroned in the early part of the sixth century, was conferred 'Jisetsu, Totoku, Military affairs of Baekje, Suito Shogun, Kudarao' (持節・都督・百済諸軍事・綏東将軍・百済王) by Han Wudi of the Liang of Southern Dynasty of China and held out against Koguryo with Silla at first.
- 1590年、後北条氏が小田原の役で豊臣秀吉に滅ぼされると、後北条氏の旧領に封ぜられ、開拓の命を受けた徳川家康は、関東地方の中心となるべき居城を江戸に定めた。
- With the destruction of the Gohojo clan by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Siege of Odawara (1590), TOKUGAWA Ieyasu, who was assigned to govern and develop former Gohojo territories designated Edo as the central place in the Kanto region from where he would govern.
- 1271年(文永8年)12月に長時の子北条義宗が北方として赴任し、六波羅評定衆の安達頼景が所領を没収されるなど、反鎌倉派の動きを封殺する措置が行われている。
- When Yoshimune HOJO, Nagatoki's son, took the post of Kitakata in January, 1272, he took measures to control the movements of the anti-Kamakura group, such as the confiscation of the shoryo (territory) of Yorikage ADACHI, who was a Rokuhara hyojoshu (a member of Council of State).
- 織田信長は取り立てた武士の所領を勢力・進展とともに次々に動かし、豊臣秀吉は徳川家康ら服属した戦国大名を彼らの地盤である領国から鉢植え式に新領土に移封させた。
- Nobunaga ODA continuously moved the samurai's territories that Nobunaga exacted according to their power and progress, and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI made the Sengoku daimyo that Hideyoshi subjugated, including Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, move in their entirety from their base territory to a new fief.
- 重政は大坂の陣においても徳川家康に味方して軍功を挙げたため、元和 (日本)2年(1616年)に肥前島原藩4万3000石に加増移封され、五条藩は廃藩となった。
- Since Shigemasa again made military contributions under Ieyasu in the Siege of Osaka, he was promoted and transferred to Bizen Shimabara Domain with 43,000 koku in 1616, leading to the closure of Gojo Domain.
- 栗田鶴寿と武田氏の援軍兵3000は、栗田氏の旭山城(長野県長野市)に篭城、景虎は旭山城を封じ込めるため、そして前進拠点として葛山城(長野県長野市)を築いた。
- Kakuju KURITA and Takeda's troops of 3,000 soldiers to support Kurita entrenched themselves in Asahiyama-jo Castle (located in Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture), and Kagetora built Katsurayama-jo Castle (located in Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture) to contain the forces in Asahiyama-jo Castle and as an advance base site of his troops.
- 幕藩体制(ばくはんたいせい)とは、近世日本の社会体制のあり方を、幕府(征夷大将軍)と藩(大名)という封建制度的主従関係を基点にとらえた歴史学上の概念である。
- 'Bakuhan-taisei' is a historical concept of social system of early modern Japan viewed basically from feudal homage between bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (or seii-taishogun, literally 'great general who subdues the barbarians) and han (domains) (or daimyo, meaning 'feudal lords').
- その後は永井家・阿部家・奥平家・青山家と目まぐるしく城主は替わったが、1758年(宝暦8年)に松平資昌が7.7万石で入封し、以後7代続いて明治維新を迎えた。
- After that, ownership of the castle was transferred from one family to another, from the Nagai family to the Abe family, then the Okudaira family, and to the Aoyama family, but in 1758, Sukemasa MATSUDAIRA succeeded the castle with 770 thousand koku to keep it for seven generations until the Meiji Restoration.
- また中国から、朱子学と陽明学が静座(静坐)(座禅)などの行法をなくした純粋な学問として伝来し、特に朱子学は幕府によって封建支配のための思想として採用された。
- Additionally, Neo-Confucianism and Yomei-gaku were introduced purely as a learning, without the gyoho (method of ascetic practices) such as sitting on the floor calmly (Zen sitting meditation), and Neo-Confucianism in particular was adopted by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as thought for feudal governance.
- 更に高山義三京都市長や大達茂雄文部大臣が学校封鎖を「暴力革命」と非難して、当時の政治課題とされていた「教育2法案」の早期成立を訴えたために事態は益々混乱した。
- Furthermore, Yoshizo TAKAYAMA, the mayor of Kyoto City, and Shigeo ODACHI, the Minister of Education condemned the blockage of the school as a 'Violent revolution' and required the early establishment of the 'Two Education Laws' that made the situation more confused.
- これは、丁銀と同品位の少額貨幣である豆板銀を合わせて一定の量目(恩賞および献上用には銀一枚43匁、商取引用には五百目など)にし、紙に包んで封印したものである。
- A Hogin was a sealed paper bag that contained both Chogin and Mameitagin of the same quality that had been combined to attain a certain ryome (e.g. one silver sheet of 43 monme for a prize or present and 500 ryome for business transactions).
- さらに薩摩藩が江戸市街で挑発的な破壊工作を行う(庄内藩の江戸薩摩藩邸焼き討ち事件)と、慶喜の周囲では「討薩」を望む声が高まり、慶喜は軍事的な京の封鎖を試みた。
- When the Satsuma domain was engaged provocatively in subversive activities (the Incident of setting fire to the residence in Edo of domain of Satsuma, inflicted by the Shonai domain) in the urban area of Edo, the surroundings of Yoshinobu increasingly voiced the desire to defeat the Satsuma domain and accordingly, Yoshinobu attempted to establish a military blockade of Kyoto.
- 昭和43年(1968年)被差別部落民かどうかを探り出すためにこの戸籍が用いられようとした事件が発覚し、閲覧が禁止され、同年、公開さえも禁じられ封印保管された。
- An incident happened in 1968 where this family register was to be used to find out whether or not a person was from Burakumin, which caused reading it prohibited and in the same year even the public viewing itself came to be prohibited, resulting in the sealed storage.
- 現存天守(げんそんてんしゅ)とは、日本の城の天守のうち、江戸時代前後から江戸末期にかけての封建時代に建てられたものが、現代まで保存されている天守のことである。
- The existing castle towers are those, among castle towers of Japanese castles built during the feudal period from around the beginning of Edo period to the late Edo Period, that have been preserved to date.
- 元禄15年(1702年)9月7日、遠江国浜松藩から青山忠重が5万石で入るが、第3代藩主・青山忠朝の時代に丹波篠山藩へ移封というように、藩主家が定着しなかった。
- In September 7, 1702, Tadashige AOYAMA from the Hamamatsu Domain in Totomi Province took over Kameyama with assigned revenues of 50,000 koku, but the family did not stay long, the third lord, Tadatomo AOYAMA being transferred to the Sasayama Domain in Tanba Province.
- また、原材料名に保存料が含まれていたり、防腐剤が同封されていたり、賞味期限が設定されているようなものは自身が腐る可能性を持っているため、弁当などには向かない。
- Those that have a preservative as one of the ingredients, come with a preservative in the same package or have an expiration date are also unfit for a box lunch, etc., because they're at the risk of spoiling.
- なお、小説『封神演義』には普賢真人、文殊広法天尊という仙人が登場しており、この作品では、彼等が後に仏門に帰依しそれぞれ普賢菩薩、文殊菩薩となったとされている。
- In addition, in the novel 'Feng-Shen-Yen-I' (Popular Account of the Promotion to Divinity), the Sennin (wizards) named Fugen Shinjin and Monju Koho Tenson appeared and later came to believe in Buddhism, and subsequently became Fugen Bosatsu and Monji Bosatsu, respectively.
- 1600年に松倉重政が関ヶ原の戦いの論功で領土を与えられ、大和五条藩(現在の五條市二見)が成立、江戸時代に入り1616年に重政が島原藩に移封されるまで存続した。
- In 1600, Shigemasa MATSUKURA was awarded a territory as a conferral of honors in the Battle of Sekigahara, and Yamato Gojo Domain (currently Futami, Gojo City) was established and survived until Shigemasa was transferred to Shimabara Domain in 1616 in the Edo period.
- 日本側では南北朝の動乱が(特に博多を含む九州においては)収まっておらず、当時九州の有力者であった南朝側の懐良親王が明の使者に応じて「日本国王」に封ぜられている。
- In Japan, where disturbances between the Northern and Southern Courts had not been contained (in particular in Kyushu district including Hakata), Imperial Prince Kanenaga (Kaneyoshi) of the Southern Court who received a messenger from Ming was sealed as 'King of Japan.'
- そして、実際には「封建王」的存在として朝廷すら支配していた徳川将軍でさえ、将軍宣下と上洛参内の時には天皇を「王」、将軍を「覇者」とする秩序に従っていたのである。
- Moreover, Tokugawa Shogun, who existed as 'feudal king' and even controlled the Imperial Court, however, followed the order calling himself 'supreme ruler' and the Emperor 'king' when he paid a visit to the Imperial Palace.
- 下総佐倉藩より家信の次男・松平康信が3万6,000石で入るが、慶安2年(1649年)丹波国篠山藩へ移封と、藩主が短期間で相次いで変わり、藩主家の交替が相次いだ。
- Yasunobu MATSUDAIRA, the second son of Ienobu, entered with 36,000 koku from Sakura domain, Shimousa, but transferred to Sasayama Domain, Tanba Province in 1649, thus, the domain lord successively changed in short term, which also caused the successive replacement of the family of lord of the domain.
- 秀吉の死後に天下を手中にした徳川家康もこの城を重要視し、慶長14年(1609年)に譜代大名である岡部長盛(在任1609~21)を入封させ、丹波亀山藩主に任じた。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who gained the control of the whole country after Hideyoshi's death, valued this castle as he transferred Nagamori OKABE, who was a Fudai Daimyo (hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa or allies in the Battle of Sekigahara), to this castle as the lord (1609 - 1621) of Tanba-Kameyama Domain in 1609.
- 前方後円墳は、憤丘(前方部・後方部・造出)、埋葬施設(棺室・槨室・石室)、副葬品、外表施設(封土固めの葺石、祭祀用の土器・埴輪など)などの諸要素から成っている。
- Keyhole-shaped tumuli consist of various elements including a burial mound (the front square, the rounded rear, and tsukuridashi, or a space for religious ceremonies), burial facilities (a coffin room, a compartment protecting coffin room, and a stone chamber), gravel goods, and external facilities (fuki-ishi for hardening the mound covering a tomb and the earthenware, haniwa, and the other related items used in rituals).
- その寺院の創建などの由緒によって、封戸、出挙イネ、寺田、荘園所有等の権益、三綱(僧の官位)・別当あるいは住持職の任免、修法の方法、服装等の待遇などで区別を行う。
- Temples are differentiated depending upon the temple's lineage and when it was founded etc: rights and interests of assets such as fuko (a vassal household allotted to a courtier), rice tributes, temple lands, manor property holdings; handling of appointment of Sango (three monastic positions with management roles at a temple), stewards or chief priest's role, prayer methods, dress etc.
- その後元禄10年(1697年)小笠原長重が武蔵国岩槻藩に転封となるまで4代にわたって仕え、職を辞して江戸郊外の本所 (墨田区)に茶室を構えて多くの門人を集めた。
- He served four heads of the Ogasawara family until 1697, when he resigned following Nagashige OGASAWARA transfer to Iwatsuki Domain in Musashi Province and moved to Honjo (present-day Sumida Ward) on the outskirts of Edo, building a tearoom and a large following of pupils.
- 以後、応永22年(1415年)の大内義弘による中興等の盛衰を経て、関ヶ原の戦の後に中津藩に入封した細川忠興のもとで元和 (日本)5年(1619年)に再興された。
- Through some vicissitudes in later days, such as a restoration in 1415 by Yoshihiro OUCHI, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA who entered in the Nakatsu Domain after the Battle of Sekigahara retorted it in 1619.
- 天文博士の職掌は、天体を観察し異変があればその吉凶を占って密封して奏聞する(これを天文密奏という)こと、及び天文生に天体を観察し吉凶を占う方法を教えることだった。
- Tenmon hakase observed the celestial bodies and reported in fortune-telling, which was sealed if there was any unusual event (it's called tenmon misso), and also taught the students the way of fortune-telling through astronomical observation.
- 国司は封戸物・正税物の調達に苦しみ、やむを得ず国内の土地に便補所(べんぽしょ、便宜上それに当てる場所)を設定して、そこから上がる官物で肩代わりさせるようになった。
- The Kokushi (officers of local government) struggled to collect Fukomotsu and Shozeimotsu and had to set Benbojo (places that were designated for convenience) within their province and used the crops collected in these fields to pay the taxes.
- この時代は、1891年刊行の吾妻村 (栃木県)民らによる鉱毒の記録集『足尾銅山鉱毒・渡良瀬川沿岸事情』を発刊直後に発売禁止にするなど、言論封殺が主な対策であった。
- During this period, the major part of these measures was restrictions of speech and of the press, such as banning the publication immediately after issuance of a record of the mining pollution 'Ashio Dozan Kodoku, Watarase-gawa-engan Jijo' (Ashio copper mine Mining Pollution, Status of Watarase-gawa River) published in 1891 by the residents of Azuma Village (Tochigi Prefecture).
- 明成の死後、第2代藩主の座は加藤明友が相続し、天和2年(1682年)6月、明友は1万石加増の2万石で、水口藩に転封となり、廃藩となって天領(石見銀山領)となった。
- After the death of Akinari, Akitomo KATO, who succeeded to the second lord of the domain, was transferred to the Minakuchi Domain with 10,000 koku of rice increased to 20,000 in total in July 1682, so that the Yoshinaga domain was abolished to become a tenryo (bakufu-owned land of Iwami Ginzan Mine).
- ところが、この遺言書の開封から4ヶ月後の2001年7月に、長男・信太郎(元UFJ銀行行員)が、自分も生前に預かったと別の遺言書(所謂「第2の遺言書」)を持参した。
- However, in July 2001, four months after opening the will, the eldest son Shintaro (a former banker of UFJ Bank Limited) brought a different will (the so-called 'second will') that he had received from Nobuo before his death.
- 慶長元年9月1日、大坂城において明使を引見した秀吉は明の国書のなかの、「茲特封爾為日本国王賜之誥命(ここに特に爾を封じて日本国王に誥命賜う)」の部分を見て激怒した。
- On October 22, 1596, Hideyoshi had an interview with an envoy from Ming in Osaka-jo Castle, and he became furious when seeing the line of a diplomatic message dispatched by the sovereign in Ming, which said that 'We hereby especially recognize you and bestow upon you the title of King of Japan.'
- その政治的基盤及び軍事的・経済的基盤は頼朝が平氏追討などで獲得した関東知行国、関東御領であるが、その本質は鎌倉殿と御家人の封建的主従関係を基礎とする御家人制にある。
- The political, military and economical base was Kanto chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) and Kanto domains which Yoritomo acquired by searching out and destroying the Taira clan and its allies, but the essence was the lower-ranking vassal system whose base was a feudal master-servant relationship between Kamakura-dono and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
- 江戸幕府は改易、減封によって生じた空白地を天領(直轄地)にし、親藩・譜代大名を新たに配置して、外様大名を遠隔地に転封するなどして幕府権力の絶対優位を確立していった。
- The Edo shogunate gradually established its domination by turning territories that were left unoccupied as a result of kaieki or genpo into shogunate territories and by allocating these territories to the relatives and hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa family and transferring feudal lords unrelated to the family to remote territories.
- 途中文政9年(1826年)に下野国佐野藩に加増転封されるものの、堅田領は従来通りとされ、以後内部問題は堅田藩が、大津など周辺港湾との折衝は大津代官が行う事になった。
- Although the Hotta clan was transferred to Sano Domain of Shimotsuke Province with additional properties in 1826, the estate of Katata was maintained as before and afterwards Katata Domain dealt with internal problems while Otsu Daikan held talks with the surrounding harbor areas including Otsu.
- 室町幕府3代将軍足利義満が、明皇帝から「日本国王源道義(にほんこくおうげんどうぎ)」の封号を与えられ、日本国王に冊封されて以降、室町将軍の外交称号として使用された。
- It had come to be used as the diplomatic title of the Muromachi shogun since Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third shogun of Muromachi shogunate government, was appointed king of Japan under a seal of investiture of a title of 'Nihon-kokuo Gen Dogi' by the emperor of the Ming dynasty.
- 大衆の行動は興福寺の平氏に対する敵意の大きさを物語る出来事だが、結果的に興福寺攻撃に対する公卿たちの反対を封じ込め、興福寺への大軍派遣の大義名分を与える事になった。
- Actions of Daishu revealed the incident which showed the magnitude of hostility of Kofuku-ji Temple to the Taira clan, but consequently, contained opposition to Kofuku-ji Temple attack by Court nobles and gave a legitimate reason to dispatch large force to Kofuku-ji Temple.
- 子の加藤明英は譜代の格式を与えられ、元禄3年(1690年)に寺社奉行から若年寄に昇進し、5000石の加増を受けて元禄8年(1695年)、下野国壬生藩に移封となった。
- Akihide KATO, a son of Akitomo, was bestowed the rank of fudai daimyo (hereditary daimyo), and in 1690, promoted to wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) from jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines) and transferred to the Mibu Domain in Shimotsuke Province in 1695 with an increase of 5,000 koku of rice.
- 江戸時代に入って1633年(寛永10年)、永井直清が封ぜられ(山城長岡藩)、修築をおこなうが、1649年(慶安2年)、摂津国高槻藩に転封されると同時に廃城となった。
- In 1633, in the Edo Period, Naokiyo NAGAI was assigned to this castle (domain of Nagaoka in Yamashiro Province), and he did some renovation, but it was deserted in 1649 when he was transferred again to the domain of Takatsuki in Settsu Province.
- 倭の五王(わのごおう)とは、5世紀に、南北朝時代 (中国)の東晋や宋 (南朝)に朝貢して「倭国王」などに冊封された倭国の五人の王、すなわち讃、珍、済、興、武をいう。
- The five kings of Wa refer to San (讃), Chin (珍), Sai (済), Ko (興) and Bu (武) who paid tribute to the Eastern Jin and Song (Southern Dynasty) in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China) in 5th century and received sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as 'King of Wa'.
- 江戸時代には外様大名として淡路洲本藩3万石→伊予国大洲藩5万3000石→信濃飯田藩5万5000石→播磨国龍野藩5万3000石(後に分知で5万1089石)と移封された。
- During the Edo period, as tozama daimyo (daimyo who had not been vassals of Ieyasu in 1600) it was transferred several times, as follows: the Awaji Sumoto Domain, holding 30,000 koku -> the Iyo Ozu Domain holding 53,000 koku -> the Shinano Iida Domain, holding 5,5000 koku -> Harima Tatsuno Domain, holding 5,3000 koku (later 51,089 koku by division of succession).
- こうした動きに対し、桂首相は明治天皇の諒闇中(服喪期間)であるから政争を中止するように諭した大正天皇の詔勅(優詔)を受けてこれを乱発し、政府批判を封じた(優詔政策)。
- Against this movement, Prime Minister Katsura frequently abused 'Shochoku' (imperial edict) of Emperor Taisho, which was originally issued by the Emperor to stop the political disputes, respecting the period for mourning of former Emperor Meiji (Imperial Edict Tactics), and tried to silence the people's criticism of the government.
- 平安時代中期には北・中・南の三倉とも勅封蔵と見なされていたが、東大寺の什器類を納めていた南倉のみは、後に勅封から綱封(東大寺別当らの寺僧組織が管理する)に改められた。
- In the mid-Heian period, all three warehouses (north, middle and south) were regarded as Chokufu warehouses, but later the south section became 'Kofu,' administered by temple and monk organizations run, for example, by the head secretary of Todai-ji Temple instead of by Chokufu.
- さらに巨大な帝国だった中国諸王朝が中華思想、華夷秩序に基づいて周辺諸国を冊封して朝貢関係を築き、それが経済交流と外交秩序の一定の安定を東アジアにもたらしたことにもよる。
- Another reason is the sovereign-vassal relationship with tributes between Chinese dynasties, great empires, and surrounding countries based on Sinocentrism and Suzerainty, that brought economic exchanges and a certain stability of diplomatic orders to East Asia.
- 宣長は、日本は古来から独立を保った国という考えを強く持っており、「魏志倭人伝」の卑弥呼が魏へ朝貢し、倭王に封じられたという記述は、宣長の受け入れられるものではなかった。
- Norinaga strongly believed that Japan had been an independent country since ancient times, and therefore to him, the article in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei that described Himiko's tribute to Wei as a fiefdom and appointed her as Queen of Wa was not acceptable.
- 延享元年(1744年)に新たに板倉氏が入封すると、直ちに五匁、一匁の銀札を発行したが、国内の荒廃などによって表高5万石に対して実収2万石しかなかった同藩財政は逼迫した。
- Although a five monme and a one monme ginsatsu were issued as soon as the Itakura clan entered the domain in 1744, the territory was devastated and the economy became tight because they actually had only 20,000 koku in spite of their 50,000 koku of omote-daka (face value of koku assessed by the shogunate).
- 例えば、磐城平藩7万石の内藤氏は1.の形式の新田分知により1万石を分与し湯長谷藩を創設したが、延岡藩転封時に与えられた7万石の領地には湯長谷藩の分が含まれていなかった。
- For example, the Naito clan of Iwakitaira Domain whose crop yields were 70,000 koku received 10,000 koku and established Yunagaya Domain as shindenbunchi in the form of 1, but the territory of 70,000 koku given with the relocation of Nobeoka Domain did not include the territory for Yunagaya Domain.
- 最澄や空海の保護者として知られる一方で、既存の仏教が政権に関与して大きな権力を持ちすぎた事から、所謂「南都六宗」と呼ばれた諸派に対しては封戸の没収など圧迫を加えている。
- While the Emperor is known as a guardian of Saicho and Kukai, the existing Buddhism had too much relation to (and power in) politics; Nanto Rokushu (Rikushu) (The Six Sects of the Southern Capital) were forced to lose their official rank or their rewards.
- 小早川秀秋は関ヶ原の戦いでの功績により、備前国51万石に加増移封されたが、1602年(慶長7年)に嗣子なくして病没し、小早川家は名実ともに断絶したというのが定説である。
- Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA changed the territory to the Bizen Province of 510,000 koku with additional properties but died from an illness in 1602 without an heir, so it is believed that the Kobayakawa clan ended both in name and reality.
- 封建制度の下では、光信の長男である貞信の家系が宗家となるはずであったが、貞信が27歳で早世し後継ぎがなかったため、以後、幕末に至る狩野家の正系は孝信の子孫となっている。
- Under the feudal system, the family line of Sadanobu, Mitsunobu's first son, was supposed to be the head of family; however, Sadanobu died without an heir at the age of just 27, so after that the legitimacy of the Kano family was the descendant of Takanobu till the end of the Edo period.
- その口火を切った安良城盛昭は、太閤検地実施前後の時期の分析から荘園制社会を家父長的奴隷制社会(=古代)とし、太閤検地を画期として成立する幕藩体制を日本の封建制と規定した。
- Moriaki ARAKI, who sparked the controversy, considered the manorial system-based society to be a patriarchal slavery society (=the ancient times), and defined the shogunate system established with Taiko-kenchi as the Hoken system in Japan.
- こうして「武士団」を「中世封建社会の担い手となる在地領主層を中核とする戦闘的権力組織で、内部構造としては、主従的な、階層関係(ヒエラルヒー)が認められるもの」と規程する。
- This type of 'bushidan' was 'a militarily ruled society that was centralized around estate owners supporting medieval feudal society, centrally formed on a master and servant hierarchical relationship.'
- ただし、後世には太政官の一上(あるいは摂関)が事前に内容を確認して改めて密封を行って天文博士に返却してから改めて陰陽頭に提出する形式となる(『西宮記』・『新儀式』など)。
- In later ages, a procedure was established such that ichinokami (the ranking Council Member) of Daijokan (Grand Council of State or Sekkan - regents and advisers) confirmed the contents in advance, sealed the documents again, and returned them to tenmon hakase, and then the documents were submitted to Onmyo no kami (according to 'Saikyuki' - record of court practices and usage, written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki in Chinese style), 'Shingishiki' (New Procedures in Administration.)
- 冊封関係とは、周辺国家の首長を皇帝の臣下として君臣関係を取り結ぶもので、このことにより周辺国家の首長の支配下にある地域は、観念的に皇帝の主宰する秩序原理に組み入れられた。
- Sakuho relations means the lord-vassal relations between the emperor of China and the heads of neighboring states, and by making such relations, the regions under the rule of the heads of those states were ideologically incorporated into the principle of order of the Chinese emperor.
- 第2条では、天皇の国政に関する顧問は所管大臣と次官に限定した(元田の存在は例外であったが、専門の教育問題や天皇の個人的な問題以外での発言は事実上封じられることになった)。
- The Article 2 limited Emperor's national political advisors to the ministers and the vice-ministers having jurisdiction over the issues in question (Motoda was an exception but he was effectively forbidden to talk about other than education, his specialty, or Emperor's private problems).
- ちなみに、1864年(元治1年)に天狗党の乱が起こると、彦根藩士は「直弼公の敵討ち」と戦意を高揚させ、中仙道を封鎖して筑波山から京都に向かった水戸藩士を迎撃しようとした。
- In 1864, the Tenguto no Ran (Rebellion of Tenguto) occurred, where retainers of the Hikone clan, seeking revenge for their late master Naosuke, blocked Nakasen-do Road and intercepted retainers of the Mito clan who were heading toward Kyoto from Mt. Tsukuba.
- 樺太と北海道の兵備の必要と、そのための費用を憂え、「今略屯田の制に倣い、民を移して之に充て、且耕し且守るときは、開拓の業封疆の守り両ながら其便を得ん」というものであった。
- His proposal was that Shakhalin and Hokkaido should need military forces and cost for them, therefore, 'on the model of the Duntian system they should move people there for farming and defense to get the advantages of reclamation and defense of the border '.
- 1633年(寛永10年) 志摩国鳥羽藩の九鬼氏の家督争いを理由に、幕府は九鬼氏の5万6千石を分割し、九鬼久隆を3万6千石で三田藩に、九鬼隆季を2万石で丹波国綾部藩に移封。
- In 1633, the bakufu divided Kuki clan's territory of 56,000 koku into two for the reason of succession dispute, in which Hisataka KUKI's territory was changed to Sanda Domain with 36,000 koku and Takasue KUKI's territory was transferred to Ayabe Domain in Tanba Province with 20,000 koku.
- しかし、豊臣秀吉の命令を拒否したため、寺領300石に減封され、、さらに伏見城築城のために境内地に新たに道路を建設され、山の破壊、諸堂移転、氷室池を埋め立てられるに至った。
- However, since it rejected the order of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, its Jiryo (temple estate) was diminished to 300 goku (crop yields) and furthermore, the mountain was destroyed, some buildings were moved and Himuro-ike Pond was reclaimed in order to built a new road inside of its precincts for the erection of Fushimi-jo Castle.
- なお「自主の邦」と規定したとはいえ、清は冊封関係において従来から「属国自主」として内政・外交については関与しない立場をとっており、清の宗主権を否定しつくすものでもなかった。
- In addition, the treaty provided for an 'independent state,' but did not completely deny suzerainty of China, because Qing had the conventional stance of 'independence as a subject state'and was not involved in domestic and diplomatic affairs.
- このため、関東における大大名・徳川家康を牽制するために重要な領土である会津に、秀吉や三成と懇意にあった上杉景勝を入封させるために計画した陰謀ではないかとされているのである。
- It is considered to have been a conspiracy to assign Kagekatsu UESUGI, who had a close relationship with Hideyoshi and Mitsunari, to Aizu, the estate that was crucial for the suppression of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the great feudal lord in the Kanto region.
- もし暴政により被害が深刻化した場合、あるいは藩主の不行跡が幕府に発覚した場合は、領地を治める能力が無いとして転封や減封、最悪の場合は改易という処分を受けかねないためである。
- If the tyranny-caused damage become serious, or misconducts by a lord are discovered by the shogunate government, the family is seen as incompetent to rule the territory and is likely to receive a punishment such as transference from one fief to another, curtailment of its fief, and in the worst case, removal of samurai status and expropriation of territories.
- 島津氏(島津久光・島津忠義親子)と毛利氏(毛利敬親・毛利広封親子)にはそれぞれ10万石、藩士では西郷隆盛が2,000石を与えられた他、総計で101名と1部隊が対象とされた。
- Shimazu clan (Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, Tadayoshi SHIMAZU and his children) and Mori clan (Takachika MORI, Hiroatsu MORI and his children) received 100,000 koku (18039.00 cubic meters) each, a feudal retainer Takamori SAIGO received 2,000 koku (360.78 cubic meter), and total of 101 individuals and 1 squad received rewards.
- 近代化=西欧化そのものは明治時代に於いて一貫した課題であったが、文明開化という言葉は、一般に明治初期に、世相風俗がこれまでの封建社会から大きく変わった時期を指して使われる。
- While modernization = Westernization was the fundamental issue throughout Meiji period, the term Civilization and Enlightenment is generally applied to the conditions seen in early Meiji period, when the social conditions and customs of people dramatically changed from the former feudalistic society.
- 改組第1回配給作品は、市川幡谷主演の『三好清海』、牧野省三監督の『弥次と北八 第一篇』、そして衣笠貞之助監督の現代劇『二羽の小鳥』の3本立て興行で同年6月1日に封切られた。
- The first movies distributed after the reorganization were 'Seikai MIYOSHI' starring Hataya ICHIKAWA, 'Yaji to Kitahachi Daiiippen' (Stories about Yaji and Kita, Vol. 1) directed by Shozo MAKINO, and 'Niwa no kotori' (Two Little Birds) directed by Teinosuke KINUGASA, which started to be shown as a triple feature program on June 1, 1923.
- その層が、地域の封建領主層に結びついて自らも小領主化して地侍となり、守護大名や国人(旧地頭層)と主従関係を持って年貢の一部免除を受けて合戦時には「寄子」クラスの軍役を務める。
- That class became connected with the feudal lord class, and they themselves became jizamurai (local samurai) as small lords to hold a master and servant relationship with the shugo daimyo (Japanese provincial military governor feudal lords) and kokujin (local samurai) (former jito), exempted from a part of nengu (land tax) and served 'Yoriko' (bushi that served under feudal lords during the Period of Warring States) class military roles during battles.
- 後の律令制の下での食封の規模をあてはめれば、湯沐邑は安八磨郡の一部ではなく、郡全体にあたるのではないかと考えられ、その郡の範囲は後の池田郡を含み、さらに広かった可能性もある。
- Taking into account a scale of Jikifu (a vassal household allotted to courtier, shrines and temples) under the later Ritsuryo system, Tomokuyu at that time seems to have not been a part of Ahachimanokoori but a whole district, and range of the district included later Ikeda District, possibly wider.
- 慶長9年(1604年)26歳のときに父正次が急死し、家督を継いで松山城 (備中国)を預かり、その後元和2年(1617年)に朱印状を得て大名となり2年後近江小室藩に移封される。
- In 1604, at the age of 26, his father Masatsugu died suddenly, whereupon Masakazu succeeded to the family estate, taking care of Matsuyama Castle (Bicchu Province); subsequently, in 1617 he became a daimyo (feudal lord) upon receiving a Shuinjo(shogunate license to trade), and two years later he was transferred to the Omi Komuro Domain.
- 安藤氏はその後、安藤重長、安藤重博らが相次いで藩主となったが、重博が老中に栄進したため、元禄8年(1695年)5月1日に備中松山藩に移封され、ここに山上藩は廃藩、天領となった。
- The Yamakami Domain was successively headed by the Ando family, lord Shigenaga ANDO and lord Shigehiro ANDO, although the domain was abolished and became a tenryo (shogunal demesne) when Shigehiro was promoted to roju (member of shogun's council of elders) and transferred to the Bitchu Matsuyama Domain on June 12, 1695.
- 朝鮮が清朝の冊封から独立した国家主権を持つ独立国であることを明記したが、片務的領事裁判権の設定や関税自主権の喪失といった不平等条約的条項を内容とすることなどが、その特徴である。
- It was described in the treaty that Korea was a nation independent from the tributary system of the Qing dynasty, holding state sovereign power, however it was characteristic of an unequal treaty with the provisions describing the establishment of one-sided consular jurisdiction and the loss of tariff autonomy.
- しかし国書の中に「皇」「勅」の文字が入っており、冊封体制下では「皇」は中国の皇帝にのみ許される称号であり、「勅」は中国皇帝の詔勅を意味していたので、朝鮮側は受け取りを拒否した。
- However, the Joseon Dynasty refused to receive the letter because it contained the Chinese characters '皇' (Royal, imperial) and '勅' (imperial decree) despite the fact that '皇' was allowed to be used only for the Chinese emperor and '勅' signified the imperial rescript under the tributary system.
- この条約によって朝鮮王朝は清の冊封体制から離脱して大韓帝国となり、第26代の高宗 (朝鮮王)が中国皇帝の臣下を意味する「国王」の称号を廃して、はじめて皇帝と称することとなった。
- In the aftermath of this treaty, the Korean dynasty became the Korean Empire, breaking free from the tributary system of Qing, and the 26th Gao Zong (Korean King) first referred to himself as 'Emperor,' abolishing the title 'King,' which means a vassal of the Chinese Emperor.
- 寛永文化の中心は京都であったとされ、中世以来の伝統を引き継ぐ町衆勢力と後水尾天皇を中心とする朝廷勢力が、封建制を強化する江戸幕府に対抗する形で古典文芸・文化の興隆を生み出した。
- The center of Kanei-bunka was Kyoto, and people of merchant class who inherited the tradition of medieval times and those of Imperial Court who gathered around the Emperor Gomizunoo created classical Japanese arts/culture against the Edo bakufu, which strived to strengthen the feudal system.
- 封建社会の当時にあっては、家門の長が主要な部屋の襖絵を描くのが常識であり、この障壁画制作時には松栄は才能豊かな永徳に家督を譲って、自身はすでに隠居の身であったと考証されている。
- In the days of feudal society it was a common practice that the head of a family would create Fusumae in the major room, so it is historically believed that, at the time such paintings were created, Shoei had already retired after transferring the family estate to Eitoku, who was a great talent.
- これまでの諸研究では、このような様々な国際関係を束ねたものを朝貢―冊封体制、あるいは朝貢システム、互市体制、華夷秩序と表現することが多い(対象とする時代や研究者によって異なる)。
- According to various studies in the past, package of such various international relations has been often expressed as the choko-sakuho system, goshi system or Kaichitsujo (It differs by the target period or researcher.)
- 慶喜の意を受けて勝海舟が終戦処理にあたり、山岡鉄舟による周旋、天璋院や和宮の懇願、西郷・勝会談により決戦は回避されて、江戸開城され、徳川家は江戸から駿府藩70万石へ移封となった。
- Finally, after a meeting between Saigo and Katsu, Edo-jo Castle was surrendered, and the Tokugawa family moved to Sunpu domain (current Shizuoka) with 700,000 koku (of rice) (a unit of volume: rice 1-koku is 180.39 liter, lumber 1-koku is 0.278 cubic meter) due to the efforts of Kaishu KATSU, who took the charge of ending the war from the Yoshinobu side, with the intervention by Tesshu YAMAOKA, and with petitions from Tenshoin and Prince Kazunomiya.
- 吉田孝は、倭国が5世紀末に中国の冊封体制から離脱し、7世紀初頭の推古朝でも倭国王に冊封されなかったことが、大王天皇が姓を持たず「姓」制度を超越し続けたことにつながったとしている。
- Takashi YOSHIDA states that the reason Daio and Tenno stood aloof from 'sei' (family name) system by not having it was because Wakoku (country of Wa) left the Chinese Sakuho system at the end of the 5th century, and was not taken into the system as Wakoku-o even during the Reign of Empress Suiko at the beginning of the 7th century.
- そして皮肉なことに越後の青苧が江戸時代元禄年間に没落した最大の理由は上杉氏の移封とともに青苧栽培技術が伝来された会津藩・米沢藩両藩産の青苧との競争に敗北した影響が大きかったという。
- And ironically, the aoso in Echigo Province is said to have gotten the finishing stroke during the Genroku era (A.D. 1688 - 1704) of the Edo period in the loss of the competition over aoso with the Aizu domain and the Yonezawa domain, into which the cultivation techniques of aoso were introduced when the Uesugi clan had its territory changed.
- ちなみに高次は大津城落城後は、その敗戦を恥じて高野山に上ったが、家康は宗茂を引きつけていた高次の功績を高く評価して新たに召し出し、若狭国小浜藩8万5000石に加増移封したのである。
- In addition, after Otsu-jo Castle fell, Takatsugu who was ashamed of defeat went up to Mt. Koya, but Ieyasu ordered him to serve Ieyasu newly because Ieyasu highly evaluated Takatsugu's distinguished service sticking Muneshige, and transferred him to the Obama Domain in Wakasa Province with properties bearing 85,000 koku upon granting additional properties.
- 幕府は城米奉行・譜代諸藩に対して、毎年城米の中身を入れ替えて有事に備えることを命じ、譜代藩の転封の際には引継ぎの一環として、法規通りの城米備蓄の有無と備蓄の方針の確認が求められた。
- The bakufu ordered jomai bugyo and fudai shohan to change the jomai every year and prepare for emergency, and when fudai domains changed the territory, they were required to check whether there is jomai stock based on regulations and the policy of the stock.
- その後は加増を重ね、翌々年には高島郡で五千石、九州攻めの功により大溝城一万石、小田原攻めの功により近江八幡山二万八千石、文禄4年(1595年)には近江国大津藩六万石へと封じられる。
- Thereafter, koku was increased several times: two years later he was given 5,000 koku in Takashima county, and then 28,000 koku in Mount Omi-Hachiman due to his contribution to the Invasion of Odawara, and in 1595 60,000 koku in the Otsu domain of Omi Province.
- 制度取調参与の福岡孝弟は、この由利五箇条に対して第一条冒頭に「列侯会議を興し」の字句を入れるなどして封建的な方向へ後退させ、表題も会盟に改めたため、列侯会盟の色彩が非常に強くなった。
- Because Seido torishirabe Sanyo (Councilor in charge of examining regulations) Takachika FUKUOKA added words 'setting up a council by feudal lords' at the beginning of the first article of the Yuri gokajo (Five Articles designed by Yuri) and the title was changed to 'kaimei' (pledge of feudal lords), it stepped back to feudalistic direction and the mood of pledge of feudal lords deepened.
- しかし上述の様に足軽の中には常時雇用される者もおり、そうした者達は実質的には何代も同じ主君に仕え、同時に武士の一員として遇されていた事から、傭兵と封建兵の中間に位置する存在と言える。
- However, as stated above, there were ashigaru who were employed full-time and would serve the same master for several generations, and there were also ashigaru who were treated as samurai, so it can be said that ashigaru occupied a status intermediate between those of mercenaries and feudal soldiers.
- また勅命の成功によってそれまで政治的発言を封じられていた少壮公卿もまた発言力を増大させ、中川宮朝彦親王・二条斉敬ら公武合体派と三条実美・姉小路公知はじめとする尊攘派公家が激しく対立。
- The success of the imperial orders caused the young and vigorous court nobles, who had been prohibited from voicing their political opinions, to increase their influence and the group of Kobu gattai led by Imperial prince Nakagawa no miya Asahiko and the group of sonno joi court nobles led by Sanetomi SANJO and Kintomo ANEGAKOJI fiercely confronted.
- 安政は慶長12年(1607年)にはさらに5000石を加増され、大坂の陣でも徳川方に与して武功を挙げたため、さらに1万5000石を加増の上で信濃国飯山藩3万5000石に加増移封された。
- Since Yasumasa who was further granted an additional properties bearing 5,000 koku in 1607 also participated in the Tokugawa side and rendered distinguished military service in the Osaka no Jin (The Siege of Osaka), he was additionally granted additional properties bearing 15,000 koku, and was transferred to the Iiyama Domain, Shinano Province with properties bearing 35,000 koku.
- しかしながら、律令制の根幹を成す王土王民思想や一君万民思想は武家政治の根幹を成す封建制とは相容れない存在であり、建武の新政は謂わば時代遅れの政治体制であったことは否めなくなっていた。
- However, the concepts of odo omin and ikkun banmin, which were the basis of the Ritsuryo system, were incompatible with the feudal system, which was the basis of the samurai government and therefore it could not be denied that the Kenmu Restoration was, in a sense, an outdated political system.
- 最初の大蔵経刊本は、北宋の趙匡胤・太宗 (宋)の治世、971年 - 983年(開宝4 - 太平興国8)にかけて蜀(四川省)で版木が彫られ、都の開封に建てられた「印経院」で印刷された。
- The printing block of the first edition of the Tripitaka was carved at Shu (Sichuan Province) from 971 to 983 in the era of Kyoin CHO (Song Taizong) of the Northern Sung dynasty, and was printed at 'Sutra Printing Academy,' which was built in Kaifeng, the capital.
- 軍役は広義には民衆に課せられる夫役のうちの兵役なども含まれるが、狭義には封建制度における「御恩と奉公」の関係において、知行地の安堵(御恩)と引き替えに主君に軍事的奉公を行うことである。
- In a broad sense, gunyaku meant conscription which included the labor service that was imposed on the people; but in a narrow sense, gunyaku referred to a retainer's offering of military service to the lord in exchange for recognition and guarantee of ownership of the fief (debt) in the relationship of 'debts and service' in the feudal system.
- これは、貴族・寺社への国家的給付(封戸物・正税物)の代替というやむを得ない場合もあるが、ほとんどが任期終了間際に国司が貴族・寺社から礼物をとり、国司免判を濫発したことによるものだった。
- This was mostly because kokushis got the gift items from aristocrats, temples, and shrines just before their service ended and in return over issued the remission of tax, though there were the unavoidable cases of the substitution of national benefits (fuko (a vassal household allotted to courtier, shrines and temples), shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse)) for aristocrats, temples, and shrines.
- さらに義満は叙任権、祭祀権や元号の改元、治罰の綸旨の封印など権限を奪っていき治天の権限を代行して天皇・朝廷の権威は史上最も低下した(『室町の王権』、『天皇家はなぜ続いたのか』今谷明)。
- Because Yoshimitsu usurped the Emperor and Imperial Court's authorities, including patronage, the right to hold a festa, change in era name, and sealing of jibatsu no rinji (imperial order to punish enemies), his ability to carry out actions under Chiten authority resulted in the lowest authority by the Emperor and Imperial Court in history ('Muromachi no oken' (regal power of Muromachi) and 'Tenno-ke wa naze tsuduitanoka' (Why has Emperor's family lasted?) by Akira IMATANI).
- しかし、中華秩序において冊封を受けた朝貢国は元々「自主の邦」であるため、清朝の冊封体制から離脱させようという日本の意図は朝鮮王朝にとっても朝鮮の知識人にとって理解しがたいものであった。
- However, it was difficult for the Korean dynasty and Korean intellectuals to understand the Japanese intention to force Korea to secede from the tributary system of the Qing dynasty, on the grounds that a tributary country, on which China had conferred sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) in the Sinocentrism order, was originally an 'independent country.'
- しかし、王国が用意したもてなしは、来客への慣例として行ったものに過ぎず、清からの冊封使に対するもてなしよりも下位の料理を出すことで、暗黙の内にペリーへの拒否(親書の返答)を示していた。
- The hospitality the kingdom extended to Perry and his officers, however, amounted to nothing more than a very ordinary level of hospitality--the dishes prepared were inferior to those offered to the Qing Dynasty's Imperial Chinese missions, an implicit indication that the kingdom was returning a negative response to the letter from the United States.
- 本著は封建社会の武士道を題材としているが同時に武士道を直接的に解釈したのではなく「武士道」という日本の精神的土壌に発現した現象をその根本から探り当て普遍的真理を導こうとするものである。
- While the subject matter of this book is Bushido in feudal society, it is not a direct interpretation of Bushido, but a guideline for a universal truth for finding out the basis of Bushido as a phenomenon which appeared as a spiritual base in Japan.
- しかし、後に臣従して「日本国王良懐」(『太祖実録』の記述による)として冊封を受け、中央では既に南朝勢力は衰微していたものの、懐良親王は明の権威と勢力を背景に独自に九州に南朝勢力を築く。
- However, later on, Kanenaga followed SHU, and he was granted the title of 'King of Japan Kanenaga' (based on the record of 'Taiso Jitsuroku' - the history of the founder) under sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors), and with the help of Ming's authority and power, Imperial Prince Kanenaga built the Southern Court force in Kyushu, even though the Southern Court forces had waned in the center of the politics.
- 古代においては自前の神田・寺田に加え、律令国家によって給付された封戸や墾田開発によって成立した初期荘園が寺社の大きな収入源であった(一部の大寺院・大神社には造寺司や神郡の制度もあった)。
- In ancient times, in addition to shinden (also referred to as kanda; land held by a shrine) and jiden (also referred to as terada; land held by a temple), fuko (households of temples and shrines) granted by the Ritsuryo state (state based on ritsuryo code in the seventh century) and the early time shoen (estate) which was established by konden (development of fallow land or creation of new rice paddies) were the main source of income for the temples and shrines (Some big temples and shrines had systems such as zojishi (officials responsible for building temples, and shingun - also referred to as kamikoori; deity district).
- 慶応4年正月3日(1868年1月27日)の夕方に、下鳥羽付近で街道を封鎖する薩摩藩兵と大目付の滝川具挙の問答から軍事的衝突が起こり、鳥羽での銃声が聞こえると伏見でも衝突、戦端が開かれた。
- In the afternoon of January 27, 1868, a quarrel between the inspector general, Tomoaki TAKIGAWA and the soldiers of the Satsuma domain blocking the highway near Shimotoba resulted in a battle, and as soon as gunfire in Toba was heard, the battle in Fushimi began.
- 明の冊封国であった李氏朝鮮に征明嚮導の意思はなく、秀吉は明への遠征のため先ず朝鮮の制圧を決め、文禄元年(1592年)4月(和暦。漢数字表記の月は以下同じ)、16万人の大軍を送ることとなる。
- The Yi Dynasty Korea, which had been Sakuho-koku (countries to confer a peerage with a Saku paper) of Ming, did not have the intention of leading troops to conquer Ming and Hideyoshi decided to conquer Korea at first in order to make a successful expedition to Ming and a large army of 160,000 were sent in May 1592 (according to the traditional Japanese calendar).
- 毛利氏、島津氏、伊達氏、徳川氏、上杉氏ら100万石にならんとする大大名がいるが、秀吉生存中は彼らに執政権を与えず、石田氏や大谷氏ら自身の子飼い大名に近畿周辺の小禄に封じて政治をさせている。
- Although there were several 'Daidaimyo' (a feudal lord given a greater stipend) including the Mori, the Shimazu, the Date, the Tokugawa, and the Uesugi clans, who owned provinces almost one million-koku in size, Hideyoshi, while he was alive, didn't give them any authority to control the administration but instead had the feudal lords who were reared from an early age, such as the Ishida and the Otani clans, govern the country by making them live around the Kinki region and giving them a small stipend.
- そのうち、丹波亀山藩と篠山藩については松平氏や青山氏を中心として譜代大名による移封が多く、藩主が老中や寺社奉行、京都所司代、大坂城代を歴任するなど徳川幕府の重視する藩であったことがわかる。
- As for Tanba-Kameyama and Sasayama domains in particular, it shows how the Tokugawa shogunate regarded them as important that 'Fudai daimyo' like Matsudaira and Aoyama were often transferred there, and that governors there often served as Roju, Jisha-bugyo, the Kyoto Shoshidai and Osakajodai.
- 日本と清国との間で帰属がはっきりしなかった琉球だったが、この事件の処理を通じて日本に有利に働き、明治政府は翌1875年琉球にたいし清との冊封・朝貢関係の廃止と明治年号の使用などを命令した。
- The attribution issue of Ryukyu between Japan and Qing, which had remained unsolved, worked out in the favor of Japan in the peace process and in the following year, 1875, the Meiji Government ordered Ryukyu to sever relations with Qing based on sakuho (Chinese vassal system) and choko (tributary system) as well as to adopt Meiji as an era name.
- 「秀吉の降伏」を確認した明は朝議の結果「封は許すが貢は許さない」(明の冊封体制下に入る事は認めるが勘合貿易は認めない)と決め、秀吉に対し日本国王の称号と金印を授けるため日本に使節を派遣した。
- After confirming 'Hideyoshi's surrender,' Ming decided by deliberation of the court that 'Ho is allowed but Ko is not allowed' (It is allowed to join the sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system of Ming, but tally trade is not allowed), and dispatched an envoy to Japan to confer the title of the king of Japan and a gold seal on Hideyoshi.
- 皇帝を中心とする華夷秩序に理念づけられ、朝貢と冊封によって外国との関係を維持していた「天下」概念が変容するのは、1793年イギリスの外交使節ジョージ・マカートニーが派遣されたころからである。
- The notion of 'Tenka,' which had been formed based on the order of kai (the Chinese and barbarians) and maintained the diplomatic relations by the sakuho and choko (bringing tribute) system, started to change when George Macartney, a British diplomat, was dispatched in 1793.
- 鎌倉時代から室町時代の伊達氏歴代の居城として有名であるが、現在の遺構はむしろ伊達政宗移封後の、蒲生氏時代または上杉氏時代に、対伊達氏政策で防備を強化して改築されたものであると考えられている。
- The castle was famous as the residential castle for the successive Date clan since the time from the Kamakura period to the Muromachi period, and the present structural remnants are what has been rebuilt to reinforce the defense against the Date clan in the era of Gamou clan or Uesugi clan after the Masamune DATE was transferred to other domain.
- しかし、実際には関ヶ原の役に際して徳川家康に敵対し、米沢藩50万石余りに減封されるものの、120万石を領有していた当時の藩士を解雇しなかった為、収支に対し人件費だけでも倍の出費を強いられた。
- However, in reality, they were forced to pay out double the amount of expenses compared to their income as they did not fire feudal retainers of the domain who were receiving 1,200,000 koku even after the income for the Yonezawa Domain was reduced to 500,000 koku due to their having fought against Ieyasu TOKUGAWA at the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 慶長5年(1600年)上野国高崎城主で12万石を領していた徳川四天王の一人・井伊直政が関ヶ原の戦いの戦功により18万石に加増され、石田三成の居城であった佐和山城に入封して佐和山藩を立藩した。
- In 1600, Naomasa II who was the lord of Takasaki-jo Castle in Kozuke Province with properties bearing 120,000 koku (1 koku was about 180 liter; an old unit showing volume) and was one of Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Tokugawa Ieyasu), received an additional properties bearing 60,000 koku due to his distinguished war service in the Battle of Sekigahara, entered into the Sawayama-jo Castle which used to be the residential castle of Mitsunari ISHIDA, and established the Sawayama Domain.
- 物理的封じ込め施設において用いられる防護のための装置であって、エアライン方式の換気用の装置を有する全身の若しくは半身の衣服又はフードであるもののうち、その内部を陽圧に維持することができるもの
- Among whole or half body clothing or hoods that possess protective equipment used in physical containment and airline ventilation use equipment, those capable of maintaining a positive internal pressure
- そして天正13年(1585年)、長宗我部氏が豊臣秀吉の四国侵攻に遭って本国土佐国を除く3国を没収されると今度は豊臣秀吉に降伏することになるが、宇和には新領主として戸田勝隆に封じられてしまう。
- In 1585, when the Chosokabe clan lost three provinces except for its home base in Tosa Province owing to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's invasion of Shikoku, the Saionji clan surrendered to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, however, Hideyoshi appointed Katsutaka TODA as the new territory lord of Uwa Country.
- この頃、朝鮮半島や中国の沿岸などで倭寇(前期倭寇と呼ばれる)と呼ばれる海上集団が活動し始めており、懐良親王は倭寇の取り締まりを条件に明朝から冊封を受け、「日本国王」としての権威で勢力を強める。
- Around this time, maritime groups of pirates called Wako (meaning Japanese pirates) began to raid the coasts of the Korean peninsula and China (these are labeled the 'early period Wako' to distinguish them from later pirate groups of the same name), and a request, called a Sakuho, from the Ming court that the pirates be brought under control was sent to Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, addressed to the 'King of Japan'; Kaneyoshi thereby received a boost to his authority.
- 国司制度は、基本の形式は平安時代になっても律令法と変りはなかったが、国司の職が封禄と化し、任地におもむかない遥任の国司が増加するにつれて、諸国の行政は留守所あるいは在庁官人が行うようになった。
- The basic format of the kokushi (provincial governors) system was not different from that of ritsuryo law even during the Heian period, but when the position of kokushi turned into a salaried one, and yonin, who are kokushi who would not go to their place of appointment, increased, provincial administration was performed by rusudokoro (the center for all local government administration in a province) or zaichokanjin (local district officials).
- 慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いで、主君佐竹義宣が東軍参加を渋ったことから、戦後処理で常陸国54万5000石から出羽国20万5000石に減封されるに伴い、頼久も主家に従い、秋田に転籍した。
- Because the lord Yoshinobu SATAKE was unwilling to join the Eastern Camp in the Battle of Sekigahara of 1600, the territory of Satake was diminished from the Hitachi Province with 545,000 koku crop yields to the Dewa Province with 205,000 koku crop yields due to the postwar treatment and accordingly Yorihisa followed his master family and was transferred to Akita.
- 倭の五王による中国への冊封要請遣使は、4世紀後期から倭国が朝鮮半島南部の伽耶諸国群へ資源・利権獲得のために介入しようとしたため、その地の冊封を受けて大義名分を得ようとしたものと考えられている。
- According to one belief, the five Kings of Wa, who intended to intervene in Gaya, located in the southern part of Korea, for acquiring concessions of natural resources there from the latter half of the fourth century, dispatched an envoy to China to submit to a suzerain-vassal relationship with the Chinese sovereign so that they might make use of such a relationship on the pretext of their intervention in Korea.
- 京極氏は3代続いた後、豊岡藩へ転封となり、代わって牧野氏が1668年(寛文8年)3万5千石で入封すると、田辺城の大手門その他の城門・石垣などが改築され、それを代々世襲し明治の時代まで繁栄した。
- The Kyogoku clan, having been transferred to the Toyooka domain after three generations, was in 1668 replaced by the Makino clan with 35,000 koku; the clan rebuilt the main gate, other gates and stone walls of Tanabe-jo Castle, and as part of its heritage continued the engineering work and prosperity for generations till the Meiji period.
- しかしながら、この小説の内容が民間で流行したために、「封神演義」で創作された故事がそれまで伝えられていた説話と置き換わったり、廟に創作上の人物の名が掲げられたりするなど、後の信仰に影響を与えた。
- However, due to the popularity of this story among the general public, traditional tales handed down for generations were replaced by ancient events depicted in 'Hoshinengi' and names appearing in the story were displayed on some mausoleums, affecting later religious belief significantly.
- 徳川家康の関東地方移封後に伴う天正19年(1591年)の所領の再配分と関ヶ原の戦いと大坂の陣の両戦後に行った親藩・譜代大名及び旗本に対する広範囲のな加増・転封についても地方直としての側面もある。
- The following measures that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA carried out were somewhat similar to jikata-naoshi: the redistribution of shoryo (his vassals' territories) after his move to the Kanto region; and the extensive increase and transfer of territories in favor of Shinpan (Tokugawa's relatives), fudai daimyo (hereditary vassals to the Tokugawa family) and hatamoto who served on his side that took place after the Battle of Sekigahara and Osaka no Jin (The Siege of Osaka).
- 南京条約の締結によって中国に条約体制がもたらされたが、正確にはそれにより冊封や朝貢といった華夷秩序が一度に崩壊したわけではなく、しばらくの間華夷秩序と条約体制は相剋しつつも並存することとなった。
- Conclusion of the treaty of Nanking brought treaty system to China, but Kaichitsujo based on sakuho and choko did not fall apart at a time and still coexisted with the treaty system for a while.
- このような「天下」概念の下では、従来の仏教・道教の神々にかわり、ヴェトナム土着の神々が尊重され、対外戦争に勝利するたびヴェトナムの土着神に対して加封(神々に対し新たに称号を加えること)がなされた。
- Under such notion of 'Tenka,' native Vietnamese deities came to be respected in place of traditional deities of Buddhism or Taoism, and kaho (to give a new title to deities) was made to them whenever the nation achieved a victory in foreign wars.
- また、中国の娯楽小説『封神演義』には普賢真人、文殊広法天尊という仙人が登場しており、彼等が後に仏門に帰依しそれぞれ普賢菩薩、文殊菩薩となったという設定になっているが、これは後世の全くの創作である。
- Additionally, in 'Feng-Shen-Yen-I,' a light novel of China, there appeared mountain hermitscalled Fugen Shinjin and Monju Koho Tenson, who believed Buddhism later and became Fugen Bosatsu and Monju Bosatsu respectively, but this is fiction of a later age.
- これに対して、進歩派の教員・父母と京都教職員組合が学校を封鎖して管理授業を行い、これに対して保守派の父母は市教委とともに公共施設を用いた補習授業を行って対抗したことで生徒までをも2分することになる。
- Against this action, the progressive teachers/parents and the Kyoto teachers' union blocked up the school to give custody classes while the conservatives parents and the Kyoto City Board of Education against the progressives gave supplementary classes in the public institution, dividing students into two sides.
- 忠真系は幕末まで小倉藩主として継続、忠知系は転封を重ねて最終的には肥前国唐津藩(現在の佐賀県唐津市)6万石に、長次系は悪政や無嗣による改易で最終的に播磨国安志藩(現在の兵庫県姫路市)1万石に移った。
- Tadazane stayed the position as the lord of the Kokura Domain until the end of Edo period and the line of Tadatomo which was relocated to some places, was finally relocated to the Karatsu Domain, Hizen Province (presently Karatsu City, Saga Prefecture) holding 60,000 koku and the line of Nagatsugu was finally relocated to the Anji Domain, Harima Province (presently Himeji City, Hyogo Prefecture) holding 10,000 koku as the result of change of rank due to misrule and extinction of the family line.
- こうして、農奴制とフューダリズムを土台とした西欧封建社会が成熟していった(ただし、実際には各農村ごとにかなり相違があったと考えられている上、多くの農村では農奴だけでなく自由農民も相当数存在していた)。
- Thus, the Western European Hoken society based on serfdom and Feudalism matured (but the situation was quite different from village to village and most villages had a large number of free peasants as well as serfs).
- 現在同一地所にある日本ワシタカ研究センターなる施設は公開されておらず、組織・活動実態と財産状況は不明であるが、年間予算2200万円とされ、所用の封筒には中部電力総務部が本部事務局として表記されている。
- At present, a facility named The Japan Falconiformes Center located at the same place is not open to the public and the actual conditions of its organization, activity, and finance are not known, but it is said to have 22 million annual budget and its envelop mentions that its head office is located in the General Affairs Department of Chubu Electric Power Company.
- 封建制に代わる、中国史上の経済制度を特徴づける概念や歴史像はいまだ構築されていないが、最近では階級構造を描き出そうとする従来の方法に代わって、地域社会の中における地主の役割に注目した研究がなされている。
- Concepts and views of history which characterize the economic system in Chinese history have yet to be constructed, but recently, more studies are focusing on the role of landlords in a local community, instead of describing the class structure by conventional methods.
- 東山道を進み信州にいた土佐藩士板垣退助・薩摩藩士伊地知正治が率いる新政府の東山道軍は、この動きを封じるために板垣退助が指揮する東山道軍の別働隊を甲州へ向かわせ、旧幕府軍よりも早く甲府城に到着し接収した。
- Advancing along the Tosando to Shinshu, the Tosando-gun army led by Taisuke ITAGAKI (a retainer of the Tosa Domain) and Masaharu IJICHI (a retainer of the Satsuma Domain) sent a detachment led by Taisuke ITAGAKI to Koshu to contain the movement of the former Shogunate forces; the detachment arrived earlier than the Koyo-Chinbutai infantry and seized Koshu Castle.
- 租庸調として国衙などに置かれた正倉に納付された稲穀は、正倉の中身が満載となると検封を経て不動穀とされたが、これに対して検封されていない正税の稲穀は国司の判断によって賑給などの非常の出費などに用いられた。
- Rice in husk collected through Soyocho tax system and placed in a shoso of kokuga (provincial government office compounds) became fudokoku after inspection and sealing when the shoso was filled, while the rice in husk before inspection and sealing was used in case of emergency, like almsgiving, according to the judgement of kokushi (an officer of a province).
- 近世に入って日清戦争に勝利した大日本帝国の清への要求により、朝鮮は清国の冊封体制から離脱し大韓帝国となると華夷秩序の関係が崩れ、新たに大日本帝国の従属下に入った事によって初めて日本の天皇を皇帝と称した。
- In modern times, demanded by the Empire of Japan winning the Japanese-Sino War, the Chinese Suzerainty over Korea collapsed after Korea left from the Sakuho system (the Chinese vassal system), and called the Tenno of Japan the Emperor for the first time after being newly subordinated to the Empire of Japan.
- その他、島津氏と結んでいた筑前の秋月種実が日向に移封され、大村氏との対立から長崎港の襲撃や南蛮船からの通行料徴収を強要などを繰り返していた深堀純賢を海賊禁止令違反として所領没収にするなどの処分が行われた。
- Furthermore, Tanezane AKIZUKI in Chikuzen who colluded with the Shimazu clan was transferred to Hyuga, and Sumimasa FUKABORI, who repeatedly attacked Nagasaki Port and charged transport dues on the early European ships because of his confrontation with the Omura clan, was punished by depriving him of his territory for violation of Ban on Piracy.
- 明治時代になると近代国家に脱皮するためには中世封建制社会の身分制度を破棄することは避けて通れないと考えられ、政府により江戸時代の身分制度が廃止され四民平等(しみんびょうどう)の政策が採られることになった。
- In the Meiji period, it was considered that Japan would not be able to develop into a modern nation unless it broke away from its class system based in the medieval feudal society: therefore the government abolished the class system from the Edo period and enacted the policy of shimin byodo (the equality of four classes).
- この際、襄公の様子をうかがうために部下を派遣し、追って取り繕いのために「統治を任されていた者が叛乱を起こしたので鎮圧した」という嘘を書いて「璽書」=印を押した封泥で封印した報告書を与えたという記述がある。
- Then, 季武子 dispatched his subordinate to watch Duke Xiang and, in order to smooth over the incident, 季武子 later forged and sent him a Jisho, a report sealed with fudei, which said, 'The person in charge of the governance there raised an insurrection, so I put it down.'
- 文明開化は、江戸時代を通じて連綿と続いてきた封建制色濃い日本文化が鎖国などの事情で飽和状態に達していた所に、政治体制の刷新にも伴い流入した西洋文明によって発生した日本での西洋文明の吸収・取り込み現象である。
- The civilization and enlightenment is the phenomenon of absorption and intake of Western civilization flew into Japan in parallel with the renovation of political system, during the time when the strongly feudalistic Japanese culture that had been unbrokenly continued throughout the Edo period was coming to the limits due to the isolationism and the like.
- 1582年(天正10年) 荒木村重が謀反を起こし織田信長に討たれたことで重堅は三田城を開城、代わって信長の家臣であった山崎片家(堅家)が近江国山崎城より三田に入封、2万3千石の領主となり三田に藩が成立する。
- In 1582 with Murashige ARAKI killed by Nobunaga ODA due to the rebellion he rose, Shigekata surrendered Sanda-jo Castle to the Oda side; subsequently, Kataie YAMAZAKI, a vassal of Nobunaga who was from Yamazaki-jo Castle in Omi Province, entered Sanda to be the feudal lord with 23,000 koku.
- 更に国司の引継ぎの際にも不動倉の引継ぎを巡るトラブルが続いたことから、天平宝字7年3月24日 (旧暦)の乾政官符によって、国司交替の際には必ず開封の手続を行って中身を確認するとともに中身の入れ替えを行わせた。
- Furthermore, since troubles on the fudoso warehouse occurred continuously in taking over the position of provincial governor, the kanseikanpu (another name of dajokanpu) was issued on May 15, 763, that in a transfer of the provincial governor, confirmation of the content as well as replacement of the content required to be done.
- 日本側は従来の冊封体制的な交隣関係から、条約に基礎づけられた関係へと、日朝関係を変化させることを企図したのであるが、一方朝鮮側はこれまでどおり冊封関係にとどまり、その中で日本との関係を位置づけようとしていた。
- Japan attempted to change the style of the relationship with Korea from that of peace and amity based on the conventional tributary system to that based on a treaty, whereas Korea intended to maintain the conventional tributary system and establish a relationship with Japan under its framework.
- この地で見つけることができる菫青石という鉱物が熱水変質を起こし雲母化した天然記念物の鉱石桜石の霊力によって封じられた鬼の涙が湧いたものが湯の花温泉であり、桜石が転じて節分の豆撒きの風習となったという伝承がある。
- Yunohana-onsen is said to be a hot spring made from the tears of an Oni which were closed by a numen of Cherry Stone, natural treasure, which was transformed into mica due to hydrothermal alteration of mineral called cordierite which was found here, and it is said that the custom to throw beans during Setsubun (Bean Throwing Night) was developed from the Cherry Stone.
- 近代になり西洋近代歴史学が導入されるとマルクス主義史観に代表される発展段階史観の概念に基づいた過去の日本の歴史の分析が行われるようになり、歴史的百姓身分を封建制段階における農奴身分と規定することが通説となった。
- In the modern times when western modern history was introduced, analysis of Japanese history based on the idea of the evolution phase concept of history, exemplified by Marxist history, was carried out, and it became a common theory that the historical hyakusho rank was defined as a serfdom in the feudalism phase.
- 上杉景勝(120万石)の家老、直江兼続(直轄6万石 寄騎領24万石 計30万石)の養子となった本多政重(5,000石)が、関ヶ原の戦い後に大減封を受けた上杉家を退去して、加賀藩前田氏に仕官して、本多姓に復した。
- Masashige HONDA (with a 5,000 koku rice crop), who became an adopted son of Kanetsugu NAOE with 300,000 koku, a Karo officer of Kagekatsu UESUGI with 1.2 million koku, left the Uesugi family when his salary was drastically cut after the Battle of Sekigahara, and began to work for the Maeda family in the Kaga domain, restoring his original family name.
- 1972年(昭和47年)に法隆寺綱封蔵が指定されて以後、国宝建造物の新規指定は25年間にわたり行われていなかったが、1997年(平成9年)には正倉院正倉と瑞龍寺 (高岡市)(富山県)仏殿・法堂・山門が指定された。
- Beginning in 1972, when the Kofuzo (a type of storehouse) of Horyu-ji Temple was designated a national treasure, a period of 25 years elapsed in which no new buildings were designated national treasures; but in 1997, in addition to the Shosoin warehouse, three structures in the Zuiryu-ji Temple complex in the city of Takaoka (Toyama Prefecture), namely the Buddhist temple, the lecture hall, and the temple gate, were designated national treasures.
- 仏教の観音菩薩が明代に道教に取り込まれて慈航真人となったのであるが、ほぼ同じ時代に完成された小説『封神演義』には慈航道人なるキャラクターが登場し、後に観音菩薩になったとしているが、観音菩薩としての活躍は何もない。
- Kannon Bosatsu, in Buddhism, was depicted as Jiko Shinjin, having been changed by Dokyo during the Ming Dynasty; and there is a character, Jiko Dojin, in a novel 'Feng-Shen-Yen-I,' which was written at nearly the same time period, and later he became Kannon Bosatsu without any activity as Kannon Bosatsu.
- 加えて他の一説では、その後の鉄鼠と鼠たちがもたらす害は畿内にとどまらず、東国にまで及んだが、下野国(現・栃木県)に襲いかかろうとしたとき、地蔵菩薩延命・開運・勝利が現れてこれを防ぎ、塚の洞穴に封じたと伝えられる。
- In addition, according to another theory the damage caused by the Tesso and rats was not limited to Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), but spread to Togoku (eastern provinces); and, it has been told that, when they were about to invade Shimotsuke Province (presently Tochigi Prefecture), Jizo Bosatsu (Jizo Bodhisattva) Enmei (prolongation of life), Kaiun (better luck) and Shori (victory) appeared to keep them off and to put them into a cave at a tumulus.
- 宗家である宮津藩の京極氏はほどなく改易され、丹後田辺藩(舞鶴藩)の京極家も但馬国豊岡藩へ転封となったため丹後一国を領した京極高知の所領も、結果的にはこの峰山藩の1万3,000石だけが丹後に残るだけとなってしまった。
- Soon kaieki (change of rank) was made to the Kyogoku clan, the head family in the Miyazu domain, and the Kyogoku family in the Tanabe (Maizuru) domain of the Tango province was also transferred to the Toyooka domain of Tajima province, and thereby only this 13,000 goku in the Mineyama domain remained in Tango among the territories of Takatomo KYOGOKU who possessed the entire Tango province.
- 浅野氏の家臣団の中心は赤穂に転封される前の大名として初立藩した常陸国真壁藩(茨城県真壁郡・筑波郡・新治郡一帯を所領とする)と加増移封後の笠間藩(茨城県笠間市と旧真壁藩領を所領とする)時代に形成されているためである。
- This was because the core vassals of the Asano clan came together during the time of Makabe Domain, Hitachi Province - the first domain formed with a Daimyo - before its transfer to Ako (its territory spread over Makabe County, Tsukuba County and Nihari County, Ibaraki Prefecture) and the time of Kasama Domain after its territory change and increase in property (its territory stretched to Kasama City, Ibaraki Prefecture and former land of Makabe Domain).
- 飢饉の際の賑給などの非常時に限って、令制国が不動倉開検申請解と呼ばれる解_(公文書)を太政官に提出して許可を求め、不動開用符または不動充符と呼ばれる太政官符の交付とともに鑰の返送を得ることで例外的に開封が認められた。
- In principle, opening of the fudoso was not permitted except the time of emergency like famine in which foods must be given to the needy; in such a time the local governor must submit an official document called fudoso kaiken shinseige to Daijokan and if he got a permission along with the official document called fudokaiyofu or fudojufu, he was able to get the key to open the fudoso.
- 幕末には、13代長州藩主慶親(67代)・14代藩主定広(68代)が、禁門の変の処分として、それぞれ慶・定の名乗りを禁じられたことにより、敬親・広封と初名に名乗りを戻すこととなった(広封は明治維新後に元徳と名乗った)。
- At the end of the Edo bakufu, the 13th lord of the Choshu clan, Yoshichika (the 67th) and the 14th lord Sadahiro (the 68th) were forbidden to keep '慶' and'定' in their names, due to being guilty of Kimmon no Hen (the Kinmon Incident), and their names were changed back to the original '敬親' (Takachika) and '広封' (Hiroatsu) (Hiroatsu changed his name to '元徳,' Motonori, after the Meiji Restoration.)
- なお江戸で「三大祭」として賑わったのは、山王祭(さんのうまつり)、神田祭、深川祭であるが、この山王まつりとは、徳川家康が江戸に移封された際に、同地にあった日吉社を城内の紅葉山に遷座し、江戸城の鎮守としたことに始まる。
- Sannomatsuri was one of Three Major Festivals in Edo together with Kandamatsuri and Fukagawamatsuri that were crowded with people, and it began when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was transferred to a new domain of Edo and Ieyasu transferred Hiyoshisha Shrine to the Momijiyama hill within Edo-jo Castle to make it the guardian deity of the castle.
- しかし元禄6年(1693年)11月に本家の家督と古河藩を継いでいた兄の忠之が発狂したために改易されると、信通は松平(桜井)家の家督を継ぐこととなり、2万石加増の上で備中国庭瀬藩に移封され、興留藩は廃藩となったのである。
- However, the lunacy of his brother Tadayuki who had inherited the main family heritage and Furukawa Domain led to forfeiture of his domain in November 1693; subsequently Nobumichi was appointed as heir of Matsudaira (Sakurai) family and was transferred to Niwase Domain of Bicchu Domain with increase of rice yield by 20,000 koku, resulting in the closure of Okidome Domain.
- このような秤量銀貨は取引の度に秤量するという煩雑さを伴うため、銀座および両替商で賞賜目的には銀一枚(43匁)、および商取引などには500匁毎にまとめ、和紙で包み封印をした、「包金銀」の形で取引に使用されるようになった。
- Since silver by weight standard needs many works by weighing at each trade, at ginza and currency exchange, it was defined to be a piece of silver (43 momen) for giving as prize and 500 momen for trading, where it was used as 'gold and silver by wrapping' that was wrapped by Japanese paper with seal.
- 前二項の規定は、次条第一項若しくは第二項又は第十四条第一項若しくは第二項の規定により表記された物象の状態の量については、適用しない。ただし、その容器若しくは包装又はこれらに付した封紙が破棄された場合は、この限りでない。
- The preceding two paragraphs shall not apply to the quantities of the state of the physical phenomena indicated pursuant to paragraph 1 or 2 of the following Article, or paragraph 1 or 2 of Article 14; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the case where the container or the package or any seal affixed thereto has been broken.
- この原因として韓国の「小中華思想」の他、朝鮮が清国の冊封体制から自立した後、大韓帝国と改称して憚りなく皇帝を称するようになったのに日本により再び「皇帝」から「王」に格下げされたことに対する報復であると指摘する説もある。
- There is a theory stating that the reason for this naming is not only because of 'little Sino-centrism,' but also because of retaliation for being demoted from 'Kotei' to 'O' (King) once again by Japan even after they came to call themselves the Korean Empire and held the title of Emperor without hesitation after the independence from the Sakuho system of Qing.
- 慶長20年(1615年)3月15日 (旧暦)、大坂に浪人の乱暴・狼藉、堀や塀の復旧、京や伏見への放火の風聞といった不穏な動きがあるとする報が京都所司代板倉勝重より駿府へ届くと、徳川方は浪人の解雇、豊臣家の移封を要求する。
- On March 15 (the old calendar), 1615, when Katsushige ITAKURA, Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy), reported to Sunpu that there was a disturbing trend in Osaka such as violent and dangerous behaviors of ronin, restoration of moats and walls, rumors of setting fire to Kyoto and Fushimi, the Tokugawa side demanded that the Toyotomi family should dismiss ronin and their territory should be changed.
- 関ヶ原の戦いの戦後処理により石田三成(近江)、小西行長(肥後)、宇喜多秀家(備前岡山)、長宗我部盛親(土佐)を始め西軍についた88の大名家が改易され、毛利氏(毛利輝元)、上杉氏(上杉景勝)など5大名家が大幅な減封を受けた。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara, 88 Daimyo families that joined the West army, such as Mitsunari ISHIDA (Omi), Yukinaga KONISHI (Higo), Hideie UKITA (Bizen Okayama), and Morichika CHOSOKABE (Tosa), were subjected to kaieki, and also, 5 Daimyo families such as the Mori clan (Terumoto MORI) and Uesugi clan (Kagekatsu UESUGI) were subjected to a severe genpo.
- 海上封鎖のバリケードとして織田信長の命で九鬼嘉隆により伊勢で6隻建造され、大阪湾へ向う途上に雑賀・谷輪の水軍と戦いこれを破り、第二次木津川口の戦いにおいてはたった6隻で600隻もの毛利水軍の船団を壊滅させたといわれている。
- Six ships were built in Ise for sea barricades by Yoshitaka Kuki, who was ordered by Nobunaga Oda; it is said that the Oda navy with these ships, on the way to Osaka Bay, defeated the Saiga/Taniwa navy, and also destroyed 600 ships of the Mori navy fleet only with six ships.
- しかし中国に対し冊封・朝貢を行っていた周辺諸国も、次第に欧米列強の植民地へと変えられていき、また清朝自身もロシアのイリ地方地方占領や清仏戦争、日本の台湾出兵、日清戦争などアヘン戦争以降の度重なる列強からの外圧にさらされた。
- However, as those Asian countries which conducted sakuho and choko to the Qing dynasty became colonies of western countries and America, the Qing dynasty was also put pressure continuously by powerful countries after the Opium War, especially when Ili region was seized by Russia, the Sino-French War, the Taiwan expedition and the Japanese-Sino War occurred.
- 執行官は、相当であると認めるときは、債務者に差し押さえた動産(以下「差押物」という。)を保管させることができる。この場合においては、差押えは、差押物について封印その他の方法で差押えの表示をしたときに限り、その効力を有する。
- A court execution officer may, if he/she finds it to be reasonable, have the obligor retain the seized movables (hereinafter referred to as the 'seized property'). In this case, the seizure shall be effective only when an indication of the seizure is made with regard to the seized property through sealing or any other method.
- これは朝廷の権威が失墜して、禁中並公家諸法度などによって朝廷にすら支配権を及ぼして「公儀」の体制と「封建王」的な地位を獲得した徳川将軍家でさえ、その支配の正統性は天皇による将軍宣下に依存しなければならなかったことを意味する。
- It means that even the Tokugawa shogun family, who eclipsed Imperial Court's authority, exerted control over Imperial Court by the 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles) etc., and gained the structure of 'kogi' (shogunate) and the position of 'feudal king,' had to rely on the appointment by the Emperor in order to legitimate their dominion.
- 820年には当時朝廷内で大きな権勢を誇っていた藤原氏の有力者4人(藤原内麻呂・藤原冬嗣親子、藤原緒嗣、藤原園人)が揃って封戸を返上(計15,000戸)している(更に緒嗣は淳和天皇時代の825年に2,000戸を追加返上した)。
- In 820, four key personalities from the Fujiwara clan of the Imperial Palace (FUJIWARA no Uchimaro, FUJIWARA no Huyutsugu, FUJIWARA no Otsugu and FUJIWARA no Sonondo) sent Fuko (a vassal household allotted to a courtier feudal estate) back (15,000 units of land in total) (furthermore, FUJIWARA no Otsugu sent 2,000 units of land back in 825, while Emperor Junna was in power).
- また、これまでの輸入品であった綿布、生糸、砂糖、鹿皮、絹織物などの海外品はむしろ国産化を推進すべきである、農民は米穀のみをつくり商品作物の栽培は禁ずるという伝統的な封建制度の政策はその限りにおいて緩和されるべきであると考えた。
- In addition, Arai considered to promote domestic production of traditionally imported goods like cloth, raw silk thread, sugar, buckskin, silk cloth, etc and loosen the policy created under the traditional feudal system, which banned peasants from producing commercial crops except for cultivating rice.
- 翌5日に大野治長の使者が来て豊臣家の移封は辞したいと申し出ると、常高院を通じて「其の儀に於いては是非なき仕合せ」(そういうことならどうしようもない)と答え、4月6日 (旧暦)および7日に諸大名に鳥羽・伏見に集結するよう命じた。
- On 5th, the next day when Harunaga ONO' messenger came and reported that they would like to decline the changing of the territory; Ieyasu, answering through Joko-in that if so, nothing could be done about it, ordered daimyo to gather in Toba/Fushimi on April 6 and 7th (the old calendar).
- 建武中元二年(57年)、博多湾沿岸に所在したと見られる倭奴国の首長が、後漢の光武帝から倭奴国王に冊封されて金印(倭奴国王印)の賜与を受けており(『後漢書』「」)、当時は北部九州の勢力が倭国内の中心勢力であったと考えられている。
- In 57, a chieftain of Wanonanokuni (small country in Hakata area of Fukuoka Prefecture), which is believed to have been located along the Hakata Bay, had suzerain-vassal relationship with the Emperor Kobu-tei (Emperor Guangwu) of the Latter Han Dynasty, who invested him with Wakoku by giving golden stamp (Wa no na no kokuo in [the oldest known seal in Japan]), ('History of the Latter Han Dynasty'), therefore, the center of Japanese political force is believed to have been located in the northern part of Kyushu at that time.
- なお、一部のジェンダーフリー論者からは、鯉のぼりが封建的な家制度の象徴だとして批判されるケースもあり、男女共同参画社会づくりの一環として鯉のぼりを家庭内の身分を想起させないよう縦ではなく横につるすように指導した自治体もあった。
- Also, there has been a case in which certain gender-free debaters criticized koi-nobori as a symbol of the feudalistic family system, so some autonomous bodies have instructed that koi-nobori should be hung up horizontally instead of vertically so as not to recall rank within the family, thus encouraging a society of gender equality.
- 一般的な操法として、右手に鎖、左手に鎌を持ち、敵の頭部・顔面・脛・小手の部分を狙って分銅を打ち付けたり、敵の武器を鎖で叩き落したり、敵の手首や足に鎖を絡めさせたりしながら、敵の動きを封じた後左手に持った鎌刃で斬りつけ止めを刺す。
- As a general art of handling, a person holds a chain in his right hand and kama in his left hand to take aim at the enemy's head, face, shank and forearm to hit with the weight, use the chain to knock off the enemy's weapon, entangle the chain with the enemy's wrist or leg while containing the movements of the enemy and then slashing the enemy with a blade of kama held in the left hand to kill him.
- 吉川広家の内通時に毛利氏は担ぎ上げられただけとの弁明により、所領は安泰であったが、敗戦後に大坂城で押収された書状に連判状に輝元の名があったことから徳川家康は約束を反故にし、輝元は責任を問われ周防国・長門国(長州藩)に減封された。
- As it was explained that Terumoto had been just deceived, when Hiroie KIKKAWA communicated secretly, Terumoto managed to keep his territories; however, as his name was found in a (secret) covenant under joint signature found in Osaka-jo Castle after the defeat, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA annulled the agreement, and Terumoto took the blame and his territories were diminished to the Suo Province and Nagato Province (Choshu Domain).
- 「曾根崎心中」の徳兵衛、「心中天網島」の治兵衛、「恋飛脚大和往来・封印切」の忠兵衛、『伊賀越道中双六・沼津』の重兵衛、『双蝶々曲輪日記・引窓』の南方十次兵衛、『義経千本櫻・すし屋』のいがみの権太、『土屋主税』の土屋侯などが代表作。
- His important works are Tokubei in 'Sonezaki shinju,' Jihei in 'Shinju ten no amishima' (Lovers' suicide in Amijima), Chubei in 'Fuinkiri (breaking the seal), Koibikyaku Yamato orai' (The Amorous Courier on the Yamato Highway), Jubei in 'Iga-goe dochu sugoroku (Japanese backgammon); Numazu' (Through Iga Pass with the Tokaido Board Game, Numazu post), Jujibei MINAMIGATA in 'Futatsu chocho kuruwa nikki; Hikimado'(Skylight of 'A Diary of Two Butterflies in the Pleasure Quarters'), Igami no Gonta of 'Yoshitsune senbon zakura; sushiya' (Sushi restaurant of 'Yoshitsune and the 1000 cherry trees') and Lord Tsuchiya in 'Tsuchiya Chikara' (Chikara TSUCHIYA, hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun)).
- 歴史家アンリ・ピレンヌは、イスラム圏への征服活動が、ヨーロッパ中世経済の著しい農村化をもたらし、また多様な農奴階級が支える地域権力ヒエラルキーという伝統的な封建様式を引き起こしたとする説を展開している(ただし異論も少なからずある)。
- The historian Henri Pirenne presented the argument that the conquest activities of the Islamic world caused the significant villagization of the economy in medieval Europe and the traditional feudal system which was the local power hierarchy supported by the class of serfs (however, many people have different opinions).
- 戦国時代 (日本)から安土桃山時代にかけて、大和国は織田信長に仕えた筒井順慶に支配されていたが、信長と順慶の死後、天下の覇権をにぎった豊臣秀吉は、順慶の後を継いだ筒井定次を伊賀上野藩に移封し、代わって弟の豊臣秀長に大和を与えていた。
- From the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan) to Azuchi-Momoyama period, Yamato Province had been ruled by Junkei TSUTSUI who was serving under Nobunaga ODA, but after the death of Nobunaga and Junkei, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who held a hegemony over the country, transferred Sadatsugu TSUTSUI, a successor of Junkei, to Ueno Domain in Iga Province, and gave Yamato Province to his brother Hidenaga TOYOTOMI instead.
- 高次の子である京極忠高は、大坂の役での功績により、室町時代、京極氏の旧領であった出雲国隠岐国二十六万四千石へと加増されるが、嫡子の無いまま急死し、末期養子の京極高和は播磨国龍野藩六万石へと減封、さらに讃岐国丸亀藩六万石へと転封となる。
- Takatsugu's son Tadataka KYOGOKU's koku was increased to 264,000 koku of Izumo and Oki Provinces that were the Kyogoku clan's old territories, because of the great achievement in the Osaka wars, but Tadataka suddenly died without an heir, and his matsugo yoshi (adopted as a son on his deathbed) Takakazu KYOGOKU's koku was decreased to the Tasuno domain of Harima Province with 60,000 koku, and was further transferred to the Marugame domain of Sanuki Province with 60,000 koku.
- だが、江戸時代後期彦根藩などの保護を受けた他の琵琶湖湖畔の諸港の台頭、船主・漁民と農民・商人との利害対立による内紛(堀田氏の佐野移封と前後として農民と漁民の対立が大規模暴動に発展している)などがあり、徐々にその影響力を低下させていった。
- However, Katata gradually lost its power, owing to the rise of other domains surrounding Lake Biwa that were protected by some authorities such as the Hikone Domain in the late Edo period and internal conflicts between shipowners and fishermen and farmers and merchants (around the transfer of Hotta clan to Sano, the conflict between farmers and fishermen developed into a large-scale riot).
- 艦長等は、前条第一項の規定による命令をしたときは、船上検査官に、当該船舶の船舶書類及びその積荷のうち外国軍用品であるもの(外国軍用品の疑いがあるものを含む。)の移動を監視するために必要な封印をさせ、又は装置を取り付けさせることができる。
- The Commanding officer, etc. may, when he/she has given an order pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, have the on-board inspectors put their seal or establish apparatus necessary for the surveillance of the removal of the ship's document of the said ship and foreign military supplies among the cargo of the said ship (including those suspected to be foreign military supplies).
- 義綱は、改易となった後、慶長2年(1597年)正月2日より常陸国の佐竹義宣 (右京大夫)に仕え、慶長7年(1602年)に佐竹氏が出羽国に転封となると、これに従い、出羽国平鹿郡横手に移り十二所城代を務め、子孫は、佐竹氏の家老職などを務める。
- After Yoshitsuna was ordered 'kaieki', he served Yoshinobu SATAKE (Ukyo no daibu (Master of the Western Capital Offices)) in Hitachi Province from February 18, 1597 and when, in 1602, the SATAKE clan was ordered to change its territory in Dewa Province, he followed this and moved to Yokote, Hiraka County, Dewa Province and served as Jodai (the keeper of the castle) of Junisho-jo Castle and his offsprings served as Karo (chief retainer) of the SATAKE clan and so on.
- 和銅元年8月10日_(旧暦)の太政官符で、正税である稲穀の貯蔵と不動倉設置が奨励され、国衙・郡衙に設置された正倉に貯蔵され、それが満載となると、国司・郡司による検封作業を経て封印されて不動倉とされると、その中に入った稲穀は不動穀とされた。
- On September 2, 708, the storage of rice in the husk, which was shozei (rice tax), and putting it in fudoso were encouraged in the official documents of the Daijokan, Grand Council of State; afterwards, rice in the husk was stored in shoso (warehouse placed in the provincial government office compounds); when the warehouse became full, the provincial governor and the local officer examined and sealed it; after the sealing was completed, the warehouse was made fudoso and the rice in the husk kept in the fudoso was made fudokoku.
- 日本も封建制度の体制下で欧米の近代法にある法治国家の諸原則が存在しておらず、刑事面では拷問や残虐な刑罰が存置され、民事面では自由な契約や取引関係を規制して十分な保護を与えていなかったために、欧米列強からはその対象国であると考えられていた。
- Japan, too, was considered a target of unequal treaties by the allied Western powers because Japan, under the feudal system, did not have various principles of a nation under the rule of law as stipulated in modern Western laws and therefore maintained torture and cruel punishment in criminal cases and regulated free contracts and transactions without giving sufficient protection in civil affairs.
- 新帝は崇徳の中宮藤原聖子の養子となっており、当初、崇徳は自身による院政を期待していたのであるが、鳥羽によって発布された譲位の宣命には「皇太弟」と明記されていたため、崇徳は父院としての立場を喪失し、巧みにその院政を封印されてしまったという。
- The Emperor Sutoku wished to rule his cloister government since the new Emperor was his second consort, FUJIWARA no Seishi's adopted son; however, according to the statement of succession to the throne issued by Toba, he was stated as the 'younger brother of the prince' and therefore lost his position as the new Emperor's father; thus his intention to rule his cloister government was stopped through clever means.
- 通常国衙・郡衙に納められた租庸調租は動用倉(どうようそう・動倉とも)に収容されて、動用穀(どうようこく)として通常あるいは非常時の出納が行われていたが、満載状態となって一定の時期を経ると、各令制国がそれぞれの判断で動用倉を封印して不動倉とした。
- Soyocho (a tax system, corvee) paid to kokuga (provincial government office compounds) and gunga (office for county officials) were usually stored by doyoso warehouse (also called the doso warehouse) to distribute both for regular and for emergency uses as doyokoku (rice for regular use), which was sealed by each province's decision when it became full, after a certain period of time.
- 口がきけない者が秘密証書によって遺言をする場合には、遺言者は、公証人及び証人の前で、その証書は自己の遺言書である旨並びにその筆者の氏名及び住所を通訳人の通訳により申述し、又は封紙に自書して、第九百七十条第一項第三号の申述に代えなければならない。
- In the case where a will by sealed and notarized document is made by a person who cannot speak, the testator shall make a statement to the effect that the certificate is one's own will, giving the author's name and address through an interpreter, or by his/her own hand upon the sealed document, in lieu of the statement of item (iii) of paragraph (1) of Article 970.
- 本来は、女性だけでなく、生傷を負って流血している男性が神域に入ることや、神域での狩猟なども同様な理由で禁止されているのだが、封建時代の男尊女卑の風潮から、女性を神域から排除する理由として生理や産褥の血の穢れのみが強調され、使われはじめたと思われる。
- Originally, not only women but also men bloodied due to injuries were prohibited from entering sacred places, while hunting and other activities in sacred places were prohibited for the same reason; however, it seems that based on a characteristic of male chauvinist thinking in the feudal era, only the uncleanliness of blood during menstruation and puerperal period had been emphasized and used as the reason for the removal of women from sacred places.
- そのうち鎌倉、室町、徳川の各武家権力は、武力により政権を樹立し、源頼朝が確立したが、形式上朝廷から任ぜられる形で征夷大将軍の位に付く事で幕府を開き、封建制とも呼ばれる分権的な統治を行い、地方領主として地域の実効支配権を持つ武士の連合政権の形をとった。
- Of all administrations in the military government, each samurai authority of Kamakura, Muromachi, and Tokugawa were set up by force and could be traced back to the establishment by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo; he started the bakufu by arriving in power of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in the form of being entrusted by the Imperial Court, achieved decentralized governance, called a 'feudal system,' and adopted a form of coalition government of samurai who held sway over their region as a local feudal lord.
- そもそも「藩」の語は、古代中国で天子である周の王によってある国に封建された諸侯の支配領域を指し、江戸時代の儒学者がこれになぞらえて、徳川将軍家に服属し将軍によって領地を与えられた(と観念された)大名を「諸侯」、その領国を「藩」と呼んだことに由来する。
- Originally, the term 'Han' referred to the territories ruled by the lords who were allowed to govern a certain country by the emperors of the Zhou Dynasty, ancient China, and the Japanese Confucian scholars in the Edo period compared the Japanese system to this, calling the daimyo who were (thought to be) subject to the TOGUGAWA Shogun family and given the territories by the shogun 'Shoko,' and their domains 'Han.'
- 前項の規定は、前条第一項の政令で定める特定商品以外の特定商品の輸入の事業を行う者がその特定物象量に関し密封をされたその特定商品を輸入して販売する場合において、その容器又は包装にその特定物象量が法定計量単位により表記されたものを販売するときに準用する。
- The provision of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis to the case where a person engaged in the business of the import of specified commodities other than the specified commodities specified by the Cabinet Order set forth in paragraph 1 of the preceding Article imports and sells such specified commodities that have been sealed up regarding the quantity of the state of the specified physical phenomena by putting them into a container or a package bearing an indication of such quantity of the state of the specified physical phenomena represented in statutory measurement units.
- そもそも「国王」称号や「干支」の使用は中華秩序における冊封体制の残滓であり、中華帝国を頂点として周辺諸国を従属国視する、伝統的東アジア外交秩序そのものであり、いまこそ、その体制から離脱を図り、かつ朝鮮側にもそれを認知させようとしたのだ、という論である。
- One opinion is as follows: Use of the title of 'King' and the 'Oriental zodiac' was a residue of the China-centered sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system, indicating the traditional eastern Asian diplomatic order with China placed at the top and nations around it considered dependent on China, and it was time to try separating from such a system and to make such a situation acknowledged by the Korean side as well.
- また、懐良親王が「良懐」として明と冊封関係を結んでしまったため、義満が日明貿易(勘合貿易)を開始する際に新たに建文帝から冊封をうけ「日本国王」となるまでは、北朝や薩摩の島津氏なども明に使節を送る場合は「良懐」の名義を用いねばならないという事態も発生した。
- Because Imperial Prince Kanenaga was in Sakuho relationship (vassal relationship) with Ming as '良懐,' to commence Japan-Ming trade (the tally trade), the Northern Court or the Shimazu clan in Satsuma Province had to use the name of '良懐' to send an ambassador to Ming until Yoshimitsu was granted the title of 'King of Japan' under sakuho by Kenbun-tei (Jianwen Emperor).
- 本館内部の構造は豪華で、一階には、英国室、支那室、アラビア室、英国封建時代式の大室、純洋式の浴室と便所、事務室、二階にはインド室、廻廊式書庫、エジプト室、洋式客室、門主寝室、地下には調理室などがあり、建築様式や家具、調度類で各国の雰囲気を醸し出している。
- The internal construction was gorgeous and each room created each country's atmosphere with the architectural style, furniture and fixtures: British room, Chinese room, Arabian room, British large room of the feudal period style, western style bathroom and toilet, and office on the first floor and Indian room, book room with corridor, Egyptian room, western guest room, bed room of the chief priest on the second floor and kitchen and others on the basement.
- 鎌倉幕府において初めての成文法形式の武家法である御成敗式目が定められ、以後室町幕府の建武式目、戦国大名の分国法、江戸幕府の武家諸法度及び諸藩の藩法に継承され、武家政権における日本全国の支配及び地方政権における領国内の封建体制と地域秩序の維持の基本となった。
- The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was the first government to enforce the bukeho in the form of statutory law, the Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai), which was inherited by the Kenmu Code enforced by Muromachi bakufu, the bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) enforced by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period, and the Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households) as well as the hanpo (code for regional domains) enforced during the time of the Edo bakufu; the bukeho thus became the prototype of codes for the military government to control the nation and for the regional administrations to maintain the feudal system and the regional order within their domains.
- 天正18年(1590年)には貞慶の長男の小笠原秀政が下総国古河藩(現在の茨城県古河市)3万石を与えられ、慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いでは東軍に属し、翌年の慶長6年(1601年)には信濃国信濃飯田藩(現在の長野県飯田市)5万石に加増の上で転封となる。
- In 1590, Hidemasa OGASAWARA, the eldest son of Sadayoshi was given 30,000 koku of the domain of Koga in the Province of Shimousa (presently Koga City, Ibaraki Prefecture) and belonged to the eastern army at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and was relocated to Shinano-Iida Domain in Shinano Province gaining additional 50,000 koku in 1601.
- 表は大きく分けると、天皇の元服、立后、立太子や朔旦冬至などの慶事に奉られる賀表(がひょう)、天皇から皇親への譲位や封戸・随身などの特権など天皇から賜る恩恵を辞退する際に奉られる抗表(こうひょう)、官職辞任・致仕する際に奉られる辞表(じひょう)の3種類があった。
- There were three major different types of Hyo: Gahyo (handed at celebratory occasions such as Emperor's Genpuku [coming of age], investitures of the Empress or the Crown Prince and Sakutan Toji [celebration when the winter solstice falls on November 1 of the lunar calendar. Once in 19 years, this is an auspicious day and has been celebrated at the court]), Kohyo (handed when the Emperor's family members wished to decline the Emperor's offer of abdication of the throne or people to decline the offers of privileges such as Fuko [salary] or Zuishin [having bodyguards]) and Jihyo (handed when people wished to resign or leave their government posts).
- なお、5世紀の倭王武が倭王と新羅・任那・加羅をはじめとする六ヶ国諸軍事の封号官職爵位を得ており、中華王朝から本拠のある日本列島の外部では君主としてではなく武官の地位のみ認められていたことから、日本府の役割を将軍府即ち軍事機関と捉えた坂元義種、山尾幸久等の説もある。
- There is also a theory proposed by Yoshitane SAKAMOTO, Yukihisa YAMAO and others, which treated Nihon Mimana-fu as a military institution, because King Bu of Wakoku in the fifth century was awarded by the Chinese dynasty the title of King of Wa, as well as a military rank and position for six countries including Silla, Mimana and Kara, which meant that he was not recognized as a monarch but as a mere military official outside his home, the Japanese archipelago.
- 文部科学大臣は、保障措置協定に基づく保障措置の実施に必要な限度において、文部科学省令で定めるところにより、その職員に、国際規制物資を使用している者の工場又は事業所内において、国際規制物資の移動を監視するために必要な封印をさせ、又は装置を取り付けさせることができる。
- The Minister of MEXT may, within the limit necessary for implementing safeguards based on safeguards agreements, and pursuant to the provision of the Ordinance of MEXT, allow an official to affix any seals or install any devices necessary for monitoring the movement of international controlled material within the factory or place of activity of any person using international controlled material.
- 朝鮮半島においては、高麗のモンゴル帝国干渉期から李氏朝鮮まで他国の冊封体制下にあったため太子の称号が使えず、国王の継承者は「王世子」と呼ばれていたが、日清戦争の結果、下関条約が結ばれた事により清国の冊封から外れ、国号を大韓と改めた際に「皇太子」を使うようになった。
- Since the Korean peninsula was under the tributary system from the Goryeo period which was subjected to the interference by the Mongolian Empire to Joseon Dynasty, the successor to the king was called '王世子 (crown prince)', but since the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded as a result of Sino-Japanese War, Korea was released from the tributary system of the Qing,, the name of the country was changed to Korea and 'Crown Prince' came into use.
- 遺言に立ち会った医師は、遺言者が遺言をする時において精神上の障害により事理を弁識する能力を欠く状態になかった旨を遺言書に付記して、これに署名し、印を押さなければならない。ただし、秘密証書による遺言にあっては、その封紙にその旨の記載をし、署名し、印を押さなければならない。
- A doctor in attendance of the making of a will shall make an entry on the will to the effect that the testator was not in a condition lacking decision-making capacity at the time of making the will, sign it, and affix his/her seal; provided that in the case of a will by sealed and notarized document, he/she shall make an entry to that effect on the sealed document, sign it, and affix his/her seal.
- 従来「法華経では、女人は成仏できない五障の身である」と宗派として公式に主張していたが、昭和20年の敗戦後連合国軍最高司令官総司令部による封建的風潮除去の動きに従い、「女人成仏を説いたのは法華経のみ」と解釈を180度転換した(他に女人成仏を説いたものとして勝鬘経がある)。
- Originally the Sect officially insisted as the policy that, 'in Hoke-kyo it is said a woman cannot become a Buddha due to five obstacles,' but they changed their policy completely that 'it is only Hoke-kyo which taught that women can become a Buddha' after the defeat in 1945, when there was a movement at General Headquarters (GHQ) to eliminate the feudalistic atmosphere (Note that there is Shoman-kyo (Shri-mala Sutra) which taught the theory that women become a Buddha).
- 信長軍はすぐさま、配下の九鬼水軍など三百余艘で木津川 (大阪府)河口を封じたが、毛利水軍は数の利を生かして火矢や焙烙玉(中に火がくすぶっており、目標に当たると中身が出て一気に燃え広がる武器)で信長軍の船を焼き払い、大勝して本願寺に兵糧・弾薬を届けた(第一次木津川口海戦)。
- In response, the Kuki navy, a Nobunaga army's vassal, blocked the estuary of Kizu-gawa River (Osaka Prefecture) with around 300 ships but the Mori navy, outnumbering the enemy, burnt out ships of the Oda army using flaming arrows and horokudama bombs (A fire smolders inside this weapon and, when it hits a target, fire comes out and suddenly spreads.) and sent Hongan-ji Temple the supply after the complete victory (the first Naval Battle of Kizu-gawa River Estuary).
- 一般に、江戸時代を通じて転封が少なく、所領も分散していない外様の大藩は、表高が太閤検地や江戸時代初期の検地で打ち出した表高そのままで大きな新田開発を行っている場合が多く、もともと後進地域だった奥羽などでは仙台藩62万石の内高約100万石のように表高と内高に大きな差がある。
- Generally, for many taihan (large scale domain) of tozama (outside feudal lord) that experienced few relocation throughout the Edo period and which shoryo was not distributed, omote-daka was still the same amount as calculated by Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi Toyotomi's nationwide land survey) or land survey in the early Edo period, despite that large scale of development of new field had been conducted, and as a result, some areas like Ou, where originally was underdeveloped area, there was a big difference between omote-daka and uchi-daka, for example, the Sendai Domain's omote-daka was 620 thousands koku crop yield while its uchi-daka was one million koku.
- 内容は大きく分けて、天部、歳時部、地部、神祇部、帝王部、官位部、封禄部、政治部、法律部、泉貨部、称量部、外交部、兵事部、武技部、方技部、宗教部、文学部、礼式部、楽舞部、人部、姓名部、産業部、服飾部、飲食部、居処部、器用部、遊戯部、動物部、植物部、金石部の30部門からなる。
- The contents are classified into 30 sections, including sections of Ten (gods of the heavens), Saiji (events throughout the year), Chi (earthy section), Jingi (gods of heaven and earth), Teio (emperors), Kani (official ranks), Horoku (stipend), Seiji (politics), Horitsu (law), Senka (currency), Syoryo (measurement), Gaiko (diplomacy), Heiji (military), Bugi (martial arts), Hougi (technology), Shukyo (religion), Bungaku (literary), Reishiki (code of etiquette), Gaku (dance and music), Jin (personnel), Seimei (surname), Sangyo (industry), Fukushoku (garment), Inshoku (eat and drink), Kyosho (living home), Kiyo (art), Yugi (amusement), Dobutsu (animal), Shokubutsu (plant), and Kanaishi (metal).
- 正史において、神名が確実に確認できるのは大同元年(806年)の史料中にある記述で、天平神護2年(766年)付で速玉神と熊野牟須美神にそれぞれ4戸の神封を施入したとあるもので、これら2柱の神は今日の新宮市に比定される熊野神邑(くまのしんそん)に一緒に祀られていたと見られる。
- In the official history, the names of the deities can be certainly identified in the description in a historical material in 806, which describes four jinfu (vassal households allotted to courtier, shrines and temples) were allotted to Hayatama-no-Kami and Kumano-Fusubi-no-Kami respectively, and it is thought that these two deities were enshrined together in Kumano-shin village that is identified as current Shingu City.
- 1932年のコミンテルンテーゼ(いわゆる32年テーゼ)は、共産主義革命を日本で行うため日本の君主制をロシア帝国の絶対君主制であるツァーリズムになぞらえて「天皇制」と表記し、天皇制と封建階級(寄生地主)・ブルジョワジー(独占資本)との結合が日本の権力機構の本質であると規定した。
- Comintern These of 1932 (so-called these of 32) likened the Japanese monarchism to the tsarism of Russia which was the absolute monarchy and rendered the Japanese monarchism as 'Tennosei' (Emperor System) and defined that the combination of the Emperor system, parasitic landowners (privileged people under the feudal system) and bourgeoisie (monopolistic capitalists) is the essence of the Japanese power mechanism.
- 日本では、天文博士あるいは天文密奏宣旨を受けた天文学・占星術に通じた人物が、異常な天文現象を見つけた際には、占いの結果と過去に発生した同様の事例から勘案してその意味を解釈したものを観測記録とともに奏書に認めて密封して、速やかに陰陽頭を通じて天皇に対して上奏されることとなっていた。
- In Japan, it was decided that upon observing an unusual astronomical phenomenon, tenmon hakase (a master of astronomy) or a person who was well versed in astrology and astronomy and had received an imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso should draw up a document stating what it symbolized by taking into account the divination and similar cases in the past, and observations; seal it; and directly submit it to the emperor through Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) at once.
- 前条第一項の政令で定める特定商品の輸入の事業を行う者は、その特定物 象量に関し密封をされたその特定商品を輸入して販売するときは、その容器又は包装に、量目公差を超えないように計量をされたその特定物象量が同項の経済産 業省令で定めるところにより表記されたものを販売しなければならない。
- When a person engaged in the business of the import of specified commodities specified by the Cabinet Order set forth in paragraph 1 of the preceding Article imports and sells such specified commodities that have been sealed as to the quantity of the state of the specified physical phenomena, he/she shall sell such specified commodities in such container or package bearing an indication of the quantity of the state of the specified physical phenomena that have been measured so as not to exceed the quantity tolerance, pursuant to the provision of the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy set forth in the same paragraph..
- その後も再三にわたって大洪水や大旱魃、大飢饉などが発生して藩は大被害を受け、第3代藩主・九鬼隆直の時代には藩財政が破綻し、藩札発行や倹約令制定、家臣団の給米減封などを中心とした財政改革が試みられたが、その後も大洪水などによる天災や百姓一揆までもが発生し、藩政はすっかり衰退してしまった。
- Thereafter, the domain was repeatedly assailed by flooding, droughts, and famine, and its finances collapsed in the era of Takanao KUKI, the third lord of the domain, who pursued reforms as the issue of a domain currency, reduction in spending on weapons, and a reduction in the amount of rice distributed to vassals, but this was followed by more flooding and even a peasant's revolt, and the administration was severely weakened.
- やがて広大な領土支配のため北部と西部方面の辺境地域を藩部とし南のネパール、ビルマ、シャム、越南(ベトナム)、東の朝鮮及び琉球(なお琉球は日本側とも冊封関係にあった)を冊封して清を中心とする国際秩序をアジアに構築、北辺ではシベリアに進出したロシア帝国との間に条約を締結して国境を漸次確定した。
- The dynasty soon established an international order in Asia with Qing as the center by joining northern and western remote regions as its provinces and had its vassal system with Nepal, Burma, Siam, and Vietnam in the south and Korea and Ryukyu Islands (although ryukyu had also a peerage relationship with Japan) in the east, and temporarily defined its northern border by concluding a treaty with the Russian Empire that had advanced into Siberia.
- そして、2代将軍足利義詮の時代には幕府内部の権力抗争により細川清氏などの有力守護大名が南朝に降ったり、九州では足利直冬が幕府に反抗したり、後醍醐の皇子である懐良親王が中国の明朝より「日本国王」として冊封を受けて南朝勢力を拡大するなど、南北朝の抗争は3代将軍足利義満が南北朝合体を行うまで続く。
- And then, during the time of the second Shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, a power struggle within the bakufu prompted several influential shugo daimyo, including Kiyouji HOSOKAWA, to defect to the Southern Court, while in Kyushu Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA raised arms against the bakufu and the Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, Godaigo's son and heir, received an official missive, in which he was called the 'King of Japan,' from the Ming court of China; these and other events served to boost the Southern Court's power and prestige, which allowed the Southern Court to continue its resistance until the third Shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, unified the Northern and Southern Courts (in 1392).
- 律令制が解体すると、貴族や寺社に給付する封戸物(ふこもつ、位・官・勲功などによって位封・職封・功封があり、貴族・寺社の収入の大部分を占める)や、寺社への正税物(しょうぜいもつ、国衙が徴収した田租・官稲を合わせた正税を交易により他の必要物資に変えて給付するもの)といった国家的給付が滞るようになった。
- After the break up of the Ritsuryo system, benefits from the government such as Fukomotsu (depending upon the class, position, awards, there were Ifu, Shokufu and Kofu and this made up a large part of the income for the aristocracy and temples/shrines), which were given to the aristocrats and temples/shrines, and Shozeimotsu (shozei, a combination of rice tax and government rice collected by kokuga that were exchanged with other necessities by trade and given) to temples/shrines started to fall into arrears.
- 岡山県にて広く語り継がれている吉備津神社 (岡山市)の縁起物語によると、地域を荒らし鬼ノ城(きのじょう)に住む「鬼」である温羅(うら)を犬飼健(いぬかいたける)・楽々森彦(ささもりひこ)・留玉臣(とめたまおみ)という三人の家来と共に倒し、その祟りを鎮めるために温羅を神社の釜の下に封じたとされている。
- According to a historical story of Kibitsu-jinja Shrine in Okayama City, which has been passed down throughout Okayama Prefecture, Kibitsuhiko no Mikoto and his three retainers, Inukai Takeru, Sasa Morihiko, and Tome Tamaomi defeated Ura, an 'oni' (ogre) who lived in Kino-jo Castle and was terrorizing the area, and to break his curse, they are said to have sealed Ura under the iron pot of the shrine.
- 二重以上のシールで軸封をしたポンプ若しくはシールレスポンプであって最高規定吐出し量が一時間につき〇・六立方メートルを超えるもの又は真空ポンプであって最高規定吐出し量が一時間につき五立方メートルを超えるもののうち、内容物と接触するすべての部分が次のいずれかに該当する材料で構成され、裏打ちされ、又は被覆されたもの
- Among pumps axes of which are sealed by 2 or more layers or seal-less pumps the maximum specified discharge volume of which exceeds 0.6 cubic meters per hour, or vacuum pumps the maximum specified discharge volume of which exceeds 5 cubic meters per hour, those in which all portions that come into contact with the contents of which are composed of, lined with, or coated with materials falling under any of the following
- 前項の政令で定め る特定商品以外の特定商品の販売の事業を行う者がその特定商品をその特定物象量に関し密封をし、かつ、その容器又は包装にその特定物象量を法定計量単位に より表記するときは、量目公差を超えないようにその表記する特定物象量の計量をし、かつ、その表記は同項の経済産業省令で定めるところによらなければなら ない。
- When a person engaged in the business of sale of specified commodities other than the specified commodities specified by the Cabinet Order set forth in the preceding paragraph performs the sealing of their specified commodities with regard to the quantity of the state of the physical phenomena and indicates such quantity in statutory measurement units on said container or package, the person shall measure the quantity of the state of the specified physical phenomena of their commodities without causing measurement errors to exceed the quantity tolerance, and such indication shall be made pursuant to the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry set forth in the same paragraph.
- 国際原子力機関の指定する者は、文部科学大臣の指定するその職員又は第六十一条の二十三の七第二項の規定により保障措置検査を行う保障措置検査員の立会いの下に、保障措置協定で定める範囲内で、国際規制物資を使用している者の工場又は事業所内において、国際規制物資の移動を監視するために必要な封印をし、又は装置を取り付けることができる。
- A person designated by the International Atomic Energy Agency may, under the attendance of an official designated by the Minister of MEXT or a safeguards inspector who conducts safeguards inspections pursuant to the provision of Article 61-23-7 (2), and within the scope specified by safeguards agreements, affix any seals or install any devices necessary for monitoring the movement of international controlled material within the factory or place of activity of any person using international controlled material.
- 宇宙用に設計していないフォーカルプレーンアレーであって、次の(一)及び(二)に該当するもの(素子の数が一六以下のカプセル封じをした光導電セルであって硫化鉛又はセレン化鉛を用いたもの及び焦電検出器であって硫酸三グリシン、チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛にランタンを添加したもの、タンタル酸リチウム、ポリふっ化ビニリデン又はニオブ酸ストロンチウムバリウムを用いたものを除く。)
- Focal plane arrays not designed for space use that fall under the following 1. and 2. (excluding photoconduction cells with a sealed-in capsule having 16 or fewer elements; those using lead sulfide or lead selenide as well as pyroelectric detectors, those in which lanthanum has been added to 3 glycine sulfate and lead zirconate titanate, those to which lithium tartarate, vinylidene polyfluoride or strontium barium niobate has been added)
- ところが、倉庫令では倉庫内の穀は一定期間ごとに中身を入れ替えて腐敗を防止する規定があるにも関わらず、不動倉の中身をむやみに動かすことが禁じられていたために、封印後はそのまま放置されて中に入っていた不動穀を腐敗してしまう事態が相次いだため、天平12年8月14日_(旧暦)(740年)には、一定年限ごとに中身を入れ替えるために太政官符と鑰の交付を受けることが命じられた。
- However, due to the warehouse law, under which the rice in the husk was required to be replaced in certain intervals to prevent corruption, but prohibited to move the content frequently, most of the fudoso were often remained untouched after it unsealed to make the fudokoku putrefied, then to replace the content, the order was issued on September 13, 740, in that each province must be issued the key and the dajokanpu in certain intervals.
- また、将軍家(徳川宗家)の分家としては、上記三家及び駿河家以外にも、3代将軍徳川家光の子を分封した甲府徳川家(徳川綱重・徳川家宣・松平左馬頭家)及び館林徳川家(徳川綱吉・松平右馬頭家)が、石高・家格ともに匹敵する家として存在した(但し徳川家康の子(徳川秀忠の兄)結城秀康を祖とする越前松平家、徳川秀忠の子(徳川家光の弟)保科正之を祖とする会津松平家などは徳川姓を許されていない)。
- In addition to the three families noted above and the Suruga family, the branch families of the Tokugawa shogun family included the Kofu-Tokugawa family (Tsunashige TOKUGAWA, Ienobu TOKUGAWA and the Matsudaira family of Sama no kami (Captain of the Left Division of Samaryo)) and the Tatebayashi-Tokugawa family (Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA and the Matsudaira family of Uma no kami (Captain of the Right Division of Bureau of Horses)), who were equivalent in both crop yield and social standing; however, the Echizen-Matsudaira family, founded by Hideyasu YUKI, who was a son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and older brother of Hidetada TOKUGAWA, and the Aizu-Matsudaira family, founded by Masayuki HOSHINA, who was a son of Hidetada and younger brother of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, were not privileged to claim to be TOKUGAWA.
- その後明治維新を過ぎると、世の中には皇国史観が形成され、皇室に関する疑惑やスキャンダルを公言する事はタブーとなり、学術的に孝明天皇の暗殺説を論ずる事は長く封印されたが、1940年(昭和15年)7月、日本医史学会関西支部大会の席上において、京都の婦人科医・佐伯理一郎が「天皇が痘瘡に罹患した機会を捉え、岩倉具視がその妹の女官・堀河紀子を操り、天皇に毒を盛った」旨の論説を発表している。
- After the Meiji Restoration, Kokokushikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto) was established in society, it was prohibited to talk about suspicions and scandals in public concerning the Imperial Family, it was prohibited to talk about the theory of Emperor's assassination for a long time, but in July 1940, an obstetrician and gynecologist in Kyoto, Riichiro SAEKI wrote in his essay while he was attending the Kansai Branch of the Japan Society of Medical History, that 'when the Emperor had smallpox, Tomomi IWAKURA ordered his younger sister and the lady-in-waiting, Motoko HORIKAWA, to purposely give poison to the Emperor.'
- 宇宙用に設計していないフォーカルプレーンアレーであって、次のいずれかに該当するもの(素子の数が一六以下のカプセル封じをした光導電セルであって硫化鉛又はセレン化鉛を用いたもの及び焦電検出器であって硫酸三グリシン、チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛にランタンを添加したもの、タンタル酸リチウム、ポリふっ化ビニリデン又はニオブ酸ストロンチウムバリウムを用いたものを除く。)のうち、ニに該当するもの以外のもの
- Among focal plane arrays which are not designed for space use that fall under any of the following (excluding photoconduction cells with a sealed-in capsule having 16 or fewer elements, using lead sulfide or lead selenide as well as pyroelectric detectors in which lanthanum has been added to 3 glycine sulfate and lead zirconate titanate, using lithium tartarate vinylidene polyfluoride or strontium barium niobate), those other than items that fall under (d)
- その後、通貨改革によって正貨・贋貨を問わず全ての現行貨幣を引き揚げて早急に(既に大隈より明治5年11月までという案が出されていた)に引き換えを行うこと、応急措置として外国人の所持する二分金(実は一番問題となっていた政府及び諸藩発行の悪貨・贋貨でもあった)の検査を行って、封包を行って検印を施し、それを行ったものについてはたとえ贋貨であっても正貨と等価による納税または交換を認めることを了承させられたのである。
- After this, the Japanese government was forced to consent to pulling out all current currency, regardless of it being specie or counterfeit (it was already proposed by OKUMA that this would be done by May 11), and exchanging it immediately, and as a temporary measure, the nibukin owned by foreigners (this bad money/counterfeit issued by the government and domains was the biggest problem) were to be examined, encapsulated, put a stamp of approval, and handed out, and those that went though this were to be accepted as tax payment or exchange equivalent to the specie even if it was counterfeit.
- 政令で定める特定商品の販売の事業を行う者は、その特定商品をその特定 物象量に関し密封(商品を容器に入れ、又は包装して、その容器若しくは包装又はこれらに付した封紙を破棄しなければ、当該物象の状態の量を増加し、又は減 少することができないようにすることをいう。以下同じ。)をするときは、量目公差を超えないようにその特定物象量の計量をして、その容器又は包装に経済産 業省令で定めるところによりこれを表記しなければならない。
- When a person engaged in the business of sale of specified commodities specified by Cabinet Order performs the sealing (an act to prevent any increase or decrease in the quantity of the state of the physical phenomena of a commodity unless the container, package, or any seal affixed thereto for the commodity has been broken; the same shall apply hereinafter) of the specified commodities as to the quantity of the state of the specified physical phenomena, he/she shall measure the quantity of the state of the specified physical phenomena of their commodities without causing a measurement error to exceed the quantity tolerance and affix such indication on such container or package pursuant to the provision of the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.
- 特にレトルト食品のハンバーグに関しては、調理が簡単である(一度焼いたハンバーグをそのまま、又はソースと共に封入する事で、湯煎するだけで食卓に出す事ができる)事と、少々の材料面における味の不備も漬け込むソース (調味料)でフォローできる事、衛生的な生産工場(セントラルキッチン)による大量生産によって非常に安価に製造できる事により、ファミリーレストランにおいては、主力メニューであると同時に、収益率の高い商品となっていることが多い。
- In particular, retort hamburger patties often become a breadwinning menu as well as a highly profitable goods in family restaurants due to some merits; quick and easy cooking (hamburger patties can be served on the table just by 'yusen' (warming the containing vessels in hot water) a retort hamburger patty which is once broiled, and enclosed or with a sauce together in a pouch), sauces (seasonings) masking the bland taste of low quality ground meat, and extremely low cost results from mass production in clean factories (central kitchens).
- 経済産業大臣又は都道府県知事若しくは特定市町村の長は、この法律 の施行に必要な限度において、政令で定めるところにより、届出製造事業者、届出修理事業者、計量器の販売の事業を行う者、指定製造者、特殊容器輸入者、輸 入事業者、計量士、登録事業者又は取引若しくは証明における計量をする者(特定商品であってその特定物象量に関し密封をし、その容器又は包装にその特定物 象量を表記したもの(以下「特定物象量が表記された特定商品」という。)を販売する者を含む。次条第一項において同じ。)に対し、その業務に関し報告させ ることができる。
- The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, the prefectural governor or the head of a specified municipality may, within the limit necessary for the enforcement of this Act and pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, cause a notifying manufacturing business operator, a notifying repair business operator, a person engaged in the business of sales of measuring instruments, a designated manufacturer, a special container importer, an import business operator, a certified measurer, a registered operator or person who performs measurements for the purpose of transactions or certifications (including those engaged in the sales of specified commodities sealed regarding the quantity of specified physical phenomena and packaged in a container or wrapping which indicates such quantity (hereinafter referred to as 'specified commodities with the indication of the quantity of specified physical phenomena'); the same shall apply in paragraph 1 of the following Article) to report its business operations.
- 文部科学大臣は、指定保障措置検査等実施機関に対し、保障措置検査を行うべきことを求めようとするときは、当該保障措置検査の日時、場所その他文部科学省令で定める事項(第六十一条の八の二第二項第四号の規定によりされるべき封印又は取り付けられるべき装置の対象物及び位置を含む。)を記載した実施指示書を交付するものとする。この場合において、実施指示書に記載される内容は、当該保障措置検査に当たつて行われるべき同項に規定する事項を明確にするものでなければならず、かつ、記載のない事項について対処する必要が生じたときは直ちに文部科学大臣の指定するその職員に通報すべき旨を含むものでなければならない。
- When the Minister of MEXT intends to request t a designated organization implementing safeguards inspections, etc. to conduct a safeguards inspection, he/she shall issue implementation instructions that list the date, time and location of the relevant safeguards inspection as well as any other matters provided by the Ordinance of MEXT (including target objects and their locations on which seals and devices should be affixed or installed pursuant to the provision of item (iv) of Article 61-8-2 (2)). In such a case, the contents listed on the implementation instructions shall clarify the matters provided in said paragraph that should be carried out with regard to the relevant safeguards inspection, and should also include the instruction that in the event that it becomes necessary handle a matter not listed, the official designated by the Minister of MEXT should be notified immediately.
- 第五十五条第一項(第一号に係る部分に限る。)、第六十八条の二第一項若しくは第七十七条第一項(第一号に係る部分に限る。)(これらの規定を第百二十一条(第百八十九条(第百九十五条の規定によりその例によることとされる場合を含む。)において準用する場合を含む。)及び第百八十八条(第百九十五条の規定によりその例によることとされる場合を含む。)において準用する場合を含む。)又は第百八十七条第一項(第百九十五条の規定によりその例によることとされる場合を含む。)の規定による命令に基づき執行官が公示するために施した公示書その他の標識(刑法第九十六条に規定する封印及び差押えの表示を除く。)を損壊した者
- A person who has damaged a written public notice or any other sign (excluding the seal or the mark of seizure prescribed in Article 96 of the Penal Code) posted by a court execution officer for the purpose of giving public notice based on an order under the provisions of Article 55(1) (limited to the portion pertaining to item (i)), Article 68-2(1) or Article 77(1) (limited to the portion pertaining to item (i)) (including the cases where these provisions are applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 121 [including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 189 (including the cases that are to be governed by such rules pursuant to the provisions of Article 195)] and Article 188 [including the cases that are to be governed by such rules pursuant to the provisions of Article 195]) or Article 187(1) (including the cases that are to be governed by such rules pursuant to the provisions of Article 195)