寺院: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 寺院。
• Jiin (temples).

• 大寺院
• large temple

• 寺院法
• Jiin-ho

• 回教寺院
• mosque

• 寺院建築
• Temple architecture

• 一般寺院
• Temples
• Local temples
• The branch temples

• 主要寺院
• Major Temples

• 由緒寺院
• Historical Temples

• 門跡寺院
• Monzeki Temples

• 寺院周辺
• Neighboring temples
• Nearby Attractions
• Nearby Schools
• Nearby Institution
• Neighborhood around the Temple
• The area around Hogo-ji Temple
• Surrounding Area
• Surroundings of the Temple
• Nearby temples and shrines

• 寺院の称号
• Ingo as a title of a temple

• 神社、寺院
• Shrine and temple

• 寺院諸法度
• Jiin Sho-Hatto

• 神殿･寺院
• temple

• 著名な寺院
• Famous temples

• ゆかりの寺院
• Related Temples

• 一般寺院教会
• Organization of local temples

• 建築物・寺院
• Temples and Other Architecture

• 寺院の称号。
• A title of a temple

• 寺院内の位置
• Location within the temple grounds

• ワシリー寺院
• Vasily Blazhenny Cathedral (Moscow)
• St. Basil Cathedral

• 寺院壁画の事例
• Introduction to Temple Wall Paintings

• 日本の寺院一覧
• List of Japanese temples

• 日本の勅額寺院
• Temples with imperial inscriptions in Japan

• 著名な単立寺院
• Famous Tanritsu temples

• 曹洞宗の寺院。
• Soto sect temple

• イスラム教寺院
• mosque

• 浄土宗寺院特徴
• Characteristics of Jodo Shu Temple

• 寺院勢力への対応
• The correspondence with the Temple forces

• 山麓の神社・寺院
• Temples and Shrines at the Foot of Mountains

• 山上の神社・寺院
• Temples and Shrines on Mountains

• ノートルダム寺院
• Notre Dame

• 寺院の場合は合掌。
• At a temple, hold the palms and fingers of both hands together.

• 鬼子母神を祀る寺院
• Temples which enshrine Kishimojin

• 寺院における評定始
• Hyojohajime of Buddhist temples

• ダンブッラの黄金寺院
• Dambulla cave temple

• 臨済宗系の単立寺院。
• It is an independently incorporated temple of the Rinzai school.

• 寺院建築における内陣
• Naijin in temple architecture

• 大規模寺院における稚児
• Ritual children in big Buddhist temples
• Chigo in large-scale temples

• 寺院建築は非常に多い。
• Many temples were constructed.

• ウェストミンスター寺院
• Westminster Abbey

• 地蔵菩薩を祀る主な寺院
• Major temples that enshrine Jizo Bosatsu

• 愛染明王を安置する寺院
• Temples that enshrine Aizen Myoo

• 観音菩薩を祀る主な寺院
• Major temples that enshrine Kannon Bosatsu

• 仏（寺院や僧侶）へ贈る。
• Occasions when bushugi are given to Buddha (temples or priests).

• 南都六宗の開祖と中心寺院
• The Founders of Nanto Rokushu and the Central Temples

• 毘沙門堂門跡（門跡寺院）
• Bishamon-do Monzeki (Monzeki Temple) (a temple where the head priest is a member of the imperial family)

• これが寺院の原型である。
• This was the origin of temples.

• 愛染明王を本尊とする寺院
• Temples that enshrine Aizen Myoo as the principal image

• 海外に直営の寺院はない。
• No directly-managed overseas temples of the school are included.

• 寺院集会・僧侶集会とも。
• It is also called jiinshue (temple's gathering) and soryoshue (priest's gathering).

• 日蓮宗本山（由緒寺院）。
• It is the main temple of the Nichiren sect (the lineage temple).

• 単立（無宗派）の仏教寺院。
• Nonsectarian Buddhist temple

• 仏教寺院そのものを指す通称。
• The term is also commonly used to refer to Buddhist temples in general.

• 不動明王を祀る主な日本の寺院
• Major temples that enshrine Fudo Myoo in Japan

• 四国八十八箇所各寺院の大師堂
• The Daishi-do of each temples in the Shikoku's eighty-eight sacred places.

• - 開祖：鑑真、寺院：唐招提寺
• The founder was Ganjin (Jianzhen); the central temple was Toshodai-ji Temple.

• 禅宗で、寺院の住持となること。
• In the Zen sect, to be the head priest of a temple.

• 公共別院 地方寺院の共同開設。
• Public branch temple: Cooperatively opened by local temples.

• 安祥寺 (京都市)（門跡寺院）
• Ansho-ji Temple (Kyoto City) (Monzeki Temple)

• 歓喜天を祀る日本各地の主な寺院
• Major temples that enshrine Kangiten at various places in Japan

• 合同を維持している富士門流寺院
• Fujimon School Temples Keeping Godo

• 門跡に準ずる格式の寺院のこと。
• Temples of a status second to Monzeki

• （祀られていない寺院もある。）
• (Some temples do not enshrine them.)

• - 開祖：恵灌、寺院：東大寺南院
• The founder was Ekan (Hyegwan); the central temple was Todai-ji Nanin Temple.

• 慈恵大師（良源）を祀るおもな寺院
• Principal Temples at which Jikei Daishi (Ryogen) is Enshrined

• 仏教寺院の正門である三門の異称。
• Another name for the main gate of a Buddhist temple.

• 参考（以下は、寺院作法である。）
• For reference (the following are the manners for the temple)

• 日蓮宗六条門流本山（由緒寺院）。
• This is the head temple of the Rokujo-mon school of the Nichiren Sect, and one of the Yuisho jiin temples (temples considered important to Nichiren shonin (the founder of the Nichiren sect), his sect, and its history).

• 京都の寺院では桐雲は一般的である。
• Kiri-gumo (paulownia and clouds) (桐雲) is popular among the temples in Kyoto.

• - 開祖：良弁・審祥、寺院：東大寺
• The founder was Roben (or Ryoben) and Shinsho (or Shinjo); the central temple was Todai-ji Temple.

• 本来は三千院とは別の寺院であった。
• It was originally a different temple from Sanzen-in Temple.

• 秦氏が創建に関係した主な神社・寺院
• Chief shrines and temples established by the Hata clan

• 万福寺は中国風の建築で有名な寺院。
• Manpuku-ji Temple is a famous temple with Chinese style architecture.

• 富士門流の主要寺院と現在の所属宗派
• The Main Temples of Fujimon School and Their Belonging Sects

• 皇女や貴族の息女が住職となる寺院。
• The temple of which a princess or a daughter of nobility becomes a chief priest.

• その他、愛染明王を祀る代表的な寺院
• Other representative temples that enshrine Aizen Myoo

• 主に寺院に所属する武装集団である。
• They basically belonged to temples as armed groups.

• 稲目は私邸を寺院として仏像を拝んだ。
• Iname changed his residence into a temple and worshipped the Buddha statue.

• 寺院宮殿を模した一間の可動式の宮殿。
• Movable Kuden consists of a single room designed after a Kuden of a temple.

• 住職以外に、副住職を置く寺院がある。
• There are some temples which have a vice priest other than the chief priest.

• - 開祖：道昭、寺院：興福寺・薬師寺
• The founder was Dosho; the central temples were Kofuku-ji Temple and Yakushi-ji Temple.

• - 開祖：道昭、寺院：東大寺・興福寺
• The founder was Dosho; the central temples were Todai-ji Temple and Kofuku-ji Temple.

• 寺院の山門を見立てたものと言われる。
• It is reportedly made in imitation of a temple gate.

• これらの寺院を真言宗十八本山という。
• These temples are called the 18 head temples of the Shingon sect (真言宗十八本山).

• 通常は寺院の敷地内に建てられている。
• Generally, it is built in the precincts of a temple.

• 知客（しか）は禅宗寺院の役職の一つ。
• Shika is one of the positions in a Zen temple.

• 国家によって存立の承認を受けた寺院。
• Temples that were authorized by the state to start services.

• 一定の数量の物資の支給を受けた寺院。
• Temples with a certain amount of supplies aid (a stipend)

• 篳篥の音程には寺院の鐘の音が使われる。
• The sound of a temple bell is used for the Hichiriki flute interval.

• 東山の山麓には多くの神社・寺院がある。
• There are numerous shrines and temples at the foot of Higashiyama mountain range.

• 各地に同名の仏堂および寺院が存在する。
• The Buddhist statue halls and temples that have the same name exist around the country.

• 典座（てんぞ）は禅宗寺院の役職の一つ。
• Tenzo is one of the positions in a Zen temple.

• 大網の草庵は、後に願入寺と寺院となる。
• The thatched hut built in Oami later became a temple, called Gannyu-ji Temple.

• 以下は、寺院作法を踏まえた注意である。
• The cautions described below are based on the manners one should obey in a temple.

• 真言宗系修験道を支配する寺院であった。
• It was the temple that controlled the Shingon Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts).

• 開創（かいそう）とは寺院を創設すること。
• Kaiso means to found a temple.

• 再任には支所下の寺院の同意が必要となる。
• The agreement of the temples under the branch office is required for the reappointment.

• 近年、札所寺院の宗派からの独立が著しい。
• Recently many fudasho temples became independent.

• 一定の定数に限定されて指定を受けた寺院。
• The limited number of designated temples (a quota).

• 現在も真宗大谷派寺院として存続している。
• This Horyu-ji Temple exists now as a temple of the Otani sect of the Shinshu school.

• 寺院数5,200ヶ寺、直系信徒330万人。
• It has 5,200 temples and 3,300,000 believers.

• 東本願寺、本能寺など多くの寺院も焼失した。
• Many temples including Higashihongan-ji Temple and Honno-ji Temple were reduced to ashes.

• 同年、京都山科の門跡寺院曼殊院に入室した。
• The same year, he entered Manshuin, a monzeki temple (a temple where some Imperial Family members lived and practiced Buddhism) in Yamashina, Kyoto Prefecture.

• また、寺院の厨子を模した家庭用仏壇もある。
• Some household altars have copied the Zushi in temples.

• 城郭建築や、近世の寺院などで多く見られる。
• It is often seen on castle construction and modern temples.

• 寺院や城郭建築などで大きく発展が見られた。
• Significant developments were seen in the hafu on temples and castles.

• このため、特に寺院建築で好んで利用された。
• Therefore, this structure was favored especially in shrine and temple buildings

• 阿羅漢を祀る寺院については、羅漢寺を参照。
• For details on the temples that enshrine Arakan, see Rakan-ji Temple.

• この他、曹洞宗系の単立寺院が少数存在する。
• Other than the foregoing, there are a few independent temples of the Soto sect:

• - 開祖：道蔵 (僧)、寺院：元興寺・大安寺
• The founder was Dozo; the central temples were Gango-ji Temple and Daian-ji Temple.

• その多くを擁する大寺院は七堂伽藍と呼ばれる。
• A large temple complex that has most of these elements is called a shichido garan (which literally means 'seven-hall temple' or a group of seven buildings that are supposed to form the heart of an ideal Buddhist temple).

• 寺院や僧尼に対する保護の姿勢が貫かれている。
• It was steeped with protective attitudes towards religious institutions, priests and nuns.

• 紛失時などは、所属寺院を通して本山から戴く。
• If a follower loses it, he/she must obtain it from the head temple through the temple he/she belongs to.

• 禅宗寺院では重要な伽藍のひとつとなっている。
• In Temples of Zen sect, tosu is one of the important Buddhist temples.

• 塔頭寺院・子院が60余を数えた時期もあった。
• At its peak, it reigned over more than 60 tatchu (sub-temples) and branch temples.

• かつて僧坊酒を造っていた中心的な寺院であった。
• It was the central temple for the production of soboshu (sake brewed in major temples).

• 鐘：沈む夕焼けと山中の寺院の鐘楼の組み合わせ。
• Temple bell: a combination of the evening glow with the setting sun and a belfry of a temple in the mountain.

• なお、これは釈迦の死後に建てられた寺院である。
• This temple was built after the death of Shakyamuni.

• 稚児髷(平安中期～江戸後期、稚児＠大規模寺院)
• Chigomage (From mid-Heian to late Edo Periods; Worn by the boys at large temples)

• 寺院の住職家族用の仏壇を特に「御内仏」という。
• Butsudan for the family of a resident priest of a temple is specially called 'Onaibutsu' (literally, 'indoor Buddha').

• 浄土教系、禅宗系の寺院には秘仏は比較的少ない。
• At the temples of the Jodo Sect and Zen Sects, hibutsu are relatively few in number.

• その後これら寺院群は政治に口を出すようになった。
• Later, these temples began to get involved in politics.

• また、飛鳥に建てられた大寺院が次々と移転された。
• Also, large temples that had stood in Asuka were relocated one by one in Heijo-kyo.

• 天竺五精舎（釈迦在世にあった5つの寺院）の一つ。
• Jetavana Vihara was one of five Shoja (a hall where priests practiced asceticism, with similarities to a temple) in India that existed during Buddha's lifetime.

• 彩色など、寺院建築の影響を受けているものも多い。
• Many shrines of this style are influenced by temple architecture in terms of colors, etc.

• 法親王、または入道親王が住職として居住する寺院。
• The temples in which Hoshinno or Nyudoshinno (i.e. a priestly Imperial Prince) lived as a chief priest.

• 塔頭寺院には、桂春院・春光院・退蔵院などがある。
• Subsidiary temples include Keishunin, Shunkouin, and Taizouin.

• 比叡山に登る前、叔父の菩提寺という寺院に行った。
• He was sent to his uncle's temple, Bodai-ji, before he went to Mt. Hiei, the center of Buddhist study.

• 徳勝寺（現・徳正寺。真宗大谷派寺院）を創建した。
• Then he founded Tokusho-ji Temple (Present Tokushoji with different Chinese characters, a temple for Shinshu sect Otani school).

• なお、寺院統制上の本寺、末寺も一種の寺格である。
• Main temples and sub-temples that were used to supervise temples were also part of Jikaku.

• 盆の時期が過ぎると寺院側で撤去され、焼却される。
• When the season of Obon passes, the temple removes bon toro and burns them up.

• 一定の定員の官僧（「定額僧」）が派遣された寺院。
• Temples with a certain number of Buddhist priests stationed by the state ('jogakuso'(Buddhist priests under a quota system))

• 本満寺（ほんまんじ）は、京都市上京区にある寺院。
• Honman-ji Temple is a temple located in Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City.

• 庫裏（くり）とは、仏教寺院における伽藍のひとつ。
• Kuri (庫裏) refers to a single building among a Buddhist temple complex.

• 全国の寺院で伝承される本曲には同名異曲が多くある。
• There are many instances of honkyoku transmitted at the various temples throughout the country that have the same name, but are completely different compositions.

• 寺院に奉納される他、和菓子として市販もされている。
• It is dedicated to temples, and put on the market as a Japanese sweet.

• 書や寺院建築の分野では「和様」を用いることが多い。
• In the fields of calligraphy and temple architecture, the term 'Wayo' is used more often than Wafu.

• 明治の神仏分離の際に、仏教色を廃し寺院とは別れた。
• Under the edict of Shinbutsubunri promulgated by the Meiji government, the influence of Buddhism on Sanno Gongen was removed and Sanno Gongen were separated from the temples.

• 那蘭陀寺（ナーランダ） - マガダ国にあった寺院。
• Nalanda Temple: a temple in the country Magadha.

• 現代でも神社と寺院の違いが判らない者も多いという。
• It is said that many people still do not know the difference between Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples even now.

• - 寺院の住職や関係者・信者などが集まってできた町
• town formed with temple priests, people involved in temples, and where devotees gathered

• 寺院の壁画、絹、紙、板に描いた絵画、版画等を含む。
• They include temple wall paintings, paintings drawn on silk, paper and panels, and block prints, and so on.

• 鞍馬寺 - 京都府京都市左京区鞍馬本町にある寺院。
• Kurama-dera Temple is a temple located in Kurama Honmachi, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.

• また寺院の本堂において内陣との境には巻障子がある。
• Inside of a temple's main hall for Buddha, there is a folding scroll fixed to share borders with its inner sanctuary.

• 寺院同様、須弥壇の上に厨子を置くだけの場合もある。
• In some cases, people put nothing other than zushi on the top of shumidan, as in the case of temples.

• 寺院化に伴い留守職は、住持職を含めた別当職となる。
• In the wake of conversion to a temple, Bettoshoku (a chief administrator of a temple) was created by combining the role of Rusushiki and Jujishoku (a resident head of a temple).

• 南西には同時期に付属寺院（郡山廃寺）が造営された。
• In the southwest an attached temple (Koriyama-haiji Temple) was built around the same time.

• しかし、寺院のみでなく各家庭の仏壇も御内仏である。
• An altar for an individual household is also called onaibutsu.

• 飛鳥時代では、瓦葺きの許された建物は寺院のみである。
• In the Asuka period, application of Kawara was allowed for temples only.

• また、寺院を開創するため、開基・開山を委託すること。
• Or, to entrust Kaiki and Kaizan to a person and a priest to found a temple.

• なお、伝法灌頂は、ほとんど高野山内の寺院で行われる。
• Most of the temples on Mount Koya conducts denpo-kanjo.

• 寺子屋の起源は、中世の寺院での教育に遡ると言われる。
• The origin of Terakoya is said to be traced to education at temples and shrines during the middle ages.

• その翌年、京都山科にある門跡寺院・勧修寺を相続した。
• In the following year, he inherited Kanshu-ji temple, a monzeki temple (a temple where the doctrines of the founder of the sect had been handed down) in Yamashina, Kyoto.

• 妙心寺　塔頭寺院に、桂春院、春光院、退蔵院などがある
• Myoshin-ji Temple (its sub-temples include Keishun-in Temple, Shunko-in Temple, Taizo-in Temple, and so forth.)

• 静観寺（最澄により806年創建と伝える鞆最古の寺院）
• Seikan-ji Temple: The oldest existing temple in Tomo that is said to have been founded by Saicho in 806.

• 三門（さんもん）とは寺院の正面に配置される門のこと。
• The term Sanmon refers to a gate located in front of a temple.

• 真正極楽寺のように阿弥陀如来を本尊とする寺院もある。
• Some temples like Shinsho Gokuraku-ji Temple have Amidanyorai as a Honzon.

• 本末制度は寺請制度や寺院諸法度の創設と連動していた。
• Honmatsu seido was linked with other shogunate policies, such as the establishment of Terauke seido (the system that compelled the public to become Buddhists) and Jiin shohatto (the regulations for Buddhist temples).

• 村上源氏の出身で、木寺（仁和寺院家）の法印寛雅の子。
• He was from the Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan) and was born to Kanga, who was the Hoin (the highest rank in the hierarchy of Buddhist priests) of the Ki-dera Temple (an inge [a branch temple for supporting services of the main temple] of the Ninna-ji Temple).

• 寺院化に伴い、留守職は、住持職を含めた別当職となる。
• With the conversion into a temple, the position of rusushiki became the position of betto including the position of jujishoku (resident heads of the temples).

• 寺院で広く見られる木像本尊や絵像などは一切用いない。
• There are absolutely no major wooden statues nor images etc that are commonly seen in temples.

• 寺院内のおいて僧侶が住む空間を僧房（僧坊）と呼んだ。
• Living quarters used by monks in a temple were called sobo.

• 歴史ある寺院では、文化財に指定されているものもある。
• In the temples which have long histories, some Kuri are designated as cultural property.

• 舞楽以外には神社・寺院での伝統芸能などでも用いられる。
• Besides gagaku, they are also used in traditional arts performed at shrines and temples.

• 真言宗系仏教寺院18箇寺によって1995年に成立した。
• They were established by eighteen Shingon sect-related temples in 1995.

• 聖徳太子ゆかりの寺院である四天王寺と法隆寺で催される。
• It is held by Shitenno-ji Temple and Horyu-ji Temple, which are the temples associated with Prince Shotoku.

• 全国の様々な寺院で星まつり・星供の行事が行われている。
• Hoshi Matsuri and Hoshiku services are held at different temples nationwide.

• 御朱印（ごしゅいん）とは、神社や寺院で頂ける印である。
• Goshuin is a stamp that is given at a shrine or a temple.

• - 四天王寺など失われた寺院建築の復元的考察を行った。
• - Conducted restoration studies on the architecture of lost temples including Shitenno-ji Temple.

• 法隆寺をはじめ奈良時代以降の寺院建築にも使われている。
• It is used in temple buildings since the Nara period, such as Horyu-ji Temple.

• それらの作品は滋賀県内の寺院から寄託されたものである。
• These were entrusted to Biwako Bunkakan by temples in Shiga Prefecture.

• 空海は入定に際して、住持していた寺院を弟子に付嘱した。
• Before Kukai fell into deep meditation, he asked his disciples to take charge of the temples in which he had worked as a chief priest.

• 瀬戸内の中国・四国に布教を行い、多くの寺院を建立した。
• Nichiryu carried out proselytizing work in areas of the Chugoku region and areas on Shikoku that faced the Seto Inland Sea, founding a great many temples.
• He propagated to the Chugoku and Shikoku districts of Setouchi and founded quite a few temples.

• 東司（とうす）とは、仏教寺院における便所のことをいう。
• Tosu is a lavatory in Buddhist temples.

• また王統分裂の影響を受け、寺院勢力の中でも分派が進んだ。
• Influenced by disintegration of the royal lineage, disintegration among temples was developed.

• 現在のように特定の寺院を指して寺号とすることはなかった。
• The name of a specific temple was not used as the title of the temple, unlike today's practice.

• また、公卿などの貴人の邸宅や寺院にも同様の施設があった。
• Similar facilities existed also at the residence of court nobles and temples.

• 漢陽（ソウル特別市）では城内には寺院も建てさせなかった。
• They were not allowed to build even temples inside the castle of Hanyang (Seoul Special City).

• 1312年、覚如は廟堂を寺院化し、大谷本願寺が生まれた。
• In 1312 Kakunyo made the mausoleum a temple, whereby Otani Honganji Temple was born.

• 平安時代以後は、生前に造営した寺院などで行う事になった。
• Since the Heian period, a taiso had been held at a temple that he or she had built before he or she had passed away.

• 神社や寺院の高麗門には建物の性質上、扉がないものが多い。
• Many Korai-mon Gates of shrines and temples are not equipped with doors due to their particular nature.

• 真言宗の寺院は本山・末寺にかかわらず大きな打撃を受けた。
• The temples of the Shingon sect suffered great damage without regard to their status as head temples or sub-temples.

• 双林寺（そうりんじ）は、京都市山科区にある天台宗の寺院。
• The Sorin-ji Temple is a temple of the Tendai sect in Yamashina Ward, Kyoto City.

• それゆえ特に都市部で盆燈籠を認めない寺院が増えつつある。
• And so, temples - especially in urban areas - increasingly come to forbid bon toro.

• 事相研究でも特に図像研究では中心寺院として知られていた。
• It was known as the central temple for the study of jiso, especially Buddhist iconology.

• 古式では寺院で、のちに預人の座敷または庭上で、行なわれた。
• According to ancient tradition, seppuku was committed at a Buddhist temple and later came to be performed at the home or garden of the azukarinin.

• 寺院の大広間などに使われている紋様には雲紋が目立っている。
• Cloud patterns are predominant among the patterns used in temples such as in a hall.

• スペイン語およびポルトガル語の templo （寺院の意）
• the Spanish and Portuguese templo (referring to temple)

• これに従った浄土真宗の寺院は以後「真宗」を公式名称とする。
• Thereafter, the Jodo Shinshu temples that obeyed the order used 'Shinshu' as their formal name.

• （なお、寺院の祠堂銭は2文子が相場であったとされている）。
• It is said that Shidosen (money donated to a temple) was usually two mon-ko (two mon of interest per month).

• 妙心寺 - 塔頭寺院に、桂春院、春光院、退蔵院などがある。
• Myoshin-ji Temple - sub-temple, especially one founded to commemorate the death of a high priest, which includes Keishun-in Temple, Shunko-in Temple, and Taizo-in Temple

• 奈良の浄土宗寺院称名寺 (奈良市)に入れられ、僧となった。
• He became a Buddhist monk at Shomyo-ji Temple (Nara City), the temple of Jodo Sect.

• 多くの宿坊を抱えた寺院は大坊（たいぼう）と呼ぶことがある。
• Temples with many shukubo are sometimes called taibo (large living quarters for monks).

• 禅宗寺院で修行僧の食事、仏や祖師への供膳をつかさどる役職。
• Tenzo is a position in charge of cooking meals for ascetic monks, as well as of serving trays of offerings for Buddha statues and the founder of the sect.

• 神社の祭などで見ることができ、まれに寺院で行うところもある。
• Kagura may be observed at shrine festivals, and rarely at some temples.

• 実際に、貴族や寺院が富み栄える一方、農民層の負担が激増した。
• Actually, the aristocratic class and temples prospered and grew wealthy, while burdens to the farmers increased tremendously.

• 抽象的な表現の庭が室町時代の禅宗寺院で特に用いられ発達した。
• This abstract expression of a garden was especially used and developed by the Zen sect temples of the Muromachi period.

• 一部の寺院における祭礼の際の延年は規模も大きくなっていった。
• The scale of Ennen performed on the occasion of some temples' festival became bigger.

• 白河天皇はここに師実の実兄覚円を置いて寺院（法勝寺）とした。
• The Emperor Shirakawa made it into a temple (Hossho-ji Temple) under Morozane's biological elder brother Kakuen.

• 数多くの神社に神宮寺が建てられ、寺院の元に神社が建てられた。
• Jingu-ji Temples were built in many shrines, and shrines were built in temples.

• 多くの大寺院が建立され始め、仏教文化の最初の興隆期であった。
• It was the first prosperous period of Buddhist culture and saw the construction of many large temples.

• その後、禅僧が活発に往来し、中国の寺院建築様式が伝えられた。
• Thereafter, Zen monks actively travelled between Japan and China, which led to the introduction of Chinese temple architecture to Japan.
• Following this, the Chinese temple architectural style made its way to Japan due to the great movement of Zen monks between China and Japan.

• その後、頼朝や後白河法皇の庇護を受けて各地の寺院を修復した。
• Thereafter, he restored temples in various places under the patronage of Yoritomo and the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.

• 寺院建築では和様建築、住宅などでは書院造の特徴になっている。
• Its use factors into the features of Japanese-style buildings in shrines and temples and of shoin-zukuri (a traditional Japanese style of residential architecture that includes a tokonoma alcove) for houses.

• 三鈷寺（さんこじ）は、京都市西京区大原野にある西山宗の寺院。
• The Sanko-ji Temple is a temple of the Seizan sect in Oharano, Nishikyo Ward, Kyoto City.

• しかし、他宗の影響が強い地域の寺院では用いられる場合もある。
• However, they are sometimes used in the temples which have great influence on other sects.

• 世界最古の木造寺院法隆寺があり、最古の仏典古文書も日本にある。
• Japan also has the oldest wooden temple in the world, Horyu-ji Temple, as well as the oldest Buddhist scriptures.

• 寺院で法要を巌修する時に、仏を供養するため花や葉を撒き散らす。
• At solemn Buddhist memorial services held in temples, flowers and leaves are scattered to make offerings to Buddha.

• なお、一般的には浄土真宗の寺院では御朱印を頂くことができない。
• Note that, in general, goshuin is not given at temples of Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism).

• 聖徳太子の奨励などによって伎楽は寺院楽としてその地位を高めた。
• Encouraged by Prince Shotoku, it became the major performance for the Buddhist services at temples.

• 参詣参篭が信仰の重要な一部となる天台宗・真言宗系の寺院に多い。
• There are many such temples among those belonging to the Tendai sect and the Shingon sect since worshipping is deemed to constitute the important part of faith under the doctrine of these sects.

• 7世紀後半-8世紀の主要寺院の伽藍配置は次のようになっている。
• The garan layout of major temples between the latter half of the seventh century and the eighth century is as described below:

• 各寺院がこれに倣ってこの尊神を祀ることになった」と述べている。
• Other temples imitated this and came to enshrine this Sonjin (to worship God or it refers to the God which is worshipped).'

• 所属寺院が無い場合は、各地の真宗大谷派教区・別院一覧に訊ねる。
• If you are not associated with any temple, consult the list of branch temples of the regional parish of the Shinshu Otaniha.

• 勝光寺 (しょうこうじ) は、京都市下京区にある日蓮宗の寺院。
• Shoko-ji Temple is a temple of the Nichiren sect, located in Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City.

• 大妙寺 (だいみょうじ) は、京都市西京区にある日蓮宗の寺院。
• Daimyo-ji Temple is a temple of the Nichiren sect, located in Nishikyo Ward, Kyoto City.

• 智恩寺（ちおんじ）は、京都府宮津市にある臨済宗妙心寺派の寺院。
• Chion-ji Temple, located in Miyazu City, Kyoto Prefecture, is a temple of the Myoshin-ji School of the Rinzai Sect.

• 大雲院（だいうんいん）は、京都市東山区にある浄土宗系単立寺院。
• Daiun-in Temple, located in Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City, is an independent temple belonging to the Jodo sect.

• 高山藩が天領に転じて後は寺院を中心に伝承されて現在に至っている。
• After Takayama Domain became tenryo (a shogunal demesne), the tea ceremony of Sowa school has been mainly practiced in temples to this day.

• その起源は、平安時代に奈良の大寺院で製造されていた僧坊酒である。
• The origin of moro-haku was 'soboshu' (monk's sake) which was brewed at major temples in Nara during the Heian period.

• なお、初詣の対象は神社・寺院のいずれでもかまわないとされている。
• It is said that the target of hatsumode can be either a Shinto shrine or Buddhist temple.

• 中世においては、祠堂銭を元手とした寺院による金融のことも指した。
• In medieval times, the term Shidosen also referred to the financing provided by temples using Shidosen as capital.

• 仏教寺院のチャリティー事業の一環として設置されることが多かった。
• In many cases, Fuseya were established by Buddhist temples as part of their charities.

• これは禅宗寺院の仏堂に多く用いられている（禅宗様あるいは唐様）。
• This is often used in the Buddha halls of Zen sect temples (Zenshu-yo or Kara-yo).

• 当時の伽藍配置や技法には、百済の寺院との共通性が指摘されている。
• It should be noted that the building techniques and positioning of Buddhist temples at that time reflect the style of temples in Paekche.

• 室町期以後、禅宗の隆盛とともに大陸風の楼閣寺院、茶室が出現する。
• During the Muromachi period and later eras, temples and tea rooms employing a continental-style rokaku increasingly corresponded to the increasing popularity of the zen sect.

• 古代の寺院建築では部材も厚く、本来の構造的な意味合いが強かった。
• In ancient shrine buildings, the material was thick and was required for structural purposes.

• 参道（さんどう）とは、神社や寺院に参詣するための道のことである。
• Sando is the road used for visiting a shrine or temple.

• 個々の門跡寺院に固有の称号ではなく、その時々の住持の出身を指す。
• It was not an inherent title of each monzeki temple but instead indicated the descent of the chief priest.

• 和歌山県のある寺院には定朝作と伝えられている地蔵菩薩も存在する。
• There is also a sculpture of a Jizo Bosatsu (Bodhisattva) in a temple in Wakayama Prefecture which is ascribed to Jocho.

• ※元亨元年（1321年）、大谷廟堂を寺院化し、「本願寺」となる。
• *in 1321 he turned Otani Mausoleum into a temple, which became 'Hongwan-ji Temple.'

• そこから寺院の住職が生活する建物を、特に方丈と呼ぶようになった。
• As a result, the word hojo came to mean the construction in which a chief priest lived.

• 1986年（明治19）年、長者候補寺院に選出、事相本山となった。
• In 1986 it was elected as a candidate temple for choja (chief abbot of the temple) and became the Head Temple for practical training.

• 妙円寺（みょうえんじ）は、京都市左京区松ヶ崎にある日蓮宗の寺院。
• Myoen-ji Temple is located in Matsugasaki, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City and is a temple of the Nichiren Sect, founded by Nichiren in 1253.

• 禅宗の寺院では、伽藍の守護として韋駄天が祀られていることがある。
• In some Zen temples, Idaten (The Indian deity Skanda, son of Siva and general of his army, who became a protector of the Dharma in Buddhism) is enshrined as a guard of the temple building.

• 現在でも寺院の墓地に卵塔が並んでいたら、ほぼ歴代住持の墓である。
• If egg-shaped towers still stand together in the graveyard of a temple, the towers should be the graves of the successive chief priests.

• 多くは神社、寺院の前に置いてある賽銭箱に投入する金銭のことを言う。
• It mainly refers to money which is thrown in Saisenbako (offertory boxes) placed in front of shrines or temples.

• 中世においては催馬楽のつくりかえの歌が寺院の法会などでうたわれた。
• In the medieval period, modified songs of Saibara were sung in a hoe (Buddhist mass) in temples etc.

• 中世には、現世に失望し来世の幸福を願い沢山の人々が寺院へ巡礼した。
• In medieval times, people that despaired of their world, made a pilgrimage to temples in hope of happiness in the afterlife.

• 1871年、寺領上知令や祠堂金廃止令により、時宗寺院は窮地に陥る。
• In 1871 Jiryo Agechi-rei (Decree Confiscating Temples' Estates) and Shidokin Haishi-rei (Decree Abolishing Offerings) were issued and the temples of the Ji sect experienced the biggest difficulties.

• 宗務支所 -支所長・任期3年　各宗務支所下の寺院住職による輪番制。
• Temple branch office - Branch chief/Three-year term: Rotation by the temple chief priest under the each temple branch office

• その結果、そうした資金を祠堂銭の元手として運用する寺院も多かった。
• As a result, many temples invested these funds as capital for Shidosen.

• 布施屋の運営主体は大きく分けて「寺院」と「国府」の2つに分かれる。
• The management of Fuseya mainly constituted either 'temples' or 'kokufu' (provincial offices).

• 奈良時代に仏教寺院で行われていた伎楽は、次のような上演様態をもつ。
• Performance style of gigaku played at Buddhist temples during the Nara period is as follows.

• 一揆軍は京都と外部の連絡を断った上で、酒屋、土倉、寺院を襲撃した。
• The army of uprisers cut off communication between Kyoto and outside areas, and then attacked sake shops, doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders), and temples.

• しかし混乱の中、一部の僧侶は長谷寺や智積院の寺院に逃げ難を逃れた。
• However, in the confusion, some priests reached Hasedera Temple and Chishakuin Temple and survived.

• 1月成人の日 成人式（各寺院で檀信徒に新成人がいない年は行わない）
• Coming-of-age celebration in January: Ceremony of coming-of-age celebration (this event is not held in the years when there are no believer who become adults in each temple)

• 京都・奈良市の大寺院の雑役に服する大衆（堂衆）が自衛武装したもの。
• Historically, Daishu (Doshu), those who belonged to big temples in Kyoto and Nara City and were engaged in odd jobs, and armed themselves for self-defense and became Sohei.

• 平安時代の寺院は国の管理下にあり、（官）僧は言わば公務員であった。
• Temples during the Heian period were under the control of the government and (public) monks were basically public servants.

• 日本に仏教が伝来し、普及したころ神道では寺院建築を瓦屋根と呼んだ。
• When Buddhism was brought to Japan and came to be practiced widely, temple buildings were called Kawara-yane (tiled roofs).
• When Buddhism was brought to Japan and became widely practiced, temple buildings were called Kawara-yane (tiled roofs).

• 猫寺（ねこでら）は、日本各地に見られる、ネコに縁が深い寺院の通称。
• Neko-dera is the common name for temples deeply linked to cats that exist all over Japan.

• 金剛寺（こんごうじ）は京都府亀岡市にある臨済宗天龍寺派の仏教寺院。
• Kongo-ji Temple, a Buddhist temple of the Tenryu-ji school of the Rinzai sect, is located in Kameoka City, Kyoto Prefecture.

• この大陸様式の寺院建築に、新しい建具技術としての桟唐戸が用いられた。
• For this type of temple architecture in continental style, the sangarado was used as a new fitting technique.

• 床を高く張ることについては、土間を基本とする寺院建築と対照的である。
• A highly raised floor presents a sharp contrast to doma, or earthen floor, a basic element of Buddhist architecture.

• 神宮寺は神社に建てられた寺院のことで、神仏習合の初期段階で登場した。
• Jinguji are temples which were built within a shrine; it emerged at an early phase of the syncretic process of Shinto and Buddhism.

• 参拝（さんぱい）とは、神社や寺院に行って神仏を拝む行為のことである。
• Sanpai is an act of visiting a shrine or a temple and praying to gods or Buddha.

• また、人々には必ずいずれかの寺院に登録させるようにした（寺請制度）。
• In addition, under the 'terauke seido' (temple guarantee system), people were forced to register with any temple.

• また入仏開眼や寺院の落慶法要では大量の散華が撒かれ、見ごたえがある。
• At Nyubutsu Kaigen (the ceremony to consecrate a newly made Buddhist statue) and rakkei hoyo (a memorial service to celebrate the construction of a temple) of temples, a large amount of sange is scattered, making an impressive scene.

• なお、鎌倉幕府や寺院でもこれを模範として似たような法典が整備された。
• The same sorts of legal codes were established by Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and temples.

• その反面、個人から寺院へ田地を施入（寄付）することは禁止されていた。
• On the other hand, it was prohibited to donate farmland to temples personally.

• 仏教公伝（538年）以降、日本でも寺院建築が建てられるようになった。
• The construction of temples also began after the official introduction of Buddhism to Japan in 538.

• 平安時代以降、皇族が門跡となっている寺院などに対して院号が許された。
• After the Heian period, temples where members of Imperial Family entered priesthood were allowed to have the Ingo.

• 鳴神上人は、寺院建立を約束に皇子誕生の祈祷を行い、これを成功させる。
• Saint Narukami prayed for the birth of a prince in exchange for making then emperor build a temple, and succeeds.

• 巡礼者の増加に伴い、各寺院の財政が潤っていることを端的に示している。
• This clearly shows that each fudasho temple is in good financial shape due to the increasing number of pilgrims

• 密教や末法思想が広く信じられ、神仏習合が進み、寺院が多く建てられた。
• Esoteric Buddhism and Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) were believed widely, syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism advanced, and many temples were built.

• これにより、多くの寺院の経営が立ち行かなくなり、廃寺に追い込まれた。
• Consequently, many temples began to experience difficulties in their management, so that they were forced to become defunct.

• 具体的には、仏教の檀信徒であることの証明を寺院から請ける制度である。
• Specifically, it was the system that had every person obtain the certification of their Buddhist faith from a temple.

• 本堂（ほんどう）とは、仏教寺院において、本尊仏を安置する建物の呼称。
• Hondo is the building of a Buddhist temple in which the main object of worship is enshrined.

• 立本寺（りゅうほんじ）は、京都市上京区にある日蓮宗本山（由緒寺院）。
• Ryuhon-ji Temple, located in Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City, is one of the original temples (with a long historical lineage) of the Nichiren sect of Buddhism.

• 法輪寺（ほうりんじ）は京都市上京区にある臨済宗妙心寺派の寺院である。
• Horin-ji Temple, located in Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City, is a temple of the Myoshin-ji Temple school of the Rinzai sect.

• ごく少数の寺院もあるが、ほとんどが神道系で、神社や祠（ほこら）である。
• There are few Buddhism temples, but almost all are Shinto facilities like shrines and hokora (small shrines)

• 越前五郷には浄土真宗派の寺院があり、名塩の源照寺なども真宗派であった。
• There were some temples of the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) in the Echizen go-go, and the Gensho-ji Temple in Najio was also a temple of the Jodo Shinshu Sect.

• 他に禅宗寺院では「祝麺」と呼んで祝い事の昼食に素麺を食べる習慣がある。
• Furthermore, there is a custom of eating somen called 'celebration noodles' for lunch in a celebration event in Temples of the Zen sect.

• 一般的な参拝方法の大きな流れは、神社・寺院とも以下のようなものである。
• The major steps in the procedure of sanpai to a shrine or a temple are generally as follows:

• 幼い頃、浄土宗の寺院に預けられていたが、文明年間初め頃に加賀国に下る。
• When he was a child, he was placed with a temple of Jodoshu sect, but in about 1470, he moved to Kaga Province.

• 飛鳥寺や四天王寺は、発願者の意図と違って国家的な寺院（官寺）であった。
• Contrary to the intentions of devotees, Asuka-dera Temple and Shitenno-ji Temple became state-administered temples.

• 有力な仏教寺院が中心に存在し、規模が大きくなる場合は「寺内町」となる。
• Moat settlements which grew in scale with an influential Buddhist temple at its center came to be known as Jinai-cho (literally a town with a temple inside).

• - 寺院が多く集まってできた町で、江戸時代の城下町やその周辺に多かった
• town formed with many temples, many of teramachi were in Jokamachi or in the vicinity of Jokamachi during the Edo period

• さらに、興福寺、法華寺、新薬師寺など多くの寺院の創建や整備に関わった。
• In addition, she founded and renovated many temples, such as Kofuku-ji Temple, Hokke-ji Temple and Shin-Yakushi-ji Temple.

• 翌年の文化14年（1817年）、京都山科の門跡寺院・勧修寺を相続した。
• He inherited Kaju-ji Temple, a monzeki temple (a temple of high rank where members of the imperial family and nobility entered the priesthood) in Yamashina, Kyoto in the following year 1817.

• 日蓮宗徒の町衆は細川晴元らの軍勢と手を結んで一向宗寺院を焼き討ちした。
• The Nichiren-sect followers of Machi-shu joined up with the military power of Harumoto HOSOKAWA and set fire to the Ikko sect temples.

• 江戸幕府が成立すると、寺院法度などにより寺社への締め付けが厳しくなる。
• After the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established, its control of temples became tighter through the establishment of jiinhatto (laws for temples), and so on.

• 各宗派の本山寺院の内陣を模して造られるため、宗派によりつくりが異なる。
• Since this shumidan is designed in imitation of the inner sanctuary of the head temple of each sect, its configuration differs by sect.

• 収穫祭・感謝祭の意味も含めて春または秋に全国の寺院や八幡神で催される。
• The ritual encompasses harvest festivals and thanksgiving festivals, and is conducted in spring and autumn in Buddhist temples and Hachimanshin (God of War) throughout Japan.

• 海外では50か国弱で法華講が存在し、寺院や布教所などが建立されている。
• Hokke Ko exist in about fifty countries overseas, and there are some temples or propagation offices which were built.

• したがって、住職は寺院の財産を私的に用いる（相続など）ことは出来ない。
• Thus the head priest can not use the property of the temple as his own property (inheritance, and so on).

• 奈良時代の役所や大寺院には多数の倉が並んでいたことが記録から知られる。
• Records have revealed that many warehouses were built in government offices and large temples during the Nara period.

• 林丘寺（りんきゅうじ）は、京都市左京区修学院にある臨済宗系の単立寺院。
• The Rinkyu-ji Temple is an independent temple of the Rinzai sect at Shugakuin, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.

• 破魔矢（はまや）とは、正月の縁起物として寺院・神社で授与される矢である。
• Hamaya is an arrow given as a lucky charm of the New Year by a temple and/or a Shinto shrine.

• 寺院の統制と武装解除は続く江戸幕府でも大きな問題として引き継がれていく。
• The regulation and disarmament of temples would also be a big issue for the Edo shogunate.

• 晋山式（しんざん しき）とは、寺院に新たな住職が就任する際の儀式を言う。
• Shinzan shiki refers to a ceremony when a new chief priest comes into a temple.

• 初日ないし最終日には法会と共に各寺院の得度を朝廷から賜る儀礼が行われた。
• On the first or final day of a Kinomidokyo, a ritual was performed through the Imperial Court, together with a hoe, for those entering into Buddhist priesthood at each temple.

• 布施屋自体が仏教的発想の産物であるため、運営には必ず仏教寺院が関わった。
• As a Fuseya itself was a product of Buddhist thought, Buddhist temples were invariably involved in their operations.

• 既成の寺院から離れて別所と呼ばれる地をその活動拠点とすることが多かった。
• They often had a place called a Bessho for their activities, apart from the existing temples.

• また、仏像、絵画、書道、寺院建築など、造形芸術の各方面で和様が確立した。
• And the Japanese style was established in every field of art and design, such as Buddhist statues, painting, calligraphy, and temple architecture.

• 飛鳥時代から奈良時代に寺院の法会でさかんに上演されたが、次第に衰退した。
• It was widely played for Buddhist services at temples throughout Japan during the Asuka to Nara periods, but gradually declined in later periods.

• 本来、巡禮とは日本における各地の神社、寺院を訪ね巡り礼拝することである。
• Originally, Junrei (pilgrimage) meant to travel and visit shrines and temples throughout Japan for the purpose of worship at each location.

• 曼殊院（まんしゅいん）は京都市左京区一乗寺にある天台宗の仏教寺院である。
• Manshuin Temple is a Buddhist temple of the Tendai Sect that is located at Ichijo-ji Temple in Sakyo-ku Ward, Kyoto City.

• 寺院の石工を任されていたが、高い技術を買われて、安土城の石垣を施工した。
• They were initially put in charge of stone masonry at temples but, with their excellent skills being recognized, they installed the stone walls of Azuchi-jo Castle.

• 鎌倉時代初期頃からは皇族や摂家等の子弟が特定の寺院に出家するようになる。
• Since around the beginning of the Kamakura period, children of the Imperial Family and the sekke (the line of regents and advisers) came to be priests at specific temples.

• 日本でも、太鼓楼として寺院や神社などの宗教施設敷地内に見ることができる。
• Also in Japan, drum towers referred to as taiko-ro tower can be seen inside religious institutions such as temples and shrines.

• 大雲寺（だいうんじ）は、京都市左京区岩倉にある単立（天台証門宗）の寺院。
• The Daiun-ji Temple is an independent temple (the Tendai Shomon sect) located in Iwakura, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.

• 頂妙寺（ちょうみょうじ）は、京都市左京区仁王門通新麩屋町西入にある寺院。
• Chomyo-ji Temple is a Buddhist temple located in Nishiiri (the west) of Shinfuya-machi, Niomon-dori, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.

• 納経は寺院が主導し、多数作善思想のもと多数の人が加わって行われたという。
• The practice was led and guided by temples and many people participated who were motivated by the Tasu sazen shiso theory (a belief that good deeds will bring them more blessing).

• このような場所は寺院や神社が所有していたり、近隣共同体の共有財産であった。
• Such hot springs were either owned by temples/shrines or co-owned by neighboring communities.

• ただし、禅宗寺院で用いられて以降、独立した庭園として造られるようになった。
• However, after it was adopted by Zen temples, dry landscape were created as independent gardens.

• 寺院で手を合わせるのはインド等での挨拶に端を発するもので、拍手とは異なる。
• Having originated from the greeting in areas such as India, holding the palms and fingers together at a temple differs from clapping.

• 鬼子母神は、法華経の守護神として日蓮宗・法華宗の寺院で祀られることが多い。
• Kishimojin is often enshrined in temples of the Nichiren sect and the Hokke sect as a guardian deity of Hokke-kyo.

• 寺院には多く山号が付けられているが、その山に晋（すす）むという意味がある。
• Temples mostly have sango (literally, 'mountain name'), which is the title prefixed to the name of a Buddhist temple, and this ceremony means to enter the mountain.

• また、書籍のほかに寺務管理ソフトや研修講師派遣など、寺院の発展にも関わる。
• Furthermore, in addition to publishing books, the institute is also engaged in promoting the prosperity of temples through the development of temple job management software and the sending of lecturers on training courses.

• 小本山に法起寺・法輪寺 (斑鳩町)、門跡寺院の中宮寺など末寺は、29ヵ寺。
• Hokki-ji Temple and Horin-ji Temple (Ikaruga-cho) are the shohonzan (a head temple) of the sect and here are 29 branch temples, such as Chugu-ji Temple, which is a Monzeki Temples (temple in which Imperial family serves as head priest).

• ここから、東大寺は華厳宗と三論宗を兼学する寺院として位置づけられるに至る。
• Todai-ji Temple consequently became recognized as the temple that embraces the teaching of both Kegon and Sanron sects.

• 奈良時代から平安時代にかけて寺院の守護のために僧兵の武器として威力を発揮。
• It was widely used as a weapon by monk soldiers to protect their temples during Nara period and Heian period.

• 京都仏教会に加盟する寺院の一部は拝観停止を実行した（第一次拝観停止開始）。
• Some of the temples belonging to the Kyoto Buddhist Organization executed their refusal of visitors (the first refusal of visitors).

• （父祖の地上野国新田郡徳川郷の時宗寺院、徳川満徳寺は後に縁切寺とされた）。
• (His ancestor's temples (Jishu-jiin [Jodo (Pure Land) sect] and Tokugawa Mantoku-ji Temple) located in Tokugawa hamlet, Nitta County in Kozuke Province later on became Engiri-ji temple (a refuge for women seeking divorce).

• 宗派別では、真言宗および天台宗の寺院に本尊を秘仏とするところが比較的多い。
• When seen by sect, the temples of the Shingon and Tendai Sects are more relatively to withhold their principle images from public view.

• 僧侶が掃除や薪割り、畑仕事など寺院を維持するための労働を行う時に着用する。
• The samue is worn when the monk works to maintain the temple, such as cleaning, chopping firewood, and work in the fields.

• また、室生寺や當麻寺のように「金堂」と「本堂」が別個に存在する寺院もある。
• Further, some temples, such as Muro-ji Temple and Taima-dera Temple, have both 'Kondo' and 'Hodo.'

• 江戸時代後期から明治期にかけて、広島市街の寺院を中心にかなり広く定着した。
• From the later Edo period to the Meiji period, the custom became fairly common mainly at temples that were situated in the urban area of Hiroshima City.

• 京都市営バス修学院離宮道下車徒歩20分（ただし、非公開寺院につき拝観不可）
• Twenty minutes walk from the Shugakuin Rikyu michi bus stop of the Kyoto City Bus (however, it is closed to the public).

• 常照寺（じょうしょうじ）は、京都市北区 (京都市)鷹峰にある日蓮宗の寺院。
• Josho-ji Temple is a Buddhist temple belonging to the Nichiren Sect located in Takagamine, Kita Ward, Kyoto City.

• 聖たちは、寺院から離れて別所と呼ばれる場所に集住し、活動の拠点としていた。
• Groups of hijiri lived in 'bessho' (a place separated from a temple), which served as a base of their activities.

• 妙傳寺（みょうでんじ）は、京都市左京区東大路通二条通下ルにある日蓮宗寺院。
• Myoden-ji Temple is a Buddhist temple of the Nichiren sect located in Nijo-dori sagaru, Higashi Oji-dori Street, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.

• 来迎院（らいごういん）は京都市東山区にある真言宗泉涌寺派に属する仏教寺院。
• Raigo-in Temple (Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City) is a Buddhist temple of the Sennyu-ji school of the Shingon Sect.

• 支那内地に於ける日本の病院、寺院及学校に対しては、其土地所有権を認むること。
• The Chinese Government to grant the Japanese hospitals, temples, and schools in the interior of China the right to own land;

• 初期の日本の古墳や寺院の壁画には高句麗などとの手法や技術の共通点も見られる。
• Wall paintings in the first ancient tombs and temples in Japan seem to have something in common with those found in Koguryo in terms of method and technique.

• これは本山寺院の形式を正式とするものであり、末寺や檀家の仏壇もそれに準じる。
• In the regulations, the form of the main temple is considered the proper form so that the subsidiary temples and patrons of the temple follow the form for their Buddhist altar.

• さらに院による恣意的な僧綱補任により、寺院相互の競合・確執も深刻化していた。
• Moreover, the emperor's arbitrary appointment of Sogo (Office of Monastic Affairs) also aggravated the contention and feud among temples.

• 寺田にかかる年貢・公事は、領主の収入とはならず、寺院運営の経費にあてられた。
• The nengu (land tax) and kuji (public duties) levied on jiden fields did not become incomes of the territorial lord, but were used for operating the temples concerned.

• また、山間部の寺院の門前に、牛の首に人の着物姿で頻繁に現れたとの伝承もある。
• There is also a legend that says it frequently appeared in front of the gates of temples in the mountainous regions in the shape of a head of the cow and a body in kimono.

• 「月刊住職」と同様、宗派にとらわれない全寺院住職・寺族・僧侶向けの実用雑誌。
• Same as 'Gekkan Jushoku,' it is a practical magazine for chief priests of all temples, all temple families, and all priests, regardless of sect.

• 同じく自治的性格を持っていのは、一向宗の寺院を中心に形成された寺内町である。
• A similar style of autonomy could be seen in the character of Jinaicho (temple towns), religious communities that coalesced around temples of the Ikko sect.

• 明治時代に廃絶されるまでは桃尾山蓮華王院龍福寺という密教寺院の境内地だった。
• It was within the precincts of the Momoosan Rengeoin Ryufuku-ji Temple, an esoteric Buddhism temple, before the temple was abolished in the Meiji period.

• 鴨川東岸には寺院や別荘が建設されて市街地がさらに東に広げられる傾向が生じた。
• Then the eastern riverside of Kamo-gawa River was built up with temples and second houses, so the urban district spread out to the east.

• 建築の形態から見ると、その間取りは、禅宗寺院の方丈との類似が指摘されている。
• By observing the formation of the architecture, it has been pointed out that the layout of the architecture was similar to that of hojo (the living quarters of a head priest) of Zen temples.

• 西大寺（さいだいじ）は、奈良県奈良市西大寺芝町にある、真言律宗総本山の寺院。
• Saidai-ji Temple is a temple which is located in Saidaiji Shibamachi, Nara City, Nara Prefecture and the grand head temple of Shingon Risshu sect.

• また、総本山大石寺をはじめとする寺院の納骨堂には本尊が安置される場合もある。
• In some cases, the Nokotsu-do in temples such as the Grand Head Temple Taiseki-ji Temple enshrine a Honzon.

• 法堂（はっとう）とは、仏教寺院において、僧侶が仏教を講義する建物の事である。
• Hatto is a construction in a Buddhist temple where priests make lectures about Buddhism.

• 鐘楼（しょうろう、しゅろう）とは、寺院内にあって梵鐘を吊し、時を告げる施設。
• Shoro or shuro, in which bonsho (a big Buddhist bell) is hung, is placed on the premises of a temple and is used for informing people in the neighborhood of the time by ringing the bell.

• 国清寺跡（こくせいじあと）は、秋田県能代市に存在した華厳宗の寺院国清寺の跡。
• The remains of Kokusei‐ji Temple are remains of a temple of the Kegon Sect in Noshiro City, Akita Prefecture.

• これは貴族の邸宅の形式である寝殿造が寺院建築に取り入れられたものと見られる。
• This is believed to have been an adaptation of Shinden-zukuri architecture, a style of a nobleman's residence, into temple architecture.

• 寺院の内に設けられたものとは異なる、自治体により建立された納骨堂が存在する。
• Apart from the nokotsudo built in the precincts of a temple, there is the type built by the municipality.

• 宿坊（しゅくぼう）は、主に仏教寺院などで修行中の僧が寝泊りをする建物である。
• Shukubo is a form of lodging for priests who are conducting ascetic practices, mainly in Buddhist temples.

• 元亨元年（1321年）覚如が「大谷影堂」を再建・寺院化し、「本願寺」とした。
• In 1321, Kakunyo rebuilt the Otani-Eido and changed it to a temple as the Hongan-ji Temple.

• 円通寺（えんつうじ）は京都市左京区岩倉幡枝町にある臨済宗妙心寺派の仏教寺院。
• The Entsu-ji Temple was a Buddhist temple of the Myoshin-ji Temple school of the Rinzai sect, located in Iwakura Hataeda-cho, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.

• 本法寺（ほんぽうじ）は、京都市上京区の寺之内にある日蓮宗の本山（由緒寺院）。
• The Honpo-ji Temple, located at Teranouchi, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City, is a Honzan (a major temple of the Nichiren Sect) and a Yuisho jiin (a historically important temple of the Nichiren Sect).

• さらに廃仏毀釈で、金城湯池であった島津藩領や佐渡の時宗寺院が壊滅状態となった。
• In addition, Haibutsu-kishaku resulted in the destruction of the Ji sect's temples in Shimazu domain and Sado which had been the impregnable strongholds.

• 檀林（だんりん）とは、仏教寺院における僧侶の養成機関、仏教宗派の学問所をいう。
• Danrin was a training facility for monks in a Buddhist temple, i.e., a school of a Buddhist sect.

• 日本では、江戸時代に中国から長崎の黄檗宗の寺院に伝来したのが起源とされている。
• In Japan, the origin of daruma dolls is said to be during the Edo period when they were introduced from China to the temples of the Obaku sect in Nagasaki.

• 寺田（じでん、てらだ）とは、日本において、仏教寺院の運営経費にあてる田をいう。
• Jiden (also called terada) fields indicate, in Japan, rice fields whereby output was used for operating Buddhist temples.

• また浄土真宗系の寺院では公家の娘を内室に持つ寺主の子息が使用したこともあった。
• At Jodo Shinshu temples, a son of the manager of a temple who married to a daughter of a court noble used this type of fan in some cases.

• その法燈を継承する寺院として同地に医王山最勝院国分寺（本尊：薬師如来）がある。
• There is a temple in the area called the Iozan Saisho-in Provincial Monastery (principal image, Yakushi-nyorai), which is said to have inherited the light of Buddhism.

• 1669年の京都町奉行の設置を機に、門跡寺院を除く寺社の管轄が町奉行となった。
• With the establishment of the post of Kyoto machi-bugyo in 1669, all Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines with the exception of monzeki temples (temples of high rank where members of imperial family and nobility entered the priesthood) came under the control of machi-bugyo.

• さらには、皇族・摂家の子弟が門跡となった寺院にも御所号が贈られることもあった。
• At times, the gosho-go was even awarded to the temple at which the head priest was a son of the Imperial Family or the sekke (family of a regent or a chief advisor to the Emperor).

• 西大寺は、天平神護元年（765年）に称徳天皇の勅願により創建された寺院である。
• Saidai-ji Temple is a temple which was established in 765 at the imperial order of the Empress Shotoku (Empress Koken).

• 釈迦堂（しゃかどう）は、釈迦如来像を本尊とする仏堂または寺院に付せられる名称。
• Shaka-do hall is a denomination given to the Buddhist stature hall or temples in which a statue of Shaka Nyorai (Buddha Shakamuni) is enshrined as the principle image.

• この行為に対し寺院側、反対派地元住民、およびいくつかの報道機関が批判を行った。
• Against this action, criticism came from the temple's side, local people in opposition and portions of the mass media.

• 独自の寺院を持つ事はせず、各地につつましい念仏道場を設けて教化する形であった。
• He didn't possess his own temple, but constructed meeting places called Nenbutsu Dojo in various provinces to spread the teaching of Jodo Shinshu.

• 「金堂」は飛鳥時代から平安時代前半にかけての古代創建の寺院で多く使われている。
• The term 'Kondo' was mainly used by temples founded in the ancient times, namely from the Asuka period to the early Heian period.

• 寺院の住職家族用の仏壇は本堂の仏様と区別する意味もあって特に御内仏と呼ばれる。
• An altar for the family of the chief priest at a temple is called onaibutsu to distinguish it from the altar installed in the main hall.

• 中世以降の禅林（禅宗寺院）に於いても、稚児・喝食は主に男色、衆道の対象であった。
• Even at the Zen temples after the medieval period, chigo and katsujiki had been mainly considered male homosexuals.

• 奈良時代、平安時代にはいると、瓦は寺院、宮殿の他、官衙にも用いられるようになる。
• In the Nara and Heian periods, Kawara tiles have started to be used not only for temples and palaces, but also for Kanga (government offices).

• ただし、地蔵盆は一般には寺院の中に祀られている地蔵菩薩を対象とした祭りではない。
• By the way, Jizo-bon does not generally celebrate Jizo Bodhisattva enshrined in temples.

• こうした「風流」の趣向は同時代の寺院芸能である猿楽・能・狂言などに影響を与えた。
• This 'Furyu' trend affected the temple performing arts of the same period, such as Sarugaku, Noh and Kyogen.

• また、当時城砦化が進んでいた寺院に資産を預ける人々もおりその資産も元手となった。
• Moreover, some people entrusted their money to temples, which at that time were becoming fortified, and this money was also used as capital.

• 一日を6分割して不断念仏する集団（ないし成員）を指し、古代以来、顕密寺院にいた。
• It refered to the group (or member) who divided a day into six parts and kept practicing nenbutsu (Buddhist invocation), and they usually used kenmitsu-jiin (exoteric temples of Esoteric Buddhism) since the group had been formed.

• また、総本山や寺院において題目を1時間ひたすら題目を唱える唱題行が行われている。
• Besides, in the head temple of the Nichirensho sect and some temples, the believers perform one of gongyo 'shodai-gyo' in which the believers have to keep chanting the spell for one hour.

• 修二会（しゅにえ）は、日本の仏教寺院で行われる法会のひとつで、修二月会ともいう。
• Shuni-e refers to one of hoe (Buddhist mass) conducted in Japanese Buddhist temples, which is also called Shunigatsu-e.

• 諸山（しょざん）とは、日本における禅林（禅宗寺院）の格式であり、五山・十刹の下。
• Shozan means the rank of temple 'Zenrin', temples of the Zen sect in Japan, which is under the ranks of 'Gozan' and 'Jussatsu.'

• 各地で借金苦に苦しんだ農民たちが酒屋、土倉、寺院（祠堂銭）を襲い、私徳政を行う。
• Farmers who were troubled with debt attacked liquor stores, pawnbrokers and temples (lenders using donations to a temple) to cancel the debts by force.

• 「自宅」と宣言するために一夜を明かすのに貴族が使ったのは、一般に寺院が多かった。
• The places which nobles at that time usually used to declare as 'their home' were temples.

• その後、歴代天皇・皇后によって建てられた5つの寺院とともに「六勝寺」と呼ばれた。
• Later, the temple was referred to as 'Rokushoji' (or 'Rikushoji', The Six Victorious Temples) together with five temples which were erected by successive Emperors and Empresses.

• この経の中に置かれた大悲心陀羅尼は現在でも中国や日本の禅宗寺院で読誦されている。
• Daihishin Dharani (Great Compassionate Heart Dharani) in this sutra has been recited at Zen sect temples in China and Japan up until the current time.

• 主に宗祖や有力檀家（将軍家・藩主等）などが寺院に付随して祀られていることが多い。
• In most cases the founders of religious sects or major Buddhist parishioners (the shogunate family/the lord of a domain, etc.) were worshiped in the mausoleums annexed to the temples.

• さらに、南北時代には貴族が住宅を喜捨して、そのまま寺院となったものが多く現れた。
• Furthermore, during the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China) there were many cases where aristocrats donated their houses, which then became temples.

• 浄土宗・浄土真宗寺院の中世における伽藍配置は固定の様式があるようには見られない。
• It appears that the garan layout of the Pure Land and True Pure Land sects in the Medieval period did not have a fixed style.

• 真宗の寺院建築には他にも内陣に比べて外陣が広いなど、他宗に見られない特徴がある。
• Additionally, the architecture of Shinshu temples has unique features rarely seen in other sects, such as wider Gejin (nave) compared to Naijin (chancel).

• その後大巌寺の住職となり、奈良霊巌院・山田霊巌寺など各地に浄土宗寺院を建立した。
• Later, he became a resident priest of Daigan-ji Temple, and built many Jodo sect temples in many places, including Reigan-in Temple in Nara and Yamada Reigan-ji Temple.

• 元亨元年（1321年）、覚如により「大谷廟堂」を寺院化され、「本願寺」と号する。
• In 1321, 'Otani-byodo Mausoleum' was converted to a temple and received the name 'Honganji' by Kakunyo.

• 故事来歴の意味に用いて、神社寺院の沿革や、そこに現れる功徳利益などの伝説を指す。
• It is also used to mean origin and history, and it shows the histories of shrines and temples, as well as the legends of merits appearing in those shrines and temples.

• 寺院や僧侶に読経をたのむときに、｢廻向料｣などと表書きするのは、この理由による。
• This is why the envelope says 'eko ryo (fee for a memorial service)' when hiring a temple or a priest for sutra chanting.

• 平安期に門跡寺院が生じると、宮門跡、摂家門跡、准門跡、脇門跡などの寺格が生じた。
• When a monzeki temple (a temple of high rank where members of the Imperial family and nobility enter the priesthood) was founded in the Heian Period, new Jikaku were established such as miya-monzeki (temples headed by the Imperial princes), sekke-monzeki (the priest clan eligible for regents), jun-monzeki (temple rank which is next to monzeki, a temple whose head priest is a member of the Imperial family) and waki-monzeki (subordinating temple to legitimate the temple).

• これが転じて寺院などを建築し新しく完成したときに転用されて言われるようになった。
• This was extended to use when temples and shrines are constructed and newly built for a diversion.

• 現在一般的な意味での祭は、神社や寺院をその主体または舞台として行われることが多い。
• At present, many matsuri in the general sense are held under the initiative of shrines or temples, or by having settings in shrines or temples.

• それと同時に、勅額寺院の住持を朝廷が任命する「勅差住持制」が行われるようになった。
• At the same time, the 'Chokusa juji' system, in which the chief priest of temples with an imperial inscription was assigned by the Imperial Court, was implemented.

• また、支所ごとに代議員・副長などを置いて、支所下の寺院住職・寺族がその役職に就く。
• Every branch office has the posts such as representative and vice chief, and a chief priest or his family members under the branch office will take those posts.

• 元来、朝廷や皇族の所有地であったものが寺院などに寄進されて荘園化されたものが多い。
• Many Ossho were the former territories of the Imperial Court or Imperial Family which became Shoen after being donated to temples etc.

• 寺院・神社に納められる雑役は、古くは国家からの実物による支給によって賄われていた。
• Zatsueki, provided to temples/shrines, was originally provided by the nation as an allowance in kind.

• （6）奈良の仏教寺院と神社は、ひときわ優れた形で宗教の連続的な力と影響を証明する。
• 6. The particularly elegant forms of Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines in Nara Prefecture prove the continuous force and influence of religion over people's lives.

• 更に宗教者・職人などを特定の公家や寺院（院家）に家職として統制させることを図った。
• Furthermore, religious persons and craftsmen were to come from specific aristocratic families and temples (Inke) for which it was Kashoku.

• 古代から寺院や行政機関では、財産管理や業務上の必要から多くの目録が作成されていた。
• Since ancient times many mokuroku were prepared at temples and administrative offices for the purpose of asset management and other business necessities.

• 中世の日本においては、大和国や河内国の大寺院が造る僧坊酒が日本の酒の中心であった。
• Soboshu made in the large temples located in the Provinces of Yamato and Kawachi was the predominant kind of sake in the medieval Japan.

• また法勝寺等の多くの寺院や仏像をつくらせたが、その経済力は受領の経済力を活用した。
• SHIRAKAWA ordered the building of many temples and Buddhist statues including the Hossho-ji Temple, and he took advantage of getting finance from Juryo.

• 京都屈指の観光スポットであり、有名寺院などが数多くあり、周辺の散策には事欠かない。
• The surrounding area is one of the best tourist attractions having enough places to visit, such as a famous temple.

• 證空が建立した主な寺院には、西山往生院を始め、歓喜心院、浄橋寺、遣迎院などがある。
• Major temples constructed by Shoku are Seizan Ojoin Temple, Kangishinin Temple, Jokyoji Temple and Kengoin Temple, and so on.

• また、延暦寺以外でも金剛峯寺・醍醐寺・法性寺・元慶寺などの寺院でも使用されている。
• It is used, not only in Enryaku-ji Temple, but also in Kongobu-ji Temple, Daigo-ji Temple, Hossho-ji Temple, Gankei-ji Temple, and so on.

• 梵鐘（ぼんしょう）は、東アジアの寺院などで使用される仏具としての釣鐘（つりがね）。
• Bonsho are hanging bells as a Buddhist equipment used in East Asian temples.

• 主に寛永年間以降に見られ、寺院の五重塔のように上から下までデザインに統一感がある。
• They were seen mainly after the Kanei era and had a sense of top-to-bottom unity in design, like a five-storied pagoda of a temple.

• 正和元年（1312年） 三代覚如は廟堂を再建、寺院化し専修寺（せんじゅじ）とした。
• In 1312 the third Rusushiki Kakunyo rebuilt Mausoleum as a temple, Senju-ji Temple.

• 同派の別院は、下記の通り56ヵ寺院が置かれており、設立の経緯は、下記の通りである。
• Fifty-six temples exist as branch temples of the Shinshu sect Otani-ha as shown below, and the way of their establishment is as follows:

• この経の最後に置かれた大悲心陀羅尼は現在でも中国や日本の禅宗寺院で読誦されている。
• Daihishindarani, in the last part of this sutra, is still recited at Zen sect temples in China and Japan.

• また他宗派の信徒への布教や新しい寺院の建立を禁止されその勢力の拡張が困難になった。
• Additionally, they were banned from propagating their teachings to the believers of other sects and from constructing new temples, so it became difficult for them to extend their influence.

• 元々、真言宗の僧侶が鍛錬の方法として実践していたもので、真言寺院に伝えられていた。
• Originally, Ajikan was practiced by monks of the Shingon sect as a method to refine the mind, and was transmitted among the temples of the Shingon sect.

• 延年（えんねん）は、寺院において大法会の後に僧侶や稚児によって演じられた日本の芸能。
• Ennen is a Japanese art which was performed by monks and chigo (child in a Buddhist possession) at temples after Daihoe (great Buddhist memorial service).

• 主に淡島神社（粟島神社）または淡島神を祀る堂（淡島堂・粟島堂）がある寺院で行われる。
• The event is mainly held at temples that have Awashima-do Hall which enshrines Awashima-jinja Shrine or Awashima-no-kami.

• 五山（ござん）とは、中国・日本における禅林（禅宗寺院）の格式であり、十刹・諸山の上。
• Gozan indicates the status of a Zenrin (temple of the Zen sect) in China and Japan that is ranked above jissatsu (for the ten important temples of the Rinzai sect) and shozan (for ordinary Zen temples).

• 古都奈良の文化財（ことならのぶんかざい）は、奈良県奈良市地域に存在する寺院等の総称。
• The Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara is the general term for temples and other historical monuments in Nara City, Nara Prefecture.

• 学校は謹慎の意を表して休校となり、神社や寺院や教会では、皇太子平癒の祈祷が行われた。
• Schools were closed as a suspension, and prayer services were held at Shinto shrines, temples and churches to pray for Nicholas's recovery.

• 広義には、寺院・神社の信徒が近隣に集落を形成した寺内町・社家町も含めて門前町という。
• In a broad sense, it includes a temple town or shrine town where followers lived near a temple or shrine and created a community.

• また宿坊を備えた禅寺院などの食事では、必ずと言ってもよい程供される定番の品目である。
• It is a standard dish served as Shojin-ryori in almost all Zen temples operating shukubo (visitors' or pilgrims' lodgings in a temple).

• 内部は仏教各宗派の本山寺院の仏堂を模した豪華な作りになっており、仏像や位牌を納める。
• Its inside is designed as a gorgeous simulation of the Buddhist hall of the head temple of each relevant Buddhist sect, where statues of Buddha and ihai (ancestral tablets) are installed.

• 元亨元年（1321年）、「大谷廟堂」を寺院化し、「本願寺」と号する（本願寺の成立）。
• In 1321, he converted 'Otani Byodo Mausoleum' into a temple and named it 'Hongan-ji Temple' (the establishment of Hongan-ji Temple).

• 「大谷廟堂」の寺院化（本願寺の成立）に尽力し、本願寺を中心とする教団の基礎となった。
• He strived to convert 'Otani-byodo Mausoleum' into a temple (establishment of Hongan-ji Temple) and laid the foundation of a religious order headed by Hongan-ji Temple.

• 寺院移転後は、この親鸞の影像を安置している寺を本願寺とするのが妥当と考えられている。
• It is thought that the temple where Shinran's portrait was placed should be called Hongwan-ji Temple, after a transfer of the temple.

• また僧侶のなかには神官や兵士となるものや寺院の土地や宝物を売り逃げていくものもいた。
• Some Buddhist priests became Shinto priests or soldiers and some sold off temples' land and/or treasures and ran away.

• それに続く室町幕府では、それを発展させ臨済宗寺院を五山・十刹・諸山・林下に区分した。
• The Muromachi shogunate further segmentized the Rinzai Sect temples into gozan, jissatsu (ten important temples of the Rinzai sect), shozan (zen temples other than gozan and jissatsu) and rinka (lowest ranked zen temples.

• 鎌倉幕府後期に鎌倉幕府によって臨済宗の主な5つの寺院を選んだ「五山」の寺格ができた。
• During the latter part of the Kamakura shogunate, the authorities set up a system of grading temples and accordingly, decided the Rinzai sect's five most important temples called 'Gozan.'

• 光明寺(こうみょうじ)は、京都府長岡京市粟生にある寺院で、西山浄土宗の総本山である。
• Komyo-ji, the Grand Head Temple of the Seizan Jodo sect, is located in Ao, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto Prefecture.

• その寺院の僧侶の居住する場所、また寺内の時食を調える、つまり台所も兼ねる場合がある。
• It is sometimes used as the priest's living quarters or the kitchen to cook meals in a temple.

• また唐獅子や若松の丸、雲に鳳凰丸、桐雲なども公家や寺院で用いられた図案の系譜に属する。
• Besides, other patterns such as karajishi (an artistic portrait of a lion), wakamatsu no maru (roundly designed young pine branches), kumo ni hoomaru (clouds with roundly designed phoenixes) and kiri-gumo belong to the genealogy of the designs used by court nobles and temples.

• 東本願寺の抱き牡丹は同寺院の象徴として用いられ、ほかに抱き牡丹立涌、六篠笹などがある。
• The pattern of daki-botan (a peony flower held in two leaf stalks) of Higashi Hongan-ji Temple is used as its symbol, and there are daki-botan tatsuwaku (symmetrical mountain-shaped curves with peony flowers each of which are held in two leaf stalks) and roku shinozasa (six bamboo leaves).

• それに先だって元禄期には寺院の住持を出す家系のことを寺元、家元、里元などと呼んでいた。
• Earlier, in the Genroku period, family lines who produced chief priests of temples were called 'Teramoto', 'Iemoto' or 'Satomoto.'

• また、日本の多くの寺院が、事実上世襲となっていることも葬式仏教化へと拍車をかけている。
• The hereditary system which has been adopted in most temples of Japan is the major factor in causing the generalization of Soshiki-Bukkyo.

• 檀家制度は、民衆はいずれかの寺院を菩提寺としてその檀家となる事を義務づけるものである。
• According to the Danka system, all the common people had to belong to bodaiji (family temple) and become the temple's danka (supporter of a Buddhist temple).

• また名称を別とすれば個々の寺院や不動像自体は江戸時代（以前）からの歴史を持つとされる。
• It is said that, except for the term Goshiki Fudo, the history of those individual temples and the statues of Fudo-son mentioned earlier goes back to the pre-Edo Period.

• 鶴林寺は聖徳太子創建と伝えられる天台宗寺院であり、太子堂は当初法華堂として建造された。
• Kakurin-ji Temple was the Tendai sect temple which was said to be constructed by Prince Shotoku, and Taishi-do Hall was originally constructed as Hokke-do Hall.

• 藤原氏ら富豪や大寺院などの圧力により、再度墾田を許可することになったと考えられている。
• It is believed that the government was compelled to allow resumption of land development due to the pressure brought on by the wealthy like the Fujiwara clan and large temples.

• 1948年1月1日には日本の宗教施設は（仏教寺院が13、カトリック教会が2）であった。
• Japanese religious institutions were 13 Buddhist temples and 2 Catholic churches as of January 1, 1948.

• しかし現在でも「獅子舞」や、各地の寺院で行われる「お練供養」にその痕跡をとどめている。
• However, reminiscences of gigaku can be found in other performances of 'shishimai' (Lion dance) and 'Onerikuyo' (the Buddhist ceremonial parade, wearing the masks and costumes of various Bodhisattva) performed in temples around the country.

• 当時、京都では六条本圀寺などの日蓮宗寺院を中心に、日蓮宗の信仰が町衆の大半に浸透した。
• At that time in Kyoto, the Nichiren-sect faith became widespread among the Machi-shu (an elite group of businessmen and artisans) around the Nichiren-sect temples (such as Rokujo Honkoku-ji Temple).

• 宗教組織は、依然として僧兵組織の維持や、戦闘拠点となりうる寺院の造営に力を振り分けた。
• Religious organizations still used powers for maintenance of organizations of armed priests and constructions of buildings for temples that could be used as the base of battle.

• さらに、寺町は、城下町の外郭に配されて広い寺院が建ち並び、都市防衛強化の一翼を担った。
• The Teramachi was located at the outer rim of the jokamachi and spacious temples formed part of the city defenses.

• 当該地区にある寺院名は「かじゅうじ」を正式呼称とするが、地名は「かんしゅうじ」である。
• The official name of the temple in this district is 'Kaju-ji Temple' but the district name is 'Kanshuji.'

• 日本各地の寺院にある「善光寺式阿弥陀三尊像」と呼ばれる三尊像も同様の形式のものである。
• Amida triad images of so-called 'Amida triad images of Zenko-ji temple-style,' which are seen in temples across Japan, are of the same style.

• そのため、短期間で住職が交代したり、2つの寺院の間で住職が入れ替わるということもある。
• Therefore sometimes there is a change in the chief priest in a short period of time or exchange of a chief priest between two temples.

• 虫払い法要（宝物がある一部の古刹寺院のみ、大石寺では毎年4月6日、4月7日に営まれる）
• Buddhist memorial service to get rid of insects (this is only for certain historic old temples where there are treasures, and it is held on April 6 and 7 every year in Taiseki-ji Temple)

• 東本願寺 (東京都台東区)（東京都台東区） - 長男大谷光紹、末寺・崇敬寺院数　324
• Higashi Hongan-ji Temple (Taito-ku, Tokyo) - the oldest son Kosho OTANI, 324 branch and affiliated temples.

• 宗派に関係なくどの寺院でも行う（但し釈迦を本仏としない富士門流（日蓮正宗等）は除く）。
• The event can take place at any temple irrespective of the sect (with the exception of the Nichiren Sho sect's Fujimon school (where Buddha is not the principal deity)).

• 特に私寺に対する禁令が強化された延暦年間以後に定額寺に列する寺院が急激に増加している。
• Particularly, after the Enryaku era, when a ban on private temples was fortified, the number of temples designated as jogakuji skyrocketed.

• 集会には所属する寺院そのものあるいは僧侶の各集団の構造によって形態に違いが生じている。
• Shue differs in its form, depending on the temples to which the Buddhist priests belonged or the structure of each group of Buddhist priests.

• 源光庵（げんこうあん）は、京都市北区 (京都市)鷹峯（たかがみね）にある曹洞宗の寺院。
• Genkoan, a temple of the Soto sect, is situated in Takagamine in Kita Ward, Kyoto City.

• 僧坊酒（そうぼうしゅ）は平安時代から江戸時代に至るまで、大寺院で醸造された日本酒の総称。
• Soboshu is a collective term referring to Japanese sake brewed in major temples from the Heian period to Edo period.

• 算額（さんがく）とは額や絵馬に数学の問題や解法を記して、神社や寺院に奉納したものである。
• Sangaku is a framed picture or Ema (a votive picture tablet) with mathematical problems and answers written on it, and dedicated to shrines and temples.

• 約75000の寺院、30万体以上あるといわれる仏像は、他の仏教国と比べても桁違いに多い。
• There are estimated to be about 75,000 temples and more than 300,000 Buddhist statues, more than those of other Buddhist countries.

• 「徳政と号し、酒屋、土倉、寺院等を破却せしめ、雑物等恣に之を取り、借銭等悉く之を破る。」
• They attacked liquor stores, pawnbrokers and temples, and so on, took out pawned goods, and torn due bills, calling for debt cancellation.'

• 岡山県倉敷市にある修験道の寺院五流尊瀧院の歴代僧正は頼仁親王の子孫が務めていると伝わる。
• It is said that descendants of Imperial Prince Yorihito have been serving as the successive Sojo (high‐ranking Buddhist priest) of Goryu Sonryu-in Temple, a temple for mountaineering asceticism located in Kurashiki City, Okayama Prefecture.

• 忠季以降の安東氏は、檜山築城や寺院建立を行う一方で蝦夷島の経営にも努め檜山屋形と称した。
• The Ando clan as from Tadasue's generation, was engaged in the management of Ezogashima under the name of Hiyama Yakata, while constructing the Hiyama-jo Castle and temples.

• しかし、戦国時代 (日本)に織田信長はじめ武将たちの攻撃を受けて寺院勢力は大きく衰えた。
• However, the power of those temples declined greatly in the Warring States period by the attack of various warlords including Nobunaga ODA

• 室町幕府は天皇の弟の一人が寺院に預けられている事を知って急遽後光厳天皇として即位させた。
• The Muromachi bakufu received information that the Emperor's younger brother was left at a Temple, and they allowed him to hastily succeed to the throne as Emperor Gokogon.

• 近世に入ると様式の折衷化が進み、密教寺院に一部禅宗様の要素が取り入れられることもあった。
• Entering the modern period, architectural styles were further blended, and elements of Zenshu-yo were partly adopted in some esoteric Buddhism temples.

• また、寺院では仏教を専門に教育しており、儒教などの世俗の学問は基本的に扱っていなかった。
• The major subject at temples was Buddhism, and secular studies such as Confucianism and so on were generally not taught there.

• 美濃国の寺院を経て妙心寺の43世に就任し、美濃国の崇福寺 (岐阜市)から甲斐国に移った。
• After serving at a temple in Mino Province, he became the 43rd priest of Myoshin-ji Temple; he later moved from Sofuku-ji Temple in Mino Province (Gifu City) to Kai Province.

• このため、定額寺の中には統制だけが残った定額寺の格式を嫌ってこれを返上する寺院も現れた。
• As a result, a certain portion of jogakuji began to return their jogakuji status, despising its restrictive nature without advantages.

• 「勧進」とは仏と縁を結ぶように勧めることで、転じて寺院の再興などのために寄付を集めること。
• Kanjin' (temple solicitation) was originally meant to promote a relationship with the Buddha, and then turned to be to collect contribution for the revival of a temple.

• 京都は寺院料理の影響をうけ、また海産物に乏しいことから野菜や乾物を使った料理に発展をみた。
• Because dishes in Kyoto were affected by dishes at temples and marine products were unavailable, dishes using vegetables and dried foodstuffs developed.

• 奈良時代、大寺、とりわけ官立寺院の仏像を造営する官立の造仏所（ぞうぶつしょ）が新設された。
• In the Nara period, a national 'zobutsusho' (a workshop) where Buddhist statues for 'daiji' (major temples built by Emperors), especially national temples were made, was newly built.

• 豊臣秀吉は石山本願寺跡に大坂城を建てたが、彼は基本的に寺院勢力との仲を良好にしようとした。
• Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI built Osaka-jo Castle on the site of Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, but he basically tried to remain on good terms with temples.

• なお、主に日蓮宗の寺院で使用されるものに木製の鉦があり、通常木鉦（もくしょう）と称される。
• The wooden sho, ordinarily called mokusho, is used mostly in the Nichiren sect.

• 天台宗が全国に広がる過程で、山王権現も各地に勧請され、多くは天台宗の寺院の鎮守神とされた。
• As the Tendai sect was propagated across Japan, Sanno Gongen was branched and constructed across Japan mostly to be the guardian deity of the Tendai sect temples.

• 中世になると、再び、寺院以外の天皇や征夷大将軍の御所の屋根も桧皮で葺かれることが多くなる。
• In medieval times, the roofs of buildings other than temples, such as Gosho (Imperial Palace) of emperors and Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') were often covered with Hiwada (bark of Japanese cypress) again.

• 1542年（天文11年）に京都帰還を許す再勅許が下り、後に日蓮宗寺院15本山が再建された。
• In 1542, an imperial sanction allowed them to return to Kyoto, and later, the 15 head temples of Nichiren sect were rebuilt.

• その他、千手観音をまつる著名寺院としては、清水寺、三十三間堂、西国札所の粉河寺などがある。
• Besides these, Kiyomizu-dera Temple, Sanjusangendo Temple and Kokawa-dera Temple, a pilgrim stamp office of the Saigoku (western part of Japan), are famous for enshrining Senju Kannon.

• その後、雪峰崇聖寺、徑山萬壽寺、天童山など諸寺院で制度が整えられ、宋代に日本に伝えられた。
• A system was later developed by Chongsheng Temple on Mt. Xuefeng, Wanshou Temple on Mt. Jing and the temples on Mt. Tiantong. and this was later transmitted to Japan during the Song Dynasty.

• 「法堂」は主に禅宗寺院で用いられ、そのほかの宗派では講堂（こうどう）と呼ばれることが多い。
• The word 'hatto' is used in temples of the Zen sect, and in other sects, it is usually called kodo.

• 寺格（じかく）は、経済的もしくは身分的に区分された寺院の等級を設けて、格式を区別すること。
• Jikaku was the hierarchy of a Buddhist temple used to classify its status based on its economic and social standing.

• このことから、比叡山延暦寺をはじめとする天台宗の修行道場をおく寺院に建てられることが多い。
• Therefore this type of hall was often built in the Tendai sect temple having ascetic exercise halls such as the Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei.

• 十刹（じっせつ）とは、中国・日本における禅林（禅宗寺院）の格式であり、五山の下・諸山の上。
• Jissetsu is a form of Zen temple in China and Japan, below the Gozan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government) and above the Shozan (zen temples other than Gozan (five great zen temples) and Jissetsu (ten important temples of the Rinzai sect)).

• 遣唐使が中止された後は「国風文化」が興ったが、この時期までの文化の中心は貴族と寺院であった。
• After envoys to Tang China were suspended, the 'native Japanese culture' arose, but the center of culture until this time were nobility and temples.

• 明治40年代にこの寺院は世田谷区太子堂に移転し、その頃から「目青不動」を名乗るようになった。
• During the 40's of the Meiji era (1906 – 1915), this temple was relocated to Taishido, Setagaya Ward and began to refer itself to as 'Meao Fudo' at that time.

• 奈良県五條市の常覚寺は普賢延命菩薩を本尊とする寺院であり、このような例はきわめて稀少である。
• Jokaku-ji Temple in Gojo City, Nara Prefecture, is one of rare cases of worshipping Fugen Enmei Bosatsu as its honzon (principal image of Buddha).

• 全国でそのような状況を解決するために、仏教寺院などを中心にして造られたのが「布施屋」である。
• In order to resolve such conditions on a nationwide basis, places like Buddhists temples were used as a focal point to establish 'Fuseya.'

• 6世紀末には日本最初の本格的仏教寺院である法興寺（飛鳥寺）の建設が蘇我氏によって始められた。
• In the end of the sixth century, the Soga clan started to construct Hoko-ji Temple (also called Asuka-dera Temple), which was the first full-scale Buddhist Temple in Japan.

• 1985年12月、京都仏教会に加盟する寺院の一部は拝観停止を実行した（第二次拝観停止開始）。
• December 1985: Some of the temples belonging to the Kyoto Buddhist Organization executed their refusal of visitors (the second refusal of visitors).

• とくに大貴族や大寺院は、広大な土地を囲い込み、一般の農民や浮浪人を使役して私有地をひろげた。
• In particular, powerful nobles and temples fenced off vast lands and increased privately owned land by using ordinary farmers and furonin (people escaped from their registered domiciles).

• 特に大寺院の門跡であった公家の子弟が還俗し、新たな華族となった26家は奈良華族と総称される。
• Of these, the 26 former kuge families that had had a family member succeed to the position of head priest at a powerful temple or train at such a temple before returning to the secular life and some other families were given the name 'Nara kazoku.'

• 南宋時代以降には、禅宗寺院や文人官僚の趣味にあわせた、水墨画や白描画の仏教絵画も制作された。
• After the Southern Sung period, Buddhist ink-wash paintings and hakubyoga (white monochrome drawings) reflecting the tastes of temples of Zen sect and bunjin-kanryo (government officials of letters) were also created.

• また、門跡寺院に入寺する法親王・入道親王は天皇の養子として親王宣下を受けることになっていた。
• Also, Cloistered Imperial Princes and Priestly Imperial Princes who entered a monzeki temple (a high-ranking temple where members of the Imperial Family and nobility entered the priesthood) were supposed to be given the title of Imperial Prince as an adopted child of the Emperor.

• この事が切っ掛けで、脆弱な立場の留守職に、限界を感じ「大谷廟堂」の寺院化を考えるようになる。
• Triggered by the above incident, he realized the limitation in the weak position of Rusushiki and started to think of the conversion of 'Otani Byodo Mausoleum' into a temple.

• これを「四天王寺式伽藍配置」と呼び、三国時代 (朝鮮半島)の百済の寺院に見られる形式である。
• This layout is called the 'Shitenno-ji-temple-style garan layout,' which is a style seen in the temples in Baekje in the Sanguo shidai (the Three States period) (the Korean Peninsula).

• 内陣（ないじん）は、寺院の本堂内部において本尊を、神社の本殿内部において神体を安置する場所。
• The term 'naijin' refers to a place where a honzon (a principal image of Buddha) is enshrined inside the hondo (main hall) of a temple, or where a shintai (an object of worship housed in a Shinto shrine and believed to contain the spirit of a deity) is enshrined inside the honden (main hall) of a shrine.

• 現代日本の各寺院では、写経と言えば、『般若心経』を写経することを指すのが一般的になっている。
• For today's Japanese temples, shakyo generally means the practice of copying the Heart Sutra.

• この時代以降、和様の寺院建築にも採用されはじめ、さまざまな建築の扉の意匠に大きな影響を与えた。
• After this period, it began to be adopted in temple architecture of Japanese style and had a large effect on the door design of various architectural styles.

• 勅額（ちょくがく）とは、皇帝・天皇などの為政者が国内の寺院に特に与える直筆の書で記された寺額。
• The tem 'imperial inscription' ('chokugaku' in Japanese) refers to inscriptions at temples which were written by rulers such as the emperor and typically given to temples throughout the country.

• 一方の「輪宝紋」は、仏教の法輪から発生した紋章で、寺院や神社の装飾としてよく使われる紋である。
• Rinpomon' was a crest that originated from the dharma-wheel (cakra) of Buddhism and was commonly used as decorations of temples and shrines.

• 貴族の遊宴のみならず、祇園祭などの御霊会や大寺院の法会などでもしばしば演じられるようになった。
• They were not only performed at feasts of court nobles, but also often performed at goryoe (ritual ceremony to the repose of spirits of a deceased person) such as Gion Festival, and Buddhist mass at large temples.

• これを根拠として、むしろ農民というより、富豪や大寺院の利益誘導ではなかったかという見方もある。
• Based on this, some view that this was the result of inducement of profit by the wealthy or large temples rather than by farmers.

• 1986年7月1日、京都仏教会に加盟する寺院の一部は拝観停止を実行した（第三次拝観停止開始）。
• July 1, 1986: Some of the temples belonging to the Kyoto Buddhist Organization executed their refusal of visitors (the third refusal of visitors).

• 地方の神官や国学者が扇動し、檀家制度のもとで寺院に搾取されていたと感じる民衆がこれに加わった。
• Shinto priests and scholars of Japanese classical literature in rural areas incited people who believed that they had been exploited under the parishioner system to join the campaign.

• 山号を勝宝山と称する（ただし、奈良時代の寺院には山号はなく、後になって付けられたものである）。
• Its sango (the name of a group of Buddhist temples to which the temple belongs) is Shohozan (In the Nara period, temples did not have sango and its sango was given later.).

• ところが、藤原良房が白河に別業（別荘）である白河殿を造営して以後、別業・寺院の建立が相次いだ。
• However, after FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa erected his betsugyo (villa), Shirakawa-dono Palace, villas and temples were erected one after another.

• 寺請制度の確立によって民衆は、いずれかの寺院を菩提寺と定め、その檀家となる事を義務付けられた。
• The establishment of terauke seido forced the public to choose a certain temple as their bodaiji (family temple) and to become danka (supporters of the temple).

• 各宗派の寺院を重層的な本山・末寺の関係に置くことで、その宗派に対する統制をはかった制度である。
• It aimed to control Buddhist sects by placing each of their temples within the hierarchy, from the main temple to the branch temple.

• 大権修利菩薩（だいげん・しゅり・ぼさつ）は、禅宗、特に曹洞宗寺院で尊重され祀られる尊格である。
• Daigen shuri bosatsu is a deity respected at and enshrined to the temples of the Zen sect, especially the Soto sect.

• 室町幕府によって「天下十刹」が定められたものの、その時々に応じて入る寺院や順位などが変動した。
• Although the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) decided the 'ten great temples in Japan,' but the temples and their rank were subject to change depending on the occasion.

• （寺院を主な対象とする精進料理・茶人を主な対象とする懐石料理は独自性を保って現在まで続いている）
• (Shojin-ryori dishes mostly targeting temples and kaiseki (懐石)-ryori dishes mostly targeting chajin (masters of the tea ceremonies) remained keeping their unique characters).)

• 二十四輩（にじゅうよはい）とは、親鸞の関東時代の高弟24人と、その24人を開基とする寺院のこと。
• Nijuyohai refers to the 24 top disciples of the Buddhist monk Shinran when he propagated the Buddhist faith in the Kanto region, as well as the temples worshiping these disciples as founders.

• それは、招提や蘭若と称される、非公認の小規模寺院の乱立を予め抑制することが目的であったとされる。
• It is believed this was to curb the upsurge in unauthorized small temples, which were known as shodai and rannya.

• いつ、どこの寺院から、いかなる事情により移されたかについては諸説あるが、正確なことは不明である。
• Although there are many theories regarding when, from which temple, and for what reason the statue was transferred, the truth remains unclear.

• 時の政権は仏教を厚く保護し、寺院の造営、仏像の造立、経典の書写などは国家の事業として実施された。
• The regime at that time protected Buddhism substantially, and implemented the Buddhism-related work, such as construction of temples, making Buddhist statues, and transcription of sutras, as a national project.

• なお、この離宮は亀山天皇自身が寺院化し、正応4年（1291年）に京都五山の上位南禅寺 となった。
• This Palace was made into a real temple by Emperor Kameyama himself and it became the Nanzen-ji, a high ranking temple among Five Great zen Temples of Kyoto in 1291.

• この2つの話が混同され、多くの寺院において盂蘭盆の時期に施餓鬼が行われるようになったといわれる。
• It is said that these two legends were confused and many temples came to hold Segaki during the period of Urabon.

• その他の寺院　長弓寺(奈良県生駒市)、長福寺 (生駒市)(奈良県生駒市)、圓證寺(奈良県生駒市)
• Other temples: Chokyu-ji Temple (Ikoma City, Nara Prefecture), Chofuku-ji Temple (Ikoma City, Nara Prefecture) and Ensho-ji Temple (Ikoma City, Nara Prefecture)

• 寺院諸法度（じいんしょはっと）は、江戸時代、徳川幕府が仏教教団に対して定めた諸法度の総称である。
• Jiin Sho-Hatto is a general term for a set of regulations that applied to the Buddhist religious community in the Tokugawa Shogunate in the Edo period.

• ある日、スダッタは釈迦の説法を聞いてこれに帰依し、彼に説法のための寺院を寄付しようと思い立った。
• After listening to Buddha's sermon one day, Sudatta decided to convert and become a believer and donate to Buddha a temple for preaching.

• このような時代背景のもとに一見矛盾するように見える「寺院・神社の武装化」が推進される事になった。
• In this historic context, 'arming of temples and shrines,' although it seemingly sounds contradictory, was in fact promoted.

• 弘法大師にまつわる伝説は寺院の建立や仏像などの彫刻、あるいは聖水、岩石、動植物等々多岐にわたる。
• Legends related to Kobo Daishi cover a variety of areas, including the building of temples, Buddhist sculptures, sacred water, rocks, plants, and animals.

• 日本では一山の本尊を安置する、寺院の中心的な堂を指して「本堂」あるいは「金堂」ということが多い。
• In Japan, the main Buddha hall of a temple in which the main object of worship is enshrined is usually called 'Hondo' or 'Kondo.'

• そうした事実がなくとも、膨大な量の燈籠の管理や火災防止、後片付けは寺院にとって大きな負担である。
• Aside from these phenomena, it is a heavy burden for a temple to keep a large number of bon toro, to take fire prevention measures about them, and to clean them up.

• 男の子は5歳、女の子は3歳と7歳の年の11月15日に、成長を祝って神社・寺院などに詣でる年中行事。
• It is an annual event to visit shrines and temples on November 15 to celebrate the growth of boys of five, and girls of three and seven years old.

• 納豆は元来精進料理として納所（なっしょ、寺院の倉庫）で作られた食品であり、これが名前の由来である。
• Originally, natto was produced in nassho (temple storage) as a vegetarian dish, and this is how the name originated.

• 効果音では、太鼓を使った水辺を表す音や鉦による寺院の鐘の音など、楽器を使ってさまざまな効果を表す。
• They create various sound effects with their instruments, for example, a sound effect of water with a drum, or a sound effect of a temple bell using a gong.

• また、中国からは仏教を通しても特殊な料理や茶が伝えられ、これはおもに寺院において独自の発展をみた。
• In addition, special dishes as well as tea were also brought to Japan through the introduction of Buddhism form China, and these dishes have been uniquely developed mostly in temples.

• 寺院内に鳥居があったり、「八幡大菩薩」と神社の神を仏の呼び方で呼ぶ事例などに名残を見る事ができる。
• The syncretism left traces, such as the torii (an archway to a Shinto shrine) in precincts of temples or the deity with the name of 'Hachiman Daibosatsu' (Great Bodhisattava Hachiman), in which a name for a shrine deity (Hachiman) is connected with a name of Buddha (Daibosatsu).

• 最澄（天台宗）、空海（真言宗）には、それぞれ比叡山と高野山を与えて寺院を開かせ、密教を広めさせた。
• He gave Mt. Hiei to Saicho (the Tendai sect) and Mt. Koya to Kukai (the Shingon sect), and made them found temples to spread Esoteric Buddhism.

• なお、「鬼子母神」の「鬼」の表記について、寺院によっては、第一画目の点がない字を用いる場合がある。
• Moreover, some temples use the letter of 'ki' (鬼) of 'Kishimojin' (鬼子母神)without the first stroke.

• 豊臣秀吉の死後に権勢を掌握した徳川家康は、寺院諸法度を制定し、寺社奉行を置き、仏教を取り締まった。
• Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who seized power after the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, regulated Buddhism by enacting the 'jiin shohatto' (temples law) and assigning jisha-bugyo (magistrates of temples and shrines).

• 唐朝においては、特定の寺院に勅額を下賜する制度を、国家公認の大寺に対する保護政策として行っていた。
• The Tang Dynasty had a system of giving imperial inscriptions to specific temples as a protective policy for large national temples.

• あわせて郡衙、寺院の遺跡も見つかり、これらと照らし合わせて国府に共通する特徴が浮かび上がってきた。
• With the additional discovery of the ruins of gunga (county government offices) and temples, these elements made the common feature of Kokufu clear.

• 宇多天皇の創建で、真言宗御室派の総本山、門跡寺院でもある仁和寺と、オムロンの創業地として知られる。
• It was established by the Emperor Uda, and known as the place of birth of Ninna-ji Temple, which was the Monseki-jiin (temples of the high class) of the head temple of Omuro school of the Shingon sect, and where Omron was founded.

• こうした技術は、精進料理を必要とする寺院とその周辺の人々によって、研究・開発され、蓄積されてきた。
• These techniques were developed and accumulated by temples which required Shojin ryori, as well as by the nearby residents.

• 宗祖一遍とならぶ「二祖上人」と通称され、多くの時宗寺院で、その像が一遍と対になって荘厳されている。
• He is commonly called 'Niso Shonin' (lit. Second Founder) in relation to the sect founder Ippen, and his statue stands alongside that of Ippen at many Ji Sect temples.

• なお、禅宗寺院でも塔を建てる場合があるが、伽藍中枢部を離れ、伽藍配置として有機的な関連は持たない。
• There are cases where Zen temples include pagodas, but they are built outside the center of a garan and do not have organic meaning as part of a garan layout.

• 多く、浄土教系寺院において行われるが、葬儀の際や村の行事など、多くの民俗行事と密接に関係している。
• The nenbutsu-ko, held mostly in temples of the Jodo (Pure Land) sect and its derivative, is closely related to many local events (funerals and other village events).

• 廃仏毀釈が徹底的に行われた薩摩藩では寺院1616寺が廃寺され、還俗した僧侶は2966人にのぼった。
• In the Satsuma Domain, where the Haibutsu-kishaku movement was thoroughly conducted, as many as 1616 temples were destroyed and as many as 2966 Buddhist priests returned to secular life, quitting the priesthood.

• 彼らは念仏聖と呼ばれ、寺院に定住せず深山の草庵に住んだり遍歴しながら修行する半僧半俗の存在だった。
• These priests were called 'nenbutsu hijiri' ('nenbutsu' [Buddhist invocation] chanting priests), and they led a semi-secular life; that is, an ascetic life while living in a thatched hut far up on a mountain - not in a temple - or going on a pilgrimage.

• 多くの観衆を集める都合上、初期は京都を中心に開催され、賀茂川の河原や大寺院の境内などが会場となった。
• Since kanjin-Noh had a large audience, Kyoto was the major place for its performances when it began, and its stages were set up at the river bank of Kamo-gawa River or precincts of large-sized temples.

• 酒造りの舞台は朝廷から寺院へと移り、醸造についての専門知識を備えた僧たちが僧坊酒を造るようになった。
• The main stage of sake brewing shifted from the Imperial Court to temples, and priests who had expert knowledge about brewing began to brew soboshu (sake brewed at major temples).

• 以後、同寺を本山として東北、北関東、尾張、近江に一向の法流と伝える寺院が分布し、教団を形成していた。
• Renge-ji Temple was subsequently made the head temple of Ikkoshu, and its teachings were propagated in Tohoku, Northern Kanto, Owari, and Omi by building branch temples in the areas, forming an independent Buddhist sect.

• 天竺五精舎（てんじくごしょうじゃ）とは、古代インドにあった初期仏教の5つの精舎（伽藍・寺院）をいう。
• Tenjikugoshoja is five vihara (monasteries or temples) of early Buddhism in the ancient India.

• これは、寺田および神田が、寺院や神社の所有物ではなく、神仏に帰属するものと認識されていたことによる。
• This was because it was recognized that jiden fields or shinden fields were not owned by temples or shrines but belonged to Buddha or gods.

• これは、神田および寺田が、神社や寺院の所有物ではなく、神仏に帰属するものと認識されていたことによる。
• This exemption was made based on the belief that Shinden and Jinden were not the property of Shrines and Temples, but of deities.

• 略奪を繰り返し、神呪寺城、鷲林寺城以外の補給基地となっていた六甲山系の寺院も発見され焼かれていった。
• They repeated robbery and temples in Rokko mountains which were used as bases for supply other than Kannoji-jo Castle and Jurinji-jo Castle were found and burnt.

• 樫原廃寺跡（かたぎはらはいじあと）は、京都府京都市西京区樫原にある古代寺院跡で、国指定の史跡である。
• Located in Katagihara in Saikyo Ward of Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture, Katagihara haiji ato are the ruins of an ancient temple, which are designated as a National Historic Site.

• 入口である勅使門の左右の塀は5本の水平の筋が入った築地塀で、門跡寺院としての格式の高さを表している。
• The walls of both the right and left side of Chokushi-mon gate (the gate for the Imperial Envoys), which is the entrance, are tsukiji walls (walls made with mud) with 5 horizontal lines, showing the high formality of the temple as a monzeki temple.

• 大寺院では規模の大きな仏堂もあるが、住宅風に柱を細く、天井を低めにした穏やかな空間の仏堂も造られた。
• In large temples, some Buddhist halls were made large, whereas some Buddhist halls were built to create peaceful space with thin columns and with a low ceiling in a home style.

• 帝釈天を安置する寺院としては、映画『男はつらいよ』で著名な東京都葛飾区の柴又帝釈天（題経寺）がある。
• For an example of the temple where Taishakuten is enshrined, Shibamata Taishakuten (Daikyo-ji Temple) in Tokyo's Katsushika Ward, has been made famous by the movie 'Otoko Wa Tsurai Yo (It's Tough Being a Man).'

• 対立宗派・寺院への攻撃や朝廷への強訴などの武力行使を行う集団として社会の不安要素の1つになっていった。
• This use of military force to attack opposing sects and temples and to influence the Imperial Court became another source of social unrest.

• 東南院（とうなんいん）は、東大寺の東南方向（現在の東大寺図書館付近）にあったとされる真言宗の拠点寺院。
• Tonan-in Temple is the main temple of the Shingon Sect considered to have been located to the southeast of Todai-ji Temple (which is around the present Todaiji Library).

• がしかし、近年は乱れた勅許が（紫衣の）席次を乱し、しかも寺院の名を汚すことは大変よろしくない事である。
• But recently, the emperor has indiscriminately permitted them and the precedence of the chief priests who are to be allowed to wear the purple robe is confused, which causes the serious matter such as corruption of the official temples.

• そして、本所側（公家の家司・政所や寺院の三綱など）と起請文・請文などを交わした荘官によって実施された。
• It was enforced by shokan (an officer governing Shoen), who exchanged kishomon (sworn oath) and ukebumi (the reply) with the Honjo's side including Kuge, such as Keishi (household superintendent) and Mandokoro (Administrative Board), and temples, such as Sango (three monastic positions with management roles at a temple).

• 種継が中心として行っていた長岡京造営の目的の1つには東大寺や大安寺などの奈良寺院の影響力排除があった。
• One of the purposes in the construction of Nagaoka-kyo led by Tanetsugu was to eliminate all influences by Nara Temples, including the Todai-ji Temple and the Daian-ji Temple.

• そのほか、1980年代ごろから「真伎楽」という形での復興もおこなわれ、奈良の寺院などで上演されている。
• Another project called 'Shin Gigaku' (genuine gigaku) to revive gigaku for today's audience has been developed since 1980's, to be performed at temples in Nara Prefecture.

• 巡礼の道中に、開基である徳道上人や再興させた花山法皇のゆかりの寺院が番外霊場として3か所含まれている。
• The pilgrimage route of the Saigoku Sanjusankasho includes, as additional holy places, three more temples associated with the founder of the pilgrimage Saint Tokudo and Cloistered Emperor Kazan, who revitalized it.

• 882年（元慶6年）に嵯峨野は「禁野」とされ、以後貴族・文人などによる山荘・寺院建立が相次ぐ事になる。
• After Sagano was designated as 'Kinya' (imperial hunting field) in 882, many nobles and literary men started to build their villas and temples in the area.

• 秘仏を有する寺院は真言宗系、天台宗系に比較的多く、浄土教系、禅宗には比較的少ないことが指摘されている。
• It is said that the temples of the Shingon and Tendai Sects have relatively more hibutsu than those of Jodo (Pure Land) Sect and the Zen Sect.

• その初例と考えられているのは楠正成の千早城や赤坂城、または山岳寺院「金胎寺」を利用した金胎寺城がある。
• It is thought that early examples of them were Masashige KUSUNOKI's Chihaya Castle and Akasaka Castle as well as Kontaiji Castle, which used the mountain temple 'Kontai-ji.'

• 太鼓櫓（たいこやぐら）は寺院の鼓楼と同じ役割を持つ建物で、常時は日の出と日暮れの開門の時刻を知らせた。
• The taiko yagura was a building which had the same role as a drum tower in a temple and which normally announced the time of gate openings at sunrise and sunset.

• 定額僧（じょうがくそう）とは、古代律令制の寺院などに定められた一定数の僧侶あるいはその僧侶自身のこと。
• Jogakuso refers to a quota system for Buddhist priests under the 'kodai ritsuryosei' (ancient East Asian system of centralized governance), or priests themselves under this system.

• 開眼（かいげん）とは、新たに作られた仏像や仏画などを寺院伽藍また堂に安置し、魂を請じ入れることである。
• Kaigen refers to enshrining a Buddha statue or Buddhist painting newly made in a temple or hall to welcome the spirit.

• また、水利のよくない都市地域に寺院が造成されるとき作庭は集約化されたものとなり、特徴的な様式が発達した。
• Moreover, when Buddhist temples were built in a city where the water supply was not adequate, garden making became consolidated with the well developed characteristic dry landscape style.

• 『庭訓往来』や『貞永式目』、『実語教』は武士の子弟教育における教科書として寺院などで広く用いられていた。
• 'Teikin Orai' (Home Education Text Book), 'Joe-shikimoku' (legal code of the Kamakura shogunate), and 'Jitsugokyo' (a text for primary education) were widely used in shrines and temples as textbooks for the education of children of the warrior class.

• 特定の寺院や宗派に属さず、全国を遍歴して修業した仏教者を行者あるいは遊行僧（ゆぎょうそう）などと称した。
• Such priests who never belonged to specific temple, sect or school and continued their training while on pilgrimage across the country were called 'Yugyo-so' (wandering priests).

• 実態は営利目的であったものの、表向きはあくまでも寺院の管理や故人の供養のための経費捻出を目的としていた。
• Even though the official purpose of the moneylending was to generate funds to manage the temples and have memorial services for the deceased, the real purpose was for profit-making.

• このように急ピッチでの遷都が可能であったのは、寺院も含めて建物の多くが藤原京からの移築だったことによる。
• The reason why transfer of the capital could be made so rapidly was that many buildings including temples were relocated from Fujiwarakyo.

• 江戸時代の大火で隣村の九鬼ヶ坂村が全滅し、その際に寺院の本尊を当村が、土地を上平屋村が譲り受けたという。
• It is said that, when adjacent village of Kukigasaka-mura (九鬼ヶ坂村) was destroyed by a big fire in the Edo period, the village inherited the honzon (principal object of worship at a temple) of the temple in Kukigasaka-mura and the village of Kamihiraya-mura the land of the Kukigasaka-mura.

• 他方、寺院における楼閣建築も本邦独自の発展を見せ、西本願寺の飛雲閣など優れた木造楼閣が現れることとなる。
• On the other hand, rokaku buildings in temples in Japan developed independently of those on the continent, and many superior wooden rokakus, such as Hiunkaku in Nishihongan-ji Temple, were designed and built.

• インドの有力仏教寺院・ヴィクラマシラー寺へのイスラーム教徒の軍勢による攻撃（インドにおける仏教の弾圧）。
• The attack of the Muslims troop against Vikramasila Temple, a leading Buddhist temple in India (persecution of Buddhism in India).

• 淡々斎はまた各地の寺院・神社にて献茶・供茶を行ったり、海外への普及に取り組んだりと、茶道振興に功が大きい。
• Tantansai is also credited with promoting the tea ceremony through tea offerings at shrines and temples everywhere in Japan as well as engaging in its dissemination activities abroad.

• 古都京都の文化財（こときょうとのぶんかざい）は、京都府京都市・宇治市、滋賀県大津市に存在する寺院等の総称。
• 'Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto' is a collective term of the temples in Kyoto City and Uji City, Kyoto Prefecture and Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture.

• 今日では、盆踊りや祭の主役として演奏されたり、神と意思を伝達する手段、呪具として神社や寺院に置かれている。
• Today, Japanese drums are performed as the leading role of Bon Festival Dance and other festivals or as a means to conveying god's intention, and are put in Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples as tools to bring fortunes or avoid curses.

• 各地には瓦屋（がおく）と呼ばれる瓦を生産、供給する役所が設けられ、決められた寺院や役所に瓦を納品していた。
• The governmental offices called Gaoku were located throughout the country for producing and supplying Kawara tiles, and they supplied Kawara tiles to predetermined temples and government offices.

• しかし、高利での貸付に耐え切れなくなった人々が徳政一揆を引き起こし、寺院がその攻撃の対象となることもある。
• However, sometimes people who could not bear the high interest rates rose up demanding cancellation of debt (tokusei ikki) and attacked the temples.

• 政権確立後は各種寺院法度の発布や本末制度・檀家制度の確立を通じて日本全国を対象とした宗教統制策を遂行した。
• After he came to power, controls on religions all over Japan were placed through the promulgation of various jiinhatto (Act of Temples) and the establishment of honmatsu seido (main-branch temple system) and danka seido (parishioner system).

• 通常、寺院宮殿は一間であるが、仏壇宮殿は本尊を祀る部分と脇持を祀る両脇の三間で構成されるのが一般的である。
• While Kuden of a temple usually consists of a single room, Kuden of a Buddhist altar generally consists of three rooms: a room for enshrining the principal image and two rooms on both sides for enshrining Kyoji (attendants statues).

• 太平興国3年（978年）、太宗は天下の無額寺院に「太平興国」や「乾明」の寺額を下賜することを発令している。
• In 978, Emperor Taizong announced the bestowal of inscriptions such as 'Taiping Xingguo' and 'Qian Ming' to temples throughout the country that did not already have inscriptions.

• 聖徳太子は日本における仏教興隆の祖として神格化され、日本の仏教寺院では宗派を問わず崇拝の対象となっている。
• Prince Shotoku is now deified as the person who laid the foundation of the development of Buddhism in Japan, so he is worshiped in every Buddhist temple in Japan regardless of its sect and school.

• 戦国時代に入ると紀北から河内・和泉南部に至る勢力圏を保持し、寺院城郭を構えてその実力は最盛期を迎えていた。
• In the Sengoku period, it was at the height of its prosperity, holding power in the areas from Kihoku to Kawachi Province and south of Izumi Province and having a temple castle.

• このため、土倉や寺院と言った一揆の標的となりそうな者達は自ら自衛のための兵士を雇ってこれを防ぐ他なかった。
• Therefore, probable targets of ikki such as doso and temples had to hire samurai for their own protection.

• 堅田船の船団の支配権を手に入れ、次いで2年後には殿原衆と結んで全人衆と真宗寺院を攻撃してこれを屈服させた。
• Nobunaga took control of Katata fleet and two years later, together with Tonobara-shu, attacked Zenjin-shu and temples of the Shinshu sect and made them surrender.

• また「列子」には「正旦に生を放ちて、恩あるを示す」とあることから、寺院で行なわれる放生会の基となっている。
• In addition, the passage 'Release life on lunar New Year's Day to show your gratitude' in 'Liezi' (Taoism book) is the basis of conducting Hojoe at Buddhist temples.

• 寺院所蔵の紙幅本尊はすべて「常住本尊」であり、葬儀の際に掲げられる「導師本尊」も同じく「常住本尊」である。
• The paper-drawn Honzon owned by temples are all 'Joju Honzon,' the same as the 'Doshi Honzon' displayed during funerals.

• 門徒のお内仏（仏壇）の前においても、所属寺院（お手次寺）の住職を招いて「お取越」･「お引上」にて営まれる。
• The service is also conducted in the way of 'Otorikoshi' or 'Ohikiage,' in front of believers' Onaibutsu (butsudan, a Buddhist alter) with the chief priest from the temple, O-tetsugi-dera Temple, to which the believers belong.

• 日本では、各地の仏教寺院や神社などに木造の五重塔や三重塔があり、地区のランドマークとなっているものも多い。
• Local Buddhist temples and shrines have wooden Gojunoto and Sanjunoto (three-storey pagoda) in Japan, many of which are landmarks of their regions.

• 日本では、各地の仏教寺院や神社などに木造の三重塔や五重塔があり、地区のランドマークとなっているものも多い。
• Local Buddhist temples and shrines have wooden Gojunoto and Sanjunoto in Japan, many of which are landmarks of their regions.

• 特に皇族や公家の子弟が門跡として入るようになると、寺院の要職はこうした門跡による継承によって固定化された。
• Especially when the young people in the Imperial family or court nobles began to join temples as monzeki (successor of a temple), important posts came to be succeeded by these monzeki.

• 香港、台湾などでは、中国語で「盤状香」と呼ばれる渦巻き型の線香を寺院に吊して祈願することがよく行われている。
• In Hong Kong and Taiwan, people often pray with coil-shaped Senko, which is called '盤状香 ' in Chinese, hanging at temples.

• 1087年（寛治元年）興福寺に大乗院を開創して第1世となり、一乗院と並ぶ門跡寺院としての大乗院の礎を築いた。
• In 1087, he founded Daijoin Temple in Kofukuji Temple to become the first head priest, and laid a foundation for Daijoin Temple as a monzeki temple (a temple of high rank where members of imperial family and nobility enter the priesthood), which was comparable to Ichijoji Temple.

• 朝廷側も、国家鎮護の大寺院の系列とすることで諸国の神宮寺に対する求心力を維持できることから、これを推進した。
• The Imperial-Court promoted the movement to keep centripetal force of Jingu-ji Temples in various countries by joining Jingu-ji Temples to the main temples that were under national protection.

• 院政期には、「南都北嶺」などの大寺院が上述のような仏教保護政策に乗じて、荘園領主として世俗権力化していった。
• During the Insei period, large temples such as 'Nanto Hokurei' (temples in Nara and Mt. Hiei) became secular and powerful as a feudal lords of shoen (a manor in medieval Japan), taking advantage of Buddhist protection measures stated as above.

• 単位宗教団体とは、神社・寺院・教会・布教所など、宗教法人法第2条第1号の範疇に含まれる宗教団体のことである。
• Tani Shukyo Dantai refer to religious organizations that are contained in the category of article 2, number 1 of the religious corporation act, such as shrines, temples, churches, and places for missionary work.

• 農民が怠けたというのは単なる言い訳であり、大寺院や豪族が私有地を拡大するための利益誘導であるとも考えられる。
• It is also possible to think that it was a mere excuse that farmers were idle and it was influence peddling for large temples and local ruling families to enlarge their private properties.

• 算額（さんがく）とは、江戸時代の日本で、額や絵馬に数学の問題や解法を記して、神社や寺院に奉納したものである。
• 'Sangaku' means mathematical puzzles or solutions described on wooden tablets or set in frames, which were dedicated to Shinto shrines or temples during the Edo Period in Japan.

• さて、そんな会所というものがどこにあったか、というと、主に、皇族、公家や武家屋敷内、有力寺院の境内であった。
• So where were these Kaisho located? Well they were located mainly within the grounds of imperial families, kuge (court nobles), samurai residences, and big temple compounds.

• 日本における最古の寺院法制は、推古天皇12年（604年）に聖徳太子が定めたとされる十七条の憲法とされている。
• The oldest legislation of Jiin-ho in Japan was the Jushichijo no kenpo (Constitution in Seventeen Articles) which was laid down by Prince Shotoku in 604.

• 日親は諸寺院を日蓮宗に改宗させ、6代将軍足利義教への説法の機会を得た際に他宗の喜捨を説いて建言を禁止される。
• Nisshin, who made various temples convert to the Nichiren Sect, advocated almsgiving of other sects when he had the opportunity to preach to the sixth Shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, and as a result, he was forbidden to propose to the government.

• 寺院は本来山に建てられ山号を付けて呼んだ名残りで平地にあっても山門という →「三門」及び「七堂伽藍」を参照。
• The word 'sanmon' (lit. mountain gate) is a remnant from the time when Buddhist temples were originally built on mountains, so that now even such gates of temples located on flatland are referred to as sanmon (please refer to 'Sanmon' and 'shichido garan.').

• 小型の寺院という考え方であれば本堂があるので必要がないはずだが、先祖供養の観点から別途用意されることが多い。
• If the term of butsudan simply means a miniature temple, it should not be necessary for any temple which has already its own main hall for Buddha, but an onaibutsu altar is additionally installed in many temples considering it serves for the spirits of ancestors.

• 江戸時代、幕府の宗教政策である寺請制度により、何れかの寺院を菩提寺と定めその檀家になることが義務付けられた。
• In the Edo period, contemporary bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) instituted as a part of its policy for religions the Terauke seido (the system of organizing whole temples in Japan with registration of follower families) and made it mandatory for every family to become a parishioner of any temple designated as its bodaiji (a family temple).

• その後永平寺第3世に就任するが、懐奘の没後は加賀国に移り、大乗寺を真言宗寺院から禅院に改めその開山となった。
• He was thereafter inaugurated as the third chief priest of Eihei-ji Temple, but after the death of Ejo, he moved to Kaga Province and became the founder of Daijo-ji Temple by converting it from a Shingon Sect temple to a Zen temple.

• 毎月第2日曜 日蓮大聖人御報恩御講（大石寺大坊では13日のみ、一部の寺院では命日にあたる13日にも行われる）
• The second Sunday of each month: Nichiren Daihonin Gohon Oko (Buddhist ceremony held only on 13th at Daibo in Taiseki-ji Temple, and held on every second Sunday and 13th of each month at some temples, the anniversary of Nichiren's death)

• 平安時代に入ると、密教の山岳寺院では敷地の制約があり、奈良時代のような整然とした伽藍配置は見られなくなった。
• When the Heian period started, the systematic garan layout (as in the Nara period) disappeared because the mountain temples of Esoteric Buddhism were subject to site restrictions.

• 寺院では現在の戸籍に当たる宗門人別帳が作成され、旅行や住居の移動の際にはその証文（寺請証文）が必要とされた。
• Temples made up Shumon ninbetsu cho (religious census register), which is today's family register, and the public needed to obtain a deed called Terauke shomon (certificate of a Buddhist temple) when they set out on their travels or changed to different residences.

• そして中世において寺院は聖域であるとする社会的観念があったため信長に敵対した六角義治らを恵林寺にかくまった。
• Since there was a social consensus in the Middle Ages that temples and shrines were sacred, Kaisen gave shelter to Yoshiharu ROKKAKU and others who fought against Nobunaga in Erin-ji Temple.

• 続いて霊亀2年（716年）に出された寺院整理令の詔に「寺家（私寺）が争って題額を求めた」とする件が見られる。
• The 716 imperial decree of the consolidation of temples describes that 'families that own and reside in temples (private temples) compete for a frame with a certificate.'

• 定額寺（じょうがくじ）とは、奈良時代・平安時代に官大寺・国分寺（国分尼寺を含む）に次ぐ寺格を有した仏教寺院。
• Jogakuji refers to Buddhist temples with the second highest temple status following 'kandaiji' (state-sponsored temples of great scale) and 'kokubunji' (state-sponsored provincial temples), which existed in the Nara and Heian periods.

• 今日でも日本の寺院や地域の間において、鎮魂・追善・豊穣・除災などを目的として百万遍念仏を行われる事例がある。
• Today there are cases of Hyakumanben Nenbutsu in the temples and some regions in Japan for the purpose of reposing souls, ceremony as a memorial, fertility, and prevention of disasters.

• 改帳には、家族単位の氏名と年齢、檀徒として属する寺院名などが記載されており、事実上、戸籍として機能していた。
• The name and age of family members per household and the name of a family temple were recorded in Shumon Ninbetsu Aratame Cho, which virtually worked as a household register.

• やがて、酒部の子孫を自称する人々や、その遠縁にあたる者などが、朝廷や寺院とは関係のないところで酒を造り始めた。
• Subsequently, people who claimed descent from sakabe or their distant relatives began to brew sake independently of the Imperial Court and temples.

• その後は朝廷直属の酒造組織に代わって、寺院で造られた僧坊酒（そうぼうしゅ）が高い評価を得るようになっていった。
• After that, Soboshu received a high reputation which brewed in temples instead of the brewing organization directly under the Imperial Court.

• 中でも戦乱による寺院の被害が多い一方で僧兵の影響力が大きかった大和には弟豊臣秀長を派遣し、円満にまとめ上げた。
• For example, he dispatched his younger brother, Hidenaga TOYOTOMI, to Yamato Province, where war had caused a great deal of damage to the temples but the warrior monks still held a lot of influence, and was able to bring about a peaceful settlement.

• なお、長年の間に移転・再建を繰り返したり、元の寺から分流するうちに、二十四輩格を持つ寺院は180ほどに増えた。
• While the temples worshiped as Nijuyohai repeated relocations and rebuildings, with the establishment of branch temples, the number of temples with the status of Nijuyohai has increased to around 180.

• 国家主導の都市や寺院の建設には莫大な費用がかかり、動員された人々への支払いに充てる通貨が必要とされていたこと。
• Urban and temple construction led by the state needed enormous expenses and currency was necessary to pay organized people.

• 軽微な犯罪を「過怠」と称して実刑の代わりに金銭などを徴収して神社や寺院、道路、橋梁などの修繕費用の一部とした。
• A minor crime was called 'katai (negligence),' which was utilized for the toward the cost of repairing shrines, temples, road and bridges by collecting money instead of imposing a prison sentence.

• また、新井宏は寺院等の実測分析から高麗尺ではなく0.268mの尺が使用されていたという古韓尺説をとなえている。
• Furthermore, Hiroshi ARAI says the kokan-jaku (ancient Korean shaku) theory from the analysis of actual measurements of temples and others that 0.268-meter shaku was used, not the koma-jaku.

• 特に、大徳寺のような有力な寺院については、禁中並公家諸法度によって朝廷との関係を弱めるための規制もかけられた。
• In particular, against the influential temples such as Daitoku-ji Temple, regulations aiming to weaken their ties with the Imperial Court, called Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto (Laws for Aristocrats), were also imposed.

• 僧堂（そうどう）は仏教の寺院内にある建物の1つで、修行者（僧侶）が集団生活を行いながら仏道修行に励む場である。
• A so-do hall is a temple building dedicated to the communal living of practitioners (monks) and the promotion of ascetic practices.

• 仏壇のもととなった寺院の本堂は浄土を表したものあり、内陣も故人の写真を飾っておらず、仏壇もそれに倣い飾らない。
• The main hall of a temple, which was the origin of butsudan, represents Jodo (the Buddhist pure land) and, therefore, no picture of the dead is decorated inside its sanctum, and accordingly no picture is put into butsudan.

• 穴太衆（あのうしゅう）は、織豊時代（安土桃山時代）に活躍した、主に寺院や城郭などの石垣施工を行った技術者集団。
• The Ano-shu Guild is a group of craftspeople who installed stone walls, mainly of temples and castles during the Shokuho era (Azuchi-Momoyama Period).

• 元応3年（1321年）、本願寺三世覚如により、「大谷廟堂」を「本願寺（大谷本願寺）」と名乗り寺院化し成立する。
• In 1321, Kakunyo, the 3rd caretaker of Hongan-ji Temple, made the hall 'Otani byodo' into the temple called Hongan-ji (or the Otani Hongan-ji Temple).

• 各戸には仏壇が置かれ、法要の際には僧侶を招くという慣習が定まり、寺院に一定の信徒と収入を保証される形となった。
• With the system thus introduced, every household had its Buddhist altar and made it a custom to invite a Buddhist priest to its Buddhist memorial service, which assured the temple of obtaining believers and, to a certain degree, money.

• 除夜の鐘（じょやのかね）とは12月31日の除夜（大晦日の夜）の深夜0時を挟んで寺院で撞かれる梵鐘のことである。
• Joyano kane means striking a bronze bell (temple bell) around 12:00 am on New Year's Eve (December 31).

• その他の寺院　明通寺（福井県小浜市）、慈眼院（大阪府泉佐野市）、 初馬寺（三重県津市）、林昌寺（大阪府泉南市）
• Other temples: Myotsu-ji Temple (Obama City, Fukui Prefecture); Jigan-in Temple (Izumisano City, Osaka Prefecture); Hatsuuma-dera Temple (Tsu City, Mie Prefecture); Rinsho-ji Temple (Sennan City, Osaka Prefecture)

• 祠堂銭については寺院の維持・供養などを目的としたものについては、利息付の貸出の場合でも同令の対象外とされていた。
• On the other hand, Shidosen that was to pay for the upkeep of a temple and memorial services was exempt from the decree, even when it was put out at interest.

• 寺院建築の中でも、庶民信仰を背景に、善光寺・浅草寺など大多数の信者を収容する大規模な本堂が造られるようになった。
• In the sector of temple architecture, large hondos (main halls), such as that of Zenko-ji Temple and Senso-ji Temple, were built to accommodate a large number of worshippers.

• それから転じて、寺院の敷地内にある、高僧が隠退後に住した子院のことも「塔頭」あるいは「塔院」と呼ぶようになった。
• Tacchu' as well as the word 'toin' later came to refer to a sub-temple built within the grounds of another temple to serve as the residence of a high priest in his retirement.

• 同時に三百数十ヶ寺に及ぶ真宗大谷派からの独立寺院を率いて「浄土真宗東本願寺派」を結成し、東京本願寺を本山とした。
• At the same time, he formed 'Jodo Shinshu sect Higashi Hongan-ji school,' containing more than 300 temples separated from Shinshu sect Otani school, choosing Tokyo Hongan-ji Temple as the head temple.

• 記録では8世紀後半から東大寺や西大寺 (奈良市)などの大寺院の荘園として塩木山が存在していることが知られている。
• It is recorded that there had existed Shiokiyama (塩木山) since the latter 8th century as a form of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) owned by big temples such as Todai-ji Temple and Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City).

• これらが慣例化してやがて、「門跡」自体が「貴族」出身者によって継承される特定の院家・寺院を指す称号へと変化した。
• This became a custom, and soon 'Monzeki' itself was changed to mean the title of the specific temples to which people from the 'nobility' succeeded.

• 定額とは、定員のことを指し、律令制においては課税逃れを防ぐために朝廷は寺院に対して厳しく僧侶の定員遵守を求めた。
• The word 'jogaku' refers to 'a quota,' and under the ritsuryosei the Imperial Court compelled Buddhist temples to comply with a Buddhist monk quota to prevent them from wriggle out of taxes.

• 着装は通常袴に籠めて着装するが、寺院の稚児などには掛水干といって狩衣のように袴の上に着て帯を締める着装も行われた。
• Suikan were usually worn inside hakama (Japanese male ceremonial skirt), but in the style known as kake suikan (covering suikan), worn by temple page boys, they were worn over hakama, like Kariginu, and tied with an obi sash.

• 数ある僧坊酒の中で、奈良の寺院が造った「南都諸白（なんともろはく）」は室町時代に至るまで長いこと高い名声を保った。
• Among many Soboshu, 'nanto-morohaku' brewed by temples in Nara had kept a high reputation for a long time until the Muromachi period.
• Of numerous kinds of soboshu, 'Nanto-Morohaku' made by temples in Nara retained a high reputation for a long time, until the Muromachi period.

• 大半の寺院が時宗を離れ、一向の母体であった浄土宗に帰属するようになったのは昭和時代に入った1943年の事であった。
• It was in 1943, during the Showa period, that most temples were separated from the Jishu sect and returned to the Jodoshu sect, the parent organization of Ikko Shunsho.

• 政府は平城京内に大寺院をたて、聖武天皇は、741年（天平13）に全国に詔して、国分寺や国分尼寺を全国に建てさせた。
• The government built large temples in Heijokyo and, in 741, the Emperor Shomu issued an imperial edict to each Province and made them build kokubunji and kokubunniji.

• 例としては、鳥羽が娘の八条院に相続した荘園群である八条院領、後白河が長講堂という寺院に寄進した長講堂領などがある。
• Examples of above are seen in groups of private estates, Hachijoin estate, in which Toba let his daughter Hachijoin to succeed, and others are the the estates of Chokodo which Goshirakawa donated to the temple called Chokodo.

• 平安時代に稚児＠大規模寺院の髪形として結われる様になり、後に皇族、平安貴族の少年の髪形として一般化する様になった。
• Chigomage originated as the hairstyle for chigo (child in a Buddhist possession) in major temples during the Heian period, and later became commonly accepted as the hairstyle for boys of Imperial or noble family in the Heian period.

• 奈良は仏教史跡、寺院も多く、仏教との関係で茶も広まり、一方ではヤマチャも諸所にあり、それなりに利用されたとされる。
• It is said that Nara has many historical spots concerning Buddhism and Buddhism temples and tea became popular there because of the relation with Buddhism and, on the other hand, yama-cha (wild tea) was seen in many places in Nara and was used to some extent.

• 清盛は武力を背景に国検を断行する一方、寺院勢力の特権もある程度は認めるなど柔軟な対応で、大和の知行国支配を行った。
• While Kiyomori, backed by his military might, did conduct a decisive inspection, he also engaged in softer diplomatic measures, as when he acknowledged that temples did have a certain degree of influence and therefore special privileges, and in this way managed to carry out a survey of the chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) in Yamato that were under state control.

• 前述のように京都の行政・裁判の他、周辺4ヶ国の裁判・天領の行政及び寺社領の支配（ただし、門跡寺院は除く）を行った。
• As described above, it managed administration and justice in Kyoto, justice in the four neighboring provinces as well as administration of the shogunate demesne, and controlled temple and shrine territories (excluding monzeki temples (temples of high rank where members of imperial family and nobility enter the priesthood)).

• 検非違使をも動員して徴税を強行する造酒正と酒屋の座を支配下に置く延暦寺などの有力寺院との対立が生じることになった。
• However, conflict occurred between miki no kami, who enforced tax collection by pressing 'kebiishi' (a police and judicial chief) into service, and influential temples, including Enryaku-ji Temple, which had 'za' (a trade guild) of Sakaya under their control.

• また延暦寺に近かったことから、勝林院・来迎院 (京都市左京区)・三千院・寂光院など多くの天台宗系寺院が建立された。
• Since Ohara was close to the Enryaku-ji Temple, many temples of Tendai sect such as Shorin-in Temple and Raigo-in Temple (Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City), Sanzen-in Temple, Jakko-in Temple, etc. were built.

• 江戸時代には、料理屋でも寺院の下請けで仕出したり、仏教活動とは無関係に文人墨客向けに調製することが多くなっていた。
• In the Edo period, there were many restaurants that supplied Fucha ryori cuisine to temples as outside contractors or which cooked for writers and artists, with no relationship to Buddhist activities.

• インド時代の仏教に於いて、僧侶が集団生活する建物群の事を僧堂と呼んでいるが、これは寺院や僧院の事を指す言葉である。
• During the Indian age of Buddhism, the collection of buildings in which monks lived was called so-do but this definition is now covered by the words a temple or monastery.

• 1251年（建長3年）中国の宋 (王朝)にわたり、1261年（弘長元年）に帰国するまで禅宗寺院を巡歴して参禅した。
• In 1251, Mukan Fumon visited the Sung (Dynasty) in China and traveled around to visit various temples of the Zen sect until returning to Japan in 1261.

• もともと寺院建築の様式は中国から伝わってきたものであるが、平安時代の国風文化の時代に日本人好みに洗練されていった。
• The temple architectural style was originally introduced from China, and it was developed in sophisticated manners to suit Japanese tastes in the Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) period of the Heian period.

• そして室町時代になると、寺格としての「門跡」が確立し、室町幕府には、門跡寺院に関する政務を執る門跡奉行が置かれた。
• During the Muromachi period, 'Monzeki,' as the status of a temple, was established so that the post of Monzeki bugyo (shogunate administrator, 門跡奉行) to govern Monzeki temples was assigned by the Muromachi shogunate.

• 蓮如が第8代となった当時の本願寺は衰亡の極みにあり、宗派の中心寺院としての格を失い、青蓮院の一末寺に転落していた。
• When Rennyo became the eighth chief priest, Hongwan-ji Temple declined and lost its status as the central temple of the sect, whereupon it became a subtemple of Shorenin Temple.

• なお、裁判自体は正信会による寺院占拠問題と同じように、信仰次元の問題なので、裁判の対象ではない。として棄却された。
• The litigation itself was dismissed on the grounds that the subject matter cannot be the subject of litigation because, like the problem of temple occupation, it is a matter of faith.

• 鎌倉時代の絵巻物に表現された画中画を見ると、当時、禅宗以外の寺院の障子絵などにも水墨画が用いられていたことがわかる。
• Gachu-ga (a pictorial work that appear within a painting as part of the overall composition) expressed in Emakimono during the Kamakura Period shows that Suiboku-ga was adopted for Shoji-e (paintings on shoji paper sliding-door or Fusuma) in the temples other than those belonging to the Zen sect.

• 初詣（はつもうで）とは、年が明けてから初めて寺社（神社・寺院）や教会などに参拝し、一年の無事と平安を祈る行事である。
• Hatsumode is an event to pray for safety and peace for the year by visiting a shrine or temple (a Shinto shrine or Buddhist temple), or church for the first time since the start of a new year.

• これが転じて、現在の日本の禅宗寺院では、高位の僧侶の身辺の世話をしたり秘書的な仕事を行う僧侶を行者と呼ぶ場合がある。
• Following this, in present days of Japanese Zen sect temples, a priest who takes care of higher rank priests or works as a secretary may be called anja.

• 舒明天皇の没後、妻の皇極天皇、子の天智によって継承され、639年（舒明11）に完成された天皇家最初の仏教寺院である。
• This was the Imperial Family's first Buddhist temple, completed in 639 by Emperor Jomei and, after his death, succeeded by his consort, Empress Kogyoku, and his son, Emperor Tenchi.

• それから約6万の衆徒で京都市中に押し寄せ、京都洛中洛外の日蓮宗寺院21本山はことごとく焼き払われた（天文法華の乱）。
• Then, approximately 60,000 monk soldiers advanced on to the city of Kyoto, and the 21 head temples of the Nichiren sect, inside and outside of the capital Kyoto, were burnt down (Tenmon Hokke no Ran or War of Tenmon Hokke).

• これによって奈良時代以来の大寺院である東大寺の中に敵対する両者が陣地を築いて睨み合うという異常事態となったのである。
• This meant an abnormal state in which the two hostile camps took up their respective positions within the premises of Todai-ji Temple, a great prestigious temple since the Nara period, and confronted each other.

• 擬宝珠は、伝統的な建築物の装飾で橋や神社、寺院の階段、廻縁の高欄（手すり、欄干）の柱の上に設けられている飾りである。
• A giboshi is a traditional ornamental feature, which decorates the top of posts or balustrades (handrails, banisters) of bridges, shrines or temples.

• 薬師寺-藤原京から平城京へ移転した寺院だが、どちらも伽藍配置は同じで2塔1金堂式であり、東西の塔は回廊の内側に建つ。
• Yakushi-ji Temple: The temple was moved from Fujiwara-Kyo to Heijo-Kyo; the temples in both locations had the same garan layout with two pagodas and one main hall, and the pagodas in the east and the west were built within the corridors.

• 本堂などに真言八祖（（伝持の八祖）・絵像で制作されることが多い）を祀られているのが、真言宗の寺院の特徴の一つである。
• One of the characteristics of temples of the Shingon sect is that Shingon Hasso (Denji Hasso) are enshrined in the main hall or other places (they are often drawn as pictures).

• 盆燈籠を認めない（または「ご遠慮ください」とする立場の）寺院では、代わりに卒塔婆を供えられるようにしてある所もある。
• Some of the temples which forbid - or want visitors' self-restraint for - bon toro provide the visitors with the space to offer sotoba.

• 貴族の邸宅や寺院建築に「遣戸」が主として外回りの隔て建具として使用され始めたが、間仕切りとしても使用されていたようだ。
• The 'Yarido' began to be used mainly as an external partition for aristocrats' residence or in architecture for temples, but it seems to have been used as an inner partition as well.

• 元の侵攻を避け、南宋から渡ってきた知識人が朱子学等最新の儒教を伝え、京都五山、鎌倉五山等、禅宗寺院において研究された。
• When intellectuals arrived from the Southern Song Dynasty to avoid the invasion by Yuan, they passed down the latest Ju-kyo including Neo-Confucianism, and they were studied in temples of Zen sects such as the Five Great zen Temples of Kyoto and the Kamakura Gozan Temples.

• また、大仏様などの大陸の影響を受けた寺院の建築様式に代わって日本独自の要素を取り込んだ和様建築が出現するようになった。
• Moreover, instead of the architectural style influenced by the continent culture, which is observed in the Buddhist temples and statues of Buddha built in the Asuka and Nara period, 'Wayo Architecture' incorporating original Japanese elements appeared.

• 日本の寺院における鉦鼓の歴史は古く、747年（天平19年）に成立した『大安寺伽藍縁起並流記資材帳』にも記載されている。
• Shoko have been used in Temples in Japan from ancient times, and 'Daianji Garan Engi narabini Ruki Shizai Cho' (a document about the origin of Daian-ji Temple and about the assets of the temple) completed in 747 includes descriptions of shoko.

• 平安時代の貴族の葬儀は、仏教寺院で行い僧侶が念仏し墓に卒塔婆を立てるなど、大きく仏教的な影響を受けたものになっていた。
• In the Heian period, court nobles f'unerals were greatly influenced by Buddhism as they were held at Buddhist temples, priests chanted Buddhist invocations, and stupas were set up at the sides of gravestones.

• こうして開発した荘園について、寺院は寺田であると主張し、政府から不輸の権 (日本)（租税免除の権利）を獲得していった。
• Temples insisted that the manors developed in this way constituted jiden fields, acquiring Fuyu no ken (in Japan) (the right of tax exemption).

• 正倉（しょうそう）とは、律令制において中央・地方の官衙や寺院など公的な施設に設置された穀物や財物を保管する倉庫のこと。
• Shoso is an repository for grain and property, and is placed in the public facilities, such as central and regional kanga (government office) and temples in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).

• 建築史的見解では、初期の寺院の門構えは南面する正門、東西二つの副門から構成されており、これを称して三門と呼んだという。
• From the viewpoint of architectural history, it is said that a main gate facing the south and two auxiliary gates facing the east and west, respectively, as provided for temples in ancient times, were called Sanmon.

• 寺院仏閣の中には、参拝者を宿坊に泊め、精進料理を提供して仏門の修行の一端を体験させることをしているところも少なくない。
• There are quite a few Buddhist temples that lodge worshippers in the Shukubo (priest's quarters) and provide Shojin ryori with the aim of having them experience a part of the ascetic training of Buddhism.

• 真言宗…中心的尊格は大日如来だが、各寺院の本尊は釈迦如来、阿弥陀如来、薬師如来、観音菩薩、不動明王などさまざまである。
• Shingon sect – Dainichinyorai is the most revered, but the Honzon of each temple varies, such as Shakanyorai, Amidanyorai, Yakushinyorai, Kannon Bosatsu and Fudo Myoo.

• 承平 (日本)元年7月19日 (旧暦)（931年9月3日）の宇多法皇崩御後、後院として使われることはなく寺院となった。
• After Cloistered Emperor Uda died on September 8, 931, Teiji-no-in became used not as goin palace but as a temple.

• この時代になると、三綱や別当・座主などによる寺院上層部からの内部統制が弱体化し、学侶・衆徒・行人などの階層が形成された。
• During this period, the upper strata of the temples like Sango (three monastic positions with management roles at a temple), betto (administrator of a Buddhist temple) and zasu(temple's head priest) lost their control over the temples' inner organizations, and some other strata were formed, including gakuryo (learned priest), priests and gyonin (practitioners).

• 寺院の焼亡による仏の祟りという考え方も、仏には祟るという概念が無いため神祇信仰をそのまま仏に当てはめたものと理解できる。
• The view that the burning down of a temple may result in the arsonist being cursed by the Buddha is thought to come from the Japanese belief in Jingi, as Buddhism does not accept the concept of curses.

• 寺内町（じないちょう、じないまち）とは、室町時代に浄土真宗などの仏教寺院、道場（御坊）を中心に形成された自治集落のこと。
• Jinaicho (also called Jinaimachi) refers to self-governing communities formed during the Muromachi period, which centered on the Buddhist temples of the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) and training seminaries (gobo).

• この他、文壇、芸能、音楽、学術、ジャーナリズムなど、各界の著名人によるエッセイ「住職・寺院に直言」が毎号2本掲載される。
• Moreover, each issue has two 'Frank Speaking to Chief Priests and Temples': essays by famous peoples of various sectors, ranging from literary world, public entertainments, music, academics, to journalism.

• また、東大寺大仏殿の柱絵や東寺灌頂院に安置される祖師像を描き、会理の活動は真言宗寺院のみならず南都・比叡山にまで及んだ。
• He also painted the pillar paintings of the Great Buddha Hall at Todai-ji Temple and the image of the patriarch at the Kanjo-in sub-temple of To-ji Temple, but his activities were not confined only to Shingon Sect temples as he was also active on Mt. Hiei and the southern capital of Nara.

• 廃仏毀釈（はいぶつきしゃく、廢佛毀釋）とは仏教寺院・仏像・経巻を破毀し僧尼など出家者が受けていた特権を廃するなどを指す。
• Haibutsu-kishaku (廃仏毀釈 in Chinese characters) means a movement to destroy Buddhist temples, Buddhist statues and Buddhist scriptures as well as to abolish the privileges entitled to Buddhist priests/nuns.

• 寺院が重大な決定を行う際には集会決議を伴うのが通例であり、強訴などの直接行動を起こす際にも事前に集会決議が出されている。
• When the temples made important decisions, shue usually passed resolutions and when direct actions such as direct petitions were carried out, shue passed the resolutions beforehand.

• この際に大徳寺派の臨済宗寺院が大きな役割を果たし、利休流茶道の根本とされる「和敬清寂」という標語もこの過程で生み出された。
• The Rinzai Sect temples of the Daitokuji School greatly contributed to this, and 'wakei seijaku' (harmony, respect, purity, and tranquility), the motto that was considered to be fundamental to sado of the Rikyu School was created in this process.

• 仏堂にするため一部改造されているが、当時の寺院建築にみられるような、板敷を除けば唐の強い影響を受けた建築構造となっている。
• It was partly reformed to a Buddhist temple, and its building structure except for the wooden floors, commonly seen in the architecture of temples in those days, was influenced strongly by Tang.

• 一方、平安時代中期頃より、神道的宗教行事が起源の田楽や、仏教の寺院で行われた延年などの芸能も興り、それぞれ発達していった。
• On the other hand, from about the middle Heian period, public entertainment like the ritual music (Dengaku) originating from Shinto rituals, and dancing for celebrating longevity (Einen) organized in Buddhist temples had become popular and developed respectively.
• Apart from the above, dengaku, which originated from the ceremony of Shinto religion, and ennen, which was performed at Buddhist temples, were created in the middle of Heian period and they also developed independently.

• インターネット参拝（インターネットさんぱい）とは、神社や寺院がホームページを作成して、パソコンの前で参拝を行うことである。
• Internet Sanpai is the act of visiting and praying at websites provided by Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples.

• 地方宗務組織（日本国内に8地区に分け、53支所を設置） - 全国寺院教会（約4000ヶ寺） - 代表役員住職 - 責任役員
• Organization of local temple (Eight areas in Japan, Set up 53 branch offices) - Organization of temple in Japan (About 4000 temples) - Chief priest of representative director - Responsible director

• 古くは輸入して用いられていたが、平安時代以降は国産の物が増え、今日日本の寺院において輸入品が用いられることはほとんどない。
• Although imported goods were used in older times, domestic ones have increased since the Heian period and today few imports are used in Japanese temples.

• 冥加の祈願あるいは冥加を受けたことに対する謝礼として寺院や神社に奉納された金銭や物資のことも「冥加」と称するようになった。
• Money and goods that were offered to temples/shrines as gratuity for a Myoga prayer or receiving Myoga also came to be known as 'Myoga.'

• 元々困っている旅行者を施設を造って助けようという「救恤」の発想自体が仏教の考え方であり、自然と運営主体は寺院が多くなった。
• The very idea of helping travelers in trouble was based on a concept of Buddhist thought called 'kyujutsu' (helping a person in trouble), so temples naturally made up the majority of the operations.

• しかし、室町幕府の五山や江戸幕府の寺院諸法度と比較しても、それを「国家仏教」とまで呼べるのかについては議論が残されている。
• However, comparing with gosan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or the Jiin Shohatto (laws for temples) of Edo bakufu, whether it may be called 'National Buddhism' remains debatable.

• 神仏分離（しんぶつぶんり）は、神仏習合の慣習を禁止し、神道と仏教、神 (神道)と仏、神社と寺院とをはっきり区別させること。
• Shinbutsu-bunri is to prohibit conventional syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism and to distinguish between Shintoism and Buddhism, Kami (Shinto) and Buddha, and shrines and temples.

• そのため、南都寺院とつながりが深い早良親王が遷都の阻止を目的として種継暗殺を企てたという疑いをかけられたとする見方もある。
• This is why some people think that Imperial Prince Sawara, who was close with Nanto-jiin (temples in Nara Prefecture), was alleged to have assassinated FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu in order to stop transferring the capital.

• かつての巡礼者が本尊である観音菩薩との結縁を願って、氏名や生国を記した木製の札を寺院のお堂に打ち付けていたことに由来する。
• The name originates from the old custom that pilgrims nailed wooden votive plates inscribed with their names and birth provinces to the main hall of a temple, hoping to make a connection with the principal object of worship, Kannon (Goddess of Mercy).

• 縁により、観世音菩薩、阿弥陀如来、地蔵菩薩等）ただし、禅宗寺院では仏像と同様、時にはそれ以上に祖師像を重視する傾向がある。
• Depending upon past connections, may also be Kanzeon Bosatsu, Amidanyorai, Jizo Bosatsu, etc.). However, the Zen sect temples tend to revere Soshi (founder) images as much as, or sometimes even more than Buddha images.

• 輪王寺、妙法院、聖護院、照高院、青蓮院、三千院、曼珠院、毘沙門堂、円満院、仁和寺、大覚寺、勧修寺、知恩院の13寺院のこと。
• The thirteen temples of Rinno-ji, Myoho-in, Shogo-in, Shoko-in, Shoren-in, Sanzen-in, Manju-in, Bishamon-do, Enman-in, Ninna-ji, Daikaku-ji, Kaju-ji and Chion-in

• 遣迎院（けんごういん）は、京都市北区 (京都市)鷹峯（たかがみね）にある浄土真宗系の寺院で、浄土真宗遣迎院派の本山である。
• The Kengo-in Temple is a temple of the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) in Takagamine, Kita Ward, Kyoto City, and the Head Temple of the Kengoin school of Jodo Shinshu.

• 後に別当（寺院における別当とは別のもの）以下、勾当・預 (官職)などの公家や武家の政所の同様の役職が派生するようになった。
• Later, mandokoro for court nobles and samurai families began to have similar positions such as betto (chief administrator) (betto here is a different position from that in Buddhist temples), koto (a secretary) or azukari (an additional post to the chief of Naizenshi).

• やがてこの寺院で行われる催しに人気が出始めていくにつれ、観衆をより楽しませるために上記のような様々な芸能を取り入れていった。
• With such temple performances becoming popular, it incorporated various arts mentioned above in order to afford more pleasure to spectators.

• 初期には後陽成天皇による慶長勅版、徳川家康による伏見版、駿河版、あるいは要法寺版、本圀寺版など寺院の手によるものなどがある。
• Among books in their early stage are Keicho Chokuhan, published by order of the Emperor Goyozei; Fushimi-ban and Suruga-ban editions, published by order of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA; and Yoboji-ban and Honkokuji-ban editions, published by temples.

• また、寺院の中には安定した収入を確保するために、所領からの収入や祠堂銭（供養料）などを元手に金融業に進出するところもあった。
• In addition, in order to secure a stable income, some temples entered the money lending business, using revenue from their territories and from 'shidosen' (mortuary donations) as capital.

• 荼枳尼天の真言は、後述する真言系寺院に伝えられている東寺方即位法でも用いられており、即位灌頂との密接な関連が指摘されている。
• Mantra of Dakiniten is used in Toji-kata sokuiho described below handed down by temples in the Shingon sect, and, for which a close relationship with sokuikanjo has been pointed out.

• そのため、大政奉還により、天皇に政権が返上されると、新政府の神道重視の政策の結果、全国で廃仏毀釈が行われ、寺院数が減少した。
• For this reason, the restoration of imperial rule and the transfer of political power back to the Emperor saw the new government introduce policies promoting Shinto, which together with the nationwide anti-Buddhist haibutsu-kishaku movement, led to a decrease in the number of temples.

• 行者（あんじゃ）とは、仏教寺院において僧侶のように出家をせず、俗人のまま、米搗きや薪拾いなど寺の雑務を行う労働者の事である。
• Anja is a worker in the Buddhist temple, who does chores such as rice milling or gathering firewood, does not become a priest, and remains as secular.

• その後も、北宋の真宗 (宋)や仁宗 (宋)らの歴代の皇帝が、無額寺院への勅額下賜を度々行っており、司馬光らに諌められている。
• After that, successive emperors such as the Northern Song Dynasty emperors Zhenzong and Renzong often gave inscriptions to temples that did not already have one, earning warnings from figures such as Guang SIMA.

• 12世紀後半の作と考えられる『信貴山縁起絵巻』（奈良県生駒郡、朝護孫子寺蔵）は寺院の創建にまつわる話を絵巻としたものである。
• 'Shigisan engi emaki' (Ikoma-gun, Nara Prefecture, possessed by Chogosonshi-ji Temple) which is believed to be a creation from the latter half of the 12th century is the emakimono based on the story regarding the foundation of the temple.

• だが、源平合戦で交通の要所であった白河の地は荒廃し、窮民によって御所や寺院が荒らされていく様子が『玉葉』などに記されている。
• Documents including 'Gyokuyo' (Diary of Kanezane KUJO) described how the land of Shirakawa, which had been an important area for traffic, was devastated and how the imperial palace and temples were kept ransacked by the poor and needy during and after the Genpei War (1180-1185, a war between the Taira clan and the Minamoto clan in which the latter defeated the former and established the Kamakura shogunate government).

• 総本山の諸堂、各寺院の本堂に安置され、「本門戒壇之大御本尊」を模して、黒漆塗りの板に文字を刻み、文字には金箔が施されている。
• They are enshrined in each building of the Grand Head Temple and Main building (Hondo) of each temple, emulating the ' Honmonkaidan-no-Daigohonzon,' with gold-plated characters on a board with a layer of black lacquer.

• なお、明治初期には、唐招提寺を例外として他の律宗寺院は全て真言宗に所轄されたが、1900年（明治33年）律宗として独立した。
• Besides, in the early Meiji period all Risshu temples except Toshodai-ji Temple belonged to the Shingon sect, but they became independent as the Risshu sect in 1900.

• もう1寺は現在の上京区寺町通り広小路上る北之辺町（京都御所の東方）に移され天台宗寺院となったが、この寺が現在の遣迎院である。
• The other temple was moved to Kitanobe-cho, Hirokoji agaru, Teramachi-dori Street, Kamigyo Ward (east to the Kyoto Imperial Palace) and became the temple of the Tendai sect, which led to the present Kengo-in Temple.

• 坊官（ぼうかん・房官）とは、平安時代以後に寺院の最高指導者（別当・三綱）などの家政を担当した機関及びそこに属した僧侶のこと。
• Bokan is an organization which was in charge of the household management of the supreme leader of a temple (betto [administrator of a Buddhist temple] or sango [three monastic positions with management roles at a temple]) and so on, or the monks who belonged to such an organization in and after the Heian period.

• 1963年（昭和38年）に、東寺と真言宗東寺派が分裂したが、後に東寺を中心に活動しようとする寺院が東寺真言宗として独立した。
• In 1963 the To-ji Temple and the To-ji school of the Shingon sect were split, and later the temples which supported the To-ji Temple became independent as the To-ji Shingon sect.

• 寄席の起源は、一般的には江戸初期に神社や寺院の境内の一部を借りて、現在の講談に近い話を聞かせる催し物が開かれていたものである。
• During the early Edo period, storytelling events, being very similar to Kodan storytelling, were held in borrowed spaces in the premises of temples or shrines, which were the origin of yose.

• 参拝者は賽銭箱に金銭を投入した後、神社なら拍手 (神道)、寺院なら合掌し、目を閉じながら神仏への願い事やお礼を心の中で唱える。
• After throwing money in Saisenbako, visitors clap their hands at shrines (Shinto) or put their palms together at temples, and then they pray for their wishes or offer their thanks to Shinto and Buddhist deities in their minds while closing their eyes.

• だが、平安時代末期に入ると社会不安が増大し、広大な所領の持ち主であり裕福であった大寺院は盗賊などに狙われる危険性が高くなった。
• However, towards the end of the Heian period, social unrest spread and there was an increased risk of large temples, which owned vast tracts of land and had grown wealthy, attracting thieves.

• この時代に田柴料を基本とした土地・租税制度は崩壊に向かい、宗親・両班・寺院・武人らが各地で大規模な土地兼併を行うようになった。
• During this period the land and tax system based on Jeonshigwa (the Stipend Land Law) began to collapse and Soshin (the Imperial Family of the Yi Dynasty), Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty), temples and warriors began the large scaled tochikenpei (land unity) in various regions.

• それは寺院が生活の身近にあり、家の中に改めて小さな寺を作る必要がないからであり、供養壇としての流れが加わっているためでもある。
• Those people of Buddhism, other than the Japanese, do not need to have other miniature temples at home because they feel familiar enough with their nearby temples and because of an additional category of kuyodan (a small altar for memorial services of each family to their ancestors.)

• 日本に仏教が伝わってきた6世紀前半には、本格的な寺院はなく、宮殿や邸宅の中に小規模な仏堂が建てられたのみであったと想像される。
• It is assumed that when Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the early sixth century there were no full-fledged temples; instead, small Buddhist shrines were built within the palace and houses.

• 室町時代後期には、寺院の書院や武家住宅に押板や棚、書院を備えるものが造られるようになり、次第に書院造の形式が整えられていった。
• By the end of the Muromachi Period, temples with shoin, and samurai residences with oshi-ita, tana and shoin were being built, and the style of shoin-zukuri was gradually formed.

• 情報力 - 大寺院では、遣隋使・遣唐使に加わった留学僧や、渡来僧などの知識人が、日本にもたらした知識をいち早く学ぶことができた。
• Power of information - Major temples were the first to learn knowledge which had been brought to Japan by intellectuals including foreign monks as well as monks who had joined Japanese envoys to Sui and Tong Dynasties China and studied abroad.

• 初七日は火葬を終えて自宅に帰る途中に所属寺院（菩提寺）に立ち寄って行われるか、自宅に帰り、還骨のお経を兼ねて行われることが多い。
• Shonanoka is in many cases observed at Bodaiji (the family temple) on the way home from the crematory or observed at home also as an offering of Buddhist sutras for the return of ashes.

• それでも、やはり利用者がどうしても返せない場合もあり、祠堂銭を運営する寺院が私徳政を求める徳政一揆の攻撃対象となる場合もあった。
• Even so, there were some who were unable to pay for their debts and when temples managing Shidosen sought Private Acts of Virtuous Government, they were sometimes targeted in Tokusei uprisings.

• しかし、都の衰退と共に、仏教寺院や学識僧が徐々にその担い手として台頭し、その中でも鎌倉五山を中心とした五山文学はその代表である。
• However, with the decline of the capital, Buddhist temples and learned priests came to be responsible for those studies; the most representative of them was Gozan Bungaku (Literature of the Five Official Temples), the center of which was Kamakura Gozan Temple.

• 墾田永年私財法の施行により、富豪や大寺院などが私有耕地を拡大していったため、政府として一旦、墾田を禁止したものと考えられている。
• It is believed that in its capacity as a government, cultivation of new land was once prohibited, for the wealthy and large temples increased their own cultivated lands by the enforcement of the Konden Einen Shizai Law.

• ここには「天狗岩」という巨石があり、霊場の景観を呈していることから、南西側の曲輪は金輪寺の寺院敷地を利用したとも考えられている。
• Here there is a large rock called 'Tengu-iwa' (Tengu rock, or long-nosed goblin shaped rock), representing a mountain spirit, and it is therefore thought that the southwestern compound was constructed on the grounds of Kinrin-ji Temple.

• また、特殊なものとして、陶棺（陶製の棺桶）や寺院の屋根に飾られる鴟尾（しび）、官衙などで使用される硯などの陶器も製造されていた。
• What is more, to name special things, tokan (ceramic coffin), shibi (ornamental ridge-end tile) with which the roof of a temple was decorated, and earthenware like a suzuri (ink stone) which was used in government offices were made, too.

• 市中の道路から武家や公家や寺院の境内に入り、茶室に近付く通り道を、単なる通路とせず茶のための予備空間としてさまざまな工夫を凝らす。
• The path to a tea room of the houses of samurai or court noble or temples from the streets is not considered only a route, but is elaborated as a preparatory space for tea.

• しかしながら、江戸時代初期から文献では、特に寺院などで「寺方蕎麦」として蕎麦切りが作られ、茶席などで提供されたりした例が見られる。
• Starting during the early Edo period, however, there have been documented instances that, particularly, at places such as temples, sobakiri known as Terakata soba (buckwheat noodles offered in a temple) was made and served at a tea ceremony.

• 実は大寺院という存在が、歴史のある時期、特に平安時代・中世などに、酒造りの中心となることは世界史的に見てもめずらしいことではない。
• In fact, from the perspective of world history, Japan is not unique in that major temples play a primary role in the brewing industry during a certain historical period, especially in the Heian period or medieval times.

• 中世以降、中国では布袋になぞらえた太鼓腹の姿が弥勒仏の姿形として描かれるようになり、寺院の主要な仏堂に安置されるのが通例となった。
• Since the middle period, Miroku bodhisattva has been depicted with a paunchy appearance similar to that of Hotei in pictures and those pictures have been commonly placed in major Buddhist buildings of temples in China.

• 日蓮正宗においては、本山格である讃岐本門寺、妙蓮寺、定善寺（大石寺では代替法要）のみに使われ、それ以外の寺院では「入院式」という。
• The Nichiren Shoshu sect uses this term only for Sanuki Honmon-ji Temple, Myoren-ji Temple and Jozen-ji Temple with head temple status (Alternation Mass in Taiseki-ji Temple), and other temples call the ceremony 'Nyuin shiki (temple-entering ceremony).'

• 最近は寺院や葬儀専用ホールなどで行われることが多く、自宅あるいは葬祭場などで遺体を納棺した後、寝台車で式場へ搬送し祭壇に安置する。
• Tsuya are now often conducted in a temple or a funeral hall, so after the body is placed in a coffin at the home or sosaijo (funeral house), the coffin is driven to where the tsuya will be held and placed at the altar.

• 近世期には、本来は別系統であったと考えられる一向俊聖や国阿らの法系が吸収されており、空也を仰ぐ寺院が時宗とみなされていた例もある。
• In the early-modern times, Buddhist laws of Shunjo IKKO and Kokua, which are considered to have been originally in a different line, were absorbed, and there was time when temples that worship Kuya were considered to belong to Jishu sect.

• なお五色不動は基本的に天台宗や真言宗の系統の寺院にあり、密教という点で共通しているが、不動明王に限らず明王は元来密教の仏像である。
• Goshiki Fudo, in principle, is found in temples of the Tendai-shu sect and Shingon-shu sect, which share the common teaching of the Esoteric Buddhism, and Myoo, not only Fudo Myoo, is an Esoteric Buddhist image by nature.

• それは、九重の塔がそびえ建ち、高さは法隆寺の五重塔の二倍もあり、現代の25階ビルに相当し、当時の東アジアでも超一級の寺院であった。
• It was one of the top temples in East Asia at the time, with its towering nine-story pagoda, equivalent to a modern twenty-five story building, two times higher than Horyu-ji Temple's five-story pagoda.

• 2008年（平成20年）現在国宝の建造物は神社37件、寺院154件、城郭8件、住宅12件、民家0件、その他3件、計214件である。
• As of 2008, the total number of buildings designated national treasures is 214: of the structures so designated, 37 appear in shrines, 154 in temples, 8 in castles, 12 in public residences, 0 in private homes, and 3 are miscellaneous structures.

• が、これは天武天皇系の政権を支えてきた貴族や寺院の勢力が集まる大和国から脱して、新たな天智天皇系の都を造る意図があったといわれる。
• Apparently, it was to get away from Yamato Province where the nobles and Buddhists who supported the Emperor Tenmu government had gathered, and to build the capital for the new Emperor Tenchi.

• 周囲からは禅僧として高位の位を望まれたが、画を好む明兆はこれを拒絶して明の李竜眠から画法を学び、初の寺院専属の画家として大成した。
• The monks with whom he associated wished to make him a high ranking Zen monk but his passion was painting, so he refused this in order to study art under LI Longmian of Ming Dynasty China, and went on to find success as the first temple artist.

• 崇伝没後の1635年、寺社奉行が設けられると、寺院の管掌は寺社奉行が取り仕切ることとなり、僧録の権限は更に縮小されることとなった。
• After the death of Suden, the jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines), which was established in 1635, took charge of the management of temples, with the result that the authority of the Soroku was further reduced.

• 戦時中、翼賛体制への迎合から寺院で神札を祭ったのと同じく、決して日和見主義やあさましさに由来するものではないとする見方も存在する。
• There is a theory that the abovementioned change happened in the same way as there was talisman held at the temples to accommodate themselves into Yokusan Taisei (Support system of Taisei Yokusan-kai (Imperial Rule Assistance Association)), and it did not come from opportunism and shameless.

• また、天台宗系の寺院では、千手観音を中尊として両脇に毘沙門天・不動明王を安置することも多い（滋賀・明王院像、京都・峰定寺像など）。
• Additionally, in the temples of the Tendai sect it is often seen that Senju Kannon is placed at the center and Bishamonten and Fudo Myoo are placed at its sides (Myoo-in Temple in Shiga, Bujo-ji Temple in Kyoto).

• 江戸時代、稲荷塚古墳の東側に資福院という寺院があったが、明治初年に神仏分離令などの廃仏毀釈により墳丘上に恋路稲荷神社が建てられた。
• In the Edo period, there was a temple called Shifuku-in on the east side of the Inarizuka-kofun Tumulus; however, due to the Haibutsu-kishaku (a movement to abolish Buddhism) such as the Shinbutsu-bunri-rei (a law to forbidden the fusion of Shinto and Buddhism) in the early years of the Meiji period, Koiji-inari Shrine was built on the hilltop.

• こうした普茶料理は、精進料理というよりは異国情緒を味わうものとして黄檗宗の寺院ばかりでなく、料理屋や文化人など民間でも広く嗜まれた。
• Fucha ryori was widely enjoyed as an exotic tasting dish, and spread among cultured and ordinary people at restaurants rather than being limited to temples of the Obaku sect.

• この日本の庭園の伝統の上に禅がその寺院の伽藍のなかに後庭を作庭するとき、禅宗思想、大陸から渡来した思想、芸術、文化を多く取り入れた。
• When the Zen monks were building these gardens in the backyards inside large Buddhist temples, the thought of Zen Buddhism, art, and culture from the Asian Continent, were introduced together with the tradition of Japanese gardens.

• 伝統真言宗系当山派の寺院が行う「柴燈護摩」は、本来山中修行にて行者だけで修するものであるため規模や護摩木の数の多寡を問うことはない。
• Saitogoma' held by the temples of the traditional Shingonshu sect Tozan school is originally an ascetic practice in the mountain performed only by practitioners, which does not regard the scale or the number of Gomagi (pieces of wood for ritual burning).

• ほかの古代の有力寺院を見ても、延暦寺は日吉大社、金剛峯寺は丹生都比売神社、東寺は伏見稲荷大社などといずれも守護神を持つことになった。
• As for other influential temples in the ancient times, Enryaku-ji Temple had Hiyoshi-taisha Shrine, Kongobu-ji Temple had Niutsuhime-jinja Shrine, and To-ji Temple had Fushimi Inari-taisha Shrine, as their guardian shrines.

• 主に、神社用の田である神田、寺院用の田である寺田、官職に応じられて与えられた田である官田をはじめ勅旨田・公廨田などが不輸租田である。
• Fuyusoden mainly included shinden (also referred to as kamita, kanda) which was a paddy field affiliated with a shrine, jiden (also referred to as terada) which was a paddy field affiliated with a temple, kanden (imperial estates) which was a paddy field allotted according to government rank, chokushiden (imperial proprietorships and land), and kugaiden (estates belonging to government officers.)

• 「恐るべき戦慄的な情景が展開され、上京は深更から翌日まですべての寺院が焼失し、都周辺の50村が焼け、最後の審判の日さながらであった。
• It was a bloodcurdling, horrible scene; every temple in Kamigyo was burning from midnight till the next day; 50 villages around Kyoto city were burned down; it was as if we were facing Judgment Day.

• 仏教寺院では、仏堂の扉を開いた際に仏像が見えるように祀るのが本来であるが、「秘仏」は開帳以外の時は厨子の扉を閉じたまま祀られている。
• In Buddhist temples, the doors of the Butsudo (Buddhist shrine) are normally open so that the Buddhist image can be seen from outside, but zushi that enshrine hibutsu are usually closed except for a certain period when the hibutsu are unveiled to the public.

• 現在でも、坂本 (大津市)の町に多数立ち並ぶ里坊とよばれる延暦寺の末端の寺院群は、彼らの組んだ石垣で囲まれ町並みに特徴を与えている。
• Even today, the numerous fringe temples of Enryaku-ji Temple known as satobo (small village temples) located in Sakamoto (Otsu City) lend a distinctive characteristic to the townscape with their stone walls built by the Ano-shu Guild.

• 豊山派の多くの寺院に安置された十一面観音像はこの像容となっているため、通常の十一面観音像と区別して「長谷寺式十一面観音」と呼ばれる。
• The statues of Juichimen Kannon that are placed in many Buzan-ha temples show these features, and consequently they are called 'Juichimen Kannon of the Hase-dera style.'

• 一方、寺院の側からすれば、檀信徒に対して教導を実施する責務を負わされることとなり、仏教教団が幕府の統治体制の一翼を担うこととなった。
• Meanwhile, the system obliged the temple to give religious instructions to its believers, and had the Buddhist organizations play a role in the regime of the Edo shogunate.

• 五山版（ござんばん）は、宋 (王朝)元 (王朝)時代の禅籍の出版隆盛の影響を受け、五山を中心として寺院で開版された刊本のことである。
• The term 'Gozanban' refers to the books published by Gozan (the Five Great Zen Temples in Kyoto) and other temples, which were affected by the active publication of books on Zen Buddhism in the age of the Sung and Yuan dynasties.

• 1970年代半ば頃から、一部行きすぎた華美な燈籠が現れたり、放火や失火による火災が相次いだりして、盆燈籠を認めない寺院が現れ始めた。
• From around the middle of the 1970's, some temples began to forbid bon toro, because some toro became too luxurious, and because fires - cases of arson and accidental fires - occurred one after another.

• 神社建築は寺院建築の影響のもとで発生し、日本の上古の建築を復古的に採用し、仏教建築のデザインを意識的に排除しつつ成立したと考えられる。
• Architecture of shrine is believed to have emerged under the influence of ji-in, or Buddhist pagoda, reviving ancient architecture, and in the course of subsequent developments, design elements of Buddhist nature were considered to be intentionally eliminated.

• 法然上人二十五霊場（ほうねんしょうにんにじゅうごれいじょう）は、浄土宗の開祖である法然上人ゆかりの寺院二十五箇所を巡る霊場巡拝である。
• Honen Shonin Nijugo reijo (25 sacred ground of Honen Shonin) is circuit pilgrimage to 25 temples which are related to Honen Shonin, the founder of the Pure Land sect.

• 茶室の茶室に付随する簡素な庭園は、広大な敷地を持つ寺院などではなく、敷地の限られた都市部の町屋 (商家)において発達したと考えられる。
• It is said that those simple gardens attached to tea rooms were developed in urban Machiya (a traditional form of townhouse found mainly in Kyoto) (mercantile house) with limited premises, not in temples or others with broad premises.

• もっともこうした統制について国家が建立した官寺とそれ以外の貴族や民衆によって建てられた民間寺院（私寺）とでは温度差があったともされる。
• In addition, it is also thought that such regulation was different between official temples built by nation and private temples built by nobles and common people.

• 神仏分離令は仏教排斥を意図したものではなかったが、これをきっかけに全国各地で廃仏毀釈運動がおこり、各地の寺院や仏具の破壊が行なわれた。
• Although the Edict for Separation of Shinto and Buddhism was not issued for the purpose to exclude Buddhism from the country, it triggered a nationwide anti-Buddhism campaign, and people destroyed temples and Buddhist altar fittings across the country.

• もう一つ、平安時代後期に盛んに製作されるようになった絵巻物の中にも、寺院の開山縁起や高僧の伝記のような仏教を題材としたものが見られる。
• Furthermore, among the emakimonos (illustrated scrolls) which were widely produced in the late Heian period, we find those whose subject matter is Buddhism such as legends of the temple foundation and biographies of high ranking monks.

• 創建時は薬師金堂、弥勒金堂、四王堂、十一面堂、東西の五重塔などが立ち並ぶ壮大な伽藍を持ち、南都七大寺の1つに数えられる大寺院であった。
• When established, it was a large temple, which was included in the Seven Great Temples of Nanto having magnificent buildings consisting of Yakushikondo (kondo [golden hall] for Yakushi [healing Buddha]), Mirokukondo (kondo for Maitreya-bodhisattva), Shitendo (hall for shitenno), Juichimendo (hall for Juichimen Kannon [eleven-faced Kannon, Goddess of Mercy]), five-story pagodas on the east and west and so on.

• ただし、こうした暴力攻撃も現在では比較的収まってきているが、スパイを送り込んだり、スパイを恐れ正宗寺院の人の出入りの監視を行っている。
• However, this kind of violent attack has relatively calmed down recently, but they sometimes send spies, or they are scared of spies and watch people coming in and out of temples of Shoshu Sect.

• 日本の伝統的な建築のものとして、寺院建築では真壁 (建築)に仕上げることがあり、書院造等では木連格子（きづれごうし）とすることがある。
• As traditional Japanese buildings, the gable walls of temples may be finished in the shinkabe style (the framing for the wall is set between pillars that remain exposed on both sides when the plastered wall is finished), and buildings in styles such as the Shoin-zukuri style (a traditional Japanese style of residential architecture that includes a tokonoma) may have their gable walls finished using kizure goshi (gable pediments filled with boardbacked, crisscross lattice).

• 平安時代の末期には、第二次性徴に達し元服・裳着を迎えるにあたって女性のみならず男性貴族、平氏などの武士、大規模寺院における稚児も行った。
• In the late Heian period, not only did girls who had shown secondary sex characteristics or who had attended coming-of-age ceremony, but male nobles, Samurai in the Taira clan, and children in a festival procession in big temples or shrines also practiced tooth blackening.

• 一般にはこれらの大規模な遺跡は「石窟」「石窟寺院」などと呼び、朝鮮半島や日本などに分布する、比較的小規模な造像を「磨崖仏」と称している。
• Generally these large sites are called 'a stone cave' or 'a stone cave temple,' while comparatively smaller statues in Korean peninsula and Japan are called 'Magaibutsu.'

• （水稲）稲作に始まり、後には仏教や寺院建築技術などを日本に持ち込み、古代日本における文化・政権形成に大きな役割を演じたと考えられている。
• It is thought that they played an important role in the formation of culture and administration in ancient Japan by beginning with rice cultivation (wet rice culture) and by bringing Buddhism and temple architecture to Japan later.

• 歴代の足利将軍は禅宗に帰依し、これを保護したため、京都を中心に禅宗寺院が隆盛し、そこから造園、文学、茶道など、さまざまな文化が生まれた。
• Successive shoguns of the Muromachi bakufu devoutly believed in and patronized the Zen sect of Buddhism, so Zen-sect-style temples were constructed one after another mainly in Kyoto, and these temples became the stage of various kinds of culture, such as landscape gardening, literature, and Japanese tea ceremony.

• 門前町（もんぜんまち）とは、有力な寺院・神社の周辺に、社寺関係者および参拝客を相手にする商工業者が集まることによって形成された町のこと。
• Monzen-machi means a town around an influential temple or shrine that was developed after merchants and manufacturers gathered there to conduct business, targeting workers and visitors of the shrine or temple.

• 741年（天平13年）以降、国ごとに国分寺と国分尼寺が建てられることになったが、それ以前から国府機能と密着した付属寺院を持つ国もあった。
• A provincial monastery and provincial nunnery had officially been built by each province since 741, however some provinces had already built their own temple having a collusive relationship with 'Kokufu.'

• しかしスダッタが本当に金貨を敷き詰め始めたため、ジェータ太子は驚いて、そのまま土地を譲渡し更に自らも樹木を寄付して、寺院建設を援助した。
• On seeing Sudatta starting to spread gold coins, Prince Jeta was so surprised that he not only gave Sudatta the land, but also supported the construction of the temple by donating trees.

• こうした普茶料理は、精進料理というよりは異国情緒を味わうものとして、黄檗宗の寺院ばかりでなく、料理屋や文化人など、民間でも広く嗜まれた。
• Fucha ryori cuisine was enjoyed not only by monks at temples of the Obaku sect, but also by civilians, especially intellectual people, and was served at restaurants as a means of savoring exoticism, rather than Shojin ryori.

• この形式の屋根は西洋では少ないが、中国、韓国、日本、台湾のほか、ベトナム、タイ王国、インド、インドネシア等、東洋の寺院でも良く見られる。
• Though rarely seen in Western countries, roofs of this type are used in temples in Eastern countries, such as Viet Nam, Kingdom of Thailand, India and Indonesia, in addition to China, Korea, Japan and Taiwan.

• 祭神の決定、寺院の廃合、僧侶の神職への転向、仏像・仏具の取り壊し、仏事の禁止、民間への神道強制などを急激に実施したために大混乱となった。
• Because various actions were taken hastily, including the decision of enshrined deities, the elimination of temples, Buddist priests' conversion to Shinto priests, the destruction of Buddhist statues and Buddhist tools, the prohibition of Buddhist rites and the compulsion of citizens' conversion to Shinto, the society became chaotic.

• 寺請証文（てらうけしょうもん）は、江戸時代の寺請制度において、寺院が檀家に対して自己の檀家であることを証明するために発行した文書のこと。
• Terauke shomon was a certificate issued by Buddhist temples to danka (supporter of a Buddhist temple) in order to prove that they were actually the danka of the relevant temple under the Terauke seido (the system in which the public should be registered in any one of the designated temples to prove their Buddhist faith) in Edo period.

• 管長を古義派（金剛峯寺・教王護国寺）と新義派（智積院・長谷寺）の4寺院から互選することとなり、東寺は管長を選出する四本山の一つとなった。
• The chief abbot was selected from the four temples of the Kogi school (the Kongobu-ji Temple and the Kyoogokoku-ji Temple) and the Shingi school (the Chishaku-in Temple and the Hase-dera Temple), and the To-ji Temple was one of the four head temples which selected a chief abbot.

• 彼は浄土僧でもあり、寺院に伝承される雅楽や歌謡を修め、また当時来日していた明人の鄭家定に古琴（きん）を学び、 これらから箏曲を作り出した。
• Kenjun, a Jodo priest, mastered gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) and Kayo (songs and ballads) that had been handed down to the monks of his temple, and learned how to play the Kokin (Chinese zither with 3000 year history) from Teikatei, a Chinese musician who was in Japan at that time; drawing on what he had learnt, he began making Sokyoku music.

• 高野山真言宗の寺院住職に補任されて、20年を経るなど、高野山真言宗の定める要件を満たすと、名誉住職（めいよじゅうしょく）の称号が許される。
• when he fulfills the requirements set by the Koyasan Shingon sect such as serving out as the chief priest of a temple belonging to Koyasan Shingon sect for 20 years, he would be admitted the title of a honorary chief priest.

• 祠堂銭（しどうせん）とは、故人の冥福を祈るために祠堂（御霊屋・持仏堂とも）の管理・修繕費用あるいは供養費用として寺院に寄進する金銭のこと。
• Shidosen were funds donated to temples for memorial services for the deceased and for the management and upkeep of shido (also known as mitamaya (a place where spirits are enshrined) or jibutsu-do hall).

• まず、鎮護国家とされる国家によって官寺と呼ばれる寺院の建立・維持が行われて国家と皇室の安泰を祈るための法会が行われたという事実は存在する。
• First of all, in fact, the temples called kanji had been erected and maintained by so called Chingokokka, and Buddhist services had been held to pray for peace and security of the country and the Imperial Family.

• 京内寺院の主要なものは、大安寺、薬師寺、興福寺、元興寺（以上を四大寺と称した）で、これらは藤原京から遷都に際して順次移転されたものである。
• The major temples constructed in the capital were Daian-ji Temple, Yakushi-ji Temple, Kofuku-ji Temple and Gango-ji Temple (together called the four great temples), and each were relocated one by one when the capital was transferred from Fujiwara-kyo.

• キリスト教に入信した大名とその配下達の中には、宣教師たちの意見を聞き入れ領地内の寺院や神社を破壊したり焼き払うなどの行動を取った者もいた。
• Among those who became Christians, some daimyo and their retainers took heed of the missionaries' views and chose to burn or knock down temples and shrines in their territory.

• 室町時代後期の1478年に蓮如によって山科本願寺が建てられ、長大な土塁に囲まれた寺院群と寺内町が山科盆地の大きな面積を占めるようになった。
• Since Yamashina Hongwan-ji Temple was founded by Rennyo in 1478 of the late Muromachi period, temples and their precinct towns surrounded by long earthworks started to occupy a large area of the Yamashina Basin.

• 阿弥陀仏や浄土を瞑想することを特に要さないため、特別な修行や浄土を観想するための建築空間（寺院・堂）や宗教美術（仏像・仏画）は不要である。
• It did not need to mediate Amitabha Buddha and the Pure Land in particular, so architected spaces (temples and halls) and religious arts (statues and pictures of Buddha) were not necessary either.

• ただしその外周地域でもこの風習は知名度が高く、県東部（備後国）の三原市・尾道市・福山市でも寺院や地域によって行っているところもかなりある。
• Even in the outskirts this custom is well-known, so Mihara City, Onomichi City, and Fukuyama City - all situated in the prefectural eastern area (once called Bingo Province) - have quite a few temples and spots that preserve the custom.

• 政治力 - 時の大寺院は、今日でいう治外法権が適用されるような領域であり、その特権に助けられ、市井では生育しにくい産業も朝廷から庇護された。
• Political power - Major temples of those days were granted what is now called extra territorial rights and under the protection of the Imperial Court they were privileged enough to develop industries which could not have been developed in town.

• なお、祈願者本人に代わって参拝することを代参（だいさん）、祈願した神社や寺院に参詣せずその方角に向って参拝することを遥拝（ようはい）という。
• Similarly, to visit a shrine or temple for another person who has a prayer is called daisan, while to pray towards a shrine or temple to which one is making a wish without actually visiting it is called yohai.

• 平安時代に入って律令国家が解体していくと、僧尼令など統教権に基づく法制が有名無実化していき、もっぱら治教権に基づく寺院法が中心となっていく。
• In the Heian period, when the nation governed based on the principles of the ritsuryo legal code started to fall apart, legal systems based on tokyo-ken such as soniryo became unsubstantial and Jiin-ho grounded in chikyo-ken became the mainstream.

• 法隆寺の古い記録にはこの像に当たるものが見えないことから、造像当初から法隆寺にあったものではなく、後世、他の寺院から移されたものと思われる。
• Since old records of Horyu-ji Temple contain no description about this statue, it is assumed that the statue was not in the Horyu-ji Temple since its construction but was transferred from another temple in later years.

• 住職と名誉住職の、寺院内での職務上の権利の差異はほとんどないが、名誉住職に関しては、高野山真言宗管長の被選挙権がなく、制限が設けられている。
• There is little difference between the chief priest and the honorary chief priest in their official authorities in the temple, although the honorary chief priest does not have eligibility to run for the chief abbot of Koyasan Shingon sect.

• 一方で律令制の変質に伴い、大寺社が所領拡大を図る動きが始まり、地方の神宮寺も対抗上、大寺院の別院として認められることを望むようになってきた。
• On the other hand, as the system of the ritsuryo legal codes changed, major temples and shrines had started to aim at territorial expansion while local Jingu-ji Temples had begun to desire to be approved as a branch temple of main temples.

• そのため、公家や寺院、奉公衆・奉行衆などの室町幕府官僚集団などは、段銭免除や京都の幕府倉奉行への直接納付（京済・直進）の特権を幕府から得た。
• This encouraged the court nobles, shrines and temples, and the bureaucratic groupings in the Muromachi bakufu, such as hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate) and bugyoshu (group of magistrates), to acquire the privilege from the bakufu either to be exempted from tansen or to pay directly to the bakufu's magistrate in Kyoto, who was in charge of monetary and rice payment to the bakufu.

• 当時、廃仏毀釈で大きな打撃を受けた寺院建築の保護が課題となっており、関野貞は奈良・京都の主な建築を調査し、それらの建築年代をまとめていった。
• A key issue in those days was the protection of temple architecture, as many temples had been badly affected by haibutsu-kishaku (the anti-Buddhist movement in the Meiji era that resulted in the destruction of many Buddhist temples), and so Tadashi SEKINO conducted field research to record the year of construction of the major buildings located in Nara and Kyoto.

• 710年の平城遷都に際し、当時飛鳥にあった法興寺（元興寺）、大官大寺（大安寺）、薬師寺、厩坂寺（興福寺）などの寺院はこぞって新京へ移転した。
• On the occasion of the national capital transfer to Heijo-kyo in 710, the temples located in Asuka, such as Hoko-ji Temple (also called Gango-ji Temple), Daikandai-ji Temple (also called Daian-ji Temple), Yakushi-ji Temple, and Umaya-zaka-dera Temple (also called Kofuku-ji Temple), all together transferred to Heijo-kyo.

• バーミヤーン、キジル、ミーラン、ベゼクリク等の仏教寺院遺跡には、石・土の壁を飾る壁画があり、ローマ、インド、中国など様々な様式の影響がある。
• There are some wall paintings to decorate stone and earthen walls in the remains of Buddhist temples at Bamiyan, Kizil, Miran, Bezeklik, and so on, and we see that they are influenced from various styles such as Rome, India, China and so on.

• しかし叛乱に興福寺や園城寺などの有力寺院が与したことから、清盛は平氏にとって地勢的に不利な京都からの遷都を目指して福原京福原行幸を決行した。
• However, major temples such as the Kofuku-ji Temple and the Onjo-ji Temple had participated in the rebellion, so Kiyomori decided to have the Emperor visit Fukuhara with the aim of moving the capital from Kyoto, which would place the Taira clan at a geographic disadvantage.

• ただし、明治時代の初期に数か町が合併して新たに命名された町、寺院境内地など、従来町名のなかった土地に新たに起立した町名なども一部に存在する。
• However, there are some towns that were established by merger of several towns in the early Meiji period and given a new name, or towns that were newly established in areas that didn't have traditional town names such as precincts of shrines.

• 密教の曼荼羅などには、さまざまな印相を結ぶ仏、菩薩像が表現されているが、ここでは日本の寺院などで見かける代表的なもの数種類について略説する。
• Buddhas and Bosatsu (Bodhisattva) assuming various forms of inso are depicted in mandala (place of practicing Buddhism to attain spiritual enlightenment) of Esoteric Buddhism; however, this column briefly explains about several typical types of inso that are seen in Buddhist temples, and so on.

• また、幕府は、僧侶を統制するために寺院諸法度を設けると共に、「寺請制度」や「本末制度」を整備することで、仏教に対する積極的な統制をはかった。
• With the enactment of Jiin Sho-Hatto to control the priests, the Edo bakufu also established 'Terauke seido' (the system of organizing whole temples in Japan with the registration of follower families) and 'Honmatsu seido' (the system of head and branch temples) aiming to firmly control Buddhism.

• 子弟らは荘園を所有しておりその経済力を背景とした政治力をもって、受け入れた寺院内の支配権を掌握するようになり、各門流を継承するようになった。
• The children had a Shoen (i.e. a manor) and came to take control of accepted temples by political power due to their economic power so that they ultimately came to succeed each monryu.

• 下総塚古墳の東側に位置する借宿集落は寺院跡（借宿廃寺）がみつかっており、北東約2キロメートルには律令時代の役所跡である関和久官衙遺跡がある。
• In the Kariyado community on the east side of the Shimousazuka tumulus, the former site of a temple (called Kariyadohai-ji Temple) was found, and at the location in an approx. 5 km north of the Shimousazuka tumulus, the former site of Sekiwagu Kanga, a governmental office in the ritsuryo (codes-based) period, exists.

• 平安時代頃から、真言宗、天台宗等の大規模寺院において、剃髪しない少年修行僧（12～18才くらい）が現れはじめ、これも稚児と呼ばれる様になった。
• Since around the Heian period, young trainee monks (age 12 to about 18) who did not shave their heads began to appear at the large-scale temples of the Shingon and Tendai sects of Buddhism, and these boys came to be called chigo.

• 神宮寺の建立により、神社は仏教建築の直接の影響にさらされたが、隣接するためにかえって神社建築と寺院建築の差異を求めるようになったと考えられる。
• After jinguji temples had started being built, Shinto Shrines were exposed to the influence of Buddhist architecture; however, having been built side by side, differentiation of shrine and Buddhist architecture from each other became rather desirable.

• これによって平安時代中期から培われた僧坊酒の伝統は衰滅していき、のちに寺そのものが再建されても、もはや醸造技術が寺院に復活することはなかった。
• This caused a decline in the tradition of Soboshu since the middle of the Heian period, and brewing techniques never revived even after temples themselves were revived.

• それはおもに東北地方平泉の中尊寺金色堂、陸奥国の白水阿弥陀堂、伯耆国の三仏寺、豊後国の富貴寺など、寺院建築の遺構にその傾向が顕著にうかがえる。
• Those tendencies were prominent in structural remnants from temple architecture such as; the Chuson-ji Temple Konjiki-do Hall (golden hall) in Hiraizumi in Tohoku region, the Shiramizu Amida-do Hall (temple hall having an enshrined image of Amitabha) in Mutsu Province, the Sanbutsu-ji Temple in Hoki Province, and Fuki-ji Temple in Bungo Province.

• 朱印地・黒印地（しゅいんち・こくいんち）とは、江戸時代に幕府・大名より神社・寺院の領地として安堵（領有権の承認・確認）された土地のことである。
• The term Shuinchi/Kokuinchi means the lands which were secured (approval/confirmation of ownership) by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)/daimyo (feudal lords) in the Edo period as the property of shrines/temples.

• その背景には、檀家制度が破綻し経営が苦しくなった多くの寺院が大手墓石業者とタイアップし水子供養を大々的に宣伝し始めたことが大きく影響している。
• The reason behind this is largely due to the start of an extensive advertisement for mizuko kuyo by the temples which were in financial troubles as a result of the downfall of parishioner system and have arranged tie-ups with large grave stone companies.

• 現在、浄土真宗宗派加盟の10派ほか諸派に分かれているが、宗全体としては、日本の仏教諸宗中、最も多くの寺院（約22,000ヶ寺）、信徒を擁する。
• Currently, it is made up of 10 schools affiliated to Jodo Shinshu sects and other schools, and as a whole sect, it has the most temples (about 22,000 temples) and followers among Japanese Buddhist sects.

• ただし、古代においては僧尼令や僧綱など国家が定めた寺院・僧侶統制の仕組があり、実際に集会が合議機関として機能するのは、平安時代後期以後である。
• However, in ancient times, there were the system of control over the temples and Buddhist priests such as Soniryo (Regulations for Priests and Nuns) and Sogo (Office of Monastic Affairs) and so on, which the nation laid down and it was after the late Heian period that in fact shue functioned as the council institution.

• 江戸時代に戸籍管理を目的として、仏教宗派のいずれかの寺院か、神社への帰属が義務付けられた事によって様々な習慣が生まれたが、今は希薄となっている。
• In the Edo period, for the purpose of family registration control the public were required to belong to a temple of any sect or a shrine, which gave rise to various customs but those customs have become less common today.

• 更に当時の政情不安から信仰に救いを求めた人々からの金銭などの寄進が相次いだこと、同様の理由で防備が頑丈な寺院の倉庫に財物を預ける人々も多かった。
• In addition, due to political instability, a flurry of donations came in from people turning to religion and entrusting their properties to secure, well-built temple warehouses.

• この地は洛中から京都の住民の葬地であった鳥辺野に入る際の入口にあたる事から、この他にも六道珍皇寺など沢山の寺院が建てられ、信仰の地として栄えた。
• This area was located at the entrance for visiting Toribeno which was a place for the Kyoto residents to be buried, from central Kyoto and, therefore, this area had many temples such as the Rokudochinno-ji (Rokudochinko-ji) Temple constructed therein and was a prosperous place of belief.

• 戦国時代 (日本)の頃から宗派としての色合いを帯びはじめたが、大念仏寺の法統が何度も絶え、融通念仏の寺も他宗派の寺院となり勢いは振るわなかった。
• It began to have color as a sect around the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), but the tradition of Dainenbutsu-ji Temple was stopped several times and the temples of the Yuzu Nenbutsu sect became other sect's temples and lost traction.

• 飛鳥時代には法興寺、斑鳩寺（現在の法隆寺）、現在の四天王寺など、立派な仏塔を備えた寺院が建立されているが、これらの仏塔は仏舎利を祭るものである。
• During the Asuka period, temples with outstanding stupa, such as Hoko-ji Temple, Ikaruga-dera Temple (now Horyu-ji Temple), and the existing Shitenno-ji Temple, were built, whose stupa were dedicated to Buddha's sariras.

• 中国で仏教寺院の伽藍について知られる最古の例は、『呉志』に、後漢時代末に笮融（さくゆう）が徐州に建てたと記されている「浮屠祠」（ふとし）である。
• The oldest example of garan in the Buddhist temples of China is '浮屠祠 (futoshi),' which was described in the '呉志 (goshi)' as a garan built in Xuzhou by 笮融 (sakuyu) at the end of the Houhan period.

• 山田寺塔心礎（さんでんじとうしんそ）は、岐阜県各務原市蘇原寺島町にある飛鳥時代（7世紀後半）に造られた古代寺院山田寺の塔心礎（塔の心柱の礎石）。
• The remain of Sanden-ji Temple is the stone foundation for the central pillar of a pagoda in the old-days Sanden-ji Temple, established in Asuka period (late 7th century) in Sohara Terajima-cho, Kagamihara City, Gifu Prefecture.

• 「新仏教」という表現には明恵以下の旧仏教側の改革の動きをも含めて解説し、こうした動きに加わらなかった既存寺院を「従来仏教」「古宗」と表記している。
• He described the term 'new Buddhism' with the explanation of the movement of the reform by the priests of the old Buddhism including Myokei, and defined the temples which did not join in such movement as 'conventional Buddhism' or 'old sect.'

• なお小笠原氏の家紋である三階菱は、本来は加賀美氏の家紋である（現在では遠光ゆかりの寺院のみが、三階菱の中に「王」の文字を入れた原型を用いている）。
• The family crest of the Ogasawara clan, Sangaibishi (three rhombus) was originally that of the Kagami clan (presently only the temple associated with Tomitsu, uses the original crest which has the letter '王' in the Sangaibishi).

• 天台宗…円（天台）・密（密教）・禅（禅宗）・戒（戒律）の四宗を相承した最澄によって日本へ伝えられた宗派であり、本尊も各寺院によってさまざまである。
• Tendai sect - this sect was introduced to Japan by Saicho and inherits teachings from four sects, En (Tendai), Mitsu (Mikkyo), Zen (Zen-shu and Kai (Kairitsu) and the Honzon of each temple varies.

• 日蓮正宗（大石寺）の仏壇は他宗派の仏壇と比べて構造が全く異なり、寺院の厨子に模した扉が内部に取り付けられ、最近では厨子型の仏壇も多く作られている。
• Butsudan of Nichiren Sho Sect (Taiseki-ji Temple) is quite different in configuration from those of other sects, since it is equipped with a door copied from zushi, while, recently, many assembled zushi-type butsudan can be seen.

• 勧学院（藤原氏の大学別曹または諸大寺院が建てた学校）に学んだ後、醍醐寺の元方に師事して出家、また一定（いちじょう）・明珍（みょうちん）らに学んだ。
• After studying at a kangakuin (Fujiwara clan daigaku-besso (academic facility for nobles) or schools established at temples), he entered the Buddhist priesthood under Ganpo of Daigo-ji Temple before going on to study under Ichijo and Myochin.

• 現在多くの墓地で見られるような位牌を模した角形の墓石は、江戸中期頃からの造立であるが、現在でも多くの墓地や寺院で一般的に五輪塔は見ることができる。
• Tombstones forming rectangular columns modeled after ancestral tablets that are commonly seen in many cemeteries have been made since the middle of the Edo period, but Gorinto are still found in many temples and graveyards today.

• 一般的に中国大陸より初期に渡来した系統の伽藍においては「金堂」、禅宗にあっては「仏殿」、日本的発展を遂げた寺院では「本堂」と称すると理解してよい。
• Generally speaking, it isn't wrong to understand that 'Kondo' is used by temples that were founded in the early stage after Buddhism was introduced from China, that 'Butsuden' is used by the Zen sect, and that 'Hondo'' is used other temples that developed in Japan.

• また、一部の寺院では、現在も直接宿坊を運営する所があり、比較的安価な宿泊料金で、精進料理を味わうことが出来、禅に於いては座禅も体験する事が出来る。
• Also, in the present day there are temples that directly manage shukubo, and people can enjoy shojin ryori (vegetarian dishes) and experience Zen sitting meditation in exchange for relatively inexpensive lodging charges.

• 桓武天皇（737年 - 806年）が平城京から長岡京・平安京に遷都した背景には、政治への介入著しい南都仏教寺院の影響を避ける目的もあったとされる。
• Behind the relocation of the capital from Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) to Nagaoka-kyo (the ancient capital of Nagaoka) and Heian-kyo (ancient capital in current Kyoto) by Emperor Kanmu (737 – 806), there was the intention to avoid the influence of Nanto Buddhism temples which significantly interfered with the politics.

• 平安時代の貴族の邸宅や寺院に描かれた障壁画は、中国の故事や風物を描いた唐絵であったが、日本の四季の花鳥風月や風景を主題に選び、独特の画法を確立した。
• The pictures drawn on partitions in aristocratic residences and temples during the Heian period were Kara-e paintings (a Chinese style painting) on which historical events, scenery and customs in China were drawn, but he chose the beauty of nature and seasonal landscapes in Japan as subjects and established his peculiar style of painting.

• ただし、こうした一連の寺院法が成文法として作成された場合においても、共通の形式をもって作成されたり、法典形式での集成が行われたりすることがなかった。
• However, in such cases where a series of Jiin-ho were made into a statute, there were scarcely cases where they were written in the same style or they were compiled in a form of the code.

• 京都の町代を務めた古久保家の記録によれば、焼失した町1,424・焼失家屋36,797（65,340世帯相当）・焼失寺院201・焼失神社37とされる。
• According to the records of the Furukubo family who served as the Kyoto chodai (town officials who assist government officials called Machi Doshiyori or Machi Nanushi in the Edo Period), the fire ravaged an area of 1,424 towns and destroyed 36,797 houses (equivalent to 65,340 families), 201 Buddhist temples and 37 shrines.

• 現在でも納経をしないと御朱印がもらえない寺院が存在するが、多くの寺社では少額の金銭（初穂料・御布施）を納めることで御朱印がもらえるようになっている。
• There are still some temples that will not give goshuin unless sutra copies are submitted, but at many temples, goshuin will be given by donating a small amount of money (hatsuho-ryo (ceremony fee) or offerings).

• 遺存状況が極めて良く、国内では発見例の極めて少ない八角塔が検出され、建築史上重要な寺院跡として、1971年（昭和46年）3月1日に史跡に指定された。
• This site was designated as a National Historic Site on March 1, 1971, because the remains were excellently preserved and an octagonal tower that has been rarely discovered in this country was recognized to have existed, and they are valuable remains of a temple in terms of architectural history.

• 現在スリランカ政府は「仏舎利は金銭（布施）による取引で贈与することはなく、奉戴するに相応しい寺院団体を審査のうえで選出し、贈与している」としている。
• The Sri Lankan government says, 'We do not give away Buddha's sariras as an exchange for money (donation), but we give them to the temples that deserve to receive them based on our investigation and selection.'

• 飛鳥時代に着工された寺院は東海地方から山陽地方にかけ40余寺ほどあるが、その大多数は奈良、大阪、京都にあり日本の本格的伽藍の最初のものと考えられる。
• There are approximately 40 temples whose construction work started in the Asuka period in the areas from the Tokai region up to the Sanyo region, most of which concentrated in Nara Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture, and are considered to be the first Japanese full-fledged garan.

• 980年（天元 (日本)3年）には勅願所となり、多くの伽藍を有する寺院であったが、天台宗内における内紛やその後の度重なる兵火などにより寺運は衰えた。
• In 980 it was appointed as the place for imperial prayer, which had many temple buildings, but the temple's fortune declined because of an internal conflict within Tendai Sect and later several fires caused by war.

• 一方で、天皇などが建てる寺院が、あくまでも朝廷内では有効法であった私寺建立禁止の規定に反しないように予め定額寺として建立する例が見られるようになる。
• On the other hand, there emerged cases in which temples promoted by emperors and equivalents were first set up as jogakuji to avoid violating a ban on the introduction of private temples, a law that continued to be in effect within the Imperial Court.

• また、公家や武家が過差の禁止や神仏興行のための新制を定めると、寺院側もこれに対応した新制を制定したほか、前述のように寺内法に基づく独自の新制を定めた。
• While samurai and the Imperial Court made shinsei to ban luxury and promote Buddhism and Shinto, temples set corresponding shinsei and also established their own shinsei based on Jiin-ho, as mentioned above.

• 朝鮮半島でも統一新羅の時代より貴族や寺院による小規模な荘園が形成されていたが、本格化するのは武人政権の成立、モンゴル帝国の侵略が続いた高麗後期である。
• Also in the Korean Peninsula, small scaled shoens were formed by the aristocrats or temples from the unified Silla period, but they became fully in progress during the late Goryeo period when the military government was established and the attacks of the Mongolian Empire continued.

• (3) 紀伊山地の神社と仏教寺院は、それらに関連する宗教儀式とともに、1000年以上にわたる日本の宗教文化の発展に関するひときわ優れた証拠性を有する。
• (3) The shrines and Buddhist temples in Kii Mountain Range, together with their associated religious rites, are regarded as particularly excellent evidence on the development of Japanese religious culture over 1000 years.

• だが現実問題として、長年培ってきた経済力、場合によっては軍事力を有する延暦寺以下の既存寺院に対抗して京都の中で独自の教団を打ち立てる事は困難であった。
• However, in reality it was difficult to establish an independent religious organization in Kyoto as opposed to established temples such as Enryaku-ji Temple, which acquired economic power over the years and in some cases had military forces.

• 大谷道場の御堂は、知恩院造営に先立って1600年（慶長5年）に教如の命によって祐誓が四条富小路に移し、徳勝寺（現・徳正寺。真宗大谷派寺院）を創建した。
• The Otani Dojo hall was moved to Shijo Tomino-koji by Yusei and it had the Tokusho-ji (徳勝寺) Temple (present day Tokusho-ji (徳正寺) Temple. A temple of the Shinshu sect Otani school) built in 1600 before the construction of the Chion-in Temple by an order of Kyonyo.

• また、現地における治安維持あるいは徴税などの荘務の必要から現地の慣習などにも配慮した新たな寺院法が制定され、それが本所法として荘官らによって施行された。
• Also, as there was an increasing need for maintaining security as well as carrying out shomu (management and control of encouragement of agriculture, taxes and so on in shoen) such as tax collections, new Jiin-ho were established taking the local customs into consideration and were enacted as a honjo law by shokan (an officer governing shoen).

• 1945年、サハリン南部には宗教施設が250箇所以上（仏教寺院が150、神社が50、天理教会が50、カトリック教会が4、プロテスタント教会が5）あった。
• In the south part of Sakhalin there were more than 250 religious institutions in 1945 (Buddhist temples 150, [Shinto] Shrines 50, Tenrikyo churches 50, Catholic churches 4, Protestant churches 5).

• しかしながら大孤の礼拝の所作は、仏教に対する敬虔さを表現しており、伎楽が喜劇的な要素をもちながら、寺院楽として用いられた理由がここにあるという説もある。
• However, the act of Taiko performing the Buddhist service expresses the devout behavior and spirit of people approaching toward Buddhism, which could be the reason that gigaku was performed at Buddhist temples even with the comical aspects of the performance.

• また、本尊には書写年月日、所蔵寺院名、安置場所、願主名などが脇書として書かれることもあり、本尊を書写した時の法主の名と判形（花押）も下部に書かれている。
• Additionally, the date of copying, the owning temple name, the enshrinement place, ganshu, name, etc. may sometimes be written on the side of the Honzon, and the Hoshu name of its copying and his hangyo (Kao) are also written at the bottom.

• 信徒宅に貸し下げられる本尊は「形木本尊」（特別形木本尊もある）で、信心熱心な信徒が所属寺院を通して総本山に申請すれば「常住本尊」が授与されることもある。
• The Honzon given to followers' homes are 'Katachigi Honzon' (there are also Special Katachigi Honzon), and devout followers can apply for a 'Joju Honzon' to the Grand Head Temple through their affiliated temple.

• 現在の托鉢には、集団で自派の檀家の家々（近隣に限らない）を訪問する形態と、個人で寺院の門前や往来の激しい交差点に直立して移動せずに喜捨を乞う形態がある。
• Takuhatsu in present days practices in two manners; that of visiting homes of supporters of the sect in groups, and that of begging for almsgiving by standing without moving in front of gates of temples and on the crossings of busy streets by individuals.

• 江戸時代までは寺院法度によって禁止されていた僧侶の肉食・妻帯を明治政府は「肉食妻帯勝手なるべし」と号令し、戒律を犯させることで僧侶を破戒させようとした。
• Although Buddhist priests' meat-eating and marriage had been banned until the end of the Edo period based on the Act for Temples, the Meiji Government declared 'monks are free to eat meat and marry' and tried to make them depraved by violating the precepts of Buddhism

• 日本庭園は寺院にあるものや、大名屋敷の庭園/庭園跡などがあり、そのほかでは政治家・実業家の邸宅/邸宅跡のほか、公共施設やホテルの敷地に造られたものもある。
• Nihon teien are often found in temples and gardens/remains of gardens of Daimyo (feudal lords), residences/remains of residences of statesmen and industrialists, and also on the premises of public facilities and hotels.

• 一時期より衰退したとはいえ、幕藩体制下では、幕府の伝馬朱印状を後ろ盾とした官製の遊行が行われ、時宗寺院のない地域も含む全国津々浦々に、遊行上人が回国した。
• Although it declined to some extent compared to the situation in a certain period, under the feudal system characteristic of the Shogunate, the official Yugyo supported by Tenma Shuinjo(Shogunate license) of bakufu was implemented and Yugyo-shonin traveled around provinces all over the country including the areas where there was no temple of the Ji sect.

• その後、公家・武家・寺院に権力が分散し、税の畿内集中が弱まることもあったが、室町幕府や南朝 (日本)が置かれたり、貿易により兵庫や堺が伸張して富を集めた。
• Thereafter, although the power was dispersed in court nobles, samurai families and temples, and the concentration of taxes in Kinai region was sometimes weakened, wealth was taken in with the establishment of the the Muromachi shogunate government and the South Court (Japan) as well as the expansion of Hyogo and Sakai by trade.

• 第二次大戦後、各地の社寺において鉄筋コンクリートの宝物館・収蔵庫の新設が相次ぎ、博物館に寄託されていた仏像等は元の寺院に返還されるケースが多くなっている。
• After World War II, reinforced concrete treasure houses and depositories were newly established one after another in Shinto shrines and temples in each region, and there have been an increasing number of cases where the Buddha statues, etc. which had been deposited in the museum would be returned to the original temples.

• 現在では、智山（ちざん）声明（京都・智積院）、豊山（ぶざん）声明（奈良・長谷寺）、南山進流（なんざんしんりゅう・高野山、京都・古義真言宗寺院）に分別される。
• Currently, it is divided into Chizan Shomyo (Chishakuin, Kyoto), Buzan Shomyo (Hase-dera Temple, Nara), Nanzan-shinryu School (Mt. Koya-san and Kogi Shingonshu sect temples, Kyoto).

• このことにより、各寺院は布教の機会と必要を同時に無くし、自らの檀家の葬儀や法事を営み定期的に収入を得るばかりの、変化のない生活に安住するようになっていった。
• As a result, each temple lost the opportunities and necessity of propagation at the same time and gradually became content with the uneventful life just holding funerals and memorial services for the danka and gaining the regular income.

• こうした茶室の構造は敷地の広い寺院や武家屋敷にも取り入れられるようになり、中潜りや腰掛待合とつくばいを備えた現在の茶席に見るような様式化した茶庭が成立する。
• Such configuration of tea rooms was also incorporated in temples and samurai residences with huge premises, and the Chatei stylized as in the current tea ceremony is equipped with Nakakuguri (a type of middle gate used to divide an outer tea garden from an inner tea garden), Koshikake-Machiai, and Tsukubai.

• 治教権に基づく本格的な寺院法は従来からの僧伽内の規制、僧尼令をはじめとする統制や鑑真によって本格的に伝えられた戒律の影響を受けて形成されたと考えられている。
• Full-scale Jiin-ho based on chikyo-ken were thought to be developed under the influence from traditional rules within sanghas, regulations by soniryo and religious precepts that were brought to Japan by Jianzhen.

• 仏教寺院や仏壇などに最も大切な信仰の対象として安置されたり、お守りとして身辺に常時携帯される、仏や菩薩などの彫刻・絵画・曼荼羅（まんだら）・名号などのこと。
• Sculptures, paintings, mandalas, named inscriptions of Buddha or Bosatsu, are considered to be the most important objects of religious belief installed in Buddhist temples or altars, or carried around on the body as an amulet.

• 一般的な特徴としては、歴史的に寺院を持たなかった貧しい集落に厚生事業として設置される例、いわゆる同和地区に同和対策事業として設置される例などが多く見られる。
• Generally speaking, nokotsudo have often been built as part of welfare in poor communities that haven't previously had temples, and they have often been built in so-called Dowa chiku (areas where people subject to unfair discrimination have lived) as measures to eliminate social prejudice.

• 現在、おみくじの7割近くは女子道社（山口県周南市）によって奉製され、英語版はハワイなど外国への輸出も行われているが、各神社寺院独自で奉製しているところもある。
• Currently about 70% of omikuji are made by Joshidosha, a company in Shunan City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, and they also export English versions to Hawaii and other countries, and the rest are made independently by various shrines and temples.

• この時代の醸造は、今風に云えばバイオテクノロジーの最先端であり、当時の大寺院はそれを委譲されて担っていくだけの、以下に挙げるような数々の好条件に恵まれていた。
• In those days, sake brewing was what is now called leading-edge biotechnology and major temples were in the following situations which were so favorable as to make it possible for them to be entrusted with and take charge of such state-of-the-art technology.

• 7世紀末に建設された藤原京では、大極殿などの宮殿は瓦葺きで建てられていることが考古学的に確認されていることから、初めて寺院以外で瓦が使用されたとみられている。
• It has been archaeologically proved that the roofs of the palaces such as Daigokuden (Council Hall in the Imperial Palace) were covered with Kawara tiles in the Fujiwara Capital, which was constructed at the end of the 7th century, therefore it is believed that Kawara was first used for the buildings other than temples at that time.

• 7世紀後半に律令制が整備され、田地が口分田などの班田収授法の体系に組み込まれていっても、神田（および仏教寺院の運営にあてる寺田）のみは、班田の対象外とされた。
• Even when the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes) was established in the late seventh century and rice fields were integrated into Kubunden (rice fields allotted to people by the central government) under the Handen Shuju no ho Law (the law of rice field allotment system), Shinden and Jiden (rice fields owned by temples) were exempted from the law.

• 各寺院所蔵の本尊のうち、枕経・通夜・葬儀の際に掲げられる「導師本尊」は、故人を霊山浄土へ導くとされる即身成仏のための本尊で、「即身成仏の御本尊」ともいわれる。
• The Honzon kept at each temple and displayed at Makura-kyo, wakes, and funerals are 'Doshi Honzon' and is a Honzon for guiding the deceased to Ryozen Jodo for sokushin-joubutsu, and is also called the 'Sokushin-Jobutsu no gohonzon.'

• 僧尼の破戒行為的な犯罪に対する処罰、国家が任命した僧綱による寺院及び僧尼への自治的な統制、私度僧や民衆教化の禁止及び山林修行や乞食行為に対する制限を柱とする。
• The Soniryo was essentially about penalties for subversive criminal acts by priests and nuns, the self-governing control of temples, priests and nuns by the members of the Sogo (a priest of a managerial post) who were appointed by the state, prohibitions against shidoso (lay priests), the indoctrination of the populace, and the regulation of ascetic training in the mountains and begging.

• こうした浄土教の普及に力があったのは、むしろ既成の教団や寺院から離れ、山林に入り、あるいは遍歴して独自の活動を展開した聖、あるいは上人とよばれた求道者であった。
• In fact, the seekers, so-called hijiri or shonin who had left their religious community or temples, and went into the mountain forest or wandered from place to place resumed their own activities; they spread the Jodo sect the most.

• 日本に仏教が伝来したのは、6世紀中期の欽明天皇のときとされているが、本格的に寺院が建立され、仏教が興隆し始めたのは、6世紀末～7世紀前期の推古天皇の頃であった。
• It is said that Buddhism was brought to Japan in the era of Emperor Kinmei, or in the middle era of the sixth century, and it is in the era of Empress Suiko, or the era from around the end of the sixth century to the first half of the seventh century, that temples were built in earnest and Buddhism started flourishing.

• 大乗院日記目録（だいじょういんにっきもくろく）とは、奈良興福寺の門跡寺院である大乗院の、第27代大僧正尋尊が当時の政治・社会・文化・宗教史等について記した書物。
• Daijoin Nikki Mokuroku is the book recording the politics, social events, culture, and the history of religion written by Jinson, the 27th Daisojo (highest ranked priest among Japanese Buddhist monks) of Daijoin-Temple, which is the related temple of the nobility oriented/established Kofuku-ji Temple in Nara Prefecture.

• 室町幕府は洛中に根拠を置いたために、武士の居住は減少し、再び寺院などが建てられて信仰の町としての趣が取り戻し、参詣客を相手とした芸能、茶売りなどの文化で賑わう。
• Because the Muromachi bakufu was based in central Kyoto, warriors living there decreased and temples, were again constructed and the town recovered religious character and became cheerful with cultural activities targeting visitors to temples with entertainment and tea stands.

• 日本においても比較的初期の段階で戒律が伝えられていたものの、不完全なものでその意義が十分されずに一部の寺院における研究に留まり、授戒の儀式も行われていなかった。
• In Japan, commandments were introduced at a comparatively early stage in an incomplete way, so that their significance was not understood fully and they were researched in only a portion of the temples without any Jukai (rituals handing down the precepts).

• それを再興した他阿は、知識帰命を掲げた「時衆制誡」「道場制文」などを定め、消息の中で配下の道場（寺院）は百あまりと述べているように、時衆を整備された教団とした。
• Taa revived the sect, established the 'Jishu Seikai' (religious commandments of the Ji Sect) and 'Dojo Seibun' (rules for priests) which advocated Chishiki Kimyo (a unique belief of the Ji Sect of giving absolute devotion of mind and body to the absolute view of knowledge), and sources state that there were over 100 subordinate temples.

• 初期の形態は、寺院の主要建築である金堂や阿弥陀堂の前面に池をつくり蓮を植え、花園を設けるなどしたもので、薬師寺や法華寺浄土院など奈良時代にそのきざしがみられる。
• In the initial style, a pond was placed in front of a major building of a temple, such as a Kondo (main temple hall) and/or an Amitabha hall, lotus was planted there and a flower garden was also planted, as its early sign seen in Yakushi-ji Temple and Hokke-ji Temple Jodoin in the Nara era.

• その寺院の創建などの由緒によって、封戸、出挙イネ、寺田、荘園所有等の権益、三綱（僧の官位）・別当あるいは住持職の任免、修法の方法、服装等の待遇などで区別を行う。
• Temples are differentiated depending upon the temple's lineage and when it was founded etc: rights and interests of assets such as fuko (a vassal household allotted to a courtier), rice tributes, temple lands, manor property holdings; handling of appointment of Sango (three monastic positions with management roles at a temple), stewards or chief priest's role, prayer methods, dress etc.

• やがて、戦国時代に入ると、織田信長に代表される武将たちが、上記に挙げたような大寺院が持つ数々の力や利権を対抗勢力として恐れ始め、徹底的な弾圧を加えるようになった。
• In the course of time, major temples began to be harshly suppressed by busho (Japanese military commanders) in the Sengoku period as typified by Nobunaga ODA, because such military commanders feared above-stated powers and interests held by the temples, regarding them as rival forces.

• 鎌倉時代後半から南北朝時代にかけて、天皇の存在が互いに不可欠であった摂関家と寺院勢力は、自らの存続をかけて共同で即位儀礼の中に即位灌頂を持ち込んだものと見られる。
• It seems that in the late Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Sekkan-ke and temples for both of whom existence of the emperor was indispensable, brought jointly sokuikanjo into the enthronement ceremony for their own survival.

• 百万塔 陀羅尼（ひゃくまんとう だらに）とは、日本の奈良時代に、鎮護国家と滅罪を祈願するために、100万の小塔に陀羅尼を納めて、仏教寺院に奉納された陀羅尼である。
• Hyakumanto Darani is the collection of Dharanis that was dedicated to Buddhist temples by way of being placed in one million mini pagodas during the Nara period for the protection of the nation as well as for repentance.

• 同寺の寺宝である立正安国論が建武_(日本)3年（1336年）に律宗寺院であった鎌倉・普恩寺（現在は廃絶）に貸し与えられて書写されていた事が記録されている程である。
• According to the records, Rissho ankoku ron (the Treatise for Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Teaching), which was the temple's treasure, had been lent out to Kamakura Fuon-ji Temple (no longer exists) of the Ritsu Sect to transcribe in 1336.

• 同書によれば、開催日前日の14日夕方に延暦寺の僧侶が下山して会場となる寺院を訪問し、学生ら俗世側の参加者は予め会場に集って詩句や経文を誦しながら僧侶の来訪を待つ。
• According to the same book, the priests of Enryaku-ji Temple came down from the mountain in the evening of the 14th day of the month, a day before the opening day of the Kangakue, to visit the temple in which the Kangakue would take place, and the participants of the common people's side, such as students, gathered at the site in advance, and passed the time by composing poems and reading sutras while waiting for the priests to visit

• それ以外の土地にある寺院では、河内の『観心寺酒』・『天野酒（金剛寺 (河内長野市)）』、越前(豊原寺）の『豊原（ほうげん）酒』、近江の『百済寺酒』などが名高かった。
• Outside Nara, 'Kanshinji shu' and 'Amanosake' (made by Kongo-ji Temple [Kawachinagano City]) in Kawachi, 'Hogen shu' in Echizen (Hogen-ji Temple) and 'Hyakusaiji sake' in Omi were the most famous.

• 近代に入ると、法の制定権限は最終的には国家に帰属することとなり、治教権による法に法的な効力が認められなくなり、寺院法ももっぱら統教権に基づく法令が占めるようになる。
• In modern times, as legislative power ultimately came to belong to a nation, laws based on chikyo-ken became invalid and as a result, the regulations grounding in tokyo-ken exclusively started to account for Jiin-ho.

• その間に増上寺は浄土宗各派に対して「浄土真宗」の名称を用いる事が出来るのは浄土宗寺院だけであるという見解を出して増上寺に「浄土真宗」の額を掲げるなどの圧迫を加えた。
• During the interval, Zojo-ji Temple put pressure on the Jodo Shinshu sect by distributing its opinion that only Jodoshu sect temples could use the name 'Jodo Shinshu' among all the branches of the Jodo sect, and by displaying framed calligraphy with the words 'the Jodo Shinshu' at the temple building.

• 高野山真言宗では住職には任期がなく、終身制を採っていたが、高齢などの理由で住職を辞した場合、辞した住職は、厳密にいうと身分上、その住職が務めていた寺院の徒弟となる。
• Koyasan Shingon sect did not have the term of the chief priest, and it had a lifetime system, but when the chief priest leave his service due to old age or other reasons, he would be an apprentice in the temple where he used to serve.

• 広義には、仏を祀る壇全般を指し、寺院の仏堂において仏像を安置する壇（須弥壇）も含まれるが、現代日本語で「仏壇」と言えば、通常上記のように家庭内に安置するものを指す。
• In contemporary Japanese, the term 'butsudan' generally indicates a household Buddhist altar installed at home as mentioned above, although in a broad sense it means the entire range of alters dedicated to Buddha including platforms (shumidan (An altar made of fine timber, generally with paneling)) to install Buddhist images in the hall of a temple.

• 当時の曹洞宗では師僧から弟子に面授される法統（人法）の他に、寺院の住職を継ぐことによって伝えられる法統（伽藍法）があるとされ、両者の混乱から様々な弊害を生じていた。
• In the Soto Sect at that time, other than Hoto (the lineage of sect) that was inherited from a mentor priest to a disciple by means of menju (face to face transmission) (nin-po), there was also another Hoto that was inherited by means of succeeding the position of chief priest of a temple (garan-ho), and under such circumstances, there were a variety of abuses resulting from such confusion.

• 浄土真宗東本願寺派（じょうどしんしゅうひがしほんがんじは）は、真宗大谷派（末寺数約10000）から独立した三百数十ヶ寺の末寺・崇敬寺院からなる浄土真宗の一派である。
• Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) Higashi Hongan-ji school is a school of the Jodo Shinshu consisting of more than 300 branch temples and respected temples which separated from the Shinshu sect Otani school containing around 10,000 branch temples.

• そもそも、初期仏教集団である僧伽（さんが）においては仏教の戒律及びこれを元にして自らの集団を規制するために定められた規則が寺院法の本来の姿であったと考えられている。
• At first, in the early Buddhist groups called 'sangha,' the precepts of Buddhism and other rules which were set to control its members based on the precepts were believed to be the original Jiin-ho.

• そして、延暦寺などの旧仏教系寺院が、このような秩序を保ちつつ国家権力と密着し、正統な宗教としてのあり方を固めた体制が中世を通じて見られたとするのが顕密体制論である。
• The theory continues that there existed the (kenmitsu) system during the medieval periods, whereby old Buddhism temples such as Enryaku-ji Temple established their status as authentic national religion by maintaining the above-mentioned competitive order and forging a bond of relationship with the ruling class in the nation.

• 寺院に依存しない一所不住の諸国遊行や、入寂に際して「一代聖教皆尽きて南無阿弥陀仏に成り果てぬ」と自らの著作を燃やしたという伝記から、その高潔さに惹かれる現代人は多い。
• Many modern people are fascinated by his high-mindedness symbolized by his pilgrimages to various provinces without staying in one place to depend on a temple, and his last moments, according to his biography, in which he burned his own writings, saying, 'this is the last moment for the Buddhist sutra which was learned in a single lifetime and there is nothing to remain but the voice of chanting Namu Amidabutsu (a single, sincere call upon the name of Amida).'

• 中世の寺院文書には集会における日程決定や参加資格、議決の方法、出席への督促と欠席者への処分などを定めた文書（これらの多くは集会で定められた）が残されているものがある。
• There are medieval temple documents which show how they decided the date, qualification for attendance and the method of decision making of a gathering, reminders as well as penalties for absentees (most of which were settled at gatherings).

• しかし神祇信仰と習合しやすい呪術的要素を持ちながら国家護持や普遍性・抽象性を備えた教説を整えた中央の大寺院として諸国神宮寺の心を捉えたのが空海の伝えた真言宗であった。
• However, Kukai's Shingon sect of Buddhism attracted Jingu-ji Temples of various countries as a central large temple because it had magical essence, which was easy to combine with Jingi belief, as well as preaching a story, providing protection for the nation, universality, and abstractness.

• 鎌倉幕府に代わって成立した室町幕府は財政基盤が弱かったためにその軍事力を背景に造酒正・有力寺院の対立に割ってはいる形で京都の酒屋から「酒屋役」を徴収するようになった。
• The Muromachi bakufu, which was established in place of the Kamakura bakufu, had a weak financial base; so, backed up by the military force, the Muromachi bakufu began to collect 'sakaya-yaku' (the tax charged on sake dealers) from Sakaya in Kyoto while intruding into the conflict between miki no kami and influential temples.

• ただ、定まった呼称はなく、文献によっては「諸宗寺院法度（しょしゅうじいんはっと）」・「諸宗諸本山法度（しょしゅうしょほんざんはっと）」などの呼称が用いられる事もある。
• However, as there is no fixed proper name, several names such as 'Shoshu Jiin Hatto' (Acts Relating to the Temples of Each Sect) and 'Shoshu Sho-honzan Hatto' (Acts Relating to the Head Temple of Each Sect) have also been used formally.

• 仏舎利は、釈迦の遺骨・灰塵である真性の仏舎利のほか、宝石等による代替仏舎利が、時を経るごとに混乱して真・代いずれが何処の寺院に奉納されているのかが不明瞭になっている。
• There are genuine Buddha's sariras that are the remains of Buddha's bones and ashes, as well as substitutes such as gems, etc; over the years it has become confusing and unclear which of Buddha's sariras, whether genuine or substitutes, were dedicated in which temple.

• また、現世利益を司る数少ない如来である事から、延暦寺、神護寺、東寺、寛永寺のような典型的な(国家護持の祈りを担う)密教寺院においても薬師如来を本尊とするところが多い。
• Further, as it is the rare Nyorai that presides over worldly interests, many typical (in charge of praying to defend and maintain the nation) Esoteric Buddhism temples, such as Enryaku-ji Temple, Jingo-ji Temple, To-ji Temple and Kanei-ji Temple, enshrine Yakushi Nyorai as their principal image.

• 歴史、史跡、神社、寺院、建築、庭園、美術、伝統工芸、伝統文化、花街、祭とイベント、京料理、京菓子、ならわし、ことばと伝説、地名、自然、観光学など、京都に関すること全般。
• General knowledge related to Kyoto including history, historical sites, shrines, temples, architecture, gardens, arts, traditional industrial arts, traditional culture, entertainment areas, festivals and events, Kyo-ryori (local cuisine of Kyoto), Kyoto Confectionary, customs, dialects and folk tales, geographical names, natural resources, tourism, etc.

• 「国宝○○寺」あるいは「国宝○○城」のような表記がまま見られるが、厳密に言えば寺院や城郭全体が国宝に指定されているのではなく、指定の対象はあくまでも個々の建造物である。
• It is not uncommon to see terms like 'XX Temple, a national treasure' or 'XX Castle, a national treasure,' but strictly speaking it is always individual buildings, not the entire temple or castle complex, that are designated as national treasures.

• 例えば、長岡京の建設責任者であった藤原種継が暗殺されたことや、奈良寺院の影響から脱するためであったや、天武天皇系の都を脱して天智天皇系の都を造るという意図説などである。
• These theories include the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu who was responsible for the construction of Nagaoka-kyo, the intention to escape the influence of temples of Nara, and the desire to escape the capital of Emperor Tenmu and create a capital for Emperor Tenji.

• 多紀連山は、平安時代末期から中世にかけて修験道行場として栄えたが、1482年（文明 (日本)14年）に大峰山（大和修験道）の僧兵の来襲により、寺院はことごとく焼失した。
• Taki mountain range prospered as the practice place of the mountaineering asceticism from the end of Heian period to the Medieval period, but in 1482, all the temples there were burned to ashes in the attack by armed priests from Mt. Omine (Yamato Shugendo [the ascetic and shamanistic practice in Mt. Omine]).

• JAL音舞台シリーズ（じゃるおとぶたいしりーず）は、毎年9月頃に京都・奈良の歴史建造建物である寺院を舞台に、国内・海外の一流アーティストを招いて行われるコンサートである。
• The JAL Sound Stage Series is a concert featuring the invited top guest artists in Japan and abroad and is held at a temple among the Historical Landmark Buildings in Kyoto or Nara about every September.

• 源義経主従が奥州に落ちる途中、安宅の関で関守にとめられ、弁慶がいつわりの勧進帳（寺院などの建立にあたって寄進を集めるための公認の趣意書）を読んでその場を逃れた逸話を描く。
• It depicts an anecdote that MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and his servants were stopped at the Ataka barrier station by a barrier keeper on the way they fled to the Oshu area, and Benkei read out a false kanjincho (a prospectus to gather donation for establishing a temple), which led them to get away from the situation.

• 真言律宗に属する寺院は、大本山宝山寺（奈良県生駒市）のほか、京都・浄瑠璃寺、奈良・海龍王寺、奈良・不退寺、鎌倉・極楽寺 (鎌倉市)、横浜市・称名寺 (横浜市)などがある。
• In addition to Hozan-ji Temple (Ikoma City, Nara Prefecture), the grand head temple of the sect, Joruri-ji Temple in Kyoto, Kairyuo-ji Temple in Nara, Futai-ji Temple in Nara, Gokuraku-ji Temple in Kamakura City, Shomyo-ji Temple in Yokohama City and so on belong to Shingon Risshu sect.

• 閑室元佶や板倉勝重とともに寺社行政に携わり、キリスト教の禁止や、寺院諸法度、幕府の基本方針を示した武家諸法度、朝廷権威に制限を加える禁中並公家諸法度の制定などに関係する。
• Engaged in administration concerning Buddhist temple and Shinto shrine affairs together with Genkitsu KANSHITSU and Katsushige ITAKURA, he was involved in projects, including the prohibition of the Christian religion, as well as the establishment of Jiin shohatto (the Acts for the Buddhist Temples), Buke shohatto (the Acts for the Military Houses) where the basic policies of the bakufu were laid out, and Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles).

• そのため、墾田や買収などで付近の田地を集積していた田堵（有力農民）＝開発領主は、自分の経営する田地を有力寺院（または有力神社）へ寄進することで、不輸の権を獲得しようとした。
• Therefore, Tato (powerful farmers), or the owners of newly developed arable land, who acquired large tracts arable land through development or buying land, donated their farmland to dominant temples (or dominant shrines) to obtain Fuyu no ken.

• 寺社勢力（じしゃせいりょく）とは日本中世において、武家政権・朝廷とともに権力を三分した、大寺院・神社（当時は神仏習合のために一体）による軍事・行政・経済・文化パワーである。
• Jisha seiryoku is a term describing the military, governmental, economical and cultural power of temples and shrines (at that time considered equivalent because of syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism), which shared power with the military government and Imperial Court during the Japanese middle ages.

• 毛越寺の本尊とするために薬師如来像を仏師・雲慶に発注したところあまりにも見事なものだったため、鳥羽天皇が横取りして自分が建立した寺院の本尊に使用せんとしたほどだったという。
• It is said that the statue of Yakushi Nyorai (the Healing Buddha) made by Unkei, a sculptor of Buddhist statues, to the order of Motohira who intended to make it the honzon (a principal object of worship at a temple) of Motsu-ji Temple was so marvelous that the Emperor Toba attempted to arrogate it to make it the honzon of the temple he had built.

• 尚、これらの正式な装束、仮面（特に別装束、とりわけ、童舞の装束）は大変高価であるため、これらを購入できる神社仏閣、団体は大規模な神社、寺院や財政に余裕がある団体に限定される。
• In fact, these official costumes and masks (especially Betsu-shozoku costumes, and costumes for Dobu Dance above all) are very expensive, so the shrines, temples and groups that can afford to buy them are limited to large temples and shrines, or to groups that are financially prosperous.

• 経済力 - 広大な荘園から納入される豊富な米や、貴族などから集まってくる潤沢な寄進によって、大きな商業資本がまだない当時においては、大寺院とは最も資本の集中する存在であった。
• Economic power - In those days, when major commercial capital had not emerged yet, major temples received the biggest capital in the form of rice acquired in plenty from their vast shoen (manor in medieval Japan) as well as of abundant donation from nobles.

• 伝統的な柴燈護摩は真言宗を開いた空海の孫弟子に当たる聖宝理源大師が初めて行ったといわれており、醍醐寺をはじめとする真言宗の当山派修験道の法流を継承する寺院で行われる事が多い。
• The traditional Saitogoma is said to have been held for the first time by Shobo Rigen Daishi, a disciple of a disciple of Kukai, who established the Shingonshu sect, and it is mostly held by the temples inheriting the lineage of the Tozan school of Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts) including Daigo-ji Temple.

• 勘合船の経営者の室町幕府や細川氏・大内氏などの守護大名、寺院などが勘合船の帰港後に輸入品の売値総額（日本国内の価格に換算した総額）の1割をその船に便乗した貿易商から徴収した。
• The managers of kangosen (trading vessels between Japan and the Ming in the Muromachi period), such as the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), namely the Hosokawa clan or Ouchi clan, etc. and temples, collected about a tenth of the total amount of selling prices (the amount converted into Japanese domestic prices) of the imported goods from the traders who had been on board the vessels.

• 臨済宗…仏殿本尊としては釈迦如来を安置することが多い（縁により、観音菩薩、阿弥陀如来、地蔵菩薩等）ただし、禅宗寺院では仏像と同様、時にはそれ以上に祖師像を重視する傾向がある。
• Rinzai sect – Shakanyorai is often the Butsuden Honzon (depending upon past connections, may also be Kannon Bosatsu, Amidanyorai, Jizo Bosatsu, etc.), however, the Zen sect temples tend to revere Soshi images as much as, or sometimes even more than Buddha images.

• 貴族社会の衰微とともに鎌倉時代には消滅したと言われているが、興福寺などの有力寺院が寺内に設けた僧侶育成機関に「勧学院」の名が用いられたのは、ここに由来していると言われている。
• It is said to have disappeared along with the demise of the aristocratic society, except for the name 'Kangakuin' which lives on in the name of the educational facilities for monks set up inside major temples such as Kofuku-ji Temple.

• 南都諸白（なんともろはく）とは、平安時代中期から室町時代末期にかけて、もっとも上質で高級な日本酒として名声を揺るぎなく保った、奈良（南都）の寺院で諸白でつくられた僧坊酒の総称。
• 'Nanto moro-haku' was the general term for several kinds of 'soboshu' (monk's sake) produced with 'moro-haku' (sake brewed using polished rice both for the mold-cultivated rice and for the steamed rice) at temples in Nara (also called 'Nanto' [southern capital]), which firmly kept its reputation as the sake of the highest quality and grade from the middle of the Heian period to the end of the Muromachi period.

• 更に寺院の財物である祠堂銭は本来は仏の所有物であり、返済を怠れば死後の成仏もままならないのではという利用者の信仰心に由来する不安感が祠堂銭の返済に対する心理的圧力として働いた。
• On account of Shidosen being the property of a temple, people were afraid of being unable to rest in peace after death if they failed to repay their debts, which worked as psychological pressure to repay Shidosen.

• また、近年では、過疎化などの進展で地域だけで葬儀が遂行できないこと、逆に都市化やライフスタイルの変化、葬儀のあり方の多様化などにより、「葬式仏教すら成り立たない」寺院も存在する。
• In addition, recently there are some temples 'cannot keep even Soshiki-Bukkyo' due to various problems; some under-populated areas are not able to hold funerals on their own; on the contrary, some areas suffers from the urbanization; there are also the problems that temples cannot react to the changes of styles of living nor to the diversification of funeral.

• 天台系の主要寺院では、延暦寺根本中堂本尊の薬師如来像、同寺西塔釈迦堂本尊の釈迦如来像、園城寺（三井寺）金堂本尊の弥勒菩薩像、同寺観音堂本尊の如意輪観音像などはいずれも秘仏である。
• Among the principal images of the major temples of the Tendai Sect, the images of the following Buddhist gods are all treated as hibutsu: Yakushi Nyorai at the Konpon-chudo hall of Enryaku-ji Temple, Shaka Nyorai (Shaka Buddha) at the Saito-shaka-do hall of Enryaku-ji Temple, Miroku Bosatsu (Buddha of the Future) at the Kon-do hall of Onjo-ji Temple (also known as Miidera Temple), and Nyoirin Kannon at the Kannon-do hall of Onjo-ji Temple.

• 門下には「峨山二十五哲」と呼ばれた多くの優れた弟子がいたが、特に太源宗真、通幻寂霊、無端祖環、大徹宗令、実峰良秀にそれぞれ塔頭寺院を開かせ、總持寺住職はこの五院住職の輪番とした。
• There were many outstanding disciples called 'Gazan niju-go tetsu' (25 hoshi (a successor to an abbacy) of Gazan), and he had Taigen Soshin, Tsugen Jakurei, Mutan Sokan, Daitetsu Soryo and Jippo Ryoshu open sub temples, with the five of them rotating as the chief priest of Soji-ji Temple.

• しかし、近世の浄土真宗寺院では、開基を祀る御影堂（ごえいどう、大師堂）が阿弥陀如来を祀る本堂（阿弥陀堂）と並んで重視されるため、両者が左右に並んで東面して建つ形を基本としている。
• However, since a goeido (daishido), which is dedicated to a Kaiki (patron of a temple in its founding), was valued as much as the main hall (Amida hall), which is dedicated to Amitabha Tathagata for the temples of the True Pure Land sect in early-modern times, the basic style was to build them both so that they faced the east.

• 1671年（寛文11年）幕府は宗門人別改帳の作成を義務付け、原則として特定の仏教寺院（不受不施派を除く檀那寺、藩によっては神社もあった）に属する寺請制度とともに宗門改が確立した。
• With the 1671 bakufu decree that made it mandatory to create Shumon-Ninbetsu-Aratame-Cho, the system of shumon aratame was completed together with the terauke seido, where Shogunal subjects were required to belong, in principle, to specific temples (family temples excluding the Fujufuse School, and sometimes shrines, depending on the domain).

• 既指定物件には書状（手紙）類が多く、その他、東大寺文書、東寺百合（ひゃくごう）文書、島津家文書、上杉家文書などの一括文書、寺院の資材帳、日記、祈願文、遺告（遺言）、系図などがある。
• Among the items previously made national treasures in this category, there are many of the letter variety, as well as some general archives like the Todai-ji Temple Archives, the To-ji Temple 100-document Archive, the Shimazu House Archives, and the Uesugi House Archives, and other types of documents including notebooks of historical materials of temples and shrines, diaries, prayer documents, wills, and genealogies.

• 本来は仏教寺院において衆僧を束ねられる程の力量を持った僧や住持の事を指すが、後に延暦寺においてトップの僧を座主と呼ぶようになり、天台宗全体を統括するため、朝廷の承認が必要となった。
• While this term originally referred to priests or chief priests who had the ability to unite many priests, later it came to mean the top priests in the Enryaku-ji Temple, which required the approval from the Imperial court in order to control all of the Tendai Sect.

• 昭和14年（1939年）に定められた宗教団体法（法律77号）は、戦時体制強化のための宗教統制のための法規であったが、その一方で寺院に初めて法人格を認めたという意味では画期的であった。
• While the Religious Organization Law (Law No.77) enacted in 1939 was a law which aimed at controlling religions in order to strengthen the war regime, it was also a milestone in that the law recognized the corporate status of temples for the first time.

• 日蓮正宗の場合、さらに枕元に導師本尊（故人の即身成仏のための本尊、通夜・葬儀では祭壇奥に掲げる）を掲げ、僧侶（原則として所属寺院の住職）の導師によって行われ、読経の途中で焼香をする。
• In the Nichiren Sho sect, a Doshi Honzon (a honzon, or principal image of Buddha, for Sokushin Jobutsu (attaining Buddhahood with the present body) for the deceased, is placed at the back of the altar during the tsuya (wake, all-night vigil over a body) and the funeral ceremony), is also placed by the pillow, and the priest, usually belonging to that temple, who is a doshi (officiating monk), conducts the makura-kyo, during which incense is burnt.

• その反面では、こうした寺社の世俗化をきらって特定の寺院に属さない「聖」や「上人」とよばれる民間布教者があらわれ、とくに浄土教の教えを京都の都はもとより地方へも広めていった時期である。
• On the other side, missionaries emerged who did not like the secularism of temples and shrines, did not belong to a particular temple or shrine and were called 'hijiri' (a saint) or 'shonin' (a high priest), and they brought the teachings of Jodo (Pure Land) sect to people from the capital, Kyoto through local regions.

• 像種別には薬師如来、観音菩薩、不動明王に秘仏となっているものが比較的多く、秘仏は総じて密教系の仏に多いということが言える（薬師如来は顕教系の仏だが密教寺院で本尊とされることが多い）。
• When seen by Buddhist image, Yakushi Nyorai, Kannon Bosatsu, and Fudo Myoo are more likely to be treated as Hibutsu; in general, Buddhist images worshipped at Esoteric Buddhism temples tend to be treated as hibutsu (Yakushi Nyorai, which is an exoteric Buddha, is often worshipped as the principle god of esoteric temples).

• 上記の仏教と神道、道教などの異なるタブー観が、中世に習合し、山岳の寺院、修験道などを中心として、鎌倉時代ごろに今の女人禁制、女人結界のベースとなる観念が成立したものと考えられている。
• It is thought that different views on the taboos of Buddhism, Shinto and Taoism as above were syncretized in medieval times, and that the basic idea of present Nyonin Kinsei and Nyonin Kekkai was established led by mountain temples and Shugen-do around the Kamakura period.

• 当初、幕府はキリスト像が刻まれた板を踏ませる踏絵や密告の奨励などを行うことによりキリシタンの取締りを実施し、キリシタンではないことを仏教寺院に請け負わせてその証明とした（寺請制度）。
• At first, the bakufu persecuted Christians by forcing them to step on a wood sheet containing a likeness of Jesus (this practice is called 'fumie') or by encouraging whistle-blowing to reveal Christians, and Buddhist temples were commissioned by the bakufu to prove that their parishioners were not Christians (this system is called 'terauke seido').

• いずれも、同時代の建築であり寺院建築でもあるため、基本的には書院造りであり、その気品を失わず、数寄屋造りの自由で軽妙なしゃれた意匠を随所に取り入れて、日常の風雅な居室として使用された。
• Because all of them were built during the same period and were temple architecture, they were built in Shoin-zukuri style basically, so that they were used as a tasteful daily room which incorporated free, light, easy and sophisticated designs while maintaining the elegance of Shoin-zukuri.

• 一方、織田信長の比叡山焼き討ち (1571年)や石山本願寺攻撃に代表されるように、この時代の支配者たちは、それまでさまざまな意味で強い力を持っていた寺院勢力を恐れ、執拗に殲滅していった。
• On the other hand, as represented by the fire attack against Mt. Hiei (1571) and the attack against Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple by Nobunaga ODA, the rulers in this age were afraid of the temples which had had strong power in various meanings, and exterminated them persistently.

• しかし、710年（和銅3）に遷都された時には、内裏と大極殿、その他の官舎が整備された程度と考えられており、寺院や邸宅は、山城国の長岡京に遷都するまで、段階的に造営されていったと思われる。
• However, when it was relocated in 710, it is believed that the construction of only a few facilities such as the Imperial Palace, Daigokuden (the central building) and official residences were completed, and other facilities like the temple and residence were being constructed step by step until the capital was transferred to Nagaoka-kyo in Yamashiro Province.

• 古代においては自前の神田・寺田に加え、律令国家によって給付された封戸や墾田開発によって成立した初期荘園が寺社の大きな収入源であった（一部の大寺院・大神社には造寺司や神郡の制度もあった）。
• In ancient times, in addition to shinden (also referred to as kanda; land held by a shrine) and jiden (also referred to as terada; land held by a temple), fuko (households of temples and shrines) granted by the Ritsuryo state (state based on ritsuryo code in the seventh century) and the early time shoen (estate) which was established by konden (development of fallow land or creation of new rice paddies) were the main source of income for the temples and shrines (Some big temples and shrines had systems such as zojishi (officials responsible for building temples, and shingun - also referred to as kamikoori; deity district).

• 足利尊氏が建武政権から離れて南北朝時代 (日本)となると、尊氏や弟の足利直義などは禅宗を信仰したため、五山も足利将軍家が帰依していた夢窓疎石が中心となって京都の寺院から新たに制定された。
• During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), after Takauji ASHIKAGA left the Kenmu Government, Five Mountain was newly selected from temples in Kyoto mainly by Soseki MUSO, whom the Ashikaga Shogunate family trusted, because Takauji and his brother Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA trusted the Zen sect.

• 日蓮正宗寺院の住職・主管、副住職・副主管は明治維新以降の伝統仏教でよく見られるような世襲制、家族経営ではなく、管長の辞令により総本山から派遣される極めて中央集権的なシステムとなっている。
• The chief priest, shukan (supervisor), assistant of the chief priest, fuku-shukan (assistant of shukan) are created by a quite centralized system; they are sent by sohonzan with an order from kacho, and it is not a hereditary or family-run system which can often be seen in traditional Buddhism after the Meiji restoration.

• 「定額寺」という語の初出は、『続日本紀』に記されている天平勝宝元年7月13日 (旧暦)（749年8月30日）に寺院に対する墾田地の制限を定めた際に「定額寺、寺別一百町」とする記事である。
• The oldest record in which the word 'jogakuji' is found is 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), whereby the phrase 'jogakuji: 100 cho (about 9,918 are) per temple' is written as to the limitations imposed on temples of the use of leased rice fields, which was stipulated on August 30, 749.

• その他個別の寺院の規則としては貞観 (日本)10年（868年）に真紹が禅林寺に導入した禅林寺式15箇条や元暦2年（1185年）に文覚が神護寺に導入した神護寺45箇条起請などが知られている。
• Among the other known regulations of individual temples are Zenrin-ji shiki jugo kajo (15 articles of Zenrin-ji Temple), which was introduced to Zenrin-ji Temple in 868 by Shinsho, and Jingo-ji shiki shijugo kajo kisho (45 vows of Jingo-ji Temple), which Mongaku set at Jingo-ji Temple in 1185.

• 京都大徳寺の精進料理は前者、飛騨高山の精進料理は後者の典型的なケースであり、いずれも分離していった懐石料理の手法を再び取り入れたりして、寺院のそれとはやや異なる風雅なものを生み出している。
• Shojin ryori of Daitoku-ji Temple, Kyoto, are examples of the former, and those of Hida Takayama are examples of the latter and both have created artistic dishes which are different from those of temples by reintroducing the technique of Kaiseki ryori (tea-ceremony dishes) that had been split off.

• 尊像別では、密教寺院の本尊とされることが多い薬師如来や、観音菩薩（十一面観音、千手観音、如意輪観音などを含む）、不動明王などが秘仏とされることが多いことから、密教との関連も指摘されている。
• When seen by Buddhist image, hibutsu are more often found with Yakushi Nyorai (Buddha of Medicine and Healing) images, which are often worshipped as the principle image of Esoteric Buddhism temples, and with Kannon Bosatsu (Goddess of Mercy), which includes Juichimen Kannon (Eleven-faced Avalokiteshwara), Senju Kannon (Thousand Armed Avalokiteshwara), and Nyoirin Kannon (the Bodhisattva of Compassion), and Fudo Myoo (Acala, one of the Five Wisdom Kings); thus, hibutsu are considered to have a bearing on Esoteric Buddhism.

• また、幕府法に反しない限りにおいて藩独自の統教権が認められ、更にそれらに反しない限りにおいては引き続き宗派による宗法制定や個別寺院の治教権も認められていた（真言宗金剛寺定・天台宗園城寺定）。
• Also, the tokyo-ken of each domain was recognized independently as long as they were not against the Bakufu laws and each sect's right to set their own sect rules as well as each temple's chikyo-ken were reserved without interruptions as long as they did not violate the Bakufu laws or domain's tokyo-ken (e.g. laws of Shingon sect Kongo-ji Temple, laws of Tendai sect Onjo-ji Temple).

• この他には集会では僧侶の倫理規定や法会に関する規定、寺内外の治安維持や刑罰（「死刑の不科」）、租税の徴収や祠堂銭などの寺内金融など寺院経営に関するものなど、広範な分野について定められていた。
• Regulations on a wide variety of fields were made: among these were an ethical code for priests, rules regarding Buddhist services, regulations on maintaining security inside and outside the temple, penalties ('no death penalties') and rules involving temple management, including a temple's financial services, such as collecting land taxes and shidosen (money donated to a temple).

• 翌年松平忠順が寺社奉行を辞任して太田資愛が後任となると、老中田沼意次と協議して増上寺をはじめとする浄土宗寺院の幕府への貢献が格別であるとして正式に「一向宗」を正式な宗派名とする事を決定した。
• When Tadayori MATSUDAIRA, the commissioner of temples and shrines, resigned and was succeeded by Sukeyoshi OTA, OTA met with senior councilor Okitsugu TANUMA and decided that, in light of the distinguished contributions Zojo-ji Temple and the other Jodoshu sect temples had made to the bakufu, 'the Ikkoshu' would be the formal name of the sect which Shinran had founded.

• 午に油小路通三条上ルの銭屋市兵衛宅より出火、南西の風に煽られて被害が拡大し、禁裏御所・仙洞御所・女院御所・東宮御所が悉く炎上、九条家・鷹司家をはじめとする公家の邸宅、寺院・町屋などを焼いた。
• A fire that started from the house of Zeniya Ichibee (a money exchange shop) at Sanjo agaru on Aburakoji-dori Street, spread its damages, fed by the south-westerly wind, to Kinri gosho (Imperial Palace), Sento Imperial Palace, Nyoin Gosho (Empress Dowager's Palace), and Togu Gosho (Crown Prince's Palace), as well as to the mansions of nobles such as the Kujo Family and the Takatsukasa Family, temples, and machiya town houses.

• 徳川家康は豊臣政権時代から自領である関東地方を中心に統教権に基づき個別寺院あるいは宗派ごとに対する法規を定めた規制を行ってきたが、これは分国法の延長から幕藩体制の法制への過渡的なものであった。
• Since the time of the Toyotomi government, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA had enforced regulations grounded in tokyo-ken upon each temple or sect in his domain centering on the Kanto region but this policy was only a transitional process from an extension of bunkokuho to the legislation for the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate.

• 区内にはいわゆる観光スポットは少ないが、北部には天智天皇山科陵、毘沙門堂門跡、安祥寺 (京都市)、本圀寺（日蓮宗大本山）などがあり、区南端近くにはともに真言宗本山寺院である勧修寺、随心院がある。
• There are few sightseeing spots in the ward except for: the Imperial Tomb of Emperor Tenji, the Bishamon-do Monzeki (monzeki is the temple formerly led by founder of sect, temple in which resided a member of nobility or imperial family), the Ansho-ji Temple (Kyoto City) and the Honkoku-ji Temple (the grand head temple of the Nichiren sect) in the northern area; and the Kaju-ji Temple and the Zuishin-in Temple, which are the head temples of the Shingon sect, in the southern area.

• 寺院その他で見かける仏像には、鎌倉大仏のように両手を膝の上で組み合わせるもの、東大寺盧舎那仏像のように右手を挙げ、左手を下げるものなど、両手の示すポーズ、すなわち印相には決まったパターンがある。
• There are several fixed patterns of inso in a Buddhist statue existing in a Buddhist temple or the like, which include the followings: one formed by hands clasped in the lap, like that of Kamakura Daibutsu (the Great Buddha of Kamakura); one formed by the right hand being raised and the left hand resting on the lap, like that of the huge image of Rushana Buddha of Todai-ji Temple.

• 安置形態としては、寺院の入口の門の両脇に安置される場合、本尊の周辺や仏壇の周囲に安置される場合などさまざまであり、毘沙門天、弁才天などは堂の本尊として安置され、崇敬の対象となっている場合もある。
• These deities are enshrined in various places, for example at both sides of a temple's entrance gate, nearby Honzon (principal image of Buddha) or around Butsudan (Buddhist altar) but in the case of Bishamonten and Benzaiten, they are often enshrined as Honzon and are the target of worship.

• 平安時代～室町時代のものは、薄葬によって位置を特定することが困難なものや陵が置かれた寺院が廃滅したことによって所在が不明になってしまったものなどが多く、ますます歴史学的・考古学的信頼度は低下する。
• The locations of many of the mausoleums built from the Heian to the Muromachi period are difficult to identify due to simplified burial styles, or are unknown due to temple closures, further reducing the historical and archaeological reliability of identification.

• 本来は僧侶のみが宿泊する施設であったのだが、平安時代の寺社参詣の普及により、貴族や武士、更には一般の参詣者も宿泊させるようになり、運営者も僧侶から寺院周辺の半僧半俗の経営者（御師）に移っていった。
• Originally, it was a facility in which only priests lodged, but during the Heian period, in which it became common to visit temples, they started to let nobility, samurai and even general visitors lodge, and managers began to change from priests to half-priest and half-common managers (onshi) in relation to particular temples.

• 西国三十三箇所の札所寺院はすべて観音像を祀っているが、その大部分が秘仏であり、そうでないのは33か寺中、6番南法華寺（壺阪寺）、7番龍蓋寺（岡寺）、8番長谷寺、20番善峰寺の観音像のみとなっている。
• Although all pilgrim stamp office of the 33 Temples of Saigoku worship the Kannon images, most of them treat as hibutsu; out of 33 temples, those that treat them otherwise are limited to the following: Minamihokke-ji Temple (Also known as Tsunosaka-dera Temple), the 6th pilgrim stamp office, Ryugai-ji Temple (Also known as Oka-dera Temple), the 7th, Hase-dera Temple, the 8th, and Yoshimine-dera Temple, the 20th.

• 1429年（永享元年）京都六角堂町の豪商小袖屋宗句の援助により本応寺（1433年に本能寺と改称される）は、細川満元の庇護を受けて創建された尼崎本興寺 (尼崎市)とともに八品派の中心的な寺院となった。
• In 1429, through the financial assistance of Sojun KOSODEYA, a wealthy merchant of the Rokkakudo-cho in Kyoto, Honno-ji Temple (本応寺, one character 応 in its name was altered 能 to be 本能寺 in 1433, but pronunciation remained unchanged) came under the patronage of Mitsumoto HOSOKAWA and became one of the central temples of the Happon School, the other being the recently established Amagasaki Honko-ji Temple (in Amagasaki City).
• Honno-ji Temple, which was renamed to Honno-ji with different Chinese characters in 1433, had been founded in 1429 with the support of a wealthy merchant Sojun KOSODEYA in Rokkakudo-cho, and the temple became one of the main temples for the Happon school together with Honko-ji Temple in Amagasaki (Amagasaki City), which was founded under the auspices of Mitsumoto HOSOKAWA.

• それぞれの部位に｢空（キャ kha）、風（カ ha）、火（ラ ra）、水（バ va）、地（ア a）｣の種子や漢字を刻むことが多いが、天台宗・日蓮宗の寺院では｢妙法蓮華経｣の五字が刻まれる場合がある。
• Each section is often inscribed with the Shuji (種子) (Sanskrit letters) or Chinese letters from top to bottom, kha (void, or 空), ha (air, or 風), ra (fire, or 火), va (water, or 水), and a (earth, or 地), and in Nichiren and Tendai sect temples sometimes Gorinto are inscribed with the five Chinese letters '妙法蓮華経' (the Lotus Sutra).

• 歴史的には正法寺 (奥州市)（岩手県奥州市）が奥羽二州の本山、大慈寺（熊本県熊本市）が九州本山であった期間があるが、元和 (日本)元年（1615年）の寺院法度により永平寺、總持寺のみが大本山となる。
• Historically, Shobo-ji Temple (Oshu City, Iwate Prefecture) was the head temple for the two Ou provinces, and Daiji-ji Temple (Kumamoto City, Kumamoto Prefecture) was for a while the head temple of Kyushu; however, Eihei-ji Temple and Soji-ji Temple became head temples based on the Act for Temples in 1615.

• だが、中世後期には地縁の紐帯を強める儀式に変質するとともに周辺地域の題目講との連携や所属する寺院が属する本寺及び門流の行事・事業を支援するなど、宗派全体の信仰・経済両面から支える組織となっていった。
• However, in the late medieval period it was transformed into a ceremony to tighten important connection of a regional community, and at the same time it was changed into a systematic organization to support the whole sect both in religion and economy such as facilitating to connect with daimokuko of peripheral regions and assisting rites and festivals and other activities not only of the main temple but also monryu (school of a sect) of the temples to which followers belong.

• 真言宗、天台宗等の大規模寺院は修行の場であるため山間部にあり、また、女人禁制で有るため、このような稚児はいわば「男性社会における女性的な存在」となり、しばしば男色の対象とされた(但し上稚児は対象外)。
• Because the large-scale temples of the Shingon and Tendai sects of Buddhism for practicing asceticism were located in the mountains and closed to women, these chigo were often involved in homosexual relationships as 'a female role in a male society' (except for the upper chigo).

• 「聖観音」と一般に呼ばれ、寺院側でもそのように称している像のうち、著名なものとしては、奈良・薬師寺東院堂の本尊像（奈良時代、国宝）、奈良・不退寺本尊像（重文）、京都・鞍馬寺像（重文）などが挙げられる。
• Among the statues called 'Sho Kannon' in general and by the temple, the statue of the principal image of Buddha at Toin-do of Yakushi-ji Temple in Nara Prefecture (Nara period, National Treasure), the statue of the principal image of Buddha at Futai-ji Temple in Nara Prefecture (Important Cultural Property) and the statue at Kurama-ji Temple in Kyoto Prefecture (Important Cultural Property) are famous.

• 儒教、とりわけ朱子学を重んじる政策をとった江戸幕府も、その一方で、寺領を安堵し、伽藍の整備をも推進していたが、それと同時に僧侶の統制をはかる目的から、各宗の僧に対して設けられたのが、寺院諸法度である。
• While the Edo bakufu (the Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) adopted a policy to respect Confucianism, particularly Neo-Confucianism, it promulgated the Jiin Sho-Hatto for Buddhist priests belonging to each sect with the aim of controlling those priests, as well as approving the ownership of temple estates and promoting the maintenance of Buddhist temples.

• この方式の庭園は、仏教の浄土思想の影響を大きく受けたものであり、平等院鳳凰堂に代表されるように、極楽浄土の世界を再現しようとしたため金堂や仏堂をはじめとした寺院建築物の前に園池が広がる形をとっている。
• As typically seen in Hoo-do of Byodo-in Temple, in gardens of this style, a pond is placed in front of a temple building, such as a kondo (main temple hall) or a hall housing Buddhist statues, to reproduce the world of Gokuraku-jodo (a Pure Land of paradise), because these gardens were made influenced largely by the Jodo (Pure Land) concept of Buddhism.

• 全国8個所に奉納されていた仏舎利のうち7か所の仏舎利を発掘し、遺骨は細かく粉砕しひと粒ひと粒に分け、灰塵は微量づつに小分けする作業を行って、最終的に周辺国も含めて8万余の膨大な寺院に再配布を実施した。
• He excavated seven out of eight places around the country where the Buddha's sariras had been dedicated, and pulverized the bones and divided them grain by grain, and subdivided the ashes into minute quantities; then he redistributed them to an enormous number of temples inside and outside the country; these were said to number some 80,000 temples, including the ones in surrounding countries.

• 室町時代初期、南北朝時代 (日本)に最盛期を迎え、やがて戦国時代 (日本)以降、寺院勢力のそぎ落としを狙う支配者たちの政策のもとに衰えていったが、この酒の味を引き継ごうと志す奈良流の造り酒屋は多かった。
• Bodaisen was in its prime in the early Muromachi period (in other words, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts), and after a while, from the Period of Warring States, it went into decline under the Japan rulers' policies to weaken the power of temples, but still, there were many sake brewers who would inherit the brewing method of Bodaisen from Nara temples.

• 中院流の一流伝授を受けた後、事相の研鑽のためにさらに、他の法流を数年の期間をかけて学んで、（僧侶によっては、寺院の寺務があるため、学び終えるまでの期間には個人差がある）法流の一流伝授を受ける僧侶も多い。
• After Chuin school's Ichiryu-denju is completed, many monks pursue further advancement in training by studying other teachings over a period of several years (which may vary by monk because each monk have temple affairs to attend to in addition to training) to receive Ichiryu-denju in such schools.

• 一般に炊事係は「飯炊き」「裏方」などと呼ばれ低く見られがちであるが、禅宗寺院では食事の調理、喫飯も重要な修行の一つとされ、また陰徳（人知れず徳行を積むこと）を行ずる立場であることから重要な役職とされる。
• Although people in general society may look down upon the cook and think of the work as a background job, the position of cook is considered important in Zen temples because cooking and eating meals are also regarded as important aspects of training, and the cook is a position that can do intoku (do good in secret without expecting a reward).

• ただし、明治時代初期に変更された町名、近隣の二、三町が合併して成立した町名、寺院境内地、畑地など従来町名のなかった地区に新たに起立した町名なども一部に存在し、現行町名のすべてが近世以前からの町名ではない。
• However, there are some town names which had been changed during the early Meiji period, created by the merging of few towns, or given to areas where town names had not originally existed including the precincts of temples or fields, and not all the town names in the present-day derive from the town names before the early modern era.

• 11歳の時、地元の大寺院である書写山円教寺に入り、天台宗を学ぶが、のち禅宗にめざめ、鎌倉の高峰顕日（こうほう けんにち）、京都の南浦紹明（なんぽ じょうみん；大応国師。1235年 - 1308年）に参禅。
• He joined Engyo-ji Temple on Mt. Shosha, a big temple at his birthplace, and started to study teachings of Tendai Sect when he was 11 years old, but later on, he became aware of the Zen sect and studied Zen teachings under Kennichi KOHO in Kamakura and Jomin NANPO (Daio Kokushi; 1235 - 1308) in Kyoto.

• 寺院建築の正面には扉形式の格子戸が多用されるようになり、さらに『多武峰略記』によると、天禄三年に建立された双堂形式の講堂の内陣の正面に格子戸五間を建て込み、内陣と外陣の間仕切りに格子戸三具を建て込んでいた。
• Swinging door type koshido became more common for the front side in temple architecture; further, according to 'Tonomine Ryakki' (brief sketch of Tonomine), narabido (two temples) style Kodo (lecture hall), which was built in 972, had a 5-ken (about 9 m) width koshido at the front of naijin (inner sanctuary of the hall), and three units of koshido to divide naijin and gejin, or the inner sanctuary and the adjacent area.
• For the entrance of architecture of temples, the swing lattice doors became to be used often, and in addition, according to 'Tonomine Ryakki' (brief sketch of Tonomine) the five lattice doors were set in front of Naijin (inner sanctuary of a shrine or temple) of the lecture hall in narabido (two temples) style which was built in 972 and the three lattice doors were placed to separate Naijin from Gejin (outer place of worship for public people).

• また、水場が乏しいこともあって、前鬼宿（奈良県下北山村）太古の辻以南の部分（南奥駈と呼ばれることもある）はたどられないことが一般的であり、現在でも大峯七十五靡を踏破する奥駈の行をおこなう寺院は限られている。
• In addition, since this area is short of watering places, it often happens that practitioner of austerities are not able to follow the route, the south of crossroad of ancient times (it is sometimes called minami okugake) in Zenki no Shuku (Zenki station) (Shimo Kitayama-mura, Nara Prefecture), and even now, temples which perform okugake practice (going through the entire distance of Omine seventy five nabiki) are limited.

• 通常、一般住宅の妻壁部分には、板張や漆喰などで仕上げられ、母屋には小さな破風板や化粧板金が付けられるが、城郭建築や寺院建築の妻壁には、格子や漆喰、また「豕扠首（いのこさす）」などの化粧材を見せることもある。
• Usually the gable walls in ordinary housing are finished with boarding or plaster and a small gable board or decorative metal plate is added however the gable walls in temple construction or castle construction feature decorative materials such as lattice work and plaster, or diagonal braces.

• 『育王録』に「僧問。大権菩薩因甚以手加頞。師云。行船全在樞梢人」とあることから、曹洞宗の寺院が招宝七郎と称して山門守護の神とするものをこれを同体、あるいは本地垂迹と見たてて、招宝七郎大権修理菩薩として祀る。
• Because 'Ikuo-roku' describes, 'The monk asked why Daigen bosatsu was putting his hand against the bridge of his nose, and the master answered that 行船全在樞梢人,' temples of the Soto sect enshrine the guardian god of temple gates referred to as Shoho Shichiro as 'Shoho Shichiro Daigen shuri bosatsu,' deeming him to be the same god as or earthly manifestation of him, based on the theory of Honji suijaku (Shinto and Buddhist syncretism).

• 古文書関係では、京都市南区にある空海ゆかりの寺院・東寺（教王護国寺）に伝来した国宝の「東寺百合文書」をはじめ、東寺の子院・観智院に伝来した「観智院伝来文書典籍類」、「革嶋家文書」が重要文化財に指定されている。
• Its collection of ancient documents includes the 'To-ji Hyakugo Monjo Document,' a National Treasure, which had been handed down at To-ji Temple (also known as Kyogokoku-ji Temple) that is associated with Kukai, a well-known Buddhist priest, in Minami-ku Ward of Kyoto City, and 'Ancient documents and books of Kanchiin Temple' that had been handed down at Kanchiin Temple, a sub temple of To-ji Temple, and 'Kawashimake Bunsho' (the Kawashima family documents), which are both designated as Important Cultural Properties.

• また、阿武隈川を挟んだ対岸にはその附属寺院跡（借宿廃寺）があり、その近くには6世紀後半の築造とされる下総塚古墳（前方後円墳）、6世紀後半の豪族居館跡である舟田中道遺跡、7世紀のものとされる谷地久保古墳がある。
• There are the ancient site of its affiliated temple (Kariyadohai-ji abandoned Temple) across the Abukuma-gawa River, Shimosazuka-kofun Tumulus (a large keyhole-shaped mound) nearby which is deemed to have been constructed in the late sixth century, the Funada Nakamichi Remain which is the ancient site of a residence of Gozoku (local ruling family) in the late sixth century and the Yajikubo-kofun Tumulus which is deemed to have been constructed in the seventh century.

• 中華料理では小麦粉などで作った皮の中身として包みこまれる具を指すが、一般的な菓子で使われているものについては、仏教寺院などで肉食禁があるため、アズキを煮たものを他の具の代用にし、それが広まったからとされている。
• In Chinese cooking 'an' refers to ingredients wrapped in a cake made of flour, but the practice of using boiled azuki beans in common cakes in place of other ingredients is thought to have spread from Buddhist temples, which forbade the eating of meat.

• 2005年11月3日、大峰山の女人禁制に反対する人々が結成した「大峰山に登ろうプロジェクト」（以下、プロジェクト）のメンバーが、大峯山登山のために現地を訪れ、寺院側に質問書を提出し、解禁を求めたが不調に終わった。
• On November 3, 2005, the members of 'a project to climb Mt. Omine-san,' which was set up by dissenters against the nyonin kinsei of Mt. Omine-san, visited the spot in order to climb Mt. Omine-san, and requested the release to the temple's side by submitting a questionnaire, but it ended in failure.

• 江戸幕府のもとで禁制となっており表向きには日蓮宗受派または他宗の寺院に属していた不受不施派の信者（内信・内信者）の統一化を図り、1878年〈明治9年）教部省の達（たっし）により不受不施派の公認を得ることに成功した。
• As Fujufuse school was banned under the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the believers of this school belonged to the Nichiren sect Ju school or other sect's temples for the public (Naishin or Naishinja (inwardly-having faith)), Nissho tried to unify the school and successfully gained an official approval of the fujufuse school with an official notice of Kyobusho (the Ministry of Religion) in 1878.

• 空海は、その後東寺を完全に密教寺院として再編成し、真言密教以外の僧侶の出入りを禁じて、自分の選定した弟子にのみ、自ら選んだ経典や原典のみで修行させるという厳しい統制をかけたが、その中にさえ『理趣経』はないといわれる。
• Later on Kukai reorganized To-ji Temple as the complete Esoteric Buddhism temple, and prohibited Buddhist monks other than Shingon Esoteric Buddhists from entering; and he made a strict regulation that only disciples selected by him could study only Buddhist scriptures and originals selected by him; however, 'Rishu-kyo' was not included even in these.

• 定額寺に指定されるとその内容は寺院によって違いはあるものの、基本的には定額寺のある令制国の国司・講師（国分寺の僧侶の長）は、定額寺に修理料・燈分料を与え、修造の義務、定額僧や年分度者の配置に対する便宜などが行われた。
• Basically, once a temple was designated as jogakuji, the governor or arch-priest (the head Buddhist priest of kokubunji) of the province, where the temple was located, was responsible for the maintenance of the jogakuji through the provision of repairmen and maintenance allowances and for the appointment and arrangement of jogakuso and 'nenbundo-sha' (approved people who enter the Buddhist priesthood), although there were differences among temples.

• この法度の制定に先立ち、慶長18年6月16日 (旧暦)（1613年8月2日）には、「公家衆法度」「寺院諸法度」「大徳寺妙心寺等諸寺入院法度」を定めていたが、この法度によって、さらに天皇までを包含する基本方針を確立した。
• Prior to having enacted this law, 'Kugeshu hatto,' 'Jiin shohatto,' and 'Daitokuji myoshinjito shoji nyuin hatto' had already been promulgated but the basic policy that also targeted for the emperor had been completed with 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto.'

• 3代将軍義満は京都の北山に壮麗な山荘をつくったが、そこに建てられた金閣の建築様式が、伝統的な寝殿造風と禅宗寺院における禅宗様を折衷したものであり、時代の特徴をよくあらわしているので、この時代の文化を北山文化とよんでいる。
• The third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA built a magnificent villa in Kitayama, Kyoto; an architectural style of a golden pavilion constructed there is a blend of traditional Shinden-zukuri style (the palace style characteristic of Fujiwara period architecture) and Zen temple style, embodying a distinctive feature of this period; hence the name 'Kitayama culture.'

• 落慶法要では、本尊である仏像（または曼荼羅など）を安置し、本尊に魂を入れる儀式として開眼法要を行い、その工事の完成を祝い仏や宗祖、またはその寺院に機縁する祖先などに表白（ひょうびゃく）し、慶賀讃嘆するのが常となっている。
• In Rakkei hoyo, the Buddha statue as the honzon (principal image of Buddha) (or Mandala (a diagram that depicts Buddhist deities according to certain geometric formats and illustrates the Buddhist world view) and so on) is enshrined, and Kaigen hoyo (Eye-opening ceremony) is held as a ceremony to put the spirit into the honzon in order to celebrate the completion of the work, or to pray to and congratulate the Buddha, the founder of the religious sect or the ancestors related to the temple as it stands.

• 探幽は幼少時より画才を発揮し、慶長17年（1612年）、11歳の時に駿府で徳川家康に対面、元和 (日本)7年（1621年）には江戸鍛冶橋門外に屋敷を得て、以後江戸を拠点に活動し、城郭や大寺院などの障壁画を精力的に制作した。
• Tanyu exercised his painting talent from childhood; in 1612, he met Ieyasu TOKUNAGA in Sunpu at the age of 11 and obtained a residence in Edo Kajibashi Mongai in 1621, subsequent to which he worked based in Edo and energetically created screen paintings in castles and large temples.

• 元来、日本の大学寮は唐の国子監をモデルとした制度であったが、国子監の運営の中心にあたっていた儒学者は『孝経』などを引用して僧侶は親から貰った頭髪を剃り、親を捨てて寺院に籠るのは「孝」に反するとして、強い排仏意識を有していた。
• Originally, Daigakuryo in Japan was a system that was modeled after the Kokushikan (an educational system in China) of the Tang Dynasty, but the Confucian scholars, who were the main managers of Kokushikan, were strongly anti-Buddhist because shaving the hair which were given from the parents and secluding oneself in a temple, and leaving ones parents was against the principle of 'ko' (serving well to one's parents), quoted in 'Kokyo' (The book of filial piety).

• この僧たちは造酒司の酒部とは異なり、菩提酛に代表されるようなそれぞれの寺院の味や造り方を分化させていったため、のちの杜氏集団の流派の原型と見ることもできるが、集団としての制度など考えると、後世の杜氏とは直接的なつながりはない。
• Unlike sakabe at the Miki no Tsukasa, such priests can be somewhat regarded as the origin of latter-day toji schools because they developed each temple's unique taste and brewing method such as bodaimoto (the oldest starter of refined sake), but they still did not have a direct relation with latter-day toji, in view of their organization system.

• これに対する批判として、真言律宗は薬師寺・西大寺_(奈良市)や諸国の国分寺などの南都仏教寺院及びその系列をそのまま継承しており、奈良時代の行基などと同様の南都仏教における既成体制内での動きに過ぎない、とする意見も出されている。
• Some people criticize that as the Shingon-ritsu sect directly succeeded to the temples of Nanto Bukkyo and to its branch temples such as Yakushi-ji Temple, Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City) and provincial monasteries of various provinces, and it was merely a movement of Nanto Bukkyo under the conventional system as were the movement in the Nara period including the activities by Gyoki.

• 仏舎利を祀る塔、仏像を祀る仏殿（金堂）と共に、伽藍を構成する最重要の建物であり、日本においてのその位置関係は、時代によってそれぞれ異なるが、仏殿の次の重要な建物として位置づけられるようになり、大抵は寺院の中心に設置されている。
• It is one of the most important constructions that form Buddhist temples, along with towers to enshrine Buddha's ashes and butsuden (kondo), where Buddha statues are enshrined, and in Japan, the location of each structure differs in each period, but it is usually placed in the center of the temple, because it came to be positioned as the most important construction, next to butsuden.

• 中世における家門とは、家督を有する当主とその管領（管理）のもとにある家業・家職・家記（日記）・家屋・寺院・道具及びその共有者である当主夫婦・親子を中心とした親族集団を指し、家門そのものも家督とともに継承される性質のものであった。
• The term for family in the Medieval Age referred to a kinship group that was mainly composed of the family head who owned the family estate and the family business, trade, record (diary), their house, temple and tools under his reign (control), as well as his wife and children, who were the joint owners; the family itself, as well as the family estate, was succeeded to the descendents.

• また、青蓮院が属する天台宗の主要寺院が住職の世襲を認めていないのに対し、青蓮院門主の地位を子息に譲ることを強く望んで天台宗教団と鋭く対立し、一時は教団離脱をほのめかして教団に圧力をかけ、ついに世襲を認めさせた事件も起こしている。
• While major temples in the Tendai sect that Shoren-in Temple belongs to do not allow the heredity of the chief priest, he had a fierce conflict with the Tendai sect strongly insisting to give the position of the chief priest of Shoren-in, and he applied pressure implying secession from the sect, finally forcing the sect to allow heredity.

• 自身に厳格で寺院再建のノウハウを積んだ真言律宗の僧侶主導の勧進活動に対する評価の上昇はやがて他の律宗諸派再興の動きを促し、一時は真言律宗を含めた律宗は禅宗・浄土宗などと勢力を分けて日蓮より「律国賊」との非難を受けるほどであった。
• Activities for temple solicitation led by priests of the Shingon Risshu sect were well recognized because they were strict by themselves and had know-how of temple restoration, which soon promoted the movement of renaissance of other Risshu sects so much so that the Risshu sect, including the Shingon Risshu sect, was criticized by Nichiren as 'Ritsu traitor to the country,' having the same power of influence as the Zen sect and the Jodo sect.

• 度重なる戦乱により幾度となく消失と再興を繰り返したため当時の建物は残っていないが、邸内に建てられた岡松殿より始まる尼門跡寺院の大聖寺が、ほぼ当時の場所に残る（元は岡松町にあったものと思われるが、現在は隣接する御所八幡町にある）。
• After repeated destruction due to war and reconstructions, the original buildings from that time do not exist any more, but the Daisho-ji Temple, one of the Amamonzeki Temples (a temple run by nuns of noble women), started as Okamatsu dono which was built inside the residence ground, remains on almost the same spot as it was in those days (originally, it is considered to have been located in Okamatsu-cho Town but it is currently located in neighboring Gosho Hachiman-cho Town).

• 平安京や比叡山延暦寺の創建後、安祥寺 (京都市)（848年）・毘沙門堂・勧修寺（900年）・曼荼羅寺（後の随心院、991年）など多くの寺院が作られ、区外の山科川下流の醍醐・笠取山の山上・山麓には醍醐寺（874年）が創建されている。
• After Heian-kyo and Hieizan Enryaku-ji Temple had been built, many temples such as Ansho-ji Temple (Kyoto City) (in 848), Bishamon-do, Kaju-ji Temple (in 900), and Mandara-ji Temple (later Zuishin-in Temple, in 991) were built, and Daigo-ji Temple (in 874) were founded on and at the base of the Mt. Daigo and Mt. Kasatori along the lower Yamashina River outside the ward.

• そこで至徳 (日本)3年7月10日_(旧暦)（1386年）に五山制度の改革にあわせて十刹制度の改革を行って、「京都十刹」と「関東十刹（鎌倉十刹）」に分けられて京都と関東地方（鎌倉以外の寺院も含む）がそれぞれ10ヶ寺ずつ定められた。
• On August 13, 1386, together with the reform of the Gozan system, the Jissetsu system was reformed and divided into the 'Kyoto Jissetsu' and the 'Kanto Jissetsu' (Kamakura Jissetsu), and ten temples were decided respectively in Kyoto and the Kanto region (including temples outside Kamakura).

• 平安時代初期までは、朝廷が造酒司（みきのつかさ）などの部署を持ち、内部で酒造を行っていたが、やがて官衙の衰退により技術や人員が外部に流出するようになり、民間の酒造りの中心となったのが大和国や河内国をはじめとする各地の大寺院であった。
• Until the early Heian period the Imperial Court had a department called Mikinotsukasa (Sake brewing) and brewed sake inside the court, but with the declination of kanga (government office), the technique and staff for sake brewing ran out of the court until major temples in many provinces including the Provinces of Yamato and Kawachi began to play a major part in commercial sake brewing.

• 釈迦入滅の地クシナガラの統治部族マウラ族は当初仏舎利の専有を表明し、仏教を国教とする周辺国との間に仏舎利を巡って争いが発生する事態となったが、結果として8等分され、それに、容器と残った灰を加えて周辺内外の10か所の寺院に奉納された。
• Initially, the Malla tribe that ruled Kushinagar (Kusinara), where Buddha died, expressed the view that Buddha's sariras should be solely owned by them, and a dispute arose over Buddha's sariras between the Malla tribe and other countries that had Buddhism as the state religion; consequently, Buddha's sariras were equally divided into eight pieces and, along with the case and remaining ashes, were dedicated to 10 temples in the surrounding countries within and outside Kushinagar.

• 各末寺の法華講の役員には講中の代表者の講頭、副講頭、幹事、会計がいるが、法華講の役員はすべて「組世話役」と定義され、他の寺院に所属する講員に対して指導することは指導教師（住職・主管）に対する越権行為に当たるのでしないことになっている。
• As the board member of Hokke Ko of each branch temple, there are koto (the head of the Ko), fuku-koto (vice head of the Ko), kanji (organizer), and kaikei (account) of representatives of kochu and they are all defined as 'Kumi-sewayaku' (careers of the religious group) not to teach members of Ko belonged to other temples since it is regarded as an ultravires act against chief kyoshi (the chief priest and shukan (supervisor)).

• その後一部制度の改革を経て大宝律令において僧尼令（神社に対しては神祇令）が出され、国家による僧侶・寺院に対する統制が行われた（律令法は形式上においては仏教や神道そのもの統制ではなく、それに従事している人や組織に対してのみ統制を行った）。
• Later, with some reforms of part of the system, Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), which included Soniryo (Regulations for Priests and Nuns) (and Jingiryo (ritual outlines and regulations) for shrines) was issued and the Buddhist priests and temples were put under the regulation of the state (ritsuryo laws, in form, did not regulate Buddhism or Shinto themselves, but put the people and organizations involved in the religions under control).

• 漢語の経典や声明（しょうみょう）と異なり和歌の賛仏歌として「御詠歌」が多くの宗派・寺院で採用されているが、この「御詠歌」の起源は花山法皇が西国三十三箇所の各札所で詠まれた御製の和歌を後世の巡礼者が節をつけて巡礼歌として歌ったものである。
• Unlike sutras and chants in Sino-Japanese words, the 'goeika,' songs consisting of waka poems to praise Buddha, has been widely adopted among many temples and schools of Buddhism; in fact, the origin of the goeika goes back to the pilgrimage songs sung by pilgrims who set to music the poems Cloistered Emperor Kazan had written at each fudasho temple of the Saigoku Sanjusankasho pilgrimage.

• こうした政策は公家政権では後嵯峨天皇・亀山天皇院政期、武家政権では北条時宗・北条貞時政権（安達泰盛補佐）期にあたる文永・弘安年間に最高潮に達し、いわゆる「弘安徳政」のもとで各種の神領興行が行われたほか、寺院に対しても同様の措置が見られた。
• The policy was culminated in the Bunei era and Koan era which corresponded to the period of the cloistered emperor's governments by Emperor Gosaga and Emperor Kameyama in the imperial court administration, and the period of the government led by Tokimune HOJO and the government led by Sadatoki HOJO (Yasumori ADACHI as an advisor), when various kinds of Shinryo Kogyo were conducted to shrines and similar policies were also conducted to the temples under the so-called 'Koan Tokusei.'

• 様々な日本文化の発祥の源であり、いつの時代でも新しい文化のパイオニアとしてあり続けた日本を代表する寺院に舞台を設け、「東洋と西洋の出会い」をテーマに世界中で親しまれる音楽・新しいパフォーマンスを披露し、コラボレーションを奉納する文化イベント。
• It is a cultural event taking place at temples, the birthplace of various Japanese culture and the symbol of Japan, which has remained a forerunner of the new culture, to present musical and innovative performances emphasizing the 'East meets West' concept and to dedicate artistic collaborations.

• 口分田の他の田には、五位以上の者へ班給された位田、天皇から特別に与えられた賜田、特に功績を残した者に与えられた功田、官職に応じて班給された職田、仏教寺院の維持運営にあてられた寺田、神社の維持運営にあてられた神田、以上の班給の残りの乗田があった。
• Types of field other than kubunden were fields given to those at the Fifth Rank or above, fields given specially by the emperor, fields given to those who did meritorious deeds for the state, fields allotted according to government post, fields given to temples for maintenance and operation costs, fields given to shrines for maintenance and operation costs, and fields left over after allotment of the above.

• 勧学会（かんがくえ）とは、平安時代中期・後期に大学寮紀伝道の学生（文章生）と比叡山延暦寺の僧侶が、3月15日 (旧暦)あるいは9月15日 (旧暦)に比叡山西麓あるいは平安京内外の寺院に集まって『法華経』をテーマとして講義・念仏・漢詩を行った法会。
• Kangakue was a Buddhist meeting held to conduct teaching, nenbutsu (Buddhist invocation), and create Chinese-style poems themed after 'Hokekyo' (Lotus Sutra), and was held by the scholars of Kidendo (the study of the histories) in Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education) and the priests of Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, on March 15 (in old lunar calendar) or September 15 (in old lunar calendar) at the western foot of Mt. Hiei or at the temples in and around Heian-kyo (ancient Kyoto), in the mid through latter period of the Heian period.

• 明治4年（1871年）、地租改正の前提として全ての免税地が廃せられ、それを口実に寺院領が国家に収公された（興福寺の現在の敷地が奈良公園の中にある体裁になっているのは、興福寺の境内を収公してこれを潰して跡地を公園化する政策（後に中止）の名残である）。
• In 1871, all tax-free lands were abolished as a precondition of land tax reforms, and using this as an excuse, the state confiscated temples' properties (the present Kofuku-ji Temple is located in Nara Park because of the aftereffect of a policy aimed at confiscating the temple's property, pulling down the buildings and making a park (which was cancelled later on)).

• 良源は、最澄（伝教大師）の直系の弟子ではなく、身分も高くはなかったが、南都（奈良）の旧仏教寺院の高僧と法論を行って論破したり、村上天皇の皇后の安産祈願を行うなどして徐々に頭角を現わし、康保3年（966年）には天台宗最高の地位である天台座主に上り詰めた。
• Although Ryogen was not a direct disciple of Saicho (Dengyo Daishi) and his rank was not high, he gradually distinguished himself as an able priest through refuting high priests of traditional Buddhist temples in Nanto (southern capital (Nara)) or praying safe delivery of a child for the Empress of Emperor Murakami, and finally he achieved Tendai-zasu, the supreme position in the Tendai Sect, in 966.

• 日蓮正宗の各寺院・施設および各信徒宅には、時の法主によって授与された宗祖所顕の大曼荼羅本尊、もしくは歴代法主による書写の曼荼羅本尊が安置されており、本尊に対する日々の給仕は「生身の日蓮大聖人にお仕えするのと同じ気持ち」で行うべきことが、当然とされている。
• Each temple, facility and house of followers of Nichiren Shoshu have a Great mandala drawn by the founding father gifted by the Hoshu at that time or a mandala Honzon copied by historical Hoshu is enshrined, and it is without question thought that service to the Honzon should be done 'with the same feeling as waiting upon Nichiren Dai-Shonin himself in the flesh.'

• 概ね創宗蜜月時代といわれていた昭和40年代辺りの得度の世代だと、創価学会からの多大な寄進で新寺院が急増し僧侶の「粗製濫造」が進んだことが一部で指摘されているが、他の伝統仏教に比べ在家出身の修行僧が多いため、現在では僧侶としての厳格な素養教育には定評がある。
• In the generation who entered into the priesthood around 1965, which was called the honeymoon period of Soshu (Soka Gakkai and Nichiren Shoshu Sect), many new temples were built rapidly thanks to huge donations from Soka Gakkai, some people were appointed that more monks and lower quality, just like 'quantity products of low quality,' because there were more ascetic monks who came from among lay believers than other traditional Buddhist schools, and currently they have a good reputation of their strict grounding on education of monks.

• 三門からの回廊が仏殿に達し、後ろに法堂・方丈を建て、回廊左右に庫院と僧堂を、三門斜前方に浴室と東司を設けるという中国風の左右対称の伽藍配置をもつ寺院もあるが、回廊まで含めて残っているのは富山・瑞龍寺 (高岡市)、京都・萬福寺など近世以降のものに限られている。
• Even though there are temples with a Chinese-style symmetrical garan layout in which a sanmon gate is connected through the corridors to the Buddha hall, behind which a lecture hall and a hojo (head priest's living quarters) are built, a kuin and a sodo on the left and right sides of the corridors, and a yokushitsu and tosu are placed diagonally across the sanmon gate; such temples whose whole garan structures (including the corridors) remain are limited to those built in the early-modern times, such as Zuiryu-ji Temple (Takaoka City, Toyama Prefecture), Mampuku-ji Temple (Kyoto Prefecture), etc.

• 木山寺（真庭市）、西大寺 (岡山市寺院)（岡山市）、極楽寺（廿日市市）、国分寺（下関市、防府市）、立江寺 (小松島市)（小松島市）、薬王寺 (美波町)（美波町）、鶴林寺 (勝浦町)（勝浦町）、三角寺（四国中央市）、南蔵院（福岡県篠栗町）、呑山観音寺（福岡県篠栗町）
• Kiyama-ji Temple (in Maniwa City), Saidai-ji Temple (in Okayama City), Gokuraku-ji Temple (in Hatsukaichi City), Kokubun-ji Temple (in Shimonoseki City, in Hofu City), Tatsue-ji Temple (in Komatsushima City), Yakuo-ji Temple (in Minami-cho), Kakurin-ji Temple (in Katsuura-cho), Sankaku-ji Temple (in Shikokuchuo City), Nanzo-in Temple (in Sasaguri-machi, Fukuoka Prefecture), Nomiyama Kannon-ji Temple (in Sasaguri-machi, Fukuoka Prefecture)

• 1982年（昭和57年）から1988年（昭和63年）まで京都市と京都府仏教会・京都市仏教会とが深刻な対立抗争を繰り広げ、ついには多くの寺院の拝観停止や行政訴訟の提起にまでいたった、いわゆる「古都税問題」では、仏教会の理事長あるいは会長として反対運動の先頭に立った。
• In the so-called 'old capital tax issue' in which Kyoto City Government severely fought against Kyoto Prefecture Buddhist Organization and Kyoto City Buddhist Organization from 1982 to 1988 leading to suspension of viewing in may temples and submission of an administrative lawsuit, he spearheaded the protest campaign as a president or a chairman of the Buddhist Organizations.

• 祇園精舎（ぎおんしょうじゃ）、正式名称祇樹給孤独園 精舎（ぎじゅぎっこどくおん しょうじゃ、サンスクリット：Jetavana Anathapindadasya-arama）は、中インドのシュラーヴァスティー（舎衛城）にあった寺院で、釈迦が説法を行ったとされる場所。
• Jetavana Vihara (the formal name is 'Jetavana Anathapindadasya-arama' in Sanskrit) was a temple at Sravasti in Middle India, where Buddha preached sermons.

• その本来の屋根建材としての用途のみに限らず、平瓦を、壁に用いて漆喰で継ぎ手を板かまぼこ状に盛り固めた「海鼠壁（なまこかべ）」や、瓦や石などを粘土で接着し固めて造る「練塀（ねりべい）」などの壁材、寺院の基壇のタイルのような役目や雨落ちや雨落溝の一部としても用いられる。
• Not only for the purpose of roof material, Kawara tiles are also used as wall materials, such as 'Namakokabe' (a wall with square tiles jointed with raised plaster) and 'Neribei' (daub wall), on which tiles or stones are put and fixed with clay, and sometimes used as tiles on a stylobate of temples and as a part of drainage canals.

• 9世紀～10世紀に律令制が崩壊した後も、神田には不輸の権（租税免除の権利）が認められていたため、墾田や買収などで付近の田地を集積していた田堵（有力農民）＝開発領主は、自分の経営する田地を有力な神社（または有力寺院）へ寄進することで、不輸の権 (日本)を獲得しようとした。
• Since Fuyu no ken (the right to tax exemption) was granted to Shinden even after the collapse of the Ritsuryo System from the eighth to ninth century, Tato (dominant farmers or lords cultivating new rice fields) who were then collecting rice fields around them tried to obtain Fuyu no ken Right by donating their rice fields to shrines or temples.

• 日蓮正宗では、新たに本尊が下付された場合に僧侶の導師により入仏式が行われ、寺院が新たに創設された場合や本堂安置の本尊を新たに迎えた場合、本堂が建て替えられた場合に法主を迎えて入仏式（本堂再建で、かつ本尊が下付されない場合は本尊修復後の開眼供養を兼ねて落成式）が行われる。
• In Nichiren Sho Sect, nyubutsu-shiki (a consecration ceremony) is held being guided by doshi (the master priest) when honzon is newly bestowed, and is also held under the guidance of hossu (the head priest of the sect) when a temple is newly built or when honzon is newly enshrined in the main hall, or when the main hall of the temple is reconstructed, (if a main hall is reconstructed but honzon is not newly bestowed, rakusei-shiki (an inauguration ceremony) is held in combination with kaigen-kuyo for existing honzon after restoration of the hall).

• 建保4年（1216年）に、「大山の草庵」（茨城県城里町）を開くのを皮切りに、「小島の草庵」（茨城県下妻市小島）を開き、稲田郷（茨城県笠間市稲田）に「西念寺 (笠間市)「稲田の草庵」を由緒とする寺院はいくつかあり、西念寺の他に、浄興寺（現在は、新潟県上越市に移転）などがある。
• In 1216, Shinran began to build thatched huts such as 'Oyama no soan' (located in present Shirosatomachi, Ibaraki Prefecture), 'Kojima no soan' (located in present Ojima, Shimotsuma-shi, Ibaraki Prefecture) and 'Inada no soan' in Inada no go (present Inada, Kasama-shi, Ibaraki Prefecture).

• 1613年、幕府は、寺院・僧侶の圧迫および朝廷と宗教界の関係相対化を図って、「勅許紫衣竝に山城大徳寺妙心寺等諸寺入院の法度」（「勅許紫衣法度」「大徳寺妙心寺等諸寺入院法度」）を定め、さらにその2年後には禁中並公家諸法度を定めて、朝廷がみだりに紫衣や上人号を授けることを禁じた。
• In 1613, the bakufu aimed to oppress the temples and monks and balance the relationship between the Imperial Court and the religious groups, decreed 'Chokkyo (imperial sanction) Shie tome and Yamashiro Daitoku-ji Temple Myoshin-ji Temple to Shoji Nyuin Hatto' ('Chokkyo Shie Hatto' and 'Daitoku-ji Temple Myoshin-ji Temple to Shoji Nyuin Hatto') and established the Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto (Various Regulations for the Imperial Court and Court Nobles) 2 years later and prohibited the Imperial Court from easily presenting Shie and Shonin names.

• また、高貴宮の生母が後光明天皇の母方の従妹であることや当時目ぼしい親王が全て宮家を継承するか寺院に入ってしまったために唯一将来が定まっていなかった男子皇族が高貴宮以外にいなかった事から、高貴宮が養嗣子として将来の皇位継承に備えるのが当時としては一番妥当な判断であったと考えられる。
• Moreover, at that time it was considered reasonable for Atenomiya (Prince Ate) to succeed as a court noble (princely house), doing so in the future as the adopted Crown Prince; however, knowing the background of Atenomiya, Prince Ate's mother was a younger cousin of Emperor Gokomyo's maternal side, and all the potential princes were either to succeed the court noble (princely house) or become priests and enter the temples, but Atenomiya (Prince Ate) was the only prince who had no planned future among the male members of the Imperial Family.

• 石仏（せきぶつ）とは、石に彫られた仏像や道祖神などの神像なども含め総称されるが、その規模は寺院や神社の境内、路傍などで見られるような小さいものから、臼杵磨崖仏、インドのアジャンター石窟、エローラ石窟、中国の雲岡石窟、龍門石窟などに代表されるような巨大な岩盤に彫られた磨崖仏まで多様である。
• The term 'stone Buddhist image' is a collective term of the Buddhist image carved in stone and the image of a deity such as Doso-shin (traveler's guardian deity), and it has a variety of sizes ranging from small one which is seen in the precincts of temples and shrines and on roadsides, to Usuki Magaibutsu (A Buddhist image carved into the surface of natural rock such as a cliff face, a large rock, or a stone cave) and other Magaibutsu carved in a large rock such as Ajanta Caves and Ellora Caves in India, Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Caves in China.

• 既指定物件は近畿地方に集中しており、近畿以外の地区に所在するものは神奈川・高徳院の銅造阿弥陀如来坐像（鎌倉大仏）、東京・大倉集古館の木造普賢菩薩騎象像（本来どこの寺院にあったものか不明）、岩手・中尊寺の金色堂堂内諸像及天蓋、福島・勝常寺の木造薬師三尊像、大分・臼杵市所有の臼杵磨崖仏がある。
• Most of the aforementioned sculptures designated national treasures are concentrated in the Kinki (Kansai) region, but there are some sculptures located outside the Kinki region, including the bronze seated statue of Amitabha Tathagata in Kotokuin Temple in Kanagawa (the Big Buddha of Kamakura), the wooden statue of Samantabhadra (Fugen Bosatsu in Japanese) riding an elephant in the Okura Shukokan Museum of Fine Arts in Tokyo (it is not known at which temple this statue originally resided), the statues and the canopy in the Golden Hall of Chuson-ji Temple in Iwate, the three wooden statues that comprise the Yakushi Triad housed in Shojo-ji Temple in Fukushima, and the Usuki Magaibutsu (the stone-cliff Buddha) owned by the city of Usuki in Oita.

• 在家の仏壇には上述のもののみであるが、法華宗寺院の須弥壇では二世尊のほか、上行菩薩（じょうぎょうぼさつ）、無辺行菩薩（むへんぎょうぼさつ）、浄行菩薩（じょうぎょうぼさつ）、安立行菩薩（あんりゅうぎょうぼさつ）という法華宗の四菩薩日蓮宗・法華宗における四菩薩（ほんげしだいぼさつ）などが加わる。
• Although only the elements described above are placed in Buddhist alters of lay believers, Jogyo Bosatsu (Superior Practice Bodhisattva), Muhengyo Bosatsu (Limitless Practice Bodhisattva), Jogyo Bosatsu (Pure Practice Bodhisattva), and Anryugyo Bosatsu, which are Hongeshidaibosatsu (four Bosatsu (Bodhisattva) enlightened by True Buddha) of Hokke sect are additionally placed on shumidan (An altar made of fine timber, generally with panelling, hame) in Hokke sect temples.

• そもそも仏壇とは本尊を祀ったものであり、本尊を入れる前のものは家具と同じであり、本尊を安置し、仏具によって荘厳して初めて仏壇としての機能を果たすことになる（ただし、それは小型寺院としての起源から見たものであり、供養壇という観点から見れは、位牌や写真を入れて故人を祀っているものも仏壇に含まれる）。
• Right from the start, butsudan has been dedicated to honzon, and, therefore, it is no more than furniture if honzon is not enshrined in it yet, nor does it function as butsudan until honzon is installed with the solemn decoration of butsugu, (although this idea is based on the view that butsudan originates from a miniature temple, and, from the point of view that butsudan's origin is kuyodan, any altar with ihai and pictures of ancestors installed is included in the category of butsudan).

• さらに、恒富・愛宕地域には、西光寺、和合寺、知法寺、光福寺、利生寺、田中惣泉寺（『延陵世鑑』にある「田中薬師」寺跡か）など、現存しない寺院名に由来する小字名がわずか1キロメートル四方の範囲に近接して点在しており、城跡と合わせて古代以降から藩政期以前の延岡地域の勢力動向を考察する上での重要な手がかりとなろう。
• Moreover, in the Tsunetomi and Atago area, many regional names derived from temples which no longer exist, including Seikoji, Wagoji, Wahoji, Kofukuji, Riseiji and Tanaka Sosenji (田中惣泉寺) (possibly the site of 'Tanaka Yakushi' in 'Enryo Seikan') dot an area within a mere one kilometer square and this combined with the castle remains provide important clues along with the trends in influence in the Nobeoka district from ancient times until the period of clan government.

• 本尊の安置形式は、通常は本尊のみを安置する形式であるが、一部の寺院では、大石寺の御影堂 (大石寺)のように本尊の前に日蓮の像を安置する「御影堂式」、または、大石寺の客殿のように中央に本尊を安置し、本尊に向かって左側に日蓮の像、本尊に向かって右側に日興の像を安置する「別体三宝式」の安置形式をとっているところもある。
• The enshrinement of a Honzon is normally in the form of only the Honzon itself, but some temples employ 'Goei-do style,' where a statue of Nichiren is enshrined in front of the Honzon as it is at the Goei-do (Taiseki-ji Temple) or the 'Separate Three Treasures style,' where the Honzon is in the center and on the left when facing the Honzon is a statue of Nichiren and on the right is a statue of Nikko as it is at the Kyakuden of Taiseki-ji Temple.

• 室町幕府の御用絵師となった狩野正信を始祖とし、その子孫は、室町幕府崩壊後は織田信長、豊臣秀吉、徳川将軍などに絵師として仕え、その時々の権力者と結び付いて常に画壇の中心を占め、内裏、城郭、大寺院などの障壁画から扇面などの小画面に至るまで、あらゆるジャンルの絵画を手掛ける職業画家集団として、日本美術界に多大な影響を及ぼした。
• Masanobu KANO, the official painter of the Muromachi shogunate, was the earliest ancestor; his descendants worked for Nobunaga ODA, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and the Tokugawa Shogun as painters after the collapse of the Muromachi shogunate, consistently dominating the art world associated with the powers-that-be, thus greatly influencing Japanese art circles as a professional painter group working on works ranging from screen paintings in the Imperial Palace, castles or large temples to small paintings such as those created on fans.

• アルゼンチンではマザー・テレサへの日蓮正宗のみが正しい宗教で他の宗教は邪教とする基準での評価が誹謗中傷と判断されたことと、政府の許可を得ずに布教所の開所式を行ったことによって、現地の法人格を抹消されて僧侶も国外退去処分を受けたと創価学会機関紙「創価新報」では報じられているが、現在は布教所は儀式を奉修して、寺院活動は継続されている。
• It was reported in an official organ of Soka Gakkai, 'Soka Shinpo' that in Argentina, Mother Teresa was told that Nichiren Shoshu Sect was the only appropriate religion and others are not, and this was considered as criticizing other religions, or after they conducted an opening ceremony for a propagation office without gaining approval from the government, and the group lost the license to be a corporate body and the monks were forced to leave the country; currently, the propagation office held the opening ceremony and the activities of the temples are continuing.

• 各地の戦国大名に対抗して教団の統率力を高めた事は評価されるものの、後に驕りから顕証寺と布教地域が重複していた教団内の有力寺院である堅田本福寺_(大津市)に3度（1518年・1527年・1532年）も無実の罪を着せて破門するなどの専横を見せるようになった（破門は本来法主にしか許されていなかったが、蓮淳は証如の後見人としての職務代行を利用して破門を行った）。
• While his efforts in enhancing the religious community's leadership against Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) in various places were appreciated, Renjun later turned tyrannical out of arrogance, falsely charging and excommunicating three times (in 1518, 1527 and 1532) Katada Honpuku-ji Temple (Otsu City), which was an influential temple within the religious community and had fields of propagation overlapping those of Kensho-ji Temple (originally only the head of the sect was allowed to pronounce excommunication, but Renjun took advantage of the vicarious execution of duties as the guardian of Shonyo and thus pronounced excommunication).

• そこで道家は嫡孫にあたる教実の子・九条忠家に対して処分状（遺言状みたいなもの）を渡し、当時の公家にとってもっとも重要な遺産であった日記などの文書類は一条家の相伝とするが、東福寺などの一族寺院の管理権を司る家長者は、まず最初は3男である一条実経が継ぎ、その次には長男の子九条忠家が継承して、以後は2人の子孫のうちでもっとも官職の高い人物（一門上首）が継ぐように指示を出した。
• Michiie gave Tadaie KUJO, Norizane's son and Michiie's grandchild, to be the legitimate heir, a shobunjo (a kind of will) to give instructions that documents such as diaries (which were the most important heritage for a court noble at the time) should be inherited by the Ichijo Family, but that the head of a family who controls the family temples such as Tofuku-ji Temple should first be inherited by Sanetsune ICHIJO, the third son of Michiie, then by Tadaie KUJO, a child of the eldest son of Michiie, and later by either descendant of the Kujo Family or the Ichijo Family who took the highest-ranking official position (head of a clan).

• したがって、信長が日蓮法華宗を不当に弾圧したという歴史学上の見解には疑義が提出されているが、一方では、信長の陰謀というより、かねてから法華宗をどう諌めようか想定していた所へ、折も折、法論を契機として、それを口実にして乗っかっただけ、という指摘や、その後浄土真宗の一向一揆に対して行ったような大規模な弾圧が行われていないことより、経済的に豊かであった日蓮法華宗寺院及び信者から矢銭を調達するための策略であったとする指摘もされている。
• Therefore, a doubt has been cast on the historical opinion that Nobunaga wrongfully oppressed the Nichiren Hokkeshu sect, but on the other hand, there are other opinions, including one that Nobunaga had thought he should have somehow remonstrate the the Hokkeshu sect and he found a timely opportunity in the debate and he decided to merely take advantage of that instead of laying a plot; and that as the Nichiren Hokkeshu sect and its followers were rich, Nobunaga plotted to raise his war funds from the sect and followers, which was why he did not seriously oppress the sect unlike his actions on the Ikko-ikki uprisings of the Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) that occurred later.