家: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- あばら家
- dilapidated house
- tumbledown house
- hovel
- miserable shack
- my house
- my home
- small resting place comprising four pillars and a roof (with no walls)
- hole
- 一家創立
- Creation of a family
- 藤原四家
- Fujiwara Shike (Four families of the Fujiwara clan)
- 藤原京家
- Fujiwara Kyoke (the Capital House of the Fujiwara clan)
- 藤原式家
- Fujiwara Shikike (the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan)
- 太政官厨家
- The kitchen of the Great Council of State
- Daijokan chuke
- 武家の本貫
- Hongan of samurai families
- 身分と家柄
- Social status and family lineage
- 廃絶家再興
- Restoration of an abolished Ie.
- 近代国家へ
- To the modern state
- 出自・家系
- Place of origin and lineage
- 家紋は蔦。
- Their family crest is ivy.
- 平家が有名。
- Heike (Taira clan) was well-known.
- 公家の大姓。
- Major clan for kuge (court noble).
- 家康討死伝承
- Legend That Ieyasu Died on the Battlefield
- - 徳川家光
- - Iemitsu TOKUGAWA
- 幕藩制国家論
- Bakuhansei Kokka ron (a theory on the nation of feudal shogunate system)
- - 徳川家綱
- - Ietsuna TOKUGAWA
- 式家創立者。
- He was the founder of Fujiwara Shikike.
- 「家」の概念
- The concept of 'Ie (household)'.
- 武家諸法度改定
- Buke shohatto (Laws for the Military Houses)
- 閑院宮家の創設
- The foundation of the Kaninnomiya family
- 世家(せいか)
- Seika (biographies of the lords and eminent people)
- 井伊家のその後
- The Ii Family afterwards
- 家康の天下普請
- Ieyasu's Tenkabushin
- 家の設立・消滅
- The foundation and abolition of a Ie
- 家制ノ郷ナリ。
- It is a home of a family system.
- 藤原四家を参照。
- Refer to Four Fujiwara Families.
- 豊臣軍(豊臣家)
- Toyotomi Army (Toyotomi Family)
- 長瀬隆(評論家)
- Takashi NAGASE (Critic)
- 山崎(やまさき)家
- Yamazaki family
- 家紋は「輪違い」。
- The pattern of the kamon (family crest) is 'Wachigai' (a pattern with two or more rings hanging together)
- 趙世家・魏世家など。
- Cho seika (biography of lords in Zhao), Gi seika (biography of lords in Wei) and so on.
- 家籍から排除する権利
- Right to remove family member from household register
- 家紋は獅子牡丹など。
- The family crest was, for example, the figures of a lion and peony.
- 江戸時代以前のお家騒動
- Oie-sodo cases before Edo Period
- 藤原忠房 - 舞楽家。
- FUJIWARA no Tadafusa: A bugaku (Japanese court dance and music) performer.
- 福富節男(反戦運動家)
- Setsuo FUKUTOMI (Anti-war activist)
- そのおかげで家は富む。
- Because of her, their home became rich.
- - 徳川家康の命で起草。
- - Drafted by the order of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 家族の入籍を拒否する権利
- Right to refuse someone's registration on household register
- 永光院 - 家光の側室。
- Eikoin - Concubine of Iemitsu
- 家慶時代に勢力をはった。
- She had power during the Ieyoshi regime.
- 一家創立は次の場合に生じる
- Creation of a family occurs in following cases.
- 蘇我本宗家の滅亡と大化の改新
- Fall of the head family of the Soga clan and the Taika Reforms
- 家督相続は次の場合に行われる
- The position of a family head will be succeeded in the following cases.
- 戸主の地位の承継(家督相続)
- Succession to the position of family head
- 『平家物語』の名場面である。
- This is one of the great scenes in the writings of 'Heike Monogatari.'
- 春日局 - 徳川家光の乳母。
- Kasuga no tsubone - a wet nurse of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA
- 鷹司孝子 - 家光の御台所。
- Takako TAKATSUKASA- Midaidokoro of Iemitsu
- 専行院 - 徳川家斉の側室。
- Senkoin - Concubine of Ienari TOKUGAWA.
- 実成院 - 徳川家茂の生母。
- Jitsujoin - Real mother of Iemochi TOKUGAWA.
- 天璋院 - 徳川家定の正室。
- Tenshoin - Lawful wife of Iesada TOKUGAWA.
- 井伊家に対し10万石削減の追罰
- As additional punishment fro the Ii family, a reduction of 100,000 koku (a unit of volume: 1 koku equals 180.39 liters of rice, or 0.278 cubic meters of lumber.)
- 綱淵謙錠(小説家・直木賞受賞)
- Kenjo TSUNABACHI (Novelist, Naoki Prize)
- その後出家して法然に仕えている。
- Afterward, Naozane would become a priest, serving Honen (Buddhist priest).
- 武家諸法度「寛永令」のおもな内容
- The main contents of Buke Shohatto 'Kanei rei.'
- 寒川光太郎(小説家・芥川賞受賞)
- Kotaro SAMUKAWA (Novelist, Akutagawa Prize)
- 家は、戸主と家族から構成される。
- Members of a Ie are classified as a family head and other family members.
- 近衛熙子 - 徳川家宣の御台所。
- Hiroko KONOE - Midaidokoro of Ienobu TOKUGAWA
- 「世々家録を受ける者」の意という。
- Seika is said to have meant 'the ones who receive hereditary stipends for generations.'
- 家族の居所指定権(旧民法749条)
- Right to determine residence of family member (the Old Civil Codes, Article 749)
- 『平家物語』も同程度の兵力である。
- According to 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike), the military power was nearly the same as 'Azuma Kagami.'
- 公家・門跡・諸出世ノ衆ハ制外ノ事。
- The rule omits kuge (court nobles), monzeki (successors of a temple) and those of high rank.
- 渋井一夫(画家・二科展奨励賞受賞)
- Kazuo SHIBUI (Artist, Nika Art Exhibition Incentive Award)
- 一つの家は一つの戸籍に登録される。
- A household (Ie) is registered in a koseki (the household registers).
- 家紋は切竹矢筈十字、獅子牡丹など。
- Their family crest has several designs such as 'kiritake yahazu juji (cross of bamboo and nock), Shishi-Botan (lion and peony).
- 家格順に藤原氏、源氏、平氏、橘氏等。
- The high ranking nobles in the family status were Fujiwara, Minamoto, Taira, Tachibana clans and others in that order.
- - 武士や公家用が宿泊・休憩をした。
- Samurai and court nobles stayed and rested.
- この共同体で最上のものは国家である。
- The top of these communities is a state.
- 藤原四家の中では最もふるわなかった。
- Kyoke was the least prosperous among the Fujiwara four families.
- 小田野直武は秋田藩角館の武士、画家。
- Naotake ODANO, a painter, was a samurai (a warrior) of Kakunodate, Akita Domain.
- 4代徳川家綱正室の顕子女王(従三位)
- Queen Akiko, the fourth Shogun, Ietsuna TOKUGAWA's lawful wife (Jusani [Junior Third Rank]).
- 6代徳川家宣正室の近衛熈子(従一位)
- Hiroko KONOE, the sixth Shogun Ienobu TOKUGAWA's lawful wife (Juichii [Junior First Rank]).
- 11代徳川家斉正室の広大院(従一位)
- Kodaiin, the 11th Shogun Ienari TOKUGAWA's lawful wife (Juichii [Junior First Rank]).
- 13代徳川家定正室の天璋院(従三位)
- Tenshoin, the 13th Shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA's lawful wife (Jusani [Junior Third Rank]).
- 人気作家の川口松太郎が専務に招かれる。
- Popular novelist Matsutaro KAWAGUCHI was invited to take office as senior managing director.
- 智伯虎を先祖とする鄭氏の本家格である。
- It is the head family of the Jeong clan having Pae ho JI as its ancestor.
- 臣(しん)は、君主につかえる家来の事。
- Shin (臣) refers to a retainer who served his lord.
- 5月5日 (旧暦)、家康は京を発した。
- On May 5(the old calendar) Ieyasu left Kyoto.
- 予め家康は織田家に援軍を要請していた。
- Ieyasu had asked the Oda family to deliver the reinforcements in advance.
- 近代国家として大日本帝国を成立させた。
- The Empire of Japan was established as a modern state.
- 10代徳川家治正室の倫子女王(従三位)
- Queen Rinshi, the 10th Shogun Ieharu TOKUGAWA's lawful wife (Jusani [Junior Third Rank]).
- 12代徳川家慶正室の喬子女王(従三位)
- Queen Takako, the 12th Shogun Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA's lawful wife (Jusani [Junior Third Rank]).
- 和宮親子内親王 - 徳川家茂の御台所。
- Imperial Princess Kazunomiya Chikako - Midaidokoro of Iemochi TOKUGAWA.
- 山崎家治(いえはる)〔従五位下・甲斐守〕
- Ieharu YAMAZAKI (Jugoinoge, Kai no kami [the governor of Kai Province])
- 山崎家盛(いえもり)〔従五位下・左馬允〕
- Iemori YAMAZAKI (Jugoinoge [Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade]), samanojo [third officer of the Horse Office of the Left])
- 武田家と本願寺を残すばかりとなっていた。
- What was left in the network were only the Takeda family and Hongan-ji Temple.
- 廃絶家再興の主な要件は次のとおりである。
- Followings are requirements regarding restoration of abolished Ie.
- 「またもの」、「また家来」とも呼ばれた。
- It was also called 'Matamono' or 'Matakerai' (indirect retainer).
- 甲斐源氏は源義家の弟源義光の系統である。
- The Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) was in the lineage of MINAMOTO noYoshimitsu who was the younger brother of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie.
- 桂昌院 - 家光の側室、徳川綱吉の生母。
- Keishoin - Concubine of Iemitsu, real mother of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA
- 宝樹院 - 家光の側室、徳川家綱の生母。
- Hojuin - Concubine of Iemitsu, real mother of Ietsuna TOKUGAWA
- 広大院 - 11代将軍徳川家斉の御台所。
- Kodaiin - Midaidokoro of the 11th Shogun Ienari TOKUGAWA.
- 大崎 (大奥御年寄) - 家斉付御年寄。
- Osaki (O-oku Otoshiyori) - Otoshiyori to Ienari.
- その後田中吉政、長束正家と城代が入った。
- Subsequently, the keepers of the castle were Yoshimasa TANAKA and then Masaie NAGATSUKA.
- 律令の基本思想は、儒家と法家の思想である。
- The essential concepts of Luli were derived from the ideas of Confucianism and Legalism.
- 同日、家康は諸大名に大坂城攻撃を宣言した。
- On the same day, Ieyasu proclaimed attack on Osaka-jo Castle among all daimyo.
- 国家に役立つ人材を輩出するために行われた。
- It was done in order to produce people useful to the nation.
- 「姉川の合戦」は徳川家における呼称である。
- The name 'the Battle of Anegawa' was exclusively used by the Tokugawa family.
- このとき、元々属していた家を本家と呼んだ。
- In this case, the Ie, which the member belonged to was called as a head family.
- 大名および旗本の分家の際に多く認められる。
- This could be often seen when daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) established branch families.
- 宇合が式部卿を兼ねたことから式家と称した。
- The name of Shikike originated from the fact that Umakai was appointed as Shikibukyo (Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial).
- - 国家行政組織法の施行により廃止される。
- With the enforcement of the National Government Organization Act, Karafuto-Cho was abolished.
- 杉本氏(すぎもとし)は日本の武家のひとつ。
- The Sugimoto clan is one of the samurai families in Japan.
- 光頼の後の大国家は米沢藩士として存続した。
- The Okuni family continued as a feudal retainer of the Yonezawa clan after Mitsuyori.
- 天皇家に生まれた神たる人の意味を表すという。
- These names are said to signify a person like a god who was born in the Imperial Family.
- さらに上杉家や北条家との外交の失敗もあった。
- It also failed in the diplomatic negotiations with the families of Uesugi and Hojo.
- 鎌倉幕府の基本法で、日本最初の武家法である。
- It was the fundamental law of Kamakura bakufu and the first bukeho in Japan.
- (2-a)御家人所領の売買及び質入れの禁止。
- Article 2-a specified the prohibition of trading and pawnage of shoryo (territory) of Gokenin (shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu).
- 絵島 - 徳川家継時代に勢力をはった御年寄。
- Ejima - Otoshiyori who had power during the Ietsugu TOKUGAWA regime.
- 摂関家に代わって権勢を振るうことが多かった。
- They often took reins of power instead of the Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents).
- 女娘は問答の中「天上仙家之人也」と己を語る。
- During their conversation, she talked about herself, saying, 'I am from a heavenly, immortal place.'
- そして、日本の農家や民家のもととなっていった。
- Eventually, it became the base model for homes for farmers and other private homes in Japan.
- 同日、家康・秀忠は諸将の砲撃を停止させている。
- On the same day Ieyasu/Hidetada ordered warlords to stop firing.
- まず、豊臣家宿老の大野治長を中心とする籠城派。
- One was a group of people centering on Harunaga ONO, a shukuro (chief vassal of a samurai family) insisting rojo (staying in a castle to fight enemies).
- 諸家中においては、その国内で基準を定めること。
- The rules for each clan must be decided by the Domain.
- 太田竜(政治運動家・「週刊日本新聞」編輯主幹)
- Ryu OTA (Pollitical activist, editor-in-chief of 'Shukan Nihon Shinbun')
- 姉小路 - 12代将軍徳川家慶付き上臈御年寄。
- Anekoji - Joro Otoshiyori to the 12th Shogun Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA.
- 武田氏滅亡後は武田遺臣として徳川家康に仕える。
- After the fall of the Takeda clan, the members of the clan served under Ieyasu TOKUGAWA as the surviving retainers of the Takeda clan.
- 9日より家康は大坂城に対する攻城を本格化させる。
- From 9th on, Ieyasu made a full-scale attack on Osaka Castle.
- 抗争の原因として最も多いのは家臣間の対立である。
- The most frequent cause of conflict is clash between retainers of the feudal lord.
- 将軍家茂薨去の報を受けた小笠原も戦線を離脱した。
- On receipt of the notice of the shogun Iemochi's disease, the commander Ogasawara also left the front line.
- 家族の私生児・庶子の入籍の拒否(旧民法735条)
- Right to refuse registration on household register of family member's illegitimate child (the Old Civil Codes, Article 735)
- 居所の指定に従わない家族の離籍(旧民法749条)
- Right to remove family member who dissent from determination of residence from household register (the Old Civil Codes, Article 749)
- 藤原麻呂が左京大夫を兼ねたことがこの家名の由来。
- The name of Kyoke originated from the fact that Maro was appointed as Sakyo no daibu (Master of the Eastern Capital Offices).
- 李恢成(小説家・群像新人文学賞受賞・芥川賞受賞)
- Kaisei RI (Novelist, Gunzo Prize for New Writers, Akutagawa Prize)
- 家庭内においても標準語を使用することが奨励された。
- Standard language was recommended to be used also at home.
- 当時の武田家は100万石を若干超える程度であった。
- The Takeda family then had a little over one million koku.
- また彼らの家臣は大名・旗本にとっての陪臣であった。
- And, their vassals were baishin for daimyo and hatamoto.
- エンゲルベルト・ケンペルは、ドイツ人医師・旅行家。
- Engelbert KAEMPFER was a German doctor and traveler.
- 家系は河野氏の一族である橘遠保の流れを汲むという。
- It is said that their family lineage followed the line of TACHIBANA no Toyasu, the family of the Kono clan.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には甲斐守護武田氏の家臣となる。
- During the Sengoku (Warring States) period of Japan, they became retainers of the Takeda clan, who held the post of military governor in the Kai area.
- 閑院宮家の設立は皇継断絶を救う結果となったのである。
- The foundation of the Kaninnomiya family saved the Imperial family form extinction.
- 世家と似ているが、こちらは勝手に蜂起した群雄の歴史。
- Similar to 'Seika,' but Saiki is about the histories of forces that rose by themselves.
- こうして長年にわたり強盛を誇った蘇我本宗家は滅びた。
- This was how the tyranny exercised by the head family of the Soga clan over the years was ended.
- 平安時代の文章家、大江匡房が『遊女記』を記している。
- OE no Masafusa, a writer who lived in the Heian period, wrote 'Yujo ki' (a document about prostitutes).
- 東大寺盧舎那仏像は、鎮護国家の象徴として建立された。
- The statue of Birushana Buddha at Todai-ji Temple was constructed as a symbol of national pacification (chingo kokka).
- その他では家督相続や養子縁組が事由の抗争も発生した。
- Others involved inheritance of the family name and adoption.
- 貞昌を祖とする奥平松平家は明治まで栄えることとなる。
- The Okudaira-Matsudaira family whose progenitor was Sadamasa was to flourish up to the Meiji period.
- 生き残った家庭でも一家心中や子殺しが続いた」という。
- 'Even among the families remaining, family joint suicides and killing of children are constantly happening.'
- 廃家・絶家した家を、縁故者が戸主となり再興すること。
- This means someone who has a relationship with an abolished Ie or/and an ended Ie(廃家・絶家) will be a head of the family to revive the Ie.
- 家族の婚姻・養子縁組に対する同意権(旧民法750条)
- Consent right regarding marriage of family members and adoption (the Old Civil Codes, Article 750)
- 11月4日、持氏は称名寺 (横浜市)に入り出家する。
- On November 21, Mochiuji entered Shomyo-ji Temple (Yokohama City) and became a priest.
- 直実は武家の無情を悟り、後に出家して高野山に登った。
- Naozane realized the cruelty in the conduct of a samurai family, and later, would climb Koya-san Mountain in order to become a priest.
- そして、『平家物語』では庄高家に捕らえられたとある。
- And according to 'Heike Monogatari,' Takaie SHO captured TAIRA no Shigehira.
- 藤原京家 - 藤原麻呂(まろ)695年 - 737年
- Fujiwara Kyoke (the Western House of the Fujiwara clan): Founded by FUJIWARA no Maro (695 - 737).
- - 河川整備(蘭) 版画家マウリッツ・エッシャーの父
- - Active in river maintenance; the father of the print-maker Maurits Cornelis ESCHER
- また、関東御成敗式目、関東武家式目などの異称もある。
- It is also called Kanto Goseibai-shikimoku, Kanto Buke-shikimoku and so on.
- 崇源院 - 2代将軍徳川秀忠の御台所、徳川家光の母。
- Sugenin - Midaidokoro of the second Shogun Hidetada TOKUGAWA and mother of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA
- 月光院 - 徳川家宣の側室、7代将軍徳川家継の生母。
- Gekkoin - Concubine of Ienobu TOKUGAWA, real mother of the seventh Shogun Ietsugu TOKUGAWA.
- 出雲三沢氏が宗家であり、その他の流れは傍流にあたる。
- Izumo Misawa clan was the head family, while other clans were all branch families.
- 家康の長女・亀姫 (盛徳院)を貰い受け正室としている。
- He was given in marriage Ieyasu's eldest daughter Kamehime (Seitokuin), who became his lawful wife.
- 来るべき、立憲君主制に備えた国家機構の確立を目指した。
- Its aim was to establish the national mechanism which prepared for forthcoming constitutional monarchy.
- 藤原式家の広嗣の弟たちも多くが縁坐して流罪に処された。
- Most brothers of Hirotsugu of the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan were charged as an accomplice because of their kinship with the offender and exiled.
- 後世においては越後国の直江氏が京家の末裔を称している。
- In the later period, Naoe clan of the Echigo Province calls themselves as the descendants of Kyoke.
- 玉沢 -10代将軍徳川家治の時代に勢力をはった御年寄。
- Tamasawa (玉沢) - Otoshiyori who had power during the regime of the 10th Shogun, Ieharu TOKUGAWA.
- 本寿院 - 徳川家慶の側室、13代将軍徳川家定の生母。
- Honjuin - Concubine of Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA, real mother of the 13th Shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA.
- 細川高国は讒訴を信じ、度々自身の家臣を自害させていた。
- Believing false charges, Takakuni HOSOKAWA often forced his own vassals to commit suicide.
- 藤原麻呂(まろ)695年 - 737年 (藤原京家開祖)
- FUJIWARA no Maro, 695 - 737 (the founder the Western House of the Fujiwara clan)
- 井伊は無勅許の条約調印と、家茂の将軍継嗣指名を断行した。
- Ii signed the Treaty without Imperial sanction and appointed Iemochi as the heir to the Shogunate.
- 同日、家康は今度は西国の大名50名から誓詞をとっている。
- On the same day Ieyasu made fifty daimyo in Saigoku (western Japan) submit written vows.
- 信長軍3万と家康軍8000は、長篠城手前の設楽原に着陣。
- Nobunaga's army of 3,000 soldiers and Ieyasu's army with 8,000 soldiers arrived at Shitaragahara in front of Nagashino-jo Castle.
- 14代将軍徳川家茂は大坂城へ入り再び長州征討を決定する。
- Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the fourteenth Shogun, moved to the Osaka-jo Castle and decided to restart the operation to conquer the Choshu Domain.
- 明治17年(1884年)井伊家は伯爵となり華族に列した。
- In 1884, the Ii Family became hakushaku (a count), and was raised to the peerage.
- 伊賀光宗は鎌倉御家人の中でも実力のあった三浦義村と結ぶ。
- Mitsumune IGA approached Yoshimura MIURA, a powerful Gokenin, the shogunal retainer of the Kamakura bakufu.
- これは、逆落しを『平家物語』を肯定する記述になっている。
- This depiction confirmed 'sakaotoshi' along with 'Heike Monogatari.'
- 藤原北家 - 藤原房前(ふささき)681年 - 737年
- Fujiwara Hokke (the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan): Founded by FUJIWARA no Fusasaki (681-737).
- 但し、摂津渡辺党の一つである遠藤氏は式家の後裔を称した。
- However, Endo family, one of the lines of Settsu Watanabe-to Party, represented themselves as descendant of Fujiwara Shikike.
- 公家・僧侶・その他身分の高い者は、その定めの例外とする。
- The rule omits kuge (court nobles), monzeki (successors of a temple) and those of high rank.
- 家系は清和天皇の血をひく清和源氏のひとつ河内源氏の流れ。
- Their family lineage is the line of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), one of the Seiwa-Genji, the clan of royal blood of Emperor Seiwa.
- 勧修寺家の傍流 越後国守護 上杉氏の庶家に杉本氏がある。
- The Sugimoto clan is represented in a branch family of the Uesugi clan, Echigo no Shugo (the provincial constable of Echigo Province), a branch of the Kajuji family.
- これは徳川家により特許された御用達町人による組織であった。
- That was an organization of commoners who were granted license from the Tokugawa family.
- 銀座といえば主に徳川家康が開いた江戸幕府の銀座が知られた。
- The most famous was the Edo shogunate ginza that was opened by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 10月11日 (旧暦)、家康は軍勢を率いて駿府を出発した。
- Ieyasu led troops and left Sunpu on October 11 (the old calendar).
- 家康は25日に藤堂高虎・片桐且元を呼び、先鋒を命じている。
- On 25th (the old calendar) Ieyasu called Takatora TODO/Katsumoto KATAGIRI and ordered them to lead the van.
- 一方で6月27日 (旧暦)には、信長へも徳川家康軍が参着。
- On the other hand, the troops of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA arrived at Nobunaga's on August 8.
- 家族が離籍されたとき(旧民法742条・749条・750条)
- In case that a family member is removed from household register (the Old Civil Codes, Article 742, 749 and 750).
- 同様に陪臣が他家の主君に直接面会をすることも出来なかった。
- Baishin could not directly meet with lords of other clans, either.
- 開幕前の大番は松平氏や家康の縁類が番頭に就く事が多かった。
- Before the Edo period began, the Matsudaira clan and the relatives of Ieyasu were often hired as the captain of oban.
- 具体的な領地を指定して分与する(松江藩松平氏の分家など)。
- A specifically appointed territory distributed (e.g. a branch family of the Matsudaira clan of Matsue Domain).
- 藤原式家 - 藤原宇合(うまかい)694年? - 737年
- Fujiwara Shikike: Founded by FUJIWARA no Umakai (ca. 694 - 737).
- 諸家中ニ至リテハ、ソノ国ニ於テソノ人ヲ撰ビコレヲ載スベシ。
- The rules for each clan must be decided by the Domain.
- 奥女中には通常旗本や御家人などの武家出の女性が雇用された。
- Generally, females from samurai families like hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu) and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods)were employed in O-oku.
- 瀧山 - 徳川家定時代から14代将軍徳川家茂時代の御年寄。
- Takiyama - Otoshiyori between Iesada TOKUGAWA and the 14th Shogun Ieshige TOKUGAWA.
- この落城の後、備中高松城には宇喜多氏の家老・花房氏が入城。
- After its fall, Butchu Takamatsu-jo Castle became home to the Hanabusa clan, a karo of the Ukita clan.
- 以後幕末に至るまで井伊家の軍装は赤備えをもって基本とされた。
- From that time to the end of Bakufu, the military dress of the Ii Family was basically Akazonae.
- それぞれ継人・家持の子である大伴国道・大伴永主は流罪となる。
- In addition, OTOMO no Kunimichi (the son of Tsuguto) and OTOMO no Naganushi (the son of Yakamochi) were exiled.
- 藤原房前(ふささき)681年 - 737年 (藤原北家開祖)
- FUJIWARA no Fusasaki, 681 - 737 (the founder of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan)
- その過程で台湾語・客家語・原住民語の使用は抑圧・禁止された。
- In the process, the use of Taiwanese, Hakka and aboriginal languages was discouraged or prohibited.
- 家康は五山の僧(金地院崇伝ら)や林羅山に鐘銘文を解読させた。
- Ieyasu had priest in the Gozan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government) (Konchiin Suden and others) and Razan HAYASH decipher the inscription on the bell.
- (また、これとは別に徳川家の鉄砲も考慮に入れる必要がある。)
- (It is also necessary to take into account the teppo used by the Tokugawa family).
- 後者の例としては将軍家への進物の受け取り確認等があげられる。
- As the example of the latter, there is the Hosho which was used for the confirmation of receiving the gifts to the shogun family.
- 『平家物語』では義経らが駆け下った場所を鵯越とし描いてある。
- In 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike), the author of the book has illustrated Yoshitsune running down the hillside at Hiyodorigoe.
- 『吾妻鏡』では児玉党の武将である庄家長に捕らえられたとある。
- According to 'Azuma Kagami,' Ienaga SHO, who was a busho (Japanese military commander) of the Kodama Party, captured TAIRA no Shigehira.
- 藤原南家 - 藤原武智麻呂(むちまろ)680年 - 737年
- Fujiwara Nanke (the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan): Founded by FUJIWARA no Muchimaro (680-737).
- その後、細川氏を退去して、3,000石で紀州徳川家に仕えた。
- Afterwards, he left the Hosokawa clan and served the Kishu Tokugawa family for 3000 koku.
- また本阿弥光悦や俵屋宗達などの芸術家も独自の印を用いている。
- Also, artists like Koetsu HONAMI and Sotatsu TAWARAYA used their own seals.
- 有田郡は紀伊守護の家格を持つ畠山政尚・貞政父子の本拠である。
- The Arida County was the base of Masanao HATAKEYAMA and his son Sadamasa whose family had had the status of Shugo of Kii Province.
- 要するに「国家か法か」という回答困難な問題が発生したのである。
- In other words, a difficult problem, 'which Japan should choose, the state or the law?' arose.
- このことは、明治になってから思わぬ憶測を井伊家周辺に及ぼした。
- There is some uncertainty about the circumstances of the Ii Family during the Meiji period.
- また、年齢別人口構成や家族形態などを具体的に知ることが出来る。
- This system provides concrete information on the age structure of populations and family forms.
- 藤原宇合(うまかい)694年? - 737年 (藤原式家開祖)
- FUJIWARA no Umakai, ca. 694 - 737 (the founder of the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan)
- 儒家の徳治主義に対して、法家は法律を万能とする法治主義である。
- The house of Confucian insisted on the ruling of a society with kindness and virtue for its foundation, while the house of law advocated a utilitarian concept, which sought for the establishment and practice of a law system within a society.
- 慶長6年(1601年)摂津国三田藩より山崎家盛が3万石で立藩。
- In 1601, with the help of the Sanda Domain in the Province of Settsu, Iemori YAMAZAKI founded a domain with 30,000 koku.
- 13日、家康は大名一人につき50本の熊手付き梯子を配っている。
- On 13th Ieyasu distributed 50 ladders equipped with rakes to each daimyo (the old calendar).
- この場合、真っ直に家へ帰ると天一神のいる方角を犯すことになる。
- In this case, if they came home directly, they would violate the tabooed direction, where Tenichi-jin God was located.
- 1634年(寛永11年):弘前藩お家騒動(津軽氏 - 弘前藩)
- 1634: Hirosaki Domain oie-sodo (Tsugaru clan; Hirosaki Domain)
- 1536年(天文 (日本)5年):花倉の乱(今川氏の家督争い)
- 1536: Hankura riot (struggle for family name inheritance in the Imagawa clan)
- 6月18日、義教から家督介入の圧力を受けた富樫教家が逐電した。
- On July 15th, Noriie TOGASHI ran away after being under pressure of intervention of family succession from Yoshinori.
- これにより、本家の表高を減少させずに分家を創設する事が出来る。
- That made it possible to establish a branch family without losing its omote-daka (face value of kokudaka assessed by the feudal government).
- 東播磨一帯は平家の地盤であり、兵・兵糧の徴発徴収を行っていた。
- The Taira clan established their stronghold in the Higashi-Harima region and initiated the commandeering and collection of their soldiers and army provisions from the region.
- 『平家物語』によれば、義経の郎党の武蔵坊弁慶が道案内を探した。
- According to 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike), Musashibo BENKEI, a retainer of Yoshitsune, looked for a guide.
- 中国大陸の高度な文明制度を取り入れて、本格的な国家が誕生した。
- The genuine nation launched adopting highly-civilized system from mainland China.
- しかし太田亮は摂津源氏は仮冒で古代能勢郡領家の後裔としている。
- However, Akira OTA stated they only assumed the name of Settsu Genji and had actually been the descendant of the lord of the manor in Nose District in ancient times.
- 井伊家には警告が届いていたが、直弼はあえて護衛を強化しなかった。
- The Ii family had received a prior warning about his safety, but Naosuke refused to strengthen his protection.
- 社家の金子家は「石見国造」と呼ばれ、この地の物部氏の長とされた。
- The Kaneko family, which was a shake (family of Shinto priests serving a shrine on a hereditary basis), was called Iwami no Kuninomiyatsuko and considered as the chief of the Mononobe clan in this region.
- 藤原武智麻呂(むちまろ)680年 - 737年 (藤原南家開祖)
- FUJIWARA no Muchimaro, 680 - 737 (the founder of the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan)
- 18日、家康は先着していた秀忠と茶臼山陣城にて軍議を行っている。
- On 18th (the old calendar), Ieyasu held war councils with Hidetada, who had arrived before, in the Mt. Chausu-yama camp.
- この戦いによって長年の悩みであった武田家を抑えることに成功した。
- The battle enabled Oda and Tokugawa to suppress the Takeda family who had been a constant source of worry.
- 本家の統率の観点から、分家するためには戸主の同意が必要とされた。
- From the viewpoint of leadership of a head family, agreement of a head of a head family is necessary to create a branch family.
- 廃家が戸主の意志を元に行うのに対し、絶家は不可抗力により生じる。
- An abolished family is a case that depends on determination of the head of a family but an extinct family is based on unavoidable occurrence.
- 廃絶家の再興は市町村長に届け出ることを要する(旧戸籍法164条)
- Restoration of an abolished family must be reported to a chief of local authority (the Old Civil Codes, Article 164).
- 江戸時代に発達した武士階級の家父長制的な家族制度を基にしている。
- This was based on paternalistic family system which was developed in Edo Period among samurai society.
- また、この法令を楯に所領を取り戻したのは御家人に止まらなかった。
- And, it was not only Gokenin who repossessed shoryo using this act as an excuse.
- 「天上仙家」や「蓬山」が出てくるなど中国渡来の神仙思想が伺える。
- With the words 'heavenly immortal place' or 'immortal land,' the idea of immortals, Shenxian, from China, is seen.
- が、その後も中世を通して存続し嫡宗家は代々「開田氏」とも称した。
- The clan nevertheless had survived through the Medieval Period, and the official family lineage to succeed the clan also called themselves 'the Kaida clan' for generations.
- 家形埴輪、器財埴輪、動物埴輪、人物埴輪に大きく分けることができる。
- They consist roughly of house-shaped Haniwa, Kizai Haniwa, animal-shaped Haniwa and Haniwa figure of men.
- 構造、規模などの異なる複数の家形埴輪を一面に、または列状に並べる。
- Various house-shaped Haniwa with different structure and size were displayed all over or in a line.
- 代表的な歌人:大伴旅人・大伴家持・山上憶良『貧窮問答歌』・山部赤人
- Main poets: OTOMO no Tabito, OTOMO no Yakamochi, YAMANOUE no Okura (famous for his poems 'Bingu-mondoka'), and YAMABE no Akahito
- また、藩主と家臣団の軋轢を要因としてお家騒動を起こした例もあった。
- There were also instances of a feud caused by friction between the feudal lord and a group of his retainers.
- 上杉氏の軍役帳、北条氏家臣の軍役をみても大体似たような割合である。
- A similar percentage is observed in the Uesugi clan's register of military services and the military services performed by a vassal of the Hojo clan.
- 当時の織田家が鉄砲をどのくらい集めることができたかを考えてみたい。
- Let us consider how many teppo the Oda family could collect at the time.
- 彼らは大名、旗本にとっては直参であり、徳川将軍家からは陪臣となる。
- They were jikisan (immediate retainer) for daimyo and hatamoto, and were baishin for the Tokugawa Shogun family.
- 一方、祐経は早くに源頼朝に従って御家人となり、頼朝の寵臣となった。
- Meanwhile, Suketsune followed MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and became his Gokenin (shogunal retainer of the Kamakura bakufu), quickly advancing to become Yoritomo's favorite retainer.
- また『吾妻鏡』の合戦の記述には『平家物語』の影響が指摘されている。
- Additionally, historical scholars points out the influnence of Heike Monogatari' on 'Azuma Kagami.'
- しかし、『平家物語』や『吾妻鏡』など文献によって多少異なっている。
- However, the story slightly differed in the historical documents of 'Heike Monogatari' and 'Azuma Kagami.'
- 蘇我倉山田石川麻呂が発願して倉山田家の氏寺として建立した寺である。
- SOGANOKURA-YAMADA no Ishikawamaro reared it as the Uji-dera Temple (temple built for praying clan's glory) of the Kurayamada family at his wish.
- 武家の女性は移動について庶民よりも厳しく女通行手形が必須であった。
- Control over movement of women in samurai families was stricter than that over the common people, and tsuko-tegata for women was indispensable.
- 順性院 - 家光の側室、甲府藩主徳川綱重(徳川家宣の実父)の生母。
- Junshoin - Concubine of Iemitsu, real mother of Tsunashige TOKUGAWA (real father of Ienobu TOKUGAWA), a lord of the Kofu Domain.
- 同年4月16日 (旧暦)、家康は将軍職を辞して将軍職を秀忠に譲る。
- Ieyasu resigned from the shogunate and gave it to Hidetada.
- 現在の高梨家の末裔として認知されている一族は尾張高梨家出身である。
- The authorized descendant of the Takanashi clan today is from the Owari Takanashi family.
- 石川氏(いしかわし)は、平安時代中期から戦国時代 (日本)の武家。
- Ishikawa clan was a samurai family from the mid-Heian period to the Warring States period (Japan).
- 家系は清和源氏の一流・大和源氏の一門、源頼親の子源頼遠を祖とする。
- The family was descended from MINAMOTO no Yorito, a son of MINAMOTO no Yorichika, as the progenitor of the clan, in a line of Yamato Genji, a branch of Seiwa-Genji.
- 第一款 朝鮮は自主の国であり、日本と平等の権利を有する国家と認める。
- Provision 1 - Korea is an independent country, so it is admitted that Korea is a nation that has equal rights with Japan.
- この開戦が決まると、家康はいつになく若やいだと本多正純は記している。
- Masazumi HONDA wrote that Ieyasu looked unusually younger when he decided to open this war.
- 1679年(延宝7年):越後騒動(高田騒動、越前松平家 - 高田藩)
- 1679: Echigo feud (Takada feud; Echizen Matsudaira clan; Takada Domain)
- 他に公家の正親町三条実雅(義教の正室三条尹子の兄)らも随行している。
- In addition to them, a court noble, Sanemasa OGIMACHISANJO (elder brother of Inshi SANJO, Yoshinori's lawful wife) also accompanied him.
- 徳川家は三河を完全に掌握し二俣城、高天神城を取り返すことに成功する。
- Holding total control of Mikawa, the Tokugawa family succeeded in getting back both Futamata-jo Castle and Takatenjin-jo Castle.
- 陪臣(ばいしん)とは、武家の主従関係において家臣の家臣を指した呼称。
- Baishin refers to a name indicating a vassal of vassal in the samurai's relationship between lord and vassal.
- そして、大名の本拠がある本国以外に領地を認められている有力武家の事。
- It also refers to an influential samurai family who was admitted to have a territory other than their main property in one's own province.
- 天下国家のため正しいと信じたことを、生命をかけて貫く人物像を指した。
- It describes a character who places his life on the line for what he believes is right for his country.
- 諸家中ニ至リ郎従・諸卒ノ綾羅錦繍ノ飾服ハ古法ニ非ズ、制禁セシムル事。
- It is forbidden for a lower-ranking samurai in kachu (family-related communities which existed in the late Muromachi and Azuchi-Momoyama periods) to wear clothes embroidered with ayara (twill weave, pattern of diagonal stripes) or nishiki (brocade) because there has been no precedent of this.
- 春日局の死後、家光より「春日同様」に奥向きを取締まるよう命じられる。
- After Kasuga no tsubone died, Iemitsu ordered her to administrate the inner part of the house 'as Katsuga no tsubone did'.
- 家系は桓武天皇の流れを汲む平氏の平良文を祖とする三浦氏の庶家である。
- Their family lineage is the branch family of the Miura clan, which descended from TAIRA no Yoshifumi of Heishi, the clan of royal blood of Emperor Kanmu.
- 莫大な金を産出し、宮殿や民家は黄金でできているなど、財宝に溢れている。
- It produced a large quantity of gold, so that palaces and private houses were made in gold, being abundant in treasure.
- 717年(霊亀3)四月、百姓の違法の出家を禁じ、行基の活動を禁圧する。
- In April 717, peasants were prohibited from unlawfully becoming a priests, and Gyoki's activities were suppressed.
- また、隆盛を誇った家系はそのつど分家し、新たな本貫に別れる場合がある。
- In addition, there are cases where a branch family is established and separate into a new hongan each time families prospered.
- 飛鳥寺や四天王寺は、発願者の意図と違って国家的な寺院(官寺)であった。
- Contrary to the intentions of devotees, Asuka-dera Temple and Shitenno-ji Temple became state-administered temples.
- しかしながら基本的には家畜と同じ扱いであり、市場などで取引されていた。
- However, Nuhi was basically treated in the same manner as livestock, and was traded at a market and so on.
- なおこの頃、織田有楽斎は豊臣家に見切りを付けて、大坂城を退去している。
- About that time Yurakusai ODA, abandoning the Toyotomi Family, left Osaka-jo Castle.
- 家康が名古屋城に入った4月10日 (旧暦)、秀忠は江戸を出発している。
- On April 10 (the old calendar) when Ieyasu entered Nagoya castle, Hidetada left Edo.
- 講和後、駿府に帰る道中に家康は埋め立ての進展について何度も尋ねている。
- After pacification Ieyasu frequently asked about the progress of the reclamation on his way back to Sunpu.
- お家騒動(おいえそうどう)とは江戸時代の大名における内紛のことである。
- Oie-sodo is a term denoting family squabble within feudal lord households in the Edo Period.
- 貞昌の家臣・鳥居強右衛門が密かに脱出し、岡崎城の家康に後詰を要請した。
- Suneemon TORII, a vassal of Sadamasa, secretly escaped from the castle, and asked Ieyasu in Okazaki-jo Castle to send reinforcements.
- そして明治維新後、徳島藩の禄制改革により徳島本藩の家臣は士族とされた。
- After the Meiji Restoration, under the Tokushima domain's Rokusei reformation (the reform in salary system), the vassals of the Tokushima Honpan came to be regarded as warrior class.
- 戸主の地位は、戸主の財産権とともに家督相続という制度により承継される。
- A head of a family position will be taken over with property right according to institute of succession to the position of a family head.
- 戸主は、家の統率者としての身分を持つ者であり戸籍上は筆頭に記載された。
- Head of a family is considered as a leader of a Ie and his/her name was put at head of a koseki.
- 義嗣の身柄は仁和寺から相国寺へ幽閉されて10月20日に出家させられた。
- Yoshitsugu was moved from Ninna-ji Temple and confined in Shokoku-ji Temple, and on October 20 (old calendar) was forced to enter the priesthood.
- 他、満元以下有力守護や公家たちが揃って謹慎・配流を命じられたのである。
- Also dominant shugo (military governors) including Mitsumoto and others, and court nobles, were all either put under house arrest or exiled.
- 内村鑑三や新渡戸稲造はキリスト教徒であり、教育者であり思想家であった。
- Kanzo UCHIMURA and Inazo NITOBE were Christians, educators and thinkers.
- 訳:元の主人から問題のあるとされた者を家来として召し抱えてはならない。
- Translation: Do not accept a retainer who was a hindrance to his ex-master.
- また中学に相当するものとして変則中学、家塾、中学私塾が定められている。
- The order also set up irregular middle schools, Kajuku (government-backed school operated by a scholar out of his home) and private middle schools as the equivalents of middle schools.
- 戸主は家の統率者であり、家族は家を構成する者のうち戸主でない者をいう。
- Therefore, a family head is a leader of Ie (household), and family members are those who consist of Ie and are not a family head.
- 1585年、家康と和解した秀吉が紀伊に攻め入ってくる(第二次紀州征伐)。
- In 1585 Hideyoshi, reconciled with Ieyasu, invaded the Kii region (The Second Conquest of Kishu).
- のちに、8代将軍徳川吉宗が6代将軍徳川家宣の定めた「正徳令」を破棄した。
- Later, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the eighth shogun, abolished the 'Shotoku rei' (Shotoku code) enacted by Ienobu TOKUGAWA, the sixth shogun.
- 『日本書紀』などにおいては、連姓の多くは天皇家以外の神の子孫としている。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), many clans who called themselves Muraji could be descendants of the gods other than those of the Imperial Family's.
- 軍団は数個郡に一つの割合で存在し、郡家の近くに駐屯して、訓練に従事した。
- Gundan existed as one for several counties, stationed near Gunke (public office), and engaged in training.
- むしろ徳川家の家臣において、敵将に対する騎士道的賞賛が盛んに行われた)。
- (There were no moral arguments on the destruction of the Toyotomi Family by the Tokugawa Family in the Edo period, rather, Tokugawa vassals frequently praised the chivalry of the enemy generals).
- 11月15日 (旧暦)、家康は二条城を出発し、奈良経由で大坂に向かった。
- Ieyasu left Nijo-jo Castle for Osaka by way of Nara on November 15 (the old calendar).
- 家茂の死を公にしたうえで、朝廷に働きかけ、休戦の御沙汰書を発してもらう。
- He officially announced the death of Iemochi, and asked the Imperial Court to issue an imperial words document to call cease-fire.
- この際も幕閣は他家主君であるので、「御用取次」を介して用件が伝えられた。
- At this time, the message was transmitted through 'goyotoritsugi' (an attendant to Shogun to announce a visitor and convey the message) because the cabinet officials of the Shogunate were also lords of other clans.
- だから上記の大石家も、浅野家の家臣だが、徳川将軍家から見れば陪臣になる。
- This is why the aforementioned Oishi family was a vassal of the Asano family, but was baishin for the Tokugawa Shogun family.
- 陸奥国白河藩白河新田藩 - 松平氏(越前松平家系と奥平氏系の2藩がある)
- Shirakawa Shinden domain of Shirakawa Domain, Mutsu Province - the Matsudaira clan (composed of two domains of the Echizen Matsudaira family and the Okudaira clan)
- 右筆(ゆうひつ)とは、中世・近世に置かれた武家の秘書役を行う文官のこと。
- Yuhitsu is a civil officer who worked as a secretary of samurai family in the medieval and modern times.
- 「悔返権」・「年紀法」の規定は武家独自の規定とされている(異説もある)。
- The regulations of 'Kuikaeshiken' (a right to take back title to property) and 'Nenkiho' (a legal principle for the statute of limitations on land in possession, which developed under bukeho) are considered as unique regulations to samurai family (there is also other theory).
- 平安時代中期の賀茂保憲が子の賀茂光栄に伝授して以後、賀茂氏の家学となる。
- In the mid-Heian period, rekido became the hereditary learning of the Kamo clan since the astrologer, KAMO no Yasunori, initiated his son, KAMO no Mitsuyoshi.
- 家名は断絶・闕所、本人が捕らえられれば場合によっては死刑にされたのである。
- Offenders had their family name declared extinct, their estates confiscated, and if they were caught, they faced the possibility of execution.
- 一般には、耕地・林野の面積には歩が、家屋・敷地の面積には坪が使われていた。
- In general, bu unit was used for measuring the area of arable land, forest and field, while tsubo was used for the area of building sites and houses.
- 朱子学は13世紀には朝鮮に伝わり朝鮮王朝の国家の統治理念として用いられる。
- Neo-Confucianism was introduced to Korea in the 13th century and used as the national governing principle of Korean Dynasties.
- また、諍いが原因で大名家を出奔した家臣がお家騒動の発端をつくった例もある。
- There were also cases of family feud triggered by a retainer who left the household of his lord after a conflict.
- 家族が残っている状態で絶家し、入るべき家が無くなったとき(旧民法764条)
- In the event that, because the family line has died out despite the fact that family members are still living, a person has no household to which he or she can belong (the former Civil Code, Article 764).
- 国家という制度のように目には見えないが武士を動かしたそれを山鹿は天とした。
- Yamaga considered the invisible existence like a system of state which moved samurais, as Heaven.
- 以下は『吾妻鏡』『平家物語』などを基にした巷間で知られる合戦の経過である。
- The section below is the progress of the battle which was known as the public consensus based on historical written records such as 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East) and 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike).
- 飛鳥浄御原令や大宝律令が制定され、本格的な国家が始動しだした頃でもあった。
- It was also the time when the Asuka Kiyomihara Code and the Taiho Code were established, and the genuine nation began.
- 反対に幕府の支配下では公家法・本所法は適用されないものとして拒絶している。
- On the other hand, under the control of bakufu, kugeho and honjo law were rejected as not applicable.
- その後は京極氏の家臣となり、守護代の尼子氏の強い影響を受けるようになった。
- Thereafter, the Mitoya clan became the vassal of the Kyogoku clan and was strongly influenced by the Amago clan, the deputy provincial constable.
- 高梨氏(たかなしし)は、信濃国北部(高井郡・水内郡)に割拠した武家の氏族。
- The Takanashi clan was a samurai family that dominated the north of Shinano Province (Takai and Minochi counties).
- なお近代の官制は近代日本の官制を、現在の官制については日本の国家機関を参照。
- Refer to the modern Japanese bureaucratic system for modern administrative system, and the Japanese state institution for the current administrative system, respectively.
- 朝幕共存共栄の見地から、皇家の血統に万一があった場合を考えての創設であった。
- Considering the mutual benefit and harmony between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court, the Kaninnomiya family was founded to prepare for an emergency of the genealogy of the Imperial family.
- 武家諸法度を難解な漢文から仮名交じり文に改め、誰でも理解できるよう工夫した。
- Arai revised Buke shohatto from difficult Chinese classic form to Kana (the Japanese syllabary) based form so that everyone could read and understand.
- それは、器財埴輪や家形埴輪が外側で方形を形作るように配列されるようになった。
- Kizai Haniwa and house-shaped Haniwa began to be arranged to shape a square in the surrounding of the tumulus.
- 処分は本人のみならず親族に及び、江戸定府の家臣を国許が抑制することとなった。
- As for the consequences, not only the individuals, but even their relatives and Edo Jofu (a daimyo lord's retainer who remained permanently with their lord in Edo) were suppressed.
- 家康が大坂の役の折、煌びやかな直孝隊を見て平和な時代で堕ちた赤備えを嘆いた。
- At the time of Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka), Ieyasu saw Naotaka's gaudy troop and deplored the Akazonae which had fallen to the ground in the peaceful age.
- 日本では、武家が「名字(苗字)の地」を「本貫」「本貫地」と呼ぶようになった。
- In Japan, samurai families called their 'place of the surname' 'hongan' or 'honganchi (place of hongan).'
- - 本陣に次ぐ武士や公家の宿泊施設だが、空いているときは一般旅行者も泊めた。
- It was accommodations for samurai and court nobles that were secondary to honjin, but lodged civilian travelers when rooms were available.
- 10月には藩行政と家臣の分離を定める藩治職制を設け、政府による藩統制を行う。
- In October, the government established a Han self-government policy which specified dissociation of the Han administration and vassals, subsequently, Han was controlled by the government.
- 2代・山崎家治は元和 (日本)3年(1617年)備中国成羽藩に転封となった。
- Second generation Ieharu YAMAZAKI relocated to Nariwa Domain, Bicchu Province in 1617.
- 新田分知(しんでんぶんち)とは、江戸時代における武家の分家形態の一つである。
- Shindenbunchi is a form of samurai branch family in the Edo period.
- 後任の管領に犬懸上杉家と対立関係にあった山内上杉家の上杉憲基が管領職に付く。
- Subsequently Norimoto UESUGI (from the Yamanouchi Uesugi family, a rival of the Inukake Uesugi family) succeeded the kanrei post.
- 『平家物語』にも義経は北方の山の手鵯越方面の盛俊の陣に攻撃を仕掛けたとある。
- 'Heike Monogatari' also writes that Yoshitsune started to attack the camp of Moritoshi who was guarding the Hiyodorigoe side on the hilly section of the city in the northern direction of the Ichinotani region.
- 江戸幕府と長州藩の幕長戦争などで有力な大名家である雄藩が幕府と対立を深めた。
- The Bakucho War, in which the Edo Shogunate fought against the Choshu Domain, caused deep rifts between the Shogunate and the Yuhan, a powerful daimyo family.
- 鎖国と攘夷に揺れた幕末から明治国家建設の先駆けとなったのが、尊王志士である。
- During the late Edo Period, the 'Sono Shishi' pioneered the structure for the Meiji government while the Shogunate was still in a state of tumult over the expulsion of foreigners and anti-foreign sentiments.
- 初代将軍・徳川家康の時代から、江戸城に「大奥」と呼ばれる区画は存在していた。
- Since the first Shogun, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's regime, there was a section called 'O-oku' in Edo-jo castle.
- 訳:幕府に人質を出している家臣を追放・死刑に処す際には、幕府の命を伺うこと。
- Translation: When you expel or execute a retainer whose relatives are hostages of the bakufu, you must obey the bakufu's orders.
- 寺社や村役人の家で農事の規則や年貢の負担、村の経費の決算などが話し合われた。
- Rules on farming, burden sharing of nengu tax, settlement of expenses were discussed at temples or shrines, or at a house of a town official.
- 水口城は追ってきた池田輝政に攻められ、長束正家が自ら放った火により落城した。
- Minakuchi-jo Castle was attacked by Terumasa IKEDA, who chased Masaie NATSUKA, and was burned down in a fire that Masaie had set.
- 寛文3年5月(1665年)の武家諸法度の公布とともに殉死の禁が口頭伝達された。
- In 1665, the prohibition of performing junshi was notified orally with the proclamation of Buke Shohatto (Laws Governing Military Households).
- 司馬遷などは世家と区別する意図はなかったと思われるが、『晋書』からはじまった。
- It seems that Sima Qian did not intend to differentiate it from 'Seika,' but it started from 'Jin shu' (History of the Jin Dynasty).
- なお、「慎機論」は出版されてはおらず、家宅捜査時に草稿が発見されたものである。
- Shinkiron' had not been published and only the draft was discovered during a house search.
- 結果、古麻呂の子で首謀者とされた大伴継人は死刑、直前に死去していた家持は除名。
- As a consequence, OTOMO no Tsuguhito (son of Komaro and alleged mastermind) was condemned to death, and Yakamochi, who had died just before the incident, was excommunicated.
- また、家康の周囲にいた人間も小栗又一、大久保彦左衛門など本によって様々である。
- There are differences about people around Ieyasu such as Mataichi OGURI, Hikozaemon OKUBO and others, depending on books.
- 公家の広橋兼仲の日記『勘仲記』には、伝聞として逆風が吹いたことを記されている。
- 'Kanchuki,' the Diary of noble Kanenaka HIROHASHI, reads that people then said that the upwind had blown.
- 「天和令」を永く伝えていく事を宣言し、以後武家諸法度の改訂は行われなくなった。
- Yoshimune announced that 'Tenna rei' would remain in place for eternity and after that, revisions of Buke Shohatto were stopped.
- 山鹿素行が提唱した士道論は、この後多くの武士道思想家に影響を与えることになる。
- The theory of shido (morality of samurai) introduced by Soko YAMAGA affected a lot of thinkers later.
- 分与する領地を指定せず、収入のみを本家から支給する(広島藩浅野氏の分家など)。
- Only income provided by the head family without designating territory to be distributed (a branch family of the Asano clan of Hiroshima Domain).
- 藤原式家(ふじわらしきけ)とは、右大臣藤原不比等の三男藤原宇合を祖とする家系。
- Fujiwara Shikike is a sub branch of Fujiwara family, started by FUJIWARA no Umakai, the third son of Udaijin (Minister of the Right) FUJIWARA no Fuhito.
- ゆえに中世における公家法は慣習法的要素が強いということを指摘することができる。
- Therefore, it can be pointed out that the court noble law in the medieval period had strong nature of common law.
- なお他に蘇我氏の血を天皇家に残したのは、蘇我稲目の娘である蘇我堅塩媛のみである。
- Incidentally, the only other person who introduced Soga clan blood to the Imperial line was SOGA no Iname's daughter SOGA no Kitashihime.
- 日本側は少弐氏や大友氏をはじめ九州の御家人を中心として大宰府に集結しつつあった。
- In Japan, gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) were gathering in Dazai-fu, including the Shoni clan and Otomo clan, mainly those from Kyushu region.
- 謀叛(むほん)とは、現代の日本語では、家臣が主君に対して企てる反乱のことである。
- In today's Japanese, muhon means a rebellion raised by a vassal against his lord.
- 多くの優秀な将兵を失った武田家は、勝頼の下で再編成を強いられるがこれに失敗した。
- The Takeda family who had lost many excellent officers and soldiers was forced to reorganize itself under Katsuyori but they failed.
- 家族を家から排除する(離籍)権利(ただし未成年者と推定家督相続人は離籍できない)
- Right to remove family member from household register (except minor and presumed successor)
- 町内会のさらに下にあり数家庭ごとに一組を組織し、配給の効率化や思想統制を図った。
- It was ranked under a district association, organizing several families into one group, and aimed at higher efficiency of distribution and thought control.
- 前年まで関東管領であった犬懸上杉家の上杉氏憲は前年に鎌倉公方と対立して辞職した。
- Ujinori UESUGI (from the Inukake Uesugi family), who had been Kanto kanrei, had resigned in opposition to the Kamakura kubo the previous year.
- (ただし、氏憲の子の何人かは出家することにより存命し、幕府の庇護を受けている)。
- (However, some of Ujinori's children survived by entering the priesthood where they were put under the patronage of the bakufu.)
- 国家を動かすシステムは幕藩体制でありこれはそのまま武士階級の倫理を意味している。
- The system steering the state was the feudal system of the shogunate, which were just the ethics of the samurai society.
- またそもそも逆落し自体が『平家物語』が創作した虚構であるという見方も有力である。
- Furthermore, there is a leading opinion that 'Heike Monogatari' created the story of 'sakaotoshi' in the first place.
- 藤原京家(ふじわらきょうけ)とは、右大臣藤原不比等の四男藤原麻呂を祖とする家系。
- Fujiwara Kyoke is a sub branch of Fujiwara family, started by FUJIWARA no Maro, the forth son of Udaijin (Minister of the Right) FUJIWARA no Fuhito.
- そのため尼子氏の攻撃を受けたが、宍戸隆家や山内隆通の援軍を得て尼子軍を撃退した。
- Accordingly, the Mitoya clan was attacked by the Amago clan, but fought off the Amago forces with reinforcements by Takaie SHISHIDO and Takamichi YAMAUCHI.
- しかしながらこの政変はあくまでも蝦夷を嫡流とする蘇我氏宗本家の滅亡だけを意味する。
- The political turmoil merely signified the decimation of the main branch of the Soga clan whose members were direct descendents of Emishi.
- そして、性行為自体の技を遊芸の域に高め、その専門家集団としての遊女が確立していく。
- Then they heightened a sexual act itself to the art of amusement, and yujo, as a professional group of prostitutes, was established.
- 極印方の湯浅作兵衛は徳川家より大黒常是(だいこくじょうぜ)という姓名を与えられた。
- As the officer in charge of stamping hallmarks, Sakubei YUASA was granted the new family name DAIKOKUJOUZE from the Tokugawa family.
- 4月4日 (旧暦)、家康は徳川義直の婚儀のためとして駿府を出発、名古屋に向かった。
- On April 4 (the old calendar), Ieyasu left Sunpu for Nagoya to attend the wedding ceremony of Yoshinao TOKUGAWA.
- 現代では企業や家といった組織における抗争をそうしたお家騒動になぞらえることもある。
- In modern times, the term is occasionally used to describe clash for power within an organization, such as a business corporation or a family.
- 徳島藩洲本城代家老稲田家(1万4千石)は、徳島本藩との様々な確執が以前よりあった。
- Before this incident, chief retainer INADA of Sumoto-jo Castle in Tokushima Domain (14,000 koku) had had various conflicts with Tokushima Honpan (the original domain) for some time.
- (昭和期のカール・マルクス派歴史家が提唱しただけに過ぎない、という見方もできる)。
- (It can be seen that it was only advocated by Marxist historians in the Showa period.)
- 当時の家屋など弥生時代の習俗の様子を描いた原始的な絵画が鋳出されているものもある。
- Some dotaku feature primitive paintings representing manners and customs of the Yayoi period such as houses.
- 敗戦の後、三沢為虎は長府藩の家老職となり、三沢氏は江戸時代を長府藩士として続いた。
- After being defeated in the Battle of Sekigahara, Tametora MISAWA took a post as chief retainer of Chofu Domain, while the Misawa clan continued to exist as statesmen of the Chofu Domain during the Edo period.
- なお、家格は脇坂安政の代に願譜代となり、脇坂安董の代に正式に譜代大名に上げられた。
- The class was negai fudai (quasi fudai daimyo) in the generation of Yasumasa WAKISAKA and was formally promoted to fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) in the generation of Yasutada WAKISAKA.
- 中世以降の武家社会においては妻子や家臣、従者などが主君の死を追うことが美徳とされた。
- In samurai society after the middle ages, it was thought that the suicide of a wife, a retainer, or a follower to follow his or her master in death was a noble thing.
- さらに、形象埴輪を大きく分けると家形埴輪、器財埴輪、動物埴輪、人物埴輪の四種がある。
- And there were roughly four kinds of Keisho Haniwa; house-shaped Haniwa, Kizai Haniwa (clay figure in the shape of things such as sword or shield), animal-shaped Haniwa, and Haniwa figure of men.
- 山背大兄王は斑鳩寺に戻り、王子とともに自殺して聖徳太子の血をひく上宮王家は滅亡した。
- After returning to Ikaruga-dera Temple, Prince Yamashiro no Oe committed suicide with his children which led to the fall of Jogu Oke by leaving no descendants of Prince Shotoku.
- 上級官人と下級官人の家柄を明確にすると共に、中央貴族と地方豪族とをはっきり区別した。
- The Emperor clarified a family lineage between the superior and lower-level officials and made a sharp distinction between the central nobles and local powerful clans.
- 斉彬死後の薩摩藩の実権は、御家騒動で斉彬と対立して隠居させられた島津斉興が掌握した。
- After the death of Nariakira, Narioki SHIMAZU who had been forced to retire due to conflict with Nariakira over family issues, seized power.
- これ以前、家康は10月22日に命じた方広寺の炉で作成させた鉄盾を各将に配布している。
- Prior to that, Ieyasu had distributed iron shields manufactured in the furnaces in Hoko-ji Temple that he had ordered on October 22 (the old calendar).
- また、軍事力だけでは攻略は困難と判断した信長は諜略によって浅井家の内部分裂を謀った。
- Nobunaga, who decided that it would be hard to capture the enemies only with forces, framed a conspiracy to cause internal divisions in the Azai clan.
- この不祥事は頼俊が陸奥に勢力を植えつけることを恐れた源義家の陰謀によるとの説がある。
- Another theory states that this matter was actually the intrigue of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie plotted against Yoritoshi, sprung from the fear for Yoritoshi to establish his influence in Mutsu Province.
- いずれのケースにおいても分家の領地は新田高として本来の領地である本田高と区別される。
- In any case, the territory of a branch family was recognized as a new paddy on newly reclaimed land and was distinguished from originally registered rice paddies.
- 直実の息子直家も同じ16歳で、憐れに思い逃そうとするが、他の源氏の武者が迫っていた。
- Since Naozane's own son was also sixteen years old, Naozane felt pity on Atsumori and attempted to free Atsumori, but other Minamoto soldiers approached them.
- 一方頼綱方の討手として得宗被官化した御家人の佐々木氏、今川氏、千葉氏なども加わった。
- On the other hand, the Sasaki clan, the Imagawa clan and the Chiba clan joined this attack as pursuer of Tokuso's vassal.
- 本来鎌倉殿と御家人の主従関係で成り立っていた幕府内部において、総領制が行き詰まった。
- Originally, the Kamakura bakufu was established based on master-servant relationship between the Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) and the Gokenin, however the Soryo system (the eldest son system for the succession of the head of the family) was getting bogged down.
- 泰盛の改革で救済対象であった零細御家人は、御内人として得宗方の討手に回ったのである。
- Petty gokenins who had been the subject of relief in Yasumori's reform became pursuers of Tokuso party as Miuchibito.
- その後上杉家は、会津・米沢藩と転封を重ねるが、政頼の子・高梨頼親もこれに従っている。
- The Uesugi family was then forced to change its domain from Aizu Domain to Yonezawa Domain, and Yorichika TAKANASHI, a child of Masayori, followed the Uesugi family.
- 更に安倍氏の家系の分裂とともに天文博士の地位や天文密奏宣旨のついても争いが激化した。
- Furthermore, discord within the Abe clan over the position of tenmon hakase and decrees of tenmon misso increased as the family members established branch families.
- 未だ建設途上の大坂の町は全く無防備で、人々は紀州勢の破壊を恐れて自ら家宅に放火した。
- The town of Osaka which was under construction was totally undefended, so that people put fire to their houses, fearing the destruction by the Kishu army.
- 源頼政(馬場頼政)は『平家物語』の登場する有名な武将で歌人、鵺退治の伝説でも名高い。
- MINAMOTO no Yorimasa (Yorimasa BABA) was a famous samurai warrior and poet who appears in 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike) and is renowned for getting rid of the nue (a creature of Japanese legend).
- 新井が家宣の諮問に応じて提出した膨大な政策資料が廃棄処分にさえされている模様でもある。
- Even huge amounts of political documents submitted by Arai in respond to Ienobu's request seems to have been scrapped.
- 実際には新井白石が改訂し、7代将軍徳川家継が短命だった事もありそのまま用いられ続けた)
- In fact, it had been revised by Hakuseki ARAI and as Ietsugu TOKUGAWA died young it continued to be used as it was.
- 天王寺口は本多忠朝ら16,200が展開し、その後方に徳川家康15,000が本陣を置く。
- Tadatomo HONDA troop was deployed at Tennoji-guchi and the headquarters of 15,000 soldiers of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was positioned in its back.
- 家康は武田家より手に入れたばかりの長篠城に貞昌を配した(つまり対武田の前線に置いた)。
- Ieyasu stationed Sadamasa in Nagashino-jo Castle, which he had just won from the Takeda family (which means that he placed Sadamasa in the battle front against Takeda).
- 織田家は勢力を拡大、特にもう一つの悩みであった石山本願寺に対する圧力をいっそう強める。
- The Oda family expanded its power and intensified pressure on Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple that had been yet another source of worry.
- 都に下野国守源義家から、基通が印と鍵を持参して投降して来たので逮捕したとの報がはいる。
- The governor of Shimotsuke Province, MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, notified the Imperial Court that Motomichi surrendered to him along with the seal and the key of the provincial official.
- 明治維新後、四民平等布告により、社会制度的な家制度が解体され、武士は事実上滅び去った。
- After the Meiji Restoration due to the proclamation of equality of all people, family system as a social system was dismantled and the age of samurai ended in effect.
- 西周 (啓蒙家)が起草、福地源一郎・井上毅・山縣有朋によって加筆修正されたとされる。
- It is said to be drafted by Amane NISHI (illuminator) and improved by Genichiro FUKUCHI, Kowashi INOUE and Aritomo YAMAGATA.
- こうした例は院宣や綸旨などに早くから見られ、後に武家の奉書や御教書などにも採用された。
- The examples of Yuhitsugaki were seen on Inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor) or Rinji (the Emperor's command) from the early period, and later adopted on documents of Samurai families such as Hosho (a document for informing lower-rank people of the decision of upper people such as an emperor or shogun) and Migyosho (documents for informing of decisions made by third or upper ranked authorities).
- 平頼綱は時宗の乳母父で北条氏得宗家の執事内管領であり、得宗権力を具現する立場にあった。
- TAIRA no Yoritsuna was a male nurse of Tokimune and the under secretary of the head of Tokuso family and he was in a position to embody the authority of Tokuso.
- 幕府では外様御家人を支持勢力とする泰盛と、頼綱を筆頭とする得宗被官勢力が拮抗していた。
- In Kamakura bakufu, Yasumori who was supported by tozama gokenin (nonhereditary lower-ranking vassal in the Kamakura period) competed against Tokuso's vassal party led by Yoritsuna.
- 貞時の政策は幕府の基盤である御家人体制の崩壊を強制的に堰き止めようとするものであった。
- Sadatoki's policies aimed to forcibly stop the collapse of Gokenin system which was the foundation of bakufu.
- 華族令施行に伴い井伊家は伯爵に叙されるが、この爵位は減封後の石高を基準としたものである。
- They were demoted to the rank of hakushaku (count) according to the Peerage Law, which developed from the Kokudaka System, where punishment incurred a deprivation of land and a decline in social status.
- 井伊家の側は直弼以外に8人が死亡(即死者4人、後に死亡した者4人)し、13人が負傷した。
- From the Ii family, eight people died in addition to Naosuke (four died immediately while another four died later), and 13 people were injured.
- また、大伴安麻呂、大伴旅人、大伴家持、大伴坂上郎女などといった歌人を多く世に出している。
- The Otomo clan also produced several kajins (waka poets), such as OTOMO no Yasumaro, OTOMO no Tabito, OTOMO no Yakamochi, and OTOMO no Sakanouenoiratsume.
- 大海人皇子は大友皇子を皇太子として推挙し自ら出家を申し出、吉野宮(奈良県吉野)に下った。
- Prince Oama recommended Prince Otomo as Crown Prince and he told Emperor Tenchi that he wanted to be a monk and went to Yoshino no miya (Yoshino, Nara Prefecture).
- 古代中国には、国家や社会秩序を維持する規範として、礼、楽、刑(法)、兵(軍事)があった。
- In ancient China, the precepts of 'Li,' ('礼,'largely understood as rituals, although it also suggests the ideas of customs, etiquette, morals) 'Yueh,' ('楽,'classic of music) 'Xing' or 'Xingfa ('刑'or '刑法,' written codes of penalty and punishment) 'Fa' ('兵,'military treaties and also military affairs) were established to maintain the nation and public order.
- 4月12日 (旧暦)、名古屋城にて徳川義直の婚儀が行われ、家康は18日に二条城に入った。
- On April 12 (the old calendar) Ieyasu attended Yoshinao TOKUGAWA's wedding ceremony and then on 18th entered Nijo-jo Castle.
- これ以降大黒常是家は鋳造された銀貨に「常是」の略号を刻印して銀貨の極印・包装を担当した。
- From then on he stamped the name 'Jouze' on newly minted coins as a hallmark and wrapped them with official seals.
- 台湾神社、朝鮮神宮等の建立や参拝の強制など、国家神道と宗教政策(日本の宗教参照)の推進。
- Promotion of the State Shinto and religions policies (refer to Japan's religion) such as the enforced establishment of Taiwan-jinja Shrine and Chosen-jingu Shrine.
- 台命を受けた御庭番は家筋の長老をはじめとする先輩御庭番達に調査内容について相談していた。
- The oniwaban who had received a mission from the bakufu, discussed the investigation content with the patriarch of their family and the senior oniwaban.
- ミヤケのミは敬語、ヤケは家宅のことで、ヤマト政権の直轄地経営の倉庫などを表した語である。
- Miyake's 'Mi' means honorific, and 'yake' represents 'houses;' in this case the word is used to mean Yamato government's storages located in its regional domains.
- ある家に属する家族が、その意思に基づき、その家から分離して新たに家を設立することをいう。
- This means a family member belong to an Ie will go independent and create a new Ie based on his/her intention.
- 分家する際には分家者の妻および直系卑属およびその妻が分家と共に新たなに入ることができる。
- At the time of creation of a branch family, the wife of the head of the branch family and lineal descendants can be members of the new household.
- それまでの改修が平家の私財によったのに対し、今回の計画は国家権力をあげてのものとなった。
- The reconstruction work so far was done by private fortune of the Taira clan, but this plan was by the use of government power.
- 大番は歴史が古いものの、「両番」と称せられる小姓組、書院番に比べ家格は一段低いとされた。
- Although oban was the oldest military organization, the social standing was lower than koshogumi and shoinban which were called 'ryoban.'
- 一方で、『吾妻鏡』や『平家物語』の記述どおりに逆落としの場所は鵯越であるとの説も根強い。
- On the other hand, some historians and experts continue to support the entrenched theory for the location of 'sakaotoshi' as Hiyodorigoe, as depicted in 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari.'
- これは、『吾妻鏡』『玉葉』『平家物語』の義経が一ノ谷の陣を攻略したという記述と矛盾する。
- This contradicts with the depictions of Yoshitsune capturing the Ichinotani camp in the books of 'Azuma Kagami,' 'Gyokuyo,' and 'Heike Monogatari.'
- 豊臣政権の五奉行であった石田三成・長束正家・増田長盛は元々豊臣秀吉の右筆衆出身であった。
- Mitsunari ISHIDA, Masaie NAGATSUKA, Nagamori MASHITA, included in the Gobugyo (five Bugyo) of the Toyotomi government, were originally the members of Yuhitsushu belonged to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 家中の下級武士が綾羅や錦の刺繍をした服を着るのは古くからの定めには無いので、禁止とする。
- It is forbidden for a lower-ranking samurai in kachu (family-related communities which existed in the late Muromachi and Azuchi-Momoyama periods) to wear clothes embroidered with ayara (twill weave, pattern of diagonal stripes) or nishiki (brocade) because there has been no precedent of this.
- 徳川家康が8,000石で仕官を勧めたが、久扶はこれを断わり京都四日市で死去したとされる。
- Although Ieyasu TOKUGAWA invited Hisasuke to enter government service for 8,000 koku, Hisasuke declined the offer; and he died in Yokkaichi, Kyoto.
- 井伊家の菩提寺・豪徳寺にある墓碑に命日が「三月二十八日」と刻まれているのはそのためである。
- This is why, on his tombstone at Gotoku-ji Temple, the Ii family's ancestral temple, the date of Naosuke's death is recorded as 'March 28.'
- 朝鮮に於ける本貫や族譜の役割は、両班が自らの家系の正統性や優秀性を証明する為の側面もある。
- One of the roles of hongan or zokufu in Korea is for Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) to prove the legitimacy and quality of their family lines.
- 旅籠(はたご)とは、江戸時代、旅人を宿泊させ、食事を提供することを業とする家のことである。
- Hatago (inn) is a house where travelers lodge and meals are offered to the travelers in the Edo period.
- 信長が本能寺の変で倒れると織田家家臣の豊臣秀吉が未完成であった天下統一を継承、成し遂げた。
- When Nobunaga died in the Honnoji Incident, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Oda family's vassal, succeeded to and accomplished the unification of the whole country which had been unaccomplished.
- 5日、家康は住吉から茶臼山に本陣を移し、8日までに到着した部隊にも仕寄の構築を命じている。
- On 5th Ieyasu moved the headquarters from Sumiyoshi to Mt. Chausu-yama and ordered troops that had arrived by 8th to construct shiyori (the old calendar).
- 丁度その頃に開設された西大門刑務所は、独立運動家を多く収容し、処刑したことで知られている。
- The Seodaemun Prison, which was established around that time, was known for housing and executing numbers of independent activists.
- また、分家が本家を相続するなどして改易され分知領が本家に返されても本家の表高は変化しない。
- Also, omote-daka of the head family did not change even when the samurai status of the branch family was changed due to succeeding the head family and its territory was returned to it.
- (研究者の間では、武功に見合うだけの恩賞を与えられている点から家長説が有力視されている。)
- (Among the researchers, the theory of Ienaga has gained an influential position because of Ienaga's receipt of reward grants in recognition of his military exploits.)
- 『吾妻鏡』の一ノ谷の戦いの合戦記述には軍記物語の『平家物語』の影響があるという指摘もある。
- Some scholars point out that 'Heike Monogatari,' which is a war chronicle, influenced the description of the battle of Ichinotani in 'Azuma Kagami.'
- 大奥(おおおく)とは江戸城に存在した徳川将軍家の子女や正室、奥女中(御殿女中)たちの居所。
- O-oku was a residential place in Edo-jo castle where the Tokugawa Shogun family's children, lawful wife and oku jochu (maids working in the domestic quarters of a shogun or feudal lords) (also called goten jochu [palace maids]) resided.
- 公家法(くげほう)とは、日本の平安時代から江戸時代にかけて、公家社会に通用していた法体系。
- Court noble law is a legal system that was valid in the court noble society between the Heian period and the Edo period.
- ここに寺社勢力は消滅し、惣国一揆は潰え、圧倒的な武家の軍事力による一元支配の近世が始まる。
- This was the end of the temple and shrine powers and sokoku ikki and the beginning of the recent times when overwhelming military force of samurai family unified the governance.
- 主君が討ち死にしたり、敗戦により腹を切った場合、家来達が後を追って、討ち死にしたり切腹した。
- When a master was died on a battlefield or cut his abdomen after the defeat of a war, his retainers also died on the battlefield or committed seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) to follow the master.
- その直系・傍系の血縁者や非血縁者の家族を氏人(うじびと)といい、これに隷属し統率されていた。
- The family of the blood relatives or unrelated members who were in a direct or a collateral line to the head uji were called ujibito and were under the rule of the head uji.
- 武家諸法度(ぶけしょはっと)は、江戸時代に江戸幕府が諸大名を統制するために定めた法令である。
- Buke Shohatto refers to the code by which Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) governed the territorial lords during the Edo period.
- 西暦686年(朱鳥元年)までに物部氏から改めた石上氏(いそのかみうじ)が本宗家の地位を得た。
- Known as the Mononobe clan up until 686, from then on the name changed as the Isonokami clan gained the position as head family.
- 加賀騒動、福岡藩黒田騒動、伊達騒動の三大お家騒動などではこれらの原因がいくつも複合していた。
- The feuds that broke out in the Kaga, Fukuoka and Date domains had the combination of a number of such causes.
- 人だけでなく、乗り物、自家用車についての御祓いをしてくれ、遠方からもお参りする人が絶えない。
- They pray not only for persons, but also vehicles and private cars, so that many people constantly visit to this shrine from a distance.
- 姉川の合戦の戦況に関する織田家の史料は簡潔な記述にとどまっていることから真実は定かではない。
- Because historical materials on the situation of the battle that the Oda clan has had provide only brief descriptions, the truth is unknown.
- これらの扱いは、女性は家の管理者には適さず、男戸主を原則としたいという考えによるものである。
- Those examples are based on thoughts that a male head of a family is more appropriate than a female head of a family and a head of a family should be a male in principle.
- 非嫡出子が、戸主の同意が得られずに、父母の家に入ることができなかったとき(旧民法735条2)
- In case that illegitimate children who were not allowed to be a member of their parent's household, because the head of the family did not approve (the Old Civil Codes, Article 735-2).
- 氏憲とともに持氏・憲基拘束に向かうが持氏らは家臣に連れられて脱出していた(『鎌倉大草紙』)。
- Mitsutaka together with Ujinori went to capture Mochiuji and Norimoto, however Mochiuji and others had already escaped led by their retainers (according to 'Kamakura Ozoshi').
- 鵯越は平家本陣である福原・大輪田の泊に最も近かったため、宗盛は安徳天皇を奉じて海上へ逃れた。
- Since Hiyodorigoe was the closest fortress to the headquarters of the Taira clan in Fukuwara, and Owada no Tomari, Munemori followed Emperor Antoku and escaped to the ocean.
- 『吾妻鏡』と『平家物語』を創作であると捨てて、厳密に『玉葉』のみを採れば、下記の記述がある。
- If we eliminate 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari' due to their fictional natures, strictly interpreting only Gyokuyo,' then the depictions of the battles would change to the following.
- 文禄4年(1595年)、徳川家康が京都の金匠後藤光次に命じ江戸で小判を鋳造させた時に始まる。
- In 1595, kin-za started when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA ordered the metalworker Mitsutsugu GOTO in Kyoto to cast koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) in Edo.
- 家宣が将軍に就いた時にも、それを祝って正徳元年(1711年)に第8回目の通信使が来日している。
- When Ienobu became Shogun, the eighth Tsushinshi came to Japan for celebration in 1711.
- 陰陽道の大家で、陰陽師として知られる安倍晴明が使役したという式神に十二神将(十二天将)がある。
- The famed Onmyoji, ABE no Seimei, expert of Onmyodo, used Shikigami called Juni Shinsho (the twelve protective deities) (also called Juni Tensho.)
- 中世以降には神国観が広まり、武家政権の正当化する論理となり、最高権力者は「天下人」と呼ばれた。
- Shinkoku kan (view of divine land) which spread in and after the medieval period, then became a logic justifying the samurai government, and a person in paramount authority was called 'Tenkabito' (person becoming the ruler of the country).
- この時期の中国を中心とする東アジア諸国では共通して、律令に基づく国家統治体制が構築されていた。
- Chinese dynasties as the center of the development of Luli, the ruling and administrative order based on Luli system was commonly established in each of those Eastern Asian countries.
- 慶長11年(1606年)徳川家康が隠居の地、駿府城築城と同時進行に設立したとされる銀座である。
- Sunpu-ginza was established in 1606 alongside the Sunpu-jyo Castle, where Ieyasu TOKUGAWA lived after his retirement, and the ginza was manned in alternate shifts by zajin officers and jouze inspectors from Kyoto-ginza since 1611.
- 国語運動は日本語使用を徹底化する運動で、各地に日本語講習所が設けられ、日本語家庭が奨励された。
- The kokugo (literally national language) movement was a thorough movement to make the Taiwanese use Japanese, whereby Japanese language schools were established throughout Taiwan and a Japanese speaking home was encouraged.
- この時、淀殿は会見を拒否し両者の関係は悪化するが家康は松平忠輝を大坂に遣わし融和に努めている。
- Yodo-dono then refused the meeting, which made their relationship bad, but Ieyasu sent Tadateru MATSUDAIRA to Osaka for reconciliation.
- 二の丸の埋め立てについては相当手間取ったらしく周辺の家・屋敷を破壊してまで埋め立てを強行した。
- The reclamation of Ninomaru seemed to have taken considerably much time and was forced even through destroying nearby houses and residences.
- 養老律で謀反と同じになると、父子、家人(唐律の部曲にあたる隷属民)、資財、田宅が没官となった。
- In the cases treated the same as a scheme of disobedience in Yoro Code, the offender's father and sons, kenin (slaves equivalent to buqu in Tang Ritsuryo Code), assets, farmland and housing land were confiscated.
- またその前日には徳島でも稲田屋敷を焼き討ちし、脇町(現:美馬市)周辺にある稲田家の配地に進軍。
- On the previous day, they also set fire to the Inada's residence in Tokushima, and advanced to the Inada family's territory located around Wakimachi (now: Mima City).
- 一ノ谷の戦いで最も活躍したのは地元の多田行綱であるという説まである(神戸市郷土史家・梅村伸雄)
- Furthermore, some scholars expressed the theory that the local samurai Yukitsuna TADA played a most active role in the battle of Ichinotani (a local history researcher of Kobe City, Nobuo UEMURA).
- 以下においては、大名家のケースを中心に記述するが、特に注釈しない場合は旗本の場合も同様である。
- Cases with daimyo will be mainly explained below, but the same is true in hatamoto except as otherwise noted.
- 領地を指定して分与するが、そこからの収入は本家から蔵米で支給する(久保田藩佐竹氏の分家など)。
- An appointed territory distributed, but the income from the territory as rice stored provided by the head family (e.g. a branch family of the Satake clan of Kubota Domain).
- 武士層が信仰した禅宗は北条氏得宗家も保護していたため、民間の渡来僧は貿易船に便乗して来日した。
- As the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan also supported the Zen sect that samurai class worshiped, the private monks from China came to Japan on board the trade ships.
- しかし、逆落しは荒唐無稽であり、信じるべきではないという見方が歴史学の専門家では一般的である。
- However, experts in Japanese historical studies commonly support the point of view that 'sakaotoshi' was an absurd story they should not take seriously.
- 一、音信・贈答・嫁娶リ儀式、或ハ饗応或ハ家宅営作等、当時甚ダ華麗ノ至リ、自今以後簡略タルベシ。
- • Gifts, events such as weddings or parties and housebuilding have become too luxurious, so from now on they should be simplified.
- 鎌倉幕府滅亡後においても、江戸幕府が武家諸法度を制定するまで、武士の基本法として機能し続けた。
- After the fall of Kamakura bakufu, it continued to work as the fundamental law of samurai until Edo bakufu established Buke shohatto (Laws for the Military Houses).
- 安倍氏(阿倍氏)は阿倍比羅夫や阿倍仲麻呂で知られるように大化前代以来の豪族・貴族の家系である。
- The Abe clan (安倍, also written as 阿倍), famed for its members ABE no Hirafu and ABE no Nakamaro, had been a line of local ruling families and nobility since the time preceding the Taika Reforms.
- 紀伊における武家勢力としては、守護畠山氏をはじめ、湯河・山本・愛洲氏などの国人衆が挙げられる。
- The powers of samurai in Kii included not only the Hatakeyama clan, who were Shugo, but also Kokujin-shu (local samurai) such as the Yukawa, Yamamoto and Aisu clans.
- 清水宗治は秀吉から贈られた酒と肴で別れの宴を行い、城内の清掃などを家臣に命じ、身なりを整えた。
- Muneharu SHIMIZU held a parting feast with the sake and sakana (appetizers taken with alcoholic drinks) given by Hideyoshi, ordered his vassals to clean up the castle grounds, and dressed himself up.
- 秀吉は降伏して城を出た農民に対し、農具や家財などの在所への持ち帰りを認めたが、武器は没収した。
- Hideyoshi admitted the farmers who surrendered and left the castle to bring back farming equipment, furniture and household goods to their home, but he seized weapons.
- しかし、このため世代交代がうまく行かず、結局亡国の憂き目にあった大名家も多くいるとする説がある。
- However, some think that because of this, many daimyo families experienced difficulty in the transition of power to the next generation and in the end encountered hardships of losing the territory.
- 軽傷者は全員切腹が命じられ、無疵の者は士分から駕篭かきにいたるまで全員が斬首、家名断絶となった。
- Those who had minor injuries were ordered to commit seppuku, while those who had no injuries, whether they were samurai or palanquin bearers, were decapitated after being forced to forfeit the family name.
- そして名門への憧がれから徳川家康のように系図を改ざんする者が相次ぎ、その結果武士の大姓となった。
- Then, out of the longing for a distinguished clan, there were many people such as Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who altered a family tree, making this clan consequently the influential clan for samurai.
- 同日に兵糧の買い入れを行うとともに、大坂にあった徳川家をはじめ諸大名の蔵屋敷から蔵米を接収した。
- On the same day they not only purchased army provisions, but also requisitioned kuramai (rice preserved in a depository by Edo Shogunate and domains) from Kurayashiki-warehouses of the Tokugawa Family and other Daimyo.
- 当時の公家の日記には、些細なことで罰せられ所領を没収された多くの者たちの名が書き連ねられている。
- Court nobles' diary in those days, recorded lots of names of people who were punished and confiscated their territories for trivial reasons.
- 公家の三条実雅は、果敢にも赤松氏から将軍に献上された金覆輪の太刀をつかみ刃向うが、切られて卒倒。
- Sanemasa SANJO, a court noble, boldly hold the sword that was presented to the shogun from the Akamatsu clan and fought back, but was slashed and fell down.
- 彼らは世襲によってまかなわれる御庭番の家筋としての団結を保ち、御庭番の職務を協同して行っていた。
- They kept the unity as the oniwaban family for generations and fulfilled their duties cooperatively.
- 憲実は戦後に子達と共に出家し政務から引退し、憲実の実弟の上杉清方(上条清方)が管領代行となった。
- Norizane became a priest along with his children after the war to retire from government affairs, while his younger brother Kiyokata UESUGI (Kiyokata JOJO) became an acting Kanto Kanrei.
- 『吾妻鏡』によると出家の直接の理由は所領を巡る訴訟に敗れた際、梶原景時の言動に怒ったためである。
- According to 'Azuma Kagami,' the direct reason as to why Naozane would become a priest was because of Naozane's angry reaction toward the speech and conduct of Kagetoki KAJIWARA at the time of Naozane losing a lawsuit concerning a matter of territory.
- そこで武士の中には僧侶や家臣の中で、文字を知っている人間に書状や文書を代筆させることが行われた。
- Those Bushi (warriors) ordered their own vassals or Buddhist monks who knew how to read and write to prepare Shojo (missives) and Monjo (written material) in their place.
- つまり、同じ家に属するか否かの証明は、その家の戸籍に記載されている者であるか否かにより行われた。
- In other words, if a person is listed in a certain Ie, the person was proved to belong to the Ie.
- 律令体制下では、官と位により官人個々の序列と職掌を明確化することで、公家社会の構成を定めていた。
- Under the ritsuryo system, the structure of the court noble society was determined by clarifying rank order and official duties of each government official based on job grades and Ikai (Court ranks).
- 高梨氏は、同じ北信濃の名族清和源氏井上氏を名乗り、源家季の息子高梨盛光の末裔であると称している。
- The Takanashi clan announces its name as Inoue of the prominent Seiwa Genji (Minamoto clan) in northern Shinano, and claims descendency from Morimitsu TAKANASHI, a son of MINAMOTO no Iesue.
- 稲目の代になると、過去に大臣を出していた葛城氏や平群氏は既に本宗家の滅亡により勢いをなくしていた。
- The Katsuragi and Heguri clans, whose members served as ministers in the past, had lost their respective influence by Iname's generation due to the demise of the main branches of their clans.
- 家康は12月2日 (旧暦)、茶臼山を、以降は各将の陣を視察し、仕寄(攻城設備)の構築を命じている。
- On December 2 (the old calendar) Ieyasu inspected the Chausu-yama camp, followed by the camp of each general's and ordered them to construct shiyori (faculities for attacking a castle).
- 強制調印については、当時から、国家に対する威圧と国家を代表する個人への強制に分けて考えられていた。
- Since those days, the compulsory signing had been thought separately divided into a threat against a state and compulsion against an individual who represents the state.
- 例えば井上哲次郎に代表される国家主義者たちは武士道を日本民族の道徳、国民道徳と同一視しようとした。
- For example, nationalists as typified by Tetsujido INOUE tried to identify Bushido as the national morality of Japanese.
- 一部右翼活動家の中にはイルクーツク州以東のロシア帝国領土割譲がされると国民を扇動する者までいた)。
- A part of right-wing activists agitated the Japanese people by sayng that the Russian Empire's territory in the east of Irkutsk State would be ceded.
- そのため、「逆落し」は『平家物語』が創作した虚構であるとの見方が歴史学の専門家の間では有力である。
- Therefore, mainstream experts of historical studies express the influential point of view that the author of 'Heike Monogatari' created this fictional story of 'sakaotoshi.'
- 藤原は姓であり、家名でも苗字でもないため、明治以前においては「藤原家」なる家は公家には存在しない。
- Since FUJIWARA is a kabane (hereditary title), and not a family name nor a last name, there was no 'Fujiwara-ke' (Fujiwara family) among court nobles before the Meiji period.
- 制定当時、公家には、政治制度を明記した律令が存在していたが、武家を対象とした明確な法令がなかった。
- When it was established, court nobles already had the Ritsuryo codes which mentioned the political system, but there were no clear laws and ordinances for samurai families.
- 鎌倉時代中期になると北条氏の権力が増大し、多くの鎌倉御家人が所領のある地方へと下向した時期である。
- In the middle of the Kamakura period, as the Hojo clan's power grew even larger, many immediate vassal of the shogun went down to the provinces where they owned territories.
- これらの現象は地上にある国家やその支配者(国王・皇帝・天皇)に重大な影響を与えると考えられてきた。
- These phenomena were thought to significantly influence nations on earth and their rulers (kings and emperors).
- 直家は天正9年(1581年)に病没し、子の宇喜多秀家が跡を継ぎ、備前もまた秀吉の傘下におさまった。
- Naoie died of an illness in 1581, and was succeeded by his son Hideie UKITA, putting Bizen under the influence of Hideyoshi.
- このことは日本が近代法を運用する主権国家として、当時進行中であった不平等条約改正へのはずみとなった。
- At that time, Japan had already tried to reform the unequal treaty as a sovereign nation of modern laws, but this incident accelerated the movement.
- 蘇我氏の勢いはますます盛んになり、豪族たちは朝廷に出仕せず、もっぱら蘇我家に出仕する有り様となった。
- Since the Soga clan gained even more power, members of powerful clans stopped attending to the Imperial Court, but instead regularly visited the residence of the Soga family to serve them.
- 1890年(明治23年)、『教育勅語』が下賜されると近代国家のイデオロギーとして本格的に採用された。
- When the 'Imperial Rescript on Education' was granted as an Imperial gift in 1890, Neo-Confucianism was seriously adopted as the ideology of the modern nation.
- 弾圧されたのは尊皇攘夷や一橋派の大名・公卿・志士(活動家)らで、連座した者は100人以上にのぼった。
- More than 100 people, including daimyos (Japanese feudal lords), Kugyo (high court nobles), patriots supporting Sonno Joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the Hitotsubashi group (group supporting Yoshinobu from the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family), were implicated in Ansei no Taigoku.
- 関東御分国(かんとうごぶんこく)とは、日本の鎌倉時代において将軍家(鎌倉殿)が支配した知行国を指す。
- Kanto Gobunkoku was the group of provinces ruled and administered by Shogun families (Kamakuradono) during the Kamakura period.
- 名古屋城普請の際には豊臣家へも動員が命じられたが、淀殿がこれに拒否反応を示し、沙汰止みになっている。
- In the case of fushin (construction) of Nagoya-jo Castle, the Toyotomi family was ordered to be mobilized, however because of the rejection of Yodo-dono the order was canceled
- しばらくして大野治長の母の大蔵卿局が駿府へ派遣されたが、家康は大蔵卿局とは面会して丁重に迎えている。
- However, shortly afterward Ieyasu politely met the mother of Harunaga ONO, Okurakyo-no-tsubone, who was dispatched to Sunpu.
- 和議条件の内、城の破却と堀の埋め立ては二の丸が豊臣家、三の丸と外堀は徳川家の持ち分と決められていた。
- According to peace terms on destruction of the castle and reclamation of the moats, it was decided that the Toyotomi family was responsible for Ninomaru, while the Tokugawa family for Sannomaru and the outer moat..
- 軍制上の最小単位は寄子であり、即ち寄子(騎馬武者)+郎党(武家奉公人)が基本的に最小運用単位となる。
- The smallest military unit was Yoriko, which consisted of yoriko (a horseman) and his retainers (buke hokonin), which was essentially the smallest operational unit.
- 秀吉が、お市他三人の娘を助け出す際にかくまったとされる小谷城近くの地主の家に大岡という姓をあたえた。
- Hideyoshi gave the family name Ooka to a landlord family living near Odani-jo Castle who sheltered Oichi and other three girls upon their rescue.
- また、武田に処刑された鳥居強右衛門は後世に忠臣として名を残し、その子孫は奥平松平家家中で厚遇された。
- Suneemon TORII who was executed by Takeda earned his place in history as a loyal subject and his descendants were well treated by the Okudaira-Matsudaira family.
- 家族は戸主の同意を得て廃絶した本家、分家、同家その他親族の家を再興することができる(旧民法743条)
- A member of a family can revive an abolished head family, branch family, family which has the same origin as its branch family, or other family of relatives (the Old Civil Codes, Article 743).
- なお、薩摩藩では家格が整備されるまで、後年に御小姓与と新番の身分に分別された武士を大番と呼んでいた。
- In Satsuma Domain, until the social ranks were organized, the samurai whose family ranks were later divided into okoshogumi and shinban (new guards) were called oban.
- 『平家物語』によれば、義経は馬2頭を落として、1頭は足を挫いて倒れるが、もう1頭は無事に駆け下った。
- According to 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike), Yoshitsune forced two horses down the hill; one horse sprained its foot and fell, but the other one ran down the hill safely.
- ただし、式目の適用は武家社会に限られ、朝廷の支配下では公家法、荘園領主の下では本所法が効力を持った。
- However, shikimoku was applied only to samurai society; kugeho was applied under the control of Imperial Court while honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) law came into effect under the influence of the lords of private estates.
- しかし、殉死者の家族が加増を受けたり栄達したケースは皆無であり、「商腹」は歴史的事実ではないとされる。
- However, it is thought that 'shobara' is not a historic fact because there is no case in which the family of the person who performed junshi got an increase in stipend.
- 1931年総選挙で共和主義派が勝利したのを受けてブルボン家のアルフォンソ13世 (スペイン王)が退位。
- In 1931, when a party of republicans won the general election, Alfonso XIII (King of Spain) stepped down from the throne.
- 憲法施行当初は超然主義を唱えた藩閥政治家や官僚らにより天皇主権を中心とした君権学派の解釈が重用された。
- Initially, when the Constitution took effect, interpretation by the monarch school sect focusing on imperial sovereignty was valued by domain clique politicians and bureaucrats who promulgated the idea of the doctrine of superiority.
- そこには多くの官衙(役所)が立てられ、貴族や庶民の家が瓦で葺き、柱には丹(に)を塗ることが奨励された。
- A lot of government offices were built, and nobles and common people were encouraged to build houses with tiled roofs and vermilion-colored pillars.
- これを聞いた豊臣家では大坂城は秀吉公以来の居城であり、この要求を徳川家康の実質的の宣戦布告と受け取る。
- The Toyotomi Family, hearing this proposal, took this demand as a proclamation of war, because Osaka-jo Castle had been their castle since Hideyoshi.
- 宿老による合議の結果、出家していた義持の4人の弟たちの中から「籤引き」で後継者が選ばれることになった。
- As the result of conference of syukuro (a chief vassal of a samurai family), his successor was to be choosen by lot among Yoshimochi's four younger brothers who had entered into priesthood.
- ただし先行深入りしすぎた徳川方の深溝松平家松平伊忠だけは、退却する小山田昌行に反撃されて討死している。
- It however lost Koretada MATSUDAIRA of the Fukozu Matsudaira family on the Tokugawa side who led the vanguard too deep into the enemy lines, and who was fought back and struck down by Masayuki OYAMADA in retreat.
- 御庭番は吉宗のとき紀州藩から幕府に編入され初代の御庭番に任命された者たちの子孫十数家の世襲からなった。
- The oniwaban was inherited by about a dozen descendent families of the kusurigomeyaku who were nominated as the first oniwanan by Yoshimune when they were transferred from the Kishu domain to the bakufu.
- 分家の創設の際に、主君から与えられた領地ではなく入封後新規に開発した領地(新田)を分与する方式である。
- When a branch family is established, the family is given a territory newly developed after entering into a new domain, not a territory given by the lord.
- 武士階級を主体とした場合は封建社会の、近代の思想家を主体とした場合は近代の矛盾を命題とした思惟である。
- In samurai society, the propositions of manas were contradictions in feudal society, while for modern thinkers, they are contradictions in modern times.
- 武者は清盛の弟平経盛の子平敦盛16歳と名乗った(『源平盛衰記』によるが、『平家物語』では名乗らない)。
- The young warrior stated his age as sixteen and was called TAIRA no Atsumori, the son of TAIRA no Tsunemori, who was the younger brother of Kiyomori (According to 'Genpei Seisui ki' (Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and Taira clans), Atsumori identified himself, but Atsumori would not identify himself in 'Heike Monogatari').
- 藤原四家(ふじわらしけ)は、藤原氏四家ともいい、藤原不比等の4人の息子が興した藤原氏の四つの家の総称。
- Fujiwara Shike, also called four families of the Fujiwara clan, means the four family lines founded by four sons of FUJIWARA no Fuhito.
- 頼朝以来の先例(「右大将家の例」)や武家社会の道理を基準とし、御家人の権利義務や所領相続の規定が多い。
- It was based on the precedents ('Udaishoke no rei' [precedents of the family of Udaisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards)]) since the era of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society, and included many regulations of right, obligation and territory succession of gokenin.
- (2-c)非御家人・凡下(武士以外の庶民・農民や商工業者)の買得地は年限に関係なく元の領主が領有せよ。
- Article 2-c specified that a land purchased by higokenin (non-Gokenin) and bonge (common people, peasants, merchants, and traders other than samurai) should be possessed by the original feudal lord irrespective of length of term.
- その頃出雲国では守護代の尼子清定が各地の反乱を鎮圧し、主家の京極氏をしのぐほど権力を持つようになった。
- Meanwhile in Izumo Province, shugodai Kiyosada AMAGO had suppressed local rebellions to grow as influential as the Kyogoku clan, its master's house.
- 正徳の治については新井、間部が幕政に参与した期間が短く、また家宣死去後は反甲府派や門閥の抵抗が強まった。
- Arai and Manabe's involvement in politics was very short and resistance from anti Kofu group and lineage were getting stronger after Ienobu's death
- また、『軍鑑』によれば武田家中ではこの2将以外にも小幡信貞、浅利信種の2名が自部隊を赤備えとしたという。
- Also, according to 'Koyo Gunkan,' two others such as Nobusada OBATA and Nobutane ASARI other than the two busho formed Akazonae for their own troops.
- 翌4月 (旧暦)、家康は在京の大名22名を二条城に招集させて幕府の命令に背かないという誓詞を提出させた。
- In April of the next month (the old calendar), Ieyasu gathered in Nijo-jo Castle 22 daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) staying in Kyoto and made them submit written vows that they would not disobey orders from the bakufu.
- 御庭番の家筋の諸家は当初はすべてが下級の御家人であったが、幕末までに大半の家が下級の旗本にまで上昇した。
- The oniwaban families were originally lower-ranking vassals but most of them were promoted to the direct retainer of the shogun by the end of Edo period.
- 彼らは幕臣として出世し御庭番の職務を離れた長老までも含めた御庭番家筋の間で相互に親密に連絡を取り合った。
- They maintained close contact with the oniwaban families including the patriarch who had already retired from the oniwban after his promotion to the shogun's retainer.
- 鈴木章によると、その結果『平家物語』は、平氏の本陣は福原であるはずが一ノ谷であるかのように記述している。
- According to Akira SUZUKI, as a result, 'Heike Monogatari' stated as if the headquarters of the Taira clan were in Ichinotani even though it must have been in Fukuwara.
- 『平家物語巻九』『源平盛衰記巻三十七』での平忠度が討ち取られるまでの記述においてもそのことが伺い知れる。
- We can observe it in the depiction of how TAIRA no Tadanori was killed in 'Heike Monogatari,' volume 9 and 'Genpei Seisuiki,' volume 37.
- 神戸市の歴史家落合重信は鵯越説を採り、義経は山の手(夢野口)の通盛・教経・盛俊の陣を攻略したとしている。
- Shigenobu OCHIAI, a historian of Kobe City, takes the Hiyodorigoe theory and explaines that Yoshistune captured the camps of Michimori, Noritsune, and Moritoshi on the hilly section of the city (Yumeno fortress entrance).
- そこで江戸に帰還を許されていた旧宗家の末裔が再興を許されて御金改役に復帰して幕末まで金座を管理していた。
- Then the descendants of the former head family who had been permitted to return to Edo were allowed to restore the family and returned to Gokin Aratame-yaku to control kin-za until the end of the Edo period.
- 『解体新書』の本文の翻訳がほぼ完成し、解剖図の画家を捜していることを知らされた際、小田野直武を紹介した。
- Gennai HIRAGA, who was told that the translation of the text of 'Kaitai Shinsho' was almost completed and a painter was being scouted for anatomical drawings, introduced Naotake ODANO to Genpaku SUGITA.
- 家系は杉本貞隆-杉本貞俊-杉本俊胤-杉本諸正-杉本正胤-杉本委正-杉本信貴-杉本盛長-杉本良海と続いた。
- The clan carried the name in the following line: Sadataka SUGIMOTO - Sadatoshi SUGIMOTO - Toshitane SUGIMOTO - Moromasa SUGIMOTO - Masatane SUGIMOTO - Tomomasa SUGIMOTO - Nobutaka SUGIMOTO - Morinaga SUGIMOTO - Yoshimi SUGIMOTO.
- しかし、秀長麾下の藤堂高虎が500名と宇喜多秀家麾下の戸川達安の手勢で継潤の救援に向かい、島津軍を翻弄。
- But Takatora TODO's force with 500 soldiers under Hidenaga's command and Tatsuyasu TOGAWA's force under Hideie UKITA's command went off to relieve Keijun, which buffeted the Shimazu army.
- 元々は列侯(爵位を持った家臣)の伝と言う意味でこの名前を付けたのではないかと思われる(韓信・呂不韋など)。
- Originally the term 'Retsuden' (列伝 in kanji) seemed to have been used for the history (den, 伝 in kanji) of titled liege (rekko, 列侯 in kanji) and called so (The retsuden of Han Xin, Lu Buwei and so on.)
- この事件には家持は関与していなかったが、後に藤原仲麻呂の暗殺計画に関わっていたとされ、左遷の憂き目を見る。
- OTOMO no Yakamochi was not involved in either incident, although he was allegedly involved in the assassination plot of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and was transferred as punishment.
- 慶長19年(1614年)10月2日 (旧暦)、豊臣家では旧恩ある大名や浪人に檄を飛ばし戦争準備に着手した。
- On October 2 (the old calendar), 1614, the Toyotomi family began to prepare for war, sending out circulars to daimyo and ronin who had been favored by the Toyotomi family.
- そこに目をつけた秀吉が浅井家家中に員昌内通の風説を流し、長政らに員昌に対する疑念をもたせることに成功した。
- Hideyoshi, who had an eye on that situation, spread a rumor to the members of the Azai clan that Kazumasa was a betrayer, and succeeded in making Nagamasa and others having suspicion against Kazumasa.
- また、六代将軍家宣や儒学思想に基づく新井白石らの政治をことさらに良く見せようとする意図もあったと推測する。
- In addition, she also approximates that Ienobu, the 6th Shogun, and his assistant Hakuseki ARAI must have intended to make their policies look much better.
- 戸主が、婚姻や養子縁組などの理由により他の家に入るために、元の家を消滅させることをいう(旧民法762条)。
- It means abolishment of one's own family for being a family member of another family due to marriage or adoption (the Old Civil Codes, Article 762).
- 石川数正が出奔した翌年の天正14年(1586年)に徳川家康が徳川家の軍制を武田流に変更した際に編制された。
- Oban was organized in 1586, the year following the Kazumasa ISHIKAWA's escape, when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA changed his military system to the system used in the army of Takeda.
- 御台所は自らの夫が亡くなった場合は出家して本丸から退き、西丸に移って将軍の菩提を弔いながら余生を過ごした。
- Midaidokoro entered into priesthood after their husbands died and moved from Honmaru to Nishinomaru to spend the rest of their lives to pray for the repose of their husbands' soul.
- 中世においてはしばしば律令法より個々の家のローカルなルールな優先され、家々の交渉の積み重ねが政務となった。
- In the medieval period, local rules of individual families often had a priority over ritsuryo law, and accumulation of negotiations between families became government affairs.
- また、『今鏡』には藤原南家出身の信西の平治の乱での最期と彼が天文道に通じたことが結びつけて書かれている)。
- In addition, in the book 'Imakagami (The Mirror of the Present)', some connection was stated between the death of Shinzei, a member of the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan, in the Heiji War, and his deep knowledge of Tenmondo.)
- 紀北の地侍たちは高野山や根来寺に坊院を建立し、子弟を出家させてその坊院の門主に送り込む行為を盛んに行った。
- Jizamurai (local samurai) in Kihoku (northern part of Wakayama Prefecture) had priest's houses built in the Koyasan Temple and the Negoro-ji Temple and actively made their children become priests and sent them to those chief priests.
- 築き堤奉行には蜂須賀正勝が任命され、宇喜多忠家が黒田官兵衛の指導のもと難所の門前村から下出田村までを担当。
- Masakatsu HACHISUKA was put in charge of the embankment while Tadaie UKITA, under the direction of Kanbei KURODA, was in charge of the difficult area from Monzen Village to Shimoideta Village.
- そこで主家のために、先代に重く用いられたものは潔く死に、円滑な世代交代を実現する役割があったとする説もある。
- Some think that for the master's house the people who were given important positions by a predecessor had a role to die gracefully to realize smooth transition of power to the next generation.
- 近世の宿場の整備は徳川家康によって関ヶ原の戦い後に始められ、先ず東海道、続いて中山道と順次進められていった。
- Shukuba during the early-modern times were developed by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA after the Battle of Sekigahara, and it began on the Tokai-do Road, then the Nakasen-do Road, and had continued one after another.
- 幕閣では一橋派が復活し、文久の改革が行なわれ、将軍家茂と皇女・和宮の婚儀が成立して公武合体路線が進められた。
- As for the shogun's cabinet officials, the Hitotsubashi family came back into power, the Bunkyu Reform was carried out, Shogun Iemochi married the Imperial princess Kazunomiya, and a reconciliation between the imperial court took place.
- しかしこの戦いで日本側が物質的に得たものは無く、見返りとしての恩賞は御家人たちの満足のいくものではなかった。
- However, Japan gained nothing materially out of this war, and the rewards granted to vassals did not satisfy them.
- 岩倉の命令を受けた井上はドイツ帝国を樹立したプロシア王国式に倣った君権主義国家が妥当とする意見書を作成した。
- Inoue made a proposal that a state system modeled after the Kingdom of Prussia, which established German Empire and had the royal prerogative, was appropriate.
- 2月7日払暁、先駆けせんと欲して義経の部隊から抜け出したのは熊谷直実・熊谷直家父子と平山季重らの5騎である。
- On March 27, at dawn, five cavalrymen sneaked out from among the Yoshitsune troops and attempted to be the first to engage, among whch were Naozane KUMAGAI and Naoie KUMAGAI, father and son, and Sueshige HIRAYAMA.
- これは伝統的に書式のあり方が引き継がれてきたために、自筆文書が一般的であった公家とは大きく違うところである。
- This was very different from Kuge (a court noble) in which autographed Monjo were common because the documentary forms were passed on from generation to generation.
- 埋没条里遺構を確認するには発掘の必要があるが、そうでない条里遺構は、専門家以外にも見つけることは可能である。
- To confirm buried jori remains, excavation is required, but it is possible for people other than specialists to find other jori remains.
- これにより零細化した御家人が得宗被官の御内人として取り込まれ、得宗と御内人の主従関係を築くようになっていた。
- Gokenin faced financial issues and they were employed by Tokuso's vassals as a Miuchibito (private vassals of the tokuso) and a master-servant relationship was established between Tokuso and Miuchibito.
- 秀吉の朝鮮出兵は失敗に終わり、徳川将軍家が支配する江戸時代になると、「天下」は日本列島に限る意味で用いられた。
- The Hideyoshi's dispatch of troops to Korea ended in failure, and in the Edo period when the Tokugawa Shogun family ruled Japan, the term 'Tenka' was used in only referring to the Japanese archipelago.
- このころ秀忠は藤堂高虎に対し、自分が大坂に到着するまで開戦を待つよう藤堂からも家康に伝えてくれと依頼している。
- About that time Hidetada asked Takatora TODO to tell Ieyasu not to begin war before he arrived in Osaka.
- この事件は、豊臣家攻撃の口実とするため、家康が崇伝らと画策して問題化させたものであるとの考え方が一般的である。
- This incident has been generally regarded as an incident that Ieyasu, Suden and others plotted and made an issue to find an excuse for attacking the Toyotomi family.
- こうしたなかで発生した方広寺鐘銘事件により、両家の対立は決定的となる(方広寺鐘銘事件の詳細は方広寺鐘銘事件)。
- In such a situation Incident of Hoko-ji Temple Bell decisively deepend the confrontation between the Tokugawa/Toyotomi families (for details, see Incident of Hoko-ji Temple Bell).
- さらに、従来の合戦の解説での一ノ谷の位置の比定が根本的に誤っているとする説もある(兵庫県郷土史家・梅村伸雄)。
- Moreover, some scholars expressed the theory that traditional researchers were fundamentally wrong to identify the location of Ichinotani in their traditional explanation of the battle (local history researcher of Hyogo Prefecture, Nobuo UEMURA).
- 「泰時消息文」によれば、公家法は漢文で記されており難解であるので、武士に分かりやすい文体の法律を作ったとある。
- According to 'Yasutoki shosokubun,' they created a law written in understandable style to samurai since the kugeho was written in kanbun (Chinese classics) and difficult to understand.
- しかし、公家社会そのものの変化に伴い、構造上あるいは実際的な運用上、律令国家とは大きく異なる特徴が見出される。
- However, due to changes of the court noble society itself, significantly different features from the system of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes can be seen in its structure and in practical operation.
- 日本は候補の一つとして文川市郡松田里を強く推したが、その地は王陵(王家の墓地)があるために朝鮮側が難色を示した。
- Japan insisted that Songjon Village in Munchon City should be one of the possible sites, but Korea were reluctant because there was a royal tomb.
- また、過去の葛城氏や後の藤原氏同様、娘蘇我堅塩媛、小姉君を欽明天皇に嫁がせることにより天皇家の外戚となっていく。
- Soga also followed the precedent set by the Katsuragi and Fujiwara clans by marrying off his daughters SOGA no Kitashihime and Oane no Kimi to Emperor Kinmei, and established himself as a maternal relative of the imperial family.
- 復興が一段落すると忠明は大和郡山に移封され、以降大坂は将軍家直轄となり、『天下の台所』と呼ばれる商業の街になる。
- When the first stage of the revival was completed, Tadaakira was transferred to Yamato Koriyama, and after that Osaka came under direct control of the shogun family and became a commercialized city called 'the Kitchen of Japan'.
- 慶長13年(1608年)には、家康が方広寺大仏殿(秀吉が建立し慶長元年(1596年)に倒壊)の再建を勧めている。
- In 1608 Ieyasu recommended them to reconstruct Hoko-ji Temple Daibutsu-den Hall (which was built by Hideyoshi, but collapsed in 1596).
- 当時の情勢を見た場合、信玄時代の時点で織田家は尾張・美濃・南近江・北伊勢・山城他近畿圏にまで勢力を伸ばしていた。
- The political landscape at the time of Shingen was such that the Oda family extended its power as far as the Kinki region, covering Owari, Mino, Minami Omi, Kita Ise, Yamashiro.
- しかし、この「千挺計」は、佐々成政、前田利家、野々村正成、福富秀勝、塙直政の5人の奉行に配備したと書かれている。
- However, it refers to 'the 1,000 teppo' supplied to the following five bugyo (military commissioners): Narimasa SASSA, Toshiie MAEDA, Masanari NONOMURA, Hidekatsu FUKUTOMI, and Naomasa BAN.
- ただし夫婦同籍の原則があるため、分家者の妻と、直系卑属が新たな家に入るときの妻はかならず共に移動することになる。
- Because there is a principle that a husband and a wife must be on the same household register, a wife of a head of a branch family and also a wife of a lineal descendant must be registered on the new household register with their husband.
- ただし、牧野英一ら保守的な法学者の巻き返しもあり、「家族の扶養義務」などの形でその一部は存置されることとなった。
- However, taking in opinions from conservative jurists including Eiichi MAKINO, a part of Ie seido was preserved such as 'obligation of support family member'.
- 持氏一行は途中で憲実の家宰長尾忠政・長尾景仲の軍と出会い、持氏は幕府への恭順を誓い、ともに鎌倉の永安寺に入った。
- As the Mochiuji's party encountered troops of 忠政 NAGAO and Kagenaka NAGAO, main retainers of Norizane on their way, Mochiuji took an oath of allegiance to the bakufu and they entered Yoan-ji Temple of Kamakura altogether.
- 家督相続や分家とは異なり、新たに戸主になる者の意思とは無関係に、法律の規定により当然に家が設立される場合をいう。
- Unlike succession of a family or creation of a branch family, this is a case that a household will be created by laws, regardless of will of a new family head.
- 湯長谷藩の領地は岩城平藩の新田であるので、本家が転封されても分家の領地は本家の領地内に設定されなければならない。
- Since the territory of Yunagaya Domain was a new paddy of Iwakitaira Domain, the territory of the branch family should be included in that of the head family even if the head family was relocated.
- しかし当時は、政治を行う場である「表」と、城主とその家族の私的な生活の場である「奥」の境界が存在していなかった。
- At that time, a border between the 'public area' for conducting politics and the 'private area' where the lord of the castle and his family lived didn't exist.
- 3代将軍徳川家光乳母・春日局によって組織的な整備がなされていき、こうして現在知られる形の大奥に整えられていった。
- Kasuga no Tsubone, a menoto (a woman providing breast-feeding to a highborn baby) of the third Shogun, Iemitsu TOKUGAWA organized O-oku systematically and developed it as known to this day.
- 井上清 (歴史家)、藤谷俊雄ら研究所の多数派を占めていた共産党系理事らは朝田・奈良本の間でなされた合意を覆した。
- The Japanese Communist Party related executives including Kiyoshi INOUE (a historian) and Toshio FUJITANI, who accounted for the majority of the Institute reversed the agreement between Asada and Naramoto.
- 吉保の子柳沢吉里の代で大和国郡山藩(奈良県大和郡山市)に転封され、彼の家系は15万石の大名として幕末まで至った。
- During the time of Yoshisato YANAGISAWA, the son of Yoshiyasu, the governing land of the clan was switched to the Koriyama Domain, Yamato Province (currently Yamato Koriyama City, Nara Prefecture), and his family continued to be a daimyo with 150,000 koku until the end of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- またジパングの語源としても、元が遠征した東南アジアの小国家群を示す「諸蕃国」(ツィァパングォ)の訛りであるとする。
- Additionally, another one explains that the origin of Zipangu was from a dialect of ツィァパングォ (foreign lands) which was indicated as small countries in Southeast Asia, where the Yuan Dynasty sent a military expedition.
- さらに、靭形埴輪の鰭過度に飾り立ててるようになったり、家型埴輪の屋根部分が不釣り合いに大型化したりするようになる。
- And sheath-shaped Haniwa began to be decked with too many fins and the roofs of the house-shaped Haniwa became overproportionate.
- 連(むらじ)は、ヤマト王権で使われていたカバネ(かばね)の一つで、家臣の中では最高位に位置していた姓の一つである。
- Muraji refers to one of kabane (hereditary title to denote rank and political standing) used in the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) and also denoted one of the highest ranked titles among retainers.
- 幕府の大老井伊直弼や老中間部詮勝らは、勅許を得ないまま日米修好通商条約に調印し、また徳川家茂を将軍継嗣に決定した。
- The Tairo (chief minister), Naosuke II and roju (member of shogun's council of elders), Akikatsu MANABE signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan without obtaining Imperial sanction and decided to put forward Iemochi TOKUGAWA as successor to the Shogun.
- その故を持って、その弟の石川石足と子の石川年足は、当時嫡流とされた武智麻呂を祖とする藤原南家と結びつくようになる。
- Yasumaro's younger brother ISHIKAWA no Iwatari and his son ISHIKAWA no Toshitari became associated with the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan which was directly descended from Muchimaro by virtue of Masako's marriage to Fuhito.
- 秀頼の上洛を求める家康に対し反対もあったが、加藤清正や浅野幸長ら豊臣家恩顧の大名らの取り成しもあり会見は実現する。
- Although some objected to Ieyasu's demand, the meeting was realized through mediation of daimyo that had been favored by the Toyotomi Family including Kiyomasa KATO, Yoshinaga ASANO and others.
- 明は諸外国の国王名義の表文を持参した国家に対してのみ勘合貿易(朝貢貿易)を認め、それが無い場合には貿易を拒否した。
- The Ming Dynasty permitted tally trade only to the countries which brought a Johyobun with King's signature on it to Ming but otherwise refused to trade with.
- 徳川家宣(綱吉の甥で、養子となる)は将軍後見職に就任した際、綱吉に生類憐みの令の即時廃止を要求したといわれている。
- It is said that when Ienobu TOKUGAWA (Tsunayoshi's nephew who became his adopted son) took the office of Shogun's assistant, he demanded the abolition of the law.
- 婚姻により夫が女戸主の家に入る(入夫婚姻)際、当事者の反対意志表示が無い限り入夫が戸主となった(旧民法736条)。
- In case of marriage that husband will be a member of a family which has female head of a family (Nyufu marriage), if no party dissent, a husband became a head of a family (the Old Civil Codes, Article 736).
- 戸主は男性であることが原則であるが、女性であっても家督相続や庶子・私生児などによる一家創立など、女戸主もあり得た。
- In principle, a head of a family must be a male, but female head of a family existed in case of creation of a new household register by illegitimate children or succession to a family.
- 祐親の孫である曾我兄弟は厳しい生活のなかで成長し、兄の一萬丸は、元服して曽我の家督を継ぎ、曾我十郎祐成と名乗った。
- The Soga brothers, grandsons of Sukechika, grew up under difficult circumstances, and the elder brother Ichimanmaru, having attained manhood took over as head of the Soga family, identifying himself as SOGA no Juro Sukenari.
- ただし、転封の多い譜代大名や旗本の場合は、特に手続きもなく分家の領地が本田高として扱われるようになるケースがある。
- However, in the cases of fudai daimyo (daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) and hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) who were often transferred from one fief to another, the territory of a branch family was sometimes treated as a registered rice paddy with no specific procedure.
- ところが逆落しを詳細に記述している『平家物語』では義経は兵を分けず3000騎で鵯越から一の谷へ逆落しをかけている。
- However, according to 'Heike Monogatari' that depicts the details of 'sakaotoshi,' Yoshitsune did not divid his troops but instead executed 'sakaotoshi' from Hiyodorigoe to Ichinotani with his three thousand cavalrymen.
- さらに、本項目の経過説明のような一般に語られる『吾妻鏡』『平家物語』を元にした合戦解説は全て虚構ということになる。
- Additionally, all of the general explanations of the battle based on 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari' would be fiction, such as the progress explanation in this section.
- 藤原四家とは、藤原家ではなく、藤原氏の「南家」、藤原氏の「北家」、藤原氏の「式家」、藤原氏の「京家」の総称である。
- Fujiwara Shike does not mean Fujiwara family, but a wholesome name of four family lines: 'Nanke,' 'Hokke,' 'Shikike,' and 'Kyoke' of the Fujiwara clan.
- 天和(日本)3年(1683年)には末期養子禁止の緩和とともに殉死の禁は武家諸法度に組み込まれ本格的な禁令がなされた。
- In 1683, as the prohibition of matsugo-yoshi (adopting a child as one's son on one's deathbed) was relaxed, the prohibition of junshi was included in the Laws Governing Military Households and junshi was prohibited officially.
- 『三河後風土記』、『徳川歴代』の2書は,著者不詳で流行している偽書で,徳川家歴代の功績賛美のために作ったものである。
- Two books 'Mikawa Go Fudoki' (The Topographical Records of Mikawa Province) and 'Tokugawa rekidai' (chronicle of the successive generations of the Tokugawa house) are gisho that were in vogue with unknown authorship and they were written for the purpose of praising the achievements of successive Tokugawa shoguns.
- 舒明天皇の没後、妻の皇極天皇、子の天智によって継承され、639年(舒明11)に完成された天皇家最初の仏教寺院である。
- This was the Imperial Family's first Buddhist temple, completed in 639 by Emperor Jomei and, after his death, succeeded by his consort, Empress Kogyoku, and his son, Emperor Tenchi.
- 後に真田隊の猛攻を恐れ、家康を残して逃走した旗本衆の行動を詮議したという「大久保忠教覚書」(三河物語)も残っている。
- There remains 'Tadataka OKUBO Oboegaki (memoradom)' (Mikawa Monogatari [Tales from Mikawa]', a record of later-year investigations on hatamoto units that ran away, leaving Ieyasu, out of fear of fierce attacks by the Sanada troop.
- 慶長19年(1614年)、慶長14年から豊臣家が再建していた京都の方広寺大仏殿はほぼ完成し、4月には梵鐘が完成した。
- The Hoko-ji Temple Daibutsu-den Hall in Kyoto that the Toyotomi family had been rebuilding since 1609 was almost completed in 1614, and a bonsho (temple bell) was completed in April in 1614 (the old calendar).
- 法定推定家督相続人や戸主の妻、女戸主の入夫は廃絶家がその本家である場合に限って再興することができる(旧民法744条)
- A legal successor of a head of a family position, a wife of a head of a family, or a husband of a female head of a family can only revive own head family (the Old Civil Codes, Article 744).
- 天平10年(738年)藤原宇合の長男・広嗣(藤原式家)は大養徳(大和国)国司から大宰帥に任じられ、大宰府に赴任した。
- In 738, the oldest son of FUJIWARA no Umakai, Hirotsugu (the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan) was assigned to Dazai no sochi from Kokushi (provincial governor) of 大養徳 (Yamato Province) and went to Dazai-fu.
- 玄白も大いに興味を持ったが、彼もまた個人では買えず、藩の家老に頼み込み、代金を出してもらってやっと入手できたという。
- Although Genpaku was also greatly interested in the books, he was also unable to purchase them himself; he asked the chief retainer of the clan who put up the funds and a last, the books were secured.
- 日本国憲法の制定に合わせて年に民法の大改正が行われ、親族編・相続編が根本的に改められたことにより、家制度は終了した。
- Ie seido was abolished as a major revision was made to the Old Civil Codes according to establishment of the Constitution of Japan in1947 and sections of relatives and Inheritance were completely changed.
- 律令法と区別される意味での公家法の成立は、直接的には白河上皇に始まる院政において大きな契機を指摘することができよう。
- For formation of the court noble law that is distinguished from ritsuryo law, cloister government that was started by the retired Emperor Shirakawa can be pointed out as a direct and significant momentum.
- 翌5年(1577年)2月までに雑賀五組のうち社家郷(宮郷)・中郷・南郷のいわゆる雑賀三組を寝返らせることに成功する。
- Until February in the following year, 1577, it succeeded with the so-called Saiga three groups of shakego (miyago), nakago and nango among five of the Saiga groups.
- 秀吉は宗治を武士の鏡として賞賛し、6月6日 (旧暦)には高松城に杉原家次を置いて山陽道を東へ向かった(中国大返し)。
- Hideyoshi praised Muneharu as a model for samurai, and by July 5, he left Ietsugu SUGIHARA in Takamatsu-jo Castle and headed east on Sanyodo Road, which is known as Chugoku Ogaeshi (the term refers to the reaction to the Honno-ji Incident by Hideyoshi HASHIBA, in which he rushed back to Bitchu even though he was in a battle with Mitsuhide AKECHI in Yamazaki which is near the boundary between Settsu Province and Yamashiro Province when he learned of the news).
- 実頼は後に上杉家から追放されるが、その後継者として兼続は弟・樋口秀兼の息子である大国光頼を指名し、家督を継承させる。
- Saneyori was later banned from the Uesugi clan, but Kanetsugu appointed a son of his brother Hidekane HIGUCHI, Mitsuyori OKUNI, and had him inherited as part of the family.
- 江戸時代に入ると戦死する機会が少なくなったことにより、自然死の場合でも近習等ごく身近な家臣が追い腹をするようになった。
- When Japan entered the Edo period, occasions to die in a battle field decreased, as the result of which close retainers, such as attendant, came to commit suicide to follow his dead master even when the master died of natural cause.
- 最後には荻原を罷免しなければ殿中で重秀を暗殺すると脅迫したため、家宣も正徳2年(1712年)に重秀をとうとう罷免した。
- Finally he threatened to assassinate Shigenobu if Ienobu didn't dismiss him and Ienobu had to dismiss Shigenobu in 1712.
- 大正政変後、公家出身の西園寺は大正天皇から望まれていた第3次桂内閣への協力を拒否した政治的責任を取って辞表を提出した。
- After Taisho Coup, Saionji, who was originally from court noble, took political responsibility and resigned office because he had refused Emperor Taisho's request to support the Third Katsura Cabinet.
- 日本政府は台湾に比して朝鮮を重視して、台湾総督と異なり、韓国統監・朝鮮総督には相当地位の高い政治家・軍人が任用された。
- The Japanese government focused on Korea, compared to Taiwan, and quite high ranking politicians and military men were appointed to Kankoku Tokan and Chosen Sotoku, different from Taiwan Sotoku.
- その反面、農家が土地を収奪され、困窮した人々が満州や日本国内、沿海州などへ移住する結果となってしまったとする論もある。
- Some argued that, on the other hand, peasants were deprived of their land, and impoverished people ended up moving to Manchuria, the mainland in Japan and Russian Maritime Province.
- しかし1863年(文久3年)に孝明天皇・公武合体派の公家・薩摩藩・会津藩による八月十八日の政変により京より追放される。
- However, the Choshu clan was expelled from Kyoto in a coup called 'the political upheaval on August 18' (upheaval occurred on September 30 on the western calendar) launched jointly by the Emperor Komei, the court nobles supporting Kobu-Gattai, the Satsuma clan and the Aizu clan in 1863,.
- 江戸幕府の職制においては、徳川将軍家の直接の家臣を直参と呼んだのに対し、将軍家は、大名や旗本の家臣を「陪臣」と呼んだ。
- In the office organization of the Edo bakufu, direct vassals of the Tokugawa Shogun family were called jikisan (immediate retainer), while the Shogun family called vassals of daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu) 'baishin.'
- しかし、『平家物語』や上記『吾妻鏡』では義経の戦った場所は鵯越(一ノ谷から東方8キロ)となっており鵯越説も根強くある。
- However, according to 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike) and the above mentioned 'Azuma Kagami,' Yoshitsune fought at Hiyodorigoe (eight kilometers to the east from the Ichinotani region), so some historians and experts still strongly support the Hiyodorigoe theory.
- そこで専門職としての右筆が誕生し、右筆に文書を作成・執筆を行わせ、武家はそれに署名・花押のみを行うのが一般的となった。
- There, Yuhitsu became a specialist job, and it became common to order Yuhitsu to create and write Monjo and Samurai families only signed or wrote Kao (written seal mark) on them.
- このため、御金改役を世襲した後藤宗家を小判座(小判師職人)の元締という意味を込めて特に大判座(おおばんざ)とも呼んだ。
- Therefore, the head family of the Goto family who inherited Gokin Aratame-yaku was also especially called Ooban za in the meaning of the manager of koban za (koban-shi workmen).
- 第6代石川広季は、伊豆で源頼朝が平家討伐の兵を挙げたことを知り、寿永2年(1183年)、伯父光治率いる軍を鎌倉に送る。
- When the sixth head of the family Hirosue ISHIKAWA heard that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised an army to defeat the Taira family in Izu, he dispatched an army headed by his uncle Mitsuharu to Kamakura in 1183.
- これは譜代筆頭井伊家の御家断絶と、それによる水戸藩への敵討ちといった争乱の激化を防ぐための、幕府による破格の配慮である。
- The Shogunate took special measures as above to prevent extinction of the Ii Family, fudai hitto, and escalation of conflict including revenge against the Mito Domain.
- 新羅は自前の律令は制定せず、唐律令を採用していたが、独自色の強い格を多数制定することにより、新羅独特の国家体制を築いた。
- Silla adopted the Tang Luli, and did not enact Lilu that they created from scratch, but by enacting various Ge which had characteristics strong of Silla, it established its own form of government.
- そのため、家康側が全面的に銘文の字句を口実としたものではなく、豊臣側の軽率な行為に乗じたものというという性格の方が強い。
- Therefore, the incident was not essentially the one that the Ieyasu side used the phrases in the inscription for the full excuse for attacking the Toyotomi's side, but took advantage of the thoughtlessness of the Toyotomi side.
- また、当時の国際法が、国家への強制効果と個人への強制効果とを区別する基準を提供していたかについて疑問を呈する立場がある。
- And there is a position to present some doubts whether the international law at that time could offer a standard to distinguish the compulsory effect on a state from the compulsory effect on an individual.
- そして、御家人階層の没落傾向に対して新興階層である悪党の活動が活発化していき、この動きは鎌倉幕府滅亡へとつながっていく。
- The class of Gokenin began to fall, and to the contrary, a new class of Akuto (a villain in the medieval times) emerged, and this change later led to the fall of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 婚姻・養子縁組をした者が離婚・養子離縁をした際に、復籍するはずの家が廃家や絶家により無くなっていたとき(旧民法740条)
- In case that someone who had got married or adopted can not return to his/her own family after dissolution because the family was abolished (the Old Civil Codes, Article 740).
- そのため、鎌倉幕府が強権をもって法律を制定したというよりも、むしろ御家人の支持を得るために制定した法律という性格を持つ。
- Accordingly, its characteristic is more of a law that was established to be supported by shogunal retainers than that which was established by the Kamakura bakufu with an iron fist.
- 天皇の内廷とは別個に院政をしいた上皇・法皇のもとには院庁が成立し、摂関家の政所のように内部的な政務を処理するようになる。
- Separate from the inner Court of the emperor, In no cho (Retired Emperor's Office) was established under retired emperors and cloistered emperors, which treated internal government affairs just like Mandokoro (Administrative Board) of sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents).
- 地租の由来は、大化の改新により成立した律令国家が、唐に倣って採用した租税制度である「租庸調」のうちの「租」にさかのぼる。
- The origin of land-tax goes back to 'So' of 'Soyocho system' (a tax system, corvee), the tax system which the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, established through Taika no Kaishin (Great Reformation of the Taika Era) applied imitating Tang Dynasty.
- これにより豊前・豊後国の土豪などは島津氏を見限って豊臣氏に帰順し、さらに肥前国の龍造寺政家と鍋島直茂も豊臣氏に帰順する。
- On this occasion, powerful local clans in Buzen and Bungo Provinces left the Shimazu clan and went over to the Toyotomi clan, and Masaie RYUZOJI and Naoshige NABESHIMA in Hizen Province followed their examples.
- また、土御門家の天文道や宿曜道に由来する仏教天文学の抵抗もあり、その本格化は陰陽寮が廃止された明治時代以後のことになる。
- With resistance from Tsuchimikado family's Tenmondo, as well as Buddhist astronomy which came from Sukuyodo (astrology with its roots in esoteric Buddhism), the study was introduced in full after the Meiji period, when the Onmyoryo was abolished.
- 磐井の乱(527年 - 528年)の後、宣化元年(536年)に博多港のほとりに宮家(遠の朝廷:とおのみかど)を設置した。
- In 536 Yamato Dynasty established a government office called 'To no mikado' (government office located far from the capital) near the Hakata port after the Iwai War (527-528).
- 草高35万石で、近江半国領主という国主に準ずる格式に沿うならば、一階級上の侯爵となるはずとの意向も、井伊家の周辺にあった。
- The expectation of 350,000 koku, achieving the status of a so-called Omi Hangoku lord or a similar title, and also the potential of becoming a higher class marquis, surrounded the Ii Family.
- 1つ目は、王家は制度上存在するものの立憲君主制や豪族支配等により君権が抑圧された状態から、君主親政が復活するケースである。
- The first case is a restoration of direct administration by a royal family from such conditions whereby the ruling power was repressed due to a constitutional monarchy system or by powerful clans.
- 和平成立後、家康は京都から駿府へ戻り、秀忠も伏見に戻ったが、一方で国友鍛冶に大砲の製造を命じるなど、戦争準備を行っている。
- After pacification was made, Ieyasu returned from Kyoto to Sunpu, and Hidetada to Fushimi, however, on the other hand, they ordered blacksmiths in Kunitomo to manufacture cannons to prepare for war.
- 家族の入籍又は去家に対する同意権(ただし、法律上当然に入籍・除籍が生じる場合を除く)(旧民法735条・737条・738条)
- Consent right regarding registration and deregistration of family members on household registers (except situations in which registration and deregistration is needed from a legal standpoint) (the Old Civil Codes, Article 735, 737 and 738).
- なお、富樫満成は高野山に逃亡したものの、1419年2月28日(応永26年2月4日)に畠山満家の討伐によって殺害されている。
- Mitsunari TOGASHI fled to Mt. Koya, but was killed by the subjugation of Mitsuie HATAKEYAMA on February 28, 1419.
- 山鹿はこれに対し人間は確かに国家に属しているが武士に(封建)社会全体への義務を負わせることを選んだ存在も確かにいるとした。
- Yamaga also thought that people certainly belonged to a state, but at the same time there was an existence that chose samurais to let them have a duty to whole (feudal) society.
- 一進会の掲げた目的は、独立協会に見られる民主主義、独立国家主義の思想を継承しており、「政治改革と民主の自由」を掲げている。
- The goal Isshinkai aimed at was 'political reform and people's freedom' which succeeded to the thoughts of democracy and independent nationalism seen in the Independence Club.
- 第二次世界大戦中日本に亡命していたスバス・チャンドラ・ボースなどのインド独立運動家を指して「インド独立の志士」とも呼んだ。
- Subhas Chandra Bose, a leader in the Indian independence movement who fled to Japan during the World War 2, was also called a ''Shishi' of the Indian independence movement'.
- また編纂に加わったのは六波羅探題を務めた泰時・時房や公家法に通じた中級貴族やその子孫である御家人であった点も指摘している。
- Also he pointed out that those who took part in the compilation were Yasutoki and Tokifusa of Rokuhara Tandai and middle-ranked nobles with knowledge of the kugeho and the descendants who were shogunal retainers.
- だが、徳川家康はその挙動に不信感を抱き本領の近江朽木は安堵したものの、その総石高は9550石に留まり、大名の資格を失った。
- However, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA remained suspicious of him, so that while Ieyasu acknowledged Kutsuki's main domain of Omi Kutsuki, he left the clan's total crop yield 9550 goku, being taken away their status as daimyo (Japanese feudal lord).
- 第25代石川晴光は、永禄6年(1563年)、伊達晴宗の四男小二郎(後に石川昭光と改名)を養子に受け、家督を譲って隠居した。
- In 1563, Harumitsu ISHIKAWA, the twenty-fifth head of the family, adopted Kojiro (later, he was renamed Akimitsu ISHIKAWA), the fourth son of Harumune DATE and handed over the head of the family to him and retired.
- なお、家を後継したばかりの若い主君では、先代の重臣たちに実務面で太刀打ちができず、主君を中心とした統一的な行動が難しくなる。
- The young lord who just succeeded as the head of a family couldn't compete with the chief retainers who served to the predecessor in practical affairs, which created a difficulty in getting united action, centering on a lord.
- これは、脱藩者を通じて軍事機密や御家騒動などが表沙汰になり、藩(藩主)にとっては致命的な改易が頻繁に生じたことも一因である。
- This was because, through the Dappan samurai, the Domain's military secrecy and family troubles could be revealed in public and frequently caused fatal 'Kaieki' sanctions (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) for the domain (and/or the lord of the domain).
- (註 なお、例示には偽書として評価の定まっているもののほか、「専門家によって偽書の疑いを提示されたことがあるもの」も含む。)
- (note that this designation includes, in addition to the examples given in this article, works positively identified as gisho as well as any works 'specialists suspect are gisho.'
- 死亡者の家には跡目相続が認められたが、直弼の護衛に失敗した生存者に対しては、2年後の1862年(文久2年)に処分が下された。
- Although the families of the deceased received their inheritance, the survivors of those who had failed to protect Naosuke were punished in 1862, two years after the incident.
- 聖徳太子の死により大豪族蘇我氏を抑える者がいなくなり、蘇我氏の専横は甚だしいものになり、その権勢は天皇家を凌ぐほどになった。
- Due to the death of Prince Shotoku, there was no one who could control such powerful family as Soga clan, and thus the Soga clan began exercising tyrannical power that eventually exceeded the power of the Imperial Family.
- 直弼の嫡男である井伊直憲は有栖川宮家から夫人を迎えており、井伊家は旧譜代大名のなかでは、むしろ厚遇されたと考えるべきである。
- Naonori II, Naosuke's legitimate son, married a daughter of the Arisugawanomiya family, and it should be noted that the Ii Family were rather treated very well among other old fudai daimyo.
- 酒井忠次、松平康忠、松平伊忠、松平家忠、松平清宗、本多広孝、奥平貞能、菅沼定盈、西郷家員、近藤秀用、設楽貞通(樋田にて待機)
- Tadatsugu SAKAI, Yasutada MATSUDAIRA, Koretada MATSUDAIRA, Ietada MATSUDAIRA, Kiyomune MATSUDAIRA, Hirotaka HONDA, Sadayoshi OKUDAIRA, Sadamitsu SUGANUMA, Iekazu SAIGO, Hidemochi KONDO, and Sadamichi SHITARA (who was on standby in Toida)
- これらは主に、武士としての生き方に関わるものであり、あくまでも各家々の家訓であって、家臣としての処世術にも等しいものである。
- This is the way of life as a samurai and also the family precept of each family as well as how to get along with life as a vassal.
- 小判師達は小判座(こばんざ)と総称され、後藤宗家が居住していた本石町の金座役宅の周辺に施設を構えてその支配下に置かれていた。
- Koban-shi were collectively called koban za and they had facilities around the official residence of kin-za in Hongoku-cho where the head family of the Goto family lived and they were under the control of the family.
- 五代将軍徳川綱吉の生母・桂昌院はその最たる例で、公家の女子を除いて存命中の女性としては史上空前絶後の従一位に叙せられている。
- The fifth Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA's real mother, Keishoin was the best example and she was granted juichii (Junior First Rank) during her lifetime as the first female of all time other than the females in the noble court.
- 明法家もまた、元は大学寮の明法道の教官であった明法博士の地位を明法道の家学化によってその世襲を確立させることで成立している。
- Such Myobo-ke were also formed by establishing heredity of the position of Myobo hakase who were originally instructors of Myobodo (study of ritsuryo codes) in Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) by changing Myobodo to hereditary learning.
- そのために、紀伝道発展の要素も絶たれて伝統を固守するだけの学問となり、その結果として文章博士の家による独占・家学化が進んだ。
- This cut off any possible development of kidendo and the subject became one in which only traditions were maintained, resulting in domination by certain monjo hakase families and making it their kagaku (hereditary learning).
- 家形埴輪については、死者の霊が生活するための依代(よりしろ)という説と死者が生前に居住していた居館を表したものという説がある。
- About house-shaped Haniwa, there are two theories; one theory that they were Yorishiro (object representative of a divine spirit) where the souls of the deceased lived and the other theory that they were representations of the residences the deceased lived before death.
- 殖産興業(しょくさんこうぎょう)とは、明治政府が西洋諸国に対抗し、産業、資本主義育成により国家の近代化を推進した諸政策を指す。
- Shokusan-kogyo is the policies in which the Meiji government accelerated modernization of the nation by encouraging industry and nurturing capitalism in order to compete with Western countries.
- 豊臣政権の五大老であった徳川家康は、慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦い後征夷大将軍に任命され、江戸に江戸幕府を構築し始める。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, a member of the Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) of the Toyotomi government, was appointed Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and began to establish the Edo bakufu in Edo.
- 4月21日 (旧暦)、秀忠は無事二条城に到着し、翌22日、家康と秀忠は本多正信・正純父子、土井利勝、藤堂高虎らと軍議を行った。
- On April 21 (the old calendar) Hidetada arrived at Nijo-jo Castle safely and on 22nd, the next day Ieyasu and Hidetada held a war council with Masanobu/Masazumi HONDA (father and son), Toshikatsu DOI, Takatora TODO and others.
- 関ヶ原の戦いに勝利した徳川家康は、日本国内の覇権を意識し、1601年(慶長6年)、京都伏見区の伏見城下に貨幣鋳造所を設立した。
- After his triumph in the Battle of Sekigahara, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA set up a mint near Fushimi Castle in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, in 1601.
- 慶長19年(1614年)8月 (旧暦)、豊臣家は鐘銘問題の弁明のために片桐且元を駿府へ派遣するが、家康は且元と面会していない。
- In August (the old calendar), 1614 the Toyotomi family dispatched Katsumoto KATAGIRI to Sunpu for the explanation of a matter of the shomei (inscription on a bell) of Hoko-ji Temple Bell, but Ieyasu did not meet him.
- また、造作を行う際、その工事場所が家の中心から見て禁忌の方角に当たる場合に、いったん他所で宿泊して忌を移してから工事を行った。
- Also, in building a new house, if the construction site was located in the tabooed direction from the center of the house they lived, they stayed in another place to change the direction of the site before starting the construction.
- 特に江戸時代江戸時代初期の騒動では、求めに応じた幕府が審理にもとづいて大名家に介入し、改易や減封、転封などの処置を下している。
- Especially during the early Edo Period, the shogunate accepted such appeals and intervened in such households, implementing measures such as seizure of property, domain and rank, reduction of domain and revenue, transfer of domain, and so on.
- 長篠の戦いの特筆すべき点として織田家は当時としては異例の鉄砲3000丁を用意し、新戦法三段撃ちを行ったとされるのが有名である。
- What is remarkable about the Battle of Nagashino is that the Oda family famously prepared 3,000 teppo, which was unusual at the time and employed a new tactics called 'sandan-uchi.'
- そのため、例えば忠臣蔵で有名な大石家は赤穂浅野家の家臣であるが、大石家の家臣は浅野家とは直接の主従関係を持たなかったのである。
- Therefore, for example, the Oishi family which was famous for Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers) was a vassal of the Asano family of Ako Domain, but vassals of the Oishi family did not have a direct master-servant relationship with the Asano family.
- 2008年、徳川記念財団の調査により徳川宗家文書から訴状留(側近が訴状内容をまとめたもの)が発見され貴重な資料として注目される。
- In 2008, sojodome (the contents of petitions collected by close associate) was found from the documents of the head of the Tokugawa family in the survey conducted by the Tokugawa Memorial Foundation and is attracting attentions as an important material.
- 律令制が確立して中央集権的な国家体制が整うにつれて、国の富は中央に集められ、皇族や貴族はこれらの富を背景に華やかな生活を送った。
- Following the realization of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and establishment of a centralized state government, the country's treasures and wealth were brought to the capital, against which background the Imperial family and the nobility led a sumptuous life.
- しかし40万石を領する大藩からわずか1万石の小藩にまで成り下がったため、家臣団の縮小などを余儀なくされ、藩財政は一気に悪化した。
- Because the Kato clan had its large domain with 400,000 koku of rice which it had retained reduced to a small one with only 10,000 koku of rice, it was forced to curtail the vassals, so that the clan's finance underwent rapid deterioration.
- 1962年には列聖100年を記念して西坂の丘に日本二十六聖人記念館(今井兼次の設計)と彫刻家の舟越保武による記念碑が建てられた。
- In 1962, Twenty-six Martyrs Museum (designed by Kenji IMAI) and monument by the sculptor, Yasutake FUNAKOSHI were built on the hill in Nishizaka to commemorate the 100th anniversary of canonization.
- 15日には淀殿が人質として江戸に行く替わりに、篭城浪人の為の加増を条件とした和議案が豊臣方より出されるが、家康はこれを拒否する。
- On 15th the Toyotomi side showed a proposal of compromise with a condition that in return for Yodo-dono going to Edo as a hostage, Toyotomi's rokudaka (amount of rokudaka [salary]) should be raised for the ronin in the castle, which Ieyasu refused (the old calendar).
- 中世には、朝廷や武家政権、荘園領主・有力寺社などの権門勢家がおのおの独自に関所を設置し、金儲けのため、関銭(通行税)を徴収した。
- During Japan's middle ages, powerful and influential families or other groups, including the Imperial Court, the various warrior governments, lords of private estates, and powerful temples and shrines all established their own dedicated barrier stations, levying a 'barrier toll' (also known as a 'passage tax') at such barriers in order to make money.
- 離婚または離縁によって実家に復籍すべき者が実家の廃絶によって復籍することができない場合には再興することができる(旧民法740条)
- After divorce or dissolution, a person who shall return to one's family but the family is abolished, can revive the family (the Old Civil Codes, Article 740).
- 「御雇(おやとい)」とは(とくに外国人に限らず)武家でない身分の者を、その専門技芸において幕府の「御用」に徴用することを指した。
- Oyatoi' refers to the hiring of someone (unnecessary to be a foreigner) who does not belong to a samurai family for his or her special skills or knowledge in order to accomplish the bakufu's 'goyo' (official business).
- 中世の朝廷における官制は基本的には律令国家の令の規定を継承したものであり、表面上深刻な構造上の変化をなしていないように思われる。
- Governmental regulations of Imperial Court in the medieval period was basically a succession of provisions of ryo (administrative code) in the system of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, and it seems that there was no profound structural change on the face.
- 武田氏宗家の高家武田氏とは密接な関係にあり、保申の次男、武田信保が高家武田氏の当主を継ぎ、血筋が絶えることなく現在に至っている。
- The YANAGISAWA clan had a close relationship with the Koke Takeda clan, the main stream of the Takeda clan; Nobuyasu TAKEDA, the second son of Yasunobu, became the head of Koke Takeda clan, and the bloodline continues today.
- 寛永20年(1643年)5月、父・加藤明成が会津藩40万石を収公されたが、祖父・嘉明の勲功により家名存続を許され、6月に立藩した。
- In July 1643, the Yoshinaga Domain was founded; Akitomo's father, Akinari KATO, who was the lord of the Aizu Domain, had his domain with 400,000 koku of rice confiscated in June 1643, but continuance of the family name was allowed because of the deed of valor of Akitomo's grandfather, Akinari KATO.
- なお、形としては第13代将軍・徳川家定が「台命」(たいめい=将軍の命令)を発して本項で述べる全ての処罰を行なったことになっている。
- As a formality, the 13th Shogun, Iesada TOKUGAWA issued a Taimei (Shogunal order) and carried out the punishments described below.
- 真田隊や毛利隊がどれだけ家康自身に迫ったのかは諸説あり、そのため後世の錦絵や再現イラスト、歴史漫画では様々な想像図が描かれている。
- There are several theories on how closely the Sanada troop and the Mori troop chased after Ieyasu himself, and a variety of drawings on imagination were made on nishikie (colored woodblock prints), illustrated reenactment, and historical manga (comic books) in later ages.
- 家康はこの軍勢を二手にわけ、河内路及び大和国路から大坂に向かうこと、同時に道路の整備、大山崎町などの要所の警備を行うことを命じた。
- Ieyasu gave orders to divide the troops in two, let them go to Osaka by way of Kawachiji and Yamatokokuji and at the same time improve roads and guard key points such as Oyamazaki Town.
- 4月1日 (旧暦)、家康は畿内の諸大名に大坂から脱出しようとする浪人を捕縛すること、小笠原秀政に伏見城の守備に向かうことを命じた。
- On April 1 (the old calendar) Ieyasu ordered daimyo in Kinai region to capture ronin trying to escape from Osaka and Hidemasa OGASAWARA to go to defend Fushimi Castle.
- 江戸時代の大名家では、藩主やその一族、家老などの一団の領袖となりうる立場の人間が派閥を作りあげて内紛を繰り広げた例が数多くあった。
- Many of the households of powerful feudal lords of the Edo Period had instances of internal conflicts among factions formed by the lord, his family members, senior household advisors and others who likely to become a group head.
- また、国家への強制に基づく条約調印を無効とする国際慣習法上の規範もしくは規則が1905年にはなかったと考える立場からの主張もある。
- There is also a claim from the position in which they think that in 1905 there were no norms or regulations in the international common law which could invalidate a conclusion of a treaty based on compulsion against a state.
- 幕藩体制を形作る諸制度は初代将軍徳川家康以降、2代徳川秀忠、3代徳川家光の時代に、鎖国体制や知行制、村請制などが確立されていった。
- Various systems to build up Bakuhan-taisei, including systems of sakoku (national isolation), chigyo (enfeoffment) and murauke (village wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) were established under the reigns of the first to third shogunates, namely Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Hidetada TOKUGAWA and Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.
- ただし、一家創立によって戸主になった者は自由に廃家できたが、家督相続により戸主になった者が廃家する場合は裁判所の許可を必要とした。
- However, a head of a family who had created his own household can abolish the household without any inhibition but a head of a family who had become successor needed permission from a law court to abolish the household.
- そこで国費で船瀬(船だまり)をつくって修理が加えられたが、律令国家の衰えとともに修築はおこなわれなくなり、放置されるようになった。
- And funase (funadamari – dock) was built at national expense, but with the decline of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes the reconstruction discontinued and lied neglected.
- しかしながら、吉野は承和の変で失脚し、その直後には緒嗣が亡くなる等の条件も重なり、以後は式家が再び政治の中枢に立つ事は無くなった。
- However, Yoshino lost his position during the Jowa Incident, and right after the downfall of Yoshino, Otsugu died, making Shikike step aside the center of the politics afterwards.
- ここでは院政成立の政治史的な問題については触れないが、院政期になると天皇家も独自に家政的な機構を持ち始めるということがあげられる。
- It can be said that during the period of cloister governments the Imperial Family also started to have household management of its own although issues of political history related to formation of cloister governments are not the subject we deal here.
- これによって、博士職を世襲する家以外から文章博士が登用される事は無くなり、博士達はそれぞれの家に家塾を設けて教育するようになった。
- Following this, the cases in which monjo hakase were recruited from other families than those which inherited positions of hakase died out and each hakase established their own government-backed school operated by themselves at their homes, providing education.
- 新宮行栄の代で堀内氏(新宮堀内家)との抗争に敗れ、その後、新宮は堀内氏が支配したが、堀内氏善の子が新宮姓を称し新宮行朝と名乗った。
- In the generation of Yukihide SHINGU, they were defeated in struggles with the Horinouchi clan (Shingu Horinouchi family); subsequently the Horinouchi clan ruled the Shingu clan, but a son of Ujiyoshi HORINOUCHI used the Shingu family name and gave himself the name Yukitomo SHINGU.
- ところが横堤が切れたために水圧に変化が生じたことで、翌9日には逆に水攻め堤防の一部が切れ、寄手の宇喜多秀家勢に多数の溺死者が出た。
- However, the change of water pressure caused by the break of side bank resulted in the break of the bank for inundation tactics on the following day, the 20th, by which many soldiers of the Ukita troops of yosete drowned.
- のち直家と結んだ毛利氏により三村氏は滅ぼされ(備中兵乱)、その傘下であった城主の多くは毛利氏を頼ったが、その一人が清水宗治である。
- In a disturbance in the Bitchu area, the Miura clan was defeated by the Mori clan, cooperated with Naoie, after which many lords of a castle under the Mimura clan went to the Mori clan for help, one of whom was Muneharu SHIMIZU.
- 明治天皇は満15歳と若く、政治の実権は岩倉具視ら一部の公家と薩摩藩・長州藩が掌握していたが、形式上は天皇親政を宣言するものであった。
- Because the Emperor Meiji was then only fifteen years old, some court nobles including Tomomi IWAKURA and some retainers of Satsuma and Choshu domains took the political initiative, but, nevertheless, emperor's direct administration was formally declared.
- 乙巳の変(いっしのへん・おっしのへん)は天智天皇、藤原鎌足らが宮中で蘇我入鹿を暗殺して蘇我氏(蘇我本宗家)を滅ぼした飛鳥時代の政変。
- The Isshi Incident was a coup which occurred during Asuka period when Emperor Tenchi and FUJIWARA no Kamatari assassinated SOGA no Iruka inside the Imperial Court, which led to the fall of the Soga clan (head family of the Soga clan).
- また、家康は林羅山に湯王武王 (周)放伐論の是非を問うなど、主家である豊臣家を討つことの倫理的な問題をどう解決すべきか苦悩している。
- Ieyasu also felt anguish about how he could solve an ethical problem of destroying the Toyotomi family, his master family, asking Razan HAYASHI about right and wrong of To-O (Tang Wang)/Bu-O (Wu Wang) (Zhou Dynasty China) Hobatsu-ron (a theory in ancient China about expelling a disqualified prince).
- また、傍流の紀州家から将軍家を継いだ吉宗が、代々自分の家に仕えてきて信頼のおける者を間諜に用いようとしたことも理由としてあげられる。
- He also wanted his reliable retainers as his secret agents, who had worked for his family for generations, because he was a shogun from the Kishu family, a branch family of the shogun family.
- が、綱吉の死後、宝永6年(1709年)、新井白石が6代将軍家宣の補佐役となると綱吉の葬式も終えぬうちに真っ先にこの法令は廃止された。
- However after Tsunayoshi's death in 1709, when Hakuseki ARAI took the office of Shogun Ienobu's assistant, he abolished this law before even holding a funeral ceremony for Tsunayoshi.
- なお、洲本市立淡路文化史料館では、「庚午事変」のコーナーが常設展示され、事件当時の事を綴った稲田氏の家臣の手記などが展示されている。
- In addition, there is a permanent exhibition of 'Kogo Jihen' section at Awajishima Museum and some historical items are on display, such as a notebook of a vassal of the Inada clan recording the incident.
- しかし、武士団や、それを基盤にした江戸時代の幕府や各藩の官僚機構は、あくまでも個別の家相互の主従関係のネットワークで構成されていた。
- However, bushidan (samurai group), and a bureaucratic organization based on it in the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or each domain in the Edo period was only formed by a network of mutual relationship between lord and vassal in an individual clan.
- 政治運動に命をかけるという人物モデルにもなり、自由民権運動の活動家や、明治社会主義者の一部にも「志士」という理想像が共有されていた。
- The term 'Shishi' came to symbolize a person who puts his life towards political activity, such as the activists for Civic Rights, and Meiji Period socialists.
- 武家が発給した文書の場合、文書作成そのものが右筆によるものでも署名・花押が発給者当人のものであれば、自筆文書と同じ法的効力を持った。
- In the case of Monjo which were issued by Samurai families, they were leagally-effective if they contained the issures' signatures or Kao (written seal mark) even if the monjo themselves were written by Yuhitsu.
- そこで、源頼朝以来の御家人に関わる慣習や明文化されていなかった取り決めを基に、土地などの財産や守護・地頭などの職務権限を明文化した。
- Therefore, based on conventions of shogunal retainers since MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and agreements which had until then not clearly been stated, properties such as land and authorities of shugo (military governors) and jito were stipulated.
- また、鎌倉幕府制定の法と言っても、それが直ちに御家人に有利になると言う訳ではなく、訴訟当事者が誰であっても公正に機能するものとした。
- Also, although the law was established by the Kamakura bakufu, it didn't work to the advantage of shogunal retainers, but it was operated fairly to every party to a suit.
- それにより、非御家人である荘園領主側である公家や寺社にも御成敗式目による訴訟が受け入れられてその一部が公家法などにも取り入れられた。
- Therefore suits using the Goseibai-shikimoku were also accepted by higokenin (non-vassals) such as court nobles, temples and shrines who were the lords of private estates and a part of those were adopted also in the kugeho.
- 確かに吉宗は武家諸法度は元通り漢文体の天和令に復し、また朝鮮通信使の接待法、すなわち徳川将軍の表記を元通り「日本国大君」に戻している。
- Certainly, Yoshimune brought back Buke shohatto to Chinese classic form based on Tenwa order (天和令) as well as the way to serve Chosen Tsushinshi, in brief, he brought back the title of Tokugawa Shogun to 'Tycoon of Japan.'
- 豊臣家恩顧の者たちが豊臣方に寝返るのを恐れたといわれるが、関ヶ原の戦いで東軍勝利のために尽力した黒田長政に関してこれは当てはまらない。
- It is said that the bakufu was afraid that people who have been favored by the Toyotomi family would betray the bakufu, however, it would not apply to Nagamasa KURODA, who contributed to the victory of the Eastern Army at the Battle of Sekigahara.
- こうした内紛は大名家のなかで解決するのがならわしだが、問題を幕府や家制度、親族の大名に訴え出ることで仲介や裁定をたのんだ当事者もいた。
- It was usual that such feuds were resolved within the lord's household, but there were feuding parties who sought mediation or arbitration by appealing to the shogunate or other feudal lords of the same family system or of relatives.
- だが、実質的には騎馬武者に率いられたその従者(武家奉公人)及び徴集された農兵による歩兵部隊であった(これは当時の一般的な軍制である)。
- The cavalry was in fact the infantry comprised of mounted warriors and their attendants (buke hokonin or servants of a samurai family) as well as conscripted peasant soldiers (which was a common military organization of the time).
- 以上の内容を考慮して織田家が使用した鉄砲数が通説よりも少ない1000丁だったとみても、当時のことを考えれば十分に特筆すべき数ではある。
- Supposing, on the basis of this, that they used only 1,000 teppo as opposed to the standard figure, this is still a remarkable figure for the period.
- 御庭番は、庭の番の名目で御殿に近づくことができため、報告にあたっては御目見得以下の御家人身分であっても将軍に直接面会することもあった。
- The oniwaban could get close to the shogun's palace due to their duty as the garden security guard and sometimes met the shogun in person to report the intelligence they collected even though they were just a Gokenin (retainers) which was the lower position than Omemie (the vassals with the privilege to have an audience with the shogun.)
- 貞享4年(1687年)6月26日:旗本の秋田季品(中奥小姓秋田季久の嫡男)が吹矢で燕を撃ったため、代理として同家家臣多々越甚大夫が死罪
- On June 26th, 1687, Jintayu TATARA, a vassal of the AKITA family, was sentenced to death because Kihin AKITA (the heir of Suehisa AKITA, middle inner page, a direct retainer of Edo bakufu) shot a dart with a blowgun at a swallow.
- その為、一般的な合戦解説では、後白河法皇の政略を加味しつつ、具体的な合戦経過は『玉葉』を交えつつも主に『吾妻鏡』と『平家物語』を採り。
- Thus, as a general explanation of the battle, the authors of history books mainly reference descriptions of the specific progress of the battle in 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari,' considering the political maneuver of Emperor Goshirakawa and adding the view of 'Gyokuyo.'
- だが上洛も家康面会の資料も存在せず、事実は家中の統制を強めていた輝元により、要地でもある三刀屋を我が物とするべく追放されたと思われる。
- Since no documents proving that Hisasuke visited Kyoto or met Ieyasu exists, Hisasuke was supposed to be expelled by Terumoto, who had strengthened control over his retainers and had ambitions to own Mitoya which was a strategic point.
- 慶長8年(1603年)、家督を嫡男石川義宗に譲るが、慶長15年(1610年)、義宗が34歳で没すると、昭光は角田城に戻って政務を執る。
- In 1603, Akimitsu handed over the headship of the family to his legitimate son Yoshimune, but in 1610 when Yoshimitsu died at the age of 34, Akimitsu returned to Kakuda-jo Castle and attended to government affairs.
- 柳沢安忠のときに駿河国大納言徳川忠長(徳川秀忠の子)の家臣となったが、忠長が兄徳川家光によって蟄居・幽閉に処せられたため浪人になった。
- Yasutada YANAGISAWA became a retainer of the Dainagon (chief councilor of state) Tadanaga TOKUGAWA (a son of Hidetada TOKUGAWA) of Suruga Province, but when Tadanaga was placed under house arrest by his elder brother Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, Yasutada became a warrior without a lord.
- 物部氏(もののべうじ)は河内国の哮峰(現・大阪府交野市か)に天皇家よりも前に天孫降臨したとされるニギハヤヒミコトを祖先と伝えられる氏族。
- It is said that the Mononobe clan's ancestor is Nigihayahimikoto, who is believed to have descended to earth in Koho, Kawachi Province (presumably, present-day Katano City, Osaka Prefecture) before the time of the Imperial family.
- 1968年に東京・多摩地区の農家の土蔵から発見されて有名になった「五日市憲法」は地方における民権運動の高まりと思想的な深化を示している。
- The 'Itsukaichi Draft Constitution,' which is known to have been found at a warehouse owned by a farmer in Tama area, Tokyo in 1968, signifies how the movement powerfully and deeply permeated in the local areas.
- 慶長16年(1611年)3月 (旧暦)、後陽成天皇の譲位を受けての後水尾天皇即位に際して上洛した家康は二条城での秀頼との会見を要請する。
- In March (the old calendar), 1611 when Emperor Gomizunoo succeeded Emperor Goyozei, Ieyasu visited Kyoto and demanded a meeting with Hideyori at Nijo-jo Castle.
- 1573年8月、武田家家臣であった奥平貞昌(後の奥平信昌)は武田信玄の死に際し、父・奥平貞能の英断により一族郎党を連れて徳川方へ寝返る。
- After the death of Shingen TAKEDA, in August 1573, Sadamasa OKUDAIRA (later known as Nobumasa OKUDAIRA), who was a vassal of the Takeda family, switched to the TOKUGAWA side with his all family members and retainers, following his father Sadayoshi OKUDAIRA who made the bold decision.
- これは、御家人の所領の分散を阻止するために、惣領による悔返権の強化や他人和与の禁止を進めてきた鎌倉幕府の土地政策の延長上にあると言える。
- It is possible to say that this provision was an extension of a land policy taken by the Kamakura bakufu which enhanced the right of kuikaeshi (the right of claim for return) of soryo (heir) and prohibited the donation of land to others, so as to prevent dispersion of Gokenin's shoryo.
- 正徳は江戸時代の6代将軍徳川家宣・7代徳川家継の治世の年号で、主に将軍侍講(政治顧問)の新井白石と側用人の間部詮房らが実際の政権を担った。
- Shotoku is the name of an era ruled by the sixth shogun Ienobu TOKUGAWA and the seventh shogun Ietsugu TOGUGAWA when mainly Hakuseki ARAI, the shogun's teacher and Akifusa MANABE, the lord chamberlain took the reins of government.
- 徳川家が長政の娘(崇源院)を娶っている関係上、徳川家の意により後に浅井側の活躍を誇張したもので実際は始めから織田側が圧倒していたとする説。
- A theory suggests that because Nagamasa's daughter (Sugenin) had married to one in the Tokugawa clan, later the performance of Azai side was exaggerated deliberately by the Tokugawa clan and, in reality, Oda side overwhelmed Azai from the beginning.
- また、桓武天皇の後宮に仕えた藤原河子が天皇との間に儲けた仲野親王は宇多天皇の外祖父となったことから、現在でも京家の血脈は受け継がれている。
- Since Imperial Prince Nakano, son of FUJIWARA no Kawako who was a consort of Emperor Kanmu, became a maternal grandfather of Emperor Uda, family lineage of Fujiwara Kyoke is still inherited to present.
- しかし、賀茂氏の嫡流である勘解由小路家の断絶により、土御門家 (安倍氏)が暦道の主導権を握り、賀茂氏の庶流幸徳井家を圧迫して傘下に加えた。
- However, after the extinction of the Kadenokoji family line, the direct descendant of the Kamo clan, the Tsuchimikado family (the main branch of the Abe clan), became the leading figure in rekido and forced the Kotokui family, a branch family of the Kamo clan, to come under their control.
- 尼子氏の滅亡後に、山中幸盛や尼子勝久が尼子再興軍として出雲への侵攻を図り、旧尼子家臣団にも動揺が走り、再興軍に加わる国人や豪族が続出した。
- After the fall of the Amago clan, Yukimori YAMANAKA and Katsuhisa AMAGO organized an army to invade Izumo for the restoration of the Amago clan, which raised the morale among the old Amago retainers and induced local land lords and local ruling families to join the restoration army.
- それに対して、長府藩に仕えた三沢家に伝わる史料では、同じ源氏でも、源満快の流れを汲んだ信濃国伊那郡飯島を本領とした飯島為国を祖としている。
- In contrast, according to the historical data reserved by Misawa family, who was retained by Chofu Domain, the founder of Misawa clan was Tamekuni IIJIMA whose main domain was Iijima, Ina county, Shinano Province and who was descded from MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi of the same Seiwa-Genji.
- 宇喜多秀家が領していた備前国岡山市から先は毛利の勢力範囲であったため、織田軍と毛利軍は備前・備中国国境地帯で攻防を繰り広げることとなった。
- Since the areas beyond Okayama City, Bizen Province, which were governed by Hideie UKITA, were under the influence of Mori, the Oda forces and the Mori forces ended up having fierce battles around the borders between Bizen Province and Bitchu Province.
- 昭光は慶長3年(1598年)、伊具郡角田1万石の領主となり、石川家の碑所である長泉寺を石川から移し、守護神である八幡神を石川から勧請した。
- In 1598, Akimitsu became the lord of Kakuda in Igu-gun County, the land worthwhile a million koku of rice, moved Chosen-ji Temple, which was the site of a Buddhist mortuary tablet of Ishikawa family, from Ishikawa to the new fief, and did the ceremonial transfer of a divided tutelary deity to a new location of God of War, which was a guardian deity of the Ishikawa family, from Ishikawa to the new fief.
- 直弼の死を秘匿するため、存命を装って直弼の名で桜田門外で負傷した旨の届けが幕府へ提出され、将軍家からは直弼への見舞品が藩邸に届けられている。
- To conceal his death, a report stating that Naosuke had only been injured at the Sakuradamon Gate was submitted to the Shogunate under the name of Naosuke to pretend as if he had been still alive; the Shogunate replied with a sympathy gift for Naosuke.
- 清代になっても朱子学は、体制教学として継承され、礼教にもとづく国家体制作りに利用され、君臣倫理などの狭い範囲でしか活用されることはなかった。
- Even during the Qing Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism was inherited as system teaching and learning, and used to create the national policy based on Reikyo, and utilized only in the narrow range, such as ethics of master and servant.
- その後は長く停滞したが、江戸時代に入り林羅山によって「上下定分の理」やその名分論が武家政治の基礎理念として再興され、江戸幕府の正学とされた。
- Neo-Confucianism then stagnated for years, but in the Edo period, Razan HAYASHI revived it by his 'the theory of fixed division between uppers and lowers' and its theory of ethical duty of the social class as the fundamental principle of the military rule, and Neo-Confucianism was designated as the official scholarship by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 無効論者の多くは本協約について、国家(大韓帝国)と個人(皇帝・高宗 (朝鮮王))の両方に強制と脅迫が加えられたために無効であると考えている。
- Many of the advocates of invalidity think it is invalid because compulsion and a threat were imposed both on the state (The Korean Empire) and the individual (Emperor Gao Zong [Korean King]).
- 赤松氏の家臣が、将軍を討つことが本願であり、他の者に危害を加える意思はない旨を告げる事で騒ぎは収まり、負傷者を運び出し諸大名たちは退出した。
- The dust settled only after a vassal of the Akamatsu clan announced that their ture purpose was to attack the shogun and had no intention to harm others, so territorial lords carried injured people out and made their exit.
- 徳川家康、松平信康、石川数正、本多忠勝、榊原康政、鳥居元忠、大久保忠世、大久保忠佐、大久保忠教、高木清秀、成瀬正一 (戦国武将)、日下部定好
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA, Kazumasa ISHIKAWA, Tadakatsu HONDA, Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, Mototada TORII, Tadayo OKUBO, Tadasuke OKUBO, Tadataka OKUBO, Kiyohide TAKAGI, Masakazu NARUSE (busho in the Sengoku period), Sadayoshi KUSAKABE.
- 8代執権北条時宗の死後、有力御家人の安達泰盛と、内管領の平頼綱が対立し、頼綱方の先制攻撃を受けた泰盛とその一族・与党が滅ぼされた事件である。
- After the death of the eighth regent Tokimune HOJO, the senior vassal Yasumori ADACHI and TAIRA no Yoritsune, Uchi-Kanrei (head of Tokuso Family [the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan]) opposed each other and Yasumori, his family, and his party were destroyed in this incident in which Yoritsuna's party made the preemptive attack.
- 主に教科書として用いられたのは、天文では『漢書』・『晋書』の天文志や『天漢書』・『三家薄讃』・『天文要集』(『韓楊要集』)が挙げられている。
- The major textbooks used in Tenmon were the tenmonshi (astronomy records) 'Kanjo (Historical records of the Han Dynasty)' and 'Shin jo (History of the Jin Dynasty)', 'Tenkanjo', 'Sankehakusan (textbook for learners of astrology)', 'Tenmon Yoshu (the summary of astrology)' and 'Kanyo Yoshu (the summary of astrology).'
- 同8年(1580年)閏3月に荒木村重の残党五名が山内に逃げ込み、これを察知した信長は7月に前田利家・不破光治を使者として高野山へ差し向けた。
- In April 1580, the five remnants of Murashige ARAKI escaped into Sannai (precincts of the temple) and Nobunaga who knew it sent Toshiie MAEDA and Mitsuharu FUWA to Koyasan as messengers in August.
- 信長にとって石山本願寺を滅ぼすためにはその背後の毛利氏を屈服させる必要があったため、1578年、家臣の羽柴秀吉に命じて中国征伐が開始された。
- Since Nobunaga needed to drive into submission the Mori clan, who backed up Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, he ordered his vassal Hideyoshi HASHIBA to begin conquering Chugoku in 1578.
- 行家は治承・寿永の乱の際に以仁王の平家追討の令旨を全国の源氏に伝え挙兵を促すなど活躍したが、平家滅亡後に甥の源頼朝と対立し、敗れ殺害された。
- Yukiie played an active role in passing on to all Genji people in the country Prince Mochihito's order to hunt down and kill the Heike family and raise an army against the Heike clan during the Jisho-Juei War, but after the fall of the Heike clan he entered a conflict with his nephew, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, as a result of which he was defeated and killed.
- また、摂津守護細川氏(京兆家)の被官としても行動し、応仁の乱では細川勝元に与し東軍として戦っており、能勢頼弘とその子能勢頼満が討死している。
- Furthermore, they acted as vassals of the Hosokawa clan (Keicho family), Settsu no kami and when they fought against the East squad on the side of Katsumoto HOSOKAWA in the Onin War, Yorihiro NOSE and his son Yorimitsu NOSE were killed.
- 奴婢は、一般的に職業の選択の自由、家族を持つ自由、居住の自由などが制限されており、一定の年齢に達したり、その他の条件で解放される場合もあった。
- Nuhi generally received restrictions on freedoms to choose an occupation, to have a family and to choose where to live, and was sometimes emancipated at a certain age or under some conditions.
- 寛政12年(1800年)6月、江戸銀座において不正行為が発覚したことを機に、銀改役の大黒長左衛門八代目常房は家職放免の上、永蟄居を命じられた。
- With the exposure of illegalities at Edo-ginza in June 1800, the silver coin inspection officer Chozaemon VIII Tsunefusa of the DAIKOKU family was dismissed and placed under house arrest for life.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)では足利尊氏に与して室町幕府創業の功臣となり、播磨国の他に備前国、美作国を領し、幕府の四職のひとつとなっていた家柄である。
- His family boasted a pedigree that taking sides with Takauji ASHIKAGA in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the clan became a meritorious retainer for foundation of the Muromachi bakufu, then was given the Bizen Province and the Mimasaka Province in addition to the Harima Province, and they became one of Shishiki (Four major feudal lords who worked for Muromachi bakufu).
- そのなかで「朕、漢人の言に聞くに、『人の家、国を取るには百姓土地を得んと欲す。もし尽く百姓を殺さば徒に地を得るも何に用いん』」とも述べている。
- He then said, 'I have heard that people of Han say, 'to seize home and country of others, you need to obtain peasants and land. If you kill all the peasants, for what use is the land that is obtained?''
- 飢饉の様子を記録した『耳目心痛記』(じもくしんつうき)によると、「道を往けば、餓死者が野ざらしになり、村では死に絶えた家が続き日増しに増えた。
- The following is recorded in 'Jimokushintsuuki' which describes the state fo the famine: 'Walking along the road, I saw people who died of starvation left to rot, and in villages the number of empty house was increasing day by day.
- 仁安 (日本)3年(1168年)、清盛は出家して「浄海」と名乗ったのち摂津福原に別荘(福原山荘)をかまえ、常時ここに住んで周辺一帯を経営した。
- In 1168 Kiyomori entered into priesthood, took the name of 'Jokai,' and after that, he built a villa (Fukuhara mountain villa) in Fukuhara, Settsu Province and he always lived there and managed the circumference.
- 源平が互角の兵力で衝突したよう(特に範頼の生田の森の戦い)に記述がされている従来の『吾妻鏡』『平家物語』を基にした合戦観が全く崩されてしまう。
- The authors of traditional books on history depicted the Genpei (the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan) as a conflict between coequal military powers (especially in the battle at Ikuta Forest by Noriyori) in 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari'; thus, the depiction of the conflict in 'Gyokuyo' invalidated a point of view on the battle based upon 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari.'
- 末弟の朽木稙綱 (土浦藩主)が徳川家光の寵愛を受けて、寛永13年8月13日 (旧暦)(1636年9月12日)に加増を受けて1万石の大名となる。
- The youngest son, Tanetsuna KUTSUKI (the lord of the domain of Tsuchiura), was favored by Iemitsu TOKUGAWA and promoted to daimyo of 10,000 goku with an increase of crop yields on September 12, 1636.
- 以後、義久は弟の義弘に家督を譲って二頭政治を行ない、島津家は豊臣政権、江戸幕府の下でこの2国1郡の領土を明治時代まで守り抜いていくことになる。
- Thereafter, Yoshihisa transferred the head of the family to his younger brother Yoshihiro to launch a diarchy, and the Shimazu family retained the two Provinces and a County under the Toyotomi regime and Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) until the Meiji period.
- そのため、近江令、飛鳥浄御原令を制定するなど、当時の政権は、唐・朝鮮半島の統治制度を参照しながら、王土王民思想に基づく国家づくりを進めていった。
- Therefore, the government at that time promoted the national development based on Odo omin shiso (the thought that all the land and people belong to the emperor), through the establishment of Omi-Ryo (Omi Administrative Code), Asukakiyomihararyo and so on, while referring to the governing system in Tang and Korean Peninsula.
- 7世紀後半以降、百済の滅亡など緊迫する東アジアの国際情勢の中で、倭国は中央集権化を進めることで、政権を安定させ、国家としての独立を保とうとした。
- In and after the latter half of the seventh century, under the tense international circumstances in East Asia such as the fall of Baekje and so on, Wakoku (Japan) intended to stabilize the government and keep the independence as a nation by promoting the centralization.
- 奴婢制度そのものは、律令制によって正式に国家の制度に取り込まれるが、それ以前からも良民と賤民は区別されており、賤民はさまざまな制限を受けていた。
- The slavery system itself was officially incorporated in the national system under the ritsuryo system, but there had been a discrimination between Ryomin and Senmin before that time, and various kinds of limitations were put on Senmin.
- これより6年後の天正9年(1581年)に定められた明智光秀家中の軍法によれば、一千石取りで軍役32人、そのうち鉄砲5挺を用意すべき旨定めている。
- The Akechi family's military code, set forth six years after the battle, in 1581, stipulates that a person with 1,000 koku should provide 32 people for military service of whom 5 should be gunners.
- 徳川家としては、今後の遠江攻略を視野に入れると、今回是非とも合戦を発生させて、強力な織田の援軍のいる時に武田を叩いておきたいという考えがあった。
- Seeking to acquire Totomi Province in future, the Tokugawa family was in desperate need of the battle in which to defeat the Takeda family while Oda's powerful reinforcements were still available.
- 庚午事変(こうごじへん)は、1870年に当時の徳島藩淡路島洲本城下で洲本市在住の蜂須賀氏臣の武士が、家老稲田邦植の別邸や学問所などを襲った事件。
- Kogo Jihen was an incident in which vassals of the Hachisuka clan, who lived in Sumoto City, attacked the second residence of chief retainer Kunitane Inada and a place of study and other places near the Sumoto-jo Castle on Awaji-shima Island, Tokushima domain of that time in 1870.
- 戸主の同意を得ずに婚姻・養子縁組をした者が離婚・養子離縁した際に、復籍すべき家の戸主に復籍拒絶をされたとき(旧民法741条・742条・750条)
- In case that someone who had got married or adopted without agreement of head of his/her own family and can not return to his/her own family after dissolution because the family head refuses (the Old Civil Codes, Article 741, 742 and 750).
- しかしなかには能力と功績が認められると正規の幕臣として取り立てられ、武家として称氏(氏姓、苗字を名乗ること)・帯刀・世襲が許される場合もあった。
- Some of these hirees, however, did earn recognition for their abilities and achievements, and were promoted to the status of full retainers and granted family names, allowed to carry swords, and given hereditary rights to their status.
- これらの家系は独自に「家例」「諸司例」といった実践的な規律を蓄積し高度に専門化することによって、中世において特定官職をほぼ世襲するようになった。
- These family lines respectively accumulated practical disciplines such as 'karei' (family customs) and 'shoshi rei' (officials customs) and became highly specialized, and in the medieval period, they assumed certain job grades almost by heredity.
- 3月には秀吉の弟・豊臣秀長の軍勢が豊前小倉において先着していた毛利輝元や宇喜多秀家、宮部継潤ら中国の軍勢と合流し、豊臣軍の総勢は10万になった。
- In April, the forces of Hidenaga TOYOTOMI, who was Hideyoshi's younger brother, joined the Chugoku forces of Terumoto MORI, Hideie UKITA, and Keijun MIYABE who had already arrived at Buzen Kokura, making a 100,000-strong Toyotomi army.
- 鎌倉時代以降は御家人に列し、初代・重長の娘が鎌倉幕府2代征夷大将軍源頼家の室となり公暁を儲けるなど幕府との強固な繋がりを有したことが想定される。
- Since the Kamakura period, its name was listed among the vassals and seemed to have such a strong relationship with the shogunate that the daughter of the first-generation Shigenaga became a wife of the second shogun of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), MINAMOTO no Yoriie, who had a child called Kugyo with her.
- 世襲化した守護の守護所としては当該武家の本拠地、あるいはかつての国衙所在地である府中、その他交通・商業の要所などに置かれるケースが多く見られた。
- Shogosho for hereditary Shugo were often placed in the home ground of the said samurai family, in Fuchu (provincial cities which consist of local governments as the core of the city), where the seat of the Kokuga was, or in other important spots for transportation or business.
- 老臣溝井六郎は秀吉に対して異心のないことを闡明することを主張するが、秀吉軍が迫る中で賛同する者はなく、ついに伊達家に仕えることを余儀なくされた。
- A senior vassal Rokuro MIZOI insisted on Akimitsu's clear assertion that he bear no treacherous intentions against Hideyoshi, but nobody agree to that opinion; and at last, they were obliged to serve the Date family.
- 発給文書においては、元亀3年・天正2年の武田信豊宛武田家朱印状など武田氏の軍制において装備外装に関する規定が存在していたことを示す文書が見られる。
- Among the issued documents, there are some documents such as Shuinjo (a vermillion seal letter) of the Takeda Family addressed to Nobutoyo TAKEDA in 1572 and 1574, which show the fact that regulations stipulating the equipment and outfit existed in the military system of Takeda clan.
- また、武家台頭による下級貴族の没落もあり、朝臣は、序列付けの為の姓(かばね)としての意味を失ってしまい、公式文書で使う形式的なものになっていった。
- Also, with the fall of lower-ranked nobles due to the rise of the warrior class to power, Asomi lost its meaning in the sense of kabane used to rank status, and it became a formality which was used for official documents.
- さらに大海人皇子は有能な政治家であったらしく、これらを背景として大海人皇子の皇位継承を支持する勢力が形成され乱の発生へつながっていったとしている。
- Moreover, Prince Oama seemed like an efficient politician, and Prince Oama supporters who thought he should succeed the imperial throne made efforts and this led to the War.
- 日本で事務所を開いていたドイツ人建築家ゲオルグ・デ・ラランデが基本設計を行い、デ・ラランデの死後、日本人建築家(野村一郎、國枝博ら)が完成させた。
- George de Lalande, a German architect having an office in Japan, took charge of its basic design, and Japanese architects (including Ichiro NOMURA and Hiroshi KUNIEDA) completed it after de Lalande died.
- 山城屋の借り出した公金は総額約65万円、当時の国家歳入の1%という途方もない額であった(藤村道生『山縣有朋』53ページによれば「歳入の12%」)。
- The public money YAMASHIROYA had borrowed was approximately 650,000 yen in total, which was an enormous amount of money as much as 1% of the annual national revenue at that time (according to the page 53 of 'Aritomo Yamagata' written by Michio FUJIMURA, it was 12% of the national revenue).
- 高倉上皇や平家一門の反対もあったが、それを押し切っての遷都であり、約半年後の京都還都まで、清盛の福原別邸が天皇の内裏となり、「本皇居」と称された。
- The Retired Emperor Takakura or the Taira family opposed this, but in spite of the opposition, he forced the capital relocation and until the relocation to Kyoto after a half year, Kiyomori's Fukuhara villa was the dairi (Imperial Palace) and it was called 'honkokyo.'
- 当初彼等は尊皇攘夷の下で、異国との交わりを忌み嫌い、天皇を中心とした国家の建設が不可欠だとして、幕府に対して、尊皇攘夷の履行を徹底すべきと考えた。
- In the beginning they adhered to the ideal of 'Sonno Joi ('Sonno'is the principle of revering the emperor, while 'Joi' stands for anti-foreigner sentiments)', opposed all interactions with foreigners, believed that it was imperative to establish a emperor-centered government, and believed that the government should implement this ideal.
- 承久の乱以後、幕府の勢力が西国にまで伸びていくと、地頭として派遣された御家人・公家などの荘園領主・現地住民との法的な揉め事が増加するようになった。
- The bakufu expanded its power to the western provinces after the Jokyu War, and gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) and court nobles who were sent as jito (manager and lord of manor) had more legal troubles with lords of private estates and the local public.
- 更に平安時代中期に賀茂保憲から天文道を継承した安倍晴明以後、天文道は阿倍氏(後の土御門家)の家学となり、他氏の者が関わることを避ける傾向が現れた。
- After the middle Heian period, during which ABE no Seimei, who succeeded to the art of tenmondo from KAMO no Yasunori, was active, the study became the hereditary learning of the Abe clan (later the Tsuchimikado family) and the clan showed a tendency to exclude people from other families.
- もう一手は堺市を占領して堺政所松井友閑を追い払い、さらに26日には住吉郡や天王寺に進出して大坂城留守居の蜂須賀家政・生駒親正・黒田長政らと戦った。
- Another occupied Sakai City and exiled Yukan MATSUI, the government officer of Sakai, moved to Sumiyoshi County and Tennoji on the 6th and fought with rusui (caretaker or keeper) of Osaka-jo Castle such as Iemasa HACHISUKA, Chikamasa IKOMA and Nagamasa KURODA.
- 1663年、4代将軍徳川家綱、5代徳川綱吉の治世期に幕政が武断政治から文治政治すなわちカブキ者的武士から儒教要素の入った武士道(士道)へと移行した。
- In 1663, during the reign of the fourth shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and the fifth shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the system of the Tokugawa shogunate administration was changed from the military administration to the civilian administration; in other words, shifted from the way of kabukimono samurai to the Confucianism-based bushido (shido) (the samurai code).
- 将軍家光期に幕府が農民統制のために発布したものであるとされていた慶安御触書は原本が確認されず幕法とするのには疑義がもたれており偽書とする説もあった。
- The original of the Keian official notice which is said to have been issued to control farmers in the age of Shogun Iemitsu, was not confirmed, gave rise to doubt for its being the law of shogunate and was asserted by some persons as gisho.
- 不平等条約(ふびょうどうじょうやく)とは、条約の性質に基づいてなされた分類の一種で、ある国家が他の国家に、自国民などに対する権力作用を認めない条約。
- An unequal treaty is a category that is formed on the basis of the nature of the treaty, under which one state does not approve the enforcement of authority by another state over nationals of the former state.
- しかし、襲撃後の現場には尾張徳川家など後続の大名駕籠が続々と通りかかり、鮮血にまみれた雪は多くの人に目撃され、大老暗殺は瞬時に江戸市中に知れ渡った。
- However, the scene of the attack had been witnessed by the Owari Tokugawa family, who had been following the daimyo palanquins that day, and also many people had seen the snow covered in blood, so knowledge of the Tairo's assassination spread quickly throughout Edo.
- ヤマト王権が成熟し、大王家を中心として有力氏族の職掌や立場が次第に確定していく中で、各有力者の職掌や地位を明示するために付与されたと考えられている。
- It is believed that they were given to powerful clans to show their ranks and official duties as they began solidifying their positions in relation to Royal Family when Yamato sovereignty became stable.
- 天王寺合戦は島津家の「薩藩旧記」で「真田日本一の兵、古よりの物語にもこれなき由、徳川方、半分敗北」、「家康が切腹も考えるほどだった」などと記された。
- The Battle of Tennoji was described in 'Sappan Nikki' of the Shimazu Family as follows: 'Because the Sanada troop was the srongest troop in Japan, stronger than any troop in stories from ancient times, the Tokugawa army was half defeated', 'Ieyasu even thought of committing seppuku', and so on.
- 田は同化政策とは内地延長主義であり、台湾民衆を完全な日本国民とし、皇室に忠誠な国民とするための教化と国家国民としての観念を涵養するものと述べている。
- Den stated that an assimilation policy was inland territorial expansionism and that the Taiwanese would be educated to understand their role and responsibilities as Japanese subjects loyal to the Imperial family.
- しかし、清韓自身は家康の諱を「かくし題」とした意識的な撰文であると弁明しており、五山の僧の答申はいずれも諱を避けなかったことについて問題視している。
- However, Seikan himself expressed an apology that the inscription was selected intentionally because it included a phrase with Ieyasu's imina hidden in it, and each priest in the Gozan reported that it was a problem that Seikan did not avoid Ieyasu's imina.
- そのために演目とすることがはばかられた徳川将軍家や、内訌の規模が小さい江戸幕府の旗本や商家、農家におけるもめごとはお家騒動とは認知されていなかった。
- For this reason, feuds involving the Tokugawa shogun household which had been regarded taboo to be performed as plays and households of smaller scale such as those of hatamoto retainers, merchants and farming households were not recognized as 'oie-sodo.'
- また、織田家の勢力の伸張は急速であり、日に日に国力差が開いていく現状を鑑みれば、どのみち早い段階で織田家と主力決戦を行い決定打を与える必要があった。
- Considering the situation in which the Oda family expanded its power so rapidly that the power gap between it and the Takeda family was widening each day, the latter in any case had to deal a decisive blow to the former in a major battle as soon as possible.
- 豪族(ごうぞく)とは、国家や諸侯などの広域政権の領域の内部に存在し、ある地方において多くの土地や財産や私兵を持ち一定の地域的支配権を持つ一族である。
- Gozoku refers to a family who existed within a broader-based political power of a nation, lords and so on, had many lands, properties and private soldiers in a region, and had a certain level of regional sovereignty.
- 新田分知を受けた者であっても江戸幕府からは通常の大名旗本と同様に扱われるが、その領地の治政は多くの場合本家に依存して独自の治績が残ることは希である。
- Even those who received shindenbunchi were treated equally as ordinary daimyo or hatamoto, but the administration of their territories was, in most cases, dependent on their head families and their unique administration was a rare case.
- 明治時代に建築史家、関野貞が田んぼの中にある小高い芝地が大極殿(第二次)の基壇であることを発見、1907年『平城京及大内裏考』を奈良新聞に発表した。
- During the Meiji period, an architectural historian Tadashi SEKINO discovered a grassy mound in the rice paddies to be a stylobate for Daigokuden (the Imperial Audience Hall) (latter), and published 'Heijo-kyo oyobi dai-dairi ko' (A Study of Heijo-kyo and Dai-dairi) in Nara Newspaper in 1907.
- また、鎌倉時代後期以後に公家社会にも受容された背景には幕府・朝廷ともに徳政を通じた徳治主義の実現という共通した政治目標が存在したことも指摘している。
- Also since the late Kamakura period, it was also accepted by the court noble society, he pointed out that the back ground was the common policy goal of bakufu and Imperial Court to realize the principle of the rule by virtue of the sovereign through benevolent rule.
- ちなみに幕府から給金を支給されていた女中たちすべてを「大奥女中」と言い、実際には将軍家の姫君の輿入れ先や息子の養子先の大名家にも存在していたという。
- All jochu who received a salary from the government were called 'O-oku jochu' and it is said that O-oku jochu were also in families into which the shogun's daughters married, and to whom the shogun's sons were adopted.
- 安倍氏の分裂状態は室町幕府の支援を受けた安倍有世(泰親の子孫)の元で統一が図られ、土御門家 (安倍氏)と号して天文道・陰陽道を統括する立場となった。
- The divided Abe clan was reunited under ABE no Ariyo (a descendent of Yasuchika), who was backed by the Muromachi bakufu (a Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); they named themselves the Tsuchimikado family (the Abe clan), and acquired a position from which they could supervise both tenmondo and onmyodo.
- 刑部(おさかべ)・額田部(ぬかたべ)など、王(宮)名のついた部のことで、伴造に統括される一種の品部であるが、特に王家・王族の所有である点が特徴である。
- Divisions named after names of kings (princes), such as osakabe and nukatabe, which were a kind of shinabe controlled by the tomonomiyatsuko, with a characteristic that they particularly belonged to the royal families.
- また、武家政権である鎌倉幕府の性格からの武断的措置であるとする解釈や、対外危機を意識させ防戦体制を整える上での決定的措置であるとする考え方などがある。
- Some also consider that a decision was made, trying to solve the problem by force of arms, taking into consideration the nature of Kamakura bakufu as a military government, or trying to prepare the defense system by alerting its people about a threat from foreign countries.
- 吉宗が御庭番を新設した理由としては、家康以来幕府に仕えてきた伊賀者、甲賀者が忍者としての機能を失い、間諜として使い物にならなくなったことがあげられる。
- Yoshimune created the position of oniwaban because people from Iga and Koga who had worked for the bakufu since Ieyasu era, no longer functioned as ninja and secret agents.
- 当初は苗字帯刀も許されず、例外的に護身用の脇差だけを持つ事が許されたが、三河譜代の黒鍬については、世襲が許され、後には御家人の最下層格の扱いを受けた。
- At first, kurokuwa were not permitted to adopt a surname or wear a pair of swords except for a short sword for self-defense, but those kurokuwa of fudai in Mikawa Province were allowed hereditary succession and were treated as the lowest rank of Gokenin (shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu) later.
- 家督相続によって戸主となった者は廃絶家がその本家である場合に限って裁判所の許可を得て現在の家を廃家したうえ本家を再興することができる(旧民法762条)
- A person became a head of a family according to succession to family headship can only revive own head family after being permitted by a law court and abolishing the current household (the Old Civil Codes, Article 762).
- しかし後代になって武士と町人の経済力が完全に逆転すると、今度は旗本や御家人の方から持参金付き養女縁組みの話を持ちかけくることも珍しくなくなっていった。
- However, once the financial strength reversed between samurai and townspeople completely, it was not uncommon that hatamoto and gokenin proposed adoptions with dowries.
- その後、墳頂中央で家型埴輪の周りに盾形・蓋形などの器財埴輪で取り巻き、さらに円筒埴輪で取り巻くという豪華な配置の定式化が4世紀後半の早い段階で成立する。
- After that, the formularization of the sumptuous arrangement was established in the early stage of the late fourth century, which was displaying Kizai Haniwa such as lid-shaped Haniwa and peltate Haniwa around house-shaped Haniwa on the center of the mound top, and cylindrical Haniwa around them.
- 武田氏滅亡後、本能寺の変の混乱を経て甲斐国は徳川家康によって平定されるが、その折に武田家の旧臣達を配属されたのが徳川四天王にも数えられる井伊直政である。
- After Takeda clan ruined, Kai Province was conquered by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA by way of the disorder of Honnoji Incident, at the time, the old retainers of the Takeda Family were alloted to Naomasa II, counted one of the Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Tokugawa Ieyasu).
- 鎌倉時代の関東御分国は、将軍家が知行国主として支配し、一族や御家人を朝廷に推挙して国司に任じ、国衙領(公領)を支配するとともに、国衙領からの収入を得た。
- The form of Kanto Gobunkoku in the Kamakura period was that the family/clan members or the retainers of the Kamakura bakufu were recommended to the Imperial Court for nomination as provincial officials, in order to rule the provinces as the officials of Kokugaryo (Imperial province) and properly earn revenue from the province.
- また、直前の5月18日付けで徳川家康より家臣宛に「柵等よく念を入れて構築するように。(武田方は)馬一筋に突入してくるぞ」という趣旨の命令書を発している。
- Just before the battle, on July 6, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA wrote to his vassal, 'Built a stockade with care. (The Takeda side) will make only cavalry charges,' which is the intent of his order.
- 足利将軍の中では三代足利義満に比肩しうる権力を振るった義教だが、猜疑心にかられて過度に独裁的になり、粛清の刃は武家だけでなく公家にも容赦なく向けられた。
- Among Ashikaga shuguns, Yoshinori had exercised his power on par with the one of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun, but he was very suspicious, which excessively led authoritarian behaviors, and his purge directed unrelentingly at not only samurai families but also court nobles.
- 結果、台湾を領有、大韓帝国を韓国併合、満州国を建国、南洋諸島を委任統治とするなど、アジア・オセアニア各地に急速に分布域を広げたために多民族国家となった。
- As a result, Japan became a multiracial nation due to a rapidly expanded range of settlement over various regions of Asia and Oceania, possessing Korea, annexing the Korean Empire, building Manchukuo, and putting the South Sea Islands under mandate.
- 一方、表右筆は待遇は奥右筆よりも一段下がり、機密には関わらず、判物・朱印状などの一般の行政文書の作成や諸大名の分限帳や旗本・御家人などの名簿を管理した。
- Meanwhile, the treatment of Omote-yuhitsu was one step lower than Oku-yuhitsu, they did not related to any secrecies but the preparation of Monjo related to general administrative matters such as Hanmotsu (autographic signatures) or Shuinjo(shogunate license to trade), and management of Bugencho (Registers of vassals) of territorial lords and Myobu (identification) of Hatamoto (direct retainers of the Bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by Shogun) or Gokenin (an immediate vasal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
- 安達泰盛は幕府創設以来の有力御家人安達氏の一族で、北条氏得宗家の外戚として執権北条時宗を支え、越訴、御恩奉行などの重職を歴任した幕政の中心人物であった。
- Yasumori ADACHI was a member of the Adachi clan, the senior vassals since the Kamakura government was established, and he supported the regent Tokimune HOJO as a maternal relative of the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan, and was a key figure experienced in important positions like an Ossobugyo (temporary position in charge of retrials and accepting appeals in Kamakura bakufu) and Goon bugyo (commissioner in charge of issuing the deed of rewards.)
- 安達氏の基盤である上野国・武蔵国の御家人の被害は多く、武蔵では武藤少卿左衛門、遠江国では安達宗顕、常陸国では安達重景、信濃国では伴野彦二郎らが自害した。
- The damage to the Gokenin in Kozuke Province and Musashi Province, the Adachi clan's bases, was huge, for example, Shokyozaemon Muto (武藤少卿左衛門) in Musashi, Muneaki ADACHI (安達宗顕) in Totomo province, Shigekage ADACHI in Hitachi province and Hikojiro BANNO in Shinano province committed suicide.
- その結果、直弼の側近だった老中安藤信正および久世広周を罷免するとともに、直弼の失政を理由に京都守護の家職を井伊家から剥奪し、松平容保を京都守護職に宛てた。
- The Shogunate dismissed Nobumasa ANDO and Hirochika KUZE, Senior Councillors of the Shogunate who were also aides of Naosuke, and banned the Ii Family from entering the profession of Kyoto-shugo (Military Governor of Kyoto) on account of Naosuke's misgovernment, while Katamori MATSUDAIRA was promoted to Kyoto-shugo (Military Governor of Kyoto).
- 大宝律令の施行は、660年代の百済復興戦争での敗戦以降、積み重ねられてきた古代国家建設事業が一つの到達点に至ったことを表す古代史上の画期的な事件であった。
- The enforcement of the Taiho Ritsuryo was an epoch-making event in the ancient history, which showed that a project of constructing an ancient nation which had been continued after the defeat in the war for the restoration of Baekje in the 660s, reached one of the goals.
- また製糖業者保護のために「原料採集区域制度」を導入、甘蔗農家は付近の製糖工場への作物納入が義務付けられ、またその価格は工場側が決定するというものであった。
- It also introduced the 'raw material collection area system' to protect the sugar manufacturers, system in which the sugarcane farmers were required to supply their products to the sugar manufacturing factories in their neighborhood at a price determined by them.
- しかしこの法令に嫌悪感を抱いた徳川御三家で水戸藩主の徳川光圀は、綱吉に上質な犬の皮を20枚(一説に50枚)送りつけるという皮肉を実行したという逸話が残る。
- There is also a tale that Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA (from one of the three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family) who hated the law sent Tsunayoshi 20 pedigree dog skins as an ironic symbol.
- 日本においては,国家の命運をはるか未来まで予言したという聖徳太子『未来記』なる偽書が古くから流布し,楠木正成も味方の士気を鼓舞するためにこれを用いたという。
- In Japan, a gisho with the title 'Mirai-ki' (Accounts of Future Events) by Prince Shotoku, who was said to be able to tell the future of Japan, has circulated since ancient times, and Masashige KUSUNOKI, a famous military commander in 14th century, was said to make use of this gisho to raise the morale of his army.
- 家宣は大老格の柳沢吉保をはじめ側用人・松平忠周、松平輝貞ら前代の権臣を更迭したが、勘定奉行には他に適任者がいないということで引き続き荻原重秀が留任していた。
- Ienobu removed influential vassals in the previous government such as Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA, the chief minister as well as Terusada MATSUDAIRA, the lord chamberlain, but only Shigenobu OGIWARA, the commissioner of finance stayed in his position since no other person fitted the position.
- 古代のウジは、血縁関係ないし血縁意識によって結ばれた多くの家よりなる同族集団で、有力家族の長が氏上(うじのかみ、うじがみ)となり、族長的な地位に立っていた。
- Ancient uji were peer groups of many families joined by blood relationships or blood consciousness, and the head of a powerful family became the head of the uji and occupied a position similar to the head of a clan.
- 第二次西園寺公望内閣のとき、緊縮財政による国家財政再建や行政整理を理由に、西園寺公望首相が、陸軍による「二個師団増設」の要求を拒否した(二個師団増設問題)。
- During the second Kinmochi SAIONJI Cabinet, because of the national financial reconstruction and the administration by reduced budget, Prime Minister Kinomochi SAIONJI refused the Army's 'two division expansion' demand (two divisions' expansion issue).
- その中で使い古された具足を身に付けている者達を発見し、「あの者らは甲州からの家臣団であろう」と言い、確認が取れると「あれこそが本来の赤備え」と言ったという。
- Ieyasu is said to have told, discovering some warriors in worn-out armor among them, like 'Those warriors should be the vassals from Koshu.', and after the confirmation, 'That is a real Akazonae.'
- 敗色濃厚な豊臣氏の誘いに乗って大坂城に入った信繁の真意は、恩賞や家名回復ではなく、徳川家康に一泡吹かせてもって真田の武名を天下に示す事だったと言われている。
- It is said that the real intention of Nobushige who entered Osaka Castle tempted by Toyotomi Clan whose defeat was almost obvious was to show the military renown of Sanada to the world by frustrating Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, not in order to gain Onsho (reward grants) or recover his family name.
- しかし、江戸時代江戸時代中期の徳川家宣の治世を経て、幕府は政策を改めて関与を徐々に減らし、19世紀はじめの仙石騒動を最後に、お家騒動への介入は行っていない。
- By the reign of Ienobu TOKUGAWA in the mid-Edo Period, however, the shogunate amended its policy and gradually reduced such interventions and did not intervene in family feuds since the Sengoku family feud in the early 19th century.
- 第二次世界大戦後は平和国家として再出発し、アメリカ合衆国の軍事的な保護の元、急激に海外文化(主にアメリカ文化)を吸収して経済発展を成し遂げた(神武景気等)。
- After World War II, Japan started out as a peaceful country and achieved economic development (Jimmu Boom and others), assimilating foreign cultures rapidly (mainly American culture) under the military protection of the U.S.A.
- 伊藤は同年暮れに意見書を提出し、漸進的な改革と上院設置のための華族制度改革を提議した(後者は公家出身の岩倉が嫌う点であるが、伊藤は敢えて提出したのである)。
- Ito submitted written opinion and proposed gradual reform and reform of new peerage system to set up a upper house (IWAKIRA, who was from court noble family disliked the latter opinion but ITO submitted this daringly).
- また論争は法律論にとどまらず資本主義経済の矛盾の問題、国家思想や国体の位置づけなどにも及び、商法典論争と相まって一種の政治対立の様相さえ呈するようになった。
- Moreover, the disputes, ranging from legal theories to contradictions of capitalist economy, national ideology and positioning of the national structure and so on and combined with the disputes over the Commercial Code, came to present a kind of political confrontation.
- なお、交代寄合としての宗家(朽木宣綱の子孫)の領域を指して特に「朽木藩」と呼ぶ例や、稙綱の子孫が治めた土浦藩や福知山藩などを指して「朽木藩」と呼ぶ例もある。
- The word 'Kutsuki Domain' is sometimes used in the following cases: when people refer to the territory which was controlled by the soke (the head family or house), or to the Tosa Domain and Fukuchiyama Domain, which were governed by Tanetsuna's descendents.
- 日本に於いては、母系婚が鎌倉初期まで続いた事は論を俟たないが、男系相続の進展と共に、母系の婚家に男が通う形態から、まず、別宅としての男性主体の住処が成立した。
- In Japan, it is a matter of course that matrilineal marriage lasted until the early Kamakura period, but as succession in the male line became common, a man hardly came to visit his spouse's family, but came to have his own residence as a second house.
- そのような事象が脚色されて、狂言の御家物と呼ばれる様式の題材となって伝わったり、講談を通じて広まったことにより、お家騒動として江戸の庶民に知られるようになる。
- Such cases were dramatized in Kyogen play formats know as 'oie-mono (family feud tales)' and spread to the public also through 'kodan' storytelling, coming well known among the people of Edo.
- 徳川方に参加していた稲葉一鉄、更に横山城を攻めていた氏家卜全、安藤守就らが織田軍の増援として駆けつけ、浅井軍の無防備な側面を突くと浅井軍も右翼から崩れ始めた。
- Ittetsu INABA, who had belonged to Tokugawa side, and others such as Bokuzen UJIIE and Morinari ANDO, who had been attacking Yokoyama-jo Castle, rushed over there to reinforce Oda troops and attacked Azai's vulnerable side, which eventually made Azai troops start collapsing from its right side.
- 国家としての国名との混同を避ける、もしくは戸籍や郵便などの地名の表記において、府県名が旧国名に代わるもののように使用されたために、そう呼ばれているだけである。
- The reason the names of the provinces are called old provincial names (kyukokumei) is merely a matter of avoiding confusion between the country as a state (kuni) and the provinces which were within the country; or a reason might be that the prefecture names were used as if they supplanted the provincial names in family register and in mailing address that were used in mail.
- 「武士たるもの七度主君を変えねば武士とは言えぬ」という藤堂高虎の遺した家訓に表れているように、自己を高く評価してくれる主君を探して浪人することも肯定している。
- Expressed in a family precept of Takatora TODO 'those who haven't changed their lords seven times yet are not really samurai', it acknowledges a masterless samurai finding a lord who would highly value him.
- 賠償金は1912年に清朝が滅亡した後も、清朝を引き継いだ国家とみなされた中華民国にそのまま負わされ、中央政権が軟弱な基盤しか持ちえなかった理由の一つとなった。
- Even after the Qing dynasty perished, the reparations were succeeded by the Republic of China because it was considered to be a nation that succeeded the Qing dynasty, and that was one of reasons that the central government had weak foundations.
- いわゆる士農工商には属さないが、公家や医師や神人等と同様にあくまでも身分制度上の身分とされる点で、身分制度外に位置付けられる山窩(サンカ)等とは明確に異なる。
- Hinin did not belong to the four-tiered class system of samurai or warrior administrators, farmers, artisans and merchants; however, in terms of social status on the class system like kuge (court noble), doctor, jinin (shrine associates), they clearly differed from Sanka (nomads) who were outcastes.
- 町人の場合、初めの頃こそは親戚や知り合いの先輩女中の口利きを頼ったり、旗本や御家人の家へいったん養女入りしたりという、迂遠な根回しや手続きを経て大奥入りした。
- At first, townspeople needed an intermediary like relatives, acquaintances or senior jochu, or roundabout maneuvering or procedures like adopting their daughters to hatamoto to send them to O-oku.
- 天正14年(1586年)に毛利輝元、吉川広家、小早川隆景の上洛に従い、その際に徳川家康に面会したことが毛利輝元の疑心を生み、三刀屋久扶は出雲の地を追放される。
- Hisasuke met Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in 1586 when he attended Terumoto MORI, Hiroie KIKKAWA, and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA as they visited Kyoto; that raised Terumoto MORI's suspicions about Hisasuke MITOYA, who was expelled from the land of Izumo.
- この流れを伊豆多田氏と呼び、室町期には摂津と伊豆に領土を安堵されるが、永正年間(1504年 - 1520年)の将軍家家督争いで足利義稙側に付き没落したという。
- This lineage, referred to as the Izu-Tada clan, was authorized to own its lands in the Settsu and Izu provinces during the Muromachi period but is said to have been in decline in the Eisho era (A.D. 1504 - 1520) because it took the side of Yoshitane ASHIKAGA in the midst of the dispute over succession to the shogunate.
- 大阪経済大学助教授の家近良樹が、幕末期の政治状況は従来の薩長と幕府との対立というだけでは説明できないとしてこの「一会桑政権」と呼ばれる歴史概念を主張している。
- For a long time historians had considered that the conflict between 'Saccho' (the alliance between the Satsuma clan and the Choshu clan) and the Shogunate had driven the politics at the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, however, recently Yoshiki IECHIKA, an assistant professor of Osaka University of Economics, proposed the new idea of 'the Ichikaiso Government' for the simple reason that it's impossible to grasp the whole political situation during the tempestuous period from only the past historical point of view.
- 稲田側こうした一連の行動に怒った本藩側の一部過激派藩士らが、明治3年5月13日_(旧暦)(1870年6月11日)、洲本城下の稲田家とその藩士らの屋敷を襲撃した。
- One group of radical retainers on the Honpan side, who got upset about a series of unacceptable conduct of the INADA side, attacked the residences of the Inada family's and their retainers' near the Sumoto-jo Castle on June 11, 1870.
- そこへ来て10月18日には、馬車で外相官邸に入ろうとした大隈に国家主義団体玄洋社団員来島恒喜が爆烈弾を投げつけ、大隈が右脚切断の重傷を負うという椿事が発生した。
- Following this, on October 18, Tsuneki KURUSHIMA, a member of the Genyosha Nationalism Organization, threw a bomb at OKUMA, who was about to enter the official residence for the Minister of Foreign Affairs by carriage; the bomb severely injured OKUMA and he had to have his right leg amputated.
- 戸主の権限は家の統率者としての権限であるため、同じ親族であり、親等が同じであったとしても、同じ家に属するか否かにより戸主による統率を受けるか否かが異なってくる。
- Because a head of a family has rights as leader of a family, even relatives which have the same level of degree of relationship must follow the head of the family as long as they live in the same household.
- 上下関係の確立した江戸時代に於いては、直参は将軍への拝謁が許されていたのに対し、陪臣はたとえ藩で1万石以上と大名並みの石高を有する家老でも拝謁は許されなかった。
- In the Edo period when the superior-inferior relationships were established, jikisan was permitted to have an audience with the shogun, but baishin was not permitted to have an audience with the shogun even if such baishin was Karo (chief retainer) whose clan had a daimyo-level yield of not less than 10,000 koku.
- 彼ら兄弟はいずれも桓武天皇の即位を見ないまま亡くなったが、乙牟漏は皇后となり平城天皇・嵯峨の両天皇を、旅子は淳和天皇を産み、平安時代初期の式家繁栄の礎を築いた。
- Both Yoshitsugu and Momokawa died before the enthronement of Emperor Kanmu, but Otomuro became empress and gave birth to Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga while Tabiko became mother of Emperor Junna, building the base of prosperity of the Fujiwara Shikike during the early Heian period.
- 芙蓉門には、木村蒹葭堂・池大雅のような大家や葛子琴・曽之唯・浜村蔵六・前川虚舟・源惟良などの優れた門弟が育ち、江戸時代後期以降、大いに隆盛し全国各地に広まった。
- Fuyo had masters under him such as Kenkado KIMURA and Taiga IKE, as well as disciples such as Shikin KATSU, Koretada SO, Zoroku HAMAMURA, Kyoshu MAEKAWA and Iryo GEN, so the school flourished and spread throughout the country after the late Edo period.
- しかし、江戸時代中期以降、太平の時代に入ると、軍事機密の意味は無くなり、慢性的な財政難のため、家臣が禄を離れることは、枢要な人物で無い限り事実上自由になっていた。
- From the mid-Edo Period to the Taihei Period, military secrecy was no longer needed and ongoing financial difficulty made it possible for vassals to leave, unless they served in key positions.
- 前期前葉(4世紀前葉)には、これらの埴輪とは別の系統に当たる家形埴輪のほか、蓋(きぬがさ)形埴輪や盾形埴輪をはじめとする器財埴輪、鶏形埴輪などの形象埴輪が現れた。
- In the early of the fourth century, house-shaped Haniwa, which are different type from those Haniwa, Kizai Haniwa including lid-shaped Haniwa and peltate Haniwa and Keisho Haniwa such as chicken-shaped Haniwa appeared.
- 1873年(明治6年)、熊本県玉名郡和水町(たまなぐんなごみまち)にある江田船山古墳から、全長61メートルの前方後円墳で、横口式家型石棺(せっかん)が検出された。
- In 1873, a stone coffin with side entrance was found in the large keyhole-shaped tomb mound, which has overall length of 61 meters, from the Eta Funayama Tumulus in Nagomimachi, Tamana County, Kumamoto Prefecture.
- このような保護政策の下、日本の財閥も台湾糖業への投資を行い製糖が次々に設立され、台湾の伝統的な糖業は大きな打撃を受け、また甘蔗農家の収入が抑圧される事態が続いた。
- Under these protection policies, the Japanese Zaibatsu (company syndicate) began investing in the sugar manufacturing industry and setting up sugar manufacturing factories, which situation was a blow to the traditional sugar manufacturing in Taiwan and suppressed the income of the sugarcane farmers.
- 上記に類似するが、後に織田家の権力を乗っ取った徳川家としては、信長を一流の武将でないと喧伝する必要があり、その事情から織田軍の劣勢を強調する必要があったとする説。
- Similar to the above, a theory suggests that, for the Tokugawa clan, which took over the authority of the Oda clan, it was necessary to trumpet Nobunaga as not a top grade samurai, and in the light of the circumstances, they had to emphasize Oda troops was on the backfoot.
- 征長総督参謀の西郷隆盛は、禁門の変の責任者である三家老(国司親相・益田兼施・福原元僴)の切腹、三条実美ら五卿の他藩への移転、山口城の破却を撤兵の条件として伝えた。
- Takamori SAIGO, the general staff to the commander of the Choshu Conquest, proposed the bakufu army's withdrawal to Choshu in exchange of three conditions, namely, seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) of three chief retainers (Chikasuke KUNISHI, Kanenobu MASUDA, Mototake FUKUHARA) to show their responsibility for the Incident of Kinmon no Hen, demotion transfer of five nobles including Sanetomi SANJO to other clans, and abandonment of Yamaguchi-jo Castle.
- 「大宰」の文字の初見が609年(推古天皇17年)であるが、既に見たように福岡県博多に官家を造るなどの記事から大宰府の起源はもっと遡るのではないかと考えられている。
- First appearance of the letters 'Omikotomochi' is in the section of year 609, but as described above, the origin of Dazai-fu is considered to be older based on articles on building miyake in Hakata, Fukuoka prefecture.
- 鎌倉幕府成立時には成文法が存在しておらず、表向き律令法・公家法には拠らず、武士の成立以来の武士の実践道徳を「道理」として道理・先例を基づく裁判をしてきたとされる。
- When Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was formed, there was no statutory law yet; however, it did not follow the ritsuryo law or the kugeho (laws issued by the Imperial Court) and the trials were held according to orders and precedents of morals which had been practiced by samurai since the birth of samurai.
- 建武の新政の後の建武 (日本)2年(1335年)、足利尊氏が武家政権の樹立を目指して鎌倉にて挙兵すると、足利直義から三刀屋氏当主三刀屋扶重に軍勢を催促されている。
- In 1335 after the Kenmu Restoration, when Takauji ASHIKAGA raised, in Kamakura, his standard of establishment of samurai government, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA urged Sukeshige MITOYA, the head of Mitoya clan, to send an army.
- その後、上杉謙信の支援を受けて一時的に所領を取り返したが、その後武田と長尾(上杉)の対立(川中島の戦い)の中で他の北信濃国人衆と共に上杉家の家臣化が進んでいった。
- After that, Kenshin UESUGI helped the Takanashi clan to get the manor back, but the Takanashi clan as well as other local lords in northern Shinano became retainers of the Uesugi family during the conflict between Takeda and Nagao (Uesugi) (Kawanakajima War).
- しかし、鎌倉幕府との結びつきが強かったことを理由に新政府に冷遇され、第14代石川貞光の時、陸奥守北畠顕家は古来から石川氏が治めていた領地を結城家や和地氏に与える。
- Nevertheless, the Ishikawa clan was treated coldly by the new government for the reason that it was tied closely with the Kamakura bakufu, and in the time of Sadamitsu ISHIKAWA, the fourteenth head of the family, the Governor of Mutsu Province, Akiie KITABATAKE, distributed the fief traditionally succeeded and controlled by Ishikawa clan to the Yuki family and the Wachi clan.
- そこで、いったん他の方角、例えば南西の方角にある知人の家で一夜を明かして翌朝家に帰ることにすれば、移動は南西方向と北西方向になって、西への移動を避けることができる。
- Therefore, if they stayed overnight at their acquaintance's house located in, say, the southwest, and the next day they would come home from that place, they traveled to the southwest and northwest, so that they were able to avoid going to the west.
- 戸主は、家の統率者として家族に対する扶養義務を負う(ただし、配偶者、直系卑属、直系尊属による扶養義務のほうが優先)ほか、主に以下のような権能(戸主権)を有していた。
- A head of a family has duty of support for family members, as leader of a family (however, the duty of support by a spouse, direct descendants, and direct ancestors are prioritized.), and the other capabilities and powers of a head of a family are listed below.
- しかし、嵯峨朝以降式家は徐々に北家に圧倒されていくが、その一因として、良継の一人息子である藤原託美の事故死による、平城・嵯峨両天皇の外戚である良継系の断絶があった。
- However, Fujiwara Shikike gradually went under and was overwhelmed by Fujiwara Hokke after the era of Emperor Saga, partly due to the extinction of the Yoshitsugu family (maternal relatives to Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga) caused by the death of FUJIWARA no Takumi, the only son of Yoshitsugu.
- 更に江戸時代の土御門泰福の時代には賀茂氏宗家の断絶後、賀茂氏庶流の幸徳井家と争っていた暦道の地位も奪って、安倍氏流土御門家による陰陽寮支配が確立されることとなった。
- Later in the Edo period, at the time of Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADO, the soke (the head family or house) of the Kamo clan died out and the Abe clan took the position of rekido, over which they had fought with the Kotokui Family, a branch family of the Kamo Clan; in this way, they established the dominance of the Abe Clan's Tsuchimikado family in the Onmyoryo.
- また、杉本義宗の弟で三浦本宗家を相続した三浦義澄の次男 佐原義連の家系からも杉本氏がわかれ、義連の子 横須賀時連に杉本宗明という子がおり以後、杉本氏として存続した。
- The Sugimoto clan also separated from the family line of Yoshitsura SAHARA, the second son of Yoshizumi MIURA, who was the younger brother of Yoshimune SUGIMOTO, and inherited the head family of the Miura family, and Tokitsura YOKOSUKA, the son of Yoshitsura, had a son named Muneaki SUGIMOTO, and from this son the family remained as the Sugimoto clan.
- 当時、宮家は伏見宮家、京極宮家、有栖川宮家と3家あり、この3家を継いだ場合を除き親王を名乗ることができず、その他の天皇家の子女はすべて出家されるという形になっていた。
- At this time, there were three Miyake (houses of an imperial prince), the Fushiminomiya family, the Kyogokunomiya family and the Arisugawanomiya family, and only the prince who succeeded the family could be the Imperial Prince, and the rest of princes and princesses had to become priest or priestess.
- その後、1967年にドン・ファンの息子に当たるフアン・カルロス1世 (スペイン王)が皇太子に指名され、1975年にフランコが死去するとブルボン家による王制が復活した。
- Subsequently in 1967, Juan Carlos I (King of Spain), a child of Don Juan, was nominated as a Crown Prince who the revived monarchy of Bourbon family after Franco died in 1975.
- 英語表記の一つ「pit-house」は、厳密には、竪穴式住居のうちで、屋根以外は、竪穴自体で構成されている、つまり竪穴に屋根を被せた形の家屋ないしは住居のことをいう。
- Strictly speaking, the English term 'pit-house' is used to describe the type of tateana-shiki dwelling which, except for the thatched roof, consists solely of the dug-up depression, that is, a dwelling that is a depression in the ground covered with a roof.
- 信繁を討った松平忠直隊鉄砲組頭西尾宗次は信繁を討ったときを誇張して報告した為に、家康は宗次の「信繁を討ち取った」という報告を真に受けようとしなかったとも言われている。
- Munetsugu NISHIO, the captain of the Tadanao MATSUDAIRA gun unit reported the scene when he killed Shigonobu so exaggeratedly that Ieyasu is said not to have taken Munetsugu's report that he killed Shigenobu to be true.
- 和議による一部浪人の解雇によりこの時の豊臣家の戦力は7万8千に減少し、さらに丸裸にされた大坂城では籠城戦は不利と判断したとされ、積極的に討って出る作戦を採用している。
- Judging from the reduced number of soldiers to 78,000 due to the peace treaty which forced to dismiss part of soldiers, and the defenseless Osaka-jo Castle stripped of moats, the Toyotomi Family decided that holding the castle was not to their advantage and instead they should take a strategy of fighting actively.
- 一つは諸国の私領銀山より産出される灰吹銀および世上流通の灰吹銀を買い上げ、丁銀に吹き立て利益の一部を運上する、買灰吹銀(かいはいふきぎん)(寄銀)による自家営業形式。
- One was Kaihaifukigin, private operation based on purchase of cupellated silver from silver mines located in private properties and of silver available in the marketplace to forge Chogin silver for income from part of the revenues.
- しかし無論、儒教思想がそのまま取り入れられた訳ではなく、儒学の中では『四書』の一つとして重要視されている『孟子』を、国体にそぐわないものであると評価する思想家も多い。
- However, it is not just an adoption of Confucian thought and many of the thinkers evaluated 'Moshi (Mencius)' which was emphasized as one of the 'The Four Books of Confucianism' that were unsuitable for national policy.
- 出雲国守護の塩冶高貞も足利尊氏に味方、扶重も尊氏方に属し、延元2年/建武4年(1337年)には北陸方面で戦い、金ヶ崎城攻略戦や美濃国での北畠顕家への押さえに当たった。
- As Takasada ENYA, the military governor of Izumo Province, took the side of Takauji ASHIKAGA, Sukeshige also belonged to the side of Takauji and fought in the north central region where he participated in the battle of reducing Kanagasakijo Castle as well as suppressing of Akiie KITABATAKE in Mino Province in 1337.
- このような情勢の中で、弘仁11年11月15日 (旧暦)(820年12月23日)の太政官符では、従来の方針を一転して「良家(公卿)子弟」のみに限定する規定が定められた。
- Under such circumstances, daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) issued on December 23, 820 laid down that the then existing policies underwent a complete change, limiting monjosho only to sons from respectable families (nobles).
- ヨーロッパでは活版印刷が行われるようになった近世には既に、フランソワ・ラブレーやミゲル・デ・セルバンテスなどの人気作家に肖って、彼らの作品に便乗した偽物が出されていた。
- In early-modern times in Europe, when typographical printing was in practical use, forged writings of books by popular authors such as Francois Rabelais and Miguel de Cervantes were already being published.
- 時の大審院(現在の最高裁判所)院長の児島惟謙は法治国家として法は遵守されなければならないとする立場から、「刑法に外国皇族に関する規定はない」として政府の圧力に反発した。
- The chief justice of Daishin-in (the predecessor of the Supreme Court of Japan), Korekata KOJIMA insisted that Japan was liable for compliance with the law as a law-abiding country, and said 'there was no penal code for criminal cases against foreign imperial families' to resist the pressure of the government.
- 飯富虎昌・山県昌景の両者は『甲陽軍艦』において武勇に秀でるとともに武田家及び武田軍の中心として活躍した武将として記されており、両名の活躍が赤備えの価値を高めたと言える。
- It is written in 'Koyo Gunkan' (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family, compiled by one of the Takeda vassals, and completed in 1616 by Kagenori OBATA) that both Toramasa OBU and Masakage YAMAGATA were busho who had an outstanding bravery and showed a great performance as a leader of the Takeda Family and the Takeda Army, so it can be said that their achievements raised the value of Akazonae.
- 性器を切断して生殖能力を奪ってしまえば家系が絶える事になり、先祖に対する供養を人倫の最重要項目に置く儒教においては、宮刑は一種の追放刑として認識されていたとの説もある。
- A study mentions that the removal of genital parts to eliminate the virility meant the discontinuation of his family name, which was understood as a total expulsion from his family and severe punishment under Confucianism, which values the service for the dead as its most important, moral act.
- 桓武朝では式家一族は重用され、宇合四男の藤原田麻呂は事実上の臣下最高位であった左大臣にまで昇進し、三男藤原清成の子である藤原種継は長岡京造営の事業を一任されるなどした。
- During the Emperor Kanmu period, family members of Fujiwara Shikike were appointed to important positions; FUJIWARA no Tamaro, the forth son of Umakai, was promoted to Sadaijin (Minister of the left) which was practically the highest position among vassals, while FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, son of Umakai's third son FUJIWARA no Kiyonari, was in charge of building Nagaoka-kyo (Japan's short-lived eighth century capital).
- またこのような家督を通じての世襲化はじつに天皇家内部においても見られ、白河上皇以後形式的には室町期にまで断続的に続く院政は天皇家における家政の世襲化とみることができる。
- Such heredity system through reigns of the family was also seen within the Imperial Family, and Insei (rule by the retired Emperor), which intermittently continued from the retired Emperor Shirakawa until the Muromachi period for form's sake, can be seen as heredity of household management within the Imperial Family.
- 天文に関する現象は国家の存亡に関わる重大な現象であると捉えられ、天文生といえども勝手に天文に関する図書を読むことが許されない程であった(「養老律令」雑令・秘書玄象条)。
- As phenomena related to tenmon were considered to significantly affect the fate of the country, even students of tenmon were not allowed to read books on tenmon freely ('Yororitsuryo' zoryo Hisho gensho jo).
- そのため、方略策(国家戦略)を論じる秀才と時務策(政策一般)を論じる進士の受験者を育成するために文章博士、明法の受験者を育成するために明法博士が設置されたとされている。
- It is understood that, under such circumstances, monjo hakase was established to educate applicants to take examinations of shusai who would discuss horyakusaku (national strategy) and those of shinshi who would deal with jimusaku (general policies), and myobo hakase, to educate myobo applicants.
- 宇喜多直家は当初は毛利氏の傘下として行動し、織田よりであった主君の浦上宗景を追放し下剋上を果たしていたが、織田氏と秀吉の力を知ると毛利氏を見限り秀吉に降参を申し入れた。
- At first, Naoie UKITA acted under the dominance of the Mori clan and climbed up the ranks after driving out Munekage URAGAMI, who was his lord but was more on Oda's side, but once he found out how powerful the Oda clan and Hideyoshi were, he gave up on the Mori clan and offered to surrender to Hideyoshi.
- この時期に勃興した台湾の社会史としては1914年、台中霧峰の著名な土着地主資産家である林献堂は来台した板垣退助と協力し在台日本人と同等の権利を求める台湾同化会を設立する。
- As a notable event in the social history of Taiwan, Xiantang LIN, who was born into a renowned wealthy family in Wufong, Taichung, founded Taiwan Dokakai (Taiwan Assimilation Society) in collaboration with Taisuke ITAGAKI visiting Taiwan, to demand the same right with the Japanese residents in Taiwan.
- 応永34年(1427年)に満祐が家督を相続した時、将軍足利義持は播磨国を取り上げて寵臣である赤松持貞に与えようとし、満祐が京の屋敷を焼いて領国に引き上げる事件が起こった。
- In 1427, an incident occurred, in which Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA attempted to confiscate the Harima Province which Mitsusuke took over as head of the family, and to give it to his favorite retainer, Mochisada Akamatsu, then Mitsusuke burned his residense in Kyoto and went back to his own territory.
- 金座成立以後、後藤家は御金改役(ごきんあらためやく)として本石町の役宅において金貨の鑑定と検印のみを行い、実際の鋳造は小判師(こばんし)などと呼ばれる職人達が行っていた。
- After the establishment of kin-za, the Goto family only worked for appraising and approving of gold coins as Gokin Aratame-yaku (inspector of gold coins) at the official residence in Hongoku-cho and actual casting was performed by workmen called koban-shi.
- 上方勢は秀吉自身を総大将、秀長と秀次を副将として、その下に細川忠興・蒲生賦秀・中川秀政・増田長盛・筒井定次・宇喜多秀家・長谷川秀一・蜂須賀正勝・前野長康などの編成だった。
- The Kamigata army consisted of the supreme commander Hideyoshi, the vice commanders Hidenaga and Hidetsugu, and Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, Masuhide GAMO (the former name of Ujisato GAMO), Hidemasa NAKAGAWA, Nagamori MASUDA, Sadatsugu TSUTSUI, Hideie UKITA, Shuichi HASEGAWA, Masakatsu HACHISUKA, Nagayasu MAENO and so on.
- 天孫降臨の時に先導を行った天忍日命(あめのおしひのみこと)の子孫とされ、佐伯氏とは同族関係であるとされている(一般には佐伯氏を大伴氏の分家とするが、その逆とする説もある)。
- It is said that the clan descended from Ameno Oshihi-no-Mikoto, who served as a guide in Tensonkorin (the descent to Earth of the grandson of the Sun Goddess) and had a kindred relationship with the Saeki clan (the Saeki clan was generally regarded as a branch family of the Otomo clan, though some say the opposite is true).
- 国家体制としての律令制は、唐後期までに崩壊していたが、それでも律令格式という法体系は基本法典として存続し、唐以後の諸王朝(北宋・明・清)も律令格式の法形式を継承していった。
- Luli as a ruling and administrative system of a nation, was no longer effective by the end of Tang Dynasty, but a law system referred to as Luli Geshi remained as the essential collective of law codes, and the form of Luli Geshi was succeeded by the dynasties after Tang (Northern Song, Ming, and Qing) as their law enforcement.
- この宴に相伴した大名は細川持之、畠山持永、山名持豊、一色教親、細川持常、大内持世、京極高数、山名熈貴、細川持春、赤松貞村で、義教の介入によって家督を相続した者たちであった。
- Daimyos (Japanese feudal lord) who accompanied Yoshinori to this feast (a drinking party) were Mochiyuki HOSOKAWA, Mochinaga HATAKEYAMA, Mochitoyo YAMANA, Norichika ISSHIKI, Mochitsune HOSOKAWA, Mochiyo OUCHI, Takakazu KYOGOKU, Hirotaka YAMANA, Mochiharu HOSOKAWA, and Sadamura AKAMATSU, all those who took over as head of the family through intervention by Yoshinori.
- これは天下にはもはや豊臣家ではなく徳川家が君臨することを示すものであるが、秀頼も順調に昇任を重ね、将軍就任時の秀忠の官位が内大臣であったのに対し、秀頼は右大臣になっていた。
- It meant that the Toyotomi Family no longer ruled Japan, but the Tokugawa Family did, however, Hideyori also steadily kept rising in official court rank to be Udaijin (minister of the right), while Hidetada was Naidaijin (minister of the center) when he became Shogun.
- その他に弾正忠を称した武将としては戦国きっての梟雄・松永久秀や武田氏家臣の三弾正こと高坂昌信(逃げ弾正)、真田幸隆(攻め弾正)、保科正俊(槍弾正) などが特に知られている。
- In addition to Nobunaga, the well-known busho (Japanese military commander) who called themselves danjo no chu are Hidehisa MATSUNAGA who was one of the most fierce warriors in Sengoku period (period of warring states) and the three danjo in the vassals of Takeda clan: Masanobu KOSAKA (the nige [fleeing] danjo), Yukitaka SANADA (the seme [offensive] danjo) and Masatoshi HOSHINA (the yari [spear] danjo).
- これについては、清盛は延暦寺・園城寺・興福寺など寺社勢力の干渉を避けるためとも、また、宋 (王朝)との貿易拡大によって海洋国家、西国国家の樹立を目指していたとも指摘される。
- As for this, it is pointed out that Kiyomori tried to avoid interference from the forces of temples and shrines such as Enryaku-ji Temple, Enjo-ji Temple, Kofuku-ji Temple and so on, or he aimed to establish the maritime state or Saigoku (western part of Japan [esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki]) state by expanding the trade with the Sung (dynasty).
- 実権を握った平頼綱は泰盛の弘安改革を否定し、幕府の人事は得宗を頂点に北条氏 (大仏流)、北条氏 (名越流)を中心に北条一族の支配となり、足利氏ら旧来の御家人の姿は無かった。
- TAIRA no Yoritsuna held a real power and rejected Yasumori's Koan reform, and the most of the positions in the bakufu were occupied by the Hojo family, with Tokuso at the top and the Osaragi line of the Hojo clan and the Nagoe line of the Hojo clan at the center, and no important positions were given to old gokenin like the Ashikaga clan.
- これは当時天文道が特殊な技術と考えられ、その学術が親子間の相伝(家学)となり、朝廷も天文占術技術の維持を目的としてそれを許容したこと、官司請負制の定着によるところが大きい。
- There were reasons for this: first, as tenmondo was then considered to be a special skill and was only passed down among family members (hereditary learning), the Imperial Court allowed it in order to preserve divination techniques, and second, a hereditary government office system had been established.
- このことから、民法の条文の「父ノ家ニ入ル」「家ヲ去リタル」という(当時の)表現は、戸籍の面からは、それぞれ「父の家の戸籍に入籍する」「家の戸籍から除籍された」ことを意味する。
- Accordingly, definitions of articles in the Old Civil Codes such as 'be a member of one's own father's Ie'or '(someone) leaves a Ie' means 'be registered on the koseki of one's own father' and 'remove someone's name from a koseki'.
- 高梨高信・高梨忠直らは源義仲傘下として越後から南下した城資茂率いる平家方を破り、その後も源義仲に最後まで従ったと思われ、高梨忠直は京都の六条河原で刑死した記録が残されている。
- Takanobu TAKANASHI and Tadanao TAKANASHI, who were affiliated with MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, won the Heike led by JO no Sukemochi, who had moved south from Echigo, and then seem to have accompanied Minamoto no Yoshinaka to his end, because it is recorded that Tadanao TAKANASHI was executed at the Rokujo-gawara riverbed, in Kyoto.
- 朝鮮が清朝の冊封から独立した国家主権を持つ独立国であることを明記したが、片務的領事裁判権の設定や関税自主権の喪失といった不平等条約的条項を内容とすることなどが、その特徴である。
- It was described in the treaty that Korea was a nation independent from the tributary system of the Qing dynasty, holding state sovereign power, however it was characteristic of an unequal treaty with the provisions describing the establishment of one-sided consular jurisdiction and the loss of tariff autonomy.
- 朱熹の学は、社会の統治を担う士大夫層の学として受け入れられたが、元 (王朝)代には科挙試験が準拠する経書解釈として国に認定されるに至り、国家教学としてその姿を変えることになった。
- The learnings of Hsi CHU were accepted as learnings for the Shitaifu (Scholar-bureaucrats) class, who were in charge of social governance; during the Yuan dynasty, the state for interpretation of classic Confucian writings stipulated that the Kakyo shiken (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats) should conform to these learnings, and changes were made to the national education.
- より具体的には「長篠の戦いの緒戦で、武田軍は家老山県昌景を一番手として織田陣営を攻め立てたに対し、織田軍の足軽は身を隠したままひたすら鉄砲を撃ち、誰一人前に出ることはなかった。」
- More specifically, 'when the Takeda army led by Karo (chief retainer) Masakage YAMAGATA attacked the Oda side at the start of the Battle of Nagashino, the ashigaru (common foot soldiers) of the Oda army, none of whom stepped forward and who hid themselves, kept shooting the teppo.'
- 一方、宿敵の徳川家康を臣従させて後顧の憂いを無くしていた豊臣秀吉は、天正15年(1587年)1月に九州征伐の大動員令を発し、畿内や中国・四国の諸大名による大軍を九州に送り出した。
- Meanwhile, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who had brought his old enemy Ieyasu TOKUGAWA into subjection to ensure future security, decreed a large-scale mobilization order in February, 1587 for the Kyushu Conquest, and sent a large army of daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) from Kinai (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), Chugoku and Shikoku regions to Kyushu.
- 他方、西欧列強が迫っていた東アジア諸国の中で、いちはやく開国し明治維新により近代国家となった日本は、西欧諸国のみならず、自国周辺のアジア諸国とも近代的な国際関係を樹立しようとした。
- Among East Asian countries where the powerful countries of Western Europe were watching for a chance to invade, Japan was the first country that opened itself to the world and became a modern state through the Meiji Restoration, and it began to establish modern international relations not only with the West European countries but also with Asian countries around Japan.
- 徳川軍は苦戦しつつも正面突破を強行した本多忠勝や、迂回して朝倉勢を横撃した榊原康政の2将が率いる徳川旗本精鋭隊が加わり、徳川家康の本隊がこれに加わったことで遂に朝倉軍は敗れ去った。
- Tokugawa's hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) elite troops led by two leaders, Tadakatsu HONDA, who burst through head-on forcibly while having a tough time, and Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, who went the way around to attack Asakura forces from the side, joined Tokugawa troops, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's main force followed them, which caused Asakura forces to lose out at last.
- なお、後藤家は宗家が文化_(日本)7年(1810年)に役目に不正があったとして取り潰され、後任の御金改役を命じられた分家も弘化2年(1845年)に幕府批判をしたとして取り潰された。
- In addition, the head family of the Goto family was ruined in connection with misconduct in duties in 1810, and the branch family who was ordered to be the successor to Gokin Aratame-yaku was also ruined in connection with criticism of bakufu in 1845.
- 令外の官が広汎に成立した中世においては、このような現実的な需要を受けて実際的な政務処理を律令法の条項と照らし合わせてその法的側面の補強をおこなう明法家という職務身分家系も登場した。
- In the medieval period when ryoge no kan formed widely, families called Myobo-ke (scholars of the law) with a duty of lawyers emerged responding such realistic demands to reinforce legal aspects of practical governmental affairs by checking them against stipulations of ritsuryo codes.
- もっとも、天文道そのものが陰陽道と比較して日本の律令国家においては、余り重要視されたとは言えなかった部分があり、夜空の観測も平常は戌の刻と寅の刻の定時観測のみであったとされている。
- Meanwhile, tenmondo was not considered as important as onmyodo ('the way of Yin and Yang', an occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements) in the ritsuryo nation of Japan, and, as a rule, observations of the sky were conducted only at fixed times, such as from 8 PM to 10 PM and from 4 AM to 6 AM.
- 備中高松城の戦い(びっちゅうたかまつじょうのたたかい)は、天正10年(1582年)に織田信長の命を受けて家老の豊臣秀吉が毛利氏の高松城 (備中国)(城主:清水宗治)を攻略した戦い。
- The Battle of Bitchu Takamatsu-jo Castle was a battle in 1582 in which, on the order of Nobunaga ODA, his karo (retainer) Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI conquered Takamatsu-jo Castle, owned by Muneharu SHIMIZU, in Bitchu Province in the territory of the Mori clan.
- 安帝紀に「倭国王帥升等」とあるように、倭国王は地域の小国家ではなく、いくつかの地域国家連合の首長としての「倭国の王」と考えることができ、これは倭国の成立を示すものではないかとされる。
- As it is written 'the King of Wa Suishora' in the Record of Emperor An, it is possible to think that the King of Wa was not a toparchy of the region, but was a 'King of Wa' as a chief of several regional nations, and this is thought to be the establishment of Wakoku (country of Wa).
- しかし、その藤原南家が藤原仲麻呂の乱で衰退してしまうと、石川氏も平安京遷都後亡くなった正四位上・参議、石川真守(年足の孫、馬子の7代孫)を最後に公卿は出なくなり、歴史から姿を消した。
- However, as the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan entered a terminal decline after FUJIWARA no Nakamaro's Rebellion, the Ishikawa clan also failed to produce other kugyo (court noble) succeeding ISHIKAWA no Mamori (Toshitari's grandchild and the seventh generation of Umako's grandchildren), who was Shoshiinojo (Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) and sangi (Councillor), died after the transfer of the capital to the Heian-kyo, and would vanish from history.
- 松平忠明、本多忠政、本多康紀を普請奉行とし、家康の名代である本多正純、成瀬正成、安藤直次の下、攻囲軍や地元の住民を動員して突貫工事で外堀を埋めた後に、一月より二の丸も埋め立て始めた。
- Under myodai (substitutes for Ieyasu) including Masazumi HONDA, Masanari NARUSE and Natsugu ANDO with Fushin Bugyo (Ministrs of Engineering and Construction) including Tadaakira MATSUDAIRA, Tadamasa HONDA and Yasunori HONDA, the reclamation of the outer moat of the castle was rushed by the besieging army and local residents and then the reclamation of Ninomaru was begun in January.
- 第二次世界大戦終了後日本を占領した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、国家のための自己犠牲を奨励していた皇民化教育が軍国主義国家形成に果たした役割が大きかったと考え、教育改革に乗り出した。
- The General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) which occupied Japan after the Second World War worked on education reform, thinking that Japanization education, which promoted sacrificing oneself for the nation, played a big role in forming the militarism nation.
- しかし豊臣秀長率いる豊臣軍によって府内城が攻められるや、圧倒的な兵力・物量の差を悟った島津義弘は3月15日の夜半に風雨にまぎれて海路で府内城を脱出し、弟の家久が守る松尾城に退却した。
- However, soon after the Funai-jo Castle was attacked by the Toyotomi's army, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU realized that the enemy's forces and supplies far exceeded his own, so he escaped Funai-jo Castle by sea in the midst of a midnight storm on April 22 and retreated to Matsuo-jo Castle where his younger brother Iehisa was on guard.
- 一方で15世紀後半以降、畠山氏の分裂と抗争が長期間続いたことが大きく響き、また複数の強力な寺社勢力の存在もあって、武家勢力の中から紀伊一国を支配する戦国大名が成長することはなかった。
- On the other hand, the split and conflicts among the Hatakeyama clan had lasted for a long time after the latter part of the 15th century, and there were some strong temple and shrine powers, so that any samurai powers could not grow up to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who controlled the whole Kii Province.
- しかし、これらは紀州徳川家から将軍に就任した吉宗が側用人政治を嫌う土屋政直ら「援立の臣」らに功績としてどちらかというと形式的なところに着目してなされた一種の配慮とみる見解が有力である。
- However, it's generally understood that Yoshimune from the Kishu Tokugawa family showed his consideration for his 'supportive vassal' Masanao TSUCHIYA who hated the lord chamberlain government, so Yoshimune made changes to Arai's achievements mainly from a formality.
- 国家総動員法、国民精神総動員運動、選挙粛清運動と並び、前年に決定し1940年(昭和15年)に内務省 (日本)が布告した「部落会町内会等調整整備要綱」(隣組強化法)によって制度化される。
- Along with the National General Mobilization Act, Movement for General Mobilization of the National Spirit, and Movement for Strict Enforcement of Election, it was institutionalized through 'Outline of Control and Enhancement of Village Community Associations and District Associations, etc' (Neighborhood Association Enhancement Act) decided in 1939 and decreed by the Ministry of Home Affairs (Japan) in 1940.
- 1966年、小説家の遠藤周作はその作品『沈黙』により日本の精神的土壌においては神の存在、絶対的な存在が根付かないすべてのものを腐らせていく沼が日本であると登場人物の神父に語らせている。
- A novelist Shusaku ENDO have the priest as a character of his novel 'Chinmoku (silence)' said that Japan was a marsh where everything not based on God or absolute existences spoiled in the Japanese spiritual base
- 行政官庁としての樺太庁は、外務省への移管を経て、1949年6月1日、国家行政組織法の施行によって廃止されている(外務省条約局法規課『日本統治下の樺太』〈外地法制誌〉、1969年を参照)
- Karafuto-Cho as a government agency was transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs jurisdiction and was then abolished in June 1, 1949 under the National Government Organization Act (See 'Nihon Tochika no Karafuto' [Sakhalin under Japanese rule] , Gaimusho Joyakukyoku Hokika [Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Treaty Bureau, Regulation Section]; 1969).
- 開城に伴い、同年4月9日(旧暦)、14代将軍徳川家茂正室・和宮親子内親王と同生母・実成院は清水家邸へ、翌10日には、13代将軍徳川家定正室・天璋院と同生母本寿院が一橋家邸へ引き移った。
- Along with the surrender of Edo-jo castle, the legal wife of the 14th Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA, Imperial Princess Kazunomiya Chikako and his real mother, Jitsujoin moved to the Shimizu family's house on May 1, 1868 and the following day, the legal wife of the 13th Shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA, Tenshoin and his real mother Honjuin moved to the Hitotsubashi family's house.
- なお織田信長は、尾張国半国守護代たる織田氏(清洲三奉行尾張国守護代家 / 織田大和守家とも)の分家で代々の当主が「弾正忠」を自称していた一族(清洲三奉行弾正忠家と称される)の出身である。
- In addition, Nobunaga ODA came from a clan whose successive lords called themselves 'danjo no chu' (Kiyosu sanbugyo [three magistrates of Kiyosu] danjo no chu family), and the clan was a branch family of Oda clan, the shugodai (deputy military governor) of half part of Owari Province (also called Kiyosu sanbugyo in Owari province shugodai family or the Oda Yamatonokami family).
- 例えば、3代家光夫人・鷹司孝子は夫との仲が極めて険悪で、正式に「御台所」と称することのないまま、結婚後程なくしてその居所を本丸から中丸に移され、大奥の実権はもっぱら春日局らが握っていた。
- For example, since a wife of the third Shogun Iemitsu, Takako TAKATSUKASA was on extremely bad terms with her husband, she was transferred to her residence from Honmaru to Naka no maru (中丸) before being formally titled 'Midaidokoro' and Kasuga no tsubone held the real power in O-oku.
- ものの陰陽寮の最高責任者である陰陽頭には就任することなく、寛弘2年(1005年)に85歳で没していることから、陰陽寮及び天文道において強い基盤を持っていた家柄ではなかったとみられている。
- However, he died in 1005 at the age of 85 without becoming onmyo no kami (director of the Onmyoryo); this fact is considered proof that the Abe clan was not a family which traditionally had a strong basis in Onmyoryo and tenmondo.
- 煬帝の家臣である裴世清を連れて帰国した妹子は、返書を百済に盗まれて無くしてしまったと言明している(「臣參還之時 唐帝以書授臣 然經過百濟國之日 百濟人探以掠取 是以不得上」『日本書紀』)。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' Imoko said he did not have the reply because a person from Baekje stole it, when he returned to Japan with Hai Seisei, a vassal of Yang Guang.
- これは当時、藩主島津忠恒が進めていた藩政改革がうまく行かず、家臣団の統制すらままならなかったからであるが、島津の不参加は一時「島津謀反」の噂を引き起こし、小倉藩の監視を受ける羽目となった。
- That was because Tadatsune SHIMAZU, the lord of the domain, unable to successfully carry out the reformation of domain duties, could not control his vassals as he wished, and as a result, their nonparticipation caused a temporal rumor of 'Shimazu Rebellion' leading to a position carefully supervised by Kokura Domain.
- ただし、寛政3年(1791年)に鋳造を停止された京都・姉小路車屋町にあった金座はその後も廃止されず、禁裏御用の金細工及び上方における金職人統制などを後藤家の支配に従って幕末まで行っている。
- However, kin-za located in Anekoji Kurumaya-cho, Kyoto, where casting was stopped in 1791, was not abolished and gold working for official business of the Imperial Palace and control of gold workmen in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area) and so on were performed under the control of the Goto family until the end of the Edo period.
- 家康の将軍任官時には、同時に秀頼が関白に任官されるとする風聞が違和感なく受け止められており、元服を前に秀吉の子として関白就任への可能性を残していた秀頼の存在は無視できないものになっていた。
- When Ieyasu was appointed Shogun, hearsay that Hideyori would be appointed Kanpaku at the same time was taken without any feelings of wrongness: therefore, Ieyasu could not ignore Hideyori, who might be appointed Kanpaku (chancellor) as Hideyoshi's child before his coming to age.
- ただし、近年では物部氏の居住跡から氏寺(渋川廃寺)の遺構などが発見され、物部氏を単純な廃仏派として分類することは難しく、個々の氏族の崇拝の問題でなく、国家祭祀の対立であったとする見方もある。
- However, due to the recent discovery of the remains of former Shibukawa-ji Temple, which was an Uji-dera Temple (temple built for praying for clan's glory) from the Mononobe clan's place of dwelling, it became difficult to categorize the clan as simply anti-Buddhist, and some say that it was a confrontation not over the matters of each clan's reverence, but over religious services over a national scale.
- 680年(天武10)飛鳥浄御原令の選定を開始したことに見られるように、また、八色の姓の詔にも見られるように、旧来の氏族制度を改革し、新しい国家体制に即応出来る官僚制創造の政策の一環であった。
- As seen in the beginning of the selection of Asuka Kiyomihara Code (the legal code of Japanese ancient state) in 680 as well as in the edict of Yakusa no Kabane, it was one of the policies to reform the old clan system and to create the bureaucracy which was able to promptly respond to a new national regime.
- ここでは、高麗の前身の国家である「百済」を引き合いに出し「手掌ヲ穿傷......」(手の平に穴をあけてそこへ縄を通す」の意)云々のやり方を、朝鮮半島において古来より続く伝統的行為としている。
- He here explains that making a hole in the palms to lace a rope through was a traditional act continuing from ancient times in the Korean peninsula, taking 'Baekje,' which was the predecessor of Goryeo, for example.
- 国際的に極度の円安状況だったこともあるが、当時の欧米からすれば日本は極東の辺境であり、外国人身辺の危険も少なくなかったことから、一流の技術や知識の専門家を招聘することが困難だったことによる。
- The high salaries were partly due to the fact that the yen was extremely weak internationally, but mainly because of the difficulty in convincing top-class experts in technology and knowledge to come to Japan, which from the perspective of Westerners was a country on the extreme eastern edge of the Far East, a country moreover that held considerable physical danger for foreigners.
- 明代、国家教学となった朱子学は、科挙合格という世俗的な利益のためにおこなわれ、また体制側でも郷村での共同体倫理確立に朱子学を用い、道徳的実践を重んじた聖人の学としての本質を損なうようになった。
- During the Ming Dynasty, Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) became the national education and learning was practiced for worldly profit to pass the Kakyo, and was used by the establishment to create community morals in autonomous villages, causing the learning of the saints, which valued moral practice, to deteriorate.
- 法度は大名、徳川家家臣を対象として、当初は13ヶ条であったが、将軍の交代とともに改訂され、3代将軍の徳川家光が参勤交代の制度や大船建造の禁などの条文を加え、19ヶ条の定型となる(「寛永令」)。
- The code was aimed at daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and the vassals of Tokugawa Family and originally had thirteen articles, but was revised on the shogun's replacement, and Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third shogun, added the system of Sankin-kotai (Daimyo's biennial residence in Edo), the ban on building large ships etc. so they finalised version contained nineteen articles ('Kanei rei' (Kanei code)).
- 姉川の合戦における浅井家の被害は甚大で、長政が最も信頼していたと言われている重臣遠藤直経や長政の実弟浅井政之をはじめ、弓削家澄、今村氏直ら浅井家で中心的役割を果たしていた多くの武将が戦死した。
- The damage caused by the battle was so devastating that a number of samurais who played the central role in the Azai clan such as a senior vassal Naotsune ENDO, whom, they say, Nagamasa had trusted the most, Nagamasa's own younger brother Masayuki AZAI, Iezumi YUGE and the Imamura clan were killed.
- 地方によっては、単身者や核家族が居住するワンルーム・マンションの増加など、近隣地域と住人の関係が疎遠になる例もあり、地元神社の氏子への加入や、祭礼の寄付などをめぐり問題を生じている地域もある。
- In some local areas, relations within neighboring districts and residents have become weak mainly due to increase of one-room condos in which singles and nuclear families live, while other areas have problems over whether to become parishioners of a local Shinto shrine and contributing to rites and festivals of the shrine.
- 故に、家庭や居留国の日本語補習校などで日本語教育を受けた人物も少数ながらも存在はするものの、三世や四世の世代で日本語を話すことが出来る人々は主に外国語として日本語を学んだ人々である場合が多い。
- A small number of Japanese have had Japanese education in their families and Japanese schools in the countries where they live, but most of the third and fourth generations who can speak Japanese learned it as a foreign language.
- そのため、事前に予測可能な現象は予報を出してこの日に国家行事などを行う事を避け、突発的な現象に対しては、天文現象を観測してその意味を占いによって解釈して支配者に報告して対策を練る必要があった。
- Therefore, advance warning was given for predictable phenomena, so that these days could be avoided when holding national events, while unforeseen incidents needed to be observed, interpreted by divination and reported to the rulers so that they could respond appropriately.
- 豊臣家に対し融和策をとる徳川家も戦の準備は怠らず、攻城兵器として国友鍛冶に大鉄砲・大筒の製作を命じ、他にも石火矢の鋳造、イギリスやオランダに対し青銅砲・焔硝・鉛(砲弾の材料)の注文を行っている。
- The Tokugawa family that chose a policy of reconciliation toward Toyotomi clan, but at the same time did not hesitate to prepare for war, ordered Kunitomo kaji (smithy in Kunitomo) to produce either odeppo (Japanese artilleries)/ozutsu (Japanese artilleries) as weapons for attacking a castle, and to cast ishibiya (Japanese artilleries) and ordered bronze artilleries/gunpowder/lead (materials of cannonballs) from England and Holland.
- それ以後、高麗王はほとんどモンゴルと一体化し、モンゴル名を貰い、モンゴル皇帝の娘を王妃にしモンゴル皇帝であるクビライ王家の娘婿(キュレゲン、グレゲン)となる姻族、「駙馬高麗国王家」となっていた。
- After that, the king of Goryeo became almost a member of the Mongol Empire, having received a Mongol name and become a son-in-law of the Mongol imperial family of Kublai (kuregen or guregen) by marrying his daughter, and thus Goryeo became 'Mongol's son-in-law kingdom of Goryeo.'
- 宮家創設から半世紀後、後桃園天皇が崩御し皇継が絶えそうになった際、閑院宮家から典仁親王の第6王子・兼仁王が光格天皇となり、その後、光格→仁孝→孝明→明治→大正→昭和→今上と続き、今日に続いている。
- After a half century since the new Miyake was founded, Emperor Gomomozono died and no successor was in Miyake, but prince Tomohito from the Kaninnomiya family, the sixth prince of prince Sukehito, became Emperor Kokaku, and afterwards, continued to Emperor Kokaku, Emperor Ninko, Emperor Komei, Emperor Meiji, Emperor Taisho, Emperor Showa and the present Emperor as of now.
- 王政復古(おうせいふっこ, restoration)は、かつて君主によって統治されていた国家において、一度はクーデターや内戦などによって廃止された君主制が、何等かの理由によって復活することである。
- 'Oseifukko' refers to a country once ruled by a monarch before the monarchy was abolished by coups or civil wars, but then restored its monarchy for some reason.
- そこには義嗣とともに現管領細川満元、元管領斯波義教をはじめ、畠山満慶、赤松義則、土岐康政、山名時熙、更に公家の山科教高、日野持光らが共謀して上杉氏憲に呼応して義持打倒を計画していたと言うのである。
- The report said that together with Yoshitsugu, there were the present kanrei, Mitsumoto HOSOKAWA and a former kanrei Yoshinori SHIBA, Mitsunori HATAKEYAMA, Yoshinori AKAMATSU, Yasumasa TOKI, Tokihiro YAMANA and also the court nobles such as Noritaka YAMASHINA and Mochimitsu HINO conspired and plotted to overthrow Yoshimochi working together with Ujinori UESUGI..
- 徳川将軍家のみならず、諸大名においても同じように家臣の中から右筆(祐筆)を登用するのが一般的であったが、館林藩から将軍に就任した徳川綱吉は、館林藩から自分の右筆を江戸城に入れて右筆業務を行わせた。
- Including the Tokugwa Shogun family, all Daimyo generally appointed Yuhitsu from their vassals; however, Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, a Shogun originally from the Tatebayashi Domain, brought his Yuhitsu from the Tatebayashi Domain to the Edo-jo Castle and let him serve as Yuhitsu.
- ここで重要なのはこれら院庁や政所はそれぞれ内部の政務を処理するだけであり、それらのいずれかが直接的に全体的な政務をとりしきったわけではなく、その間の交渉を通じて公家社会の政務が構成されるのである。
- What's important here is that In no cho and Mandokoro handled only their internal government affairs respectively, and neither of them directly handled general government affairs, but negotiation between them made up government affairs of the court noble society.
- 翌28日、姉川河原で織田信長・徳川家康の連合軍28,000(27,000、30,000とする説もあり)と、浅井・朝倉同盟軍18,000(17,000とする説もあり)が琵琶湖へ注ぐ姉川を挟んで戦った。
- The next day 9th, allied forces of 28,000 (a theory says they were 27,000 or 30,000) of Nobunaga ODA and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA fought with those of 18,000 (a theory says they were 17,000) of Azai and Asakura across Anegawa River emptying into Lake Biwa.
- 実際に弘安4年から翌年にかけて九州の諸社及び伊勢神宮に対して「神領興行」と呼ばれる一種の徳政令が発布されて、幕府の安堵状が出されている御家人領も含めた全ての旧神領を神社へ返還するよう命じられている。
- In fact, from 1281 to the following year, a kind of Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts) called 'Shinryo Kyogo' was issued for various shrines in Kyushu and Ise-jingu Shrine, ordering all land formerly owned by shrines, including the land granted to bakufu's vassals by its official letter, to be returned to the shrines.
- また、嵯峨朝になると、種継の子で平城天皇の内侍司として権勢を握った藤原薬子とその兄藤原仲成が反乱を企てて断罪された薬子の変の発生に加え、嵯峨天皇・橘嘉智子の信頼を受けた北家の冬嗣の台頭も背景にある。
- Furthermore, the Kusuko Incident, a failed rebellion by FUJIWARA no Nakanari and his sister Kusuko who was a daughter of Tanetsugu and held power as naishi no tsukasa (a female palace attendant) for Emperor Heizei, as well as the rise of FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu from Fujiwara Hokke who won trust of Emperor Saga and TACHIBANA no Kachiko, also led to the decline of Shikike.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると国基の後裔は幕府の御家人となり、『吾妻鏡』建久6年(1195年)3月10日 (旧暦)条にある将軍家東大寺供養に随行する兵の中に「野瀬判官代」とその同族「安房判官代」の名がみえている。
- During the Kamakura period, descendants of Kunimoto became gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate) and on an entry dated April 28, 1195 of 'Azuma Kagami (The Mirror of the East),' the names of 'Nose hogandai' and his cognate, 'Awa hogandai' are listed among soldiers who accompanied the group on a trip to memorial service for Shogun family at Todai-ji temple.
- さらに、冬嗣の息子である藤原良房が嵯峨上皇の皇女源潔姫を降嫁されるなど、父同様上皇と皇太后に深く信任されたのに対し、緒嗣は長男の藤原家緒に先立たれる等、式家はその後有力な人材を出すことができなかった。
- In addition, Hokke family won deep trust of the Retired Emperor Saga and Empress Dowager, shown by the fact that Fuyutsugu's son, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, got married with MINAMOTO no Kiyohime, Imperial princess of the Retired Emperor Saga, while Shikike family failed to produce influential figures due to incidents such as the death of FUJIWARA no Ieo, the eldest son of Otsugu.
- 竪穴式住居(たてあなしきじゅうきょ,英語:)とは、地面を円形や方形に掘り窪め、その中に複数の柱を建て、梁や垂木をつなぎあわせて家の骨組みを作り、その上から土、葦などの植物で屋根を葺いた建物のことをいう。
- Tateana-shiki dwelling is built by first digging a depression in a round or quadrilateral shape, then creating a framework in the depression by installing a number of columns, followed by connecting the framework with balks and beams, and lastly thatching its roof with dirt and reed or other plants.
- だが、管理の厳格化と小判師の分散化を防止するために元禄11年(1698年)に邸外の鋳造施設を廃止して金座役宅(後藤宗家邸)の敷地内に鋳造施設を設置して、以後江戸での金貨鋳造はここでのみ行うことになった。
- However, in order to prevent tightening of control and decentralization of koban-shi, in 1698 casting facilities outside the residence were abolished and casting facilities were located on the grounds of the official residence of kin-za (the residence of the head family of the Goto family) only where casting of gold coins was performed thereafter.
- 設備方面ではイギリス人ウィリアム・バードンにより台湾の上下水道が設計されたほか、道路改善、秋の強制清掃、家屋の換気奨励、伝染病患者の強制隔離、予防注射の実施など公共衛生改善のための政策が数多く採用された。
- As for public health facilities in Taiwan, in addition to the water and sewage system designed by a British engineer William Burdon, many policies were adopted to improve public health, such as the improvement of streets, compulsory cleaning in the autumn, encouragement of ventilation in houses, quarantine of the patients with infectious diseases.
- 交渉は18日より徳川方の京極忠高の陣において、家康側近の本多正純、阿茶局と、豊臣方の使者として派遣された淀殿の妹である常高院との間で行われ、19日には講和条件が合意、20日に誓書が交換され和平が成立した。
- The negotiations took place in Tadataka KYOGOKU's camp on Tokugawa side between Masazumi HONDA and Acha-no-tsubone from Tokugawa side and Joko-in, who was Yodo-dono's sister and had been dispatched as a messenger of the Toyotomi side; on 19th peace terms were agreed and pacification was made with an exchange of written vows (the old calendar).
- またこれら明法家の勘申(明法勘文)は律令法を参照するものではあるものの、その取捨選択はたぶんに恣意的な側面もあり、中世において律令の規定が直接的に規範的作用をもつものではなかったということは注目に値する。
- In addition, while such Myobo kanmon (written reports to the Imperial Court) by Myobo-ke referenced ritsuryo law, the choices were pretty arbitrary, and it is worthy of attention that ritsuryo provisions did not directly have normative influence in the medieval period.
- 天福 (日本)2年(1235年)には宣旨を受けていない安倍家氏が客星出現を知らせた功績で天文博士に補されるという本来の天文博士が天文密奏を行うのとは逆の事例も生じている(『明月記』文暦2年3月26日条)。
- There was an incident quite contrary to the usual cases in which tenmon hakase conducted tenmon misso (Article on April 22, 1235 of 'Meigetsuki (Chronicle of the Bright Moon) ') : in 1235, one member of the Abe clan who had not received an imperial decree was appointed as tenmon hakase for his distinguished service in reporting temporarily appearing stars.
- そこで信玄は近畿圏において浅井長政・朝倉義景及び本願寺一向衆等の各勢力により織田家の兵力を拘束し、東方へ向ける兵力を限定させた上で三河・尾張若しくは美濃で織田と決戦するという戦略を立てていた(信長包囲網)。
- Shingen therefore planned to confront Nobunaga in either the Mikawa-Owari area or Mino after he limited Nobunaga's forces in the Kinki region by deploying the troops of Nagamasa AZAI and Yoshikage ASAKURA as well as the followers of the Ikko sect of Hongan-ji Temple, so that Nobunaga would have a limited force to move to the east (the anti-Nobunaga network).
- 1881年3月、漸く大隈が左大臣(岩倉からみて上位)の有栖川宮熾仁親王に対して「密奏」という形で意見書を提出、その中でイギリス流の立憲君主制国家を標榜し、早期の憲法公布と国会の2年後開設を主張したのである。
- In March 1881, finally Okuma secretly submitted opinions to Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito, Minister of the left (higher rank than Iwakura), recommended constitutional monarchy from England and insisted on earlier issue of constitution and establishment of the National Diet in two years.
- 播磨をようやく再び平定した秀吉は但馬国、因幡国に進出し、山名豊国らを降参させ、山名氏の反織田氏勢力と結んだ毛利氏の吉川経家を鳥取城の戦いにおいて破り、弟の豊臣秀長や宮部継潤に命じ山陰地方の征伐を進めさせた。
- After finally conquering Harima again, Hideyoshi entered into Tajima Province and Inaba Province, and reduced Toyokuni YAMANA to obedience, beat Tsuneie KIKKAWA of the Mori clan at the Battle of Tottori-jo Castle, who was part of the anti-Oda forces led by the Yamana clan, and ordered his brother Hidenaga and Keijun MIYABE to conquer the Sanin region.
- 日朝関係は豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役によって破壊され、関係の復旧に意欲を示した徳川家康は対馬国の宗氏を通じて国交回復の交渉を行い、結果寛永13年(1636年)に朝鮮通信使という名の使節の最初の者が送られてきた。
- The relationship between Korea and Japan was destroyed by the Bunroku-Keicho War in the Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI era, but Ieyasu TOKUGAWA began the process of repairing the relationship through the So clan in Tsushima Province and the first Korean delegacy named Chosen Tsushinshi was sent to Japan in 1636.
- 彼らは徳川家への復讐に燃える者、戦乱に乗じて一旗上げようとする者などで、歴戦の勇士が多く士気も旺盛だったが、いかんせん寄せ集めに過ぎないため統制がなかなかとれず、実際の戦闘では作戦に乱れが生じる元ともなった。
- Some of them were eager to revenge the Tokugawa family, some aimed to make their names in the world, taking advantage of the disturbances of war and so on: there were many brave warriors who had experienced many battles and were high in morale, however, only a jumble of warriors lacked regulations, causing strategic confusions in real battles.
- 兵力的には劣る朝倉・浅井両軍であったが、浅井側先鋒磯野員昌率いる浅井家精鋭部隊が織田方先鋒坂井政尚、続いて池田恒興、豊臣秀吉、柴田勝家の陣を次々に突破し13段の備えのうち実に11段までを打ち破る猛攻を見せた。
- Although Asakura and Azai troops were understrength, Azai's elite troops led by its top Kazumasa ISONO broke through those of Oda's top Masahisa SAKAI, Tsuneoki IKEDA, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Katsuie SHIBATA one after another, and in fact, they launched fierce attacks to knock down eleven out of thirteen layers of military reserves.
- 一方、当時の日本に「元に勝ったのは、公家などの貴族たちが、勝利や平和についての歌を作って詠んだ、言霊の結果である」あるいは「僧侶や神官らの折伏(しゃくぶく)や祈祷による結果である」との認識が広く存在していた。
- Meanwhile, people in Japan then commonly believed, 'what brought us the victory over the Yuan Dynasty was the power of language in poems created by nobles for victory and peace' or 'it was shakubuku (to correct another's false views and awaken that person to the truth of Buddhism) and prayers performed by Buddhist and Shinto priests.'
- 都市の商業資本家・知識人層・三菱を支持基盤として、「王室の尊栄」・「人民の幸福」を2大方針として政治漸進主義を唱え、イギリス流立憲君主制・二院制議会・財産制限選挙制・国権拡張などの穏健な立憲政治を目標に掲げた。
- Supported by commercial capitalists and intellectuals of big cities, and Mitsubishi, the party maintained the political gradualism with the two pillars of ideas of 'flourishing of the imperial family' and 'people's happiness,' setting a goal to establish the moderate constitutionalism based on British constitutional monarchy, bicameral system, suffrage restricted by property, and the expansion of sovereign right.
- 徳川家光の代には秀吉の墓まで幕府によって暴かれ、長宗我部盛親はじめ残党の追尾は10年以上に亘って行われた(徳川幕府転覆を企てた由井正雪の片腕とされた丸橋忠弥は長宗我部盛澄といい長宗我部盛親の側室の次男という)。
- The Tokugawa shougunate even violated Hideyoshi's grave during Iemitsu TOKUGAWA period and had pursued remnants of the Toyotomi Family including Morichika CHOSOKABE for more than ten years (Chuya MARUBASH with his real name Morizumi CHOSOKABE, a righ-hand man of Shosetsu YUI, who attempted the overthrow of the Tokugawa shougunate, is said to have been the second son of Morichika CHOSOKABE's concubine).
- 9月6日 (旧暦)、家康は豊臣方の徳川家に対しての不信が問題の要因であるとし、崇伝と本多正純を使者として、大蔵卿局と且元とを同席させた上で、双方の親和を示す方策を講じ江戸に赴いて申し開きするよう要求したという。
- On September 6 (the old calendar) Ieyasu concluded that the distrust of the Toyotomi Family to the Tokugawa Family was a factor of such a problem, then sent Suden and Masazumi HONDA as envoys to the Toyotomi family, and at the meeting in company with Okurakyo-no-tsubone and Katsumoto, demanded that Toyotomi should discuss a measure for conciliation for the both families and come to Edo to account for the measure.
- 第一次世界大戦の影響による好景気(大戦景気)は都市部の人口増加、工業労働者の増加をもたらしたほか、養蚕業などによる収入の増加があった農家は、これまでのムギやヒエといった食生活から米を食べる生活に変化していった。
- The booming economy affected by the First World War (War economy) caused not only population growth of urban areas and an increase of industrial laborers but also a change of a diet that farmers whose income was increased by sericultural industry and so on started to eat rice, not barley or barnyard millet that they had used to have.
- また、頼朝以来の先例・武家社会の道理を盾にして律令法・公家法と異なる規定、時にはこれと反する規定を積極的・かつ自立的に制定している点を評価して、御成敗式目を幕府法の独立を宣言したものとする解釈が通説となっている。
- Also, it is a generally accepted view that Goseibai-shikimoku is a declaration of independence of bakufu law as it is recognized that Goseibai-shikimoku, backed by the precedents since the time of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society, actively and independently established provisions which were different from or sometimes went against the ritsuryo law or the kugeho.
- 前水戸藩主徳川斉昭の七男・一橋慶喜は英明との評判が高く、これを支持し諸藩との協調体制を望む一橋派と、血統を重視し、現将軍に血筋の近い紀州藩主徳川慶福(後の徳川家茂)を推す保守路線の南紀派とに分裂し、激しく対立した。
- The successor issue divided the domains into two factions in fierce conflict with each other: One was the Hitotsubashi family supporting Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI who had a great reputation for intelligence and was the seventh son of Nariaki TOGUKAWA, the previous lord of Mito Domain; and the other was the conservative Nanki group supporting Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA (later Iemochi TOKUGAWA) who had a close genealogy with the current Shogun and was the lord of the Kishu Domain because of regarding blood line as important.
- その後は、藤原純友の乱を平定した藤原忠文や、阿衡事件に関与した藤原佐世等を輩出したものの、平安時代中期以降は儒学によって立身する家系として数家がしばらく血統を保つのみとなり、鎌倉時代まで続いた家はほとんどなかった。
- Thereafter, Fujiwara Shikike produced FUJIWARA no Tadabumi, who put down FUJIWARA no Sumitomo's War, and FUJIWARA no Sukeyo, who was involved with the Ako Incident, but from the middle of the Heian period, only a couple of families managed to keep their lines known as those that rose on the basis of Confucianism, and few could remain until the Kamakura period.
- 権力ト法トハ家ニ生マレタリ」「家長権ノ神聖ニシテ犯スベカラザルハ祖先ノ霊ノ神聖ニシテ犯スベカラザルヲ以ッテナリ」と説き、法による権利義務関係を否定し、日本伝統の家父長制度を否定する婚姻を基調とした家族法を批判した。
- The authority and law were born in a family.', and 'the authority of a head of a family is holy and inviolable just as the spirits of our ancestors are holy and inviolable', neglected a right-duty relation by law and criticized the family law based on marriage which denied Japanese traditional patriarchal authority.
- 学術的な視点からは、旧民法が自然法思想に立脚していたことに対して、法の歴史性・民族性を強調した歴史法学からの批判、内容的なものとしては、日本古来の家族制度を始めとする日本の伝統・習慣にそぐわないという批判があった。
- From an academic viewpoint the fact that the Old Civil Code was based on the thought of natural law, there arose criticisms from historical jurisprudence emphasizing a historical and racial nature of law, which included criticisms that the content of the Code would not fit Japanese tradition and customs including Japanese traditional family system.
- 家制度(いえせいど)とは、に制定された民法(以降、旧民法という)において採用された家族制度であり、親族関係のある者のうち更に狭い範囲の者を、戸主と家族として一つの家に属させ、戸主に家の統率権限を与えていた制度である。
- Ie seido was a family system, which was introduced to the Civil Codes established in 1898 (hereunder referred as Old Civil Codes), under the system, a small group consisting of relatives and living in a house is considered as a family and a family has a family head who was given an authority to lead a family.
- 京都と鎌倉を結ぶ東海道の要地に勢力を持った足助氏は朝廷との繋がりも深く、後に源氏将軍家が断絶し承久3年(1221年)に後鳥羽上皇が倒幕の兵を挙げると一族は京方として戦い、足助重秀の子足助重成が討死にした(承久の乱)。
- It also had a close relationship with the Imperial Court because of its power in the key areas of Tokaido connecting Kyoto and Kamakura; and when the Minamoto clan was broken in 1221and Retired Emperor Gotoba staged a rebellion in an attempt to reclaim the throne and overthrow the Kamakura bakufu, it fought together with samurai around Kyoto who were against the shogunate, and Shigenari ASUKE, who was a child of Shigehide ASUKE, died in the battle (the Jokyu War).
- 血統的には山背大兄王の方が蘇我氏に近いが(聖徳太子は蘇我氏の血縁であり、山背大兄王の母は蝦夷の妹である)、有能な山背大兄王が皇位につき上宮王家(聖徳太子の家系)が勢力を持つことを嫌った蝦夷は田村皇子を次期皇位に推した。
- Prince Yamashiro no Oe had a closer blood relation with the Soga clan (Prince Shotoku was biologically related to the Soga clan, and Prince Yamashiro no Oe's mother was a younger sister of Emishi), however, Emishi recommended Prince Tamura for the next Imperial Throne since he disliked Jogu Oke (Prince Shotoku's family line) to gain more power by choosing the competent prince Yamashiro no Oe for the next emperor.
- 島津氏は秀頼からの書状に対し「豊臣家への奉公は一度済んだ」と返事したが、徳川方としての出陣は冬の陣・夏の陣とも結果的にかなわなかった(夏の陣では、鹿児島を発ち平戸市に到着した時に大坂の役の情報を聞いて引き返している)。
- Shimazu clan replied to the letter from Toyotomi Family that 'they had already completed their service to Toyotomi Family', however, they could not fulfill joining the Tokugawa army both in Fuyu no Jin and Natsu no Jin (in Natsu no Jin they got information on Osaka no Eki after having left Kagoshima and arriving in Hirado City, then they returned).
- 当時、国際法の規範的影響力において、武力による国際問題解決が問題視されるのは1919年のヴェルサイユ条約からであり、国家への脅迫が禁止されのは1945年の国際連合憲章が始まったのが国際法規範の機能面における実態である。
- It was since the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 that settling of international issues by force has been seen as a problem under a normative influence of international law, and it was after the beginning of the United Nations Charter of 1945 that threatening against a state was forbidden – those are realities of functional operation of the norm of the international law at that time.
- 教育者で思想家の新渡戸稲造など、文学・思想に大きな足跡を残したキリスト者達(新渡戸、内村鑑三、植村正久など)による異文化接合の形として顕われたのが、もう一つの「武士道」である(詳細は武田清子の「人間観の相克」を参照)。
- Another Bushido appeared as a combination of different cultures by Christians who left a major mark on literature and a way of thought including an educator and thinker Inazo NITOBE, Kanzo UCHIMURA and Masahisa UEMURA (refer to 'Ningenkan no Sokoku [Rivalry of human view]' written by Kiyoko TAKEDA for details).
- 明法家に代表される中世的職務世襲的家系の発生が令外の官の成立と深く影響しあっている例としては、検非違使の裁判権拡大にともない刑部省の量刑機能が失われていき、明法家が罪名を勘申することが広く定着していく様などに見られる。
- One example that emergence of medieval hereditary lineage of duties such as Myobo-ke and formation of ryoge no kan closely influence each other is the process in which the function of Gyobusho (Ministry of Justice) to determine appropriate punishment was lost as jurisdiction of kebiishi expanded and it became common for Myobo-ke to recommend charges.
- 平安時代末期の清和源氏・桓武平氏の争いから始まり、北条氏・楠木氏・新田氏・足利氏・毛利氏・後北条氏・武田氏・上杉氏・織田氏・豊臣氏・徳川氏までの諸氏の歴史を、武家の興亡を中心に家系ごとに分割されて(列伝体)書かれている。
- The book is started from the battle between Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) and Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) in the end of Heian period, and the history of various clans, from the Hojo clan, the Kusunoki clan, the Nitta clan, the Ashikaga clan, the Mori clan, the Gohojo clan, the Takeda clan, the Uesugi clan, the Oda clan, the Toyotomi clan, to the Tokugawa clan is described focusing on the rise and fall of the samurai families by dividing the story into each family line (Biographical style.)
- 豊臣方も同じく兵糧に加え弾薬の欠乏や徳川方が仕掛けた心理戦、大砲で櫓・陣屋などに被害を受けて将兵は疲労し、また豊臣家で主導的立場にあった淀殿も本丸への砲撃で身近に被害が及び、態度を軟化させて和議に応じたという(16日)。
- With lack of army provisions and ammunition, psychological warfare that the Tokugawa side conducted, and damages of the towers and camps by cannons, the Toyotomi officers and soldiers had been exhausted, and also Yodo-dono, who was in a leading position in the Toyotomi Family, having seeing damage around her brought by bombardments to Honmaru, Toyotomi side decided to take a softer line, and agreed to have peace negotiations (16th) (the old calendar).
- 慶長20年(1615年)3月15日 (旧暦)、大坂に浪人の乱暴・狼藉、堀や塀の復旧、京や伏見への放火の風聞といった不穏な動きがあるとする報が京都所司代板倉勝重より駿府へ届くと、徳川方は浪人の解雇、豊臣家の移封を要求する。
- On March 15 (the old calendar), 1615, when Katsushige ITAKURA, Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy), reported to Sunpu that there was a disturbing trend in Osaka such as violent and dangerous behaviors of ronin, restoration of moats and walls, rumors of setting fire to Kyoto and Fushimi, the Tokugawa side demanded that the Toyotomi family should dismiss ronin and their territory should be changed.
- しかしながら、地租改正当時の測量技術が未熟であったこと、時間と人員の制約から測量の専門家でない素人が測量にあたったこと、また税の軽減を図るために故意に過小に測量したことなどから、その内容は必ずしも正確なものではなかった。
- However, the details of survey at the time of land-tax reform were not necessarily accurate; it was because the survey technique used was primitive, people who were not the specialists for survey engaged in the task owning to the constraints of time and human resources, and there existed people who deliberately underestimated their land to deduce tax.
- 平安時代前期には、紀氏と並んで武人の故実を伝える家とされたが、武士の台頭とともに伴氏は歴史の表舞台から姿を消していく事となり、その後は伴忠国が鶴岡八幡宮初代神主となって以降、その社職を継承しながら血筋を伝えていく事となる。
- In the early Heian period, the Tomo clan, like the Ki clan, was considered to be the clan that carried the ancient practices of warriors, but as the samurai gained power, the Tomo clan's political influence faded, and after TOMO no Tadakuni became the first Shinto priest of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine, the bloodline was inherited, as the job was passed on through generations.
- まず、当時の国際慣習法規範において国家を代表する個人に対する脅迫による強制調印は無効であると認めつつも、本協約に関しては個人(皇帝・高宗 (朝鮮王))の強制と脅迫に関する歴史的資料に乏しいことから、無効論を退ける立場がある。
- First, admitting that compulsory signing due to a threat against an individual who represents a state is invalid in the norm of the international common law in those days, there is a position to repulse the views of invalidity on the ground that historical data related to this treaty on compulsion and a threat against the individual (Emperor Gao Zong [King of Korea]) are insufficient.
- 荻原は元禄期、いままでの高純度の慶長小判慶長丁銀を回収し金銀含有率の低い元禄小判元禄丁銀を発行し、家宣時代になってからも将軍の承諾を取り付けることなく独断で宝永小判宝永丁銀を発行し、幕府財政の欠損を補うという貨幣政策をとった。
- In the Genroku era, Ogiwara withdrew high-purity Keicho Koban (gold oval coins) and Keicho Chogin (silver oval coins) and issued Genroku koban and Genroku chogin, low in gold and silver content, and, under the reign of Ienobu, he issued Hoei koban and Hoei chogin anew on his own authority without obtaining permission from the Shogun as a monetary policy to make up a government deficit.
- 当時仏教受容の先頭を切ったのは蘇我稲目であり、百済の聖王が日本の朝廷の伝えてきた金銅釈迦像・経典若干卷のうちの仏像を小墾田(おはりだ)の家に安置し、さらに向原(むくはら)の家を清めて向原寺(こうげんじ)とした(『日本書紀』)。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the introduction of Buddhism into Japan was spearheaded by SOGA no Iname, who enshrined a gilt bronze statue of Shakyamuni that had been presented, together with some sutras, to the Imperial court by King Seong of Baekje, in his house at Oharida and purified his house in Mukuhara, converting it into Kogen-ji Temple.
- 翌5日に大野治長の使者が来て豊臣家の移封は辞したいと申し出ると、常高院を通じて「其の儀に於いては是非なき仕合せ」(そういうことならどうしようもない)と答え、4月6日 (旧暦)および7日に諸大名に鳥羽・伏見に集結するよう命じた。
- On 5th, the next day when Harunaga ONO' messenger came and reported that they would like to decline the changing of the territory; Ieyasu, answering through Joko-in that if so, nothing could be done about it, ordered daimyo to gather in Toba/Fushimi on April 6 and 7th (the old calendar).
- 後藤基次・毛利勝永も真田案を元に伊賀国と大津市北西にも兵を送り、敵を足止めすべしと主張して対立したが、結局、大野治長ら豊臣家臣の案である、周辺に砦を築きつつ(警戒・連絡線を確保する為)、堅固な大坂城に籠城する作戦が採用された。
- Mototsugu GOTO/Katsunaga MORI, basing their strategy on Sanada's, also insisted that they should send troops to Iga Province and the north-west region of Otsu City to stop the enemies from advancing; however, after all, the strategy of Harunaga ONO and other Toyotomi retainers was adopted, that they should build strongholds around the castle (in order to secure a guard/communication line), stay in the impregnable Osaka Castle.
- 江戸時代初期からヤン・ヨーステンやウィリアム・アダムスなどの例があり、幕府の外交顧問や技術顧問を務め徳川家康の評価を得て厚遇されたほか、後にはフィリップ・フランツ・フォン・シーボルトなども一時期幕府顧問になったという経緯もある。
- From the early days of the Edo period, there had been foreigners hired for this purpose in Japan, notably Jan JOOSTEN and William ADAMS, both highly esteemed and well treated by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who valued them as advisers to the bakufu on foreign diplomacy or technology; there was also the example of Philipp Franz Balthasar von SIEBOLD, who was employed briefly as an adviser for the bakufu.
- なお、戸籍を管理するための法律として、旧民法に代わりに施行された戸籍法では、三代以上の親族が同一戸籍に記載されない制度になっている(三代戸籍の禁止)が、家制度においては家の構成員は二代に限られなかったので、戸籍上も制約はなかった。
- According to the Family Registration Law which became effective as an alternative to the Old Civil Codes and a law to manage koseki system, more than two generations are not allowed to be registered on the same koseki (banning koseki include more than two generations), however at the time of Ie seido, there was no limitation regarding the number of generations and no restriction on koseki.
- 【参考】『資料 御雇外国人』(1975)には1868(明治1年)から1889年(明治22年)までに日本の公的機関・私的機関・個人が雇用した外国籍の者の数として2,299人の名前が挙げられている(注:家族や在外公館の雇用者も含む)。
- Reference: The 1975 document entitled 'Shiryo: Oyatoi-gaikokujin'(Document on Hired Foreigners) lists the names of 2,299 people with foreign nationalities who were employed by Japanese public and private institutions as well as by individuals between 1868 and 1889 (the list includes the names of families and employees at the foreign diplomatic missions).
- 豊臣方の真田信繁・毛利勝永・大野治房などの突撃により幕府方の大名・侍大将に死傷者が出たり、家康・秀忠本陣は大混乱に陥るなどしたが、兵力に勝る幕府軍は次第に混乱状態から回復し態勢を立て直し、豊臣軍は多くの将兵を失って午後三時頃には壊滅。
- Charges by Nobushige SANADA, Katsunaga MORI, Harufusa ONO and so on on the Toyotomi side killed and injured daimyo, officers and soldiers on the bakufu side and put the headquarters of Ieyasu/Hidetada in a great confusion, however, the bakufu army surpassing in forces, gradually recovering from chaos, regained its balance, while the Toyotomi army, having lost many officers and soldiers, was destroyed at about 3:00 pm.
- 例えば、地租の算定における一般的な農家の経営の基準を商業生産的な家族経営による拡大再生産が行われている農家とし、また地主と小作人は自由契約による小作関係によって成立しており小作料の増減は地租の増減に対応することを前提として立法された。
- For example, the standard of management of common farming household in calculation of land-tax was made to be a farming household in which expanded reproduction was done by family-run commercial production and that landlords and tenant farmers were linked by free contract tenant farming; and the increase and decrease of farm rent were legalized on the assumption that the increase and decrease of the rent corresponded to the increase and decrease of land-tax.
- 『日本書紀』宣化天皇元年(536年)条の「夫れ筑紫国は、とおくちかく朝(もう)で届(いた)る所、未来(ゆきき)の関門(せきと)にする所なり。(中略)官家(みやけ)を那津(なのつ、博多大津の古名)の口(ほとり)に脩(つく)り造(た)てよ」
- This Tsukushi Province is a place that serves as a gate to come and go to far and near places. (snip) Establish a miyake (government-ruled area) by Nanotsu (old name for Hakata Otsu)' in the section for the year 536 in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan)
- この時は巡回中の警官によって解散させられたが、住民らは集会をはじめるなど、米の販売を要望する人数はさらに増加していき、翌月8月3日には中新川郡水橋町で200名弱の町民が集結し、米問屋や資産家に対し米の移出を停止し、販売するよう嘆願した。
- They had been broken up by patrolling officers at that time, but people started to have meetings and the number of people who demanded to sell rice increased further, and moreover, nearly 200 residents gathered in Mizuhashi-machi town, Nakaniikawa County on August 3 to ask rice marketers and wealthy people to stop transporting rice and sell it.
- 日本も封建制度の体制下で欧米の近代法にある法治国家の諸原則が存在しておらず、刑事面では拷問や残虐な刑罰が存置され、民事面では自由な契約や取引関係を規制して十分な保護を与えていなかったために、欧米列強からはその対象国であると考えられていた。
- Japan, too, was considered a target of unequal treaties by the allied Western powers because Japan, under the feudal system, did not have various principles of a nation under the rule of law as stipulated in modern Western laws and therefore maintained torture and cruel punishment in criminal cases and regulated free contracts and transactions without giving sufficient protection in civil affairs.
- 武家諸法度とは、江戸幕府が慶長16年(1611年)に諸大名から誓紙を取り付けた3ヶ条に、金地院崇伝が起草した10ヶ条を付け加えたもので、元和 (日本)元年(1615年)7月に2代将軍の徳川秀忠が伏見城で諸大名に発布した(通称「元和令」)。
- Buke Shohatto consisted of the three articles of written oath which the Edo bakufu ordered territorial lords to write in 1611, plus ten articles written by Konchiin Suden which were added later, and in July 1615 Hidetada TOKUGAWA, the second shogun, issued it to territorial lords in Fushimi-jo Castle (it is also commonly known as 'Genna rei' (Genna code)).
- 武田家伝統の赤備えで編成した真田信繁隊は、天王寺・岡山の戦い天王寺口の戦いで家康本陣を攻撃し、三方ヶ原の戦い以来と言われる本陣突き崩しを成し遂げ、『真田日本一の兵 古よりの物語にもこれなき由』と薩摩旧記(島津家)に賞賛される活躍を見せた。
- Nobushige SANADA's troop formed in the Takeda Family's traditional Akazonae attacked the headquarters of Ieyasu in the battle of Tenno-ji and the battle of Tenno-ji-guchi, in which they achieved the breaking of headquarters which was said to be for the first time since the Battle of Mikatagahara, and showed the performance as praised in the Satsuma Nikki (Journal of Satsuma Domain) (Shimazu Family) which tells, 'Sanada is the best troop in Japan. Even an old story has never told such a strong troop.'
- 岩倉は伊藤に辞意の翻意を求め、井上毅も国家基盤を安定させてからイギリス流の議院内閣制に移行する方法もあるとして、自説への賛同を求めたが、伊藤はイギリス式かプロシア式かは今決める事ではないとして、岩倉が唱える「大隈追放」にも否定的であった。
- Iwakura asked Ito not to resign and Kowashi INOUE recommended and asked for the approval of the plan to switch to parliamentary Cabinet system from England after stabilizing state infrastructure; however, Ito didn't made a decision on whether to adopt England style or Prussia style and did not agree with banishment of Okuma, either.
- 農学者で思想家の新渡戸稲造は『武士道』(1900)において19世紀末の哲学や科学的思考を用いながら、島国の自然がどのようなもので、四季の移り変わりなどから影響を及ぼされた結果、社会という枠の中で日本人はどのように生きたのかを説明している。
- Agriculturist and thinker Inazo NITOBE explained the nature of the island country and how Japanese who lived in society were affected by the four seasons, using philosophy and scientific thinking of the late 19th century in 'Bushido' (1900).
- 帰化人の東漢氏の一族は蝦夷に味方しようと蘇我氏の舘に集まったが、中大兄皇子が巨勢徳陀を派遣して説得して立ち去り、蘇我家の軍衆はみな逃げ散ってしまった(飛鳥寺での古人大兄皇子の出家を受け、旗印を無くした蘇我氏の戦意喪失を図ったとする説もある)。
- Although naturalized citizens of the Yamatonoaya clan gathered at the Soga clan's house to support Emishi, KOSE no Tokuta who was sent by Prince Naka no Oe managed to convince them to leave, which made troops on the Soga side scattered away (another theory states that the Soga clan lost their will to fight when Prince Furuhito no Oe became a monk at Asuka-dera Temple since he was who they were fighting for).
- 長篠の戦い(ながしののたたかい、長篠の合戦・長篠合戦とも)は、天正3年5月21日 (旧暦)(1575年6月29日)、三河国長篠城(現愛知県新城市長篠)をめぐり、織田信長・徳川家康連合軍3万8000と武田勝頼軍1万5000との間で行われた戦い。
- The Battle of Nagashino is a battle fought on June 29, 1575 between the Nobunaga ODA - Ieyasu TOKUGAWA allied forces of 38,000 soldiers and the Katsuyori TAKEDA forces of 15,000 men over Nagashino-jo Castle in Mikawa Province (current Nagashino, Shinshiro City, Aichi Prefecture).
- 1881年(明治14年)の秋田事件、1882年(明治15年)の福島事件、1883年(明治16年)の高田事件といったいわゆる「激化事件」は、明治政府が急進的民権家の政府転覆論を口実にして、地域の民権家や民権運動に対する弾圧を行ったものとされる。
- So-called 'aggravated incidents' such as Akita Incident in 1881, Fukushima Incident in 1882 and Takada Incident in 1883 are assumed that the Meiji Government cracked down on local democratic activists or democratic movements on the pretext of suppressing the view of the overthrow of the government by democratic radicals.
- そこでの決議をもとに、請願活動や高利貸との交渉を行うも不調に終わり、租税の軽減・義務教育の延期・借金の据え置き等を政府に訴えるための蜂起が提案され、大宮郷(埼玉県秩父市)で代々名主を務める家の出身である田代栄助が総理(代表)として推挙された。
- Based on the decisions they made there, they had petitioning activity and negotiations with usurers only to fail, therefore, an uprising was proposed in order to make an petition for tax reduction, postponement of compulsory education and deferment of debt to the government, and Eisuke TASHIRO, whose family acted as a nanushi (village headman) for generations in Omiyago (Chichibu City, Saitama Prefecture) was recommended for their representative.
- 国際法上では、個人に対する脅迫もあったか国家に対する圧力のみかという論点よりも、強制に基づく条約調印を無効とする国際慣習法上の規範もしくは規則が1905年当時に存在していたと認識するか否かという論点において、最も大きく議論と立場が分かれている。
- In international law, rather than at the point whether there was also a threat against an individual or there was only a pressure against a state, at the point whether people recognize or not that norms or regulations in the international common law which invalidates conclusion of treaties under threat could exist at the time of 1905, arguments and positions have been separated to the highest degree.
- 無期徒刑が決定したことを知らせると「いかなる事態になるか判らない」旨の発言をしている(なお、これに対して青木が「自分は伊藤博文に言われて死刑にする事を約束しただけである」と述べたために、伊藤から嫌悪されて政治家としての栄達を絶たれる原因となる)。
- When Schaevitz knew that Tsuda was sentenced life imprisonment, he said 'he didn't know what would happen in retribution' (Aoki, who heard Schaevitz's remark, said 'he just had followed Hirobumi ITO who ordered him to promise Russia the death penalty,' and was banished from a political world by Ito).
- これに対しては幕府内反対派の林家から「国王は天皇を指し、将軍が国王を名乗るべきではなく、無用の改変。平地に波風を立てるもの」、また対馬藩藩儒雨森芳洲から「李氏朝鮮は急激な変革を特に嫌う。再考願いたい」とそれぞれ反論をうけたが結果として実現している。
- The Hayashi family, one of the bakufu members opposing Arai's plan, insisted, 'King means Emperor, therefore, Shogun should not introduce himself as King, this is an useless reform. This only causes a flutter in the dovecotes,' and also Hoshu AMENOMORI, a Confusion scholar in Tsushima domain opposed it saying, 'the Joseon Dynasty doesn't like sudden reformation. Please reconsider,' but as a result, the changes were implemented.
- 『小右記』永延2年12月4日 (旧暦)(989年1月14日)及び翌日条によれば、権中納言藤原道長が自らが推挙した甘南備永資が省試に落ちた腹いせに式部少輔橘淑信を強引に捕えて自邸まで引き回したために父親の摂政藤原兼家より一時勘当された事件が記されている。
- Articles in 'Shoyuki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke) dated January 14, 989 and the next day states that Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state) FUJIWARA no Michinaga got disowned by his father, Sessho (regent) FUJIWARA no Kaneie: it was because Michinaga ordered the capture of Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonial) TACHIBANA no Yoshinobu and brought him forcibly to his house when he got upset knowing that Nagasuke KANNABI, whom Michinaga recommended, failed the shoshi exam.
- 徳川家康は関ヶ原の戦いの翌年、慶長6年(1601年)に築城を始めた膳所城を皮切りに伏見城・二条城・彦根城・篠山城・亀山城 (丹波国)・名古屋城の再建・造営や江戸城・駿府城・姫路城・上野城などの大改修など、諸大名を動員した建築事業、いわゆる天下普請を行った。
- The next year of the Battle of Sekigahara, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA carried out so-called Tenkabushin (Construction Order by the Tokugawa Shogunate: he ordered all daimyo to participate in construction projects including the construction of Zeze-jo Castle in 1601 as a starter, followed by the rebuilding and construction of Fushimi-jo Castle/Nijo-jo Castle/ Hikone-jo Castle/Sasayama-jo Castle/Kameyama-jo Castle (Tanba Province)/Nagoya-jo Castle and the great renovation of Edo-jo Castle/Sunpu-jo Castle/Himeji-jo Castle/Ueno-jo Castle.
- 当時の政府は、外国人顧問から聴いた母国の植民地法制を参考にしつつ、日本の領域 (国家)たる外地(南樺太、台湾、朝鮮)には憲法の効力が及ぶのに対し、日本の領土ではない外地(関東州、南洋群島)には憲法の効力が及ばないという考え方を前提にして、統治方針を決めた。
- The government consulted foreign advisors and, referring to the legislation systems of the advisors' home coutries, established a governing policy based on the premise that the Constitution should be in force in Gaichi which were included in Japan's territories (Southern Sakhalin, Taiwan, and Korea) and should not be in force in Gaichi which were not included in Japan's territories (the Kwantung Leased Territory and the South Sea Islands).
- 本書はセオドア・ルーズベルト、ジョン・F・ケネディ大統領など米国の政治家のほか、ボーイスカウト創立者のロバート・ベーデン・パウエルなど、多くの海外の読者を得て、逆輸入される形で新渡戸門下生の矢内原忠雄の訳により日本語版が出版され「武士道」ブームを起こした。
- The book was read by a lot of people abroad including American politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt, presiding John F. Kennedy and a founder of Boy Scout Robert Baden-Powell and the Japanese version translated by Tadao YANAIHARA who was a disciple of Nitobe that was published by reimport and created a boom in 'Bushido'.
- 当時の処罰記録の調査によると、ごく少数の武家階級の生類憐みの令違反に対しては厳罰が下された事例も発見できるものの、それらの多くは生類憐みの令に違反したためというよりは、お触れに違反したためという、いわば「反逆罪」的な要素をもっての厳罰であるという解釈がある。
- According to investigations into punishment records of the time, although there are cases of severe punishment for lawbreakers among very small numbers of samurai, the punishment was not for violation of the law but for violation of the official notice, which can be interpreted as severe punishment being more linked with 'rebellion' and 'treason' than law-breaking.
- 養蚕農家の多くは毎年の生糸の売上げをあてにして金を借り、食料の米麦その他の生活物資等を外部から購入していたため、生糸市場の暴落と増税等が重なるとたちまち困窮の度を深め、他の各地と同様、その窮状につけこんだ銀行や高利貸等が彼らの生活をさらに悲惨なものにしていた。
- Because many of silk-raising farmers, depending on their annual sales of raw silk, borrowed money for buying rice and wheat for food and other daily commodities and so on, the heavy fall of the raw silk market and increased taxes put them in further poverty as in other regions, and banks, usurers and so on, taking advantage of their poverty, made their lives more miserable.
- 講和内容は豊臣家側の条件として、本丸を残して二の丸、三の丸を破壊し、外堀を埋める事、淀殿を人質としない替わりに大野治長、織田有楽斎より人質を出す事が提出され、これに対し徳川家が、秀頼の身の安全と本領の安堵、城中諸士についての不問を約すことで、和議は成立している。
- The establlished compromise included the following contents; the Toyotomi side should destroy Ninomau (the second bailey) and Sannomaru (the third bailey), leave Honmaru as it was, fill up the outer moat of the castle and, instead of Yodo-dono, Harunaga ONO and Urakusai ODA should offer hostages: the Tokugawa side should guarantee the safety of Hideyori and approval of his main domain and overlook soldiers in the castle.
- 御庭番に関する記述では、「御庭番は台命を受けるや直ちに幕府御用達呉服店に赴き秘密の部屋で変装し家族にも告げずに直ちに出発する」などとしたものをよく見かけるが、御庭番自身の談話や彼らの書き残した記録や幕府に残る公的記録から、これは伝説に過ぎないことがわかっている。
- The statements about oniwaban often say, 'As soon as the oniwaban received a mission, they went to a clothes shop owned by the bakufu, masqueraded as someone else in a secret room of the shop, and left Edo immediately with no notice to their family,' however, the oniwaban's writings and the bakufu's official records show that it was just a story.
- 憲法学者・行政法学者であった美濃部達吉は、「法律上の意義に於ての殖民地」を「国家の統治区域の一部にして内地と原則として国法を異にし」たものと定義し、「朝鮮、台湾、樺太、関東州及南洋群島が此の意義において植民地なることは疑いを容れず」と述べている(『憲法撮要』)。
- Tatsukichi MINOBE, a scholar of constitutional law and administrative law, defined 'colonies in the legal aspect'as 'a part of the national territories where different state laws were adopted' and stated, 'it was positive that Korea, Taiwan, Sakhalin, the Kwantung Leased Territory and the South Sea Islands were considered as colonies based on the above definition' ('Abstract of the Constitution').
- このように、家制度には家を統括する戸主の権限により家族の権利が犠牲にされる側面があったため、日本国憲法第24条等に反するとして、日本国憲法の施行に伴う民法の応急的措置に関する法律(昭和22年法律第74号)により、日本国憲法の施行日(1947年5月3日)に廃止された。
- Therefore Ie seido had a side that rights of family members were sacrificed by rights of a head of a family, so, since this goes against Article 24 of the Constitution of Japan, according to Act on emergency measures of Civil Code (民法の応急的措置に関する法律) (In 1947, law no.74) Ie seido was abolished on the day of enforcement of the Constitution of Japan (May 3, 1947).
- ところが検非違使などの令外の官はこのような律令官制の統属関係を横断的にこえてひとつの政務を処理することができ、従来の律令国家の規定を越えて決済を速やかに行なうことができたため、律令制の複雑な官僚機構にともなう煩瑣な手続きをせずに特定の政務を完結的に行なうことができた。
- However, ryoge no kan such as kebiishi were able to process one government affair in a cross-sectoral manner beyond the line of governance of organizations under the ritsuryo codes and therefore able to promptly make settlements beyond rules of traditional Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, so they were able to perform certain governmental affairs on their own without following minute procedures due to complicated bureaucratic organization under the ritsuryo codes.
- 毛利方は安国寺恵瓊を高松城に送り込んで説得を試みたが、宗治は主家である毛利家と城内の兵の命が助かるなら自分の首はいとも安いと述べ、自らと兄である清月と家臣の難波伝兵衛、末近左衛門の4人の首を差し出す代わりに籠城者の命を助けるようにという嘆願書を書き、安国寺恵瓊に託した。
- Mori attempted to convince Muneharu by sending Ekei ANKOKUJI over into Takamatsu-jo Castle, but Muneharu said he was not afraid to lose his life as long as he could save the Mori clan, his master, and the lives of his troops, leaving a petition to Ekei ANKOKUJI, which was to save the lives of the besieged in exchange for the lives of the four people: his brother Seigetsu, his vassals Denbe NANBA and Saemon SUECHIKA, and himself.
- また、華族制度改革や将来の内閣_(日本)制度導入を巡って、岩倉との間に見解の相違があることも明らかになってきた(岩倉は華族に維新の功臣が加えられることや既存の律令制・太政官制度に基づいた大臣制が廃止されることで、公家出身の自分が政府の中枢から排除されることを警戒していた)。
- In addition, there was conflict of views between Iwakura and Ito regarding reform of the peerage system and introduction of cabinet (Japan) system in future (Iwakura worried about adding new meritorious retainers during the Meiji Restoration to the peerage and abolishment of institution of ministers based on existing the ritsuryo system [a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code] and Dajokan [Great Council of State] system, because he thought he would be excluded from the center of the government.)
- 戦争中,中支の戦場にいた,のちの戦記作家の伊藤桂一(当時・陸軍上等兵)は,戦陣訓と軍人勅諭を比較して「「戦陣訓」にくらべると,明治十五年発布の「軍人勅諭」は荘重なリズムをもつ文体で,内部に純粋な国家意識が流れているし,軍隊を離れて,一種の叙事詩的な文学性をさえ感じるのである。
- Keiichi ITO was in the central China during the war (as a lance corporal of the Army) and when he became a novelist of military history later, he compared Senjinkun military code with the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and said, ''the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors,' that was issued in 1882, has a literary style with more solemn rhythm than 'Senjinkun military code,' pure national consciousness is seen through it, and it gives impression of a kind of epic literature instead of the military.
- 形式上のみとはいえ、太政官よりも上位とされた神祇官に対して、太政官の1機関に格下げられた神祇省は一見すると地位が低下したようにも見受けられるが、実際には大教宣布の理念に基づいた天皇による祭政一致、ひいては神道の国家宗教化を目指す方針のために政府の関与を強めるためのものであった。
- The Department of Divinities had been considered superior, at least pro forma, to the daijokan (the Grand Council of State), and hence by the comparison the Ministry of Divinities may seem to have suffered a demotion given the fact that it was created as one arm of and under the daijokan, but in actuality Japan, under the principles laid out in the Imperial Edict (of 1870) for Establishment of Shinto, had embraced a theocratic form of government (saisei itchi, or 'the unity of church and state') under the Emperor; consequently, the Ministry of Divinities had been created to strengthen the government's ability to participate in religious matters in order to achieve the objective of making Shinto the national religion of Japan.
- しかし、前述の菅原氏や大江氏など優秀な学者を代々輩出した一族や給料学生以外の学生でも勧学院より同じような学問料が支給された藤原氏(主として藤原北家日野流・藤原南家・藤原式家)などによる文章博士や文章生の世襲や文章博士による門人の推挙による一種の学閥化の風潮が次第に見られるようになった。
- However, there came the trend of forming kinds of academic cliques as the families which produced excellent scholars, such as the above mentioned Sugawara clan as well as the Oe clan and families like the Fujiwara clan (mainly Hino Line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan and the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan), which were able to receive similar education at Kangakuin (educational institutions) despite their not being kyuryo gakusei, started to pass down monjo hakase and monjosho and monjo hakase began recommending their followers to the positions.
- 伊藤正徳 (軍事評論家)によると、制度としては予備役でもよいとなっていても、実際問題として誰が適任で誰が空いているか、清浦には全く見当がつかなかった上に相談相手も得られなかったので組閣断念に至ったという(また、清浦が軍部大臣現役武官制の擁護者であった山縣有朋の側近であったことも大きい)。
- According to Shotoku ITO (military critic), even if Yobieki was accepted by the system, Kiyoura probably would not have known who might be appropriate or available, and besides he did not have any consultants to discuss with; therefore, he gave up on forming a Cabinet (moreover, the fact that Kiyoura was a close adviser of Arimoto YAMAGATA, who was an advocate for Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei, played a part).
- 冬の陣では出陣させるのは譜代大名のみに限ろうと考えていた徳川家康は、この夏の陣においては豊臣恩顧の大名に敢えて大坂を攻めさせることにより、将来的に徳川家に掛かってくる倫理的な非難を回避しようとしたとされている(江戸時代に徳川家が豊臣家を滅ぼしたことに対する道徳的議論が起こることはなかった。
- It is said that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA thought to use only fudai daimyo (daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) to go into battles of the Fuyu no Jin (Winter Siege of Osaka), while in the Natsu no Jin (Summer Siege of Osaka) by ordering the daimyo who had been favored by the Toyotomi Family to attack Osaka Castle, he tried to avoid ethical accusation to the Tokugawa Family in later years.
- 新田一郎 (法学者)は頼朝以来の先例や武家社会の道理を記した部分、特に律令法・公家法と相違・対立する部分の多くは直接条文としては盛り込まれず、細目や例外事項などの形式によって触れられており、一方で条文本文に記されている幕府関係以外の事項の多くは鎌倉時代初期の公家法に依拠する部分が多いとする。
- According to Ichiro NITTA (legal expert), the part which wrote about the precedents since the time of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society and especially most of the part which opposed to Ritsuryo law and kugeho were not included in the articles, but were only mentioned in the forms of details and exceptions, while most of the matters not related to bakufu in the articles were based on the kugeho in the early Kamakura period.
- 高梨政盛の代に、越後守護代の長尾氏と関係を強めるため、長尾能景に娘(政盛と能景は同年代であるため、政高の娘である可能性が高い)を嫁がせるが、その娘が産んだ長尾為景(上杉謙信の父)が越後守護代となり、室町末期には越後で守護上杉氏と長尾家の争いが起きると、高梨氏もそれに巻き込まれることになった。
- In Masamori TAKANASHI's time, to strengthen the connection between the Takanashi and Nagao clans, the deputy governor of Echigo, Masamori, had his daughter marry Yoshikage NAGAO (since Masamori and Yoshikage were at the same age, she was probably a daughter of Masataka) and the daughter bore Tamekage NAGAO (the father of Kenshin UESUGI), who ultimately became a deputy governor of Echigo, so that the Takanashi clan was involved in the conflict between the Uesugi clan, the governor of Echigo, and the Nagao clan in Echigo during the late Muromachi period.
- ここから馬子による崇峻天皇の暗殺や、推古天皇への葛城県の割譲の要求、蘇我蝦夷(えみし)による天皇をないがしろにするふるまい、蘇我入鹿(そが・の・いるか)による上宮王家(山背大兄王)の討滅、境部摩理勢の失脚などの専横ぶりが伝えられており、蘇我氏三代にわたって権力を欲しいがままにしたとされている。
- The abuse of power under three generations of the Soga clan can be gleaned from events such as the assassination of Emperor Sushun by SOGA no Umako, the demand for the ceding of Katsuragi-ken from Empress Suiko, neglect of the throne by SOGA no Emishi, and the coup against Jogu Ooke (Prince Yamashiro no oe) by SOGA no Iruka, and the overthrow of SAKAIBE no Marise.
- しかし、慶長16年(1611年)に浅野長政・堀尾吉晴・加藤清正が、18年に池田輝政・浅野幸長、19年に前田利長が亡くなると、豊臣家の孤立はいっそう強まり、その焦りからか幕府に無断で朝廷から官位を賜ったり、兵糧や浪人を集めだし、更には前田氏と誼を通じようとするなど、幕府との対決姿勢を前面に押し出し始めた。
- However, when Nagamasa ASANO and Yoshiharu HORIO and Kiyomasa KATO died in 1611, and Terumasa IKEDA andYoshinaga ASANO in 1618, and Toshinaga MAEDA in 1619, the isolation of the Toyotomi Family became stronger and partly from the impatience the Toyotomi Family began to reveal a policy of confrontation to the bakufu such as receiving official ranks from the Imperial Court without permissions from the bakufu, gathering army provisions and ronin (masterless samurai), in addition, trying to enter into the friendly relations with Maeda clan and so on.
- 道徳大系としての武士道とは「君に忠、親に孝、自らを節すること厳しく、下位の者に仁慈を以てし、敵には憐みをかけ、私欲を忌み、公正を尊び、富貴よりも名誉を以て貴しとなす」。 ひいては「家名の存続」という儒教的態度が底流に流れているものが多く、それは江戸期に思想的隆盛を迎え、武士道として体系付けられるに至る。
- Bushido as a moral system is 'being loyal to one's lord, being dutiful to one's parents, controlling oneself strictly, being merciful to those of lower rank, having sympathy to the enemy, abstaining from selfish desire, respecting justice and respecting honor more than wealth.' Many of those who followed the Bushido code also possessed a Confucian attitude of 'continuance of family name,' which prospered during the Edo period and was formulated as Bushido.
- しかし、豪族を、「勢力のある一族」「有力な一族」という意味での一般的な使用(例えば「南北朝時代の○○国△△郡の豪族」というような使用)では、豪族という形容は、その後の時代の地頭や悪党、国人出自などの領主クラスの大名分の武家に対してしばしば使用され、戦国時代・安土桃山時代まで豪族という形容をすることがある。
- However, in the general use of Gozoku as the meaning of 'a potent clan' or 'powerful clan' (for example the use like 'Gozoku in △△ District, OO Province' in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts), the term 'Gozoku' was often used to describe Jito (manager and lord of manor), Akuto (a villain in the medieval times), and samurai families at the same level as daimyo in the feudal lord class from Kokujin (local samurai) in the subsequent periods, and they were sometimes described as Gozoku until the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) and the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
- ところが大日本帝国憲法に先行して天皇から与えられた「勅諭」であることから、陸軍(および海軍の一部)は軍人勅諭を政府や議会に対する自らの独立性を担保するものと位置づけていた(陸軍の一部には「政論に惑わず政治に拘わらず」について「政府や政治家が何を言おうと気にする必要はない、ということだ」という解釈すらあったという)。
- On the side of the Army (and a part of the Navy), however, since the imperial rescript was given by Emperor ahead of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, there was an idea that the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors secures their independence from the government and the parliament (Some members of the Army even interpreted 'Military men are neither perplexed at political opinions nor involved in politics.' as 'Military men need not care about what the government and statesmen say').
- これに対して「文章道」という言葉を用いた例も全く無い訳ではない(『菅家文章』元慶8年2月25日付の菅原道真奏状の中に書かれた道(学科)の現状についての件の中で用いられた「文章」は文章道という呼称を用いたものとされている)ものの、過渡的なものであり、10世紀に入ると公的な場においては「紀伝道」のみが用いられるようになる。
- In contrast, although we can also find the word 'monjodo' in the records ('monjo' used in SUGAWARA no Michizane's sojo (documents reported to the Emperor) dated March 29, 884 discussing the situation surrounding subjects in 'Kanke bunso' (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane) is thought to mean monjodo), it was transitional and after entering the 10th century, only 'kidendo' was used in official occasions.
- 三道の一郡一荘それぞれから船1艘を課し、和泉国・摂津・播磨・備前国・備中国・紀伊国・伊勢・淡路国・讃岐国・阿波の計10か国の海岸に漂着して破損した船を没収、また、山城国・河内国・摂津・播磨・淡路の5か国の公田・荘園の竹木を伐採し、さらに摂津・播磨・淡路の民家から人夫を徴用して、河尻泊・魚住泊とともにこの泊を修築することを奏請した。
- He imposed one ship on each one county and one manor in the three Roads, confiscated wrecked ships washed ashore on beaches in ten provinces such as Izumi, Settsu, Harima, Bizen, Bicchu, Kii, Ise, Awaji, Sanuki and Awa provinces, cut down bamboo grove in Koden (field administered directly by a ruler) and shoen in five provinces such as Yamashiro, Kawachi, Settsu, Harima, Awaji, furthermore recruited laborers from folk dwellings in Settsu, Harima and Awaji provinces and petitioned the Emperor to reconstruct the port as well as Kawajiri no tomari and Uozumi no tomari.
- 大久保ら岩倉使節団の外遊組帰国以前の8月17日、一度は閣議で西郷を朝鮮へ全権大使として派遣することが決まったが、翌日この案を上奏された明治天皇は「外遊組帰国まで国家に関わる重要案件は決定しない」という取り決めを基に岩倉具視が帰国するまで待ち、岩倉と熟議した上で再度上奏するようにと、西郷派遣案を却下している(岩倉の帰国は9月17日)。
- Prior to the homecoming of the official travel group of Iwakura Mission including OKUBO, on the August 17, dispatch of SAIGO to the Korea as an ambassador plenipotentiary was once approved in a Cabinet meeting, but when the Emperor Meiji received a report of the proposal on the next day he rejected the SAIGO's dispatch plan based on the agreement that 'won't decide important matters related to the country until the official travel group's homecoming', and asked them to wait for homecoming of Tomomi IWAKURA, and report it again after deep deliberation with IWAKURA (IWAKURA comes home on September 17).
- しかし、松方デフレ等の影響で没落した農家・地主たちや疲弊した地方を尻目に官営事業の払下げで急速に力をつけてきた政商資本家の台頭という資本主義経済における自由競争の負の部分が顕在化しつつあった当時の状況や、大日本帝国憲法では天皇制を定め、近代天皇制国家の形成が進められていたことから、施行延期派を支持する声が段々と強まるようになっていく。
- However, more and more people supported the Seko-enki-ha Group, because of the then situation that in spite of peasants and landowners who were brought to ruin and local regions impoverished by Matsukata Deflation, and the appearance of businessmen with political ties who were rapidly increasing power by getting government properties cheaply, a negative part of free competition in capitalist economy, and the fact that in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan the Emperor system was adopted and the formation of the modern Emperor-system nation was on going.
- 彼ら急進派の政府転覆計画は結局は具現化をみるには至らなかったが、その後発生した1884年(明治17年)6月の群馬事件は、群馬県の下部自由党 (明治)員が、妙義山麓に困窮に苦しむ農民を結集し、圧制打倒の兵をあげようとしたものであり、さらに同年9月に発生した加波山事件は、茨城県の加波山に爆裂弾で武装した16人の急進的な民権運動家が挙兵し、警官隊と衝突するというものであった。
- After all the plot of overthrowing the government of the radicals was not realized, but in subsequent Gunma Incident occurred in June 1884, local members of the Liberal Party (Meiji period) in Gunma Prefecture, gathering peasants in poverty at the foot of Mt. Myogi, tried to raise an army against suppression and furthermore in Kabasan Incident occurred in September of the same year sixteen democratic radicals armed with bombs raised an army and encountered the police force.
- 泰盛与党として罹災したのは泰盛一族の他、小笠原氏、足利氏、伴野氏、伊東氏、武藤氏(少弐氏)、その他は藤原相範、吉良満氏、殖田又太郎(大江泰広)、小早川三郎左衛門、三科蔵人、天野景村、伊賀景家、二階堂行景、(大井)美作三郎左衛門、綱島二郎入道、池上藤内左衛門の尉、行方少二郎、南部孫二郎(政連?)、有坂三郎、鎌田弥藤二左衛門尉、秋山人々など、幕府創設以来の有力御家人層の多くが見られる。
- Victims of this battle among the members of Yasumori's party other than the Yasumori family were the Ogasawara clan, the Ashikaga clan, the Tomono clan, the Ito clan, and the Muto clan (Shoni clan) and many powerful gokenin since the foundation of Kamakura bakufu also suffered, such as Ainori FUJIWARA (藤原相範), Mitsuruuji KIRA, Matataro UETA (Yasuhiro Oe), Saburozaemon KOBAYAKAWA, Kurodo SANKA, Kagemura AMANO, Kageie IGA, Yukiie NIKAIDO, Mimasakasaburozaemon (OI) (美作三郎左衛門), Jironyudo TSUNASHIMA (綱島二郎入道), a lord of Tonaizaemon IKEGAMI (池上藤内左衛門), Shojiro YUKIKATA (行方少二郎), Magojiro (Masatsura?) NANBU, Saburo ARISAKA, Yatonisaemoni KAMATA (鎌田弥藤二左衛門尉), and Hitobito AKIYAMA (秋山人々).
- これは、当時の武士(特に御家人)が巻き込まれ易かったのは、地頭として治める荘園における荘園領主である公家との揉め事であり、こうした揉め事から武士を救うには公家法を中心に動いていた当時の法秩序の概要を平易に説いて理解させ、武家社会との調和を図るために御成敗式目は制定されたもので、武家法の体系化や武家法に基づく新秩序形成を目的としたわけではなく、少なくても公家法の存在を前提とし、かつ形式的な模範・素材であったとしている。
- Samurai (especially shogunal retainers) at that time were easily involved in problems with court nobles who were lords of private estates where they (samurai) worked as jito; Goseibai-shikimoku was established in order to save samurai from such problems by making them understand the summary of legal order of the time centered in the kugeho and by working in harmony with the samurai society, therefore the reason was not to systemize the bukeho or to make a new order of law based on the bukeho; the kugeho was said to be still the base and was regarded as a formal model and material.