学: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 洋学へ
- Yogaku (Western studies)
- 蘭学塾
- Rangaku Juku (Institutes for Rangaku)
- Rangaku Juku (Institute for Dutch Studies)
- えせ学者
- pseudo-scholar
- fake scholar
- would-be expert
- 儒学者。
- He was a Confucian scholar.
- 小学校令
- Shogakko Rei (the order of primary school)
- 文学絵巻
- Bungaku emaki (Illustrated handscroll of literature)
- 蘭学の先駆
- Early pioneers of Rangaku
- 蘭学の興隆
- Prosperity of Rangaku
- 師範学校令
- The normal school order
- 学制の施行
- New Education Act was enacted.
- 学術・教育
- Foreigners employeed in the fields of Scholarship and Education
- 大泊中学校
- Otomari junior high school
- 真岡中学校
- Maoka junior high school
- 豊原中学校
- Toyohara junior high school
- 敷香中学校
- Shikuka junior high school
- 知取中学校
- Shirutoru junior high school
- 文学・歴史
- Literature and history
- 国学の別称。
- Kogaku is another name for Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature).
- 学問のすゝめ
- Gakumon no Susume (Encouragement of Learning)
- 清末の陽明学
- Yomeigaku at the end of the Qing Dynasty
- 留学生の派遣
- Dispatch of international students
- 寛政異学の禁
- Kansei Igaku no Kin (the Kansei Prohibition of Heterodox Studies)
- 出島の三学者
- Three Scholars of Dejima
- 高等教育学校
- Schools of higher education
- - 農芸化学
- - Active in agricultural chemistry
- 中等教育学校
- Schools of secondary education
- 恵須取中学校
- Esutoru junior high school
- (棚田学会)
- (Society of Tanada)
- 勧学院学問料
- Kangakuin gakumonryo
- 穀倉院学問料
- Kokuso-in gakumonryo
- 蘭学受難の時代
- Trying times for Rangaku
- 大村純熈:留学
- Sumihiro OMURA: student studying abroad
- 政治経済学者。
- A political economist.
- 国際政治学者。
- An international politics scholar.
- 歴史学上の解釈
- An analysis of the Historical studies
- 当初の学区割り
- The original school districts
- 泊居高等女学校
- Tomarioru girls' high school
- 知取高等女学校
- Shirutoru girls' high school
- 敷香高等女学校
- Shikuka girls' high school
- 眞岡高等女学校
- Maoka girls' high school
- 落合高等女学校
- Ochiai girls' high school
- 豊原高等女学校
- Toyohara girls' high school
- 大泊高等女学校
- Otomari girls' high school
- 国語研究・語学
- Study on national language and languages
- 天皇の京大来学
- The Emperor's visit to Kyoto University
- 京都府学連事件
- The case of student union of Kyoto Prefecture
- 文学における贋作
- Forged writing in literature
- 長岡治三郎:留学
- Jizaburo NAGAOKA: student studying abroad
- 朝永甚次郎:留学
- Jinjiro TOMONAGA: student studying abroad
- 明末清初の陽明学
- Yomeigaku from the end of the Ming period to the early Qing period
- 学の木・清武方面
- In the Gakunoki and Kiyotake Areas
- 水戸学と尊皇思想
- Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) and the principle of reverence for the Emperor.
- 儒学者、漢詩人。
- He was a Confucian scholar and a composer of Chinese poems.
- - 哲学 (露)
- - Active in philosophy
- - 医学 (独)
- - Active in medicine
- 改定後の学区割り
- Revised school districts
- - 物理学(英)
- - Active in physics
- 樺太医学専門学校
- Karafuto Igaku Senmon Gakko (Karafuto Vocational School of Medicine)
- 樺太青年師範学校
- Karafuto Seinen (youth) Normal School
- Karafuto Youth Normal School
- 恵須取高等女学校
- Esutoru girls' high school
- スギ花粉症の疫学
- The Epidemiology of Japanese Cedar Pollinosis
- 京都学派(哲学)
- The Kyoto school (Philosophy)
- 書道 (大学寮)
- Shodo (Daigaku-ryo)
- - 地方局、学務局
- Local Affairs Bureau, Academic Affairs Bureau
- - 朝鮮語学会事件
- Korean Language Society Incident
- 私学校・角矢倉方面
- In the Shigakko and Kadoyakura Areas
- - 教育学 (独)
- - Active in education
- - 法学者 (独)
- - Active as a legal scholar
- 樺太庁樺太師範学校
- Karafuto-Cho Karafuto Normal School
- - 農芸化学(独)
- - Active in agricultural chemistry
- 京都学派(憲法学)
- The Kyoto school (Study of the Constitution)
- 恭仁小学校(隣接)
- Kuni Elementary School (adjacent to the remains of Kunikyo)
- - 京城帝国大学開設
- Establishment of Keijo Imperial University
- 團琢磨:アメリカ留学
- Takuma DAN: student studying in America
- 平田東助:ドイツ留学
- Tosuke HIRATA: student studying in Germany
- 『学問のすゝめ之評』
- 'A review on Gakumon no Susume'
- 宇宙工学エンジニア。
- A space engineer.
- 儒学者としても著名。
- Also a well-known Confucian scholar.
- 学生の「公開質問状」
- 'Open letter' from students
- 前田利嗣:イギリス留学
- Toshitsugu MAEDA: student studying in England
- 毛利元敏:イギリス留学
- Mototoshi MORI: student studying in England
- 中江兆民:イギリス留学
- Chomin NAKAE: student studying in England
- 牧野伸顕:アメリカ留学
- Nobuaki MAKINO: student studying in America
- 鍋島直大:イギリス留学
- Naohiro NABESHIMA: student studying in England
- 鳥居忠文:アメリカ留学
- Tadabumi TORI: student studying in America
- 黒田長知:アメリカ留学
- Nagatomo KURODA: student studying in America
- 津田梅子:アメリカ留学
- Umeko TSUDA: student studying in America
- 山川捨松:アメリカ留学
- Sutematsu YAMAKAWA: student studying in America
- 永井繁子:アメリカ留学
- Shigeko NAGAI: student studying in America
- 木戸孝正:アメリカ留学
- Takamasa KIDO: student studying in America
- 吉川重吉:アメリカ留学
- Chokichi KIKKAWA: student studying in America
- 幕末での陽明学の信奉者
- Adherents of Yomeigaku during the final days of the Tokugawa Shogunate
- 藤田哲也 (気象学者)
- Tetsuya FUJITA (meteorologist)
- Ted Fujita
- 『拾芥記』 五条為学著
- 'Shugaiki' by Tamezane GOJO
- 京都学派(京大人文研)
- The Kyoto school (Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University)
- 金子堅太郎:アメリカ留学
- Kentaro KANEKO: student studying in America
- 近因(私学校と士族反乱)
- Immediate Cause (Shigakko and rebellion of Warrior Class)
- 経済学者(計量経済学)。
- An economist (econometrics).
- スタンフォード大学教授。
- A professor at Stanford University.
- 東学農民軍の再蜂起と鎮圧
- Recurring uprising of Armed peasants in Tonghak
- いわゆる宋学を奉じたもの。
- Groups conformed with so-called Sogaku (Neo-Confucianism).
- 特に聖学を指す場合がある。
- It sometimes particularly refers to Seigaku (religious studies).
- 訳:武芸や学問を嗜むこと。
- Translation: You should be fond of military arts and learning.
- - 陸軍大学校教官 (独)
- - Served as an instructor at the Military Staff College
- (現在の太秦中学校敷地ほか)
- Uzumasa Junior High School and others stand on part of the area today.
- 江戸時代の学問で儒教の一派。
- Kogaku was a learning in the Edo-period, and a group of Confucianism.
- 物理学者、超弦理論の研究者。
- A Physicist, a researcher on super string theory.
- - 語学教育 『怪談』(英)
- - Active in linguistic education: authored 'Kwaidan' (Ghost Stories)
- 学校制度の項目を参照のこと。
- It is described under the heading of 'school systems.'
- - 絵画、工部美術学校(伊)
- - Active in painting, and at the School of Arts and Technology
- 京都市・京都市立芸術大学蔵本
- Kyoto City: A work owned by the Kyoto City University of Arts
- - 普通学校用諺文綴字法が確定
- The Regular school Hangeul spelling method was established.
- 長與專齋:ドイツ・オランダ留学
- Sensai NAGAYO: student studying in Germany and the Netherlands
- 梅謙次郎(帝国大学法学部教授)
- Kenjiro UME (Professor of Faculty of Law, Imperial University)
- 全国中等学校優勝野球大会の中止
- Cancellation of National junior-high school baseball tournament
- - 哲学、日本美術を評価(米)
- - Provided a positive evaluation of Japanese philosophy and arts
- 前田利同:イギリス・フランス留学
- Toshiatsu MAEDA: student studying in England and France
- 学問のすゝめ(新字旧仮名)の付録
- An appendix to Gakumon no Susume (published with new characters but old ways to read)
- - 『西洋事情』『学問のすすめ』
- 'Seiyou jijo' (affairs in the Western countries), 'Gakumon no susume' (an encouragement of learning)
- 島津家文書(東京大学史料編纂所)
- The Shimazu House Archives (Historiographical Institute at the University of Tokyo)
- 元サンフランシスコ州立大学学長。
- Former president of San Francisco State University.
- これが、古代史学界の主流である。
- This is the mainstream in the academic world of ancient history.
- - 生物学 大森貝塚の発見(米)
- - Biology: discovered the Omori Shell Mounds
- 改定後の学区は以下の通りである。
- The revised school districts were as follows.
- 一 天子諸芸能ノ事、第一御学問也。
- 一 天子諸芸能ノ事、第一御学問也。
- さらに古来の軍学・兵学である兵法。
- In addition, an art of warfare which was military science since ancient times.
- - 鹿鳴館の設計、建築学教育(英)
- - Planned the Rokumeikan and taught architectonics
- デモ隊は立命館大学正門前から出発。
- The demonstration march started at the front gate of Ritsumeikan University.
- その代表が朱子学と陽明学であった。
- Shushigaku and Yomeigaku were the leading schools of this movement.
- 2008年にノーベル物理学賞を受賞。
- He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008.
- 学習院大学名誉教授、門脇卓爾の実家。
- It is the parents' home of Takuji KADOWAKI, an emeritus professor of the Gakushuin University.
- - 語学教育 『古事記』の英訳(英)
- - Active in linguistic education: translated 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) into English
- 広義の学制とは、学校制度一般のこと。
- Gakusei (educational system) in a broad sense is school systems in general.
- 但し、幼稚小学は実現に至らなかった。
- However, elementary schools for infants were not realized.
- - 海軍兵学校 (日本)教官 (英)
- - Served as an instructor at Japan's Naval Academy
- 鎌倉幕府の基本的定義及び学説上の諸説
- Basic Definitions and Academic Theories
- 九章算術…現存する中国最古の数学書。
- Kyushosanjutsu: The oldest existing Chinese book on mathematics
- - 光州学生事件(- 1930年3月)
- Gwangju Student Movement (until March, 1930)
- - 国民学校規定改正、朝鮮語の授業廃止
- Revision of the stipulation of Kokumin Gakko (elementary school in an educational system operated in Japan between 1941 and 1947), and abolition of the Korean classes
- 使節46名、随員18名、留学生43名。
- It consisted of 46 envoys,18 accompanying personnels, 43 overseas students.
- したがって『学問のすゝめ』なのである。
- Therefore, the writing was titled as Gakumon no Susume, literally encouragement of learning.
- 教員を養成する学校に関して定めている。
- The edict stipulated matters regarding schools for teacher training.
- 化学者 1987年ノーベル化学賞受賞。
- A chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987.
- 明治期の国学者による一大事業であった。
- This was a big project by the scholars of the Japanese classics in the Meiji period.
- - 開智学校、龍谷大学講堂、白雲館など
- - Kaichi-gakko School, Lecture Hall of Ryukoku University, Hakuun-kan School, etc.
- 多数の植物標本を持ち帰り学名を付けた。
- He brought back many plant samples and gave them scientific names.
- 天子が修めるべきものの第一は学問である。
- The most important thing the emperor should pursue is learning.
- 工部美術学校ではイタリア人が雇用された。
- Italians were employed at schools for craftsmanship and art.
- - 皇居謁見所、工部大学校校舎など(仏)
- - Built several buildings, including the audience chamber at the Imperial Palace and the school buildings of the Imperial College of Engineering
- 以下は詳しい学制の仕組み(進路)である。
- Details of Gakusei system (future courses) were as follows.
- 大学寮構内北端の都堂院と同一ともされる。
- It was considered to be the same as Todoin (the school building for history and literature students) at the northern end of the Daigaku-ryo campus.
- 通詞や蘭学者に医学・薬学・植物学を教えた。
- He taught medical science, pharmaceutical science, and botany to translators and rangakusha (persons who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language).
- このため敗戦後、戦前の京都学派は没落した。
- Therefore, the prewar Kyoto school was ruined after losing the war.
- - 札幌農学校(現北海道大学)初代教頭(米)
- - Served as the first vice-principal at Sapporo Agricultural School (now Hokkaido University)
- のちに大槻玄沢とともに蘭学の発展に貢献する。
- Subsequently, he and Gentaku OTSUKI contributed to the advancement of Dutch studies.
- 尋常小学校は下等4年、上等4年に分けられた。
- Ordinary elementary schools were divided into lower division of four years and upper division of four years.
- 彼らの薫陶を受けた禅僧たちが留学を志望した。
- The Zen monks who were disciplined by them aspired to study in Yuan.
- また、勧学田や博士職田の充実なども行われた。
- The court gave other preferential treatment as well, such as enlarging 'kangakuden' (fields provided in order to cover the students' expenses) and 'hakase-sikiden' (fields provided in order to cover the masters' expenses).
- 紀元前2世紀に成立して暦学の基本書とされた。
- It was established in 2B.C. and is regarded as the fundamental document of calendrical calculation.
- 三開重差…級数展開などの高等数学に関する書。
- Sankaijusa: A document related to advanced mathematics such as series expansion.
- 諸道の学者による勘文を特に諸道勘文ともいう。
- Kanmon written by the scholars of Shodo were specifically called Shodo Kanmon.
- 朱子学の思想は、近代日本にも強い影響を与えた。
- The thought of Neo-Confucianism had a strong influence on modern Japan.
- 式部省 - 文官の人事や朝儀・学校などを掌る。
- Shikibusho (Ministry of Ceremonies): in charge of personnel affairs of civil officials, ceremonies at Imperial Court and education.
- 次いで許インと張維が出て、陽明学を発展させた。
- Then, Heo Gyun and Jang Yu appeared and developed Yomeigaku.
- 幕末の尊皇攘夷運動は陽明学に影響を受けている。
- The Sonno Joi (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) movement of the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate was influenced by Yomeigaku.
- 1898年、国語伝習所は公学校に昇格している。
- In 1898 Japanese language schools were upgraded to public schools.
- その大学の一つが現在北京にある清華大学である。
- One of these universities is the present Tsinghua University in Beijing.
- また、学生の学習・研究素材としても有効である。
- In addition, jori remains are effective as materials for study and research by students.
- 元来大学の本科にあたり、特別の名称はなかった。
- It was originally a regular course in the institute and had no particular name.
- その実証的な研究態度は国学などに影響を及ぼした。
- Their empirical research attitude had an impact on Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) and other fields.
- 『福沢全集』(巻之一)の「緒言『学問のすゝめ』」
- An introductory to Gakumon no Susume, the 1st volume of the complete works of Fukuzawa
- 退任後は南カリフォルニア大学医学部教授を務めた。
- After leaving the position, he served as a professor in the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Southern California.
- - 東京大学理学部で造営学、図学講師 (教育)。
- - Worked at the University of Tokyo as a lecturer of architecture/civil engineering and graphics (education) in the Department of Science.
- 李恢成(小説家・群像新人文学賞受賞・芥川賞受賞)
- Kaisei RI (Novelist, Gunzo Prize for New Writers, Akutagawa Prize)
- 天文学や地理・礼楽・制度など、ジャンル別の分野史。
- The history of each genre such as astronomy, geography, reigaku (etiquette and music) and institutions and so on.
- 「学問のすゝめ之評」は以下の文献に収録されている。
- 'A review on Gakumon no Susume' is included in the publications below.
- 台湾人を学校教育を通じて日本に同化させようとした。
- It tried to assimilate the Taiwanese into Japan through school education.
- - 工部大学校(現東京大学工学部)初代都検 (英)
- - Served as the first vice-principal at the Imperial College of Engineering (today's Faculty of Engineering at the University of Tokyo)
- 中川淳庵は『解体新書』刊行後も蘭語の学習を続けた。
- On the other hand, Junan NAKAGAWA continued his study of Dutch language even after publication of 'Kaitai Shinsho.'
- 医生などの学生は13歳以上16歳以下から採られた。
- Students of medicine and other fields were restricted in their age (from 13 to 16).
- 大宝律令による大学寮設立時から存在した学科である。
- Sando had existed as a department since the Daigaku-ryo was established based on the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code).
- この流れのなかで王守仁の陽明学が誕生することになる。
- Thus, Yomeigaku (Neo-Confucianism based on teaching of Yangming WANG) by Shoujen WANG was born.
- 学術研究目的での閲覧を許可するように求める声もある。
- There is a voice looking for a permit inspection for the learning study purpose, too.
- カール・ツンベルクは、スウェーデン人医師・植物学者。
- Carl THUNBERG was a Swedish doctor and botanist.
- 八色の姓のなかでは道師も道教の神学用語と重なっている。
- In Yakusa no Kabane, michinoshi is also derived from a term of Taoism.
- 札幌市時計台(旧札幌農学校演武場)などがその例である。
- The clock tower in Sapporo City (a former theatrical hall of the Sapporo Agricultural School) is one of them.
- その初期に陽明学を奉じた者としては南彦経と李瑤がいる。
- Nam Yeongkyung and Lee Yo embraced Yomeigaku early on.
- 陸軍語学生徒(戦死:明治15年11月6日靖国神社合祀)
- An army language student (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 6, 1882)
- 陸軍語学生徒(戦死:明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀)
- An army language student (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882)
- 植物学を中心に博物学研究を行い、出島に薬草園を作った。
- He studied botany as his main subject in natural history and made an herb garden in Dejima.
- 彼らは産・官・学の様々な分野で後世に及ぶ影響を残した。
- These foreigners would have a lasting influence on various fields, including industry, politics and academia, for generations thereafter.
- また補助資料となる3冊のオランダ医学書を提供している。
- He provided three books of Dutch medical science as supplementary materials.
- 使節の少年たちはセミナリヨで学ぶ生徒の中から選ばれた。
- The mission boys were selected among students learning at seminario (seminary).
- それは清代の考証学や経世致用の学を生み出す端緒となる。
- This became the beginning of the Qing period Koshogaku and the study of Keiseichiyo.
- 力士埴輪(和歌山県和歌山市井辺八幡山古墳同志社大学所蔵)
- Sumo wrestler Haniwa (unearthed from Ibehatiman-yama Mountain Tumulus, in Wakayama City, Wakayama Prefecture, possessed by Doshisha University)
- 1 大学校 修業年限:年限不定 修業年齢:20、21歳~
- 1 university term: unfixed, age: 20 or 21 years and above
- 共に南淵請安に学び、蘇我氏打倒の計画を練ることになった。
- They both studied under MINAMIBUCHI no Shoan and planned to defeat the Soga clan.
- ドイツ人クルムスの解剖学書がオランダ語に翻訳されたもの。
- The book was an anatomical text written by a German named Johann Adam KULMUS which was translated into Dutch.
- 詳しくは、阿蘇惟之編 『阿蘇神社』(学生社 2007年)
- See 'Aso-jinja Shrine' edited by Koreyuki ASO (Gakuseisha, 2007) for further details.
- 東映は、正社員の採用において学歴や縁故を大変重視していた。
- Toei put much emphasis on educational background and personal connections when recruiting full-time employees.
- 白石の儒学思想を元に、文治政治と呼ばれる諸政策を推進した。
- Based on the Confucianism concept in Hakuseki, they advanced various policies called civilian government.
- また、清代、漢唐訓詁学に依拠する漢学からは宋学と呼ばれた。
- Further in Qing Dynasty, Shusigaku was called Sogaku (the Sung Study) from Kangaku (Sinology) which was based on Kanto kunkogaku (exegetics).
- 礼学への考証的な研究はやがて考証学の一翼を担うことになる。
- Research for documentation about Reigaku later became part of the study of old documents.
- 天皇主権を中心として構成された憲法学説を天皇主権説という。
- The theory of the study of constitution, which is structured focusing on imperial sovereignty, is called the theory of imperial sovereignty.
- 「陽明学」という呼称が、中国に伝わったのもこの頃であった。
- The term 'Yomeigaku' was introduced into China during this period.
- 自己の正義感に囚われて革命運動に呈する者も陽明学徒に多い。
- Those who, driven by a personal sense of justice, affiliated themselves with the revolutionary movement were mostly students of Yomeigaku.
- 江戸期の代表的な陽明学者は中江藤樹と弟子の熊沢蕃山である。
- Toju NAKAE and his disciple Banzan KUMAZAWA were leading Yomeigaku scholars during the Edo period.
- - 文部省顧問(督務官・学監)(1830-1905)(米)
- - Served as an adviser to the Ministry of Education (director and dean)
- この様子については杉田玄白晩年の著書『蘭学事始』に詳しい。
- Their working circumstances were described in detail in the book 'Rangaku Kotohajime' written by Genpaku SUGITA in his later years.
- この騒動は、全国高等学校野球選手権大会にも影響を及ぼした。
- The riot also affected the national high school baseball tournament.
- 1年間で公立私立あわせて12558校の小学校が設立された。
- 12,558 public and private elementary schools were established in a year.
- なお、禅僧中巌円月・不聞契聞らが同船し、元に遊学している。
- Chugan Engetsu, Fumon Kaimon, and other Zen priests went on board to study in Yuan.
- 家学(かがく)とは、家あるいは氏族単位での学術継承のこと。
- Kagaku' means handing down their academic skills within the family or the clan.
- とくに李退渓の学問は日本の林羅山や山崎闇斎らに影響を与えた。
- Especially, the learning of The Ghe LEE affected Razan HAYASHI, Ansai YAMAZAKI, and others in Japan.
- 賢人と愚人との別は学ぶと学ばざるとに由ってできるものなのだ。
- The difference between the wise and the fool is derived from learning or not.
- 生徒の学資は、その学校が支給することになっていた(第9条)。
- School expenses of students were paid by the school (Article 9).
- また、官僚を学力で登用する科挙と呼ばれる登用試験が発達する。
- An imperial examination system called Kakyo (Keju in Chinese) for appointing officials based on their academic abilities was developed.
- 絵因果経(東京芸術大学、上品蓮台寺、醍醐寺、出光美術館ほか)
- E Ingakyo (Illustrated Sutra of Cause and Effect): owned by some institutions, such as the Tokyo University of Arts, Jobonrendai-ji Temple, Daigo-ji Temple, and Idemitsu Museum of Arts
- 古事記、日本書紀、万葉集など現存最古の史書・文学が登場した。
- History books and works of literature, which are currently the oldest in existence, such as 'Kojiki' (Records of Ancient Matters), 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) appeared.
- 政府は、学生や僧を唐へ留学させ、さまざまな文物を取り入れた。
- The government dispatched scholars and monks to Tang and assimilated various aspects of their culture.
- 5月 朝鮮政府、甲午農民戦争(東学党の乱)の鎮圧を清朝に依頼
- May: The Korean government requested Qing dynasty to suppress the Donghak Peasant Revolution (the Tonghak Uprising).
- 松平定信は、1790年(寛政2年)に寛政異学の禁を発している。
- Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA issued Kansei Igaku no Kin (Prohibition of heterodoxy in the Kansei era) in 1790.
- 陽明学の沈滞状況は、1840年のアヘン戦争以降徐々に変化する。
- The depressed state of Yomeigaku gradually changed after the Opium War of 1840.
- 陽明学宣揚は、国民国家の精神に注入すべく為されたものであった。
- Yomeigaku was enhanced to infuse it into the spirit of the nation-state.
- - 戦後初期における自由民主党 (日本)のフィクサー、陽明学者
- A fixer for the Liberal Democratic Party in the early post-war period, Yomei-gaku scholar
- 例えば朱子学は、人間は自分の所属する共同体へ義務を負うとした。
- For example, human beings are responsible to the communities to which each person belongs in Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism).
- 考古学的には、須恵器の出現は古墳時代中期、5世紀中頃とされる。
- In the archaeological point of view, it is believed that people started to produce Sueki in the middle of the Kofun period, which is around mid-fifth century.
- 『ターヘル・アナトミア』は『解体新書』の底本となった解剖学書。
- The 'Ontleedkundige Tafelen' was a book of anatomy on which a Japanese language version entitled 'Kaitai Shinsho' (New Book of Anatomy) was based.
- 学生は医生40・針生20・按摩生10・呪禁生6が置かれていた。
- In the organization, there were 40 students of medicine, 20 students of acupuncture, 10 students of massage, and 6 students of necromancy.
- このため、1951年に入っても騒然とした学内状況が続いていた。
- As a result, the situation at the university was still tumultuous in 1951.
- また京都大学図書館に天承2年正月~同年3月の古写本1巻が残る。
- Moreover, one old manuscript of January to March, 1132 exists in the Kyoto University library.
- 1900年前後に美術学者の関野貞と岡倉天心によって提案された。
- The use of this name for the period of history itself was proposed by two art scholars, Tadashi SEKINO and Tenshin OKAKURA, in around 1900.
- その後、尊王攘夷を声高に唱えたのは、宋学の儒学者たちであった。
- It was the scholars of Sung-period Neo-Cunfucianism who raised a loud voice about Sonno Joi after that.
- 『学問のすゝめ』(がくもんのすすめ)は、福澤諭吉の著書のひとつ。
- Gakumon no Susume, or Encouragement of Learning, is a book written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA.
- 本場中国以上に朱子学派から抑圧され、徐々に衰退していくのである。
- Even more than in China, the home of Yomeigaku, it drastically declined under Shushigaku's oppression.
- ニューヨーク大学医学部を首席で卒業し、医学博士・医師免許を取得。
- He graduated from New York University Medical School as the top student, obtaining a doctoral degree of medical science and a medical license.
- こうして、建築はもっぱら工学的な学問と考えられる風潮が強まった。
- As a result, there developed a tendency to view architecture solely as an engineering concept.
- 遺構展示館 - 発掘された遺跡の上に建てられており、見学できる。
- The Excavation Site Exhibition Hall: Built on the excavated remains and open for visitors
- 更には成業(卒業)していない学生・医生を任じたりする例もあった。
- In an extreme case, a student who was still studying was appointed to the doctor.
- 禅僧の往来による、宋学、医術、印刷術、陶芸、水墨画などの大陸文化
- Continent culture introduced by Zen monks such as the Sung Study (Neo-Confucian), medicine, printing art, ceramic art and ink-wash painting.
- 主に外記や神祇官、大学寮や陰陽寮に属する諸道の学者などが行った。
- Such a survey was principally conducted by Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State), Jingikan (department of worship) and scholars of Shodo (various fields of academy) belonged to Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) or Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination).
- 江戸時代には朱子学の理論により両派を統合した垂加神道が誕生した。
- During the Edo period, Suika Shinto, which integrated both schools with the theory of Neo-Confucianism, appeared.
- 書院造が成立すると、書斎・書庫などの書室を特に学問所と呼称した。
- With the establishment of the Shoin-zukuri style, book repositories such as shosai (a study) and libraries came to be called gakumonjo.
- 1924年には京城帝国大学が開設され、民立大学期成運動に対抗した。
- In 1924, Keijo Imperial University was established to counter the movement for establishing private universities.
- 平賀源内は蘭学全般を学び、エレキテルの修理や寒暖計などを発明した。
- Gennai HIRAGA learned Rangaku in general and fixed Erekiteru (a hand-operated electric generator) and made inventions such as the thermometer.
- たとえば李退渓の著した『伝習録弁』は陽明学を批判して非常に厳しい。
- For example, Yi Toegye's 'Records of Learning' ('Jeonseup rok byeon') quite harshly criticized Yomeigaku.
- なお、整備計画区域内の朱雀門南西側には積水化学工業奈良工場がある。
- Besides, to the southwest of the Suzaku-mon Gate within the maintenance project area, Sekisui Chemical Company Nara Plant is situated.
- また、医博士・針博士・案摩博士とともに医学に冠する専門職とされた。
- The position of jugon hakase was also ranked, together with i hakase (Master of medicine), shin hakase (Master of acupuncture), and anma hakase (Master of massage) as one of the medical professions.
- 歴史学の関心が拡散する中でこの論争は明確な解答を得ぬまま終息した。
- The interest of historical science became diffused and the controversy came to an end without any clear result.
- 文章院(もんじょういん)は、大学寮紀伝道の直曹(講堂及び寄宿舎)。
- Monjoin was a University Jikiso (facilities) (such as a lecture room and student dormitory) for Kidendo (the study of the histories) of Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).
- なお、支給対象者は給料学生(きゅうりょうがくせい)と呼ばれている。
- Those who were granted Gakumonryo were called Kyuryo gakusei.
- また民俗学などで民間信仰の変遷を辿る際には手がかりになることもある。
- Gisho within folklore and so forth can also provide clues as to how folk beliefs have changed through time.
- ただ朝鮮陽明学は実学・経世致用の思想に影響を与えたことは事実である。
- However, it is a fact that Korean Yomeigaku has influenced the practical learning and ideology of Keiseichiyo.
- 日本に伝わった朱子学の普遍的秩序志向は体制を形作る治世者に好まれた。
- The imported Shushigaku's aims of universal order were attractive to Japan's rulers.
- 近年は考古学における発掘調査の進展や既知の遺跡の再検討がされている。
- In recent years the excavation and research has been progressing in archaeology and these well-known remains have been reexamined.
- 戦後史学では、戦前の皇国史観から解放され記紀への実証的研究が進んだ。
- In postwar history, Japanese historians and scholars gained freedom and separation from the Kokoku Shikan and progressed in their positive research into the kiki.
- フィリップ・フランツ・フォン・シーボルトは、ドイツ人医師・博物学者。
- Philipp Franz von SIEBOLD was a German physician and naturalist.
- 単純な翻訳ではなく、実用的な解剖学書として再構成された本だと言える。
- It can be said that it is not a mere translation, but is a book which was reorganized into a practical anatomy text.
- 前野良沢は、明和7年(1770年)長崎遊学の際に同書を入手している。
- Ryotaku MAENO obtained the book when studying in Nagasaki in 1770.
- 1 師範学校 修業年限:2年制 修業年齢:20~22歳 進路先:なし
- 1 Normal school term: 2 years, age: 20-22 years old, future course: none
- 『延喜式』の時代には『八十一難経』や『太素』の学習も規定されていた。
- When 'Engishiki' (the codes and procedures on national rites and prayers established in the middle of the Heian period) were in effect, students also had to learn 'Hachijuichi Nankyo' (a Chinese classic on acupuncture) and 'Taiso' (the commentary of Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, written by Yang Shang Shau).
- 歴史学者の久米邦武は、『日本外史』と共に「劇本の類」と酷評している。
- A historian KUME Kunitake severely criticizes 'Dai Nihonshi' as well as 'Nihongaishi' as 'a kind of script.'
- 学問所(がくもんじょ)とは、中世・近世における教育機関の名称の1つ。
- Gakumonjo (a school) was the name of a kind of educational institution in medieval and modern times.
- 大学内では日本人学生が6割以上を占め、教育内容は日本文化中心であった。
- Japanese students occupied 60% in the university, of which education contents were mainly Japanese culture.
- 1897年(明治30年)の師範教育令により、師範学校令は効力を失った。
- The normal school order was terminated after the education order was enacted in 1897.
- また中学に相当するものとして変則中学、家塾、中学私塾が定められている。
- The order also set up irregular middle schools, Kajuku (government-backed school operated by a scholar out of his home) and private middle schools as the equivalents of middle schools.
- 院政期の物語文学は、『源氏物語』の圧倒的な評価と影響のもとにうまれた。
- Tale literature during the Insei period was created under the overwhelming reputation and influence of 'Genji Monogatari.'
- 彼らの薫陶を受けた日本の弟子たちは、師が学んだ元への留学を望んでいた。
- Many of the followers who were educated by them wanted to go to Yuan to study.
- 一方、大学別曹においても、独自に学問料を授ける例が現れるようになった。
- In the meantime, some Daigaku-besso also established their own Gakumonryo system.
- これは、古代の地方の様相を示す貴重な文献資料 (歴史学)になっている。
- They constitute precious works of literature (historical sources) which show local situations in ancient times.
- 岩倉具視を正使とし、政府のトップや留学生を含む総勢107名で構成された。
- It consisted of a total 107 people including the highest ranks of government and students with Tomomi IWAKURA as seishi (senior envoy).
- 藤原京の名称は近代に作られた学術用語であり、『日本書紀』には登場しない。
- The name of Fujiwara-kyo was a created word in modern times and its name had never been written in 'Nihonshoki.'
- そのため陽明学の朝鮮史における影響は中国・日本に比して高いとは言えない。
- Therefore, Yomeigaku's influence on Korean history is not as great as it was on those of China and Japan.
- 以下は学制頒布当初の学区のリストである(先頭が大学本部の置かれた府県)。
- The following is the list of the original school districts at the promulgation of Gakusei (the prefectures where the main office of universities were placed at the head of each list).
- 今日でも、医道審議会などで医学のことを「医道」と称すのはその名残である。
- Even today, some people, such as those in the Medical Ethics Council, call medical science I-do after this.
- 田植え、草刈り、稲刈り、ぐい飲みつくり、酒造工場見学根戸で交流を深める。
- The owners deepen exchanges through rice transplanting, mowing, harvesting, production of guinomi (Japanese sake cup) and a tour of the sake brewery.
- 講師には紀伝道などの歴史に通じた学者が博士・都講・尚復などに任命された。
- Scholars conversant with history such as Kidendo (the study of the histories) were appointed as instructors called hakase (an expert), toko and shofuku (reviewers at the post who reviews a book offered by the lecturer for the Emperor or Crown Prince at the ceremony of Emperor's first reading).
- 元々は朱子学を重んじた水戸学から発して全国に尊皇攘夷思想として広まった。
- This theory was originally developed by Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) that highly valued Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) and spread nationwide as the thought of Sonno Joi ('Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians').
- 少なくとも撮影所には採用人事の学閥重視を一蹴するような実力主義が見られる。
- It can be said that the recruitment process for studio staff seems to prioritise ability over academic clique.
- 朱子学は13世紀には朝鮮に伝わり朝鮮王朝の国家の統治理念として用いられる。
- Neo-Confucianism was introduced to Korea in the 13th century and used as the national governing principle of Korean Dynasties.
- しかし朝鮮にあって陽明学は一貫してマイノリティーの地位を脱しきれなかった。
- However in Korea, Yomeigaku remained a minority status.
- 私費語学生(戦死:明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀 扶助料千五百圓を賜う)
- A language student studying at his own expense (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882, one-thousand and five-hundred yen was given to his family to support them.)
- 桂川甫周と共にスウェーデンの博物学者カール・ツンベルクに教えを受けている。
- He and Hoshu KATSURAGAWA became pupils of Carl Thumberg, a Swedish naturalist.
- 杉田玄白は晩年に、『解体新書』翻訳のときの様子を『蘭学事始』に記している。
- Genpaku SUGITA in his later years wrote in 'Rangaku Kotohajime' on the circumstances and the way in which 'Kaitai Shinsho' had been translated.
- 明経道の博士家は書道 (大学寮)・音道として事実上統合・家学化していった。
- The Hakase family of Myogyodo almost unified it into hereditary learning as Shodo (calligraphy) (Daigakuryo) and Ondo (study of pronunciation of Chinese language).
- 書道(しょどう)とは、日本律令制の大学寮において、書道について教えた学科。
- Shodo was the study of calligraphy under the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education) of Japan's Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 喧嘩両成敗(けんかりょうせいばい)とは、中世日本の法 (法学)原則の1つ。
- Kenka Ryoseibai was one of the principles of law (jurisprudence) in Medieval Japan.
- そこで玄宗は両派の儒学者を集めて論争を行わせたものの、決着が付かなかった。
- To remediate this problem, Genso brought together Confucian scholars of both schools and had them hold a debate, which ended with inconclusive results.
- 更に、道挙や道年挙によって在学生の下級官吏への登用も行われるようになった。
- Also Myoho students were appointed as lower rank officials by the recommendation systems such as Dokyo and Donenkyo.
- なお、明法生設置から程なく(時期は不明)、律学博士は明法博士と改称された。
- Soon after the Myoho students were taken (it is unclear when), the doctor of Ritsugaku was renamed the doctor of Myoho.
- 考古学的に確認できる確実な殉死の例はなく普遍的に行われていたかは不明である。
- Because there was no concrete example of junshi which can be proved archaeologically, it is unknown whether junshi was generally performed or not.
- 男性的で端厳、杏仁形の眼、仰月形の鋭い唇、左右対称の幾何学衣文を特徴とする。
- This style was characterized by solemn and majestic masculine figures with apricot kernel-shaped eyes, lips of a sharp crescent shape and symmetric and geometric patterns on their clothes.
- 通説では朱鳥の別称、美称であるとされている(坂本太郎_(歴史学者)等の説)。
- In the prevailing view, 'Suzaku' is thought to be a pseudonym or eulogistic name for Shucho (This theory has been proposed by the historian Taro SAKAMOTO among others.)
- したがって正倉院宝物、桂離宮、修学院離宮などは国宝の指定対象となっていない。
- Consequently, the Shosoin Treasures, the Katsura Imperial Villa, the Shugakuin Imperial Villa and other such cases have not been designated national treasures.
- 2 外国語学校上等科 修業年限:2年制 修業年齢:16~18歳 進路先:なし
- 2 Foreign language school, upper division term: 2 years, age: 16-18 years old, future course: none
- 3 中等学校上等科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:17~20歳 進路先:大学1
- 3 Middle school, upper division term: 3 years, age: 17-20 years old, future course: university 1
- 1 小学校下等科 修業年限:4年制 修業年齢:6~10歳 進路先:中等教育1
- 1 Elementary school, lower division term: 4 years, age: 6-10 years old, future course: middle education 1
- 算道(さんどう)とは、日本律令制の大学寮において、算術・数学を研究する学科。
- Sando (the study of mathematics) was a department for the study of arithmetic and mathematics in the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo Code) in ancient Japan.
- こうした傾向が学閥化を則し、結果的には他氏族の排除・家学化を促すことになる。
- The tendency was to promote the formation of the academic cliques, and as a result, to promote the exclusion of the other clans and inheritance of hereditary learning.
- 朱子学(しゅしがく)とは、南宋の朱熹によって再構築された儒教の新しい学問体系。
- Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) was the new learning system of Confucianism reconstructed by Hsi CHU in Southern Sung.
- 当時は、程頤ら聖人の道を標榜する学派から派生した学の一つとして道学と呼ばれた。
- At the time, Shusigaku was called Dogaku, as a learning system derived from the school sect of Yi CHENG and others which practiced the way of saints.
- 朝鮮はそれまでの高麗の国教であった仏教を排し朱子学を唯一の学問(官学)とした。
- Korea discarded Buddhism that was the previous state religion of Goryeo an set Neo-Confucianism as the only method of learning (government school).
- その後張維の影響を強く受けて、朝鮮陽明学の代表ともいえる鄭斉斗(霞谷)が出た。
- Then, Cheng Chatoo (Hagok), who can be said to have been a leading person of Korean Yomeigaku, appeared under the strong influence of Jang Yu.
- この時、大久保は外に私学校、内に長州派という非常に苦しい立場に立たされていた。
- At this time, OKUBO was in a dilemma between Shigakko outside the government and the Choshu faction inside the government.
- 2月6日、私学校本校に「薩摩本営」の門標が出され、従軍者名簿の登録が始まった。
- On February 6, the nameplate 'Satsuma headquarters' was put up at the main campus of Shigakko and enrollment of soldiers started.
- 中学校は第29章から定められており、やはり上下2等(各3年)に分けられている。
- From Chapter 29 there were provisions for middle schools which were also divided into two levels: upper and lower divisions (3 years for each).
- その学風は考証学の一派、浙東学派となって清朝の主要な思潮となっていくのである。
- His approach developed into the Zhedong Xue School, a faction of Koshogaku, which was to form the main trend of thought during the Qing period.
- 黄は陽明学右派劉宗周の弟子にあたり、『明夷待訪録』や『明儒学案』を著している。
- Huang Zongxi was a disciple of Liu Zongzhou, a Yomeigaku right-winger, and wrote books including 'Waiting for the Dawn' (Mingyi daifanglu) and 'Mingru Xue'an'.
- 尊皇攘夷運動の支柱である水戸学には朝廷権威により幕府専制を抑える思想があった。
- The Mito School, which was at the heart of the Sonnojoi Movement, held a belief that the authority of the Imperial Court should suppress the rise of autocratic Shogunate.
- 福井県立図書館(福井市)・福井県立若狭図書学習センター(小浜市)で公開された。
- It was shown in Fukui library in Fukui City and Fukui Prefectural Wakasa Library & Life-Long Learning Center in Obama City.
- また、万治年間に密航し、5年間オランダで医学を学んだ鳩野宗巴のような人物もいた。
- There were also unique people, such as Soha HATONO who stowed away on a ship during the Manji era to study medicine for five years in the Netherlands.
- この曲解とは、私学校を政府への反乱を企てる志士を養成する機関だとする見解である。
- In other words, the central government took Shigakko for schools for training patriots to rebel against the government.
- 考古学的調査により、彼らが最初に水稲を持ち込み、いわゆる弥生時代に繋がっていく。
- Archeological research indicates that they first imported paddy rice, which led to, as it is called, the Yayoi period.
- 苦学をしながらコーネル大学医学部を二番の成績で卒業し、医学博士・医師免許を取得。
- He studied very hard and graduated 2nd in his class from Cornell Medical School, obtaining a doctoral degree in the medical sciences and a medical license.
- 8 諸芸/理/医学校本科 修業年限:4年制 修業年齢:19~23歳 進路先:なし
- 8 Regular course of polytechnic, science and medical school term: 4 years, age: 19-23 years old, future course: none
- 「上野介へ仇討ちはするが、まず大学様のお家再興をしなければならない。時期を見よ」
- We will avenge Kuranosuke but must restore the Asano clan first.'
- コンドルは工部大学校で日本人建築家の育成に努め、「日本建築界の父」ともいわれる。
- Conder put his efforts into training Japanese architects at the Imperial College of Engineering and was therefore referred to as 'Father of Japanese architectural studies.'
- お雇い外国人は、日本の近代化の過程で西欧の先進技術や知識を学ぶために雇用された。
- Oyatoi-gaikokujin were employed to teach native Japanese the latest technologies and knowledge from Europe and the United States in order to fuel the process of Japan's modernization.
- 芥川龍之介の作品はじめ近代日本文学にも数多く題材を提供していることでも知られる。
- Some of literary works of modern Japanese literature including Ryunosuke AKUTAGAWA referenced some of those stories.
- 大学当局は大学から出ていく天皇のために進路を確保するべく警官隊を学内に導入した。
- The authority of the university asked for the dispatch of police force to the campus in order to secure the path for the Emperor's departure.
- 例えば、意味で分類した用語集の『下学集』(文安元年(1444年)頃成立)がある。
- For example, 'Kagaku-shu' (published around 1444) was a glossary in which the words were classified according to their meanings.
- こうして、算道は世襲による閉鎖的な学術となって、日本数学史は停滞の時代を迎えた。
- As a result, heredity made Sando a closed discipline, and the Japanese history of mathematics entered a time of stagnation.
- 立命館大学の学生を先頭に行進し、京都市東山区の円山公園 (京都府)へと向かった。
- They marched with the students of Ritsumeikan University in the lead and went to Maruyama Park in Higashiyama Ward of Kyoto City, in Kyoto Prefecture.
- 716年(霊亀2)には阿倍仲麻呂(唐で客死)・吉備真備・僧玄ボウら唐に留学した。
- In 716, ABE no Nakamaro (who died in Tang China), KIBI no Makibi and the monk Genbo, were dispatched to Tang to study.
- これらフランス軍人の通訳は横浜仏語伝習所でフランス語を学んだ田島応親らが担当した。
- For communication to the French soldiers, Masachika TAJIMA who had learned French at Yokohama Futsugo Denshu Sho (French school under direct control of Bakufu) and others were in charge of interpreters.
- 中国における陽明学再評価に最も力があったのは、先に触れた康有為の弟子梁啓超である。
- Liang Qichao, a disciple of the above-mentioned Kang Youwei, was the most influential figure in Yomeigaku's reevaluation in China.
- 陶器(とうき)と混乱を避けるため、現代の考古学用語としては須恵器が一般化している。
- In order to avoid confusion with 陶器 which is read 'Toki' meaning earthenware nowadays, the archaeological term 'Sueki' is commonly used.
- - 造幣局 (日本)(大阪)での化学・冶金指導など、古墳研究で考古学にも貢献(英)
- - Served as an adviser in chemistry and metallurgy at Japan's Mint (in Osaka); he also contributed to the field of archeology in the study of kofun (ancient burial mound)
- 聖は、寺院において学問をむねとする学徒に対し、寺院経済を支える禅徒の立場にあった。
- The hijiri were in charge of money related to students who attended temples for study.
- 佐々木惣一、大石義雄、阿部照哉、佐藤幸治 (憲法学者)らを中心とした憲法学の学派。
- The school for Study of the Constitution centered on Soichi SASAKI, Yoshio OISHI, Teruya ABE, Koji SATO (constitutional scholars), and others.
- 通説では和気氏の大学別曹として機能したとされている(後述)が、早い時期に断絶した。
- It was commonly accepted that Kobunin played the role of daigaku besso (adjunct facility of daigaku-ryo - Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) of the Wake clan (mentioned later), but became defunct before long.
- 明経道(みょうぎょうどう)は、日本律令制の大学寮において儒学を研究・教授した学科。
- Myogyodo was a department that studied and instructed on Confucianism as part the Daigakuryo, an educational institution under the Ritsuryo system (the system of centralized administration established by the ritsuryo legal codes) of Japan.
- このことから、経営基盤を失った大学寮と新たに当該地を得た穀倉院の間で対立が生じた。
- As a result, a conflict occurred between Daigaku-ryo, which lost its financial base, and Kokusoin, which obtained new territory.
- 学校は謹慎の意を表して休校となり、神社や寺院や教会では、皇太子平癒の祈祷が行われた。
- Schools were closed as a suspension, and prayer services were held at Shinto shrines, temples and churches to pray for Nicholas's recovery.
- 私学校党は2月3日、中原ら60余名を一斉に捕縛し、以後、苛烈な取調べがおこなわれた。
- On February 3, the Shigakko faction captured over 60 people including NAKAHARA all together and started fiercely interrogating them.
- 10 工業/法/鉱山学校本科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:19~22歳 進路先:なし
- 10 Regular course of engineering, law and mining school term: 3 years, age: 19-22 years old, future course: none
- 一時肥後藩が互角の戦いを見せた(赤坂・鳥越の戦い。現在の北九州市立桜丘小学校付近)。
- And at one point the Higo clan of the bakufu side fought an even battle (the Battle of Akasaka/Torigoe, near Kitakyushu City Sakuragaoka Primary School).
- ことから、徳川吉宗の享保の改革の一環として過料が導入されたという学説が存在していた。
- Therefore, the scholars theorized the administration of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA introduced a Karyo, forming a part of the Kyoho-no-kaikaku (Kyoho reform).
- 長崎商館医として着任したが、翌年には鳴滝塾を開いて日本人に医学・博物学の指導を行う。
- He arrived as a physician to Nagasaki Trading House, but he opened Narutakijuku School next year and taught medical science and natural history to the Japanese.
- 川崎市南加瀬より出土の『自然釉秋草文壺』(慶應義塾大学所蔵)は国宝に指定されている。
- 'Shizenyu akikusamon tsubo vase' excavated from Minami-Kase, Kawasaki City (possessed by Keio University) is designated as a national treasure.
- 大江家国は大江朝綱の玄孫で大江氏の紀伝道の家学を継いだ1人であったと考えられている。
- It is considered that OE no Iekuni, who was a great-great-grandson of OE no Asatsuna, was one of the successors of Kidendo (the study of the histories), which was kagaku (hereditary learning) of the Oe clan.
- 京都証券取引所への単独上場企業は、互応化学工業と京都ホテルと三谷伸銅3社だけだった。
- Only three companies were listed solely on the Kyoto stock exchange: Goo chemical, Kyoto hotel, and Mitani Shindo.
- また、書博士の職務も本科(後の明経道)の学生に書を教えることが主であったようである。
- It also appears to be the case that the main duty of sho hakase was to teach calligraphy (which later became myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics)) to students.
- 後世においては、代々文章博士を務めた菅原氏・大江氏の大学別曹としての要素も含有した。
- Later, it also began to assume a function as Daigaku-besso (academic facility for nobles) of the Sugawara clan and the Oe clan, both of which inherited Monjo hakase (professor of literature) from generation to generation.
- 三善清行が『意見十二箇条』によって勧学田の復興を唱えたのはそんな時期のことであった。
- It was that time when Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI proposed the restoration of Kangakuden in his book 'Iken Junikajo' (twelve opinions).
- この結果、次第に他家の学生を圧迫して、藤原氏による官界支配を強化する原動力となった。
- As a result, these students oppressed the students of other families and became the motive power to strengthen Fujiwara clan's reign over the bureaucracy.
- ただし、いずれも当時の学術の主流であった紀伝道系の漢文学・漢詩に関する書籍であった。
- However, all the textbooks were about Chinese classics and Chinese poetry of Kidendo (History), which was the main discipline at that time.
- これを見て山鹿素行は、日本こそが儒学の正統だとして、「日本こそ中国である」と論じた。
- Therefore, Soko YAMAGA said that the orthodox Confucianism rooted in Japan and concluded 'Japan was China.'
- 英語圏では朱子学とともに‘Neo-Confucianism’(新儒学)に分類される。
- In English-speaking countries, Yomei-gaku is classified, together with Shushi-gaku, as Neo-Confucianism.
- しかし、考古学的に上記のような変遷過程が明らかとなっており、この説話は否定されている。
- However, that story is denied as the changing process mentioned above was known archaeologically.
- 大意として学問の有無が人生に与える影響を説いており、日本国民の行くべき道を指し示した。
- The book generally emphasized how education affects people's life, and indicated a road for the Japanese of that time to take.
- また陽明学の個性尊重の側面を受け継ぎ、「自治・自立・自主」に重きを置いた学説を説いた。
- He adopted the aspect of respecting individuality advocated in Yomeigaku, and advocated a theory emphasizing 'autonomy, self-reliance, and independence.'
- 12 獣医/商業/農業学校本科 修業年限:2年制 修業年齢:19~21歳 進路先:なし
- 12 Regular course of veterinary, commercial and agricultural school term: 2 years, age: 19-21 years old, future course: none
- 13 商業/農業/工業/通弁学校 修業年限:年限不定 修業年齢:16歳~ 進路先:なし
- 13 Commercial, agricultural, engineering and interpretational school term: unfixed, age: 16 years and above, future course: none
- 貧民や浮浪者も加わった暴徒は堀本少尉や日本人公使館員、学生等無関係な人たちも殺害した。
- Joined by the poor and the homeless, the mobs even killed some people such as Second Lieutenant Horimoto, employees of the Japanese legation, and Japanese students, who had no connection with the affair.
- また洋学にも関心を示し、幕末に向け三田藩の近代化を推進する素地を開いた中興の祖である。
- He also showed interest in Western studies, and was a restorer who established groundwork for promoting westernization of Sanda Domain as preparation for the end of Edo period.
- 27日には、野党の国会議員や新聞記者、学者らが集まって護憲運動の地方への拡大を決めた。
- On the other hand, the Diet members of the opposition parties, journalists, scholars and others had a rally on December 27 and decided to extend the campaign for defending the constitution to other provinces.
- 7 諸芸/理/医学校予科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:16~19歳 進路先:高等教育8
- 7 Preparatory course for polytechnic, science and medical school term: 3 years, age: 16-19 years old, future course: higher education 8
- なお『Tabulæ Anatomicæ』というのは解剖学書としてはよくある名前である。
- Incidentally, the name 'Tabulæ Anatomicæ' can often be found for books of anatomy.
- 5 諸民学校 修業年限:年限不定 修業年齢:男子15歳~、女子18 歳~ 進路先:なし
- 5 Shomin Gakko term: unfixed, age: boys 15 years and above, girls 18 years and above; future course: none
- 大学は「高尚の諸学を教る専門科の学校」で理学、文学、法学、医学を置くことが定められた。
- It was provided that universities as 'specialized schools for offering the highest level of education in various studies' have the departments of science, literature, law and medicine.
- 東京大学を中心とする学派の政治学的解釈に対する法律学的解釈を志向するなどを特色とする。
- They were characteristically oriented towards legal analysis against political analysis by schools centered in Tokyo University.
- これらの文学は、絵画や書道作品のテーマとなり、工芸品のデザインにも大いに影響している。
- Such works of literature not only became the theme of paintings and works of calligraphy but also influenced greatly the design of handicrafts.
- 孫子算経…三国時代 (中国)・両晋期に孫子を著者として仮託して書かれた古典的な数学書。
- Sonshisangyo: A classic textbook on mathematics written under the name of Sonshi (a tactician) at the time of Western and Eastern Jin Dynasties in Three Kingdoms period China.
- そこで、学識に優れた玄宗自らが公定の注釈書を作成して事態の収拾を図ろうとしたのである。
- As a distinguished scholar, Genso himself tried to settle the situation by forming an official commentary.
- また、国内では国学 (学問)の普及にともなって民族意識がとみに高まった時代でもあった。
- Within Japan, it was a time that ethnic consciousness was rising rapidly together with the spread of Kokugaku (study of Japanese literature and culture).
- 学習指導要領には大和朝廷の表記が見られるが、歴史教科書の表記は前述のように様々である。
- While government course guidelines employ the term Yamato Imperial Court, Japanese history textbook publishers use various different terms such as those mentioned above.
- 神道では国学の隆盛に伴い、儒仏を廃した復古神道が唱えられ、一部では神仏分離が始まった。
- With respect to Shinto, reactionary Shintoism excluding Confucianism and Buddhism was advocated along with the development of the study of Japanese classics, and the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism started in some part.
- そこで明代の朱子学者たちは、陸九淵の心学を取り入れて道徳実践の学を補完するようになった。
- Therefore, Neo-Confucian scholars in Ming Dynasty adopted the Shin school (Mind school) by Jiuyuan LU to complement moral practice learning.
- 彼の豊富な海外知識は桂川甫周が『北槎聞略』としてまとめ、蘭学発展のための刺激にもなった。
- His rich knowledge of overseas was organized by Hoshu KATSURAGAWA into the book titled 'Hokusa bunryaku' (Stories about Russia Told by a Repatriated Drifter) and encouraged the development of Rangaku.
- 2月14日、私学校本校横の練兵場で、騎乗した西郷による一番~五番大隊の閲兵式が行われた。
- On February 14, SAIGO, mounted on a horse, reviewed the troops of the 1st to 5th battalions in the drill ground next to the main campus of Shigakko.
- 漢字流入以前に神代文字と呼ばれる文字があったとする説もあるが、学術的な根拠は存在しない。
- The theory has it that there were ancient Japanese characters before the influx of kanji (Chinese characters), though there is no evidence for this.
- 大和民族は、自ら遣隋使や遣唐使を派遣し、中国大陸の進んだ技術や文化を貪欲に学んでいった。
- The Yamato race learned the advanced arts and culture of the Chinese continent by dispatching Japanese envoys to Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty China.
- 玄白と良沢の2人はオランダ渡りの解剖学書『ターヘル・アナトミア』をそれぞれ所持していた。
- Genpaku SUGITA and Ryotaku MAENO had in each possession the 'Ontleedkundige Tafelen,' an immigrant book of anatomy from Holland.
- 6 外国語教師ニテ教授スル医学校 修業年限:5年制 修業年齢:14~19歳 進路先:なし
- 6 Medical school taught by foreign teachers term: 5 years, age: 14-19 years old, future course: none
- これに抗議する学生の声と合唱の中で天皇は警官隊の人垣を通って午後2時過ぎに京大を去った。
- Being surrounded by the students' voices and songs of protest, the Emperor left Kyoto University after 2 pm through a throng of policemen.
- だが、10世紀に入ると丹波氏・和気氏両氏による家学化が進み、内薬司は典薬寮に統合された。
- In the 10th century, I-do became almost the hereditary learning of the Tanba clan and the Wake clan, and the Naiyakushi was integrated into the Tenyakuryo.
- 九司…詳細は不明であるが、『五曹算経』と同様の行政官向けの数学書であったと言われている。
- Kyushi: Details are unknown, but it is said to have been a document on mathematics geared for government officials, similar to 'Gososangyo.'
- 行政官に必要とされた基礎的な数学知識を「田・兵・集・倉・金」の5つの章立てで解説した書。
- The document explained the basic mathematical knowledge deemed necessary for government officials in five chapters: 'Den, Hyo, Shu, So and Kin.'
- 文物だけでなく、知識を身につけた留学生や留学僧も日本に戻って指導的な役割を果たしている。
- It was not only products of culture that were brought back; scholars and monks who obtained knowledge in Tang returned to Japan and played leading roles.
- のちに明の冊封を受け明にならい朱子学を国教とし科挙を実施、官僚制中央集権国家を形成する。
- In later years, the Dynasty, after having its vassal system with the Ming dynasty, adopted the doctrines of Zhu Xi; Neo-Confucianism as its state religion following Ming and conducted Kakyo/Keju (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats) to form its bureaucratic centralized government.
- 一方で胡居仁のように従来の朱子学のあり方を模索し、その純粋性を保持しようとした人物もいる。
- On the other hand, like Juren HU, there was a person who sought the conventional Neo-Confucianism and tried to maintain purity of the learning.
- 梁啓超は1905年、上海市で『松陰文鈔』を出版するほど、陽明学を奉じた吉田松陰を称揚した。
- Liang Qichao praised Shoin YOSHIDA, who embraced Yomeigaku, so much as to publish 'Songyin Wenchao' ('Letters to Shoin') in Shanghai City in 1905.
- その後糖業講習所た学務部付属工業講習所など就学期間を半年から2年とする教育機関を設立した。
- Later the Sotoku-fu established educational institutions with six months to two years schooling, such as schools for sugar production or industrial learning schools attached to the Sotoku-fu Education Bureau.
- ベセスダ海軍病院からカリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校を経てミシガン大学医学部消化器学部長。
- He worked at Bethesda Naval Hospital and UCLA, and he became Chief of the Gastroenterology Division at the University of Michigan Medical School.
- 9 工業/法/鉱山学校予科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:16~19歳 進路先:高等教育10
- 9 Preparatory course for engineering, law and mining school term: 3 years, age: 16-19 years old, future course: higher education 10
- 『ターヘル・アナトミア』という書名は、杉田玄白の『蘭学事始』の中で使われている表記である。
- The book title 'Taheru Anatomia' is the term which Genpaku SUGITA used to refer to 'Ontleedkundige Tafelen' in his book 'Rangaku Kotohajime' (The Beginning of Dutch Studies).
- 小学校令(しょうがっこうれい)は、日本の近代の初等教育制度を定めていた勅令(命令)である。
- Shogakko Rei (the order of primary school) was the imperial edict (order) to establish the elementary education system in modern Japan.
- そして事件後、作家野間宏は同学会宛にメッセージを寄せ、学生たちの「行動の正しさ」を讃えた。
- After the incident, novelist Hiroshi NOMA sent a message to the Dogakukai and acclaimed the 'right actions' of the students.
- 宮崎市定、宇都宮清吉、島田虔次、川勝義雄、谷川道雄らの京都大学系の東洋史学者の一派を指す。
- It includes a group of scholars for East Asian history in Kyoto University line, such as Ichisada MIYAZAKI, Kiyoyoshi UTSUNOMIYA, Kenji SHIMADA, Yoshio KAWAKATSU, Michio TANIGAWA, and others.
- その後天心らが東京美術学校から追放され、横山大観や下村観山らとともに日本美術院を結成する。
- After that, Tenshin and his followers were in turn purged from the university, so Tenshin established the Japan Art Institute with Taikan YOKOYAMA, Kanzan SHIMOMURA and others.
- また、同じ氏族でも、御子左流のようにその解釈を巡って分裂して異なる家学を伝える例もあった。
- Also, there was a clan like the Mijkohidari school that split into two groups about the interpretation and each handed down different kagaku.
- 大学別曹における学問料の初例は和気広世が設置した弘文院によるものとされる(『日本後紀』)。
- It is said that the first case of Gakumonryo granted by Daigaku-besso was the one granted by Kobun-in, which was established by WAKE no Hiroyo ('Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan)).
- 明治以後、陸軍大学校卒業者が付けた徽章が天保通宝に似ていた事から「天保銭組」と称せられた。
- After the Meiji period, as the badge that Rikugun Daigakko (the Army War College) graduates wore resembled the Tenpo-tsuho, they came to be called 'Tenpo sen gumi' (team of Tenpo-tsuho).
- 留学生・留学僧を隋に留学させて隋の文化を大いに取り入れて、国家の政治・文化の向上に努めた。
- Prince Shotoku sent students and priests to study in Sui, adopted Sui culture to a great degree and strived to improve the nation's politics and culture.
- 主として歴史学において(つまりはその文献の史的側面が問題とされる場合に)用いられる語である。
- Gisho are words used mainly for historical learning (that is, in cases where historical aspects are called into question).
- 中国では、朱熹がみずからの先駆者と位置づけた北宋の程頤と合わせて程朱学・程朱学派と呼ばれる。
- In China, it was called Teishugaku and Teishugakuha together with Yi CHENG in Northern Sung Dynasty who was positioned by Hsi CHU as his pioneer.
- 1863年に開成所と改称、幕府瓦解により明治新政府に受け継がれ、のちの東京大学等につながる。
- It was renamed Kaiseijo in 1863 and changed hands to the new Meiji government after the fall of the bakufu and led to the University of Tokyo and other institutes later.
- 総理には大隈、副総理には河野、これを補佐する掌事には小野梓・牟田口元学・春木義彰が就任した。
- Okuma took the charge of the party leader, and its deputy was Kono, and Azusa ONO, Gengaku MUTAGUCHI and Yoshiaki HARUKI were appointed as adviser to them.
- 下の日本の項目で述べるように陽明学は日本に伝来して江戸時代以降の日本史に大きな足跡を残した。
- As described in the section related to Japan, Yomei-gaku was introduced into Japan and left its mark on Japanese history from the end of Edo period onwards.
- 私費語学生(事由 袈裟かけに2箇所重症を負い自刃す 戦死:明治15年11月1日靖国神社合祀)
- A language student studying at his own expense (due to death in action; fell on his own sword after getting two severe wounds when he was cut twice from one shoulder down to his opposite armpit: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 1, 1882)
- 渡辺崋山(田原藩三宅氏家老。天保期の藩政改革で幕府より唯一表彰に預かる。蘭学者として有名)。
- Kazan WATANABE (A Karo officer of the Miyake family in the Tahara domain. He was the only one to receive an official commendation from the bakufu in the movements to reform domain government administration in the Tenpo era [1830 - 1844]. He is famous as a Rangakusha scholar [a person who studied Western sciences thorough the Dutch language] as well.)
- 軍記物のさきがけをなすものとして文学史上の意義も大きく、いずれも日本風の漢文で書かれている。
- As a precedence of military epic, they have great meaning in literal history, all of which were written in Japanese style kanbun (Sino-Japanese).
- 貞観 (日本)年間頃より大学寮の明経道などに倣って「医道」という呼称が定着するようになった。
- The name 'I-do' was modeled after 'Myogyo-do' (the study of Confucian classics) and others, and the name took root among the public around the Jogan era (A.D. 859 - A.D. 877).
- 大学寮の中には算道の講義と算生の寄宿のための施設である算道院(さんどういん)が置かれていた。
- Sandoin, a facility used for Sando lectures and to board students, was established in the Daigaku-ryo.
- また、国学思想から来る尊王思想と結びついて「尊王攘夷」運動として幕府批判へつながっていった。
- In addition, the idea of restoring power to the emperor, found in the study of Japanese classical literature, combined with the idea of expelling foreigners, eventually forming 'Sonno Joi' Movement (the Movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) as a tool to revoke the bakufu government.
- 留学生も帰国後に政治、経済、教育、文化など様々な分野で活躍し、日本の文明開化に大きく貢献した。
- The returned students contributed greatly to Japan's civilization and enlightenment serving in various fields such as politics, economics, education and culture.
- だが、3000丁という量と三段撃ち戦法については史料上の問題が多く、否定する学説が大勢である。
- The employment of 3,000 teppo and the sandan-uchi tactics based on problematic historical sources has been rejected by most scholars.
- これについて、従来の学説では1875年9月20日、日本の海軍少佐井上良馨が雲揚で航海していた。
- Regarding this incident, the traditional theory says that Yoshika INOUE, navy major, was sailing on the Japanese warship Unyo.
- これに対し、私学校徒達は中原尚雄等の大量帰郷を不審に思い、その目的を聞き出すべく警戒していた。
- The students of Shigakko were suspicious about the homecoming of such a large number of police officers including Naoo NAKAHARA, and on the watch to query their true purpose.
- 明治6年政変で下野した西郷は明治7年(1874年)、鹿児島県全域に私学校とその分校を創設した。
- In 1873, SAIGO left the government after the political coup, and in 1874, founded Shigakko (private schools) and the branches throughout Kagoshima Prefecture.
- その最中の2月4日夜、小根占から帰った西郷は幹部たちを従え、旧厩跡にあった私学校本校に入った。
- On the night of February 4 when the interrogation was being made, SAIGO returned from Konejime and entered the main campus of Shigakko at the site of horse barn, accompanied by the leaders.
- そんなとき、小川武平が請願へ千葉町に上京したとき、夜店で福澤諭吉の「学問のすゝめ」を購入した。
- Meanwhile, Buhei Ogawa purchased a book 'Gakumon no susume' (recommendation of studying) written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA at a night stall when he went to Chiba town to petition.
- しかし、逆落しは荒唐無稽であり、信じるべきではないという見方が歴史学の専門家では一般的である。
- However, experts in Japanese historical studies commonly support the point of view that 'sakaotoshi' was an absurd story they should not take seriously.
- 11 獣医/商業/農業学校予科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:16~19歳 進路先:高等教育12
- 11 Preparatory course for veterinary, commercial and agricultural school term: 3 years, age: 16-19 years old, future course: higher education 12
- 好学の名君であり文政元年(1818年)藩校である「国光館」を新たに「造士館」として発展させた。
- He was a wise ruler who loved learning, and in 1818 he developed the hanko 'Kokkokan' further into a new school named 'Zoshikan.'
- この発見によって学会では一時、富本銭が「日本最初の流通貨幣(通貨)」だとする説が有力となった。
- Because of the discovery, the theory that Fuhonsen coin was 'the first distributed coin' became widely accepted in academic meetings for a period of time.
- 現在の奈良市立一条高等学校の敷地内が芸亭の所在地と推定されており、同校内には碑文が立っている。
- The Untei is believed to have stood in the grounds of present-day Nara Municipal Ichijo High School, and a monument dedicated to the library stands inside the property.
- 現代では、国語学において、漢字表記・読み・字体・用字など漢字の用法の知識を得るのに利用される。
- In modern times, the setsuyoshu has been utilized in the field of Japanese philology (linguistics) for the purpose of acquiring the knowledge about uses of kanji, such as writing, reading, forms and usage of kanji.
- 小学校未就学の青年には「朝鮮特別青年錬成所」への一年の入所を義務とし、600時間の教育を行った。
- Youths who didn't go to elementary school were obliged to go to 'Korean Special Youth Training Camp' for one year to have 600-hour education.
- 結果としてこのような盲人保護政策が、江戸時代の音楽や鍼灸医学の発展の重要な要素になったと言える。
- As a result, these protection policies of the blind became a major cause for the development of music during the Edo period and acupuncture technology.
- ただし同化教育はさらに推進され、学校での朝鮮語の時間は減少し、かわりに日本語の時間を増加させた。
- However, integration education was further promoted, and Korean classes were decreased at school and Japanese classes were increased instead.
- 師範学校令(しはんがっこうれい)とは、1886年(明治19年)4月10日に公布された勅令である。
- The normal school order was an imperial edict promulgated on April 10, 1886.
- 1906年 サンフランシスコ学務局、公立学校在籍中の日系人子弟を強制的に中国人学校に移籍させる。
- In 1906, the San Francisco Board of Education ordered the forced transfer of Japanese children in public schools to local Chinese schools.
- 鎖国下の当時、西洋の学問を学ぶことはある程度容認されていたが、幕府によって制限が設けられていた。
- It was accepted to study Western learning to some extent during the national isolation period at that time, but there were some restrictions imposed by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 『蘭学事始』と『解体新書』により、『ターヘル・アナトミア』の書名が流布されているが、これは俗称。
- The book title of 'Taheru Anatomia' became widely known by the influence of 'Kaitai Shinsho' and 'Rangaku Kotohajime,' but this is actually only a common name.
- 3 外国語学校下等科 修業年限:2年制 修業年齢:14~16歳 進路先:高等教育2.7.9.11
- 3 Foreign language school, lower division term: 2 years, age: 14-16 years old, future course: higher education 2, 7, 9, 11
- 5 外国語教師ニテ教授スル中学校上等科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:18~21歳 進路先:大学1
- 5 Middle school, upper division taught by foreign teachers term: 3 years, age: 18-21 years old, future course: university 1
- 京都大学同学会は5ヵ条からなる「公開質問状」を作成し、天皇に渡すことを計画していたが拒否された。
- The Kyoto University Dogakukai prepared an 'open letter' concerning five points and planned to submit it to the Emperor, but its acceptance was rejected.
- 院政期に紀伝道の家学化が進むと、それ以外の氏族は排除されるようになり大学寮外に教育の場が移った。
- When the Kidendo became inherited as hereditary learning during the insei period (the period of the government by the retired Emperor), the clans other than those inherit Kidendo became excluded and the students were taught outside the Daigaku-ryo.
- 従って、菅原清公兄弟の時代には別箇に学問料の支給を必要とする事情が存在しなかったと見られている。
- Therefore, it is considered that there was no need to grant Gakumonryo separately during the era of the brothers of SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi.
- 蘭学(らんがく)は、江戸時代にオランダを通じて日本に入ってきたヨーロッパの学術・文化・技術の総称。
- Rangaku is a general term for European art and science, culture and skills imported into Japan through the Netherlands in the Edo period.
- 蛮書和解御用は、外交文書の翻訳にも当たるようになり、洋学所、1858年設置の蕃書調所と改編される。
- Bansho-wage Goyo started to translate diplomatic documents and was renamed Yogakusho (Institute of Foreign Study), and in 1858, it was reorganized as Bansho shirabesho.
- 以下の旧旅籠が昔の街道の宿場に現存し、宿泊はできないが、一般公開されていて、見学することができる。
- The following hatago still exist in shukuba (post station) on old kaido (old road) and they are not available for lodging but opened to the public and visitors can take a look inside hatago.
- 『学問のすゝめ』 岩波書店〈岩波文庫〉、1994年、ISBN 978-4000071543 の付録
- An appendix to Gakumon no Susume, Iwanami Shoten (Iwanami Bunko), 1994, ISBN 978-4000071543
- 当時李氏朝鮮でも朱子学は形骸化しつつあったが、鄭は陽明学によって儒教を再生することを唱えるに至る。
- In Yi Dynasty Korea, Shushigaku was losing substance but through Yomeigaku, Cheng managed to revive Confucianism.
- 1895年7月14日、台湾総督府は初代学務部長に伊沢修二を任命し台湾における教育政策を担当させた。
- On July 14, 1895, the Sotoku-fu appointed Shuji IZAWA as the first chief of Education Bureau responsible for the educational policy in Taiwan.
- 気象学的には過去の統計に台風の渡来記録が無いことから、台風以外の気象現象という見解もとられている。
- According to meteorology, there is no statistical record of the past that a typhoon came then, and therefore, some consider that it was a weather phenomenon other than a typhoon.
- 帰る途中、西郷を守るために各地から私学校徒が馳せ参じ、鹿児島へ着いたときには相当の人数にのぼった。
- The Shigakko students rallied round SAIGO to guard him from various places on his way to Kagoshima, and SAIGO arrived in Kagoshima with a large number of the students..
- そのため、「逆落し」は『平家物語』が創作した虚構であるとの見方が歴史学の専門家の間では有力である。
- Therefore, mainstream experts of historical studies express the influential point of view that the author of 'Heike Monogatari' created this fictional story of 'sakaotoshi.'
- その反面、天皇が学問に励む事自体は古来より律令法に定められるまでもなく必要不可欠な事とされていた。
- On the other hand, it had been considered essential for the emperor to pursue learning from the ancient times, which was needless to be defined in the Ritsuryo law.
- 狭義の学制(明治5年太政官布告第214号)とは、1872年(明治5年)に公布された教育法令のこと。
- Gakusei (the Education System Order: the Proclamation of the Grand Council of the State No. 214, 1872) in a narrow sense is the laws and regulations pertaining to education promulgated in 1872.
- 4 外国語教師ニテ教授スル中学校予科 修業年限:1年制 修業年齢:14~15歳 進路先:高等教育4
- 4 Preparatory course for middle school taught by foreign teachers term: 1 year, age: 14-15 years old, future course: higher education 4
- 2 中等学校下等科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:14~17歳 進路先:高等教育3.6/修了次第入学
- 2 Middle school, lower division term: 3 years, age: 14-17 years old, future course: higher education 3, 6 right after completion of the course
- 1 小学校上等科 修業年限:4年制 修業年齢:10~14歳 進路先:中等教育2.3.4/高等教育6
- 1 Elementary school, upper division term: 4 years, age 10-14 years old, future course: middle education 2, 3, 4 and higher education 6
- 医道(いどう 醫道)とは、日本律令制における医療そのものあるいはそのための教育(医学教育)を指す。
- 'I-do' refers to the medical service under the Japanese 'Ritsuryo system' (system of centralized regime based on the ritsuryo code), or the education of the youth to make them offer services.
- 「京大事件」とも呼ばれ、大学における教授会自治を確立させるきっかけとなった事件として知られている。
- It is also called the 'Kyodai incident' and a well-known incident that led to the establishment of faculty council autonomy.
- また、薬学分野には「薬博士」は置かれず薬園師が直接薬園生(典薬寮)・薬生(内薬司)を教育していた。
- And in the field of pharmacy, there was no 'Yaku-hakase' (Master of Pharmacy), and instead, 'Yakuenshi' (an official in charge of managing medicinal herb gardens) directly taught students about medicinal herb gardens under the control of Tenyakuryo, and also taught the students of pharmacy under control of 'Naiyakushi' (the office in charge of providing medical examination and prescription drugs to the Imperial Family).
- 明治時代以降の歴史学者は士農工商の言葉を江戸時代の実際の身分制度を表すものと解釈するようになった。
- Historians after the Meiji period started to take the term shi-no-ko-sho as the real class system in the Edo period.
- また、家学でも一子相伝の閉鎖的なものもあれば多数の弟子を抱えて宗家を支える構造を取るものもあった。
- Furthermore in some cases kagaku was so closed, it was transmitted only to a single pupil while in other cases it utilized a system whereby the head family was supported by having many pupils.
- 経学・歴史・音楽・書道・絵画に優れた才能を発揮して釈奠復興に努めるという優れた才能と実績を有した。
- Being a person who had an exceptional talent in keigaku (study of Keisho in Confucianism), music, history, calligraphy, and painting, he strived for the restoration of sekiten (ritual for Confucius) and achieved satisfactory results.
- 幕府の官学である朱子学との関係については、幕府は朱子学を支配原理として採用し、儒教思想が定着した。
- The Tokugawa shogunate adopted the teachings of Zhu Xi (a Chinese philosopher of the twelfth century) as the principle of controlling people and Confucian philosophy took hold.
- しかし、どの時代も科学的な分析がほとんどされていないため、公害の内容はあまり明らかにはなっていない。
- However, because very little scientific analysis has been carried out in any period, the real conditions of the pollution cannot be explained.
- また諸藩でも、薩摩藩の開成所、集成館や、佐賀藩の蘭学寮設置や反射炉の建設など、独自の洋学が行われた。
- Several domains practiced unique Yogaku, such as Kaiseijo and Shuseikan in Satsuma Domain, and establishment of Rangakuryo (house of Rangaku) and construction of a reverberatory furnace in Saga Domain.
- 中国人の華夷思想からか専ら宣教師が中国語を習得し中国人がヨーロッパの言語を学習することは少なかった。
- Due to Sino-centrism embraced by the Chinese, however, the missionaries learned Chinese while only a small number of Chinese studied languages used in European countries.
- 8の大学とは北海道大学、東北大学、東京大学、名古屋大学、大阪大学、京都大学、広島大学、九州大学である
- The 8 universities were Hokkaido University, Tohoku University, The University of Tokyo, Nagoya University, Osaka University, Kyoto University, Hiroshima University and Kyusyu University.
- 4 外国語教師ニテ教授スル中学校下等科 修業年限:3年制 修業年齢:15~18歳 進路先:高等教育6
- 4 Middle school, lower division taught by foreign teachers term: 3 years, age: 15-18 years old, future course: higher education 6
- 通常は勧学院に神木を安置するのが慣例であるが、場合によっては御所の前に神木をかざして朝廷を威圧した。
- In Kyoto, they usually enshrined Shinboku at 'Kangakuin' (an educational institution), but occasionally, they held it aloft in front of the Imperial Palace, thereby threatening the court.
- 日本の数学が「和算」の姿にて再び学問として復活するのは、近世初期の『塵劫記』の時代以後のことになる。
- Only after the days of 'Jinkoki' (a mathematical book) in the early modern period were Japanese mathematics again resurrected as learning in the shape of 'Wasan' (Japanese mathematics).
- 幕末の過程は、多くの文学作品に描かれており、たとえば島崎藤村の長編小説『夜明け前』などが挙げられる。
- The process of the change was described in many works of literature, such as 'Yoakemae' (Before the Dawn), a long novel written by Toson SHIMAZAKI.
- 幕末には、平田国学や水戸学などナショナリズムとして絶対化され、仏教を排斥する廃仏毀釈としても現れる。
- At the end of the Edo Period, imperialism became more absolute as nationalism was advocated in the Hirata Japanese classics and in Mitogaku, a school of Japanese historical and Shinto studies that arose in the Mito domain, and imperialism also developed into a movement to abolish Buddhism.
- 陽明学(ようめいがく)とは、中国の明代に、王陽明がおこした儒教の一派で、孟子の性善説の系譜に連なる。
- Yomei-gaku is the Japanese term for the school of Confucianism established by Wang Yangming in Ming Dynasty China, which continued Mencius' doctrine that human nature is fundamentally good.
- 主な改革としては、学制、地租改正、徴兵令、グレゴリオ暦の採用、司法制度の整備、散髪脱刀令などがある。
- The members of the 'Rusu-seifu' mainly reformed the educational system, the land-tax system, the conscription ordinance, the calendar (they adopted the Gregorian Calendar), the administration of justice, and introduced rules allowing freedom of hairstyle and banning the carrying of swords.
- その為、諸種の学派間の抗争は、直接には性善説の解釈をめぐって行われる場合も多々見られることになった。
- For that reason, disputes among the various schools of Confucianism often directly involved the interpretation of the 'Theory of Innate Goodness'.
- 陽明学にあって聖人となれる可能性があるのは、読書人のみならず普通の庶民にも十分あるとされるのである。
- In Yomeigaku, not only great readers but also ordinary citizens are considered to have a good chance of becoming sages.
- 中大兄皇子と鎌子は南淵請安の私塾で周孔の教えを学び、その往復の途上に蘇我氏打倒の密談を行ったとされる。
- It is said that Prince Naka no Oe and Kamako held a secret conversation about the overturn of the Soga clan on their way home and to the MINABUCHI no Shoan's private school where they learned the teachings of Shuko and Confucius.
- 憲法施行当初は超然主義を唱えた藩閥政治家や官僚らにより天皇主権を中心とした君権学派の解釈が重用された。
- Initially, when the Constitution took effect, interpretation by the monarch school sect focusing on imperial sovereignty was valued by domain clique politicians and bureaucrats who promulgated the idea of the doctrine of superiority.
- 『学問のすすめ』への批判は、特に第6編「国法の貴きを論ず」と第7編「国民の職分を論ず」に集中していた。
- Harsh critiques against Gakumon no Susume at the time were focused on the sixth volume 'Kokuho no totoki wo ronzu' (Consideration of the importance of national laws), and the seventh volume 'Kokumin no shokubun wo ronzu' (Consideration of the jobs of people).
- 翌5日、私学校幹部及び137分校長ら200余名が集合して大評議がおこなわれ、今後の方針が話し合われた。
- On February 5, over 200 including the leaders of Shigakko and the principals of 137 branch schools assembled and discussed the course of action to take.
- しかし長州系・薩州系という区分によるが存在するという指摘がお雇い外国人科学者からなされることもあった。
- However, that theory was refuted by hired foreign scholars (specialists hired for their knowledge) who revealed the classifications of the Choshu lineage and Sasshu lineage.
- ちなみに「節用」という言葉の語源はかつて『論語』学而篇の「節用而愛人」(節約の意)からと言われていた。
- It used to be believed that the origin of the word, 'setsuyo' had been a phrase, 'Yo wo setsushi hito wo aisu' (meaning economy in the use of resources and affection for the people) in XueEr of 'Lun-yu'(Analects of Confucius).
- また京大では沢柳総長辞任の1年後、荒木寅三郎医学部教授を総長として選出、以降総長の学内選出が確立した。
- One year after the resignation of Sawayanagi, Torasaburo ARAKI, a professor of the Medical Department, was selected as the president of Kyoto Imperial University, and since then successive presidents were selected from among professors.
- 東洋史学分野における京都学派は、京大人文研の京都学派の一角をなすが、より古く、内藤湖南を創始者とする。
- The Kyoto school in the area of East Asian history is part of the Kyoto school in the Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, but older and founded by Konan NAITO.
- 全体的に朱子学に基づいた水戸学=大義名分論とする尊皇論で貫かれており、幕末の思想に大きな影響を与えた。
- Over all, it was written based on the idea of Mitogaku based on Shushigaku which considered that retainers should revere the emperor, and the book greatly influenced thought during the end of the Edo period.
- 綴術…祖沖之が著した高等数学の書で、円周率や球体積の計算方法が書かれていたとされているが、現存しない。
- Tenjutsu: A document on advanced mathematics written by Chong-Zhi ZU in which it is said that calculation methods for the circumference ratio and the volume of a sphere were written; it no longer exists.
- こうした中で師弟関係を家族関係に置き換えて家学の伝承を図ろうとする「家元」制度が形成されるようになる。
- In this process, the 'iemoto' system (the system of licensing the teaching of a traditional Japanese art) came to be established to hand down kagaku by replacing master-pupil relationship by family relationships.
- 『下学集』(文安元年(1444年)成立)の序文に、『童子教』とともに童蒙学習書の筆頭に挙げられている。
- In the preface of 'Kagakushu' (compiled in 1444), it was listed, along with 'Dojikyo,' as one of the top textbooks for children's education.
- 国家の重大事などに際して専門家である官僚や学者に勘申を行わせて、太政官の陣定や院評定などの参考とした。
- In the event of a matter of national concern, the Imperial court ordered professional bureaucrats and scholars to submit Kanjin and used it as reference materials at Jin no sadame (ancient cabinet council) of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and/or In no hyojo (consultation under the government by the Retired Emperor).
- 中国では、早くより目録学の考え方が発達しており、日本にも奈良時代以前の段階に伝来したと考えられている。
- Bibliography developed in ancient China, and it is thought that it was brought to Japan prior to the Nara Period.
- 1894年10月9日全琫準を指導者とする東学農民軍が侵入した日本軍を秀吉軍の再来と受け止め再蜂起した。
- On October 9, 1894, armed peasants in Tonghak led by Jeon Bong Jun regarded the invading Japanese troops as the second army of Hideyoshi and rose against it.
- 後、元朝によって南宋が亡ぼされた結果、南北中国の交流が始まり、朱子学は漸く華北にも地歩を築くに至った。
- Later, when the Yuan Dynasty defeated the Southern Song Dynasty, relations developed between northern and southern China and Shushigaku began expanding into northern China.
- また、一時期エース監督として屋台骨を支えた鈴木則文、関本郁夫はそれぞれ立命館大学中退、工業高校卒である。
- Indeed, two of Toei's most successful directors who strengthened the company, Noribumi SUZUKI and Ikuo SEKIMOTO, dropped out from studies at Ritsumeikan University and didn't attend higher education respectively.
- 発掘調査によって、土塁の上にはピット (考古学)(柱穴)が検出されることがあり、柵列があったと思われる。
- Pits were excavated on top of the earthen wall which suggests the existence of a fence above the wall.
- やがてこの私学校はその与党も含め、県令大山綱良の協力のもとで県政の大部分を握る大勢力へと成長していった。
- Under the cooperation of prefectural governor Tsunayoshi OYAMA together with the ruling party, Shigakko developed into a strong power to control the most part of the prefectural government before long.
- 周辺の治安も大幅に悪化し、8月14日からの開催予定だった第4回全国中等学校優勝野球大会は一旦延期された。
- As public security in the area significantly deteriorated, the national junior-high school baseball tournament scheduled for August 14 was put off once.
- 当時の中国では印刷術が発達し、日本でも「摺本(すりほん)」と称して好学の人びとが中国の印刷本を珍重した。
- The printing technique was developed in those days in China, and also in Japan, educated people preferentially used published books calling them 'surihon' (printed book).
- また、大学寮の博士家などの学術系の官職においても何代にもわたって博士が登場する事例が現れるようになった。
- In addition, for academic official positions such as Hakaseke of the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) had cases were Hakase came from the same family for generations.
- 清麻呂の子和気広世などは学者として朝廷に仕え、広世は和気氏出身者のための大学別曹の弘文院を設置している。
- Kiyomaro's son WAKE no Hiroyo served the Imperial court as a scholar, and established Kobun-in, which was a Daigaku-besso (academic facility for nobles) for the members of the clan.
- 天平2年(730年)には優秀者から選抜された医得業生3名を設置するとともに大学寮の学生並の待遇を与えた。
- In 730, the court selected the three 'itokugosho' (best students of medicine) from among excellent students, and gave them almost the same treatment as the students of Daigakuryo.
- 成人後には天皇の場合には文章博士などが侍読を務め、摂関家でも著名な学者を家司などに任じて侍読役を務めた。
- Emperors upon reaching adulthood were appointed Professors of Monjodo (Department of Chinese poetry and history), and regent families to an emperor were appointed famous scholars as Keishi to work as court scholars.
- 当時、立命館大学法学部の学生であった被告人は、デモ隊先頭集団の列外に立って行進し、デモ隊を誘導していた。
- The defendant was a student of Ritsumeikan University's Faculty of Law at that time and marched off the leading group of the demonstration to lead the demonstration march.
- 2年後の天平2年3月27日 (旧暦)(730年4月18日)に明法生10名が設置されて学科として確立した。
- After two years, on April 22, 730, 10 students of Myoho were taken and the department was established.
- 一方、陽明学の造詣の深さで、佐久間象山と対比される備中松山藩の山田方谷は、瀕死の藩財政を見事、建て直した。
- On the other hand, Hokoku YAMADA, who in his deep knowledge of Yomeigaku bears comparison with Shozan SAKUMA, completely restored the moribund finances of the Bitchu-Matsuyama domain.
- 1879年(明治12年)文部省により編纂が始められ、東京学士院、皇典講究所、神宮司庁と事業が引き継がれた。
- In 1879, the Ministry of Education of the Meiji government started to compile and the project was later passed to the Tokyo gakushiin (later became the Japan Academy), Koten Kokyusho (research institute for Shinto sect) and the Jingu Shicho (administration office for Jingu).
- また、六代将軍家宣や儒学思想に基づく新井白石らの政治をことさらに良く見せようとする意図もあったと推測する。
- In addition, she also approximates that Ienobu, the 6th Shogun, and his assistant Hakuseki ARAI must have intended to make their policies look much better.
- 辰野の教え子、伊東忠太は法隆寺が日本最古の建築であることを学問的に論じ、ここに日本建築史が第一歩を記した。
- The first step in the study of Japanese architectural history occurred when one of Tatsuno's students, Chuta ITO, academically proved that Horyu-ji Temple was Japan's oldest structure.
- 大宰府に条坊が存在することを最初に想定したのは、のちに九州大学教授となる鏡山猛で、1937年のことである。
- Takeshi KAGAMIYAMA, who later became professor of Kyushu University, was the first person who supposed in 1937 that there had been jobosei in Dazai-fu.
- 一般の教育が式部省被官の大学寮で行われたのに対して、医道は宮内省被官の典薬寮で行われたところに特徴がある。
- Under the Yamato Court, the general youth education was implemented at 'Daigakuryo' (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) under the direct control of 'Shikibusho' (the Ministry of Ceremonial), while the I-do education was distinctively implemented at 'Tenyakuryo' (the Bureau of Medicine) under the direct control of Imperial Household Ministry.
- 大学当局は11月15日に同学会の解散命令を下し、11月18日には同学会幹部8名の無期限停学処分を発表した。
- The authority of the university ordered the dissolution of the Dogakukai on November 15, and indefinitely suspended eight executives of the Dogakukai from the university on November 18.
- 幕末期には病弱であった明治天皇も、士族による養育のためか健康も回復し、西洋的立憲君主としての心得も学んだ。
- Although Emperor Meiji was in poor health when he was a child, he recovered thanks to the education by warrior class palace staff, and then he learned how to be a western-style constitutional monarch.
- しかしながら、近年、この傾向は弱くなりつつあり、上記の大学卒以外や専門学校卒からの採用も多くなってきている。
- In recent years, however, this tendency has gradually changed and more and more graduates of universities or vocational schools other than those listed above are able to enter the company.
- 文学における著者や来歴をめぐる問題は、この様に多様な要素を含んでおり、全時代一律に論じることは適切ではない。
- The problems regarding writers and their origins include these various aspects, and they can not be discussed uniformly throughout all ages.
- 幕末には日本も開国を余儀なくされて英語による英学、ドイツ語による獨逸学などの新たな学問が流入するようになった
- At the end of the Edo period, Japan was forced to open up to the West, and new learning such as German studies in the German language flew into Japan.
- 洋学研究・教育機関としての蕃書調所は、1862年(文久2)には対象言語をオランダ語から、英語などに拡大した。
- Bansho shirabesho as an institute for studying and educating Western learning increased its object language to include English and other languages in addition to Dutch in 1862.
- 明治時代の終わりには上杉と美濃部の天皇機関説論争が行われ、大正デモクラシーの時期には立憲学派が優勢となった。
- At the end of the Meiji period, there was the emperor-as-organ theory argument between Uesugi and Minobe and constitutional school sect became predominant during the Taisho democracy.
- 根来寺の僧は教学や儀式をつかさどる「学侶」と堂塔の管理や寺の防衛をつかさどる「行人 (仏教)」と分けられた。
- Monks in Negoro-ji Temple were divided into 'gakuryo' who were in charge of learning religious doctrines or rituals and ceremonies, and 'gyonin [Buddhism]' who were responsible for the maintenance of temple buildings and the defense of the temple.
- なお「天皇位をめぐる戦乱」であるため、戦前は旧制高等学校以上に進学しないとこの乱については教育されなかった。
- Also this war was a battle over the imperial throne so before the Second World War, if the students did not advance to the old-education-system high school or more, they were not educated about this war.
- 鎖国という言葉は江戸時代の蘭学者である志筑忠雄が享和元年(1801年)の『鎖国論』においてはじめて使用した。
- Tadao SHITSUKI, a Rangakusha (one who studied Western sciences through the Dutch language) in the Edo period, first used the term 'Sakoku' in the book 'Sakoku-ron' (literally: 'theory of national isolation') written in 1801.
- この時代には朝鮮人による合法的民族運動が盛り上がり、朝鮮文学の発展や大都市における大衆文化の発達が見られた。
- In this period, legal racial movement by the Koreans became active, and development of Korean literature and that of popular culture in big cities were seen.
- なお、異学の禁に反対した儒者五名(亀田鵬斎、山本北山、冢田大峯、豊島豊洲、市川鶴鳴)を特に寛政の五鬼という。
- The five Confucians who opposed the Kansei Igaku no Kin (Bosai KAMEDA, Hokuzan YAMAMOTO, Taiho TSUKADA, Hoshu TOSHIMA, and Kakumei ICHIKAWA) were called Goki (five demons) of the Kansei era.
- 『解体新書』の開版まで半年という短期間に、江戸での最初の仕事で、しかも日本学術史上記録的な仕事を成し遂げた。
- Within such a short period as only a half year before publishing 'Kaitai Shinsho,' Naotake ODANO accomplished his first work in Edo which became a monumental work in the history of Japanese arts and sciences.
- このなかには、かねてから学内自治を主張していた谷本富文科大学(現・京大文学部)教授(教育学)が含まれていた。
- Tomeri TANIMOTO, a professor of the literature school (current literature department of Kyoto University) (pedagogy) who had been advocating university autonomy for some time, was one of them.
- 教官の人事権を事実上教授会が掌握するという慣行を文相が承認したことで、学問の自由大学の自治は大きく前進した。
- As the Minister for Education approved a practice under which faculty councils held essential authority over personnel issues of professors, academic freedom as well as university autonomy became solid.
- なお、菅家廊下という呼称は主に道真没後に菅原氏に学んだ人々やそれ以外の文人たちの間で用いられている例が多い。
- The name Kanke Roka was mostly used among those who studied from the Sugawara clan as well as other men of letters mainly after Michizane died.
- そのため、給料学生がそのまま優先的に文章得業生に選抜され、大学寮の教官や式部省などの官人への登竜門となった。
- Accordingly, kyuryo-gakusei were preferentially selected as Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and this examination became a gateway to the instructor of Daigakuryo or official post of Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies).
- しかも、応天門の変によって伴善男が流罪となり、再度当該地が没官された後に大学寮ではなく、穀倉院に編入された。
- After TOMO no Yoshio was banished due to the Otenmon incident, the above territory was once again confiscated, but it was incorporated into Kokusoin (Grain warehouse), not Daigaku-ryo.
- 明法道(みょうぼうどう)とは、古代日本の律令制の元で設置された大学寮において、律令法(法学)を講義した学科。
- Myohodo is a department of Daigakuryo, an educational institution under the system of centralized administration established under the ritsuryo legal codes in ancient Japan, where the ritsuryo legal codes (the study of law) was taught.
- 「『マルコによる福音書』がペトロに近い人物によって書かれたペトロの論説を伝えているものかどうか」は神学である。
- It is the object of theology to discuss whether 'the Gospel according to Marco' was written by a person near Petro and who reported Petro's comment.
- 軍部の一部では特に朱子学に心酔する者が多く、二・二六事件や満州事変にも多少なりとも影響を与えたといわれている。
- There are many keen devotees of Neo-Confucianism in parts of the military, and it is said that they affected the February 26th Incident and the Manchurian Incident to some degree.
- そのために、オランダ以外の欧米諸国から到来した学術をまとめて洋学(ようがく)と呼ぶようになるのが一般的となる。
- Therefore, arts and sciences from Western countries other than the Netherlands were generally called Yogaku (Western learning).
- この事件は文学者たちにも大きな影響を与え、石川啄木は事件後ピョートル・クロポトキンの著作、公判記録を研究した。
- This Incident greatly affected literary figures as well, and Takuboku ISHIKAWA studied the books of Pyotr Alekseevich KROPOTKIN and trial records after the Incident.
- これらの言葉は初編からの引用であるが、虚実渦巻く理想と現実の境を学問によって黎明するといった意図が読み取れる。
- Those passages are included in the first edition, and we can understand his intention to clarify complicated boundaries between the ideal and real worlds.
- 黄宗羲は、陽明学左派のようなひたすら唯心的に事柄を論ずる学風を好まず、事実に即した実証的な学問の確立を求めた。
- Huang Zongxi did not approve of the Yomei-gaku left-wing's approach of discussing matters idealistically, and sought to establish empirical scholarship that was based on fact.
- 平安時代には女房と呼ばれる高級女官が優れた宮廷文学(『源氏物語』もその一つ)を生み出した事はよく知られている。
- It is well known that during the Heian period high ranking court ladies, called nyobo (court ladies), created an excellent form of court literature (for example, 'Genji Monogatari' [The Tale of Genji]).
- 特に20世紀初頭に中国接近の度を強めていたアメリカは賠償金を中国人留学生への援助や、大学の建設などに充当した。
- In particular in the early twentieth century the United States, which was coming closer to China, diverted the reparations to the support of Chinese students in the U.S. and the establishment of universities.
- (なお、この場に桂川甫周がいたとする説もあるが、『蘭学事始』の記述からは、いなかったと考えるのが自然である)。
- (There is a theory that they were joined by Hoshu KATSURAGAWA, but it should be more natural to understand he did not attend there, judging from descriptions of 'Rangaku Kotohajime' [The Beginning of Dutch Studies] written by Genpaku SUGITA at a later stage).
- 算生の官人登用試験である奉試については、学令で定められていたが、大宝律令と養老律令では微妙に規則が違っていた。
- The Hoshi Kanjintoyoshiken (appointment examination for the bureaucracy) for students was defined by the school administration, but the rules were subtly different between the Taiho and Yoro Codes.
- このため、藤原氏出身者はより簡単な勧学院の学問料を志望し、給料学生出身者と同じ社会的待遇を受けるようになった。
- Under such circumstances, students of the FUJIWARA clan opted to apply for Kangaku-in's Gakumonryo, which was easier to receive, and enjoyed the same social treatment with Daigakuryo's Kyuryo-gakusei.
- 江戸中期に国学 (学問)がさかんになり、記紀や国史、神道などの研究が行われ、武士や豪農などの知識層へも広まる。
- In the middle of the Edo Period, the study of the Japanese classics (National Learning) became popular, and the shinto religion in addition to such famous historical works as the Records of Ancient Matters and Chronicles of Japan were increasingly studied, and the study of Japanese classics spread among the intellectual class including samurai warriors and rich farmers.
- 6月に開戦するが、薩摩との連携後軍備を整え、大村益次郎により西洋兵学の訓練を施された長州の諸隊が幕府軍を圧倒。
- The war started in June, and the troops of Choshu, better-equipped after the cooperation with Satsuma and trained in Western military theories by Masujiro OMURA, overwhelmed the bakufu.
- 李氏朝鮮時代、日常生活に浸透した朱子学を思想的基盤とした両班は知識人・道徳的指導者を輩出する身分階層に発展した。
- During the Yi Dynasty Korea period, yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty), which had Neo-Confucianism permeate their daily lives as their ideological foundation, grew into a status hierarchy that produced intellectual people and ethical leaders.
- この諸隊の編制や訓練には高杉らが学んだ松下村塾の塾主・吉田松陰の『西洋歩兵論』などの影響があると指摘されている。
- It was pointed out that the organization and the training of those Choshu Domain's troops was influenced by 'The Theory of Western Foot Soldiers' written by Shoin YOSHIDA who was the school manager of the Shokason Juku TAKASUGI studied at.
- そうした中、赦免されたばかりの岩倉具視らが参内し、御所内学問所において明治天皇が「王政復古の大号令」を発令した。
- Despite this, the recently pardoned Tomomi IWAKURA and others entered the Palace, and Emperor Meiji issued the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule in the Palace's the study room.
- 決して、実際の戦闘で役立つ思想や哲学ではないが、高潔な人格を尊ぶ道徳性は、いつの時代にも必要とされるものである。
- It is not a way of thought or philosophy which is useful in actual battle, but is necessary in all ages, due to its morality in respecting those of noble character.
- ただし、牧野英一ら保守的な法学者の巻き返しもあり、「家族の扶養義務」などの形でその一部は存置されることとなった。
- However, taking in opinions from conservative jurists including Eiichi MAKINO, a part of Ie seido was preserved such as 'obligation of support family member'.
- これまで全て漢字や万葉仮名で記述されていた日本語をそのまま文章にすることが可能となり、日本文学が発生・発展した。
- This made it possible to write Japanese, which had hitherto been written only in kanji (Chinese characters) or Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu or Collection of Myriad Leaves), as it actually was, leading to the emergence and evolution of Japanese literature.
- 重要でないのなら、綱吉の遺言もある筈もなく、わざわざ儒学者の白石が廃止を宣言する必要もなかったとする見解もある。
- Other people insist that if the law was not important, Tsunayoshi would not have left such a will and there was no need for the Confucian scholar Hakuseki ARAI to declare the abolition of the law.
- 日本において建築とは、まず近代化のために西洋から学ぶべき技術として捉えられ、芸術・美術と捉える意識は薄くなった。
- Architecture was always considered a technology of modernization which was to be learned from the West and the concept of architecture as art has not developed in Japan
- 一説には、訳文が完全なものでないことを知っていたので、学究肌の良沢は名前を出すことを潔しとしなかったのだという。
- Another estimate says that Ryotaku MAENO, an academic person, knew faultiness of his translation in Kaitai Shinsho and he disliked to ruin his reputation by putting his name on it.
- 若干のもみ合いを除けば学生と警官隊との衝突(乱闘)というような事態はなかったため、一人の逮捕者も発生しなかった。
- Also, as there were no clashes (brawls) between students and the police force with the exception of some jostles, no one was arrested.
- 文明本が最古であり、『下学集』が成立したらしき1444年から文明本の年記1474年までの間に、節用集は成立した。
- The oldest of these was the Bunmeibon, which fact indicates that setsuyoshu had been formed during the term from 1444, which was the estimated year of establishment of 'Kagaku-shu,' to 1474, which was the year of establishment of the Bunmeibon.
- 元は、個人所有の書斎・書庫の意味で用いられていたが、鎌倉時代以後に学問教授の場所としても用いられるようになった。
- Originally, 'gakumonjo' referred to a privately-owned study or library, but after the Kamakura period, people came to use gakumonjo as a place to instruct academics.
- 仏教の発展は、遣唐使にしたがって留学した道慈(三論宗)や玄ボウ(法相宗)ら学問僧たちの努力によるところが大きい。
- Development of Buddhism was owed largely to the efforts of gakumonso (literally, studying monks) such as Doji (of the Sanron sect) and Genbo (of the Hosso sect) who accompanied the envoys to Tang to study.
- 別働第4旅団の一部が学科新田を攻撃して薩軍を牽制している間に、主力が緑川を渡り、薩軍と激戦しながら川尻へと進んだ。
- While part of the detached 4th brigade was attacking Gakkanitta to keep the Satsuma army in check, its main force crossed the Midori-kawa River and advanced towards Kawajiri by fighting fiercely with the Satsuma army.
- 『江赤見聞記』は、吉良方に強者が広間に六人、台所に一人いたとしており、吉良家臣の清水一学は台所で討ち死にしている。
- 'Koseki Kenbunki' stated that there were six skilled men in the hall, and one in the kitchen where Kira's retainer Ichigaku SHIMIZU was killed.
- なお、国宝・彦根城築城400年の開催を機に、、2007年(平成19年)、小説を対象に、舟橋聖一文学賞が創設された。
- In 2007 on the 400th anniversary of Hikone-jo Castle Seiichi FUNAHASHI Literature Prize focused on novels was established.
- 平安京遷都後は、大学寮敷地内の明経道の施設である明経道院の南、明法道の施設である明法道院の北にあったとされている。
- After the national capital was transferred to the city of Heian-kyo, it is said to have been located in the south of myogyodoin, the Myogyo-do (study of Confucian classics) facilities, and the north of Myobodoin, the Myobodo (study of Code) facilities, in the premises of Daigaku-ryo.
- 平安時代末期に大学寮が廃絶すると、学科としての明法道の実質は消滅して、博士が私塾を開いて律令を講義するようになる。
- In the late Heian period, after Daigakuryo was eliminated, the department of Myohodo practically disappeared and the doctors gave lectures of ritsuryo in their private schools.
- 陸王心学と合わせて人間や物に先天的に存在するという理に依拠して学説が作られているため宋明理学(宋明理学)と呼ばれた。
- Shusigaku was also called Sominrigaku (Neo-Confucianism in the Sung and Ming dynasties) since its theory was based on 'Li' (reasons), which innately exist in human beings and things, together with Wang LU Shin school (Wang LU Mind school).
- おそらく、オランダ語の俗称が伝わり、蘭学者のあいだで「ターヘル・アナトミア」と呼ばれるようになったのではなかろうか。
- The common name of the book in Dutch language was supposedly spread and became called 'Taheru Anatomia' amongst scholars who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language in Japan.
- ただし、厳密に考える歴史学者の中には、河内国を本拠地とした河内源氏は源頼信に始まり源義忠または源為義に終わるとする。
- However, some strict historians think that Kawachi-based Kawachi-Genji began with MINAMOTO no Yorinobu and ended with MINAMOTO no Yoshitada or MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi.
- 写本として、中御門宣胤書写の6冊本(天理図書館所蔵)、甘露寺親長書写の4冊本(勧修寺流旧蔵本、京都大学所蔵)がある。
- There exist several kinds of Gokeshidai's manuscripts, such as that of Nobutane NAKAMIKADO's handwriting (in six volumes, owned by Tenri Library), and that of Chikanaga KANROJI's (in four volumes, formerly owned by 'Kajuji-ryu' [the Kajuji line] and now owned by Kyoto University).
- 吉田分校(現在の総合人間学部キャンパス)の門前には縦3m・横2mに及ぶ「天皇へのお願い」と題された看板が立てられた。
- In front of a gate at the Yoshida branch school (campus of the Faculty of Integrated Human Studies), a signboard, whose size was three meters long and two meters wide, stating 'Our pleas to the Emperor' was put up.
- やがて明経道の教官職は中原氏・清原氏による世襲が事実上慣例化し、明経道そのものも専ら訓詁学研究に終始したようである。
- Before long, the position of Myogyodo lecturer became conventionally inherited by the Nakahara and Kiyohara clans and Myogyodo itself became the study of Kunkogaku (annotation and interpretation of classical books) as well.
- 通常は北堂において授業が行われて、東西両曹及び大学院の外の大学別曹から文章生が集まって授業を受けていたとされている。
- It was considered that classes were generally held in the Hokudo where monjosho gathered from the toso, seiso, and the daigaku besso outside the Monjoin and took the classes.
- 特に藤原氏の大学別曹である勧学院の学問料は著名であり、藤原氏の学生の中から別途に学問料を受ける給料学生が選抜された。
- Gakumonryo granted by Kangakuin, Daigaku-besso of the FUJIWARA clan, was particularly famous and Kyuryo-gakusei who were granted Gakumonryo were selected from the students of FUJIWARA clan.
- - 東京帝国大学文科大学史料編纂掛(東京大学史料編纂所)により編纂が続けられており、六国史以降の史料をまとめている。
- - Representing a collection of historical materials dating from the era of the Six National Histories, it was (and is) in the process of compilation for many years by the Office of Historiography in the Faculty of Letters at Tokyo Imperial University (today's Historiographical Institute at the University of Tokyo).
- 門脇禎二が1971年に提唱した「蘇我氏渡来人説」は学界を席巻しただけでなく、一般の古代史ファンにも広く受け入れられた。
- The theory concerning the migrant origins of the Soga clan' took academic circles by storm when it was first proposed by Teiji KADOWAKI in 1971, and became widely popular among ancient history buffs.
- こうした梁啓超の国民国家精神に陽明学を注入するというアイデアそのものも、実は当時の明治思潮から借りてきたものであった。
- Liang Qichao's idea to infuse Yomeigaku into the spirit of the nation-state was in fact borrowed from the trend at that time in Meiji Japan.
- 諸藩の藩校でもこれにならうものも出、朱子学に反対する学問を唱えていた儒者は生徒が少なくなり困窮したものもあったという。
- Some domain schools followed these examples, and as a result, some Confucians who had taught different leanings opposed to Neo-Confucianism lost many of their students and fell into great difficulty.
- もっとも、憲法学者の間では、栄典の授与は日本国憲法の下では法律事項であるとして、違憲ではないかとする見解も有力である。
- There are strong opposing views presented by some scholars specialized in constitutional laws, however, in which they assert that awarding of honors should rather be enacted by a law and therefore the current situation is against the Constitution.
- 和同開珎の発行を天武天皇の時代まで遡るとする学説もあったが、後述の富本銭の大量発見によってこの説はほぼ否定されている。
- The theory, Wado-kaichin coins were issued all the way back in the era of Emperor Tenmu, was pretty much denied due to the discovery of a large amount of Fuhonsen coins, mentioned later.
- 結果、学界の主流では「三韓征伐」に関する記述は具体的ではなく神話的誇張が多く神功皇后の実在を実証できないとされている。
- This resulted in the mainstream of academic world's theory that the real existence of Empress Jingu could not be proved, due to the two factors: 'Sankan-Seibatsu' was written without any definite supporting statements; and it was written with many inclusive elements of mythological exaggerations.
- しかしこれが災いして、幕府内の蘭学を嫌う保守勢力の中心であった鳥居耀蔵によって謀反の濡れ衣を着せられ、解散させられる。
- However, this caused harm to them, got them broken up because they were falsely accused of a rebellion by Yozo TORII, who was a key figure of conservative factions deprecating Western learning within the bakufu.
- 意見十二箇条(いけんじゅうにかじょう)とは平安時代中期の漢学者三善清行が、914年醍醐天皇に提出した政治意見書である。
- Iken junikajo (twelve opinions) was the written statement on politics that Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI, a scholar of Chinese classics in the mid Heian period, submitted to Emperor Daigo in 914.
- 反戦歌の合唱は天皇が建物の中にいる最中ずっと続けられ、さらに学生が増えたため時計台前の群集は車の進路を塞ぐ形になった。
- As students continued to sing the antiwar song while the Emperor was in the building and the number of students increased further, a large group of people gathered in front of the clock tower and eventually blocked the Emperor's car.
- 総長と法科の対立は激化し、翌1914年1月になって法科教授・助教授は抗議の連帯辞職を敢行し、学生たちも教官を支持した。
- When confrontation intensified between the president and the law school, professors/assistant professors of the law school jointly resigned from their posts in January 1914, and students also supported them.
- 学生は基礎課程として『黄帝甲乙経』・『脈経』・『神農本草経』(延暦6年(787年)以後は『新修本草』に変更)を読んだ。
- In the basic course, students had to study 'Kotei Ko-otsukyo' (the Chinese classic on clinical acupuncture, written by Huangfu Mi), 'Myakukyo' (the oldest Chinese book on sphygmoscopy), and 'Shinno Honzogyo' (Divine Husbandman's Classic on pharmacology, which is a Chinese classic), and in 787, the last textbook was replaced with 'Shinshu Honzo' (Chinese pharmacology, completed in A.D. 659).
- しかし、日本では儒教の思想よりも礼節の面が受け入れられ、江戸幕府では道徳的実践を重んじる朱子学が「官学」と定められた。
- In Japan, however, the aspect of reisetsu (propriety) was received more favorably than Confucianism; thus, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) designated the Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) which had always insisted on the importance of moral practice as 'kangaku' (a school of learning advocated by the Tokugawa shogunate).
- こうした風潮は江戸時代前期まで慣習法として継続されるが、文治政治への転換の中で儒学者達からの批判を受けることとなった。
- This tide remained as the common law up to the early part of the Edo period; and when the government changed its policy to bunjiseiji (civil government), it was criticized by Confucians.
- これに対し大学当局(服部峻治郎学長)はすべての学生ストライキ禁止の措置で臨んだため、多くの処分学生を出すことになった。
- In response, the authority of the university (president of the university Shunjiro HATTORI) banned the students' strike thoroughly and punished many students.
- 1879年 松平忠厚(最後の上田藩藩主松平忠礼の弟)が、ニュージャージー州への留学の後エンジニアとしてコロラド州に移住。
- In 1879, Tadaatsu MATSUDAIRA (the younger brother of Tadanari MATSUDAIRA, the last lord of Ueda Domain) immigrated to Colorado as an engineer after having studied in New Jersey.
- この大学の書状には吉良の存命については何も書かれておらず、藩士たちは内匠頭が吉良を討ち取ったと思い込んでいたといわれる。
- This letter from Daigaku stated no information on Kira's survival, and thus they thought that Takumi no Kami murdered Kira.
- 以下は、様々な証拠や証言、文書の記述などを参考に各学者・研究者などより出されている復元案の一部または想像図の概要である。
- The following is a part of ideas for the restoration or the summary of imaginary pictures proposed by scholars and researchers, etc. on the basis of various evidences, testimonies, documents and so on.
- 大学寮には算道を教授する算博士(さんはかせ、従七位上相当・2名)と学生である算生(さんしょう、30名)で構成されていた。
- The Daigaku-ryo consisted of two San hakase (Doctor of Numbers, equivalent to Jushichiijo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade)) who taught Sando, and thirty Sansho (students studying arithmetic).
- 「大正デモクラシー」という名称は信夫清三郎(信夫淳平三男、歴史学者)がに自著でその呼称を提唱して以来定着したものである。
- The name 'Taisho Democracy' was coined by the historian Seizaburo SHINOBU (third son of Junpei SHINOBU) who proposed the use of the term in his own work and became widely used ever since.
- また最近では特に弥生時代末期における特に出雲勢力の鉄の普及によりヤマト王権が勃興したことが考古学的に明らかにされている。
- Furthermore, archaeological studies have proved that the spread of iron from the Izumo region towards the end of the Yayoi Period was the major reason for the Yamato Kingdom's sudden prosperity.
- 公式の接待係には、イギリスへの留学経験などがあり当時の皇族中で随一の外国通であった有栖川宮威仁親王(海軍大佐)を任命した。
- The government appointed Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Tsunahito (a navy colonel) as a host because he had studied in England and was the only person in the Imperial family who was well-versed in foreign affairs.
- 「令制国」という語は、20世紀末に用いられ始めた歴史学の用語であり、早いものでは1980年代半ば頃から使用例が現れている。
- The term ' Ryosei province' is the historical academic term that started to be used at the end of 20th century and early examples for use of the term ' Ryosei province ' appeared in the middle of 1980s.
- これらの実業学校は当初2年制であったが、太平洋戦争勃発後は4年に修業期限が延長され、台湾における技術人員の育成が行われた。
- Initially these vocational schools were two years, but extended to four years after the Pacific War broke out to educate technical experts in Taiwan.
- 近年行われたアメリカの国勢調査によると、日系人の特徴として「高所得」、「高学歴」、「低失業率」、「低貧困率」が挙げられる。
- According to a recent American census, 'high income,' 'high education,' 'low unemployment rate,' and 'low poverty rate,' are considered characteristics of Japanese Americans.
- その後、もともと東学に参加していた宋秉畯は、東学の一部を引き継いだ進歩会を率いていた李容九と意見が合い、進歩会を吸収した。
- After that, Song Byung-joon who was originally a member of Donghak reached the consensus with 李容九 (이용구), a leader of Shinpokai following a part of Donghak, and merged Shinpokai.
- ほか特記事項として、ロンドン大学に留学した桜井小太郎が1892年(明治25年)に日本人初の英国公認建築士の資格を得ている。
- Kotaro SAKURAI deserved a special mention as the first Japanese person to obtain a licence as an authorized British architect in 1892 after studying abroad at London University.
- 尚歯会で議論される内容は当時の蘭学の主流であった医学・語学・数学・天文学にとどまらず、政治・経済・国防など多岐にわたった。
- The topics discussed in the Shoshikai covered a wide range of fields, not only merely medical science which was a mainstream of Western learning then, language, mathematics, astronomy, but also politics, economics, and national defense.
- 1941年(昭和16年)に発布された国民学校令(昭和16年勅令第148号)にとって代わられるまで、50年以上効力を有した。
- It had been in effect for more than 50 years until Kokumin Gakko Rei (the order of elementary school, Imperial Edict No. 148 of the 16th year of Showa era) was issued to replace it in 1941.
- 第二次大戦後には、東京大学に本拠を置く歴史学研究会の唯物史観を基にした時代区分法(東京学派)との間で激しい論争が行われた。
- After World War II, they fiercely debated with the Tokyo school that had a method of dividing the historical ages based on a materialist view of history by the Historical Science Society of Japan headquartered in Tokyo University.
- 特に明の東林党や遺老の学が有名であり、そこでは官僚が責任者として自発的に地方統治を行うための制度として封建制が議論された。
- In particular, the Donglin movement and Iro no gaku in the Min period are famous, where the hoken system was discussed as a system for bureaucrats to voluntarily govern local areas as their responsibility.
- 近代以降、中国史を専攻する学者たちは、カール・マルクスにより押された、「アジア的停滞」の烙印を何とかして剥がそうと試みた。
- After the modern era, scholars specializing in Chinese history have been trying to clear the label, 'Asian stagnation' put forth by Karl Marx.
- 菅原氏の当主は大学寮における公的な職務以外に、自宅にこうした私塾を開いて教えを請う学生たちに紀伝道を講義したとされている。
- It was considered that the head of the Sugawara clan established the private school for lecturing on the Kidendo for students who were asking the head to teach them, besides performing his official duties at the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).
- このため、異常な天文現象に対しては、天文学と占星術に通じた者が君主に対してその事実と占いの結果を報告することが求められた。
- For that reason, it was imperative that an unusual astronomical phenomenon should be reported to the monarch by those well versed in astronomy and astrology together with observations and astrological divination.
- だが、平安時代末期になると、大学寮の衰退、穀倉院自体の機能低下に伴って、試験のみならず、学問料自体も名目化することとなる。
- In the late Heian period, however, not only examination, but also Gakumonryo itself became the nominal ones due to the decline of Daigakuryo as well as the decrease in the function of Kokuso-in.
- 勘文(かんもん)とは、朝廷から諮問を依頼された学者などが由来・先例等の必要な情報を調査して報告(勘申)を行った文章のこと。
- The term Kanmon means written reports (Kanshin) for various information such as origins/precedents that were submitted by scholars, etc. at the request of the Imperial court.
- 宋代の学者に従って儒学の歴史を振り返ると、隋唐以前は経書の音訓(音読)や訓詁(単語の意味)を重視した訓詁学が中心であった。
- Looking back at the history of Confucianism, as scholars during the Song Dynasty did, the mainstream before the Sui and Tang Dynasties was Kunkogaku ('xunguxue' in Chinese), which emphasized the readings of characters and exegetics (interpretation of words) of Confucian classic writings.
- 大使をはじめとする遣唐使には、留学生や学問僧なども加わり、多いときには約500人におよぶ人びとが4隻の船に乗って渡海した。
- The envoys consisted of approximately 500 people (including the chief, scholars and monks sent to Tang to study) and they made the voyage to Tang with four vessels.
- しかし、査読を経た学術論文で九州王朝説を扱ったものは皆無であり、九州王朝説に賛同を表明した歴史学者及び考古学者は存在しない。
- However, there is no peer-reviewed paper on the subject of the Kyushu dynasty, neither was there a historian, nor an archaeologist who accepts this theory.
- 戦国時代の動乱を最終的に収めた江戸幕府は、このような風潮を改め、家臣の主君への従順を教えるため朱子学の道徳を武士に学ばせる。
- The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), after finally settling this upheaval of the Warring States Period, made samurai learn the Neo-Confucianism ethics, to teach the vassals' loyalty to their lords.
- 明朝の政治・思想に多大な影響を与えた陽明学であったが、その明朝と共に衰退し、清朝では考証学に学問の主役の座を奪われるに至る。
- Yomeigaku deeply influenced politics and thought during the Ming Dynasty; it then declined with the Ming Dynasty and during the Qing Dynasty, Kosho-gaku replaced Yomeigaku as the main school of the academic thought.
- そこで「〔略〕(中学生たちの)前の方にいる連中は、しきりに何だ地方税の癖に、引き込めと、怒鳴ってる」といった記述が見られる。
- The novel says that 'some students at the front were yelling, 'you, local-tax eaters, go home'.
- (なお当時大学大丞であった加藤弘之(後の東京大学綜理)も天長節儀式に欠席したことを弾正台に指弾され、謹慎処分を受けている)。
- (In one instance, daigaku daijo [chancellors of universities] Hiroyuki KATO [later president of Tokyo University]) was accused by danjodai and suspended because he was absent from the event of tencho setsu (the birthday of the reigning emperor).
- 寛政異学の禁(かんせいいがくのきん)とは、1790年(寛政2年)、江戸幕府老中松平定信が寛政の改革で行った学問の統制である。
- Kansei Igaku no Kin was an academic control performed during the Kansei Reforms in 1790, by a roju (senior councilor) of the Edo Shogunate, Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA.
- 金鵄勲章も例に漏れず表示され、表示順は、1、職 2、階級 3、位階 4、勲等 5、功級 6、爵位 7、学位そして氏名となる。
- The Order of the Golden Kite was no exception, and when displayed or stated the person's employment was shown first, followed by his (military) rank second, court rank third, order of merit fourth, grade of the Order of the Golden Kite fifth, peerage (noble title) sixth, academic degree seventh, and finally the person's name.
- 明和8年(1771年)3月4日、蘭方医の杉田玄白・前野良沢・中川淳庵らは、小塚原刑場において罪人の腑分け(解剖)を見学した。
- On April 18, 1771, Genpaku SUGITA, Ryotaku MAENO, Junan NAKAGAWA and other ranpoi (persons who studied Western medicine by means of the Dutch language) observed fuwake (dissection) of executed criminals at Kozukappara execution grounds.
- 明法家もまた、元は大学寮の明法道の教官であった明法博士の地位を明法道の家学化によってその世襲を確立させることで成立している。
- Such Myobo-ke were also formed by establishing heredity of the position of Myobo hakase who were originally instructors of Myobodo (study of ritsuryo codes) in Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) by changing Myobodo to hereditary learning.
- 大学別曹は元々一族の学生に対する学問及びその生活の支援に重きを置いていたことから、これを奨励する意図から学問料が支給された。
- As Daigaku-besso focused on supporting the study and living of the students of their families, Gakumonryo was granted in order to encourage these students.
- 中国の学者が算出した嘉量による単位と、呉承洛の『中国度量衡史』による隋代および唐代の単位をグラムに換算したものを以下に示す。
- The conversion of the units in the Chia-ling standard measure calculated by a Chinese scholar, and the units used in the Sui and the Tang Dynasties in 'History of Chinese weight and measures' written by Wu Chengluo, into the gram are respectively described as follows.
- 古田博司は、昭和の陸軍が現実感を失った組織になってしまった理由について、儒教化とりわけ朱子学化したからだとの所説を述べている。
- Hiroshi FURUTA expressed his opinion that the reason why the army in the Showa period became an organization that lost its sense of reality was the commitment to Confucianism, especially the commitment to Neo-Confucianism.
- また、意図した人為の反映されがちな文献資料 (歴史学)の欠点を補うため考古学的結果(考古資料)に照らし合わせることも行われる。
- Moreover, in order to supplement the defects of written materials (historical science) which are apt to be reflected by artificial intent, gisho have also been verified with archeological materials.
- 蘭学興隆に伴い、幕府は高橋景保の建議を容れ、1811年に天文方に蛮書和解御用を設けて洋書翻訳をさせたが、これは未完に終わった。
- As Rangaku flourished, bakufu adopted a proposal by Kageyasu TAKAHASHI, and established Bansho-wage Goyo (Government Office for Translation of Barbarian Books) and made them translate foreign books, but the project was left unfinished.
- 高島秋帆の西洋砲術、江川英龍(太郎左衛門)の韮山反射炉、勝海舟の長崎海軍伝習所など、幕府洋学は軍事的実学性の強いものであった。
- Bakufu Yogaku such as Western gunnery of Shuhan TAKASHIMA, Nirayama Reverberatory furnace of Hidetatsu (Tarozaemon) EGAWA, and Kaigun Denshu-sho (The Nagasaki Naval Training Center) of Kaishu KATSU were highly practical for military purposes.
- 以前は学校教科書において「へいじょうきょう」と振り仮名がふられていたが、現在は多くの教科書で「へいぜいきょう」とふられている。
- It was previously spelled as 'Heijo-kyo' in the school textbooks, however, it is now mostly spelled as 'Heizei-kyo.'
- その反面、18世紀以降の蘭学流行に見られるように、植民地にならなかったアジア諸国でこれだけヨーロッパの学問が広まった国はない。
- On the other hand, among Asian countries that were not colonized, Japan was the only country in which the study of Europe spread, typified by the Western learning boom observed in and after the 18th century.
- 江戸時代後期には、江戸幕府の全国統治は天皇から徳川将軍家への委任関係に由来するという大政委任論と呼ばれる学説が唱えられていた。
- In the late Edo period, there was a theory called taisei-ininron saying that the government of the country by the Edo bakufu derived from a delegation from the emperors to the Tokugawa Shogun family.
- ただすでに陽明学単体で学ばれるというよりも、「朱(子)王(陽明)一致」といわれ、朱子学を補完するものとして扱われたに過ぎない。
- The slogan 'Zhu (Xi) and Wang (Yangming) as one' shows that Yomeigaku was no longer the sole teaching but was merely treated as supplementing Shushigaku.
- いわば梁啓超らは明治日本において陽明学の再発見・再評価したのみならず、陽明学を柱とする国民精神創造運動も取り込んだといえよう。
- In other words, Liang Qichao not only rediscovered and reevaluated Yomeigaku but also introduced the movement to create a national spirit supported by Yomeigaku into China from Japan during the Meiji period.
- また、一方では日本人は北海道から沖縄県に至るまで、遺伝学的には大差はなく比較的均一性も高い民族であるという研究結果も出ている。
- On the other hand, the research findings concluded that the Japanese race is comparatively genetically unified, having little variation from Hokkaido to Okinawa.
- 東アジア世界では、仏教の思想の下、いくつかの生類保護政策がとられており、これらの「生類憐みの令」への影響を指摘する学説がある。
- In East Asia, several policies for the protection of living things had been established and there is a discussion which points out their influence on the law prohibiting cruelty to animals.
- 1877年には鹿児島県で私学校生徒ら薩摩士族が西郷を擁立して、最大規模となる西南戦争が起こるが、これも士族側の敗戦に終わった。
- In 1877, Seinan War, the largest one, broke out in Kagoshima Prefecture raised by shizoku from Satsuma including students of Shigakko (school mainly for warriors), backing up Saigo, but again shizoku side was defeated.
- この貨幣が実際に流通したのか、たんなる厭勝銭(まじない用に使われる銭)として使われたに留まったかについては学説が分かれている。
- There are different theories as to whether the coin was actually distributed or just used for incantation.
- 鎌倉幕府をめぐる論争としては、中世における国家という観点から、朝廷と鎌倉幕府の関係を如何にとらえるかという学術上の論争がある。
- Disputes regarding the Kamakura Bakufu include that of how to regard the relationship between the Imperial Court and the Kamakura bakufu from the standpoint of a nation state in the middle ages times.
- 音道(おんどう)とは、日本律令制の大学寮において、儒教経典をそのまま音読するために必要な漢音(中国語)の発音について習う学科。
- Ondo is one of the subjects of Daigaku-ryo, an educational institution under the system of centralized administration established under the Ritsuryo Legal Codes in Japan, to learn the Han pronunciations of Chinese characters in order to allow the reading aloud of the scriptures of Confucianism with the original pronunciations.
- 留学や海外軍事視察の経験から国際関係に精通していた威仁親王は、即座にこの事件を自分のレベルでは解決できない重大な外交問題と判断。
- Imperial Prince Takehito, who was well-versed in foreign affairs because of his experiences of studying abroad and military inspections, judged that this incident was such a serious diplomatic issue that he could not handle by himself.
- しかし、の天皇機関説事件で美濃部ら立憲学派が排撃され、同年に政府が発表した国体明徴声明では天皇主権を中心とした解釈が公定された。
- However, in the emperor-as-organ theory incident, constitutional school sect, led by Minobe, was driven out and interpretation focusing on imperial sovereignty was set in the statement of the fundamental character of the nation which was announced by the government in the same year.
- 現代 (時代区分)の歴史学においては、「鎖国」ではなく、東アジア史を視野に入れてこの「海禁政策」という用語を使う傾向がみられる。
- Modern historical science tends to use the term 'Kaikin Policy' instead of 'Sakoku' in light of East Asian history.
- また同時期書かれた梁の『徳育鑑』や「論私徳」(代表作『新民説』の一節)には、井上哲次郎の『日本陽明学派之哲学』の影響が見られる。
- 'De Yu Jian' and the 'Lun Si De' chapter of Liang Qichao's important work 'Xin Min Shuo', written during this period, show the influence of Tetsujiro INOUE's 'Nihon Yomei-gakuha no Tetsugaku'.
- 1893年 サンフランシスコ教育委員会、日系人子弟の公立学校への入学を拒否する決議を採択(サンフランシスコ日本人学童隔離事件)。
- In 1893, the San Francisco Board of Education adopted a resolution to allow public schools to refuse admission to Japanese children (San Francisco Japanese Children Segregation).
- 特に古代から近世に至るまで身近な大国であった中国の中華文化の影響は大きく、文学、言語、宗教に至るまで、中華文化由来の文化は多い。
- The nearby nation of China, prominent from ancient to modern times, had a particularly great effect on literature, language and religion, many aspects of which came from Chinese culture.
- さらに幕府からも目付の近藤重興と天野富重が上屋敷に送られてきて、浅野大学や家老藤井宗茂に屋敷内の騒ぎを取り沈めるよう命じている。
- Moreover, the inspectors Shigeoki KONDO and Shigetomi AMANO were sent from the bakufu to the Kamiyashiki and told Daigaku ASANO and chief retainer Muneshige FUJII to deal with the confusion happening inside the residence.
- 未の刻(午後2時頃)、浅野大学長広は書状を国家老大石内蔵助にしたためて、早水藤左衛門と萱野三平を第1の急使として赤穂へ派遣した。
- Nagahiro Daigaku ASANO wrote a letter to chief retainer Kuranosuke OISHI and sent Tozaemon HAYAMI and Sanpei KAYANO to Ako as the first messengers at around 2 p.m.
- その他に翻訳作業に関わった者は、巻頭に名前が出てくる石川玄常、『蘭学事始』に名前が出てくる烏山松圓、桐山正哲、嶺春泰などがいる。
- The other participants in the translation work were Genjo ISHIKAWA, whose name appeared in the preface of Kaitai Shinsho, as well as Shoen KARASUYAMA, whose name appeared in 'Rangaku Kotohajime,' Shotetsu KIRIYAMA, Shuntai MINE and so on.
- これとは別に教育組織として技術官僚の中で学識・技術の優秀な人物から選ばれた医博士・針博士・按摩博士・呪禁博士が各1置かれていた。
- Moreover, Tenyakuryo had an educational organization that was headed by an 'I-hakase' (Master of Medicine), a 'Hari-hakase' (Master of Acupuncture), an 'Anma-hakase' (Master of Massage), and a 'Jugon-hakase' (Master of Necromancy), who were selected as excellent in their knowledge and medical techniques from all technocrats.
- 市役所訪問後、天皇が進講を受けるため来学することが予定されていた京都大学でも、前年1950年以降、学生運動が高揚に向かっていた。
- Beginning the previous year in 1950, the student movement was on the rise at Kyoto University which the Emperor was scheduled to visit after the City office in order to have a briefing.
- 1998年12月2日京都市で開催された国際連合教育科学文化機関世界遺産委員会で日本で9件目の世界遺産(文化遺産)として登録された。
- It was registered as the ninth world heritage (cultural heritage) of Japan during the meeting of the World Heritage Committee of the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) held in Kyoto City on December 2, 1998.
- 平安期には、藤原貞敏(琵琶)・藤原冬緒(儒学)・藤原興風(和歌)・藤原忠房(和歌、舞楽)など、文化・芸術面で多くの人材を輩出した。
- During the Heian period, Kyoke produced many talents in culture and art: FUJIWARA no Sadatoshi (biwa, Japanese lute), FUJIWARA no Fuyuo (Confucianism), FUJIWARA no Okikaze (waka, Japanese poetry), and FUJIWARA no Tadafusa (waka and bugaku, or Japanese court dance and music) among others.
- この時期発表された著名な論文として、施行延期派のものは増島六一郎の『法学士会ノ意見ヲ論ズ』、江木衷の『民法草案財産編批評』がある。
- Well-known theses published at that time by the Seko-enki-ha Group included 'Hogakushi Kai no Iken-wo Ronzu' (Discussing opinions from the School of Law Alumni Association) by Rokuichiro MASUJIMA and 'Minpo Soan Zaisan Hen Hihyo' (Critique on property ownership under the draft Civil Law) by Makoto EGI.
- この地域は、1995年にフィリピン・コルディリェーラの棚田群として国際連合教育科学文化機関の世界遺産(文化遺産)に登録されている。
- This region was designated a World Heritage Site (cultural heritage) by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in 1995, as a group of rice terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras.
- 以上の理由から、鎌倉幕府の統治機構としての性格、あるいは成立時期というのもあくまで後世の、特に近代歴史学上のとらえ方の問題である。
- For these reasons, the character of the Kamakura Bakufu as a system of government or the time of its founding are both issues relating to the perceptions of subsequent generations, particularly within the field of modern history.
- フューダリズム(Feudalism)とは歴史学において中世ヨーロッパ社会特有の支配形態を指した用語であり、「封建制」と訳出される。
- Feudalism is a historical term referring to the system of government unique to medieval European society, and is translated as 'Hoken System.'
- ただし、講義の詳細な内容は明らかではなく、律令を補完する格式・官符などについての学習が行われたのかどうかも明らかにはなっていない。
- Details of the lectures and whether or not Kakushiki (ordinances) and Kanpu (government documents) etc. were studied to complement ritsuryo are unclear.
- 朱子学が最も重視したのは、古い歴史をもち、勝手な解釈の入る余地の少ない経書そのものではなく、「四書」と呼ばれる四つの書物であった。
- Shushigaku put the most emphasis on studying four particular books of the Classics, known as the Four Books, also known in Japanese as 'Shisho', instead of the Classics as a whole, which had a long history and did not allow for much new interpretation.
- また、鳥居が、尚歯会員である幕臣江川英龍と江戸湾岸の測量手法を巡って争った際に、渡辺崋山の人脈と洋学による知識を借りた江川に敗れた。
- In addition, when Torii argued with Hidetatsu EGAWA, the Shogun's retainer and a member of the Shoshikai, over the survey method of Edo Bay, Torii was defeated by Egawa, who utilized Kazan WATANABE's connections and knowledge of Western science.
- 清代に禁書とされたこともあって、ほとんど忘れられていた李卓吾の『焚書』や『蔵書』は、明治期の陽明学熱によって中国に逆輸入されている。
- 'Fen Shu' and 'Cang Shu' written by Li Zhuowu, which had been almost forgotten in China as they were banned by the Qing government, were re-imported into China as a result of the enthusiasm for studying Yomeigaku in Meiji Japan.
- このときに大山がすでに私学校党が東上したと伝えたため、川村は西郷と談合することをあきらめて帰途につき、長崎に電報を打って警戒させた。
- Since OYAMA told that the Shigakko faction had already started for east, KAWAMURA gave up to persuade SAIGO and returned, sending a telegraph to Nagasaki to be vigilant.
- 居城は三田城で、現在の有馬高校校舎敷地(三田城跡)に二の丸・御茶屋・武器庫・煙硝蔵などを設け、現在の三田小学校敷地に御館が築かれた。
- The residence of the lord was Sanda-jo Castle with ninomaru (second bailey), ochaya (rest house), arms store house and ammunition storage built in premises of today's Arima High School campus (the site of Sanda-jo Castle) and mitachi (feudal lord's office) built in the premises of existing Sanda Elementary School.
- 従来の通説では西洋の学問を中心にした集まりとされたが、主宰の勝助は儒学者であり、蘭学に限らない、より幅の広い集団であったようである。
- According to the traditional prevailing view, it was considered as a group centered on Western learning, but it seems to have been actually a group based not only on the Dutch, but also on a wide range of varied learning as the promoter, Katsusuke was a Confucianist.
- それまでの加持祈祷や学問中心の仏教から、内面的な深まりを持ちながら、庶民など広い階層を対象とする新しい仏教への変化が胎動していった。
- The Buddhism focusing on incantation and prayer, and study was beginning to change into a new Buddhism focusing on internal maturity for broad range of people including common people.
- 歴史学では刀狩令や海上賊船禁止令、喧嘩停止令など、私闘を抑制する一連の法令と併せて豊臣平和令(とよとみへいわれい)と呼ぶ場合もある。
- In the discipline of history, Sobuji-rei is sometimes referred to as one of Toyotomi heiwa-rei (Toyotomi's peace edicts), a series of edicts to control personal conflicts such as Katanagari-rei (an edict prohibiting peasants from possessing arms), Kaijo kaizokusen kinshi-rei (an edict outlawing pirates), and kenka teishi-rei (an edict prohibiting fights and violence with weapons).
- しかし、弘文院を大学別曹ではなく一種の図書館であったとする説もあり、和気広世個人が和気氏の氏上としての立場から支給した可能性もある。
- However, some people asserts that Kobun-in was a kind of library, not Daigaku-besso, and there is a possibility that WAKE no Hiroyo personally granted as the chief of the Wake clan.
- 日本においては偽書目録は少なく、速見行道の『偽書叢』(嘉永6年 3巻 早稲田大学蔵)と伊勢貞丈撰の「偽撰の書目」が存在する程度である。
- There are few gisho catalogues in Japan only with 'gisho shu' (collection) by Kodo HAYAMI (1853, 3 volumes, in the possession of Waseda University) and 'gisho sen' (selection) by Teijo ISE.
- 字面から「偽り」すなわち無用と誤解されがちであるが、完全に学問にとって無意味とされる物は後述のオカルト的・詐欺的な例外を除けば少ない。
- Although gisho are apt to be misunderstood as being of no use, there are a few that are meaningless from an academic standpoint except for examples that involve the occult or are fraudulent.
- 小室正紀・西川俊作編 『福澤諭吉著作集〈第3巻〉学問のすゝめ』 慶應義塾大学出版会、2002年、ISBN 978-4766408799
- The 3rd volume of the works of Yukichi FUKUZAWA edited by Masanori KOMURO and Shunsaku NISHIKAWA, Keiogijuku University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-4766408799
- 日清戦争以後、明治日本に清末の知識人が注目するようになると、すでに中国本土では衰微していた陽明学にも俄然注意が向けられるようになった。
- After the Sino-Japanese War, Chinese intellectuals at the end of the Ching period began to pay attention to Meiji-period Japan, and especially focused on Yomeigaku, which had declined on the Chinese mainland.
- 教育ニ関スル勅語の「奉読」、奉安殿の設置などによる学校教育での天皇崇拝の強要、日の丸掲揚や君が代斉唱などを通じ日本人意識を植え付けた。
- Japanese consciousness was indoctrinated such as worshipping the Emperor by 'reverentially reading' ordinance on Education and setting hoanden (premises where an imperial portrait and the Imperial Rescript on Education are housed before and during the war) as well as hoisting Hinomaru (national flag of Japan) and singing Kimigayo (Japan's national anthem).
- 学制(がくせい、明治5年太政官布告第214号)は、1872年(明治5年)8月3日に公布された、日本にて最初に学校制度を定めた教育法令。
- Gakusei (the Education System Order: the Proclamation of the Grand Council of the State No. 214, 1872) is the laws and regulations pertaining to education promulgated on August 3, 1872, which first established the school system in Japan.
- キリスト教の例で言えば、「マルコ_(福音記者)がペトロの通訳であったかどうか、そのマルコが福音書を書いたかどうか」は歴史学の対象となる。
- To take the case of Christianity as an example, the question of whether Mark (the evangelist) wrote the Gospel of Mark himself or was simply a translator for Peter is the subject of historical study.
- この点、日本は鎖国とはいえ完全に国を閉ざしたわけではなく、キリスト教以外はオランダ語を通じて自由に諸外国の情勢や最新の学問を研究できた。
- Despite being under seclusionism, Japan had not closed the country completely, giving people the freedom to learn about the state of affairs of foreign countries as well as the latest studies, excluding Christianity through the Dutch language.
- 松崎欣一編 『福澤諭吉著作集〈第12巻〉福翁自伝 福澤全集緒言』 慶應義塾大学出版会、2003年、ISBN 978-4766408881
- The 12th volume, Fukuo Jiden (autobiography) of the works of Yukichi FUKUZAWA edited by Kinichi MATSUZAKI, Keiogijuku University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-4766408881
- 雍正帝以降、朱子学の正学化確立、乾隆・嘉慶 (清)の考証学全盛期(いわゆる乾嘉の学)到来によってさらにその傾向を強め、陽明学は衰微した。
- After the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, with Shushigaku officially authorized and Koshogaku at its height under Emperors Qianlong and Jiaqing (known as Qian-Jia teachings), Yomeigaku went into decline.
- 民政局には内務、殖産、財務、学務の4部が設置されたほか、台湾民主国の活動が行われた期間に高島鞆之助が副総督として任命されたケースもある。
- The Home Affairs Bureau was further divided into four offices: Internal Affairs, Agriculture, Finance and Education, and Tomonosuke TAKASHIMA was appointed as Vice Governor-General when the Republic of Formosa existed on Taiwan.
- 進講者の一人である瀧川幸辰(のち京大学長)によれば、この時天皇制廃止を記したプラカードを掲げた学生たちが正面玄関に殺到する行動があった。
- According to Yukitoki TAKIGAWA (he later became the president of Kyoto University), who was one of lecturers, students who were carrying a placard asserting the abolition of Imperial system rushed to the front entrance at this time.
- 歴代の足利将軍は禅宗に帰依し、これを保護したため、京都を中心に禅宗寺院が隆盛し、そこから造園、文学、茶道など、さまざまな文化が生まれた。
- Successive shoguns of the Muromachi bakufu devoutly believed in and patronized the Zen sect of Buddhism, so Zen-sect-style temples were constructed one after another mainly in Kyoto, and these temples became the stage of various kinds of culture, such as landscape gardening, literature, and Japanese tea ceremony.
- 元々、大学寮には勧学田(学料田)と呼ばれる田地が存在しており、そこからの貢租によって学生を寄宿させ、食事を給付(給食)したとされている。
- Originally, Daigaku-ryo owned rice fields called kangakuden (gakuryoden) and it provided students with accommodation and meal using annual tax gained from such rice fields.
- 日本の戦況優勢を見て、東学党の系列から一進会が1904年に設立され、大衆層での親日的独立運動から、日本の支援を受けた合邦運動へ発展した。
- Recognizing that Japan had the upperhand in the war, the Iljinhoe was established from the Donghak Party in 1904, developing from a grass-roots pro-Japanese independence movement into an pro-annexation movement that received support from Japan.
- 田中正造の直訴後、学生が相次いで団体で足尾見学に向かうなど、世論の盛り上がりにあわてた政府は、1902年に第二次鉱毒調査委員会を設置した。
- After Shozo TANAKA made direct appeals to the government, popular opinion changed in the residents' favor as many groups of college students visited Ashio one after another, and the government, realizing it could become a threat, hastily set up the second Research Committee of the Mining Pollution in 1902.
- 縄文時代前期では、概ね方形、台形、楕円形で、6本の主柱をもち、壁面周辺に支柱穴とも推察されるピット (考古学)が並んでいる状況が見られる。
- In the early half of the Jomon period, dwellings were generally quadrilateral, trapezoid or elliptical in shape and were found to have six large columns, as well as support columns located near the wall, based on small pits that were found in archaeological excavations.
- 日本の文化に対して誇りを持っていたためであったがアメリカに留学していた子の岩倉具定らに「未開の国と侮りを受ける」と説得され、シカゴで断髪。
- He did it because he was proud of Japanese culture, however, he cut off the topknot in Chicago after his son Tomosada IWAKURA, who were studying in America, and others persuaded him that Japan would be insulted as an uncivilized country.
- 逆に陽明学には個人道徳の問題に偏重する傾向があり、王陽明の意図に反して反体制的な理論が生まれたため、体制を反発する者が好む場合が多かった。
- In contrast, Yomeigaku tended to attach too much importance to individual morals and, against Wang Yangming's intentions, gave rise to an antiestablishment theory, which attracted those who opposed the regime.
- 戦前段階には狭義に政治体制自体を指していたが、戦後の歴史学の進展に伴い、近世日本の社会体制全体の特色を示す概念として使われるようになった。
- In the pre-war days, the term meant a political system itself in the narrow sense, but along with the development of the historical science in the post-war era, the term has become to mean a concept that indicates the features of entire society system of the early modern Japan.
- しかしこの事件に関して京大生や同学会に対する好意的反応は少数派であり、「京大を廃校にせよ」「貴方たちは狂人ですか」といった非難が集中した。
- However, the number of people who were in favor of the students of Kyoto University and the Dogakukai concerning this incident were relatively small, and many people condemned them by saying 'Abolish Kyoto University' or 'Are you madmen?'
- 江戸時代には清原氏の子孫である舟橋家・伏原家が博士の職を世襲したが、儒教の中でも新興の宋学全盛の時代にあっては名目のみの官となっていった。
- During the Edo period, the Funabashi and Fusehara families, as descendants of the Nakahara clan, inherited the position of hakase (professor); the inherited position was in name only, however, since it had become the golden days of the newly emerged Sogaku (Song-period neo-Confucianism).
- 平安時代中期以後、西曹は菅原氏、東曹は大江氏の管理下におかれ、そのままそれぞれの氏族の寄宿舎(他氏の大学別曹に相当する)としても機能した。
- After the mid Heian period, the seiso was placed under the control of the Sugawara clan and the toso was placed under the control of the Oe clan, both of which were to function also as dormitories of the clans as they were (corresponding to the Daigaku besso of the other clans.)
- 儒学のモデルであり、当時の憧れの対象であった中国では明が滅び、清に支配されて「畜類の国」となれば、もはや規範とすべき国とはいえなくなった。
- In China, the model for Confucianism and the object of admiration, the Ming dynasty went to ruin and the country came to be controlled by the Ching dynasty; China was said to have been reduced to 'a country of beasts' and no longer acted as a standard to emulate.
- その後は長く停滞したが、江戸時代に入り林羅山によって「上下定分の理」やその名分論が武家政治の基礎理念として再興され、江戸幕府の正学とされた。
- Neo-Confucianism then stagnated for years, but in the Edo period, Razan HAYASHI revived it by his 'the theory of fixed division between uppers and lowers' and its theory of ethical duty of the social class as the fundamental principle of the military rule, and Neo-Confucianism was designated as the official scholarship by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 清代になっても朱子学は、体制教学として継承され、礼教にもとづく国家体制作りに利用され、君臣倫理などの狭い範囲でしか活用されることはなかった。
- Even during the Qing Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism was inherited as system teaching and learning, and used to create the national policy based on Reikyo, and utilized only in the narrow range, such as ethics of master and servant.
- また天武天皇の諡(おくりな)の「瀛真人」(おきのまひと)は道教の神学では「瀛州」(えいしゅう)という海中の神山に住む仙人の高級者を意味する。
- Also Emperor Tenmu's okurina (a posthumous name) 'Oki no Mahito' means high rank hermit who lived in the holy mountain in the sea called 'Eishu' according to Taoism.
- また7月18日 (旧暦)(8月11日)には、実際に幕府が浅野大学長広に広島藩への永預かりを言い渡したことで、お家再興の望みは完全に絶たれる。
- When the bakufu actually told Nagahiro Daigaku ASANO to be held to Hiroshima Domain on August 11, the hope for the restoration was thwarted.
- しかし、現存するのは毛利博物館所蔵の呂后本紀第九・東北大学附属図書館所蔵の孝文本紀第十・大東急記念文庫所蔵の孝景本紀第十一の3巻のみである。
- However, the existing volumes are only three: the ninth volume of Ryoko hongi of Mori Museum, the tenth volume of Kobun hongi of Tohoku University Library and the eleventh volume of Kokei hongi of Daitokyu memorial library.
- 埴輪は、当時の人々の服装、髪型、化粧など生活の実態を具体的に知ることのできる視覚情報を提供してくれるという点でも、学術的に貴重な資料である。
- Haniwa is academically precious, partly because it provides us with visual information, from which we can know vividly about people's daily life in those days, such as clothes, hairstyle, and makeup.
- それは、京都大学教授の林屋辰三郎が指摘するように、そもそも幕府というものの本質をいずれに置くのか、歴史学上未確定であるところによるとされる。
- As Tatsusaburo HAYASHIYA (scholar of Japanese history, professor of Kyoto University) pointed out, to begin with, it is uncertain where the essence of bakufu lies in terms of historical science.
- 特に朱子学が従来の儒学議論の中から、孟子の「性善説」を取り出し、極端に尊崇したことから、「性」「善」の内容をめぐって議論を呼ぶことになった。
- From among the traditional discussions on Confucianism, Shushigaku took Mencius' 'Theory of Innate Goodness' and held it in high esteem, which led to the debate over 'innateness' and 'goodness'.
- 17世紀後半から18世紀にかけて活躍した詩人・儒学者の程順則は、琉球における最初の学校明倫堂創設の建議を行うなど、琉球の学問に大きく貢献した。
- Shunze CHENG, who was a poet and Confucian scholar active from the late 17th century to the 18th century, proposed the foundation of the Meirindo school, the first school in Ryukyu, and greatly contributed to learning in Ryukyu.
- 以下の説明は、『新版韓国の歴史 - 国定韓国高等学校歴史教科書』(世界の教科書シリーズ 1)明石書店2000年による説明と合致したものである。
- The following explanation matches the one given in 'History of Korea (new edition): Government-designated textbook for Korean high schools' (Textbooks of the World, first series), published by Akashi Shoten in 2000.
- この時、正門外で突然毎日新聞社の車が「君が代」を流したため、これに反発した学生の中から反戦歌「平和を守れ」の歌声が流れ、次第に大合唱となった。
- At this time, someone on board a vehicle for the Mainichi Newspapers played 'Kimigayo' (Japan's national anthem), and some students who were offended by it started to sing an antiwar song 'Heiwa wo mamore' (maintain peace) and many students joined forces with them.
- 明治時代になると、西洋化近代化が国家目標になり、美術分野でもお雇い外国人による指導が行われ、芸術の本場と考えられたフランスへ留学する者もいた。
- In the Meiji period, the Japanese government set a national goal of westernization and modernization, and therefore, also in the art field, hired foreigners taught Japanese, and since France was deemed the home of art, some Japanese went there for study.
- 今日、歴史学上では初の武家政権及び武家政治の創始は平氏政権にあるとされるが、朝廷から独立した本格的な武家政権が鎌倉幕府であることは間違いない。
- Today, historians consider Taira clan government to have founded samurai government and politics but there is no doubt that the first full-fledged samurai government independent from the Imperial Court was the Kamakura Bakufu.
- これについて、桃裕行は遅くても弘仁・承和 (日本)年間に勧学院や学館院が創立されるに及んで、和気氏の大学別曹として確立したものと推測している。
- In response to the question, Hiroyuki MOMO (Japanese historian) inferred that the Kobunin had established as daigaku besso of the Wake clan at the latest when Kangakuin (daigaku besso of the Fujiwara clan) and Gakkanin (one of the daigaku besso) were founded around the Konin era (810 - 824) and the Jowa era (834 - 848).
- 当時の為政者や作者(と推定される人物)の心理面やその影響力を考察する点では歴史学上の価値もあるが、作為上の意図も踏まえ厳密に検証する必要がある。
- Although they have historical value from a psychological standpoint, and influence from politicians and authors (or presumed authors), it is necessary to review them while strictly bearing the intent with which they were written, in mind.
- 庚午事変(こうごじへん)は、1870年に当時の徳島藩淡路島洲本城下で洲本市在住の蜂須賀氏臣の武士が、家老稲田邦植の別邸や学問所などを襲った事件。
- Kogo Jihen was an incident in which vassals of the Hachisuka clan, who lived in Sumoto City, attacked the second residence of chief retainer Kunitane Inada and a place of study and other places near the Sumoto-jo Castle on Awaji-shima Island, Tokushima domain of that time in 1870.
- この論争の意義については、かつては学問的な論争と考えられていたが、実際には言いがかり的な論争も多く、中心は政治的・派閥的な争いとする見方も強い。
- The significance of the disputes was once regarded as an academic one; however, in fact, there were so many arguments just for objection that many people take the disputes mainly as political and sectional conflicts.
- 江戸時代には、江戸幕府が設置した昌平坂学問所の略称として知られた他、江戸幕府が設置した学校や諸藩の藩校の中にもこの名称が採用されるものがあった。
- In the Edo period, 'gakumonjo' was known as the abbreviation of Shoheizaka Gakumonjo (Shoheizaka school) established by the Edo bakufu, and in addition, the name was adopted by some of the schools established by the Edo bakufu and hanko (domain schools) owned by domains.
- 1894年5月に朝鮮で、東学教団構成員の全琫準を指導者として民生改善と日・欧の侵出阻止を求める農民反乱である甲午農民戦争(東学党の乱)が起きた。
- In May 1894, the Tonghak Peasant Revolution led by Jeon Bong Jun --a member of the Tonghak religious community-- occurred in Korea, calling for improvement of the people's livelihood and prevention of invasions from Japan and Western countries.
- 後藤は台湾の社会風俗などの調査を行い、その結果をもとに政策を立案、生物学的原則を確立すると同時に、漸次同化の方法を模索するという統治方針であった。
- Goto conducted research on Taiwanese society and customs and formulated the governance policy based upon research results to establish biological principles as well as to seek eventual assimilation.
- 通常に現地の日本語学校へ進み、ビデオデッキ、インターネット、マンガやアニメといったメディアの発達によりアメリカに住みながらも日本と同じ感性で育つ。
- They usually go to local Japanese schools and are brought up as if they were in Japan thanks to the advancement of media such as VCRs, the Internet, comics, and anime.
- 畿内を中心に出土する銅鐸、北九州を中心に出土する銅矛、出雲地方特有の形式をもつ銅剣が同一遺跡から、しかも大量に出土したという点で学術的価値が高い。
- They are academically valued in that dotaku mainly excavated in Kinai region, dohoko mainly excavated in northern Kyushu, and doken with a style unique to Izumo district were discovered in one site and also in large numbers.
- 江戸時代から建築に対する有職故実的な研究は行われていたが、学問として成立するのは明治時代以降である(建築という用語自体、明治時代に造られたもの)。
- The study of architecture has been conducted since the Edo period as part of greater studies on the practices of ancient court and samurai families, but it was only in the Meiji period that architectural study emerged as an independent branch of learning (the term 'kenchiku' [建築], meaning 'architecture', was itself coined in the Meiji period).
- そしてその指導の下に旧軍とは別に、新式の編成で新式の装備を有する「別技軍」を組織し、日本式の訓練を行ったり日本に留学させたりと、努力を続けていた。
- Under the advisors' instruction, they set up the 'Byeolgigun' (a modernized special military force) apart from the existing traditional army, organized it in a new way and had it newly-equipped, continuing with such efforts as performing Japanese-style training and sending some members to Japan for study.
- 一説には、良沢が長崎留学の途中で天満宮に学業成就を祈ったとき、自分の名前を上げるために勉学するのではないと約束したので名前を出すのを断ったという。
- According to one estimate, Ryotaku MAENO refused to put his name in 'Kaitai Shinsho' because he had once promised not to study for his own name when he prayed for accomplishment of his school work at Tenman-gu Shrine on his way to Nagasaki for study.
- 諸経を学習後、医生40人のうち24人が体療(内科)、6人が創腫(外科)、6人が少小(小児科)、4人が耳目口歯の専門科目に分かれ、他もこれに準じた。
- After studying these textbooks, students advanced to the professional course, and for example, in the case of 40 students of medicine, 24 students advanced to the course of 'tairyo' (internal medicine), 6 to the course of 'soshu' (surgery), 6 to the course of 'shosho' (pediatrics), and 4 to the course of ear, eye, mouth, and tooth.
- その起源は『続日本紀』延暦4年12月23日 (旧暦)条に故遠江国国史菅原古人の子である菅原清公・菅原清綱ら4名に学問料を給付したこととされている。
- Based on the records in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) dated on twenty-third day, twelfth month of the fourth year of Enryaku era (old calendar), its origin is believed to be fact that four persons including SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, and SUGAWARA no Kiyotsuna, both were the sons of the late provincial governor of Totomi Province SUGAWARA no Furuhito, were granted Gakumonryo.
- その1つが明治9年(1876年)1月、私学校の内部偵察と離間工作のため中原尚雄以下24名の警吏を、帰郷するという名目で鹿児島へと派遣したことである。
- As one of the countermeasures, 24 police officers including Naoo NAKAHARA were dispatched to Kagoshima in January 1876 on the pretext of homecoming for the purpose of espionage and discord-producing intrigues of Shigakko.
- 西南役(せいなんのえき)、丁丑の乱、十年戦争(鹿児島弁では「じねんのゆっさ」)、私学校戦争とも呼ばれ、明治初期の一連の士族反乱のうち最大規模のもの。
- Also known as Seinan no eki, Teichu no ran, Junen senso (in the Kagoshima dialect, Jinen no yussa), and Shigakko Senso, it was the biggest among a series of uprisings of warrior class broke out in the early Meiji period.
- 編纂が進むにつれてその思想体系などが整備され、やがて水戸学と呼ばれる学問の一派へと成長し、水戸藩士は皆等しく水戸学の尊皇論の影響を受けることとなる。
- As the compilation progressed, the system of thought came to be developed, which resulted in the formation of a school of learning called Mitogaku, and all the feudal retainers of Mito Domain were affected by the sonnoron (the thought respecting the Emperors) of the Mitogaku.
- しかしこれらには宋~明中葉の一般官田のように国家財政収入を支える国有地としての意味はなく、学田を除くと、利用を許可された個人の私有地の性質を帯びた。
- However, these lands were, in nature, not the state lands like the general kanden in the period from Song to mid-Ming which supported the national fisacal revenue, and except 学田, they were in the nature of private properties held by individuals who were permitted to use.
- その結果、宋代以後の儒学は、孔子の思想的側面(聖人の心と解釈者の心)を明らかにすることにも力を費やすことになり、結果として思弁性のあるものとなった。
- As a result, Confucianism after the Song period also placed a strong emphasis on clarifying the ideological side of Confucius (the sage's mind and reader's mind), which made Confucianism more speculative.
- 法律も国民の行いによって変わるもので、単に学ぶ事を知らず無知であるのに強訴や一揆などを行ったり、自分に都合の良い事ばかりを言う事は恥知らずではないか。
- Laws and regulations are also changed by the activities of people; if the ignorant people who have no interest in learning resort to direct petitions or uprisings and always make it work to his advantage, I think this is shameless; and
- 篠原・淵辺群平・池上四郎 (薩摩藩士)・河野主一郎ら私学校幹部は善後策を話し合い、小根占で猟をしていた西郷隆盛のもとに彼の四弟の西郷小兵衛を派遣した。
- The leaders of Shigakko, SHINOHARA, Gunpei FUCHIBE, Shiro IKEBE (retainer of the Satsuma Domain), and Shuichiro KONO discussed countermeasures and sent Kohei SAIGO, Takamori's fourth younger brother, to Takamori, who went on a hunting in Konejime.
- 以上を含め奈良時代の升量については、江戸時代の学者によるものをはじめ各種の説があるが、いずれも律や令の記述と中国の度量衡制度からの推定に過ぎなかった。
- Including this, there exist various theories, thought out by scholars in the Edo and other periods, about how much the volume of 1 sho really was in the Nara period, and all of them were just the speculation, merely based on the depiction seen in the penal and administrative law of the period, and on the Chinese system of weights and measures.
- 院政期から中世の前半にかけての数百年間、上級貴族から中・下級の官人あるいは出家した人びとによって、説話を集めて、説話集を編むという文学行為が流行する。
- During a couple of hundred years from the Insei period until the first half of the medieval period, collecting anecdotes from high-rank court nobles, government official in the middle and low rank, or priests, and compiling those anecdotes into a collection of anecdotes became popular.
- ただし、そうした場合には技術・学術が実際に継承されているという点が重要視されており、そうした技術が衰退すれば世習の家柄でも子孫への継承が困難となった。
- However, in these cases, it was important that the actual techniques and knowledge were passed down, but if such techniques had declined, passing down the position was difficult even for a descendant of a hereditary family.
- 学問料(がくもんりょう)とは、平安時代に大学寮紀伝道の学生である文章生から選抜されて支給された奨学のための費用であり、給料(きゅうりょう)とも称した。
- The term Gakumonryo is a scholarship for Monjosho (students who study poetry and history) who studied Kidendo (the study of history) at Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) during the Heian period and it was also called Kyuryo.
- それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
- The adoption of such a principle would mean that a shogun would be able to expel an emperor; consequently the Kimon school founded by Ansai YAMAZAKI took a position opposed to the expulsion of a disqualified monarch and transformed Zhu Xi's teachings from a pro-establishment ideology to one that was anti-establishment.
- また歴史学の世界では、文書目録は当時の政治経済などの情報伝達のあり方を、図書目録は当時の学術水準や書籍流通の状況を知る上において貴重な史料となりえる。
- In the world of historical science, bunsho mokuroku (lists of documents) are highly valued as tools to study the distribution of political and economical information at any one time, and tosho mokuroku (lists of books) are valued in understanding where books have been distributed.
- かれはまた、天文・暦算を林吉右衛門門下の小林義信に学んでおり、その学説は中国の天文学説を主としながらもヨーロッパ天文学説についても深い理解を寄せていた。
- He also learned astronomy and calendar from Yoshinobu KOBAYASHI, and his theory, based on Chinese astronomy though, showed great understanding of European astronomy as well.
- 最初期の日本人建築家辰野金吾はロンドン留学の際に「日本の建築にはどのような歴史があるか」と聞かれて何も答えられず、自国の建築史研究の必要を感じたという。
- It is said that Kingo TATSUNO, an early Japanese architect, was once asked about Japanese architectural history whilst studying abroad in London, and, having completely failed to answer the question, he felt a compelling need for a study on the subject.
- 江戸時代に入ると国学研究の中で三韓征伐、およびそれを大義名分とした文禄・慶長の役を肯定的にとらえる論説(山鹿素行『武家事紀』など)が広まるようになった。
- During the Edo period, scholarly researchers in the discipline of Japanese literature and culture came to widely accept the validity of the theories (for example, 'Bukejiki' [the account of the military houses] by Soko YAMAGA); this positively supported the Sankan-Seibatsu, and the subsequent use of the Sankan-Seibatsu was legitimate as a central thesis for the battles of Bunroku and Keicho.
- 『解体新書』刊行後、医学が発展したことはもちろんであるが、オランダ語の理解が進み、鎖国下の日本において西洋の文物を理解する下地ができたことは重要である。
- It is important to acknowledge that, after the publication of 'Kaitai Shinsho,' the medical science not only achieved, but also advancement in the comprehension of Dutch language was made significantly, which formed a foundation for the people to understand materials of Western culture in Japan under seclusion policy.
- 「私達は一個の人間として貴方を見る時、同情に耐えません」で始まるこの質問状は、当時学生であった中岡哲郎(のち大阪市立大学教授)の執筆によるものであった。
- This open letter, which started with the phrase 'When we look at you as an individual human being, we cannot help but feel compassion,' was written by a student, Tetsuro Nakaoka (he later became a professor of Osaka City University).
- 近代以前の日本における教科書(きんだいいぜんのにほんにおけるきょうかしょ)では、明治の学校制度確立以前の日本の教科書(学習教材)の歴史について解説する。
- This article will explain about the history of the school textbooks in Japan until the school system was established in the Meiji period.
- だが皮肉なことに、この朱子学の台頭によって天皇を中心とした国づくりをするべきという尊皇論と尊王運動が起こり、後の倒幕運動と明治維新へ繋がっていくのである。
- Ironically, however, the rise of Neo-Confucianism triggered the sonnoron (the thought respecting the Emperors) and the movement to show reverence for the emperor for establishing an Emperor-centered nation, which led to the movement to overthrow the Shogunate and the Meiji Restoration.
- しかし、日本古代史の学界からは史料批判などの歴史学の基本的な手続きを踏んでいないとして「学説として批判・検証を受ける段階に無い」と見做され黙殺されている。
- However, this theory has been ignored by the academic circles of ancient Japanese history, who claim that, 'This theory is not at the level of being evaluated or examined,' and it has not gone through the basic methodology necessary for historical science such as the cross examination of historical documents.
- 明治となっても、三宅雪嶺が『王陽明』という伝記を著して陽明学を顕彰し、また陽明学に国民道徳の基礎を求める雑誌『陽明学』やその類似雑誌がいくつも創刊された。
- Even after the Restoration, Setsurei MIYAKE wrote a biography entitled 'Wang Yangming' to publicly honor Yomeigaku, and several magazines were launched, including 'Yomeigaku', which looked for the basis of national morality in Yomeigaku.
- 尚歯会(しょうしかい)とは、江戸時代後期に蘭学、儒学者など幅広い分野の学者・技術者・官僚などが集まって発足したサロンであり頭脳集団(シンクタンク)の名称。
- The Shoshikai is the name of a salon or a group of intelligent people (a think tank) established by people gathered, such as a wide range of scholars or artisans, including those of Western studies or Confucianism, and government officials during the late Edo period.
- 7教授罷免に際して京都帝大法科大学(現・京大法学部)の教授・助教授たちは仁保亀松学長(現在の学部長)を中心に結束し、教授の人事権は教授会にありと主張した。
- When they learned of the dismissal of seven professors, professors/assistant professors of the law school of Kyoto Imperial University (current law department of Kyoto University) stood together with the principal of the school, (current dean) Kamematsu NIHO being in the center, arguing that authority over personal issues of professors should belong to faculty councils.
- これは経書の中の『礼記』から分割編纂した「大学」と「中庸」、そして準経書扱いされていた『論語』と、『荀子』と並称されていた『孟子』という四つの書物である。
- The Four Books are 'The Great Learning' and 'The Doctrine of the Mean', which came from the 'Classic of Rites', one of the Five Classics, 'The Analects of Confucius', which had been treated as a semi-Classic, and 'The Mengzi', which had ranked with 'The Xunzi'
- また漢唐の訓詁学や清の考証学との違いを鮮明にするときは、(宋 (王朝)明)理学と呼び、同じ理学でも朱子学と区別する際には心学あるいは明学、陸王学ともいう。
- In order to highlight its differences with Kunko-gaku (exegetics) during the Kan and Tang dysnasties and Koshogaku (study of old documents) during the Qing dynasty, Yomei-gaku is sometimes called Somin Ri-gaku, which is a general term used to describe Confucian studies during the Song and Ming dysnasties, and among Ri-gaku, Yomei-gaku is further called Shin-gaku, Min-gaku, or Rikuo-gaku to distinguish it from Shushi-gaku (Zhu Xi school).
- 後醍醐天皇や楠木正成は、朱子学の熱心な信奉者と思われ、鎌倉滅亡から建武の新政にかけてのかれらの行動原理は、朱子学に基づいていると思われる箇所がいくつもある。
- It seems Emperor Godaigo and Masashige KUSUNOKI were keen followers of Neo-Confucianism, and there are several points that point to the fact that their principle of behavior from the fall of Kamakura to Kenmu Restoration might be based on Neo-Confucianism.
- 江戸時代も後半にさしかかると島津重豪をはじめ、財力ある西国大名の中にも蘭癖大名と呼ばれるほど蘭学に傾倒した者が現れ、その支援によって蘭学がいっそう振興した。
- In the latter half of the Edo period, some wealthy Saigoku Daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in western Japan) including Shigehide SHIMAZU were so enthusiastic about Rangaku as to be called Ranheki daimyo (daimyo that affects anything Dutch), and then, Rangaku further developed with the support from these daimyo.
- 西郷の切腹を見守っていた桐野・村田新八・池上・辺見・山野田・岩本平八郎らは再び岩崎口に突撃し、敵弾に斃れ、自刃し、或いは私学校近くの一塁に籠もって戦死した。
- KIRINO, Shinpachi MURATA, IKEGAMI, HENMI, YAMANODA, Heihachiro IWAMOTO, who had watched SAIGO committing suicide by disembowelment, rushed into Iwasakiguchi again, and some of them were shot dead, killed themselves by falling on their swords, or were killed in fights while barricading themselves in a fort near to Shigakko.
- 日系企業がアメリカ進出し始めた1970年代後半から現在にいたるまで、アメリカへ転勤により移住した駐在員家庭や現地留学、移民した人の子供達(例:マシ・オカ)。
- It refers to the children of those who lived or have been living in the U.S. because of a family member's job transfer, who studied in the U.S., or who immigrated to the U.S. since the late 1970s, when Japanese companies started penetrating the U.S. market (Ex. Masi OKA, a Japanese American actor).
- 野に下った大隈は10年後の国会開設に備え、翌1882年3月には小野梓とともに立憲改進党を結成、また10月、東京専門学校(現・早稲田大学)を早稲田に開設した。
- Okuma left the government and started preparation for establishment of the National Diet, which had been targeted at 10 years later, and in March 1882, the next year, he set up the Constitutional Progressive Party with Azusa ONO and established Tokyo Senmon Gakko (present-day Waseda University) in Waseda.
- 幕藩体制(ばくはんたいせい)とは、近世日本の社会体制のあり方を、幕府(征夷大将軍)と藩(大名)という封建制度的主従関係を基点にとらえた歴史学上の概念である。
- 'Bakuhan-taisei' is a historical concept of social system of early modern Japan viewed basically from feudal homage between bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (or seii-taishogun, literally 'great general who subdues the barbarians) and han (domains) (or daimyo, meaning 'feudal lords').
- 江戸からの第一の急使早水満尭と萱野重実が赤穂城内にある筆頭家老大石良雄の屋敷に到着し、浅野内匠頭が吉良上野介に刃傷に及んだという浅野大学からの書状を届けた。
- The first messengers from Edo, Mitsutaka HAYAMI and Shigezane KAYANO, arrived at the head of chief retainers, Yoshio OISHI's, residence located in Ako-jo Castle and gave the letter from Daigaku ASANO, which described Asano Takumi no Kami's attack against Kira Kozuke no Suke.
- 留守政府の元で徴兵令(海陸警備ノ制)・学制(教令率育ノ道)・司法改革(審理刑罰ノ法)・地租改正(理財会計ノ方)といった新しい制度が行われていくことになった。
- Various new systems were implemented by rusu-seifu, including Conscription Ordinance (kairiku keibi no sei), education system (kyoiku sotsuiku no michi), judicial reform (shinri keibatsu no ho) and land tax reform (rizai kaikei no ho).
- 隋唐を承け、北宋を経過した儒学は、南宋中頃以後に徐々に道学と呼ばれる思想集団が頭を擡げ、南宋中頃に朱熹が道学を集大成して、遂に江南思想界を席巻するに及んだ。
- In Confucianism, which had emerged before the Sui and Tang Dynasties and continued through the Northern Song Dynasty, an ideological group called Dogaku gradually rose to the fore after the middle of the Southern Sung period, when it was founded by Zhu Xi, and came to dominate ideological circles in the Jiang Nan area.
- もっとも、文学の場合、大きく時代を遡れば、アイソポス(イソップ)やホメロスなど著者の同一性自体が揺らいでいても偽書・贋作論議の埒外に置かれているケースもある。
- The identities of writers from ancient times such as Aesop and Homer are suspicious, but they are placed outside the discussion as to whether their works are gisho or forged writings.
- さらに、『朝野新聞』同年11月7日号に「学問ノススメ之評」として転載され、『日新眞事誌』同年11月8~9日号、『横浜毎日新聞』同年11月9日号にも掲載された。
- And the review appeared again on Choya Shinbun newspaper on November 7, Nisshin Shinji-shi on November 8 to 9, and Yokohama Mainichi Shinbun newspaper on November 9.
- 小室正紀・西川俊作編 『』 慶應義塾大学出版会、2002年、ISBN 978-4766408799 には、『学問のすゝめ 初編』初版本の影印が収録されている。
- The seal placed on the first copies of the first edition of Gakumon no Susume can be found in a book by Masanori KOMURO and Shunsaku NISHIKAWA, Keiogijuku University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-4766408799
- 特に、戦後の歴史学に強い影響を及ぼした唯物史観は、発展史観の度合いをさらに強め、古代アジアの社会はアジア的生産様式の中で総体的奴隷制度が行われたと考えていた。
- In particular, historical materialism, which strongly influenced the Japanese post-war historical school, further advanced the historical view of development to consider that ancient Asian society was generally based on slavery in the Asiatic mode of production.
- 雷撃隊が大口から撤退することになった時、辺見は祠の老松の傍らに立ち、覚えず涙を揮って「私学校の精兵をして、猶在らしめば、豈此敗を取らんや」と嘆いたと言われる。
- It is said that, when the Raigeki-tai troop retreated from Oguchi, HENMI shed tears in spite of himself and deplored beside an old pine at a small shrine saying that 'If excellent soldiers from Shigakko still participated in this battle, we must not have been defeated like this.'
- 明治時代に歴史学者の喜田貞吉が条坊制の存在を信じて文献史料にはみえない「大津京」という語を用いて以降、歴史地理学や考古学の研究者がこの語を用いるようになった。
- Since historian Sadakichi KIDA believed in the existence of a street plan and began using the word 'Otsu-kyo' never mentioned in historical documents during the Meiji period, historical geographers and archaeologists started to use this word.
- 大学南校、開成所、広運館がそれぞれ中学となり、それぞれ第一大学区、第四大学区、第六大学区に属され、大学東校、大阪医学校、長崎医学校が各大学区の医学校となった。
- Daigaku Nanko (the Southern College of the University, a predecessor of the University of Tokyo), Kaiseijo and Kounkan became middle schools which belonged to the 1st university district, the 4th university district and the 6th university district respectively, and Daigaku Toko (the Eastern College of the University), Osaka Igakko (Osaka Medical School) and Nagasaki Igakko (Nagasaki Medical School) became the medical schools of each university district.
- 叙位・任官をはじめとする朝廷の政務儀式、天皇の日常の行動から学問などについての注意が示されており、宮廷における年中行事の研究には欠かせない内容が含まれている。
- Kanpyo no goyuikai contains the instruction on the protocols of government affairs at the Imperial Court such as the conferment of court rank and appointment to an office, the emperor's daily activities, learning and other issues, which are essential to the study of the annual events at the Court.
- いろは順・部門別が便利であったらしく、文明16年(1484年)に成立した『温故知新書』(五十音に分けて部門別)や『下学集』などとは対照的に広く流布していった。
- Probably because the combination of the classifications in iroha order and by categories had been useful, the setsuyoshu began to circulate widely in contrast to other dictionaries, such as 'Onkochishinsho' (in which the words were classified in Japanese alphabetical order or aiueo order and subclassified by categories) published in 1484 or 'Kagaku-shu' (a Japanese dictionary made in the Muromachi period).
- 沢柳事件の経緯と結末により「大学自治の本山」とみなされた京大は、1930年代以降、戦時体制のもとで大学への統制を進めようとする勢力からは敵視されるようになる。
- Kyoto Imperial University, which was regarded as 'the center of university autonomy' thanks to the development and conclusion of the Sawayanagi incident, came to be regarded as an enemy by people who intended to place universities under the government's control under the wartime regime in 1930's.
- 林忠正による印象派の紹介や、海外留学から帰った黒田清輝らの出展で、明治美術会や洋画家らは混乱しながらもヨーロッパの最新の絵画運動を取り入れ活発な活動を行った。
- The Meiji Art Society, Western-style painters, and their sympathizers were thrown into confusion by the counterforce, but they were active in introducing the newest movement in European painting, which is exemplified by Tadamasa HAYASHI's introduction of impressionists, and by the exhibition of paintings of Seiki KURODA and others who returned from study abroad.
- 遣唐使が中止された9世紀末以降、文化の和風化が進展し、漢字を元にして日本固有の文字である仮名が考案され、和歌や『源氏物語』に代表される物語文学が盛んになった。
- After the dispatch of the Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China was ended in the end of the ninth century, the Japanization of the culture advanced, so 'kana' (syllables peculiar to Japan) based on Chinese characters was created, and kana helped the spread of 'waka' (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) and narrative literature exemplified by 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji).
- 元は藤氏長者としての所領を中核としていたが、後には氏院である勧学院や同流ゆかりの寺院である法成寺や平等院などの寺院領が摂関家の家領として扱われるようになった。
- Originally, the shoryo the family owned as the chieftain of the Fujiwara clan mainly accounted for the family's holdings; but later, the kangakuin (a school founded in Heian-kyo [the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto]) which was Uji no In (celebrated villa), jiinryo (the holdings of a temple) such as of Hosei-ji Temple or Byodo-in Temple which were temples closely related with the line of the house, became treated as keryo of the Sekkan-ke (the Fujiwara regent's line).
- そして士農工商は歴史学上の重要概念となり、さらに士農工商の下に穢多(えた)や非人(ひにん)を付けて「士農工商穢多非人」という序列があったとする俗説も生まれた。
- Then, shi-no-ko-sho became an important concept in history, which created the common idea that there had been the order 'shi-no-ko-sho-eta-hinin (non-people)' by adding eta and hinin to shi-no-ko-sho.
- いずれにしても菅原清公が文章博士・大学頭であった時代は文章博士の地位が従来筆頭であった明経博士の上位に立った時期にあたり、その整備が大いに進んだとされている。
- In any event, in the days when SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi was Monjo hakase and Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), the rank of the Monjo hakase exceeded Myogyo hakase (Doctor of Confucian classics), which had conventionally been the highest rank -- It was considered that the ranks among the instructors were largely settled during this period.
- 王陽明自身は「天理を存し人欲を去る」という朱子学的な側面を捨てきってはいなかったが、下で述べるように、その弟子達は人欲を自然なものとして肯定していくのである。
- Wang Yangming did not completely deny the concept close to Shushigaku that 'awareness of the heavenly principal expels human desires', but his disciples gradually began approving these desires as natural.
- かつては帰化人という呼び名が学会の主流であったが、「帰化」には日本中心的なニュアンスがあるとして上田正昭らにより「渡来人」の呼称が提唱され、学界の主流となった。
- The name Kikajin (naturalized citizen) used to be the mainstream of an academic society, but some people including Masaaki UEDA renamed it to 'Toraijin,' which became the mainstream of academy, as they claimed that 'kika' (to naturalize) implies that Japan is central.
- 人は生まれながらにして貴賎上下の別はないけれどただ学問を勤めて物事をよく知るものは貴人となり富人となり、無学なる者は貧人となり下人となるのだ。」という事である。
- There is no difference in nature between the noble and the common, but just those who work hard to gain knowledge will be noble and rich, and those who do not will become poor and uncivilized.
- 当時の日本史学界の大きなテーマは、日本の歴史をいかにヨーロッパ的史観へ当てはめていくか、というものであり、そうした観点から律令制への評価が行われていたのである。
- In those days, the biggest theme of Japanese historians was how to apply Japanese history to the European historical view and therefore they evaluated the Ritsuryo system from that historical point of view.
- しかし一方でこの内容は日本などに留学して近代ナショナリズムを取り入れつつある若者に取って大きな屈辱感を伴わせ、反清・革命運動に取り組む大きな理由の一つとなった。
- On the other hand, the contents gave a sense of great disgrace to young people studying in Japan and elsewhere and trying to take in modern-time nationalism, which became one of reasons that triggered anti-Qing/revolution movements.
- 1996年に「アレルギー科」の標榜が許可され、2003年に理化学研究所免疫・アレルギー科学総合研究センターが設立されたなどのことも議員らの働きかけによるという。
- Measures such as the permission to use the 'allergy clinic' medical specialty in 1996 and the founding of the RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology in 2003 were also due to the actions of Diet members.
- たとえば、薬局経営者・開業医の子が親の営む薬局・診療所を継ぐ為に医・歯・薬学部を目指したり、実子が後を継がない場合養子が跡継ぎになったりすることがよく見られる。
- For example, children of a pharmacy owner or medical practitioner will aim to enter a school of medicine, dentistry or pharmaceutical sciences in order to take over the clinic or pharmacy run by their parents, and if a biological child is not able to take over, then often an adopted child will become the successor.
- 鉄道、道路、上下水道、電気、病院、学校、工場などのインフラの整備を行い、近代教育制度や近代医療制度の整備を進め、朝鮮半島の近代化に役立ったと主張する研究者もいる。
- Some researchers insist that it helped the Korean Peninsula modernized by improving infrastructure such as railways, roads, water and sewerage, electricity, hospitals, schools and factories, and establishing the modern educational system and modern medical system.
- 「大逆不道罪」で、官吏である鄭顕徳・趙妥夏・許焜・張順吉、儒学者の白楽寛、金長孫・鄭義吉・姜命俊・洪千石・柳朴葛・許民同・尹尚龍・鄭双吉は凌遅刑により処刑された。
- Officers such as Jeong Hyeon-deok, Jo Ta-ha, Heo Kon, and Jang Sun-gil, and Confucian scholars such as Pak Nak-kwan, Gim Jang-son, Jeong Eui-gil, Gang Myeong-jun, Hong Cheon-seok, Yu Bok-kal, Heo Min-dong, Yun Sang-yong and Jeong Ssang-gil were executed by slow slicing for having committed the crimes of 'high treason and lèse-majesté'.
- 何ら暴力的な事件が起こっていなかったにもかかわらず、翌11月13日、衆議院文部委員会では、大学管理法案審議の過程で天野貞祐歴代の文部大臣がこの「事件」に言及した。
- Although there wasn't any acts of violence, the Minister for Education, Teiyu AMANO, mentioned this 'incident' the next day, November 13, at the Lower House Education Committee in the process of the deliberation of the draft law of the university administration.
- 特に11月13日付で「天皇への無礼と京大の責任」なる論説を掲載した京都新聞を初めとして新聞は学生側を強く非難し、常軌を逸した「不敬罪」であるかのように書き立てた。
- Especially, newspapers strongly condemned students as if they committed 'lese majesty,' including Kyoto Shimbun which posted the article 'Disrespect for the Emperor and Kyoto University's responsibility' on November 13.
- 幕末の国学の高揚とともに、『大日本史』(一部が刊行されていた)や『日本外史』・『日本政記』・『国史略』など尊皇意識を高める書籍も藩校や一部寺子屋などで採用された。
- With the rising of the standard of learning on ancient Japanese thought and culture during the latter period of the Tokugawa Shogunate, books such as 'Nihon Gaishi,' 'Nihon Seiki,' and 'Kokushiryaku,' which increased the reverence for the Emperor, were adopted in the schools of the clans and in some of the private elementary schools for the common people.
- しかし、徳川幕府はもともと武士の争乱の末に政権を奪取しており、「王道」に反する「覇道」にあたるから、朱子学による幕府の正統化の論理は、最初から矛盾をはらんでいた。
- However, the Tokugawa shogunate originally came to power at the end of years of battles among military families and the shogunate corresponded to the 'military government' which was contrary to 'righteous government', therefore the logic for justifying the Tokugawa shogunate was filled with contradiction from the beginning.
- 鎌倉時代後期までには、五山を中心として学僧等の基礎教養として広まり、正安元年(1299年)に来日した元 (王朝)の僧一山一寧がもたらした注釈によって学理を完成した。
- By the late Kamakura period, Neo-Confucianism was spread as basic education for monks in training and others among gosan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government), and its theory was completed by annotations brought by the monk Ichinei ISSAN (Yining YISHAN), who visited Japan in 1299 from the Yuan Dynasty.
- かつては朝鮮語の「ナラ(国という意味)」との関連性を指摘する学者もいたが、現在はほぼ否定されている(「均す(なら-)『平らにする』」という意味が語源とされている)。
- There used to be scholars who suggested a possible connection with the Korean word 'nara' (meaning a country), however, this theory is no longer accepted (the origin of the word is believed to be 'to flatten').
- これら行政機関以外に法院、刑務支所、少年教護院、警察官訓練所、交通局、港務局、専売局、台北帝国大学、各直属学校、農林業試験所などの司法、教育関係の部署を擁していた。
- Other governmental bodies included judicial and educational departments such as courts, corrections, orphanages, police academies, transportation, port authority, monopoly bureaus, Taihoku Imperial University, schools of all levels, agricultural and forestry research stations.
- 内蔵助はこれを好機として元禄15年(1702年)2月15日 (旧暦)(3月13日)の山科と円山での会議において「大学様の処分が決まるまで決起しない」ことを決定する。
- Kuranosuke took this chance and on March 13, 1702, held meetings in Yamanashi and Maruyama where he decided that 'we will not take any action until some kind of punishment is given to Daigaku.'
- 広義では在外公館で雇用されていた者や、外国人居留地の警備に当たった者なども含まれるが、本項では日本が欧米から新しい技術や知識を学ぶために雇用した人物について述べる。
- Although broadly speaking the designation oyatoi-gaikokujin also included the employees of foreign diplomatic missions in Japan as well as the (foreign) guards at the foreign settlements, for the purposes of this article the term will be used only for those foreigners who were employed by the Japanese government in order to foster the learning of new technologies and scholarship from Europe and the United States.
- しかし、最近の考古学研究では、班田収授が飛鳥時代又は奈良時代初期に開始したと見られるのに対し、条里による土地表記の初見が奈良時代中期の天平15年(743年)である。
- In recent archaeology study, however, while handen shuju is considered to have started in the Asuka period or early Nara period, first appearance of land representation using jori was in 743, the mid Nara period.
- 東京帝国大学法科の首脳は京大法科を支持、当時の奥田義夫文部大臣も「教授ノ任免ニ付テハ総長カ職権ノ運用上教授会ト協定スルハ差支ナク且ツ妥当ナリ」と京大法科を支持した。
- The head of the law school of Tokyo Imperial University supported the law school of Kyoto Imperial University, and then Minister for Education Yoshio OKUDA also supported the law school of Kyoto Imperial University by saying 'in the case of the appointment and dismissal of professors, it is all right and appropriate for the president to conclude the agreement with faculty councils.'
- この顔ぶれからも推察されるように、この京大人文研の活動範囲は狭義の人文科学から自然科学の領域にまでまたがった学際的なもので、今西は自らの学問領域を自然学とも称した。
- As inferable from these members, the activity range of this Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, is interdisciplinary from narrow cultural science to natural science and IMANISHI also called his own academic field Physica.
- このため、後世紀伝道において主導的な立場に立った菅原氏が大学寮における自家の功績を顕彰するために、平安時代中期以後の学問料支給とこの史実を結び付けたと言われている。
- Therefore, it is said that the Sugawara clan, which later got the leading position in Kidendo, associated this historical fact with Gakumonryo of the mid-Heian period aiming to demonstrate the family's achievement at Daigaku-ryo.
- また、平安京遷都後に明法生の講義と宿舎の場として中央の堂(校舎)と東西に分かれた直曹(寄宿舎)からなる明法道院(みょうほうどういん)が大学寮の一番南側に建設された。
- Also after the transfer of the capital to Heian-kyo, Myohodoin, a facility for the Myoho students to take lectures and boards was constructed including the central school building and east/west dormitories on the southernmost side of Daigakuryo.
- 風刺文学の最高峰と見なされる『ガリヴァー旅行記』は全編フィクションであるが、英国人船長にして医師のレミュエル・ガリヴァーなる人物の体験談であると、本文は主張している。
- 'Gulliver's Travels,' which is considered to be the best work in satirical literature, is composed of fictions throughout whole volumes, but in the novel it is insisted that the novel is based on the experiences of Lemuel Gulliver, an Englishman, a captain and a doctor.
- また、生物学の知識に裏打ちされた優れたパロディ『鼻行類書籍としての『鼻行類』』は、ハイアイアイ群島に生息した鼻行類の生態を精緻に分析した研究書という体裁を取っている。
- An excellent parody, which is bolstered by biological knowledge, ''Rhinogradentia' as a Rhinogradentia book' takes the style of research book that minutely analyzed the ecology of monkeys in the Hi- yi-yi Islands.
- 地租改正や秩禄処分で税制改革を行い1870年には工部省を設置、ヨーロッパからお雇い外国人を多数採用し、岩倉使節団に合わせて留学生を派遣するなど産業技術の移植に務めた。
- The government carried out a tax reform through the land-tax reform and Chitsuroku-shobun (measure to abolish hereditary stipend), and imported industrial technology by establishing the Ministry of Industry in 1870, hiring many people from Europe and sending students abroad in conjunction with the Iwakura Mission that was sent to Europe.
- 藤原四兄弟の子の系統はそれぞれ藤原南家、藤原北家、藤原式家、藤原京家と呼ばれ、それぞれの家に栄枯盛衰はあったものの、その後の政治や学問、文化に大きな足跡を残している。
- Each lineage of descendants of four Fujiwara brothers was called 'Fujiwara Nanke' (the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan), 'FUJIWARA Hokke' (the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan), 'Fujiwara Shikike' (the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan), and 'Fujiwara Kyoke' (the Western House of the Fujiwara clan); although they went through the rise and fall, they left a major mark on later politics, learning, and culture.
- 江戸時代の元和 (日本)年間(1615年-1624年)以降になると、儒教の朱子学の道徳でこの価値観を説明しようとする山鹿素行らによって、新たに士道の概念が確立された。
- After the Genna era (1615 – 1624) in the Edo period, Soko YAMAGA and others who tried to explain this sense of value by the morals of Shushigaku of Confucianism established the morality of samurai anew.
- しかし無論、儒教思想がそのまま取り入れられた訳ではなく、儒学の中では『四書』の一つとして重要視されている『孟子』を、国体にそぐわないものであると評価する思想家も多い。
- However, it is not just an adoption of Confucian thought and many of the thinkers evaluated 'Moshi (Mencius)' which was emphasized as one of the 'The Four Books of Confucianism' that were unsuitable for national policy.
- その実態は1930年代に存在していた道路や畦道に基づく「机上の復元案」といえるものであるが、大宰府に条坊制による街区の存在を指摘し、学界に注意を喚起した功績は大きい。
- The actual state was 'a desk reconstruction plan' based on streets and causeways that existed in the 1930s, but its achievements to point out existence of city blocks in jobosei and to promote awareness of the academic society are significant.
- 律令制においては呪禁は病気治療や安産のために欠かせないものとされ、同時に国家安泰のための道教呪術を行う存在として、天文学・暦学ともに「国家要道」の学と位置づけられた。
- Under the Ritsuryo system, the jugon hakase was considered indispensable for his spells, medical treatments of the sick and efforts to make childbirth safer, and at the same time, given the fact that the jugonshi were also casting Daoist incantations in order to ensure the stability and peace of the realm, jugon (the art of sorcery) was ranked among the 'kokka yodo' (arts vital to the state), along with astronomy and calendrical science.
- その後、律令の専門家を育成する必要性から、神亀5年7月21日 (旧暦)(728年8月30日)の格式において、漢文学・歴史学を掌る文章博士と同時に律学博士が設置された。
- Later doctors of Ritsugaku were appointed together with doctors of Monjodo, a department of Chinese poetry and history on the need to cultivate experts of ritsuryo by ordinance on September 3, 728.
- また、史学的な研究の進展によって、日本への鉄砲伝来は東南アジア交易に従事した倭寇勢力によって、短い間に西日本各地へ同時多発的に起こったとする説が有力視されてきている。
- With the advance of historical study, the most likely theory is now that the introduction of guns into Japan simultaneously took place at various places in southwestern Japan during a short period by wako (Japanese pirates) involved in trade with Southeast Asia.
- また逮捕者十数名とはいえ、これは長らく、蘭学弾圧事件として捉えられてきたが、これは明治期の藤田茂吉『洋学東漸史』が、当時の自由民権運動との類推で事件を捉えたからである。
- This incident had been considered as a suppression of Western learning for a long time even though there were just more than a dozen arrestees, because 'Yogakutozenshi' written by Mokichi FUJITA in the Meiji period described this incident in relation with Movement for Liberty and People's Right by parity of reasoning.
- 逆にソウル大学校教授李栄薫は、韓国で教えられている「日帝による土地収奪論」は神話であり、客観的数値で見ても日本が編入した朝鮮の土地は10%に過ぎないとする研究者もいる。
- On the other hand, researchers such as Lee Yong-hoon of the Seoul National University say that the 'land requisition by Empire of Japan' taught in South Korea is a myth, and the Korean land incorporated by Japan was only 10% from the viewpoint of objective figure.
- このうち所得と学歴については、他アジア系に比べると若干低いものの、ヒスパニックを除く白人の平均や全米平均よりは明らかに高く、貧困率については全人種の中でも低い方である。
- Of all these characteristics, the average income and education of Japanese Americans are a little bit lower than those of other Asian Americans, but significantly higher than the average white and the U.S. national average (Hispanics excluded), and the poverty rate of Japanese Americans is one of the lowest in all the races in the U.S.
- 19日の歌舞伎座での憲政擁護第1回大会では、政友会、国民党の代議士や新聞記者のほか実業家や学生も参加し、約3,000の聴衆を集めて「閥族打破、憲政擁護」を決議している。
- In the first rally of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism held at Kabuki-za Theater on December 19, many people took part, such as the Diet members of the Seiyukai and the Rikken Kokuminto (Constitutional National Party, hereinafter referred to the Kokuminto), journalists, businessmen, students and about 3,000 audiences, and they adopted a resolution that 'cliques should be overthrown and that constitutionalism should be defended.'
- 国風文化の時代の和歌の隆盛は歌学の発展を促し、『古今和歌集』の紀貫之「仮名序」がその先駆けをなすといわれ、藤原公任の『新撰髄脳』などの自覚的な著作もあらわれるに至った。
- The prosperity of waka in the period of Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) facilitated the development in the study of poetry; beginning with 'Kanajo' (a preface written in kana) by KI no Tsurayuki of 'Kokin Wakashu,' subjective pieces such as 'Shinsen Zuino' (The Essentials of Poetry, Newly Compiled) of FUJIWARA no Kinto appeared.
- 同様に技術系・学術系の官職においても、陰陽寮の賀茂氏・阿倍氏、大学寮紀伝道(文章博士)の菅原氏・大江氏のように家学の成立を背景とした世襲的な継承が行われるようになった。
- In the same way, technical and academic official positions were also held by certain clans such as the Kamo clan and Abe clan of the Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination), Sugawara clan and Oe clan of the Daigakuryo Kidendo (the study of the histories) (Bunsho hakase) with the background of the establishment of Kagaku.
- 天皇の来学に先立ち、京大吉田(本部)キャンパスでは、2,000人にのぼる学生・教職員などが正門近くの本部(時計台)前広場(画像参照)に見物(あるいは歓迎)に押しかけた。
- At Kyoto University Yoshida (headquarter) campus, two thousand students/school personnel gathered, before the arrival of the Emperor, at an open space in front of the university headquarter building (clock tower) (refer to the picture) in order to see (or welcome) the Emperor.
- 1889年(明治22年)に開校した東京美術学校(現・東京芸術大学美術学部)では「美学及び美術史」が開講され、この頃から「美術史」の語は現代と同様の意味で使用されている。
- Tokyo Fine Arts School (today's fine arts faculty of Tokyo University of the Arts), which started in 1889, opened the course of aesthetics and art history, and around then the word of art history began to be used with a similar meaning to today's.
- 東大寺正倉院に保管された文書(正倉院文書)の中にはこうした戸籍を再利用したものが含まれており、正倉院の宝物そのものとは別の意味で歴史学者に多くの貴重な情報を提供している。
- A number of the documents stored in Todai-ji Temple Shosoin (Shoso-in monjo [documents of Shoso-in]) are written on reused family registers and provide a great deal of valuable information to historians in a different sense from the other treasures in the Shosoin.
- だが、メンバーも多彩で慶應義塾系や自由党_(明治)結成時に分裂した嚶鳴社系、東京専門学校(現早稲田大学)の設立メンバーとなった小野梓のグループなど複雑な人脈が形成された。
- Among them, whose backgrounds were different in many ways, complicated webs of personal connections had eventually been formed to provide some groups, such as Keiogijuku group, Omeisha group (later divided when the Liberal party was established), and Azusa ONO (one of the founding members of Tokyo Senmon Gakko, current Waseda University) group.
- 庶民の寺子屋においては、『庭訓往来』をはじめとする往来物や『童子教』・『実語教』や『貞永式目』、儒学関連では『三字経』・『大和小学』・『孝経』・『小学』などが採用された。
- Private elementary schools for the common people adopted for their textbooks like Oraimono, which included 'Teikin Orai,' as well as 'Dojikyo,' 'Jitsugokyo,' 'Joeishikimoku,' and other books related Confucianism such as 'Sanjikyo,' 'Yamato Shogaku,' 'Kokyo,' 'Shogaku,' etc.
- 北賀市は堅実に郷里の石川県で田畑を購入し地主となり、勉学を重ね郡会議員にまでなったが、日露戦争が始まると露探(「ロシアのスパイ」の意)扱いをされ、辛い生活を余儀なくされた。
- Kitagaichi steadily spent his money to buy fields in his hometown of Ishikawa Prefecture and became a landlord, and finally became a member of a district assembly after studying hard, but during the Russo-Japanese War, he was accused of being a spy of Russia, and had to bear a hard life.
- 一方、1月30日、私学校幹部の篠原国幹・河野主一郎・高城七之丞ら七名は会合し、谷口登太に中原ら警視庁帰藩組の内偵を依頼し、同日暮、谷口報告により中原の西郷暗殺計画を聞いた。
- On the other hand, on January 30, seven leaders of Shigakko including Kunimoto SHINOHARA, Shuichiro KONO, and Shichinojo TAKI had a meeting and asked Tota TANIGUCHI to make private inquiries on the homecoming police officers including NAKAHARA; in that evening, TANIGUCHI reported them that NAKAHARA was planning to assassinate SAIGO.
- 山鹿は朱子学を批判したが、制度により共同体がつくられ所属する人間に倫理を担わせると考えるのは現実には学校という制度で今日も生きており、逆に山鹿の考え方は少数派となっている。
- Though Yamaga criticized Shushigaku, the thought that people were responsible to the ethics of a community made by a system to which they belonged, remains in the current school system, while the thought propogated by Yamaga is in the minority.
- 元木泰雄京都大学大学院教授は、多田行綱の戦功が『吾妻鏡』にない理由は、平氏滅亡後の文治元年(1185年)に行綱が頼朝の怒りを受けて所領を没収されたためであろうと述べている。
- Yasuo MOTOKI, a professor in the Graduate School of Kyoto University, proposed that the reason why war merito of Yukitsuna TADA is not in 'Azuma Kagami' is his territories were seized because Yoritomo became angry with him after the fall of the Heike (Taira clan) family (in 1185).
- お雇い(御雇)外国人(おやといがいこくじん)とは、幕末以降明治初期に、「殖産興業」などを目的として、欧米の先進技術や学問、制度を輸入するために雇用された欧米人のことである。
- The term 'oyatoi-gaikokujin' refers to the practice, common from the late Edo period into the early Meiji period, of hiring Europeans and Americans to foster the importation into Japan of the advanced technologies, scholarship and systems of Europe and the United States under the banner of 'Shokusan-kogyo' (encouragement of production and industry).
- 近年はアメリカ人になろうとして努力し続けた二世~三世と違い、若年層に自らのルーツである日本にアイデンティティーを求める傾向が強くなり日本語学習者が以前より多くなってきている。
- Unlike the second to third generations who kept striving to become Americans, young Japanese Americans today have the tendency to identify more and more with Japan, so the number of Japanese learners is increasing.
- また、国立民族学博物館へと活躍の場を移した梅棹忠夫(生態学→民族学・人類学)や、国際日本文化研究センターの設立に尽力した梅原猛(哲学)らも、この京大人文研の京都学派に含める。
- Moreover, Tadao UMESAO who moved the stage to the National Museum Ethnology (ecology to ethnology and anthropology), Takeshi UMEHARA (philosophy) who made an effort to establish an International Research Center for Japanese Studies, and others are also included in this Kyoto school.
- また、上記とは別に戦後京都大学人文科学研究所(京大人文研)にて頻繁に共同研究会を開き、活発な討論を行っていた一派も、京都学派と呼ばれるが、上記の京都学派とは直接の関係はない。
- Moreover, apart from the above, a group which frequently held collaborative research in the Institute for Research in the Humanities, Kyoto University, and actively held discussions after the war is also called the Kyoto school, but is not directly related with the above Kyoto school.
- また京都画壇の竹内栖鳳らをはじめ多くの日本絵画の作家らがヨーロッパに留学し、やがてこうした動きから、諸派の絵画や西洋画の影響も取り入れた新しい民族美術として日本画が誕生した。
- And many Japanese-style painters, including Seiho TAKEUCHI (a member of the Kyoto painters' community), went to Europe to study, and after learning from various schools of Japanese-style paintings and from Western-style paintings, they renewed Japanese-style painting as a national art.
- 江戸時代に入って幕藩体制が確立されると、朱子学が教育の中心的地位に立ち、幕府や藩における教育は経学・史学・文学などの漢学を中心として、これに習字や算術が付随するものとなった。
- After the Shogunate system with clans was well established during the Edo period, the Zhu Xi school of Neo-Confucianism took a central role in education, and education focused mainly on Chinese classics such as Scriptures of Confucianism, History, and Literature, with Calligraphy and Mathematics taking on a supplemental role.
- 大宝律令において律令の解釈に関する官職や専門家を育成する仕組は存在せず、当初の大学寮においては本科にあたる後の明経道と数学の学科である算道の2つで構成されたと考えられている。
- Under Taiho Code, there were no system to develop the government posts and specialists handling the interpretation of ritsuryo and in Daigakuryo there seemed to be two subjects at first - future Myogyodo as the main course and Sando, a subject of mathematics.
- 幕末には経済学者佐藤信淵は土地国有化と海外進出を行う絶対主義国家を論じ、吉田松陰は幽囚録で蝦夷地開拓とともにカムチャッカ半島、朝鮮、台湾、満州等への侵略統治論を展開していた。
- In the closing days of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Nobuhiro SATO, an economist argued absolutism of nationalizing lands and finding ways into foreign countries, while Shoin YOSHIDA argued in his book titled yuin-roku (descriptions in prison) reclamation of Ezo and invasion for the control of such as the Kamchatkan Peninsula, Korea, Taiwan, and Manchuria.
- しかし全くの絶学とはならず、清初においては右派が中心だったため穏健となり、陽明学は「聖学(=朱子学)と異同非ず」と 康熙帝が言うように必ずしも異学視されていたわけではなかった。
- But Yomeigaku did not completely disappear, and led by the right-wingers during the early Qing period it became more moderate; as Emperor Kangxi's statement that Yomeigaku was 'not different from Seigaku (= Shushigaku)' shows, Yomeigaku was not considered unauthorized teaching.
- この夜以後、連日、各地の火薬庫が襲撃され、俗にいう「弾薬掠奪事件」が起きたが、私学校徒が入手できたのは、山縣や大山が重要視しなかった旧型のエンフィールド銃とその弾薬のみだった。
- From that night, what is commonly called 'munitions seizure incident' occurred and other powder houses at various places were raided day after day, but the Shigakko students could only seized outdated Enfield rifles and ammunition for the rifles, of which YAMAGATA and OYAMA thought little.
- 一方、大正中期の1920年に日本初の建築デザイン運動として、堀口捨己・山田守・石本喜久治・森田慶一・瀧澤眞弓等の東京帝国大学建築学科出身者が集まり分離派建築会の活動が始まった。
- Meanwhile, in 1920, the mid Taisho era, the first Japanese architectural design movement was beginning with a group of graduates from the Department of Architecture of Tokyo Imperial University including Sutemi HORIGUCHI, Mamoru YAMADA, Kikuji ISHIDA, Keiichi MORITA and Mayumi TAKIZAWA; it was called Bunri-ha Kenchikukai.
- その中でも一人の青年貴族賀陽豊年の勉強熱心さには宅嗣も感心して、宅嗣自らがその全知識を豊年に伝授したという話が伝わっている(後年、豊年は優れた詩人・学者として名を残している)。
- He was impressed particularly by the enthusiasm for learning by a young noble named KAYA no Toyotoshi and reportedly imparted all of his knowledge to the young man (who, in later years, won recognition as an outstanding poet and scholar).
- 北京議定書で清朝に定められた賠償金4億5000万両(利払いを含めると8億5000万両になる)という額は、年間予算1億両足らずであった当時の清朝にはまさに天文学的な要求であった。
- The amount of the reparations of 450 million taels specified in the Peking Protocol (850 million taels in total with the interest) was a really astronomical demand to the Qing Dynasty whose annual budget was less than 100 million taels.
- 「曲水の宴」が行われたといわれる遣水は平安時代の遺構としては日本唯一のものとして学術上の価値も高いことから、「毛越寺浄土庭園」として国の特別史跡および特別名勝に指定されている。
- Since yarimizu (a steam coming from outside) where 'Kyokusui no Utage' (making-poetry party at the stream in a garden) was said to be held was the only remnant during the Heian period in Japan, and it was also highly valuable from the academic point of view, it was designated as the special historic site and the special scenic beauty place of the nation by the name of 'Pure Land Garden at Motsu-ji Temple.'
- また、衆徒・神人とよばれる俗人を多数配下において大人口を誇り、経済・学問・工芸活動などが盛んだった寺社周辺は、近年の日本歴史学で「境内都市」と呼ばれる一大メガロポリスであった。
- The temples had many laypeople called Shuto, Jinin who made up large megalopolises surrounding temples with high economical, learning and craft-making activity called 'Keidai toshi' (temple city) in recent Japanese history studies.
- 職業の世襲という概念は氏姓制度の時代から存在しており、律令制度に入ってからも何世代にもわたって技能・学術を継承してきた「世習」の家柄を優先して技術系の官職に就ける事例があった。
- The concept of hereditary occupations existed from the time of the Shisei system, and even in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based upon the ritsuryo code), there were cases where families that had passed on techniques and knowledge down the generations had priority in obtaining technical official positions.
- マルクス主義歴史学(唯物史観)においては、生産力と生産関係の矛盾を基盤として普遍的な歴史法則を見いだそうとするため、この理論的枠組みを非ヨーロッパ地域にも適用して説明が試みた。
- Marxist history (materialistic concept of history) tries to find out a universal rule of history based on the contradiction between the productive force and the relation of production, and the logical framework was applied to non-European regions as an explanation.
- 京都府学連事件(きょうとふがくれんじけん)は、主として、犯罪捜査としての写真撮影の適法性・合憲性が問題とされ、それぞれ適法・合憲と判断された、日本の最高裁判所による判決の通称。
- It is a popular name of a judgment by the Supreme Court of Japan that mainly judged photographing for criminal investigation as lawful and constitutional.
- だが、南北朝時代 (日本)を経て、室町幕府が京都を支配して朝廷・院庁の政治機能を吸収するようになると、形骸化していくようになり、有職故実の学問として命脈を保つに過ぎなくなった。
- However, after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi bakufu dominated Kyoto and took over the government function of the Imperial Court and Innocho, and Myohodo became a mere name and survived only as a study of historical precedents.
- この時の格に文章生と明法生は雑任・白丁の子弟から採ることが規定され、中央・地方の下級官人あるいは庶民の子弟が明法生となり、貴族子弟を学生とした明経道よりは格下と看做されていた。
- The ordinance at that time stated to take the students of Monjo and Myoho from the children of Zonin officials and Hakucho people, therefore the children of lower-level officials of the central and local governments or common people became the Myoho students and it was seen as a lower ranking department than Myogyodo which took students from the children of aristocrats.
- 、石田友治らによって言論雑誌『第三帝国 (雑誌)』が刊行され、またには東京大学の吉野作造により民本主義による政治が提唱された事を背景に、次第に普通選挙運動が活発になっていった。
- With the publication of the political magazine 'Daisan Teikoku' (The Third Empire) by Tomoji ISHIDA and others and the proposal of government founded on democracy by Sakuzo YOSHINO of Tokyo Imperial University, the movement calling for popular elections began to grow.
- 明治になると、図書館が設置されるようになり、図書館に置いてある資料のリストである図書目録を作成するための図書館学の技術として資料組織論や図書分類法などが導入されるようになった。
- When libraries were established in the Meiji Period, the principle of library material organization and the method of book classification were introduced as techniques of library science to make tosho mokuroku (library catalogue).
- 朱熹の学は、社会の統治を担う士大夫層の学として受け入れられたが、元 (王朝)代には科挙試験が準拠する経書解釈として国に認定されるに至り、国家教学としてその姿を変えることになった。
- The learnings of Hsi CHU were accepted as learnings for the Shitaifu (Scholar-bureaucrats) class, who were in charge of social governance; during the Yuan dynasty, the state for interpretation of classic Confucian writings stipulated that the Kakyo shiken (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats) should conform to these learnings, and changes were made to the national education.
- 実施方法は、多くは薬物注射で睾丸を萎縮させる「化学的去勢」といわれる方法を取るが、テキサス州においては、手術による睾丸摘出が実施されており、1997年と2007年の執行例がある。
- The method of castration is normally a chemical operation by which the testicles atrophied using a chemical injection, while extraction of testicles in surgical operation was also conducted in Texas, in 1997 and 2007.
- そのため、進学を希望している者の中で、学資が支給されない学校に入学しても、支払いが見込めない(いわゆる、経済的に恵まれない)者は、他の学校より、師範学校に入学することが多かった。
- Therefore, those who wished to receive a higher education, but could not afford their school expenses chose a normal school instead of other ordinary schools which did not provide the school expenses of students.
- ただし西洋式の絵画などを導入した動機の最大のものは建築や都市計画などの設計のためというもので、工部美術学校などがその舞台となり、芸術という概念は政府にもなじみの薄いものであった。
- The Japanese government introduced the Western-style paintings and other culture mainly because it wanted to learn architecture and city planning from the West, and the Technical Fine Arts School and others played a central role in learning, but the government itself was not familiar with the concept of geijutsu.
- 開港以後は、国学 (学問)の発展によって強化されつつあった日本は神国であるというナショナリズムの発想である尊皇論と結びつき、尊皇攘夷論となって諸藩の志士や公卿によって支持された。
- After the opening of the port, the theory of Joi was related to the Sonno ron (theory of 'Revere the Emperor'), which was becoming prevalent due to the development of kokugaku (the study of Japanese literature and culture) and was transformed into Sonno joi ron (the theory of Sonno joi); the Sonno ron believed that Japan was the country of god and became origin of the thought of nationalism, and was supported by patriots of various domains and kugyo (court nobles).
- 出典のうち『江戸会雑誌』や勝海舟の『吹塵録』、『江戸旧事考』、『統計学雑誌』などは明治時代中ごろにまとめられた二次的史料であり、元となる江戸時代の史料が現在では不明となっている。
- Sources such as 'Edo-kai zasshi', 'Suijinroku' of Kaishu KATSU, 'Edo Kyujiko' and 'Tokeigaku zasshi' are secondary materials materials compiled in the mid-Meiji Period, and the primary documents on which these secondary sources are are based have not been accounted for.
- 通詞によって学ばれ始め、新井白石が『西洋紀聞』で開明的な海外理解を示し、徳川吉宗が漢訳蘭書の輸入禁止を緩和し、青木昆陽、野呂元丈に蘭語学習を命じ、実学を奨励したのちに盛んになった。
- At first, interpreters began to study Rangaku, and Hakuseki ARAI demonstrated the enlightened understanding of overseas circumstances in his book 'Seiyo kibun' (Western Accounts), and then, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA relaxed the import ban on Chinese translations of Dutch documents, and told Konmei AOKI and Genjo NORO to study Dutch and promoted practical learning, which eventually allowed Rangaku to thrive.
- なお、藩というと幕藩体制というように江戸幕府下の制度と思われがちだが、厳密には、江戸幕府下の体制で公式に「藩」という呼称はなかった(一部の学者などが書などで使用するのみであった)。
- When referring to han, the 'shogunate system' is associated and it tends to be considered a system under the Edo bakufu, but strictly speaking, there was no official naming, 'han,' under the Edo bakufu system (only some scholars used it in their literary works).
- のちの室町幕府や戦国時代 (日本)の家法にも強い影響を与え、広く武家法の基本となっただけでなく、優れた法先例として公家・武家を問わずに有職故実の研究対象とされた(「式目注釈学」)。
- It greatly affected family laws of Muromachi bakufu and the Sengoku period (Japan); it not only became the base of bukeho (samurai laws) but also was studied as great precedents of yusoku kojitsu (studies in ancient court and military practices and usages) by people, whether as court nobles or samurai families ('Shikimoku chushakugaku').
- 同様に公家の最高位と言える摂関においても藤原北家九条流更にその中の御堂流によって世襲的に継承され、藤氏長者の地位やそれに付随する勧学院・殿下渡領なども独占的に支配するようになった。
- In the same way, the highest position for the aristocrats, Sekkan, was hereditarily passed among the Mido branch within the Fujiwara clan, Northern house, Kujo branch and this branch monopolized the position as the chief of the Toshi and associated Kangakuin and denka no watari-ryo (the land which the Fujiwara family hereditarily succeeded).
- また、出兵に参加した大名たちによって連れてこられた朝鮮人儒学者との学問や書画文芸での交流、そして陶工が大陸式の磁器の製法、瓦の装飾などを伝えたことで日本の文化に新たな一面を加えた。
- New aspects were added to Japanese culture by intercommunion in scholarship and calligraphy and painting as well as creative writing with Korean Confucians who were brought to Japan by daimyo who took part in dispatch to Korea and transmission by potters of manufacturing process of continental ceramics and the decoration of roof tiles.
- また、ヨンストン著『動物図譜』などの洋書を模写することによって、従来の東洋画では定型化されていた獅子やヘビ、ウマなどの動物表現についても、陰影をつけて立体感をあらわす方法を学んだ。
- Also, by copying Western books including Jonston's 'Dobutsu Zufu' (Zoological Encyclopedia), he learned techniques of drawing animals such as lions, snakes and horses, which had been a stereotype of Oriental paintings, in three dimensions by using shadow effects.
- だが、後に紀伝道の家学化が進むと、紀伝道の教官が世襲を確かなものとするために自分の子弟を給料学生に推挙するようになり、試験を行う場合でも譜第の家以外からの受験が困難になっていった。
- Later, Kidendo became hereditary learning and instructors of Kidendo recommended their sons for Kyuryo gakusei in order to make heredity sure and as a result, it became difficult for the sons of families other than hereditary families to apply for the examination even though examinations were conducted.
- 昭和天皇が関西地方巡幸の過程で京都市を訪れた1951年は、講和問題や賃上げ問題などをめぐって全般的に労働運動・学生運動が復活の動きを見せた年であり、京都でも労働運動が高揚していた。
- In 1951, the year when the Emperor Showa visited Kyoto City during his tour in the Kansai region, the labor movement as well as the student movement started to revive nationwide on the problems of the peace treaty and wage increases, and the labor movement was also vigorous in Kyoto.
- 田沼時代の1774年には、杉田玄白・前野良沢らがオランダの医学書の『ターヘル・アナトミア』を訳して『解体新書』として刊行、志筑忠雄はニュートン力学を研究し、『暦象新書』として訳した。
- In 1774 during Tanuma period (when Okitsugu TANUMA led the bakufu), Genpaku SUGITA, Ryotaku MAENO and others translated a Dutch medical textbook, 'Ontleedkundige Tafelen' into Japanese and published as 'Kaitai Shinsho' (New Book of Anatomy), and Tadao SHIZUKI studied Newtonian mechanics and published the translation, 'Rekisho Shinsho' (New Writings on Calendrical Phenomena).
- 『解體新書』(かいたいしんしょ、解体新書)は、ドイツ人医師クルムスの医学書Anatomische Tabellenのオランダ語訳『ターヘル・アナトミア』を江戸時代の日本で翻訳した書。
- 'Kaitai Shinsho' is a Japanese translation of 'Ontleedkundige Tafelen' which was a Dutch book of medical science translated from Anatomische Tabellen written by a German doctor Kulmus.
- はじめ天台宗の教学を学んだ法然は、承安 (日本)5年(1175年)、もっぱら阿弥陀仏の誓いを信じ「南無阿弥陀仏」と念仏を唱えれば、死後は平等に往生できるという専修念仏の教えを説いた。
- Honen who first learned religious doctrines of the Tendai sect preached the teachings of Senju Nenbutsu (the Single-Minded Recitation of the Nenbutsu) in 1175; everybody has an equal chance to go to heaven if one believed the oath of Amida Buddha and said the prayer of 'Namuamidabutsu,'
- 受給者は給料学生と呼ばれ、定員2名で文章生の中から自薦・他薦によって推挙され、大抵の場合には希望者多数ということにより、学問料試(給料試)と呼ばれる詩賦などによる選抜を経て選ばれた。
- Recipients were called Kyuryo-gakusei and two were selected out of recommended or self appointed applicants of Monjosho through Shi-fu (examination) called Gakumonryoshi (a selection exam for the award of Gakumonryo) (Kyuryoshi - a selection exam for the award of Kyuryo) since the number of applicants usually exceeded the quota.
- 2005年11月13日奈良文化財研究所は甘樫丘東麓遺跡で蘇我入鹿邸「谷の宮門」跡とみられる遺構を発掘したと発表、考古学者たちは『日本書紀』の記述が裏付けられるだろうと期待を寄せている。
- On November 13th, 2005, the Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties announced it had been excavating remnants of what is believe to be the 'Valley Palace Gate' of SOGA no Iruka's residence at Amakashi no Oka Toroku Site; archeologists expect their findings to verify inscriptions in the 'Nihonshoki.'
- これにより台湾の教育制度は完全に統一され、特殊な台湾原住民を対象とする教育以外、中央或いは地方財政で学校が運営され8歳以上14歳未満の学童に対し6年制の義務教育が行われるようになった。
- In this way, the education system in Taiwan was finally unified and all schools (except for a few aboriginal education) were operated by central and local budget with six year compulsory education introduced for children aged from 8 to 13.
- この事件と同じ1951年、同学会を中心に京大生が企画・開催した「綜合原爆展 (京大)」は盛況を呼び、京都市民から好意的に迎えられていた(「質問状」でも天皇の原爆展参観を要望している)。
- In 1951, the same year as this incident, students of Kyoto university with the Dogakukai in the center held 'The synthetic exhibition of the A-bomb (Kyoto University),' and it attracted many people and was favorably received by the citizens of Kyoto (in the open letter, they asked the Emperor to visit the A-bomb exhibition).
- 更に平安時代末期になると、安倍氏によって天文博士の地位と天文密奏宣旨の独占が行われるようになるが、安倍氏のもう1つの家学である陰陽道との密着と安倍氏内部の内紛が天文密奏に混乱を与えた。
- At the end of Heian period, the Abe clan began to monopolize the roles of tenmon hakase and that received the imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso, however, both the Abe clan's deep involvement in Onmyodo, the other family learning of the clan and the internal strife within the clan confused tenmon misso.
- 『鉄炮記』は鉄砲伝来を記す唯一資料であるが、江戸時代の慶長年間(1606年)に種子島氏が鉄砲伝来を記念して記させたもので、歴史学においては、その記述を無条件に信用するわけにはいかない。
- Although 'Teppoki' is the only historical material recording the introduction of firearms into Japan, we should be careful of reading it as a historical record because it was compiled by the Tanegashima clan in Keicho era (1606) to commemorate the introduction of firearms into Tanegashima Island.
- また、『日本書紀』垂仁紀には、野見宿禰が日葉酢媛命の陵墓へ殉死者を埋める代わりに土で作った人馬を立てることを提案したという(埴輪の起源説話であるが考古学的には否定されている)記載がある。
- According to Suininki in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), NOMI no Sukune suggested to bury the people and horses made of earth instead of burying people who sacrifice their own lives to follow the Empress in the imperial mausoleum of Hibasuhime no mikoto (it is a narrative about the origin of haniwa [a clay figure]; however, it is not admitted archaeologically).
- 以上のことから、秀吉の刀狩令は百姓身分の武装解除を目指したものではなく、百姓身分から帯刀権を奪い、武器使用を規制するという兵農分離を目的としたものであったとする学説が現在では有力である。
- Based on the above-mentioned circumstances, the strongest theory as of late was that Hideyoshi's katanagari edict was aimed at the heinobunri, controlling the use of weapons by revoking the right for peasants to wear a sword and not aimed at disarming those in the peasant class.
- 第三回遣隋使は608年(推古天皇16年)に、唐の皇帝あての国書を持たせ、また、小野妹子を大使に、難波吉士雄成を小使に、鞍作福利を通事(つうじ)に任命し、裴世清一行と留学生8人を渡航させた。
- In the third Kenzuishi (608), ONO no Imoko, chief of the envoy, NANIWANOKISHI Onari, deputy chief, and KURATSUKURI no fukuri, translator, were sent to Tang China with a party of HAI Seisei (an envoy of Sui Dynasty to Japan) and other eight students with another Johyobun (official letter) to the Tang's Emperor.
- この大石の動きに苛立つ堀部ら江戸急進派は、6月頃から内蔵助江戸下向を迫る書状を送りつけてくるようになったが、大石はひたすら大学のため隠忍自重するよう求める返書を書き続け、江戸下向を避けた。
- Although Oishi's actions irritated the Edo radicals and they began sending letters to request coming down to Edo since June, he kept on declining by telling them to stay calm for the sake of Daigaku.
- また、東映採用ではないが新東宝から移籍し60年代東映きってのヒットメーカーとなった石井輝男は旧制中学卒であり、70年代のエース深作欣二は日大芸術学部ではあるが映画学科ではなく文芸学科の卒業。
- In addition, Teruo ISHII, who was not originally hired by Toei but transferred from Shintoho before becoming a hit maker in the 1960s, left education after graduating from junior high school under the old system of education, while Kinji FUKASAKU, one of the best directors of the 1970s, was from Nihon University College of Art but belonged to Department of Literature rather than the Department of Cinema.
- 伊沢は日本内地でも実現していなかった義務教育の採用を上申し、総督府もその提言を受け入れて同年、台北市芝山岩に最初の近代教育を行う小学校(現在の台北市士林国小)を設置、義務教育の実験校とした。
- Izawa proposed to implement compulsory education in Taiwan, which had not been implemented even in Japan, and the Sotoku-fu accepted his proposal and established an elementary school in Zhishanyan, Taipei (today's Shilin elementary school in Taipei) as an experimental school for compulsory education.
- 日本政府においては、1990年度に「スギ花粉症に関する関係省庁担当者連絡会議」が設置され、1994年度より当時の科学技術庁によって数年間に渡る「スギ花粉症克服に向けた総合研究」が実施された。
- The Japanese government held the 'Japanese Cedar Pollinosis Liaison Conference for Concerned Government Agencies' in 1990 and since 1994 the Science and Technology Agency has conducted 'integrated research to overcome cedar pollinosis' over several years.
- 中世の朝廷は朝儀に関する有職故実を家学化して、公家の諸家がそれを家職として分掌することで維持され、万が一断絶に至った場合にはそうした家を養子縁組によって再興・継続させる方針が採られていった。
- The court of the middle ages was maintained by establishing Yusokukojitu (precedent cases and stories about court protocol) of Chogi as a Kagaku and the various aristocratic families became in charge of it as Kashoku and if the family had no successor, such families were reestablished by taking members in by adoption.
- また、貞観 (日本)2年(860年)には『孝経』の注釈書が大春日雄継の進言にて唐の李隆基御製の注釈書である『御注孝経(開元始注)』を採用する(ただし、孔安国については学習を妨げない)とした。
- In 860, 'Gyochu Kokyo' (Kaigan Shichu), an annotation text written by Ryuki LI was adopted for the annotation of 'Kokyo' by the advice of OKASUGA no Otsugu (however, the study of those of Ankoku KO were not restricted in any way).
- だが、その一方で坂上氏・中原氏による家学化が進んで明法博士の世襲が行われるようになり、中には後世の学者から見ても法解釈の誤りが明らかである拙劣な勘文を残す明法博士が現れるなどの問題もあった。
- On the other hand, there were problems caused by hereditary transfers of doctors of Myoho developed by Sakanoue and Nakahara clans, by which some doctors of Myoho made bad Kanmon response papers with apparently wrong interpretations of law, which future scholars could find.
- 僧侶は南都七大寺(大安寺、薬師寺、元興寺、興福寺、東大寺、西大寺、法隆寺)などの寺において仏教の教理を研究し、南都六宗(三論宗、成実宗、法相宗、倶舎宗、華厳宗、律宗)という学派が形成された。
- Monks studied Buddhist theory in the Seven Great Temples of Nara (Daian-ji Temple, Yakushi-ji Temple, Genko-ji Temple, Kofuku-ji Temple, Todai-ji Temple, Saidai-ji Temple and Horyu-ji Temple) and sects called Nanto rokushu 'six Nara sects' (Sanron sect, Jojitsu sect, Hosso sect, Kusha sect, Kegon sect, and Ritsu sect) were formed.
- 大本営陸軍部の大本営組織をつとめる石黒忠悳(軍医総監・陸軍省医務局)や軍医部長の一人森鴎外医学功績と脚気問題から見た再評価(森鴎外)などが科学的根拠がないとして、麦飯の支給に強硬に反対した。
- Tadanori ISHIGURO responsible for the entire system of the Army of the Imperial headquarters (surgeon general of Medical department of Ministry of Army) and one of directors of army surgeons, Ogai MORI and other surgeons were strongly opposed to supplying barley rice; suggesting that reevaluation in view of medical achievements and beriberi Ogai MORI) lacks scientific evidence.
- 福澤は、上記の批判に対して、慶應義塾 五九樓仙萬(ごくろうせんばん)というペンネームで「学問のすすめ之評」という弁明の論文を記して投稿し、『郵便報知新聞』明治7年11月5日号付録に掲載された。
- Fukuzawa responded to those views, by posting an article of 'A review on Gakumon no Susume' which appeared in an additional edition of Yubin Hochi Shinbun newspaper on November 5, 1874, under the name of Kokuro Senban (which nearly sounds 'thanks for your efforts') of Keiogijuku.
- 故に、家庭や居留国の日本語補習校などで日本語教育を受けた人物も少数ながらも存在はするものの、三世や四世の世代で日本語を話すことが出来る人々は主に外国語として日本語を学んだ人々である場合が多い。
- A small number of Japanese have had Japanese education in their families and Japanese schools in the countries where they live, but most of the third and fourth generations who can speak Japanese learned it as a foreign language.
- 反証可能性に至っていないもの、地球温暖化の進行程度の差を指摘するものなどが多く見られ、いずれの場合も化石燃料由来温室効果ガスの地球温暖化効果自体を否定する科学的根拠が示されているわけではない。
- There are many theories, some of which are not convincing and some of which point out the difference in degree of the progress of global warming; in summary, any of them does not show a scientific ground for denying the influence of global warning caused by greenhouse gases originated from fossil fuel.
- 明経博士1名・助教2名・直講2名の各教官と、明経得業生(みょうぎょうとくぎょうしょう)4名・明経生(みょうぎょうしょう)400名から成るが、学生定員は平安時代を通じて充足されることはなかった。
- The Myogyodo department consisted of a Myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucianism), two assistant professors, four Myogyo Tokugyosho (honor students) and 400 Myogyosho (students); the number of students was fixed and never increased throughout the Heian period.
- 田沼意次時代の天明の大飢饉を乗り越え、低下した幕府の指導力を取り戻すために、儒学のうち農業と上下の秩序を重視した朱子学を正学とし、当時流行していた古文辞学や古学を「風俗を乱すもの」として禁じた。
- In order to regain leadership after going through the Tenmei Famine in times of Okitsugu TANUMA, the shogunate chose Neo-Confucianism out of Confucianism for the official learning, which put importance on the hierarchic order and agriculture; on the other hand, they banned Kobunjigaku, (study of ancient rhetoric) and the Kogaku (learning about ancient teachings), which were popular learning at that time for corrupting public morals.
- 11月26日には衆議院法務委員会に服部学長と同学会委員長が喚問される事態となり、政府(第3次吉田内閣)および与党自由党はこの事件をきっかけに大学への警官の自由な立ち入りを認めさせようと画策した。
- The president of the university Hattori and the chairman of the Dogakukai were summoned to the Lower House Judicial Affairs Committee on November 26, and the Government (the third Yoshida cabinet) and the ruling Liberal Party planned, taking advantage of this incident, to make it possible for the police to enter the university campus freely.
- 平安時代に入ると、書博士の地位を讃岐国多度郡出身の佐伯氏が独占するようになるが、初代東寺長者とされる実恵が書博士の佐伯酒麻呂らから儒学を学んだと伝えられる(ただし、実恵自身も佐伯氏の出身である。
- In the Heian period, the position of sho hakase became monopolized by the Saeki clan of Tado District, Sanuki Province but as demonstrated by the fact that Jichie, who is thought to have been the first To-ji choja (the chief abbot of To-ji Temple), studied Confucianism under SAEKI no Sakemaro, sho hakase (although Jichie himself was of the Saeki clan.
- まず、唐に留学していた「入唐八僧」(「入唐八家」とも、最澄、空海、恵運、円行、常暁、宗叡、円仁、円珍)と呼ばれる僧侶達が帰国した際に持ち帰った書物などを記録した将来目録(請来目録)が作成された。
- The eight Buddhist monks who went to Tang called 'nitto hasso' (also called 'nitto hakke'), namely Saicho, Kukai, Eun, Engyo, Jogyo, Soei, Ennin and Enchin, made a catalogue of imported items (shorai mokuroku) in which they recorded the list of books which they brought back from Tang.
- 石黒忠悳軍医・伊集院五郎・大浦兼武・大迫尚道陸軍士官学校 (日本)・神尾光臣・佐藤正 (陸軍草創期)・志水直・田村銀之助・寺内正毅(右腕を負傷)・東条英教・浜野昇軍医・山口素臣大隊長・手塚良仙軍医
- Tadanori ISHIGURO (a military doctor), Goro IJUIN, Kanetake OURA, Naomichi OSAKO (at the military academy (in Japan)), Mitsuomi KAMIO, Tadashi SATO (in the era of establishing the army), Tadashi SHIMIZU, Ginnosuke TAMURA, Masatake TERAUCHI (his right arm was injured), Hidenori TOJO, Noboru HAMANO (a military doctor), Motoomi YAMAGUCHI (a battalion commander), and Ryosen TEZUKA (a military doctor)
- 現在の学界では、三韓征伐説話は、はるか後の時代になって、新羅の日本への服従を正当化するために(『続日本紀』には、来新羅使の前で神功皇后説話を聞かせて立腹させたという記事もある)創作された説がある。
- Currently, the academic world has the theory that the rationale in the subjugation of Silla was formed in Japan with the tale of Sankan-Seibatsu; in consideration of the fact in which Sankan-Seibatsu was actually written at some distant point in time. (There was an article in the 'Shoku Nihongi' [a continuation of Nihonshoki; an imperially commissioned Japanese history text] about a visiting envoy of Silla, who became outraged upon hearing the official story of the Empress Jingu.)
- 『法曹類林』などの先行の法律書から内容をそのまま抜き出して集成した書とされ、讃岐永直・惟宗直本・中原明兼・小野有隣など平安時代の著名な明法家の学説・明法勘文・明法勘状などがそのまま引用されている。
- It is thought to have been written by simply compiling the contents of existing law books like 'Hosoruirin,' meaning it only quoted the theories, Myobo Kanmon (questions and answers of interpretation of law) and Myobo Kanjo (law consideration) of famous Myobo experts in the Heian period such as SANUKI no Naganao, KOREMUNE no Naomoto, NAKAHARA no Akikane and ONO no Arichika.
- また、ヤマト王権をめぐって主として愛好家により日本神話や記紀編年の自由な解釈に基づく「謎解き」に類する説が多く主張されているが、そのほぼ全ては史料批判を満たしていないものであり学問的価値に乏しい。
- Also, many theories of the 'mystery-solving' type, based on loose interpretations of Japanese mythology and the chronologies in the 'Kojiki' (Record of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki', have been asserted by Yamato Kingdom enthusiasts, but these nearly always fail to satisfy historical scrutiny and are of limited academic value.
- 江戸時代後期に、国学や水戸学の一部や吉田松陰らの立場から、古代日本が朝鮮半島に支配権を持っていたと『古事記』・『日本書紀』に記述されていると唱えられており、こうしたことを論拠として朝鮮進出を唱えた。
- They insisted on sending military to Korea on ground that some scholars of Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) and Mito-gaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain), and Shoin YOSHIDA said that ancient Japan had hegemony over Korean peninsula according to 'Kojiki' (The Record of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihon-shoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- 従来この使節派遣の目的は、条約改正の打診であったといわれてきたが、実情は国法や近代的社会制度の整備が遅れていることから、改正時期の延期を諸外国に求めるものであったという学説が一般的になってきている。
- The purpose of the dispatch of the mission was traditionally considered to be an approach for the treaty revision, but now it is commonly believed that in fact the mission intended to request the foreign countries to postpone the time of the revision due to the delay of improvement of the state law and the modern social system in Japan.
- そのため大木は、1880年にいわゆる御雇外国人として明治初期における日本の法学教育や立法などに功績を挙げたフランス人法学者ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナードを中心に新しい民法草案の作成を指示した。
- For that purpose Oki gave an instruction mainly to Gustave Emile BOISSONADE, a French jurist, who made a great contribution to law education and lawmaking in Japan in 1880, to prepare a draft of new Civil Code.
- 中世に入ると、宋学の影響によって四書が重視されるようになると、明経道において新たに「明経道四書」を制定し、また足利学校でもこれに対抗して学校点と呼ばれる乎古登点を定めて学術における特権維持を図った。
- In the medieval period when Shisho (the Four Books of Confucianism) became valued under the influence of the Sung Study (Neo-Confucian), 'Myogyodo shisho' was newly established in Myogyodo, and in defiance of this, okototen called Gakkoten was set up to maintain the prerogative in learning in the Ashikaga School.
- また、当初中原氏の養子に入り明法道を学んだ大江広元が鎌倉幕府創設に深く関与し、また『裁判至要抄』の『御成敗式目』への影響が指摘されるなど、明法道と武家法の成立にも少なからず関係があったとされている。
- Also OE no Hiromoto who became an adopted son of Nakahara clan to study Myohodo, was likely to have something to do with the establishment of Myohodo and Bukeho (the low system of samurai society) because he participated deeply in the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu and influenced 'Goseibaishikimoku (the law of samurai regime)' of the legal book 'Saiban Shiyosho. '
- また、「武者は犬ともいへ、畜生ともいへ、勝つことが本にて候」という朝倉宗滴の言葉に象徴されるように、卑怯の謗りを受けてでも戦いに勝つことこそが肝要であるという冷厳な哲学をも内包しているのが特徴である。
- As symbolized by the words of Soteki ASAKURA 'winning is everything for a warrior, even though he may be called a dog or beast', it involves a harsh philosophy where winning a battle is important, even if one might be criticized for being a coward.
- 1913年7月、文部省の任命で就任して2ヵ月になったばかりの澤柳政太郎京都帝国大学総長は、教学の刷新を標榜して7教授(医科大学1名、理工科大学5名、文科大学1名)に辞表を提出させ8月に免官を発令した。
- In July 1913, the president of Kyoto Imperial University Masataro SAWAYANAGI, who was appointed by the Ministry of Education two months before, ordered seven professors (one for the medical school, five for the science and engineering school, and one for the literature school) to submit resignation letters because they called for the education reform, and dismissed them in August.
- 算得業生成立後は、7年学習して奉試に及第すると合格者は算博士や主計寮・主税寮・大宰府・造宮省(後には修理職・木工寮)に設置されていた算師に任じられる他、地方の下級国司となって租税会計事務などを扱った。
- After the establishment of San tokugosho, those who learned for seven years and passed Hoshi were appointed as San hakase or Sanshi (a court official in charge of calculation) and placed in the Shukeiryo (account office), Shuzeiryo (bureau of taxation), Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), Zogusho (ministry of making and mending palaces) (later Shurishiki (The Palace Repairs Office) and Mokuryo (Bureau of Carpentry), and were also made lower provincial governors who handled land tax accountancy and other such matters.
- 勿論、文章院は公的機関である大学寮直曹であったから、大学別曹を持たない氏族出身者の寄宿舎としても当然用いられたが、管理者である菅原氏・大江氏の博士と強い関係で結ばれて一種の学閥を形成することとなった。
- It was needless to say that the Monjoin was the University Jikiso, an official institution, so that it also served as a dormitory for students from the clans which did not have a Daigaku besso of their own -- Thereby, a close relationship was developed between the students and their supervisor, hakase of the Sugawara clan or the Oe clan and the students formed a kind of academic clique.
- 正史とはあくまで「王朝が正当と認めた歴史書」という程の意味であり、信頼性の高い史料であるとは言えるが、歴史事実を引き出すには歴史学の手法にのっとり厳密な史料批判を経て行う必要があることに変わりはない。
- The term 'seishi' or 'official history', then, refers simply to 'those history books that are endorsed by the ruling dynasty as legitimate', so even when it is possible to describe them as highly reliable historical sources, that does not change the fact that they must still be subjected to a rigorous evalation of their historicity in accordance with established historiographical techniques.
- そして高等教育機関進学や官吏登用では制度的に差別された上、日本人の間には台湾人に対する差別意識も存在しており、それを解消すべく戦時中には皇民化政策により日本人との同化が義務化されるなどの政策が行われた。
- Systematic discrimination existed in the admission to higher educational institutions or for governmental employment and Japanese had a sense of discrimination against Taiwanese, so the government conducted the kominka policy to oblige them to assimilate to Japanese during the war.
- 渋沢らが関わる東京経済学協会が1891年に発表した「鉄道調査報告書」に掲載された佐分利一嗣の論文では、鉄道国有化論に対する反証を一々あげて論じ、「将来の鉄道は、私設民営たるべし」という結論を導いている。
- In their thesis run in the 'The investigative report on railways' published by the Tokyo Economic Association in 1891, Kazuchika SABURI refuted every point of the theory of railway nationalization by indicating the proof of it, and concluded 'The railways in the future should be built and administered by private sectors'.
- 総督府は1912年、近代において初めて作成された朝鮮語の正書法である普通学校用諺文綴字法を作成し、1930年には児童の学習能率の向上、朝鮮語の綴字法の整理・統一のための新正書法である諺文綴字法を作成した。
- The Sotoku-fu created the Regular school Hangeul spelling method as the orthography of the Korean language made first time in modern times in 1912, and created the Hangeul spelling method as the new orthography for improving learning efficiency of children, and organizing and integrating spelling methods of the Korean language in 1930.
- 明治期における人類学的な区分では、坪井正五郎が先史時代の先住民であるコロボックル、国内の他民族であるアイヌ(及び樺太アイヌ)、琉球、朝鮮人・台湾漢人、台湾先住民などを除いた集合としての大和民族を主張した。
- Based on anthropological classification done in the Meiji period, Shogoro TSUBOI asserted that the Yamato race was an aggregation which did not include the Korobokkuru, which was prehistorical aborigines, the Ainu tribe (and Sakhalin Ainu), Ryukyu people, Korean people, the Han race of Taiwan, the aborigines in Taiwan and others.
- 西洋哲学と東洋思想の融合を目指した『善の研究』などで表される西田哲学の立場に立ち、東洋でありながら西洋化した日本で、ただ西洋哲学を受け入れるだけではなくそれといかに内面で折り合うことができるかを模索した。
- They held the position of Nishida philosophy expressed in 'A Study of Good' and other books which aimed at the integrity of Western philosophy and Eastern ideology and searched how they could inwardly make terms with Western philosophy not just simply to accept it in Japan, eastern, but westernized.
- 清代の朱子学は、理気論や心性論よりも、朱熹が晩年に力を入れていた礼学が重視され、社会的な秩序構築を具体的に担う「礼」への関心が高まり、壮大な世界観を有する学問よりは、具体的・具象的な学問へと狭まっていった。
- Neo-Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty focused on Reigaku (courtesy science), which Hsi CHU concentrated in his later years, rather than the theory of Li-Ch'i and the theory of Mind, and interest in 'courtesy' increased, which was practically responsible for the establishment of public order, so that Neo-Confucianism was narrowed down from learning having a grand world view to becoming practicable and concrete.
- 氏族単位での技能・学術の「世習」による継承は大和時代以前の日本の氏族において見られる現象であるが、律令制のもとではこうした方法を排除して公的機関である大学寮・典薬寮・陰陽寮において教育を行う制度を採用した。
- Handing down skills and learning by 'Seshu' (hereditary) within the clan was a phenomenon seen among Japanese clans before the Yamato period, but under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) these customs were abolished and the education system at public institutions such as Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education), Tenyakuryo (the Bureau of Medicine), and Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination) was adopted.
- 11世紀に入ると、書博士そのものが明経博士を世襲した清原氏・中原氏の一族のための待機ポスト(明経道の職に空きが出来るまで暫時任じられる官職)と化してしまい、学科としての書道は完全に消滅したと考えられている。
- In the 11th century, the position of sho hakase became a standby post (a post to which clan members were temporarily appointed until a myogyo-do position became available) for members of the Kiyohara clan and Nakahara clan which inherited the position of Myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucian classics), and it is though that shodo completely disappeared as an area of study.
- そして必修である『論語』『孝経』の他に最低二経を学習した明経生は明経試(後に明経得業試に改められた)に受験・合格してから叙位・任官するのが原則だったが、明経試を経ないで叙位・任官するケースも多かったらしい。
- Although it was a general rule that students needed to study at least two books other than the two compulsory books 'Rongo' and 'Kokyo' and pass the Myogyoshi (the Myogyo examination - later revised into the 'Myogyo Tokugyoshi') before being appointed and conferred a rank, there were many reported cases of students receiving their rank and appointment without taking the test.
- よって、律令の本文は早くに散逸したが、律については李林甫らによる注釈書『唐律疏義』が残り、令については、1933年、日本の中国法制史学者である仁井田陞が、和漢の典籍より逸文を輯逸し、『唐令拾遺』を著している。
- Therefore, although the original texts of the Ritsuryo were dispersed and lost early on, the ritsu penal code was recorded in the commentary 'Tanglu Shuyi' written by Linfu LI and others, and the ryo administrative code was recorded in 'Torei Shui' written by Noboru NIIDA, a Japanese historian of Chinese legal history, in 1933 by collating missing writing from Japanese and Chinese classical books.
- これが成功を収め不動産や金融業に乗り出し、現在の元町 (神戸市)、三宮といった神戸港周辺の都市開発や神戸女学院の前身である女子寄宿学校・神戸ホームの創立に関わるなど、神戸の街づくりに多大な影響を及ぼしている。
- After this success, he expanded his business into real estate, financial business and at the same time was involved in urban development around Kobe Port such as Moto-machi (Kobe City) and Sannomiya, and foundation of Kobe Home, the boarding school for female students which was a predecessor of Kobe College (Kobe Jogakuin), exercising a major influence on Kobe's development.
- このため、穀倉院領となった旧勧学田を大学寮に返還することは、財政政策上採るところではなかった朝廷はその代償として、穀倉院から一部学生への学問料支給を行うことで大学寮側からの不満の緩和に努めたと考えられている。
- Under such circumstances, the Imperial court couldn't return the former kangakuden, which was then the territory of Kokuso-in, to Daigaku-ryo and intended to ease the dissatisfaction of Daigaku-ryo by getting Kokuso-in to grant Gakumonryo to selected students in return.
- 基本的には大学寮の明経道・紀伝道で採用されている書物が教科書として用いられたが、『群書治要』や『老子道徳経』・『荘子 (書物)』・『白氏文集』・『貞観政要』・『世説新語』などそれ以外の講義も広く行われていた。
- The textbooks used were same as those used at Myogyodo and Kidendo of the Daigaku-ryo, but additional lectures were also given on 'Gunsyochiyo,' 'Roshi Dotokukyo,' 'Soshi,' 'Hakushimonju,' 'Joganseiyo,' 'Sesetsushingo,' etc.
- 文化および工業都市・京は平安京以来の都であり、応仁の乱によって大打撃を受けたものの、依然として朝廷や仏教の有力宗派のうちのいくつかの本山などが設置され、学術・芸術・宗教の面では当時の日本を代表する都市であった。
- Kyoto, currently known as the cultural and industrial center, had been the national capital since the period of Heian-kyo with the Imperial Court and the headquarters of a numerous leading Buddhist sects, despite the serious setbacks suffered in the Onin War, and it was the city representing Japan as the center of the academic activities, arts and religion at that time,
- 抗戦派の今村は他26名とともに秋月へ戻り、秋月小学校に置かれていた秋月党討伐本部を襲撃し県高官2名を殺害、反乱に加わった士族を拘留していた酒屋倉庫を焼き払ったのち、分かれて逃亡したが、11月24日に逮捕された。
- Imamura of the resistance force returned to Akizuki together with 26 others, attacked the Akizuki-to suppression headquarters situated in Akizuki Elementary School, killed two prefectural high officials, burned down the liquor store warehouse where warrior class members joining the rebellion were kept in detention, and then separately escaped, but they were arrested on November 24.
- 昭和37年6月21日、折からの大学管理制度改革(文部大臣(当時)による国立大学の学長選任権及び監督権を強化する内容が含まれていた)に対して反対するデモが、京都府学生自治会連合(京都府学連)の主宰により行われた。
- On June 21 in 1962, the student union of Kyoto Prefecture organized the demonstration against the reform of university management because it included more authority of the Ministry of Education (at the time) to assign and control the presidents of the national universities.
- 維新成功の背景として、その前段階たる江戸時代における日本人の労働生産性・教育水準・遵法意識の高さや、近世においてすでに近代的科学(合理)精神を受け入れる素地・教養が準備されていたことなども要因と考えられている。
- Some of the reasons for the success of the Meiji Restoration are that Japanese people in the Edo period worked hard, were well educated, and abided by laws, and they had enough knowledge to accept modern rational scientific spirit.
- 同学会は天皇来学に際し、(当時の左翼勢力の主流がしていたように)天皇制反対を声高に訴えるのでなく「歓迎もしなければ拒否もしない」「(天皇を)一個人として迎える」という態度を取り、学生と天皇との会見を要求していた。
- For the Emperor's visit, Dogakukai took a position of 'We will neither welcome nor reject his visit' and 'We will receive (the Emperor) as an individual,' rather than vociferously appealing the abolition of the Imperial system (unlike other left-wing organizations which did so), and requested to meet the Emperor.
- 明治30年代当時は、欧化主義の進展によって日本の道徳倫理あるいは武士道精神といったものが退廃にさらされていると考え、それらを陽明学で蘇らせようという風潮が日本にはあったが、これが明治期における陽明学熱の背景である。
- Around the turn of the century, it was considered that Europeanism was advancing to the detriment of Japanese moral ethics and the samurai spirit, which led Japan to recover these moral ethics and spirit through Yomeigaku; this was background to the Japanese people's enthusiasm for studying Yomeigaku during the Meiji period.
- また学校教育や警察機構を通じた台湾人の衛生概念改善行動もあり、一般市民の衛生概念も着実に改善を見ることができ、また台北帝国大学内に熱帯医学研究所を設置し、医療従事者の育成と台湾の衛生改善のための研究が行われていた。
- Activities were developed through school education or policy for improving public health awareness of Taiwanese, resulting in a steady improvement of public health awareness of the public, and a research center for tropical medicine was established attached to the Taihoku Imperial University to educate healthcare professionals and research for the public health improvement.
- その後は、藤原純友の乱を平定した藤原忠文や、阿衡事件に関与した藤原佐世等を輩出したものの、平安時代中期以降は儒学によって立身する家系として数家がしばらく血統を保つのみとなり、鎌倉時代まで続いた家はほとんどなかった。
- Thereafter, Fujiwara Shikike produced FUJIWARA no Tadabumi, who put down FUJIWARA no Sumitomo's War, and FUJIWARA no Sukeyo, who was involved with the Ako Incident, but from the middle of the Heian period, only a couple of families managed to keep their lines known as those that rose on the basis of Confucianism, and few could remain until the Kamakura period.
- 学術的な視点からは、旧民法が自然法思想に立脚していたことに対して、法の歴史性・民族性を強調した歴史法学からの批判、内容的なものとしては、日本古来の家族制度を始めとする日本の伝統・習慣にそぐわないという批判があった。
- From an academic viewpoint the fact that the Old Civil Code was based on the thought of natural law, there arose criticisms from historical jurisprudence emphasizing a historical and racial nature of law, which included criticisms that the content of the Code would not fit Japanese tradition and customs including Japanese traditional family system.
- 京大天皇事件(きょうだいてんのうじけん)は、1951年11月12日の昭和天皇の京都大学来学に際し、キャンパスに押しかけた多数の学生との間で混乱が生じ、京大の学生自治会である同学会に解散処分などが下された事件である。
- The Kyodai-Tenno incident was an incident in which disorder arose between the Emperor Showa who visited Kyoto University on November 12, 1951 and many students who gathered at the campus on that day, and Dogakukai, the student self-governing association of Kyoto University, was ordered to dissolve later.
- 教育者で思想家の新渡戸稲造など、文学・思想に大きな足跡を残したキリスト者達(新渡戸、内村鑑三、植村正久など)による異文化接合の形として顕われたのが、もう一つの「武士道」である(詳細は武田清子の「人間観の相克」を参照)。
- Another Bushido appeared as a combination of different cultures by Christians who left a major mark on literature and a way of thought including an educator and thinker Inazo NITOBE, Kanzo UCHIMURA and Masahisa UEMURA (refer to 'Ningenkan no Sokoku [Rivalry of human view]' written by Kiyoko TAKEDA for details).
- 苛立つ堀部らは、とうとう8月19日付けの書状で「大学様も兄親の切腹を見ながらでは、100万石が下されても人前に立てないだろう」と述べるようになり、大石は江戸急進派鎮撫に使者の派遣の必要性を感じるようになったといわれる。
- When Horibe and others were very frustrated and sent a letter on August 19, which stated 'I am sure Daigaku will not be able to stand in public if he sees his brothers and parents commit seppuku even if he receives 1,000,000 koku.,' Oishi started to feel the urge to send messengers to calm down the Edo radicals.
- 上記の理由から『ターヘル・アナトミア』が正式な書名とは言い難く、本来なら『クルムス解剖書』のように呼ぶのが妥当であるが、杉田玄白が『蘭学事始』の中で何度も『ターヘル・アナトミア』と表記しているので、一般に広まっている。
- For the above reasons, it is difficult to say that 'Taheru Anatomia' is the formal title of the book, and for all intents and purposes it is appropriate to call it such as 'Kulmus' Anatomy'; however, in 'Rangaku Kotohajime,' the author Genpaku SUGITA refers to the book on numerous occasions as 'Taheru Anatomia,' leading to a spread of this term of reference.
- 江戸幕府においては『科条類典』に享保3年(1718年)に白紙の手形と引換とした借金契約を結ばせた貸主に初めて過料を課したという記述があることから、徳川吉宗の享保の改革の一環として過料が導入されたという学説が存在していた。
- During Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) ruling period, 'Kajoruiten' (a collection of classified regulations and laws) mentioned that Karyo was imposed on a lender who made a debt contract by using an empty promissory note the first time in 1718, therefore, there was a theory that Yoshimune TOKUGAWA introduced Karyo as a part of Kyoho-no-kaikaku (Kyoho reform).
- 古代中国の春秋時代において、周王朝の天子(王)を尊び、王朝を守るため侵入する夷狄(いてき=周辺諸民族。この時代の夷狄は南方の楚を指していた)を打ち払う、という意味で覇者が用いた標語を、国学者が輸入して流用したものである。
- In the Chunqiu period in China, the leader used the slogan meaning 'To respect (尊) the Emperor (王) and protect Zhou Dynasty, we have to expel the iteki (夷狄 [unfamiliar tribes, at that time the Chu Dynasty to the south of Zhou Dynasty]),' and scholars of Japanese classic literature imported to use it.
- 2001年にアメリカのハーバード大学(マサチューセッツ州)で開催された学術プロジェクト「『韓国併合』の歴史的・国際法学的再検討」会議ではイギリスの研究者らが有効・合法論を主張し、無効・違法論は一般的な説になり得てはいない。
- In the conference of the academic project 'Review of 'the Annexation of Korea' in history and international law' held at Harvard University in the USA (State of Massachusetts) in 2001, British researchers and others insisted on its validity and legality, which has not allowed views of invalidity and/or illegality to become generally acceptable.
- これは1930年10月27日に台中州能高郡霧社(現在の南投県仁愛郷)でサイディック族の大頭目莫那魯道が6部落の300余人の族人を率いた反日武装事件であり、小学校で開催されていた運動会会場に乱入し日本人約140人を殺害した。
- On October 27, 1930, a group of more than 300 people from six villages, led by the Seediq Rudao MONA, assaulted the athletic festival held at an elementary school to kill about 140 Japanese in Wuche, 能高郡, Taichung Prefecture (present-day Ren-ai, Nantou County).
- なお、勲等に叙す慣習がなくなった今日でも、勲等を詐称することは、位階・学位その他法令に定めた称号、あるいは外国においてそれらに準ずるものを含めて軽犯罪法第1条15項において違法とされ、違反した場合、拘留又は科料に処せられる。
- There is no institution of the medals for merit in Japan at present, but still, the false statement of the medals for merit, including the rank, the academic degree, and any other titles stipulated in the law as well as those corresponding to them in the foreign countries, is treated as illegal according to the Minor Offense Act Article 1 Section 15; the person who violates the law receives punishment like detention or light fine.
- だが、実際の貴族社会の立身に大いに影響を与えたのは、蔭位・大舎人・内舎人などの血統に基づく仕組によるところが大きく、有力貴族の子弟は大学寮への就学が義務付けられていた平安時代のごく初期を除いて家庭における教育が主体であった。
- One's success in the aristocratic society largely depended on systems such as the Oni, the Otoneri, and the Udoneri, which took your bloodline into account, and the children of powerful aristocrats were educated mainly at home, except during a short period in the early Heian period when such children were obliged to study in the Daigaku-ryo.
- 当時ドイツ帝国の科学的植民地主義に傾倒していた後藤は生物学の観点から植民地の同化は困難であり、英国政府の植民地政策を採用し、日本内地の外に存在する植民地として内地法を適用せず、独立した特殊な方式により統治するというものである。
- Goto, who was inclined towards scientific imperialism of Germany, claimed that it was difficult to assimilate the natives of colonies from a biological viewpoint and that Japan should follow the British colonial policies; the colony outside Japan should not be subject to Japanese law and should be governed under a special approach independent from Japan.
- なお、同詔では漢詩などの文学材料としても用いられていた孔安国の注釈に関しては、天皇及び皇族の教育以外の場では引き続き使用が認められており、この導入が大学寮全体の支持すら得られていなかった政治的なものであったことを裏付けている。
- However, in the Mikotonori, the commentaries by Ko Ankoku that were used as a literary reference, such as in Chinese poetry, were permitted to be continually used in education other than that of Emperors and the Imperial Family, which supports the fact that this adoption was only to seek political advantage and did not even gain support of the whole Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system).
- 自営業でなくても、親と同じ職種につくことは人脈や職務上必要とされる知識といった無形の財産をひきつぐ上で有利であるため、政治家、外交官、大学教員、芸能人など、社会的に突出した職業や地位の多くに、事実上の世襲が多くなる傾向がある。
- Even though it is not an independent enterprise, to take the same occupation as the parent is advantageous in terms of the succession of intangible assets such as goodwill, personal networks and the knowledge required in the course of their work; therefore, many of those occupations or positions that are regarded as socially outstanding such as politicians, diplomatic officials, academics, and entertainers tend to be passed on through the generations.
- 山県有朋もかつて西郷のもとで御親兵・陸軍省創設のために働いており、鹿児島私学校徒を激昂させた鹿児島スナイドル弾薬製造設備の搬出では薩摩閥の大山巌に協力するなど、薩摩閥内部の西郷vs大久保の争いに長州閥が便乗する構図となっていた。
- Aritomo YAMAGATA once worked under SAIGO to found Goshinpei and the Army Ministry, but on the other hand, cooperated with Iwao OYAMA of the Satsuma clique in transferring the production equipment of Snider Ammunition from Kagoshima, which made Kagoshima Shigakko students angry; as such, the Choshu clique took advantage of the struggle between SAIGO and OYAMA within the Satsuma clique.
- 以後も長承3年(1134年)に仏教説話を集めて説法の手控えとした『打聞集』、12世紀前半の『古本説話集』、治承3年(1179年)に平康頼によって著された『宝物集』などの説話集が成立し、説話文学の大きな流れは次代に継承されていく。
- Thereafter, collections of anecdotes; 'Uchigiki shu' (Collection of Buddhist Tales) in which Buddhism anecdotes were collected for drafts of preaching in 1134, 'Kohon Setsuwa shu' (Collection of Old Tales) in the first half of the 12th century, 'Hobutsu shu' (A Collection of Treasures) written by TAIRA no Yasuyori in 1179, were completed; a big stream of literature of preaching stories were succeeded by subsequent generations.
- 元に滅ぼされた南宋(1279年に滅亡)から日本へ渡った蘭渓道隆・兀庵普寧や、北条時宗の招きに応じて来日した無学祖元、元からの国使として来日した一山一寧など、13世紀末から14世紀前半にかけて大陸から日本へ渡来した禅僧は多かった。
- Many Zen priests visited Japan from the late 13th century to the early 14th century including Rankei Doryu (Lanxi Daolong) and Gottan Funei, who crossed over to Japan from Southern Sung Dynasty (ruined in 1279), Mugaku Sogen, who visited Japan by invitation of Tokimune HOJO, and Issan Ichinei (Yishan Yining), who visited Japan as a kokushi (envoys dispatched from provincial governors) from the Yuan Dynasty.
- いわゆる「一目ぼれ」(訳も判らず一見で気に入ってしまうこと)や「癪に障る」(苛立たしいと感じる・怒りのうち抑圧 (心理学)され継続的なもの)など、当事者には説明しがたい感情に支配された結果、相性が良い/悪いとみなされる場合もある。
- The so-called 'love at first sight' (when one is attracted to someone without even knowing him/her) or 'getting under one's skin' (the emotion of frustration and anger that is suppressed (psychology) and continual) are the situations which are controlled by emotions inexplicable to the one experiencing it, and as a result of which causes one to feel that he/she has a good/bad aisho with the given person.
- 大日本帝国陸軍のドイツ式組織への改革や帝国大学令・小学校令などの制定に代表される教育改革、市町村制の確立などが行われ、伊藤自身も井上毅・金子堅太郎・伊東巳代治と大日本帝国憲法草案を作成するなど、立憲体制への準備が着々と進められた。
- The preparation for constitutional system progressed steadily as the reform of Imperial Japanese Army toward German-style system, education reform such as Imperial University Law and Primary School Order and establishment of local authority system were carried out, and Ito himself made the draft of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan along with Kowashi INOUE, Kentaro KANEKO, and Miyoji ITO.
- 吉良上野介在邸確実の日を探る必要もあったため、しばしば吉良邸に招かれて、『源氏物語』や『伊勢物語』を進講したり、歌の指導をしていた国学者荷田春満が、大石の友人であったので春満を通じて吉良邸茶会が12月14日にあるという情報を入手。
- When they were trying to figure out the date when Kira Kozuke no Suke would be home, Oishi received information through his friend KADA no Azumaro, who was a scholar of Japanese classical literature, that the tea ceremony would be held on January 30 at Kira's residence since Azumaro was often invited to Kira's place to teach how to compose poetry and give lectures on 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji) as well as 'Ise Monogatari' (The Tales of Ise).
- これは中国における西欧側の非道を知ったこともあるが、朱子学以外を認めない衛正斥邪という思想政策を積極的に推し進めたことから分かるように、大院君は中華思想的発想の持ち主であり、その点から西欧諸国を夷狄視していたことも理由の一つである。
- Daewongun knew the atrocities of West Europeans in China, and he actively promoted the wijŏng ch'ŏksa policy (defense of Confucian orthodoxy and rejection of Christian heterodoxy), which was not to admit ideas other than the doctrines of Zhu Xi, and also he believed in Sinocentrism, and because of this he presumed the Western Europe countries to be barbarous.
- 養老律令では方法が2通りあり、前者は『九章算術』3問と『六章』・『綴術』以外の残り6書から各1問の計9問から出題されるもの、後者は『六章』3問と『綴術』6問の計9問から出題されるもので、前者は基礎算術、後者は高等数学の知識を試した。
- There were two methods in the Yoro Code, each of which delivered a total of nine questions: in the first, three questions were drawn from the 'Kyushosanjutsu' with each of the remaining documents other than 'Rokusho' and 'Tenjutsu' providing one of the other six; in the second, three questions were drawn from 'Rokusho' and the remaining six from 'Tenjutsu,' so that the former method tested knowledge of basic arithmetic while the latter tested knowledge of advanced mathematics.
- また、建築史学者と歴史家の間に法隆寺の建設年代に関する論争(法隆寺再建・非再建論争)が起こったが、現存する建物の様式論や、六国史などの文献研究はもとより、遺構調査など考古学の発掘成果も取り入れられるようになって、学問の深化が見られた。
- Historians and scholars of architectural history were in dispute about the year of construction of Horyu-ji Temple (and whether or not the temple had been rebuilt), which led to a more in-depth study of Japan's architectural history using methods such as archaeological excavation and surveying remnants of ancient structures, examining the styles of existing buildings and studying literature such as Rikkokushi (Japan's six national histories).
- 『義公行実』など各種伝記史料によれば、水戸徳川家世子として教育を受けていた青年時代の光圀は非行も多かったが、正保2年(1645年)に『史記』「伯夷伝」を読んで伯夷・叔斉に感銘を受け、以来は反省して学問に精励し、史書編纂を志したという。
- According to various biographical materials such as 'Giko kojitsu,' Mitsukuni in his youth who was educated as an heir of the Mito Tokugawa family committed some acts of delinquency, but came to regret what he had done and study hard after he read the chapter Hakuiden of 'Shiki' and was moved by Hakui and Syukusei, and then aspired to compile history.
- これは他の分野でも同様の現象が起きており、やがて特定の博士家が博士の職を世襲するために、家説を秘伝化・神秘化しながらこれに権威性と絶対性を与えていくことによって、学術そのものを氏族内部のみで世襲化する「家学」へと発展させることとなる。
- The same phenomena took place in other fields, and in order to take up the position of hakase by heredityparticular hakase families developed the learning itself into 'kagaku' inherited within the clan by making their family's theory esoteric and mystified, and by giving it authority and unequivocalness.
- 考古学の成果から5世紀ごろから「治天下大王」(あめのしたしろしめすおおきみ)という国内向けの称号が成立したことが判明しているが、これはこの時期に倭国は中華王朝と異なる別の天下であるという意識が生まれていたことの表れだと評価されている。
- The title 'Ame-no-shita Shiroshimesu Okimi' known from archaeological studies to have been established around the fifth century is viewed as evidence of the perception that Wakoku was a different 'tenka' (realm, written with the same characters as 'Ame-no-shita') from the Chinese dynasties.
- 来学当日、群集整理に協力しむしろ混乱を鎮める側に回っていた同学会に厳しい処分が下されたのは、先述した公開質問状の内容と、それに対する世論の反発(後述)を考慮したことによるものと考えられている(解散された同学会は1953年に再建された)。
- It is considered that the Dogakukai, which cooperated to regulate the crowd and restore quiet on the day of Emperor's visit, was punished severely because of the content of the open letter mentioned above and the backlash in public opinion (Dogakukai was reconstructed in 1953).
- 農学者で思想家の新渡戸稲造は『武士道』(1900)において19世紀末の哲学や科学的思考を用いながら、島国の自然がどのようなもので、四季の移り変わりなどから影響を及ぼされた結果、社会という枠の中で日本人はどのように生きたのかを説明している。
- Agriculturist and thinker Inazo NITOBE explained the nature of the island country and how Japanese who lived in society were affected by the four seasons, using philosophy and scientific thinking of the late 19th century in 'Bushido' (1900).
- その後20年にわたり台湾総督は同化政策を推進し、具体的な政策としては地方自治を拡大するための総督府評議会の設置、日台共学制度及び共婚法の公布、笞刑の撤廃、日本語学習の整備などその同化を促進し、台湾人への差別を減少させるための政策を実現した。
- The Governor-General of Taiwan promoted the assimilation policy for the next twenty years, policy which included an establishment of an elected advisory committee to expand autonomy, the introduction of non-segregation to educational institutions, an issuance of the intermarriage act, a demolishment of flogging as criminal punishment, encouraging the study of the Japanese language in order to promote assimilation as well as to decrease discrimination of Taiwanese.
- 公布前の1889年(明治22年)5月、東大法学部出身者で組織されるイギリス法系の法学士会は春季総会において『法典編纂ニ関スル意見書』を発表するとともに、拙速な法典編纂を改めるべきであることを内閣や枢密院 (日本)に働きかけることを議決した。
- In May, 1889 before the publication, the British Law Hogakushi-kai Association consisting of graduates from the University of Tokyo Faculty of Law presented 'Hoten Hensan ni Kansuru Ikensho (written opinions on Compiling Legal Codes' in its spring assembly and decided that they should appeal to the Cabinet and the Sumitsu-in (Privy Council) to correct rapid compilation of legal codes.
- 当初は学生が東西いずれの曹に属するかという規定は定まっていなかったが、文章生が文章得業生となり対策を受ける際には所属する曹とは反対の曹の文章博士から出題を受けることとなっていたため、当然その頃にはいずれかの曹に属していなければならなかった。
- Although it was not defined which of the toso and seiso the students were to belong at the beginning, when monjosho became Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and took taisaku (civil service examination), it was decided that the Monjo hakase of the so other than that the monjosho belonged to set the examination, which meant that the monjosho had to belong to either the toso or the seiso by that time.
- 日本では、平安時代の貞観 (日本)2年10月16日(860年11月2日)に、大学博士大春日雄継の働きかけによって、今後『孝経』の注釈には学令において『孝経』の注釈書として定められた孔安国・鄭玄の注を用いずに『御注孝経』を用いる詔が出されている。
- In Japan, on November 6, 860, with an appeal by Daigaku hakase (university professor) OKASUGA no Otsugu, a Mikotonori (imperial edict) was issued to use the 'Gyochukokyo' for commentaries of the 'Kokyo' henceforth, and not to use the commentaries by Ko Ankoku and Teigen that had been set under the school's order.
- 「典籍」は経典、物語、和歌集、歴史書などの著作物のことでこの中には高野切本(こうやぎれぼん)古今和歌集のように書道史上貴重な遺品も含まれるが、書道史上の価値よりも文学作品・歴史書などの古伝本・テキストとしての価値が評価されて指定されたものも多い。
- Books' refers to various written works like sutras, monogatari (tales), waka poetry anthologies, and history books; among all these books, some works, like for example the Koyagire-bon (copied manuscript) of the 'Kokin wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), are by past calligraphy masters and are considered historically valuable as calligraphy pieces but are still included in the Books sub-category, yet most of the items designated national treasures as books are more highly regarded for their value as ko denpon (ancient books transcribed and still extant) texts of literature or history rather than for their value as calligraphy works.
- その目的は、西郷と共に下野した不平士族たちを統率することと、県内の若者を教育することであったが、外国人講師を採用したり、優秀な私学校徒を欧州へ遊学させる等、積極的に西欧文化を取り入れており、外征を行うための強固な軍隊を創造することを目指していた。
- SAIGO founded the schools to lead the band of fuhei shizoku (former samurai with gripes), who left the government as he did, and to educate the youth in the prefecture; moreover, with the goal of forming a strong army to go on a foreign campaign, he positively introduced Western culture by employing foreign instructors and sending capable students to Western countries to study.
- 当初は明確な学科の種別はなかったが、一般の官人を育成するために設けられた本科に相当する儒教の講義(後の明経道にあたる)以外には、儒教経典の原典をそのまま筆記するための書道 (大学寮)とそのまま発音するための音道は本科の補完するためのものであった。
- Initially there were no clearly defined departments, but the course established to educate general government officials consisted mainly of Confucian lectures (later Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics)), complemented by Shodo (calligraphy), which involved writing down the original Confucian scriptures verbatim (Daigaku-ryo), and Ondo, learning to pronounce them correctly.
- 家元制度は家学宗家の権威を高める一方で家元である宗家当主は門人を免許の発給を通じて家学を支配していく役目に転化していったため、勿論家元に相応しい技能を有した宗家当主も存在したものの、それに相応しい能力を有しない継承者の隠蔽の役割も果たすことになった。
- While the iemoto system enhanced the authority of the head family of the iemoto, because the role of the family head changed into the one ruling kagaku through issuing a license to the pupils, the family head also assumed the role in hiding the successor who was not competent even though some family heads themselves were not competent to the iemoto.
- この時、学生として倭漢直福因(やまとのあやのあたいふくいん)・奈羅訳語恵明(ならのおさえみょう)高向玄理(たかむくのあやひとくろまろ)・新漢人大圀(いまきのあやひとだいこく)・学問僧として新漢人日文(にちもん、後の僧旻)・南淵請安ら8人、隋へ留学する。
- Eight people went to Sui for study, including students such as YAMATOAYA no Ataifukuin, NARA no Osaemyo, TAKAMUKU no Ayahitokuromaro, IMAKI no Ayahitodaikoku and priests-in-training such as IMAKI no Ayahito Nichimon (who later became Somin) and MINABUCHI no Shoan.
- 肥後藩では、教育方針をめぐり3派閥に分かれており、藩校での朱子学教育を中心とする学校党、横井小楠らが提唱した教育と政治の結びつきを重視する実学党、林桜園を祖とする国学・神道を基本とした教育を重視する勤皇党(河上彦斎・太田黒伴雄・加屋霽堅ら)が存在した。
- The Higo Domain was divided into three factions according to their education policies, namely, the Gakko-to party (school party) focusing on education based on the doctrines of Zhu Xi in domain schools, the Jitsugaku-to party (practical learning party) emphasizing the relation between education and politics, advocated by Shonan YOKOI and others, and the Kinno-to party (pro-Imperial party with Gensai KAWAKAMI, Tomoo OGURODA, Harukata KAYA and others) emphasizing education based on the study of Japanese literature and culture and Shintoism, founded by Oen HAYASHI.
- なお本事件に関しては、従来は専ら自由民権思想及び松方デフレの強い影響下に発生したと考えられてきたが、近年はそれらに加えて、他の養蚕地域との比較や、上述の国際的環境の影響、秩父地方特有の民俗学的状況等に関しても考慮した研究の必要性もようになってきている。
- This incident had been assumed in the past to have occurred under the strong influence mainly of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement and the Matsukata deflation, however, in recent years, in addition to the above, there has been an increased need of studies considering then comparison to other sericulture areas, the influence of the above-mentioned international environments, comparison with other sericulture regions and the above-mentioned international environments influence, the ethnological situation peculiar to Chichibu district.
- なお、江戸時代後期の儒学者で江戸や大坂に住んだこともある広瀬旭荘(広瀬淡窓の弟)は、『九桂草堂随筆』という随筆の中で「京の人は細なり。大坂の人は貪なり。江戸の人は夸なり……是三都人気の異る所以なり」と述べていくつか事例を挙げながら三都の比較を試みている。
- Gyokuzo HIROSE (younger brother of Tanso HIROSE), a Confucian scholar of the latter Edo Period who had lived not only in Edo but also in Osaka, describes the people's characters of these three cities in his essay 'Kyukeisodou Zuihitsu,' as 'the people of Kyo are sensitive, the people of Osaka are avid and the people of Edo are proud,' making a comparison of the people in these three cities with each examples.
- 日本美術史(にほんびじゅつし)とは、日本の美術の流れ、様式の変遷、各時代の代表的な作品や作家の研究、相互の影響関係、作品や作家を生んだ時代背景(政治、経済、信仰、風俗、社会、文学などとの関連)などについて述べたもの、またはそうした分野を研究する学問のこと。
- 'Nihon bijutsu-shi' refers to the chronological explanation - or the academic field - of Japanese art history, such as the trend of Japanese art, the transition of its style, the research of the representative works and artists in each period, their mutual influence, and the historical background of the works and artists - that is, the works' and artists' relation with Japanese politics, economy, religion, customs, society, literature and others.
- 『今昔物語集』巻24第22及び『宇治拾遺物語』185話に登場する高階俊平入道の弟が算道で人の生死を操って、人々から「おそろしき算の道」と恐れられたとされる話は最早、算術・数学が科学どころか学問ではなく、呪術として人々に怖れ嫌悪されていった実情を示していた。
- In 'Konjaku Monogatari (Shu)' (The Tale of Times Now Past) Volume 24, Chapter 22 and 'Uji Shui Monogatari' (a collection of the Tales from Uji) Episode 185, a younger brother of Nyudo Toshihira TAKASHINA controlled human life and death with Sando, and people feared it, calling it 'terrible Sando,' which mirrored the actual condition that arithmetic and mathematics were no longer considered learning, much less science, and were feared and detested as magic (spells).
- ただし、それは技能としての算術・数学であって、数学的思考や教養、感性が求められたものではなく、ましてや中国に見られたような高等数学が当時の日本社会で必要とされる場面は存在しなかったと考えられ、日本数学史が独自の進歩を見せるきっかけにはなりえなかったのである。
- However, this was arithmetic and mathematics as skill: mathematical thinking, cultivation, and sensibility were not sought after, and it seems that the advanced mathematics seen in China was not required by the Japanese society of that time, so this was not an opportunity for unique progress in the Japanese history of mathematics.
- どうか私と同じ志(仏教への信仰)をもってここに来た人達には、(様々な考え方の)空か有か(といった瑣末な事)を論じて(志を)滞らせることなく、自分の欲望を忘れて(学問や修行に励み)、後進の人達には世俗の苦労などを超越して悟りの境地を開いて欲しいと願うものである。
- I sincerely wish that those who come here with the same aspirations (faith in Buddhism) will abandon one's own desires (focus on learning and training) without wasting themselves on trivial matters of various thoughts, and those who are to follow will transcend worldly matters and open the path toward revelation.
- これに対して久木幸男は、「内外の経書」という記述に注目して「内外」を仏教書とそれ以外の書と解釈し、表向き仏教を排除している日本の大学寮の学生のための機関である大学別曹に仏教書を置くことの矛盾を指摘しており、弘文館を大学別曹ではなく図書館であったと推測している。
- On the other hand, Yukio KUKI (Japanese educator) paid attention to the description 'Chinese classics from inside and outside,' interpreting 'inside and outside' as Buddhist books and the other books, and pointed out that if the Kobunin held Buddhist books, it was inconsistent with the fact that the daigaku besso was an institute for students of Japanese daigaku-ryo which had ostensibly excluded Buddhism -- Then, he inferred that the Kobunin was not the daigaku besso but a library.
- 7世紀末まで日本列島を代表する政権は九州にありヤマト王権は一地方政権に過ぎなかったとする説もあるが、埼玉県稲荷山古墳と熊本県江田船山古墳から「ワカタケル大王」と推定される銘の鉄剣が出土していること、様々な考古学的遺物などから成立する余地はないと考えられている。
- There is an opinion that the main political regime of the Japanese Islands until the end of the seventh century existed in Kyushu and that the Yamato Kingdom was only one regional government, but since iron swords believed to be King Wakatakeru's were found in the Inariyama burial mound (Saitama prefecture) and the Eta Funayama burial mound (Kumamoto prefecture), this theory is not thought to be valid.
- また、大学寮の学生が退学した場合は本貫に通告すること(学令)、徴発された労役者が帰還前に死亡した場合には本貫に通告すること(賦役令)、本主が死亡した帳内・資人は本貫に送還すること(選叙令)、病気になって倒れた防人は本貫に送還すること(軍防令)などの規定が存在した。
- Furthermore, there were stipulations such as when a student withdrew from Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) notification must be made to hongan (Gaku-ryo [law on scholarship]); when a commandeered laborer died before his return, notification must be made to hongan (Fueki-ryo [law on tax]); chonai and shijin (lower rank officers) whose master died must be returned to hongan (Senjo-ryo [law on recruitment and promotion of government officials]); and sakimori (soldiers deployed for boarder defenses) who fell sick must be returned to hongan (Gunbo-ryo [law on military defense]).
- 彼らは近代国家建設に要する技術習得のために日本人のドイツ留学を時の日本政府に進言し、政府は建築技師として妻木頼黄・渡辺譲・河合浩蔵の3人、石工・大工・人造石左官・煉瓦職・ペンキ職・屋根職・石膏職の高等職人17人で構成された総勢20人の青年をドイツに留学・派遣した。
- Based on Ende and Beckmann's suggestion that some delegates be sent to Germany to study and acquire the necessary techniques required for building a modern state, the Japanese government sent a learning mission to Germany consisting of 20 young Japanese people including Yorinaka TSUMAKI, Yuzuru WATANABE, Kozo KAWAI and 17 senior workmen who specialized in stonemasonry, carpentry, artificial stonemasonry, brick-laying, painting, roofing and plastering.
- だが、本来東京都は花粉症増加の原因をディーゼル自動車の排気ガスに求め、排ガス汚染との関連はみられないという疫学調査の結果が出たにもかかわらず、その規制を強行した自治体であることは記しておかねばならない(ただし、規制そのものは花粉症のみのために行なったものではない)。
- However, it must be said that Tokyo is an autonomous body that enforced diesel regulation based on the concept that exhaust fumes from diesel vehicles was the cause for increases in pollinosis despite epidemiological investigation findings that there is no relationship between exhaust gas pollution and pollinosis (although these regulations did not pertain only to pollinosis).
- 『日本後紀』にある広世の父・和気清麻呂の薨条(延暦18年2月乙未(21日)条)に、広世が式部少輔と大学別当(大学頭)を兼務し、父・清麻呂の遺志を継いで大学寮の南側にあった私邸を弘文院として内外の経書数千巻を集め、また墾田40町を寄付して学問料を支給したと記されている。
- The entry for the date when Hiroyo's father WAKE no Kiyomaro died (April 4, 799) in 'Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan) contains the description that -- Hiroyo concurrently assumed the offices of Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonies) and Daigaku Betto (Chancellor of the University) (Daigaku no kami; Director of the Bureau of Education), and, as his father Kiyomaro had wished, located his private residence south of the daigaku-ryo the Kobunin where he collected thousands of Chinese classics from inside and outside Japan, and donated 0.4 square kilometers of new rice fields for awarding scholarship funds.
- 内容は大きく分けて、天部、歳時部、地部、神祇部、帝王部、官位部、封禄部、政治部、法律部、泉貨部、称量部、外交部、兵事部、武技部、方技部、宗教部、文学部、礼式部、楽舞部、人部、姓名部、産業部、服飾部、飲食部、居処部、器用部、遊戯部、動物部、植物部、金石部の30部門からなる。
- The contents are classified into 30 sections, including sections of Ten (gods of the heavens), Saiji (events throughout the year), Chi (earthy section), Jingi (gods of heaven and earth), Teio (emperors), Kani (official ranks), Horoku (stipend), Seiji (politics), Horitsu (law), Senka (currency), Syoryo (measurement), Gaiko (diplomacy), Heiji (military), Bugi (martial arts), Hougi (technology), Shukyo (religion), Bungaku (literary), Reishiki (code of etiquette), Gaku (dance and music), Jin (personnel), Seimei (surname), Sangyo (industry), Fukushoku (garment), Inshoku (eat and drink), Kyosho (living home), Kiyo (art), Yugi (amusement), Dobutsu (animal), Shokubutsu (plant), and Kanaishi (metal).
- 周の礼制を規範とする儒教では周の封建制を重視するが、官僚となり中央集権政治を担うようになった儒者たちにとって大きな矛盾をはらみ、たびたび封建論あるいは郡県論として論議された(ここでいう封建制・郡県制は歴史学上の実際のものではなく儒教思想上の理念として語られたものである)。
- Confucianism, which follows the example of the Li system of Zhou, put importance on the Hoken system of Zhou, but for confucianists who began to take part in centralized politics, the hoken system was very contradictory and was often discussed in the form of essay on the Hoken or Gun Ken system.
- 国宝(こくほう、英語:National treasures)とは日本の文化財保護法によって国が指定した有形文化財(重要文化財)のうち、世界文化の見地から価値の高いものでたぐいない国民の宝たるものであるとして国(文部科学省)が指定したものである(文化財保護法第27条第2項)。
- The term 'national treasures' ('kokuho' in Japanese) refers to those buildings, artworks or other items, among the larger group designated tangible cultural assets (important cultural properties) by Japan's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties (according to the second item listed under article 27 of the law), that possess great cultural worth from the viewpoint of world culture, as well as those buildings, artworks or other items, considered peerless treasures by Japan's citizens, that are designated as such by the state (specifically, by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology).
- 戦争中,中支の戦場にいた,のちの戦記作家の伊藤桂一(当時・陸軍上等兵)は,戦陣訓と軍人勅諭を比較して「「戦陣訓」にくらべると,明治十五年発布の「軍人勅諭」は荘重なリズムをもつ文体で,内部に純粋な国家意識が流れているし,軍隊を離れて,一種の叙事詩的な文学性をさえ感じるのである。
- Keiichi ITO was in the central China during the war (as a lance corporal of the Army) and when he became a novelist of military history later, he compared Senjinkun military code with the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and said, ''the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors,' that was issued in 1882, has a literary style with more solemn rhythm than 'Senjinkun military code,' pure national consciousness is seen through it, and it gives impression of a kind of epic literature instead of the military.
- 日本では、天文博士あるいは天文密奏宣旨を受けた天文学・占星術に通じた人物が、異常な天文現象を見つけた際には、占いの結果と過去に発生した同様の事例から勘案してその意味を解釈したものを観測記録とともに奏書に認めて密封して、速やかに陰陽頭を通じて天皇に対して上奏されることとなっていた。
- In Japan, it was decided that upon observing an unusual astronomical phenomenon, tenmon hakase (a master of astronomy) or a person who was well versed in astrology and astronomy and had received an imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso should draw up a document stating what it symbolized by taking into account the divination and similar cases in the past, and observations; seal it; and directly submit it to the emperor through Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) at once.
- 儒教では、放伐を認めるかどうかが難題とされてきたが、徳川幕府は朱子学について孟子的理解に立ち、湯武放伐、易姓革命論を認めていたが、それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
- In Confucianism, whether to allow the expulsion of a disqualified monarch had been a difficult problem to deal with, but the Tokugawa Shogunate adopted a position taken from the standpoint of Mencius (a Chinese thinker in the fourth century BC) concerning the teachings of Zhu Xi, and approved of the Tang-Wu revolution (the expulsions of disqualified monarchs by King Tang and King Wu) and the revolution (change of dynasty) decreed by Heaven (when the incumbent emperor is found lacking in moral virtue).
- その性格ゆえか、韓国に多い本貫は、新羅王族系、伽耶王族系(中始祖が統一新羅に貢献した功臣)、新羅豪族・貴族系、高麗の功臣及び中国の著名な学者や武将などの渡来系(ただし、中国渡来系の中で王姓・孫姓などは、渡来系を祖先とする本貫が皆無か由来が不明な小さな本貫のみである)が大半を占める。
- Due to this attribute, the common hongan in South Korea consist mostly of the royal families of Silla, the royal families of Gaya (their Chushiso were the meritorious retainers who contributed to Tongilsilla), local ruling families and nobles of Silla, meritorious retainers of Goryeo, and immigrants such as famous Chinese scholars and military commanders (However, Wang families or Son families among Chinese immigrants have no hongan with the ancestry of the immigrants or small hongan with unclear origin.)
- なお10世紀頃から地理学者イブン・フルダーズ=ビフ Ibn Khurdādh-Bih などをはじめアラビア語・ペルシア語の地理書において、後のジパングにあたると思われる金山を有する島(国)、ワークワーク(الواقواق al-Wāqwāq, 倭国?)について都度都度言及されている。
- Incidentally, around from the tenth century, Waqwaq (الواقواق al-Wāqwāq, 倭国 [Wakoku [Japan]]?) was often referenced in some geography books written in Arabic and Persian languages, including the one written by geographer, Ibn Khurdādh-Bih, as an island (a country) with gold mines, which later evolved into the legend of Zipangu, the land of gold.
- 国民皆兵を理念とはしたが、体格が基準に達しない者や病気の者などは除かれ、また制度の当初、「一家の主人たる者」や「家のあとを継ぐ者」、「嗣子並に承祖の孫」(承継者)、「代人料(270円)を支払った者」、「官省府県の役人、兵学寮生徒、官立学校生徒」、「養家に住む養子」は徴兵免除とされた。
- Though the idea was universal conscription, those who did not meet the physical standard or were ill were exempted, and the other exemptions included 'masters of the family,' 'heirs,' 'grandsons to succeed directly from their grandfather' (collectively successors,) 'those who had paid proxy fee (270 yen),' 'officials of central and local governments, students of military schools and public schools,' and 'adopted children living in their foster parents.'
- なお、829年(天長5年)に空海が綜芸種智院を設置した際に書かれた「綜芸種智院式」の文中に、自分の学校の先駆として吉備真備の「二教院」とともに石上宅嗣の「芸亭院」を挙げたうえで、芸亭の現状を「始めありて終りなく、人去って跡あれたり」と記しており、この時には既に消滅していたことが窺える。
- In a passage in the 'Shugei Shuchiin-shiki' written when the priest Kukai founded the Shugei Shuchiin school in 829, the 'Nikyo-in' of KIBI no Makibi and Untei-in of ISONOKAMI no Yakatsugu are mentioned as the school's predecessors, with the current state of Untei described as 'having a beginning and unending, abandoned by people, in devastation,' suggesting that it no longer existed in his times.
- 大学寮が設置された当初、一般官人を育てる本科(明経道)と技術官人を育てる算道しか事実上存在していなかったが、神亀年間に律令を教える律学博士(後の明法博士)と歴史を教える文章博士が明経道から分離する形で成立し、やがて天平年間に独立した学科となり、後の明法道・紀伝道へと発展することとなる。
- In the early days of the Daigaku-ryo, the regular course (Myogyodo) for the education of general government officials and Sando, for the education of technical government officials, were virtually the only ones in existence, but somewhere between 724 and 729, Ritsugaku hakase (later Myoho hakase) (professor of law, for the teaching of the Ritsuryo Code) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature. for the teaching of history) were established by separating from Myogyodo, subsequently becoming independent departments between 729 and 748; they would later evolve into Myobodo (study of Code) and Kidendo (study of the histories).
- 書博士が書生を教えることとされていたが、学令には書生に関する規定はあるものの、学生定員を定めた職員令には書生の定員規定が書かれておらず、若干名であったと考えられている(『続日本紀』天平宝字2年11月甲午条に淳仁天皇から書生に生糸が授けられたとする記事があり、全くいなかった訳ではない)。
- It was thought that shosei (students who were given room and board in exchange for performing domestic duties) were taught by sho hakase (professors of calligraphy) but despite the fact that there were regulations regarding shosei in education laws, there were no regulations regarding the fixed number of shosei written within the shikiinryo (law which stipulates duties of the ministries) which fixed number of students, and they are thought to have been few in number (an entry in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) for December 758 contains an article stating raw silk thread was awarded to shosei by Emperor Junnin, so it was not the case that there were not any shosei at all.)
- なお、『秩父事件史料集成』の編纂に参加した歴史学者の色川大吉は、当時の明治政府側の公文書の分析によって、明治政府が西南戦争に準じた「反乱」として認識していた事実を指摘している(なお、取調調書には参加者の最終的な目標が「天朝様(天皇)を倒す」ことであるとする自白があったとする記述がある)。
- A historian, Daikichi IROKAWA, who participated in compiling 'Chichibu Jiken Siryo Hensan (A Collection of Chichibu Incident Data) ', through an analysis of documents of the Meiji Government, pointed out that the incident was taken by the government a 'revolt' equivalent to the Seinan War (the interrogation record included a description of a confession that the final goal of the participants was 'to defeat the Emperor').
- 明治になって、勅令によって褒章条例がさだめられ、人命救助者、孝子、順孫、義僕、精励実業家、発明改良家、教育、衛生、社会事業、防疫の諸事業、道路、河渠、堤防、橋梁の修築、学校、病院の建設、田野の墾闢などにつくして公衆の利益をはかり、成績のすこぶる顕著なものにたいして褒章をあたえることにした。
- In the Meiji period, an ordinance for granting rewards was prescribed by imperial edict -- such that rewards were to be granted to the most conspicuous among: those who saved a life; koshi; junson; giboku; hard-working businessman; a person who involved in invention and innovation; and those who served the public interest by devoted themselves to education, hygiene, social service, projects to prevent epidemics, repair and construction of road, alveus, bank, and bridge, construction of school and hospital, and development of farms and fields.
- しかし一般的にはその前年にあたる1867年(慶応3年)の大政奉還、王政復古以降の改革を指すことが多い(日本の歴史学界における明治維新研究では、前段階である江戸幕府崩壊期(天保の改革あるいは黒船来航以後)も研究対象とされるが、維新体制が整う以前の政治状況については幕末の項で扱うものとする)。
- However, the Meiji Restoration generally includes Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) and Osei-hukko (the restoration of the Imperial rule) which started in 1867 (according to various academic studies of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, it includes the late Edo Shogunate period (after the Tempo reforms or the Perry Expedition) as the first part of the Restoration, but some political situations prior to the Restoration are mentioned in the article of 'Bakumatsu' (the end of the Edo Shogunate)).
- 新田一郎 (法学者)は頼朝以来の先例や武家社会の道理を記した部分、特に律令法・公家法と相違・対立する部分の多くは直接条文としては盛り込まれず、細目や例外事項などの形式によって触れられており、一方で条文本文に記されている幕府関係以外の事項の多くは鎌倉時代初期の公家法に依拠する部分が多いとする。
- According to Ichiro NITTA (legal expert), the part which wrote about the precedents since the time of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society and especially most of the part which opposed to Ritsuryo law and kugeho were not included in the articles, but were only mentioned in the forms of details and exceptions, while most of the matters not related to bakufu in the articles were based on the kugeho in the early Kamakura period.
- しかし、纏向遺跡に搬入された土器特徴から、考古学的にはおそくとも弥生時代末期までには、纏向遺跡の地を支配する勢力を中心に東海地方から北陸・近畿・阿讃瀬戸内・吉備・出雲ならびに北部九州までの各地の政治勢力がなんらかの形で参加したヤマト王権の原型ともいえる緩やかな政治連合が形成されていたことになる。
- However, from features observed in pottery from the Makimuku sites, it is believed that by the end of the Yayoi Period at the latest, regional political powers from the Tokai region down through Hokuriku, Kinki, Asan Setouchi, Kibi, Izumo to northern Kyushu participated in the central polity located in the Makimuku sites, forming a loose political alliance that is thought to have been the foundation of the Yamato Kingdom.
- すなわち「八宗九宗」の中にキリシタンを加えているのも含め、イエズス会を本願寺や金剛峯寺と同様に、信仰の保護と所領の給付と引換に秀吉による政治的支配に服属させる意図があったと考えられており、歴史学者の安野眞幸は「キリスト教のイデオロギーと秀吉政権の統一思想との衝突」が原因ではなかったかと述べている。
- That is, including Christians in the addition of 'eight schools and nine schools,' it was probably intended to place the Society of Jesus under Hideyoshi's political dominance in exchange for protection of faith and grant of a domain as in the case of Hongan-ji Temple and Kongobuji Temple, and Historian Masaki ANNO said that the cause could be 'a conflict between the Christian ideology and the unification concept of the Hideyoshi regime.'
- 更に他の学科でも同様であったが、算博士の推薦を受けて成業(得業生及び奉試及第)の見込みのない者を無試験で地方国司や京官の下級役人に推挙する算道挙・算道年挙が行われるようになったり、一般の算生でも一定の条件を満たせば得業生に準じた奉試受験資格を得て試験を受けることが出来るようになった(准得業生試)。
- It was the same in the other departments, and gradually Sando-kyo and Sando-nenkyo began to recommend those who were unlikely to become Jogo (a student who completed a course) (Tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Numbers) and Hoshikyudai (examination passed)) as provincial governors and low-level functionaries of Capital officials without the examination recommended by San hakase; additionally, it was made possible for general Sansho to be qualified according to Tokugosho by satisfying certain conditions and taking an examination (Juntokugyoshoshi (Associate Distinguished Scholars of Numbers)).
- また、算道は『孫子算経』・『五曹算経』・『九章算術』・『海島算経』・『六章』・『綴術』・『三開重差』・『周髀算経』・『九司』の9書を教科書としていた『延喜式』大学寮式では全て小経に区別されているが、『九章算術』・『六章』・『綴術』が必修とされており、後に『周髀算経』がこれに準じるものとされている。
- In the 'Engishiki' system of the Daigaku-ryo, among the nine small scripture textbooks of Sando (Mathematics), which included 'Sonshi Sankyo,' 'Goso Sankyo,' 'Kyusho Sanjutsu,' 'Kaito Sankei,' 'Rokusho,' 'Teijutsu,' 'Sankai Jusa,' 'Shuhi Sankei,' 'Kyushi,' three were compulsory, 'Kyusho Sanjutsu,' 'Rokusho,' and 'Teijutsu' with 'Shuhi Sankei' added later to the compulsory list of textbooks.
- 伊藤がプロシア式の憲法導入の決意を固めたのは、現地で指導を受けたロレンツ・フォン・シュタインの助言(シュタイン自身はドイツの立憲体制を批判してドイツを追われた学者であったが、日本の国情を研究した上でむしろ日本の方がドイツ本国以上にプロシア式の条件に符合していると説いた)によるものであるとされている。
- Ito decided on introduction of Prussia style constitution because of advice by Lorenz von Stein, who lectured Ito in Germany (Stein was opposed to the constitutional government system in Germany and was exiled from Germany, but after he studied about Japan, he realized that the Prussia style constitutional government system would be more appropriate for Japan than for Germany).
- また、実恵の師である三筆の1人空海も同族であった)ように、明経道の教員の一員同然となり、酒麻呂の子佐伯豊雄も「以彫虫之小、忝学館之末員」(『日本三代実録』貞観 (日本)3年11月11日条)と評されるように官印の刻印を担当する職務(『延喜式』太政官式・中務省式に規定がある)が主となっていくようになる。
- Jichie's master Kukai, one of the three famous ancient calligraphers of ancient Japan, was also of the same clan), they took on the role of myogyo-do teachers and Sakemaro's son SAEKI no Toyoo also held the position of engraving official seals (regulations under the 'Engishiki' (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) Department of State codes and Ministry of Central Affairs codes) following the statement that 'owing to his fine seal engraving, he was made a member of the Tengaku Kan' ('Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts), December 20, 861).
- もう一つは、交流を禁止してしまったことで、ヨーロッパ(後にアメリカ合衆国も)で発達した産業革命による技術や文化を積極的に受け入れられなくなり、世界の潮流からとりのこされて科学文化が浸透せず(理系軽視)、ひいては太平洋戦争の敗戦の遠因ともなってしまった、とする和辻哲郎にみられるように否定的なものである。
- Another evaluation, typified by Tetsuro WATSUJI, argues that Japan fell behind the global current because of its inability to introduce technology and culture similar to what was being developed during the Industrial Revolution in Europe (later in the United States as well) due to its prohibition on exchanging with other countries; this not only resulted in the failure of Japan to make a scientific culture permeate throughout the nation (science courses were disregarded), but also became an underlying cause of defeat in the Pacific War.
- 朱熹は、それまでばらばらで矛盾を含んでいた北宋の学説を、程頤による性即理説(性(人間の持って生まれた本性)がすなわち理であるとする)や程顥の天理(天が理である)をもとに、仏教思想の論理体系性、道教の生成論および静坐という行法を取り込みつつも、それを代替する儒教独自の理論にもとづく壮大な学問体系に仕立て上げた。
- Hsi CHU organized various and contradictory theories in Northern Sung Dynasty into a great learning system which replaced these previous theories, and was based on a theory unique to Confucianism, by being based on the Seisokuri setsu (Chinese philosophy, a theory that 'sei' [human inborn nature] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Yi CHENG, and the Tenri (a theory that 'ten' [providence] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Hao CHENG, while adapting the logical system of Buddhistic thought, the generative theory of Taoism, and gyoho (method of ascetic practices) of sitting calmly and quietly.
- 兒玉源太郎総督の下で1898年に民政長官に就任した後藤新平は、土地改革、ライフラインの整備、アヘン中毒患者の撲滅、学校教育の普及、製糖業などの産業の育成を行うことにより台湾の近代化を推進し、一方で植民地統治に対する反逆者には取り締まりをするという『飴と鞭』の政策を有効に用いることで植民地支配の体制を確立した。
- In 1898, Shinpei GOTO assumed the post of Chief of Home Affairs under the direction of Gentaro KODAMA, the governor-general, and GOTO established Japan's approach to its rule of Taiwan through the effective use of a 'carrot and stick' policy; that is, he promoted the modernization of Taiwan by carrying out land reform, providing utilities that were essential to people's livelihoods, eradicating opium addiction, making school educational more accessible to all, and developing industries such as sugar manufacturing, while at the same time cracking down on those who opposed colonial rule.
- 平安時代には、『日本後紀』の弘仁3年(812年)6月条に大輪田泊修築のことが記されるのをはじめ、造大輪田船瀬使がおかれ、防風と防波を兼ねて石の堤(石椋)を築くなど、たえず修築がおこなわれ、その経費を充当するため勝載料もしくは船瀬庄田稲を徴収していたことのあったことが各種の文献資料 (歴史学)で確認されている。
- During the Heian period, as the reconstruction of Owada no tomari is described in the June 812 chapter in 'Nihonkoki' (Later Chronicle of Japan), Zo Owada funaseshi was set up and the reconstruction work was always done like building stone dikes (iwakura) for storm and wave prevention and so on and to cover the cost, shosairyo (custom duty for freight) or funaseshodento was levied, which is confirmed in various documents (historical study).
- これは唐の国子監に置かれた算学と同数であり、教授として博士1名以外に助教2名及び複数名の直講が置かれて、学生も400名もいた本科と比べると小さいものの、唐の国子監の規模は日本の大学寮と比べて大きいこと、唐の算学博士は従九品下と低い地位に置かれたことを考えれば、設置当初の地位は一概に低いとは言えなかったとされている。
- These numbers are the same as those of the Sangaku (study of mathematics) in the Kokushikan (educational ministry) of Tang Dynasty, China, which had one doctor as professor, two associate professors, and a few chokko (lecturers); while the Sando was smaller than the regular course, which had four hundred students, it is thought not to have been categorically in a low position during its early days, considering that the Tang's Kokushikan was larger than the Japanese Daigaku-ryo, and that the Tang's San hakase was put in the low position of Jukuhonge (Junior Ninth Rank, Lower Grade).
- しかし、現役の自衛官が防衛大臣を兼ねることはともかく、かつて職業軍人であった者や自衛官であった者が、防衛大臣に就任すること自体は憲法違反にあたらないと解されている(例えば、旧海軍経理学校出身の中曽根康弘(中佐)、松野頼三(少佐)、山下元利(中尉)らや陸上自衛隊自衛官(二等陸尉)であった中谷元が防衛庁長官に就任している)。
- However, whether or not an active Self-Defense Official concurrently serves as a Secretary of State for Defense, it is understood that appointment of a career military man or a Self-Defense official to a Secretary of State for Defense itself is not illegal (For instance, Yasuhiro NAKASONE (lieutenant colonel) who graduated from the Naval Paymasters' School, Raizo MATSUNO (major), Ganri YAMASHITA (lieutenant), and Gen NAKATANI who was in the Japanese Self-Defense Forces (First Lieutenant) were appointed to Chief Secretary of State for Defense).
- 金完燮の『親日派のための弁明』(2002)では、一進会の運動を、李氏朝鮮政府の圧政をはねのけようとする農民階級(東学党→進歩会)と、支配階級出身で朝鮮の近代化をめざす改革派知識人グループ(維新会)、そして朝鮮近代化を支援することで「攻撃的な防御」を確保しようとする日本、の3つの改革勢力が結集されたものとして高く評価している。
- In 'Explanation for the sake of pro-Japan' by Kim Wansop (2002), the author highly evaluated the Isshinkai's movement, comparing their movment with a concentration of three revolutionary powers consisted of peasants who tried to reject the oppression of Joseon Dynasty Government (Togaku-to => Shinpo-kai), the group consisted of revolutionary intellectuals from governing class aimed at modernization of Korea (Ishin-kai) and Japan which tried to secure the 'aggressive protection' by supporting the modernization of Korea.
- なお、1920年代前後に出生している二世の多くは、日本での教育費用が居留国のそれと比べて、安価であった事、または、日本文化を継承する目的で日本の学校に通う事がある種の流行になった時期があり、また、ネイティブの一世の親から直接日本語を習っていた場合がある為、戦時中や戦後直後に生まれた三世や四世と比べて日本語を理解出来る人口が比較的多い。
- A relatively large number of the nisei (second-generation) unlike third or fourth generations, who were born during or after the war, understand Japanese, since many were born around the 1920s and it was popular among them to go to Japanese schools because of the need they perceived to continue Japanese culture and because education expenses in Japan were lower than that of their countries of residence; and some of them learned Japanese directly from their native Japanese parents.
- 埼玉県秩父地方は昔から養蚕が盛んであったが、当時の同地方の産業は生糸の生産にやや偏っており、さらには信州(長野県)など他の養蚕地域に比べてフランス市場との結びつきが強く(秩父郡内における最初の小学校はフランスの援助で設立され、そのために当時の在日フランス公使館の書記官が秩父を訪れたほどである)、上述の大暴落の影響をより強く受けることとなった。
- In Chichibu region in Saitama Prefecture sericulture had been thriving business for a long time, however, at that time the industry there was somewhat biased to raw silk production and in addition had been more strongly connected to the French market than other silk-farming regions such as Shinshu (Nagano Prefecture) (the first elementary school in the Chichibu County was established by French aid, therefore, a secretary in a French legation in Japan visited Chichibu) and as a result it had a greater influence of the above-mentioned heavy fall.
- 鏡面のような心(心即理)の状態に無いのに、致良知に基づいて、自分の心の叫びを行動(知行合一)に移してしまうと、革命志向になりやすいという説もある(後述の山田方谷も、陽明学について誤った理解をすると重大な間違いを犯す危険があると考えて、朱子学を十分に理解して朱子学と陽明学を相対化して理解が出来る門人にのみにしか陽明学を教授しなかったと言われている)。
- Some people say that if a person puts his clamor to his action (to realize Chigyo goitsu) based on chiryochi when he has not attained the state of mind that reflects ri (Shinsokuri), the person is apt to aspire to start a revolution (Hokoku YAMADA, described later, also believed that wrong understanding of Yomeigaku might cause serious mistakes, so that he taught Yomeigaku only to the disciples who understood Shushigaku well enough to understand Yomeigaku in comparison to Shushigaku.)
- 当日の早朝、一行は決行前の宴を催し一晩過ごした東海道品川宿(東京都品川区)の旅籠を出発し、東海道(現在の国道15号)に沿って進み、大木戸を経て札ノ辻を曲がり、網坂(東京都港区 (東京都)、慶應義塾大学付近)、神明坂、中之橋(現在の首都高速都心環状線を過ぎる)を過ぎて桜田通りへ抜け、愛宕神社 (東京都港区)(港区)で待ち合わせたうえで、外桜田門へ向かう。
- Early that morning, the group left the inn at Shinagawa (Shinagawa Ward, Tokyo) where they had had a party the night before, and proceeded along the Tokaido (now the National Route 15); they turned at Fudanotsuji after going through Okido; they passed Amisaka (near present-day Keio University, Minato Ward, Tokyo), Myojinzaka and Nakanohashi (now the Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway Ring Route) to Sakurada Street, and finally assembled at the Atago Jinja Shrine on the street leading to the Sakuradamon Gate.
- 政治面においては選挙や言論・集会・結社の自由に関しての運動、外交面においては生活に困窮した国民への負担が大きい海外派兵の停止を求めた運動、社会面においては男女平等、部落差別解放運動、団結権、ストライキ権などの獲得運動、文化面においては自由教育の獲得、大学の自治権獲得運動、美術団体の文部省支配からの独立など、様々な方面から様々な自主的集団による運動が展開された。
- There was a wide range of movements organized by a variety of groups organized voluntarily in various areas of society, such as political movements calling for elections and for freedom of speech, assembly and association, the drive in the area of foreign policy opposing dispatch of troops to other countries that imposed a huge burden on citizens in poverty, movement in society demanding gender equality, liberation and non-discrimination of 'buraku' people, and winning rights of association and labor strikes, and in the cultural sphere movements calling for free education, self-autonomy of universities and independence of art associations from the rule of the Ministry of Education.
- この頃になると、算博士の世襲化が進み算道によって奉試に合格するとともに、譜第の家系であることが算博士就任の要件とされるようになり、当初は家原氏・大蔵氏が平安時代前期には世襲化も兆候を見せるものの長続きせず、両氏の没落後は小槻氏・三善氏の両氏が世襲するようになり、自己の算道を家学・秘伝化し、また有能な門人を養子として家名を継承させることで他氏を排除するようになった。
- Around this time, the heredity of San hakase grew in importance, and being part of a hereditary family joined passing Hoshi as a requirement for assuming the role of San hakase; initially, in the early Heian period, the Iehara and Okura clans began to make it into the heredity, but this did not last; then, after the ruin of the preceding clans, the Ozuki and Miyoshi clans began to utilize heredity, made their own Sando into hereditary learning and secret teachings, and excluded other clans by adopting capable disciples to inherit the family name.
- また、旧薩摩藩士の心情として、鹿児島属廠の火薬・弾丸・武器・製造機械類は藩士が醵出した金で造ったり購入したりしたもので、一朝事があって必要な場合、藩士やその子孫が使用するものであると考えられていた事もあり、私学校徒は中央政府が泥棒のように薩摩の財産を搬出した事に怒るとともに、当然予想される衝突に備えて武器・弾薬を入手するために、夜、草牟田火薬庫を襲って弾丸・武器類を奪取した。
- Since all the gunpowder, bullets, arms, and making machinery in the Kagoshima arsenal had been constructed or purchased with the money contributed by the then retainers of the Satsuma Domain, the former retainers took it for granted that these things were to be used by the retainers and their descendants in an emergency; therefore, because the Shigakko students got angry with the central government for carrying the domain's property out from there like a thief and for the purpose of being prepared with arms and ammunition for a possible conflict with the central government, they made a night attack on the powder house at Somuta and seized bullets and arms.
- 日本最初の本格的な教育機関は律令制における大学寮であるとされているが、学令によればその本科(後の明経道)においては、儒教のうちの『論語』と『孝経』を必修とし、『周易』、『書経』、『周礼』、『儀礼』、『礼記』、『毛詩』、『春秋左氏伝』の7経のうち、『礼記』・『春秋左氏伝』を大経、『毛詩』・『周礼』・『儀礼』を中経、『周易』・『尚書』を小経としてその組み合わせで先行する経典を定めた。
- It is said that the oldest full-fledged educational institution was the Daigaku-ryo within the Centralized Administration established under the Ritsuryo Legal Codes, and according to the regulations, in the regular course (later known as Myogyodo), 'Rongo' and 'Kokyo' (Classic of Filial Piety) of Confucianism were compulsory and specializations were determined based on the combination scriptures from the three scripture groups: the large scriptures, which included 'Raiki' and 'Shunju Sashiden,' the medium scriptures, which included 'Moshi,' 'Shurai' and 'Girai' and the small scriptures, which included 'Shueki' and 'Shosho.'
- しかし薩英戦争や下関戦争において外国艦隊との力の差に直面したことにより、単純な攘夷論に対する批判が生じて、津和野藩の国学者大国隆正らによって唱えられた国内統一を優先して、外国との交易によって富国強兵を図ってでも、諸外国と対等に対峙する力をつけるべきだとする「大攘夷」論が登場した事によって、これを受け入れた攘夷運動の主力であった長州藩・薩摩藩の主張も事実上開国へと転向していくのである。
- However, as Japan faced the power difference from the foreign fleets during the Anglo-Satsuma War and Shimonoseki War, criticisms to the simple Joi ron arose and was replaced with Dai joi ron started by Takamasa OKUNI, a scholar of Japanese classical literature in the Tsuwano Domain; Takamasa claimed that unification of the whole nation should be the first priority and should gain power that the country can confront other nations equally even by aiming fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) through trades with foreign countries; The Choshu Domain and Satsuma Domain, the major drive of the joi movement, accepted this view and started directing themselves for the opening of the country to the world.
- だが、藩主が非世襲の知藩事に変わり(ただし、実際には事実上の改易処分を受けた福岡藩などの例外を除いては、世襲の後継者がそのまま後任とされている)、陪臣である藩士も知藩事と同じ朝廷(明治政府)の家臣(「王臣」)とされる事で、朱子学に基づいた武士道(近代以後の「武士道」とは違う)によって位置づけられてきた主君(藩主)と家臣(藩士)の主従関係を否定することになるものであり、諸藩の抵抗も予想された。
- However, the lord of a domain changed to a non-hereditary Chihanji, (note that in fact, apart from the Fukuoka domain, whose rank changed by the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) successors were of heredity) and since feudal retainers of the domain, who were baishin (indirect vassals) were also considered vassals (vassas of the king)of the Imperial Court (Meiji government), which are the same as Chihanji, it contradicted the relationship between the lord and vassal that was established by Bushido (the way of the samurai) based on Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) so resistance by domains were expected.
- また、上奏する資格も平安時代中期以後には天文博士を世襲した阿倍氏と局務の中原氏の両家のみに限定されるようになっていく(なお、中原氏の天文密奏は醍醐天皇の時代の中原以忠(後に天禄2年(972年)に宗家の中原有象とともに中原のカバネを与えられて同氏の祖となる)に遡り、同氏本来の外記の職務とは別に同氏が家学としていた明経道の出典である漢籍には天文現象の解釈に関する記述が含まれていることが多く、天文道に通じた人物を輩出することが多かった事によるとされている)。
- After the mid Heian period, such direct access to the emperor was only allowed to the Abe clan whose hereditary occupation was tenmon hakase and the Nakahara clan which was kyokumu (the chief secretary of the Daijokan, or Grand Council of State); incidentally, the Nakahara clan had assumed the role of tenmon misso from Mochitada NAKAHARA in the tenure of Emperor Daigo (afterwards in 972, he was granted the family name of NAKAHARA along with Uzo NAKAHARA [中原有象] of the head family and originated the clan), allegedly because, besides the clan's hereditary occupation of Geki [Secretary of the Grand Council of State], it inherited the family learning of Myogo-do [the study of Confucian classics] and used many Chinese classics as source books, many of which contained elucidation of astronomical phenomena so that the clan produced many persons well versed in tenmondo.
- その理由として、御誓文と同時に出された宸翰に出てくる「旧来の陋習」の語がそもそも鎖国攘夷の意味に限定されていないこと、また木戸孝允自身が「打破すべき封建性」「打破すべき閉鎖性」の意味で「旧習」「旧来の陋習」「陋習」という言葉を広く使用していること、また、大久保利通でさえ木戸の「旧来の陋習」と同じ意味のことを「因循の腐臭」とより痛烈に批判していること、つまり、薩長いずれも密留学をさせ倒幕に立ち上がった開明的雄藩であったにもかかわらず長州の木戸より薩摩の大久保のほうが藩主父子・出身藩の内部事情などのためにより批判的にならざるを得ない危険な封建性・閉鎖性をより自覚していたということ(寺田屋事件~西南戦争)、更に、岩倉具視も他の文書で「天地の公道」という全く同じ言葉を万国公法とはおよそ次元の異なる「天然自然の条理というような意味」で用いていることなどが挙げられている。
- As the reason, they explained that the word 'evil customs of the past' in shinkan (Imperial letter) issued at the same time as Charter Oath was not restricted to national isolation as well as expulsion of foreigners, and Takayoshi KIDO himself used the words 'old customs', 'evil customs of the past' and 'conventions' widely as meaning of 'feudalism to be conquered' or 'closed nature to be conquered', and even Toshimichi OKUBO severely criticized the same thing as 'evil customs of the past' mentioned by Kido for 'corrupt smell of old customes', in other word, though both Satsuma and Choshu provided overseas education secretly and were liberal domains led the movement of overthrowing the Shogunate, Okubo from Satsuma recognized more about dangerous feudalism as well as closed nature than Kido from Choshu, Okubo had to criticize more extreme because of internal affair regarding father and son of the lords of his domain and internal circumstances of his domain (The Teradaya Incident - Seinan War), moreover Tomomi IWAKURA also used just the same words 'the laws of Nature' as 'reason of nature' in other document, which meant totally different from international public law.
- (大田南畝 「寛政十年戊午江戸人別」 『一話一言』 巻26 (1820年) 山下重民 「江戸市街統計一班」 『江戸会雑誌』 1冊(2号) pp. 18–26(1889年) 勝海舟 「江戸人口小記」「正徳ヨリ弘化迄江戸町数人口戸数」 『吹塵録』(1890年) 小宮山綏介 「府内の人口」 『江戸旧事考』 2巻 pp. 19–23(1891年) 『日本財政経済史料』 9巻 pp. 1210–1243(1922年) 柚木重三、堀江保蔵 「本邦人口表」 『経済史研究』 7号 pp. 188–210(1930年) 幸田成友 「江戸の町人の人口」 『社会経済学会誌』 8巻(1号) pp. 1–23(1938年) 鷹見安二郎 江戸の人口の研究」 『全国都市問題会議』 第7回1(本邦都市発達の動向と其の諸問題上) pp. 59–83(1940年) 高橋梵仙 『日本人口史之研究』 三友社(1941年) 関山直太郎 『近世日本の人口構造』 吉川弘文館(1958年) 南和男『幕末江戸社会の研究』 吉川弘文館(1978年)より作成。
- Sources: Nanbo OTA, 'Kansei 10 nen, Bogo, Edonin betsu' from vol. 26 of 'Ichiwa Ichigen' (1820); Shigetami YAMASHITA, 'Edo shigai Tokei Ippan' from vol.1 (pp. 18-26) of 'Edokai zasshi' (1889); Kaishu KATSU, 'Edo Jinko Shoki' from 'Suijinroku' (1890); Yasusuke KOMIYAMA, 'Funai no Jinko' from vol. 2 (pp. 19–23) of 'Edo kyujiko' (1891) and vol. 9 (pp. 1210–1243) of 'Nihon Zaise Keizai Shiryo' (1922); Juzo YUZUKI and Yasuzo HORIE, 'Honpo jinko hyo' from vol. 7 (pp. 188–210) of 'Keizaishi Kenkyu' (1930); Shigetomo KODA, 'Edo no Chonin no Jinko' from vol. 8 (pp. 1–23) of 'Shakai Keizai gakkaishi' (1938); Yasujiro TAKAMI, 'Edo no Jinko no Kenkyu' from the 7th conference (pp. 59–83) of 'Zenkoku Toshi Mondai kaigi' (1940); Bonsen TAKAHASHI, 'Nihon Jinkoshi no Kenkyu' from Sanyusha publishing (1941), Naotaro SEKIYAMA, 'Kinsei Nihon no Jinko Kozo' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1958); Kazuo MINAMI, 'Bakumatsu Edo Shakai no Kenkyu' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1978).