存在: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 会社の不存在
- non-existence of a business corporation
- 丈夫届の存在
- Notice of good health
- タンパク質存在量
- protein abundance
- 現在存在する宮号
- The Kyugoes which currently exist.
- 一軒宿が存在する。
- There is only one hotel.
- 事実上存在しない。
- The views of the anti-imperial family virtually did not exist.
- 各種名称が存在する。
- The battle had various names:
- かつて存在した御用邸
- Former Goyotei
- 北太平洋西部に存在。
- It exists over the western part of the North Pacific Ocean.
- だが、例外も存在した。
- However, there was an exception.
- 皇室用客車も存在する。
- An official state car (a coach prepared for the Imperial family) is also prepared.
- 二宮以下は存在しない。
- There is no secondary (Ninomiya) and lower level shrines.
- 長崎県内に存在する防塁
- Borui Existing in Nagasaki Prefecture
- 共同浴場は2軒存在する。
- There are two communal baths.
- - オホーツク海に存在。
- It exists over the Okhotsk Sea.
- 廃藩置県当日に存在した藩
- Han (Domains) that existed on the very day of Haihan-chiken
- が、城壁は存在しなかった。
- There were, however, no fortified walls.
- 現在は存在しない町である。
- At present, Kizu-cho no longer exists.
- 晴明自身による六壬勘文の存在
- The existence of Rikujin Kanmon written by Seimei himself
- 旅館、民宿は16軒存在する。
- There are 16 inns and guest houses.
- 祠堂銭は古代より存在していた。
- Shidosen had existed since ancient times.
- 古事記にのみ存在する歌である。
- This poem is only recorded in the Kojiki.
- かつて存在していた花街(遊廓)
- Hanamachi (brothel) that existed in the past
- 似たような租税に運上が存在する。
- A similar tax called Unjo also existed.
- 現在60以上の存在が知られている。
- More than 60 of them are known today.
- 速瓶玉命を祭った国造神社が存在する。
- There is in fact the Kokuzo-jinja Shrine that enshrines Hayamikatama no mikoto.
- 一番槍のほかに、一番太刀も存在した。
- In addition to Ichiban-yari, there was also Ichiban-dachi (first sword).
- 允恭天皇の名には奇妙な点が存在する。
- There is some peculiarity in the name of Emperor Ingyo.
- 中京区内に同一町名が複数存在するもの
- Towns in Nakagyo Ward that have more than one town with the same name
- 上京区内に同一町名が複数存在するもの
- Towns in Kamigyo Ward that have more than one town with the same name
- 下京区内に同一町名が複数存在するもの
- Towns in Shimogyo Ward that have more than one town with the same name
- 京阪神には以下の研究都市が存在する。
- The following research cities are located in Keihanshin.
- その存在が証明できないとの研究もある。
- Some researches say that this possibility cannot be confirmed.
- 写本や注釈本、絵入り本が多く存在する。
- A great number of shahon (manuscripts), chushakubon (commentaries), and eiribon (illustrated books) for Teikin Orai are known.
- 晴明の子孫である土御門家での伝承の存在
- The existence of the oral tradition in the Tsuchimikado family, the descendants of Seimei.
- 幕末には志士を匿う豪商も多く存在した。
- During the end of Edo period, there were many wealthy merchants who gave shelter to loyal supporters.
- 石垣の存在を至上とする見方も潜んでいる。
- Also, it contains an idea that the existence of stone walls is supreme.
- 今日では存在そのものが否定視されている。
- These days, however, it is considered that the book itself did not exist.
- 内藤氏には甲斐に土着した一派も存在する。
- Some of the Naito Clan settled in Kai.
- 名からして和邇氏族の宗祖的存在と言える。
- These names show the reason he is considered as the founder of the Wani family.
- 日本各地には、堀之内地名が多く存在する。
- There are many places using the name of 'Horinouchi' nationwide.
- ただし、2007年時点で後嗣は存在しない。
- As of 2007 there is no koshi.
- 日本においても廃太子は何例か存在している。
- There were some cases of the deposed/disinheritance of a crown prince in Japan.
- 官牧には、ほかに諸国牧、近都牧が存在した。
- There were Shokumaki and Kintomaki (pasture where animals were sent to graze) in Kanboku (state-owned sock farm).
- さらに、支系には他にも3つの藩が存在する。
- Moreover, there were as many as three domains which were governed by the branches of the Mito family.
- かつては「びわ町」という自治体も存在した。
- There once was a municipality described as 'Biwa-cho' (Biwa in hiragana and cho in kanji).
- 将軍は各地の大名に身を寄せ頼る存在となった。
- The shogun became an existence that stayed at with daimyo in various places.
- 武家では幼名を代々継承する家が多く存在した。
- Many military families adopted the tradition of passing childhood names down generation to generation.
- 数回にわたって編纂され、諸本が多く存在する。
- It had been compiled several times, and various books have been found.
- 皇太子の学友的存在の家庭教師で儒教を教える。
- They were tutors as a sort of fellow students of the Crown Prince and taught Confucianism to him.
- 守護請所だけでなく、守護代の請所も存在した。
- Not only Shugouke but also ukedokoro of Shugodai (deputy of Shugo, provincial constable) existed.
- 現在の京都御苑の南西部に旧九条邸は存在した。
- Old Kujo-tei was in the southwest area of the present-day Kyoto Gyoen.
- 相模蘆名氏と会津蘆名氏の二つの系統が存在する。
- The Ashina clan had two lines: the Sagami Ashina and the Aizu Ashina.
- だから「酒を売らない酒屋」というのも存在する。
- Therefore, 'a sakaya not selling sake' exists.
- 共同浴場は2軒、日帰り入浴施設は1軒存在する。
- There are two communal baths and one day visit spa.
- 中継ぎとしての女帝の存在が江戸期にも見られる。
- There were some examples of female Emperors that temporarily succeeded to the throne in the Edo period.
- 日本では過去に8人10代の女性天皇が存在した。
- There were eight female emperors in ten generations in Japanese history.
- 峰山藩(みねやまはん)は、丹後国に存在した藩。
- The Mineyama domain was a domain existing in Tango province.
- 礼銭・一献料はその性質上、様々な別名が存在する。
- The reisen and ikkenryo were, by their very nature, called according to different names.
- 在庁官人という名前の役職が存在したわけではない。
- This does not mean that an official position actually called 'zaichokanjin' existed.
- ただ高時の首塚を伝えるやぐらは、各所に存在する。
- However, caves that are said to be Kubi-zuka (a burial mound for a head) for Takatoki HOJO exists in various places.
- 内親王号が成立する以前に存在した女性皇族の身位。
- It was a status of the female Imperial Family members, before the establishment of the title of Naishino (imperial princess).
- 若狭国の武田氏の被官にも内藤氏の一族が存在する。
- The direct vassals of the Takeda clan in Wakasa Province also included a Naito clan family.
- ただしこの仮御所の存在は、自らの為との説もある。
- However, there is a theory that says the makeshift palace was for himself.
- 河内源氏の守護神であり、鎌倉の象徴的存在である。
- Enshrining the guardian god of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), it serves as the symbol of Kamakura.
- しかし、小笠原氏の系図にはこの人物は存在しない。
- However, in the genealogical table of Ogasawara clan, he doesn't exist.
- 次に特徴的なのは、多くの新語や音訳の存在である。
- The next characteristics was existence of many new words and transliteration.
- このため一つの村落で名主職などが複数存在しえた。
- Therefore, it was theoretically possible for one village to have more than one person with the same status such as nanushi.
- 細川氏は形式上は管領家であるから執政権が存在する。
- As the Hosokawa clan was formally kanrei-ke, it had authority to control the administration.
- 安土桃山時代の始期と終期には複数の見解が存在する。
- There are several opinions regarding the start and end of the Azuchi Momoyama period.
- 大宝律令による大学寮設立時から存在した学科である。
- Sando had existed as a department since the Daigaku-ryo was established based on the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code).
- 更に、本所が地域の事情に応じて定めた法も存在する。
- In addition, there existed other laws that were enacted by honjo in keeping with the local circumstances.
- また、このニ氏は佐竹氏の家臣としても存在している。
- These two clans existed as the vassals of the Satake clan.
- 1943年の都制施行による東京都発足まで存在した。
- Tokyo-fu remained until it was changed into Tokyo-to when metropolitan government system became in effect in 1943.
- 毛島(けしま)は、京都府舞鶴市に存在する島である。
- Ke-shima Island is an island that belongs to Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture.
- 人をよせつけない断崖の地であり、集落は存在しない。
- The cliffs of Naryu-misaki Cape keep people away, and no settlements exist.
- 宇治郡(うじぐん)は、山城国・京都府に存在した郡。
- Uji District was a district that existed in Yamashiro Province and Kyoto Prefecture.
- 牛久藩(うしくはん)は、常陸国河内郡に存在した藩。
- The Ushiku Domain was a feudal domain that lay in Kawachi County of Hitachi Province.
- ただし、稀に不幸な結末を迎えた猶子関係も存在する。
- However, there have been few rare cases that Yushi relationship ended in tragedy.
- その中でも特に中心的存在であるのが島田一郎である。
- Among this group, Ichiro SHIMADA was the central figure.
- それ故に迅速で統一的リーダーシップが存在しなかった。
- Therefore, ikki had no quick-responding ruling leadership.
- これにより、院政の前提となる上皇の存在は否定された。
- This resulted in the denial of the existence of a Joko, upon which insei is premised.
- 結果、江戸幕府は院政の存在を黙認せざるをえなくなる。
- As a result, Edo Bakufu had no choice but to tolerate the existence of insei.
- 「無尽」の行為自体に関する法律は現在まで存在しない。
- No laws governing the conduct of 'Mujin' have existed to the present.
- 国司の私的代理人としての目代は奈良時代にも存在した。
- The mokudai as a provincial governor's private deputy existed in the Nara period.
- 十津川村役場近辺に5軒の旅館、2軒の民宿が存在する。
- There are five Japanese Inns and two Minshuku (private home that runs inn providing room and board) in the vicinity of Totsukawa-mura Office
- ただし、つねに2名の皇后が存在していたわけではない。
- However, there were not always two empresses.
- 江戸時代にはこのような自然村が、約6万以上存在した。
- During the Edo period, there were more than 60,000 spontaneous villages.
- - 中国北部・モンゴルから満州にかけての地域に存在。
- It exist in the area covering the northern part of China, Mongol and Manchuria.
- 甲信越地方にも例が見られ、四国九州にも若干存在する。
- They were also found in Koshinetsu Region, and a certain number of them in Shikoku and Kyushu Region.
- 南京錠によって施錠することができるタイプも存在した。
- There was a type of sen-ryo-bako which could be locked with a padlock.
- 日本では律令制定以前から氏族制的序列が存在していた。
- The hierarchy system by the clans had been existed before the establishment of Ritsuryo system in Japan.
- 住吉津(すみのえのつ)は、古代日本に存在した港である。
- Suminoenotsu is a port which existed in ancient times in Japan.
- この他に大きな行事や造営の際には臨時の課税が存在した。
- Other contingent taxes were imposed for constructing public buildings and important ceremonies.
- しかし、ここにもう一つ無視できない政治勢力が存在した。
- At this point in time there was, however, one more political colossus that could not be ignored.
- 都祁村(つげむら)は、奈良県北東部にかつて存在した村。
- Tsuge-mura is a village which once existed in the northeast part of Nara Prefecture.
- 「記紀」以前に存在したとされている日本の歴史書の一つ。
- It is one of Japanese history books which are said to have existed before 'A Record of Ancient Matters' and 'Chronicles of Japan.'
- 陵墓に関しても欠史八代の天皇群には矛盾が存在している。
- There are also inconsistencies about the mausoleums of these eight generations of emperors.
- 梅雨の時期には、以下の4つの気団が東アジアに存在する。
- In the season of baiu, the following four air masses exist in the East Asia.
- 月ヶ瀬村(つきがせむら)は、かつて奈良県に存在した村。
- Tsukigase Village was a village that once existed in Nara Prefecture.
- これら4町はJR山科駅周辺の3か所に分かれて存在する。
- These four towns are separated into three areas around JR Yamashina station.
- しかし、最早政治的に何ら影響を及ぼす存在ではなかった。
- However he was no longer a politically influential person in anyway.
- 安芸国・若狭国に分派が存在し、上総国には庶流があった。
- Its branch families existed in Aki and Wakasa Provinces, and its illegitimate branch family existed in Kazusa Province.
- 一宮は出雲神社(出雲大神宮)で、二宮以下は存在しない。
- Ichinomiya, the first shrine, was Izumo-jinja Shrine (Izumo-daijingu Shrine), and there was no second shrine ('Ninomiya'), or any shrines below that.
- この二人の功績なくして今日の本願寺は存在し得なかった。
- The present Hongan-ji Temple could not exist without the cooperation of these two priests.
- これらのことから、難波京の存在はほぼ確実視されている。
- These findings confirmed that the existence of Naniwa-kyo was almost certain.
- 荘園の登場に先立って、2つの土地システムが存在していた。
- Prior to the appearance of shoens, two land systems existed.
- その結果、都市部では貧民が多く存在するようになった。
- As a result, the population of poor people grew in urban areas.
- 建築物としてみると、実に様々なバリエーションが存在する。
- Observed as architecture, Hoan-den had various variations.
- 勘合符には「日字勘合」と「本字勘合」の2種類が存在した。
- There were two kinds of Kangofu, 'nichi-ji kango' (authorized tally with a Japanese letter '日' [pronounced nichi]) and 'hon-ji kango' (authorized tally with a Japanese letter '本' [pronounced hon]).
- この様な動員形態から足軽は傭兵というべき一面も存在する。
- These various forms of recruitment mean that ashigaru should also be considered mercenaries.
- 近藤派の存在を大きくしたかった土方の野望だとも言われる。
- It is sometimes said that this was because of HIJIKATA's ambition to strengthen KONDO and his followers.
- 所従(しょじゅう)とは中世の日本に存在した隷属身分の一。
- Shoju (followers) was a category of slave that existed in Medieval Japan.
- 日本の「中世」における武士の存在形態が「武士団」である。
- The 'bushidan' was the formation of bushi itself that existed in 'medieval' Japan.
- 四辻宮(よつつじのみや)は鎌倉時代に存在した宮家の一つ。
- The Yotsutsujinomiya family is one of the houses of Imperial princes that existed during the Kamakura Period.
- 音羽平林町は地区の東方に離れて存在する飛地となっている。
- Otowa Hirabayashi-cho is a detached town east of the district.
- 以下の変遷を経て、現在「鷹野」を冠称する町は存在しない。
- Currently, there is no town prefixed by 'Takano' owing to the following changes.
- 朽木村(くつきむら)は、滋賀県西部の高島郡に存在した村。
- Kutsuki-mura was a village located in the former Takashima-gun in the west of Shiga Prefecture.
- 藩札は藩の取り潰しがあれば紙くずになるリスクも存在した。
- Han bills always had the risk of forfeiture whenever domains were broken up.
- 渟足柵大化3年(647年)不明沼垂郡不明養老年間には存在
- Nutari no Ki, 647, unknown, Nuttari gun, unknown, existent by the Yoro years (717-724)
- 初期の政治は、まだ南朝が存在したこともあり不安定であった。
- Government during the initial period was unstable, partly because Nancho still existed.
- 京都七口関(きょうとななくちのせき)という呼称も存在する。
- It is also known by the name Kyoto nanakuchi no seki (Kyoto's seven entrance checkpoints).
- 特定の「石垣の積み方」なる技法の存在を想定するのは難しい。
- Therefore, it is difficult to suppose the specific techniques of 'How to pile up the stone wall.'
- このように今では舞台衣装としてのみ存在している着物である。
- Thus, Daimon is now used only for stage garments.
- 本書には完本・零本(端本)も含めて数多くの写本が存在する。
- Many copies of Wamyosho exist including complete ones and incomplete ones.
- 奈良時代以前には「御簾中」という言葉は存在していなかった。
- The term 'Gorenju' had not existed before the Nara period.
- このため、「弁当忘れても傘忘れるな」という格言が存在する。
- A local proverb says: 'Do not forget your umbrella even if you forget your lunch box.'
- 784年から794年まで山城国乙訓郡に存在した首都のこと。
- Nagaoka-kyo was an imperial capital that existed in Otokuni no Kori, Yamashiro Province from 784 to 794.
- そのため、戦後も農家を中心に、欠食児童は多く存在し続けた。
- Therefore, even after the war, many poorly-fed children remained in the farm family.
- 都岐沙羅柵不明不明不明不明斉明天皇4年(658年)には存在
- Tsukisara no Ki, unknown, unknown, unknown, unknown, existent by 658
- 飛鳥宮(飛鳥時代)以前に、首都に相当する都城は存在しない。
- Before the Asuka Imperial Palace (Asuka period), there was no capital corresponding to a capital zone.
- 縄文時代以前、旧石器時代 (日本)末期に存在したとされる。
- Katakamuna civilization is said to have existed at the end of the paleolithic period (Japan) before the Jomon period.
- 現在も『伴』という苗字の平家の子孫がこの土地に存在している。
- Even at present, the descendants of the Taira family with the surname Ban reside in this village.
- 王の母親であるため王が在位している間はほとんど存在していた。
- As the empress dowager was mother of the Emperor, she held the position during the duration of his reign.
- 七殿は内裏創建時から存在し、五舎よりも格が上であるとされる。
- Shichiden buildings have existed since the dairi was built, and considered higher in rank than gosha.
- 六条宮(ろくじょうのみや)は鎌倉時代に存在したとされる宮家。
- Rokujo no Miya is Miyake (house of an imperial prince) thought to have existed in the Kamakura Period.
- 岩倉宮(いわくらのみや)は鎌倉時代初期に存在した宮家の一つ。
- Iwakuranomiya was Miyake (house of an Imperial prince) in the early Kamakura period.
- これは、既に治天の存在が不可欠になっていたことを表している。
- This showed that the existence of Chiten became necessary.
- 実際にはこの理由のみで即位した天皇は歴史上一度も存在しない。
- In fact, no Emperor has ever ascended the throne for this reason alone.
- 最盛期には10軒程度の民宿が存在し、スキーバスも訪れていた。
- In the height of prosperity, it had around 10 minshuku (private home that runs inn providing room and board) and ski buses to be arrived, too.
- また、青島は2つに分かれており、過去に魚類の養殖が存在した。
- Aoshima Island in fact consists of two islands, and fish were cultivated there in the past.
- 三府: 明治から昭和にかけて存在した東京府・京都府・大阪府。
- Sanpu (Three urban prefectures): Tokyo-fu, Kyoto-fu and Osaka-fu prefectures existed from the Meiji to the Showa period.
- 中郡(なかぐん)は、丹後国、京都府にかつて存在した郡である。
- Naka-gun was a district that existed in Tango Province and Kyoto Prefecture.
- 一方、西北九州を中心に、福井型と呼ばれる細石刃核が存在する。
- On the other hand, the core of saisekijin, which is called the Fukui type (type in Fukui Prefecture), is found mainly in northwest Kyushu.
- また、刃部だけを磨いた局部磨製石器と呼ばれるものも存在する。
- Also there was local ground stone tool which only the cutting parts were polished.
- カタカムナ文明とは、かつて日本に存在したとされる超古代文明。
- Katakamuna civilization is a super ancient civilization that is said to have existed in Japan.
- 市街地(奈良市)に近接して原生林が存在することは極めて珍しい。
- It is highly unusual that a primitive forest is adjacent to a city (Nara City).
- また、聖なる存在として国役の免除、給免田の付与なども獲得した。
- Kugonin also obtained exemption from national duties and the provision of Kyumenden as a holy existence.
- 道教や神道などの他の宗教の主流が弾圧を受けた事実が存在しない。
- In addition, there had been no fact that other religions, such as Taoism and Shintoism, had been suppressed.
- 平家の落人は大抵、山の奥深くや離れ島や孤島などに存在している。
- Most kakurezato where Heike no Ochudo settled are located deep in the mountains, on solitary islands or on remote islands.
- その一方で、本所の配下になることを忌避する百姓神主も存在した。
- There also were hyakusho priests who refused to serve under honjo.
- 江戸時代にも名主(なぬし)、庄屋、商人、武家において存在した。
- In the Edo period, they still served in houses of nanushi (village headman), shoya (village headman), merchants and samurai families.
- インドシナ半島・南シナ海から南西諸島近海にかけての地域に存在。
- It exists in the area over Indochina, South China Sea and sea around Nansei Islands.
- 京田辺市周辺を中心として、河川敷にはチャノキ畑が多く存在する。
- Many tea plant fields are seen along the riverside of the Kizu-gawa River, especially around Kyotanabe City.
- 春宮坊(とうぐうぼう)は日本古代の律令制において存在した機関。
- Togubo existed in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in ancient Japan.
- 主礼は伴部のなかでもっとも品官(ほんかん)に近い存在であった。
- Shurai was the nearest post to honkan among tomo no miyatsuko.
- 治安警察法(ちあんけいさつほう)は、かつて日本に存在した法律。
- The Security Police Law was the law that once existed in Japan.
- もともと、軍隊としての存在意義が薄かったための解散でもあった。
- The army was disbanded, because their significance as a military force was low.
- このように後漢以降に文人の中で画を得意とする者が多数存在した。
- In this way, there were many Bunjin who were good at painting after the Later Han period.
- 世界各国の大半の城郭都市は、城壁に囲まれた中に城と街が存在する。
- Most walled cities in the world have a castle and town area surrounded by castle walls.
- これは幕府によって宗氏の力量が試されたという側面も存在している。
- This included the aspect that the ability of the So clan was to be checked by the bakufu.
- 国語辞典の登場当初は節用集も日常的で手軽な存在として生き残った。
- Even after this advent of the Japanese-language dictionary, the setsuyoshu had survived for a while as convenient dictionaries for daily use.
- 何度か増補・校訂が行われたらしく、初稿本・再稿本などが存在する。
- The book appears to have been enlarged and revised several times, and the first and the revised manuscripts exist.
- これらの論の基準となる所は封建制の特徴とされる農奴の存在である。
- These views are based on the existence of serfs which are said to be characteristic of the Hoken system.
- また、山村や海付村落には(1)田畑のない村落(集落)も存在した。
- There were mountain villages (communities) and villages by the coast without (1) a field.
- このため、近い将来に皇位継承者が存在しなくなることが予想された。
- Because of this, it was presumed that there will be no one to succeed to the throne in the near future.
- 近くには鳴き砂で有名な琴引浜があり、同地には露天風呂も存在する。
- An open-air spa is available in the nearby Kotobiki-hama beach, which is famous for sand that sounds like it sings.
- 温泉街にある旅館では、砂風呂を楽しむことが出来る旅館も存在する。
- A sand bath can be enjoyed in some inns in the hot spring resort area.
- 一般的に公卿となると昇殿が許されるが、希に地下の公卿も存在した。
- Generally, if one becomes kugyo, shoden was allowed but, in rare cases, kugyo which was jige (shoden not allowed) existed.
- なお、下記の会所の中には役割が重複する部分が存在する事もあった。
- Incidentally, some of the kaisho mentioned below sometimes played overlapping roles.
- 現在、中国の印章は殷の時代からその存在が確認されている(古璽)。
- Currently, the existence of the oldest seal in China called Koji (an old-time seal for official or private purpose) goes back to the age of the Yin Dynasty.
- 評論新聞(ひょうろんしんぶん)とは明治時代に存在した定期刊行物。
- Hyoron Shinbun was a periodical literature which was existed in the Meiji period.
- 洞部落(ほらぶらく)は、奈良県橿原市にかつて存在した被差別部落。
- Hora Buraku was a discriminated community which used to exist in Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture.
- 従前から日本でも利子付き貸借の慣行が存在していたと考えられている。
- The system of loaning is widely believed to have already existed in Japan before the enforcement of the Yoro-ritsuryo-zoryo.
- 古典『太平記』によれば直義派による師直暗殺騒動も存在したとされる。
- According to the classic, 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace), there was an attempt to assassinate Moronao by the Tadayoshi group.
- 身分移動の存在は、身分制の弛緩や形骸化を意味しているわけではない。
- Therefore, the existence of class mobility did not mean that the class system was relaxed or dead in form.
- なお牙符は現存しておらず、文献上でのみ、その存在が確認されている。
- No ivory tally remains, and its existence was only confirmed by documents.
- この宮中席次に類する席次表のようなものは明治時代から存在していた。
- The order of precedence similar to Kyuchu Sekiji existed from the Meiji period.
- 皇室が行う神道儀礼には女性が行うことが出来ない儀礼が多種存在する。
- There are many types of Shinto ceremonies held at the Imperial Palace in which women were not allowed to attend.
- 中国においては、歴代王朝において皇帝の正妃としての皇后が存在した。
- In Chinese past dynasty, there were empresses who were the wives of the emperor.
- しかし、坂上田村麻呂や大伴弟麻呂や藤原頼経といった先例が存在した。
- However, there were seii taishogun such as SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro, OTOMO no Otomaro, and FUJIWARA no Yoritsune in the past.
- 小京都と呼ばれる地域が集まる団体として「全国京都会議」が存在する。
- The National Kyoto Conference' is a group of regions which are called the Little Kyoto.
- 秀吉達の潜在的な名字が「羽柴」のままであったという見方は存在する。
- There is an observation that Hideyoshi and his family's latent myoji had been always 'Hashiba.'
- 坊門家(ぼうもんけ)は、鎌倉時代から室町時代にかけて存在した公家。
- The Bomon family was an aristocratic family that lived from the Kamakura period into the Muromachi period.
- ただし、戦国大名は、領国内において必ずしも超越的な存在ではなかった。
- However, sengoku daimyo was not necessarily a transcendental existence.
- 幕府内部では高一族の滅亡後も直義派と反直義派との対立構造は存在した。
- Even after the decline of the Ko clan, there was conflict between the Tadayoshi group and the anti-Tadayoshi group within the bakufu.
- ただし中には廃屋同然に放置された建物も存在し、空家対策が必要である。
- Some buildings, however, were abandoned and left untouched, and measures for such empty houses are needed.
- 藩鎮(はんちん)は中国唐から北宋代まで存在した地方組織の名称である。
- Hanchin is a term used for the provincial organization that existed from the Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty.
- 守護やその他武士らによる侵出に耐えながら存続した荘園も多数存在する。
- Many shoen persisted, enduring the invasion of Shugo and other samurai.
- 江戸時代には商人身分は存在せず、士農工商の '商' は町人を指した。
- There was no merchant rank in the Edo period, and 'sho' (merchants) in Shinokosho (hereditary four-status order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants) indicated townspeople.
- 皇后宮と中宮との使い分けについても固定した明確なルールは存在しない。
- There are no clear rules about usage of Kisai no miya and chugu.
- 行政区画としては平地部は葛野郡、山手は乙訓郡と分かれて存在していた。
- As administrative districts, Kadono-gun and Otokuni-gun were each located separately on the plane and on the mountain side.
- 横須賀鎮守府、呉鎮守府、佐世保鎮守府、舞鶴鎮守府が終戦まで存在した。
- Yokosuka Chinju-fu, Kure Chinju-fu, Sasebo Chinju-fu, and Maizuru Chinju-fu all existed until the end of WWII.
- しかし、以前と比べると少数ではあるが、現在も存在するのは事実である。
- Although the number of poorly-fed children is fewer than before, it is true that they still remain today.
- また現代においても、北朝鮮の金正日には影武者が存在するという説がある。
- Even in the present day, there is a view that Kim Jong-il of North Korea has his own kagemusha.
- その他に大番役・軍役など軍事力をもって直接奉仕を行う武家役も存在した。
- There were other forms of bukeyaku, such as Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) or Gunyaku, which services required direct exercising of military powers.
- しかしそのため、これらの使節には図書という査証の手段が存在しなかった。
- For that reason, no such endorsement as toso was applied to the envoys.
- ところが、問題の「阿衡」という言葉を藤原基経自身が用いた例が存在する。
- However, Fujiwara no Mototsune himself used the controversial term 'Ako.'
- 広刀自が聖武天皇の妻となった背景には、前出の三千代の存在が大いにある。
- The background of Hirotoji's marriage with Emperor Shomu closely related to the existence of the Michiyo.
- 徳大寺家は西行が出家前に仕えていたこともあり、歌壇の中心的存在だった。
- The Tokudaiji family was the key player of poetry circles as Saigyo had served before he became a priest.
- どのような形であれ、治天という存在が政治上、必要不可欠だったのである。
- Whatever the political form was, it was necessary to keep the style of Chiten as it was.
- こうした経緯から現代の歴史学界では神武天皇の存在は前提とされていない。
- Under these circumstances, existence of Emperor Jimmu is not believed to be a fact in the society of historical science today.
- このような例は、明治時代~昭和時代に存在した久邇宮家の他には例がない。
- It is a singular event in history other than the Kuninomiya family that existed from the Meiji to the Showa Period.
- 日帰り入浴施設兼宿泊施設である、「宇川温泉よし野の里」のみが存在する。
- Ukawa Onsen, Yoshino no Sato' is the only facility for overnight and daytrip stays.
- 飛鳥時代に宮が設置された(前期難波宮)が、京の存在は確認できていない。
- The palace was built during the Asuka period (the Zenki Naniwa no Miya Palace [the Early Naniwa no miya Palace]), however, the existence of the capital has not been confirmed.
- その理由は、前後の二つの王朝を結ぶ位置に河内王朝が存在するからである。
- The reason lies in that Kawachi Dynasty existed in the position to connect two dynasties of the former and latter.
- 鎖国を進めるにあたり、貿易許可証である朱印状は邪魔な存在になっていた。
- In promoting isolation, a shuinjo, namely a trade permit was an obstacle.
- 13世紀前半の承久の乱の結果、公家政権は武家政権に寄生する存在となった。
- As a result of the Jokyu War during the first half of thirteenth century, the Kuge government became a parasite on the back of the military government.
- 兵農分離が進み、武家として存在していても弱小の場合、土豪(狭義)と言う。
- As the separation of farmers and samurai took place, weaker samurai families came to be called 'dogo' (narrow sense).
- 神田は日本各地に存在したため、地名としての神田も日本全国に分布している。
- As Shinden was spread throughout Japan, the place-name Shinden is seen everywhere in Japan.
- 寺田は日本各地に存在したため、地名としての寺田も日本全国に分布している。
- Because jiden fields existed throughout Japan, Jiden or Terada as geographical names remain throughout Japan as well.
- 他にも室町期に加筆されたとされる京都府立総合資料館所蔵本なども存在する。
- Other than the above, a book which is considered to have been improved during the Muromachi period, such as the one owned by the Kyoto Prefectural Library and Archives, exists.
- しかし、その政権が仏教の国家宗教化を意図した具体的な政策例は存在しない。
- However, there had been no specific policy that intended to establish Buddhism as the national religion.
- 人事を巡る争いから包括宗教法人を離脱し、単立となったような例も存在する。
- There are examples of Tanritsu that broke away from Hokatsu Shukyo Hojin through personnel tug-of-war.
- いっぽう、「酒を売らない造り酒屋」というのはまず存在しないと言ってよい。
- On the other hand, 'a tsukuri-zakaya not selling sake' don't really exist.
- 極端な例では、母が全くの庶民の出である第119代光格天皇なども存在する。
- In an extreme case, the mother of the hundred and nineteenth Emperor Kokaku was a commoner.
- その後石高に変化はあるが、1871年廃藩置県まで加賀藩臣として存在した。
- Although their kokudaka (yield quantity) changed later, the Matsuda clan existed as the retainer of the Kaga Domain until 1871, when Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) was executed.
- 上記のとおり福知山市には福知山駐屯地が存在し、第7普通科連隊が駐屯する。
- As mentioned above, Camp Fukuchiyama is located in Fukuchiyama City, where the seventh Infantry Regiment is stationed.
- また歌舞伎・浄瑠璃の文芸作品に朝鮮通信使を題材として扱ったものが存在する。
- In literary works, such as Kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) and Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a shamisen accompaniment), there exist many numbers including themes of Chosen Tsushinshi.
- 幕末期には、江戸に約1500校、全国では約15000校の寺子屋が存在した。
- By the end of the shogunate, there were 1,500 schools in Edo, and a total of 15,000 Terakoya throughout Japan.
- 紀伊郡(きいのこおり、きいぐん)は山城国・京都府にかつて存在した郡である。
- Kii-gun (or Kii-no-kori) was a county once existed in Yamashiro Province, in Kyoto Prefecture.
- 本文はすべて漢文で書かれており、唐代に存在した膨大な医学書を引用してある。
- The main text is entirely written in Chinese with citations from a large number of medical books that existed during the Tang Dynasty.
- しかし彼らは依然として「武芸をもって業とする」特種な存在であったといえる。
- However, they supposedly held special existence before that 'made military art a job.'
- 日本文学史においては「中古六歌仙」・「中古三十六歌仙」などの語が存在する。
- In Japanese literary history, the word chuko is used in the 'Chuko Rokkasen' (six Japanese poets presented in the prelude of Kokinshu, A Collection of Ancient and Modern Poetry in the early Heian period) and the 'Chuko Sanjurokkasen' (Thirty-six Japanese poets of Nochi no Rokurokusen selected by FUJIWARA no Norikane).
- 明治以前には公卿たちの手によって整えられた「伝統的な宮中座次」が存在した。
- Before the Meiji period, there was the 'Traditional Kyuchu Zaji: Traditional Order of Precedence at the Imperial Court' organized by the Kugyo (the top court officials).
- 光格天皇が仁孝天皇に譲位して以後は事実上、明治以降は制度上存在していない。
- After Emperor Kokaku abdicated the throne to Emperor Ninko, the position in fact didn't exist in the political system in and after Meiji period.
- 京都市内には活断層の存在が確認され、歴史的にも大きな被害をもたらしている。
- The presence of an active fault in Kyoto City has been confirmed, and this has historically caused great damage.
- 中京区では、同一の町名が区内の別の場所に複数存在する例が下記の32組ある。
- In Nakagyo Ward, there are 32 pairs of same town names that indicates different locations as follows.
- 上京区では、同一の町名が区内の別の場所に複数存在する例が下記の33組ある。
- There are 33 pairs mentioned below which are examples of the same town names that exist in different places within Kamigyo Ward.
- 下京区では、同一の町名が区内の別の場所に複数存在する例が下記の37組ある。
- In Shimogyo Ward, there are 37 pairs of same town names that indicates different locations as follows.
- また、五条駅と新宮駅を結ぶ五新線の建設計画が存在し、一部工事が進められた。
- Further, there used to be a plan to construct Goshin Line connecting Gojo Station with Shingu Station, and a part of the construction was executed.
- 淀藩(よどはん)は、山城国(現在の京都府京都市伏見区淀本町)に存在した藩。
- The Yodo Domain was located in the Yamashiro Province (present-day Yodohon cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture).
- 彼らは、瀬戸内海の水軍の棟梁的存在になると共に皇室領の大江御厨を統轄した。
- They became the leaders of the Setouchi (Seto Inland Sea) Navy and also took charge of Oe Mikuriya (the imperial manors in Oe).
- もちろんこれに該当しない交差点も一部存在しているが概ねこれに該当している。
- There are still a few exceptions to these rules, but most of the intersection names follow them.
- 上記華夷秩序との最も大きな相違点は、主権国家間の法的平等原則の存在である。
- The biggest difference from above-described kaichitsujo is the existence of the principle of legal equality between sovereign states.
- 地方の寺院については現地の守護が将軍の代理として発給した例も存在している。
- Local Shugo (provincial constables) would sometimes issue kumon (kojo) for provincial temples on behalf of the shogun.
- 2009年(平成21年)現在、日本の首都を直接定める現行法令は存在しない。
- As of 2009, there is no existing law which directly prescribes the capital in Japan.
- 他に教育機関としては技官養成機関である陰陽寮・典薬寮・雅楽寮などが存在した。
- Other contemporary educational institutions were Onmyo-ryo (Bureau of Divination), Tenyaku-ryo (Bureau of Medicine), and Uta-ryo (Bureau of Traditional Music), which were educational institutions for gikan (bureaucrats with specialized skills).
- 比叡山に、慶長20年2月に「願主光秀」が寄進したと刻まれた石灯籠が存在する。
- In Mt. Hiei, there is a stone lantern which is inscribed that 'Petitioner: Mitsuhide' donated it in February and March 1615.
- 原本は存在せず、複数の写本が残されているが題名や一部内容が異なるものがある。
- The original book is non existent, and although some manuscripts are existing, their book titles or contents are different.
- 以上のように、村落にはさまざまな生業で生計を立てている者たちが存在していた。
- As described above, there were people in villages who earned their living by various vocations.
- 現在の東勝寺の旧跡の北方には「腹切りやぐら」と呼ばれるやぐらが存在している。
- At present, in the north among the remains of Tosho-ji Temple, there exist 'Harakiri Yagura' (Caves of committing suicide by disembowelment).
- いずれにせよ、平家の落人といわれる人々が相当数存在したことは事実に相違ない。
- At any rate, there is no doubt that there were a considerable number of Heike no Ochudo.
- これにより、平家の隠れ里が『隠れ里』として神秘的な存在にとられることも多い。
- Under such circumstances, Heike no kakurezato were often conceived of as mysterious entities called 'kakurezato.'
- なお東京都江戸川区にはこの続命院の後継を称する「證大寺」という寺が存在する。
- The Shodai-ji Temple in Edogawa Ward, Tokyo Prefecture claims to have succeeded this shokumeiin.
- この事から、春日大娘皇女は父・雄略天皇の血筋を唯一現在まで伝える存在となった
- Ironically, Princess Kasuga no Oiratsume was the only child who was to pass on the blood line of the father, the Emperor Yuryaku, to the future generations (to the modern times in Japan).
- 伏見藩(ふしみはん)は、山城国伏見(現在の京都府京都市伏見区)に存在した藩。
- The Fushimi Domain existed in Fushimi in the Yamashiro Province (present day Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture).
- 「三郷山財産区」と呼ばれる飛地が宇治市と宇治田原町の隣接する地域に存在する。
- An isolated enclave called 'Misato-yama Mountain Property District' exists in the area adjacent to Uji City and Ujitawara-cho.
- しかし女戸主は明治40年の華族令改正で廃止され、男当主の存在が必須となった。
- However, since the amendment of Kazoku Law of 1907 forbid female to become a family head, all kazoku families had to have male family heads.
- 日本国内には工場が福知山市にしか存在せず、製品の全てがここで生産されている。
- Its sole domestic plant is located in Fukuchiyama City, and produces all products.
- 現在においても白井市・柏市等の地域には生食に由来する神社が複数存在している。
- There are Shinto shrines originating in Ikezuki in the regions of Shirai City, Kashiwa City and so on at the present time.
- 一般的には血統的正統性や圧倒的な武力を持つリーダーが存在しない場合が多かった。
- Generally, ikki was based neither on lineage nor dominated by a leader who had overwhelming military forces.
- この時期の前方後円墳は、特に規模が巨大化しており強力な王権の存在を示している。
- Large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds in this era became particularly large, indicating that strong sovereignty existed.
- 益田池(ますだいけ)とは、奈良県橿原市に存在したため池で、現在は消滅している。
- Masuda-ike Pond is a reservoir which once existed in Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture but does not now exist.
- しかし、『史記』の「節用」(日常随時用いるという意味)からという説も存在する。
- However, there is also another theory that the word was derived from 'setsuyo' (meaning everyday and everywhere use), which defined in 'Shiki' (also known as Shiji, the Chinese Historical Records).
- ただし、判示部分の意味については、争いがあり、主に以下の2つの見解が存在した。
- However, the judgment caused arguments mainly with the two opinions as follows.
- 後鳥羽上皇は、治天として専制的な政治を指向し、幕府の存在を疎ましく感じていた。
- Retired Emperor Gotoba aimed for autocratic rule as Chiten and despised the existence of the bakufu.
- そのため後宮職員令や『延喜式』などには後宮職員としての待遇規定が存在している。
- Therefore, Gokushikiinryo and 'the Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) provide working conditions as the employee of Kokyu palace.
- 平安期の恒貞親王のように廃された後で再び即位を要請されているケースも存在する。
- As in the example of the Imperial Prince Tsunesada, who lived in the Heian period, there are some cases in which a once deposed prince was requested to ascend the throne.
- 愛宕郡(おたぎのこおり・おたぎぐん)は山城国・京都府にかつて存在した郡である。
- Otagi no Kori (Otagi-gun) was a district that existed in Yamashiro Province, Kyoto Prefecture.
- 区内には「上鳥羽町田」のように、末尾に「町」字を付さない町名が一部に存在する。
- There are some towns which have no letter of '町' (read as 'cho,' meaning town) as a suffix, such as 'Kamitoba Choda.'
- これらの事情を考慮すると、上位とされる2家と実際には同等であるとの説も存在する
- Therefore, there exists another opinion which says that the Mito family was equally prestigious to the other two families which were generally thought to be higher in social status.
- 注意:太夫の「源氏名」は代々引き継がれるため、同名の太夫が過去に何代か存在する
- Note that names for tayu are passed down from generation to generation, and accordingly more than one tayu with the same tayu name may exist through generations.
- 日本の假には基本的な休日である2種類のいずれかとその他の特殊な休日が存在した。
- In Japan, there were two types of basic holidays and special holidays as ke.
- 日本の『闘訟律』は全文が残されていないため、この規定が存在したかは不明である。
- Because Japanese 'Toshoritsu' has some missing parts, it is unknown if it included this regulation.
- このことから、この機関は時代が下っても重要な存在であったことがうかがい知れる。
- For this reason, the institution was an important one for a long time.
- 性格も剛直であったことから人望もあり、時政にとって最も邪魔な存在となっていた。
- Shigetada, who won popularity because of his strong and honest personality, became the greatest hindrance for Tokimasa.
- このような状況の下、公出挙と不可分の存在となった私出挙も半強制的に行われていた。
- Under this situation, Shi-Suiko, which had been inseparably linked to Ku-Suiko, were implemented half-forcibly.
- 中には、本年貢の数倍に及ぶ地子を収取する領主が存在したことも、記録に残っている。
- According to a record, some land lords collected jishi amounting to as much as several times the real nengu.
- 長慶は幕府に対する強硬派の人物で、南朝内部には路線対立が存在していたと言われる。
- Chokei was a hard-liner towards the bakufu, and it is told that a policy conflict existed within the Southern Court.
- 京北町(けいほくちょう)は、2005年3月31日まで京都府北桑田郡に存在した町。
- Keihoku Town was a town which existed in Kitakuwada-gun, Kyoto Prefecture until March 31, 2005.
- 葛野郡(かどののこおり・かどのぐん)は、山城国、京都府にかつて存在した郡である。
- Kado no Kori (Kadono-gun) was a district that existed in Yamashiro Province, Kyoto Prefecture.
- また、現在においても明日香村の字(あざ)として飛鳥という地域名称は存在している。
- Today, the regional name, Asuka (飛鳥) as a regional name still exists as aza (an administrative designation of small sections into which some of the rural districts of Japan are divided) of Asuka-mura village (明日香村).
- 「安朱東谷」「大塚大岩」のように、末尾に「町」字を付さない町名が一部に存在する。
- There are some towns that have no letter of '町' (read as 'cho', meaning town) on the end such as 'Anshu Higashidani' and 'Otsuka Oiwa.'
- 坊門を名乗る家系はいくつか存在するが、藤原北家の関白藤原道隆の子孫が著名である。
- While there are several different family lineages that adopted the name 'Bomon,' perhaps the most well-known is that of the descendants of the Kanpaku (Chief Advisor) FUJIWARA no Michitaka of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
- 当時、ヤマト政権内において特定の職務を担当する同族集団、すなわち氏が存在していた。
- At that time, there were uji, or clan-based groups that were in charge of specific tasks under the Yamato administration.
- かりに年貢しか徴収しないとすると、現地の下級領主の得分は何も存在しないことになる。
- If only nengu was collected, there was nothing left that local low grade lords could have as their profit.
- このように、在庁官人は租税収取のノウハウを知り、軍事にも通じた存在だったのである。
- Zaichokanjin knew how to collect taxes and were familiar with military affairs.
- ただし、平安時代の文献では貴人の正妻を指して「御簾中」と書いた物は存在していない。
- There is no literary work from the Heian period, however, that refers to a legal wife of an aristrocrat as a 'Gorenju.'
- 皇室祭祀令は昭和22年5月2日に廃止されたため、現在日本で法定の祭日は存在しない。
- Currently, there is no legal ritual days in Japan as the Imperial Household Religious Rites Ordinance were abolished on May 2, 1947.
- 美山町(みやまちょう)は、2005年12月31日まで京都府のほぼ中央に存在した町。
- Miyama-cho was a town located roughly in the center of Kyoto Prefecture until December 31, 2005.
- また、秀長を継いだ秀保もこの頃死に、豊臣宗家を支える血族の藩屏は存在しなくなった。
- In addition, Hideyasu, who succeeded Hidenaga also died around that time, and the blood relatives that could be a guarding wall to support the head family of Toyotomi disappeared.
- 元は渡来人系の一族であるが、実際には百済系の一族と漢族系の一族の2系統が存在する。
- This clan is descended from toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese) with two distinct lineages, one from Kudara (Baekje) and the other of Han race from China.
- この籠城にあって日本人柴五郎の存在は大きく、籠城成功に多大な寄与をしたと言われる。
- It is said that the presence of the Japanese Goro SHIBA was important during this siege, and he contributed greatly to the defensive success.
- しかし、堡塁としては脆弱であり、立て篭もるには手狭で井戸等の設備も存在しなかった。
- However, Shiryokaku fort, which was too small to accommodate besieged armies and did not have facilities such as water wells, was vulnerable.
- 各藩にも、同様に自藩管轄の武士を裁く組織が存在し評定所又は御用屋敷と呼ばれていた。
- Each domain had an institution referred to as 'Hyojosho' or 'Goyoyashiki' (a residence for official business) to judge samurai who were under the control of its domain.
- 日本で初めてカタカムナ文明の存在を唱えたのは楢崎皐月(ならさき・こうげつ)である。
- Kogetsu NARASAKI was the first to advocate the existence of the Katakamuna civilization in Japan.
- 文禄・慶長の役(朝鮮出兵。韓国では壬辰倭乱・丁酉再乱と呼称)以前は複数箇所存在した。
- Prior to the Bunroku-Keicho War (Japan's Invasion of Korea, it is called Jinshin waran and Teiyu sairan in Korea) there were several Wakan.
- この時、花崗岩の礎石が見つかり八角塔(八角形の瓦積み基壇の塔跡)の存在が確認された。
- This research first found granite foundation stones, and has determined that there had been an octagonal tower (remains of an octagonal tower stylobate supported by bricks were found).
- 更には室町時代の書写8冊本(第2巻のみ久我通博書写、尊経閣文庫所蔵)などが存在する。
- Moreover, there exists an unknown person's transcription (but its second volume turns out to have been the transcription of Michihiro KUGA), and this manuscript in eight volumes was written in the Muromachi period, and is now owned by 'Sonkeikaku-bunko' [a library of the Kaga Maeda family]).
- また、国博士や国医師が史生と同等に扱われて国府の業務に動員されていた記録も存在する。
- Also, there exists a record proving the fact that kuni no hakase and/or kuni no ishi were treated like shisho (a person doing miscellaneous duties with documents) and were used for jobs of the provincial government.
- 鎌倉市浄明寺の釈迦堂谷奥山頂部には釈迦堂奥やぐら群と称する多数のやぐら群が存在した。
- On the mountaintop (the back of the valley) where Shaka-do Hall of Jomyo-ji Temple stands (in present day Kamakura City), there were many groups of caves, called Shaka-do oku Yagura-gun.
- 不改常典における近江令説退場の背景には、ほぼ同時期に唱えられた近江令非存在説がある。
- Recession of the Omi-Ryo theory in the discussion about Fukai-no-Joten was due to the Omi-Ryo nonexistence theory, which was advocated almost at the same moment.
- 園部藩(そのべはん)は、丹波国船井郡(現在の京都府南丹市園部町小桜町)に存在した藩。
- The Sonobe Domain existed in Funai County in Tanba Province (Sonobe-cho Kozakura Town, Nantan City, Kyoto Prefecture in the present day).
- 日吉町(ひよしちょう)は、2005年12月31日まで京都府船井郡に存在した町である。
- Hiyoshi-cho was a town in Funai-gun, Kyoto Prefecture, which existed until December 31, 2005.
- 福知山藩(ふくちやまはん)は、丹波国天田郡(現在の京都府福知山市内記)に存在した藩。
- The Fukuchiyama Domain was located in Amada County in Tanba Province (present-day Naiki, Fukuchiyama City, Kyoto Prefecture).
- 国幣大社は当初は存在せず、大正4年に国幣中社の気多大社などが昇格したのが最初である。
- Initially, there was no Kokuhei taisha (great-scale Kokuheisha), and in 1915, some Kokuhei chusha (medium-scale Kokuheisha) such as Kita-taisha Shrine were promoted to Kokuhei taisha for the first time.
- 崇神王朝、仁徳王朝、継体王朝の3王朝が存在し、現天皇家は継体王朝の末裔とされている。
- Three dynasties such as Sujin Dynasty, Nintoku Dynasty, and Keitai Dynasty existed and current Imperial Family is considered to be the descendant of the Keitai Dynasty.
- 陶氏を滅ぼした毛利氏友族が両国に存在したため毛利氏と大友氏は北筑前にて戦いを展開する。
- As affiliated families of the Mori clan that ruined the Sue clan exited in both countries, the Mori clan and the Otomo clan started battles in North Chikuzen.
- 撰銭を巡る問題は、16世紀の日本に強力な中央政権が存在しなかったことにも起因していた。
- Problems centered on the erizeni act were also generated partially because no strong centralized government existed in Japan during the sixteenth century.
- これ以降、院政は度々執られたが、あくまで形式上の存在でしかなくなっていったためである。
- Consequently, insei has been conducted from time to time since then, but it has been in form only.
- これにより既にこの時代には蝦夷の存在とその支配が進んでいた様子を確認することが出来る。
- From this Johyobun it can be confirmed that the presence of the Emishi and its rule went forward.
- また邪馬台国(やまたいこく)でも公的な秩序・権威の維持のための法が存在したとみられる。
- Additionally, it appears that law existed to maintain public order and authority in Yamataikoku as well.
- また、開発領主が直接権門層に荘園を寄進した場合、領家が存在せず本家のみの荘園となった。
- Note that, if kaihatsu ryoshu donated their shoen directly to influential families, these shoen would only have honke and no ryoke.
- 三府とは、明治から昭和にかけて存在した東京府と、京都府・大阪府をあわせた呼び名である。
- Sanpu, the three urban prefectures, refers to Tokyo-fu, Kyoto-fu and Osaka-fu, which existed from the Meiji to the Showa periods.
- 祇園東の一帯はかつて膳所藩屋敷が存在していたことから地元では『膳所裏』と呼ばれていた。
- The area around Gion Higashi used to be called ' (back of Zeze) due to the Zeze clan which used to reside in the area.
- 在日コリアンによるシャーマニズム信仰の場である朝鮮寺は生駒山西麓を中心に存在している。
- Korean Temple, a site for shamanism by Koreans in Japan is mainly located at the western foot of Mt. Ikoma.
- これら6町は区内の3か所に分かれて存在し、厨子奥長通と厨子奥花鳥町は飛地となっている。
- These six towns are located in three places in the ward, and Zushioku Nagamichi and Zushioku Kacho-cho are detached towns.
- 洞院家(とういんけ)は、鎌倉時代から室町時代にかけて存在した藤原北家閑院流の堂上公家。
- The Toin family belonged to the court nobility of the Dojo family of Kanin-ryu (the Kanin family) of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, which existed from the Kamakura period to the Muromachi period.
- これは、国際法が存在してなお、拡大し続ける植民地分割競争が激化する矛盾が背景にあった。
- The background factor was continuous widespread battles for colonies under international law.
- しかし、地下家の系譜に関してこれほどまでに綿密かつ詳細に調査したものは他に存在しない。
- And yet there is nothing else that has surveyed the genealogical record of the Jige-ke families so carefully or in such detail.
- 1882年(明治15年)には妾という存在は少なくとも法的には認められないものとなった。
- In 1882 concubines were forbidden at least legally.
- しかし、現在においてこの文明の存在を示す建造物や遺物は、これ以外には見つかっていない。
- However, so far, no other buildings or remains that indicate existence of this civilization have been found.
- 西園寺は社会主義をみだりに弾圧することを避け、穏健派の存在は容認する方針を打ち出した。
- SAIONJI announced a policy of tolerating the moderates, avoiding cracking down on socialism indiscriminately.
- 律令国家が建設される以前の古墳時代・飛鳥時代においても、軍事を主務とする豪族が存在した。
- There were gozoku (local ruling families) that were specialized in military affairs in the Kofun (tumulus) and Asuka periods, which were before the establishment of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes.
- 時代的にいえば、武士と言える存在は平安時代中期の10世紀(国風文化の成立期)に登場する。
- In terms of the eras, those who are said to have been bushi appeared during the formative period of the Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) in the middle of the Heian period of the tenth century.
- しかし、武士の間では平氏からの恩賞給与に対する不満が多かれ少なかれ存在していたとされる。
- However, many samurai were more or less discontent with reward grants given by the Taira clan.
- 明治以降の皇室典範では譲位を認めていないため、現在に至るまで太上天皇の制度は存在しない。
- Because the Imperial House Acts after the Meiji period do not admit transfer of the throne, the rule of Daijo Emperor does not exist until the present time.
- 綾部藩(あやべはん)は、丹波国(現在の京都府綾部市青野町、または同本宮町)に存在した藩。
- The Ayabe Domain existed in Tanba Province (Aono cho or Hongu cho, Ayabe City, Kyoto Prefecture in the present day).
- 日本の皇位継承を概観すると、歴史上、女帝は幾人かいたが、いずれも中継としての存在である。
- In general view of Japanese Imperial succession, there have been some Empresses, however, they all succeeded to the throne temporarily.
- 「王」(国王・郡王など)は、皇帝の下で一地域・一民族の君主であるにとどまる存在であった。
- Kings' (and Guno, a second highest rank of the court rank in China) existed as monarchs in reign of one region/one race under the emperor.
- 鉄剣が作られた頃はそのような天皇(大王)の存在は系図上確立されていなかったことを物語る。
- It implied that the existence of such emperors (kings) wasn't established in the genealogy when the iron sword was made.
- 五辻宮(いつつじのみや)は鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 のころまで存在していた宮家の一つ。
- The Itsutsujinomiya family is one of the households of Imperial princes that existed in the late Kamakura Period to the early Southern and Northern Court period.
- 吉野川の源流に近い山奥、大迫ダムのほとりに2軒の旅館「山鳩湯」、公営の「五色湯」が存在。
- There are two Japanese-style inns, one is `Yamabatoyu hot spring,' the other is publicly-owned `Goshikiyu hot spring,' on the banks of Osako dam, deep in mountains close to the headstream of Yoshino-gawa River.
- 六条河原(ろくじょうがわら)は、京都市内を流れる鴨川 (淀川水系)の河原に存在した刑場。
- Rokujo-gawara was used as an execution ground and located on the riverside of Kamogawa river (Yodogawa river system) running in Kyoto City.
- 周囲はおよそ1.5キロメートル、面積はおよそ9ヘクタールで、中央には浮島が存在している。
- The circumference and area of Midoroga-ike Pond are approximately 1.5 km and 9 hectares, respectively, with a floating island present at its center.
- これらは昭和6年の町名成立時において当該区域が農地等で、人家が存在しなかったものである。
- They were farmlands without houses when they were established in 1931.
- このうち、「川田欠ノ上」は、まとまった町域でなく、地区内の数か所に飛地状に存在している。
- Among them, 'Kawata Kakenoue' town consists of some detached places and not a unified town.
- 華族(かぞく)とは、1869年から1947年まで存在した日本近代の貴族階級のことである。
- Kazoku indicates the noble class that existed in modern Japan from 1869 to 1947.
- 評定所(ひょうじょうしょ)は、近代以前に訴訟を扱った機関およびそれが存在した場所のこと。
- The Hyojosho is an institution that handled lawsuits before modern times, or the place where such institution was located.
- 景初四年(年号は正始_(魏)に変わり存在しないが西暦240年を指す。)三角縁盤龍鏡2面。
- Two Sankakubuchi Banryu Mirrors in 240 (4th Year of Jingchu [the name of an era had changed and it no longer exists but it is 240 in Western calendar system]).
- また、隋書などにおいても、倭国は珍物が多く、高句麗や新羅を従えていたとの記述が存在する。
- Additionally, in the Zuisho (Book of the Sui Dynasty), there were reports confirming Wakoku's (ancient Japan) affluence and possession of rare goods following the conquest of Goguryeo and Silla.
- なお、海保嶺夫(1943年 -)は中世津軽地方の豪族安東氏を俘囚長と同様の存在としている。
- Incidentally, Mineo KAIHO (1943 -) insists that the Ando clan, the Gozoku (local ruling family) in the Tsugaru region in the Medieval period, were ranked at a position equal to a chief of the Fushu.
- 神田の起源は明らかとされていないが、大化(646年ごろ)以前から存在したと考えられている。
- The origins of Shinden are not clearly known, but Shinden are believed to have already existed before 646.
- 大学寮という公的機関を巡る氏族対立の副産物のような存在で、貴族政治の台頭を背景としていた。
- It seems they emerged from conflicts among clans about Daigakuryo, a public institution in the background of the rise of aristocracy.
- しかし、平安時代になると公地公民は崩れ、荘園と呼ばれる私有地の存在が認められるようになる。
- But starting in the Heian period, the system of complete state ownership of all land (and subjects) crumbled, and the state began to recognize as legitimate the existence of private estates, which were called 'shoen.'
- 鎌倉時代に書かれた『本朝書籍目録』には全1巻であることが記されているが、原本は存在しない。
- 'Honchoshojaku mokuroku' (the oldest list of Japanese books in existence written during the Kamakura period) states that the note was in one volume, but the original doesn't exist.
- 初期の検地では統一した書式による検地帳が存在しなかった(例えば、村切の未確立の問題など)。
- At an early stage of kenchi, there was no standardized form of kenchi-cho, because there existed some policies yet to be implemented, such as 'muragiri' (the formation of cultivated land done per village through kenchi during the early modern ages of Japan, which reorganized the complicated rights on land in medieval Japan).
- これらのことから、当時北陸地方・東北地方に南朝方武将の擁立する「朝廷」が存在したとされる。
- Based on these historical sources, the Imperial Court is deemed to have existed in the present Hokuriku and Tohoku Regions at that time, which was backed up by the warlords taking the side of the Southern Court.
- 当然、一つの地域にまとまって免田が存在しているわけではなく、各地に散在している状態だった。
- As a result, Menden did not exist together in one region but were scattered throughout the region.
- 任命された受領の俸禄の一部とする説と受領が徴収した租税などの収入の一部とする説が存在する。
- One theory argues that a portion of the salary of an appointed zuryo was granted, while another theory states that a part of the income from such sources as taxes collected by zuryo was granted.
- 1500年以前に存在した他の君主家で、今日なお君臨し続けているものは、世界のどこにもない。
- Monarch families which existed more than 1,500 years ago in the world are all extinct today.
- 世界恐慌の後、五・一五事件、二・二六事件を踏まえ、軍部が擡頭し天皇の存在を大きく利用する。
- After the Great Depression, based on the May 15th and February 20th Incidents, the military gained power and greatly utilized the existence of the Emperor.
- 一方、守良親王の実子も「五辻宮」を名乗り、同時期に同名の2つの「五辻宮家」が存在していた。
- In the meantime, Imperial Prince Moriyoshi and his biological son also called themselves 'Itsutsujinomiya,' there were two 'Itsutsuji nomiya families' at the same time.
- また、この時既に善統親王は84歳であり、「若宮」と呼ぶべき実子の存在を疑問視する説もある。
- On this occasion, however, Imperial Prince Yoshimune was already 84 years old, and therefore some are skeptical about the hypothesis that he had a biological son called 'Wakamiya' (a young imperial prince).
- 「葭島」を冠称する町は、京阪電鉄中書島駅付近と、京都競馬場付近の2か所に分かれて存在する。
- The towns prefixing the name 'Yoshijima' separately exist in two locations, i.e., the area around Keihan Electric Railway Chushojima Station and the area around Kyoto Race Course.
- 鎌倉時代は北条氏の被官的存在だったが、希望より六代後の希世・希秀兄弟が後醍醐天皇に仕えた。
- The Kira clan was hikan (low-level bureaucrat) to serve the Gohojo clan during the Kamakura period, but Mareyoshi and Marehide, who were the brothers of the sixth generation after Maremochi, served the Emperor Godaigo.
- この秦氏の氏寺的な存在が右京区の広隆寺で、祭祀が行われたのが松尾大社であると言われている。
- It is said that the Koryu-ji Temple acted almost as if it had been their uji-dera (clan temple), and that the Matsuo-taisha Shrine held rituals for the clan.
- 猶子(ゆうし)とは、明治以前において存在した他人の子供を自分の子として親子関係を結ぶこと。
- Yushi is a system that existed prior to the Meiji period to establish a parent-child relationship with a child who was not kin.
- 前項に示したような実際の寺院の概観において、その朝鮮寺が属する宗派による違いは存在しない。
- The actual overview of temple mentioned above doesn't vary according to any religious school that a Korean Temple belongs to.
- 嵯峨に皇太子とすべき皇子がいないこともあったが、やはり大伴の権威と存在感を尊重したのである。
- Although Saga did not have any sons to select as Crown Prince anyway, it was a measure to respect the authority and existence of Otomo.
- 渡辺津(わたなべ・の・つ)は、摂津国の旧淀川河口近くに存在した、瀬戸内海沿岸で最大級の港湾。
- Watanabe no tsu, one of the biggest seaports on the coast of Seto Inland Sea, used to be located near the river mouth of the Kyu-Yodo-gawa River (former Yodo-gawa River) in the Settsu Province.
- これらの初期荘園には荘民が存在せず、耕作労働力は周辺の班田農民に対する賃租が一般的であった。
- In general, nobody lived in the Shoki Shoen, so farmers from neighboring handen (allotted farmlands) worked the fields by renting them under the Ritsuryo system.
- 政府や軍の活動に対する世論の批判を抑える目的として天皇の存在は大きく利用されることとなった。
- The existence of the Emperor was greatly used as a means to suppress criticism by public opinion against the government and the military.
- もう一つは近江令不存在説で、天智天皇が近江令を制定したという話がこの時代に創作されたとする。
- Another pillar is the Omi-Ryo nonexistence Hypothesis, which argues that a story that Emperor Tenchi instituted Omi-Ryo was created during this period.
- 区内には「嵐山南松尾山」「御陵南谷」のように、末尾に「町」字を付さない町名が一部に存在する。
- There are some towns which have no letter of '町' (read as 'cho', meaning town) as a suffix, such as 'Arashiyama Minami Matsuoyama' and 'Goryo Minamitani.'
- 区内には「大宮秋葉山」「西賀茂船山」のように、末尾に「町」字を付さない町名が一部に存在する。
- There are some towns which have no letter of '町' (read as 'cho,' meaning town) as a suffix, such as 'Omiya Akibasan' and 'Nishigamo Funayama.'
- なお、小田部雄次の推計によると、創設から廃止までの間に存在した華族の総数は1011家である。
- According to Yuji OTABE, there were totally 1011kazoku class families while the system existed.
- なお、勧修寺流の中に勧修寺家も存在するが、嫡流とされている家は吉田家→甘露寺家の流れである。
- The Kajuji family exists as part of the Kajuji/Kanjuji ryu, but following the lineage of the eldest son leads to the Yoshida family which later became the Kanroji family.
- 市内の一部の小学校などでは総合的な学習の時間の一環として、藍染め体験をさせる学校も存在する。
- There are some elementary schools in the city which offer opportunities to experience indigo dyeing and part of the overall educational curriculum.
- 京阪沿線・近鉄沿線・地下鉄沿線では商店街や大型店が存在し、おおむね活況を呈しているといえる。
- In regions along the Keihan Line, Kintetsu Line, and subway, streets are lined with stores and large retailers which create a lively atmosphere.
- また、北白川には花の行商を生業とする白川女が存在していたが、現在は存続していない模様である。
- Shirakawame, who were specifically engaged in peddling flowers, existed in Kita Shirakawa, but it is likely that they do not exist anymore.
- 「半文明国」に分類されると、主権の存在は認められるものの、その国家主権には制限が設けられる。
- If any countries was classified to 'semi-civilized nation,' existence of sovereignty was approved but certain restrictions were applied to such national sovereignty.
- この記述から、この時代には既に蝦夷の存在と、その統治が進んでいた様子を窺い知ることが出来る。
- From this description, we can see that the Emishi/Ezo (northerners and northeasterners) were already living there at that time, and their subjugation was being undertaken.
- 承平 (日本)元年(931年)には神願寺(神護寺の旧称)名義の荘園・秋篠荘の存在が確認できる。
- It has been established that, in 931, there existed Akishinosho, a shoen (manor) owned under the name of Jingan-ji Temple (former name of Jingo-ji Temple).
- しかしこの時期の武士はまた、自らも田堵負名として軍人としての経済基盤を保証される存在であった。
- However, samurai in this period were also tato or fumyo who were guaranteed an economical base as a solder.
- 1817年に光格天皇が仁孝天皇に譲位して太上天皇になったのを最後に、太上天皇は存在していない。
- In 1817, after Emperor Kokaku handed over the throne to Emperor Ninko to become the Daijo Tenno for the last time, there existed no Daijo Emperor.
- 母親の身分が高くなかったことも関係して、数多くいた天武天皇の皇子の中では影の薄い存在であった。
- He was not distinguished among many of princes of the Emperor Tenmu, partially due to his mother's relatively low rank.
- 区内には「修学院音羽谷」「松ケ崎東山」のように、末尾に「町」字を付さない町名が一部に存在する。
- There are some towns which have no letter of '町' (read as 'cho,' meaning town) as a suffix, such as 'Shugakuin Otowadani' and 'Matsugasaki Higashiyama.'
- 11世紀半ば、陸奥国には安倍氏 (奥州)、出羽国には出羽清原氏という強力な豪族が存在していた。
- During the middle of the eleventh century, two powerful families existed in the area; the Abe clan (Oshu [Mutsu province]) ruled Mutsu Province, and the Dewa Kiyohara clan ruled Dewa Province.
- 移転先に形成された地区はその後同和対策事業の対象地区とされ、現在も同和地区として存在している。
- The area formed after the relocation was subsequently assigned as a target area for antidiscrimination measures, and currently still exists as Dowa chiku (a designated area where Buraku people live).
- しかし、周囲に敵たる勢力は存在せず、長宗我部氏の四国統一戦までほぼ領主の顔ぶれは替わらなかった。
- However, as there was no power in the enemies in the neighboring areas and the lineup of feudal lords did not change until the war to unify Shikoku by the Chosokabe clan occurred.
- しかし、領地(領主の直轄地)のみから成る荘園や、自由農民の保有地のみから成る荘園も存在していた。
- However, there existed shoens which consisted only of the land (the land directly controlled by the lords) or shoens which consisted only of the lands owned by free farmers.
- 当時の木綿は高級生地であったため、これらから得た利益が彼らを豪商と呼ばれる存在へと高めていった。
- As cotton at that time was regarded as a high-class cloth, the profit made from the cotton business improved their status so much that they were called wealthy merchants.
- 伊勢商人として、最も代表的な存在は江戸に呉服店越後屋を出店し三井家の基礎を作った三井高利である。
- The most representative person among the Ise shonin was Takatoshi MITSUI, who opened the kimono shop (draper) Echigoya in Edo and laid the foundation of the Mitsui Family.
- 大陸との貿易の推進を図る義満にとっても朝鮮と強いつながりを持つ義弘の存在は目障りなものになった。
- To Yoshimitsu, who was trying to plan how to proceed in forging trade links with mainland Asia, the existence of someone like Yoshihiro, possessing as he did such a strong bond with Korea, must have been quite obtrusive.
- 従って、菅原清公兄弟の時代には別箇に学問料の支給を必要とする事情が存在しなかったと見られている。
- Therefore, it is considered that there was no need to grant Gakumonryo separately during the era of the brothers of SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi.
- 室町幕府の将軍による執奏は「奏聞」「申入」「口入」など記録によっていくつもの表記が存在している。
- As a description of bukeshisso, it is written, depending on the record, in several different ways such as 'somon' (reporting to the Emperor), 'moshiire' (making a proposal to the Emperor) and 'kuchiire' (mediating two parties).
- 更に本所が持つ荘園内での職の地位や本所自身の現地及び中央に対する影響力も荘園ごとに差が存在した。
- The honjo's statuses as shiki in the Shoen and their influences over their own regions and the central government varied with each Shoen.
- 持統天皇10年(696年)高市皇子薨去に伴い天武天皇諸皇子中最年長となり皇族の代表的存在となる。
- As the Prince Takechi passed away in 696, the Prince Osakabe became the oldest prince among the princes of the Emperor Tenmu, and became a representative figure in the Imperial Family.
- ただし、2007年9月時点で日本には女王 (皇族) は存在するものの、王は一人も出生していない。
- As of September, 2007, there were queens (of imperial family), but no kings in Japan.
- 相模国にも内藤姓を名乗った一族が存在し(相模内藤氏)、この内藤氏も秀郷流を称するが定かではない。
- A family (the Sagami-Naito clan) which claimed to be of Naito clan and also identified itself as the Hidesato group existed in Sagami Province, but the origin of this family is uncertain.
- また、20世紀後半に有力化した近江令不存在説にもとづけば、不改常典を近江令とする説は否定される。
- The Omi-Ryo nonexistent theory that has become influential in the latter part of the 20th century denies the theory that identifies Omi-Ryo with Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.
- 王子には源彦善がいるが、四辻宮尊雅王及びその子源善成が実は忠房親王の王子であるとの説も存在する。
- He had a prince, MINAMOTO no Hikoyoshi, but another theory suggests that Prince Yotsutsujinomiya Songa and his son, MINAMOTO no Yoshinari, were actually the princes of Imperial Prince Tadafusa.
- 当時幕府の実権は執権の北条氏(中心は得宗家)が握っており、鎌倉将軍は名目的な存在に過ぎなかった。
- It was the Hojo clan (mainly the Tokuso family), a Shikken (shogunal regent) who took the real control of the bakufu then; the Shogun of Kamakura bakufu was just nominal.
- 温泉地としての歴史は、大正時代から温泉旅館の嵐峡館などをはじめ、2-3件の温泉宿が存在している。
- Its history as a hot spring dates back to the Taisho period, when a few hot spring hotels including Rankyokan existed.
- 町組は近隣の町の連合体、自治組織であり、その起源は判然としないが、室町時代には存在が確認される。
- Chogumi was an union of neighboring towns and a self-governing organization, and although its origin is unclear, its existence can be confirmed already in the Muromachi period.
- 区内には「鳴滝宇多野谷」「梅ケ畑向井山」のように、末尾に「町」字を付さない町名が一部に存在する。
- There are some towns which do not have the letters 'cho' (which means town) as a suffix such as 'Narutaki Uda no tani' and 'Umegahata Mukoyama.'
- これらは、山間部などで、昭和6年の町名成立時において当該区域内に人家が存在しなかったものである。
- These are the towns in the mountain areas where no one was living when Yamashinacho Town was established in 1931.
- These were mountainous regions where is uninhabited when the Ukyo town was established in 1931.
- These were mountainous areas inhabited when the town's names were established in 1931.
- The reason is that when these towns were named in 1931, there were no houses since they were located in the mountainous regions.
- 他にも勧修寺流藤原氏が同様の家柄であったとされ、天皇家や摂関家などにも同様の機能が存在していた。
- In addition to these examples, the Kajuji line of the Fujiwara clan is thought to have come from the same high pedigree as them, and the same feature of diary-writing appears in the Imperial House as well as in the Sekkanke (the house of regents and advisors).
- 皇位継承の儀式については、登極令(明治42年皇室令第1号)の廃止に伴い法律上の規定が存在しない。
- In terms of the ceremony for Imperial succession, there are no Lawful regulations, after the abolishment of the Regulations Governing the Accession to the Throne. (No.1 of Imperial Family Regulation in Meiji 42)
- そしてさらに事態を複雑にしたのは、ライス・クリスチャン(キリスト教会の飯を食う者)の存在である。
- The presence of rice Christians (people who ate church meals) further complicated this situation.
- そのため、もはや印文がごちゃごちゃとして読めないという、印としては形骸化した存在となっていった。
- Kujo seals lost their original function as a seal since the words and symbols engraved on them could not be easily read anymore.
- 座(ざ)は、平安時代から戦国時代 (日本)まで存在した主に商工業者や芸能者による同業者組合のこと。
- The za, established mainly by merchants, manufacturers and entertainers, refers to the guilds that existed from the Heian period to the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- 常置の国家正規軍は存在しておらず、必要のあるときのみ、臨時の正規軍が編成される仕組みとなっていた。
- There was no permanent national military force, and a temporary force was formed when necessary.
- 小森家は六位蔵人を兼ねたため、典薬頭であっても実際の天皇の拝診には携わらない事務職的存在となった。
- But because the Komori family at that time were only Rokui no Kurodo (Chamberlain of Sixth Rank), even as the Tenyaku no kami (the head of Tenyakuryo) they were too low-ranked to take part in the actual medical examinations given to the Emperor, meaning their job was limited to more clerical and administrative duties.
- だが「皇位についていない人間に皇号を贈る例」は後高倉院や後崇光院という先例がちゃんと存在している。
- However, 'a case for giving an imperial title to a person who had not ascended to the imperial throne' existed before this one, such as Gotakakurain or Gosukoin.
- かつて日本には花粉症は存在しないといわれていたが、1961年に荒木英斉がブタクサ花粉症を報告した。
- It is said that hay fever did not use to exist in Japan but Hidenari ARAKI reported ragweed pollen hay fever in 1961.
- 古代において何代にもわたっては博士を職を継承しながら断絶した家系が存在するのはそうした事情による。
- That was the reason why in ancient times there were such family lines that had succeeded to the position of the hakase for generations, but failed in the end.
- 初期荘園においては、荘園領主直属の奴婢や他郷から流入してきた浮浪を例外として荘民は存在しなかった。
- In shoen of the earlier period, there were not people who were categorized as shomin, except slaves who directly belonged to the shoen owners or vagabonds who drifted from other provinces.
- なお、寛平・延喜の政策を、律令回帰ではなく土地中心体制への転換準備期と位置づける有力説も存在する。
- There is also another widely accepted theory alleging that the policies in Kanpyo and Engi era were not attempts to return to the Ritsuryo system but preparation for the shift towards the system based on land.
- 石井進の国衙軍制論の図にある地方豪族軍の左衛門大夫平惟基、前上総介平忠常らはそうした存在であった。
- TAIRA no Koremoto with the title of Saemon no taifu (Master of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), and TAIRA no Tadatsune with the title of former Kazusa no suke (Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province) held on to such an existence in the diagram of the kokuga forces system of Susumu ISHII.
- 勅旨田は、8世紀後期から存在していたが、本格的に設定されたのは9世紀第2四半期に入ってからである。
- Chokushiden had been in existence since the latter half of the eighth century, and its establishment was enhanced in the second quarter of the ninth century.
- 福知山市の消防団は地域ごとに6つのブロック分けがなされており、その中に計29の分団が存在している。
- The fire department in Fukuchiyama City is divided into six blocks according to the area, and has twenty-nine subgroups in total.
- しかし宅地開発が進む中、この地層の存在は危うくなっており京都府レッドデータブックに登録されている。
- However as housing land development moves ahead, the existence of this Layer is threatened, and is listed in the Red Data Book of Kyoto Prefecture.
- しかし、二年後の1867年、浦上村の信徒たちが仏式の葬儀を拒否したことで信徒の存在が明るみに出た。
- Two years later in 1867, however, Christians of Urakami village refused the Buddhist funeral, thereby bringing them to light.
- その一方で農村部では各地に存在した荘園は戦国大名や国人領主による押領の対象となり、荘園制は解体する。
- On the other hand, in agricultural community areas, shoen (manor in medieval Japan) existed in various districts became objects of seizure by sengoku daimyo and kokujin ryoshu and the shoen system was broken down.
- これは天皇が法を超越した存在と考えられていた結果であって、天皇の政治的重要性と矛盾するものではない。
- This is due to the fact that the Emperor was considered to be above the law, and therefore, is not contradictory to the political significance of the Emperor.
- その内容に大きく異同があるため「十巻本」「二十巻本」として区別され、それぞれの系統の写本が存在する。
- Because their contents are largely different with each other, each of them is called a '10-volume book' or a '20-volume book' for differentiation, and copies of each book remain.
- まず輸送部門に関しては、はじめは廻船を差配する廻船問屋という稼業が酒屋とは別個に存在し営業していた。
- First, concerning the transportation sector, Kaisen donya (wholesaler in port), not sakaya, controlled cargo-vessels initially.
- ここで頼朝政権内部の状況にも目を向けると、平広常ら有力関東武士層には東国独立論が根強く存在していた。
- At this point, taking a look at the inside of the Yoritomo government, an argument about the independence of the Togoku region deeply rooted among the influential Kanto Samurai, such as TAIRA no Hirotsune.
- 1947年(昭和22年)10月14日の旧11宮家皇籍離脱以降、王妃の身位に該当する皇族は存在しない。
- Since the secession from the Imperial Family of eleven of old Miyake (a house of an imperial prince) on October 14, 1947, there exists no Imperial Fmily who correspond to the Imperial Family standing of Princess.
- 織田信長、豊臣秀吉も天皇の存在や権威を否定せず、政治に利用することによって自らの権威を高めていった。
- Neither Nobunaga ODA nor Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI denied the existence and authority of the Emperor and by using the Emperors in their politics, they strengthened their own authority.
- ヤマト王権では推古朝の頃には馬を管理する官職が存在しており、畿内の有力豪族により馬産が行われていた。
- In the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) at the Reign of Empress Suiko, the government post to manage the horses already existed, a powerful clan produced horses in and around the capital.
- 神社が今も存在することから、一族が絶えたのが間違いなのか、円目王と妻の子孫が殖え、奉祭したのか不明。
- Since the shrine still exist today, it is unknown whether if it was a mistake that the family has died out, or if the descendants of Tsuburameo and his wife has expanded and worshipped Hijiki no kami.
- 日本と異なり、中国の場合は称制する者(母后)と別に正統の君主(幼君)が同時に存在しなければならない。
- In China the structure was different from Japan, there should have been the Empress who ruled the actual Shosei while the legitimate monarch (young emperor) existed at the same time.
- 国事行為だけでなく宮中祭祀である国の安泰を祈願する四方拝等「祈り」を行う存在としての天皇も意義深い。
- The Emperor is significant not only for his constitutional functions, but also for the existence as the one that holds 'inori' (prayer) in Shihohai, which is a court ritual held to pray for the welfare of the country, etc.
- その天皇自身が男か女かという性別とは関係がなく、概念上女系男性天皇と女系女性天皇の両方が存在しうる。
- Regardless of the gender of the Emperor, both female-line male Emperor and female-line female Emperor can conceptually exist.
- 存在説をとる場合でも、近江令は律令制整備の長い道程の中の一段階とみなされようになり、重要度が減じた。
- Even those who supported the Omi-Ryo existence theory began to regard Omi-Ryo as one phase of the long procedure to consolidate the Ritsuryo system, and the code became considered less important.
- 神聖な場所とされるが故に、たいへん穢れを嫌い、例えば「次清」の別などの厳格な規律が存在するとされる。
- It is said that they have very strict rules such as a distinction between 'tsugi' (uncleanness) and 'kiyo' (cleanness) because this place is respected as a sanctuary which should avoid any impurity.
- 実際、政家によって近江八景が成立したとなると、室町時代に制作された近江八景図の遺例が存在してもよい。
- Actually, if Masaie had established Omihakkei, some historic evidence of Omihakkei drawings produced in the Muromachi period should have existed.
- 古墳時代には竹野川流域を中心に繁栄しており、独自の王国が存在したとする説もある(丹後王国論を参照)。
- Some believe that during the Kofun period the province prospered along the Takeno-gawa River and had its own kingdom (see also 'Tango Kingdom Hypothesis').
- 政元にとってはこうした守旧派の守護達よりも新しく台頭した一揆勢力の方が信頼が置ける存在と考えていた。
- Masamoto thought that he could believe rather the newly emerging Ikko followers than the old-guard provincial military governors.
- これによって蝦夷・隼人は「化外」の民として「化内」の民である王民からは蔑視・排除される存在とされた。
- Because of this, Emishi and Hayato were thought to be barbarians by the 'inland' people; they were despised and excluded by the people under the Emperor's rule.
- そこには日本や西欧と同質の差別的視線を共有することで、同等の存在になりたいという願望が透けて見える。
- This also reveals their desire to be equal to Japan and Western European countries by sharing a discriminatory view point of the same nature.
- 殷代には封建された国とは別に方国という国が存在しており、これらを外様あるいは異民族の国とする説がある。
- According to one theory, in the Yin period, there was another type of country called Fangguo apart from the granted countries, and these were the countries of foreigners or different races.
- 春日大社は藤原氏の氏社として知られ、明治維新以前は隣接する同氏の氏寺である興福寺と一体の存在であった。
- Kasuga-taisha Shrine is known as the Fujiwara clan's 'Uji-sha Shrine'(shrine built for praying clan's glory), and before the Meiji Restoration, it was closely linked with the neighboring Kofuku-ji Temple, which was the Fujiwara clan's 'Uji-dera Temple' (temple built for praying clan's glory).
- これにより北朝(持明院統)と南朝(大覚寺統)の2つの王朝が同時に存在する日本史上未曾有の事態となった。
- Because of this, it caused two Imperial lines to emerge during the same period, the Northern Court (the Jimyoin Imperial line) and the Southern Court (Daikakuji Imperial line), which was unprecedented in the Japanese history.
- 産業用水や、近隣府県約1400万人の飲用水の源として重要であり、また観光資源としてもその存在は大きい。
- The lake is important as sources for industrial water and drinking water for 14 million people living in neighboringprefectures and as tourism resources.
- 近隣には古河公方と親密な結城氏、千葉氏の勢力が存在し、真里谷氏はその下風に立たざるを得なくなっていた。
- However, as there were influential families nearby, such as the Yuki clan, the Chiba clan, both of which had close relationship with Koga-kubo, the Mariya clan had no choice but to fall under the sway of their influence.
- また、韓国のように、比較的経済が発展しているにも関わらず、欠食児童が社会問題となっている国も存在する。
- And, there is a country like Korea where even if the economy has relatively grown, the poorly-fed children becomes a social problem.
- 瀬戸内海はまだ存在しておらず、本州、四国、九州、種子島、屋久島、対馬列島は一つの大きな島となっていた。
- The Seto Inland Sea didn't exist yet and Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Tanegashima Island, Yakushima Island, and Tsushima Island were connected and existed as one big island.
- 原型は豊臣政権時代に存在し、城米奉行(じょうまいぶぎょう)が置かれて福島正則・毛利高政らが任命された。
- A prototype existed in the Toyotomi government era, where a position of jomai bugyo (a magistrate of administering the annual rice tax) was created and Masanori FUKUSHIMA and Takamasa MOURI were appointed.
- その後も公的証明に印が使われなかったわけではなく、南宋からの渡日僧が用いた「号印」という印が存在する。
- Even after that, there was 'Goin' (the seal of pseudonym) used by the Buddhist monks who came to Japan from the Southern Sung Dynasty to Japan, which proves that seals did not stop being used to prove official status.
- また、信康の首塚は若宮八幡宮(岡崎市)(信長死去までは菅生八幡宮)に存在し、祭神として合祀されている。
- Moreover, the tomb of Nobuyasu's head is in Wakamiya Hachimangu Shrine in Okazaki City, (formerly known as Sugao Hachimangu until Nobunaga's death) and it is enshrined together as a deity.
- またソウル大学教授の李栄薫などによる、日本の統治が近代化を促進したと主張する植民地近代化論も存在する。
- Furthermore, there is the colony modernization theory by Lee Yong-hoon, a professor at Seoul University, and others, arguing that the Japanese rule promoted modernization.
- また原が衆議院に議席を有する現役衆議院議員の初の首相であったことから政党内閣として画期的存在とされた。
- It was an epoch-making party cabinet in the regard that Hara was the first prime minister who was an incumbent member of the House of Representative.
- その後、北条氏得宗による訴訟権限の掌握によって、判決に対する異議申立機関である越訴方の存在は疎外される。
- Then, the ossokata, an institution to handle adverse claims to a judicial decision, was excluded when the Hojo clan Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan) seized the lawsuit authority.
- また、相互に一揆の盟約を結んで団結して、領主の支配に対して大きな抵抗力を持つ存在ともなっていたのである。
- They also possessed a large quantity of arms, and multiple soson were united to form an ikki league which would resist the lord of the land.
- その他に旗~鉄砲組~長柄組~弓組~士大将~騎馬隊~小荷駄の例もある(後者から弓組を除いた備も存在する)。
- In addition, there was an example of banner, teppo gumi, nagae gumi, yumi gumi, samurai daisho, cavalry and konida (there also existed sonae in which the yumi gumi was omitted from the latter).
- 大兄皇子と敬称されたとしても、絶対的にその地位を保証するものではなく、同時に複数名存在することもあった。
- Even if he is called Oenomiko, his position is not guaranteed absolutely, and there may be several princes called Oenomiko.
- しかしながら、本人一代限りの華族である「終身華族」と、子孫も華族となる「永代華族」の二つが存在していた。
- However, in fact there were two kinds of kazoku; 'Shushin kazoku' (one-generation kazoku) lost the kazoku status at the death of their family heads who had been practically given the title; and 'Eidai kazoku' (permanent kazoku) could keep the kazoku status for generations.
- それを目的に中国を訪れた冊封あるいは朝貢使節の存在は、中国皇帝の徳が遠くの「夷狄」に及んだ証左とされた。
- Existence of envoys for sakuho or choko was recognized as the proof of emperor's virtue influencing 'iteki.'
- 江戸幕府が全国支配を確立して、幕府による法の支配が確立されるまでこうした慣習は存在していたとされている。
- It was recognized that these customs had existed until the Edo bakufu established the system and law to rule the whole Japan.
- 両者の対立、殊に硬派の存在は政府に危険視され、結党から1年で治安警察法違反による結社禁止命令が下される。
- Conflict between the said two groups, especially the existence of the hard-liners, was regarded as dangerous by the government, and the prohibition order against association was issued on a charge of infringement against the Security Police Law, one year after the establishment of the party.
- ちなみに、そういった後世の状況の中にあっても、はっきりこの歌の「君」が天子である、とする注釈書も存在する。
- By the way, even under such situations, there was a commentary that definitely concluded that 'kimi' in this waka was the emperor.
- これに対して平安時代後期から登場したのが、正室を母とする嫡男によって代々継承されるという後者の存在である。
- But the latter system, which came into existence in the late Heian period, let chakunan of legal wives take over as ujinochoja from generation to generation.
- 執政期間は不明であるがもし長期間に及んだものであれば中継ぎとはいえ本格的に女帝に近い存在だったといえよう。
- Her administration period is not known, but if it lasted for a long time she is said to have almost been an authentic Empress though a relay successor.
- だが、第9代開化天皇以前は、考古学的に見て後世になって築造された古墳か、自然丘陵のいずれかが存在している。
- However, burial mounds for Kaika, the ninth emperor, and earlier are either burial mounds that are likely to have been built in later periods from an archaeological viewpoint or natural hills.
- 道長が敦明親王を東宮として認めなかった、あるいは認めなくなかったという実証として、壺切の存在が挙げられる。
- As proof of the event that Michinaga did not accept or did not want to accept Imperial Prince Atsuakira as the Crown Prince, the existence of Tsubokiri is named.
- このうち13棟は、桜島起源の火山灰桜島桜島の地層に覆われていることから、同じ時に存在したものと推定できる。
- The thirteen out of fourty-six dwellings were covered within the Sakurajima Island's stratum, the volcanic ash originated in Sakurajima Island; therefore, it is assumed that they existed during the same time period.
- 日本でも平安時代初期、清和天皇の代に貞観 (日本)という元号があり、「貞観の治」と呼ばれる治世が存在した。
- In Japan, there used to be an era called 'Jogan' (Japan) during the reign of Emperor Seiwa in early Heian period, and a reign called 'Jogan no chi' (Glorious Jogan rule' was present.
- 崇神王朝、仁徳王朝、継体王朝の3王朝が存在した可能性は上記で記したとおりだが、それらについて詳しく述べる。
- The three dynasties of Sujin, Nintoku, and Keitai were possibly existed as previously mentioned, and details are described follows.
- そのため、非常に重用され、律令制が機能しなくなって以後も蔵人所の管轄下で一定の存在意義をもって活動していた。
- Therefore, it was extremely important and continued under the Kurodo dokoro (the institution where the Imperial archives were kept) with a certain degree of importance even after the Ritsuryo system stooped functioning.
- 江戸時代になると、身分や地域に問わず大衆的な金融手段として確立し、大規模化していく講も存在するようになった。
- During the Edo period, it was established as a popular means of financiing regardless of status or region, and some Ko establishments became large-scale.
- 安倍晴明は挿話に事欠かない陰陽道における伝説的存在であり、それゆえ陰陽道関係書の著者に仮託されることが多い。
- As ABE no Seimei, who appeared in many episodes, was a legendary figure in Onmyodo, he is often mentioned as the author of Onmyodo-related books.
- 但し、現在の千葉県には彼女が近江宮から落ち延び、この地で亡くなったとする伝説を伝える寺社仏閣が複数存在する。
- However, in present Chiba Prefecture, there are several of shrines and temples with the legend which Mimimotoji was believed to be dead in their premises after escaping from Omo no miya.
- 歴史学などの分野では日本固有の存在としての天皇を強調する意味でTennoやMikadoと呼ぶこともままある。
- In fields of history and others, there are some cases of mentioning Tenno or Mikado, to express Tenno as the being peculiar to Japan.
- 以上のような状況から、皇位継承候補者も複数存在することとなり、再び皇統の分裂-迭立-が見られるようになった。
- Due to the above, there were many candidates for Imperial succession, again, the separation of the Imperial line - sharing the Imperial throne - became apparent.
- 鎌倉には縄文・弥生時代の遺跡もあり、杉本寺、長谷寺、甘縄神明社のように創建を奈良時代と伝える社寺も存在する。
- Kamakura contains remains from the Jomon and Yayoi periods and shrines and temples--Sugimoto-dera Temple, Hase-dera Temple, and Amanawashinmei-sha Shrine--reported to have been established in the Nara period.
- また、先に帰国した武田氏安芸武田氏の武田元繁や出雲国の尼子経久らが大内領を侵略し、足元を脅かす存在となった。
- Further, Motoshige TAKEDA of the Aki-Takeda clan, a branch family of the Takeda clan, and Tsunehisa AMAGO in Izumo Province, etc., who had returned home earlier, invaded into the territory of Ouchi family, and they came to threaten the foothold of the family.
- また、ごく一部に東西あるいは南北の方向ではない、斜め方向の通りも存在する(たとえば河原町通の四条以南など)。
- A few streets do not run at a right angle from the north-south and east-west grid, such as Kawaramachi-dori Street, which extends from the south of Shijo.
- 松方財政以降、農村は慢性的な貧困状態に陥り、子どもの食事を十分に用意できない農家が多く存在することとなった。
- After the Matsukata Financial Policy, the life of farmers fell into chronic poverty and many farmers could not afford to provide meals for children.
- ※太字は府、末尾にXを付したものは廃藩置県当日(1871年(明治4年)7月14日 (旧暦))に存在した府県。
- * Prefectures in bold face are 'fu,' and those with X at the end are prefectures that were present on the very date of July 14, 1871, when Haihan-chiken was issued.
- 歌舞伎や浄瑠璃の一ジャンルとして「仇討狂言」という物が存在するほど、敵討を主題とした作品は広く支持されてきた。
- Works on the subject of Katakiuchi have been widely supported, so much so that there is a genre called 'Adauchi kyogen' (comic drama on Adauchi) in Kabuki and Joruri.
- 南北朝のせいで混乱はしたが、しかし一説に南朝が一時存在したからその後天皇が継続する力になったという指摘がある。
- Although the period of the Northern and Southern Courts was a time of confusion, a theory says that the existence of the Southern Court made it possible for successive Emperors to continue on while possessing authority.
- 厳密に言えば270年ほど前に日本には火薬は中国から輸入され原始的な鉄砲と呼ばれる銃は日本国内に存在はしていた。
- Strictly speaking, from around 270 years before that, Japan imported gunpowder from China and primitive guns called teppo (literally, an iron barrel) existed in Japan.
- 武家領には一般的な武士が持つ所領から、武家の棟梁である伊勢平氏・河内源氏が武家公権に由来する所領まで存在した。
- The bukeryo included from individual holdings owned by samurai (warriors) retainers to individual holdings owned by the Ise Heishi (a branch of the Taira clan) and the Kawachi Genji (a branch of the Minamoto family), each a chief of the warrior houses, based on their military authority.
- 朱雀期以降、律令制的人別支配を前提とする班田収授が実施されていないことなどが、この政策転回の存在を示している。
- This policy change was proven by the fact that the government ceased to conduct handen shuju (a system of periodic reallocations of rice land), whose premise was people-based governance under the Ritsuryo system, since the Suzaku era.
- また、皇族と親族である華族が死亡した際は服喪することも定められており、華族は皇室の最も近い存在として扱われた。
- It was also specified that, when kazoku who related to the Imperial family died, the Imperial family and some kazoku should went into mourning; kazoku were regarded as the people who had been keeping strong bonds with the Imperial family.
- ただし頼長と基之はそれ以前から備後、土佐の守護も併任されており、別に何らかの理由が存在した可能性が推測される。
- However some other possibilities are suspected as Yorinaga and Motoyuki appointed concurrently to the Shugo of Bingo and Tosa before taking the post.
- 官軍の証である錦旗の存在は士気を大いに鼓舞すると共に、賊軍の立場となった江戸幕府側に非常に大きな打撃を与えた。
- While the banner of the Imperial army helped boost the morale of the soldiers of its army very much, it gave a serious shock to the soldiers of the Edo shogunate's army, who came to feel that their army turned into the rebel army.
- 日本の文人については中国との社会制度の違いから、その定義が極めて難しく、厳密に言えばその存在を否定しかねない。
- It is very difficult to define Bunjin in Japan because of the difference in social system between China and Japan, and strictly speaking, its existence might be denied in Japan.
- また、北朝が優勢な期間が長く、最終的に北朝に統一されたことを重視して「北南朝時代」の用語を提唱する者も存在する。
- Moreover, there were also some who advocated changing the term to 'Hoku Southern period' to emphasize the fact that the Northern Court's period of predominance had been longer than the Southern Court's, and that in the end the Southern Court was unified into the Northern Court, not the other way around.
- このため怨恨ではない別の動機を求める説も支持されており、特に光秀以外の黒幕の存在を想定する説が多く行われている。
- Therefore, views that adopt other motive than resentment have also been supported and, especially, views that assume existence of a mastermind is strong.
- 院政の形態は存在しなくても律令政治初期の頃から、上皇が「天皇家の家父長」として天皇の保護者・後見者を担ってきた。
- Since the early days of government based on the ritsuryo legal codes, when cloistered government had not yet been formed, the retired emperor had taken the role of the emperor's protector and guardian upon himself as 'the patriarch of the emperor's family.'
- 絶対的存在としての仏や菩薩と、その化身である神という形を取ることにより、神仏の調和の理論的裏づけとしたのである。
- The harmonization of Shintoism and Buddhism might be theoretically supported by assuming that Buddha and bodhisattvas were the absolute beings, while deities were their incarnations.
- したがって、当初より、数種の絵巻が存在していて、それが模写・転写されて、今日に伝わっているものと考えられている。
- Therefore, it is considered that several kinds of picture scrolls originally existed and these have been passed down after being copied.
- 21世紀となった現在でも、日本各地(主に農村・漁村地域)に、無尽や頼母子、模合と呼ばれる会・組織が存在している。
- Even now, in the twenty-first century, gatherings and organizations called Mujin, Tanomoshi, or Moai exist in various places in Japan (mainly in the regions of farming and fishing villages).
- しかし室町幕府は朝鮮王朝と同格の存在であり、許可を受けなければならない立場にはなく、自由な通交が認められていた。
- Since the Muromachi bakufu was on an equal footing with the Yi-Dynasty, it need not be allowed to have diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty; therefore, the Muromachi bakufu was permitted to freely have diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty.
- 皇統の危機を救い、男系ではないものの、直系の血筋を後世に受け継がせた手白香皇女の存在は非常に大きかったといえる。
- The presence of Princess Tashiraka was strong, for it was she who saved the crisis of Imperial lineage, and although not in the male line, handed down the direct lineage.
- 諸芸に通じた才人であると同時に早世が多かった宇多天皇の皇子では唯一長命を保ち、内外から重んじられた存在であった。
- He was familiar with many arts and was respected by the people in and out of the court as he lived longer among the princes of Emperor Uda whose lives were rather short.
- 第10代崇神天皇以降は、多くの場合その陵墓の所在地には、考古学の年代観とさほど矛盾しない大規模な古墳が存在する。
- There are huge burial mounds consistent in appearance with the archaeological chronology at the locations of mausoleums built for Sujin, the tenth emperor, and later.
- 加えて、昭和中期までは墓所も存在していたため、余計にこうした島の位置づけ・性格が形成・定着していくこととなった。
- In addition, graves were located here until around the middle of the Showa period; this fact also helped place and form the status and characteristics of this island.
- また先に示した土器編年による区分の他、縄文時代を文化形式の側面から見て幾つかの時期に分類する方法も存在している。
- In addition to periodization based on the sequence of Jomon earthenware, another method of periodization uses different aspects of the Jomon culture to divide the Jomon period into several periods.
- 朝鮮半島では、長らく中原を治める天子を皇帝と仰ぎ、それが唯一「wikt皇」の文字を使用できる存在として見てきた。
- On the Korean Peninsula, people have traditionally admired the person who ruled Chugen (China) as emperor, and considered only that person qualified to use the term '皇' (emperor).
- (奏弾)宮中における特別警察的な存在であるが裁判権は他の機関と同じく、組織内部の軽罪を裁く程度しか持っていない。
- (Sodan) It was a kind of special force police unit in the Imperial Court, but as for jurisdiction, it just judged a misdemeanor in the organization as well as the other institutions.
- 戦国時代後期には地位も向上して足軽大将の家禄は、200石から500石程度で中級の武士として認められる存在になった。
- In the latter part of the Sengoku period, the intermediate samurai rank of ashigaru taisho (samurai in command of a troop ashigaru) came to be recognized and was awarded an annual stipend of between 200 and 500 koku.
- また、江戸時代には江戸幕府の支援で摂関家の勢力が再興されたが、あくまで名目としての存在で、実権は伴っていなかった。
- In the Edo period, the power of the regent's house was restored with the help of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), but it was only a nominal one, and not given any real power.
- 室町時代(むろまちじだい、1336年 - 1573年)は、室町幕府が存在した時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
- The Muromachi period (1336-1573) is a period of Japanese history spanning the length of time the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was in existence.
- また、峠の前後には百井峠、花脊峠という2つの500m級の峠を越え、途中に国道477号百井別れという難所も存在する。
- Besides, the Road runs through two 500-meter-high passes ahead and behind of the pass, Momoi-toge Pass and Hanase-toge Pass respectively, and it has a chokepoint, called National Route 477 Momoi-wakare curve, on the way.
- 園部町(そのべちょう)は、2005年12月31日まで京都府の中央部に存在した地方公共団体で、園部城の城下町である。
- Sonobe-cho is a municipality which existed in the central part of Kyoto Prefecture until December 31, 2005, and is a castle town of Sonobe-jo Castle.
- また、安田政彦はこの説を支持しつつも、源氏・在原氏と同様に中国古典からの出典も存在した可能性について指摘している。
- Masahiko YASUDA also supports this theory but makes the point that the name could also have come from the Chinese classics, as the names of Minamoto and Ariwara clans did.
- 海外では、アフリカを中心に多くの開発途上国で食糧不足の問題が深刻化しており、日本でいう欠食児童も多く存在している。
- In other countries, a deficiency of food became a serious problem in many developing countries mainly in Africa and children, a substantial number of so called 'Poorly-fed Children' in Japan, exist.
- これは23区が旧東京市に相当することに由来するもので、現在では23区を一体とし自治権を有する行政単位は存在しない。
- This derives its origin from the fact that the 23 boroughs are equal to the old City of Tokyo, but today there is no administrative unit having autonomy as a single unit over the 23 boroughs.
- のちに散位制度が形骸化すると存在意義が薄れ寛平八年(896年)式部省に併合され、以後散位の事務も式部省で行われた。
- Later the system of Sanni became a mere façade and lost the importance of existence, and in 896 it was incorporated in Shikibu-sho and after that the office work in Sanni was done in Shikibu-sho.
- 中世の武家社会においては後世ほど儒教の影響が強くなかったため、主君は家臣にとって必ずしも絶対的な存在ではなかった。
- In the samurai society of the medieval period, Confucianism was not so influential that vassals did not necessarily see their lord as all-important.
- 彼らは、生産基盤となる動産を集積し、安定経営を達成した富豪層の保護、隷属関係よって統率された存在に変質を遂げていた。
- Instead, they had already changed into the subordinates of wealthy peasants, who had hoarded movables necessary for farming and had achieved sustainable management.
- 軍事貴族である源頼信は、追討の成功により多くの板東武士と主従関係を結び、最初の「武家の棟梁」と呼びうる存在となった。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, a military noble, established master-servant relationships with many Bando Bushi (samurai in the eastern region) through the success of the searching and capturing activities, becoming the first person who could be called 'Buke no toryo' (the leader of samurai families).
- 明治時代以降は、町中で諸方面の商品を扱うよろずや的な要素を高めていき、人々の生活と切っても切り離せない存在となった。
- In the Meiji period and later, these sake retail shops came to be provided with general store-like factors, becoming a place inseparable from lives of the general public.
- これらの地域では1つの令制国において、伝統的な武士団から上昇してきた大名家が複数存在し、その領地関係も錯綜していた。
- Within these regions, more than one daimyo family developed from traditional samurai groups existed in a ryoseikoku (province) with complicated territorial relations.
- 文型としては宛所(宛先)と書止めがそれぞれ「某とのへ・也」とより丁寧な表現の「某殿・也、状如件」の2形式が存在した。
- There were two kinds of documentary forms, more specifically one which used respectful words in writing the name of the addressee and ending the letter, and a normal letter which did not use respectful words.
- 天皇は、氏姓を与える超越的な地位にあり、天皇に氏姓を与える上位存在がなかったため、天皇は氏姓を持たなかったのである。
- Tenno stood in a transcendent position so that no one existed above to grant Tenno a shisei, and that is why Tenno didn't have shisei.
- 上皇(治天の君)-天皇の形態は男系での皇位継承を非常に安定させる形態だったが、明治以降、上皇の存在は廃止されている。
- The retired Emperor (Chiten no kimi) - the form of the succession to the Emperor was in secure form and it was passed on by the male members of the Imperial family, however the position of the retired Emperor itself was abolished.
- そこで、天智が定め、歴代天皇が踏襲した重要法典ならば近江令に違いないと考えられたもので、精密な議論は存在しなかった。
- Therefore, everybody thought that there could be little doubt that such an important code instituted by Tenchi and followed by the successive emperors was nothing but Omi-Ryo, and there were no precise discussions.
- (ただし、後世においても例外的に実子が無かった場合に猶子を相続人にする例も存在したが、これは特例として考えられる。)
- (Though in later years there were some cases that a parent had no real child and Yushi became heir, they were regarded as exceptions.)
- 中央交渉会(ちゅうおうこうしょうかい)とは、明治時代に存在した院内会派(1892年4月23日-1893年3月1日)。
- The Central Negotiation Committee is parliamentary group (April 23, 1892 - March 1, 1893) during Meiji Period.
- 近江小室藩(おうみこむろはん)は、近江国浅井郡小室(現在の滋賀県長浜市小室町(旧:東浅井郡浅井町域))に存在した藩。
- The Omi Komuro Domain was a domain which existed in Komuro, Azai County, Omi Province (Present: Komuro-cho, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture [Previous: Azai-cho, Higashiazai County]).
- すると先の「盟約」やそれに関連する旧王朝要人の存在などが明るみに出たので、県庁に仔細報告の上、厳しい取調べを始めた。
- They found out about the covenant as well as the important persons of the former dynasty who were involved in it, and thus they reported the Prefectural Government about it and started conducting severe interrogations.
- 文化の担い手としての天皇や公家は、この戦乱の時代には、文化の相伝に存在意義を見出すことを強いられ、自らも見出していた。
- Emperors and court nobles as supporters of culture were forced to find their significance of existence in handing down culture and they themselves did so.
- 荘園の所有を巡る紛争が発生しても、それを裁定しうる機関が存在しないため、実力を有する者が支配するようになったのである。
- Even if the disputes over the ownership of shoens happened, there did not exist the authority which could settle them, and thus those who had the power came to govern the shoens.
- 伊勢商人は、元々、戦国時代 (日本)中期から日本に流入してきた木綿を全国に出歩いて行って売りさばいていた存在であった。
- Ise shonin were originally merchants who had gone around the whole country selling cotton imported to Japan since the mid Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan).
- 信憑性に欠けるこの説明から確実にわかるのは、都加留(津軽)が固有名をあげられるほどの有力集団として存在したことである。
- What can be said for sure from this description, which has no credibility, is that Tsugaru was a dominant group of the Emishi because its proper name was mentioned in the record.
- しかし、春嶽が会津藩祖・保科正之の「会津藩たるは将軍家を守護すべき存在」との家訓を引き合いに出したため、遂に承諾した。
- However, because Shungaku quoted the family precept that 'the Aizu clan is an entity which should protect the Shogun family' by Masayuki HOSHINA, the founder of the Aizu clan and, the clan's followers finally accepted.
- 大伴にも高志との間に恒世親王が生まれていたが、平城は大伴父子の存在を無視してあえて自分の皇子高岳親王を皇太子に立てた。
- Otomo had a son with Koshi called Imperial Prince Tsuneyo, but Heizei ignored the existence of the Otomo father and son and explicitly placed his son, Imperial Prince Takaoka as Crown prince.
- しかし、特に戦前では、不敬罪・治安維持法などの存在などから、皇室の権威にかかわる問題について論争が自由にできなかった。
- But, especially during the prewar period, the idea of lese majesty and the Peace Preservation Law prevented people from discussing the validity of the unbroken Imperial line.
- ただし、長屋王が不比等の娘を妻としていた関係で、不比等の生存中はむしろ王の立場は親藤原氏的存在であったとみる説もある。
- However, there is a theory which states that Prince Nagaya was in favor of the Fujiwara clan since his wife was a daughter of Fuhito.
- 当初は1.とは無関係に存在していたが、宝暦9年(1759年)に時の桃園天皇の命により、1.の祭祀を引き継ぐ事になった。
- Initially, the Ano family was unrelated to (1), but was ordered to take over religious duties from (1) in 1759 by the order of the then Emperor Momozono.
- 国庁は現在の大國魂神社の敷地の東半分を西端とし、府中駅南側の市街地部分に存在したと考えられている(武蔵国府関連遺跡)。
- The provincial capital is believed to have been located in the urban area to the south of what is now Fuchu Station (its western side ending at the eastern half of the grounds of the present-day Okunitama-jinja Shrine) (Musashi-kokufu-kanren-iseki (武蔵国府関連遺跡) (associated remains of the provincial capital of Musashi)).
- この書は御用御書物製本書版以外にも京都書林版・山城屋版などの異本が存在しており、そのことから普及したことがうかがえる。
- It is certain that the book was widely known because there are some alternative versions of this book other than Gyo Goshomotsu Seihonsho version such as Kyoto Shorin version and Yamashiroya version.
- しかし遷都が公式に宣言されたことは一度もなく、法制度上は東京と京都(平安京)の両京制であるとする議論が一部に存在する。
- But an official announcement of the transfer of the capital has never been made, so some claim that both Tokyo and Kyoto (Heiann kyo) are legally capitals.
- またフィリピン方面で日本軍が発行した軍票のうち、現存するものの中には日本に補償を求めるスタンプを押したものが存在する。
- Some of the remaining military currency issued in the areas around the Philippines had stamps that demanded individual compensation from the Japanese government.
- ここに中央政府の地方への求心力が失墜し、各地豪族は自ら力を蓄え、或いは力ある存在に身を寄せる法なき時代に入ったのである。
- Here, the force of the central government to provinces declined and the lawless era, in which gozoku (local ruling families) in various provinces developed power or relied on others who had power, commenced.
- それでも摂政・関白の幕府での待遇の厚さは格別なものがあり、近衛基煕など幕府において一定の影響力を有した関白さえ存在した。
- Still, regents and chancellor were treated particularly well in the bakufu, and there were even chancellors, such as Motohiro KONOE, who had a certain amount of influence in the bakufu.
- 観応の擾乱に伴う幕府行政組織の崩壊に伴って衰退・廃止に至ったと考えられ、足利義満の時代には存在しなかったと見られている。
- It is considered that Naisogata declined and was eventually abolished in the wake of the collapse of bakufu's administrative organization caused by the Kanno Disturbance and it didn't exist in the era of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- 土地課税を重視する考えは9世紀前期の藤原冬嗣執政期の頃から存在していたが、個別人身支配の原則を覆すまでには至らなかった。
- Although the idea of emphasizing tax on land existed in the era when FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu was in power during the first half of the 9th century, it stopped short of reversing the principle of people-based governance.
- あるミュージシャンとの会話でデーモン小暮閣下の話題が出たおり「ああ、あの白い顔の」とその存在を知っていたことを口にした。
- There is an episode as follows: When an entertainer 'Mr. Demon Kogure' became a topic of conversation between the Emperor Akihito and a musician, the Emperor showed the musician that he knew who 'Mr. Demon Kogure' is by saying 'Mr. Demon Kogure is an entertainer putting on white makeup, isn't he?'
- 平安京の北辺には宮城である平安宮(大内裏)があり、その内部の中央東寄りに南北約300m、東西約200mの内裏が存在した。
- Heiangu (the Outer Palace Precincts), the palace, was located on the northern side of Heiankyo, and the dairi measured approximately 300 m from north to south and 200 m from east to west in the easterly of the center within the Heiangu.
- 戦前の紀州家は、日本でも屈指の富豪といわれ、戦後も第16代当主徳川頼貞は参議院に2期連続当選を果たすなど存在感を示した。
- The pre-war Kishu family was reputed to be one of the wealthiest families in Japan, and it still remained active after the war; for instance, the 16th family head Yorisada TOKUGAWA was elected to the House of Councilors for two consecutive terms.
- 『万国公法』の存在は中国を中華思想的観念から脱し、万国の中の一国であるという認識へと向かわせるのに大きな役割を果たした。
- Existence of 'Bankoku Koho' played important role to pull China out of the thought of Sinocentrism and gave recognition that China was one of nations in the world.
- 藤原師輔は関白藤原忠平の次男に生まれ、右大臣にまで昇進したものの兄藤原実頼の存在のために摂政関白になることなく終わった。
- FUJIWARA no Morosuke was the second son of the Kanpaku (a chief adviser of the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Tadahira and promoted to Minister of the Right (a government position in Japan in the late Nara and Heian periods), however, he finished his life without being appointed to the Sessho (an assistant for either a child emperor or an empress) or Kanpaku due to the existence of his older brother FUJIWARA no Saneyori.
- 大小および有名・無名を問わなければ1つの村に複数以上といわれる存在があったため、近年、郷土史などの観点から注目されている。
- If we disregard the size or whether it is famous or not, there was more than one castle in a village and therefore, they attracted attention in recent years from the viewpoint of local history.
- それまでの日本に存在しなかった個人主義に基づく小説という文学が登場するなど、江戸時代以前とは大きく異なった文化が展開した。
- Culture largely different from that during the Edo period or before developed: For example, the literature called novels based on individualism, had not existed until then in Japan, were introduced.
- 13世紀から14世紀頃には、現在アイヌと呼ばれる民族と同一とみられる「蝦夷」が存在していたことが文献史料上から確認される。
- In some historical documents it can be confirmed that a group called 'Ezo,' who seem to have been identical to today's Ainu, already lived in Japan by the thirteenth century through the fourteenth century.
- 1930年(1930年)1月古典籍の収集家林若樹氏により不明者から購入、雑誌「日本及日本人」に発表されその存在が知られる。
- In January, 1930, Wakaki HAYASHI, a collector of historical books, purchased the Honjo Soemon Oboegaki from an unknown person and published it in the magazine 'Nihon oyobi Nihonjin' (Japan and the Japanese); it's existence finally becomes known.
- つまり、現在でいう百姓とは農業専従者で「農人」として分類される存在であるが、江戸時代では範囲の異なる言葉であったのである。
- That is to say, hyakusho (peasant) in the current sense is a full-time farmer and categorized as 'nonin' (person engaged in agriculture); but in the Edo period, haykusho held a different meaning.
- いずれにせよ、全く記録に残っていない払田柵の存在は当時のこの地区の人が中央の管理とは別に比較的自由に行動できたことを示す。
- In either case, the presence of the Hotta no saku without any record indicates that people in the region at that time were able to act with relative freedom, irrespective of the control of the central government.
- 1990年代に始まる陰陽師ブーム・晴明ブームにより、晴明の編著による『占事略决』の存在自体も広く知られるようになってきた。
- Thanks to the boom of Onmyoji/Seimei which began in 1990's, the existence of Seimei's 'Senji ryakketsu' also came to be known widely.
- 「基」と命名されたのであれば、まだ親王宣下の慣行が存在しない当時、誕生とともに自動的に「基親王」とされたはずだからである。
- Since there was no custom of giving the title of Imperial Prince by an imperial order at the time, he should have been automatically given the title of 'Prince Motoi' upon his birth if he was named as 'Motoi.'
- 従って、漢字文化圏の国家においては、最高位の君主の称号が皇帝あるいはそれと同等なものである場合、皇后も存在することになる。
- Therefore, in nations that use Chinese characters, if the title for the highest ranking monarch's is emperor or something of equivalence, empress was present.
- またそのためには、役所や官吏自身も自分たちが国家の承認を得た公的な立場にある存在であることを証明しておかなければならない。
- For such occasions, the government offices and officials were also required to prove that they were in an official position approved by the nation.
- 中国においては、漢の時代より后妃や皇族、富豪らが所有する「荘」もしくは「園」と呼ばれるものが存在し、これが荘園の元となった。
- Since the Han Dynasty in China, there had existed lands called 'sho' or 'en' that the Empress, the imperial families and the rich owned, which were the origin of shoen.
- この事件は、直義の排除のため師直・尊氏の間で了解があったとする噂が存在し、現在でも積極的に意図されていたという考え方もある。
- This incident sparked rumors that said there was an understanding between Moronao and Takauji to eliminate Tadayoshi, and even to this day, there are theories that propose the incident was caused with intention.
- こうした慣習は古代から存在したが、鎌倉時代には訴訟当事者が有利な判決を得るために担当者を宴会に招く事がしばしば行われていた。
- This kind of custom had existed since ancient times, and then, in the Kamakura period, a party to a suit often invited those in charge of the case to a drinking party to receive a favorable sentence.
- 荘園などを中心とした支配体制である荘園公領制はこの時期に成立し、以後、16世紀まで荘園は貴族たちの収入源として存在し続ける。
- Shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) mainly based on shoen, was established in this period, and after that until the sixteenth century, shoen continued to exist as a source of income for the nobles.
- 棚板構成は、根棚・中棚・上棚の三階造りと中棚のない二階造りが基本となり、大型船では中棚を二段にした四階造りのものも存在した。
- Basic structure of Tanaita was either three layered structure consists of Nedana (the components to structure the lowest part of a ship), Chudana (the components to structure the middle part of a ship) and Uedana (the components to structure the upper part of a ship) or two layered structure without Chudana and in the case of large ships, four layered structure with two layered Chudana was also seen.
- だが、弘仁年間に編纂されたのは、「内裏式」及び「内裏儀式」であり、「弘仁儀式」という題名の儀式は存在しなかったとされている。
- Nevertheless, it was considered that 'Dairi shiki' (Palace regulations) and 'Dairi Gishiki' (Book on outline of ceremonies) were compiled during the Konin era and the Gishiki titled 'Konin Gishiki' did not exist.
- 戦国中期頃から核家族の存在が確認されはじめ、客や遊侠といった誠実関係を中心とした支配-被支配の関係が見出されるようになった。
- Nuclear families were confirmed in the middle of the Zhangguo period and rulers and subjects relations base on sincere relationships such as Ke and Youxia.
- しかし、幕末に至っても両家による全国編成は完了せず、百姓身分のまま神職を勤める '百姓神主' がかなりの割合で存在していた。
- However, nationwide organization by the families did not end even at the end of the Edo period, and there was a significant proportion of 'hyakusho priests,' who served as Shinto priests while staying at the farming rank.
- だが、3歳で父が没したこともあって、天皇の孫でありながら官位を受けることもなく、まして自らの存在が注目されることもなかった。
- Because his father died when he was three years old, although he was a grandson of Emperor Tenmu, he was not given an official rank, let alone his presence never drew attention.
- また東京都中野区にも存在する満仲を祭神とした多田神社でも敬神崇祖を目的として1962年に「多田満仲同族会」が結成されている。
- Another Tada-jinja Shrine, located in Nakano Ward, Tokyo Metropolis and enshrining Manju, also established 'TADA no Manju Dozokukai' (TADA no Manju family council) in 1962 to worship the deity and ancestors.
- 彼らは律令政府に従っていたものの、外側の夷俘と呼ばれる従来通りのまま未だに排除された状況にある蝦夷と通じる可能性も存在した。
- Though they followed Ritsuryo-seifu Government, it is possible that they had contacts with other Emishi, called Ifu, who were still excluded as barbarians.
- 後白河は平氏と行動を共にせず、京に残って孫の後鳥羽天皇を即位させたが、これにより天皇が2人存在するという未曾有の事態となった。
- Goshirakawa did not act together with the Taira clan, but stayed in Kyoto and made his grandson Emperor Gotoba, leading to the unprecedented situation of two Emperors at the same time.
- 552年(538年説あり)に仏教公伝した当初には、仏は、蕃神(となりのくにのかみ)として日本の神と同質の存在として認識された。
- In 552 (in 538, according to another theory), when Buddhism was officially introduced into Japan, Buddha was recognized as banshin (a deity of a neighboring country) and equivalent to a Japanese deity.
- さらにいえば、厳密な百姓身分、町人身分とされたのは家の筆頭者だけであり、それ以外に村内、町内には細かな身分構造が存在していた。
- Besides, only the head of the family was categorized under the peasant or the townsmen class in a strict sense, with subdivided classes in villages and towns.
- 伝承者として、歌舞を業として畿内を巡遊する芸能集団の存在が窺われ、物語素材も史実とはかけ離れた芸能的世界の所産であろうという。
- As the memory keeper, there may possibly have been some entertainment groups which traveled around the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals Nara and Kyoto) with dancing and singing being their profession, suggesting a possibility that the material of the story may be product of the entertainment world which is far from the historical fact.
- また、在位年数を十年とする史料が『梅松論』しか存在しないことから、和談においては皇太子即位しか決まらなかったとする見解もある。
- Furthermore, since only 'Baishoron' (Historical tale compiled in 1349) shows that the period of reign was made ten years, some believe that only the decision on the heir to the throne was made as a Compromise.
- 発掘が進むと、国府に明確な外郭線が存在しないこと、都市域は付けたし程度で官衙域を包み込むほどの広がりを持たないことが判明した。
- As work on the excavation progressed, it was discovered that there was not a definite outer demarcated line in Kokufu, and that the stretch of urban area was not large enough to encompass the Kanga area; rather, it was a small additional parcel of land.
- 戦後、名和長年と同じく辰砂の採掘権と技術を有した商人的武装集団の頭目説、散所の長者説などが出されたが、いまだ定説は存在しない。
- After the World War II, there were several theories as to the family origins such as the Kusunoki being the chief of an armed group of merchants who possessed the rights and skills of cinnabar exploitation, for example, like Nagatoshi NAWA, or billionares in sanjo (manor's area where people of the sanjo provided special skills to the imperial authority instead of rice tax); to date, none of these theories have been proven.
- 前近代における東アジア国際社会は、政治的・経済的・文化的に大きな存在感を放つ中国王朝を中心とする形で国際秩序が成り立っていた。
- In the international society in East Asia in pre-modern times, international order was formed and maintained having China dynasty, which had significant presence politically, economically and culturally, in its center.
- 東亜同文会(とうあどうぶんかい、1898年(明治31年) - 1946年(昭和21年))は、かつて日本に存在した民間外交団体。
- Toa-dobunkai (1898-1946) was a private diplomatic group which used to be in Japan.
- 頼朝は、九州の抑えとして、関東では無名に近いが近臣として取り立てていた少弐氏、大友氏、島津氏を代官的存在として九州の守護とした。
- Yoritomo appointed the Shoni clan, the Otomo clan and the Shimazu clan, which were not known in Kato but are supported by Yoritomo as reliable vassals, to shugo for Kyushu as existence like daikan (deputy).
- 李氏朝鮮の都・漢城(現在のソウル)にも通交を求めてくる日本の大名や商人を接待するための施設「東平館」が存在し、倭館と通称された。
- In the Hanseong (present-day Seoul), the capital of Yi Dynasty Korea, there was also a facility named 'Dongpyoung-gwan,' or commonly called wakan, that was used to entertain Japanese Daimyo and merchants asking for commercial intercourse.
- 15世紀、朝鮮半島南部に三浦と呼ばれる日本人居留地が存在し、宗氏を始めとする西日本諸勢力は三浦を拠点に朝鮮王朝に通交をしていた。
- In the fifteenth century, there existed a Japanese settlement called Sanpo in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, and major forces in the western part of Japan such as the So clan maintained amicable relations with the Korean Dynasty using Sanpo as their base.
- 中世の武家社会において、主君は家臣にとって必ずしも絶対的な存在ではなく、主君と家臣団は相互に依存・協力しあう運命共同体であった。
- In the samurai society of the medieval period, the existence and position of a lord was not necessarily guaranteed or absolute to his retainers; instead, lords and their group of retainers had a shared fate, and their relationship was one of mutual cooperation.
- この間、日本には南朝 (日本)(大和国吉野行宮)と北朝 (日本)(山城国平安京)に2つの朝廷が存在し、それぞれ正当性を主張した。
- During the period, two Imperial Courts existed in Japan, the Southern Court (located at the Emperor's residence in Yoshino, Yamato Province), and the Northern Court (in Heian Kyo (Kyoto), Yamashiro Province), and each Court tried to claim sole legitimacy for itself.
- また、武士社会では恩給地の永代売が禁止されていたが、武士の経済状況の救済を目的として年期売を例外的に認めていた分国法も存在する。
- And although with the advent of warrior society warriors were forbidden from permanently selling the lands from which they drew their stipends, some daimyo allowed the existence of laws within their own domains that permitted warriors to sell their land via nenki-uri under exceptional circumstances, in an attempt to provide financial relief for warriors in dire economic straits.
- そのため、巻数が様々で記録では4巻・10巻・15巻・16巻などと伝えられているが、現存本には17巻・18巻本なども存在している。
- As a result, there are different theories about how many volumes the book came in, but among the existing books, there is a book in 17 volumes and one in 18 volumes, although the record indicates various numbers including 4, 10, 15, and 16.
- そのような意味では、今日のスーパーマーケット、コンビニエンスストア、デリバリー・ショップを合わせたような存在であったともいえる。
- In that sense, it can also be said that such sakaya were places that provided the services of supermarkets, convenience stores, and of delivery shops.
- 父は天武天皇の皇子の高市皇子、母は天智天皇の皇女の御名部皇女(元明天皇の同母姉)であり、皇親として嫡流に非常に近い存在であった。
- His father was Takechi no Miko, a prince of Emperor Tenmu, and his mother was Minabe no himemiko, a princess of Emperor Tenchi (older maternal half-sister of Empress Genmei) and he was a Koshin (Emperor's family) very close to the main branch.
- 崇神天皇・応神天皇・継体天皇など、古代の天皇の何人かは、前代の天皇とは血縁は無く皇位簒奪を行ったのではないかという説が存在する。
- There is a theory that says some Emperors in ancient times, such as Emperor Sujin, Emperor Ojin, and Emperor Keitai, usurped the imperial throne regardless of blood relations with the past Emperors.
- このことは、7,8,9代の天皇の称号を、後世の『記・紀』編纂最終段階に存在した天皇の称号に似せて造作したという疑いが濃厚である。
- Therefore, it is highly likely that the titles for the seventh, eighth and ninth emperors were made with reference to the titles of the existent emperors in the later period when the compilation of the Kojiki and Nihonshoki was in the final stage.
- 特に出羽北部には荘園が存在せず、公領制一色の世界であったため、どの程度まで奥州藤原氏の支配が及んだかは疑問であるとする説がある。
- Especially in the northern part of Dewa Province, there were no shoen but only koryo (public lands), so some people say it cannot be asserted that the Oshu Fujiwara clan extended its power this far in the region.
- 嶋原の大門は2箇所存在し、廓の女性達は(手形が必要ではあるが)自由に廓の外へ出ることができ、一般人の出入りも老若男女問わず自由。
- Shimabara had two omon (entrance gate to the hanamachi), and, with the tegata (permit, 手形), women in the hanamachi are allowed to go out of the district freely; moreover, it was open to commoners irrelevant of age or gender.
- それでも不動穀引継のための儀式は実態がないまま、国司の制度が存在していた南北朝時代_(日本)頃まで継続していたと考えられている。
- Yet it is thought that the ceremony for transfer of Fudokoku did exist although there was no existence of real warehouse until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts in which the provincial governor system still existed.
- 中国では古くから利子付き貸借の慣習が存在したとされているが、日本でも古代からそうした慣習が発生していたのではないかと見られている。
- While a system of loaning is believed to have existed in China since long ago, a similar system may have existed in Japan as well since ancient times, it is speculated.
- 当時、動産・不動産の所有権は、売買などが行われたとしても、本来は元の所有者が保持しているのがあるべき姿だとする観念が存在していた。
- In that period, there was an idea that the right of ownership of movable or immovable property should belong to the original owner of that property even if the property had been sold.
- 『楮幣』とよばれる新紙幣、貨幣の発行も計画され、3月には「乾坤通宝」発行詔書が発行されているが、乾坤通宝の存在は確認されていない。
- Plans were laid to issue new paper money called 'chohei' (mulberry paper notes) and new coins, and in the third month there is a record of an Imperial decree to issue kenkon tsuho ('circulating treasures of heaven and earth'), but it cannot be confirmed whether these kenkon tsuho ever in fact existed.
- これらの部隊は小屋懸け組(戦地における宿営地を建築する部隊)の様に独立した隊として編成されたものもあり、多種多様な職種が存在した。
- Like the living quarters construction unit (division that constructed camp at the battleground), there were squads organized as independent troops, and there existed various job types.
- このことから、允恭天皇も元来は葛城(奈良県御所市)出身の地方豪族で、反正天皇の崩後に王位を簒奪したのではないかと見る説が存在する。
- Therefore, there is a theory which regards the Emperor Ingyo as originally being a member of gozoku from Katsuragi (Gose City, Nara Prefecture), and presumed that after the death of Emperor Hanzei, he may possibly have usurped the throne.
- さらに進めて、天武天皇が天智天皇の弟だったという通説に疑問を呈し、兄弟ではなかったのではないかという異説も存在する(佐々克明ら)。
- Going further, casting doubt over the common belief that Emperor Tenmu was the younger brother of Emperor Tenchi, there is a different view that says they were not brothers. (Katsuaki SASSA etc.)
- ただしこの薬師寺の建立地は飛鳥であり、現在の地ではない(現在、この薬師寺の址として奈良県橿原市に本薬師寺址という史跡が存在する)。
- Yakushi-ji Temple was built in Asuka and later moved to the present location. (The original site of Yakushi-ji Temple is located in Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture, and now is called Moto-yakushi-ji Temple (former Yakushi-ji Temple).)
- また、細部において、和談自体の存在を否定する者、和談は実施されたが次代の皇太子については合意に達しなかったとする者が並立している。
- In addition, in details, some believe that the Compromise itself did not exist, and others believe that an agreement was not reached on the next heir to the throne despite negotiations.
- 近年においても1956年の市町村合併によって明日香村が生まれるまでは、この地域に飛鳥村があり地方自治体の名称として飛鳥は存在した。
- In recent years, Asuka existed as a name of a local government unit, Asuka Village (飛鳥村) in this region, until Asuka Village (明日香村) was established after the municipal merger in 1956.
- 市域を北近畿タンゴ鉄道北近畿タンゴ鉄道宮津線が走っているが、市名「京丹後」が付けられた駅名は無く、存在するのは各町名の駅名である。
- Although Kitakinki Tango Railway Miyazu Line of Kitakinki Tango Railway Corporation (KTR) runs through the city, there is no station with the city name 'Kyotango,' but there are stations with the -cho (town) names before the merger.
- 土曜会(どようかい)とは、明治時代・大正時代に存在した貴族院_(日本)の院内会派(1901年12月7日-1919年11月15日)。
- The Doyokai (literally 'the Saturday Group') was an internal faction within the House of Peers in Japan's National Diet; the Doyokai lasted from the Meiji period into the Taisho period (from December 7, 1901 to November 15, 1919).
- -金札・正貨の交換を禁じ(等価であるため)、「太政官札」の呼称を禁じる(太政官以外に通貨発行機関が存在するとの誤解を与えるため)。
- Forbid the exchange of kinsatsu/specie money (because they are equivalent), and forbid the naming 'Dajokan-satsu' (because this would lead to a misunderstanding that another organization that issues currency besides the Daijokan exists).
- 1568年(永禄11年)に家康に攻略されるまでは飯尾氏が守っており、乗っ取られたという事実は無く、それを証明する資料も存在しない。
- Hamamatsu-jo Castle was held by the INOO Clan, until it was captured by Ieyasu in 1568 and there was no material to prove that it was taken over.
- しかしながら、特に江戸時代中期以降になると明確に文人意識を持ち、文人文化を実現した人々が多数存在したこともまぎれもない事実である。
- However, it is true that especially after the mid-Edo period there were many clearly self-aware Bunjin in Japan and they created Bunjin culture.
- 国母となった彼女の存在により出身家の園家の地位は大きく上がり、光子の父である基任には正保2年(1645年)に左大臣が追贈されている。
- As she became the imperial mother, the status of her home, the SONO family rose significantly, and Mototo, Mitsuko's father, was posthumously conferred the court rank of Sadaijin in 1645.
- 彼らは皇族に順ずる存在として高い尊敬を受けたが、やがて藤原家の外戚政治が確立していく中、2・3代ほどで没落する例がほとんどになった。
- They received a lot of respect as quasi-imperial families, but as the Fujiwara family established a political system which involved holding onto power as maternal relatives by marrying their daughters to members of the imperial family, most of the families fell into ruin during the second or third generations.
- むしろ、皇位継承から除外された有力な皇位継承権を持つ皇親を皇位継承の断念の代償として与えられる例(為平親王・敦康親王)すら存在した。
- Rather, sometimes Ippon was granted to Koshin who had the right of succession to the Imperial Throne but were excluded as a candidate, as a compensation (ex. the Imperial Prince Tamehira, the Imperial Prince Atsuyasu).
- 旧皇室典範がはじめて男系の継承原理を成文法とし、現在の皇室典範もこれを踏襲したが、戦前も戦後も政府としての公式解釈は存在していない。
- In the old Imperial Family Law, the principle of male-line succession was established as a written law, and the current Imperial Family Law also followed it; the official interpretation of it by the government doesn't exist before/after War.
- このため、古い史跡や町並み、文化などが数多く存在することから、日本で有数の観光都市・国際観光文化都市であり、国内外から旅行客が多い。
- Therefore, Kyoto City still has a wealth of old historic sites, old streets and culture, making it one of the major tourist cities and centers of international tourism and culture for people from around the world.
- したがって、少なくとも17世紀半ば、江戸時代前期において、天皇の御世を長かれと祝賀する歌である、とする解釈が存在したことは確かである。
- Therefore, we can say for sure that, at least in the middle of the seventeenth century, namely during the early part of the Edo Period, there was an interpretation that the poem in question was for celebrating the reign of the emperor and wishing his reign would last long.
- 武士(ぶし、もののふ)は、10世紀から19世紀にかけての日本に存在し、戦士を本分とするとされた宗家の主人を頂点とした家族共同体の成員。
- Bushi (武士, mononofu, samurai) existed from the 10th century to the 19th century and was a member of a family community whose top was the master of Soke (the head family) and whose profession was a warrior.
- 戦国大名が登場すると、守護大名の存在を前提とした守護領国制も変質し、守護領国制は事実上解体されて、大名領国制と呼ばれる体制へ移行した。
- With the appearance of the Sengoku daimyo, the shugo-ryogoku system, for which the existence of shugo-daimyo was prerequisite, was changed and dissolved in fact, replaced with the system called 'daimyo-ryogoku sei' (daimyo-ryogoku system).
- 律令制には一種の罪刑法定主義の原則があって、裁判は成文の法規に準拠しなければならなかったが、天皇は法によって拘束されない存在であった。
- There was a kind of legality principle in the ritsuryo system, which required trials to comply with statutory law while the Emperor was not bound by law.
- だが、創成期の武家政権と既存の朝廷勢力の権限を巡る駆け引きと緊張関係は引き続き存在し、その一応の解決をみるのは承久の乱以後の事である。
- However, the politics over rights and the tense relationship between the initial warrior class government and the conventional Imperial Court forces continued, and it was resolved to a certain degree only after the Jyokyu Rebellion.
- 中世日本の公家社会における「家」においては経済的基盤である家領と並んで社会的基盤とも呼ぶべき家門が家の存立を支える重要な存在であった。
- In a 'family' in the court nobles' society of medieval Japan, the following two factors were important to support the existence of the family: its territory, which constituted the economic base; and the family, which could be called its social base.
- 理由は書紀に明記されないが、敵味方不明の地を行く際に、少年だった大津皇子の存在を隠し、従う者の誰かが山部王らの名を騙った可能性がある。
- No reason is mentioned in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), but it is possible that the Prince Otsu's followers hid the Prince Otsu's identify because he was a minor, and a follower falsely called himself as Yamabe no Okimi since they could not identify friend or foe.
- No reason mentioned in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), but it is possible that the Prince Otsu's followers hid the Prince Otsu's identity, and someone pretended to be Yamabe no Okimi, since entering the areas they could not identify friend or foe.
- 「じゅんだいじょうてんのう」という名詞はもともと存在せず、本来は「太上天皇に准ず」「太上天皇になずらふ」と文として読み下すのが正しい。
- The noun of 'Jun Daijo tenno' doesn't exist at all, and moreover, it is correct to read it as a sentence, such as 'Daijo tenno ni junzu.'or 'Daijo tenno ni nazurau.' (Both of them mean that 'to equate with Daijo tenno').
- また、南北朝時代 (日本)にも直仁親王など複数の例が存在し、こちらは政治的な要素もさることながら、軍事的敗北の結果としての要素が強い。
- There are additional cases in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), including the Imperial Prince Naohito, who was deposed as a result of the military defeat rather than by political reasons.
- なお香川県においても岡山県と同様に桃太郎伝説が存在するが、この「讃岐桃太郎」の主役は讃岐国平定にて先陣を切った稚武彦命であるとされる。
- A Momotaro legend exists in Kagawa Prefecture as well as Okayama Prefecture; the protagonist in this Kagawa version of the legend is believed to be Wakatakehiko no Mikoto, who led the vanguard in the conquest of Sanuki Province.
- そのことから、この一帯を中心にして日本列島を代表する政治的勢力、すなわちヤマト政権の初期の三輪政権(王朝)が存在したと考えられている。
- From here onwards, it is considered that a leading political force in Japan island, that is, Miwa Regime (dynasty), which was equivalent to the early Yamato regime, existed mainly in this area.
- その中で、自然と最初の妻である如了とその実妹で実如を生んだ2番目の妻蓮祐の遺した7人の男子の存在は宗門の間で崇敬の対象となっていった。
- In such a situation, the seven sons, the bereaved children of the first wife Nyoryo and her real younger sister Rensuke, the second wife who bore Jitsunyo, naturally became objects of followers' respect.
- ただし、上記の設立日は院内交渉団体として届出があった日であり、実際には遅くても同年初めには親睦団体として存在していた(『原敬日記』)。
- The date of establishment mentioned above, however, is when the group went through the official procedure to have a legislative bargaining position in the Diet; in fact, the gathering had already existed as a social group by the beginning of the year ('Takashi HARA Diary').
- 弥生時代末期には、発掘調査の結果から、北部九州を中心とする政治勢力と奈良盆地東南部を中心とする政治勢力が存在していたことが判っている。
- Analytical research of the excavations by historians and other experts resulted in the conclusion that there were two political forces at the end stage of the Yayoi Period; one central force was in the northern part of Kyushu, and another central force was in located in the southeastern part of the Nara Basin.
- 世宗 (朝鮮王)時代には女真・日本・対馬・壱岐・松浦・琉球などを自国に朝貢する対象と主観する「天下」概念も存在し、祀天もおこなわれた。
- During the reign of Sejong (the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty), there was a notion of 'Tenka' under which Jurchen, Japan, Tsushima, Iki, Matsuura and Ryukyu were deemed as tributary nations, and shiten was also conducted.
- なお、これとは別に中世の前期の頃までは、他者に対して実力による制裁権を行使できる者を公卿クラスを含めて「武士」と言い表す呼称も存在した。
- And apart from this, until the early medieval times, those who could have the right of enforcing sanctions to others on their merits, including the kugyo (the top court officials) class, were called 'bushi.'
- 五月下旬頃、諸士調役兼監察の山崎烝・島田魁らによって四条小橋上ル真町で炭薪商を経営する枡屋(古高俊太郎)の存在を突き止め、会津藩に報告。
- At around the end of May, moderators and observers including Susumu YAMAZAKI and Kai SHIMADA ascertained the presence of Masuya store (Shuntaro FURUTAKA) that was operating a charcoal business in Shijo-Kobashi-Agaru-Shin-cho, and made a report to the Aizu clan.
- 元々、大学寮には勧学田(学料田)と呼ばれる田地が存在しており、そこからの貢租によって学生を寄宿させ、食事を給付(給食)したとされている。
- Originally, Daigaku-ryo owned rice fields called kangakuden (gakuryoden) and it provided students with accommodation and meal using annual tax gained from such rice fields.
- しかし、前述のとおり、聖武天皇と光明皇后との間に産まれた基親王は早くに亡くなり、安積親王の存在がクローズアップされるようになってしまう。
- As already mentioned, Prince Motoi (the child of Emperor Shomu and Empress Komyo) died at an early age, so Prince Asaka was expected to be the Crown Prince.
- この点について「君臨すれども統治せず」という原則をとる現代の日本やイギリスなどの君主と実態においては近しい存在であったという意見もある。
- On this point, there is an opinion insisting that in fact, the Emperor was similar to those in present day Japan and Great Britain, which holds the principle that 'he reigns, but doesn't govern.'
- For this point, some say that the Emperor was, in reality, in a similar position to the monarchs of current Japan and the United Kingdom with the base of 'reigns but doesn't govern'.
- 室町時代以降、武家社会で有職故実の中心的存在となり家の伝統を継承していったことから、時の幕府からも礼典や武芸の事柄においては重用された。
- Since the Muromachi period, because it passed the family tradition down as a key player of yusoku kojitsu in the samurai society, its ceremonies and military arts treated preferentially by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) of the period.
- 交友倶楽部(こうゆうくらぶ)は、1912年12月24日より1947年5月3日の日本国憲法公布まで存在していた貴族院_(日本)の院内会派。
- The friendship club was established on December 24, 1912 as an Innai (within the House) faction within the House of Peers (Japan) and existed until May 3, 1947 when the Constitution of Japan was promulgated.
- これらの人々の信仰の対象として、生駒山周辺には60程度の朝鮮寺が存在すると報告されていたが、現在ではその数は20程度にまで減少している。
- It used to be reported that 60 Korean Temples were located around the foot of Mt. Ikoma as the object of worship of these people, but these days, the number has decreased to about 20.
- これは鉄道発祥国イギリスの技術力を評価したことと、日本の鉄道について建設的な提言を行っていた駐日公使ハリー・パークスの存在も大きかった。
- England was selected after being recognized for its technology as the country of origin of the railroads, and because the British Minister to Japan, Harry Burks gave a positive advice on Japanese railway.
- 淳仁、仲恭が天皇であったことは明白で、単に諡号がなかっただけであったから問題にはならなかったが、「大友帝」の存在は学説に拠るものだった。
- Since it was clear that Junnin and Chukyo were emperors without posthumous titles, there was no problem, but the existence of 'Otomo Tei' was only based on theories.
- 領地は、領主の居館を中心として、その近接地や資産建物、さらに自由農民や農奴の保有地の間を縫うように存在する小片の土地群から構成されていた。
- The land, centering on the lord's residence, consisted of the neighboring lands, asset properties and furthermore the group of patches of land which existed threading through the lands owned by free farmers or serfs.
- なお、堺で討たれたと言う伝説も存在し、堺市内の南宗寺には彼の名前が刻まれた墓が現存するが、実はこれは後の大坂の役の際に生まれた伝説である。
- However, there is a legend that Ieyasu was killed in Sakai and, in Nanshu-ji Temple in Sakai City, there exists a tombstone inscribed with his name, but this is a legend created later at the time of Osaka no Eki (the siege of Osaka).
- 北陸朝廷(ほくりくちょうてい)は、南北朝時代 (日本)に南朝 (日本)方武将の擁立や僭称により北陸に存在したと考えられる朝廷のことである。
- 'Hokuriku Chotei' refers to the Imperial Court that is deemed to have existed during the period of Northern and Southern Courts in the present Hokuriku Region, which was backed up - and was claimed to have legitimacy - by warlords taking the side of the Southern Court.
- まず、鎮護国家とされる国家によって官寺と呼ばれる寺院の建立・維持が行われて国家と皇室の安泰を祈るための法会が行われたという事実は存在する。
- First of all, in fact, the temples called kanji had been erected and maintained by so called Chingokokka, and Buddhist services had been held to pray for peace and security of the country and the Imperial Family.
- 彼女の存在は出身家である園家に大きな栄華をもたらし、彼女の父である園基音には左大臣が追贈され、兄の園基福には異例の准大臣の位が与えられた。
- She brought a great prosperity to her home, the SONO family, and her father, Motonari SONO was posthumously conferred the court rank of Sadaijin, and her brother, Motoyoshi SONO, was given an exceptional title of Jun-daijin.
- 当時、民間には、天皇をめぐる各種の意見が生じたが、戦前、皇国史観のために被害を受けた津田左右吉なども天皇自体の存在は否定しないと言明した。
- Various opinions about the Emperor arose in between the people at that time, and even Sokichi TSUDA and others, who had suffered from Kokoku Shikan (Imperial view of Japanese history), declared not to deny the existence of the Emperor.
- 西欧キリスト教社会などの一夫一婦制度を採る世界では、皇帝の妻は正式には一人しか存在せず「皇后」または「皇妃」と訳されることが一般的である。
- In societies with the monogamous system, such as the West European Christian societies, there is only one official wife of the emperor and it is common to be translated as 'Kogo' or 'Kohi,'
- 漢字文化圏以外の国家であっても、一地域・一民族の君主であるにとどまる王の上位に位置し、複数の地域・民族を支配する君主が存在する場合がある。
- Even in nations that do not use Chinese characters, there are cases where a monarch who reigns over several regions or nations is superior to a king who reigns over only one region or one nation.
- 湾内には敦賀湾、美浜湾、小浜湾、舞鶴湾や宮津湾などの支湾が存在し、日本三景の一つである天橋立と、日本三大松原の一つである気比の松原もある。
- Within Wakasa Bay, there are some branch bays, such as Tsuruga Bay, Mihama Bay, Obama Bay and Miyazu Bay, and there also exist 'Amanohashidate' (one of the three most scenic spots in Japan) and 'Kehi no Matsubara' (one of the three most scenic pine groves in Japan).
- 伊豆の在庁官人として北条の地に館をかまえる武士であったが、その規模はけっして大きくなく、伊豆においても中流クラスの存在であったとみられる。
- Therefore, it is assumed that they were the middle-class samurai in Izu Province resided at Hojo in the capacity of Zaichokanjin (local officials) without a great deal of power.
- 清河八郎や頼山陽のように、実母を「親孝行」として揚屋で遊ばせた例があり、世間一般に誤解されがちな「遊廓」とは異なる存在であることがわかる。
- As can be seen from the examples of Hachiro KIYOKAWA and Sanyo RAI, who as filial duty let their birth mothers have fun at the ageya (a high-class restaurant where courtesans or geisha were called to entertain customers), Shimabara was different from what the public negatively considers the 'yukaku' (red-light district) to be.
- 朝日倶楽部(あさひくらぶ・旭倶楽部)とは、明治時代に存在した貴族院_(日本)の院内会派(1898年5月25日 - 1901年12月7日)。
- Asahi Club is Innai parliamentary group (May 25, 1898 - December 7, 1901) of the House of Peers existing in the Meiji period.
- 室町時代において左馬頭は、足利直義が左馬頭になったのを嘉例とし、将軍の後見職(副将軍的な存在)あるいは次期将軍が就任する官職と見なされた。
- Taking it as a good example that Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA was appointed to Sama no kami, Sama no kami in the Muromachi period was regarded as a government post taken by Kokenshoku (post of guardian) of Shogun (existence like vice-shogun) or by Shogun-in-waiting.
- 七条新地(しちじょうしんち)はかつて、京都市下京区に存在した遊廓であり、現在は『五条楽園』(ごじょうらくえん)と名称を変えて営業している。
- Shichijo-shinchi was once a brothel in Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City and today it continues its business under its new name, 'Gojo Rakuen.'
- これは鉄道発祥国イギリスの技術力を評価したことと、日本の鉄道について建設的な提言を行っていた、駐日公使ハリー・パークスの存在も大きかった。
- The choice was made not only because technical capabilities of Britain, the birthplace of railways, was highly evaluated but also because Harry Parkes, the Biritish minister in Japan, had presented constructive proposals on a railway in Japan.
- すなわち一般に「世界」は「世界観」がなくても客観的に存在しているものと認識されるが、「天下」は一定の秩序原理によって観念的に成立している。
- In other words, while the existence of 'sekai' (the world) is recognized objectively even without 'a view of the world,' 'Tenka' exists ideologically based on the fixed principle of order.
- つまり、その内関東進止領・関東御口入地には鎌倉幕府とは異なる荘園領主・国司が存在し、しかも彼らは荘官や郷司・保司の任命権は持たないのである。
- In other words, the Kanto shinshiryo (manors and provincial lands where the shogun of the Kamakura bakufu has the right to appoint/dismiss Jito) and Kanto gokunyuchi (manors and provincial lands where the shogun of the Kamakura bakufu has the right to recommend Jito) had Shoen-ryoshu and Kokushi who were different from those of the Kamakura bakufu and had no patronage of Shokan, Goji, or Hoji.
- 後白河の寵愛する建春門院は、後白河と清盛の関係をつなぐ重要な存在であったが、その死は、両者間に蓄積していた対立点を顕在化させることとなった。
- Kenshunmonin was deeply loved by Goshirakawa and was an important person in binding the relationship between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori, but after her death, the conflicts that had accumulated between the two parties became apparent.
- 軍事貴族の中でも、高位の四位に任じられた清和源氏と桓武平氏は、この時代新たに登場した武士層の棟梁、すなわち武家の棟梁と呼びうる存在であった。
- Among the military nobles, Seiwa Genji (the Minamoto clan) and Kanmu Heishi (the Taira clan), who were endowed with the high Shii (Fourth Rank), stood out as the chieftains of the warrior class, namely Buke no toryo (the leader of samurai families), that newly emerged in this period.
- 国人領主も同様であり一門や庶家、配下の土豪層とは主君と家来というよりは緩やかな同盟関係に近く、国人領主の存在は主君というより盟主に近かった。
- In the case of Kokujin ryoshu, their relationship with clan members, branch families and Dogo under their rule was similar to an alliance, rather than a relationship of master and vassal; in this sense, Kokujin ryoshu were more akin to leaders rather than masters.
- 古代中国の前漢時代には、妃の実家の問題を理由に、外戚(呂氏)一族討伐における多大な功績にもかかわらず立太子・即位できなかった皇子も存在する。
- In the Former Han dynasty of ancient China, there was a prince who could not receive investiture of the crown prince or ascend the throne due to the troubles at his wife's parents' home, despite his distinguished service in defeating maternal relatives (Lu shi).
- 皇族の身分に関する事柄は天皇の大権事項であるから、この準則が存在したとしても、天皇の意思があれば例外をつくることは可能であったと考えられる。
- Since the matters in relation to Imperial rank was under Emperor Taikenjiko's control (Emperor has right to control), even if this regulation existed, it was possible for the Emperor to make an exception if he wished to do so.
- ただし、明治時代の初期に数か町が合併して新たに命名された町、寺院境内地など、従来町名のなかった土地に新たに起立した町名なども一部に存在する。
- However, there are some towns that were established by merger of several towns in the early Meiji period and given a new name, or towns that were newly established in areas that didn't have traditional town names such as precincts of shrines.
- 「五番町」の町名の由来は安土・桃山時代、豊臣秀吉が聚楽第を築城する際、かつて平安宮が存在し野原と化した「内野」を開発し武家地として整備した。
- The Heian-kyu Palace once stood here, but the palace site, known as 'Uchino,' was overgrown with weeds, and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, developed and improved Uchino when he built Jurakudai (Hideyoshi's residence and office in Kyoto) near the area, as the samurai residence in the Azuchi Momoyama period, creating the origin of 'Goban-cho.'
- 在阪民放3局は府南部では京都市東山区今熊野に中継局が存在しているが、出力が300wと弱く、京都市内でも受信状態が芳しくない地域が少なくない。
- In the southern part of the prefecture, a relay station for three private broadcasting stations based in Osaka is placed in Imagumano, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City, but with its output power being small, 300 W, their programs cannot be received comfortably in various places of even the central Kyoto City area.
- かつての福知山は川を利用した水運による流通が盛んで、由良川沿いには港を意味する「津」が付く「天津、高津江、常津」などの地名が数多く存在する。
- Distribution using water transportation via a river used to be popular in Fukuchiyama, and there are many place names including 'tsu' or 'zu' which refer to ports, such as 'Amazu, Takatsue and Tsunezu,' along the Yura-gawa River.
- これを動用という(なお、現存する正税帳には粟や酒の形態で管理されていた動用も存在している。このため、動用の稲穀を特に「動用穀」とも称する)。
- This is called doyo (there were also doyo of millet and sake according to existing shozei records, and therefore, doyo of rice in husk is especially called 'doyokoku').
- 現在は海保嶺夫、遠藤巌の安東氏説、村井章介、高橋公明らによる安東氏の存在を前提とした偽使説、長節子による対馬島人による偽使説が並立している。
- At present, a theory by Mineo KAIHO and Iwao ENDO that Ezochishimao Kasha was the Ando clan, a theory by Shosuke MURAI, Kimiaki TAKAHASHI and others that the envoy was fake on the premise of existence of the Ando clan, and a theory by Setsuko OSA that a fake envoy was sent by people of Tsushima Island exist concurrently.
- 平城は朝原と大宅の2人との間に子はなく、ほかの皇子たちはいずれも母の身分が低く、神野と大伴の隠然たる権威と存在感を無視することはできなかった。
- Heizei was not able to ignore the authority and existence that Kamino and Otomo had, because Asahara and Oyake did not have any children and all the other princes had lowly-born mothers.
- 周防・長門・石見・豊前・和泉・紀伊の6カ国の守護を兼ね貿易により財力を有する強大な大内氏の存在は将軍専制権力の確立を目指す義満の警戒を誘った。
- The Ouchi clan had become so powerful - simultaneously shugo of six provinces, Suo, Nagato, Iwami, Buzen, Izumi, and Kii, and possessing great wealth thanks to their trade - that they were bound to put Yoshimitsu, who was aiming to establish a system of despotic rule by the Shogun, on his guard.
- 『今鏡』には藤原師実や源雅実の邸宅の納殿が登場し、『吾妻鏡』(安貞元年6月17日条)にも征夷大将軍の御所に納殿が造営された記事が存在している。
- According to 'Imakagami,' Osamedono existed at the residence of FUJIWARA no Morozane and MINAMOTO no Masazane and according to 'Azumakagami' (dated June 17th of the first year of Antei era), Osamedono was constructed at the residence of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 当時において和与とは、合意に基づく所領や所職等権利の譲与を指しており、和与に基づく権利の移転は悔返を認めない法理(『法曹至要抄』)が存在した。
- At that time, a compromise indicated a consensus transfer of a right, such as territory or position, and there was doctrine that did not allow Kuikaeshi (a right of claim for return in the Middle Ages' Law) with respect to a consensus transfer of a right ('Hosso shiyosho' [The Essentials for the Judiciary]).
- しかし、土地課税原則のもとでは、田地の存在さえ把握していればそこを実質的に経営している富豪層から収取すべき租税を収取することが十分可能となる。
- Under the principle of tax on land, however, the government can collect tax from wealthy peasants who eventually manage the land in question only by confirming the existence of land.
- 朝鮮半島は長く中国歴代王朝の属国として存在しており、朝鮮半島が属していた中原王朝では「天子」・「皇帝」とは世界を治める唯一の者の称号であった。
- The Korean Peninsula existed dependent upon successive Chinese Dynasties for a long time, and 'Tenshi' and 'Kotei' was a title for only one person that ruled the world in the Zhongyuan Dynasty, to which Korean Peninsula had belonged.
- なお、明治の皇室典範は臣籍から皇籍への復帰を「君臣の分を乱すもの」として認めていないが、鎌倉時代まで遡ると王氏から皇族への復帰の例は存在する。
- Under Imperial House Law during the Meiji period, it was not allowed for subjects who once left the Imperial Family to return to the Imperial Family since it was considered to 'confuse the moral of sovereignty and subjects,' but there were some examples where the Emperor's family changed to the Imperial Family during the Kamakura period.
- 京都市は長らく日本の政治・文化の中心であり、第二次世界大戦の戦災から免れたことから、国宝の約20%、重要文化財の約14%が京都市内に存在する。
- Kyoto City retains 20% of Japan's national treasures and 14% of its important cultural properties, mainly because the city has long been the center of politics and culture in Japan and was spared the destruction of World War II.
- これは、徳川統治下の太平の世においては、城郭というものがすでに軍事施設としての役目を終えて、その存在理由が、権勢の象徴物へと変じたためである。
- This is because in peace time under the reign of the Tokugawa government castles finished their original purpose as military facility and its reason for existence changed to the symbol of the power.
- 世界的に見てもこういった業態は多々存在し、都市部の市場で仕入れた物品を村落などを巡回する形で売り歩いた商人などの例は古今東西で枚挙に暇が無い。
- Many of those business conditions can be globally seen, for example, a lot of merchants who traveled around villages to sell goods purchased from markets in urban areas can be seen in all ages and countries.
- 自分に度々意見する元長の存在を疎ましく思っていたとはいえ、劣勢の長政への肩入れも得策ではなかったためか、両軍への撤兵要請で事を収めようとした。
- Although he was annoyed about Motonaga who often criticized him, it was not advantageous to help almost losing Nagamasa, and therefore he attempted to put this battle to an end by calling on withdrawal to both sides.
- しかしアロー戦争の結果締結された天津条約や北京条約によって、清朝は少なくとも外交制度上は西欧諸国を自国と対等な存在として認めざるを得なくなる。
- Because of the Treaty of Tianjin and the Treaty of Beijing resulted from the Arrow War, the Qing dynastic was obliged at least from diplomatic point of view to recognize western countries as equal existence to own country.
- この斯波氏が朝倉氏との越前回復戦争に敗れ、京都での政争にも敗れると力を失い、遠江は今川氏の侵攻に任され、尾張は守護代・織田氏の傀儡的存在となる。
- This Shiba clan lost their power as it was defeated by the Asakura clan in the war to recover Echizen and also defeated in political struggle in Kyoto and Totomi was invaded by the Imagawa clan and, in Owari, it became a puppet for shugodai, the Oda clan.
- ただし、天皇制という語の由来からこれを忌避して皇室という表現もよく用いられ、中にはあえて国体と戦前によく使われた表現を用いる人も根強く存在する。
- However, because of the origin of the word Tennosei, many people avoid the word and the expression Koshitsu (Imperial family) is quite often used; also there exist people who are still adamantly using the word kokutai (fundamental character of the nation).
- このことは、7,8,9代の天皇の称号を、後世の『記・紀』編纂最終段階に存在した天皇の称号に似せて造作したのではないかという疑義が提出されている。
- Therefore, it is suspected that the titles for the seventh, eighth and ninth emperors were made with reference to the titles of the existent emperors in the later period when the compilation of the Kojiki and Nihonshoki was in the final stage.
- 安本美典は古事記や日本書紀に記された古代の天皇の存在そのものは信じられるが、皇位を父子で継承した事と在位年数が信頼できないという説を唱えている。
- Biten YASUMOTO argues that although ancient emperors described in the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki are likely to be historical figures, descriptions about the practice of the imperial throne being passed down from father to son and the lengths of the emperors' reigns are highly dubious.
- このように中華思想的な発想がすぐさま清朝首脳部から一掃されたわけではなく、むしろ中国を特別な存在として国際法の適用外であることを当然としていた。
- As explained above, the idea based on Sinocentrism was stuck in minds of topsiders of the Qing dynasty, and those topsiders recognized China as a special exception and thought international law should not be applied to China.
- その一方で国民協会は独自の院内会派を結成しなかったために、国民協会所属のまま会派だけは中央交渉会に籍をおく議員が存在するなど複雑な状態となった。
- On the other hand, there were some councilors who belonged to Kokumin Kyokai while remaining to be members of the Central Negotiation Committee as a parliamentary group since Kokumin Kyokai didn't organize their own parliamentary group, and situation became very confusing.
- 平維衡を祖とする伊勢平氏は伊勢国に地盤を持った武士で、中央では検非違使などとして朝廷の武力として活動していたが、さほど目立った存在ではなかった。
- Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) whose ancestor was TAIRA no Korehira was the bushi (warriors) based on Ise Province, and worked as a military force of Chotei doing kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers), but maintained a low profile.
- 数十人存在すると見られるポサルの多くは中年から老年の女性であり、住職として朝鮮寺に居住する者のほかに自宅に祭壇を設け巫行を行っているものも多い。
- Many existing miko are supposedly dozens of middle-aged or old-age women, and some of them reside as chief monk in Korean Temple, and the others are living in their own residence equipped with an altar.
- なお、この設立時以前にも「秋田銀行 (1896年-1941年)」という名称の銀行が第四十八銀行(第四十八国立銀行の後身行)とは別に存在していた。
- Further, the bank named 'Akita Bank' (1896-1941) existed separately from the Daishijuhachi Bank (the successor to the 48th National Bank) before this establishment.
- なお、軍団・兵士が廃止されなかった地域、すなわち、佐渡・西海道では海外諸国の潜在的な脅威が存在していたし、陸奥・出羽では対蝦夷戦争が継続していた。
- Meanwhile, as for those regions in which conventional cohorts and soldiers were not abolished, Sado Province and the Saika-do Region still faced potential threats from abroad, and Mutsu and Dewa Provinces continued fighting against Ezo.
- しかし、歴史的根拠に乏しく、「ナラ」の呼称が出る万葉集時代に朝鮮で「나라(発音ナラ)」と言う言葉が用いられていたことを示す文献等は現在存在しない。
- These theories, however, lack historical grounds, and literature, etc. showing that '나라 (pronounced as nara)' was used in Korea during the time of the Manyoshu when the name 'Nara' appeared are yet to be found.
- 鎌倉時代から京都には酒屋が隆盛をきわめていったが、当時はまだ麹造りは酒屋の職業範囲ではなく、麹の製造から販売までをつかさどる麹屋が別個に存在した。
- Although the sakaya industry had existed in Kyoto since the Kamakura Period, production of koji malt did not fall under the sakaya industry at the time, with the production and sale of kojiya malt being independent.
- 『公事根源』には『年中行事歌合』から引用されたと見られる記述も見られるものの、『江家次第』や『建武年中行事』が出典と考えられる記述も存在している。
- While some descriptions seem to have been cited from 'Nenjugyoji Utaawase' are seen in 'Kuji kongen,' there also exist descriptions whose authority are considered to be 'Koke Shidai' and 'Kenmu Nenjugyoji.'
- 武士が政治的権力を持つ12世紀以前にはこうした区別は存在せず、荘務権を持つ本所に属する荘園・所領を該当する領主(公家・寺社)の「本所領」と称した。
- Before the twelfth century when bushi (warriors) came into power, there was no distinction among the estates, and shoen and shoryo belonged to honjo (owner of shoen), who has shomuken (administrative power and jurisdiction in shoen), were called 'honjo ryo' (patronage properties) of the corresponding ryoshu (estate proprietors; the court nobles, temples and shrines).
- 1872年になると、新しい農業・私法政策に取り組む政府は、旧来から存在していた水呑の呼称の禁止及び身分から解放等を規定した法令を大蔵省から発した。
- In 1872, the government was working for new policies of agriculture and private law and the Finance Ministry announced the law including the prohibition of the name, Mizunomi that had existed conventionally and the emancipation of Mizunomi from the position.
- このことから、書紀が述べるような大改革はこのとき存在しなかったのではないかという説が唱えられ、大化改新論争という日本史学上の一大争点になっている。
- For this reason, some claim that the major reforms which the Chronicles described had not occurred at this time, and this has become an extremely controversial point regarding the history of Japan, referred to as the Taika Reform Dispute.
- しかしながら娘の手白香皇女は、継体天皇の皇后となり、欽明天皇を産んでいる事から、春日大娘皇女は父・雄略天皇の血筋を唯一現在まで伝える存在となった。
- However, since Princess Tashiraka no Hime, a daughter of Princess Kasuga no Oiratsume, became the Empress of the Keitai and gave birth to the Emperor Kinmei, Princess Kasuga no Oiratsume became the only existence to pass down the the Emperor Yuryaku's lineage, his father.
- 皇太子に親王が存在する場合、長男は父である皇太子の即位に伴って皇太子となるが、次男以下の親王は父の即位と同時に直宮家を創設し独立するわけではない。
- In cases where the Crown Prince has his own imperial princes, his eldest son becomes the Crown Prince when his father is enthroned, but imperial princes other than the eldest son do not necessarily establish an independent Miyake at the time of their father's enthronement.
- 本項京都市北区の町名(きょうとしきたくのちょうめい)では、同区内に存在する公称町名を一覧化するとともに、その成立時期・成立過程等について概説する。
- This section on 'Town names in Kita Ward, Kyoto City' lists official town names in Kita Ward and summarizes the period and process of their establishment.
- このように、五位以上の家に生まれれば「判」権限を持つ判官以上、六位以下なら「判」権限を持たない主典以下という、出自による格差が厳然と存在していた。
- As previously mentioned, there was a strict gap by the birth such as the people came from the family of Goi or higher were able to become Hangan with the authority of 'han,' while the people came from the family of Rokui or lower were able to become only Sakan without the authority of 'han.'
- ただし、桃山の名称は江戸時代になって廃城された伏見城の跡地に桃の木が植えられたことから名付けられたもので、桃山城と呼ばれる城が存在したわけではない。
- However, the name of Momoyama (meaning peach mountain) was taken from the fact that peach trees were grown on the site of Fushimi-jo Castle, which was destroyed in the Edo Period, which indicates that a castle called Momoyama-jo Castle existed.
- 比良招福温泉は近江舞子の温泉&レジャー総合基地(宿泊、ベーカリー&喫茶、テニス、フットサル、ドッグラン、ダーツなどが楽しめる)の内湯として存在する。
- Hira-shofuku onsen exists as indoor hot spring of the general base for hot spring and leisure activities (lodgment, bakery and tea parlor, tennis, futsal, dog run, darts and so on can be enjoyed) of Omi-Maiko.
- 今日の日本では嫡流という価値観や概念は日常的なものとしては存在していないが、それでも本家や長男を中心に家の祭祀や家名存続を考える志向が強いといえる。
- The values and concepts of chakuryu no longer exist in the daily life of today's Japan, and yet there is a strong tendency to consider the family's religious services and the continuation of the family name mostly in terms of honke and the eldest son.
- ただし、6巻本・7巻本も存在し、前者は第4巻を2巻構成に分けたもの、後者は6巻本より更に裏書(後述)部分を抜書きして独立した第7巻としたものである。
- There are also a six-volume edition and a seven-volume edition: the fourth volume was split in two for the former; the latter has the separate seventh volume which has excerpts of the uragaki (additional parts) in addition to the former one.
- 記紀、隋書倭国伝、祝詞(のりと)などの資料によっても、大化前代の地方族長社会においては、神判制度や宗教からまだ完全には分離しない形での法が存在した。
- According to sources like the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki, the Zuisho-wakoku-den (Chronicles of the Sui Dynasty), and Shinto ritual prayers, in the provincial patriarchal society under the pre-Taika era, law existed in a form not yet completely detached from the trial by ordeal system and religion.
- 現在でも納経をしないと御朱印がもらえない寺院が存在するが、多くの寺社では少額の金銭(初穂料・御布施)を納めることで御朱印がもらえるようになっている。
- There are still some temples that will not give goshuin unless sutra copies are submitted, but at many temples, goshuin will be given by donating a small amount of money (hatsuho-ryo (ceremony fee) or offerings).
- また、個別人身支配を受けるべき個々の民は、かつてのように地域首長層の末裔たる郡司の首長権への精神的服従意識によって統率された存在ではなくなっていた。
- Further, individuals who were supposed to be subject to people-based governance were no more the people who were led by mental obedience consciousness to the chieftaincy of Gunji, the descendants of the chiefs of village communities.
- 晴明が六壬神課で占っていたという証拠が六壬勘文という形で存在し、『占事略决』が六壬神課の解説書である以上、土御門家における伝承を疑う必要は特にない。
- In view of the existence of Rikujin Kanmon, which proves the fact that Seimei divined fortune with Rikujinshinka, and the fact that 'Senji ryakketsu' is the commentary of Rikujinshinka, there is no need to doubt the existence of the oral tradition in the Tsuchimikado family.
- 現代は成人女性のもつ柾目引きの檜扇ばかり見かけるが、平安時代は板目引きの、小振りで花鳥を描いた子供用の檜扇や無地の若年男性用・老人用の扇も存在した。
- Today, adult women always use hiogi of straight-grained slates, but in the Heian period, there were small-sized hiogi for children made of cross-grained wood with drawings of flowers and birds, as well as plain fans for young men and for elderly.
- 麓に神武天皇陵(ミサンザイ古墳)を見据える畝傍山の麓からやや上方にかけて、かつて洞(ほら、大和国高市郡白橿村大字山本枝郷洞)と呼ばれる村が存在した。
- From the foot to the slightly upper area of Mt. Unebi overlooking the mausoleum of Emperor Jinmu (Misanzai-kofun Tumulus) at its foot, there used to be a village called Hora (Edago Hora, Oaza Yamamoto, Shirakashi-mura, Takaichi County, Yamato Province).
- なお、書名に『新撰』とつくのは、企画倒れで終わった『氏族志』のやりなおしという意味であって、『新撰姓氏録』以前に『姓氏録』が存在していたわけではない。
- Incidentally, the reason the title includes 'Shinsen' (newly compiled) is that it meant to indicate the re-compilation of 'Shizoku-shi' (a book containing information on the clans), which ended up just as a plan; consequently, it doesn't infer the existence of any previous edition of the clan-name register.
- 信長を討つことについて、光秀自身の動機ではなく、何らかの黒幕の存在を想定し、その者の意向を背景にあることを指摘する説としては、以下のようなものがある。
- There are several views which advocate that the motive for killing Nobunaga was not Mitsuhide's own, but a certain mastermind whose intention caused the incident existed, as described below.
- 幕府が諸藩を指導して給人という呼称を用いさせたり定着させようとした事実はないにも関わらず、多くの諸藩には、給人または給人席という身分・家格が存在した。
- The fact was that the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) did not intend to use or settle this designation of kyujin, however, there existed a status or Kakaku called kyujin or kyujin-seki in many domains.
- 平家方として落ち延びた池田秀盛兄弟が隠れ住んだと伝わっており、秀盛の後裔と称する氏が戦国時代 (日本)の土豪として存在し、最上氏等の家臣となっている。
- It has been passed down that the Hidemori IKEDA brothers, who sided with the Taira family, escaped to this place, and the local clan calling itself the descendants of Hidemori existed as the vassals of the Mogami clan etc. in the Sengoku Period (Japan).
- 陵墓参考地のために詳細な調査がなされておらず不明確な点があるものの、埴輪の存在が明らかでないなどの特徴から、前方後円墳終末期のものであるとの説が強い。
- This mausoleum is generally supposed to have been constructed as one of the last keyhole-shaped mounds judging from the fact that it does not furnish Haniwa (unglazed terra-cotta cylinders and hollow sculptures arranged on and around the mounded tombs (kofun)), although no detailed investigation has been carried out because this is just a referable mausoleum.
- ただし、明治時代の初期に数か町が合併して新たに命名された町、北野天神の社領など、従来町名のなかった土地に新たに起立した町名などもかなりの数が存在する。
- However, there are quite a few towns that were established by merger of several towns in the early Meiji period and given a new name, or towns that were newly established in areas that didn't have traditional town names such as the estate of Kitano Tenjin Shrine.
- また梅雨前線付近の上空の大気を見ると、冬の空気と春・秋の空気の境目となる寒帯前線、春・秋の空気と夏の空気の境目となる亜熱帯前線が接近して存在している。
- If we look at the air in the sky in the vicinity of the baiu front, the polar front which forms a border between the winter air and spring or autumn air and the subtropical front which forms the border between the summer air and the spring or autumn air exist close to each other.
- それ以外にも多くの古い町並みが存在するが、高度経済成長以降、大阪のベッドタウンとして都市化が進み、落ち着いた町並みも、もはや過去のものとなりつつある。
- Although there are many towns and streets that preserve the historic atmosphere, these areas urbanized rapidly during Japan's economic expansion period and turned into suburbs of Osaka, making the quiet, traditional atmosphere is rapidly becoming a thing of the past.
- これらは、いずれも昭和6年(1931年)に編入された地区であり、山間部などで、昭和6年の町名成立時において当該区域内に人家が存在しなかったものである。
- The reason is that when they were incorporated into the ward and given names in 1931, there were no houses in these towns since they were located in the mountainous regions.
- 本項京都市南区の町名(きょうとし みなみくのちょうめい)では、同区内に存在する公称町名を一覧化するとともに、その成立時期・成立過程等について概説する。
- This section on 'Town names in Minami Ward, Kyoto City' lists official town names in Minami Ward and summarizes the period and process of their establishment.
- 福知山の特産品である丹波栗などを含む農作物が狙われ、年度によって深刻な被害を農家へもたらすこともあり、檻の共同オーナーを募集するNPO法人も存在する。
- Since these wild animals consume agricultural products including the Tanba chestnut, one of the specialty goods of Fukuchiyama, in some years they have sometimes caused serious damage to farmers; as a result, there is an incorporated nonprofit organization seeking joint owners for a 'cage.'
- しかし五人組制度が存在することによって、間接的に名主・庄屋の権威を裏付け、住民の生活を制約すると同時に町村の自治とりまとめを強化することには役立った。
- However, the Gonin-gumi system indirectly helped to give Nanushi/Shoya authority, control the life of the citizens, and reinforce autonomy of the villages and towns.
- だが、慶長13年(1608年)に永楽通宝の使用を禁ずる法令が幕府から出されている事から、永楽通宝に代わる然るべき銅銭が存在したと考えるのが妥当である。
- However, considering the act enacted by the government in 1608 that banned the use of the Eiraku Tsuho coins, it is reasonable to think that other appropriate copper coins would have existed.
- これに対して田租を納め無い田を不輸租田と呼ぶ(ただし、いずれにも属しない輸地子田(乗田・無主田・収公田など田租の替わりに地子を納める田地)も存在する)。
- On the other hand, rice fields which were exempted from denso were called fuyusoden (provided that rice fields which didn't belong either of the above two categories called yujishiden (such as joden, mushuden and shukoden on which jishi (land tax) was imposed instead of denso) also existed).
- 「国の兵共」が、「譜第図」や「胡簗注文」などの台帳に記載されるということ自体が、彼らが国衙支配下の開発領主達の中で特種な存在であったことを物語っている。
- The fact that 'soldiers of the province' was recorded in registers such as 'Fudaizu' and 'Yanagui chumon' (a list of warriors) said that they had a special existence among the kaihatsu-ryoshu under the Kokuga rule.
- そのため、有力な皇位継承資格者・山背大兄王(通説では聖徳太子の子)の存在が邪魔になり、643年11月、入鹿は斑鳩宮を襲い山背大兄王とその一族を滅ぼした。
- Since Iruka considered Prince Yamashiro no oe (it is said that he was a son of Prince Shotoku) a powerful candidate for succession to the Imperial Throne, as an obstacle, he launched an attack on Ikaruganomiya Palace and dethroned Prince Yamashiro no oe and his family in November, 643.
- このような異表記が見られるということは、かつては「上宮記」以外にも継体の出自系譜を伝える史料が存在した可能性(例えば『日本書紀』の系図)を示唆している。
- Since there were different writing expressions used for one person in historical books, we can also consider that there were possible historical materials which existed to support the origins of the family tree chart for the Emperor Keitai, other than the 'Joguki' (For example, family tree charts of 'Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]).
- この傾向は実は江戸時代から存在していたが(当主が幼少、病弱その他の理由などで、経営に関わらなかったケースが多く、実権はいわゆる「大番頭」が握っていた)。
- This tendency has in fact existed since the Edo period (there were many cases where family heads were not engaged in management because they were in infancy or in poor health, or for other reasons, and consequently the so-called 'ohbanto' would control the business).
- 一般に女性天皇は過去に8人10代存在するとされ、その内の6人8代は6世紀末から8世紀後半に集中するが、いずれも天皇または皇子を父に持つことは事実である。
- It is usually assumed that eight female Emperors in ten generations, including six female Emperors in eight generations during the period between the end of the sixth century and the latter half of the eighth century, were in the past, and it is undeniable that their father was either Emperor or Crown Prince.
- 本項京都市下京区の町名(きょうとしもぎょうくのちょうめい)では、同区内に存在する公称町名を一覧化するとともに、その成立時期・成立過程等について概説する。
- This section on 'Town names in Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City' lists official town names in Shimogyo Ward and summarizes the period and process of their establishment.
- 宮津藩京極家は改易、丹後田辺藩京極家は但馬へ転封となる中、峰山藩京極家は丹後の所領を幕末まで守り通し、京極高知の丹後藩の伝統を伝える存在として知られた。
- While the Kyogoku clan of the Miyazu Domain was punished by being deprived of their fief and the Kyogoku clan of the Tanabe Domain of Tango Province was transferred to Tajima, the Kyogoku clan of the Mineyama Domain kept their territory until the end of the Edo period, and passed down the tradition of the Tango Domain established by Takatomo KYOGOKU.
- 本項京都市山科区の町名(きょうとしやましなくのちょうめい)では、同区内に存在する公称町名を一覧化するとともに、その成立時期・成立過程等について概説する。
- This section on 'Town Names in Yamashina Ward, Kyoto City', lists official 'Town Names' in Yamashina Ward and summarizes the period and process of their establishment.
- 本項京都市右京区の町名(きょうとしうきょうくのちょうめい)では、同区内に存在する公称町名を一覧化するとともに、その成立時期・成立過程等について概説する。
- This section shows the list of the official town names in the Ukyo Ward and summarizes the period and process of their establishment.
- 本項京都市伏見区の町名(きょうとし ふしみくのちょうめい)では、同区内に存在する公称町名を一覧化するとともに、その成立時期・成立過程等について概説する。
- This section on 'Town names in Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City' lists official town names in Fushimi Ward and summarizes the period and process of their establishment.
- 本項京都市左京区の町名(きょうとしさきょうくのちょうめい)では、同区内に存在する公称町名を一覧化するとともに、その成立時期・成立過程等について概説する。
- This section on 'Town names in Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City' lists official town names in Sakyo Ward and summarizes the period and process of their establishment.
- 直接関係はなかったとはいえ、謀反人の一族が処罰されないことは少なく、毛利季光が処罰されなかったのは鎌倉幕府中枢に居た一族の長井氏の存在があると思われる。
- It was rare that a rebelling family could avoid being punished, although they ware not directly participating; it is thought that the reason of Suemitsu MORI not being punished could be due to the fact that the Nagai clan, who was playing the central role in the Kamakura bakufu.
- これらの世襲宮家は、建前上は正統な皇位継承権をもつ家系であることを主張できる存在ではあったが、必ずしも皇統断絶の危機に備えて存続していたのではなかった。
- These Seshu-Miya-ke had a legitimate right of succession to the Imperial Throne, and were not there only to ensure succession in the event that the Imperial line should die out.
- 旧福知山市内には地名(字・小字)、自治会名、通称など複数の街区名が存在し、なおかつ自治会名は必ずしも別名称の街区の範囲と一致しないため非常に複雑である。
- In Old Fukuchiyama City, there are two or more block names such as place names (Aza and Koaza), names of residents' associations, commonly-called names, etc., and the name of residents' association do not always correspond to the name of the city blocks, making the area very confusing.
- 麓の大江町(合併前は自治体の町)では、鬼を核としたまちづくりが行われ、成田亨デザインの鬼像や、鬼瓦の回廊、鬼の博物館など鬼にまつわるものが多数存在する。
- In Oe-cho (municipal town before merger) at the foot of Oe-yama mountain range, a town was created based on the Oni and there are many things related to the Oni such as a statue of the Oni designed by Toru NARITA, a corridor with Oni-faced pillars and a Japan Ogre Exchange Museum, etc.
- また、明治から大正前期と大正後期から昭和にかけて同一名称の会派が存在しているため、便宜上前者を「第一次無所属」、後者を「第二次無所属」と呼んで区別する。
- Also, because the name of a parliamentary group from the Meiji period to the early Taisho period and that from the later Taisho period to the Showa period were the same, the group in the former period was called as the 'First Independents' as well as the other in the latter was called as the 'Second Independents' to be distinguished for convenience.
- 六朝時代の南朝 (中国)では、別墅(べっしょ)・別業と呼ばれて江南貴族の中には数百頃の田畠を持つ者も存在したが、あくまでも別荘の一部として捉えられていた。
- In the Nan-Dynasty during the Rikucho period they were called bessho (villa) or betsugyo (villa), some of the Ciangnan aristocracy had hundreds of fields (of rice and other crops), but they were regarded as a part of the villa.
- 中世前期(平安時代~鎌倉時代)までは、民衆(百姓など)を規制する法令は、律令・公家法・本所法・武家法など支配者により定められたものしか存在していなかった。
- Before the early medieval period (from the Heian to Kamakura periods), the general public (peasants etc.) were regulated only by the laws established by rulers, such as the Ritsuryo codes, court noble law, honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) law, and samurai law.
- 武芸を職能とする下級貴族もまた、「兵(つわもの)の家」として武芸に特化した家柄を形成し、その中から軍事貴族という成立期武士の中核的な存在が登場していった。
- On the other hand, lower-ranked nobles whose function was to be skilled in the military arts had also developed their own family characteristics specialized in the military arts, and such families were called 'tsuwamono no ie' (literally, 'soldier family'). Subsequently, some of such families began to play a key role as the military elite at the dawn of samurai.
- このほか、歌や詩などに使われる霾(ばい、つちふる、bai)などの別名があるほか、「灰西」「赤霧」「山霧」「粉雨」といった地域的な呼び名もいくつか存在する。
- Furthermore, another term of 霾 (pronounced, bai or tsuchifuru) is also used in songs or poems, and in addition, some area-dependent terms of '灰西' (literally, dust from the west), '赤霧' (red mist), '山霧' (mountain mist) or '粉雨' (dust rain) are also used.
- また富豪層は受領との名田請負契約に基づいて巨富を築くと同時に中央官界とも直接結びついて受領を牽制するなど、受領の統制を超えて権益拡大を図る存在でもあった。
- Millionaires made enormous fortunes through the Myoden contract system and tried to increase their interest beyond the zuryo's control by directly connecting to central official circles.
- 旧多田荘の荘域にあたる現在の兵庫県川西市・三田市・猪名川町・宝塚市及びその周辺の地域には現在でも多田源氏にまつわる伝承を縁起に残す寺社が複数存在している。
- There are a number of temples and shrines, which handed their legends related to Tada-Genji down to generations, around Kawanishi City, Sanda City, Inagawa-cho and Takarazuka City of Hyogo Prefecture which lie in the former grounds of Tada Manors.
- 更に父親在世中に父を飛ばして子を皇位に立てる慣例が存在しないために、恒世を即位させるために大伴親王にも皇位継承を認めなければならない事態となったのである。
- Moreover, as there had been no practice where a child would become emperor ahead of his father while the father was alive, it was required to approve Imperial Prince Otomo as the heir to the imperial throne in order to have Tsuneyo ascend the throne.
- 本項京都市中京区の町名(きょうとしなかぎょうくのちょうめい)では、同区内に存在する公称町名を一覧化するとともに、その成立時期・成立過程等について概説する。
- This section on 'Town names in Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto City' lists official town names in Nakagyo Ward and summarizes the period and process of their establishment.
- 本項京都市上京区の町名(きょうとしかみぎょうくのちょうめい)では、同区内に存在する公称町名を一覧化するとともに、その成立時期・成立過程等について概説する。
- This section on 'Town names in Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City' lists official town names in Kamigyo Ward and summarizes the period and process of their establishment.
- 近鉄京都線:(京都・近鉄丹波橋駅方面)- 木津川台駅 - 山田川駅(精華町との境界上に存在) - (高の原駅・大和西大寺駅・近鉄奈良駅・橿原神宮前駅方面)
- Kintetsu Kyoto Line: (the area of Kyoto Station - Kintetsu Tanbabashi Station) - Kizukawadai Station - Yamadagawa Station (located across a boundary with Seika-cho) - (the area of Takanohara Station - Yamato Saidaiji Station - Kintetsu Nara Station - Kashiwarajingu-mae Station)
- しかし城郭都市のようになった本願寺の存在と門徒たちの勢いを恐れた細川晴元は、京都市内をほぼ勢力下に置いた日蓮宗徒らと結託して一向宗に打撃を加えようとした。
- However Harumoto HOSOKAWA, fearing the presence of Hongwan-ji Temple--as if it had been a walled town--and strength of its followers, joined hands with the Nichiren sect, who held power over the entire Kyoto City, and attempted to attack the Ikko-shu sect.
- 通称「かしの木台」で呼ばれる地域には「岩井新町」「荒河」が含まれ、その組合わせ名で住所が表記されることがあり、更に自治会名「かしの木台○丁目」も存在する。
- Since the area commonly called 'Kashinokidai' includes 'Iwaishinmachi' and 'Arakawa,' the address is indicated in combination, and a residents' association named 'x-chome, Kashinokidai' also exists.)
- 明治2年(1869年)、明治維新に伴う官制改革によって廃止されたが、律令制に基づく機関の中では、最後まで設置当初の職掌を名実ともに保った稀有の存在であった。
- In 1869, the Tenyakuryo was abolished during the reform of government institutions that followed the Meiji Restoration, but among all the institutions based on the ritsuryo system, the Tenyakuryo had the rare distinction of having managed to maintain, both in word and in deed, its official functions from when it was founded right up until the moment it was dissolved.
- 加えて、熊野参詣道といえば中辺路がまず想起される存在であることも手伝い、注目を浴びることの無かった小辺路は、やがて半ば「埋もれた熊野参詣路」となっていった。
- In addition, since Nakahechi was well known as a Kumano pilgrimage road and Kohechi did not draw much attention from the beginning, in the Showa era, Kohechi gradually became almost 'an unknown Kumano pilgrimage road'.
- 律令制が本格的に施行された8世紀のうちから、官吏、特に国司交替の手続きに関する法令(詔勅・太政官符)を集成した私撰の「交替式」と呼ばれる書物が存在していた。
- As early as the eight century when the Ritsuryo system was enforced on a large scale, a privately compiled book called 'Kotaishiki' existed, in which the laws and regulations concerning the procedures for replacing government officers, in particular, kokushi (provincial governors) (Shochoku - imperial edicts) and Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) were collected.
- 更には本陣備のみならずその他の備も視野に収めたより大規模な小荷駄も含まれている(図3では省略しているが家康本陣備には陣場奉行・小屋営作奉行などが存在する)。
- Moreover, it also included large-scale provisions transporters which oversaw other sonae in addition to the army headquarters sonae (it is omitted in Figure 3, but there exist a jinbabugyo (camp commissioner) and a commissioner managing the temporary quarters construction in Ieyasu's army headquarters sonae).
- しかし、初期・前期の村落内では前代を引き継ぐ階層差が大きく、(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)のどれかを欠く家(小百姓あるいは多様な隷属民)も多数存在していた。
- In the early villages, the hierarchy which was inherited from the previous period was significant, and there were a large number of families who lacked any of (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) (peasants who owned little plow land or various subordinate people).
- 欽明天皇治世(540年 - 571年)には戊午の干支年が存在しないため、最も近い戊午年である538年(書紀によれば宣化天皇3年)が有力と考えられている。)。
- During the reign of Emperor Kinmei (540-571), since there was no year of the horse (the Oriental zodiac), 538, the year closest to his period of reign, is often considered when Buddhism was introduced to Japan.
- 本項京都市東山区の町名(きょうとし ひがしやまくのちょうめい)では、同区内に存在する公称町名を一覧化するとともに、その成立時期・成立過程等について概説する。
- This section on 'Town names in Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City' lists official town names in Higashiyama Ward and summarizes the period and process of their establishment.
- 本項京都市西京区の町名(きょうとし にしきょうくのちょうめい)では、同区内に存在する公称町名を一覧化するとともに、その成立時期・成立過程等について概説する。
- This section shows the list of official town names in the Nishikyo Ward and summarizes the period and process of their establishment.
- 藍ほどではないが福知山と蚕の歴史を伝えるため、藍と同じく一部の学校では総合的な学習の一環として、蚕の飼育やビデオ鑑賞でその生態などを学ばせる学校も存在する。
- Although not as active as indigo dyeing, there are some schools which offer lessons on how to breed silk worms and how they live, through videos as part of the overall curriculum, in order to teach the history of Fukuchiyama and silk worms, much like indigo dyeing.
- 6世紀の氏姓制度成立以前において、「葛城」が本来的なウヂ名として存在したかについては疑問があり、ここでは従来の「葛城氏」の呼称を用いて便宜を図ることとする。
- Although it is doubtful whether the clan name 'Katsuraki' actually existed before the establishment of the system of clans and hereditary titles, this clan name is employed here for the sake of convenience.
- が、この論文に至った甲申事変や当時の歴史背景を教えてない事も多く、「脱亜論」の一部だけを取り上げて、「脱亜論」を正しく解釈していない、と言う意見も存在する。
- However, because most of them do not teach about the Gapsin Coup and the other historical background at that time that led to the 'Datsu-A Ron,' some say that this is not a proper understanding of the 'Datsu-A Ron' but just picking a part of it out of context.
- 因みに、文部省(現在の文部科学省)が編集した『小学唱歌集 初編』(明治21年(1881年)発行)に掲載されている歌詞は、現在のものよりも長く、2番も存在する。
- By the way, words in 'Shogaku Shokashu Shohen (Collection of songs for elementary school, First Version)' (issued in 1881) edited by the Ministry of Education (current Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) is longer than the current one and it has the second verse.
- 丹後地方は大型古墳が集中(網野銚子山古墳、神明山古墳、蛭子山古墳など)していることや、近年の発掘調査などから、古代に独自の勢力が存在していたと想定されている。
- It is believed that an independent power existed in Tango region in ancient times due to a large tumulus center found there (Aminochoshiyama Burial Mound, Shinmeiyama-kofun Tumulus, Ebisuyama-kofun Tumulus, and the like), as well as recent excavations and researches.
- 頒暦については、具注暦と同様に2巻で1年分として83部とする説(虎尾俊哉・広瀬秀雄説)と1巻で1年分として166部とする説(原秀三郎・山下克明説)が存在する。
- As for hanreki, there are two widely-held explanations: one alleging that the calendar was published twice a year and eighty-three copies were distributed, like guchureki (explanation held by Toshiya TORAO and Hideo HIROSE) and the other alleging that the calendar was published once a year and 166 copies were distributed (explanation held by Hidesaburo HARA and Katsuaki YAMASHITA).
- 歌合の句と良基の題材の解説及び判詞は、中世・近世を通じて有職故実書としても重んじられて書写・流布されたため、現在知られている物だけで80の伝本が存在している。
- These waka poems, and the subject matter selected by Yoshimoto as well as his hanshi were regarded as the important yusoku-kojitsusho (a book of courtly traditions and etiquette) during the medieval and pre-modern times and many manuscripts, at least 80 of them are known at present, were created and circulated.
- また、天皇の家門安堵を行う権能は戦国時代 (日本)以後も存在しており、京都における天皇への奉仕(公事など)を怠る公家(地方下向者)を牽制する役目を有していた。
- Additionally, the emperor's function of giving approval to families continued after the period of civil war (in Japan), as did the function of checking on court nobles (those going down to the provinces) who had neglected their services to the Emperor in Kyoto (including public duties).
- が、皇學館大學教授の清水潔によれば藤原通俊や大江匡房という知識人はその存在を知り才を磨く参考にしていたという、また一条兼良も有職故実の研究に活用したとされる。
- However, according to Kiyoshi SHIMIZU, a professor of Kogakkan University, some intellectuals such as FUJIWARA no Michitoshi and OE no Masafusa referred to it in order to develop their talents, finding its existence, and Kaneyoshi ICHIJO also utilized it for research of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette).
- ただ、近年の研究から山城国の石清水八幡宮近辺が有力説として上がり、そのために同じ山城出身の美濃国を乗っ取った斎藤道三と旧知の間柄にあったという説まで存在する。
- However, recent study has brought forth Iwashimizu Hachimangu in Yamashiro-no-kuni as the widely accepted theory, and from this theory there comes another theory that Dosan SAITO, who was also from Yamashiro and had assumed control of Mino-no-kuni, was an old friend of Hisahide.
- 中世以来、四辻宮や岩倉宮などいくつもの宮家が存在したが、これらの宮家は親王の身位とともに継承されるとは限らないので世襲宮家ではあるものの、世襲親王家ではない。
- From the middle ages, there were several princely houses, including the Yotsutsujinomiya and the Iwakuranomiya, which were not the Seshu-Shinno-ke, but Seshu-Miya-ke (hereditary princely houses) because they did not always succeed to the title of Imperial Prince.
- 但し、これは中心部に限られる上に、途中で途切れる・通りが合流する(多くの場合は新しい通り名になる)・カーブが存在するなど、画一的にそうなっているわけではない。
- However, this system applies only to the downtown area; moreover, there are exceptions to this: some streets end halfway or merge into another, often having a new street name, and at some points there are curves.
- 臨時裁判所は形式上は大審院の中に存在するが、実際は、太政官の決裁により開設し、太政官から司法省に委任された権限に基づいて判決を下す事実上の行政裁判所であった。
- The temporally court existed inside the Daishin-in as a matter of form, however, it was actually an administrative court established by the approval of Daijokan (the Great Council of State) and decide a case based on the authority delegated from the Daijokan to the Ministry of Justice
- しかも、白河に対抗する勢力として、異母弟・輔仁親王や摂関家を始めとする伝統的貴族が存在し、田堵農民層を神人・寄人に組織して巨大化した寺社勢力の圧力も熾烈だった。
- However, the forces against Shirakawa were strong, beginning with the traditional aristocracy such as his half-brother, Imperial Prince Sukehito, and the line of regents and advisers, along with the pressure from the growing religious groups that had organized the Tato farmer class into Jinin (temple followers) and Yoriudo (villains).
- 当初はその該当地は定まっていない浮免(うきめん)と呼ばれる存在であったが、後に一定の区画が雑役免田として固定化される定免(じょうめん)と呼ばれる仕組が成立した。
- Though the object lands were not fixed initially and called 'Ukimen,' the system called Jomen under which some land was fixed as Zoyakumenden established later.
- そして、実際には「封建王」的存在として朝廷すら支配していた徳川将軍でさえ、将軍宣下と上洛参内の時には天皇を「王」、将軍を「覇者」とする秩序に従っていたのである。
- Moreover, Tokugawa Shogun, who existed as 'feudal king' and even controlled the Imperial Court, however, followed the order calling himself 'supreme ruler' and the Emperor 'king' when he paid a visit to the Imperial Palace.
- ある土地からの収穫物またはその土地自体に対して、百姓・名主・荘官・地頭・領家・本家などといった多様な権利が重層的に存在していたのである(これを職の体系という)。
- Farmers, myoshu (owner of rice fields), shokan (an officer governing shoen or manor), jito (manager and lord of manor), ryoke (a lord of a manor) and head family had their ownership to harvests generated from a certain piece of land or to a certain piece of land itself and these various ownerships were multilayered (this is called 'shiki no taikei (定訳不明, framework of tasks or authorities in specific functions of administration.)'
- だが、実際には大学・国学誕生当初には存在しなかった紀伝道が主要科目として重んじられるようになり、大学・国学も紀伝道中心の教育システムに変化していくことになった。
- However, in fact Kidendo (the study of the histories), which did not exist at the birth of daigaku and kokugaku, came to be valued highly, and the educational system of daigaku and kokugaku was changed into Kidendo-oriented one.
- 五山制度は鎌倉幕府にも存在しており公文(公帖)が出されていたが、同制度が整備されたのは、室町幕府初代征夷大将軍足利尊氏が禅宗保護に積極的であったことに由来する。
- The Five Mountain System had already existed in the Kamakura bakufu with the issuance of kumon (kojo), and it was improved by Takauji ASHIKAGA, the first seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu, who was actively protecting the Zen sect.
- よく言われるように貴族に仕える存在として認識された武士を侍と呼んだと言うよりもむしろ、上層武士を除く大多数の武士が侍身分の一角を形成したと言った方が正確であろう。
- It is more accurate to say that the majority of bushi, except for upper-class bushi, formed a part of the samurai status, rather than that the bushi who were recognized as those who served the aristocrats were called samurai, as they say.
- 新撰組は、武士になることを宿願としており、目的達成のために武士に匹敵する活躍をしたため、特に現代の若者たちから幕末日本を象徴する存在とみなされ、根強い人気を誇る。
- The ambition of Shinsen-gumi was to become samurai, and with this goal in mind they were just as active as samurai, and modern day young people in particular regard them as a symbol of Japan during the last days of the shogunate, and Shinsen-gumi continues to be popular.
- ただし、摂政・関白が務める大臣職よりも上位の大臣が存在したり、現在大臣の職に無い(前大臣)の場合には、当該摂政・関白を一座に定める宣旨が出されることになっていた。
- However, if there was a minister who was positioned higher than Sessho or Kanpaku, or if they did not currently hold a ministerial post (such as a previous minister), there was a rule that a Senji (imperial decree) was to be declared to allow the Sessho or Kanpaku to be seated at the Ichiza.
- その一方で、格式編纂時には同時に交替式と「儀式」が編纂されたと信じられ、古くは「弘仁儀式」・「貞観儀式」・「延喜儀式」からなる三代儀式が存在したと信じられていた。
- On the other hand, it was believed that Kotaishiki (Administrative transition regulations) and 'Gishiki' were compiled at the same time as the compilation of the Kyakushiki, and it was formally believed that there had been the Sandai Gishiki, which was composed of 'Konin Gishiki,' 'Jogan Gishiki,' and 'Engi Gishiki.'
- その特種な存在であった千葉氏や、鎌倉権五郎景正の一族ら、辺境軍事貴族の子孫達が絡む、例えば大庭御厨の事件にしても、武士同士の戦乱とはほど遠い小競り合いにすぎない。
- It was just a small fight, far from a quarrel, between samurai in the case of the Chiba clan of a special existence, the clan of Gongoro kagemasa KAMAKURA, descendants of frontier military aristocracy, and even in the incident of Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch).
- 第22代清寧天皇と第23代顕宗天皇との間の期間、執政者だったと伝えられ、女性天皇の先駆的存在として注目される(時代的には、神功皇后と推古天皇をつなぐ位置にある)。
- During the period between the twenty-second Emperor Seinei and the twenty-third Emperor Kenzo, she is said to have been an administrator and attracts attention as a pioneer of Empress (periodically, she was positioned between Empress Jingu and Empress Suiko).
- 1180年代の治承・寿永の乱の結果、東国に鎌倉幕府が成立し、独自の支配権を獲得していたが、治天として専制を指向する後鳥羽には、幕府の存在が我慢ならないものだった。
- In 1180 as the result of the Jisho, Juei War, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) was established in the eastern province and had their own right to rule the government, however Gotoba who had the absolute power to direct a despotic government as Chiten, he could not stand the existence of the bakufu.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の平田職盛・平田職定の日記が残闕は存在しているものの、現存するまとまった形式の日記としては平田職忠が書いた天正11年(1588年)の日記となる。
- Fragments of the diaries of Motomori and Motosada HIRATA during the Sengoku Period exist, but only the diary of Mototada HIRATA of 1588 remains in complete form.
- こののちも、室町時代において吉良氏や渋川氏とともに、足利一門の名門 御一家として幕府内において一目置かれたが、最早守護大名衆の列からは完全に外された存在であった。
- In addition to the Kira and Shibukawa clans, the Ishibahshi clan was also recognized as a family of pedigree of the Ashikaga family in the Muromachi period, but there was no future for the clan as Shugo Daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords).
- これらのナンバー銀行は現存する物もあるが、現在存在する八十二銀行だけは第十九銀行と六十三銀行が合併し、両者の数字の和を取って名付けられた銀行(82=19+63)。
- Some Number Banks still exist, but only the existing Hachijuni bank (82 bank) was established by the merger of the Daijuku (19th) bank and the Rokujusan (63) bank and named by the total sum of numbers of both banks (82=19+63).
- これによって一族の財産や地位の分散を最小限に止め、血筋の尊貴さと正当性を有する嫡流は氏族の栄達を成し遂げ得る存在であり、庶流とも官位などの面で大きな差がつけられた。
- This minimized the risk of dispersing their fortunes and ranks; chakuryu, who held nobility and legitimacy of blood, were those who could advance the status of their clans and were greatly favored over the shoryu in terms of official ranks, for example.
- 昭和時代初期には、無尽会社による無尽は更に発展していき、銀行に相当するほどの規模を持つものまで存在すようになっていき、日本の経済を担う金融機関の一つとなっていった。
- In the early Showa period, Mujin by Mujin companies further developed and some of them became quite large equivalent to banks, and consequently became one of the financial institutions to bear the Japanese economy.
- この表現が日本の皇室について用いられる理由としては、日本神話において天皇は神の末裔であり、一般の人間とはかけ離れた存在という思想背景があったためと解釈する説がある。
- This expression is used for the Japanese Imperial family because there is an idea that the emperors are descendents of gods in the Japanese mythology and are different from ordinary people.
- 庶民の尊敬の対象は大名や征夷大将軍(上様、将軍様)に向けられ、天皇や公家は庶民とは間接的に縁のある存在(天子様)として敬意が払われる程度であったとも考えられている。
- It is believed also that the target of respect was pointed at the daimyo and Seii Taishogun (Ue-sama, Shogun-sama), and the Emperor and Kuge were given respect only because of their indirect relationship with common people.
- 巨椋池(おぐらいけ)は、京都府の南部、現在の京都市伏見区、宇治市、久御山町にまたがる場所に、かつて存在した池である(規模からいえば池よりも「湖」の方がふさわしい)。
- Ogura-ike Pond used to exist in the southern part of Kyoto Prefecture, being encompassed by the present Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City, Uji City and Kumiyama-cho (although, considering its size, it would have been more appropriate to call it a lake).
- 他にも尾藤橋、三河橋などに代表される沈下橋の存在や、福知山市施設などでも当時をかたるさまざまな資料が残されており、水害と共に生きてきた市民の歴史を知ることができる。
- Additionally, there is a bridge designed to be submerged during floods, like the Bito-bashi Bridge, Sogo-bashi Bridge, etc., as well as various relics which remain in the facilities of Fukuchiyama City, which tell the history of those citizens who lived with the floods.
- 諸記録によれば、大饗の際に用いた朱器(朱塗りの食器・酒器)が長櫃4台に納められ、また朱器を置くための台盤が大きな物が5つありそれを含めて27個存在したとされている。
- It is noted from several records that shuki (vermilion-lacquered dishes and drinking vessels) for grand banquets were stored in four nagabitsu (long wooden box with a lid) and there were 27 daiban (low and rectangular table on which food was served, used by nobles in the Heian period) to place shuki, including five large daiban.
- また、既存の公験が存在する事物の変動に際しては、その公験を解状に添える義務があり、紛失時には速やかに公験発給官司への届出を行い公験紛失状の発給を受けるものとされた。
- If the object of change had already been provided with kugen, it was compulsory to attach the kugen to gejo, and in the case of loss, a prompt notification to governmental official in charge of issuance of kugen was required to be supplied a certificate confirming the loss.
- 当時の日本では、歴史学界内部に限れば冷静な議論が可能であったが、一歩外に出れば学問の自由は存在せず、政府、政治家、神道家、新聞が、学者の不敬を格好の攻撃材料とした。
- In Japan in those days, calm discussions were possible only within the academic circle of history, but there was no academic freedom outside the circle, and the government, politicians, shintoists and newspapers attacked the impiety of scholars.
- 律令制においては呪禁は病気治療や安産のために欠かせないものとされ、同時に国家安泰のための道教呪術を行う存在として、天文学・暦学ともに「国家要道」の学と位置づけられた。
- Under the Ritsuryo system, the jugon hakase was considered indispensable for his spells, medical treatments of the sick and efforts to make childbirth safer, and at the same time, given the fact that the jugonshi were also casting Daoist incantations in order to ensure the stability and peace of the realm, jugon (the art of sorcery) was ranked among the 'kokka yodo' (arts vital to the state), along with astronomy and calendrical science.
- 彦人大兄の死後においても、皇子の系統が蘇我氏や上宮王家に対抗して舒明即位から大化の改新の実現を可能にしたのは、こうした財政的裏付けの存在があったからだと言われている。
- It is said that even after the death of Hikohito no Oenomiko, the prince line was able to oppose the Soga clan and the Jogu royal family to put the Emperor Jomei in the throne and carry out Taika no Kaishin; which was based on such financial foundations.
- 日本海が海上交易の中心だった明治以前には、若狭湾で陸揚げされた物資が琵琶湖を通じて京都、さらには淀川経由で大阪方面へと運ばれており、内水系の重要港湾が数多く存在した。
- When Japan Sea was the center of commerce at sea before the Meiji period, goods landed from Wakasa Bay were carried to Kyoto via Lake Biwa, and then to Osaka via the Yodo-gawa River, which meant that there were a lot of important inland water ports in Shiga.
- この制度導入の背景には土地の良し悪しや年貢率による実収とのバランス、旗本による知行権行使の抑制、小禄知行取の存在、村を分断して農民たちの団結を防ぐなどが言われている。
- This system is believed to have been introduced for such reasons as securing a well-balanced real income in proportion to the fertility of land and tax rate, inhibiting hatamoto from exercising their right to chigyo-chi, and preventing villagers from uniting by dividing the village with the presence of several small-stipendiary chigyo-tori (recipients of land revenue).
- 同会専属の衆議院議員も存在したものの、協力関係にあった東洋自由党・国民協会_(日本)・政務調査会_(明治時代の政党)・同盟倶楽部などと掛け持ちであった議員が多かった。
- While some of the members were council members of the party, it included among it's members of the Dai Nihon Kyokai were lawmakers of the House of the Representatives, many of whom also belonged to other political parties that maintained cooperative relations with Dai Nihon Kyokai, including the Toyo Jiyuto (Oriental Liberal Party), the Kokumin Kyokai (National Association [Japan]), The Policy Affairs Research Council (a political party in the Meiji period), and the Domei Club (League Club).
- また、中世になり武門の家が確立した後でも、それとは別に朝廷の武官に相当する職種が一応存在したが、たとえこの官職を得ても、武士身分出身でなければ武士とは認められなかった。
- And even after the military families were established in medieval times, apart from this, the post corresponding to the military officer in the Imperial Court existed, but he could not be admitted as bushi unless coming from samurai status even though he got the government post.
- その一方、基本的に日本人を「倭人」として見下しながらも古く室町には平仮名、片仮名と言った固有文字の存在に、江戸時代には京都、大阪、江戸といった都市の絢爛豪華さに驚いた。
- On the other hand, while fundamentally disparaging Japanese as 'Wajin' (an older name for Japanese), Koreans were astonished in the Muromochi period by the existence of Japan-original characters of Hiragana and Katakana and by the splendor of cities, such as Kyoto, Osaka and Edo, in the Edo period.
- しかし、花園や後醍醐のケースと異なり、冷泉と円融のケースでは、父村上、母安子、外祖父師輔がいずれもすでに死去しており、皇位継承をコントロールする親権者が存在しなかった。
- However, in Reizei and Enyu's case, different from Hanazono and Godaigo, father Murakami, mother Anshi, male relative Morosuke were all dead and there was no guardian to control the Imperial succession.
- また、上記の関以外にも北白川口(今路道下→東山道)、東寺口(→山陽道)、法性寺口(→南海道)、西三条道(→(嵯峨道))を七口の1つとして挙げている文書・史料も存在する。
- Other than the checkpoints above, some documents and historical materials name the Kita-shirakawa entrance (the Imamichi michishita: the Higashiyama road), the Higashi-dera entrance (the Sanyo road), the Hossho-ji entrance (the Nankai road) and the Nishi-sanjo road (the Saga road) as one of the Nanakuchi.
- つまり国歌の必要性は、まずなによりも、外交儀礼の場において軍楽隊が演奏するために生じるのであり、現在でも例えばスペイン国歌・国王行進曲のように、歌詞のない国歌も存在する。
- In other words, the necessity of a national anthem is generated by a military band on the occasion of extending diplomatic courtesy and, even today, there are national anthems that have no words like Spanish National Anthem, Marcha Real.
- これらのことから、「ワケ」(別・和気・和希などと表記)の称を有する名は4世紀から5世紀にかけて皇族・地方豪族の区別なく存在し、ごく普遍的に用いられた名であることが分かる。
- From these considerations, names having the term 'wake' (written in several ways by Chinese characters) existed from fourth to fifth century irrespective of Imperial family or local ruling families, showing that this was a name used universally.
- 6代将軍の足利義教の頃には将軍家の「弓馬師範」としての地位を確立し、以後的始め、馬始めなど幕府の公式儀礼をしばしば差配し、当時における武家の有職故実の中心的存在となった。
- In the period of the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, it established the position of 'the master of kyuba' of the shogun family and often managed the official ceremonies of bakufu such as Mato-hajime and Uma-hajime (first horse riding in beginning of year) as the key player of yusoku kojitsu of samurai families around that time.
- しかし『万国公法』を読むことによって、あるいは駐在公使として直接海外に赴く人が増えたことで、西欧諸国間にも徳に基づくルールが存在するのだという認識が徐々に広まっていった。
- However, by reading 'Bankoku Koho' and increase in the number of people going abroad as minister, realization that there was a rule based on virtue in Western countries gradually gained ground.
- こうした厳重な管理体制が約30年近く後天平年間田租収入の30年分余りの(田地からの年間収穫量とほぼ同一)の貯蔵が存在していたことが現存する各令制国の正税帳から推測できる。
- From the existing records on rice tax in various provinces, it can be thought that after continuing such strict management system for nearly 30 years, the amount stored in fudoso corresponded with more than 30 years' rice tax income in the Tenpyo era (almost the same as the yearly crop yields).
- また招いた結果が国権を喪失し植民地支配に陥ったという重大事態であるので「騙されたとしても、騙された事に対する責任がある。」とする厳しい意見も南北朝鮮を中心に存在している。
- There are some barbed criticism in North and South Korea saying 'Even if they were betrayed, they were still responsible for being betrayed' considering that the serious result that the group brought was the loss of the sovereignty and to fall under colonial rule.
- 更に『続日本紀』の和銅2年7月1日 (旧暦)(ユリウス暦709年8月10日)の条に出羽柵に武器を運搬したとの記載があることから、その時点には出羽柵が存在したことがわかる。
- Additionally, since an article dated August 14, 709 of 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) records that weapons were transported to Dewa no Ki, it is suggested that Dewa no Ki had existed by then.
- 陳朝で成立した『大越史記』においては、秦漢時代に今日の広東からヴェトナム北部に存在した南越国をヴェトナム最初の正統王朝とし、この地域を対象とする「天下」概念が形成された。
- According to 'Daietsu shiki' written in the era of Trần dynasty, Nanetsukoku, a nation located in the region ranging from present Canton to North Vietnam, was the first legitimate dynasty of Vietnam, and the notion of 'Tenka' which referred to this region was created.
- 上京区内の東の堀川通から西の七本松通、北の鞍馬口通から南の中立売通あたりまでの範囲の中を指すが、住所としては存在せず、どこからどこまでかは正確に定められているわけではない。
- To be precise, it refers to the area between the Horikawa-dori Street in the east and the Shichihonmatsu-dori Street in the west and between the Kuramaguchi-dori Street in the north and the Nakadachiuri-dori Street in the south of Kamigyo Ward; however, the exact location of Nishijin is not officially specified because Nishijin is not a real address.
- 木曜会(もくようかい)とは、明治時代に存在した貴族院_(日本)の院内会派(1897年7月28日-1913年1月26日、なお院内交渉団体としての成立は1898年3月10日)。
- Mokuyo-kai refers to a faction within the Diet of House of Lords (Japan) in the Meiji Period (July 28, 1897 - January 26, 1913, in addition it was established as a group having a legislative bargaining position in the Diet on March 10, 1898).
- コーエーの歴史シミュレーションゲーム『信長の野望シリーズ』において、四作目の『信長の野望・武将風雲録』以降のほとんどの作品では「信長包囲網」の名を冠したシナリオが存在する。
- A game called 'anti-Nobunaga network' can be found in the fourth product, 'Nobunaga's Ambition, Busho Fuunroku (Tales of the Military Commanders) ' and almost all the games that follow the fourth of 'Nobunaga's Ambition Series,' a historical simulation game, produced by TECMO KOEI Holdings Co., Ltd,.
- 谷森種松は、『懐風藻』が天智天皇のことを「淡海先帝」とことさらに「先」の字を付けて書いたのは、淡海後帝の存在を暗示するもので、大友皇子の即位を知らせようとしたのだと考えた。
- Yoshiomi TANIMORI considered that the fact that 'Kaifuso' referred to Emperor Tenchi as Tankai Ex-Emperor suggests presence of Tankai Post-Emperor and the enthronement of Prince Otomo.
- 当時の官制においては、位階は八位まで(その下に初位というのも存在した)で、当時の貴族とは従五位以上を指し、従八位から正六位までは官人(官僚)であり、厳密には貴族ではなかった。
- In government-regulated organizations at that time, the lowest rank of the ikai (court ranks) was Hachii (the rank of Shoi also existed below Hachii), and the definition of a noble of the time was a person ranked Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) or above whereas persons ranked between Juhachii (Junior Eighth Rank) and Shorokui (Senior Sixth Rank) were regarded as government officials (bureaucrats), who were not nobles in the strictest sense.
- 現在の兵庫県神戸市中央区 (神戸市)には、楠木正成・正季兄弟終焉の地として正成ら楠木一族を祭神に祀った湊川神社があり、徳川光圀自筆の「嗚呼忠臣楠子之墓」の石碑などが存在する。
- In modern day Chuo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture, Minatogawa-jinja Shrine enshrining Masashige and the KUSUNOKI family stands on the place in which the brothers Masashige and Masasue KUSUNOKI died, and there are stone monuments such as 'A Shushin Nanshi no Haka' (the grave of loyal subject Nanshi) written by Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA himself.
- 長州藩は江戸期全体を通して表向きは幕府に恭順の姿勢をとる普通の藩として存在していたが、毎年正月には幕府への怨恨を確かめる儀式を執り行っていたと伝えられる(確たる証拠はない)。
- Throughout the Edo period, the Choshu clan superficially existed as a normal clan that assumed an attitude of obedience toward Bakufu; however, it is said that with each new year it conducted a ceremony to confirm its hard feelings against Bakufu (although no decisive evidence exists).
- 従って確実に存在したと言えるのは「貞観儀式」のみであるが、その題名について単に「“儀式”」であるとする異説もあり、実際に「貞観儀式」という名称が用いられていたかは不明である。
- Accordingly, only 'Jogan Gishiki' was confirmed to have existed, but there was still another view that it was simply titled 'Gishiki;' therefore, it is unknown whether the title 'Jogan Gishiki' was virtually used or not.
- 大宝律令において律令の解釈に関する官職や専門家を育成する仕組は存在せず、当初の大学寮においては本科にあたる後の明経道と数学の学科である算道の2つで構成されたと考えられている。
- Under Taiho Code, there were no system to develop the government posts and specialists handling the interpretation of ritsuryo and in Daigakuryo there seemed to be two subjects at first - future Myogyodo as the main course and Sando, a subject of mathematics.
- 従って現時点で明らかであるのは、平安時代の後期には延喜年間に編纂あるいは記録に由来を持つ『延喜儀式』という儀式(書物)が存在して、先例として重んじられていたということである。
- The only thing apparent at present was the Gishiki (Book) called 'Engi Gishiki' during the late Heian period which might have been compiled or the contents of which might have originated during the Engi era and were highly regarded as authority.
- 一般的には記紀の記述を尊重し、過去に存在した女性天皇は何れも男系の女性天皇であり、また女性天皇が皇族男子以外と結婚して産んだ子が皇位を継いだことは一度としてないとされている。
- Generally the descriptions in the Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) and the Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) were respected for the details on female Emperors, all the female Emperors in history were female emperor of the male lineage, there were no examples of female emperors married to non Imperial Family members with her children succeeding to the throne.
- つまり一定程度の領域及びそこに住む人民に国家の基礎をおいた統治組織が存在し、しかも領域内では、その統治権が排他的に確立され、他国から干渉を排し独立していること(内政不干渉)。
- This means that there is a governing system, which has a foundations of the state in the certain area and on the people living the area, and its sovereignty is exclusively established in the area and it must be independent from the interference by other countries (noninterference in internal affairs).
- また、学制の整備によって宣教政策の目的が達成されるとの観点から、政府は教部省の存在自体を懐疑的に捉える結末となり、上記の混乱によって既存の宗教勢力は右往左往することとなった。
- In addition, the Meiji government considered that the establishment of the educational system throughout Japan could satisfy the purpose of national edification at the same time and thus became skeptical of Kyobusho, and these inconsistencies made the existing religious groups rush around in confusion.
- 後半の「さざれ石の巌となりて」は、砂や石が固まって岩が生じるという考え方と、それを裏付けるかのような細石の存在が知られるようになった『古今和歌集』編纂当時の知識を反映している。
- 'Pebbles gather to form a rock' in the latter half reflects knowledge of the period when the Kokin-Wakashu was compiled and the idea that sand and pebbles gather together to form a rock and existence of pebbles were thought as evidence of this idea.
- 多数の裏切りを出した背景には、九州の諸豪族を軒並み味方につけて大軍を組織してはいても、その大半は南朝方有利の情勢を見て是非なく菊池武敏に味方した者であったという事実が存在する。
- One reason for the betrayal by many warriors was that even though Kikuchi's side led a large force allied with almost all the powerful clans in Kyushu, most of them regarded the Southern Court side as superior and sided with Taketoshi KIKUCHI.
- それに対して算道の扱う分野は儒教とは直接的な関連性はなく、計算や測量などの技術系官人の育成を行うことを目的としていたことから、唯一本科から独立した存在であったのが算道であった。
- In contrast, the fields covered by Sando had no direct relevance to Confucianism and aimed at educating technical government officials in calculation, survey, and other similar subjects; in this way, Sando was the only existence independent from the regular course.
- 職業の世襲という概念は氏姓制度の時代から存在しており、律令制度に入ってからも何世代にもわたって技能・学術を継承してきた「世習」の家柄を優先して技術系の官職に就ける事例があった。
- The concept of hereditary occupations existed from the time of the Shisei system, and even in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based upon the ritsuryo code), there were cases where families that had passed on techniques and knowledge down the generations had priority in obtaining technical official positions.
- 大きく分けて原本に近いと考えられる本(内閣文庫・平安博物館所蔵本など)と洞院実守書写と伝えられるものの、一部に脱落と錯簡が見られる系統(尊経閣文庫所蔵本など)のものが存在する。
- Existing books are basically divided into two groups, namely those considered to be close to the original (a book owned by the Cabinet Library, a book owned by the Heian Museum of Ancient History, etc.) and those with some omissions and out of order pages which are believed to be the manuscript of Sanemori TOIN (a book owned by Sonkeikaku Bunko Library).
- しかし名田が確立できなかった地域や、供御人・神人など名田体系では把握できなかった人々が存在したので、これらに対しても年貢などを賦課するために、在家を単位として収取したのである。
- However, the myoden system could not catch hold of some areas, nor could it catch hold of some people, such as 'kugonin' (privileged people who contributed provisions to the emperor) and 'jinin' (associates of Shinto shrines), so instead, zaike was newly introduced as the unit of taxation and labor enforcement in order to seize those areas and people.
- 土着国司やその子孫は中央では身分が比較的低い軍事貴族として摂関家などに仕え、また旧郡司層は健児として地方軍事力を支えてきた存在であり、ともに国司へ軍事力を提供する主体であった。
- Local kokushis and their offspring served sekkan-ke (five top court noble families of FUJIWARA family's offspring) as comparatively low-ranking military aristocrats, old gunshi class supported the local military forces as kondei (local military army), and both provided kokushis with the military forces.
- 弟である実仁親王・輔仁親王が有力な皇位継承候補として存在している中、我が子である善仁親王に皇位を譲ることでこれら弟の皇位継承(およびそれを支持する貴族)を断念させる意図があった。
- Although his younger brothers, Imperial Prince Sanehito and Imperial Prince Sukehito, were strong candidates for the Imperial succession, he passed the throne to his son Imperial Prince Taruhito, so that his younger brothers (and the nobles supporting them) would give up their hopes for the throne.
- 11世紀の侍階層出現の頃より現れて公家の家政機関に奉仕する役目を担うが、四位・五位へ昇進する諸大夫より下位に置かれて、基本的には六位に置かれていた(稀に五位に昇る者が存在した)。
- The position first appeared in around the 11th century when the samurai rank system was created, and it fulfilled the role of serving the household institution of court nobles, however, it ranked under Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo) who would raise to Shii (Fourth Rank) or Goi (Fifth Rank), mainly placed at Rokui (Sixth Rank) (rarely, some rose to Goi).
- なお、仏教界には廃仏毀釈などで神道とその庇護者である明治政府との関係が悪化していたため、『共通の敵』であるキリスト教への敵対心を利用して関係を改善しようという動きも存在していた。
- Because of the worsening relations with Shinto and the Meiji Government which had protected Shinto due to the anti-Buddhist movement at the beginning of the Meiji period, the Buddhist world showed some moves to improve such relations by taking advantage of hostility toward Christianity, or 'the common enemy.'
- 古代インドにおいては絶対的所有権の概念が存在せず、自給自足に近い生活を送る零細農家が森林を開発して田畑とした者が土地の所有者となり、国王に租税を納めることでその耕作権が保障された。
- In ancient India there did not exist the concept of absolute property right and the small farm house, which was self-sufficient, developed the forest, made it a field, became the owner of the land and was guaranteed the right to cultivate it by paying taxes to the king.
- また、少数であるがカバネを有しない白丁身分(庶民)の子弟であっても入学が許された例も存在している(天平年間に設置された文章生・明法生の採用規定に「白丁雑任の子」と規定されていた)。
- Also, although few in number, there were cases in which common children of hakucho (inferior servant) status, who did not have kabane, were allowed to enter Daigaku-ryo (Guidelines on recruitment of monjosho [students of literary studies] and myobosho [students of law studies], which were drawn up in the Tenpyo era [from 729 to 749], stated that 'children of hakucho and zonin' [lower-ranking government officials] were qualified).
- その後も修史事業は試みられ「新国史」なるものが存在したと伝聞されるが、若干残った逸文から見ると完成奏上に至らなかったとする見解が主流であり、原因としては律令政治の衰退があげられる。
- There were other attempts to compile national histories following Rikkokushi and it is rumored that there was a 'Shinkokushi' (New National History), but the few remaining rare texts have led to the prevailing opinion that they were never completed and reported to the emperor, with the decline of government according to the Ritsuryo codes given as a reason for this.
- このうち「国替え説」は、唯一史料として変19日前の5月14日付けの丹波国人、土豪への軍役を課した織田信孝の軍令書が存在し、この人見家文書の花押の真偽を巡る学問的な論議となっている。
- With respect to the 'view that the cause of the incident was transference of the fief,' as only one historical material, there is Nobutaka ODA's military order dated May 14, nineteen days before the Incident, that imposed military service on local lords and powerful local clans in Tanba, and it became the subject of academic arguments whether or not kao (written seal mark) on this military order is genuine.
- 結局、一連の内紛で幕府そのものが衰微し京都周辺を収めるだけの地方政府へと転落し、辛うじて守護に代わって全国に割拠した戦国大名への権威付け機関としての存在感を示すだけのものと化した。
- But as a result of this series of internal squabbles, the bakufu itself had fallen into decline, and was now capable of exerting control only over the area immediately surrounding Kyoto, transforming into an institution that just barely managed to take the place of the shugo and survive as the titular authority over the Sengoku-period daimyo who each struggled to defend his authority over his own territory.
- これは、昔から豊後守護であり、北九州を抑えようとしていた大友氏には忌々しい存在であり、15世紀から16世紀前半には豊前や筑前などを舞台に大友と大内の小中規模な勢力争いが続いていた。
- Since the Otomo clan had been shugo (military governor) of Bungo Province for a long time, aiming at subjugation of northern Kyushu, it was infuriated with the Ouchi clan -- There had been small-scale to medium-scale power struggles between the Otomo and the Ouchi clans around such regions as Buzen and Chikugo from the fifteenth century to the first half of the sixteenth century.
- 1987年(昭和62年)ごろからは遅れていた高速道路も整備も成され、その交通の利便性などから拠点を置く多数の大手企業が存在し、それらは福知山都市圏を構成し福知山市はその中心を担う。
- From around 1987, the delayed improvement of expressways has started; many major companies are located in Fukuchiyama due to the convenient transportation and these companies comprise the urban area of Fukuchiyama, centered around Fukuchiyama City.
- 賽神場は、朝鮮においてクッ(賽神)と称されるシャーマニズム的現世信仰が行われる場所であり、諸神および諸仏に巫女(男も存在する)が信者の現世における利益をかなえさせる儀式が行われる。
- Sainokami-jo is a place where the belief in material benefits like Shamanism is carried on, and miko (shrine maiden or male attendant) holds a ceremony dedicated to gods or Buddha to pray for devotees' benefits of this world.
- それに対し、日本では堺市や寺内町のような堀と土塁で囲まれた都市や町は早くから存在していたものの、初期の城下町では領主の居城のみが堀と城壁に囲まれ、街自体は城壁には囲まれていなかった。
- However, in Japan, although there have been cities and towns such as Sakai City and Terauchi-cho which are surrounded by a moat and dirt mounds since early times, only the lord's residence castle was surrounded by a moat and castle wall and the town area itself was not surrounded by a castle wall in the initial jokamachi.
- しかし上述の様に足軽の中には常時雇用される者もおり、そうした者達は実質的には何代も同じ主君に仕え、同時に武士の一員として遇されていた事から、傭兵と封建兵の中間に位置する存在と言える。
- However, as stated above, there were ashigaru who were employed full-time and would serve the same master for several generations, and there were also ashigaru who were treated as samurai, so it can be said that ashigaru occupied a status intermediate between those of mercenaries and feudal soldiers.
- 使節団によってヨーロッパの人々に日本の存在が知られる様になり、彼らの持ち帰ったヨハネス・グーテンベルク印刷機によって日本語書物の活版印刷が初めて行われた(これをキリシタン版という)。
- The mission made the existence of Japan known among the European people and Japanese documents were printed for the first time with a printing press that Johannes Gutenberg brought back (this is called Jesuit printing).
- 南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱で一時家系が絶えたが、江戸時代初期に飛鳥井家から難波宗勝(飛鳥井雅庸の子)を迎えて難波家を再興した(そのため難波家を飛鳥井家の庶流と見る考え方も存在する)。
- The family line was once cut off due to the disturbance during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but during the early Edo period, the Nanba family was restored as they adopted Munekatsu NANBA (a son of Masatsune ASUKAI) from the Asukai family (Therefore, the Nanba family is regarded as a collateral branch of the Asukai family by some viewpoints).
- 記録によると13人の領主が割り当てられた十三給という村落も存在した(なお、岡山藩領の邑久郡尾張村(現在の岡山県瀬戸内市)では享保年間に26人の領主に分割されていたとする記録がある)。
- It is recorded that there were some villages whose territorial form was jusan (13)-kyu with the assignment of 13 feudal lords (even there is a record that a village called Owari-mura located in Oku County [present Setouchi City, Okayama Prefecture], a territory of Okayama Domain, was shared by as many as 26 lords during the Kyoho era).
- 御料そのものは憲法制定以前から存在し、明治維新後に木戸孝允・徳大寺実則・元田永孚らによってその充実を求める意見書が出されていたが、大部分の御料の形成は憲法制定に深いかかわりがあった。
- However, since goryo as such had existed before the Constitution, Takayoshi KIDO, Sanetsune TOKUDAIJI, Nagazane MOTODA and others submitted a written opinion looking to improve imperial holdings, but most goryo was deeply linked with the formulation of the Constitution.
- が、1999年6月17日に東京地方裁判所は、当時の国際法で戦争被害に対する個人の損害を補償しないという原則と、日本の国内法に軍票を交換する法律が存在しないことを理由に請求を棄却した。
- On June 17, 1999, the Tokyo District Court rejected the plaintiff's claim because of the following reasons; the international law at that time had a principal that individual war damage would not be compensated; Japanese domestic law did not have a legislation that the govenment would exchange the former military currency with other currency.
- 戦前は、平安時代の貴族は天皇から政治実権を奪い、京で遊興にふけった退廃的な存在としてとらえられがちだったが、戦後になり橋本義彦らによって平安期の貴族の実態が次第に明らかとされていった。
- Before the war, the nobles in the Heian Period were regarded to have seized political power from the Emperor and to have pursued a life of pleasure in Kyoto, but after the war, Yoshihiko HASHI
- ただ、実際には、刀や脇差の上納と没収が名目上で展開されたのみで、祭祀に用いる武具や害獣駆除のための鉄砲などは所持を許可されるなど、刀狩の展開後も農村には大量の武器が存在したままだった。
- Actually, however, the katanagari edict developed as a means to deliver or confiscate swords and short swords, while arms used for religious ceremonies and muskets for getting rid of noxious beasts were still allowed, leaving a great deal of weapons in the villages even after the execution of the katanagari edict.
- だが、有世が“土御門”を名乗ったとする記録は当の土御門家にも存在せず、確実に「土御門」を名乗ったと言えるのは、その曾孫にあたる安倍有宣(室町時代中期-後期)以後であると考えられている。
- However, even the Tsuchimikado family themselves do not have any record which shows that Ariyo used the surname of 'Tsuchimikado,' and it is thought that the first person who used the 'Tsuchimikado' surname was ABE no Nobuari, the grandson of Ariyo, and the later generations (mid- to late- Muromachi period).
- ここで酒造石高のほうが酒造米高よりも多いのは、まず前述したように「汲水延ばし」などの技法が存在したため、また西国ではすでに焼酎など米以外の原料から造る酒が一般化していたためと思われる。
- Sake brewing kokudaka turned out to be greater than the amount of rice for brewing sake, and this is believed to have been firstly due to the existence of 'kumimizu nobashi' and other techniques as discussed above and also due to the fact that other alcoholic drinks produced from other than rice, such as shochu (distilled spirit), had already become popular in saigoku (western part of Japan).
- また、朝廷の行動が実際の救済行動に結びついたことで、幕府の朝廷統制によって江戸時代を通じて忘れられかけていた朝廷の存在を民衆に再度思い起こさせる結果となり、尊王論の興隆の一因となった。
- The act by the Imperial Court led to the actual relief reminded the people of the existence of the Imperial Court, which had been almost forgotten throughout the Edo period due to the tight control on the Imperial Court by the bakufu, as a result this incident became one of the causes to rise the sonnoron (imperial loyalism).
- 史学上の用語としては戦前にはしばしば用いられたが、鎌倉時代以後においても朝廷機構が存在して一定の影響力を有していたことから、実情を反映したものとは言えないために今日では用いられていない。
- It was often used as a historical term before the war but is no longer used today because it does not reflect the actual state of affairs due to the fact the Imperial Court existed and possessed a certain degree of influence even after the Kamakura period.
- 日本の歴史上の領主はヨーロッパの農奴制における領主のように無制限に所領の土地と人民を私有財産として所有したのではなく、徴税権・支配権にかかわる一定の権利義務の体系を所持した存在であった。
- Territorial lords in Japanese history were not like those under the serf system in Europe who owned the land and people in his or her territory as his or her private property without any restrictions, but possessed a system of certain rights and responsibilities concerning tax-collecting and territory-control.
- なお、真の統治者が将軍ではなく天皇である事を知らしめるため、当時、九州鎮撫総監が“将軍はいろいろ変わったが、天子様は変わらず血統も絶えずに存在する”という趣旨の文書を民衆に配布している。
- To announce to the nation that the real ruler was not a shogun but an emperor, the Kyushu general office director of suppression circulated a document stating 'We had so many different Shoguns but the Emperor is still there without his blood line cut'.
- 明治になって再び朝廷に政権が返った事により、江戸幕府の大奥や西洋の宮廷の例のように皇后やその周辺の側近が国政に関与する可能性も存在したが、彼女は自らを律して国政に直接関与する事を戒めた。
- Due to the return of political power to the court during Meiji Period, there was a possibility that the empress along with advisers close to the empress could take part in the national government, like the O-oku in the Edo Bakufu or the Imperial Court in Western countries, but the Empress disciplined herself and prohibited themselves from taking part in the national government.
- 皇別・王孫は天皇が大王であった古代から存在し、財政や後継者争いの防止の観点から現天皇と血筋が遠くなった傍流の皇族や、天皇の子供でも側室やめかけの子供であるものに苗字を与える形で誕生した。
- Kobetsu/oson existed from the ancient times when Emperor was called Okimi (great king), and were created by giving family names to branch Imperial families whose lineage to the Emperor became remote or to children whose mothers were mistresses or concubines of the Emperor in order to prevent financial troubles and succession races.
- 従って、たとえば中国の唐などの歴代の王朝や、現存する日本国外のウィンザー朝(イギリス)、チャクリー王朝(タイ王国)のような「国内に存在した他の王朝と区別するための王朝の名前」を持たない。
- It therefore does not require any dynastic designation, 'which serves to distinguish it from the other dynasties that existed in the country' like, for example, the successive dynasties in China such as the Tang Dynasty, or the existing House of Windsor (Great Britain) and the Chakri Dynasty (Kingdom of Thailand).
- また、交差する東西の通りが、鴨川以東の短い区間にのみ存在する場合や鴨川以東で名称が変わる通りの場合は、単に「東西の通り名」のみ、または「東西の通り名+'の交差点'」で呼ばれることがある。
- If the crossing east-west street of an intersection exists only in a short section to the east of the Kamo-gawa River, or the street name changes to the east of the Kamo-gawa River, the name of the intersection is by either 'the name of the east-west street' or the combination of ''the intersection' of the name of the east-west street.'
- また、公文書の開示結果、1920年に既に認可できる要件は整っていたが、この事件が影響して認可できないという内容が残されていることが判り、東洋大学が遅れた存在ではなかったことが証明された。
- According to a disclosed official document, the requirements to be authorized as Toyo University were ready in 1920 but the approbation was delayed due to the incident, so this record proved that Toyo University didn't lag behind others.
- しかし室町時代においては、守護大名がその領国の武士と主従関係を結び、被官化し、一元支配するようになったのである(例外、あるいは地域差が存在するので、詳細は「守護領国制」の項目を参考の事)。
- However, during the Muromachi period the Shugo daimyos directly hired samurais in their lands, who became their vassals, and exercised unified control over their lands (since there are exceptions or differences by region, please refer to the item 'System of Ownership by Shugo Daimyos' for details).
- しかしそれは髙橋昌明の武士論は自ら語るように、発生論、「武士という職能」の発生論だからであって、髙橋昌明は、「武士」の存在の2つの側面、平安時代後期における社会的背景も十分に承知している。
- However, while the samurai theory of Masaaki TAKAHASHI said the origin theory was based on 'bushi as a job performance' origin theory, he recognized the two sides of 'bushi' existence and the social background of the late Heian period.
- 佐藤は、本宣旨により頼朝は既存の国家権力である朝廷から公権(東国行政権 国衙在庁指揮権)を付与され、この公的権力との接触により一つの国家的存在、すなわち東国国家 鎌倉幕府が成立したとする。
- Owing to this decree, Yoritomo was granted the official authority (the administrative authority of the Togoku region and the right to command the local officials of kokuga) by the Imperial Court, which was the then existing national authority, and this contact between Yoritomo and the public authority caused the formation of other national organizations, namely the Togoku state and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), according to SATO.
- 姓をもって家の継承と見なすならば国民においても男系継承が一般的であるといえるが、婿養子あるいは娘の子が跡を継ぐことも少ないながら存在し、かつての女系継承の残滓ともいえるものも見受けられる。
- Supposing that the succession of the surname represents the succession of the household, it can be said that male-line succession is common in the nation, however, a few son-in-laws or daughters take over the family; a remaining convention from the past female-line succession.
- 天皇の訪問が同様に予定されていた京都市役所前の「組合掲示板」ではそうした事態を皮肉り、(天皇の巡幸が社会問題の存在を掃き出し隠蔽するという意味で)「天皇はほうきである」という大書がなされた。
- On the 'union signboard' placed in front of the Kyoto Municipal Office, which was also the destination of the Emperor's visit, a phrase saying 'the Emperor is a broom' was written in large letters with sarcasm (in the sense that the Emperor's tour was intended to sweep out and conceal social problems).
- これに対して、「自由主義史観」では、歴史解釈は「類似」し、「平行」する現象の存在により成立するので、幕府が外交権・貿易権を有した江戸時代がすでに絶対主義体制であったと考えられる、としている。
- On the other hand, in the 'liberalism view of history', interpretation of history is determined with the existence of 'similar' and 'parallel' phenomenon; therefore, it says that in the Edo period when the Bakufu (shogunate) who had the diplomatic rights and the trading rights, it was thought to have already been under a system of absolutism.
- 女性皇族と非皇族男子との間の子に皇位継承権がなかったとの事実も、あったとの事実もまた確認されていないが、当時女性皇族を母に持つ人間は「宮腹」と呼ばれ、普通の貴族より高貴な存在と目されていた。
- It is uncertain whether a child between a female member of the Imperial Family and a male member of a non-Imperial Family member obtains the right to succeed the throne or not; the person whose mother is a member of the Imperial Family was regarded nobler than their general peers, so called `Miyahara' (born to a female member of the Imperial Family).
- また現地の港湾からの流通に対する独占的権利を確立して港湾支配を確立したものの、逆に特権によって他者の流通を妨げる存在に成長したために楽市楽座政策によって座とともに解体に追い込まれたものもある。
- There were also some Toimaru which monopolized the rights over the transport business in ports, and there were even some which, under the policy of the 'rakuichi-rakuza' (Free Market, Free Guilds), were forced to dissolve their business and guild that had become far too powerful for the smooth and fair operations of transportation business in the ports.
- その後は、政府の方針に対する世論の批判をかわす目的で天皇の存在は利用され、天皇を批判する言論は不敬罪として厳重に罰せられたこともあって、天皇批判は影を潜め、「冬の時代」とも称されるようなった。
- After that, the existence of the Emperor was used to evade public criticism against the government's policy, and since speeches and writings criticizing the Emperor were strictly punished, criticism against the Emperor vanished, and came to be called 'the period of winter.'
- また、江戸時代末期から明治時代初頭にかけて、1町が「東・西」「上・下」に分割されたり、町組に属していなかった周辺部の町が編入されるなどして町数に変動があり、明治時代初期には267町が存在した。
- From the end of Edo period to the early Meiji period, some towns were divided into 'east and west' or 'upper and lower' and some neighboring towns not belonging to any Machigumi were integrated into Fushimi, and there existed 267 towns in the early Meiji period.
- 戦闘部隊としての戦国時代から江戸時代における足軽の動員は多様な階層からの徴募制が採られており、その召抱える条件も戦時における一時的なものや平時においても雇用され続ける者など様々な待遇が存在した。
- Ashigaru were conscripted from diverse levels of society as combat troops from the Sengoku period to the Edo period, and there were various employment terms which ranged from temporary employment during wartime to continued employment during peacetime.
- 班田収授法が機能していた時代には不輸の田地に対しても班田使が調査を行って班田の対象外であることを確認することが行われており、後世においても不輸の田地でも不入の権を有していない田地も存在していた。
- However, while Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land) was functioning, the handenshi (land reallocator) would survey rice fields that had fuyu no ken and confirm that they were excluded as targets of handen and in later years, there were rice fields that had fuyu no ken, but did not have funyu no ken.
- その何十年かの間に、畿内の領主の一般像が、武装せぬ存在から、武士と武具を常備し、屋敷の守りも固める鎌倉時代の御家人・地頭にも似た、あるいはその御家人の姿に変貌していったことを如実に物語っている。
- It truly depicted a common image of lords of the Kinai region transforming from the unarmed existence to the those armed with samurai and military tools within a span of several decades, and became a servant that was similar to gokenin and jito (land steward appointed by the central military government to each of the manors into which the countryside was divided) that protected residences during Kamakura period.
- 東西と南北の通りを並べて交差点、場所を表現する京都の慣例があるが、現在は地下化されている京阪本線が存在していた時に、「三条通と『京阪』という一種の通りの交差点」と、とらえたのではないかとされる。
- There is a Kyoto custom that describes intersection and location by arranging east and west and south and north streets, but it was probably described as the 'intersection of the Sanjo Road and a type of street called 'Keihan'' when there was a main line of Keihan currently placed underground.
- 鎌倉時代を通じ、主に軍事警察権と東国支配を担当する武家政権(鎌倉幕府)に相対して、政務一般と西国支配を所掌する公家政権(朝廷)が存在しており、両政権がおおむね協調連携しながら政務にあたっていた。
- Throughout the Kamakura period, not only the military government (Kamakura bakufu) which mainly took charge of military and police authorities and the dominion of Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region), but also the kuge government (chotei) which dealt with governmental affairs and ruling of Seigoku (the western part of Japan) co-existed, and the both attended the government in cooporation.
- 和泉式部の歌「丹波なる 吹風(ふくち)の山の もみじ葉は 散らぬ先より 散るかとぞおもう」から取り、これに明智の「智」の字を当てたという説や、或いは富士山由来の名(別名)によるとの説も存在する。
- But, some people believe that the place name comes from a poem by Izumi Shikibu saying 'maple leaves in the mountain in Tanba may fall earlier than my expectation due to wind blowing (fukuchi in Japanese) to the mountain,' and 'Chi' (智 in kanji) of Akechi (明智 in kanji) was used, or from a the name of Mt. Fuji (another name of Mt. Fuji).
- 正税返却帳(しょうぜいへんきゃくちょう)とは、正税帳の記載内容に不備があったり、正税に未納や欠損などが生じて不足が存在する場合に主税寮から民部省に対して令制国に返却する旨を上申した解文(文書)。
- Shozei henkyakucho refers to gebumi (letter) written by Shuzeiryo to the attention of Minbusho to make a suggestion on the shozeicho's return to ryoseikoku, in the case that the shozeicho contains any defective mention, or that the amount was insufficient due to the unpaid or deficit of shozei.
- 平安京に勤務する貴族・官人でも原則として年料別納租穀を受ける場合には現地で支給を受けることになっていたが、延喜式には中国_(令制国)以上の国家からの位禄の輸送費用は官で負担する規定が存在していた。
- In principle, even aristocrats and bureaucrats living in Heiankyo were expected to receive Nenryo betsuno sokoku at the local area, but Engishiki states that transport fees of Iroku from countries further than Chugoku (Ritsuryo province) were to be compensated by the government.
- 戦前の旧皇室典範に於いては皇族男子との結婚資格は皇族と華族に与えられていたが、将来の皇后たるべき皇室嫡流の正室(即ち皇太子妃)となるべき者は、皇族若しくは旧摂家の女子に限るという不文律が存在した。
- According to old Imperial House Act implemented before World War II, a person of royalty or new nobility was qualified to marry a man of royalty, and there existed a consuetude that a legitimate wife of the main branch of the Imperial Family who was a future Empress (i.e., the crown princess) should be limited to a female from royalty or the Old Sekke.
- しかし慶応元年(1865年)、攘夷運動の最大の要因は孝明天皇の存在にあると見た諸外国海軍は艦隊を大坂湾に入れて天皇に条約の勅許を要求して、天皇も事態の深刻さを悟って条約の勅許が出される事となった。
- However in 1865, navies from various overseas countries thought the cause of the exclusionism movement was due to the existence of Emperor Komei, and they sent a fleet to Osaka Bay and demanded Imperial sanction of the Emperor for the agreement, finally the Emperor realized how serious the situation was, he decided to issue an Imperial sanction of the agreement.
- 地下鉄京都市営地下鉄烏丸線の工事のときに烏丸中学校付近を掘削したところ、岩盤が発見されて難工事となったが、この地下の岩盤を物理探査法を用いて調査したところ、地下山脈が南東方向に存在することが判明。
- When the area around Karasuma Junior High School was excavated during the construction work of the Karasuma Line of the Kyoto City Subway, bedrock was found, making the construction more difficult; when the underground bedrock was studied through geophysical prospection, it turned out, however, that an underground mountain slopes down southeastward.
- マーティンは国際法について「諸国間に行われ、一国が私することができない」(『万国公法』凡例)と述べ、欧米各国間に存在するこの公的なルールこそキリスト教文明が生み出した最良の成果の一つと捉えていた。
- With respect to international law, Martin said, 'International law is applied among various countries and it cannot owned by a single country' (legend in 'Bankoku Koho') and he understood that these official rules existed among European and American countries were as one of the best results generated by Christian civilization.
- という構成となっており、5-13条は全て儒学を扱う明経道に関連した項目である(そもそも、大学寮設置時には、後の明経道に相当する本科と算道に相当する算科しか事実上存在していなかったとみられている)。
- Articles 5 to13 were all related to Myogyodo that dealt with Confucianism (after all, it is thought that at the time of establishing Daigakuryo only a regular course corresponding to later Myokyodo and sanka corresponding to arithmetic virtually existed.
- また天正元年(1573年)には琵琶湖湖畔の佐和山において、丹羽長秀の指揮のもと、長さ三十間(約55m)幅7間(約13m)櫓百挺立て、軸櫓に矢倉を設けた大船が建造された例が存在する(信長公記より)。
- There exists another example that a large ship, which was about 55m in length, about 13m in width, and equipped with 100 oars and watchtowers at the bow and the stern, was built in Sawayama, the lake side of Biwako Lake in 1573 on the order of Nagahide NIWA (from Shincho-koki).
- タラス河畔の戦いに代表されるように、西方で匹敵するイスラーム帝国と軍事的衝突や交易など交渉があったが、唐朝はかつての秦漢帝国と異なり、その天下概念には匈奴のような対等国は基本的には存在しなかった。
- Although the Tang dynasty had military clashes with the Islamic empire (Caliphate) at the west front such as the Battle of Talas or negotiations including trade, its notion of Tenka, unlike that of the Qin and Han empires, did not include the nations which stood on an equal footing with it, such as Xiongnu.
- ただし、当時の伊東の書簡は対話を重んじるものばかりで、伊東自身も人を斬った記録が油小路事件以外には無く、さらには近藤勇を暗殺しようとしたものがないため、近藤暗殺計画自体が存在しなかったとの説もある。
- However, documents left behind by Ito only placed importance on a conversation, and there is no record of him killing anyone, other than during the Aburanokoji Incident, nor are there any records of him trying to assassinate Isami KONDO, which led to the theory that plans for the assassination never existed.
- ただし、当時の公私関係は曖昧であり、一般民衆及び下位権力から見て上位権力は公儀であったが、上位権力から見て一般民衆及び下位権力は領主としての私的支配によって結び付けられた「わたくし」の存在であった。
- However, the relationship between public and private was ambiguous at that time, and although the upper authorities were Kogi from the viewpoint of the common people and lower authorities, the upper authorities viewed the common people and lower authorities as Watakushi (private) and as the landlord, connected by private dominance.
- 大韓民国においては、韓国人は銀行をさほど信用していないところがあるため、金銭を預ける際に利用するものとして、日本の頼母子講に相当する仲間内での契(ケイ)が存在しており、今なお利用する者は少なくない。
- In South Korea, there is Kei among associates which is equivalent to Tanomoshi-ko in Japan to use when depositing money because Koreans do not trust banks very much, and many people use Kei even now.
- 院宮給の成立については諸説あるが、三宮への年官は淳和天皇の頃に成立し、残りの三宮の年爵・院の年官・年爵も宇多上皇が院宮給のありかたについて触れた『寛平御遺誡』が成立した寛平年間には既に存在していた。
- Although there are various theories on when Ingu kyu was established, nenkan for Sannomiya came into existence during the era of Emperor Junna, while nenshaku for the Sannomiya, as well as nenkan and nenshaku for In, had already existed in the Kampyo era after 'Kampyo-Goyuikai/Kampyo-no-Goyuikai' (a group of precepts for governing) was established and the retired Emperor Uda mentioned what he thought should be the ingu kyu.
- また、両皇子発見譚が仮に史実ではなかったとしても「史実でない物語が付加された」ということにすぎず、天皇系譜そのものを否定したことにはならないとし、億計・弘計の両天皇の存在を主張する意見も少なくない。
- In addition, there are more than a few opinions that, even if the story of discovery of the two princes were not a historical fact, it is only that 'a story which is not a historical fact was appended' and it does not deny the Imperial lineage itself, thus advocating the actual existence of the two emperors who had been called Oke no miko.
- 庶家としては、持明院家の庶家と坊門家の庶家が存在するが、坊門家及びその庶流である白河・高倉・六角の庶家は室町時代には断絶し、松木家・持明院家及び園家をはじめとする持明院家の庶家のみが後世に伝承した。
- Both the Jimyoin family and the Bomon family had collateral branches; however, during the Muromachi period, the Bomon family and its collateral families Shirakawa, Takakura, and Rokkaku were cut off, and only the Matsunoki family, and the Jimyoin family and its collateral families including the Sono family, prevailed.
- そうした国際法を肯定的に捉える受容は、 洋務運動時期にはまだ少数であったが、それは中国を唯我独尊的な存在と自認する中華思想とそれに基づく華夷秩序が動揺し、変化させられていく契機の一つだったといえる。
- This positive acceptance of international law was not shared by large numbers of people at the time of yomu undo but it was a chance that Kaichitsujo based on Sinocentrism, in which China maintained self-centered attitude was unsettled and changed.
- こうして、農奴制とフューダリズムを土台とした西欧封建社会が成熟していった(ただし、実際には各農村ごとにかなり相違があったと考えられている上、多くの農村では農奴だけでなく自由農民も相当数存在していた)。
- Thus, the Western European Hoken society based on serfdom and Feudalism matured (but the situation was quite different from village to village and most villages had a large number of free peasants as well as serfs).
- そのため、少なく見積もってもほぼ1500年は確実に系譜を辿り得る日本の皇室のような王朝は、約800年にもわたってフランスを統治し、現在もスペインを統治しているカペー朝の男系一族を例外として存在しない。
- Therefore, dynasties like the imperial household in Japan whose line can be unfailingly traced back in the genealogy, at least 1,500 years, doesn't exist in Europe except for the Capetian Dynasty male-line family that governed France for about 800 years, and governs Spain even now.
- こういった傾向は、院政期に入って顕著になってくるもので、王朝が摂関政治の否定、そして武家勢力との対決へと向かう中で、勅撰集において天皇の存在を大きく打ち出していく必要があったのではないか、とされている。
- Such tendency became conspicuous during the insei period (during the period of the government by a retired Emperor), and they say that it could be because it was necessary to emphasize existence of the emperor in Chokusenshu during the period in which the dynasty negated regency and moved toward conflicts with the power of the samurai.
- 当時の財務記録には訴訟のために経費として役人などへの礼銭・一献料の存在が公然と計上され、また村同士のいさかいによる訴訟では村が属する荘園領主が礼銭・一献料を立て替えて後日村側に請求した記録も残されている。
- The reisen and ikkenryo were openly booked as expenses for lawsuits on the financial records at that time, and also there is a record that in the lawsuit arising from a dispute between villages, the lord of the manor where the village belonged to paid the reisen and ikkenryo for the village and charged them later.
- その後、鎌倉時代後期頃より再び妃が置かれるようになるが、この時期になると有力な外戚の存在が皇位継承を左右するようになっており、妃そのものの地位は皇后・中宮に次ぐ地位の妃という意味しか持たなくなっていった。
- After that, Hi was replaced in the late Kamakura period, but the powerful maternal relative influenced succession to the Imperial Throne and the status of Hi was the third rank after Empress and the second consort of an emperor.
- その一方で妃の存在は、外戚としての政治参加を期待する藤原氏のような貴族にとっては障害となる制度であり、実際に藤原基経の娘藤原穏子の醍醐天皇への入内が為子内親王が妃であることを理由に阻まれたと言われている。
- On the other hand, the presence of Hi was an obstacle to nobles like Fujiwara clan who were expecting to participate in politics as a maternal relative, and actually a daughter of FUJIWARA no Mototsune, FUJIWARA no Onshi was blocked to enter into the court because the Imperial Princess Ishi was Hi.
- ただし、明治時代初期に変更された町名、近隣の二、三町が合併して成立した町名、寺院境内地、畑地など従来町名のなかった地区に新たに起立した町名なども一部に存在し、現行町名のすべてが近世以前からの町名ではない。
- However, there are some town names which had been changed during the early Meiji period, created by the merging of few towns, or given to areas where town names had not originally existed including the precincts of temples or fields, and not all the town names in the present-day derive from the town names before the early modern era.
- 天皇は日本の歴史において重要な権威を有していたが、実際に君主として統治権を行使していた期間は、天皇が存在していた期間と比べ極端に短く、ほとんどが天皇以外の貴族や武家、官僚などによって統治権は行使されている。
- The Emperor held important authority in Japanese history, but the length of the period which the Emperor held the actual sovereignty as the ruler is extremely short compared to the length of the period the Emperor had existed, and most of the sovereignty was held by nobilities other than the Emperor, samurai families, bureaucracy, etc.
- 関幸彦は、平氏や源氏、秀郷流藤原氏のような中央の貴族の末流の軍事貴族とは別にして、在地の土豪が中央の権力に従って軍事貴族したものも存在したであろうと指摘し、安倍氏もこの中に含まれるのではないかと論じている。
- Yukihiko SEKI has indicated that, apart from the military aristocracy who were descendants of the central nobles such as the Taira clan, the Minamoto clan, and the Fujiwara clan of the Hidesato line, there may also have been those who had changed into the military aristocracy from the local Dogo under the authority of the central government, and argued that the Abe clan may also have been one of this kind.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の皇室衰微期に多くの地下官人が没落し、織豊政権による平和回復によって地下官人の不足を補うために両局が替わりになる地下官人を取立て強力な支配関係を結び、場合によっては金銭的な動きも存在した。
- When the Imperial Court was losing authority during the Sengoku Period (Japan), a large number of the lower ranking officials lost jobs; when peace was restored under the control of Nobunaga ODA and then Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the offices of 'kyokumu' and 'kanmu' recruited the lower ranking court officials due to shortages and formed a strong master-servant relationship with them even by using money in some cases.
- そこで中世の七口の関について比定する研究も行われたが、実態として7つ以上の関所が存在したのは確実で、かつ現存記録でさえ七口に該当する場所がまちまちである以上、7つを特定することには意義はないとする見解もある。
- Therefore, studies to extrapolate the Nanakuchi no seki in the medieval times was conducted, but it is certain that more than seven checkpoints existed in reality, and even existing records have different points corresponding to the Nanakuchi, which lead to an opinion that it makes no sense to identify the seven checkpoints.
- 「本所」とは複数ある職のうち、荘園内において荘務すなわち、司法・行政・警察活動を行う権限を有して法的支配を行使した者を指す(領家・本家の別称としての「本所」という語も存在するが、本来の意味での使用ではない)。
- Among a variety of shiki, 'Honjo' exercised legal control over Shoen with the authority to carry out Shomu (management and control of encouragement of agriculture, taxes and so on in Shoen) or judicial, administrative and police activities (The word, 'Honjo' is also used when referring to Ryoke and Honke, but it is not the original meaning of the word.).
- 河内祥輔は東国独立論の存在を否定(平広常の個人的意見でしかないと)する立場から、頼朝の立場を平家政権の支配からの独立とそれに代わる朝廷との関係構築を求めて、一貫して後白河法皇との直接交渉を望んだ点を重視する。
- From the standpoint that denies the existence of the argument about the independence of the Togoku region (and regards it as only a personal opinion of TAIRA no Hirotsune), Shosuke KOUCHI focuses on the fact that Yoritomo consistently desired to negotiate directly with the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa seeking independence from the ruling of the Heike government and the relationship building with the Imperial Court in lieu thereof.
- 従って、光明皇后(藤原氏)のように、皇后であっても臣下の家の出身者は皇親とは認められず、逆に藤原教通室となった禔子内親王の様に臣下に降嫁後に二品叙位を受けた例も存在する(『扶桑略記』長久2年12月19日条)。
- Accordingly, even an empress was not recognized as part of the Koshin if she had come from a subject's household, as seen with Empress Komyo (Fujiwara clan), whereas one who married into a subject's household could still be conferred a court rank, as with Imperial Princess Teishi who was conferred the second court rank after she had married FUJIWARA no Norimichi (Chapter December 19, 1041, 'Fuso Ryakki' [A Brief History of Japan]).
- また、領内に比叡山が存在することもあって、室町時代を通じてその支配は安定せず、六角満綱、六角持綱父子は家臣の反乱により自害に追いやられ、それを継いだ六角久頼は京極氏との対立の末、心労により自害して果てている。
- Partly because Mt. Hiei-zan was within the territory, the regional rule had not been stabilized during the Muromachi era, and Mitsutsuna ROKKAKU and his son Mochitsuna ROKKAKU were forced to commit suicide due to the vassals' rebellion; thereafter, Hisayori ROKKAKU, who had inherited Mitsutsuna and Mochitsuna, committed suicide due to the strain of grief after the conflict with the Kyogoku clan.
- これは裏を返せば後見人である蓮淳自身の権力拡大が目的であったが、形式上は「法主を頂点とした権力機構の確立」という実如以来の方針に忠実に従ったものであったから、この大義名分を前に異論を挿める者は存在しなかった。
- This actually aimed to expand the guardian Renjun's authority, but formally he was following the policy that had been kept since Jitsunyo, 'the establishment of the power structure with hoshu at the top,' and for this legitimate reason, no one could raise an objection against him.
- 少属の下に「史生」(しせい)→「職掌」(しきしょう)→「使部」(しぶ)→「直丁」(じきちょう)の下級職員と「侍長」(さむらいのおさ)→「侍」(さむらい)の警備職員、および「女孺」(にょじゅ)の女官が存在する。
- Under shosakan, there were lower class employees called Shisho, Shikisho, Shibu and Jikicho, security officers called Samurai no osa and Samurai, and female employees called 'Nyoju' (a court lady in a lower rank).
- 鳥越憲三郎が唱えた説で、三王朝交替説では実在を否定されている神武天皇及びいわゆる欠史八代の天皇は実在した天皇であり、崇神王朝以前に存在した奈良県葛城地方を拠点とした王朝であったが崇神王朝に滅ぼされたとする説。
- It was the theory advocated by Kensaburo TORIGOE that Emperor Jinmu and so called Kesshi-Hachidai (Eight undocumented Sovereigns), who were denied the existence in the changes of the three dynasties theory, were actual persons and they set the base on Katsuragi region in Nara Prefecture before the reign of Emperor Sujin who destroyed the dynasty.
- 「サモラフ」は動詞「モラフ(候)」に語調を整える接頭語「サ」が接続したもので、「モラフ」は動詞「モル(窺・守)」に存在・継続の意の助動詞(動詞性接尾語ともいう)「フ」が接続して生まれた語であると推定されている。
- 'Samorafu' is a combination of the verb 'morafu' (meaning wait) and the prefix 'sa', which was added to fix the rhythm of the word, and the verb 'morafu' is thought to have come from the verb 'moru' (meaning lookout, guard) and the suffix 'fu', which was added to include the nuance of 'existence' or 'continuance'.
- しかし総州家支持の国人にも遊佐氏の一派が存在したことが判明していることと、この合戦の後、尚順が義英に対し政治的に優勢に立ち、義英は没落に追い込まれていることから、遊佐河内守は順盛とは別人であると考えられている。
- However, it is thought that Nobumori was not Yusa, the Governor of Kawachi Province, because it has become clear that there was a group of the Yusa clan among Kokujin who supported the Soshu family, and because Hisanobu was politically dominant over Yoshihide after the battle, driving Yoshihide into ruin.
- 多紀元簡により発見された古写本の現時点の所在は不明であるが、多紀が寛政8年(1796年)に校訂を行って刊行し、6年後に民間にも出された版本が存在する他、古写本を影写した森立之の蔵本が台湾の故宮博物院に現存する。
- The present whereabouts of the old manuscript discovered by Genkan TAKI is unknown, but there still remains the version revised and issued by Taki in 1796, which was also published for the general public six years later, and the National Palace Museum in Taiwan has another version traced from the old manuscript and once possessed by Tatsuyuki MORI.
- 公家や寺社、諸藩の家臣の所領にも存在するが、最も代表的なのは江戸幕府が旗本の支配を確実にする事と彼らの江戸居住(地方在勤者を除く)を義務付けたために、小禄旗本の知行地(知行所)が集中した関東地方に多く見られる。
- Although this ownership form was also found in territories of court nobles, temples and shrines, and vassals of domains, it was most typically found in Kanto region where chigyo-chi (territories) of the hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with a small stipend (fiefdom) were concentrated, because the Edo bakufu obliged them to live in Edo (except for those assigned to provinces) in order to ensure the control of them.
- 公家法と武家法では条件が一部異なるが、教令違反・孝養の欠如あるいは不始末・向背(命令・指示違反)・不行跡・敵対行為などの非行行為の存在が挙げられ、具体的な証拠がなくても父母(祖父母)側の主張によって認められた。
- Although there were some differences between the Kugeho (court noble law) and the Bukeho (samurai law), it included delinquencies such as violation of law, neglect of filial duties or carelessness, disobedience (violation of orders and instructions), misconducts or hostile actions and so on, which were approved without any evidence if parent(s) (or grandparent(s)) had claimed.
- 律令法において、天皇の地位、権能について規定がないのも、それが国家的祭祀の執行など大化前代以来の宗教的機能をもっていたことと、専制君主的性格をもったことの結果であって、法を超越した存在と考えられていたからである。
- The position and authority of Emperors were not defined in the ritsuryo law, due to their religious functions, such as; their performing of national religious services since the pre-Taika era, and as a result of their despotic nature, this made them above the law.
- とはいえ、歴史としての正確性や検証性はともかくとしても、平家の落人伝説にちなんだ姓も日本国各地で存在していることも事実であり、またそうした謎の多き、闇に包まれた伝承がいわゆる歴史のロマンを想起させる要因でもある。
- Setting aside the question of correctness or historical verification, it is true that there exist surnames associated with Heike no Ochudo legends throughout Japan, and such oral traditions filled with mystery and darkness stir people's imagination for history.
- 中国三国時代 (中国)の呉 (三国)の太子孫和の例など、宮廷闘争や政争の結果として発生することが多いが、対象者が実際に皇位・王位継承者として不適格であるがゆえに緊急避難的措置として行われる場合もしばしば存在する。
- Although many of the disinheritance cases resulted from imperial-court or political strives, as in the example of Sun He, who was a prince of Wu who lived in the Three Kingdoms period (China), heirs were often disinherited because they were deemed incompetent as a crown prince on an emergent basis.
- ハツクニシラススメラミコトとの称は、神武天皇(『日本書紀』では始馭天下之天皇はつくにしらすすめらみこと)にも贈られており、初めて天下を治めた天皇という意味であるが、初めて国を治める天皇がふたり存在することになる。
- The name Hatsukunishirasu Sumera Mikoto was also conferred upon Emperor Jinmu (whose name is given as Hatsukunishirasu Sumera Mikoto in the Nihon Shoki but written using different characters); it originally had the meaning of an emperor who governed the entire country, however, this indicates that there were two emperors who first ruled the country.
- 太平洋戦争末期には旧日本軍大日本帝国海軍の「石原飛行場」と呼ばれる航空基地も存在しており、その滑走路は現在の中丹広域農道沿いに市内前田から石原をまたぎ戸田にまで伸び、長さはおよそ1700メートルにもおよんでいた。
- During the final days of the Pacific War, an air base called 'Isa Airport' for the Old Japanese Military, the Imperial Japanese Navy, existed, and the runway ran from Maeda in the city to Toda across Isa, measuring up to approximately 1,700 m long.
- 1965年の秋篠宮文仁親王の誕生から2006年の悠仁親王の誕生まで男性皇族が誕生していなかったため、皇位を継ぐべき男系男子が不足しており、皇室典範に定める皇位継承者が存在しなくなり、皇統が断絶する可能性が出てきた。
- Since the male Imperial Family was not born from the birth of Imperial Prince Akishino-no-miya Fumihito in 1965 through the birth of Imperial Prince Hisahito in 2006, males in the male line, who could succeed the Imperial Throne, is in short supply, and there is a possibility of the extinction of the Imperial line because heir to the Imperial Throne, as regulated in the Imperial House Act, no longer exists.
- 確かに冷泉天皇以降歴代の天皇は内親王に恵まれること少なく、斎院の候補者となるべき皇女が存在しなかった時期もあったが、歴代摂関と濃い血縁関係にあったことが幼くして両親に死別した内親王の生涯の安定を支えたことは疑いない。
- Without a doubt, emperors after Emperor Reizei were less fortunate to have imperial princesses, so there was a time when a princess could not be a possible candidate for Saiin, but there was no doubt that her strong blood relations with successive regents kept her life stable even though she lost her parents at a young age.
- ただし、神武天皇はその存在の実証が困難であり、また古墳の出現年代などから考古学上はヤマト王権の成立は西暦紀元後2世紀前後であるとされているため、神武天皇が西暦紀元前660年に即位したことが事実であるとは考えられていない。
- However, it is not thought to be a fact that Emperor Jinmu acceded to the throne in 660 B.C. by the Western calendar system because the presence of Emperor Jinmu is difficult to prove and establishment of the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) is archeologically believed to be in around the 2nd century A.D. based on the age of appearance of kofun (tumuli).
- 事件の詳細は不明だが、その後上皇は数多い寵妃の中でも姈子内親王を別格の存在としてこの上なく大切に遇したといい、後に彼女の急逝を悼んで葬送の日に出家したことから見ても、上皇が姈子内親王を深く寵愛したのは事実であったらしい。
- Although the details of the scandal was not clear, it seems true that the Retired Emperor deeply loved her, judging from the fact that he treated her with extreme care and that he entered into priesthood on her funeral day, mourning her sudden death.
- 日本では歴史上天皇による朝廷の他に、国際的には時に「日本国王」「日本国大君」とも称された征夷大将軍による幕府のような武家政権が存在したことや、東京と京都の両京制などの面から首都の議論があり、様々な首都論・首都認識がある。
- In Japanese history, besides the Imperial Court ruled by the Emperor, existed military governments such as Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun): bakufu was headed by a shogun (a barbarian-quelling generalissimo in official name) who was called at times 'the King of Japan' or 'the Emperor of Japan', and therefore, there are various discussions and understandings as to what a capital is defined as, including both the capital systems of Tokyo and Kyoto.
- 中国の正史・『隋書』「」には、「」(その俗(中略)自餘は軽重をもって(中略)あるいは杖す)とあり俀國(倭国)において7世紀初頭には既に杖罪が存在していた事が記されており、その起源は少なくとも6世紀にまで遡れるようである。
- The beginning of flogging can at least be traced back to the sixth century, because there is a record in China's official history book Suisho (The Book of the Sui Dynasty) which says 'in this world (…) otherwise depending on the severity (…) they get flogged', which shows that this kind of punishment existed in Yamato (Japan) at the beginning of the seventh century.
- 室町・戦国時代 (日本)の混乱時代、農業生産高は爆発的に増加したが、各地にモザイクのように存在する割拠勢力はそれぞれ消長を繰り返し、また支配下にも多くの自立領主がいるため、自領の実質総農業生産高を把握するのも困難であった。
- In the tumultuous years of the Muromachi period and the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), there was a tremendous increase in agricultural production, but because all Japan had become a jigsaw puzzle made up of nodes of local authority who went through an endless cycle of prosperity and decline, and because the period also saw many feudal lords begin to declare their independence, it became extremely difficult to keep track of the true total agricultural productivity even on the land within one's own jurisdiction.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると、従来から存在した王朝(朝廷・公家)の法令(公家法・本所法など)以外にも新たに登場した鎌倉幕府によって、右大将家(源頼朝)以来の判例の蓄積や御成敗式目の成立など、武家固有の法令(武家法)が構築されていった。
- As the Kamakura period began, in addition to the currently existing laws and ordinances of the dynasty (the Imperial court and Court nobles), such as court noble law and honjo law (a law to govern manor in the medieval Japan), the newly established Kamakura bakufu instituted Samurai laws which was unique to samurai families by collecting legal precedents after the inauguration of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the udaisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) family, and formulating Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai).
- 安倍氏は俘囚長(俘囚の中から大和朝廷の権力によって選出された有力者)であったとの説が広く流布しているが、文献上では安倍氏を俘囚長とする記述は存在しておらず、康平7年の太政官符に「故俘囚首安倍頼時」との記載があるのみである。
- While the opinion that the Abe clan was the Chief of Fushu (chief of barbarians, that is, the influential persons who had been selected from Fushu by the authority of the Yamato Imperial Court) is widely disseminating, there are no descriptions in documents stating the Abe clan to be the Chief of Fushu, with the exception of a description, 'the late Chief of Fushu ABE no Yoritoki,' in Dajokanpu (official documents issued by Dajokan, Grand Council of State) in 1064.
- また、マルクス主義の立場をとる研究者からも、在地の地主に裁判権などの権力が備わっておらず、それらが国家権力の手に集中されており、封建制の重要な内容である領主権力が存在しないため、中国史における封建制概念を否定する見解が出された。
- Even some Marxist scholars denied the concept of the Hoken system in Chinese history based on the fact that local land lords had no powers such as jurisdiction, and those powers were controlled by the state and there was no seniority that was an important aspect of the Hoken system.
- 牙符制が導入されるまで日本国王使・王城大臣使に対する査証の手段は存在せず、1450年代から貿易利権を目当てに王城大臣使を名乗る偽使が出現し、1470年代には偽使により「朝鮮遣使ブーム」と呼ばれる偽王城大臣使の大量通交が発生する。
- No endorsement for the King of Japan envoy nor the Ojo-daijin envoy existed until Gafusei was introduced, and from the 1450s, pseudo envoys representing the Ojo-daijin envoy appeared with the intention of acquiring the rights and interests of trading, and in the 1470s, diplomatic boom by pseudo envoys called 'sending of diplomatic missions to Korea boom' occurred.
- 荘園・公領の運営には、運営実務に当たる荘官や、京都の荘園領主(本所)へ年貢などを運送する梶取などの運輸者、本所へ貢納する手工芸品を作る各種職人などの存在が不可欠であり、これら荘官・職人の職務の代償として与えられたのが給田である。
- The management of shoen and koryo required the existence of shokan, who did the daily management, couriers such as Kajitori who transported the nengu to the shoen landholder (Honjo) in Kyoto and various craftsmen who made handicrafts to be given to the Honjo and payment for the services of shokan and craftsmen were Kyuden.
- ヨーロッパでのフューダリズム(封建制)が、外民族の移動・侵入などと強く結び付いて形成されたのに比し、日本の封建制はむしろ武士による統治などの国内的要因が主となって形成された(天皇を始めとする貴族は武士の権威を根拠付ける存在である)。
- In Europe, the formation of Feudalism (Hoken system) was closely related to foreigners' migration and invasion, the Hoken system in Japan, on the other hand, was mainly triggered by domestic factors including samurai ruling (nobility, including the Emperor, authorized the power of samurai).
- バブル崩壊後、平成時代に入ってからは、小売酒販店として酒屋本来の領分である「酒の専門店」として生き残りを図り、販売する品目を限定するかわりに、商品に関する情報を蓄えることで付加価値をつけ、健全な成長を続けている酒屋が各地に存在する。
- Entering the Heisei period (1989 and later) after the bubble economy busted, many retail sake shops still exist in various areas that have continued healthy growth through the following efforts: Trying to survive as 'a shop specialized in liquor' that is the essential function of sakaya as a retail sake shop, and limiting the products to be sold but adding values to the products through accumulating information about the products.
- また『源氏物語』に、主人公光源氏が「太上天皇になずらふ御位」に就いた旨の記述がなされていることから、しばしばあたかもそのような具体的な地位や称号が存在したかのように誤解されるが、准太上天皇は、地位や称号ではなくあくまでも待遇である。
- People often misunderstand as if such a concrete status and a title had existed because it is written in 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji) that Hikaru Genji, the main character of the story, took 'the position which was equal to Daijo tenno', however, Jun Daijo tenno is neither a position nor a title but treatment.
- しかし戦争が終わると地元の農民が自力でその滑走路のコンクリートを剥がし農地に復興させたため、今ではその姿を見ることは出来ないが周辺には物資格納倉庫に加え、敵機を撃墜させるための高射砲も存在し、米軍の機銃掃射の攻撃対象にもなっていた。
- However, when the war was over, since local farmers removed concrete from the runway by themselves, and restored it as agricultural land, the runway no longer exists; however, an antiaircraft gun and storage locker still exists around it, and were the target of machine gun attacks by the U.S. military.
- 寛政6年(1794年)には、日下部勝皋が『薬師寺檫銘釈』を著して、薬師寺東塔の銘文「即位八年庚辰」の存在を指摘し、天武紀の太歳記事が元年ではなく2年にあることに注意を喚起して、壬申年は空位でないなら大友が皇位にあったのだと主張した。
- Katsushika KUSAKABE wrote 'Yakushiji Satsumei Shaku (Interpretation of Inscription of Yakushiji Temple)' in 1794 and pointed out the existence of the inscription 'the eighth year of enthronement, Boshin' on the East Pagoda of Yakushiji Temple, noted that the tai sui article of the history of Tenmu was in the second year instead of the first year, and asserted that if the Jinshin year was not an interregnum, Otomo had the Imperial Throne.
- 14世紀前後の北九州から朝鮮半島、中国沿岸などでは日本人、中国人や朝鮮民族らの多民族構成とする倭寇(前期倭寇)が活発化し、日朝貿易においては朝貢貿易に加えて民間貿易も許可されていたため、東アジアの海上世界は民族雑居状態が存在していた。
- Around the fourteenth century, Wako (specifically, the early Wako), a multiethnic group of pirates that included Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans, began increasing their activities in the seas from northern Kyushu in Japan to those around the Korean peninsula and along the coast of China; in addition to the formal tributary trade missions, it was now also permissible for trade to be conducted between Japan and Korea by private merchants, adding a more international flavor to the maritime world of East Asia during this period.
- 加えて本能寺の変直後、光秀が紀州雑賀衆・土橋重治へ送った書状に「上意馳走申しつけられて示し給い、快然に候」と、光秀より身分の高い者からの命令を指す「上意」という言葉を使っていることを挙げ、光秀の背後に足利義昭が存在したと主張している。
- In addition, Mitsuhide sent a letter to Shigeharu TSUCHIBASHI, who was a member of the Saigashu (a powerful local clan in Saiga, Kishu), saying, 'A joi (order from a superior to a subordinate) has been issued requesting that you provide service, which is a great honor', and Fujita pointed out that as the word 'joi' was used, the order must be from someone with a higher status than Mitsuhide.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には天皇や摂関などが身分が低い者に対して命令を下すための奉書を発給する際にこれを承った弁官などが自己の青侍に命じて奉書を発給させた青侍奉書が存在したことが知られている(『親長卿記』・『宣胤卿記』・『実隆公記』など)。
- It was known that, in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), when the Emperor or Sekkan (regents and advisers) was to issue hosho paper (edict paper) to make a command regarding low ranked people, the benkan (Council of State) who received the order commanded his own Aozamurai to issue the hosho paper, which was called Aozamurai hosho (according to the diaries 'Chikanaga Kyo ki' [The Diary of Chikanaga KANROJI], 'Nobutane Kyo ki [The Diary of Nobutane NAKANOMIKADO] and 'Sanetaka ko ki' [The Diary of Sanetaka SANJONISHI]).
- 日記終了の下限とされる天暦7年2月23日は、親王薨去の1年6ヶ月前(親王は天暦8年9月14日に薨去)であるため、その間の日記が存在しなかったとは考えがたい(同時代の公卿で親王の舅でもある藤原師輔は、薨去2日前まで日記を筆録している。)
- The earliest possible date for the diary's last entry is said to be April 14, 953; however, as this is a date one year and a half prior to the death Imperial Prince Shigeakira (the Imperial Prince passed away on October 18, 954), the possibility that which he did not make any entries in his diary during this period may be significantly low (Morosuke FUJIWARA, who was a court noble contemporary with Imperial Prince and also his farther-in-law, made entries in his diary until two days before his death).
- 『日本書紀』においても、仁徳天皇の「皇后」磐之媛命を唯一の例外として「皇后」の父はすべて神または天皇・皇族である(もっとも、『日本書紀』の記事には後世における天皇の生母に対する顕彰によって贈られた「皇后」号も存在するとの考えがある)。
- In 'Nihon Shoki,' with the only exception of Iwanohimenomikoto, Emperor Jintoku's 'Kogo,' all fathers of 'Kogo' were either God or the Emperor/a member of the Imperial Family (But it is thought in 'Nihon Shoki' that the title 'Kogo' was presented as an honary award to the emperors' real mothers in later years).
- 2004年当時、丹波町(京都府)が存在していたが、市町の違いがあるので、競合そのものに法律上の問題はなかったが、丹波町が周辺の町と合併して京丹波町が発足した2005年(平成17年)10月11日をもって、丹波市・丹波町の並存は解消した。
- At that time, there was a Tanba town in Kyoto, though there was no legal issue of competition, due to the difference between town and city, and the problem itself disappeared when Tanba town consolidated with the surrounding towns and renamed itself Kyotanba town on October 11, 2005.
- そうした雰囲気もあって、日本統治時代に様々な近代化が行われたことを認めつつも、近代化の萌芽は李氏朝鮮の時代に既に存在しており、日本による統治はそれらの萌芽を破壊することで、結果的には近代化を阻害したとする近代化萌芽論が独立後に現れた。
- Under those circumstances, the modernization germination theory, arguing modernization had already germinated in the Yi Dynasty Korea period, and the Japanese rule destroyed the germination, resulting in the impeded modernization, appeared after Korea's independence in spite of recognizing that the various modernization during the Japanese rule.
- もっとも、宮廷や官庁自身も荘園の一大所有者であり、宮廷に属する荘園(唐の内荘宅使、宋の御荘)や軍事的要所の周囲にて兵糧確保のために開墾・屯田によって形成された営田官荘および屯田軍荘、その他民間から没収して没官田の官荘なども存在していた。
- However, the imperial court or the authority themselves were big owners of shoens and there also existed the shoens belonging to the imperial court (the naishotakushi during the Tang dynasty and the gosho during the Sung dynasty), eidenkansho (the manor cultivated for the military purpose) or tondengunsho (the manor cultivated for the military purpose) which was made around military strategic spots in order to secure army provisions by the cultivation and settlement of ex-legionary, the manors such as botsukanden (confiscated fields) and so on.
- 更に頼之の没後、義満は息子足利義持に将軍職を譲って自らは出家するが、幕府の実権を握り続け、表面上引退しているために自らは召集できない公式な評定に代わって自ら主宰する御前沙汰を開いて幕府の政策決定を行い、将軍義持はこれに従う存在となった。
- After Yoriyuki died, Yoshimitsu abdicated the office of shogun in favor of his son Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA and entered the priesthood, yet he kept controlling the bakufu and made bakufu's policy decisions by chairing and holding gozen-sata instead of formal consultations, which nominally retired shogun Yoshimitsu could not convene -- and the shogun Yoshimochi followed the decisions.
- 皇位継承者の決定が難航したときは、女性天皇が選ばれることもあり、推古天皇、皇極天皇が即位して、他に適当な男子の皇位承継者が現れるまで皇位についた(女帝が選ばれた理由には諸説あり、律令制以前の中継ぎ説を認めないなどの異説が多く存在する)。
- There was some occasion that the female Emperor was chosen when there was an issue to decide who to succeed to the throne, there were Emperor Suiko and Emperor Kogyoku who succeeded to the throne until there was appropriate male successor was found. (There were many theories of the reason why the female Emperors were chosen, some people are against the theory of not accepting the temporally Imperial succession until there was someone appropriate to become Emperor before the government of Ritsuryo codes system.)
- 欠史八代(けっしはちだい)(正確な表記は、闕史八代)とは、『古事記』および『日本書紀』において、系譜(帝紀)は存在するもののその事績(旧辞)が記されていない第2代綏靖天皇から第9代開化天皇までの8人の天皇のこと、あるいはその時代を指す。
- The expression 'eight undocumented eras' ('kesshi hachidai' in Japanese) refers to the eight emperors from Emperor Suizei (second emperor) to Emperor Kaika (ninth emperor) whose pedigree records (called 'Teiki' in Japanese) exist but whose achievements are not recorded in 'Kojiki' and 'Nihon Shoki' and the period represented by these emperors.
- そのため、平氏政権は、武士に出自しながら旧来の支配勢力と同質化してしまったと批判されたのに対し、在地領主層=武士階級から構成される鎌倉幕府は、旧来の支配階級を打倒した画期的・革新的な存在だとして、階級闘争史観などにより高く評価されていた。
- Therefore, the Taira clan administration was criticized as becoming as one with the conventional control forces even though they were born as bushi, as regards to the Kamakura bakufu, which consisted of the local landowner class (bushi class), and was considered as a novel and significant existence due to their toppling of the conventional control class and was highly rated in the history of class conflict.
- 他方実定法とは立法機関のような人為的な存在によって作り出されてきた法律で、形而上的な普遍性を法源として採用せず、法とは一定の地域・時代の中でのみ有効であることを自覚する性質を持つもので、具体的には蓄積されてきた判例や慣習法、制定法を指す。
- On the other hand, positive law is a legislation created by aritificial existence such as a legislative organ which does not adopt metaphysical generality as a source of law and has a nature to understand the law to be effective only in a certain region and era and, in other words, it means accumulated court cases, customary law and statutes.
- もっとも、律令制が衰微したこの時代においても最低限の社会秩序の維持は模索されたことから、治安・司法分野においては法律の専門家である明法家に対する需要は存在し続け、以後も明法道から刑部省や弾正台、検非違使などの官人が送り込まれることとなった。
- Though the system under the ritsuryo legal codes declined, minimum social order was sought, which required Myoho experts as the specialists of law in the field of order and justice and government officials who had studied Myohodo were sent to the ministries such as Gyobusho, Danjodai, Kebiishi.
- 正妻の築山殿、嫡男の松平信康の誅殺命令にあるように、織田と徳川は後世に美化されたような「同盟」という 対等の関係でなく、徳川は織田にとって、使い捨ての駒に過ぎず、 東方平定のためには、早々に完全に弱体化させるか滅ぼされるべき存在に過ぎなかった。
- As seen in the case of the order to kill Tsukiyama-dono, who was Ieyasu's legitimate wife, and Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA, who was Ieyasu's first son, Oda and Tokugawa were not in a relationship of equality like 'allied countries' as often been idealized later, and, for Oda, Tokugawa was a mere throwaway player and, in order to pacify the eastern countries, it should be completely weakened or overthrown as soon as possible.
- 関係史料が少ないため、平氏政権における国守護人・地頭の設置とそれに伴う支配の深化がどれほど進んでいたかは、必ずしも明らかとなっていないが、学界では、これら国守護人・地頭は、後の鎌倉幕府における守護・地頭の先駆的な存在だと考えるようになっている。
- It is not clear how large an influence the establishment by the Taira clan administration of Jito and Province officers had, or the amount of control they exerted because there are few related historical documents, but the academic field proposes that the Jito and Province officers were like a prototype for Shugo and Jito in the Kamakura bakufu.
- 伊勢神宮鎮座後も倭姫命を祭る神社は存在しなかったが、大正にはいり神宮司庁と地元伊勢市から倭姫命を祭る神社を創建する運動を生じ、1920年1月4日に皇大神宮別宮として倭姫宮の創立が許可、1922年11月5日内宮と外宮の中間である倉田山に鎮座した。
- Even after Yamatohime no Mikoto was enshrined at Ise-jingu Shrine, there was no chapel specifically dedicated to her until the Taisho period, when a proposal was made by the administrative branch of Ise-jingu Shrine and Ise City to erect a separate shrine for Yamatohime no Mikoto; the proposal was approved by the government on January 4, 1920 and on November 5, 1922, she was enshrined in Yamatohime no Miya Chapel on Mt. Kurata located between the inner shrine and the outer shrine.
- 父親の大伴親王(当時、後の淳和天皇)は、桓武天皇の子であると言っても夫人藤原旅子の子であり、皇后(藤原乙牟漏)所生の平城天皇・嵯峨天皇両天皇、いわゆる「后腹」の親王による皇位継承を目指した桓武天皇の方針からすれば皇位継承から外れる存在であった。
- His father Imperial Prince Otomo (who would later become Emperor Junna) was the son of Emperor Kanmu and his wife FUJIWARA no Tabiko, meaning that he was not a son by an empress like Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga, who were the sons of the Empress (FUJIWARA no Otomuro), and thus strayed from the heir to the imperial throne according to Emperor Kanmu's policy.
- ところで、現在京都市内には、多くの木造建築物や仏像などの文化財が数多く現存しているが、その理由として、これらの文化財は昭和初期までほとんどが住宅地の外にあり、幾たびかの市街地からの延焼をまぬがれてきたから存在するとの研究結果が認知されつつある。
- Many cultural properties including a large number of wooden buildings and Buddhist images exist in modern-day Kyoto City, and there is continuing recognition of research findings which claim that these cultural properties have survived because the majority of them were located outside of the residential area until the early Showa period and therefore escaped the fires that repeatedly spread from the urban center.
- また、当時天皇に複数の皇子がいる場合、複数の親王の生活を支える財政的ゆとりが無い事や臣籍降下をさせるだけの公家官位の余裕が無い事から、皇位継承者以外の皇子は全て幼くして出家を強要せざるを得ない(当然ながら出家した皇子には子孫が存在しない事になる。
- In those days, the Emperor with many Princes and Princesses had to allow them to enter into the priesthood while they were young, except for the candidate Prince who will succeed to the throne, this was because the Emperor could not afford to financially support the Princes and Princesses, or the court officials could not afford to have them be demoted from nobility to subject, (It is needless to say that the Princes who went into the priesthood would not have any children.
- 和銅元年8月10日_(旧暦)の太政官符で、稲穀の貯蔵と不動倉設置が奨励されて以来、毎年備蓄が行われて、約30年近く後天平年間田租収入の30年分余りの(田地からの年間収穫量とほぼ同一)の貯蔵が存在していたことが現存する各令制国の正税帳から推測できる。
- Since the storage of rice in the husk and the placement of Fudoso warehouse were encouraged in the Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) on September 2, 708, storage of rice in the husk had been carried out year after year nearly 30 years; existing records of rice tax suggest that there existed the storage approximately the same quantity of crop yields of more than 30 years from the rice field tax during the Tenpyo era.
- 家元制度は家学宗家の権威を高める一方で家元である宗家当主は門人を免許の発給を通じて家学を支配していく役目に転化していったため、勿論家元に相応しい技能を有した宗家当主も存在したものの、それに相応しい能力を有しない継承者の隠蔽の役割も果たすことになった。
- While the iemoto system enhanced the authority of the head family of the iemoto, because the role of the family head changed into the one ruling kagaku through issuing a license to the pupils, the family head also assumed the role in hiding the successor who was not competent even though some family heads themselves were not competent to the iemoto.
- 「ヤマトネコ」という称号は7代孝霊・8代清寧・9代開化、少し離れて22代清寧の諸天皇(『古事記』)にみえ、『記・紀』の編纂が最終段階に入った7世紀末から8世紀初めに存在した持統・文武・元明・元正の諸天皇(『日本書紀』・『続日本紀』)の称号にもみえる。
- The title 'Yamatoneko' is used for the seventh Emperor Korei, the eighth Emperor Kogen, the ninth Emperor Kaika, and after an interval, the twenty-second Emperor Seinei (Kojiki), and is also found in the titles of such emperors as Jito, Monmu, Genmei, and Gensho (Nihonshoki and 'Shoku Nihongi' [Chronicle of Japan Continued]), who existed in the period from the late seventh through the early eighth century when the compilation of the Kojiki and Nihonshoki was in the final stage.
- 「ヤマトネコ」という称号は7代孝霊・8代孝元・9代開化、少し離れて22代清寧の諸天皇(『古事記』)に見え、『記・紀』の編纂が最終段階に入った7世紀末から8世紀初めに存在した持統・文武・元明・元正の諸天皇(『日本書紀』・『続日本紀』)の称号にも見える。
- The title 'Yamatoneko' is used for the seventh Emperor Korei, the eighth Emperor Kogen, the ninth Emperor Kaika, and, after an interval, the twenty-second Emperor Seinei (Kojiki), and is also found in the titles of such emperors as Jito, Monmu, Genmei, and Gensho (Nihonshoki and 'Shoku Nihongi' [Chronicle of Japan Continued]), who existed in the period from the late seventh through the early eighth century when the compilation of the Kojiki and Nihonshoki was in the final stage.
- 「ヤマトネコ」という称号は7代孝霊・8代孝元・9代開化、少し離れて22代清寧の諸天皇(『古事記』)にみえ、『記・紀』の編纂が最終段階に入った7世紀末から8世紀初めに存在した持統・文武・元明・元正の諸天皇(『日本書紀』・『続日本紀』)の称号にもみえる。
- The title 'Yamatoneko' is used for the seventh Emperor Korei, the eighth Emperor Kogen, the ninth Emperor Kaika, and the twenty-second Emperor Seinei (Kojiki), and is also found in the titles of such emperors as Jito, Monmu, Genmei, and Gensho (Nihonshoki and 'Shoku Nihongi' [Chronicle of Japan Continued]), who existed in the period from the late seventh through the early eighth century when the compilation of the Kojiki and Nihonshoki was in the final stage.
- 主に「単立寺院」(仏教)「単立神社」(神道)「単立教会」(キリスト教)というように、何らかの宗派・教派・上位組織に属している事が暗黙に前提される伝統宗教の寺院・神社・教会等に対して、その前提に立たない特例的存在であることを示す際に用いられることが多い。
- Unlike temples, shrines, churches of old-line religions, that are implicitly assumed to be part of some sort of religious schools, sects, and superior organizations, the term Tanritsu, that mainly refers to 'Tanritsu-jiin' (nonsectarian temples) (Buddhism), 'Tanritsu-jinja' (independently incorporated shrines) (Shinto), and 'Tanritsu-kyokai' (non-denominational churches) (Christianity), is in many ways used to show that they are exceptional beings and that they are not assumed to be part of any religious schools, sects or superior organizations.
- ただし、『一代要記』や『本朝皇胤紹運録』を基に逆算される舒明の生年(593年)とその弟の存在を考えると、592年の推古天皇即位後もしばらく生存していたはずで、非蘇我系の王位継承候補者として、蘇我系の竹田皇子や聖徳太子と比肩し得る地位を保っていたと思われる。
- But he must have been alive for a while after the Empress Suiko was enthroned in 592, according to the birth year of the Emperor Jomei, calculated back based on 'Ichidai Yoki (summary chronicle of each reign), 'Honcho koin jounroku' (the Emperor's family tree, made in the Muromachi period) and the existence of his brother; it is assumed that he held the equal power as a candidate of the successor to the throne with Takeda no miko, the Soga clan origin, and the Prince Shotoku.
- その付近には京津三条駅(かつて存在した京阪電鉄京阪京津線の駅の通称)跡地に作られた複合商業施設KYOUENや、京都市営バス、京都バス、京阪バスが発着するバスのりばがあり、大原、岩倉、嵐山、山科区、醍醐駅 (京都府)方面および比叡山等へのバスが発着している。
- There are multi-commercial facility KYOUEN and Kyoto City, Kyoto, and Keihan Bus Stops on the vacant lot of Keishin Sanjo Station (the alias of Keihan Electric Railway Keihan Keishin Line station), and there are bus heading toward Ohara, Iwakura, Arashiyama, Yamashina Ward, Daigo Station (Kyoto Station), and Mount Hiei.
- 商品の質(消費期限 / 賞味期限の長短)によっても行商範囲は異なり、取れたその日に消費される必要のある生鮮食品は都市周辺部や都市内部で採れたり作られた食品を運んで売り歩くが、より長期間の保存ができる物品などでは都市から都市へと渡り歩くような業態も存在する。
- The area for peddling differs depending on the type of products (length of expiry period or best-before period), which means some types of fresh food required to be eaten on the day they are gathered are often sold in peripheral areas and urban areas, but products which can be stored for long periods are sometimes sold by peddlers moving from city to city.
- ただし、それは技能としての算術・数学であって、数学的思考や教養、感性が求められたものではなく、ましてや中国に見られたような高等数学が当時の日本社会で必要とされる場面は存在しなかったと考えられ、日本数学史が独自の進歩を見せるきっかけにはなりえなかったのである。
- However, this was arithmetic and mathematics as skill: mathematical thinking, cultivation, and sensibility were not sought after, and it seems that the advanced mathematics seen in China was not required by the Japanese society of that time, so this was not an opportunity for unique progress in the Japanese history of mathematics.
- また、古事記や日本書紀などの古代史の研究が進むにつれて、考古学の成果により初期の天皇の実在に疑問がなされたり(欠史八代)、第26代の継体天皇の即位を王朝交代とする説がなされた(現在では、継体天皇は第25代までの天皇とは血のつながりがないとの説も存在する。)。
- As studies of the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki advanced, scholars began to doubt the existence of early emperors (Eight Undocumented Sovereigns), and some people released the idea that the Japanese dynasty was changed when the 26th Emperor Keitai succeeded to the throne (according to a current study, Emperor Keitai had no blood relationship with emperors before him).
- 一方、「倭の五王」の遣使の記録が『古事記』『日本書紀』に見られないことや、ヤマト王権の大王 (ヤマト王権)が、「倭の五王」のような讃、珍、済、興、武など一字の中国風の名を名乗ったという記録は存在しないため、「倭の五王」はヤマト王権の大王ではないとする説もある。
- There even exists a theory which says that 'the five kings of Wa' are not among the kings of Yamato Dynasty because the envoys of 'the five kings of Wa' are not recorded in 'Kojiki' or 'Nihonshoki' and also because none of the kings of Yamato Dynasty had a Chinese-style name with one Chinese character, such as 讃, 珍, 済, 興 and 武.
- 石橋の名を地名に由来するのもだとすると、『姓氏家系大辞典』等では、下野国石橋が和義の名字のもととなったと想定しているが、鎌倉期の足利家領三河国設楽郡内にも石橋の地名があるし、京都市中にも石橋の地名があり、全国各地に石の橋に因んで存在し、未だに由来が判然としない。
- Assuming that the name Ishibashi is derived from the name of a place, some writings including 'Seishi Kakei Daijiten' (a large dictionary of Japanese surnames) state that Kazuyoshi (or Masayoshi) Ishibashi adopted his surname from a place called Ishibashi, Shimotsuke Province, but the origin of the name Ishibashi is unclear because there are many places called Ishibashi; in addition to Ishibashi in Shitara County in Mikawa Province, the Ashikaga clan's territory in the Kamakura period, or another Ishibashi in Kyoto, there are the places which were named after a stone bridge (Ishibashi literally means 'Stone Bridge') throughout Japan.
- 生駒山中でも大阪に面した西側南北10kmほどの地域、北から順に辻子谷(づしだに)、額田谷(ぬかただに)、鳴川谷(なるかわだに、以上いずれもハイキングコースとして知られる)、山畑・服部川地区、黒谷など、互いに平行に走る谷沿いにそれぞれ数個の寺院が連なって存在する。
- In the area spreading 10km from north to south on the west side of Mt. Ikoma viewing Osaka, specifically, from north, Zushidani Valley, Nukatadani Valley, Narukawadani Valley, all of which are known as hiking trails, Yamahata and Hattorigawa Area, and Kurotani, a few temples are closely located in line along each valley running in parallel.
- 律令制以前には陶作部(すえつくりべ)として存在していたことが分かっているが、陶器の生産技術の広まりによるものか、後世においては祭祀などに使う特殊な器を除いて官で陶器の生産を行うことはほとんど無くなったと考えられ、陶作部が律令制のもとでどうなったかも定かではない。
- It is known that Kyotoshi existed as suetsukuribe before Ritsuryo system, but it is unknown that Kyotoshi was born because of the spread of producing technique of earthenware or not, and for years to come, except for the special containers used for ritual and so on, the government is considered to have stopped producing earthenware and it is not sure what happened to suetsukuribe under the Ritsuryo system.
- 丹後王国論(たんごおうこくろん)は、門脇禎二が古墳時代に丹後地方(今の京都府京丹後市辺り)を中心に、ヤマト王権などと並び独立性をもって存在したとされる勢力『丹後王国』があったと提唱したもの(丹後国は後年に丹波国から分国したものであるため『丹波王国』とも称される)。
- Tango okoku ron is a theory in which Teiji KADOWAKI asserted an existence of 'Tango Kingdom' in and around Tango region (present Tango City, Kyoto Prefecture) during the Kofun period (tumulus period), which is believed to have been independent and rivaled Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) (It is also referred to as 'Tanba Kingdom' because Tango Province was divided from Tanba Province later).
- たとえば、17世紀初頭に刊行された『日葡辞書』では、BuxiやMononofuはそれぞれ「武人」「軍人」という訳語が与えられているのに対して、Saburaiは「貴人、または尊敬すべき人」と訳されていることからも、侍が武士階層の中でも特別な存在であったことは窺えよう。
- For example, 'the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam' (Nipojisho, Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary), published in early seventeen century, gave the meaning of the terms Buxi and Mononofu as 'bujin' (warrior) and 'gunjin' (military man), respectively, however, Saburai was translated as 'a nobleman or person to be respected', suggesting that samurai were special people within the bushi class.
- ただし、これらの指摘は三代格式と対となる三代儀式の編纂あるいは存在が否定されたに過ぎず、格式の編纂も「儀式」の編纂も律令法の補完を目的として行われた事業であり、格式の編纂と単独事業として行われた内裏式や貞観儀式の編纂との間には、何らかの関連性があったと考えられている。
- The above indications, however, merely denied that the Sandai Gishiki corresponding to the Sandai Kyakushiki were neither compiled nor did they exist, and it was still accepted that both the compilation of Kyakushiki and the compilation of 'Gishiki' were projects taken for complementing the ritsuryo law and that compilation of the Kyakushiki had some relationship to the compilation of Dairi shiki and Jogan Gishiki each of which were a single project.
- 南朝には正副二統の皇統が存在し、陽動作戦のために吉野に設けた擬天皇である、副統の後亀山天皇が、足利義満の謀略に掛かって講和したため、1392年(元中9年)の南北朝合一以後、全国の勤皇の武士たちは宮方(南朝正統)に味方する大義名分を失い、宮方の勢力は衰微の一途をたどった。
- There were 2 lineages in the Southern Court, and since the false Emperor, Emperor Gokameyama, who was put in Yoshino Province as a distraction, made peace with Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA by falling into his snare, after the unification of Southern and Northern Courts in 1392, samurai throughout the country who were pro-Imperial lost their reason to support miyagata (Legitimate Succession of the Southern Court), and the power of miyagata only shrunk as time went by.
- スペインとフランスの国境、ピレネー山中のルルドや、ローマ、エルサレムと並ぶ西方キリスト教(カトリック)の三大巡礼地の1つ北スペインのサンティアゴ・デ・コンポステーラ(ここへの巡礼の物語を時間と空間を越える神の存在への問いかけの物語にしたフランス映画で「銀河」がある)など。
- Lourdes in the Pyrenees on the border between Spain and France, the three holy places of western Christianity (Catholic), namely, Rome, Jerusalem and Santiago de Compostela ('La Voile Lactee' is a French movie that made a story out of a pilgrimage into a dialogue on the existence of God over time and space) were such locations.
- 公使館の保護は無論であるが、中国における日本の権益拡大や、清朝を叩くことで朝鮮半島における日本のアドバンテージを確立すること、日本についで大軍を送っていたロシアへの牽制、列強側に立って派兵することで「極東の憲兵」としての存在感誇示(=不平等条約改正)などが主要目的であった。
- It was of course for the protection of the legation, but other main objectives included expansion of Japanese interests in China, establishing Japanese advantage at the Korean Peninsula by defeating the Qing dynasty, and restrainment of Russia which was sending a great army just like Japan, and Japan also dispatched troops alongside the allied western powers to show its presence as the 'military policeman of the Far East' (in order to correct the unequal treaty).
- そのため、歴史的経緯を尊重するなら“伏見時代”の方が適切な呼称となるが、そもそも、安土城は完成からわずか3年余りしか存在しておらず、伏見城(木幡山)も完成から2年後に秀吉が死去するなど、それぞれ在城は短期間であり、これらを時代の呼称に用いること自体が適切ではないという主張もある。
- Therefore, if we are to respect the historical background, the 'Fushimi Period' will be a more appropriate name, but in the first place Azuchi-jo Castle existed only for slightly more than three years after its completion, and in the case of Fushimi-jo Castle (Mt. Kohata), Hideyoshi died just two years after its completion; consequently, the time both rulers stayed within the respective castles was short, and thus some assert that the use of the name of the castles to symbolize the period is not appropriate.
- しかし、恩赦そのものが濫発されたうえ、本来政治とは無関係である寛永寺や増上寺による口添えの存在、しかもその口添えは受刑者の家族しか出来ない事など(独身者には困難である)様々な問題を抱えており、更に個々の受刑者の恩赦の是非は評定所の個別の審議を経たためにその適用基準も曖昧であった。
- This system had various problems, however, including that of pardons granted too frequently; of temples Kanei-ji and Zojo-ji that were supposedly apolitical were allowed to recommend pardons; of recommendations that only the family of a convict were allowed to ask for (thus it was hardly possible for convicts who had no relatives); and of obscure criteria for granting a pardon because the conference chamber discussed the propriety of each case separately.
- それによると「神道にあらず儒道にあらず仏道にあらず、神儒仏三道融和の道念にして、中古以降専ら武門に於て其著しきを見る。鉄太郎(鉄舟)これを名付けて武士道と云ふ」とあり、少なくとも山岡鉄舟の認識では、中世より存在したが、自分が名付けるまでは「武士道」とは呼ばれていなかったとしている。
- According to this, 'it is not Shinto, not Confucianism, not Buddhism, but the concept which mixes these three and since ancient and medieval times it has excelled only in military art; Tetsutaro (Tesshu YAMAOKA) called it bushido' and at least from the viewpoint of Tesshu YAMAOKA, it had existed since the medieval times but he said that it was not called 'bushido' until he named it.
- 、徳川秀忠が幕府御船手頭向井忠勝に建造させた史上最大級の安宅船「安宅丸」は、総櫓及び船体の総てに防火・防蝕を目的とした銅板貼りが施されていた事が幕府の公式な記録から確認されており、1635年当時、軍船の表面に金属板を貼るという発想が存在していた事そのものは疑いがたい事実と言えよう。
- From the official bakufu documents it is confirmed that the 'Atake Maru', the largest Ataka bune in history, which Hidetada TOKUGAWA ordered Tadakatsu MUKAI, the chief of the bakufu navy to build, had all oars and the whole hull covered with copper plates for the prevention of fire and erosion, which proves a definite fact that an idea of covering the surface of a warship existed in 1635.
- 弁官は改めて写本を作成し、その内容の実施を命じる太政官符を添付、地方に対しては勅旨をそのまま太政官符化した騰勅符の形式で施行することになっていた(なお、公式令には緊急時などに太政官での手続きを省略して中務省符で出す略式の勅旨の規定も存在するが、現存の記録では実施が確認できていない)。
- Benkan would re-create a manuscript, attach a Daijokanpu (the official document of the Daijokan) that ordered the implementation of the contents, and for local regions, an imperial order would be implemented by dispatching the Daijokanpu on a post-horse (In addition, there is also a regulation in the Kushiki-ryo for an informal imperial order given with a Nakatsukasashopu [the official document of Ministry of Central Affairs] by omitting the procedures at the Dajokan in an emergency).
- 『徒然草』において、重明親王が元良親王の元日の奏賀の声が太極殿から鳥羽作道まで響いたことを書き残した故事について記されているため、両親王が活躍していた10世紀前半には存在していたとされる(ただし、吉田兼好が見たとされる重明親王による元の文章が残っていないために疑問視する意見もある)。
- Since 'Tsurezure gusa' (Essays in Idleness) shows about a historical event that Imperial Prince Shigeakira wrote down that the voice of Imperial Prince Motoyoshi making a ceremonial speech on the morning of the new year was heard from Daigokuden (Council Hall in the Imperial Palace) to Toba no Tsukurimichi, it was considered that the road existed in the early 10th century when the two Imperial princes were active (however, there are opinions that questions this, as the original writings of Imperial Prince Shigeakira which Kenko YOSHIDA is supposed to have seen do not exist).
- 大学寮が設置された当初、一般官人を育てる本科(明経道)と技術官人を育てる算道しか事実上存在していなかったが、神亀年間に律令を教える律学博士(後の明法博士)と歴史を教える文章博士が明経道から分離する形で成立し、やがて天平年間に独立した学科となり、後の明法道・紀伝道へと発展することとなる。
- In the early days of the Daigaku-ryo, the regular course (Myogyodo) for the education of general government officials and Sando, for the education of technical government officials, were virtually the only ones in existence, but somewhere between 724 and 729, Ritsugaku hakase (later Myoho hakase) (professor of law, for the teaching of the Ritsuryo Code) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature. for the teaching of history) were established by separating from Myogyodo, subsequently becoming independent departments between 729 and 748; they would later evolve into Myobodo (study of Code) and Kidendo (study of the histories).
- 江戸時代の行商は、天秤棒を担いだ業態では棒手売とも呼ばれ、扱われる商品は魚介類(シジミやアサリのような貝も)から豆腐・飴といった食品のほか薬など生活物資、アサガオやキンギョ・風鈴といった生活に潤いを与える物品もあれば、大きな箪笥などの家具を扱う業態も存在し、果ては水を行商する者もいた。
- Peddlers were also called bote-uri derived from their sales method to carry a yoke, and they sold seafood (including shellfish such as corbicula clams and asari clams), food (including tofu and candies), everyday goods (such as medicine), goods enriching people's lives (such as asagao (morning glory), goldfish, and wind chimes), furniture (including big chests) and water.
- 特に聖武天皇の発願によって建立されて、以後鎮護国家体制の象徴的存在として歴代天皇の崇敬を受けてきた東大寺と藤原氏の氏寺であった興福寺は、それぞれ皇室と摂関家の権威を背景と大衆と呼ばれる僧侶集団が元来自衛を目的として結成していた僧兵と呼ばれる武装組織の兵力を恃みとしてこれに反抗していた。
- Especially Todai-ji Temple which was constracted at the wish of the Emperor Shomu and since then had been revered by successive emperors as a symbol of polity for nation protection, and Kofuku-ji Temple built for praying Fujiwara clan's glory, rebelled against this, relying on military power of armed organization called armed monks which was originally organized for self-defense by Buddhist monk group called as Daishu, each with authorities of Imperial family and Sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers) in the background.
- だが、孝謙天皇称徳天皇亡き後に最も皇位に近い立場にいた筈の他戸親王の『続日本紀』における初出が、父・光仁天皇の即位後であること(つまり称徳朝における叙任記録が存在しない)や姉の酒人内親王も井上内親王が37歳の時の子であることを考えた場合、当時でも稀な高齢出産があった可能性も排除出来ない。
- Even considering that the first time he was reported in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) was after his father, Emperor Konin, ascended the throne even then that he was considered the closest crown prince to the Imperial Throne after Emperor Koken and Emperor Shotoku died (this means that there is no record he was conferred to any position) and his sister, Imperial Princess Sakahito was born when her mother, Imperial Princess Inoe was 37 years old, so we cannot exclude the possibility of late childbearing even it was very rare case at that time.
- ちなみに、「浦上一番崩れ」は1790年(寛政2年)から起こった信徒の取調べ事件、「浦上二番崩れ」は1839年(天保10年)にキリシタンの存在が密告され、捕縛された事件、「浦上三番崩れ」は1856年(安政3年)に密告によって信徒の主だったものたちが捕らえられ、拷問を受けた事件のことである。
- By the way, 'Urakami ichiban kuzure' is interrogations of Christians starting in 1790, 'Urakami niban kuzure' is an incident in 1839 where Christians were betrayed and captured, and 'Urakami sanban kuzure' is an incident in 1856 where leading worshipers were betrayed, captured, and tortured.
- 「我らの信仰に依れば、人類の思想信仰の統一は結局人類が日本国体の霊力に目醒めた時初めて達成せられる。更に端的に云えば、現人神(あらひとがみ)たる天皇の御存在が世界統一の霊力である。しかも世界人類をしてこの信仰に達せしむるには日本民族、日本国家の正しき行動なくしては空想に終る。」とも主張した。
- He also said 'According to our belief, the unifying human belief is only possible when all the people in the world realize the spiritual power of Japan's national identity. To put it briefly, the existence of the Emperor (Arahitogami) as the spiritual power for the unified world. To make people all over the world believe this, we have to behave well as people and as a nation; otherwise it will end as a dream.'
- むろん、皇族を強制的に臣籍に下すことを原則とするこのような規定には異論もあり(とはいえ、親王、王に姓を賜り強制的に臣籍に下げることは王朝時代から存在した)、裁定にあたって準則の諮詢を受けた枢密院での審議でも、政府側からは、一律・機械的に適用するのではなく個別の事情に応じて判断する旨の答弁がなされている。
- Of course there was an argument against having Imperial Family members demotion from nobility to subject, (however, there were some examples of people receiving surnames from the Imperial Prince or the Emperor and were forced to be demoted to subjects since the Dynasty period), at the discussion of the Privy Council that was consulted about the regulation to make a decision, the government decided to apply the regulation based on individual situations instead of applying the rule evenly or automatically across the board.
- 運行地域は、市バスが旧市街地中心で、京阪京都交通は西京区並びに亀岡市方面からの乗り入れ、京都バスが右京区嵯峨地区と左京区岩倉・鞍馬・大原地区、京阪バスが山科区と伏見区東部および比叡山方面、阪急バスが西京区(洛西ニュータウン)、西日本JRバスが旧京北町からの乗り入れとなっているが、一部競合区間が存在する。
- The City Bus operates mainly around the old urban area: Keihan Kyoto Kotsu from Nishikyo Ward and Kameoka City to the central area, the Kyoto Bus around the Saga area in Ukyo Ward and Iwakura, Kurama, Ohara area in Sakyo Ward, the Keihan Bus around Yamashina Ward, the east area of Fushimi Ward and Mt. Hiei-zan, the Hankyu Bus around Nishikyo Ward (Rakusai New Town), and the West JR Bus from former Keihoku-cho to the central area (some routes overlap).
- また、諸家がそれぞれ持っているとされる『帝紀』や内容の異なるものが存在するとされる『帝王本紀』のような一定の条件を満たす複数の書物ないしは文書の総称であると考えられる「普通名詞」と、『帝王の日嗣』といった特定の時点で編纂された特定の書物を示すと見られる「固有名詞」とは明確に区別するべきであるとする見解もある。
- Further, there are opinions that the 'common noun' which is thought to be the generic term for several books or documents that satisfy fixed conditions, such as the 'Teiki,' which every family was thought to have, and the 'Teio Honki' (Chronicle of Emperors) which existing contents were supposed to be different, and the 'proper noun' which is thought to describe specific books that are complied at a specific point of time called 'Teiki no Hitsugi' should be clearly distinguished.
- 三浦らは、ヨーロッパの中世が、ゲルマン民族の大移動によって辺境で発生した「武装した封建領主」である騎士によって支えられていたことに着目し、日本で平安時代中期から東国を中心とした辺境社会で活躍した武士を騎士と同じ「武装した封建領主」と位置づけ、アジアで唯一日本にも中世が存在したことを「発見」し、日本は近代化できると主張した。
- MIURA and so on noted that medieval Europe was supported by the knights who were 'armed suzerain' emerging on the frontier by the Great Barbarian Invasion of Germanic peoples, positioned the bushi, who flourished in the frontier society centering on Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) from the middle of Heian period in Japan, as 'armed suzerain' who were the same as the knights, 'discovered' that there also existed medieval times in Japan, which was the only country in Asia, and insisted that Japan could be modernized.
- 『続日本後紀』嘉祥元年7月丙戌(29日)条(848年8月31日)に平安京内で落雷があり破損した建物の中に弘文院が含まれていること、仁和元年(885年)に菅原道真が弘文院を訪問した時に詠んだとされる漢詩(「秋夜宿弘文院」)が『菅家文章』に残されていることから、少なくても弘文院設置から80年間は存在していたものと考えられている。
- Since the entry for August 31, 848 in 'Shoku Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan Continued) contains the description that lightning struck in Heiankyo and damaged some buildings, which included the Kobunin, and since a Chinese poem ('秋夜宿弘文院') supposedly composed by SUGAWARA no Michizane when he visited the Kobunin in 885 was contained in 'Kanke bunso' (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane) in 885, it was estimated that the Kobunin had existed at least for 80 years after it was founded.
- 簡単にいえば、武官は「官人として武装しており、律令官制の中で訓練を受けた常勤の公務員的存在」であるのに対して、武士は「10世紀に成立した新式の武芸を家芸とし、武装を朝廷や国府から公認された「下級貴族」、「下級官人」、「有力者の家人中世の家人」からなる人々」であって、律令官制の訓練機構で律令制式の武芸を身につけた者ではなかった。
- Simply speaking, military officers were 'government officials (espcially one of low to medium rank) who were armed and a full-time government [public] employee-like officials trained under the Ritsuryo-system,' while the bushi were 'the people who consisted of a 'lower ranking nobles,' 'lower ranking government officials' and 'people from powerful or medieval families' who regarded the new military art established during the 10th century as their iegei and were officially authorized to be armed by the Imperial Court or kokufu (provincial office)' and they did not acquire the military art of the Ritsuryo-system style in the training institution of the organization of the government according to the Ritsuryo codes.
- この両者の説は中国史における時代区分論と密接に関係しており、周藤は唐及び五代を「古代」・宋を「中世」とする立場から、宮崎は漢代を「古代」・三国時代 (中国)から唐及び五代を「中世」・宋を「近世」とする立場に立っており、ヨーロッパ中世の荘園と対比すべき農奴制による経営に基づく荘園がそれぞれが主張する「中世」に存在したというものである。
- These two theories are closely related with the periodization theory in Chinese history and Sudo's standpoint is that the Tang dynasty and the Five Dynasties period were 'ancient' and the Sung dynasty 'medieval' and Miyazaki's standpoint is that the age of the Han dynasty was 'ancient' and the Three Kingdoms period (China), the Tang dynasty to the Five Dynasties period 'medieval' and the Sung dynasty 'early modern,' and in both of their 'medieval,' there existed the shoens managed by the serf system which should be compared with the manors in medieval Europe.
- 新撰組組員の墓参りをする女性ファンも多く、坂本龍馬ら勤皇の志士と共に“日本史のアイドル的存在”となっているが、明治政府がかれらと敵対する勤皇派志士たちによって設立された経緯もあり、近年まで史学的にもほとんど注目されることがなく、現在における人気は子母沢寛や司馬遼太郎らによる新選組をテーマにした数々の小説やTVドラマ・映画等の影響が大きい。
- Many female fans also visit the tombs of Shinsen-gumi members, who, together with Imperial loyalists such as Ryoma SAKAMOTO, are 'idols of Japanese history'; but as the Meiji Government was established by Imperial loyalists who were opposed to them, hardly any notice was taken of Shinsen-gumi from a historical standpoint until recently, and their current popularity owes much to many novels about them written by such people as Kan SHIMOZAWA, Ryotaro SHIBA, and also TV dramas, movies, etc.
- それでも唐の文化の影響が強まった平安時代初期の延暦11年11月20日 (旧暦)(793年1月7日)、桓武天皇が漢音奨励の勅を出して学生には漢音の学習が義務づけられ(『日本紀略』)、続いて延暦17年2月14日 (旧暦)(798年3月6日)には学生に従来から日本に存在する南朝 (中国)系の呉音を禁じて漢音での発音が義務付けられた(『弘仁格抄』)。
- However, the increasing influence from the Chinese Tang culture of the early Heian period, Emperor Kammu issued a decree to encourage the Han pronunciations of the Chinese characters on January 11, 793, which in effect forced the students learn it ('Nihongiryaku' (Abstract of Japanese History)), and on March 10, 798, students were prohibited from learning Goon, the existing pronunciations from the Southern Dynasty in China were prohibited and were instructed to learn the Han pronunciations of the Chinese characters ('Koninkyakusho' (Regulations in Konin period)).
- ところが、宮中行事などの衰退によって大饗が開かれることがなくなった上、相次ぐ戦乱や五摂家の成立による短期間での藤氏長者の交替などによって朱器台盤は散逸してしまったらしく、延文6年(康安元年/1361年)に近衛道嗣が藤氏長者に就任した際には「朱器渡りの儀」が行われていないために、その以前の段階で朱器台盤は既に存在していなかったと考えられている。
- But grand banquets ceased to be held due to the decline of court functions, and in addition, Shuki-daiban seem to have been scattered and lost due to successive conflicts and changes of Toshi choja within a short period of time caused by the formation of Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho [regent] and Kanpaku), and when Michitsugu KONOE assumed the post of Toshi choja in 1361, 'Shuki watari no gi' no longer took place, which suggests that Shuki-daiban had already been lost before that time.
- これに対して霊元上皇は他家にも伝わっているにも関わらず二条家の独占になっているのは相応の理由があるからであるとして、たとえ二条家当主が現職の摂関・大臣でなくても「即位灌頂」のみは二条家当主が行う事、もし当主が幼くして二条家を継いだ場合には儀式の秘法を知るもう一人の存在である当代の天皇が責任をもって当主に伝授する事を裁定して公式に二条家の独占となった。
- In reply to the argument, the retired Emperor Reigen reasoned that there should have been a substantial reason why the position had been dominated by the Nijo Family despite the fact that the accession to the throne had come down to the other families, and judged that even if the head of the Nijo Family was not the incumbent regent, chief adviser to the Emperor or minister, only the 'Sokui kanjo' should be administered by the head of the Nijo Family, and that in the case where the family head inherited the Nijo Family while still young, the Emperor (who was the other that knew mysticism of the ceremony) should give instructions to the family head, all of which resulted in the official domination of the position by the Nijo Family.
- 治承・建久の2度の新制の制定に大臣・摂関として関わった九条兼実(道長の6代目の子孫)は「長保以後代々制符」が制符(新制)策定の基本であるべきであると度々主張(『玉葉』治承2年4月23日・6月5日条)しており、長保から200年経た後世においても長保元年令が新制の出発点になるとする考え方が公家社会に広く存在し、中世公家法に対して強い影響を与えたことが分かる。
- Kanezane KUJO (the sixth generation descendant of Michinaga), who was involved in the establishment of shinsei in Jisho and Kenkyu eras as a minister and Sekkan (regents and advisers), often insisted that it was fundamental for the establishment of seifu (an official code of new laws issued by Daijokan, Great Council of State) or shinsei to 'follow the example of Choho' (articles dated April 23 and June 5, 1178 of 'Gyokuyo') and it follows that even two hundred years after the Choho era it was widely believed in the court noble society that Chohogannenrei should be a starting point for shinsei and that kugeho (laws issued by the imperial court) in the medieval period was greatly influenced by such a belief.
- 本願寺は戦国時代 (日本)には一向一揆の広がりのもとで戦国大名に伍する勢力をもったことから、戦国大名のひとつに数えられ、また門主の法名 (浄土真宗)や諱に本願寺を冠して「本願寺顕如」、「本願寺光佐」というように呼ぶことがしばしばあるがあくまで呼称の便宜上であり、本願寺門主の家系が本願寺を家の名字・姓としたわけでも、本願寺氏という氏が存在したわけでもない。
- Interestingly, Hongan-ji Temple is counted among the warlords because it gained power equivalent to that of a warlord with the expansion of Ikko-ikki during the Sengoku period (Japan), and sometimes 'Kennyo HONGANJI' or 'Kosa HONGANJI' is used for Homyo (the Jodo Shinshu sect) of the monshu (chief priest) or for Imina with 'Honganji' being prefixed; however, it is used simply for the convenience of naming, as the family line of the monshu, the chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple, never used Honganji as a last name or surname and there was no clan called Honganji.
- またその政治力の欠を補うために後藤象二郎・江藤新平・大木喬任を参議に追加した(ただし、後藤が左院議長、当時の各省の卿の中で江藤・大木のみが現職参議ではない例外の存在であったこと、大久保帰国後に卿と参議を兼務させる方針を改めて打ち出していることなど、必ずしも合理性が無い訳ではない)ことも、国外にいて情報入手が限られていた大久保・木戸の不信感を高めたのである。
- Furthermore, he added Shojiro GOTO, Shinpei ETO and Takato OKI to Sangi (the Councilor) in order to make up the loss of political power (although it was not totally unreasonable because GOTO became chairman of Council of the Left, only ETO and OKI were exceptionally not incumbent councilors among kyo of ministries at that time, and a policy of holding two posts of kyo and sangi concurrently was hammered out after OKUBO returned to Japan), which raised distrust of OKUBO and KIDO as well, who had only limited information while being away from home.
- 宇治郡山科町には安朱、上野、大塚、大宅(おおやけ)、音羽、小野、上花山(かみかざん)、川田、勧修寺、北花山(きたかざん)、栗栖野、小山、四ノ宮(しのみや)、厨子奥、竹鼻、椥辻(なぎつじ)、西野、西野山、八軒、東野、髭茶屋、日ノ岡、御陵(みささぎ)の23の大字が存在したが、これらは昭和6年(1931年)、山科町が当時の東山区に編入した際に計301町に編成された。
- In Yamashina-cho Town, Uji County: there were twenty-three Oaza (Anshu, Ueno, Otsuka, Oyake, Otowa, Ono, Kami-kazan, Kawata, Kanshuji, Kita-kazan, Kurisuno, Koyama, Shinomiya, Zushioku, Takehana, Nagitsuji, Nishino, Nishinoyama, Hachiken, Higashino, Higechaya, Hino-oka, and Misasagi) which were reorganized into three-hundred and one towns in 1931 when Yamashina-cho Town was integrated into Higashiyama Ward.
- また古事記の序文などにはそれぞれ名前は微妙に異なるものの、ほとんどの場合に『帝紀』と『旧辞』をはじめとして二つの史書が並べて記されていることなどから、これらは単に別々のものを並べているのではなくもともと組み合わせることを前提に作られた一体のものであり、二つの史書を組み合わせた中国の紀伝体とは異なる「日本式の紀伝体」とでもいうべき形態が存在するのではないかとする見方もある。
- Also, from the fact that even though the names differ slightly, in the introduction of the Kojiki, usually it is recorded with two history books set side by side like the 'Teiki' and 'Kyuji,' there is a viewpoint that they were not just separate Records, but was originally written with the premise that these would be combined to make one Record, and it exists as a 'Japanese style biographical historiography' different from the Chinese biographical historiography which combines two history books,
- And since two history books, 'Teiki' and 'Kyuji' are mentioned alongside each other in most cases, having slightly different names in the introduction of 'Kojiki' or others, there is an opinion that these were not simply mentioned alongside each other, but united originally for being combined, and that there might have existed a form we can call 'Japanese style Kidentai (biographical historiography),' different from Chinese Kidentai combining two history books.
- その傍証として、ワケ号を負う履中・反正とは根本的に異質な名であることや、この2天皇から病気を理由に愚か者として軽蔑されていて、即位が円滑に行われなかったという所伝、当時の有力豪族たる蘇我・葛城氏の系譜に、武内宿禰の子として若子宿禰という人物の存在が伝えられ、時代が重なること、さらには、倭王済(允恭)と倭王珍(反正に比定される)の血縁関係を記さない『宋書』の問題などが挙げられる。
- Collateral evidences for that include: a fact that his name is fundamentally different from those of Richu and Hanzei which bear the title of wake (which means 'coming into being'); a legend that he was despised by these two Emperors as a fool because of his illness and his accession to the throne did not proceed smoothly; a story told in genealogies of Soga and Katsuragi clans which were the influential Gozoku of the time that there was reportedly a person known as WAKUGO no Sukune who was a son of TAKENOUCHI no Sukune at a period which overlaps that of Ingyo; and a problem in the 'So-jo' (the Book of Song) that it does not describe any blood relationship between King Sai of Wa (Ingyo) and King Chin of Wa (identified with Hanzei).
- また、将軍家(徳川宗家)の分家としては、上記三家及び駿河家以外にも、3代将軍徳川家光の子を分封した甲府徳川家(徳川綱重・徳川家宣・松平左馬頭家)及び館林徳川家(徳川綱吉・松平右馬頭家)が、石高・家格ともに匹敵する家として存在した(但し徳川家康の子(徳川秀忠の兄)結城秀康を祖とする越前松平家、徳川秀忠の子(徳川家光の弟)保科正之を祖とする会津松平家などは徳川姓を許されていない)。
- In addition to the three families noted above and the Suruga family, the branch families of the Tokugawa shogun family included the Kofu-Tokugawa family (Tsunashige TOKUGAWA, Ienobu TOKUGAWA and the Matsudaira family of Sama no kami (Captain of the Left Division of Samaryo)) and the Tatebayashi-Tokugawa family (Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA and the Matsudaira family of Uma no kami (Captain of the Right Division of Bureau of Horses)), who were equivalent in both crop yield and social standing; however, the Echizen-Matsudaira family, founded by Hideyasu YUKI, who was a son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and older brother of Hidetada TOKUGAWA, and the Aizu-Matsudaira family, founded by Masayuki HOSHINA, who was a son of Hidetada and younger brother of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, were not privileged to claim to be TOKUGAWA.
- しかしながら公家は実権は失っていたものの茶道・俳諧等の文化活動においてその嫡流たる天皇の権威高揚に努め、天皇は改元にあたって元号を決定する最終的権限を持っていたこと(元号勅定の原則)を始め、将軍や大名の官位も、儀礼上全て天皇から任命されるものであり、権威の源泉として重要な意味を持つ存在であった(これに対しても幕府が元号決定や人事への介入を行い、その権威の縮小・儀礼化を図っている)。
- However, even though Kuge had lost their actual power, they strived to elevate the authority of the Emperor as the main branch of a family in cultural activities such as sado (tea ceremony) and haikai (seventeen-syllable verse), and starting with the final authority to decide the name of era when changing it, all official court ranks of shogun and daimyo were ceremoniously granted by the Emperor, and the Emperor was an existence having important meaning as the source of authority (against this fact, the bakufu also tried to reduce the Emperor's authority to being ceremonious by intervening in changing the name of the era and personal matters).
- 元来、半済とは「年貢の半分を納付する」という意味より百姓の年貢の半分を免除することを意味していたが、南北朝時代 (日本)頃から、守護が軍費・兵糧を現地調達するために、荘園・公領の年貢の半分を軍勢に預け置くことが、半済として行われ始め、1352年に最初の半済令が幕府から出された(なお、南北朝・室町時代においても年貢の半分免除の意味で「半済」という言葉が用いられる場合も存在しており注意を要する)。
- 'Hanzei' originally meant 'paying half of the tax' and thus meant, at that time, absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes; however, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Hanzei' was used to mean that half of the customs or taxes on the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government were submitted to the troops in order for provincial constables to cover military expenditure and provisions locally, and the first hanzei law was enforced by the feudal government in 1352 (Note that 'Hanzei' was also used to mean absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes in the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period).
- 従って、後白河法皇が自己の政権維持のために平氏を利用して、高い官職を与え知行国を増やさせてきたという経緯や当時の社会問題に対する貴族社会の対応能力の無さという点には触れず、清盛と平氏一門がいかに専横を振るい、「驕れる者」であったかを強調している(だが、実際には少なくても治承3年以前における平氏の権力は後白河との強い関係の下で行使されたものが大半であり、その段階において清盛及び平氏一門が独裁的権力を有していたという具体的な事実は存在していない)。
- Therefore, they do not mention that the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa used the Taira clan to maintain his government by giving them high positions and increasing the number of provinces that they were custodians of, and the inability of the aristocracy at that time to deal with the social problems that they faced, but instead emphasize the arrogant behavior of Kiyomori and the Taira clan members (whereas in reality, at least up to 1179, the authority of the Taira clan was mostly due to the strong relationship with Goshirakawa and there is no specific evidence that Kiyomori or the Taira clan members had any dictatorial powers).
- 1つは第26代の継体天皇の場合であり(記紀による)、彼は越前(現在の福井県)もしくは近江(滋賀県)に住んでいた応神天皇の5世孫(曾孫の孫)とされており(それまでの天皇とは血のつながりがなく王朝交代となったとの説が存在するが、少なくとも推古天皇期には応神天皇子孫であったとの系譜伝承があったことも近年の研究から明らかになっている。継体天皇の項参照。)、第25代武烈天皇が死去した後、直系に女子はいたが男子がいなかったため地方から迎えられて天皇となった。
- The first case is the twenty-sixth Emperor Keitai (according to the Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) and the Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan)) who was supposed to be a descendant from five generations (grandson of great-grandson) of Emperor Ojin who lived in Echizen (present-day Fukui Prefecture) or Omi (Shiga Prefecture); there is a theory that he didn't succeed any bloodlines of former Emperors, leading to a dynastic change; however, it was identified that the genealogy, indicating that he was a descendant of Emperor Ojin, no later than the era of Empress Suiko, was handed down through recent research. Refer to Emperor Keitai.), after the death of the twenty-fifth Emperor Buretsu, Emperor Keitai moved from another province and ascended the throne since Emperor Buretsu's direct descendants were all female descendants (no male descendants).
- 地租改正も田畑永代売買禁止令の廃止の方向が定まった明治4年9月に大久保利通(大蔵卿)と井上馨(同大輔)によってその方針(「地所売買放禁分一収税施設之儀正院伺」)が正院に諮られ、使節団出発直前に井上と吉田清成によってその原案が作成されていた(そもそも明治政府が実施した初期の施策で岩倉使節団出発前に構想として存在しなかったのは、出発後に井上と吉田によって初めて構想され、使節団帰国後に政策として形成された最後に相当する秩禄処分のみであったと言われている)。
- The policy of land-tax reform ('Chisyobaibai-houkinbunnitu-syuzeisisetunogi-seiinshi') was presented by Toshimichi OKUBO (Minister of the Treasury) and Kaoru INOUE (Vice-minister of the Treasury) to the Central State Council in October, 1871, when abolition of denpataeitaibaibaikinshirei (a ban on buying and selling fields) was decided, and its draft plan had been already made by INOUE and Kiyonari YOSHIDA just before the delegation's departure (Among early measures of the Meiji government, only Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend) was elaborated by INOUE and YOSHIDA after Iwakura Mission departed and formulated as a policy after the Mission returned to Japan).
- 古代の妃に関して、正史などによって確実なのは桓武天皇妃酒人内親王(光仁天皇皇女・桓武天皇異母妹)、平城天皇妃朝原内親王及び大宅内親王(ともに桓武天皇皇女・平城天皇異母妹)、嵯峨天皇妃高津内親王(桓武天皇皇女・嵯峨天皇異母妹)、同多治比高子(多治比氏守娘・夫人からの昇格)、醍醐天皇妃為子内親王(光孝天皇皇女・醍醐天皇叔母)であり、他に皇太妃(現在の皇太子妃)として草壁皇子妃阿閇皇女(天智天皇皇女・草壁皇子叔母、ただし皇子は即位せずに死去)、その他の例として大伴親王妃高志内親王(桓武天皇皇女・大伴親王異母妹、ただし妃は親王の立太子・即位前に死去)の例が存在する。
- Officai history confirmed that there are many Hi in ancient times, certain ones were Imperial Princess Sakahito (Imperial Princess of Emperor Konin, younger maternal half-sister of Emperor Kanmu), Emperor Kanmu's empress, Princess Asahara, Emperor Heizei's empress and Imperial Princess Oyake (both Imperial Princesses of Emperor Kanmu, younger maternal half-sister of Emperor Heizei), Princess Takatsu (Imperial Princess of Emperor Kanmu, younger maternal half-sister of Emperor Heizei) and TAJIHI no Takako (daughter of TAJIHI no ujinokami, upgraded from Fujin [consort of emperor]), both of them were Emperor Saga's empress, Imperial Princess Ishi (Imperial Princess of Emperor Koko, aunt of Emperor Daigo), Emperor Daigo's Empress, and as wife of prince (crown princess in modern time), Princess Ahe (Imperial Princess of Emperor Tenchi, aunto of Prince Kusakabe, but Prince didn't ascended the throne because he died), Prince Kusakabe's wife, and Imperial Princess Koshi (Imperial Princess of Emperor Kanmu, younger maternal half-sister of Imperial Prince Otomo, but the princess died before the prince ascended the crown prince and the throne), Imperial Prince Otomo's wife.
- ところが、石塚一石が『本朝書籍目録』の中にある弘仁儀式の篇目に「七月二十五日相撲儀」が含まれているのに対して、相撲節会の開催日が7月25日 (旧暦)に定められたのは、弘仁年間よりも70年も後の仁和年間であり、弘仁年間には7月7日 (旧暦)と定められていた事実(天長元年(弘仁15年/824年)の7月7日に平城上皇が崩御して同日が忌日となったために、従来この日を期日として定められていた宮中行事の期日が変更を余儀なくされた)を指摘し、更に篇目の中に弘仁式逸文に記載された日付と合致しない行事がある事実を指摘して、『弘仁儀式』は散逸したのではなく最初から存在しなかったとする見解を唱えた。
- Nevertheless, Kazushi ISHIZUKA advanced the view that the 'Konin Gishiki' did not exist from the beginning, by pointing out that although the table of contents of the Konin Gishiki in the 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' included 'Sumai no gi (the Rite of Sumo Wrestling) on July 25 (old calendar),' Sumai no Sechie (Festival of Wrestling) was fixed on July 25 (old calendar) in the Ninna era (885 - 889), about seventy years after the Konin era (810 - 824), and that the Sumai no gi was fixed on July 7 (old calendar) during the Konin era (since ex-emperor Heizei died on July 7 in the first year of the Tencho era (the fifteenth year of the Konin era, 824) and the date became the death day of emperor, the ceremonial functions at the imperial court which had been fixed, had to be fixed on another day), and by further pointing out that the table of contents includes the ceremonial functions, the dates of which did not match those described in a surviving fragment of the Konin shiki (Palace regulations of the Konin era).