威: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 威暢
- Takanobu
- Takeo
- Takenobu
- 威知
- Ichi
- Takatomo
- Takechi
- Taketomo
- 一威
- Itsutaka
- Itsutake
- Kazutaka
- 威良
- Iyoshi
- Takayoshi
- Takeyoshi
- 威美
- Izumi
- Takami
- Takayoshi
- Takemi
- 郭威
- Kakui
- Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou
- 威力
- power
- might
- authority
- influence
- Takeo
- force
- 威容
- dignity
- majestic appearance
- 威霊
- powerful spirit
- power of the emperor
- 恩威
- benevolence and strictness
- 威武
- authority and force
- Takamu
- Takemu
- 国威
- national prestige
- Kunitake
- 権威
- authority
- power
- influence
- authority (to be relied on)
- charisma
- lord
- prestigious
- 威部
- most hallowed grounds (of a sacred site in Okinawa)
- 威迫
- menace
- threat
- intimidation
- 威儀
- dignity
- majesty
- dignified manner
- 威嚇
- menace
- threat
- intimidation
- to threaten
- to intimidate
- Mobbing
- 威光
- power
- authority
- influence
- Takehiko
- prestige
- 威圧
- coercion
- overpowering
- to overpower
- to overawe
- to daunt
- intimidate
- 威厳
- dignity
- majesty
- solemnity
- gravity
- didnity
- state
- 威徳
- virtue and influence
- virtue and authority
- Itoku
- Takenori
- 威信
- dignity
- Takanobu
- Takenobu
- Takemasa
- kudos
- prestige
- 示威
- demonstration
- show of force
- 法威
- influence of Buddhism
- power of Buddhism
- 猛威
- fury
- power
- menace
- rage
- vehemence
- 暴威
- tyranny
- abuse of power
- violence (e.g. of a storm)
- 天威
- imperial authority
- imperial majesty
- Ten'i
- 神威
- god's majesty
- god's authority
- might of Heaven
- Kamui
- Kamoi
- 威央
- Takahisa
- Takeo
- Takehiro
- 威快
- Takayasu
- Takeyasu
- Takeyoshi
- 権威的
- authoritarian
- authoritative
- 権威筋
- authoritative sources
- 威圧的
- coercive
- overbearing
- daunting
- 威儀細
- informal kasaya worn primarily by adherents of Pure Land Buddhism
- 威圧感
- intimidating air
- sense of intimidation
- 威かす
- to threaten
- to menace
- to startle
- to surprise
- 威張る
- to be proud
- to swagger
- lord
- 威丈高
- high-handed
- overbearing
- hubris
- 鹿威し
- water-filled bamboo tube which clacks against a stone when emptied
- device for scaring birds from gardens
- 林威宏
- Hayashi Takehiro (h) (1976.1.23-)
- Takehiro Hayashi
- 威風堂堂
- being majestic
- with great pomp and circumstance
- with an imposing air
- 威風堂々
- being majestic
- with great pomp and circumstance
- with an imposing air
- 威風凛々
- awe-inspiring
- majestic
- commanding
- stately
- with an imposing air
- in a stately (dignified) manner
- 威風凛凛
- awe-inspiring
- majestic
- commanding
- stately
- with an imposing air
- in a stately (dignified) manner
- 国家威信
- national pride
- national prestige
- 国威発揚
- enhancing national prestige
- expanding national influence
- 空威張り
- bluffing
- bluster
- bravado
- 威勢良く
- with energy
- vigorously
- cheerfully
- assertively
- lustily
- 威勢よく
- with energy
- vigorously
- cheerfully
- assertively
- lustily
- 敵を威す
- to threaten the enemy
- 大威張り
- bragging
- showing off
- pride
- 安藤国威
- Andou Kunitake (1942-)
- 威張って
- proud as Lucifer
- proudly
- with a haughty air
- 威圧する
- coerce
- daunt
- face
- impose
- 如是威儀。
- You will have such deportment.
- 音威子府村
- Otoineppumura
- Otoineppu, Hokkaidō
- 音威子府駅
- Otoineppu Station (st)
- 威を振るう
- to exercise authority
- 威勢の良い
- high-spirited
- cheerful
- assertive
- vigorous
- 威勢のいい
- high-spirited
- cheerful
- assertive
- vigorous
- 威張り腐る
- to throw one's weight around
- to be puffed up
- 威勢のよい
- high-spirited
- cheerful
- assertive
- vigorous
- spanking
- 威勢が良い
- vigorous
- cheerful
- assertive
- 威勢がよい
- vigorous
- cheerful
- assertive
- 威勢がいい
- vigorous
- cheerful
- assertive
- 大威徳明王
- Yamantaka Vidya-raja
- conqueror of Death
- 安威川南町
- Aikawaminamimachi
- Aigawaminamimachi
- 証人等威迫
- Intimidation of Witnesses
- 権威のある
- canonical
- magisterial
- 威厳のある
- august
- dignified
- grand
- grave
- majestic
- majestical
- oracular
- stately
- 太鼓 威徳流
- Side drum: Itoku Style
- 雅夫権威媚媚
- Masao Ken'inikobikobi
- 威力業務妨害
- forcible obstruction of business
- obstructing business by force
- 権威主義政府
- authoritarian government
- 威信に関わる
- to affect someone's prestige
- to be beneath one's dignity
- 威張っていい。
- The performer may swagger.
- 威有て猛からず
- dignified without being overbearing
- being dignified, and moreover warm, as such one is gentle
- 虎の威を借る狐
- person who swaggers about under borrowed authority
- small man acting arrogantly through borrowed authority
- a fox that borrows the authority of a tiger
- one who abuses the power of his/her boss
- 球威のある投球
- powerful delivery
- 球威の有る投球
- powerful delivery
- 威信にかかわる
- to affect someone's prestige
- to be beneath one's dignity
- infra dignitatem
- 武力で威嚇する
- rattle one's sabers
- 権威を振り回す
- throw its force around
- 威力を発揮する
- bring something into action
- 有栖川宮威仁親王
- Arisugawa no Miya Imperial Prince Takehito
- Prince Arisugawa Takehito
- 威有りて猛からず
- dignified without being overbearing
- being dignified, and moreover warm, as such one is gentle
- 威有って猛からず
- dignified without being overbearing
- being dignified, and moreover warm, as such one is gentle
- 威あって猛からず
- dignified without being overbearing
- being dignified, and moreover warm, as such one is gentle
- 威ありて猛からず
- dignified without being overbearing
- being dignified, and moreover warm, as such one is gentle
- 母は中宮藤原威子。
- Her mother was chugu (the second consort of an emperor), FUJIWARA no Ishi.
- ~の威厳にかかわる
- be beneath one's dignity
- 威仁親王ゆかりの場所
- Places related to Imperial Prince Takehito.
- 44世 池坊専威宗匠
- Forty-forth Sosho, Seni IKENOBO
- 「格式・威厳がある」
- 'It has status and is of dignified appearance.'
- 山東作戦・威海衛作戦
- Weihaiwei Operation
- 威徳流(明治期に廃絶)
- Itoku Style (discontinued in Meiji Period)
- 性問題の権威者/助言者
- sex counselor
- sexpert
- 威嚇的又は侮辱的な尋問
- intimidating or insulting questions;
- 沢潟威鎧(大山祇神社蔵)
- Omodaka Odoshi Yoroi (Oyamazumi-jinja Shrine)
- 浅葱綾威鎧(厳島神社蔵)
- Asagiaya Odoshi Yoroi (odoshi armor by asagiaya) (Itsukushima-jinja Shrine)
- 白糸威鎧(日御碕神社蔵)
- Shiraito Odoshi Yoroi (odoshi armor with white string) (Hinomisaki-jinja Shrine)
- 向こう見ずに空威張りする
- swashbuckling
- アンデッド退散または威伏
- turn or rebuke undead
- (15)威徳観音(いとく)
- (15) Itoku Kannon
- 赤韋威鎧(岡山県立博物館蔵)
- Akagawa Odoshi Yoroi (red leathered odoshi armor) (Okayama Prefectural Museum)
- 2月2日に威海衛を占領する。
- On February 2, the Japanese Army conquered Weihaiwei
- 王命の外、何ぞ私威を施さん。
- There shall be no granting of private dominion over land apart from an imperial order.'
- 猫は旧鼠を威嚇して飛びかかる。
- The cat jumped at kyuso menacingly.
- 天皇の宗教的権威も高められた。
- The religious power of the emperor was also increased.
- 母は藤原道長女・中宮藤原威子。
- Her mother was FUJIWARA no Ishi, who was a daughter of FUJIWARA no Michinaga and the second consort of an emperor.
- 籠城側はこれを神威とみなした。
- The castle side regarded this as the power of gods.
- 初代(藩主) 徳川頼房 - 威公
- The first (the lord of the domain): Yorifusa TOKUGAWA (his posthumous title: 威公)
- 紫綾威鎧(兜欠)(大山祇神社蔵)
- Murasaki Aya Odoshi Yoroi (helmet missing) (Oyamazumi-jinja Shrine)
- 敵対的態度/威圧的態度を和らげる
- plunk in one's horns
- shrink in one's horns
- そのため、天皇家の権威は高まった。
- Therefore, the Emperor's authority increased.
- 赤糸威鎧(菊金物)(櫛引八幡宮蔵)
- Akaito Odoshi Yoroi (odoshi armor with red strings) (Kiku-kanamono (chrysanthemum ironmongery goods)) (Kushihiki-hachimangu Shrine)
- 赤糸威鎧(梅鶯金物)(春日大社蔵)
- Akaito Odoshi Yoroi (odoshi armor with red strings) (Ume Uguisu Kanamono - plum, bush warbler ironmongery goods) (Kasuga-taisha Shrine)
- 8月単状(将軍家若宮の行列の威容)
- August (single letter): Dignity of the procession of sons in the shogun family.
- 銅造大威徳明王像 - 平安時代後期
- Bronze statue of Daiitoku Myoo, from the late Heian period
- 中年男性のおだやかで威厳のある表情。
- Calm and dignified expression of middle aged man.
- 赤糸威鎧(竹雀虎金物)(春日大社蔵)
- Akaito Odoshi Yoroi (odoshi armor with red string) (Take Suzume Tora Kanamono - bamboo, sparrow, and tiger ironmongery goods) (Kasuga-taisha Shrine)
- 備の位置を内外に示し、武威を誇示する。
- They showed the position of the sonae to those on the inside and the outside, and they displayed their military might.
- こうして権威を失った検校たちは困窮した。
- Thus the kengyo, who had lost authority, became hard-pressed.
- 紺糸威鎧(厳島神社蔵) - 伝・平重盛奉納
- Konito Odoshi Yoroi (odoshi armor with navy blue string) (Itsukushima-jinja Shrine) – handed down from and dedicated by TAIRA no Shigemori
- 商談が成立すると威勢よく手締めが打たれる。
- At the conclusion of a deal, a ceremonial hand-clapping is energetically performed.
- その後は武将の権威・格式を表す存在となった。
- Afterwards, the large armor remained only to show a general's authority and status.
- 紺糸威鎧(大山祇神社蔵) - 伝・河野通信所用
- Konito Odoshi Yoroi (odoshi armor with navy blue string) (Oyamazumi-jinja Shrine) – handed down from and used by Michinobu KONO
- 楠木正成も認める威厳ある天皇として描かれている。
- Here he is described as an emperor with dignity recognized even by Masashige KUSUNOKI.
- 赤糸威鎧(武蔵御嶽神社蔵) - 伝・畠山重忠奉納
- Akaito Odoshi Yoroi (odoshi armor with red strings) (Musashi Mitake-jinja Shrine) – handed down from and dedicated by Shigetada HATAKEYAMA
- 小桜韋黄返威鎧(厳島神社蔵) - 伝・源為朝所用
- Kozakura Kawa Kigaeshi Odoshi Yoroi (Itsukushima-jinja Shrine) – handed down from and used by MINAMOTO no Tametomo
- その結果耐久性と威力を求めて、現在の形になった。
- As a result, it developed into the current shape from the pursuit of bow durability and strength.
- 威海衛租借協定 1898年7月1日 英国、在北京
- Treaty of Leased Territory of Weihaiwei, July 1, 1898, United Kingdom, in Beijing
- 白糸威褄取鎧(櫛引八幡宮蔵) - 伝・南部信光奉納
- Shiraito Odoshi Tsumadori Yoroi (Kiku-kanamono) (Kushihiki-hachimangu Shrine) – handed down from and dedicated by Nobumitsu NANBU
- 特に粘菌の権威としてしられるが、民俗学者でもある。
- He was known as the authority on myxomycete, but he was also a folklorist.
- そのため、葵紋の権威は大いに上がったとも言われる。
- As a result, it is said that the prestige of the aoi-mon was dramatically enhanced.
- ただし、格式や権威に関しては将軍付の方が高かった。
- However, in terms of formality and authority, jochu working for the Shogun were higher.
- 基経の威を恐れた博士らの見解は佐世と同じであった。
- In fear of Mototsune's power, hakase etc. submitted the same view as Sukeyo.
- シテ方のみならず、囃子方の観世流にもその権威は及ぶ。
- Its authority extends to not only shite-kata (main roles) but also to hayashi-kata in Kanze-ryu.
- 威徳流(いとくりゅう)は能楽大鼓方の廃絶した一流儀。
- The Itoku school is an extinct school of otsuzumi-kata (large hand drum players) in Nohgaku (the art of Noh).
- 綱憲はその迫力に威圧されて出兵を諦めるしかなかった。
- Tsunayori was overpowered and had to give up the idea of sending troops.
- 威力を用いて人の業務を妨害した者も、前条の例による。
- A person who obstructs the business of another by force shall be dealt with in the same manner as prescribed under the preceding Article.
- さらにその後半年足らずで母威子も後を追うように他界した。
- Her mother, FUJIWARA no Ishi, also died less than six months later as if following him.
- 赤糸威胴丸鎧(兜欠)(大山祇神社蔵) - 伝・源義経奉納
- Konito Odoshi Yoroi (odoshi armor with navy blue string) (Oyamazumi-jinja Shrine) – handed down from and dedicated by TAIRA no Shigemori
- また大鼓方にも幸流と呼ばれる流儀があった(威徳流参照)。
- Also, the otsuzumi-kata (large hand drum players) performers used to have a school called Ko school (see Itoku school).
- こうして武家の台頭の中で天皇の権威は新たな形で復興した。
- In this way, the authority of the Emperor was restored in a new style while the samurai families gained power.
- 子の当宗、孫の良宗はいずれも鎮守府将軍となり武威を保つ。
- Both his son Masamune and grandson Yoshimune became Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North), and maintained their authorities.
- 自身の周りに常に小馬印を置き、士大将の位置と武威を示す。
- He always had a koumajirushi (small battle standard of a commander) around him and he displayed the position and the military might of the samurai daisho.
- 妃は加賀国加賀藩主前田慶寧の娘・威仁親王妃慰子(やすこ)。
- The Empress was the Lord of the Kaga Domain in Kaga Province, Yoshiyasu MAEDA's daughter, Imperial Prince Takehito's Empress Yasuko.
- この日、威仁親王は兄熾仁親王と親子盃の儀式を取り交わした。
- On this day, Imperial Prince Takehito and his older brother Taruhito held a ceremony to take a pledge to become father and son.
- 天皇家の財政はこのように逼迫し、権威も地に落ちかけていた。
- The Imperial Family thus became dependent in its finances, and its authority was diminished.
- 母后威子は馨子内親王を特に可愛がり、斎院にも時折行啓した。
- Her mother FUJIWARA no Ishi particularly loved her, and would visit her in the Sai-in occasionally.
- 回転による威力、刺中率の増加などを図った多回転方式である。
- It is a multiple spinning method used to increase force and improve accuracy.
- この将軍暗殺により、将軍の権威は著しく失墜することとなる。
- This assassination of the incumbent Shogun heavily ruined the authority of the Shogunate.
- これにより、熾仁親王の薨去後は威仁親王が有栖川宮家を継いだ。
- Due to this, after Imperial Prince Taruhito died, Imperial Prince Takehito succeeded to the Arisunogawa no Miya family.
- 立川流も高野山教学の権威を高めるための犠牲になったとされる。
- The Tachikawa school also is said to have been sacrificed in order to enhance the prestige of the religious doctrines in Mt. Koya.
- 霊威から祈祷や占いの呪術としての道具の意味合いも持っていた。
- It also had meaning as a tool for praying or the magic of fortune telling because it had spiritual power.
- そしてそれが、国家の維持と国威発揚に必要であると主張された。
- And those were essential for keeping national power and boosting national prestige.
- この間、秀吉の勢威を恐れて諸国の土豪は次々と降伏していった。
- During Hideyoshi's invasion, powerful local clans in various provinces yielded to Hideyoshi one after another in fear of Hideyoshi's power.
- 威仁親王の兄の有栖川宮熾仁親王も天皇の後を追って京都に到着。
- Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito, an older brother of Imperial Prince Takehito also arrived in Kyoto after the Emperor.
- 後醍醐は、天皇としての権威を十全に主張できない立場にあった。
- Godaigo was in a position where he could not express all of the authority given to him as Emperor.
- 領家の権威だけでは荘園の所有が維持できないケースも見られた。
- Sometimes, the authority of ryoke alone was not enough to maintain their possession of shoen.
- 本所は、自らの権威を用いて荘園を国衙や他の荘園から保護した。
- The honjo protected the shoen from the kokuga or other shoen by exercising their own authority.
- なお宣仁親王妃となった宣仁親王妃喜久子は威仁親王の外孫である。
- The Prince Nobuhito's Empress, Princess Kikuko, was a maternal grandchild of Prince Takehito.
- 院政に院近臣として勢威を得た藤原通憲(信西)はその代表である。
- The typical case is FUJIWARA no Michinori/Shinzei, who gained power in the cloister government as In no Kinshin (a courtier of the ex-emperor).
- 同母の兄弟に藤原頼通・藤原教通、藤原彰子・藤原妍子・藤原威子。
- Her maternal half-siblings included FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, FUJIWARA no Norimichi, FUJIWARA no Shoshi, FUJIWARA no Kenshi and FUJIWARA no Ishi.
- また、打矢や手裏剣よりも重量があるため、比較すると威力が強い。
- Moreover, an uchine could inflict greater damage on opponents than uchiya or shuriken due to its weight.
- 室町時代には、書院における室礼の形式化にともなって権威化した。
- During the Muromachi period, it was authorized with the formalization of shitsurai (putting decorations suitable for a season or ritual onto an appropriate indoor place) in shoin (reception room).
- 能力・威力を欠いていた者の父子、母女、妻妾は流三千里になった。
- The fathers, sons, mothers, daughters, wives, and the concubines of the people who failed muhon by lacking ability or power were banished 3,000 ri (one 'ri' is approx. 560m in China) away..
- こうして朝廷は市中にその「武威」をアピールして治安維持を行う。
- The imperial court appealed its 'bui' (military force) to the city and tried to stabilized its security.
- 時は平家の全盛期、ワキ(平宗盛)の威勢の良い名乗りで幕を開ける。
- It is the heyday of the Taira family; the play starts with a spirited nanori (announcement of one's name) of the waki (supporting role) (TAIRA no Munemori).
- 武家屋敷では、武威を示すため武骨なまでに太い舞良子を粗く配した。
- In the samurai residence thick mairako were arranged in order to express power.
- 太鼓は獅子や鬼など超自然的威力のあるシテが現れる際に用いられる。
- The side drum (taiko) is used in the scene when a protagonist (shite) with supernatural powers, such as a liondog or demon appears.
- 19世紀なかばから東アジア世界に西欧列強による脅威が迫ってきた。
- East Asia had been facing threats from Western powers since the middle of the 19th century.
- この日、大迫尚敏大尉率いる偵察隊は坪井方面の威力偵察に出撃した。
- On this day, the reconnaissance party led by Captain Naoharu OOSAKO set out to scout the Satsuma army's military capability in the Tsuboi area.
- 五番目(鬼) 鬼、天狗といった荒々しく威力のあるものがシテとなる。
- Fifth drama (demon): A supernatural powerful creature such as demon or long-nosed goblin becomes the protagonist (shite).
- 欧米の軍事的脅威を感じた日清両国は欧米からの武器輸入を進めていた。
- Both Japan and Qing had promoted importing weapons from European nations for fear of military threats of those countries.
- しかし一度破堤したことで籠城側は神威を信じ、粘り強く抵抗していた。
- However, a break of the enemy's bank made the besieged believe the power of god, so that it continued to fight with patience.
- なお、文永の役は侵攻というより、威力偵察ではないのかとの説もある。
- There is a theory that Bunei no Eki would not have been an invasion, but rather a reconnaissance in force.
- 憲兵は一般の朝鮮人に対して極めて威圧的な制度だったと言われている。
- It is said that the military police was an extremely imperative system against the general Koreans.
- しかし、幕末期には天皇・公家の権威が尊王思想の影響で回復を遂げた。
- However, in the end of the Edo period, the prestige of the Emperor and the court nobles was restored under the rise of imperialism.
- このことが、国内的に大々的に喧伝され、幕府権威の高揚に利用された。
- This visit to the shrine was publicized widely, being used for enhancing the prestige of the bakufu.
- しかし、唯一の后でありながら威子が産んだのは二人とも女御子であった。
- However, Ishi had only two daughters although she was the sole empress.
- しかし元来は家長たる父親が鬼を追い払うことで権威を示すものであった。
- However, originally, the ceremony was intended to demonstrate the father's authority as the head of the family by exorcising oni.
- また宇都宮庶流としては、筑後国に勢威を張った筑後宇都宮氏が知られる。
- The Chikugo-Utsunomiya clan establishing its influence in Chikugo Province is known as another branch family of the Utsunomiya clan.
- この地域は辺境の地であり、常に周囲の異民族からの脅威にさらされていた。
- That region was an outlying area and it was always exposed to the threat of different ethnic groups around the region.
- しかし、横綱免許を濫発したことが却って横綱の権威を損なう結果を招いた。
- However, excessive issuing of yokozuna licenses had the opposite effect that resulted in ruining yokozuna's authority.
- これにより雷撃隊は官軍の戦略的脅威の範疇から完全に外れることとなった。
- Consequently, the Raigeki-tai troop was completely removed from the category of strategic threats to the government army.
- 当時の軍隊には鉄砲の一斉射撃や速射に高い威嚇効果があった可能性が高い。
- It is highly likely that salvo and rapid firing had a great menacing effect on the army of the time.
- その結果、領家の権威だけでは荘園の所有が維持できないケースも見られた。
- As a result, in some cases, the ryoke authority alone could not maintain ownership of the shoen.
- 吉田家が全国の神社の大部分を支配するようになると白川家の権威は衰退した。
- As the Yoshida family exerted influence over most shrines in Japan, the authority of the Shirakawa family declined.
- その一方で京都で馬ぞろえ(軍事パレード)を行い、朝廷を威嚇したとされる。
- On the other hand, he carried out Umazoroe (a military parade) in Kyoto and threatened the Imperial Court.
- 使節団一行には軍艦や兵士の護衛がつき、威圧効果を朝鮮側に与えようとした。
- Japan tried to coerce Korea by sending a guard of battleships and soldiers to accompany the envoy.
- これは院の権威のみを頼みとする通常の院近臣とは、決定的に異なる点だった。
- This characteristic differentiated him from the ordinary In no Kinshin, who relied upon the authority of the In.
- 関東はもとより奥羽は未だ幕府や鎌倉公方の旧権威は依然として絶大であった。
- Old authorities such as bakufu and Kamakura kubo were still wielding great power not only in the Kanto region but also in the Ou region.
- 色紙や懐紙として残る遺墨は、神々しく威厳に満ち、見る者を雅な世界へと誘う。
- His historical calligraphy of large square cards and paper for writing traditional verses were invested with an air of dignity; with their divine tone they would guide people to the world of courtliness.
- 威力は低いが安価で反動が少ない為、猟銃や動員兵への支給銃として用いられた。
- The power was weak, but it was cheap and the recoil was light and thus it was used as a hunting gun or a gun supplied to a mobilized soldier.
- また、一時大鼓方威徳流が幸流のアシライ鼓となって幸流と呼ばれたことがある。
- Once the Itoku school of otsuzumi-kata became part of the Ko school by performing as ashirai tsuzumi (accompanying hand drum), which was also called Ko school.
- さらに、最高位の長である惣検校となると大名と同様の権威と格式を持っていた。
- In addition, sokengyo, the highest rank, had the same authority and formality as daimyo (the feudal lord).
- 1899年にフランスは広州湾一帯を、イギリスは九龍半島・威海衛を租借した。
- In 1899, also France obtained the sovereignty of the area around the Canton Bay, and the UK, in the Kowloon Peninsula and Weihaiwei.
- 奈良時代から平安時代にかけて寺院の守護のために僧兵の武器として威力を発揮。
- It was widely used as a weapon by monk soldiers to protect their temples during Nara period and Heian period.
- また官位の任命を天皇が行うことにより、豪族に対する天皇の権威向上を図った。
- It also sought to increase the Emperor's authority over powerful clans by having the Emperor directly appoint ranks.
- 全体として、優美さを見せることよりも、威儀を正すことへの推移がみてとれる。
- In general, the importance was placed on dignity rather than on gracefulness.
- 一人は自らが仏となることで人を救おうと考え、一切智威如来という仏になった。
- One of the kings thought he would relieve people by becoming Buddha by himself, and he became the Buddha called Issaichii-nyorai.
- 大正2年(1913年)7月5日、威仁親王は舞子別邸において52歳で薨去した。
- He died in the villa in Maiko on July 5, 1913, when he was fifty two years old.
- 威仁親王の薨去後、高松宮別邸や民間企業の保養所を経て神奈川県に譲渡された。)
- After Imperial Prince Takehito died, this place was changed from Takamatsu no Miya villa to a recreation facility of a private company, and after that, it was handed over to Kanagawa Prefecture.)
- タレ味噌野郎の、だしがら野郎め」 福山のかつぎはここで威勢のいい啖呵を切る。
- Fool! Noodle-brain!,' here, the vendor boldly makes a sharp retort.
- この時弓矢により強い威力を求めた改良がなされ、長尺、弓幹下側を握る弓となる。
- During this period, the bow and arrow were improved for strength and a long bow with a grip on the lower side, was devised.
- 藩の威信を掛けた競技の為、弓、矢、弽(ゆがけ)の改良、開発が盛んに行われた。
- The modifications of bows, arrows, and yugake were frequently made for the tournament for the honor and dignity of han (domain).
- 「サ」は箭(矢)の古い読みで矢や釣針を意味し、「チ」は霊と表記し霊威を示す。
- The word 'sa' was an old sound of the Chinese character '箭'(矢) which meant arrow or hook, and the word 'chi' was written as '霊' which showed spiritual power.
- 朝廷の権威が衰え、天下は再び朱全忠・李克用らの藩鎮勢力が合い争う時代となる。
- Authority of the imperial court weakened, and the country entered a period of fighting between the hanchin forces of Quanzhong ZHU and Keyong LI.
- 1875年4月以降、日本側は朝鮮近海に軍艦を派遣し、軍事的示威行動を取った。
- From April of 1875, the Japanese dispatched warships to the seas near Korea, and exercised demonstrational actions.
- 鎌倉幕府の打倒、室町幕府の創設に寄与し、守護大名の一人として勢威を振るった。
- The clan contributed to toppling the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as well as setting up the Muromachi bakufu, and enjoyed the domination as one of the shugo daimyo (Shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords).
- このような血統の権威性は古ゲルマンの祭司王権の観念に基づくと考えられている。
- The authority of bloodline is thought to have been based on the concept of the presbyter-sovereignty of ancient Germany.
- そこで、より権威のある皇族や摂関家へ領家から荘園寄進が行われることがあった。
- To cope with this situation, some ryoke would donate their shoen to more authoritative bodies like the Imperial family or Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents).
- For that reason, the ryoke sometimes donated the shoen to the Imperial family or Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), which had more authority than the ryoke.
- また、二条天皇の外舅として勢威をふるい、左大臣に昇って清華家の家格を確保した。
- Also, he wielded great power as the maternal father of Emperor Nijo and he was promoted to sadaijin (Minister of the left) and secured kakaku of seigake.
- 製作当初は金色に輝き、所有者の富と威厳を誇示する役割があったものと想像される。
- The bell is imagined to have given off a gold radiance at first, and to have flaunted the owner's wealth and dignity with the radiance.
- 尊皇攘夷運動の支柱である水戸学には朝廷権威により幕府専制を抑える思想があった。
- The Mito School, which was at the heart of the Sonnojoi Movement, held a belief that the authority of the Imperial Court should suppress the rise of autocratic Shogunate.
- 光格天皇の頃は朝廷権威の復興を望み、幕府との間に尊号一件が起こるなど折衝した。
- Around the time of Emperor Kokaku, the Imperial Court tried to regain its authority, and negotiations, such as the Songo Case (an effort by the emperor to give an honorary title), were conducted with the Shogunate.
- 日本の軍艦は5月25日に無許可で釜山へ入港し、射撃演習などの威嚇行為を行った。
- On May 25, Japanese warship sailed into Pusan without Korean permission and threatened Korea by showing the shooting exercise etc.
- 南北朝期にはばさら大名で有名な佐々木道誉(高氏)が出て京極家の勢威を伸ばした。
- Doyo (Takauji) SASAKI from the Kyogoku clan, famous as 'Basara Daimyo' (a foppery feudal lord) made the Kyogoku clan more influential in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- この時点において、義仲の権威と名声は頼朝のそれをはるかに上回っていたのである。
- At this point in time, the authority and the reputation of Yoshinaka were far superior to those of Yoritomo.
- ともに宮廷において最も権威のある、流麗典雅な書法とされた世尊寺流に属している。
- Both of them belonged to Sesonji school of calligraphy that was regarded as the most prestigious in the Imperial Court and also as having an elegant method.
- 手で投擲することに関しては、野球の投手を見ればわかる通り、それだけで脅威である。
- Slinging by hand itself is a threat as shown in a baseball pitcher.
- より高い威力を求めて木を主材にした弓の外側に竹を張り合わせたシンプルな型である。
- It had a simple shape of sticking the bamboo to the outer area with wood as the central piece in order to increase the force.
- 日本の伝統的な芸能、芸道において、その流儀の最高権威伝承者またはその家系を指す。
- These family lines or their heads are the highest authority on traditional Japanese arts.
- しかし、応仁の乱によって官務の権威の源泉とも言える官文庫とその古文書を喪失した。
- As a result of the Onin War, however, he lost the Omiya family library, which contained a number of ancient documents and was effectively the source of his authority as a government official.
- 両国が当時おかれていた西欧列強による脅威を前提に相互扶助を誓約するものであった。
- Both countries, parties to the treaty, promised mutual assistance on the basis that both countries faced threats from the western powers.
- 一方で宗教的、儀礼的な秩序においては頂点に位置され、伝統的権威は保ち続けていた。
- On the other hand, it ranked at the top of the religious and ceremonial hierarchy and maintained traditional authority.
- この時点で、豊臣政権は日本全国に威令が及ぶ日本の統一政権として成立したのである。
- At that time, the Toyotomi government was established as the only government that could give orders to any place in Japan.
- この争いによって幕府の政治的・経済的基盤は崩壊して将軍の権威は名目のみと化した。
- Through this fighting, the political and economic foundation of the bakufu collapsed, and the once-powerful Shogun transformed into a mere figurehead.
- 朝廷の権威の復権に努め、朝廷が近代天皇制へ移行する下地をつくったと評価されている。
- He worked hard to revive the authority of the Imperial Palace, and it was said that he established the basis for the transition of the palace to the modern imperial system.
- 二条良基は即位灌頂を北朝の天皇の新たな権威の源泉として、儀式としての整備を進めた。
- Yoshimoto NIJO promoted the establishment of sokuikanjo as a ritual to make it a new source of authority of the emperors of the Northern Court.
- 第二触角の根もとには発音器があり、つかまれると関節をギイギイと鳴らし威嚇音を出す。
- Ise ebi have a sounding organ at the base of the second antenna that makes creaky threatening sound when held.
- 中世(飛鳥、奈良、平安、鎌倉時代)、公家、役人、僧侶の間では威儀具として発展した。
- Uchiwa fan developed into a tool for showing person's dignity among kuge (court noble), government officers and Buddhist monks in the Medieval period (Asuka, Nara, Heian, and Kamakura periods).
- 威勢ばかりで中身の伴わないことを指す「張子の虎」ということわざの語源となっている。
- It is used as the root of an expression, 'hariko no tora' (papier-mache tigers of which neck swing), which means a person who is in high spirits but superficial.
- 加藤清正の一隊は威力偵察のため国境を越えて明領・オランカイ(兀良哈)へ攻め入った。
- Kiyomasa KATO and his troops invaded Orangkai in Ming's territory surpassing the border for the purpose of reconnaissance in force.
- 幕末には幕府は鎖国政策を改めて開国し、朝廷権威も伸長して公武合体路線が進められる。
- In the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, bakufu (shogunate) ended its seclusion policy and opened the country to the world, and along with the extension of the authority of the Imperial court, reconciliation between the Imperial court and shogunate was promoted.
- 中大兄皇子は子麻呂らが入鹿の威を恐れて進み出られないのだと判断し、自らおどり出た。
- Prince Naka no Oe jumped out thinking Komaro was too frightened of Iruka to carry out the plan.
- 1853年(嘉永6年)、黒船来航によって江戸をはじめ、武蔵国沿岸は脅威に晒された。
- In 1853 the coastal area of Musashi Province, as well as Edo, was threatened by the arrival of the 'black ships' of Commodore Perry.
- 平安遷都は、前時代の旧弊を一掃し、天皇の権威を高める目的があったと考えられている。
- It is thought that the transfer of the national capital to Kyoto was conducted in order to erase outdated thinking and concepts, and enhance the authority of the emperor.
- その威光を背景に対外勢力の侵略を防いだり、自らの支配権の正当化が図られたのである。
- In this case, they protected themselves from outside enemies or justified their ruling authority based on their positions.
- ペリー来航後の騒然とした世相下、幕府の権威は落ち治安が乱れ騒然とした雰囲気であった。
- In a turbulent social situation after the arrival of Commodore Perry, the shogunate lost its authority and caused social disorder and unrest.
- 基本的に王室の権威と安定を図ったが、その地位を利用して権力の中心に座ることもあった。
- The fundamental role of the empress dowager was to keep authority and stability in the royal family, but some of them rose to power by utilizing their title.
- 日常生活は質素を旨とし、自己を律すること峻厳にして、天皇としての威厳の保持に努めた。
- His policy of his everyday life was to live frugal and disciplined himself strictly, he tried to keep his authority as an emperor.
- 皇室、神社等の古くから続く血統では権威の証としての宝剣(天叢雲剣等)が尊ばれていた。
- Old and unbroken lines, including the Imperial family and shrines, value treasure swords (such as Amenomurakumono tsurugi) as a proof of power.
- 政権の最高実力者に対する暗殺という結果は、幕府の権威を大きく失墜させることとなった。
- Due to the assassination of its top official, the authority of the bakufu government crumbled.
- この権威を利用して5月近江国の守護六角高頼を解任、代わりに京極持清を守護に任命した。
- By using this authority, he relieved Takayori ROKKAKU of the Shugo of Omi Province, and appointed Mochikiyo KYOGOKU instead to the same position in May.
- この間、部落問題研究所の東上高志たちが朝田らを建造物侵入と威力業務妨害の容疑で告訴。
- During this, Takashi TOJO and others from the Institute of Buraku Problem brought an accusation against Asada and others of burglary and forcible obstruction of business.
- 会盟の誓約は神の権威を借りて会盟参加者に命令をできる関係を築くものと考えられている。
- It is thought that the oath of Kaimei establishes relations with members of Kaimei, under which the leader can give orders to the members by taking advantage of god's authority.
- 印璽なき文章に権威が付加されることになり、幕末しばしば偽勅が発せられることになった。
- Since the authority was added to the sentences without inji (royal seal), and false imperial decrees came to be issued often at the end of Edo period.
- 孝謙天皇が即位すると仲麻呂は孝謙天皇と光明皇太后の権威を背景に政権を完全に掌握した。
- After the enthronement of Empress Koken, Nakamaro completely took the reins of government, backed by the authority of Empress Koken and Empress Dowager Komyo.
- また、桓武は王威の発揚のため、当時日本の支配外にあった東北地方の蝦夷征服に傾注した。
- In addition, in order to display the empror's prestige, Emperor Kanmu concentrated on conquering Ezo in Tohoku region.
- 威仁親王は慰子妃との間に績子(いさこ)女王、栽仁王、徳川實枝子の3人の王子女を儲けた。
- Imperial Prince Takehito had three Princesses and Princes with Masako, they were; Princess Isako, Prince Tanehito, and Mieko TOKUGAWA.
- 長らく世阿弥真撰の書と信じられていたこともあって、江戸期には高い権威を認められていた。
- Because it had long been believed that it was a written work of genuine selections by Zeami, its authoritativeness was acknowledged during the Edo period.
- 同9年(1036年)に父後一条天皇と母中宮威子が相次いで崩御、幼くして両親と死別した。
- She lost her father, Emperor Goichijo, and her mother, the second consort of the emperor, Ishi (Takeko), one after another in 1036, so she lost both of her parents at a young age.
- 正装化と共に威儀を正すために袖は次第に大きくなり、袴もくるぶし丈まで長くなっていった。
- As the hitatare became formal and corrected in a dignified manner, the sleeve became bigger and hakama (pleated and divided skirt made in fine strips) reached down to the height of the ankle.
- また、多少の刃こぼれが威力に大きく影響するなど、主力武器としては耐久力に難点がある事。
- A slightly nicked edge greatly influenced its power, which causes difficulties in durability as a major weapon.
- そのため、村上氏の勢力が衰退し代わって武田氏の脅威が増大すると援助を求めるようなった。
- Therefore, as the power of the Murakami clan declined, they became to seek the help of the Nagao clan instead of the Murakami clan when the threat of the Takada clan increased.
- ゲーベル銃隊を率いる池内蔵太が空砲で威嚇し、吉村寅太郎が率いる槍隊が裏門から突入した。
- Kurata IKE, who led the Gewehr gun corps, threatened by firing blanks, while the spear corps led by Torataro YOSHIMURA entered from the rear gate.
- なおこの制度は、君主の権威を肯定するものであるとして、元号廃止論の理由にもなっている。
- This system, however, is used as an excuse for the abolitionism of an era name because it can be regarded as what advocates the monarch's authority.
- また邪馬台国(やまたいこく)でも公的な秩序・権威の維持のための法が存在したとみられる。
- Additionally, it appears that law existed to maintain public order and authority in Yamataikoku as well.
- だからいくら勢力を拡大しようとも、室町将軍の権威を否定する訳にはいかなかったのである。
- Therefore, no matter how much they expanded their power, they could not afford to deny the authority of Shogun Muromachi.
- 朝廷権威の抑制をはかる幕府は干渉を強め、官位の叙任権や元号の改元も幕府が握る事となった。
- The Edo bakufu initiated governmental interference at the Imperial Palace to suppress their authority, the government took control of having the right to appoint official positions and change in era name.
- とりわけ三代将軍足利義満は朝廷への影響力を強め、公武を超越した権威と権力を持つに至った。
- Above all, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third shogun enforced his influence on the Imperial Court, leading to having authority and power surpassing the Imperial Court and shogunate.
- 一方、権威が落ちた貴族達は大饗料理を作る余裕が無くなり、大饗料理は有職料理に姿を変えた。
- On the other hand, nobles who lost authority could not afford to serve dishes for grand banquets, and these dishes were altered into Yusoku ryori dishes (dishes prepared for the royal court).
- 権威のあるこの行列を恐れていた沿道の庶民は、茶壷の行列が来たら、戸を閉めて閉じこもった。
- Common people who lived by the roads who were afraid of the authoritative procession shut their doors and kept inside as the procession passed by.
- 五大明王像(不動明王、降三世明王、大威徳明王、軍荼利明王、金剛夜叉明王)/平安時代 重文
- Statues of Fudo Myoo, Gozanze Myoo (Trailokya-vijaya), Daiitoku Myoo, Gundari Myoo and Kongoyasha Myoo: Sculpted in the Heian period, designated as an Important Cultural Property
- おそらく下賜された人物とその子孫が権威の象徴として「伝世」としたことによるものであろう。
- This is probably because the person who was given the tsuka gashira and his descendants made it heritage as a symbol of power.
- 乱のあと、将軍の権威に変わる形で管領細川政元が絶大的な権力者として台頭するようになった。
- After the war, the Shogun's former authority transferred to the Kanrei Masamoto HOSOKAWA, who rose to prominence as a figure of tremendous power.
- しかし信長は迅速な鎮圧作戦を行ない、7月10日に二条城は信長の勢威を恐れて無血開城した。
- However, Nobunaga quickly retaliated and on August 17 (July 10 in old lunar calendar), Nijo-jo Castle, for fear of Nobunaga's force, surrendered to him without bloodshed.
- 当初は逃亡を企てた男も、一度対面した信玄の威容に圧倒され、影武者としての人生を受け入れる。
- Although the man had initially attempted to run away, with just one look at Shingen he was overpowered by his majestic appearance and accepted his lot as a body double for Shingen.
- 皇太后に準じる待遇で、皇后ではなかった母の権威を高めるために天皇がとった特別措置といえる。
- She was treated in the same way as an empress, and it was considered to be a special treatment taken by the emperor to increase the authority of her mother who was not an empress.
- この権利の背景には宮廷権威があり、代々楽所別当・楽奉行を務めた四辻家がこれを取り仕切った。
- The power of the Imperial court was present in the background of this right and the Yotsutsuji family which performed the role of gakuso betto (chief) and gaku bugyo (assistant) for generations managed the right.
- この御茶壷道中は、将軍が飲み徳川家祖廟に献ずるものであるから自ずからたいへん権威があった。
- As the tea leaves were for the Shogun to drink and to offer to the Tokugawa family's sobyo (mausoleum containing the remains of their ancestors), the ochatsubo dochu procession was immensely authoritative.
- 箱館裁判所は、諸藩領を廃止するものではなかったが、実質的に諸藩の上位に立つ権威を行使した。
- Although the Hakodate Court was not meant for disabling these feudal domains, it exercised a power over them in practical terms.
- 日本における天文道の最高権威であった天文博士に求められたのは、天文異変の際の対処策である。
- What was required of tenmon hakase (masters of astrology), the authorities on Tenmondo, was to take measures concerning extraordinary astronomical events.
- しかしそもそも大奥とは将軍の私的な生活の場であり、将軍とは江戸城における絶対権威者である。
- At first, O-oku was the Shogun's private residence and the Shogun had absolute authority in Edo-jo castle.
- 守護大名は幕府から守護職に任命されたという権威を背景に、領国の支配を進めていったのである。
- The Shugo daimyos proceeded to exercise control over their lands by the authority that they were assigned to the position of Shugo by Bakufu.
- これも個人的な信仰だけでなく、宗教的権威により皇統の正統性を強化する意図を含むものである。
- This was not only meant as a personal religion, but intended to strengthen the legitimacy of the royal line by religious authority.
- ただ、幕府の出費節減はなったが、国内的な将軍権威の発露というもうひとつの意義は損なわれた。
- However, although the cost of the bakufu for this event was reduced, the domestic meaning of showing the prestige of the shogun was damaged.
- 一方、家臣を城下に集中させれば、それ以外の者が武力をもつことは安定した支配への脅威となる。
- On the other hand, if the lords gathered their vassals and had them live around the castles, the citizens' armament besides their soldiers would be a threat to the lords.
- シーサイドホテル舞子ビラ神戸 (威仁親王最期の地、兵庫県神戸市垂水区の別邸跡に建つホテル。)
- Seaside Hotel Maiko Villa (This was where Imperial Prince Takehito died, a hotel build in the place where the villa use to be, located at Tarumi Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture.)
- これにより同年8月26日、稠宮は明治天皇の養子となり、親王宣下を受けて威仁の名を下賜された。
- Because of this, Sawanomiya became an adopted child of Emperor Meiji, and he was given the name Takehito after receiving an order by Imperial Order to become a Prince on August 26.
- その一方で天皇の権威を利用し、信長の敵対勢力に対してたびたび講和の勅命を出させることとなる。
- On the other hand, Nobunaga used the Emperor's authority, and the Emperor often issued imperial peace orders to Nobunaga's opposition.
- また、国宝「赤糸威鎧 兜、大袖付」(八戸市櫛引八幡宮所蔵)は、長慶天皇御料と伝えられている。
- There is a legend that says that Emperor Chokei owned 'Akaito Odoshi Yoroi Kabuto, Osode tsuki' (odoshi armor with red strings, set with a helmet and large sleeves), which is designated as a national treasure and kept in Kushihiki-hachimangu Shrine in Hachinohe City.
- 未だに数ある皇室系図の中で権威があるとされるものの、特に古代の部分については検討を要しよう。
- Although it is still considered to be authoritative among many Imperial Family records, examination is needed particularly for the ancient part.
- 即位灌頂を行うことにより、天皇は大日如来と同一化し、極めて高い宗教的な権威を得ることになる。
- By conducting sojuikanjo, the emperor was identified with Dainichi Nyorai and obtained extremely high religious authority.
- なにをもつてのゆゑに、いまし如来の加威力によるがゆゑなり、博く大悲広慧の力によるがゆゑなり。
- The reason is because this realization comes about through Tathagata's powerful support; completely through the power of compassion and wisdom.
- 同年、播磨国守護として勢威を振るう赤松則祐より播磨法雲寺 (上郡町)の住持として招聘された。
- In the same year, Chushin was invited to be the chief priest of Houn-ji Temple (Kamigori-cho) in Harima Province by Norisuke AKAMATSU, who was extremely influential there as Harima no kuni Shugo (the provincial constable of Harima Province).
- これは、軍事的に言えば「威力偵察」と呼ばれているものであり、ごく基本的な戦術のひとつである。
- It is called, in a military term, 'reconnaissance in force,' which is one of the very basic tactics.
- 嵯峨に皇太子とすべき皇子がいないこともあったが、やはり大伴の権威と存在感を尊重したのである。
- Although Saga did not have any sons to select as Crown Prince anyway, it was a measure to respect the authority and existence of Otomo.
- また酔胡の演技も酒に酔って権威をなくしてしまった王を描いており、おおらかな批判精神がみられる。
- Also, the play of Suiko represents a king who lost his dignity as he drank, showing the generous hearted criticism.
- その後続いた長い戦乱の中、天皇の権威は衰えながらも主に文化・伝統の継承者として存続していった。
- Although the authority of Emperor was weakened after a long period of warfare which occurred following the split of the Imperial Court, the Imperial Court continued to exist mainly as the successor of culture and tradition.
- 王道はのびのびとゆきわたり、領土は広くひろがり、中国の威ははるか遠くにも及ぶようになりました。
- The rule of right is spread without interference, the territories are spread wide, and the dignity of China has spread to far distances.
- 威力は絶大だがあまりにも高価で扱いが難しい為、十分な鍛錬と財力を持つ侍のみが用いる事ができた。
- It was extremely powerful, but since it was too expensive and too difficult to handle, only those who had trained fully and had the financial power could use it.
- やがて、斎藤氏の没落によって東からの脅威は取り払われたが、六角氏の北進を阻むのは困難であった。
- In the course of time, the threat from the east had disappeared due to the fall of the Saito clan, however, it was difficult to block the Rokkaku clan's northing.
- 世界のマスコミの予想に反する結果に、列強諸国を驚愕させ、ロシアの脅威に怯える国々を熱狂させた。
- The unexpected results caught the world's media by surprise, astonished the great powers, and enthralled countries that feared the threat of Russia.
- しかし陽明学では心以外の外的な権威を否定するため、もう読書などは不可欠なものとは認められない。
- In contrast, as Yomeigaku denies authorities outside of one's mind, reading is considered dispensable.
- 実用後装ライフル銃としては世界初のものだが、薬莢は紙製で発射ガスの漏れがひどく威力は弱かった。
- This was the first practically used breech-loading rifle in the world, but it was not powerful because the cartridge used with this rifle was made from paper that allowed a significant amount of gas to escape when the rifle was fired.
- 特に舜季は蝦夷地に渡り蠣崎氏とアイヌとの講和を仲介するなど蝦夷に対する一定の権威を示している。
- Kiyosue especially, demonstrated a certain presence over Ezo, by visiting Ezo region to mediate the peace accord between the Kakizaki clan and the Ainu.
- また、「諸国兵士」と並び称せられる「諸家兵士」があるように武力も組織し「威猛之具」としていた。
- In addition, there were 'family soldiers' along with provincial soldiers' where military power was systemized as '威猛之具.'
- 大内天変の場: 天神の神威により時平は破滅、菅秀才が菅原家を再興し、菅丞相には正一位が贈られる。
- The Ochi Tenpen (extraordinary natural phenomenon) Act: Shihei was defeated due to the power of Tenjin, and Kanshusai reestablished the Sugawara House, and Kanshojo received Shoichii (Senior First Rank).
- 年若くとも並はずれた教養、政治的手腕、威厳を持つ厩戸は並み居る臣下からも一目置かれる存在となる。
- Prince Umayado who had extraordinary education, political competence and air of dignity in spite of his youth came to be a presence respected by a host of vassals.
- 戦前の日本では、いわゆる「宮中」を司る宮内省は、「府中」を司る内閣とほぼ対等の権威を有していた。
- Before World War II, the Ministry of Imperial Household administered the affairs of the Imperial Court, and its authority was almost equal to the authority of the Cabinet, which administered the government.
- そのような中、天皇の宗教的権威を保つ新たな儀式として即位灌頂は生まれ、発展していったとみられる。
- Under such situations, sokuikanjo was born and developed as a new ritual to maintain religious authority of the emperor.
- 西にドイツの脅威を控えていたロシアは、ドイツの干渉参加により東に深入りしやすくなったからである。
- With Germany's decision to participate in the intervention in Japan, Russia, which was afraid of the power of Germany, a neighbor in the west, could focus more on its eastern rival, Japan.
- 百済復興戦争の敗北は、中大兄政権にとって大変な失策であり、国外に大きな脅威を抱えることとなった。
- The defeat in the War for the Restoration of Kudara was a blunder for the Naka no Oe administration, and as a result, they came to have a major fear of countries overseas.
- こうして、道長の権威と権力が朝廷を圧するなかで両統迭立は終焉し、皇統は円融の子孫に一本化された。
- This is how Ryoto tetsuritsu ended with Michinaga's authority and power putting pressure on the Imperial Court and the Imperial line was united with Enyu's descendants.
- 伝統的権威を求心力とした時代、その重要な要素である血縁や格式が武士の心理において大きく作用した。
- Because it was an age when traditional authority was used as a centripetal force, blood relations and the social standing which were the important elements of traditional authority significantly acted on the psychology of the warriors.
- また、和賀氏や阿曽沼氏庶流鱒沢氏、九戸氏らと婚姻関係や養子縁組を積極的に行い、大いに威をはった。
- Furthermore, he excercised his power by actively arranging marriages and adoptions with the Waga clan, the Masuzawa clan which was a branch family of the Asonuma clan, and the Kunohe clan.
- 明治28年(1895年)、兄・熾仁親王の薨去に伴い、威仁親王は有栖川宮家の第10代の当主となった。
- After Imperial Prince Takehito's older brother, Imperial Prince Taruhito died in 1895, the Prince became the tenth successor of the Arisugawa no Miya family.
- 吉田松陰の唱えた一君万民思想は擬似的な平等思想であり、幕府の権威を否定するイデオロギーともなった。
- The Ikkunpanmin Shiso (the thought where constitutional authority was given to only one ruler and any discrimination and distinction against social status were generally not allowed among people) is spurious thought on equality, but it also became an ideology to deny the authority of shogunate.
- しかし、どちらも子女をもうけることはできずに終わったため、後一条と威子の血筋はここに完全に絶えた。
- However, both of them had no children and as a result, the family line of Goichijo and Ishi died out.
- このため、威子の兄弟達さえも娘の入内を憚って、道長亡き後もついに後宮に他の妃が入ることはなかった。
- Under such circumstances, even Ishi's brothers refrained from sending their daughters into court and eventually no other consorts entered into empress's residence even after Michinaga's death.
- これによって家元を権威付け、分派独立を防ぐと同時に組織の経済的基盤を確立することができたといえる。
- It should be said that this system serves various purposes whereby to give authority to the iemoto, to keep disciples from breaking away from the iemoto to create their own schools as well as to establish the financial base of the organization.
- 童心とは経書など外的権威・道徳を学ぶ以前の純真な心を指し、読書学問によってかえって失われるとした。
- The child's mind is the pure mind before learning about morals and external authorities such as the Classics, and he said this is lost through reading and learning.
- 根来・雑賀の鉄砲もさることながら、一揆や寺社の体現する思想そのものが天下人への脅威だったのである。
- Not only the guns of Negoro and Saiga but also the idea itself which ikki, temples and shrines embodied was a threat against tenkabito.
- 強制調印については、当時から、国家に対する威圧と国家を代表する個人への強制に分けて考えられていた。
- Since those days, the compulsory signing had been thought separately divided into a threat against a state and compulsion against an individual who represents the state.
- 安土城は現在の安土山に建造され、大型の天守(現地では「天主」と表記)を初めて持つなど威容を誇った。
- Azuchi-jo Castle was built on now Mt. Azuchi, presenting dignified appearance for its unprecedented large-scaled castle tower (or Azuchi-jo Castle keep) and others.
- これは、藤原氏の氏寺である興福寺がその権威により、大和の国司に圧力を加えて獲得したものと思われる。
- It is thought that Kofuku-ji Temple, which was the Fujiwara clan temple, used its authority and obtained these rights by pressuring the Yamato Kokushi.
- 日本では支配者の狩猟活動は権威の象徴的な意味を持ち、古墳時代の埴輪には手に鷹を乗せたものも存在する。
- In Japan, hunting by rulers implied a symbolic sense of authority and some clay figures in Kofun Period display a falcon on their arms.
- 根岸流は前重心の、重めの手裏剣を使うが、これは剣の飛行を安定させるとともに威力を追求しているらしい。
- The Negishi-ryu school uses a heavy shuriken with the center of gravity at the front, aimed at stabilizing the flight of the weapon, as well as increasing its force.
- ロシアは旅順と大連市、ドイツは膠州湾租借地、フランスは広州湾、イギリスは九竜半島と威海衛を租借した。
- Russians obtained leased territory of Lushun and Dalian City, France obtained Kwangchowan leased territory, and Britain held the Kawloon Peninsula and Weihaiwei.
- 謀反しようとしたが人々を動かす能力・威力が欠けていた者は、本人はやはり斬だが、縁座が狭く軽くなった。
- A person who attempted muhon but failed for one's insufficient ability or power to mobilize people, would also be decapitated, but the punishment for enza (to be guilty for the relative's crime) charge was lighter and less people were affected.
- 応仁の乱で将軍の権威は完全に失墜し幕府の権力は衰退したが、将軍の軍事的な実権はある程度保たれていた。
- The Onin War completely eclipsed shogunal authority and stripped the bakufu of much of its power, but the Shogun was able to hold onto some measure of de facto authority through his military power.
- 通常は勧学院に神木を安置するのが慣例であるが、場合によっては御所の前に神木をかざして朝廷を威圧した。
- In Kyoto, they usually enshrined Shinboku at 'Kangakuin' (an educational institution), but occasionally, they held it aloft in front of the Imperial Palace, thereby threatening the court.
- 様式は平安時代に改め、新時代の象徴として式典に於いて地球儀を用い皇威を世界に知らしめる事を目的とした。
- The style was changed to the style of the Heian period, and at the ceremony, a terrestrial globe was used as a symbol of the new era in order to show majesty of the Emperor to the world.
- 夫帝より9歳年長の妃であり、威子自身はこれを恥ずかしがったというが、実力者道長の娘として重んじられた。
- She was older than her husband by nine years and she was ashamed of it, but she was respected as the daughter of a powerful figure Michinaga.
- ししおどし(鹿威し)とは、農業などに被害を与える鳥獣を威嚇し、追い払うために設けられる装置全般の総称。
- Shishiodoshi is a general name for devices used to intimidate and drive away agriculture-damaging birds and animals.
- また僧侶の下に置かれていた神官は政府の威をかりて仏教の全てを否定し破壊する「廃仏毀釈」運動を起こした。
- Shrine priests, who had been subordinated to Buddhist priests, under the shelter of Government, started the 'Haibutsu-kishaku' movement, which was to thoroughly deny and destroy Buddhism.
- 前近代の寺社は世俗権力と対抗する独立した権威として存在しており、治教権が広範にわたって認められていた。
- Temples and shrines before modern times existed as independent authorities which could rival secular powers, and their chikyo-ken was widely accepted.
- その中で最も威力があり武士に好まれたのが大弓で、大弓を用いた射術も発展し現在に至り、弓道として残った。
- The one that had the most strength and favored by bushi was Daikyu long bow, and the archery evolved and remains today as kyudo.
- 江戸時代後期には地方の飢饉や都市部での打ち壊し、蝦夷地や長崎への異国船の来航などで将軍権威が揺らいだ。
- In the second half of the Edo period, the authority of the Shogunate became shaky, affected by famine in the countryside, riots in the cities and the visits of foreign ships to Ezo district and Nagasaki.
- そのような中で諸大名にとっても領国統治の必要上、将軍のこれ以上の権威の低下は避けたいとの思惑もあった。
- Amidst such circumstances, even the daimyo wanted to avoid any further weakening of the bakufu's authority, since this authority was necessary for them to rule over their own territories.
- 朝鮮王朝建国期において倭寇前期倭寇が猛威を奮っており、朝鮮王朝は交易の利を持って倭寇の沈静化を図った。
- Since the first phase wako (Japanese pirates) fiercely raided coasts when the Korean kingdom was founded, the Korean kingdom used the profits made by the trade in suppressing the wako.
- よって、より権威のある院宮家、摂関家、大寺社等の権門層へ領家から領家職の一部を寄進することが行われた。
- For this reason, ryoke donated a part of ryoke shiki to more influential families such as the Innomiya family, Sekkan-ke, and major temples and shrines.
- このことによって天皇の権威は復活したが、幕府は当初、公武合体により、反幕勢力の批判を封じ込めようとした。
- From this incident the authority of the Emperor was restored, but at first, the bakufu tried to stop the criticism from anti-bakufu forces by carrying out Kobu-gattai (reconciliation between the Imperial Court and the shogunate).
- 「威勢がいい」を意味する縁起物として武家に好まれており、語呂合わせから定着していったとも考えられている。
- It is also estimated that the way of saying Ise ebi came to be established because they were loved by samurai as a lucky charm with the punning of Ise ebi and 'isei ga ii' (spirited).
- また、防御力の薄い明・朝鮮の兵にはこれでも十分な威力を持っていた為、文禄・慶長の役では大量に用いられた。
- And it was powerful for soldiers of the Ming dynasty or Korea, whose protective powers were weak, and thus it was massively used in the Bunroku-Keicho War.
- このとき、従来の“威儀を示す”から、「あおぐ」「はらう」そして「たのしむ」道具としての意味が大きくなる。
- At this time, the role of Uchiwa fan shifted from a tool for 'showing the dignity' to a tool for 'fanning,' 'brushing off' and 'enjoying.'
- 上記のうち銅造阿閦如来立像、銅造釈迦如来坐像、銅造大威徳明王像は1991年5月10日に盗難に遭っている。
- Of the works mentioned above, the bronze standing statue of Ashuku Nyorai, bronze seated statue of Shaka Nyorai and bronze statue of Daiitoku Myoo were stolen on May 10, 1991.
- 幕藩体制においては、朝廷は幕府の制約を受けていたが、権威的秩序、宗教的な頂点の存在として位置づけられた。
- In the shogunate system, the Imperial Court had restrictions put on it by the shogunate, but it was nominally situated at the top of the order of authority and the religious system.
- そのことは当時の支配層にとっては大変な脅威であり、日本列島の各地に防衛施設を造り始めるきっかけとなった。
- The defeat in the Korean peninsula was a serious threat to the governing class in Japan and led to the building of defense facilities in various places in Japan.
- この考えはやがて外的権威である経書、ひいては現実政治における権威の軽視にまでいたる危険性をはらんでいた。
- This idea carried the danger that the Classics, which were the external authority, and even the authority of the real government, would become ignored.
- 翌永暦元年(1160年)正月に天皇は近衛天皇の皇后だった藤原多子を入内させ、自らの権威の安定につとめた。
- The following year, in February, 1160, Emperor Nijo welcomed FUJIWARA no Masaruko, the former empress of Emperor Konoe, into his court, and worked at stabilizing his own power and influence.
- 延暦寺の権威を背景として暴利を貪る者や公卿の邸宅に押し入って督促をする者など傍若無人な振舞いも目立った。
- There were frequent instances of insolent behavior: some made excessive profit by taking advantage of Enryaku-ji Temple's authority, and some broke into residences of Kugyo (top court officials) to bully them into paying a debt.
- 院政期には白河天皇、鳥羽天皇、後白河天皇の3上皇がみずから出家して法皇となり、仏教によって権威を高めた。
- During the Insei period, the three Retired Emperors; Emperor Shirakawa, Emperor Toba, and Emperor Goshirakawa entered into priesthood by their own will to become a priest, and intensified one's authority through Buddhism.
- これは7世紀後葉から8世紀前葉にかけての日本が、外国(唐・新羅)の脅威に対抗するため構築したものだった。
- This system was established for Japan in the period from the latter half of the seventh century to the first half of the eighth century to cope with threat from foreign countries (Tang and Silla).
- 5世紀に入ると、ゲルマンがローマ帝国の権威を継承したことにより、ローマ人領主は異民族に取って代わられた。
- In the fifth century, as the Germanic peoples succeeded to the authority of the Roman Empire, the lords of Romans were replaced by other ethnic groups.
- 10代・威仁親王(1862年-1914年)は元帥・海軍大将となったほか、東宮時代の大正天皇をよく輔導した。
- The tenth successor, Prince Takehito (1862-1914), became a marshal and a full admiral; moreover, he assisted Emperor Taisho when he was still a prince.
- 時頼は前将軍藤原頼経を鎌倉から追放、与同する有力御家人を排除し、執権として確固とした権威を築く(宮騒動)。
- Tokiyori expelled former shogun Yoritsune FUJIWARA from Kamakura and excluded the powerful gokenin on Yoritsune's side, thus establishing the absolute authority of the position of regent (these events are known as the Miya-sodo, which literally means 'palace disturbance').
- 直義は光厳上皇の治天としての権威のみが、室町幕府の政治的な正統性を保障していることを理解していたのである。
- Tadayoshi understood that only authority from the Retired Emperor Kogon as Chiten, would have proved the legitimate political power of the Muromachi bakufu.
- 近衛前久は鷹狩の権威者として織田信長と交わり、また豊臣秀吉と徳川家康に解説書「龍山公鷹百首」を与えている。
- Sakihisa KONOE communicated with Nobunaga ODA as an authority of Taka-gari and gave a practical guide, 'Ryuzan-ko Taka-hyakushu' to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA as well.
- 徳川御三家紀州侯の大名行列は格式と威光を感じさせる大行列だったため、多くの農民が見物に訪れるほどであった。
- The daimyo gyoretsu carried out by the Kishu Tokugawa family, one of three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family, were so gorgeous and prestigious that many peasants spared the time to see the scene.
- 日本は朝鮮半島への足掛かりを失い、日本は大国唐の脅威にさらされることとなった(668年には高句麗も滅亡)。
- Japan lost its foothold on Korean Peninsula and Japan came to face the threat of a great power, Tang (in 668, Goguryeo also went to ruin).
- 威嚇射撃であったのか、殺意はあったが訓練不足により命中しなかったのかに関して欧米人の証言も一致していない。
- The Westerners' testimonies differed as to whether this was intended as warning shots or the soldiers intended to kill but failed due to a lack of practice.
- 後三条天皇は、天皇の威信と律令の復興を意図する政策を次々と打ち出し、次代の白河天皇もその政策を引き継いだ。
- Emperor Gosanjo came out with one policy after another intended to revive the emperor's prestige and the ritsuryo system (a legal system introduced from the Tang dynasty in China), and the following Emperor Shirakawa also continued these policies.
- これらのことは、奥羽における室町時代の旧権威衰退と奥羽における伊達氏の覇権確立を予見させるには十分過ぎた。
- These achievements of the Date clan were a more than enough evidence to foresee the declining power of the old authorities in the Ou region and the establishment of the hegemony by the Date clan in the same region during the Muromachi Period.
- しかし所司代のみでは、防ぎきれずと判断した幕府は京都守護職を新たに設け、幕府の威信、治安の回復をはかった。
- However, the bakufu soon discovered how impossible it was for the Shoshidai alone to prevent riots and so the bakufu newly founded the Kyoto Shugoshoku to facilitate recovery of the their prestige and to achieve order in the town.
- このために、関所の設置と廃止が繰り返され、結果的には室町幕府の政治的権威の低下を示すことになってしまった。
- Therefore, the establishment and abolishment of the checkpoints occurred repetedly, which only served to show the reduction in the political authority held by the Muromachi bakufu.
- 摂関政治期の天皇は伊勢神宮をはじめ、石清水八幡宮、賀茂社などの神社に奉幣したり行幸したりして権威を高めた。
- Emperors during the Sekkanseiji period (regency period) intensified their authority through hohei (offering a wand with hemp and paper streamers to a Shinto god) or by visits to shrines such as Ise-jingu Shrine, Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine, and Kamo-sha Shrine.
- すべての種類の森林の経営、保全及び持続可能な開発に関する世界的合意のための法的拘束力のない権威ある原則声明
- Non-legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests
- 除幕式には、董子妃や威仁親王夫妻、提唱者の元老たちに加え、因縁の深かった徳川慶喜も列席して祝辞を述べている。
- At the unveiling ceremony, in addition to Empress Tadako, Imperial Prince Takehito and Princess, other old people who proposed the statue be built, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA who had a close relationship to the Prince came and made speeches.
- また威子の立后は道長が三后(皇后・皇太后・太皇太后)をすべて我が娘で占めるという前代未聞の偉業の達成である。
- When Ishi became the empress, Michinaga accomplished an unprecedented great achievement, namely all of Sango (empress, empress dowager and great empress dowager) were his daughters at that time.
- その上、野菜を下品な食べ物と見下して摂取せず、珍しい食べ物を食べる事で貴族達は自分達の権威を見せ付けていた。
- In addition, nobles despised vegetables as vulgar foodstuffs and did not eat them, and they showed off their authority by eating rare food.
- それぞれを別流派と見なすようになるのは明治以降、茶道文化そのものが存続の脅威にさらされてから後のことである。
- It was after the Meiji period, when the continuation of tea ceremony culture came under threat, that the sansenke came to be regarded as different schools.
- かたや義輝は、全国の戦国大名へ合戦の調停を行なったり、幕府の役職を与えたりするなど、幕府権威の回復を図った。
- Yoshiteru, on the other hand, tried to restore the authority of the Bakufu by mediating among warring lords throughout the country and appointing some of them to honorable offices in the Bakufu.
- 正長の土一揆では遂に公式な徳政令を出さなかった室町幕府が徳政令を出したことにより、その権威は大きく傷ついた。
- The Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) which had not issued official Tokuseirei against the peasant uprising of the Shocho era was forced to issue Tokuseirei this time, which significantly damaged the prestige of the government.
- 当初、鎌倉幕府の冷遇によって建武の新政での新田氏本宗家の権威は同族である足利氏惣領よりも格下に見られていた。
- At first, owing to the cold treatment by the Kamakura bakufu, the authority of the head family of the Nitta clan at the Kenmu Restoration was regarded as lower than that of the same family, the soryo family of the Ashikaga clan.
- 幕藩体制が揺ぎ始めると、江戸幕府も反幕勢力もその権威を利用しようと画策し、結果的に天皇の権威が高められていく。
- When the shogunate system started to waver, both the Edo Bakufu and the anti-bakufu forces planned to use the authority of the Emperor, and as a result, the authority of the Emperor was heightened.
- 脅威を感じた日活の横田は、そのわずか1か月後1920年(大正9年)1月に同社を吸収、「日活教育映画部」とした。
- Feeling the threat, Yokota of Nikkatsu absorbed the said company in January 1920, just one month after the release, and named it 'Nikkatsu Educational Film Department.'
- 戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代において戦国武将達が己の位置・武威などを誇示する為に備の旗や自身の周りに置く印。
- From the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) through the Edo period, Japanese military commanders attached this type of symbols to their camp flags or they placed the symbols around themselves in order that they could show their positions and/or their majesties.
- 日本艦隊は、清国「超勇」「致遠」「経遠」等5隻を撃沈し、6隻を大中破「揚威」「広甲 (巡洋艦)」を擱座させる。
- Japanese squadrons attacked and sunk the 'Chaoyong,' 'Zhiyuan,' and 'King Yuen' and another five ships, did serious or half damaged the 'Yangwei' and 'Kwan Chia.'
- 漂着同然で各地に入港する外国船からの伝染病の脅威は幕府施薬院の成立と共に検疫強化に踏み切ったという見方もある。
- Another viewpoint claims that the Bakufu embarked on strengthening its quarantine practices in addition to establishing the Bakufu Seyaku-in (Pharmacy Institution), citing the threat of infectious diseases brought in by foreign ships entering ports in various regions in conditions that were no better than drifting ships.
- 威仁親王は現場に居合わせたものの野次馬に阻まれ、ニコライに近づく事が出来たのは津田が取り押さえられた後だった。
- Imperial Prince Takehito was there at that time, but he was stopped by onlookers, and it was after TSUDA was arrested when he finally came close to Nicolas.
- 武家権力は決定的な勢力となるがその一方で成り上がった戦国大名は朝廷から官位官職を受けて、権威や大義名分を得た。
- The samurai authority became a decisive power, but parvenu daimyo in the Sengoku period, on the other hand, received official rank and government post from the Imperial Court and obtained administrative power and legitimate reasons.
- 今谷明は立花説の解釈に立脚しながら、信長は朝廷の権威に屈服し中世的権力関係を指向せざるをえなかったとしている。
- Akira IMATANI, supporting Tachibana's theory, presented that Nobunaga bowed down to the Imperial Court's authority because he had to keep the medieval relationship of power with the Emperor.
- 朝廷の威信は文字どおり地に落ち、幕府は朝廷監視のために六波羅探題を置き、朝廷に対する支配力を強めることとなる。
- The prestige of the Imperial Court was in tatters and the bakufu appointed Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) to monitor the Imperial Court and strengthened its governance over the Imperial Court.
- また、自ら「大日本天皇昭仁親王」と記していることから、朝儀の復興を通して天皇の権威向上に努めていたことが窺える。
- Additionally, he called himself 'The Great Japanese Emperor, Imperial Prince Teruhito,' so it is presumed that he tried to improve the status of the Emperor by restoring the Court Council.
- 一方、徳川光圀が『大日本史』の編纂を始めた頃幕府も天皇陵を立派にすることで、幕府の権威をより一層高めようとした。
- On the other hand, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) tried to enhance their authority by improving mausoleums, around the time when Mitukuni TOKUGAWA started compilation of 'Dainihonshi' (Great history of Japan).
- その後もついに男御子が生まれることはなく、天皇が29歳の若さで崩御した半年足らず後に、威子もまた天然痘で崩じた。
- She eventually had no sons and died of smallpox less than half a year after the death of the Emperor, who died young at the age of 29.
- その他に数人の側室がおり、長男の有栖川宮熾仁親王・四男の有栖川宮威仁親王ともに別々の側室との間に儲けた子である。
- He also had several concubines, and the mother of his first son later called Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito was a different consubine from the mother of his fourth son later called Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Takahito.
- しかし、織田信長は、古い権威ではなく武力によって新しい秩序を作ろうと考え、彼の上洛はその足がかりとして行われた。
- However, Nobunaga ODA intended to create a new order using military power instead of making use of the old authority, and his joraku was performed on this basis.
- 国外の脅威に対抗しうる政治体制を新たに構築するため、抵抗勢力の多い飛鳥から遠い大津を選んだとする説が有力である。
- The widely accepted theory is that Otsu was chosen because it was far away from Asuka where existed a strong resistance which would disturb the establishment of a new government system to counter the threats from overseas.
- その後60年にわたり封印されていた治罰の綸旨は享徳の乱で復活し乱用されることになり天皇の権威復活の端緒となった。
- Jibatsu no rinji (imperial order to punish enemies), which was sealed off for about 60 years, was reactivated and then abused, which marked the resurgence of the Emperor.
- しかしこれを脅威と感じた細川晴元は木沢長政、元長の台頭を妬んだ元長の一族の三好政長らの讒言(ざんげん)を容れた。
- But, being afraid of Motonaga's power as a threat, Harumoto HOSOKAWA accepted the slander from Masanaga MIYOSHI and others who belonged to the Motonaga's clan and were envious of Nagamasa KIZAWA and Motonaga's rise.
- 現代でいう焼夷弾に似た兵器であるが、爆発力や容器の破片での殺傷が主目的で、炎での攻撃は威力が低かったと思われる。
- It was similar to a modern incendiary bomb, but its main purpose was to have explosive power to wound and kill enemies with broken fragments of its container, so the fire itself was not likely a very powerful attack.
- これが、俘囚長を称した安倍氏 (奥州)、俘囚主を称した出羽清原氏、俘囚上頭を称した奥州藤原氏の勢威につながった。
- This led to the power of the Abe clan (Oshu), who were promoted as chiefs of Fushu, the Dewa-Kiyohara clan, who were promoted to be masters of Fushu, and the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, who were promoted to be superior heads of Fushu.
- その一方で、同時に旧幕府時代の高札の廃棄も命じているところから、新政府の権威とその支配圏を象徴するものであった。
- On the other hand, the notice boards from the Old Shogunate era were ordered to be disposed of at the same time, which symbolized the power and sphere of control of a new government.
- 威迫する言動を交えて、預託等取引契約の締結若しくは更新についての勧誘をし、又は預託等取引契約の解除を妨げること。
- soliciting the conclusion or renewal of a deposit, etc. transaction agreement, or hindering the cancellation of a deposit, etc. transaction agreement by using intimidating words and beheaviours;
- この像は太平洋戦争後、道路拡張工事に伴って東京都港区の有栖川宮記念公園(威仁親王時代の御用地跡)に移設されている。
- After the Pacific War, as there was a construction work to widen the road, the statue was relocated to Arisunogawa no Miya memorial park (the former Imperial land of Imperial Prince Takehito) in Minato-ku, Tokyo.
- 応仁の乱により、公卿は地方に離散し、朝廷の財政は窮乏し、天皇の権威も地に落ちていた非常につらい時代だったといえる。
- After the Onin War, court nobles were dispersed to different areas of the country and the financial situation of the Imperial Palace remained fragile; therefore, it was a difficult time for the Emperor, since he didn't have much authority during this period.
- 1日1夜に五戒・八戒を具足し、また沙弥戒(年少の僧侶が受ける戒律)や具足戒を持ち、威儀端正にして欠くことが無い者。
- People who adhere to five and eight commandments all day, stick to shami (religious precept that the youngest monks have to follow), practice gusokukai (the full precepts) and have dignity and no lack of things.
- このころになると宗家の権威も旧に復し、免状問題で二世梅若実に対して強硬な主張が行われるようになったが、交渉は難航。
- Around this time, the authority of the head family had returned to the original status; and although the family began to make a strong case against Minoru UMEWAKA, the second, about the issue of diploma, the negotiation was so tough as to made slow progress.
- 小筒に比べて威力が増大した分扱いが難しい上に高価なので、臨時雇いでなく継続して主人に仕える足軽が用いる銃とされた。
- Since it was more powerful, it became more difficult to handle the middle barrel compared to a small one; also, since it was expensive, it was regarded as a gun used not by temporaries, but mainly by ashigaru who continuously served the master.
- また、天皇や公家を招待した理由については、朝廷を威圧するためという説と、天皇側から閲覧を希望したという説とがある。
- Furthermore, there are two theories regarding Nobunaga ODA's reasons for inviting the Emperor and court nobles: that it was to overpower the Imperial Court, and that it was the Emperor who had requested to see the parade.
- 2月5日午前3時20分に威海衛港内に侵入した日本水雷部隊は清国の「定遠」を大破、「来遠」「威遠」等3隻を撃沈した。
- At 3:20 AM on February 5, the Japanese torpedo boat squadrons invaded Weihaiwei port and totally destroyed the Chinese Dingyuan, and attacked and sunk three warships including the 'Liaoyuan' and 'Weiyuan.'
- また、国内のキリスト教徒の増加と団結は幕府にとっても脅威となり締め付けを図ることとなったと考えるのも一般的である。
- Another conceivable reason for the Bakufu's regulation on diplomatic exchanges was the threat posed to the Bakufu by an increase in Japanese having faith in Christianity and their unity.
- このときに義教は朝廷権威を利用し、後花園天皇に対して3代将軍足利義満時代以来であった治罰綸旨と錦御旗の要請を行う。
- On this occasion, Yoshinori asked Emperor Gohanazono, making use of authority of the imperial court, for Jibatsu Rinji (a written document for imperial edicts to hunt down and kill emperor's enemies) and the Imperial standard for the first time since the days of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- 一方では悪いものを寄せ付けない「辟邪」の威力をもつものとも信じられており、経とともに経塚に埋納される例もみられる。
- On top of that, a mirror was also believed to have the power of 'Hekija-e (exorcist scroll),' therefore, in some cases, it was buried with sutra into kyozuka.
- 桐栄良三(1943年卒・化工) ケミカルプロセスの権威で、日本学術会員も務め、1996年に勲二等旭日重光賞を受賞。
- Ryozo TOEI (class of 1943, chemical engineering) : Being an authority on chemical processing, he was a member of the Science Council of Japan and awarded 'Kunnito Kyokujitsu Jukosho' (Second Class, the gold and silver star of order of the rising sun) in 1996.
- と同時に、こうした行動を通して、仏教の権威や形骸化を批判・風刺し、仏教の伝統化や風化に警鐘を鳴らすものでもあった。
- At the same time, it was also a way to criticize and satirize the decline Buddhism, and the growth of an authoritarian strain, and to raise an alarm at the wearing down and ossification of Buddhism.
- 天正13年(1585年)、豊臣秀吉に関白を宣下し、豊臣氏へ政権が移った後も、秀吉が権威の後ろ楯として天皇を利用した。
- In 1585, the Emperor gave an imperial order to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI to become Kampaku/chancellor, and after Hideyoshi took political power he also used the Emperor's authority to back him up.
- また、美術史研究の権威だった笹川臨風が、作品の推薦文を書いたことで詐欺の共犯容疑として警察に勾留される騒ぎもあった。
- Furthermore, there was an incident that Rinpu SASAGAWA, the authority on the study of Japanese art history, was detained by the police as the accomplice of the fraud because he had written the recommendation notes for those art pieces.
- 古神道そのままに自然の具現化としての、龍や蛇や狐などが、その脅威を表すかのように荒々しく描かれているものだけである。
- Only dragons, snakes and foxes, which were the embodiment of nature according to ancient Shinto, were drawn violently in order to show their menace.
- 「あおぐ」ためより「はらう」「かざす」ためのもので、威儀、儀式、縁起、祈り、軍配、行司、信仰、占いなどにつかわれた。
- Uchiwa fan in the old days was aimed at 'brushing something off' or 'holding it up high' rather than 'making a wind,' which was used for several purposes including a symbol of dignity, ritual, good-luck token, prayer, religious faith and fortune-telling, as well as used as military leader's fan and sumo referee's fan.
- さらに、天皇や将軍といった権威と権力の源泉についてのあらたな意味づけを模索していることも、大きな特徴のひとつである。
- In addition, there was a significant trend to seek a new interpretation of the source of authority or power, such as the Emperor and Shogun.
- 日本政府が示威で江華島沖に送った軍艦雲揚 (軍艦)から出た小船に江華島の砲台から発砲、雲揚が「応戦」した事件である。
- The incident occurred when a Japanese battleship, the Unyo, sent a small boat to Ganghwa Island as a demonstration of strength by the Japanese government and was attacked by cannon from Ganghwa Island whereupon the battleship 'returned' fire.
- 当時618年に成立した唐が朝鮮半島に影響力を及ぼし、倭国も唐の脅威にさらされているという危機感を蘇我氏は持っていた。
- The Soga clan had a sense of danger that Japan was also exposed to the menace of Tang Dynasty which was founded in 618 as it was growing its clout in the Korean peninsula.
- こうした中で、朝廷内では現実的な政治に目を向ける事で求心力を回復させて昔の権威を取り戻そうとする動きが盛んになった。
- In this situation, there was a movement within the Imperial Court to recover authority and regain unifying power by realistic politics.
- Against this background, within the Imperial Court there emerged animated moves to restore its previous authority by recovering centripetal force and thereby turning the eyes of people to real-world politics.
- 周の穆王 (周)の元に美しい貴女が、帝の威徳によって咲いたという三千年に一度開花結実するモモの花の枝を献上しに現れる。
- A beautiful noblewoman appears in front of King Mu of Zhou to dedicate a peach tree branch with blossoms bloomed by the prestige and virtues of the emperor, which is said to bloom and bear fruit only once in three thousand years.
- しかし、特に戦前では、不敬罪・治安維持法などの存在などから、皇室の権威にかかわる問題について論争が自由にできなかった。
- But, especially during the prewar period, the idea of lese majesty and the Peace Preservation Law prevented people from discussing the validity of the unbroken Imperial line.
- 武芝は山野に逃走、幾度となく文書で私財の返還を求めたが、興世王らは応じないどころか合戦の準備をして威嚇までしてみせた。
- Takeshiba ran away to the fields and mountains, requesting the restoration of his property in writing; however, Prince Okiyo not only refused his request but also threatened Takeshiba by showing him the battle preparations that had been made.
- しかし、蘇我氏が勢威を振るっていた中、母親がその血を引いていなかった為だったのか、王位につけないまま若い内に死別する。
- However, he died young without being able to accede to the throne, probably because his mother was not descended from the Soga clan, which was exercising great power at the time.
- 前者は唐物を主体とした権威をもった道具であり、対して後者は堺の数寄者達が好んだ「寂」(そそう)を感じさせる道具である。
- The former is the authoritative utensils mainly consisting of karamono (utensils imported from China), and the latter is the utensils with 'quiet simplicity' that are favored by connoisseurs in Sakai.
- 使い捨ての武器としては短刀や打根はやや高価で連続使用に難があり、打矢は携帯するにはかさばり、針は安価だが威力に乏しい。
- Short swords and uchine were somewhat costly and unsuitable for repeated use, uchiya were too bulky to bring along, and needles were inexpensive but lacked force.
- 武道は政府・武道団体幹部によって「国力増強・国威発揚」を狙って次第に政府管理下に組み込まれ始め、そして利用されてゆく。
- Martial arts were thus gradually incorporated under government management for 'enhancement of the national strength and enhancement of the national prestige,' and were put to use.
- 三成は領地で善政を敷いており、領民からも大変慕われていたので、直政はその威光を払拭するため新たに彦根城築城を計画した。
- Mitsunari had exercised benevolent government throughout his territory, making the people on his lands dearly miss him, so Naomasa planned to build a new castle at Hikone in order to sweep away all memory of Mitsunari.
- せめて朝鮮における覇権だけは保ちたいと考える清は、威信に懸けても朝鮮をめぐる争いで譲るわけにはいかなくなってしまった。
- Qing, which would like to keep the hegemony in Korea, could not give in the battle over Korea at any cost.
- これらの動きは、一方では守護大名の権威の低下を招いたが、また一方で守護大名による国人への支配強化へとつながっていった。
- On one hand, these movements undermined the authority of the shugo daimyo, but on the other hand they tightened the control of the kokujin by the shugo daimyo.
- それらに対抗する為の軍事的共同形態的な結び付きが強く、目的が達成される、あるいは脅威が去った際には国一揆は解体される。
- Alliances made in an uprising were tight-knit like a military partnership aiming at countering the interference, and they dissolved when the goal was achieved or when the threat disappeared.
- 南北朝時代_(日本)以後、これらの衆徒は自らの支配地域を獲得して領主化し、興福寺の権威を背景に更なる勢力拡大を図った。
- After the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), these shuto became the lords of their ruling areas and tried to expand their powers against the background of the power of Kofuku-ji Temple.
- 日本では、聖武天皇が律令制における朝廷の威力を遍く知らしめるために仏教を利用し、東大寺の大仏を造立したのを嚆矢とする。
- In Japan it was the first time that Emperor Shomu built a Daibutsu of Todai-ji Temple in order for the power of the Imperial Court in the ritsuryo system to become widely known through Buddhism.
- 最勝光院には莫大な荘園が寄進されて威信が示される一方、諸国には造営のため重い賦課が課せられたという訴えが相次いだという。
- Saishokoin maintained its prestige after receiving a huge scale donation of a manor, on the other hand, there were many complaints continuously received in many Provinces that the imposition was too much of a burden for the people to bear for the construction of this temple.
- 権威や財力を背景とした篤志的な出版が多かったが、後には嵯峨本のように町人の手になる業としての出版も行われるようになった。
- Although many of them were philanthropic publications made through the use of authority and financial power, later townspeople also started publishing imprints such as Saga-bon.
- 「あおぐ」ためより「はらう」「かざす」ためのものであり、威儀、儀式、縁起、祈願、軍配、行司、信仰、占いなどにつかわれた。
- Uchiwa fan in the old days was aimed at 'brushing something off' or 'holding it up high' rather than 'making a wind,' which was used for several purposes including showing dignity, ritual, good-luck token, prayer, religious faith and fortune-telling, as well as used as military leader's fan and sumo referee's fan.
- この海戦で日本側が勝利したことによって、清国艦隊は威海衛に閉じこもることとんり、日本海軍は黄海・朝鮮の制海権を確保した。
- The victory of Japan in this naval battle forced Qing squadrons to be confined in Weihaiwei, bringing naval supremacy to Japan.
- これを受け、関白となった秀吉は、1585年(天正13年)10月島津氏と大友氏に朝廷権威を以て停戦を命令(惣無事令)した。
- In response to this, Hideyoshi who had become a chancellor, ordered the Shimazu clan and the Otomo clan to cease fire by authority of the imperial court (sobuji rei - Peace edicts) in October 1585.
- これらは、家老と言えど大名と同等の格式を与えられ、主家の参勤交代随伴時においても、大名並みの格式と威光を放ったとされる。
- It is said that these Karo officers were given a status equivalent to that of daimyo: for example, even in when travelling with the family they served for Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) they were granterd the status and prestige equivalent a daimyo.
- 威迫にわたる記述又は明らかな虚偽の記述があるため、受信者を著しく不安にさせ、又は受信者に損害を被らせるおそれがあるとき。
- Cases where there is a risk of either causing the addressee considerable uneasiness or inflicting a loss to the addressee because the contents of the letter or a part thereof include intimidating descriptions or clearly false descriptions;
- 偽計又は威力を用いて、公の競売又は入札の公正を害すべき行為をした者は、二年以下の懲役又は二百五十万円以下の罰金に処する。
- A person who by the use of fraudulent means or force commits an act which impairs the fairness of a public auction or bid, shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not more than 2 years or a fine of not more than 2,500,000 yen.
- 信長としては、儲君の誠仁親王を早く天皇にすることで、より朝廷の権威を利用しやすいものにしようという思惑があったようである。
- Nobunaga seemed to have the intention of using the authority of the Imperial Palace after having set up Crown Prince Sanehito as an Emperor at the early stage.
- 帝国主義の国として欧米列強と肩を並べ、勢いを得て第一次世界大戦にも参戦、勝利の側につき国中が国威の発揚に沸いた時代である。
- During this period, as a country of imperialism, Japan ranked with the western powers, which invigorated them to join the victorious side in World War I, and the whole nation were thrilled with the enhancement of the national prestige.
- 弓は狩猟目的の生活道具から殺傷目的の対人武器へと用いられるようになり、弓に対してより高い威力、飛距離を求めた改良が行わる。
- The purpose of the bow shifted from everyday hunting tool to an assassination weapon, and many adjustments were made to shoot with more strength and longer distance.
- 公式の接待係には、イギリスへの留学経験などがあり当時の皇族中で随一の外国通であった有栖川宮威仁親王(海軍大佐)を任命した。
- The government appointed Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Tsunahito (a navy colonel) as a host because he had studied in England and was the only person in the Imperial family who was well-versed in foreign affairs.
- 小形ながら頑丈無比の耐火耐震構造、さらに威厳を損ねぬよう荘厳重厚なデザインになるようにとの苦心の跡が垣間見えるようである。
- Hoan-den provides observers with a glimpse of the great efforts to attain a fire-proof and earthquake-proof structure with matchless strength despite its small size, as well as a design with solemnity and gravity so as not to damage dignity.
- 時代が安定してくると、帳台構えは本来の機能上の役割があいまいとなり、地位権力権威を象徴する、装飾形式として継承されていった。
- In periods of political stability, the original function of chodai-gamae became unclear and had been used as an ornamental form of room to symbolize status, power, and authority.
- 鉄砲伝来まで弓矢は最有力の武器であったことから重んじられ、的中と矢の威力を高めるため、技術の発展と道具の改良がなされてきた。
- The bow and arrow was highly valued as the most prevailing weapon in Japan before the introduction of firearms, so technique had been developed and their equipment and strength of the arrow improved to improve the hitting ratio.
- その中でも世代を越えて連綿と継承されていく伝承性とその分野における指導的な地位・存在を保持し続ける権威性は特に重んじられた。
- Especially, the tradition inherited from generation to generation and the authority to keep the status and presence as the leader in the field were considered very important.
- 地域的支配権の源泉は自分自身の所有する財産や武力であり、広域政権の権威を権力の本質的な源泉とする地方官は豪族とは呼ばれない。
- The source of regional sovereignty was its own properties and military force, and the Chihokan (a local official) whose power substantially derived from the authority in a broader-based political power was not called Gozoku.
- 織豊政権は戦国大名の統治機構を母体とする強力な中央集権体制であり、その裏づけに天皇・朝廷の権威を利用するという形式を執った。
- The Shokuho government was a strong centralized administrative framework whose parent structure was the governing system of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku Period, and to support the structure, the government took advantage of authorities of the Emperor and the Imperial Court.
- 豊臣秀吉は、支配の権威として関白、太閤の位を利用したために天皇を尊重し、その権威を高める必要があり、朝廷の威信回復に尽力した。
- Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI contributed to restoring the authority of the Imperial Palace, since he used the position of chancellor (chief advisor to the emperor) and Taiko as authority to control the government, thus he respected the Emperor and supported his potency.
- 天明の大飢饉の際には幕府に領民救済を申し入れて、北方での日露紛争の際には、交渉の経過を報告させるなど、朝廷権威の復権に務める。
- At the Tenmei Famine, the Emperor demanded that the government rescue people, and in regard to the conflict between Japan and Russia in the north, he made the government report the situation to him, whereupon he tried to restore the authority of the Imperial Palace.
- 上方では、二つ玉の意味を二つ玉の強薬(つよぐすり)、すなわち「火薬が二倍使われている威力の強い玉」と解釈し、一発しか撃たない。
- In Kamigata, the meaning of 'futatsudama' is interpreted as 'futatsudama no tsuyogusuri,' which means 'a powerful bullet using double the amount of gunpowder,' and therefore, only a single bullet is fired.
- 新国家の樹立とも言えるが、将門は京都の天皇(当時は朱雀天皇)を「本皇」と呼ぶなど、天皇の権威を完全に否定したわけではなかった。
- It can be said that a new country was established, but Masakado, like calling the Emperor in Kyoto (at that time was Emperor Suzaku) 'Honno,' didn't completely deny the authority of the Emperor.
- 同番組では衝撃力、攻撃範囲、扱い易さの3つを兼ね揃えた武器が最強としており、扱いやすく威力の高い武器として刀剣類をあげている。
- In this program, they defined a weapon with the impact strength, target area, and handiness as the strongest, and named swords as weapons which are easy to handle and have strong power.
- 紋付に入れる紋は着用者の家紋である場合が多いが、場合によっては主君やそのほかの権威者から紋の入った小袖を拝領することもあった。
- Generally, the design is the wearer's family crest, but in the feudal age the design was occasionally the family crest of the wearer's feudal lord (or other authority), which was dyed on the kosode bestowed from them.
- ところが、鎌倉時代後期以後、守護の職務が治安維持から裁判にまで広がってくるようになると、守護の権威が国司を圧倒するようになる。
- However, from the late Kamakura period, when functions of Shugo as peace preservation expanded to the administration of justice, authority of Shugo overcame Kokushi.
- 伝統的な浮世絵や、職人の技術の粋を集めた日本建築は、多くの欧米のその道の権威を唸らせ、ジャポニズムという一種のブームを生んだ。
- Traditional Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) and Japanese architecture built with artisans' sophisticated skills made a deep impression on many authorities in the fields in Europe and America, creating a kind of boom called Japonism.
- 室町幕府によって保証されていた古い権威が否定され始め、新興の実力者が新しい権力階級にのし上がり領国を統治していくこととなった。
- Old authorities that had been backed up by the Muromachi bakufu began to be negated and emerging powerful persons rose to new establishment and governed territories.
- これを横方向へ少しずつ重ねながら連結した板状のものを、縦方向へ幾段にも繋ぎ合わせる(威す・おどす)ことにより鎧が形成されている。
- While these pile up horizontally little by little and connect together, the connected strips are then tied up and joined sideways to form a piece of the armor.
- 江戸時代後期には、諸外国との通商条約の締結などを巡って、朝廷の伝統的権威が復興し、幕府と朝廷の提携による公武合体政策が取られた。
- The traditional authority of the Imperial Court was restored as a result of various events including the signing of commercial treaties with foreign countries, and the policy of kobu-gattai (reconciliation between the Imperial Court and the Shogunate) was adopted through cooperation between the Shogunate and Court.
- 留学や海外軍事視察の経験から国際関係に精通していた威仁親王は、即座にこの事件を自分のレベルでは解決できない重大な外交問題と判断。
- Imperial Prince Takehito, who was well-versed in foreign affairs because of his experiences of studying abroad and military inspections, judged that this incident was such a serious diplomatic issue that he could not handle by himself.
- ただし、幹線道路は、地形上の有利不利を問わず、権力者の威光を示すために、城の裏に当たる搦手側は通さず、表に当たる大手側を通した。
- However, regardless of disadvantages/advantages geographically, main route roads did not go through the back of the castle but passed through the Ote side or front side of the castle to indicate the glory of the ruler.
- このように朝廷の権威向上に努め、後の尊皇思想、明治維新への端緒を作った光格天皇のよき補佐をしたことからしばしば「国母」といわれる。
- Thus, she worked hard to restore the authority of the Imperial Palace, and was often called 'Mother of the country' as she was supportive to Emperor Kokaku, who established the ideological base for the reverence of the Emperor and the Meiji Restoration.
- 有栖川宮幟仁親王の第四王子(男女合わせた王子女の中では八人目、但し成人した男子は熾仁親王と威仁親王だけ)で、生母は家女房の森則子。
- Arisugawa no Miya Imperial Prince, Takehito's fourth Prince, (the eighth child including Princesses, but only Imperial Prince Taruhito and Takehito, lived past the age of twenty) the birth mother was a court lady, Noriko Mori.
- 第2次世界大戦後には、これまでの和書・漢籍・洋書を改めて人文科学・社会科学・自然科学の3分野として各界の権威者を招くようになった。
- After World War II it was decided to replace Japanese books, Chinese classic books and Western books by cultural science, social science, and natural science and to invite the representative authorities of these three fields.
- 武家政権の台頭を嫌いその勢威を抑制してきた後白河天皇が死去すると、1192年に征夷大将軍に任ぜられ、今日でいう鎌倉幕府が成立した。
- After the demise of Emperor Goshirakawa who had disliked the rise of the samurai government and suppressed its power, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed as seii taishogun in 1192 and established what is now called the Kamakura bakufu.
- 威の色・模様・材質等により紺絲威(こんいとおどし)、匂威(においおどし)、小桜韋黄返威(こざくらがわきがえしおどし)等と呼ばれる。
- According to the color, pattern design, material quality, the string is called 'Konito-odoshi (lace with navy blue string),' 'Nioi-odoshi (lace with odor),' and 'Kozakura Kawa Kigaeshi Odoshi Yoroi (yellow lace with Kozakura leather).'
- そのため、軍艦数隻を朝鮮沿岸に派遣し海路を測量させて示威を行い交渉を有利に進めることとし、1875年軍艦雲揚、第二丁卯を派遣した。
- As a result the government dispatched the warships Unyo and Daini Teibo in 1875 and had them sound the sea to the coast of Korea aiming to gain an advantage by demonstrating its strength.
- 755年、安史の乱が起こり唐で混乱が生じると、新羅に脅威を抱く渤海との関係強化を背景に藤原仲麻呂は新羅への征討戦争を準備している。
- In 755, when the Anshi Rebellion occurred and Tang was thrown into disorder, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro made preparations for a punitive war against Silla, based on Japan's strengthening relationship with Balhae (who posed a serious threat to Silla).
- その後、芥川山城、太田城 (摂津国)、茨木城、安威城、福井城 (摂津国)、三宅城、の諸城を次々と攻め落としたり、降伏させたりした。
- A large number of castles Akutagawa-yamajo Castle, Otajo Castle of Settsu Province, Ibarakijo Castle, Aijo Castle, Fukuijo Castle of Settsu Province, and Miyakejo Castle were captured or were forced to surrender by the army.
- 大喪最高責任者となるはずの渡辺が大喪の終るまでの約3ヶ月の間にもし逮捕されると、宮内省の威信が地に落ちると考えられたためと思われる。
- This measure is thought to be taken due to the belief that if WATANABE, who was the chief officer of the Imperial mourning, was arrested during the time of the Imperial mourning which lasts for about three months, the Imperial Household Ministry's dignity would be lost.
- 江戸時代には宝生座の座付とされたらしいが、江戸初期の家元威徳五左衛門は父が早く亡くなったため、同座の小鼓方幸五郎久能に指導を仰いだ。
- Although it is said they played exclusively for the Hosho school during the Edo period, Gozaemon ITOKU, who was the head of this school of the early Edo period, lost his father when he was still young and he learned drum play from a kotsuzumi (small hand drum) player of the Hosho school named Gorohisayoshi KO.
- これまでに拡大した領地の大半を返上すること、武装の禁止、謀反人を山内に匿うことの禁止などの条件を呑まねば全山焼き討ちすると威嚇した。
- He threatened to set fire to all of the mountain if it would not accept conditions such as the return of most of the territories it had expanded, forbidding military force, and hiding rebels on the mountain.
- これに対して日本の切捨御免には支配階層である武士の名誉と威厳を守る事によって武士を頂点とした当時の社会秩序が防衛されると考えられた。
- On the other hand, it was considered that helping to protect warriors' honor and dignity by Japanese Kirisutegomen kept the social order, of which warriors were at the top.
- 信友は織田信長の軍に破れ処刑され、武田氏は信玄以来の西上作戦を実行する拠点を失い、逆に美濃からの織田氏の脅威にさらされることになる。
- Since Nobutomo was defeated by Nobunaga ODA's army and executed, the Takeda clan lost a base that they had held since the time of Lord Shingen to conquer areas to the west of their territory, and was instead exposed to the threat of the Oda clan in Mino Province.
- 江戸幕府のもとでも天皇の権威は温存されたが、紫衣事件などにみられるように、年号の勅定などを僅かな例外として政治権力はほとんどなかった。
- The authority of the Emperor was preserved under the Edo Bakufu (from 1603); but as seen in the Shie Incident Emperors had almost no political power except few occasions such as deciding the name of an era; (Shie Incident refers to the incident in which Emperor Gomizuno gave purple robes, symbolizing the highest order of priesthood, to Daitoku-ji Temple and Myoshin-ji Temple in 1627 without the approval of Bakufu and caused Bakufu to take back the purple robes to deny the authority of Emperor Gomizuno.)
- 伏屋式が主流で、壁立式は拠点集落の大形住居に限られ、首長居館として権威を示す形式として弥生・古墳の両時代に築造されたと考えられている。
- While the fuseya type was predominant, the kabedachi type was limited to large-scale structures in key settlements, believed to be built in both Yayoi and Kofun (tumulus) periods as an architectural style aimed at demonstrating authority as the residence of the chieftain.
- 黒板勝美の説は壇ノ浦の戦いについて初めて科学的な検証を行ったものであり、最も権威のあるものとして定説化して広く信じられるようになった。
- Katsumi KUROITA's theory of the battle of Dannoura marked the first time such a theory had been verified by scientific data, and consequently was seen as very authoritative, leading to its widespread acceptance.
- 前二項の罪を犯した者が、その実行について第一項に規定する者に対し威迫の行為をしたときは、五年以下の懲役又は五百万円以下の罰金に処する。
- When a person who has committed either of the crimes set forth in the preceding two paragraphs intimidates the person prescribed in paragraph (1) with regard to committing such crime, the former person shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not more than five years or a fine of not more than five million yen.
- When a person who has committed either of the crimes set forth in the preceding two paragraphs has intimidated the persons prescribed in paragraph (1) in the commission of such crimes, the former person shall be punished by imprisonment with labor for not more than five years or a fine of not more than five million yen.
- 後光厳の正統性の欠如などで北朝権威は弱体化し、南朝は京を奪還するなど活発に活動、後光厳も京都から近江国などへ下向することも何度かあった。
- The Northern Court became weak due to the lack of orthodoxy on the part of Emperor Gokogon, to the contrary, the Southern Court took positive steps to recapture Kyoto, Emperor Gokogon went down to Kyoto to Omi Province several times.
- 大王大妃は現王の母后である大妃と比べて政治的実権は少なかったが、王の祖母であるため王室最高位としての礼遇を受け、王室の威厳の象徴だった。
- Although Daio ohi had less political power compared to the empress dowager, she received the highest rank in the royal family and was highly respected as the grandmother of the King and she was a symbol of the royal family.
- 天皇に対する呼びかけは一般的に Your Imperial Majesty で、「皇帝としての威厳」に対して呼びかけるという形式になる。
- Generally, Your Imperial Majesty is used when speaking to Tenno, and the form of speaking to 'the dignity as the Emperor' is taken.
- 対面の儀式は、階層社会である武家にとっては、最も重要な儀式で、武家の格式や威厳を誇示するもので、主家に対する忠誠を誓う儀式の場でもある。
- The ceremony of seeing the Emperor was the most important ceremony for a samurai family to demonstrate its status or power, and was a ceremonial place to swear loyalty to the master's house.
- 中国貴族社会では権威の象徴あるいは威儀具、日本では古墳壁画の図文から、主に古墳祭祀にかかわる威儀行列の道具として用いられたとされている。
- However, it is believed that Sashiba was regarded as a symbol of power or used for showing person's dignity in Chinese aristocratic society, while it was used as a tool for showing the dignified appearance in the ritual ceremony at tumulus in Japan, according to the picture and sentences left on the wall paintings.
- ちなみに平安時代の子供が遊びの中で大人を真似て烏帽子の代わりに額に結わえつけた三角の布が、後代死者の威儀を正すために死装束に加えられた。
- Incidentally, a triangle-shaped cloth which children tied to their foreheads instead of the eboshi to imitate adults during their play in the Heian period, was added to the shroud costume in later ages to dignify the dead.
- 中世一時的には氏長者の権威が低下する時期もあったものの、氏長者には氏爵といい、朝廷より一門に対する位階任官者推薦の特権が付与されていた。
- Although the authority of the ujinochoja sometimes temporarily declined during the medieval period, the Imperial Court granted the ujinochoja the privilege of ujinoshaku that allowed them to recommend candidates within their clans for the ikai (Court rank).
- 同後半の黒船来航と日米和親条約締結を契機として、幕府の管理貿易体制(鎖国)は解かれ、結果として幕府の威信は低下し、朝廷の権威が増大した。
- With the arrival of Kurofune (the black ships of Commodore Matthew Perry) and the conclusion of Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan as the turning point, the trade system controlled by the bakufu (Sakoku) was dissolved, resultantly lowering the authority of the bakufu and increasing the authority of the Imperial Court.
- 上述の小札を、色糸やなめし革の紐を用いて縦方向に連結することを「威す」といい(「緒通す」がその語源とされている)、連結したものを縅と言う。
- The above-mentioned small scales are connected vertically with string and leather in a process called 'odosu (interlacing),' while the resulting piece is called 'odoshi.'
- 臨終の時に、まさに地獄に堕さんとした時、阿弥陀仏の十力威徳、光明神通、五分法身(ごぶほっしん)を聞いて、80億劫の生死の罪業を滅除される。
- At the time of death, the moment they are going to hell, they listen to jurikiitoku (dignity), koumeishintsu (light on everything, which can salvage people reciting sutra) and gobuhosshin (five steps for ascetic practice) of Amida Buddha, so, they are granted a pardon for their 800 million atrocious crimes.
- - 幸(さち)も古くは弓矢とも表記し、雷(いかづち)・蛟(みずち)・命(いのち)の「チ」は全て、魂(たましい)や霊威を表すといわれている。
- Sachi (happiness) in the old days was also written as 弓矢 (bow and arrow), and 'chi' in ikazuchi (thunder), mizuchi (mythical aquatic creature having a snake-like body with four legs and a horn) and inochi (life) all are considered to denote tamashii (spirit, soul) or spiritual power.
- 牧野が1919年(大正8年)に設立した「教育映画」の製作会社「ミカド商会」は、牧野の独立に脅威を感じた横田永之助によって日活に吸収された。
- Mikado Shokai,' established by Makino as a filmmaker for producing educational films in 1919, were absorbed into Nikkatsu (Japan Moving Picture Co., Ltd), by Einosuke YOKOTA, the president of Nikkatsu, who saw MAKINO's independent activities as a threat to his business.
- 戦国時代 (日本)、それまで高級武家夫人の正装であった袿が廃れた後、武家女性は威儀を正すためと防寒のために上から打掛を羽織るようになった。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan), uchigi (ordinary kimono) which had ever been a formal attire for ladies of a high-grade warrior went out of fashion, and then ladies of a warrior got to put on the uchikake (long outer robe) over to show up dignity and protect against coldness.
- この枡は、制定後間もなく全国的に流布し、その後は14世紀初頭に至るまで、数多い私枡のなかにあって、一定の権威をもった公定枡として機能した。
- Soon after it was designated, Senjimasu was put into circulation throughout the nation, and until the beginning of the fourteenth century it functioned as an official measure holding constant authority within many private measures.
- これ以後、大坂の地は、城郭にも匹敵する本願寺の伽藍とその周辺に形成された寺内町を中心に大きく発展し、その脅威は時の権力者たちに恐れられた。
- Since then, Osaka developed around the monastery of Hongan-ji Temple, comparable to a castle, and a temple town formed around it, and it strength frightened power people of the time.
- 威子の遺児である二人の幼い内親王はその後祖母(伯母でもある)彰子・伯父頼通が後見となり、長じて従兄弟の後冷泉・後三条兄弟にそれぞれ入内した。
- Ishi's two young Imperial Princesses were brought up by their grandmother (also their aunt) Shoshi and their uncle Yorimichi and later entered into court to marry the brothers of Goreizei and Gosanjo respectively.
- しかし、天皇の地位がそれらの権力者によって廃されたことはなく、時の権力者も形式上はその権威を尊重し、それを背景に地位についていたことが多い。
- However, the position of the Emperor was never abolished by those authorities, and at least formally, the authorities at those times respected the authority of the Emperor, and most of the time, they held their position with that background.
- この年の7月に九州平定を終えた秀吉は、京都の朝廷や民衆に自己の権威を示すために、聚楽第造営と併行して大規模なイベントを開催することを企てた。
- Hideyoshi who had completed the subjugation of Kyushu in July of that year, aimed to hold the event coinciding with the construction of his mansion 'Jurakudai' to display his own power to the imperial court and the general masses.
- しかし宝生九郎・櫻間伴馬とともに「明治の三名人」と称された梅若実の圧倒的な権威もあって、後に東京に戻った清孝には梅若家を抑える力はなかった。
- However, facing the overwhelming authority of Minoru UMEWAKA who was called one of 'three masters in Meiji' with Kuro HOSHO and Banma SAKURAMA, Kiyotaka who later returned to Tokyo did not have the power to control Umewaka family any more.
- これらは武士の台頭とともに一時は衰退することになるが、新興の武家が公家文化を受容することで自らの権威付けを図る風潮が盛んになり復活していく。
- They temporarily declined with the rise of samurai, but later revived thanks to the trend where emerging samurai families sought to give themselves authority by means of accepting the court noble culture.
- それほどの財力の無い藩では、大きな宿場町を通過する際のみ、臨時雇いで家来の「水増し」を行い、行列の威厳を保ちつつ、経費を節約したといわれる。
- The clans that were not so rich, while cutting costs, reportedly employed 'additional' retainers on a temporary basis to maintain the dignity of the procession only when it passed by major shukuba-machi (post stations).
- 文化・民族・国の根拠を神に依ろうとする発想は世界共通のもので、王の権威は神から授かったのだという考えに依拠する王権神授説などその流れは多様。
- The idea that the cultures, ethnic groups and nations originate in God is universal and developed differently, such as a theory of the divine right of kings in which the authority of kings is thought to be granted by God.
- 古くはローマ帝国の皇帝の地位は後継者が先代皇帝の養子となる体裁をもつことや、まれに実際の血族に代襲させることで権威の正当性を継続させていた。
- In the ancient world, with regard to the status of an Emperor of the Roman Empire the legitimacy of authority was maintained by a successor keeping up the appearance of continuity by becoming the adopted child of the last Emperor; on rare occasions a blood relative succeeded by representation.
- 老中・堀田正睦は朝廷の権威を借りて事態の打開を図ろうとしたが、梅田雲浜ら在京の尊攘派の工作もあり、孝明天皇から勅許を得ることは出来なかった。
- Although the Roju Masayoshi HOTTA tried to break the deadlock by using his authority in the Imperial Court, he could not obtain Imperial sanctions from Emperor Komei since members of the sonjo (royalist) party in Kyoto including Unpin UMEDA prevented it.
- 中世東アジアにおいて倭寇前期倭寇と呼ばれる海上勢力が猛威を奮い、朝鮮王朝は討伐・懐柔・室町幕府への鎮圧要請など、様々な対応を余儀なくされる。
- During the Middle Age, influential maritime forces called zenki-wako (early Japanese pirates) threatened East Asia, and the Korean Dynasty was obliged to take various countermeasures including the dispatch of troops, attempts to conciliate the pirates, and requests for suppression of the pirates sent to the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 第一皇女章子内親王出産の折には、周りの失望に天皇が「昔は女帝が立ったこともあるのだから」と言って威子を庇ったという話が『栄花物語』に見られる。
- When she delivered the first Imperial Princess Shoshi, according to 'Eiga Monogatari' (A tale of Flowering Fortunes), those around Kishi were disappointed and the Emperor stood up for her by saying 'the Empress used to exist in ancient times.'
- 摂関家を嗣いだ藤原基房は伊勢平氏による押領だと非難したが、この事件は摂関家の威信の低下を如実に表しており、清盛一族は大きな経済基盤を獲得した。
- FUJIWARA no Motofusa, who succeeded FUJIWARA no Motozane as family head of the line of regents, criticized this as an usurping by the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) but this incident clearly shows the decrease in authority of the line of regents and the Kiyomori family gained a substantial financial foundation.
- 尾張足利氏は足利氏一門の中でも、嫡流、三河足利氏(後の吉良氏)、と並び称される勢威のあった家で、足利氏本宗家当主が幼少の時は代役を務めている。
- Among the families of the Ashikaga clan, the Owari Ashikaga clan was as influential as the main branch of the family, Mikawa Ashikaga clan (later to become the Kira clan) and served as an alternative family head of the main branch of the Ashikaga clan when the family head was still young.
- 平城は朝原と大宅の2人との間に子はなく、ほかの皇子たちはいずれも母の身分が低く、神野と大伴の隠然たる権威と存在感を無視することはできなかった。
- Heizei was not able to ignore the authority and existence that Kamino and Otomo had, because Asahara and Oyake did not have any children and all the other princes had lowly-born mothers.
- 内容は、藤原基経の示威事件である阿衡の紛議の顛末といった政治的なことや、父光孝天皇より譲られた黒猫のことなど、天皇の日常や感情の一端が窺える。
- It described a part of the Emperor's daily life and feelings such as political things like how the Ako Controversy, a demonstration of FUJIWARA no Mototsune happened, a black cat which was given by his father, the Emperor Koko and so on.
- 刑務官の制止に従わず、又は刑務官に対し暴行若しくは集団による威力を用いて、逃走し、若しくは逃走しようとし、又は他の被収容者の逃走を助けるとき。
- Cases where the inmate escapes, intends to escape, or assists another inmate's escape against a prison officer's order to cease doing so, or through assault or by using group force against the prison officer.
- 室町時代中期に入ると、皇室の権威は次第に低下していったが、それに伴い皇位継承紛争は見られなくなり、直系男子がすんなりと皇位継承するようになった。
- In the middle of the Muromachi period, the authority of the Imperial Palace was gradually lost, however, there was no dispute concerning Imperial succession, the male Imperial member of the direct Imperial line succeeded smoothly to the throne.
- 危機の中でもお大尽の殿様らしく優雅にふるまう頼兼、その威にたじろぐ刺客たちのユーモラスな動き、力士絹川の颯爽とした立ち回りを見せる華やかな一幕。
- The scene is spectacular, with Yorikane behaving elegantly as wealthy load even in the danger, humorous movements of assassins who are confused by the dignified attitude of Yorikane, and Sumo wrestler Kinugawa moving beautifully in the fight.
- たとえば、江戸時代の後水尾天皇は、紫衣事件など、天皇の権威を失墜させる江戸幕府の行いに耐えかね、幼少の興子内親王(後の明正天皇)へ譲位を行った。
- For example, Emperor Gomizunoo in the Edo period was unable to endure the deeds of the Edo bakufu which eroded the authority of the emperor, like the Shie Incident (the great conflict between the shogunate and the Imperial Court), and abdicated the throne to an infant Princess Okiko (later Emperor Meisho).
- 摂関政治の成立の背景には、国内外の脅威がなくなったことにともなって政治運営が安定化し、政治の中心が儀式運営や人事などへ移行していったことにある。
- The background of the establishment of Sekkanseiji was that because threats inside and outside the country had gone, politics had been stabilized, and the center of the politics began to be moved to the management of ceremonies and personal matters.
- 親王家も使用規制の対象になり、八幡や泉涌寺といった皇室ゆかりの神社や仏閣に対しても規制が行われ、徐々に皇室の菊紋の権威は復活していくことになる。
- Shinno-ke was also forbidden to use Kiku-mon and the related shrines and temples such as Hachiman Shrine and Senyu-ji Temple were also forbidden, so the authority of Kiku-mon of imperial family was gradually revived.
- これを受けた天皇は直ちに了解し、威仁親王に到着までのニコライの身辺警備を命ずるとともに、即刻北白川宮能久親王を見舞い名代のために京都へ派遣した。
- Emperor Meiji accepted the request of Imperial Prince Takehito immediately, and ordered him to guard Nicholas until the Emperor arrived in Kyoto, and hastened to send Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa to Kyoto on behalf of him.
- 前三項の罪を犯した者が、その実行について第一項又は第二項に規定する者に対し威迫の行為をしたときは、五年以下の懲役又は五百万円以下の罰金に処する。
- When a person who has committed the crimes set forth in the preceding three paragraphs has intimidated the persons listed in paragraph (1) or paragraph (2) with regard to committing such crimes, the former shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not more than five years or a fine of not more than five million yen.
- 壁により敵の侵入を防ぎながら、塔から高さを生かした攻撃を行うもので、重力を利用すれば、弓矢の威力は増し、単なる石や丸太も武器と化すことができた。
- Enemies were prevented from entering the walls and the enemies were attacked from towers by taking advantage of their height, which increased the power of arrows, while simple stones and logs could be used as weapons when gravity was used.
- しかし、弘治3年(1557年)の践祚では天皇や公家達は、権威はともかく金銭的には既に生活に窮するほど落ちぶれており、即位の礼さえ挙げられなかった。
- However, when the accession occurred there was not even an enthronement ceremony; a coronation was held in 1557, as the emperors and court nobles suffered poverty due to financial difficulties.
- 明治時代には、天皇に統帥権(大日本帝国憲法11条)を含むすべての権力を集中させる体制が整備され、富国強兵の国策の下、天皇の軍事的権威も高められた。
- In the Meiji Period, the system which the Emperor had the right of all authorities including the supreme command (Article 11 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan) was improved and under the national policy of increasing wealth and military power, military authority of the Emperor was also increased.
- 二つ目は神輿を激しく振り立て、神輿振りを強調する「日吉型渡御祭」で、神輿を激しく振り動かすことによって神の霊威を高め、豊作や大漁を願うものである。
- The other category is the 'Hiegata togyo-sai Festival,' which puts emphasis on mikoshifuri (shaking a portable shrine) by wildly waving the mikoshi to increase the divine power praying for good harvest and bumper catch.
- また旭日章 (警察章)が司法機関紋章であり使用出来ない(軽犯罪法による規制)ため、探偵業者が権威を表現するために自社の表号として使用する例がある。
- The Order of the Rising Sun (Keisatsu-sho, police design) is an emblem of the chamber (regulation by Minor Offense Act) so that you cannot use it; there are some examples of detectives using the design of Kikukamon as a symbol of their company to represent the authority.
- これは茶の湯が停滞していた状況にあって、進取の気風をもった堺衆が既存の権威を否定することで茶の湯を刷新しようとしていたものと読み取ることができる。
- This can be interpreted as people in Sakai of enterprising spirit were trying to innovate the Way of Tea by denying the established authority in times of its stagnation.
- 弓騎兵は概ね重装歩兵に対して脅威となり、特に気温が高く木の無い平坦な地域においては敏捷性に優れる弓騎兵は鈍重な重装歩兵団に対して極めて有利である。
- The archery cavalry usually became a threat to heavily armed soldiers, especially in flat areas without trees with high temperatures, where archery cavalry soldiers were much more sufficient in terms of agility than heavily armed soldiers who moved heavily and slowly.
- 幕府権力の再強化や雄藩の政権への参加を目的とし、幕府は朝廷の伝統的権威と結び付き、尊皇攘夷(尊攘)運動を押さえ、幕藩体制の再編強化を図ろうとした。
- The Shogunate aimed to re-strengthen its power and to involve the major clans in government by associating itself with the traditional authority of the Imperial Court, and to suppress the Sonno joi or Sonno (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) Movement and strengthen and reorganize the structure of the Shogunate.
- なお、軍団・兵士が廃止されなかった地域、すなわち、佐渡・西海道では海外諸国の潜在的な脅威が存在していたし、陸奥・出羽では対蝦夷戦争が継続していた。
- Meanwhile, as for those regions in which conventional cohorts and soldiers were not abolished, Sado Province and the Saika-do Region still faced potential threats from abroad, and Mutsu and Dewa Provinces continued fighting against Ezo.
- 京都における官衙を含めた領主権力が強化され、座の権威を無視して営業税をかけたり、地方の商工業者が地元の領主と結びついて座の権威打破を図ろうとした。
- The power of feudal lords including government offices in Kyoto was increased, which made it possible for them to impose business taxes without the consent of za; further, local merchants and manufacturers tried to destroy the authority of za in cooperation with local lords.
- 身分秩序を無視して公家や天皇といった時の権威を嘲笑し、粋で華美な服装や振る舞いを好む美意識であり、後の戦国時代における下剋上的行動の一種とされる。
- Basara represents a particular aesthetics in which people disregarded social class or rank, laughed scornfully at authorities such as court nobles or the Emperor, and esteemed fashionable and glamorous garments or behaviors; it was considered to be a type of behavior that was manifested in gekokujo (an inversion of the social order in which the lowly people reigned over the elite), which flourished in the subsequent Sengoku period (the period of warring states).
- したがって時代によっては、時の将軍が最も信頼する乳母や側室などが、その将軍の絶対権威のみを背景に、奥向き一切を取り仕切っていた場合もあったのである。
- Therefore, sometime a wet nurse or concubine of the Shogun at that time were trusted to administer the inner part of the house based on the Shogun's absolute authority.
- 翌13日に天皇はニコライの宿舎である京都ホテルに自ら赴いてニコライを見舞い、さらには熾仁・威仁・能久の三親王を引き連れてニコライを神戸まで見送った。
- On May 13, the Emperor visited Kyoto Hotel where Nicholas stayed, and then escorted Nicholas to Kobe together with 3 Imperial Princes, Taruhito, Takehito and Yoshihisa.
- 日本では、唐の脅威にさらされた7世紀後期、国力の充実強化を目的として、律令の概念が積極的に受容され、まず先駆的な律令として飛鳥浄御原令が制定された。
- In Japan, the concept of Ritsuryo was actively adopted in order to reinforce and substantiate national power against the threat of the Tang during the late seventh century, and Asuka Kiyomihara Ryo was first established as the pioneer of Ritsuryo.
- 開発領主は国衙よりも権威のある中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ開発田地を寄進して(寄進型荘園)、国衙の圧力を断ち切ることで支配権・管理権を確保していった。
- Therefore, kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to secure their dominion and management rights by donating their developed fields to major central nobility, temples, and shrines, that were more powerful than kokuga, to eliminate the pressure from kokuga (those shoen were specifically categorized as donated shoen).
- 我意を通し、摂関家に対し高圧的な態度をとった白河院の死によって、長らく宇治に籠居していた忠実は政界に復帰し、鳥羽院政の下、摂関家の権威回復に着手した。
- Having retired to Uji for an extended period of time, Tadazane returned to the political arena following the death of Shirakawa-in, who was strong-willed and had an oppressive attitude towards the Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), and began to restore the authority of the Sekkan-ke under the supervision of the cloistered government of Toba-in.
- 天皇家の代わりに、中国の明朝皇帝から「日本国王」として冊封を受け独自の外交を行っているが、これを国内的な君主号としての天皇の権威に対抗するためである。
- On behalf of the Imperial Family, a unique diplomacy was in place which was done by receiving a sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as the 'King of Japan' from the Ming Dynasty in China which was to oppose the Emperor's power, the monarch in Japan.
- 公武合体(こうぶがったい)は、江戸時代後期(幕末)に公家(朝廷)の伝統的権威と、武家(幕府)を結びつけて幕府権力の再構築をはかろうとした政策論をいう。
- Kobu gattai is a policy promoted in the second half of the Edo period which aimed to reassert the power of the Shogunate by bonding the traditional authority of the Imperial Court to the Shogunate.
- 2月9日の憲政擁護第3大会は2万の集会となり、さらに、翌10日には数万人の民衆が議会を包囲して野党を激励、民衆示威のなかで桂は帝国議会の開会をむかえた。
- On February 9, about 20,000 people gathered at the third rally of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism, and on the next day, tens of thousands besieged the Diet Building to support the opposition parties, and Katsura had to convene the Imperial Diet amid a mass demonstration.
- 一方、私学校設立以来、政府は彼らの威を恐れ、早期の対策を行ってこなかったが、私学校党による県政の掌握が進むにつれて、私学校に対する曲解も本格化してきた。
- On the other hand, when Shigakko was founded, the central government had failed in taking prompt action for fear of the schools' influence; however, as the Shigakko faction became powerful in the prefectural government, the central government began to put a false color on Shigakko.
- 応仁の乱以降、将軍の権威が失墜すると細川氏以外の三管四職も没落し、さらに戦国時代中期に至って細川氏の勢力が減退すると室町幕府の諸制度は形骸化していった。
- Upon the abasement of the Shogun's authority after the Onin Rebellion, Sankan Shishiki (other than the Hosokawa clan) also fell, and when in the middle of the Age of Civil War the power of the Hosokawa clan weakened, the various systems of Muromachi Bakufu became mere terms.
- 前述のように朝鮮通信使は主として将軍家を祝賀するためにやってきた国使であり、中国皇帝に対する朝貢使節と同様の役割、すなわち将軍の権威の誇示に利用された。
- As described above, Chosen Tsushinshi was a national envoy that came to Japan to make congratulations to the shogun family, and was provided with the same role as an envoy to bring tributes to a Chinese emperor or was used for showing the prestige of shogun.
- 後に藤原緒嗣により「今天下の苦しむところは軍事と造作なり」と指弾されることとなる対蝦夷戦争は、「天皇の政治的権威の強化に大きな役割を担っていた」のである。
- FUJIWARA no Otsugu criticized this war against Ezo, saying, 'The causes of suffering in today's world are military affairs and construction,' and that it had 'played a great role in enhancing the Emperor's political power.'
- この間、室町幕府を打倒しこれにとってかわった織田信長の後継者たる地位を得た豊臣秀吉が関白となり、その権威を以って天下に惣無事令を発し、諸国の戦乱を禁じた。
- During the same period, in the central government, Nobunaga ODA overthrew Muromachi bakufu and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI became Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) as a successor of Nobunaga and issued with his authority sobuji rei (Peace edicts) throughout the nation to ban wars in all the provinces.
- しかし、威仁親王の要請により明治天皇じきじきにニコライの見舞いが行われる等、日本側が誠実な対応をしたことによりロシアとの関係が決定的に悪化する事はなかった。
- However the relationship between Japan and Russia did not suffer since the issue was dealt with sincerely, Imperial Prince Takehito asked Emperor Meiji himself, to go and see Prince Nicholas, etc.
- 特に勧善懲悪型の時代劇においては、大きな威圧感と強面ぶりを示しながらも、最後には必ず主人公(またはその仲間)に成敗される存在として欠かせない役どころである。
- Especially in the period dramas encouraging the good and punishing the evil, they are essential roles as they always end up being punished by the main character (or his colleagues) in spite of their overpowering demeanor and tough look.
- 日本においては釣竿と釣針(弓矢も同様)は古くは狩りとしての使用から「サチ(幸)」といい「サ」は箭(矢)の古い読みで矢や釣り針を意味し、「チ」は霊威を示した。
- In Japan, a fishing rod and a fishhook (and a bow and an arrow as well) were traditionally called 'Sachi' (chase) based on their usage in hunting, because 'sa,' an old name for an arrow, meant an arrow or a fishhook and 'chi' meant a charisma.
- さらに我が子が世子となり、やがて将軍ともなれば、落飾した側室でも将軍生母として尼御台(あまみだい、落飾した御台所)をはるかに凌ぐ絶大な権威と権力を持ち得た。
- Furthermore, if one's own son became an heir and Shogun, even concubines already entered into priesthood could have far more authority and power as the real mother of a shogun than Ama Midai (Midaidokoro entered into priesthood).
- 県側は一揆勢が新潟町に入るのを阻止するため平島(現新潟市)に軍を集め、8日午後、北上してきた一揆勢に威嚇射撃を行い、突撃しようとした首謀者の1人を射殺した。
- The Prefectural Office mustered an army in Heijima (present-day Niigata City) in order to prevent the uprising party from entering Niigata-machi, and on the afternoon of 8th, fired warning shots against the uprising party moving toward the north, shooting one of the ringleaders who intended to charge.
- 昭和20年(1945年)のポツダム宣言受諾を決めた御前会議を除き、天皇は通常積極的な発言を行わなかったが、会議での決定には「聖断」としての権威が付与された。
- Except during the Gozenkaigi in 1945 for the acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, the emperor basically remained silent, but still, decisions of the emperor at Gozenkaigi were treated as a 'Imperial decision.'
- これは、今川氏は既に室町幕府の権威によって領国を統治する守護大名ではなく、自らの実力によって領国を統治する戦国大名であることを明確に宣言したものでもあった。
- This was also clear declaration by the Imagawa clan that he was no longer the shugo daimyo who ruled his territory backed by the authority of the Muromachi bakufu, but the Sengoku daimyo who ruled his own territory with his own capability.
- 有栖川宮 威仁親王(ありすがわのみや たけひとしんのう、文久2年1月13日(1862年2月11日) - 大正2年(1913年)7月5日)は、日本の皇族、軍人。
- Arisugawa no Miya Imperial Prince Takehito (February 11, 1862 - July 5, 1913), Japanese Imperial family, soldier.
- 江戸初期には三十三間堂の軒下(長さ約120m)を射通す「通し矢」が次第に盛んとなり、「天下総一」をかけて各藩腕利きの藩士が藩の威信と己の命を懸けて競い合った。
- At the beginning of the Edo Period, 'Toshiya,' a competitive sport of shooting at a target through Nokishita (about 120m long) of Sanjusangendo, gradually became popular and the sharp shooters of feudal retainers from each domain competed in order to be called 'Tenka-soitsu (the best shooter in Japan)' by staking their domain's prestige and their lives.
- 備には指揮官である侍大将やその主家を示す大馬印・纏を幟の側に(纏と大馬印は片方、又は双方が置かれる)、侍大将の側には小馬印を置き、それぞれ武威と位置を示した。
- An o-umajirushi and a matoi which respectively represented a commander (samurai general) and his lord were placed around a banner (either an o-umajirushi or a matoi, or both an o-umajirushi and a matoi should be placed) in their camp, and a ko-umajirushi was placed near the commander to display his majesty and position.
- 特に本願寺教団では法主が世襲して宗教的権威を誇り、門徒の喜捨を集め、「後生御免」という一種の免状発行権を独占したという点で家元制度に近いものとだと考えられる。
- In particular, Hongan-ji school is thought to bear a resemblance to the iemoto system, in that hoshu with hereditary religious authority collects almsgiving by monto and has the exclusive right to issue a kind of certificate called a 'goshogomen' (permission for happiness in the next life).
- 即ち、地方武士の多くは自己保存のために利害を共有できる権威・権力者と複数の主従関係を持つことで、独立と自己保存、そして勢力拡大の機会を獲得していったのである。
- In other words, many local samurai managed to secure independence, survival and opportunities to expand their territory by establishing multiple relationships with powerful and influential individuals who shared mutual interests.
- 新婚間もない明治13年(1880年)1月、威仁親王は慰子を残してイギリスのグリニッジ海軍大学校に留学、3年半後の明治16年(1883年)6月にようやく帰国した。
- In January 1880, just after he married, he left Yasuko behind and went to the Old Royal Naval College in England for study, three and a half years later he finally returned in June 1883.
- 狭義では、室町時代末期(戦国時代_(日本))に、京都にいる室町幕府の征夷大将軍を保護することを意味し、結果として全国支配に必要な権威をもたらす事であるとされた。
- In a narrow sense it means to guard the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi shogunate in Kyoto at the end of the Muromachi Period (Sengoku Period in Japan), and as a result it was considered to obtain the authority necessary to control the whole country.
- 今日では北海道音威子府村から沖縄県与那国町まで、日本の全ての地域に製造業者が存在するが、言い換えればそれほど高度な技術や多額な資本投下無しに製造できる証である。
- Today miso manufacturers are in all parts of Japan, from Otoineppu-mura in Hokkaido to Yonaguni-cho in Okinawa Prefecture; it proves that miso can be produced without high technology or large capital.
- 幕藩改革の混乱や、異国船の来航による対外的緊張など政治的混乱がおこると、幕府は秩序維持のため大政委任論に依存して朝廷権威を政治的に利用し、朝廷の権威が復興する。
- When confusion over reform of the shogunate system and political chaos due to tension with foreign countries occurred, the Tokugawa shogunate tried to make use of the authority of the Imperial Court for the maintenance of political order, insisting that its political power was entrusted by the Imperial Court, and through this the authority of the Imperial Court was restored.
- この「生類憐れみの令」は、幕府の権威の失墜につながらないよう、「徳川禁令考」など、幕府やその関係者が編纂した法令集からは意図的に削除されているともいわれている。
- It is said that the 'law prohibiting cruelty to animals' was intentionally deleted from the collection of laws compiled by the Shogunate, so as not to damage the Shogunate's authority.
- その頃「正徳の治」を推し進めていた間部詮房や新井白石は、若年の将軍の権威付けのために皇女の降嫁を計画しており、天英院に対抗する権威を朝廷に求めた月光院も賛成した。
- During this time Akifusa MANABE and Hakuseki ARAI, who were preparing to proceed 'Shotoku no chi' (the peaceful era of Shotoku), planned to have the young Shogun marry with the Princess from the Imperial Palace, as the Shogun would have more authority in this way, Gekkoin agreed to this plan who wished to have more authority for herself inside the Imperial Palace against Teneiin.
- 威力偵察目的であったと言う傍証として、時の元の水軍には長期戦略に対する装備の用意はなく、そのため一日で矢を撃ち尽くして去っていったという、元側の記録が残っている。
- Supporting evidence of the Yuan's purpose having been reconnaissance in force is a record in the Yuan Dynasty stating that the Yuan navy then had not prepared for a long battle so that it used all their arrows within one day and left.
- 斯波義寛が室町将軍による六角征伐へ織田氏を従えて参陣していることや、斯波義達が遠江国奪還のための出陣を繰り返すなど、依然、守護としての威令は保っていたようである。
- The Shiba clan seems to have maintained the authority of Shugo judging from the fact that Yoshihiro SHIBA participated in Rokkaku subjugation by the Muromachi Shogun with the Oda clan and that Yoshitatsu SHIBA repeatedly went to war to recapture Totomi Province.
- 歌舞伎の色男の代表格「助六」の主人公で「むきみ」の隈取も色っぽい花川戸助六は、現在こそ威勢のいい江戸男として知られるが、もともと上方歌舞伎出身のキャラクターである。
- Sukeroku HANAKAWADO, who was the main character of 'Sukeroku' that represented attractive Kabuki male figure had alluring Kumadori of 'Mukimi' is currently known as strong male of Edo, but was originally a character from Kabuki at Kamigata.
- 「二月本」には冒頭に「珠光一紙目録」という資料が掲載され、自らの茶の湯の起源を村田珠光(応永30年・1423年 - 文亀2年・1502年)に遡らせて権威付けている。
- Juko Isshi Mokuroku' (Juko's diary about the way to becoming a connoisseur) included at the beginning of the 'February edition' states that his Way of Tea was originated from Juko MURATA (1423 to 1502), thus authorizing his practice.
- 戦争中は、詩吟は国威高揚に資するものとして奨励されていたが、戦後は、古今の名詩を味わい、美しい日本語をもって表現するという芸術的な側面が前面に出されるようになった。
- During the war shigin was encouraged because of enhancing national prestige, but after the war they came to appreciate the good poetry of all time and emphasize the artistic aspects pursuing the expression by beautiful Japanese.
- 伏見天皇の政治は皮肉にも政敵である亀山上皇の政策を踏襲したものであり、朝廷における訴訟機構の刷新や記録荘園券契所の充実などにより政治的権威の回復に積極的に取り組んだ。
- Emperor Fushimi's politic ironically followed his opposition, the retired Emperor Kameyama; he worked actively to restore the authority of the Imperial Palace by reforming the court institution of the palace or establishing Kiroku Shoen Ken kei sho (an office established in the Heian period to prevent having municipa manor)
- 倭王武は、祖先の功業の成果として、東国の毛人の国々のみならず、対馬海峡を渡って南朝鮮の国々まで、ヤマト王権の威力が行き渡っているかのように誇らしげにうたいあげている。
- Waobu described the achievements of his ancestors in the Johyobun and boasted the power of Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) as if it was ruling over not only the east country of Japan where Emishi lived but also the countries of South Korea across Tsushima Straits.
- このような家門に結びついたカリスマ的な宗教的権威は国王の霊威(独: Königsheil)あるいは血統霊威(独:Geblütsheil)と学術的に呼び習わされている。
- Such mystical and religious power, passed down through certain families, is known academically as the divine right of kings (Königsheil in German) or a power ordained by God (Geblütsheil in German).
- 日本国民は、正義と秩序を基調とする国際平和を誠実に希求し、国権の発動たる戦争と、武力による威嚇又は武力の行使は、国際紛争を解決する手段としては、永久にこれを放棄する。
- Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes.
- 道長の娘で叔母にあたる藤原威子を中宮とし、この時代には珍しく他の妃を持たなかったが、皇子女は内親王二人のみで世継ぎの皇子にはついに恵まれぬまま、29歳の若さで崩御した。
- He had FUJIWARA no Ishi as the Emperor's second consort, she being Michinaga's daughter and the Emperor's aunt; it was unusual during this time for the Emperor not to have other empresses, but he had only two princesses and did not have any prince who could succeed to the Imperial Throne; the Emperor died young, at the age of 29.
- その過程で高僧など聖職者の介在がないということは、天皇は宗教界の影響力が排除された中で高い宗教的権威を持つことが可能であると言え、天皇の権威の隔絶性を意味するとされる。
- The fact that there was no intervention by clergymen such as notable Buddhist priests meant that, although the emperor could have high religious authority under situation in which influence from the religious world was excluded, there was remoteness in the emperor's authority.
- 持氏も幕府中央の混乱に乗じて関東・奥州各地に発生した武装蜂起に対して自己の政権の権限と基盤の強化に乗り出して幕府中央の権威を否定する動きを以前から見せていたからである。
- This is because Mochiuji also had started to deny the authority of the central bakufu by strengthening the power and basis of his regime against the armed uprisings which were breaking out in various areas in Kanto and Oshu regions during the confusion of the central bakufu.
- 偽計又は威力を用いて、承認管財人、保全管理人、承認管財人代理又は保全管理人代理の職務を妨害した者は、三年以下の懲役若しくは三百万円以下の罰金に処し、又はこれを併科する。
- A person who, by the use of fraudulent means or force, has obstructed the performance of the duties of a recognition trustee, provisional administrator, recognition trustee representative or provisional administrator representative shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not more than three years or a fine of not more than three million yen, or both.
- 偽計又は威力を用いて、破産管財人、保全管理人、破産管財人代理又は保全管理人代理の職務を妨害した者は、三年以下の懲役若しくは三百万円以下の罰金に処し、又はこれを併科する。
- A person who, by the use of fraudulent means or force, has obstructed the performance of duties of a bankruptcy trustee, provisional administrator, bankruptcy trustee representative or provisional administrator representative shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not more than three years or a fine of not more than three million yen, or both.
- 壮大な屋外大護摩「柴燈護摩」を焚き上げて五大明王の威力を讚えるこの祭事は、最終日に150キロもある超特大の鏡餅を持ち上げる力自慢大会が伝統行事として今に伝えられている。
- In this festival, the power of Godai Myoo is magnified by burning a large ritualistic 'Saito Goma' outside, and on the last day the contest of strength by holding up a big Kagami-mochi of 150 kg has been held as a traditional event.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)により、天皇家と公家勢力の権力及その権威が低下すると共に、足利幕府の成立以来、足利将軍家の権威は天皇家に迫り、実質的に日本の君主としての役割を担った。
- Due to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the power and authority of the Imperial Family and Court noble declined, and at the same time, the Ashikaga Shogun Family's authority advanced on that of the Imperial Family and he practically served the role of the monarch of Japan.
- 本来なら治天が次代の治天を指名するべきところ、その指名を幕府に委ねたという事実は、治天の権威が低下しただけでなく、治天の権限の一部を幕府が代行していたことも意味している。
- Originally Chiten would have appointed the next successor to the position, but the authority to appoint the successor was requested to the bakufu, this proved that Chiten's authority became weak and the bakufu partly acted to use the authority of Chiten.
- これは高い弾性限界を持つ動物素材を用いる短弓と違い和弓は弾性限界の低い木・竹を張り合わせる植物素材で作られているため、耐久性と威力を求めた結果、長大になったとも言われる。
- It is said that Wakyu was made long for durability and strength because it was made from plant material such as wood and bamboo which were less elastic, while Tankyu was made from animal material which were more elastic.
- 皇族の家紋である菊紋や桐紋の権威は増して厳格になり、1591年(天正19年)、1595年(文禄4年)には、豊臣秀吉が菊紋や桐紋の無断使用を禁止する規制を布くほどであった。
- The authority of the Kamon of the imperial family, Kiku-mon and Kiri-mon, increasingly became stronger so much that in 1591 and 1595 Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI implemented regulations to forbid unauthorized use of Kiku-mon and Kiri-mon.
- ドイツの参加理由は、露仏の接近を妨害すること、ロシアの注意を東に向けて欧州における脅威を減らすこと、ドイツ自身の極東への野心、また皇帝が主張した黄禍論などに基づいている。
- The reasons why Germany joined the intervention was 1. to impede closer ties between Russia and France, 2. to divert Russia's attention from Europe to the Far East to lessen its threat to Europe, 3. to fulfill its own ambition in the Far East, and 4. to combat the 'yellow peril' claimed by the Emperor himself.
- このため規模こそ日本国内で屈指のものであるが、防備のための城というよりも、権威づけ、政治色の強い城ではあったため、単純な虎口、竪堀などはなく防御施設は貧弱と言われている。
- Consequently, although it was one of the largest castles in Japan, it is said that it did not have simple Koguchi (castle entrances) or Tatebori (moats parallel to mountain slopes), and there were not enough defense facilities, because the castle was built for politics and to show their power rather than to defend against the attacks of enemies.
- このルート選定については、信使一行に対する敬意を示しているという見方とともに、徳川家の天下統一の軌跡をたどることでその武威を示す意図があったのではないかとする見方もある。
- According to a viewpoint, this route was selected for paying a respect to the Tsushinshi, but there is another viewpoint of considering that the selection might have been made for showing the Tokugawa family's military prestige by making them trace the route of its unification of Japan.
- 当初は同業の問屋による私的な集団であり、江戸幕府は当初は楽市楽座路線を継承した商業政策を方針としており、こうした組織が流通機構を支配して幕府に対する脅威になる事を恐れた。
- Originally, it was a private group consisting of peer warehouse merchants and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) feared that this kind of organization would control the distribution system and pose a threat to them because the Edo bakufu adopted the commercial policy inherited the course of rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) at first.
- 自然、天皇の即位時に即位灌頂が行われる機会が増え、また、天皇家の側でも権威確立の手段の一つとなる即位灌頂を歓迎する面があり、やがて即位式に即位灌頂が定着していくことになる。
- Naturally, the number of occasion that sokuikanjo was conducted in the enthronement of the emperor was increased and the Imperial Family was welcomed it as a mean to make the authority firm, then sokuikanjo came to stay in the enthronement ceremony.
- また日本に対しては1853年と翌年アメリカ合衆国は東インド艦隊司令長官ペリーとその艦隊を派遣し、軍事的威圧のもとに日米和親条約つづいて日米修好通商条約を江戸幕府と締結した。
- The United States of America dispatched Commodore Perry of the East Indian squadron and other squadrons to Japan in 1853 and the following year, and concluded a Treaty of amity and commerce between the United States and Japan; The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan followed by Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan under military threat.
- しかしながら、後述のように文永の役での日本派遣軍の目的はもともと威力偵察の類いであり、このやり取りも当初からの撤退予定を見越したものではなかったか、という指摘もされている。
- However, as explained later, there is an opinion that the purpose of the expeditionary force to Japan in Bunei no Eki was, from the beginning, a kind of reconnaissance of the fighting strength and this conversation also might have been held based upon a withdrawal plan already made.
- しかし、政宗はそうした親族血縁や幕府の旧権威を良しとせず、伊達氏の勢力拡大を推し進め、足利一門の畠山氏嫡流の流れを汲む二本松氏を打倒し、蘆名氏や旧奥州探題・大崎氏と戦った。
- However, as Masamune did not respect such relationship and old authorities of bakufu, he promoted a territorial expansion of the Date clan by beating the Nihonmatsu clan, a branch family of the Hatakeyama clan (one of the Ashikaga clan), and fighting against the Ashina clan and the Osaki clan, a former Oshu Tandai.
- 彫像、画像等では、不動明王が中心に位置し、東に降三世明王(ごうざんぜみょうおう)、南に軍荼利明王(ぐんだりみょうおう)、西に大威徳明王、北に金剛夜叉明王を配する場合が多い。
- In images such as statues and pictures, often Fudo Myoo is placed in the center, Gozanze Myoo at the east, Gundari Myoo at the south, Daiitoku Myoo at the west and Kongoyasha Myoo at the north.
- 外記方の敗訴が決まるかというその時に、もう一人の裁き手である細川勝元(板倉内膳正に相当)が登場し、宗全を立てながらも弾正側の不忠を責め、虎の威を借る狐のたとえで一味を皮肉る。
- When everyone thinks that Gekizaemon's side will lose, another judge Katsumoto HOSOKAWA (corresponds to Itakura Naizen no Kami [Head of Imperial Table Office]) appears and while paying his respect to Sozen, accuses Danjo's side of their disloyalty, ironically comparing them to a fox borrowing the tiger's might (that means a person acting arrogantly taking advantage of his powerful connections).
- 嵯峨上皇の崩後も太皇太后として隠然たる勢力を有し、橘氏の子弟のために大学別曹学館院を設立するなど勢威を誇り、仁明天皇の地位を安定させるために承和の変にも深く関わったといわれる。
- She had absolute power as a grand empress after the Retired Emperor Saga died, she wielded her influence and established Daigaku besso Gakkan in (accommodation facility built near the University or college by the influential court nobles for their children in the Heian period) for the Tachibana clan, and was deeply involved in the Showa Incident to secure the position for Emperor Ninmyo.
- この流れは公家として京都に残り、平安時代末期に平清盛(高望王流)の正室平時子(二位尼)と、その弟で清盛の威勢によって正二位大納言にのぼった平時忠、異母妹の建春門院平滋子が出た。
- Members of this lineage became court nobles and remained in Kyoto; in the late Heian period, the following prominent figures came from this lineage: TAIRA no Tokiko (Nii no Ama), the lawful wife of TAIRA no Kiyomori (from the lineage of the Prince Takamochi); TAIRA no Tokitada, Tokiko's brother, who was promoted to Dainagon (Major Counselor) of Shonii (Senior Second Rank) owing to Kiyomori's influence; and Kenshunmonin TAIRA no Shigeko, their half-sister.
- 天平9年(737年)には、当時の政治の中枢にいた藤原武智麻呂・房前(ふささき)・宇合(うまかい)・麻呂の四兄弟が、当時猛威をふるっていた天然痘(疫病)で相次いでこの世を去った。
- In 737, four brothers of the FUJIWARA family, FUJIWARA no Muchimaro, Fusasaki, Umakai, and Maro who were central to the politics of the day, subsequently passed away by smallpox which raging at that time.
- 基本的に、諸大名や将軍家では定紋を嫡子だけにしか継がせなかったため、また時代とともに一家系で持ちうる替紋(後述)の数が増えるに連れて、定紋の権威や価値や必要性は強まっていった。
- Basically, Daimyo and Shogun passed Jomon only to their heirs so, authority, value, and the necessity of Jomon were strengthened along with the increase of the number of Kae-mon (as bellow) which were allowed to be possessed.
- (しかし、ヨーロッパ美術界でアカデミック絵画の権威や美術と工芸の境界が揺らぎ始めたこの時期、日本の美術品は前衛的な芸術家らにジャポニズムという強力な影響を与えることとなった。)
- At that time, however, the prestige of academic paintings began to shake and the boundary between arts and crafts became obscure in the European art community, so Japanese art works greatly influenced European avant-gardists and gave birth to Japonisme.
- 摂関政治が確立し始めた9世紀後期から10世紀初頭にかけては、国外へは鎖国主義を採り、国内でも蝦夷侵略がほぼ終結するなど、国内外に大きな脅威がなくなり、国政も安定期に入っていた。
- In the period from the late ninth century to the beginning of the tenth century, when the regency became established, there were no particular threats either at home or abroad because the country took an isolationist policy toward foreign countries, and domestically, the subjugation of the Emishi (Japanese northerners) was almost completed, and the administration had entered a period of stability.
- 仁平3年(1153年)忠盛が没したとき、藤原頼長は「数国の吏を経、富巨万を累ね、奴僕国に満ち、武威人にすぐ」(『宇槐記抄』)と評したが、これは平氏の実力の大きさを物語っている。
- When Tadamori died in 1153, FUJIWARA no Yorinaga said of him 'he governed several provinces, gained riches, obtained followers and was full of military prowess' ('Ukaikisho'), and this indicates the greatness of the Taira clan.
- 麹屋は北野社(現在の北野天満宮)の神人(じにん)身分を得て「麹座」と呼ばれる同業者組合(座)を結成して北野社(本所)の権威を背景に京都西部の麹の製造・販売の独占権を有していた。
- Obtaining the position of jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) at Kitano-sha Shrine (present Kitano Tenman-gu Shrine), the kojiya formed a guild called 'koji-za' and had exclusive rights to produce and sell koji malt in the western part of Kyoto backed by the authority of Kitano-sha Shrine (honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor)).
- 古く縄文時代の遺跡から見つかる勾玉などのアクセサリー、日本神話に見られる三種の神器(勾玉・鏡)などから初期の衣類を含めた身体装飾には権威的・呪術的な意味があったと考えられている。
- Accessories such as magadama (a comma-shaped bead) found in the old remains of the Jomon period, and three sacred imperial treasures (magadama and mirror) appearing in the Japanese Mythology showed that clothing accessories including clothes of an early date had meanings of authority and magic.
- それとともに宋代以降、禅宗は看話禅(かんなぜん)という、禅語録を教材に老師が提要を講義する(提唱という)スタイルに変わり、臨済を初めとする唐代の祖師たちの威容は見られなくなった。
- Also since the Song dynasty, the Zen schools changed to a Kannazen style in which masters give lectures using transcripts of Zen talks and the masters became not to display the same majesty as those in the Tang dynasty including Rinzai.
- その昔、東京都台東区浅草の伝法院(でんぼういん)の門番が、寺の威光を笠に着て、近隣の小店や見世物小屋で、無銭利用や傍若無人な振る舞いをしたことから、粗野で乱暴者という意味であった。
- It originally described characteristics of men who were rude and violent, and the word came from a legend in which a long ago, a gatekeeper of Denbo-in Temple in Asakusa, Taito Ward, Tokyo, did not pay his fees and behaved outrageously at nearby shops and show tents, taking advantage of the privileges of being associated with the temple.
- 後に源氏の分家である足利家は室町幕府を開き、武士の勢力の伸張と天皇家の権威・権力の衰退にも助けられ、15代240年にわたり征夷大将軍として日本に君臨し、外交、内政、軍事を差配した。
- Later the Ashikaga family, a branch family of the Minamoto clan established Muromachi bakufu, and partly because of the expansion of the power of bushi (warriors) and the decline of the authority and power of the Emperor, reigned over Japan as Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and conducted foreign affairs, domestic administration, and military affairs over 15 generations for 240 years.
- 転輪聖王の宝馬が四方に馳駆して、これを威伏するが如く、生死の大海を跋渉して四魔を催伏する大威勢力・大精進力を表す観音であり、無明の重き障りをまさに大食の馬の如く食らい尽くすという。
- This is Kannon who ranges over the ocean of life and death, symbolizing great power of briskness and effort to conquer Four Hindrances, as if the treasure horse of Tenrinjoo (universal ruler) ranges over all around to conquer, and it is said it eats up the heavy hindrance of avidya just like a gluttonous horse.
- 天下太平の江戸時代に入ると、武士同士による激しい戦はほとんどなくなり、合戦における敵味方の区別のように実用的だった家紋の役割は変化していき、一種の権威の象徴となっていったのである。
- During the peaceful, tranquil, rather uneventful, Edo Period, there were few hard battles fought among samurai so, the former practical role of Kamon, such as; distinguishing friend from foe in battle, had changed to be a kind of symbol of authority.
- 結局、一連の内紛で幕府そのものが衰微し京都周辺を収めるだけの地方政府へと転落し、辛うじて守護に代わって全国に割拠した戦国大名への権威付け機関としての存在感を示すだけのものと化した。
- But as a result of this series of internal squabbles, the bakufu itself had fallen into decline, and was now capable of exerting control only over the area immediately surrounding Kyoto, transforming into an institution that just barely managed to take the place of the shugo and survive as the titular authority over the Sengoku-period daimyo who each struggled to defend his authority over his own territory.
- 鎌倉幕府の権威を背景に荘園を侵略し、豊作凶作にかかわり無く一定額の年貢で荘園管理を一切請け負わせる地頭請や、荘園を地頭分と領家分に強引にわける下地中分など、一部で横暴も多くあった。
- With the backing and authority of the Kamakura bakufu, jito could (and many did) treat shoen very harshly; given their total contractual power over shoen to collect the predetermined amount for the annual tax regardless of whether it had been a good or a poor harvest, and their power forcibly to divide the land in a shoen into the jito's private section and the (absentee) owner's section, many jito were oppressive and little more than tyrants, in a sense.
- しかしその一方で戦国期に復興した天皇の権威は、鎌倉幕府を模範とした独立型の幕府としたはずなのに、世の中の安定と共に大日本史の編纂を契機にして江戸幕府の朝廷からの委任論が大きくなる。
- On the other hand, authorities of the Emperor, which were restored in the Sengoku period, once turned into an independent-type bakufu which was modeled on the Kamakura bakufu; however, along with the stability of lives and editing of the Great Japanese History, the delegation from the Imperial Court of the Edo bakufu became larger.
- また、政務の交替とともに朝廷の高官・要職が一斉に入れ換えられ、一方の皇統の治天が下した訴訟の判決が他方の皇統の治天によって安易に覆されるなどの混乱も生じ、朝廷の権威の低下を招いた。
- Since the high officials and important positions were all changed when the heads were changed, confusion such as the judgment of a court cases during a Chiten in one line being easily upturned by the other line's Chiten occurred and this led to a decline in the Imperial Court's authority.
- 中でも加賀鳶は派手な衣装と独自の髪型で人気が高く、加賀百万石・準御三家といった家格の誇りもあって、町家と大名屋敷が隣接する地域では火事の度に威勢のいい町火消しとの衝突が絶えなかった。
- Among them, Kagatobi were popular owing to their flashy outfit and unique hair style, and having their pride in family status of 'Kaga hyaku-man-goku'(one million koku of rice produced annually) and 'quasi-Tokugawa gosanke', and they had endless clashes with Machi hikeshi every time there was a fire in areas where traditional town houses and daimyo yashiki (mansion of a feudal lord) stood close by.
- 藤原 威子(ふじわら の いし(たけこ)、長保元年12月23日 (旧暦)(1000年2月1日) - 長元9年9月6日 (旧暦)(1036年9月28日))は、日本の摂政藤原道長の四女。
- FUJIWARA no Ishi (Takeko) (February 6, 1000 - October 4, 1036) was the fourth daughter of FUJIWARA no Michinaga, who held the title of Sessho (regent).
- これに対しては、即位詔という公式の宣言の中で天皇を無視し、天皇の権威よりも皇太子のほうが優越していたという事実を是認することは穏当ではないとする批判があり、現在では支持されていない。
- Toward this theory, some scholars criticized that it is not appropriate to admit the fact that the dominance of the crown prince over the emperor's authority was advocated in the official oath like the imperial edict, ignoring the presence of the emperor, and nowadays, this theory is not supported.
- しかしながら、権威が失墜したわけではなく、五七桐が内閣・政府の紋章として事例書などを下付する場合など慣例的に用いられ、最近では、海外において日本の総理大臣の紋章として定着しつつある。
- However, the authority of Kiri-mon is not diminished and Goshichi kiri is used as the emblem of the Cabinet and government as customary during the issue of case documents, and recently it is being established as the emblem of the Japanese prime minister abroad.
- しかし、江戸末期から昭和や平成に至るまで、その時代時代の民俗学者の著書の発行と民俗学による権威付けが、妖怪という日本の民族文化の衰退の歯止めとして、一役買ったことは否めないであろう。
- However, from the end of the Edo period until the Showa and Heisei periods, it cannot be denied that publications of books by folklorists of the time and the prestige placed by folklore played a role in preventing the disappearance of yokai as an ethnic culture of Japan.
- 日本統治の第2期は西来庵事件の1915年から1937年の盧溝橋事件であり、国際情勢の変化、特に第一次世界大戦の結果、西洋諸国の植民地統治の権威が失墜し、民族主義が高揚した時期である。
- The second phase of Japanese rule was from 1915 when the Silaian Incident broke out to 1937 when the Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred, during which time the authority of colonialism by the Western countries fell and nationalism emerged due to the change of the world situation, especially after World War I.
- しかし、後に臣従して「日本国王良懐」(『太祖実録』の記述による)として冊封を受け、中央では既に南朝勢力は衰微していたものの、懐良親王は明の権威と勢力を背景に独自に九州に南朝勢力を築く。
- However, later on, Kanenaga followed SHU, and he was granted the title of 'King of Japan Kanenaga' (based on the record of 'Taiso Jitsuroku' - the history of the founder) under sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors), and with the help of Ming's authority and power, Imperial Prince Kanenaga built the Southern Court force in Kyushu, even though the Southern Court forces had waned in the center of the politics.
- また天台密教は、鎮護国家、増益延命、息災といった具体的な霊験を加持祈祷によって実現するという体系(使命)を持ち、山王にも「現世利益」を実現する霊威と呪力を高める性格を与えたようである。
- As the Tendai esoteric Buddhism is systematized to realize specific miracles including the protection of the nation, enrichment and longevity, and good health by the magico-religious rites and prayers as its mission, it gave the Sanno shinto a feature of intensifying mysterious power and magical power to realize 'divine favor in this life'.
- ところが大航海時代以降世界に進出、支配領域を拡大したヨーロッパ、続く帝国主義の波に乗ったアメリカ合衆国によるアフリカ・アジア進出・侵略・植民地化は、東アジア各国にとっても脅威となった。
- However, European countries which started to explore the world after the Age of Geographical Discovery to expand their areas of dominance and the USA which rode on the wave of continuous Imperialism and made a foray into Africa and Asia for incursions and colonization became a threat for East Asian countries.
- 征夷大将軍を戴く御家人制度の立て直しを図る泰盛の改革は御家人層を拡大し、将軍権威の発揚して得宗権力と御内人の幕政への介入を抑制するもので、得宗被官である頼綱らに利害が及ぶものであった。
- Yasumori's reforms aimed to reorganize the Gokenin system (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura period) overseen by Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) in order to expand the Gokenin class and enhance the shogun's authority to prevent any increase in Tokuso's power and Gokenin's intervention into politics, which would influence the position of Yoritsuna and other Tokuso's vassals.
- 井伊大老が試みていた、幕政を雄藩との協調体制から幕閣主導型に回帰させ、朝廷の政治化を阻止する、という路線が破綻したばかりか、幕府の権威も失墜し、幕末の尊王攘夷運動が激化する端緒となる。
- The Ii Tairo's policy to prevent the Imperial Court from taking initiatives in politics by removing the coalition of dominant clans from government in favor of the Shogunate government failed, and, not only that, but the authority of the Shogunate had begun to fade, leading to the escalation of the Sonno Joi Movement (the movement that supported the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners).
- この状況を見た将軍・義輝は上杉謙信(関東管領)をはじめとする親将軍家の戦国大名の支援を受けながら、将軍権威の再建に努めるが、その矢先松永一派のクーデター(永禄の変)によって暗殺された。
- Shogun Yoshiteru observed these events and resolved, even as he accepted the support of Sengoku daimyo families closely allied with the Shogun, especially Kenshin UESUGI (the Kanrei of the Kanto region), to try to wrest back the power and prestige of the office of Shogun, only to be assassinated during a coup d'etat (known as the Eiroku Incident) by the faction led by Matsunaga, who was the primary target of Yoshiteru's efforts.
- さらに義満は叙任権、祭祀権や元号の改元、治罰の綸旨の封印など権限を奪っていき治天の権限を代行して天皇・朝廷の権威は史上最も低下した(『室町の王権』、『天皇家はなぜ続いたのか』今谷明)。
- Because Yoshimitsu usurped the Emperor and Imperial Court's authorities, including patronage, the right to hold a festa, change in era name, and sealing of jibatsu no rinji (imperial order to punish enemies), his ability to carry out actions under Chiten authority resulted in the lowest authority by the Emperor and Imperial Court in history ('Muromachi no oken' (regal power of Muromachi) and 'Tenno-ke wa naze tsuduitanoka' (Why has Emperor's family lasted?) by Akira IMATANI).
- 西国大名を接待に動員することで大名の勢力削減をおこない、一方で幕府の権威を示し、かつ大坂・江戸間の行列を圧縮することにより幕府の経費を節減できるという一石三鳥の効果を狙ったものである。
- This plan was aimed at producing the following three effects at the same time: Reducing the power of the lords in the west part of Japan through mobilizing them to attend to Tsushinshi, exhibiting the prestige of the bakufu, and reducing the cost burdened by the bakufu through canceling the procession between Osaka and Edo.
- 自検断権の象徴たるこれらの膨大な刀槍、銃器が完全に廃棄されたのは、第二次世界大戦の敗戦後、警察が軍国主義の排除という名目と占領軍の武力と威光を背景に、没収の実行に成功してからであった。
- It was after losing in the World War II when the police succeeded in confiscating and destroying completely these large amount of swords, spears, and firearms, the symbols of the right of Jikendan, under the guise of elimination of militarism and backed by the force and prestige of the occupation forces.
- 威仁親王の嗣子・栽仁王は父に先じて早世したが、有栖川宮3代の勲功に鑑み、大正天皇は親王の臨終に際し、特旨を以って第3皇子・高松宮宣仁親王に高松宮の称号を与え、有栖川宮家の祭祀を継がせた。
- Prince Takehito's adopted child, Prince Tanehito, died before his father, but he endeavored to make the third generation of Arisugawa no miya, and when the Prince died the Emperor Taisho gave the name of Takamatsu no miya, as an exception, to the third prince, Takamatsu no miya Nobuhito, to succeed Arisugawa no miya in family events.
- 1865年(慶応元年)に実施された幕長戦争の失敗以降、江戸幕府の権威は失墜し、慶応2年になると京都では幕府の立てた(長州藩を朝敵とする内容の)制札が引き抜かれるという事件が頻発しだした。
- After their failure in the Baku-cho War (war between bakufu and Choshu) carried out in 1865, the authority of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) collapsed, and in 1867, the noticeboards (that says Choshu clan is Emperor's enemy) placed by the bakufu were frequently pulled out in Kyoto.
- しかし承久の乱(1221年)以降の天皇の権威の失墜は著しく、元寇に当たっての外交的処理や唐船派遣などの外国貿易など、いずれも鎌倉幕府の主導の下に行われており、武家一元化の動向を示していた。
- However, the loss of the Emperor's authority after the Jokyu War (1221) was remarkable, and like diplomatic efforts against Genko (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) and foreign trade, sending ships to Tang, they were both lead by the Kamakura Bakufu, and showed the unity of power amongst Buke.
- その上、出汁を取る、などの調理技術が未発達で、各自が塩や酢などで自ら味付けをしていた上に、珍しいものを食べる事によって貴族の権威を見せつけ、野菜を「下品な食べ物」とみなして摂取しなかった。
- Moreover, cooking techniques such as the creation of stock was not developed yet, and each person seasoned his or her meal with salt and vinegar at the table; besides noble people tried to show their power by eating rare foods. They regarded vegetables as 'low-class foods' and did not eat them.
- 朕惟フニ我カ皇祖皇宗惟神ノ大道ニ遵ヒ天業ヲ経綸シ万世不易ノ丕基ヲ肇メ一系無窮ノ永祚ヲ伝ヘ以テ朕カ躬ニ逮ヘリ朕祖宗ノ威霊ニ頼リ敬ミテ大統ヲ承ケ恭シク神器ヲ奉シ茲ニ即位ノ礼ヲ行ヒ昭ニ爾有衆ニ誥ク
- 朕惟フニ我カ皇祖皇宗惟神ノ大道ニ遵ヒ天業ヲ経綸シ万世不易ノ丕基ヲ肇メ一系無窮ノ永祚ヲ伝ヘ以テ朕カ躬ニ逮ヘリ朕祖宗ノ威霊ニ頼リ敬ミテ大統ヲ承ケ恭シク神器ヲ奉シ茲ニ即位ノ礼ヲ行ヒ昭ニ爾有衆ニ誥ク
- その弾薬は拳銃弾やライフルよりはるかに大きく、比較にならない威力(この場合は刃への衝撃力および刃に与えられる捻り)だった、結果は、六発まで耐えたが、刀身が一気に削られ、真二つにちぎり折れる。
- The bullets were much bigger than those used in a gun or a rifle and had incomparable power (in this case, the impact on the blade and the twist against the blade), and the result is that the blade endured up to 6 bullets, but then the body of blade was ground down at once and broke in two.
- ただし、この「白装束の者」たちは「白装束」という甚だしく「異形の者」たちであるため、鎌倉武士団その他の実際の軍勢では無く、「筥崎宮の八幡神による神威の顕現」の類いを描写したものと考えられる。
- However, these 'people in white' are so 'uncanny' that they are considered as a kind of 'manifestation of the power of the God of War in Hakozaki-gu Shrine' and not the warriors of the Kamakura shogunate nor any other actual force.
- 荘園内での開発が進展するにともない、不輸の範囲や対象をめぐる開発領主と国司の対立がはげしくなると、荘園領主の権威を利用して国司の使者の立ち入りを認めない不入の権 (日本)を得る荘園が増えた。
- With the progress of developments in shoen, conflict between kaihatsu-ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) and kokushi intensified over the scope and the target of Fuyu (tax exemption), and more and more shoen acquired Funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering their property) so they could take advantage of refusing the entry by kokushi's envoy.
- 経実は権大納言どまりであったが、その子大炊御門経宗(1119年 - 1189年)は二条天皇の外舅として勢威をふるい、左大臣に昇って清華家の家格を確保した(経宗は閑院流公実の女公子を母とする)。
- Tsunezane was promoted only up to supernumerary chief councilor of state, but his son Tsunemune OINOMIKADO (1119 to 1189) held the reins of power as the maternal father of Emperor Nijo and was promoted to minister of the left so as to ensure the kakaku (family status) of the Seiga Family (Tsunemune's mother was Kimiko, a daughter of Kinzane KANINRYU).
- この頃、朝鮮半島や中国の沿岸などで倭寇(前期倭寇と呼ばれる)と呼ばれる海上集団が活動し始めており、懐良親王は倭寇の取り締まりを条件に明朝から冊封を受け、「日本国王」としての権威で勢力を強める。
- Around this time, maritime groups of pirates called Wako (meaning Japanese pirates) began to raid the coasts of the Korean peninsula and China (these are labeled the 'early period Wako' to distinguish them from later pirate groups of the same name), and a request, called a Sakuho, from the Ming court that the pirates be brought under control was sent to Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, addressed to the 'King of Japan'; Kaneyoshi thereby received a boost to his authority.
- 海軍大佐として巡洋艦「高雄」艦長在任中の明治24年(1891年)、威仁親王はロシア帝国のニコライ皇太子(後のニコライ2世)来日の際、外国留学の経験を買われ明治天皇の名代として接待役を命じられた。
- While the Prince was a Captain of the cruiser 'Takao' in 1891, he was ordered to accompany Prince NicholasⅡ(Later called NicholasⅡ) (Nikolay Aleksandrovich) of Russian Empire who came to visit Japan, as he was credited for some his experience studying overseas.
- 文語体:例は威勢よき黒ぬり車の、それ門に音が止まつた娘ではないかと両親に出迎はれつる物を、今宵は辻より飛びのりの車さへ帰して悄然と格子戸の外に立てば、(樋口一葉『十三夜』1895年)岩波文庫から
- Literal style: When a black colored car stopped at the gate, her parents, thinking that their daughter had come back, always greeted her, but tonight she left the car which she had picked up on the street and stood with a heavy heart in front of the lattice door ('Jyusanya' by HIGUCH Iichiyo, 1895, from Iwanami Bunko)
- 日露戦争において終始優勢を保っていた日本は、これ以上の戦争継続が国力の面で限界であったことから、当時英仏列強に肩を並べるまでに成長し国際的権威を高めようとしていた米国に仲介を依頼し交渉を行った。
- Realizing that its national resources had reached the limit and, hence, it could not continue with the war any longer, Japan, which had been keeping the advantageous position all through the Russo-Japanese War, requested the U.S.A., which had at that time comparable power to the great world powers, the U.K. and France, and was eager to enhance its international status, to mediate the negotiation between them.
- 律令制下における国司による地方統治は、民衆に対して古来の首長権の権威をもって望む郡司層との協力関係に依存するものであったが、しだいにこの権威は平安時代初期の律令制のほころびとともに低下していく。
- The local governance by Kokushi under the ritsuryo system relied on a cooperative relationship with the class of Gunji, who ruled with the authority of ancient chieftainship over people, but this authority declined gradually along with fraying of the ritsuryo system in the early Heian period.
- 偽計又は威力を用いて、監督委員、調査委員、管財人、保全管理人、個人再生委員、管財人代理又は保全管理人代理の職務を妨害した者は、三年以下の懲役若しくは三百万円以下の罰金に処し、又はこれを併科する。
- A person who, by the use of fraudulent means or force, has obstructed the performance of duties of a supervisor, examiner, trustee, provisional administrator, individual rehabilitation commissioner, trustee representative or provisional administrator representative shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not more than three years or a fine of not more than three million yen, or both.
- これは、カリスマ的指導者である西郷に対抗して権威のある貴種を旗印として用いるためと、どちらか一方を総司令官にせずに、同じ中将の2人を副官に据えることで、陸軍と海軍の勢力争いを回避するためであった。
- This is because the government needed a person of noble birth with authority as their symbol to oppose the charismatic leader SAIGO and also had to avoid causing a power struggle between the Army and the Navy by appointing Lieutenant General and Vice Admiral to the seconds-in-command instead of appointing one of them to the supreme commander.
- 「(西洋諸国において)聘門往来などの盛儀大典あるときは、各国たがいに(国歌の)楽譜を謳奏し、以てその特立自立国たるの隆栄を表認し、その君主の威厳を発揮するの礼款において欠くべからざるの典となせり」
- 'In the case of grand ceremonies held when official diplomats visit (in the Occidental countries), every country plays the musical score (of their national anthem) as an indispensable sign to represent prosperity as an independent country and show the dignity of the sovereign ruler.'
- 古来、琵琶法師には盲目の人々が多かったが、『平家物語』を語る職業人として鎌倉時代頃から「当道座」と言われる団体を形作るようになり、それは権威としても互助組織としても、彼らの座(組合)として機能した。
- Biwa-playing minstrels, who were often blind from ancient times, began forming a group called 'Todo-za,' a group of professionals who narrated the 'Heike Monogatari' (Tale of the Heike), from around the Kamakura period, and this association (za) functioned as the authority and an organization that provided mutual aid for the members.
- 折から幕法に反して京都に藩邸を置く諸大名を制御できず、京都の治安維持さえ独力でおぼつかない幕府と、幕藩体制の根幹である「武士」の武力に対する信頼とその権威は、この敗北によって急速になくなっていった。
- When the shogunate government could neither stop feudal lords setting up their residenes in Kyoto against the shogunate order, nor maintain the public order in Kyoto by its own efforts, the reliance on the shogunate government and its authority as well as the trust in the military power of samurai, which was the backbone of the shogunate and domain system, fell rapidly after this defeat.
- 邦良も幼い男子を遺しており、彼らも将来は後醍醐の強力なライバルとなり得る立場にあって、後醍醐の「一代主」としての立場は幕府の権威のもとでますます明確となり、彼の倒幕志向もますます強まることになった。
- Kuniyoshi also left a young son, and he was also in a position to be a strong rival of Godaigo in the future, and the position of Godaigo as a 'One-generation-head' was becoming even clearer under the authority of the bakufu and his tendency towards overthrowing the bakufu became stronger.
- 延暦寺は日吉大社の神輿、興福寺は春日大社の神木などの「神威」をかざして洛中内裏に押し掛けて要求を行ない、それが通らない時は、神輿・神木を御所の門前に放置し、政治機能を実質上停止させるなどの手段に出た。
- Enryaku-ji Temple and Kofuku-ji Temple exercised the authority of kami such as mikoshi (portable shrine) of Hiyoshi-taisha Shrine and shinboku (sacred tree) of Kasuga-taisha Shrine, respectively, when they went to the Imperial Palace in Rakuchu (inside the capital Kyoto) to make their demands; if it did not work, they would take actions like leaving mikoshi and shinboku at its gate, practically halting the political function.
- 使いを遣わして貢物を献じた目的として、中国大陸の文明・文化を摂取すると共に、南朝の威光を借りることによって、当時の日本列島中西部の他の諸勢力、朝鮮半島諸国との政治外交を進めるものがあったと考えられる。
- The purpose of dispatching envoys and presenting tribute seems to have been to develop a political diplomacy with the other powers in the mid-western part of Japanese archipelago and Korean peninsula with the help of the prestige of the Southern Dynasty, as well as absorbing the civilization and caulture of the Chinese continent.
- 18世紀中期の『隣忠見聞集』に「甚左衛門、源四郎、源三郎、今の甚左衛門」といった役者名が挙がり、『三井寺』の「三井寺の威徳ぞめでたかりける」のくだりで打った頭が見事であったため流儀の名としたと伝える。
- 'Rinchu Kenmonshu' (The Collection of Noh Anecdotes), which was issued in the middle of the 18th century, lists some performer names such as 'Jinzaemon, Genshiro, Genzaburo, and the current Jinzaemon,' and it also insists that the school was named after their brilliant drumbeats made along with the passage 'the itoku (virtue and influence) of Mii-dera Temple is satisfactory' in the Noh play titled 'Mii-dera Temple.'
- (これにさきだち同年9月11日に「十月十三日是朕生日毎至此辰威慶兼集宜令諸寺僧尼毎年是日転経行道海内諸国竝宜断屠内外百官賜酺宴一日仍名此日為天長節庶使廻斯功徳虔奉先慈以此慶情普被天下」と勅が下された)。
- (Prior to this, an imperial decree was issued on September 11the same year '十月十三日是朕生日毎至此辰威慶兼集宜令諸寺僧尼毎年是日転経行道海内諸国竝宜断屠内外百官賜酺宴一日仍名此日為天長節庶使廻斯功徳虔奉先慈以此慶情普被天下').
- このように明朝に於いて確立した朱子学の権威は、明朝統治下のほぼ全域に亘り巨大な力を持つにいたったのだが、明朝政権下の中でも最も商業の発達していた江南には、明初期以来、朱子学と微妙な距離を置く人々がいた。
- Under the Ming Dynasty, in which it was first established, Shushigaku's influence became very strong in most regions, although in Jian Nang, the dynasty's most commercialized area, some people had kept a slight distance between themselves and Shushigaku since the early Ming period.
- 例えば、寛喜新制の制定を巡っては藤原頼資や藤原定家が新制の濫発による権威の低下や施行を巡って政変が起きていることを指摘して批判している(『民経記』寛喜3年8月29日条・『明月記』寛喜2年4月19日条)。
- For example, FUJIWARA no Yorisuke and FUJIWARA no Sadaie criticized the establishment of Kangi shinsei, pointing out the loss of authority of shinsei caused by its excessive issue and the outbreak of political disturbances over its enforcement. (According to the section of March twenty-nine of the 3rd year of Kangi era in 'Minkeiki '(the journal by Tsunemitsu HIROHASHI) and the section of April 19 of second year of Kangi era in 'Meigetsuki' - Chronicle of the Bright Moon)
- 明治12年(1879年)、威仁親王は太政官より、イギリス海軍シナ海艦隊旗艦・「アイアン・デューク(Iron Duke)」への乗組みを命ぜられ、約1年間、通常の若手士官と同じように過酷な艦上作業に従事した。
- In 1879 Imperial Prince Takehito was ordered by the General Council of State to go aboard the British Navy China sea fleet flagship, 'Iron Duke,' he worked under hard conditions the same as other young navy officers, on the warship, for a whole year.
- 対外政策としては明に替わり日本がその中心になる華夷思想を打ち出し、ルソン・琉球国・高山国(当時、台湾に存在すると考えられていた国)・李氏朝鮮などに服属と朝貢を求める武威を背景にした強硬政策を推進している。
- In regards to diplomatic policy, Hideyoshi insisted 'Sinocentrism' in which Japan would be the center instead of Ming and based on military force, applied a hard-line policy that required Luzon, Ryukyukoku, Takasagun (the country believed to exist in Taiwan in those days), Joseon Dynasty and others to yield allegiance and bring tributes to Japan.
- これにより、5世紀ごろには簡易な官僚制が形成されていたとして、それまでの王の権威を権力の源泉としていた「ヤマト王権」から王を中心とする政治組織が権力を担う「ヤマト政権」への転換がなされたとする見方もある。
- As seen from these organizational changes, it is thought that a simple bureaucratic system was already being formed around the fifth century; there is an opinion that during this time, the 'Yamato Kingdom', where the king's authority was the source of power, was replaced by the 'Yamato administration', where a political organization, with a King at the center, held the power.
- 主な御内人は、長崎氏、紀氏、飯尾氏、安東氏 (曖昧さ回避)など累代の御内人の他、三浦氏、和田氏、安達氏など北条氏に排斥された元有力御家人一族の生き残りや北条氏支流など多岐に渡り、得宗家の威光がしのばれる。
- The main clans serving as Miuchibito included as diverse as successive generations, such as the Nagasaki clan, the Ki clan, the Inoo clan, and the Ando clan (historically clear ones), and the remainders of former Gokenin, who were purged by the Hojo clan, such as the Miura clan, the Wada clan, and the Adachi clan and minor branches of the Hojo family, which showed the political power of the Tokuso family.
- その後、麹屋側の巻き返しにより天文_(元号)14年(1545年)には再度北野麹座による麹の独占が許されるものの、室町幕府の権威が完全に失墜した状況下では時は既に遅く、やがて麹造りは酒屋業の一工程となった。
- After that, though the monopoly of the koji malt by Kitano koji za was permitted again in 1545 due to the catch up by Kitano koji za, it was too late, as the Muromachi bakufu had fallen from power, and the production of koji malt had become integrated into the sakaya industry.
- 親王は貞子・董子どちらの妃との間にも王子女に恵まれなかったため、慣例に従うなら別の宮家を創設するか臣籍降下するはずであった異母弟の有栖川宮威仁親王を、自身の後継者にすることが生前に明治天皇から許されていた。
- The Prince did not have any children either with Sadako nor Tadako, it was approved by Emperor Meiji before he died, to have his half younger brother, Arisunogawa no Miya Imperial Prince Takehito as his successor, who was supposed to have established a new Miyake or have been demoted from nobility to subject according to custom.
- 天皇は日本の歴史において重要な権威を有していたが、実際に君主として統治権を行使していた期間は、天皇が存在していた期間と比べ極端に短く、ほとんどが天皇以外の貴族や武家、官僚などによって統治権は行使されている。
- The Emperor held important authority in Japanese history, but the length of the period which the Emperor held the actual sovereignty as the ruler is extremely short compared to the length of the period the Emperor had existed, and most of the sovereignty was held by nobilities other than the Emperor, samurai families, bureaucracy, etc.
- 幕末期には十二世正員の代に義兄の正孚とのあいだで宗家継承の争いがおこり、維新後の能楽衰退と相まって宗家の権威が衰える一因となったが、高弟生駒秀三郎、三須錦吾(一時芸事総取締)らによって流儀の伝統は守られた。
- During the last days of the Edo period, the 12th head Masakazu had a dispute over succession with his brother-in-law, Seifu (正孚), and together with the decline of Nohgaku after the Meiji Restoration, it became one of the causes of the decline of the authority of the head family of the school, but the tradition of the school was preserved by senior pupils, Shuzaburo IKOMA, Kingo MISU (general director of entertainment for a while) and others.
- 神社仏閣や城郭の天守を想起させる切り妻の屋根飾りに合掌組を反曲させた曲線(写真建物の上端部)は、宗教性や権威を誇るディテールであり、また、極楽浄土へいざなう入り口を示すシンボリックな側面を合わせ持っている。
- A curve (at the upper end of the photo) of the recurved principal rafter is used to decorate a gable roof, reminding people of shrines and temples, or the tenshu (keep or tower) of a castle is a detail that proudly denotes religion and authority while having a symbolic feature showing the entrance leading to the Pure Land of Amitabha.
- (ただし、家康と対抗可能な勢力を誇っていた前田利家が存命中は、徳川家が豊臣家を上回る権威を持つことは阻止できており、利家が秀吉の死から僅か8ヵ月後に病死しなければ家康の政権獲得は困難だったとも考えられる。)
- (However, the Toyotomi clan could control the Tokugawa clan while Toshiie Maeda was alive, because Toshiie could compete with Ieyasu: if Toshiie had not passed away only eight months after Hideyoshi's death, Ieyasu might have had difficulty in gaining control of the government.)
- 幕府の臣下であるはずの水戸藩へ朝廷から直接勅書が渡されたということは幕府が蔑ろにされ威信を失墜させられたということであったため、幕府は勅条の内容を秘匿し、大老井伊直弼による安政の大獄を起こす引き金となった。
- The fact that the chokusho was delivered directly from the Imperial Court to the Mito Domain that was regarded as a vassal of the bakufu meant that the bakufu was ignored and lost its dignity, so the bakufu kept the contents of the document confidential, which led to trigger the Ansei no Taigoku (suppression of extremists by the bakufu) by Naosuke II, Tairo (chief minister).
- その権威が頂点に達したのは太平洋戦争時であり、昭和13年(1938年)の国家総動員法が発令された頃より、軍部により現人神(あらひとがみ)と神格化され、天皇を中心とした戦時国家体制が作られた(皇国史観を参照)。
- It was at the time of the Pacific War that authority reached its peak, and after the period when the National General Mobilization Act was issued in 1938, the Emperor was deified as Arahitogami, and the system of the nation under war with the Emperor in the center was established by the military (refer to Kokoku Shikan, or Emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto).
- 強硬派から(マシュー・ペリー同様嫌がらせのために)測量や航路研究のためとし朝鮮近海に軍艦を派遣して軍事的威圧を加える案が出ると、外務大輔の寺島宗則は太政大臣三条実美や右大臣岩倉具視の了承を得てこれを承認した。
- The hard-liners of Japan suggested to Munenori TERASHIMA, Gaimu-taifu (post of Foreign Ministry) to dispatch a warship to inshore of Korea in the name of measuring the coastline and investigating passages (to harass them as well as Matthew [Calbraith] PERRY did), and he accepted it under the approval of Sanetomi SANJO, the Grand Minister, and Tomomi IWAKURA, Minister of the Right.
- これは御鈴廊下を隔てた表向きにおいて、大老や老中といった幕府の機構上の最高責任者がいても、時代によっては将軍が最も寵愛する御側用人がその将軍の権威のみを背景に幕政の諸事万端を司っていたことがあるのと同様である。
- This happened across Osuzuroka, the political administration, although Tairo (chief minister) and roju (senior councilor) were assigned as chief governmental executives, the shogun's favorite sobayonin (lord chamberlain) administrated various government matters based on the Shogun's authority.
- そして、1493年(明応2)の明応の政変前後を契機として、低下した権威の復活に失敗した守護大名は、守護代・国人などにその地位を奪われて没落し、逆に国人支配の強化に成功した守護大名は、領国支配を一層強めていった。
- Starting around the Meio-no-seihen (明応の政変) in 1493, the shugo daimyo that had failed to regain authority were ousted from their positions by shugo-dai and kokujin, while those that succeeded in tightening the control of the kokujin further strengthened the provincial control.
- これは、平安時代の包丁式に由来し、珍しいものばかり食べる事によって権威を見せつけ、尚且つ、仏教の影響から味の美味いまずいを論じてはいけない、という考えからと、加熱調理は誰でも出来る、という考えから来たものである。
- This originates in the kitchen knife ceremony held during the Heian period, and also based on the idea that, due to the influence of Buddhism, it should not be discussed as to whether a dish is tasty or not, while showing off their authority by eating rare food, and the idea that anyone can create a meal by heating.
- 中世以後、技能・芸能を家業とする特定の家の間で、それぞれの家が持つ技能・芸能の世界とその背景に存在する専門性・普遍性・伝承性・権威性などの価値感を「道」に擬えて、家と道(技能・芸能)の関係が説かれるようになった。
- Since the Medieval Period among the specific families which had skills and performing arts as their family businesses, people preached the relationships between the family and the professional skill or performing art as their 'Michi (way)' by comparing each family's world of the skill or performing art and the values of the back grounds like specialty, universality, tradition, authority and others.
- 大名行列は本来、戦時の行軍に準じた臨戦的・軍事的な移動形態(帯刀する刀の長さも通常の長さより大きなものでもよいなど)であったが、江戸時代の太平が続くと次第に大名の権威と格式を誇示するための政治的なものに変容した。
- Daimyo-gyoretsu initially referred to a form of military traffic preparing for battles which was based on a march in war time (for example, longer swords than ordinary one were allowed to carry), but as peace in Edo lasted long, it gradually changed to a political thing to show off their authority and social status.
- 序文については『日本書紀』で触れられた『天皇記』・『国記』に相当するものを装った偽書であり、物部氏の権威付けのために、その筋に近い物が創作した可能性が高いと言われている(藤原明『日本の偽書』文藝春秋、2004年)。
- With regard to the preface, it is considered that the preface is gisho, assuming that it corresponds to the prefaces for 'Tennoki' (a Record of the Emperors) and 'Kokki' (a National Record), and that a person familiar to the Mononobe clan created the story in order to give authority to the Mononobe clan (Akira FUJIWARA, 'Nihon no gisho' (a book of gisho, apocryphal book in Japan), Bungei shunju, 2004).
- 一、冤罪も御免の上は、双方とも誠心を以て相合し、皇国の御為に砕身尽力仕り候事は申すに及ばず、いづれの道にしても、今日より双方皇国の御為め皇威相輝き、御回復に立ち至り候を目途に誠しを尽くして尽力して致すべくとの事なり
- Article 6 : When the false charge is cleared up, both the Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain are sure to be reconciled sincerely with each other and to do their best for the sake of the Japanese Empire, and regardless of the result of the Satsuma Domain's appeal about the charge, both clans shall make every effort from today with sincerity to revive and extend the imperial authority for the empire's sake.
- だが、戦国時代_(日本)に入り、幕府の権威は低下して下剋上によって幕府の力に依存せずに自力で領国を形成した戦国大名達はこの特権を否定し始めるとともに、自らの権限としてこれを付与あるいは剥奪を行うようになっていった。
- After the Sengoku Period, however, the authority of the bakufu declined and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who formed their own territories by winning gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) without dependence on the bakufu's power not only began to deny the privilege but also came to grant or despoil it as their own rights.
- そこで高橋は幕府に伊能を推薦し、当時ロシア帝国南下の脅威に備えて海岸線防備を増強する必要があった蝦夷地(現在の北海道)の測量を兼ねて、その往復の北関東・東北地方を測量することで子午線1度の測定を行わせるよう願い出た。
- Thus TAKAHASHI recommended INO to the Bakufu and asked for permission to measure a degree of the meridian by surveying North Kanto and Tohoku regions on his way to and from Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu, the present Hokkaido) which he would survey as well because coastal defense had to be strengthened there in case of an advance southward of the Russian Empire.
- この寺は、754年(天平勝宝6年)唐から日本へ渡来した智威大徳が修行した坊に始まるとされ、その後延暦年間(782年~806年)最澄がこの地に寺を建立したと伝えられ、弘仁年間(810年~824年)空海が入寺したという。
- This temple is reported to have originated in bo (a priest's lodge) where Chii Daitoku, who had come from Tang (China) in 754, performed his ascetic practices, and later, where Saicho built a temple during the period from 782 through 806, and where Kukai entered the temple as a priest from 810 to 824.
- 寛永4年(1627年)に紫衣事件、徳川家光の乳母である福(春日局)が無位無官で朝廷に参内するなど天皇の権威を失墜させる江戸幕府のおこないに耐えかねた天皇は同6年11月8日、二女の興子内親王(のちの明正天皇)に譲位した。
- Because of the incidents such as Shie Incident of 1627, and another in which Fuku (Kasuga no tsubone), the wet nurse of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, went to the Imperial Palace as a common citizen, the Emperor could not take the situation whereby he had to live with the humiliation from the Edo government, so he abdicated the throne on November 8, 1627 and passed the position to his second daughter, Imperial Princess Okiko (later called Empress Meisho).
- しかし18世紀後半から、征夷大将軍の権力は天皇から委任されたものであるから、将軍に従わなければならないとする大政委任論が学界で提唱されるようになり、将軍の権威付けとともに天皇の権威性も見直されていくようになっていった。
- However in the latter half of the eighteenth century, a theory called Taisei Inin Ron, that says people must obey the shogun since the power of Seii Taishogun is entrusted by the Emperor, was proposed in the learned society, and the nature of the authorities of both shogun and the Emperor had begun to be reconsidered.
- しかし英国が日本寄りの姿勢だった事もあり、イギリスの国際法の権威、ジョン・ウェストレーキおよびトーマス・アースキン・ホランド博士によって国際法に則った処置であることがタイムズ紙を通して伝わると、英国の世論も沈静化する。
- However, public opinion cooled down because of the British stance in favor of Japan allowed the Times to carry opinions of experts of International Law, Doctors John Westlake and Thomas Erskine Holland, that Japan took measures following International law.
- 九州制覇を目指す島津義久は、天正14年(1586年)に入ると豊後侵攻 (島津氏)を開始し、12月には戸次川の戦いで豊臣・大友連合軍を撃破し、大友義統は島津氏の勢威を恐れて豊前国に逃亡し、豊後はほぼ島津氏の支配下に入った。
- Aiming to conquer Kyushu, Yoshihisa SHIMAZU launched an invasion of Bungo in 1586 and defeated the Toyotomi and Otomo allies in the Battle of Hetsugigawa in January 1587, on which occasion Yoshimune OTOMO fled to Buzen Province in fear of the power of the Shimazu clan, virtually leaving Bungo in control of the Shimazu clan.
- イギリスに香港島を割譲、九竜・新界租借地、威海衛租借地を与え、ロシアに旅順大連租借地(後に日本が譲渡され関東州租借地)や東清鉄道利権を与え、ドイツに膠州湾租借地を、フランスに広州湾租借地を与えた他、日本に台湾を割譲した。
- Hong Kong Island was ceded to Great Britain, and Kowloon, the New Territories, and Weihaiwei were leased to this nation; the Lushun and Dalian Leased Territory (later ceded to Japan and renamed the Kwantung Leased Territory) was leased to Russia, and interests in the Eastern Chinese Railway were given to this nation; the Gouzhouwan Leased Territory was leased to Germany; the Kwangchowan Leased Territory was leased to France; and Taiwan was ceded to Japan.
- 釜山における国交交渉が数年間継続しても挫折しつづけてきたことに焦れた日本はマシュー・カルブレース・ペリーの江戸湾来航の前例に倣い、ソウル特別市に近い江華島で威迫交渉することで一挙に積年の懸案を解決しようと図ったのである。
- As Japan grew anxious that the negotiation of diplomatic relations at Busan repeatedly failed over the course of several years, it tried to solve the long-standing problem at a stroke by exercising a menacing negotiation at Ganghwa Island near Seoul special city, following the precedent of Matthew Calbraith PERRY's arrival at Edo Bay.
- 日ごとに権力を増す信長に脅威を抱いた朝廷は、信長の朝廷に対する忠誠心を計るため、天正10年(1582年)に「いか様の官にも任ぜられ」(どのような官位も望みのままに与える)と記された誠仁親王の親書(誠仁親王御消息)を送る。
- The Imperial Court sensed a threat from Nobunaga who had been increasing his power day by day and, in order to measure Nobunaga's loyalty to the Imperial Court, sent in 1582 a letter from the Imperial Prince Sanehito that read 'You may have any official position that you wish to have.' to Nobunaga (Sanehito Shinno Goshosoku (letters of the Imperial Prince Sanehito)).
- 特に律令制に基づいて統治が行われた奈良時代は、古代からの地方首長の末裔である郡司層の首長権に由来する権威を利用しつつ、国司四等官の主催する国衙機構が、戸籍を編纂して朝廷の統治領域全体に個別の人別支配の網を張り巡らしていた。
- Especially in the Nara period when the nation was governed based on the Ritsuryo system, the system of kokuga (the region the provincial governor of the Ritsuryo system ruled), which was managed by kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor), extended individual dominance by person throughout areas ruled by the Imperial court by preparing census while taking advantage of authorities originated from chieftaincy of the Gunji (local magistrates) who were scion of the regional chiefs.
- これを、南部氏が政季を傀儡とし北方海域の各地に広く分布していた安藤氏の同族を掌握したため、北方海域の安定化と幕府権威の浸透につながったとし、このとき下国家は断絶し潮潟安藤政季から新たに檜山安東氏が始まるとしている説がある。
- According to one theory, the Nanbu clan used Masasue as a puppet player, to control the Ando line families settled in a wide range of the northern maritime area, and this policy contributed to the stabilization of the northern maritime area and the penetration of the bakufu's influence into this area, and from this point, the Shimonokuni family was discontinued and the Hiyama Ando clan emerged from Masasue ANDO of Shiokata, in return.
- ただ、このときの源義朝と、常重から相馬郷の新券(証文)を責め取った下総守藤原親通の利害関係はよく判らないが、元木泰雄は下総守藤原親通が摂関家に従属する位置にあったので、大殿・藤原忠実の権威を利用して押さえたと想定している。
- It is uncertain, however, what interests MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo and the Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi, who compelled Tsuneshige to acquire a deed of the Soma-go village, had at that occasion, but Yasuo MOTOKI assumes that since the Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi was in a position dependent of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the regent and the chief adviser to the Emperor), he captured the mikuriya using the authority of his head master FUJIWARA no Tadazane.
- これにより、男系の後継者がいない有栖川宮家は皇室典範の定めによって断絶が確定したが、威仁親王の教育を受け、身分を越えて親王を慕っていた大正天皇は有栖川宮家の維新以降の功績を特に慮り、第三皇子の宣仁親王にその祭祀を継承させた。
- After his death, following the Imperial Family Law, it was decided for the Arisugawa no Miya family to be discontinued as there was no male successor in the family, Emperor Taisho who was taught by Imperial Prince Takehito and was fond of him although there was a difference in social standing, the Emperor considered the achievements of the Arisugawa no Miya family especially after the restoration, he let the third Prince, Imperial Prince Nobuhito succeed to the ritual of the family.
- これは朝廷の権威が失墜して、禁中並公家諸法度などによって朝廷にすら支配権を及ぼして「公儀」の体制と「封建王」的な地位を獲得した徳川将軍家でさえ、その支配の正統性は天皇による将軍宣下に依存しなければならなかったことを意味する。
- It means that even the Tokugawa shogun family, who eclipsed Imperial Court's authority, exerted control over Imperial Court by the 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles) etc., and gained the structure of 'kogi' (shogunate) and the position of 'feudal king,' had to rely on the appointment by the Emperor in order to legitimate their dominion.
- 幕府は朝廷権威に接近して権力の再構築を図る公武合体政策を行うが、公家の岩倉具視や、薩摩藩の西郷隆盛(吉之助)、大久保利通、小松帯刀、長州藩の桂小五郎(木戸孝允)、広沢真臣などの尊皇攘夷派らは、王政復古、武力討幕路線を構想する。
- Bakufu approached the authority of the Imperial Court and conducted Kobu-gattai (公武合体)policies targeting the re-establishment of their power, but the Sonno joi (尊王攘夷)faction, including the court nobles Tomomi IWAKURA, Takamori SAIGO (Kichinosuke), Toshimichi OKUBO, Tatewaki KOMATSU of the Satsuma clan, Kogoro KATSURA (Takayoshi KIDO) and Saneomi HIROSAWA of the Choshu clan, plotted the acceptance of restoration of imperial rule and tobaku by military power.
- 自己若しくは他人の刑事事件の捜査若しくは審判に必要な知識を有すると認められる者又はその親族に対し、当該事件に関して、正当な理由がないのに面会を強請し、又は強談威迫の行為をした者は、一年以下の懲役又は二十万円以下の罰金に処する。
- A person who, in relation to his/her own criminal case or the criminal case of another person, forcibly demands without justifiable grounds a meeting with any person or intimidates any person deemed to have knowledge necessary for investigation or trial of such case, or a relative of such person, shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not more than 1 year or a fine of not more than 200,000 yen.
- 江戸時代には日本の古典研究などを行う国学が発達し、外国船の来航が多発し、アメリカのマシュー・ペリーやロシアのプチャーチンらが来航して通商を求めると、幕府は条約締結に際して朝廷の勅許を求めたため、天皇、朝廷の伝統的権威が復興する。
- During the Edo period the study of Japanese literature and culture (particularly the study of Japanese classic literature) flourished, and many foreign vessels came to Japan; when Matthew Calbraith Perry of the United States and Evfimiy Vasil'evich Putyatin of Russia came to Japan and requested trade, Bakufu requested permission by the Imperial Court, whereupon the traditional authority of the Emperor and the Imperial Court were revived.
- そして5月11日昼過ぎ、京都から琵琶湖への日帰り観光からの帰り道、ニコライ、ニコライと共に来日していたギリシャ王国王子・ゲオルギオス (ギリシャ王子)(ゲオルギオス1世の三男)、威仁親王の順番で人力車に乗り大津市街を通過していた。
- In the afternoon on May 11, on the way back to Kyoto after a day trip to Lake Biwa, Nicholas, Prince George of Greece (the third son of George I of Greece), and Imperial Prince Takehito rode on a rickshaw one by one in this order, and they were going through Otsu City.
- 探題は管領と同じ権限を持ったと思われるが、のちに奥州の有力国人は将軍家と直接主従関係を結ぶ「京都扶持衆」となり、奥州南半には篠川御所、稲村御所など鎌倉公方の分家が入府し、勢力を持っていたため、奥州管領時代のような威勢は無くなった。
- Although Tandai (Local commissioner) is thought to have possessed the same authority as Kanrei did, it was not so influential as in the period of the Oshu Kanrei, due to the facts that the powerful Kokujin in the Oshu region later became 'the Kyoto fuchishu' by entering into the feudal master-servant relationship directly with the Shogun family and that the branch families of the Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) including Sasagawa Gosho (Palace) and Inamura Gosho entered into the southern part of the Oshu region and exercised influence.
- 大まかには乙音(低音階)、甲音(高音階)、さらには調べ、半音、当り、揺り、止め(極高音)などを様々に組み合わせて、獅子吼に擬して仏の説法とし、悪魔降伏の威力を発揮し、更には山中を駈ける修験者同士の意思疎通を図る法具として用いられる。
- Combined with a variety of sounds such as otsuon (low pitch), kanon (high pitch) as well as shirabe, hanon (semitone), atari, yuri, and tome (very high pitch), it is considered to be a Buddhist preaching, has the power to beat evil spirits, and is even used as a tool of communication between monks who run up mountains.
- ヨーロッパでのフューダリズム(封建制)が、外民族の移動・侵入などと強く結び付いて形成されたのに比し、日本の封建制はむしろ武士による統治などの国内的要因が主となって形成された(天皇を始めとする貴族は武士の権威を根拠付ける存在である)。
- In Europe, the formation of Feudalism (Hoken system) was closely related to foreigners' migration and invasion, the Hoken system in Japan, on the other hand, was mainly triggered by domestic factors including samurai ruling (nobility, including the Emperor, authorized the power of samurai).
- これに着目した徳川家康は、1602年、本願寺のすぐ東(六条烏丸)の土地を教如に与え、最大の宗教勢力であった本願寺の勢力分散をはかった(自身も三河時代に一向一揆に苦しめられた経験を持っており、本願寺教団の力を大きな脅威と感じていた)。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA focused attention on this and gave land to the east of Hongwan-ji Temple (Rokujo Karasuma) to Kyonyo in 1602, aiming for the deconcentration of the power of Hongwan-ji Temple, which was the largest religious group (Ieyasu had suffered through the Ikko Ikki when he was a lord of Mikawa Province and felt seriously threatened by the power of Hongwan-ji Temple).
- 例えば全国に支配権を敷いていた武家政権の君主である征夷大将軍への就任も形式上は天皇の宣下によって行われることになっており、その権力者は天皇の権威を利用し、その政敵を朝敵(天皇の敵)などに指定させ、その統治権を正当化することが多かった。
- For example, the assumption of Seii Taishogun, who was the sovereign of samurai government which had supremacy throughout the country, was claimed to be granted by the Emperor in a form of Imperial proclamation, and most of the time, the man at power used the Emperor's authority to make a political opponent as choteki (enemy of the Emperor) to justify his right to rule.
- これは他の分野でも同様の現象が起きており、やがて特定の博士家が博士の職を世襲するために、家説を秘伝化・神秘化しながらこれに権威性と絶対性を与えていくことによって、学術そのものを氏族内部のみで世襲化する「家学」へと発展させることとなる。
- The same phenomena took place in other fields, and in order to take up the position of hakase by heredityparticular hakase families developed the learning itself into 'kagaku' inherited within the clan by making their family's theory esoteric and mystified, and by giving it authority and unequivocalness.
- 外家拳は少林拳を代表とする、剛直に激しく戦う拳法、内家拳は太極拳を代表とする、威力を内面に秘めて呼吸と調和させる、一見緩慢としか見えない拳法とする説もあるが、この分類は近年に出来たもので、実際にはどの拳法も両面を兼ね備えていると言える。
- There is a theory that the external group, including Shaolin Kung Fu, features the integrity and strong way of fighting, and the internal group, including Taiqiquan, features the seemingly-sluggish movement holding power inside the body along with breathing, but they were classified in recent years and in fact both groups have a combination of those features.
- 一切の解説文がないため、どのような妖怪を意図して描かれたものかは想像の域を出ないが、妖怪ではなく実在の動物であるヤマアラシを描いたもの、またはヤマアラシが全身の棘によって相手を威嚇するという断片的な情報が妖怪視されたもの、などの説がある。
- Because no detailed description is attached to it, no one can be sure what kind of Yokai (specter) the Yama-arashi represents, but some say that the Yama-arashi is not Yokai but merely an illustrated figure of the real animal, porcupine (yama-arashi in Japanese), or that fragmented information that a porcupine uses its spines to threaten other animals created the fictitious Yokai, Yama-arashi.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)以降は、貢納品の独占販売権を取得し座と同様の活動を行ったが、その特権の源泉であった天皇家の権威喪失とともに聖性を失い、一部には大商人として成功する者が出た反面、被差別民の起源のひとつともなったとする部落の起源論争もある。
- Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Kugonin had obtained the exclusive sales rights of the presents and conducted activities similar to those of Za, however, they lost their holiness with the loss of the dignity of the Imperial Family, which was the source of their privileges, some of them succeeded as large-scale merchants, and it is disputed that they were the origin of buraku one of the origins of the discriminated people.
- 唐物とは文字通り唐渡りの品であり、バサラ文化においては、現代でいうとグッチやカルティエのごときブランド物のように、珍奇なものということで大いにもてはやされ、吉田兼好などの知識人からは煙たがれていたわけだが、これを義満は好み、権威づけていった。
- Karamono was the item from Kara (China or Korea) as according to the word, and it was greatly popular as unique goods by the Basara culture such as Gucci and Cartier of modern times and was a nuisance for intellectuals such as Kenko YOSHIDA, but Yoshimitsu favored it and became an authority in that field.
- 本来は高価な唐物名物を用いた茶の湯への反抗であり、楽茶碗や竹製の花生、量産の漆塗り茶入である棗 (茶器)といった安価な道具を用いるものであったが、江戸時代に家元が権威化すると、箱書や伝来、命銘などによってこれらの道具も名物へと転化してしまった。
- Originally, they started wabicha to oppose the use of expensive karamono such as Meibutsu and, instead, were using inexpensive utensils including rakujawan, bamboo vases and lacquered tea container natsume (tea utensil), but as the head family of the school was taking power in the Edo period, such inexpensive tea utensils became Meibutsu because of hakogaki (description written on tea utensil's case), records of history and naming.
- 清洲織田氏の三家老の一人であった弾正忠家の織田信定とその子の織田信秀はその才智と経済力を背景に主家を凌ぐ力をつけ、信秀の代には活発に軍事行動を展開し尾張統一を進めるとともに、美濃国の斎藤氏や三河国の松平氏、駿河国の今川氏と抗争し、武威を示した。
- Nobusada ODA of the Oda Danjo no jo family, which was one of three Karo (chief retainers) of the Kiyosu Oda clan and his son Nobuhide ODA got stronger than the main family due to their wisdom and economic power, Nobuhide stepped up his military operations and struggled for unification of Owari Province, and contended with the Saito clan in Mino Province, the Matsudaira clan in Mikawa Province and the Imagawa clan in Suruga Province to raise military prestige.
- 新井としては、「征夷大将軍」は日本国内でこそ威権があるが海外では何を意味するのかが不明であり、大君の称も朝鮮では王子の嫡子に対する称号として用いられていたため、この際、足利時代にも一度国書で使用された「国王」に変更すべきであるというものであった。
- Although Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) had authority in Japan, the role of Seitaishogun was unclear in abroad and also, the title of Tycoon was used for heir of prince in Korea, so Arai proposed to change the address to 'King' that was used in sovereign's message in the Ashikaga period.
- 6代将軍足利義教は、管領などに対抗して将軍の権威を高めるために、将軍が主宰・臨席する御前沙汰の権威強化に乗り出し、雑訴のみならず所務も御前沙汰の評定対象として加え、実務を担当する右筆・奉行人の中から御前沙汰衆を選んで御前沙汰への参加資格を与えた。
- To strengthen the power of shogun against the shogunal deputy and others, the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA started out to extend the influence of gozen-sata that was chaired and attended by the shogun -- he included shomu (land management) as well as zasso on the agenda of gozen-sata, and also organized gozen-sata shu (members of gozen-sata) from working-level officials of yuhitsu (amanuenses) and bugyonin (magistrates) and qualified them to attend gozen-sata.
- 執行官は、職務の執行に際し抵抗を受けるときは、その抵抗を排除するために、威力を用い、又は警察上の援助を求めることができる。ただし、第六十四条の二第五項(第百八十八条において準用する場合を含む。)の規定に基づく職務の執行については、この限りでない。
- A court execution officer may, if he/she faces resistance when performing his/her duties, use force or request police assistance in order to eliminate such resistance; provided, however, that this shall not apply to performance of duties based on the provisions of Article 64-2(5) (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 188).
- モンゴルから国号を改めた元 (王朝)は、1274年(文永11)10月に九州北部を襲撃したが、数日で撤退した(今日では、文永の役における元軍の撤退理由が暴風雨、いわゆる神風が吹いたためとする説は信憑性が低いとされ、威力偵察が主目的であったとされる)。
- The Yuan Dynasty which developed from the Mongol empire, attacked northern Kyushu in October 1274, but retreated after a few days (today, there is little credibility to the account that the reason for the retreat of the Yuan army during the Bunei War was a severe storm, the kamikaze (divine wind), and it is considered that the main reason for the attack was a reconnaissance of military strength).
- 威仁親王は生来体が弱く、艦長時代も度々休職して静養するなどしていたが、栽仁王の薨去後はそのショックもあって体調が悪化し、明治42年(1909年)から薨去に至るまで、現在の兵庫県神戸市垂水区にあった有栖川宮家の舞子別邸で家族を東京に残して静養を行った。
- Imperial Prince Takehito was born weak, he had to take time off for rest while he was a Captain, after Prince Tanehito died, his health got worse as he was shocked by the Prince's death, he rested in Arisugawa no Miya family's villa in Maiko located presently in Tarumi Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture from 1909 to his death, leaving his family behind in Tokyo.
- 家元制度は家学宗家の権威を高める一方で家元である宗家当主は門人を免許の発給を通じて家学を支配していく役目に転化していったため、勿論家元に相応しい技能を有した宗家当主も存在したものの、それに相応しい能力を有しない継承者の隠蔽の役割も果たすことになった。
- While the iemoto system enhanced the authority of the head family of the iemoto, because the role of the family head changed into the one ruling kagaku through issuing a license to the pupils, the family head also assumed the role in hiding the successor who was not competent even though some family heads themselves were not competent to the iemoto.
- 豊臣政権から徳川氏の政権である江戸幕府に交代してからは次第に禁止令は緩まり、また江戸幕府は自己の権威を京の朝廷の上に置こうとしていた傾向から、同様の菊紋は仏具の金具・彫刻や和菓子の造形、又は暖簾の図柄に用いられるなど、一般人への使用・普及に拍車を掛けた。
- Under the Edo bakufu, during the administration of the Tokugawa clan after the Toyotomi administration, the regulation gradually became tempered and the Edo bakufu tended to present its authority to be higher than that of the Imperial Court in Kyoto, so the usage and prevalence of Kiku-mon among common people had been spurred by ornaments such as clasps and carvings of Buddhist objects, design of Japanese cakes and the design of store curtains.
- しかし国司請負制により権限が強化された国司は、自領のように扱いはじめた国衙領を増やすため、天皇の代替わりに際して「新政」として発布された荘園整理令を根拠とし依然として収公を進めることが多く、領家の権威だけでは荘園の所有が維持できないケースが多く見られた。
- Meanwhile, being granted a more powerful authority due to the contract system of kokushi (provincial governors), kokushi often executed confiscation on grounds of the Manor Regulation Act issued as a 'new policy' when the Emperor changed in order to increase kokugaryo (territories governed by the provincial government office) as their own territories; therefore, there were many cases that the authority of ryoke was insufficient to maintain Shoen ownership.
- だが、日本のこの要求はこの列強間の「暗黙の了解」を破棄するものであり、更に清朝が直隷と渤海_(海域)を挟んで向かい合った遼東半島を失う事でその政治的権威が失墜して国内の政情が不安定になるような事態の発生は、各国の対中国政策を根底から揺るがせるものであった。
- Therefore, the Japan's demand for the Liaodong Peninsula broke the 'tacit agreement' among the world powers and also influenced the policy of each country toward China, because if the Qing Dynasty lost the Liaodong Peninsula which was located on the opposite side of the Choku-rei region across Bokkai (marine area), Qing's political power would fall, which might result in a precarious political situation of China.
- 、長崎の出島への折衝のみを前提としてきた幕府のこれまでの方針に反して、江戸湾の目と鼻の先である浦賀に強行上陸したアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリーとやむなく交渉した幕府は、翌年の来航時には江戸湾への強行突入の構えをみせたペリー艦隊の威力に屈し日米和親条約を締結した。
- In 1853 the shogunate government was forced to change the conventional foreign policy that foreign negotiation should be conducted only in Dejima island in Nagasaki and have talks with Matthew Perry of the United State who landed defiantly at Uraga, in the backyard of Edo, and next year concluded the Japan-U.S. Treaty of Peace and Amity, yielding to the pressure from the Perry squadron in readiness to enter the Edo Bay.
- だが、延べ数十万の兵士を都に集結させて11年にもわたり戦闘が続いたにも関わらず、主だった将が戦死することもなく、ただ惰性的に争いを続けてきた挙句に守護大名たちが獲得を目指していた幕府権力そのものが権威を失墜させてしまい、結果的に獲得するものは何もなかったのである。
- However, in spite of the 11-year duration of the war involving an aggregate of hundreds of thousands of soldiers mobilized into the capital, it was a war continued by inertia, tolling the life of none of major military leaders; moreover, the authority of the Bakufu power itself, which shugo daimyos had been vying for, was already lost, eventually nothing for them to win.
- すなわち上記のマルクス史観的に捉えれば、 '百姓' というのは本来差別的な意味を内包する用法にもかかわらず、自分達の階級に対する対自的な把握手法として認識された場合、それは転換されたスティグマとして、他者に対するアイデンティティの示威としての意味を持つことになる。
- Specifically, in view of the Marxist history described above, although the term 'hyakusho' originally had a discriminatory meaning, when the term is recognized as self identification of his or her rank, it comes to have a meaning of demonstrating his or her identity to other people as a converted stigma.
- ただし、内戦状態が解消して安定状態がもたらされた江戸時代には、表向き禁止された百姓の一揆が結成され、それによる権益要求の示威活動(強訴)が行われても、一揆側で真に戦闘時に威力を発揮する鉄砲や弓矢といった飛び道具の持ち出しは自粛されるなど、一定の妥協が成立していた。
- In the Edo period after civil wars had ended and the nation was stabilized, although the peasants formed ikki in spite of the ostensible prohibition and held demonstrations (goso) to demand their rights, a certain compromise had been reached, and those on the side of the ikki refrained from using such long range weapons as muskets and bows which were most effective in battle.
- 一方、畿内では、吉崎より移った蓮如が文明14年(1482年)に建立した、京都山科本願寺が本拠地であったが、その勢威を恐れた細川晴元は日蓮宗徒と結び、天文 (元号)元年(1532年)8月に山科本願寺を焼き討ちした(真宗では「天文の錯乱」、日蓮宗では「天文法華の乱」)。
- Meanwhile, in Kinai, the headquarters were Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple, which Rennyo, moving from Yoshizaki, had built in Kyoto in 1482, and Harumoto HOSOKAWA, being afraid of its influence, set fire to Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple in August in 1532 in conspiracy with Nichiren Shu followers (Shinshu calls this 'Tenbun no Sakuran,' and Nichiren Shu 'tenbun Hokke no Ran').
- 韓国併合ニ関スル条約(1910年) 韓国皇帝及び韓国皇族に相当な尊称、威厳及び名誉を享有させること等が約され、s前韓國皇帝ヲ册シテ王ト爲シ皇太子及將來ノ世嗣、太皇帝及各其儷匹ノ稱呼ヲ定メ竝ニ禮遇ノ件により、前韓国皇帝に対して「王」の身分が与えられる等した(王公族制度)。
- The Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty (1910): The Emperor of Korea and the imperial family were entitled to suitable honorific titles, authority and honor, and in accordance with the Act, which acknowledges the former Emperor of Korea as King, establishes titles for each prince, future successor, and the empress, and treats them with courteous reception, the status of 'king' was granted to the former emperor of Korea, a system known in Japanese as Okozoku.
- 貸金業を営む者又は貸金業を営む者の貸付けの契約に基づく債権の取立てについて貸金業を営む者その他の者から委託を受けた者は、貸付けの契約に基づく債権の取立てをするに当たつて、人を威迫し、又は次に掲げる言動その他の人の私生活若しくは業務の平穏を害するような言動をしてはならない。
- Persons who engage in the Money Lending Business or persons who have been entrusted by a person who engages in the Money Lending Business or by any other person with the collection of claims under the Contract for a Loan pertaining to such persons engaging in the Money Lending Business shall not, in collecting claims under the Contract for the Loan, intimidate persons, act in any of the following ways, or act in any way which may harm the tranquility of a person's personal life or business operations:
- 台湾領有については松方、陸奥、伊藤ら日本政府要人も1894年以来、その領有の必要性や目的を意見書「威海衛を衝き台湾を略すべき方策」(伊藤)、「台湾島鎮撫策に関して」(陸奥)などでマレー半島や南洋群島に進出する根拠地、中国大陸に将来版図を展開する際の根拠地とする意見を表明していた。
- Leaders in the Japanese government such as Matsukata, Mutsu, and Ito expressed their opinion in their papers on the aim and necessity for Japan to occupy Taiwan based on its expansion to the Maly Peninsula and the South Sea Island or as a base in the future to conquer territory on the Chinese continent since 1894: for example 'Strategy for occupation of Taiwan by attacking Weihaiwei' (Ito), and 'A measure to pacify the Taiwan Island' (Mutsu).
- 根拠として、本来モンゴル帝国の軍事行動では、事前に兵力100〜1万規模での敵地への威力偵察を数度段階的に行った後、本格的な侵攻を行う場合が多く、また『元史』「日本伝」には元軍の矢がすぐに尽きたという記述が見られることと、3万人程度(中には非戦闘員もいる)という少ない兵力からこの説も根強い。
- This theory is persistent, based upon the following facts; the army of the Mongol Empire in many cases performed several reconnaissances in a phased manner before a serious invasion, with a number of soldiers varying from a hundred to ten thousand; arrows run short soon in the Yuan army as described in 'Nihon Den' of 'Genshi;' and the number of soldiers was small, about thirty thousand (including non-soldiers).
- 建武の新政は表面上は復古的であるが、内実は蒙古的な天皇専制を目指し、武家を排除した公家中心の政権運営を敷き、性急な改革、土地訴訟への対応の不備や恩賞の不公平、大内裏建設計画などその施策の大半が各方面、特に武士勢力の不満を呼び、また有名な二条河原の落書に観られるようにその無能を批判され、権威を全く失墜した。
- The Kenmu Restoration appeared to be a reactionary movement, but was in fact an old and ignorant imperial dictatorship, and most of the measures introduced, such as aristocracy-centered political management that excluded the samurai, sudden reforms, inability to handle lawsuits for land, inequality in rewards, and the unreasonable Daidairi Construction Plan, caused discontent in various sectors, especially in the samurai class. As a consequence, criticism of the government for its incompetency grew, as was evidenced in the famous Nijogawara Graffiti, and the government completely lost power over the public.
- 大社自体も大宮(大比叡・本地釈梼如来)、二宮(小比叡・本地薬師如来)を山王両明神とし、聖真子(本地阿弥陀如来)を加えて山王三所または三聖といい、やがて八王子(本地千手観音)、客人(本地十一面観音)、十禅師(本地地蔵菩醍)、三宮(本地普賢菩醍)を加えて山王七社(上七社)となすなど、総本山の威容を整え始めた。
- Hiyoshitaisha Shrine began to have its dignified appearance as the head shrine by having Daigu (or Daihiei, original enshrined deity: Shakuju Nyorai) and Ninomiya (or Kohiei, original enshrined deity: Yakushi Nyorai) as gracious deities at both sides, by adding Shoshinshi (original enshrined deity: Amida Nyorai) later to collectively call three of them Sanno Sanjo or Sansei, and by further adding Hachioji (original enshrined deity: Senju Kannon), Kyakujin (original enshrined deity: Juichimen Kannon), Juzenji (original enshrined deity: Jizo Bodai), and Sangu (original enshrined deity: Fugen Bodai) to collectively call them Sanno nanasha (Kami nanasha).
- 正暦2年(991年)に最初の女院となった東三条院藤原詮子の待遇を定めるについては、まったく前例がない新儀であったことと、一条天皇の生母ではあるが、皇后の経歴がないために権威において一段劣る彼女をあえて后位よりも上位に位置づける必要があったことから、上皇の待遇が参考とされ、これがその後の女院の待遇の先例となった。
- In the decision of the treatment of Higashisanjoin FUJIWARA no Senshi who became the first nyoin in 991, the treatment of Joko was taken into account to decide her treatment because it was an unprecedented procedure and it was necessary to rank her, who was the real mother of Emperor Ichijo but inferior in authority to the Empress due to lack of the career as an empress, above the Empress, and that became the precedent of the treatment of following nyoins.
- また、皮肉にもこれまで将軍の権威をないがしろにしてきた諸大名も将軍の権威が本当に失われてしまった事でそこに由来していた守護としての統治権そのものの権威までが失われてしまい、配下であった守護代や国人衆による下克上、更には加賀一向一揆や山城国一揆に代表される民衆の一揆からもその領国支配を脅かされるようになっていくのである。
- Moreover, somewhat ironically, the very daimyo that had begun by making light of the Shogun's authority found that when that shogunal authority was truly lost, their own authority and sovereignty as shugo (governors) vanished, and many were overthrown by their deputies or by commoners from their provinces in the phenomenon known as gekokujo (the lower overthrowing the higher); worse yet, peasant uprisings and religious leagues, of which the Kaga Ikko Ikki (a religious league of commoners in Kaga) and a similar Ikki in Yamashiro Province are representative examples, began to threaten the lords' control over their lands.
- 戦国時代における合戦には、示威行動や小競り合いといった、低強度の武力闘争から、戦国時代に含めるか否かは別として、少なくとも戦国時代の延長線上にはある関ヶ原合戦のように、国内を二分しての会戦・決戦といった、後の国家総力戦にある程度擬し得る戦争形態、さらには、文禄・慶長の役である文禄・慶長の役まで、多様な戦争形態が見られる。
- Battles in the Sengoku Period include various forms of war such as armed conflict with low-intensity like demonstrative actions or skirmishes, a form of war that was to a certain extent comparable to later all-out war like the Battle of Sekigahara which was a decisive battle fought by dividing all forces in Japan into two and even if there is a doubt if we can say that it occurred in the Sengoku Period, it was on the extension of the Sengoku Period, and the Bunroku/Keicho War which was war to invade a foreign country.
- 裁判長は、証人が特定の傍聴人の面前(法第二百三条の三(遮へいの措置)第二項に規定する措置をとる場合及び法第二百四条(映像等の送受信による通話の方法による尋問)に規定する方法による場合を含む。)においては威圧され十分な陳述をすることができないと認めるときは、当事者の意見を聴いて、その証人が陳述する間、その傍聴人を退廷させることができる。
- The presiding judge may, if he/she finds that a witness will be intimidated and be unable to make sufficient statements in front of a specific observer (including cases where the measure prescribed in paragraph (2) of Article 203-3 (Shielding Measure) of the Code is taken and cases where the method prescribed in Article 204 (Examination through Communication by Audio and Visual Transmissions) of the Code is used), have such observer leave the court while said witness makes his/her statements, after hearing the opinions of the parties as to such measure.
- 滋子はその美貌を頼むだけでなく、「大方の御心掟など、まことにたぐひ少なくやおはしましけん(心構えが実に比類なくていらした)」(『たまきはる』)とあるように、万事につけてしっかりとして几帳面な性格で、女房が退屈しないよう気配りを怠らず、いつ後白河や高倉が来ても良いように絶えず威儀を正し、後白河が御所にいる時はいつも同殿して食事を共にとった。
- Shigeko was not only just beautiful, as it was mentioned in 'Tamakiharu,' 'she had an extraordinary meticulous nature,' she exercised good self discipline for any occasion,' she always paid attention that the ladies in waiting did not get board, or she was constantly behaving in a dignified manner to welcome Emperor Goshirakawa and Emperor Takakura, she always stayed with Emperor Goshirakawa in the Palace while he visited her and had meals together.
- 室町幕府においては、守護(守護大名)に対して、既存の大犯三箇条に加えて、苅田狼藉検断、使節遵行権、段銭徴収権などの広範な権利が付与されていたが、幕府御家人は、足利将軍家の威光を背景に守護使不入の特権を得て、守護からの段銭徴収を拒絶し、幕府からの段銭要求に対しても幕府への直接納付(京納)が認められて守護からの加重徴収の危険を免れる事を可能とした。
- In the Muromachi bakufu, extensive rights were given to shugo (or shugo daimyo, shugo that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), such as Karita Rozeki Kendan (the shugo's right to suppress provincial warriors who entered shoen unlawfully to harvest rice, and to prosecute and convict them), Shisetsu Jungyo Ken (a right empowered to shugo to implement shisetsu jungyo, in which shugo who received orders from the bakufu sent jungyo-shi, emissaries, to a region and have them execute the orders) and Tansen Choshu Ken (a right to collect surtax), in addition to the existing Taibon Sankajo, but bakufu gokenin (an immediate vasal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) who had been granted the shugoshi-funyu privilege backed by the authority of the Ashikaga family positioned to accede to the shogunate, refused collection of tansen (surtax) from shugo, and responded to one from the bakufu as direct payment to the bakufu (known as kyono) was approved, which enabled them to escape from a danger of being surcharged by the shugo.
- この頃は天皇の権威の低下が著しく、室町幕府三代将軍足利義満は、自分の子足利義嗣を皇位継承者とする皇位簒奪計画を持ったと言われるが、義満の死後、朝廷が義満に太上(だいじょう)天皇の尊号を贈ろうとした際には、室町幕府四代将軍足利義持がこれを固辞している(義満が自分より義嗣をかわいがっていたため、父を快く思わなかったためといわれている)ので、その真相については未だ定かではない。
- Around this period, the Emperor's loss of power was remarkable, and the 3rd Shogun of Muromachi Bakufu, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, is said have planned to take over the Imperial throne by making his son, Yoshitsugu ASHIKAGA, heir, but since the death of Yoshimitsu, when the Imperial Court tried to give the honorable title Daijo Tenno to Yoshimitsu, the 4th Shogun of Muromachi Bakufu, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, strongly refused to accept this (it is said that it was because he didn't like his father since Yoshimitsu cared more about Yoshitsugu than himself), the truth is not yet certain.
- しかしながら公家は実権は失っていたものの茶道・俳諧等の文化活動においてその嫡流たる天皇の権威高揚に努め、天皇は改元にあたって元号を決定する最終的権限を持っていたこと(元号勅定の原則)を始め、将軍や大名の官位も、儀礼上全て天皇から任命されるものであり、権威の源泉として重要な意味を持つ存在であった(これに対しても幕府が元号決定や人事への介入を行い、その権威の縮小・儀礼化を図っている)。
- However, even though Kuge had lost their actual power, they strived to elevate the authority of the Emperor as the main branch of a family in cultural activities such as sado (tea ceremony) and haikai (seventeen-syllable verse), and starting with the final authority to decide the name of era when changing it, all official court ranks of shogun and daimyo were ceremoniously granted by the Emperor, and the Emperor was an existence having important meaning as the source of authority (against this fact, the bakufu also tried to reduce the Emperor's authority to being ceremonious by intervening in changing the name of the era and personal matters).
- 結局、定子と彰子の2人を同時に皇后としていた一条の先例にならい、娍子と妍子を揃って皇后とすることになったが、道長の強大な勢威と三条の権力基盤の弱さを反映して、まず妍子を立后させ、その後に娍子を立后させることになっただけでなく、妍子の立后の儀式には多くの貴族たちが積極的に協力したのに対し、娍子の立后の儀式には道長の妨害もあって貴族たちのサボタージュが続出し、三条やその側近たちを憤激させた。
- In the end, taking the past case where Ichijo had both Teishi and Shoshi as Empress, Seishi and Kenshi were both to become Empress, but reflecting the all mighty authority of Michinaga and the weak power base of Sanjo, not only was Kenshi was first to become Empress and then Seishi, but although many aristocrats cooperated actively for the ceremony for the making of Kenshi as Empress, Seishi's ceremony was met with sabotage by Michinaga and not attended by many aristocrats, angering Sanjo and his aides.
- これに対して一条房経は、九条家の家祖が長子だからといって、その流派の嫡流であるとは限らない、一条実経が九条道家から家督を譲られたからこそ、九条流摂関家の政治的権威を裏付ける文書類である桃華堂文庫(後二条帥通記、玉葉、玉蘂)が一条家に伝わっているのだと反論し、これに対して九条経教は、実経への継承は九条忠家が幼少であったがゆえの措置であり、九条教実が長命であればこのような事は起こりえなかった。
- Fusatsune ICHIJO argued against Tsunenori, stating that just because an ancestor of the Kujo Family was the firstborn child it did not mean the Kujo Family was the legitimate blood of Kujo-ryu, and that because Michiie KUJO gave the family estate to Sanetsune ICHIJO, the Tokado-bunko (Gonnjo-moromichi-ki) (Gonijo-moromichi record), Gyokuyo (Kanezane KUJO's diary) and Gyokuzui (Michiie KUJO's diary)) and the document endorsing the political authority of Kujo-ryu Sekkan-ke, a regent family, were inherited by the ICHIJO Family; whereas Tsunenori KUJO asserted that measures to give inheritance to Sanetsune were taken just because Tadaie KUJO was in infancy, and that if Norizane KUJO had lived longer it would not have happened.
- 執行官又は執行裁判所の命令により民事執行に関する職務を行う者(以下「執行官等」という。)は、人の住居に立ち入つて職務を執行するに際し、住居主、その代理人又は同居の親族若しくは使用人その他の従業者で相当のわきまえのあるものに出会わないときは、市町村の職員、警察官その他証人として相当と認められる者を立ち会わせなければならない。執行官が前条第一項の規定により威力を用い、又は警察上の援助を受けるときも、同様とする。
- When a court execution officer or a person who performs duties concerning civil execution pursuant to an order by the execution court (hereinafter referred to as a 'court execution officer, etc.'), in performing his/her duties by entering a person's residence, is unable to meet the residence owner or the residence owner's agent, or a relative, employee or any other worker living together who has reasonable discretion, he/she shall have the attendance of an official of the municipality, a police official or other person who is found to be reasonable as a witness. The same shall apply when a court execution officer uses force or receives police assistance pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article.
- 破産者(個人である破産者に限り、相続財産の破産にあっては、相続人。以下この条において同じ。)又はその親族その他の者に破産債権(免責手続の終了後にあっては、免責されたものに限る。以下この条において同じ。)を弁済させ、又は破産債権につき破産者の親族その他の者に保証をさせる目的で、破産者又はその親族その他の者に対し、面会を強請し、又は強談威迫の行為をした者は、三年以下の懲役若しくは三百万円以下の罰金に処し、又はこれを併科する。
- A person who, for the purpose of causing the bankrupt (limited to a bankrupt who is an individual, or in the case of bankruptcy of the inherited property, an heir; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) or his/her relative or any other person to pay a bankruptcy claim (after the close of discharge proceedings, limited to those discharged; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article), or causing the bankrupt's relative or any other person to guarantee a bankruptcy claim, has forcibly demanded a meeting with the bankrupt or his/her relative or any other person or intimidated any of these persons shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not more than three years or a fine of not more than three million yen, or both.
- これに対して、12月22日(1868年1月16日)に朝廷は「徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事」という告諭を出した。
- In response, the Imperial Court issued a statement that '徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事' on January 16, 1868.
- 再生債務者(個人である再生債務者に限る。以下この条において同じ。)又はその親族その他の者に再生債権(再生手続が再生計画認可の決定の確定後に終了した後にあっては、免責されたものに限る。以下この条において同じ。)を再生計画の定めるところによらずに弁済させ、又は再生債権につき再生債務者の親族その他の者に保証をさせる目的で、再生債務者又はその親族その他の者に対し、面会を強請し、又は強談威迫の行為をした者は、三年以下の懲役若しくは三百万円以下の罰金に処し、又はこれを併科する。
- A person who, for the purpose of causing the rehabilitation debtor (limited to a rehabilitation debtor who is an individual; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) or his/her relative or any other person to pay a rehabilitation claim (if rehabilitation proceedings are closed after an order of confirmation of the rehabilitation plan becomes final and binding, limited to those discharged; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article), or causing the rehabilitation debtor's relative or any other person to guarantee a rehabilitation claim, has forcibly demanded a meeting with the rehabilitation debtor or his/her relative or any other person or intimidated any of these persons shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not more than three years or a fine of not more than three million yen, or both.
- 当初、こうした政策は元寇などによって混乱する社会秩序の回復を図りたい鎌倉幕府の政策と軌を一にするもの(安達泰盛による幕政改革も「弘安徳政」と呼ばれている)であったが、やがて徳政の本格化とともに朝廷の威信回復の考えが旧体制(鎌倉幕府以前への)復帰を模索する動きに結び付けられるようになると、鎌倉幕府は皇位継承における両統迭立政策を名目とした政治介入を行い、亀山・伏見両上皇の院政停止を行った事から朝幕間に緊張状態を生み、やがて後醍醐天皇の親政に至ってついに鎌倉幕府に対する討幕運動へと転化することになったのである。
- Initially, these reforms were in agreement with the Kamakura bakufu's policies to recover public order after confusion due to Mongolian attempts to invade Japan, etc. (the bakufu reforms by Yasumori ADACHI are also called 'Koan-Tokusei'), but when the scale of tokusei was enlarged and consideration of reversion to the old system (before the Kamakura bakufu) became linked with the idea of recovering the authority of the Imperial Court, the Kamakura bakufu used Ryoto tetsuritsu policies for the Imperial succession as a reason to intervene politically and terminated the cloistered governments of Retired Emperors Kameyama and Fushimi, causing tension between the bakufu and the Imperial Court, leading to Emperor Godaigo's direct governance, which eventually transformed into the movement to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.
- 日本国民は、正当に選挙された国会における代表者を通じて行動し、われらとわれらの子孫のために、諸国民との協和による成果と、わが国全土にわたつて自由のもたらす恵沢を確保し、政府の行為によつて再び戦争の惨禍が起ることのないやうにすることを決意し、ここに主権が国民に存することを宣言し、この憲法を確定する。そもそも国政は、国民の厳粛な信託によるものであつて、その権威は国民に由来し、その権力は国民の代表者がこれを行使し、その福利は国民がこれを享受する。これは人類普遍の原理であり、この憲法は、かかる原理に基くものである。われらは、これに反する一切の憲法、法令及び詔勅を排除する。
- We, the Japanese people, acting through our duly elected representatives in the National Diet, determined that we shall secure for ourselves and our posterity the fruits of peaceful cooperation with all nations and the blessings of liberty throughout this land, and resolved that never again shall we be visited with the horrors of war through the action of government, do proclaim that sovereign power resides with the people and do firmly establish this Constitution. Government is a sacred trust of the people, the authority for which is derived from the people, the powers of which are exercised by the representatives of the people, and the benefits of which are enjoyed by the people. This is a universal principle of mankind upon which this Constitution is founded. We reject and revoke all constitutions, laws, ordinances, and rescripts in conflict herewith.
- その内容ははなはだ多様であって一概に語ることはむずかしいが、(1)世襲による家元に流儀の芸事に関する規範性・正統性を求め、流儀の同一性を保持すること、(2)家元を政治的な権威として流儀内の統率を行い、上意下達方式を中心にして流儀の運営を行うこと、(3)経済的には流儀内の素人、玄人(職分)などから資金を集めこれを流儀全体のために家元が再分配するかたちをとっていること、(4)免状発行の権限が家元にあること、(5)家元個人またはその家の私的な部分と流儀の公的な部分とが未分化な状態にあり、家元の存在そのものが流儀の根幹にかかわる制度をしいていること、などが特徴として挙げられる。
- Although this system cannot be defined clearly because of its diversity, here are some characteristics: (1) hereditary Iemoto exists as a normative and legitimate model with regard to the school's accomplishments in order to preserve the identity of the style; (2) as a political authority, Iemoto leads and manages the school by top-down control system; (3) financially, Iemoto redistributes money collected from novices, experts, et al. to the entire school; (4) Iemoto has the authority to issue certificates; (5) Iemoto himself or herself is at the core of the school, and Iemoto's or his/her family's private matters and the school's public matters are not clearly differentiated.