姓: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 姓
- hereditary title (used in ancient Japan to denote rank and political standing)
- clan
- surname
- family name
- Last Name
- Surnames
- 姓氏
- full name
- family name
- Japanese clans
- 種姓
- birth
- lineage
- parentage
- origin
- identity
- background
- history
- 下姓
- person of humble birth
- 異姓
- different surname
- different family name
- 改姓
- changing one's family name
- 旧姓
- one's former (maiden) name
- 四姓
- the four great families of the age (esp. the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, the Fujiwara clan and the Tachibana clan)
- varna (each of the four Hindu castes)
- 元姓
- former surname
- original surname
- 百姓
- imperial subjects
- the people
- farmer
- peasant
- country bumpkin
- farming
- the common people
- churl
- Hyakusho
- Baixing
- 八姓
- eight hereditary titles (designated by Emperor Tenmu in 684 CE: Mahito, Asomi, Sukune, Imiki, Michinoshi, Omi, Muraji, Inagi)
- 本姓
- real or original name
- Honna
- 素姓
- birth
- lineage
- parentage
- origin
- identity
- background
- history
- 俗姓
- secular surname (of a priest)
- 氏素姓
- family background
- lineage
- 四種姓
- varna (each of India's four castes)
- 方向姓
- trend
- course of action
- direction
- directionality
- directivity
- orientation
- vectorial
- 八色姓
- eight hereditary titles (designated by Emperor Tenmu in 684 CE: Mahito, Asomi, Sukune, Imiki, Michinoshi, Omi, Muraji, Inagi)
- 中小姓
- low class samurai, who guarded the shogun on outings (Edo period)
- 姓は直。
- The kabane (hereditary title) was Atae.
- His surname was Atai.
- The kabane (hereditary title) of the clan was atai (atae: a kind of kabene, given to local governors).
- The title given by the Yamato Imperial Court was Atane.
- His hereditary title was Atai (one of the upper title under Yamato dynasty).
- Kabane was Atai.
- 中国の姓
- Family names in China
- 氏姓制度
- uji-kabane system
- system of clans and hereditary titles (of the Yamato court)
- The System of Clans and Hereditary Titles
- 姓名判断
- fortunetelling based on writing or pronunciation of one's name
- 姓名不詳
- unidentified
- name unknown
- 百姓一揆
- peasant's revolt
- Hyakusho ikki
- 百姓読み
- reading kanji in a nonstandard way (lit: peasant's reading)
- 夫婦別姓
- husband and wife retaining separate family names
- 八色の姓
- eight hereditary titles (designated by Emperor Tenmu in 684 CE: Mahito, Asomi, Sukune, Imiki, Michinoshi, Omi, Muraji, Inagi)
- Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles)
- 同姓同名
- same family and personal name
- person of the same given name and same family name
- 「弾正」姓
- The family name of 'DANJO'
- 源姓志田氏
- The SHIDA clan of the MINAMOTO family
- 藤姓塩谷氏
- The SHIONOYA family of the FUJIWARA family
- 姓は胡氏。
- His family name was Ko.
- 新撰姓氏録
- Shinsen Shouji Roku (Newly Compiled Record of Clan Names; 815 CE)
- Shinsen Shojiroku (Newly Compiled Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility)
- Shinsen Shōjiroku
- 水呑み百姓
- poor peasant or farmer
- 水飲み百姓
- poor peasant or farmer
- 姓が変わる
- to assume a new surname
- (7)中小姓
- (7) Nakakosho (Groom and/or stableman)
- 氏姓制の変質
- Change in the Quality of the System of Clan Names and Hereditary Titles
- 本姓は秦氏。
- Their original family name was Hata.
- 本姓は平氏。
- The Shingu's real family name is Heishi (Taira clan).
- His original family name is Taira.
- His original last name was Taira.
- His main name was Taira.
- His original surname was Taira.
- His real surname was 'Heishi' (the Taira clan).
- 公家の大姓。
- Major clan for kuge (court noble).
- 改姓について
- Family name changes
- 俗姓河井氏。
- His secular surname was Kawai.
- 俗姓は八木。
- His secular surname was Yagi.
- 俗姓は淳于。
- His surname was Chunyu.
- 俗姓は平氏。
- His original family name was Taira.
- His secular surname was Taira.
- 俗姓は林氏。
- His secular surname was Rin.
- 俗姓は紀氏。
- His secular surname was Ki clan.
- 俗姓は秦氏。
- His secular name was Hata clan.
- His secular surname was Hata.
- 源姓と称する。
- Adopted Minamoto as the family name.
- 旧姓タケモト。
- Her maiden name is Takemoto.
- 主な朝臣姓氏族
- Major clans with the title Asomi
- 俗姓は富樫氏。
- His secular surname was Togashi.
- 俗姓は弓削氏。
- His family name before entering the priesthood was Yuge.
- 俗姓は平賀氏。
- His secular surname was HIRAGA.
- 俗姓は阿刀氏。
- His secular surname was Ato.
- 俗姓は武田氏。
- His secular surname was Takeda.
- 俗姓は千葉氏。
- His secular surname was Chiba.
- 俗姓は井伊氏。
- His secular surname was Ii.
- 俗姓は中原氏。
- His secular name was Nakahara.
- His secular surname was Nakahara.
- 俗姓は阿部氏。
- His secular surname was Abe clan.
- 俗姓は高橋氏。
- His secular surname was Takahashi.
- 俗姓は大宅氏。
- His secular surname was Oya.
- 俗姓は巨勢氏。
- His secular surname was Kose.
- 俗姓は志紀氏。
- His secular surname was of the Shiki clan.
- 俗姓は河村氏。
- His secular family name was Kawamura.
- 俗姓は湯浅氏。
- His secular name was the Yuasa clan.
- 俗姓は朝倉氏。
- His was born into the Asakura clan.
- 俗姓は野間氏。
- His original family name was Noma.
- 与えられる氏姓
- Surnames given to former Imperial Family members
- 俗姓は奥村氏。
- His secular surname was Okumura.
- 俗姓は藤田氏。
- His original family name was FUJITA.
- 俗姓は藤井氏。
- His secular surname was Fujii.
- 俗姓、上月氏。
- His secular surname was the Uezuki clan.
- 俗姓は藤倉氏。
- His secular surname was Fujikura.
- 俗姓は小栗氏。
- His secular surname was Oguri.
- 俗姓は小谷氏。
- He was born into the Kodani clan.
- He was born into the Odani clan.
- 俗姓は壬生氏。
- He was born into the Mibu clan.
- 俗姓は藤原氏。
- His lay name was Fujiwara.
- His original family name was Fujiwara.
- His secular surname was Fujiwara clan.
- His secular family name was Fujiwara.
- His secular surname was Fujiwara.
- 俗姓は宇佐氏。
- His secular surname was Usa clan.
- 俗姓は大狛氏。
- His secular family name was Okoma clan.
- 俗姓は池上氏。
- His original family name was IKEGAMI.
- 俗姓は一宮氏。
- His secular surname was Ichinomiya.
- 俗姓は安曇氏。
- His secular family name was Azumi clan.
- 俗姓は佐伯氏。
- He was born into the Saeki clan.
- 俗姓は三善氏。
- He was born into the Miyoshi clan.
- 俗姓は佐藤氏。
- His secular surname was Sato clan.
- 俗姓は文室氏。
- His secular surname was the Bunya clan.
- 姓氏の「北大路」
- Kitaoji' as the surname
- スロバキア語の姓
- Slovak-language surnames
- 平城遷都と橘賜姓
- Transfer of the national capital to Heijokyo and Tachibana shisei (bestowing of surnames)
- 俗姓は土生川氏。
- He was born into the Dojogawa clan.
- ハンガリー人の姓名
- Hungarian names
- 久米三十六姓導入説
- Introduced by the 36 Families of Kume' theory
- 朝山は姓であろう。
- His surname seemed to be Asayama.
- 平家の落人ゆかりの姓
- Surnames associated with Heike no Ochudo
- 源姓塩谷氏(堀江氏)
- The SHIONOYA clan of the MINAMOTO family (HORIE clan)
- 杉本氏は本姓は源氏。
- The Sugimoto clan's real family name is Genji.
- 杉本氏の本姓は平氏。
- The real family name of the Sugimoto clan is Heishi.
- 俗姓は大中臣与四郎。
- His secular name is ONAKATOMI no Yoshiro.
- 春興殿:小姓の詰所。
- Shunkyo-den: the station for the page
- 源氏に次ぐ武士の大姓。
- The clan also had influence after Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 氏姓制から令制官僚制へ
- Transition from the system of clans and hereditary titles to ritsuryo system (ancient East Asian system of centralized governance, in Japan: esp. 7th-10th century) and the bureaucracy
- 現代的百姓観の形成と変遷
- Formation and transition of modern conception of hyakusho
- 政治制度としての氏姓制度
- The system of clans and hereditary titles as a political system
- 中奥御小姓格 竹居新吉郎
- Nakaoku (Middle Interior) page status, Shinkichiro TAKEI.
- (→氏姓制度、八色の姓)
- (Refer to the system of clans and hereditary titles, namely the decree of the eight honorary titles).
- いわゆる百姓一揆のこと。
- This is generally known as 'hyakusho ikki' (peasant's revolt).
- 姓(カバネ)は臣(おみ)。
- Omi showed Kabane.
- His kabane (hereditary title) was Omi.
- 本姓は今堀、通称 太一郎。
- His original surname was Imahori, and his first name was Taichiro.
- 氏姓制度(うじかばねせいど)
- The system of clans and hereditary titles
- 姓は北村・喜多村・石塔とも。
- The family name is said to be Kitamura (北村), Kitamura (喜多村) or Sekito.
- 中小姓近習12両2分3人扶持。
- Chugosho (the lowest rank of samurai) and kinju (attendant) with a stipend of half of 12 ryo for three people.
- 越後国新発田藩出身、旧姓中山。
- His hometown was Shibata Domain, Echigo Province.
- 明治に入り、大河内姓に復する。
- During the Meiji period, the clan restored the Okochi name.
- 本姓は伊予橘氏(越智氏一族)。
- The real family name is the Iyotachibana clan (family of the Ochi clan).
- 俗姓は土岐氏で、美濃国の出身。
- He was from Mino Province and his secular surname was Toki.
- 和泉国の出身で、俗姓は大伴氏。
- Zuikei Shuho was from Izumi Province with his secular surname being that of the Otomo clan.
- 俗姓は源氏で、村上源氏の出身。
- His lay surname had been MINAMOTO, from Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 平家の落人にゆかりあるとされる姓
- Surnames that are believed to be associated with Heike no Ochudo
- 耕作百姓らの調・庸は免除された。
- Farmers engaged in cultivation were clear of Cho and Yo.
- 解部-姓氏関係の訴訟を取り扱う。
- Tokibe - officials dealing with lawsuits related to the family names
- 書院番頭・小姓組番頭...4千石
- Shoinbangashira (the chief of military patrol) and Koshogumi-bangashira (the chief of bodyguads of the Shogun): 4,000 koku (of rice)
- 記載される人名には本姓が使われる。
- Real family names were written on the list.
- 庶流は島津姓を名のり、現在に至る。
- The branch families assumed the name of Shimazu, which has come down to the present.
- 本姓は中尾、名は真能(さねよし)。
- His real name is Saneyoshi NAKAO.
- 相模国鎌倉の出身で、俗姓は土屋氏。
- He was born in Kamakura in Sagami Province, and his secular surname was Tsuchiya.
- 早くから源義朝の小姓として仕えた。
- He served MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo as a page from his early years.
- 俗姓は武州望月氏ゆかりの小野寺氏。
- His secular surname was Onodera, connected to the Mochizuki clan in Bushu (Musashi Province).
- 各姓(カバネ)は以下のごとくである。
- The following is a list of each kabane (each hereditary title) and the major clans given this hereditary title:
- 佐渡に「弾正」姓を名乗る人々がいる。
- Some people in Sado Island have the family name of 'Danjo.'
- これに対応する氏姓も一応完成された。
- The clan names and hereditary titles corresponding to the above privilege were also completed.
- 所属が定まらず無姓のままの者がいた。
- Some peasants did not have kabane (hereditary title) because they were not under any powerful local clan.
- 側用人・児小姓頭、350石(譜代)。
- Sobayonin (lord chamberlain), Jikoshogashira (junior head of the kosho), estate of 350 koku (hereditary daimyo).
- 下総に住む百姓たちの元締め的な存在。
- A boss like figure of the peasants living in Shimofusa.
- そうすれば、百姓はあの世まで救われる。
- Peasants would be rewarded for such deeds, and be saved in the next life as well.
- 百姓を愛するから武器を取り上げるのだ。
- We confiscate weapons from the peasants based on our compassion for them.
- 以下に日本における百姓像の変遷を記す。
- Changes in the portrait of hyakusho in Japan are as follows.
- 漁民:水呑・借家あるいは百姓が営んだ。
- Fishing people: Practiced by mizunomi, tenants, or hyakusho.
- 商人:水呑・借家あるいは百姓が営んだ。
- Merchants: Practiced by mizunomi, tenants, or hyakusho.
- 金姓新羅王の祖、金閼智を始祖と称する。
- They claim Alji KIM, the first king of Silla with the family name of Kim, as their originator.
- 姓名などが判明しているのは以下の通り。
- Those whose names are ascertained are the following.
- 百姓門徒については荒木が支配すること。
- Peasant followers (believers) of Hongan-ji Temple should be governed by ARAKI.
- 領内統治の不行届(御家騒動、百姓一揆)
- Failure to properly control territories (family troubles or peasant revolts)
- 一般に氏姓(うじかばね)制といわれる。
- Generally this is called the ujikabane system.
- 漢族には「鮑」(バオ)という姓がある。
- The Han race has a family name 'Bao', represented by the kanji (Chinese character) which represents abalone.
- これに豊田の姓を与えて代々伝授させた。
- He gave him a family name of Toyoda and let the successive generations of these family give instructions.
- 石高を持たない者は、水呑百姓と呼ばれた。
- Those who didn't have their own harvesting lads were called Mizunomi Byakusho.
- 姓を与えられていない新しい帰化人がいた。
- There were newly naturalized people to whom a hereditary title was not given.
- 為町人百姓於隠置は 其一郷同一町可為曲事
- If there is any concealment by townspeople or farmers, the whole county or town will be regarded as being blameworthy when the fact is discovered.
- この改賜姓を認可する権限は天皇にあった。
- The right to give permission to change and grant hereditary titles was in the hands of Emperor.
- 中小姓・蔵奉行、10両3人扶持(新参)。
- Chugosho (the lowest samurai rank) and Kurabugyo (warehouse magistrate) with a stipend of 10 ryo for three people (newcomer).
- 金奉行・中小姓、10石3人扶持(二代)。
- Kanebugyo (safe keeper and accountant) and Chugosho (the lowest samurai rank) with a stipend of 10 koku for three people (second generation).
- 同時に「施薬院」を姓とするようになった。
- At this time, he took 'Seyakuin' as his family name.
- これに伴い、大伴氏が伴氏と改姓している。
- Consequently, the Otomo clan changed its name to the Tomo clan.
- 源姓を賜って臣籍降下し後に左大臣となる。
- He was demoted from nobility to subject after receiving the surname Minamoto, and became the Sadaijin (Minister of the Left).
- 俗姓は佐伯氏、讃岐国の出身で空海の一族。
- His secular origin was as a member of the Saeki clan; he was born in Sanuki Province, and was related to Kukai.
- これが、本来の百姓だったと考えられている。
- It is thought that it was the original system of peasants.
- 武野新左衛門二男、中奥御小姓格 名倉鉞之介
- Shinzaemon TAKENO's second son, Nakaoku page status, Etsunosuke NAGURA.
- 扶持奉行・中小姓、20石5人扶持(二代)。
- Fuchibugyo (magistrate with stipend) and Chugosho (the lowest rank of samurai) with a stiped of 20 koku for five people (second generation).
- 宇久純玄はこの年、姓を五島に改名している。
- In this year, Sumiharu UKU changed his family name to Goto.
- 茶湯執心の者は若党、町人、百姓を問わない。
- Devotees to the culture of tea ceremony participated irrespective of whether they were foot soldiers, merchants or peasants.
- 僧でありながら、紀氏朝臣の姓を賜っていた。
- Although a monk, he was granted the kabane (hereditary title) of KI no Ason.
- 日本人の姓の1つ - 丹波氏、丹波哲郎など。
- One of the Japanese family names -- Tanba clan, Tetsuro TANBA, and so forth
- 師元の姓「中原」と官「外記」を合わせて命名。
- The title was named by combing the last name of Moromoto 'NAKAHARA' and his office 'Geki' (secretary).
- 儒理尼師今の時に鄭姓を賜姓されたとしている。
- It is said that they were bestowed the family name of Jeong at the time of Yuri Isageum.
- 紀伊平定後、秀吉は国中の百姓の刀狩を命じる。
- After the conquest of Kii Province, Hideyoshi commanded to collect swords from farmers all over the country.
- 12月、大伴連など50氏に宿禰の姓を授ける。
- December: The title of 'Sukune' was given to 50 clans such as Otomo no muraji.
- 正式な改姓は得全が襲名した1871年である。
- They officially changed their family name when Tokuzen succeeded the family name in 1871.
- 俗姓は熊田氏で但馬国(兵庫県)の出身である。
- His secular surname was 熊田 (Kumada or Kumata) from Tajima Province (Hyogo Prefecture).
- 藤原朝臣の氏姓を賜り藤原仲麻呂の養子となる。
- He received the name of FUJIWARA no Asomi and was adopted by FUJIWARA no Nakamaro.
- 10世・彌右衛門の代に「大蔵」と姓を改めた。
- In the Yaemon, the 10th period, the family newly took the family name 'Okura.'
- 姓氏の訴訟に関しては解部が設置されて専任した。
- The lawsuits over troubles related to the family names were exclusively entrusted to the newly established post, Tokibe.
- 日記は、当日射手、姓名をしるし、中不をしるす。
- Names of the archers and shooting results for the day are recorded in a diary.
- なお、稀に姓名印に吉語印を付帯したものがある。
- In addition to the seals, there are also seimeiin (seal engraved artist's name) with kitsugoin attached.
- 佐藤姓では、藤紋より源氏車紋を用いる者が多い。
- Many families with 'Sato' as their family names use genjiguruma (a cartwheel of a cattle-drawn carriage)-mon rather than fuji-mon.
- 俗姓は息長丹生真人(おきながのにうのまひと)。
- His secular name was Okinaga no Niu no Mahito.
- - 源義国、足利荘に下向(源姓足利氏のはじまり)
- MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni moved to Ashikaga no sho (the origin of the Ashikaga clan of the Minamoto family).
- 日本の名字(姓)の神田も、上記の神田に由来する。
- The family name Kanda also came from Shinden mentioned above.
- 氏と姓の制度がある程度成立していたとされている。
- This verified the Yamato sovereignties establishment, to some degree, of the system of Uji (氏) and Kabane (姓).
- ちなみに戸籍のうち姓氏などは治部省の管轄である。
- By the way, Jibu-sho (Ministry of Civil Administration) handled family registers related to family names and other items.
- 総構えの城とは城内に百姓、町人の住居も多数ある。
- A Sogamae castle has many residential houses of farmers and townspeople inside the castle wall.
- 武蔵国でも比企氏、畠山氏 (平姓)が滅ぼされた。
- The Hiki and Hatakeyama clans (of Taira family) were defeated in Musashi Province.
- 皇族の整理を行い、多数に姓を賜り臣籍降下させた。
- He organized the royal family and gave many surnames to the descendent family members.
- これにより、国中が干ばつに襲われ、民百姓が困る。
- As a result of the occult act, the regions all over Japan are affected by drought and peasants suffer from it.
- 源次郎が、観世姓に復して分家したことにはじまる。
- Genjiro returned to the Kanze family and started a new branch family.
- 二人の姫と土着した子孫の姓は桐原氏、神長氏という。
- The surnames of two daughters and their descendants who settled here were Kirihara and Kaminaga.
- また平良という地名は平家の姓に由来するものという。
- Also, it is believed that the place name Taira originated from the surname of the Taira family.
- 医者:水呑・借家あるいは百姓が営むことが多かった。
- Doctors: Mostly practiced by mizunomi, tenants, or hyakusho.
- また、元禄赤穂事件の関係者にも口分田姓の者がいた。
- In the past, a person with the name of 口分田 was included in the those related to the Genroku Ako Incident (an Ako province-related incident that occurred in the Genroku era (1688 - 1704)).
- 八色の姓の改革以降、実際に賜姓される事は無かった。
- After introducing a new system of Yakusa no Kabane, Omi stopped being granted.
- 初代から9代は、西村姓を名乗り、主に土風炉を製作。
- They had been under the family name of Nishimura from the founder through the ninth generation, and their main product was doburo.
- 新派では歌舞伎名跡があっても姓で掛けることが多い。
- At the plays set after the Meiji era, actors are usually called by surnames, even if the actors have myoseki.
- 百姓であったが現在は佐田村で隠居生活を送っている。
- He was originally a peasant but spent his retirement life at Sada Village.
- 生産者である百姓の逃散は、生産活動の減退を意味する。
- Since peasants were farm producers, their chosan led to a decrease in production activities.
- 直(あたえ)姓の国造や、渡来人系の氏族に与えられた。
- Imiki was given to the Kuninomiyatsuko (the heads of local governments) who already had the title of Atae or clans whose ancestors are toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese).
- 転じて、姓氏や氏族集団の発祥の地を指すようになった。
- This was extended to indicate the birthplace of the family name or the clan.
- 百姓・町人を平人と総称して賎民と区分することもある。
- Occasionally the peasants and townspeople were distinguished from Senmin by collectively calling Heijin (common people).
- 橘氏 - 源平藤ほど多くはないが四大姓に数えられる。
- The Tachibana clan: The clan did not have as large number as the Minamoto, Taira and Fujiwara clans; however, it was regarded as one of the four influential clans.
- 以上の租税負担のほか、百姓は兵役の義務も負っていた。
- The peasants were also required to perform military services in addition to the above-mentioned tax requirements.
- 氏姓制を確定する台帳の機能を果たしたものと思われる。
- It is believed that family registers served as a ledger for ascertaining the system of clans and hereditary titles.
- 姓はバーラードヴァージャ(婆羅門遅)と伝わっている。
- His family name has been said Baaraadovaja.
- 本姓は一瀬、本名は常次郎、字は洪嶽、楞迦窟、不可往。
- His original surname was Ichinose, original first name was Tsunejiro, and his azana (popular names) were 洪嶽, 楞迦窟, and 不可往.
- 誰かと思えば、斉藤くら介(利三)殿御子息と小姓でした。
- I wondered who they were, and it tuned out they were Kurasuke (Toshimitsu) SAITO and his pageboy.
- 田堵らは、名田内の他の百姓の田租を国衙へ代納していた。
- They paid a rice field tax to kokuga on behalf of other peasants within a myoden.
- また、日本の名字(姓)の寺田も、上記の寺田に由来する。
- Furthermore, Jiden or Terada as a family name also originated in jiden or terada described above.
- 八色の姓のなかでは道師も道教の神学用語と重なっている。
- In Yakusa no Kabane, michinoshi is also derived from a term of Taoism.
- 682年(天武11)8月、官人の考選に族姓を重んじる。
- August, 682: The hereditary titles were valued to select the government official.
- 俗姓は秦氏とも伴氏ともされ、出自については不詳である。
- While his secular surname is alleged to be either Hata clan or Tomo clan, the details of his origin are not clear.
- 後に元秀は流派の名前を取って姓を山脇から和泉に改めた。
- Adopting the school name, Motohide later changed the family name to Izumi from Yamawaki.
- 三浦義継の三男・蘆名為清が蘆名姓を名乗ったことに始まる。
- Sagami Ashina originated from Tamekiyo ASHINA, the third son of Yoshitsugu MIURA, who first bore the name of Ashina.
- 逆に異姓でも同一の本貫と見なされる場合もわずかだが有る。
- On the contrary, there were a few cases where it was considered as the same hongan even if the family names were different.
- 連のカバネ(かばね)、八色の姓の改革の時に朝臣姓を賜る。
- Their Kabane (hereditary title) was formerly Muraji, but the clan was given the kabane of Ason (the second highest of the eight hereditary titles) after the reform of the Kabane system (Yakusa no Kabane).
- 連の姓を名乗っていた有力な氏族には大伴氏や物部氏が居る。
- The influential clans who called themselves Muraji included the Otomo clan and the Mononobe clan.
- 「真人」が使われており、八色の姓の筆頭にあげられている。
- Among the eight titles 'Mahito' was used and it was ranked first under the Yakusa no Kabane.
- 戸主以下全戸口の姓名・年齢・続柄を書き上げた文書である。
- It was a document that included the name, age and relationships of all the individuals (including the household head).
- 佐伯首(-おびと)は、『新撰姓氏録』河内国神別に見える。
- SAEKI no Obito was recorded in the volume of Shinbetsu, Kawachi Province of 'Shinsen Shoji-roku.'
- 四明県の出身という説もあるが、出身地も俗姓も不明である。
- Although some people say that he was born in Siming Prefecture, his real birth place and secular name are unknown.
- 一つは、領主が荘園・国衙領内の百姓を夫役と称して徴発する。
- The first type was that where a feudal lord requisitioned peasants in a manor or a Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) as a compulsory service.
- これは地方豪族の配下の百姓について以下のことを示している。
- This shows the following about peasants under powerful local clans.
- 一方、氏姓のほかに、同時に発達したのが字(あざな)である。
- Meanwhile, besides clan name and hereditary titles, Azana also developed at the same time.
- 中小姓頭…多儀清具(200石)、大木弥市右衛門(500石)
- Heads of the lowest ranking samurai - 多儀清具(200 koku), Yaichiemon OKI (500 koku)
- 治部省 - 諸氏の族姓や葬事・仏寺・雅楽・外交事務を掌る。
- Jibusho (Ministry of Civil Administration): in charge of hereditary titles of a clan, funeral rites, Buddhist temple, Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music), and diplomatic affairs.
- 693年(持統7)一月、百姓に黄色衣、奴に黒衣を着させる。
- In January 693, peasants were to wear yellow, and yakko (attendants) were to dress in black.
- 安東平右衛門入道と呼ばれたことから平氏姓と考えられている。
- Since he was called as ANDO Heiemon Nyudo, he is considered to have been a member of Taira clan (the same kanji character is used for 'Hei' and 'Taira').
- 嵯峨天皇の子で源姓を賜ったものとその子孫を嵯峨源氏という。
- It is called the Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan), having received the Genji name, and those who were children or descendents of Emperor Saga.
- 宇多天皇の孫は、ほとんどが源氏の姓を賜り、臣籍に降下した。
- Most of Emperor Uda's grandchildren were granted the surname Genji and left the Imperial Family.
- 寺小姓恋塚求女...........尾上菊五郎 (5代目)
- Motome KOIZUKA, the tera-kosho (boy doing chores of a temple)…Uzaemon ICHIMURA (the thirteenth)
- 琉球の御座楽を伝承した楽師も、久米三十六姓の者が多かった。
- Many of the musical masters who passed on the traditions of Ryukyu Uzagaku were members of the Thirty Six Families of Kume.
- 食糧や農具・種子を給付して百姓に農地を耕作させるものである。
- The feudal lord granted food, farm implements and seeds to peasants and made them cultivate the farmland.
- 高持から転落した百姓は水呑百姓や借家などと呼ぶようになった。
- Hyakusho who fell from being takamochi were called mizunomi-byakusho (landless farmers), tenants, and the like.
- これにより、百姓らの兵役の負担はほぼ解消されることとなった。
- As a result of this movement, peasants were relieved of most part of their burden of military service.
- 惣村請(そうそんうけ)、百姓請(ひゃくしょううけ)ともいう。
- The jigeuke is also called soson uke or hyakusho uke.
- 元禄赤穂事件、百姓一揆、打ちこわし、大塩平八郎の乱、剣術道場
- Genroku Ako Incident, peasant's revolt, destructive urban riot, Rebellion of Heihachiro OSHIO, and training halls of swordplay
- 中袋の裏には自己の住所・自己の姓名・封入した金額を明記する。
- You should write on the rear side of the Naka-bukuro your name, your address, and the amount of money placed inside the naka-bukuro.
- 「管鮑の交わり」で有名な鮑叔もその姓をもつ者のひとりである。
- Bao Shuya, who wrote 'The Friendship Between Guan and Bao', is a famous individual with that family name.
- 江戸時代には、農地を正式に持ち、年貢を納める者を百姓と言った。
- In the Edo period, those who had their own farmlands officially and paid rice as their land taxes were called Hyakusho.
- 朝廷の有力氏族、大伴氏の姓が付けられ「大伴門」と呼ばれていた。
- The gate was also called 'Otomomon,' named after the Otomo clan, which was a powerful clan in the Imperial Court.
- そのため百姓が差別的な用語であるという認識は薄まってきている。
- Thus, there is less recognition that the term 'hyakusho' is a discriminatory term.
- 百姓は農具だけを持って耕作に励めば、子孫代々まで無事に暮せる。
- If peasants possess agricultural tools alone and engage themselves completely in cultivation, their prosperity will extend to their descendents.
- その一方で、本所の配下になることを忌避する百姓神主も存在した。
- There also were hyakusho priests who refused to serve under honjo.
- 羽柴秀吉、太政大臣となり、豊臣姓を賜る(天正14年・1586)
- Hideyoshi HASHIBA was granted the surname Toyotomi by the Emperor, and became the grand minister of state (1586).
- 古い資料には地侍とか「名字の百姓」などという言い方で現われる。
- Ancient sources refer to them as 'jizamurai' or 'myoji no hyakusho' (farmers with surnames).
- 氏姓を有しない者は、天皇をはじめとする皇族と奴婢のみとなった。
- People who did not have the clan (family) names and hereditary titles became only members of the Imperial family including Emperor and slaves.
- 真人賜姓は天武天皇が構想する皇親政治の一翼を担うものであった。
- Bestowing the kabane of Mahito was a part of the pro-Imperial Family politics which was the concept of Emperor Tenmu.
- 真人(まひと)は、八色の姓で制定されたカバネ(かばね)の一つ。
- Mahito (真人) is one of the kabane (hereditary titles) enacted by Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles).
- カバネ(かばね)は、連(むらじ)、八色の姓の時宿禰の姓になる。
- Its kabane (hereditary title) was 'Muraji,' but upon the institution of Yakusa no Kabane, the clan was renamed 'Sukune' (third highest hereditary title).
- しかし平安時代以降は姓氏に関する事項を扱うことは少なくなった。
- However, Jibu-sho hardly dealt with the affairs related to the family names in and after the Heian period.
- 歩行小姓頭…中沢弥右衛門(300石)、月岡治右衛門(300石)
- Heads of hoko koshogashira (who served the Shogun and performed several duties including attending him throughout the night) - Yaemon NAKAZAWA (300 koku), Jiemon TSUKIOKA (300 koku)
- 六男:源義隆の長男の源頼隆は森氏・源姓毛利氏・若槻氏などの祖。
- The sixth son: MINAMOTO no Yoritaka, whose eldest son, MINAMOTO no Yoritaka is the ancestor of such clans as the Mori, the Mori clan of the Minamoto family, and the Wakatsuki.
- 百姓は、田租以外にも調・庸などを負担する義務が課せられていた。
- The peasants were obliged to pay tax in kind and tributes as well as rice tax.
- 姉の夫である藤原頼通との養子縁組を前提に源姓を授かり臣籍降下。
- After the arranged adoption together with FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, who was his older brother in law, he received the name of Minamoto and demoted from nobility to subject.
- 事情により朝臣又は宿禰の姓(かばね)が与えられることもあった。
- Due to the circumstances, in some situations the surnames of Asomi or Sukune were given.
- これは母方の伊予宇和島の桃地姓に由来していると考えられている。
- This Haigo is thought to have come from a family name on the mother's side of Momochi in Uwajima in the Iyo region.
- 俗姓は源氏久我家ともいわれるが、おそらく後代の付会と思われる。
- It is said that he was born into the Koga family of the Minamoto clan but there is a possibility that this is a false claim that was made after his death.
- 江戸後期になると、本百姓・水呑百姓などと区分されるようになった。
- In the late Edo period, peasants were distinguished between Hon Byakusho and Mizunomi Byakusho.
- それに反発した郡司・百姓層が階級闘争として国司苛政上訴を行った。
- Gunji and farmers who were opposed to Zuryo appealed Kokushi kasei joso as a class struggle.
- こうして形成された田堵負名層がこの時代以降の百姓身分を形成した。
- The tato and fumyo class thus formed constituted hyakusho rank of this period and thereafter.
- その一方で富を蓄積した百姓は、村方地主から豪農に成長していった。
- On the other hand, hyakusho who accumulated wealth grew from murakata-jinushi (influential landowners in the villages) to be wealthy farmers.
- 武士以外の百姓・町人らは武士身分一般をも武家と呼んでいたらしい。
- It is believed that people except for samurai, namely peasants and townsmen, referred to all samurai as buke.
- 元々、稲粟の出挙には、百姓の救済や勧農といった意味合いがあった。
- Originally, the Suiko using rice and millet was aimed at saving peasants and encouraging agriculture.
- 氏上である忌寸以上についても、補足的な氏姓の変更が行われている。
- Regarding the above Imiki that is the head of a clan, supplemental change of the clan name and hereditary title was made.
- 本姓は宇治氏で、阿蘇惟泰の代に阿蘇姓を名乗るようになったという。
- The name of the clan originally was Uji, but the clan started to call themselves Aso during the generation of Koreyasu ASO.
- 685年(天武14)6月、大和連など11氏に、忌寸の姓を授ける。
- June, 685: The title of 'Imiki' was given to 11 clans such as Yamato no muraji.
- 氏姓制度と官位制、および職掌を体系的に整備したのが律令制である。
- The ritsuryo system was systematically developed from a system of clans and hereditary titles, official court rank system, and official duties.
- 一方、在地領主・富豪・有力百姓らが新たな支配層として台頭していた。
- Meanwhile, resident landholders, rich people, influential farmers and others had gained power as the new ruling class.
- 政治的意義を失った真人姓の氏族は、次第に政界から姿を消していった。
- Mahito clans who lost political value gradually disappeared from the political world.
- 大伴氏、佐伯氏など主に連(むらじ)姓を持った神別氏族に与えられた。
- Sukune was given to the clans branched from a family of god such as Otomo clan, Saeki clan who mainly had the title of Muraji.
- その鍛冶銘は「国友」姓で統一されて「江州国友藤兵衛重恭」等と切る。
- The gunsmiths all held the title of 'Kunitomo' and they included individuals such as Tobeshigeyuki KUNITOMO.
- 付、奉公人ハ奉公人、町人ハ町人、百姓者百姓、一所ニ書出だすべき事。
- 3. The documents should be grouped according to occupation such as employees, townspeople, and farmers.
- 684年(天武13)11月、大三輪君など52氏に朝臣の姓を授ける。
- November, 684: The title of 'Asomi/Ason' was given to 52 clans such as Omiwa no kimi.
- 日本における姓のひとつとして七五三と書いて「しめ」と読む姓がある。
- There is a surname of Japanese called 'Shime' with 七五三 in kanji characters.
- 香典袋の表には、「御霊前」などの文字の下に薄墨で自己の姓名を書く。
- You should write your name using light Japanese black ink under the address, such as 'Goreizen,' on the front side of the koden-bukuro.
- 代々神祇伯を世襲し王姓を称することが許される特別な扱いがなされる。
- The family was treated special to successively inherit Jingihaku (the Minister of God) and name themselves as part of the Imperial Family.
- そのため、百姓の語は '天下万民・民衆一般' を指す意味に転化した。
- Thus, the meaning of the term 'hyakusho' changed into 'all common people.'
- 木挽・屋根屋・左官・髪結い・畳屋は、水呑・借家あるいは百姓が営んだ。
- Sawyers, roofers, plasterers, hairdressers, and tatami mat makers were practiced by mizunomi, tenants, or hyakusho.
- むしろ村落の指導的な立場に立つ裕福な本百姓らによって指導されていた。
- In fact, 'hyakusho ikki' was led by affluent free-hold farmers who had leading roles in their villages.
- 小は個々の荘園や国衙領を分割編成した名田を百姓身分の名主が知行した。
- The smallest power of chigo was that of nanushi (village headman) who used it for myoden of shoen or Kokugaryo.
- 684年(天武13)に、「八色の姓(やくさのかばね)」が制定された。
- In 684, 'Yakusa no Kabane' (eight official titles to be conferred upon nobles by Emperor Tenmu) was established.
- 藩側は、さらには大砲までくりだしたので、百姓側に多くの死傷者が出た。
- The Domain side used a cannon and inflicted a large number of peasant casualties.
- 直系子孫は、菅浦と改姓し、膳所藩本多氏庄屋・菅浦新四郎忠盛家に至る。
- The descendants of the direct line changed the name to Sugaura, which came down to the Shinshiro Tadamori SUGAURA family, Shoya (village headman) of the Honda Clan in the Zeze Domain.
- 同13年(684年)10月の八色の姓施行に伴い、改めて朝臣姓を賜る。
- In November, 684 the Heguri clan was granted kabane (hereditary title) of Ason again when the Imperial Court enforced the yakusa no kabane system (eight official titles conferred upon nobles by Emperor Tenmu).
- 藤姓とは、朝業の実家である宇都宮氏が藤原氏の出自であったためである。
- The name FUJIWARA came from the UTSUNOMIYA clan, which was Tomonari's family home and had originated with the FUJIWARA clan.
- 教綱殺害により、藤姓塩谷氏時代が終焉するが、その経緯には2説がある。
- Consequent upon the death of Noritsuna, the period of the SHIONOYA family of the FUJIWARA family ended, but there are two theories concerning that.
- また、地方でも有力な豪族に対しては臣の姓を名乗ることが許されている。
- Also, influential local ruling clans in other areas were allowed to call themselves Omi.
- 百姓や町人、果ては落語家や役者といった芸人から遊女まで家紋を用いた。
- Farmers, tradesmen, craftsmen, and even entertainers like Rakugo story tellers, actors, and Yujo (prostitute) used Kamon.
- また、華道の池坊家にもこれと同じ慣例があり、小野専芳が改姓している。
- The same custom also exists within the Ikenobo family of Kado (flower arrangement), and Senho ONO (小野専芳) also changed his family name.
- 百姓の中から出挙・私営田活動を通じて富を蓄積した富豪層が成長し始めた。
- Some farmers accumulated wealth through suiko (government loans made to peasants) and operation of private land, constituting the rich and powerful class and growing.
- 大内裏には四方に12の門が備えられ、各々有力氏族の姓が付与されていた。
- The daidairi had twelve gates on four sides, each gate having the family name of a powerful clan.
- 百姓が刀や脇差、弓 (武器)、槍、銃などの武器を持つことを固く禁じる。
- Strictly prohibit the peasants from possessing weapons including katana (sword), wakizashi (sword shorter than katana), bow (weapon), yari (spear), and muskets.
- 江戸時代には百姓身分の自治結集の単位であり、中世の惣村を継承していた。
- A 'village' in the Edo period (1615-1868) was a unit of autonomous community of farming ranks that developed from medieval 惣村 (soson, a self-governing rural community).
- したがって、貴族の姓(カバネ)としては、朝臣、宿禰、忌寸の三つである。
- Therefore, the hereditary titles for nobles were Ason, Sukune, and Imiki.
- 後に改姓し安倍氏流は「土御門家」に賀茂氏流は「勘解由小路家」と名乗る。
- Later changing the family names, the Abe clan called itself 'Tsuchimikado family,' while the Kamo clan 'the Kadenokoji family.'
- 元々、ヤマト王権に対して服属した畿内周辺の豪族に与えられた姓であった。
- Originally, Omi was granted to the local ruling clans who were subjected to the Yamato sovereignty around Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto).
- 717年(霊亀3)四月、百姓の違法の出家を禁じ、行基の活動を禁圧する。
- In April 717, peasants were prohibited from unlawfully becoming a priests, and Gyoki's activities were suppressed.
- 上野国勢多郡粕川村大字膳(現・群馬県前橋市粕川町)に誕生、俗姓は須藤。
- He was born in Oaza zen, Kasukawa village, Seta district, Kozuke Province (present-day Kasukawa-cho, Maebashi City, Gunma Prefecture), and his secular surname was Sudo.
- 天皇の御名と同姓なのは畏れ多いと大伴氏が判断したからだといわれている。
- This was because the Otomo clan believed it was too presumptuous to have the same name as the Emperor.
- 賜姓降下(しせいこうか)とも言い、そのような皇族を俗に賜姓皇族という。
- It is also called Shisei koka, and such Imperial members are called Shisei (Imperial Family who were given a surname).
- (一説に亀を玄武、魚を鯉即ち唐の皇室の姓「李」の音通とする説もある。)
- (There is an opinion that the fish and the turtle were selected for the Gyotai because pronunciation of the word turtle and Genbu (a God) and the word carp (fish) and the Imperial family name ('Yi') of the Tang Dynasty was phonetically the same.)
- 百姓層の団結を背景として、国司・荘園領主に必ずしも従わない名主も現れた。
- Against the background of the increasing solidarity among farmers, some myoshu farmers even refused to obey their rulers.
- 『新撰姓氏録』は蘇我氏を皇別(歴代天皇から分かれた氏族)に分類している。
- The 'Shinsen Shojiroku' (Newly Compiled Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility) classifies Soga clan as Kobetsu (clan descended from successive emperors).
- 『日本書紀』などにおいては、連姓の多くは天皇家以外の神の子孫としている。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), many clans who called themselves Muraji could be descendants of the gods other than those of the Imperial Family's.
- このため、苗字は、12世紀以後、氏姓と同じように用いられることとなった。
- Because of this a family name was used in the same way as a clan name and hereditary title after the 12th century.
- 留守居番・目付・使番・書院番組頭・小姓組組頭・小十人頭・徒頭...1千石
- Rusuiban (a person responsible for caretaking and keeping), Metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers), Tsukaiban (a person responsible for order and patrol in the battlefield), Shoinban-kumigashira (leader of the shogun's bodyguards), Koshogumi-kumigashira (head of page corps), Kojunin-kashira (head of escort guards) and Kachigashira (leader of the group walking first place in line and guarding streets for the shogun): 1,000 koku (of rice)
- なお、宗明の次男が三浦姓に復して美作三浦氏を起こし戦国大名として栄えた。
- Additionally, the second son of Muneaki returned to the Miura name; he originated the Mimasaka Miura clan, which then flourished as a warring lord.
- 使者は俀王を「姓阿毎 字多利思北孤」号を「阿輩雞彌」と云うと述べている。
- The envoy said that the last name of the king of Wa was Ame, his azana was Tarashihiko, and his go was Okimi.
- つまり、氏や姓を持つ首長や豪族の民までも把握できたのかと言うことである。
- In other words, it is doubtful that tabs were also kept on people controlled by chiefs and Gozoku (local ruling families) who had a family or clan name.
- 以降、「永樂」の印章を用いると共に12代・和全の代から永樂姓を名乗った。
- The family has used the Eiraku seal from that time onwards and Wazen the 12th began to use the family name of Eiraku.
- 889年(寛平元年)5月13日宇多天皇の勅命により平姓を授かり臣籍降下。
- On May 13, 889 he was demoted from nobility to subject after receiving an Imperial order from Emperor Uda to have the name of Taira.
- 弟(養子)の欽也が相続し十三世となり、現家元からは「高安」の姓に復する。
- His younger brother named Kinya (an adopted son) succeeded to the family as the 13th head, and since the current head, the family name 'Takayasu' has been restored.
- なお、百姓は戦時においては小荷駄などを運搬する陣夫役を負担する者とされた。
- Hyakusho in wartime was regarded as a person who bore compulsory service in wartime for transporting provisions.
- 百姓らにとって、そうした徳政を要求することは、当然の権利と認識されていた。
- The peasants thought they could appeal to the government to enforce their right of tokusei.
- 百済の名門氏族である木満致が、自らの姓を捨て蘇我氏を名乗ったことの不自然さ
- It is unlikely that Machi MOKU, a member of a well regarded clan in Baekje, would forsake his family name and introduce himself as Soga clan.
- 国造、県主の共同体に属することを示すことによって族姓を仮称させた者がいた。
- There were people who were made to tentatively identify thenselves using their group names by showing that they belonged to the community of Kuni no Miyatsuko or the community of Agatanushi.
- そして、これ以後、このような者たちには正式に氏姓が与えられるようになった。
- The clan name and hereditary title were given to such people officially after this.
- 武士の間にも軍事目的の五人組が作られたが、百姓・町人のものが一般的である。
- The Gonin-gumi were established among some samurai groups for military purpose; however, mostly the system was applied to peasants, tradesmen and artisans.
- 実父の江田が新田氏の末裔であると称していたため、世良田姓を名乗ったという。
- It is said that he chose the name 'SERATA' because his father EDA claimed to have been a descendant of the Nitta Can.
- 10代以降は永樂(えいらく)姓を名乗り、土風炉に加えて茶陶を制作している。
- They have been under the family name of Eiraku from the 10th generation onwards, and have made tea bowls as well as doburo.
- 悪党道玄が持病に苦しむ百姓太次右衛門を介抱する振りをして殺害し金子を奪う。
- Evil Dogen, while pretending to care for a peasant named Tajiuemon who was suffering from chronic illness, murders him and steals his money.
- 与えられる氏が源平に固定されると姓(かばね)も朝臣に固定されるようになる。
- Once the name was settled as Minamoto and Taira, the kabane was also settled as Asomi.
- 和気王は755年に岡真人の姓を賜って降下するが、759年に皇籍に復帰する。
- Prince Wake was demoted from nobility to subject in 755 and received the name of Mahito OKA, however he returned to the Imperial Family in 759.
- 定省親王は源姓を賜って臣籍降下した後に皇族に復帰し、践祚する(宇多天皇)。
- Imperial Prince Sadami demoted from nobility to subject after receiving the surname of Minamoto, then he came back to the Imperial Family and succeeded to the throne. (Emperor Uda)
- 三世八郎右衛門以降は一噌を姓とし、江戸時代は宝生流の座付きとして活躍した。
- The third generation head named Hachirouemon began to use Isso as their family name, and the school flourished as the exclusive performers for the Hosho school during the Edo period.
- 平家方として落ち延びた平氏・藤原氏の者が土着し、星姓、平野姓を称したという。
- It has been passed down that members of the Taira and Fujiwara clans who sided with the Taira family settled here using the surnames 'Hoshi' and 'Hirano,' respectively.
- こうした事情は田堵、負名、受領、百姓、武士といった関連諸項目をも参照のこと。
- For more details, see sections of Tato and Fumyo, Zuryo, farmers and warriors.
- また、名主が永代保有権を有する名田は百姓名(ひゃくしょうみょう)と呼ばれた。
- Also, the myoden whose myoshu had permanent tenure were called hyakusho-myo (myoden of peasants).
- 孝謙上皇は仲麻呂の邸に勅使紀船守を送り、官位の剥奪と藤原姓の剥奪を通告した。
- The Retired Empress Koken sent imperial messenger KI no Funamori to the residence of Nakamaro and informed that he should be divested of official court rank as well as the kabane (hereditary title) of Fujiwara.
- 683年(天武12)9月、倭直(やまとのあたい)など38氏に連の姓を授ける。
- September, 683: The title of 'Muraji' was given to 38 clans such as Yamato no atai.
- 百姓は請作面積に応じた納税責任を負うが、移動居住の自由を有する自由民であった。
- Hyakusho were responsible for tax payment according to a contract farming area, but they were free people having the freedom to move and to choose a place to live.
- 当時、課税の対象だった百姓らの逃亡・浮浪が著しく、租税収入に危機が迫っていた。
- In those days, peasants on whom tax was imposed frequently ran away and wandered about, which lowered tax yields.
- 惣掟(そうおきて)は、中世日本において、百姓らが自主的に定めた惣村内部の法令。
- So-okite was a statute defined independently by peasants within a soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) in medieval Japan.
- この他、百姓が苗字帯刀・切捨御免の特権や「士分格」という格式を得ることがある。
- In addition, the peasants could be granted the privileges of having a family name, wearing swords, and taking lives of people with impunity, or status as a samurai.
- 徳川秀忠が将軍に就任し、書院番・小姓組(創設当初は花畑番)が新たに創設された。
- When Tadahide TOKUGAWA was installed as Shogun, Shoinban and Koshogumi (originally it was called Hanabatake-ban [literally, 'Guards at the Flower Garden' because there was a flower garden in front of Kuroshoin-saikonoma, the first place where Koshogumi guarded]) were newly created.
- この頃になると、農村では農地の分割相続により本百姓の零落が始まった頃であった。
- Around this time the class of honbyakusho (farmers who had land as well as the obligation to pay land tax,) began to decline due to divisional succession of agricultural lands.
- そのため、百姓の中から運搬する者(運脚という)が選ばれ、都まで運送していった。
- For that purpose, laborers were selected from among the peasants to deliver the taxes to the capital, Kyoto.
- このため高持ち百姓のうちには田畑を手放して水呑み百姓に転落するものが続出した。
- Therefore, many farmers (persons managing a farm by employing farm workers) were forced to sell their farms and became peasants.
- このことは中世の村落構造に端を発しており、中世の地侍や乙名百姓は苗字を称した。
- This originated from the structure of the village in the Medieval times, and Jizamurai (provincial samurai in the middle ages, who engaged in agriculture during peacetime) and Otonabyakusho used Myoji.
- 長享2年(1488年) 一揆衆は加賀において共和国「百姓のもちたる国」を樹立。
- In 1488, a riot group established a republic, 'a country ruled by farmers,' in Kaga Province.
- 具体的には支配者層が在地社会において直接把握の対象とした社会階層が百姓とされた。
- Specifically, the social class directly ruled by the ruling class in the local societies was referred to as a hyakusho.
- この地発祥と思われる口分田姓もあり、滋賀県野鳥の会名誉会長に口分田政博氏がいる。
- 口分田 is also used as a family name, which is considered to originate in this place, and actually, the name of the honorary chairman of the wild bird society of Shiga Prefecture is 口分田 政博 (Masahiro KUMODE).
- 「諸蕃」の姓氏とは、渡来人系の氏族で、秦氏、大蔵氏など326氏が挙げられている。
- The clans of 'Shoban' were clans of toraijin (people from overseas, particularly from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Asian continental culture to the Japanese) and include 326 clans, among which are the Hata and Ookura clans.
- また、名主は、百姓から徴収した中から加地子を中間得分として自らの収入としていた。
- Myoshu also collected kajishi (supplementary taxes) from peasants as their own income.
- しかし正税徴収には戸籍の作成、百姓への班田など非常に煩雑な事務を必要としていた。
- However, collecting Shozei needed excessively complicated clerical work such as forming the family register and allotting farmland to peasants (Handen).
- 彼らは、連、造(みやつこ)、直(あたい)、公(きみ)などの姓(かばね)を称した。
- They called themselves with the kabane (hereditary title) of muraji, miyatsuko, atai and kimi.
- 今日的な意味での姓(セイ)の特徴は、基本的にはこの苗字(名字)から発生している。
- The characteristic of a family name in the current sense comes from this family name derived from Azana basically.
- 台湾の英雄・鄭成功をモデルにした近松の傑作『国姓爺合戦』のブームから採ったもの。
- This game was derived from the boom of the masterpiece, 'Kokusen-ya Kassen' (The Battles of Koxinga) of CHIKAMATSU which was modeled after the hero of Taiwan, Seiko TEI.
- 現在では、同姓の分家との関係で用いられないかぎり、ほぼ「家元」の言いかえである。
- Now, as long as it is not used when the branch sect shares the same surname, 'Head of the School' is almost an equivalent saying to 'originator of the sect'.
- これには空海以来の歴代長者の任命日・俗姓・師資・年譜などが人別に記載されている。
- The records describe the dates of appointments, secular surnames, masters, disciples and chronological records of the respective Choja since Kukai.
- その他に、『夏御文(げのおふみ)』、『御俗姓御文(ごぞくしょうおふみ)』がある。
- In addition, there existed 'Geno Ofumi' (literally, 'Letters of the Summer') and 'Gozokusho Ofumi' (literally, 'Letters written under Secular Names.')
- その時の恩賞として征夷大将軍から内藤の姓を許され、内藤宗勝と改名したようである。
- The Shogun granted him the family name 'Naito' was a reward for his achievement, and it seems that he changed his name to Munekatsu NAITO.
- 百姓は必ずしも農業を営んでいた訳ではなく、農業以外の商業・産業を営む者も多かった。
- It was not necessarily the case that all the Hyakushos engaged in agriculture and it was also the case that many of them were in business or industry.
- この制度では、百姓を村単位で、町人を町単位で把握し、両者の間に上下関係はなかった。
- According to this system, peasants were grouped by village, townsmen by town, with no difference between their ranks.
- 百姓を農民の意味とした初見は、現在のところ9世紀末に編纂された『三代実録』である。
- As of now, that was 'Sandaijitsuroku' (the sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts) edited in the late ninth century in which the term 'hyakusho' indicated for the first time, a person engaged in agriculture.
- そのさい、国衙領は、百姓名(みよう)が奈良時代の戸に代わって基本単位となっていた。
- At the same time, the base unit of kokugaryo (public lands) became hyakusho-myo (smaller holdings of shoen held by ordinary peasants), replacing ko (smallest social organization unit in provincial administration) used in the Nara period.
- 国衙領・荘園の名田化により、富豪百姓(田堵)が名主・荘官として現地経営にあたった。
- After kokugaryo (rice fields governed by provincial government office) and shoen became myoden (land held by non-resident owners), wealthy farmers (Tato) were in charge of on site management as myoshu/shokan (officer governing shoen).
- 武士の中では下位で、侍でもあり百姓でもあるという兵農未分離の状態という意味である。
- It means that they were low-ranking samurai who served as both warriors and farmers.
- まず開発拠点を設置して、開発費用を支出して労働力である内外の浪人や百姓を誘致した。
- First, setting up the development base, they paid development expenses to recruit ronin (masterless samurai) and peasants as workforce inside and outside of their provinces.
- 江戸時代には、逃散した百姓が都市部へ出て、安い賃金で生活することが一般に見られた。
- During the Edo period, many chosan peasants generally left for urban areas where they lived on low wages.
- 連(むらじ)、造(みやつこ)、直(あたい)、公(きみ)などの姓(カバネ)を称した。
- The clans who received the position of Tomo no Miyatsuko had the hereditary titles such as Muraji, Miyatsuko, Atai, and Kimi.
- 宿禰(すくね)は、八色の姓(やくさのかばね)で制定された、カバネ(かばね)の一つ。
- Sukune was one of the kabane (hereditary titles) established by Yakusa no Kabane (the eight hereditary titles).
- ・「慶長六年四月伊達政宗奥州景勝の地を斬取らんと百姓を間者にしておこたりを伺えり。
- In April, 1601, Masamune DATE made peasants spy on the Kagekatsu territory in Oshu (Mutsu Province) to capture the land.
- 豪族を序列化し、また氏や姓にとらわれることなく優秀な人材を登用することを目指した。
- The system aimed to impose ranks on powerful clans and to appoint talented people, regardless of their clan or title, to government posts.
- 諸藩により違いはあるものの、百姓が困っている場合には彼らを代表して施政者に伝えた。
- Although the situation differed according to the domain, when peasants had difficulties, the headmen (nanushi or shoya) reported it to the government on behalf of them.
- 武蔵国多摩郡横山(現・東京都八王子市元横山町)を本拠として横山姓を称したとされる。
- It is believed that the party was based in Yokoyama, Tama County, Musashi Province (the present Moto-Yokoyama Town, Hachioji City, Tokyo) and gave themselves the family name of Yokoyama.
- 実際に賜ったのは、上の年表にあるように、真人・朝臣・宿禰・忌寸の上位四姓であった。
- The titles actually given were the higher rank of four titles, 'Mahito,' 'Asomi/Ason,' 'Sukune,' and 'Imiki' described in the above chronology.
- 一方連(むらじ)の姓を名乗る氏族の中で最も有力なものを大連(おおむらじ)と呼んだ。
- On the other hand, those among the clans with the kabane of Muraji were called Omuraji.
- 極印方の湯浅作兵衛は徳川家より大黒常是(だいこくじょうぜ)という姓名を与えられた。
- As the officer in charge of stamping hallmarks, Sakubei YUASA was granted the new family name DAIKOKUJOUZE from the Tokugawa family.
- また天長3年(826年)には、行平、業平ほか子供等に在原姓を賜わり臣籍降下させた。
- In 826 he gave his children, Yukihira and Narihira and the others the surname of Ariwara and allowed them to be demoted from nobility to subject.
- また百姓一揆、特に世直し一揆の中に、弥勒思想の強い影響があることが指摘されている。
- Additionally, it is pointed out that peasant revolts, particularly the revolt for social reform, was strongly influenced by the Miroku faith.
- 近世において武士が町人・百姓らから耐え難い無礼を受けた時は、斬殺しても処罰されない。
- In modern ages, when a warrior put townspeople or farmers to a sword because he was unbearably insulted by them, he was not punished.
- 9世紀から10世紀ごろにかけて、富豪百姓らによる私領(私営田)の形成が進んでいった。
- Forming of private land (shieiden (lands directly governed by powerful families)) had been accelerated by wealthy farmers from the 9th century to the 10th century.
- 経済力を獲得した一般百姓は、名田を購入するなどし、名主の支配から次第に逃れていった。
- Having accumulated considerable wealth, these peasants purchased myoden and other properties, thereby gradually achieving freedom from the control of myoshu farmers.
- そのような村でも(2)家屋敷地は必ずあり、それらを所持する高持百姓が本百姓とされた。
- Even such villages certainly had (2) houses and land, and takamochi-hyakusho who possessed them were regarded as hon-byakusho.
- この頃には、惣村の形成に見られるように、百姓らの自治・連帯意識が非常に高まっていた。
- During this period, the level of awareness of self-governing and solidarity was rapidly raised among peasants and other commoners, as shown in the formation of soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association).
- その後、中世・近世を通じて、領主が百姓をはじめとする民衆に課する租税として存続した。
- Throughout the medieval period and the early-modern times, the feudal lords imposed the nengu on the populace including the peasants.
- 近世の「百姓一揆」も peasant uprising と英訳されて紹介されている。
- Moreover, the 'hyakusho ikki' in the early-modern period has been translated and introduced into English as peasant uprising.
- 田堵(たと)は、日本の平安時代に荘園・国衙領の田地経営をおこなった有力百姓層である。
- Tato means the wealthy farmer class that managed rice fields belonging to shoen (manor) or kokugaryo (rice fields governed by provincial government office) during Japan's Heian period.
- しかし上述したように必ずしも国人層・百姓層などを厳格に支配していたわけではなかった。
- However, as mentioned above, the shugo-ryogoku system did not always control strictly the kokujin stratum and the peasant stratum.
- 首(おびと)、史(ふひと)、村主(すくり)、勝(すくり)などの姓(カバネ)を称した。
- The clans who received the position of Momo Amari Yaso no Tomo had the hereditary titles such as Obito, Fuhito Sukuri, and Sukuri.
- 同一の氏族のルーツを表すモノである、同姓の場合でも本貫が違えば別の氏族と見なされる。
- Although the family name, which describes the origin of the same clan, is the same, it was considered a different clan when the hongan was different.
- 囲いの外に出して土木作業をさせると「公儀の御人足だ」と称して周辺の百姓達を困らせる。
- When they were made to do construction work outside the walls, they annoyed peasants by calling themselves 'laborers for the Shogunate.'
- これらのため、律令的氏姓制度は、人材登用制度としてはほとんど有効に機能しなくなった。
- For these reasons, the Shisei Seido (the system of clans and hereditary titles) that is related to the ritsuryo system came to hardly function as a system to appoint talented people effectively.
- 寛永4年(1627年):小姓組猶村孫九郎が、西の丸で木造氏、鈴木氏に切りつけた事件。
- 1627: Page corp Magokuro NOMURA attacked Suzuki and Kozukuri with his sword in Nishi no Maru (a castle compound to the west of the main compound).
- 内海氏(うつみ し、うちうみ し、うちみ し、うちかい し)とは、日本の姓氏の1つ。
- The Utsumi clan (also known as the Uchiumi, the Uchimi, or the Uchikai clan) is a Japanese family name.
- しかし現在も佐波賀には下志万の姓を持つ世帯があり、下志万水軍の子孫と考えられている。
- However, even today, there are some families that have the family name of Shimojima and they are said to be the descendants of the Shimojima navy.
- 三刀屋孝扶の子扶明は、名字を三刀屋から本姓の諏訪部氏に戻し、三刀屋氏は終焉を迎えた。
- Sukeaki, son of Takasuke MITOYA, returned his family name to the original Suwabe, which was the end of the Mitoya clan.
- こうした事から、氏姓によって与えられる位階に一定の制約があったとする見方も存在する。
- Due to this, some people have the view that there were certain restrictions on giving courtly ranks depending on clan and rank.
- しかし、農村では貧富の差が拡大して各地で百姓一揆や村方騒動が頻発し、治安も悪化した。
- Nonetheless, as the disparity between rich and poor expanded in agricultural communities, peasant's revolts and agrarian conflicts occurred frequently and ended in deterioration of the public order.
- 『日本書紀』などの中では、臣姓の多くは継体天皇以前の天皇から別れ出た氏族としている。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), many clans with the kabane of Omi were descended from the emperors before the period of the Emperor Keitai.
- この臣の姓を名乗る氏族の中で最も有力な者を大臣(おおおみ)と呼び、国政を預けられた。
- The most influential people among the clans with the kabane of Omi were called Oomi, who was put in charge of the affairs of state.
- 開皇二十年、俀王、姓は阿毎、字は多利思北孤、阿輩&x96de弥と号(な)づく。
- In 600, there was a king of Wa whose last name was Ame, azana (nickname) was Tarashihiko, and go (pseudonym) was Okimi.
- 『国姓爺姿写真鏡』(古今彦惣 こきん ひこぞう)「傾城古今と黒木屋彦惣の情話」の世界
- Tha world of 'A love story of keisei (a courtesan) Kokin and Hikozo KUROKIYA' from the 'Kokusenya Sugatano Utsushie'(Hikozo KOKIN).
- 10世紀前期ごろから、人民百姓を戸籍・計帳により把握する律令制的な人別支配が崩壊した。
- Around the former half of the 10th century, the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system was destructed in which people and farmers were controlled with family register and keicho (the yearly tax registers).
- 8世紀初年に本格的に始まった日本の律令制は、戸籍・計帳を元にして百姓・人民を把握した。
- The Ritsuryo system, which officially started at the beginning of the 8th century, controlled farmers and citizens based on family registers and the yearly tax registers.
- 更に脇百姓の男女ともに布・木綿に制限され、更に紬が許されたそうでもその長さが制限された。
- Meanwhile, adjunct farmers, both men and women, were allowed to wear only hemp and cotton, and even when they were allowed to use tsumugi, its length was restricted.
- このように当初は太政官が郡司・百姓らの主張を認め、国司を解任することが基調となっていた。
- Initially as described above, it was common that Daijokan approved claims of gunji and farmers and dismissed the kokushi.
- 特に在地領主が名主化して百姓名の成立が進まなかった東国や九州で在家役が多く課されている。
- Particularly, in Togoku (eastern Japan) and Kyushu where zaichi ryoshu (local proprietors) became similar to Nanushi (village headmen) and Hyakusho-myo (smaller holdings of shoen held by ordinary peasants) were not established, many Zaikeyaku were levied.
- 大工・鍛冶は、職人身分に属する者が営む場合、水呑・借家あるいは百姓が営む場合、があった。
- Carpenters and smiths were practiced by people who belonged to the craftsmen rank, or by mizunomi (landless farmers), tenants, or hyakusho.
- 平安前期には百姓階層の分化が一層進み、前代から引き続いた律令国家体制に限界が生じていた。
- In the first half of the Heian period, farmers became more hierarchical and the national system based on the Ritsuryo system that had continued from the previous period had reached its limit.
- 惣村の結合の中心である宮座への参加が認められた百姓を惣百姓といい、惣村の構成員とされた。
- A peasant who was allowed to participate in the miyaza, or the center of the connection of soson, was called Sobyakusho (member of the soson village system) and was recognized as a member of the soson.
- 大番は歴史が古いものの、「両番」と称せられる小姓組、書院番に比べ家格は一段低いとされた。
- Although oban was the oldest military organization, the social standing was lower than koshogumi and shoinban which were called 'ryoban.'
- また、病気や災害などにより年貢を皆済できない百姓が村の根帳(人別帳)からはずれ町へ流入。
- Also, peasants who were not able to pay Nengu (annual taxes) due to sickness or disaster removed from the Ninbetsu-cho (ledgers of names of villagers of each village) and flowed into towns.
- 六国史に散見する俘囚への賜姓例の中には、吉弥候氏が物部斯波連を賜ったという記録も見える。
- Among the examples of shisei (conferring a surname) to barbarians found in Rikkokushi (the Six National Histories), there is a record that the Kimiko clan was given the Muraji of Mononobe no Shiwa.
- また、藤原邦綱の子の平清邦のように平清盛の猶子になってそのまま平氏に姓を改めた例もある。
- Another case was TAIRA no Kiyokuni who was the child of FUJIWARA no Kunitsuna, became the Yushi of TAIRA no Kiyomori, and then changed his surname to TAIRA.
- 戦後景勝は、腹心の直江兼続の弟、樋口与七を養子に入れて強引に小国氏を継がせ、大国と改姓。
- After the war, Kagekatsu had a younger brother of his confidant Kanetsugu NAOE, called Yoshichi HIGUCHI, adopted, whereupon he took on the Oguni clan and changed the name to Okuni.
- またこの年7月、関白相論を経て正親町天皇より関白に任じられ、翌年には豊臣姓も下賜された。
- On July that year, Hideyoshi was nominated to be the Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) after 'kanpaku soron' (disagreement over Kanpaku position) and in the following year, the family name, 'the Toyotomi clan' was given to him.
- 名人笛彦兵衛の弟子浅沢市右衛門元道が一家を立て、子の市右衛門景道の代から春日を姓とした。
- Ichiemon Motomichi (元道) ASAZAWA, who was a follower of a flute master named Hikobei FUE, established the head family, and his son named Ichiemon Kagemichi began to use the family name Shunnichi.
- 当時、大宰府管内では不作が続いて税収不足に陥り、さらに疫病により百姓らの困窮が著しかった。
- In those days, in Dazaifu, continuous lean harvest resulted in tax revenue shortfalls and farmers had an even harder time due to diseases.
- 百姓・町人の間での身分移動は比較的容易であり、武士の下層(足軽)との身分移動も多くあった。
- Status was relatively flexible between peasants and townsmen, with status mobility also existing between those classes and low-ranking samurai (ashigaru (foot soldier)).
- 水戸黄門などでは農民を徳川光圀が呼称する場合 'お百姓' と接頭辞 'お' を付けている。
- In TV dramas such as 'Mitokomon,' Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA uses the term with the prefix 'o,' i.e., 'ohyakusho' when addressing a peasant.
- 皇別氏族は、さらに、皇親(「真人」のカバネをもつ氏族)とそれ以外の姓をもつ氏族に分かれる。
- The clans branched out from the Imperial Family are further divided into Koshin (Emperor's families that had the official status title (called kabane) of 'Mahito'), as well as other clans.
- そうした流れの中で、百姓や地侍、馬借らが広域的に連合する土一揆が発生したと考えられている。
- It is now considered that the state of consciousness caused peasants, jizamurai (local samurai), and bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) in a wide area to come together to start Tsuchi-ikki.
- 今井町の西口にあることから郡山城主徳川家康の孫松平忠明にすすめられて以後今西姓を名乗った。
- As the family settled in the western ('nishi' in Japanese) end of Imai Town, it followed the advice of Tadaakira MATSUDAIRA, the lord of Koriyama Castle and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's grandson, and used 'Imanishi' as a family name.
- ところが間もなく秀吉は菊亭晴季と相談して、天皇から新たな姓を下賜される事を望むようになる。
- Shortly thereafter, however, Hideyoshi conferred with Harusue KIKUTEI and hoped to be granted a new clan name by the Emperor.
- それでも、百姓らは権利要求の手段として、逃散を行うこともあり、江戸などの都市部へ流入した。
- Nevertheless, there were cases of peasants using chosan as a means of demanding rights, and they flowed into to urban areas such as Edo.
- 惣荘や惣郷は、百姓の団結・自立の傾向が強く、かつ最も惣村が発達していた畿内に多く出現した。
- In sosho and sogo, the peasants had a high tendency toward unity and self-reliance, and a number of sosho and sogo appeared in the Kinai region where the soson were most developed.
- 江戸幕府や各藩の財源は米に依存する為、本百姓を維持する為に1673年分地制限令を発布した。
- As the Edo bakufu and each domain relied on the yield of rice for their source of funds, Bunchi Seigen-rei (the law to control the division of lands) was issued in 1673 for the purpose of maintaining the honbyakusho class.
- 及川氏から分派した家には「男沢氏」「鱒淵氏」「鹿折氏」「小野寺氏(源姓小野寺)」等がある。
- There are branch families from OIKAWA clan such as 'OTOKOZAWA clan,' 'MASUBUCHI clan,' 'SHISHIORI clan,' 'ONODERA clan' (ONODERA of the MINAMOTO family) and so on.
- その後坂本城を目指している途中、山城国の小栗栖周辺で百姓らに襲われ死去したと言われている。
- Then it is said that while returning to Sakamoto-jo Castle, he was attacked by peasants and killed around Ogurisu in Yamashiro Province.
- 公営田の耕作のため、年間6万人以上の百姓らが動員され、5人当たり1町の耕作が割り当てられた。
- Every year more than 60,000 farmers were made to cultivate Kueiden and one cho was allotted to five farmers.
- この時の健児は天平宝字6年と同様、郡司の子弟と百姓のうち弓馬に秀でた者を選抜することとした。
- This kondei system was established in the same way as the system of the year of 762, and consequently, people who were skilled in archery and horseback riding were selected from young members of gunji (local magistrate) families and peasants.
- 士族や富裕商人、富裕農民だけではなく、身分を問わず苗字を付けることが認められた(国民皆姓)。
- All people, not only those in the warrior class and affluent merchants and farmers, were allowed to have their surnames regardless of their titles (Kokumin kaisei).
- 富豪層と一般百姓層の格差はますます増大し、一般百姓は次第に富豪の支配下に組み込まれていった。
- The gap between millionaires and common peasants gew larger and larger; the latter gradually came under the former's influence.
- したがって、武士以外の苗字帯刀禁止によって百姓や町人などが完全に武装解除されたわけではない。
- Therefore, the fact that the myojitaito right was given to samurai alone did not mean that people like farmers or merchants were completely prohibited from possessing any arms.
- 氏姓制度の基盤は、血縁集団としての同族にあったが、それが国家の政治制度として編成し直された。
- The basis of the system of clans and hereditary titles was an extended family as a kin group, but it was reorganized as a political system of the state.
- これは、朝廷の祭祀を任されていた連姓の物部氏、中臣氏を牽制する為の目的も有ったと推察される。
- This is conjectured to have been carried out by the Soga clan for the purpose of countering the Mononobe and Nakatomi clans that were appointed to perform Saishi (religious rites and services) in the Chotei (Imperial Court).
- その次に位置する主に連(むらじ)の姓(かばね)を持つ氏族には宿禰(すくね)の姓を与えていた。
- The clans with the kabane of Muraji which was the next rank under Omi were given the kabane of Sukune.
- そして、この八色の姓も、天武天皇没後、旧来の氏姓の制と同様に早々に機能不全の道を辿っていく。
- Also, this Yakusa no Kabane system stopped functioning like the original kabane system after the death of Emperor Tenmu.
- 動閑は弟子の馬場道斎(1662年~1737年)を改姓させ3世清水道竿として茶道頭を継がせた。
- Dokan gave his student, Dosai BABA (1662 - 1737), the name Dokan SHIMIZU the third and had him take over as master of the tea ceremony.
- しかし晩年にはこのような軍事と造作が百姓を苦しめているとして藤原式家の藤原緒嗣に批判された。
- However, in Emperor Kammu's last years, FUJIWARA no Otsugu of the the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan criticized the Emperor for undertaking this kind of military action and said that the policy subjected farmers to great hardship.
- 豊臣秀吉・徳川家康に仕え、後に上意によって観世流の座付きとなって、姓も一時「観世」に改めた。
- He served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, then later became a performer attached to the Kanze school by order and temporarily changed his last name to 'Kanze.'
- 父より長徳寺を受け継ぎ周覚宗円と号したが、茶道を好み長徳寺を辞して母方の姓の山田を名乗った。
- He was to carry on from his father at Chotoku-ji Temple and was given the Buddhist name Shukakusoen but, preferring the tea ceremony, he left Chotoku-ji Temple and took his mother's last name Yamada.
- かつて昔にマガダ国の中で名を摩伽(まか)、姓を憍尸迦という、福徳と大智慧あるバラモンがいた。
- In ancient times, in Mahadh there was a Brahmin whose first name was Maka and family name was Kyoshika, and who did good deeds (福徳) and had great wisdom.
- 「一揆」というと、誰もが思い出すのは「百姓一揆」であり、武士の一揆などほとんどの人は知らない。
- Most imagine a 'peasant's revolt' when hearing 'uprising,' and not many know about the uprising of bushi.
- こうした御家人や彼らから所領を買収・取得した武士・百姓らは悪党化し、社会変動を一層進展させた。
- These gokenin or samurai as well as the samurai and commoners who bought or acquired their land became akuto (a villain during the middle ages), further advancing social change.
- 平安前期には、人民内部で少数の富豪層と大多数の貧困層(一般百姓層)へと階層の二極分化が進んだ。
- In the earlier part of the Heian period, people were divided into a few millionaires and a majority of poor people (common peasants).
- 惣村(そうそん)は、中世日本における百姓の自治的・地縁的結合による共同組織(村落形態)を指す。
- A soson meant a community (in the form of a village) organized through autonomous, territorial connections among peasants in medieval Japan.
- 里倉負名制では、負名と呼ばれるようになった地域の富豪・有力百姓ら請負人は徴税役人に任命された。
- In the Riso-fumyo system, undertakers including rich people and influential farmers in local areas, who had come to be called Fumyo (a local tax manager), were appointed to the officials for collecting taxes.
- 国造には、君(きみ)、直(あたい)の姓(カバネ)が多く、中には臣(おみ)を称するものもあった。
- Most of the hereditary titles of Kuni no Miyatsuko were Kimi, and Atai; there were some clans that had the title of Omi.
- 物部氏の特徴のひとつに広範な地方分布が挙げられ、無姓の物部氏も含めるとその例は枚挙に遑がない。
- A characteristic of the Mononobe clan was its distribution throughout the country, and including Mononobes which are not given Kabane, they are too numerous to count.
- 朝臣は、主に壬申の乱で功績の有った主に臣(おみ)の姓(かばね)を持つ氏族に優先的に与えられた。
- Asomi was mainly preferentially granted to the clans whose achievement was acknowledged in the Jinshin War and who had the kabane of Omi.
- ただし、すべての姓をこの制度に当てはめるということは行われず、従来あった姓はそのまま残された。
- However, the Emperor did not apply this system to all titles, and the existing titles remained.
- 臣籍降下(しんせきこうか)とは、皇族がその身分を離れ、姓を与えられ臣下の籍に降りることをいう。
- Shinseki koka is when a member of the Imperial Family leaves their position and becomes a common subject giving up their nobility status, after given a new surname.
- 琉球王国には中国から帰化した人々の子孫が集住する地域があり、彼らは「久米三十六姓」と呼ばれた。
- In the Ryukyu kingdom there were regions where the descendents of naturalized Chinese settled together, becoming known as the 'Thirty Six Families of Kume'.
- 奴婢と異なり売買対象にはならなかったほか、戸を構える(家族を持つ)ことも出来たが、姓は無かった。
- Unlike the nuhi, they were not traded and were able to have a family; however, they were not allowed to have a family name.
- これを背景として、富豪百姓間相互の紛争もしくは国司と富豪百姓層間の紛争が目立つようになっていた。
- Under such circumstances, disputes among wealthy peasants or those between kokushi and wealthy peasants increased.
- 律令国家においては戸籍に登録された全公民が国家に直接把握の対象となりそれがすなわち百姓であった。
- In the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, all citizens who were registered in the family register were under direct control by the state and were thus hyakusho.
- 足軽は中間と区別されないで、苗字を名乗ることも許されず、百姓や町人と同じ扱いをされた藩もあった。
- There were also domains in which ashigaru were not differentiated from chugen, were not permitted to bear a surname and were treated as equal to peasants and townspeople.
- 一方、信長は29日に秀吉の応援に自ら出陣するため小姓を中心とする僅かの供回りを連れ安土城を発つ。
- On the other hand, on May 29, Nobunaga departed from Azuchi-jo Castle with a small suite, mainly consisting of pages, to the front in order to support Hideyoshi.
- 特に領民の場合には「百姓高所持」、武士(特に大名)の場合には「石高知行制」と称されることがある。
- Kokudaka system is sometimes called 'hyakusho takashoji' (system to measure the property of a farmer with kokudaka) when mentioned for the farmer, or called 'kokudaka chigyo system' (system to measure the annual stipend of a samurai with kokudaka) when mentioned for samurai (especially daimyo).
- また老川氏・翁川氏(おいかは)、小井川氏(をゐかは)等の苗字も存在するがこれらは別の姓であろう。
- There also exist 老川氏, 翁川氏 (OIKAWA, おいかは) and 小井川氏 (OIKAWA, をゐかは), but they seem to be different names.
- 従って、藤原氏とあるが本来の初姓は有道氏であり、12世紀中には塩谷を名乗っていたものと見られる。
- Thus the name was FUJIWARA, but originally the first family name was ARIMICHI clan; during the twelfth century, they identified themselves as SHIONOYA.
- そして名門への憧がれから徳川家康のように系図を改ざんする者が相次ぎ、その結果武士の大姓となった。
- Then, out of the longing for a distinguished clan, there were many people such as Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who altered a family tree, making this clan consequently the influential clan for samurai.
- また、母・よしえの旧姓は山本であるが、武田信玄の軍師である山本勘助の流れを汲む家系ともいわれる。
- The maiden name of his mother, Yoshie, was Yamamoto, and the family tree is said to reach to Kansuke YAMAMOTO, who had been a strategist of Shingen TAKEDA.
- 翌嘉永5年(1852年)には姉夫婦の養子として正式に入籍し、こののち本沢姓を名乗るようになった。
- In the following year, 1852, he had his name formally entered into his elder sister's family register as an adoptee, and thereafter bore the family name Motosawa.
- 1694年、宝生流を好んだ徳川綱吉の命により宝生座座付を命ぜられ、家元家も姓を「宝生」に改めた。
- In 1694, it was ordered by Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA who favored Hosho-ryu to work in Hosho-za, and it changed its family name to 'HOSHO.'
- さらに、血縁の嫡庶遠近に関わらず功績のあった者のみに自らと同様、源姓使用を許す門葉として遇した。
- Furthermore, regardless of how close or what the blood or maternal family relations were, he allowed only those who made achievements to use the family name of Minamoto in the same manner as himself.
- 現在、奈良県や和歌山県を中心に「庵戸(いおと、あんど)」という名称が希少姓として数世帯存在する。
- At present, a few families having a rare surname 'Ioto' (or Ando) exist centered in Nara Prefecture or Wakayama Prefecture.
- 姓、戸主、死亡者名、年齢、区分、死亡月日の一連の情報がわかるものとしては秋田城跡の例が最初である。
- Shibocho unearthed from the Remains of Akita-jo Castle was the first one showing a series of information such as Kabane (hereditary title), head of Ko (smallest social organization unit in provincial administration), name of deceased person, age, classification, and date of death.
- こうして荘官、郡司、郷司、保司の資格のもと、武士が在地領主として国内百姓の支配を行う形が確立する。
- Consequently, there emerged an established scheme in which with the qualifications of shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji, samurai dominated local hyakusho as a resident landlord.
- その後、今日まで意味が大きく変化することはなく、現在中国でも老百姓といえば、一般庶民のことを指す。
- The meaning of the term did not change significantly from then until today, and the term 'lao bai xing' in modern Chinese indicates common people.
- 江戸時代中後期の社会変動によって、百姓内部での貧富の差が拡大していくようになる('農民層分解')。
- As a result of social changes in the middle and the later Edo period, the disparity between rich and poor in hyakusho became significant ('dissolution of the peasant class').
- 新撰姓氏録(しんせんしょうじろく)は、平安時代初期のに、嵯峨天皇の命により編纂された古代氏族名鑑。
- Shinsen Shojiroku is an ancient clan-name register or directory that was compiled by an order from Emperor Saga in the early Heian period.
- 1637年の島原の乱以降は一揆は沈静化し、強訴や逃散など百姓一揆と呼ばれる闘争の形態が主流となる。
- Ikki uprisings abated after the Shimabara War of 1637, and a form of struggle called hyakusho ikki, including goso and chosan (farmer's desertion from his land as a form of resistance), began to comprise the majority of ikki.
- こうして軍事貴族や地方の富豪百姓らは武士へと成長していったが、その本質は平安貴族に他ならなかった。
- The military nobles and rich local farmers developed into samurai like this, but they were none other than Heian nobles in essence.
- 近衛の官人は巡回の際に自らの姓名を叫びながら見回りを行ったが、これを宿奏(とのいもうし)と称した。
- Kanjin (government officials) in Konoe-fu patrolled crying out their own names, and this was called Tonoi-moshi.
- 名田において、名主は百姓らから年貢・公事・夫役を徴収し、国司や荘園領主へ納入する義務を負っていた。
- In the myoden system, myoshu were obligated to collect taxes (taxes in kind, public duties and labor services) from peasants for territorial governors or manorial lords.
- 百姓申状の提出や起請文の作成など所定の手続きを経ていれば合法的な抵抗手段として認められていた。
- The process was recognized as a lawful means of resistance in the event that a hyakusho moshijo (a written report submitted from a low-ranking person to a higher ranking person) was submitted, kishomon (sworn oath) was made and fixed procedures were adhered to.
- 彼らは先進的な部民共同体の中で戸を単位に編成され、6世紀には籍帳に登載されて、正式に氏姓をもった。
- They were organized making each house one unit in an advanced community of people who belonged to the Yamato Regime; in the sixth century, their family name and hereditary titles were written down in their register book; in this way they had an official family name and hereditary title.
- 藤原は姓であり、家名でも苗字でもないため、明治以前においては「藤原家」なる家は公家には存在しない。
- Since FUJIWARA is a kabane (hereditary title), and not a family name nor a last name, there was no 'Fujiwara-ke' (Fujiwara family) among court nobles before the Meiji period.
- その順位は、1. 無姓、2. →造、公、史、勝、村主、拘登(ひと)、3. →連 というようになる。
- The order of Kabane (the hereditary title) is 1. no Kabane, 2. Miyatsuko, Kimi, Fuhito, Sukuri, Suguri, Hito, 3. Muraji.
- 「開皇20年、俀王あり、姓は阿毎(アメ)、字(あざな)は多利思比孤(タラシヒコ)、阿輩雞彌と号す。
- In 600, there is King of Wa, his family name is Ame, his nickname is Tarishihiko and his go (pen name) is Okimi.
- 室町時代、初代宗禅は奈良の「西京西村」に住んで春日大社の供御器を作っており、西村姓を名乗っていた。
- In the Muromachi period, Sozen, who was the founder of the family and was under the family name of Nishimura, lived in 'Nishinokyo Nishimura,' Nara, and made ritual utensils for Kasuga-taisha Shrine.
- その後、八色の姓が制定されると、第15代の応神天皇以降の皇別の氏族には真人が与えられるようになる。
- After the eight honorary titles were issued, an Imperial Family with ancestors from after the era of the fifteenth Emperor Ojin, were give the surname of Mahito.
- 「初令天下百姓右襟」の意味は、全ての人々は衿の合わせ方を右前(右衽)にしなさい、という意味である。
- The sentence means that all people should wear clothes with the left side over the right.
- すなわち '俺たち百姓は…' という発話にはある種の誇りの意味合いさえ含まれるといって過言ではない。
- Specifically, it is not exaggerated to say that the phrase 'we hyakusho are...' has a meaning that contains connotations of pride.
- こうした社会情勢の中で、従前、名主の支配・管理下で生産に従事していた一般百姓が経済力をつけていった。
- Under these social conditions, ordinary peasants, who had been engaged in farming under the rule and control of myoshu farmers, gradually gained economic power.
- 「神別」の姓氏とは、神武天皇以前の神代に別れ、あるいは生じた氏族のことで、404氏が挙げられている。
- The 404 clans of 'Shinbetsu' were clans that had branched out from the age of the gods or appeared before the time of Emperor Jimmu.
- しかし、9世紀~10世紀ごろになると、百姓層の中で田地を開発・集積する富豪層が出現するようになった。
- During the 9th and the 10th centuries, however, there appeared a wealthy class of peasants, who independently developed and integrated the cultivation fields.
- 忠平執政期ごろに、有力百姓層(富豪層)へ土地経営と納税を請け負わせる名田もしくは負名が開始していた。
- Around the time of Tadahira's administration, Myoden (rice field lots under the control of nominal holders) or Fumyo (tillers of public rice fields) were started; under either system, powerful farmers (the rich class) undertook management of rice fields and tax payments.
- 14世紀ごろから、百姓名は私的所有の対象とする観念が強まっていき、名主間で自由売買されるようになる。
- From the 14th century onwards, the concept that a hyakusho-myo could be private land increased, and the hyakusho-myo lands started to be traded at will among the myoshu people.
- 常備兵力としての大番は、同様の組織である五番方(小姓組、書院番、新番、大番、小十人)の中で最も古い。
- Oban as a standing force was the oldest force among the similar organization called gobangata (the collective name of five military organizations in the Edo period: kosho-gumi [the page corps], shoinban [the castle guards], shinban [the new guards], oban [the great guards], and kojunin [the escort guards]).
- なお、薩摩藩では家格が整備されるまで、後年に御小姓与と新番の身分に分別された武士を大番と呼んでいた。
- In Satsuma Domain, until the social ranks were organized, the samurai whose family ranks were later divided into okoshogumi and shinban (new guards) were called oban.
- これは首露王と王妃許氏の間に10人の息子がおり、そのうち2人に許姓を名乗らせたと言う事から来ている。
- This stems from the fact that King Suro-wang and his wife from the Heo clan had ten sons, two of which were given the family name of Heo.
- 一 在々百姓等 田畠を打捨 或はあきなひ或は賃仕事に罷出輩有之は 其者之事は不及申 地下中可為御成敗
- Second, if there is any farmer who leaves his or her rice and vegetable fields behind and engages in trading or being employed for wages, not only the farmer himself or herself but also his fellow villagers will be punished.
- 秀吉が、お市他三人の娘を助け出す際にかくまったとされる小谷城近くの地主の家に大岡という姓をあたえた。
- Hideyoshi gave the family name Ooka to a landlord family living near Odani-jo Castle who sheltered Oichi and other three girls upon their rescue.
- この門を出た通りが「土御門大路」であり、姓氏の土御門家や藤原氏邸宅土御門殿はこの地名に由来している。
- The name of the street just outside of this gate is 'Tsuchimikado Avenue,' which the surname of the Tsuchimikado family and Fujiwara family's mansion, Tsuchimikado dono (mansion) belong to this name of the place.
- 従って、身分制度が厳しかった江戸時代でも、百姓町人から大名まで身分の上下を問わず楽しむことができた。
- Therefore, even in the Edo period when the class system was firmly established, Shingaku could be enjoyed by persons in any class, from farmers and merchants to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lords).
- 「刈田」は中央の貴族としては知られないが、『香取文書』には同姓のものが郡司判官代として出てくるという。
- Katta' was not known as an aristocrat of the capital, but a person with the same surname appeared as gunji hogandai (a district manager and administrative official of the Retired-Emperor's Office) in 'Katori Monjo' (Katori document).
- 一方、9世紀後期頃から、富豪百姓層らが経済力や政治力、さらには私兵を擁しての軍事力すらをもつけてきた。
- From the late 9th century, meanwhile, the wealthy peasant class strengthened not only their economic and political power but also military power with private soldiers at their command.
- 姓(かばね)は公(きみ)から真人(まひと)、宿禰などを経て774年(宝亀5年)に朝臣の姓が与えられた。
- The surname was changed from Kimi to Mahito, then to Sukune, and in 774 the surname Ason was given.
- 江戸時代の諸制度に実際に現れる身分は、武士を上位にし、その下に「百姓」と「町人」を並べるものであった。
- As the classes that were actually involved in systems in the Edo period, samurai were ranked at the top with 'peasants' and 'townsmen' just below.
- 本書には、全部で1182氏姓が記録され、その出自により「皇別」・「神別」・「諸蕃」に3分類されている。
- This register records a total of 1182 clan names, being classified the into three types - 'Kobetsu,' 'Shinbetsu' and 'Shoban' - based on the place of origin.
- 「北大路」を姓とする著名人には京都の北大路で生まれた陶芸家の北大路魯山人(本名は北大路房次郎)がいる。
- One famous person with the surname of 'Kitaoji' was Rosanji KITAOJI (real name was Fusajiro KITAOJI), who was a pottery artist born in Kitaoji of Kyoto.
- よって律令施行よりまもなく、これを種籾として百姓に貸し付けた(出挙)利子を主要財源とするようになった。
- Therefore, soon after the enforcement of the Ritsuryo codes, the government changed the system to collect the interest born by loaning seed rice to peasants (called Suiko [government loans made to peasants]), which became the main financial resources.
- 地租は収穫量を今日でいう課税標準とし、直接に耕作者である百姓からその生産物をもって徴収された(物納)。
- The base of taxation of land-tax was crop yields and the yields were collected from the farmers, direct cultivators (payment in kind).
- そのため、地方豪族の支配下にあった一般の民にまで6世紀の段階で氏姓が及んでいたかどうかは定かではない。
- Therefore, it is not certain that the giving of clan names (family names) and hereditary titles was extended to the common people under the control of powerful local clans in the sixth century.
- 雄略朝の大連・物部目の後裔を称する石上麻呂には朝臣の姓が与えられて、西暦708年(和銅元年)に左大臣。
- ISONOKAMI no Maro, who called himself a descendant of MONONOBE no Me (who was Omuraji in the era of the Emperor Yuryaku), was given the kabane of Ason and was promoted to Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) in 708.
- この新たな氏姓制度が日本国民全員に確立したのは、1875年(明治8年)の平民苗字必称令によってである。
- This new name system was established among all Japanese citizens when the order issued in 1875 made it mandatory for all commoners to have family names.
- 延宝七年(1679年)には長崎奉行に許されて日本に帰化し、福建の出身地から鉅鹿(おおが)姓を名乗った。
- In 1679, he became naturalized in Japan through the permission of the Nagasaki bugyo (Nagasaki magistrate) and took the name Oga after his birthplace in Fujian Province.
- それ以外は源氏一門といえども御家人となった者が除目などの必要ある場合を除き源姓を使用することを禁じた。
- He forbid all others, even if they belonged to the Minamoto clan families, from using the family name of Minamoto, unless a gokenin member had a need for it for a court rank conferment ritual.
- 7世正房は維新の後に姓を古田に復して、以後門下の指導に当たっていたが、現在、古田家は指導を離れている。
- After the Meiji Restoration, Masafusa, the seventh head of the school, restored the family name to the original Furuta, and taught students of the school, but now the Furuta family doesn't teach the school.
- 臨時発兵規定で想定されていた兵とは、軍団 (古代日本)や健児ではなく、百姓のうち弓馬に通じた者であった。
- The soldiers supposed in the specifications of rinji-hatsuhei were neither those belonging to gundan (in ancient Japan) nor strong adults, but farmers who were skilled at using bows and at riding a horse.
- しかし、9世紀前期までには、百姓の逃亡・浮浪が著しく増大し、律令制の人別支配は根幹から動揺し始めていた。
- However, by the first half of the ninth century, the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system began to crumble from the ground up because a significant increase in the number of farmers escaping or going missing.
- 一般的には百姓身分の者の武器所有を禁止し、それらを没収して農村の武装解除を図った政策として知られている。
- Katanagari is generally known as a policy of seeking to disarm a farming village by prohibiting peasants from owning arms and confiscating them.
- また守護役とは、守護が独自に領内の百姓らへ賦課した各種課役であり、多くは夫役(労働課役)の形態を取った。
- Meanwhile, shugo-yaku meant various duties imposed on peasants in the territory by shugo in their own rights, most of which were performed by bu-yaku (labor service).
- 全体として町人・百姓に厳しく、武士を優遇する改革でもあり、人心は定信の理想についていけないままであった。
- But people could not catch up with the Sadanobu's high ideal, partly because his reforms as a whole favored samurai while being strict on merchants and peasants.
- 臣(おみ)は、ヤマト王権で使われていたカバネ(かばね)の一つで、姓の中では連と並んで高位に位置していた。
- Omi was one of kabane used in the Yamato sovereignty and denoted the highest ranked title along with Muraji.
- 職掌を示す姓(カバネ)としては、国造(くにのみやつこ)、県主(あがたのぬし)、稲置(いなぎ)などがある。
- Kabane which denoted official duties included kuni no miyatsuko (the heads of local governments), Ataganushi (territorial ruler) and inagi.
- 皇民化運動は国語運動、改姓名、志願兵制度、宗教・社会風俗改革の4点からなる、台湾人の日本人化運動である。
- The kominka movement was the forced transformation of the Taiwanese into loyal subjects of the emperor, consisting of the four major campaigns: the encouragement to speak Japanese, the change of names to Japanese names, the military volunteer system and the religious, social and life style reforms.
- 同時に兄弟の和気王も岡真人の氏姓を賜り臣籍降下するが、和気王は天平宝字3年(759年)に皇籍に復帰する。
- At this time his brother, Prince Wake was demoted from nobility to subject after receiving the name of 岡真人, however, Prince Wake returned to the Imperial Family in 759.
- 近年、家元家ではふたたび姓を「観世」に服し、純三が「観世豊純」を、子の新一郎が「新九郎」を名乗っている。
- Recently the head family changed its family name back to 'KANZE' again, Junzo is named 'Toyosumi KANZE' and his son Shinichiro 'Shinkuro.'
- 以上の考え方に対して、当時の受領層は必ずしも私欲的に郡司・百姓層を抑圧していたのではないとする考えもある。
- Some have opinions different from above; Juryoso (career provincial official class) in those days did not necessarily suppress Gunji and farmers to pursue their own self-interest.
- しかし、早くも8世紀後期頃から百姓の偽籍・浮浪・逃亡が見られ始め、個別人身支配体制にほころびが生じていた。
- However, as early as from late 8th century, the regime of people-based governance started to fray at the edges as the case of peasants' false registration, vagrancy and escape increased.
- 当時の荘園は名田を有する百姓名主や在家住人とそれ以外の作人・小百姓・所従・下人などの2階層に分かれていた。
- Shoen at that time had a dual class structure, which was divided into the group which included the hyakusho-myoshu who owned myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) and the zaike-jumin; and the group which included sakunin (tenant cultivators), kobyakusho (peasants who owned little plowlands), shoju, and genin.
- こうした歴史学の影響で百姓はすなわち農民であり、封建的遺制のもとで収奪される被支配民という概念が生まれた。
- Due to such history, an idea emerged that hyakusho were peasants and ruled people who were exploited under the feudal system.
- 俘囚は、一般の公民百姓らとは大きく異なる生活様式を有しており、狩猟および武芸訓練が俘囚生活の特徴であった。
- The Fushu had a lifestyle that was very different from that of the public peasants in general, and their lives were mainly centered on hunting and training in the art of warfare.
- そのため、支配者(幕府、大名、旗本ら)は百姓の逃散を厳しく禁ずるとともに、移住も原則として認めなかった。
- Therefore, the rulers (bakufu [feudal government headed by a shogun], feudal lords and direct vassals of the shogun) strictly forbade the chosan and generally did not recognize migration.
- もともとは、名主などの有力百姓だった者が、守護大名や在地の国人領主などと主従関係を結び、侍身分を獲得した。
- Originally, powerful farmers such as Myoshu (officer of the field) made master-servant relationship with Shugo Daimyo (provincial governors) and Kokujin Ryoshu (local samurai governors) and achieved the position of samurai.
- 氏姓は元来はヤマト王権を構成する臣・連・伴造・国造などの支配階級が称したものである(王とその一族を除く)。
- Clan name and hereditary title were originally held by people of the governing classes and these titles were such as Omi, Muraji, Tomo no Miyatsuko, Kuni no Miyatsuko composing Yamato Sovereignty (the king and his family were excluded).
- 早くからヤマト王権に直属していた有力氏族の中に与えられた姓と言われ、特殊な官職や職業を束ねる立場に有った。
- Muraji is said to be the kabane granted to some of the influential clans who were under the direct control of the Yamato sovereignty from early times, and they held special official posts or were in charge of managing the occupations.
- その他の姓(カバネ)としては、百済滅亡後に亡命してきた百済王族に与えられた百済王氏(こにきし)などがある。
- Other kabane included konikishi which was given to the Royal Families of Baekje after fleeing to Japan due to the fall of their country.
- 日本書紀の成務天皇の項で、「百姓安居」という言葉が見られるが、これを指した物であるかどうかは定かではない。
- Although the term 'hyakusho-ango' is seen in the article on the Emperor Seimu in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), it is unknown whether ango has the same meaning in the literature.
- 山田宗偏は、本願寺第10世証如に仕えた周善(仁科盛俊)が開いた長徳寺の第5世にあたり、本姓は仁科氏である。
- Sohen YAMADA (whose real family name was Nishina) was the 5th abbot of Chotoku-ji Temple, which was opened by Shuzen (Moritoshi NISHINA), who had served Shonyo, the 10th abbot of Hongan-ji Temple.
- そのため、田堵負名は、国衙から見れば被支配者、一般百姓から見れば支配者という二面性を持っていたとされている。
- Therefore, it is said that tato fumyo played the both roles of the ruled and the rulers, which means that they were the ruled for the kokuga, and they were the rulers for the general farmers.
- 本来、律令の規定によれば、百姓は訴訟権が認められていたが、規定外の機関への訴訟提起(越訴)は禁じられていた。
- Originally under the Ritsuryo codes, farmers had a right of action but were prohibited from bringing a case without going through formalities (a direct appeal to a senior official).
- 武士下層と百姓上層との間にある程度の流動性があることに着目し、この階層を「身分的中間層」と呼ぶ考え方もある。
- Focusing on the mobility to some extent between low-ranking samurai and high-ranking peasants, such classes may be called 'middle-ranking class.'
- 筆頭にあげられた「皇別」の姓氏とは、神武天皇以降、天皇家から分かれた氏族のことで、335氏が挙げられている。
- The 335 clan names of 'Kobetsu', which were listed at the top of the register, comprised clans that had branched out from the Imperial Family after the time of Emperor Jimmu.
- この表向きの一揆の盟約の禁止下で行われた百姓一揆は、その建前上の性格ゆえに土寇(どこう)とも漢語表記された。
- Hyakusho ikki, which took place under the ostensible prohibition of making a league of ikki, was, due to its official nature, also written as the originally Chinese word 土寇 (doko).
- 王朝国家体制の下では、国家から土地経営や人民支配の権限を委譲された有力百姓(田堵・名主)層の成長が見られた。
- Under this system, influential farmers, (Tato: farm managers who lease public fields from provincial lords and produce agricultural products; and Myoshu: owners of rice fields) to whom the management of land and control of people was transmitted from the government, became powerful.
- その甥で連子の子である蘇我安麻呂は、天武天皇の信任が厚かったために蘇我氏の後を継ぎ、石川朝臣の姓氏を賜った。
- SOGA no Yasumaro, a nephew of Akae and the son of Murajiko was trusted by Emperor Tenmu to the extent that he was entrusted the succession of the Soga clan and was bestowed the family name ISHIKAWA Ason (second highest of eight hereditary titles).
- 紀伊国の新宮地方には新宮姓を名乗る一族が存在し、南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代 (日本)まで支配を続けた。
- Families that had the Shingu family name in the Shingu district of Ki Province ruled the area from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Sengoku (Warring States) period.
- そのために古くからあった姓、臣・連・伴造(とものみやつこ)・国造(くにのみやっこ)などもそのまま残っていた。
- Therefore, the old titles such as Omi, Muraji, Tomonomiyatsuko, and Kuninomiyatsuko all remained.
- 当時、出挙という貸借制度があったが、国司や郡司は田租の稲を半ば強制的に百姓へ貸し付けて、利子の稲を得ていた。
- At that time, a government loan system called suiko existed, where provincial governors or provincial magistrates partly forced peasants to borrow rice from the rice tax and charged them interest on it.
- 次第に、「姓」・「氏」や「部」は、王権によって序列化・統制され、私的な集団から公的な制度へと編成されて行く。
- The dynasty gradually made 'kabane,' 'uji,' and 'be' incorporated into a hierarchy, and these private groups were organized in a public system.
- 書画の落款として使用される場合、白文(陽刻)の姓名印の下に、朱文(陰刻)の遊印が捺されることが一般的である。
- When it is used as a rakkan (signature and seal) in calligraphies and pictures, it is common that yuin in the form of inkoku (carving to remove the pattern) in red ink is put under the full name of the artist in hakubun (carving to remain the pattern).
- 水呑百姓(みずのみびゃくしょう)は、江戸時代以降、在方の人別に加わりつつ、石高を所持しない無高の者を指す呼称。
- Mizunomi Byakusho (water drinking peasant) refer to those who did not have their own harvesting lands, although they were in the census register, since the Edo period.
- 17世紀半ば以降、このような制度は崩れていき、石高を所有し入会地・用水管理などの資格を持つ者が百姓と呼ばれた。
- After the middle of the 17th century, such a system collapsed gradually and those who had their own harvesting lands and were members of the village community's lands and water management, were called Hyakusho.
- 弓馬に通じた百姓とはすなわち、郡司・富豪層であり、帰順して全国各地に移住させられた蝦夷の後裔たる俘囚であった。
- The farmers who were skilled at using bows and at riding a horse were gunji, rich and powerful persons, or fushu, descendants of the emishi (people who resided in the northern areas in ancient times) who swore allegiance to the central government and were forced to move to various places throughout the country.
- はじめは同族を中心に形成されていたが、異姓がしだいに加わり、南北朝時代には一族一揆という地域連合になってゆく。
- It formed around the same clan at the beginning, but outsiders began to join and became the regional union or the uprising clan during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 「氏姓の制(ウヂ・カバネのせい)」ともいい、「氏(ウヂ)・姓(カバネ)」を音読して「氏姓(しせい)」ともいう。
- It is also called 'Uji Kabane no Sei' (System of Uji and Kabane); 'Shisei' is the Chinese style reading of the same kanji ('on' reading).
- 従来から有った、臣、連の姓の上の地位になる姓を作ることで、旧来の氏族との差をつけようとしたという見方もできる。
- It can be presumed that the Emperor made a distinction from old clans by establishing new titles which were ranked higher than the existing titles, Omi and Muraji.
- 小笠原姓は長清が高倉天皇から賜ったとされ、源頼朝をはじめとする武将の糾法(弓馬術礼法)師範を代々つとめていた。
- The family name Ogasawara is believed to have been given by Emperor Takakura, and starting with Yoritomo MINAMOTO, the clan served for generations as instructors of Kyuho to military commanders.
- 『帖外御文(じょうがい おふみ)』は、『五帖御文』から漏れたもの(『夏御文』『御俗姓御文』を除く)を総称する。
- Letters which were not included in the 'Gojo Ofumi' were collectively called 'Jogai Ofumi' (literally, 'Extra Letters,') except those included in the 'Geno Ofumi' and 'Gozokusho Ofumi.'
- 遊印(ゆういん)とは、姓名や雅号、商号や屋号など特定の個人や法人に帰属しない文字を印文にした印章のことである。
- Yuin is a seal that has no character belonging to any individuals or corporations such as full name, gago (pseudonym), trade name and yago (shop name), but has inmon (words or symbols engraved on the seal) curved.
- 『続日本紀』(しょくにほんぎ)によると、719年に行なった政策の記述の中に「初令天下百姓右襟」という文がある。
- In 'Shoku Nihongi,' there is a description of a policy carried out during 719 that contains the sentence '初令天下百姓右襟.'
- 史料上の国司苛政上訴の初見は、974年(天延2)に尾張国の百姓らが国守藤原連貞の非法を太政官へ訴えた事例である。
- The first historical record of Kokushi kasei joso was a case in which farmers in Owari Province complained to Daijokan about illegal behaviors of their kokushu, FUJIWARA no Tsurasada in 974.
- 公営田の収穫の中から、中央へ納入すべき調・庸や耕作百姓への食料・報酬(佃功という)、溝池修理料などが支弁された。
- From the harvest from Kueiden, Cho and Yo were paid to the Central Government, food and reward (called tsukudako) to the cultivators, and charges for repairing rivers and ponds were also paid.
- 反対に下位の者は地下百姓に転落していくなど、所従・下人身分までを巻き込んだ荘民身分の再編成が始まるようになった。
- On the other hand, the people who belonged to the lower-class fell to the even lower status of jigebyakusho, and there began, involving even the class of shoju and genin, the process of the reorganization of the class structure in the shomin populace.
- 富豪層は院宮王臣家(皇族、有力貴族)と墾田開発などを通じて関係を結び、一般百姓層を自らの影響下へ置き始めていた。
- The millionaires became related with Ingu oshinke (imperial families and nobles) through the reclaimed land development, and began to put common peasants under their influence.
- 室町期の人民は、国人層では国人一揆(国人領主連合)などの、村落の百姓らでは惣村・郷村などの結合形態をとっていた。
- In the Muromachi period, people formed various unions including Kokujin-ikki (kokujin ryoshu [local samurai lord] union) formed by the people in the kokujin stratum, as well as soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) and goson (autonomous village) formed by peasants living in villages.
- 私出挙においては、借受側の百姓らの宅地・耕地・奴婢などが担保とされていたが、高利のため返済できない例も多かった。
- In Shi-Suiko, debtors gave the residential lands, cultivated lands, slaves and others as collateral, but many failed to repay the debts due to the high interest rate.
- 中でも最後の百済王義慈王の王子の百済王善光は、持統天皇より百済王氏の氏姓を賜り、百済系氏族の長的な存在となった。
- Above all, Zenko KUDARANOKONIKISHI, who was the prince of Gijio (Uija of Baekje), the last King of Paekche, was given the surname of Kudaranokonikishi by Emperor Jito and became the clan of Baekje ancestry.
- 多くの源氏一門は叙位任官を除き、特に無碍に鎌倉殿と同様に源姓を称することを禁じられ、あくまで家人として遇された。
- Many Genji clans, except for the conferment of a court rank and appointment to an office, were forbidden to broadly share a common Minamoto family name in the same way as the Kamakura-dono, and were treated simply as Kenin (retainers).
- これには東寺の歴史、歴代長者の師資・称号・俗姓・仁限・忌日年譜などが詳細に記載されて長く東寺の基本史料とされた。
- This contains a detailed history of To-ji Temple as well as the masters, disciples, titles, secular surnames, Jingen and kinichi (death anniversaries) of past Choja, and was used for many years as the basic historical record of To-ji Temple.
- 在原氏(ありわらし)は、平城天皇皇子の阿保親王・高岳親王の子男が臣籍降下したことに興る皇別氏族(賜姓皇族参照)。
- The Ariwara clan originated from Emperor Heizei's Prince, Imperial Prince Abo and Imperial Prince Takaoka's children were demoted from nobility to subject, and they were the clan whose ancestors were from Imperial Family. (Please refer to the Imperial Family members who were demoted from nobility to subject.)
- そのため、身分は水呑百姓であっても、例えば交易業や養蚕業を経営し、富豪と呼ぶべき実態の者も少なくなかったのである。
- Therefore, among the people whose positions were Mizunomi Byakusho, there were many rich men who engaged in, for example, trade and sericulture.
- 名主百姓はさらに小百姓、小作人、間人(もうと)といった領内下層民に対する支配権である名主職を有し、これを世襲した。
- Nanushi hyakusho also had myoshu-shiki, which were the rights to dominate local lower-class people, such as hyakusho who owned little plow land, tenant farmers, and moto (new comers in a community), and the myoshu-shiki was transferred by heredity.
- 実際、村役人層などは百姓身分ながらも苗字帯刀を許される場合があり、なかには郷士(在郷武士)として遇される者もいた。
- Actually, though belonging to the farmer class, some village officers were provided with the myojitaito right, and some were even treated as goshi (local samurai).
- 弘仁2年(811年)には陸奥出羽で百姓の墾田を収公するのを禁じる太政官符が出されたことが『類聚三代格』からわかる。
- 'Ruiju sandai kaku' (Assorted regulations from Three Reigns) indicates that Daijokanpu (official documents of the Daijokan, the office of the supreme political leader) were issued in 811 to forbid confiscating peasants' newly cultivated land in Mutsu, Dewa provinces.
- 連(むらじ)は、ヤマト王権で使われていたカバネ(かばね)の一つで、家臣の中では最高位に位置していた姓の一つである。
- Muraji refers to one of kabane (hereditary title to denote rank and political standing) used in the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) and also denoted one of the highest ranked titles among retainers.
- 垂仁天皇の皇子鐸石別命の裔の1人である清麿(清麻呂?)が、大功により和気朝臣を賜姓され、その子孫が内海氏を称した。
- Kiyomaro, a descendant of Nuteshiwake no Mikoto, who was Emperor Suinin's son, was bestowed the ason surname of 'Wake,' because of his distinguished service, and his descendants called themselves 'the Utsumi clan.'
- 雑賀では、『昔阿波物語』に「主護(守護)はなく、百姓持に仕りたる国にて候」と記されるほどに守護の影響力は薄かった。
- In Saiga, the power of Shugo was so small that it was described as 'There is no Shugo and it was a country governed by farmers' in 'Mukashi Awamonogatari' (Tale of Old Awa Province).
- 5代目塩谷朝義に子が無かったため、宇都宮業綱の次男塩谷朝業を養子に迎え家督を相続させ、源姓塩谷氏の時代は終焉する。
- Because the fifth Tomoyoshi SHIONOYA had no child, he adopted Tomonari SHIONOYA, the second son of Naritsuna UTSUNOMIYA, and had him succeed to the family, whereby the period of SHIONOYA clan of the MINAMOTO family ended.
- そして、姓に優劣、待遇の差をつけ、天皇家への忠誠の厚い氏(うじ)を優遇し、天皇家への権力掌握をはかったと思われる。
- Furthermore, the Imperial Family is thought to have tried to seize power by making superior and inferior kabane to create differences in status and favoring certain uji (clan) who have strong loyalty to the Imperial Family.
- ちなみに百姓・町人は苗字の公称が出来なかっただけであり、私称として代々伝わる苗字を村落内では使用していた例が多い。
- Farmers, tradesmen, and craftsmen, could not officially use Myoji so, many of them used private Myoji in the villages.
- 当初は親王宣下を受けず惟康王、征夷大将軍就任後に臣籍に降下し源朝臣の氏姓を賜り、後に皇籍に復帰し親王宣下を受ける。
- Initially he did not receive the Emperor's order and he was named Prince Koreyasu, later he became Seii Taishogun (literally, 'Great General who subdues the barbarians'), he was demoted from nobility to subject and received the name of MINAMOTO no Asomi, he returned to the Imperial Family after that and received the title to become Imperial Prince from the Emperor.
- それがその後も『日本書紀』の孝徳紀に氷連という姓が登場し、朝廷のために氷室を管理した職が存在したことがうかがえる。
- Later, the family name of Hinomuraji also appeared in Kotoku-ki (Chronicle of Kotoku Emperor) of 'Nihon Shoki,' suggesting the existence of a job managing the himuro for the imperial court.
- 一方で西国では百姓が地縁的な結合を強め、村落を形成し、地頭とは別個に荘園経営を請け負う百姓請が見られるようになった。
- Meanwhile, in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki), peasants strengthened their territorial bonds, formed villages, and established the hyakushouke system (the contract system where the manor's owner entrusts a peasant to manage his manor and pay the customs) to operate shoen independent of jito's management.
- 一方で西国では百姓が地縁的な結合を強め、村落を形成し、地頭とは別個に荘園経営を請け負う百姓請も見られるようになった。
- In the meantime, in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) as the peasants strengthened their territorial bond and formed villages, Hyakushouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrust a peasant to manage his manor and pay the customs) began to appear in addition to Jitouke.
- 受領は、自らの判断で国内支配することが許されたため、郡司・田堵・負名・百姓層から苛烈な収奪をすることが可能となった。
- The Zuryo was entitled to control over his own province at their own discretion, allowing them to collect taxes strictly from Gunji (local magistrates), Tato, Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and farmers.
- この見解では、郡司・百姓層が在庁官人として国衙行政に取り込まれていったことにより、国司苛政上訴が消滅したとしている。
- In this opinion, Kokushi kasei joso disappeared because Gunji and farmers became involved in Kokuga government as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods).
- 民衆を意味する百姓は、『論語』・『易』など戦国時代_(中国)に現在の形に編集されたと推定される書物から、頻見される。
- The term 'hyakusho' that indicates common people is often found in books that are considered to be edited in the Zhanguo Dynasty (China) into the current form, such as 'Rongo Analects' and 'Eki' (I ching).
- 彼らはその持高に応じた(3)年貢と(4)諸役(の一部)を負担したが、(5)陣夫役は負担しないので、百姓ではなかった。
- Although they bore (a part of) (3) nengu and (4) miscellaneous taxes according to their farm, since they did not bare (5) compulsory services in wartime, they were not hyakusho.
- 前述のように表向きは一揆の盟約が禁止されていながらも、百姓身分の権利行使の慣例として現実的には認めざるを得なかった。
- In reality, even if ikki was ostensibly prohibited, they virtually had to admit ikki as a social custom by which to execute rights by people of peasant status, as mentioned above.
- また、大名・旗本などは、しばしば家柄や功労により領内の有力百姓や町人などにこれを許して、武士に準ずる者として扱った。
- Daimyo or hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) gave the myojitaito right to dominant merchants or farmers, depending on their lineages or distinguished services to them, and dealt with these persons in a way similar to that for samurai.
- 三浦義明の七男・佐原義連を初代とするが、蘆名姓を名乗るのは、義連の孫に当たる光盛の代になってからである(異説あり)。
- While Yoshitsuna SAHARA, the seventh son of Yoshiaki MIURA, was the founder, the family only began to bear the name Ashina starting from the Yoshiaki's grandson Mitsumori's (there are different opinions.) generation.
- が、実は換金作物(大豆、綿、等)には税金がかからず、普通の土地持ちの百姓はそこそこな生活をしていたという見解もある。
- On the other hand, another opinion says that the cash crop (soybean, cotton, etc.) was not taxed, so farmers having lands of common size could lead a reasonably good life.
- 氏姓に取って代わることになる苗字(名字)は、このように字の一部分として発生し、さらに字から分離独立したものとされる。
- A surname that replaced the clan name and hereditary title occurred in this way as a part of Azana and it seems that later it was separated from Azana and became independent.
- また、のちの冠位制度上の錦冠の官僚を出すことのできるのは真人、朝臣、宿禰、忌寸の姓を持つ氏に限られていたようである。
- It appears that only the clans who had the titles of Mahito, Asomi/Ason, Sukune, and Imiki could produce the officials of nishiki no koburi (the seventh grade of twenty-six grades of cap rank) in the future Kan-i system (Office and Rank System).
- 歴史を取り扱ったテレビ番組で本来の意味での百姓身分を指す場合ですら '農民' という言葉に置き換えることが通例である。
- In TV programs taking up a historical issue, it is common to replace the term with 'peasant' even when the term indicates its original meaning which is the hyakusho rank.
- 百姓=農民というイメージは江戸時代から続く古い俗説であるが、実際には現代の '兼業農家' よりも広い生業を含んでいる。
- The image hyakusho=peasants was an old, popular saying from the Edo period, but the actual scope includes a wide range of vocations similar to today's 'part-time farmer.'
- しかし、8世紀後半に入ると、百姓階層の分化が始まり、百姓の逃亡が増加するなど、律令支配の転換を迫る状況が生じていった。
- However, entering the latter half of the eighth century, farmers became hierarchical, and situations to force the change in control based upon the Ritsuryo system, for example, an increase in the farmers to replace those who fled, were created.
- その中で、荘園領主による勧農は、百姓や名主も期待するところであり、例として年貢の減免や雑役人夫への給付などが行われた。
- Meanwhile, the kanno by shoen owners was expected by farmers or myoshu, for example, the exemption of nengu or benefits for laborers and so on.
- 9世紀~10世紀ごろに律令制の解体が進展していくと、百姓の中に他から田地を借りて耕作し、富を蓄積する富豪層が出現した。
- When the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on ritsuryo code) began to dissolve around the ninth-tenth century, some farmers amassed wealth by cultivating rice fields which they rented from others.
- 村の住民(百姓など)が集団で荘園から退去して一時的に他の土地へ逃げ込み、領主に対して年貢軽減や代官の罷免などを求める。
- Village residents (such as peasants) would leave manors en masse and temporarily take refuge in other areas where they would make demand that the feudal lord take actions such as the reduction of land taxes and the dismissal of the local governor.
- ここにおいて、同姓の間でも、さらに族名を分かつ必要にせまられ、貴族では家名、武士では名字(みようじ)が生ずるのである。
- In this situation, even among the people who share the same hereditary title, there arose the need to divide the clan name and in the case of nobles family name and in the case of the warriors surname came to be born.
- そもそも歌舞伎役者は姓名ではなく屋号で呼びかけるのが礼儀(「市川さん」「團十郎さん」ではなく、「成田屋さん」と呼ぶ)。
- Basically, kabuki actors should be called by yago, not by myoseki ('yago' is substitute name which actor calls himself; in the Edo period kabuki actors were not allowed to use their surnames, so they used yago; 'myoseki' is a successive name); therefore, the twelfth Danjuro ICHIKAWA (myoseki) should not be called 'Ichikawa-san' nor 'Danjuro-san' ('san' means 'Mr.'), he should be called 'Narita-ya-san' ('Narita-ya' is his yago).
- 維新後、姓を「宮増」に改めた家元家に石浦通宏(十六世)が養子入りして再興し、子の宮増純三(十七世・当代)が後を襲った。
- After Meiji Restoration, Michihiro ISHIURA (the 16th) was adopted by the head family that had changed its family name into 'MIYAMASU' to resuscitate the family of Miyamasu, and his son Junzo MIYAMASU (the 17th, the current family head) succeeded the position.
- 庶民の楽器であった三味線を武士が弾いたり、虚無僧の法器とされた尺八を百姓町人が吹くことは、江戸時代には許されなかった。
- In the Edo period, warriors were not allowed to play 'shamisen' (a three-stringed Japanese banjo), which was the instrument for ordinary people, and peasants and merchants were not allowed to play 'shakuhachi' (a vertical bamboo flute), which was a Buddhist ritual vessel of 'komuso' (a mendicant Zen priest of the Fuke sect).
- 郎党の出自を見ると、下人・所従から郎党になった者もいれば、百姓身分の者が在地武士と主従関係を持って郎党となった者もいた。
- Some roto originated from lower ranked people or shoju (retainers), and some were peasants who had formed a relation with a local warrior to become a roto.
- 多くは百姓の次男以下などが奉公したが、江戸など大都市では渡り中間のような屋敷を渡り歩く専門の奉公人を雇うことも多かった。
- Those who served as chugen were the second-oldest sons or younger brothers of peasants, but in big cities such as Edo, many were recruited as professional servants such as watari-chugen who served from residence to residence.
- それは、承平天慶期の勲功者の子孫で侍身分の技能官人の家と認知され、武芸を家業としている郡司・富豪百姓・田堵負名らである。
- These certain individuals were gunji (district managers), wealthy farmers, and tato fumyo (cultivators/tax managers) who were descendants of Johei Tengyo kunkosha, samurais, family members of technical officers, and specialized in military arts as a family business.
- 一方では独自性を保つために、在地の農業経営に専念する名主層や百姓らと連携して、国人一揆を結成する国人層も少なくなかった。
- However, not a few kokujin organized the Kokujin-ikki (union) in cooperation with the myoshu (owner of rice fields) stratum immersed in farm management, peasants and others, in an attempt to keep individuality.
- 名乗り(なのり)とは、合戦において武士が敵に向かって自分の姓名・身分・家系や戦における自分の主張などを大声で告げること。
- Nanori was a loud statement made by a samurai to an opponent in which he announced his full name, status, family lineage and assertion for the conflict.
- 氏郷の死後、政務を独占したため、蒲生郷可、蒲生郷成、それに小姓組の筆頭格であった亘理八右衛門らと完全に対立するに至った。
- As he had dictated the political duties since Ujisato died, he found himself in the direct confrontation with Satoyoshi and Satonari GAMO and Hachiemon WATARI, who was the top of the koshogumi (page corps).
- だが、清光に関しては逸見姓を名乗り武田を称した形跡のないことが指摘され、義清の孫にあたる信義が継承したと考えられている。
- However, it has been reported that there are no traces of Kiyomitsu, who used the Henmi name, to have used the Takeda name, and the Takeda name was reportedly handed down to Nobuyoshi, the grandson of Yoshikiyo.
- が、8世紀後期ごろから租税負担を回避するために逃亡・浮浪する百姓らが増加していくなど、律令制支配に行き詰まりが生じていた。
- However, from the latter eighth century, more farmers began to leave their land to become wanderers in order to avoid paying tax and the ritsuryo system was confronted with some change.
- '百姓' という呼称は、用法において当該の主体が用いる場合と、第三者が用いることには全く意味が違うことに留意すべきである。
- It should be noted that the meaning of the term 'hyakusho' used by a person to refer to himself or herself is completely different from that used by a third party.
- つまり、現在でいう百姓とは農業専従者で「農人」として分類される存在であるが、江戸時代では範囲の異なる言葉であったのである。
- That is to say, hyakusho (peasant) in the current sense is a full-time farmer and categorized as 'nonin' (person engaged in agriculture); but in the Edo period, haykusho held a different meaning.
- これは百姓=農民=田舎者=ダサい奴という図式での、格好を重視する不良やヤクザの間でのあまり深い意味のない単なる悪口である。
- This is mere vilification without any serious meaning among juvenile delinquents and mafia who valued appearance, in the picture that hyakusho = peasants = country fellows = unfashionable people.
- 表向きは一揆が禁止されていた中で実際には百姓身分の権利行使運動として恒例化していた江戸時代のいわゆる百姓一揆の時期を経た。
- Although ikki was ostensibly prohibited during the Edo period, there was actually a period of time during which the so-called hyakusho ikki (peasant uprisings) regularly broke out as the peasantry sought to exercise their rights.
- 翌年9月9日(1586年10月21日)には秀吉は豊臣の姓を賜り、続いて後陽成天皇の即位に併せて太政大臣に昇進したのである。
- On October 21, 1586, Hideyoshi was granted the clan name of Toyotomi, and then, was elevated to Dajodaijin when Emperor Goyozei ascended the Imperial throne.
- 従って、佐原市の名主であった伊能忠敬は領内においては代々「伊能」姓を許されていたが、領外でこれを名乗ることが出来なかった。
- Therefore, Tadataka INO, who was a nanushi (village headman) in present Sawara City, was permitted to use the family name of 'INO' in Sawara, but was prohibited from using the name outside the territory.
- 五人組制度は村では惣百姓、町では地主・家持を近隣ごとに五戸前後を一組として編成し、各組に組頭などと呼ばれる代表者を定めた。
- The Gonin-gumi system consisted of groups of five members who were landholders in a village, and landlords/house owners in a town, including appointed group leaders called 'Kumigashira.'
- こうした一向宗内部の混乱に乗じ織田軍は連戦連勝で瞬く間に越前を制圧し、さらに「百姓の持ちたる国」加賀の南部まで攻め込んだ。
- Seizing on the confusion inside the Ikko sect, the Oda army immediately conquered Echizen without a single defeat and furthermore pushed into the southern Kaga Province, 'a country owned by peasants.'
- ヤマト王権の中核を為す蘇我氏、巨勢氏(巨瀬・許勢)、紀氏、平群氏、葛城氏、波多氏、阿部氏などの有力な豪族がこの姓を称した。
- The local ruling clans such as Soga, Kose, Ki, Heguri, Kazuraki and Hata who played a central role in the Yamato sovereignty had this title of Omi.
- 那覇市の久米村(クニンダ)に、1392年、当時の明の福建省から「ビン人三十六姓」と呼ばれる職能集団が移住してきたとされる。
- It is said that in 1392, in the era of the Ming Dynasty, a professional group called the '36 Min families' immigrated from Fusian Province to the village of Kuninda in Naha City.
- 死者の戒名・俗名(生前の姓名)・死亡年月日・享年(行年)が書かれた(あるいはこれらが書かれた紙を貼った)白木の簡素な位牌。
- Uchi-ihai is a simple ihai made of plain wood which is inscribed with the posthumous Buddhist name, the secular name (name before death), the date of death, and the age at death (or to which paper inscribed with these is attached).
- その武術は河野大蔵通昭に伝えられ、後に広島藩に仕えた築山通護(河野から改姓)がその剣術を伝え、広島藩の剣術の主流となった。
- His martial art was handed down to Okura Michiaki KAWANO, and afterward, 築山通護 (former family name was Kawano) who worked for Hiroshima Domain, taught the martial art and it was a main martial art in Hiroshima Domain.
- 久米三十六姓の人々は、琉球国王の命令を受けて、中国本土(主に福建)に渡って留学し、中国語や、音楽などの中国文化を学習した。
- Individuals included as part of the Thirty Six Families of Kume took orders from the Ryukyu monarchy, studied Chinese culture,including language and music, in mainland China, principally Fujian Province.
- 一般的には百姓名主や在家住人を指すが、後世には荘民から排除されていた一色田や散田の作人や所従・下人なども含まれる例も現れる。
- Although shomin generally referred to hyakusho-myoshu (the cultivators/owners of rice fields) or zaike-jumin (lay believers/practioners of Buddhism), in the later generations, the term also included the cultivators of isshikiden (partially exempt fields) or sanden (deteriorated rice fields) as well as shoju (retainers) and genin (servants who served their masters as slaves).
- 士農工商(しのうこうしょう)とは、儒教において社会を構成する主要な身分(官吏・百姓・職人・商人)の上下関係を指す概念である。
- Shi-no-ko-sho was a Confucian concept of societal ranking (government official, farmers, artisans, merchants) that accounted for the main part of the society.
- しかし、幕末に至っても両家による全国編成は完了せず、百姓身分のまま神職を勤める '百姓神主' がかなりの割合で存在していた。
- However, nationwide organization by the families did not end even at the end of the Edo period, and there was a significant proportion of 'hyakusho priests,' who served as Shinto priests while staying at the farming rank.
- また、荘園整理、荘官・百姓の取り締まり、神人・悪僧の統制、戦乱で荒廃した京都の治安維持のためにも、平氏の武力は不可欠だった。
- Moreover, the Taira's military strength was indispensable in supervising the shoen reforms as well as shoen officials and commoners, and controlling members of the clergy and evil monks alike, not to mention for keeping the peace in Kyoto, in ruins from the recent wars.
- 嵯峨治世初期は、太政官筆頭だった藤原園人の主導のもと、百姓撫民(貧民救済)そして権門(有力貴族・寺社)抑制の政策がとられた。
- At the beginning of the reign of Emperor Saga, FUJIWARA no Sonohito, the head council of state, lead a policy to rescue farmers (relief of the poor) and control power (influential aristocracy, temples and shrines).
- 57歳の時に蝦夷地測量の功績によって江戸幕府から改めて苗字帯刀の許可を得て佐原以外でも「伊能」姓を名乗ることが許されている。
- At the age of fifty-seven, he was provided with the myojitaito right by the Edo bakufu due to his accomplishments of geographical measuring of the Ezo area, and it was after this that he became able to use the family name of 'INO' outside Sawara as well.
- 大化の改新により、氏姓制度による臣・連・伴造・国造を律令国家の官僚に再編し、部民を公民として、一律に国家のもとに帰属させた。
- The Yamato Regime reorganized positions such as Omi, Muraji, Tomo no Miyatsuko, and Kuni no Miyatsuko under the system of clans and hereditary titles into bureaucrats of the nation under the ritsuryo codes and changed Bemin into citizen and made them uniformly belong to the nation by Taika Reforms.
- ところが、天平勝宝6年(754年)にはこの時の両名が薬師寺の行信と組んで厭魅を行ったとして位階と姓の剥奪と流刑に処せられた。
- However, in 754 the two were deprived of the official rank and the kabane and exiled as they were believed to have executed black magic together with the priest Gyoshin from Yakushi-ji Temple.
- 享和2年(1802年)12月にも百姓による年貢軽減を求める一揆が発生し、織田軍と百姓との間で乱闘による死傷者が多数出ている。
- A riot broke out also in December 1802, demanding reduction in rice levy, and ended with heavy casualties both among the Oda force and the farmers.
- 抑商政策が採られて株仲間は解散を命じられ、大名に囲米を義務づけて、旧里帰農令によって江戸へ流入した百姓を出身地に帰還させた。
- He adopted the commerce suppression policy, the dissolution of trade guilds (kabunakama) and the compulsory reservation of rice in a domain (kakoimai), and enforced a law to make peasants coming to Edo return their agricultural communities with financial support.
- 彼らは現地の村々における責任者として荘園ならびにそこに住む百姓を監督する役目を担い、年貢・夫役などは彼らを通じて徴収された。
- As a responsible person of the village, they served as a supervisor of shoen and peasants living in there, and nengu (annual tribute, land tax) and the compulsory service were paid through them.
- 中国の後漢時代から儒教の葬礼に用いられる神主(しんしゅ。死者の官位・姓名を書く霊牌。)と同視されたため、「位」牌と呼ばれる。
- The tablet was named ihai (literally, 'rank' tablet) because it was considered to be the same as shinshu (a tablet inscribed with the official rank and name of a deceased person) used for Confucian funeral rites from the Later Han period in China.
- 遠州の弟小堀正行は1000石の小姓組であったが、遠州が家督を継ぐ時に2000石の分知を受けて、都合3000石の旗本となった。
- Enshu's younger brother, Masayuki KOBORI, was a page (kosho gumi) with a fief yielding 1,000 koku of rice, but when he succeeded to Enshu's estate he received a fief yielding 2,000 koku as a retainer with 3000 koku.
- 公営田制の主要な目的は、百姓らから直接、調・庸を徴収することを廃し、交易によって調・庸を調達することにあったと評価されている。
- It is evaluated that the major aim of Kueiden was to abolish collecting Cho or Yo directly from farmers and to gain Cho and Yo by commerce.
- さらにいえば、厳密な百姓身分、町人身分とされたのは家の筆頭者だけであり、それ以外に村内、町内には細かな身分構造が存在していた。
- Besides, only the head of the family was categorized under the peasant or the townsmen class in a strict sense, with subdivided classes in villages and towns.
- 王朝国家においては国家が把握する必要を感じたのは民を組織編制して税を請け負う田堵負名層だけとなり、それがすなわち百姓となった。
- In the dynastic nation-state, the tato and fumyo class who organized people and collected tax from them were the only people the state found it necessary to control, and were thus hyakusho.
- 9世紀末頃になると、百姓らの偽籍・浮浪・逃亡が顕著となり、軍事動員の対象となるべき百姓を各戸ごとに把握することが困難となった。
- At the end of the 9th century, false registration, vagrancy, or escape by farmers became prominent; therefore, it was difficult to know for each household who could be mobilized in military affairs.
- 特に日本が明治期以降の近代に入り、江戸時代が最も近い前近代の「歴史」となってからは、一揆は「百姓一揆」を指すような印象がある。
- Significantly, after Japan entered the modern era following the Meiji period, and the Edo period became the latest 'history' before the modern era, it is assumed that ikki began to mean 'hyakusho ikki' to a certain extent.
- そのため、潅漑用水を開発したり、自らの私営田を一般百姓に耕作させるなどの勧農行為をとおして、在地に対する支配力を強めていった。
- For this reason, they developed an irrigation plan and strengthened the governance over the local regions through the kanno acts which made ordinary farmers cultivate their own private rice fields and so on.
- 畿内諸国や九州では荘園領主の権力が強く及んでおり、領主が荘園経営を効率的に行うため、名田を均等化して百姓へ割り振ったのである。
- The lords of the manors were so powerful in the Kinai provinces and the Kyushu region that they could divide their myoden equally and allot each peasant a portion of myoden in order to manage their manors effectively.
- そうした中で、百姓らは、水利配分や水路・道路の修築、境界紛争・戦乱や盗賊からの自衛などを契機として地縁的な結合を強めていった。
- Under those circumstances the peasants strengthened their territorial connections through the distribution of water supplies, the construction and repair of channels and roads, and self-defense from border conflicts, wars and robbers.
- 領家は荘官を通じて、荘園からの収穫を年貢として徴収したり、荘園内の百姓(荘民)に労役を課したり(公事)して、自らの収入とした。
- Through those shokan, ryoke collected harvests from their shoen as nengu (land tax), and imposed labor service (kuji [public duties]) on the shomin (farmers living in their manor), taking those taxes as their own revenue.
- その目的は、上位の 4 姓(カバネ)、つまり真人(まひと)、朝臣(あそん)、宿禰(すくね)、忌寸(いみき)を定めることである。
- The object was to establish four hereditary titles of higher rank and they were Mahito, Ason, Sukune, and Imiki.
- 一般的な百姓・町人は苗字の公称が出来なかったが、家紋を用いることは規制されてなかったため、家・一族の標識として機能していった。
- While common farmers, tradesmen and craftsmen could not officially use Myoji, they were not regulated concerning the use of Kamon that became to function as signs of a family or a clan.
- 臣籍降下の概念が明確ではなかった上代においては、第9代の開化天皇以降の皇別の氏族には公(きみ)の姓(かばね)が与えられていた。
- In ancient times when the concept of demotion from nobility to subject was not yet clear, Imperial Families with ancestors from after the era of the ninth Emperor Kaika, were given the surname Kimi (Kabane).
- 小堀家は豊前において小姓に召し抱えられた小堀長左衛門を祖とし、その子長斎が慶安4年(1651年)に茶道役となったことに始まる。
- The founder of the Kobori family was Chozaemon KOBORI, who was hired as a kosho (a servant) in Buzen Province and the school originated that Chosai, a child of Chozaemon, became the sadoyaku in 1651.
- 百姓(ひゃくしょう/ひゃくせい/おおみたから)とは、元は百(たくさん)の姓を持つ者たち、すなわち有姓階層全体を指す漢語であった。
- The term 'hyakusho,' which can also be pronounced 'hyakusei' or 'omitakara,' was originally a word of Chinese origin that indicates all people with a hundred (many) surnames, i.e., all the social class with surnames.
- 武芸・武力を家業とする兵の家が軍事貴族へと発展し、地方官(受領)として赴任した際に現地の富豪百姓らとゆるやかな主従関係を結んだ。
- The Army clan which worked for military arts and force as a family business, developed into military nobles, and they established a gradual relation of master and servant with the local rich farmers when they transferred as a local official (Zuryo).
- 地方の郡司・百姓らが上京し、大内裏の陽明門(内裏の公門とされていた)前で国司の苛政・非法を太政官へ訴えるという形態が通例であった。
- Gunji or farmers of provinces commonly visited the capital to complain to the Daijokan about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi in front of Yomei-mon gate (the public gate of the Imperial Palace) of Daidairi (the Greater Imperial Palace).
- 地方豪族についても、702年(大宝 2)、諸国国造の氏姓を政府に登録することによって、中央豪族と同様の対応がなされたものとされる。
- It is said that in 702 the same treatment with the powerful clans in the capital was made for the powerful local clans by letting the powerful local clans to register the clan name and hereditary title of Kuni no Miyatsuko in the various provinces to the government.
- また論功行賞と秩序回復のため新たな制度の構築、すなわち服制の改定、八色の姓(やくさのかばね)の制定、冠位制度の改定などが行われた。
- Also a new system was established for rewards and re-establishment of order; revision of dress code system, established Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles), revision of Kan-i system (office and rank system).
- 日本では奈良時代に橘逸勢が842年に反逆罪に問われ、姓・官位を剥奪されて「非人」の姓を天皇から与えられたのが文献上の初例とされる。
- The first reference of the term 'Hinin' could be found in the literature describing that TACHIBANA no Hayanari faced treason charges in 842 and was deprived his surname as well as official rank; He was also reduced to the nonstatus signified by 'Hinin' by the Emperor.
- 百姓等領民にとって転封は、領主の交替により、それまでに獲得してきた諸権利を否定される可能性もある為、反対一揆を起こすこともあった。
- For the people including peasants, Tenpo meant what the rights they had acquired before would be denied due to the changes of their feudal lords, so the people sometimes staged opposition uprisings.
- 一 奉公人侍中間小者あらし子に至迄 去七月奥州へ御出勢より以来 新儀に町人百姓に成者於在之者 其町中地下人として相改一切置へからす
- First, townspeople and farmers have to investigate if there is anyone who was in military service (from hokonin [those who served Hideyoshi], samurai, chugen and komono to arashigo [servants for miscellaneous chores]) and changed his status to townsman or farmer after the Oshu expedition that was carried out in the seventh month of last year, and if such people are founded, they must be deported.
- 安忠の子柳沢吉保は綱吉の腹心となり、綱吉が5代将軍になると元禄元年(1688年)1万石を与えられて側用人になり、松平姓を許された。
- Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA, the son of Yasutada, became a confidant of Tsunayoshi, and when Tsunayoshi became the fifth shogun, Yoshiyasu was given 10,000 koku, became a goyonin (one of the most senior retainers of the shogun) and was allowed to use the name MATSUDAIRA.
- 彼らはいわゆる惣百姓(一般名主)とは異なり、年貢や夫役の一部を免除されるかわりに、戦時においては武田家への軍役を担ったものである。
- Unlike common landholders, they contributed military services to the Takeda family in wartime in exchange for being exempt from part of their land taxes and labor services.
- 新宮行栄の代で堀内氏(新宮堀内家)との抗争に敗れ、その後、新宮は堀内氏が支配したが、堀内氏善の子が新宮姓を称し新宮行朝と名乗った。
- In the generation of Yukihide SHINGU, they were defeated in struggles with the Horinouchi clan (Shingu Horinouchi family); subsequently the Horinouchi clan ruled the Shingu clan, but a son of Ujiyoshi HORINOUCHI used the Shingu family name and gave himself the name Yukitomo SHINGU.
- 1959年に裏千家十五代鵬雲斎の弟嘉治が慣例を理由に改姓を申し出、認められたことを皮切りに、左海祥二郎、伊住政和らが改姓している。
- In 1959, Yoshiharu - a younger brother of Hounsai, the 15th head of Urasenke - proposed changing his family name as a custom and was given permission, which was followed by others including Shojiro SAKAI and Masakazu IZUMI following suit.
- なお、「令宗」(よしむね)の姓は、惟宗氏全員の改姓ではなく、長保元年(999年)頃、允亮と彼の弟と思われる惟宗允正のみに与えられた。
- By the way, the surname 'Yoshimune' was not another name for all members of the Koremune clan, but was granted around 999 only to Tadasuke and KOREMUNE no Tadamasa, who is thought to be Tadasuke's younger brother.
- 当時の百姓身分の自治組織である惣村は、自検断権に基づき自ら司法権とその保証となる軍事警察力たる武力を持ち、膨大な武器を所有していた。
- Soson villages, which were autonomous organizations formed by peasants at the time, had jurisdiction as well as military forces and police authority required to protect their jurisdiction based on the right to rule themselves, and owned enormous amounts of weapons.
- まもなく民事裁判に関与するようになり、追捕使とともに諸国にもおかれるようになると、百姓からの年貢所当の徴収にまで参与するにいたった。
- Before long they became involved in civil trials, and once they were assigned to provinces along with the tsuibushi (envoys to pursue and capture), they even participated in the rendering and collection of taxes.
- しかし、9世紀に入ると支配・収取から逃れるために百姓たちの逃亡・浮浪が顕著となっていき、律令制支配・収取は大きな転換が迫られていた。
- In the ninth century, however, farmers began to flee from their villages and became vagrants in increasing numbers in order to escape government control and taxation, thereby necessitating a major change in the system of administration and taxation based on the ancient ritsuryo legal codes.
- 班田収授は、奈良時代最末期になると、浮浪・逃亡する百姓の増加や、そうした百姓を荘園が受け入れたことを背景として、次第に弛緩し始めた。
- Handen Shuju was gradually relaxed in the late Nara period due to an increasing number of peasant wandering around or escaping, and the existence of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) accepted those peasants.
- たとえば金姓の場合、金海伽耶(駕洛国)王族系と新羅王族系と全く血統の違う氏族が在るために本貫は氏族を区別する為の有効な手段であった。
- For instance, in the case of the family name of Kim, hongan was an effective measure in distinguishing clans, since there was the royal family of Gimhae Gaya (in Gaya) and the royal family of Silla, which were clans with completely different lineage.
- ただしこの制度は言わば移行期の制度であり、大臣 (日本)や連といった最上級の姓に属する豪族は依然として大徳よりも上位に置かれていた。
- But the system was, as it were, in transition and the highest hereditary titles, such as O-omi and Muraji, were still placed above the rank of daitoku.
- この投げ捨てられた饅頭が畑で働いていた百姓の顔にあたり、百姓は汚れを取りながら、「また、茶の湯、やってんなァ」とつぶやく、という噺。
- The manju hit the face of a farmer who was working in the field, and the farmer murmured, while cleaning up his face, 'He is holding chanoyu (a tea ceremony) again'.
- 農業生産力の発達と流通の拡大によって、百姓身分の層の中からも、加地子収取権を買い取り集め、日常的営農から解放される層が広範に生まれる。
- Kajishi (land rent) shutokuken (right to collect land rent) was bought and gathered from even a peasant class with the development of the circulation and expansion of farm production power, and there was a wide range of classes born with the release from everyday farming.
- そして百姓の生業も農業に限られるものではなく、百姓身分で「商」や「工」に属するはずの海運業や手工業などによって財を成した者も多くいた。
- Besides, peasants were not limited to living on farming and many of them actually built a fortune through marine transportation or handicrafts, which should have belonged to trades of 'sho' or 'ko'.
- 江戸幕府をはじめとした領主は、このような本百姓数の維持増加に努め、平和が続いたことによる社会の安定化によって耕地の開発も進んでいった。
- Feudal lords, exemplified by the Edo bakufu, made efforts to increase and maintain the number of such hon-byakusho, and as the peaceful period continued to realize social stability, cultivation of land was developed.
- こうした流れの中で、南北朝時代 (日本)より以降、畿内やその周辺地域において、自治権と連帯意識を高めた百姓らによる惣村が成立していく。
- With this background, beginning in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) was formed by the peasants who had developed their autonomy and sense of solidarity.
- 貞享4年(1687年)6月26日:旗本の秋田季品(中奥小姓秋田季久の嫡男)が吹矢で燕を撃ったため、代理として同家家臣多々越甚大夫が死罪
- On June 26th, 1687, Jintayu TATARA, a vassal of the AKITA family, was sentenced to death because Kihin AKITA (the heir of Suehisa AKITA, middle inner page, a direct retainer of Edo bakufu) shot a dart with a blowgun at a swallow.
- 東寺に伝わる古文書自体が、東寺領山城国下久世荘(京都市南区 (京都市))の百姓がこれに基づき売却地を取り戻したことに関する文書である。
- The ancient documents handed down in To-ji Temple themselves were the monjo (written material) concerning an event that a sold land was repossessed by a peasant in Shimokuze-no-sho Estate of To-ji Temple (Minami ward, Kyoto City) in Yamashiro Province under this provision.
- このため領民に重税を敷いたが、第10代藩主・織田秀綿の代である明和6年(1769年)1月には百姓が重税に反対して強訴を起こすに至った。
- For this reason, the farmers of the domain were levied heavily, leading the farmers petitioning the shogunate in February 1769 against the tenth lord Hidetsura ODA.
- そのため、天下の氏姓は、源・平・藤・橘か、紀、菅原、大江、中原、坂上、賀茂、小野、惟宗(これむね)、清原などに集中されるようになった。
- Therefore, the clan name and hereditary title in Japan came to concentrate on such names as Minamoto, Taira, Fuji, Tachibana, Ki, Sugawara, Oe, Nakahara, Sakagami, Kamo, Ono, Koremune, Kiyohara and such.
- 「百姓」=一般人は「男ヲハ或ハ殺シ、或ハ生取ニシ」ている状況とともに「女ヲハ或ハ取集テ、手ヲトヲシテ船ニ結付、或ハ生取ニス」 とある。
- It states that as for 'peasants,' meaning ordinary people, 'men were killed or captured' and in addition, 'women were gathered and hung on the ships' sides with their hands laced through, or were captured.'
- 戦前は改姓や養子縁組が容易に行えたため、改姓に際する問題はなかったが、戦後の民法改正によって改姓の際に家庭裁判所の許可が必要となった。
- Before the World War II, it was a simple matter to change one's family name or adopt a child, and there were no problems involved in the process, but after the World War II, the civil law was revised and the permission of a family court became necessary in order to change one's family name.
- その後、族集団が解体し、庶民でも持つ家族名である '氏' と本来の '姓' の混同が進み、庶民でもほとんど姓を持つとされるようになった。
- Thereafter, the clan dissolved, and a 'family name,' which even common people had merged with the original 'surname' to end up with most of the common people having a surname.
- 初期本百姓が村内で持つ影響力に依拠しなければ年貢諸役を集めることが難しかったが、村請制に依拠できる体制が完成したと評価することもできる。
- Collection of nengu and miscellaneous taxes was difficult without relying on the influential power that early hon-byakusho had in the villages, but it can be evaluated that a system that could rely on the murauke system was completed.
- こうした富豪層は田堵と呼ばれ、開発・集積した田地の経営(営田)や出挙の実施などで富を蓄積し、一般の百姓を自らの経営下に組み込んでいった。
- This wealthy class of peasants, who were called 'tato' (cultivators), accumulated wealth by developing and integrating fields (Eiden), as well as performing suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through the 12th centuries), and gained control over the ordinary peasants by involving them in their business.
- 国司・荘園領主などの支配層から見れば、名主は支配される側、すなわち被支配者だったが、一般百姓らから見れば名主は現地における支配者だった。
- From the viewpoint of the ruling class, including territorial governors and manorial lords, they were part of the ruled class, while from the viewpoint of ordinary peasants, they were themselves rulers in village communities.
- 朝鮮の姓は約250と少なく、金、李、朴、崔、鄭(5大姓)などの姓が多数を占めるため、本貫と姓をつなげる事でお互いを区別してきた面もある。
- Since there are only about 250 family names in Korea and family names such as Kim, Ri, Bag, Choe, and Jeong (the five major names) hold a majority, people have identified each other by connecting hongan and the family names.
- (なお、金海金氏と金海許氏と仁川李氏は別姓であるが始祖を同じ金官伽耶の首露王としているため同本貫として扱われ、結婚が認められなかった。)
- (The Gimhae Kim clan, the Gimhae Heo clan, and the Incheon Ri clan have different family names, but they share the originator as King Suro-wang in Gimgwan Gaya, and were treated as the same hongan, which prevented them from getting married.)
- しかし、江戸時代には、たとえば「仙台藩士」とはほとんど言わず、公的には松平陸奥守家来(伊達家は将軍家より松平姓を賜っていた)と称された。
- However, for instance, retainers of the governor in Mutsu Province were rarely called 'Sendai Hanshi' in the Edo period, and they were officially called 'Matsudaira Mutsu no kami no Kerai' (retainers of the governor of Mutsu Province) (the Date family was given the cognomen of 'Matsudaira' by the shogun family.)
- 敏達天皇の皇子難波皇子の裔の1人である美努王の妻県犬養三千代が、橘氏朝臣の賜姓された事によって子息である橘諸兄・橘佐為も橘姓を名乗った。
- Minu no Okimi, a descendant of Prince Naniwa, who was Emperor Bidatsu's son, had a wife named Agata no Inukai no Michiyo, who was bestowed the ason surname of 'Tachibana,' and her sons, Tachibana no Moroe and Tachibana no Sai, continued to use the Tachibana family name.
- さらに八月、玄雅がいったん帰朝して家督相続の御礼のために大阪城に伺候したさい、秀吉は抜群の戦功を愛でて「豊臣」の姓を名乗ることを許した。
- In addition, after Harumasa returned to Japan and presented himself at Osaka-jo Castle to express his gratitude for taking over as the head of the family in September, Hideyoshi granted the 'Toyotomi' name in reward for his distinguished military service.
- しかしながら、奈良時代を過ぎるとほとんどの氏族の姓(カバネ)が朝臣(あそん)になってしまい、八色の姓も甚だ形式的なものに変質してしまう。
- However, almost all clans were granted the kabane ason after Nara period, and therefore Yakusa no Kabane system also lost its meaning and existed in name only.
- しかし、同時にそこには、「俗氏の事人のとひしかど、氏姓も行年わすれていさし知ず」とあり、天海は自らの出自を弟子たちに語らなかったとある。
- At the same time, however, the document says that 'when he was asked about his family, Tenkai said that he forgotten even his family name,' indicating that Tenkai did not tell his origin to his disciples.
- 清光の子孫らは甲府盆地の各地へ進出し、各地域の地名を姓とし逸見氏・武田氏・加賀美氏・安田氏・浅利氏といった甲斐源氏の諸支族の祖となった。
- The descendants of Kiyomitsu scattered in various parts of the Kofu basin and founded various families of the Kai-Genji clan, bearing the local geographical names as their family names; Henmi clan, Takeda clan, Kagami clan, Yasuda clan and Asari clan.
- この事件は親王時代に学問を教え、当時式部丞になっていた紫式部の父藤原為時や、尾張国郡司百姓等解文で有名な藤原元命の運命にも影を落とした。
- While Emperor Kazan was a prince, this incident had a detrimental effect on the fates of Murasaki Shikibu's father, FUJIWARA no Tametoki, who taught and was appointed to the position of Shikibu no jo (a position within the Bureau of Ceremony) at that time and FUJIWARA no Motonaga, who was well known for the ”Letters of local government officials and farmers from Owari Province” (Owari no kuni Gunji Hyakusho ra no Gebumi).
- ただし、日本では「士」は「侍」に置き換えられ、工と商に区別はなく一括して町人と認識されており、百姓(農)と「町人」との間に序列はなかった。
- In Japan, shi '士' (government official) was replaced with '侍' (samurai or warriors), ko (artisans) and sho (merchants) were collectively recognized as townsman without being differentiated, and no order existed between peasants (no) and the 'townsmen.'
- なお、本書の対象とする範囲は京(左京・右京)と五畿内に住む姓氏に限られており、また「序」にはそれすらも過半が登載されていないと記している。
- The scope of this document includes clans that lived in Kyo (Sakyo and Ukyo) and the Gokinai capital region; however, its introductory section states that still more than half the target clan names hadn't been registered.
- 現地派遣の筆頭国司(受領)が前代より大幅に権限委譲された上で、富豪百姓層を通じて地域支配、税の徴収を行う王朝国家体制が10世紀に確立した。
- As a result a system of the dynasty state was established in the 10th century, in which the heads of the provincial governors (Zuryo) who had been sent to each region received much stronger empowerment than their previous generation and ruled the region and collected tax through the rich peasants.
- しかし、公出挙でも年利50%と高利が認められていたので、国府や郡家などの地方機関は春になると正税(租庸調)の種籾を百姓へ強制的に貸与した。
- However, since charging high annual interest rates at 50% was admitted even in Ku-Suiko, local administrative organizations such as the Kokufu (provincial office) and Gunke (public office) started to forcibly loan seed rice to peasants in spring, although such seed rice should have been stored in the provincial offices' warehouse as Shozei, the rice tax (belonging to So-Yo-Cho system [a tax system, corvee]).
- そのため、安土桃山時代に武士と百姓間の職業的・身分的な分離が進み、関ヶ原の戦いと江戸時代初期の大大名の盛んな加増・移封によって完成された。
- Therefore, the separation of the occupations and social ranks between samurai and peasants progressed in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, and it was completed by the Battle of Sekigahara and by actively adding or changing Daidaimyo's (a feudal lord having a greater stipend) territories in the early Edo period.
- なお、百済王の一族、扶余豊璋の弟・善光(または禅広)は朝廷から百済王氏(くだらのこにきし)という姓氏が与えられ、朝廷に仕えることとなった。
- One of the family members of Kudara's king, the younger brother of Fuyo Hosho, Zenko, was given the clan title of Kudara no Konikishi from the Imperial Court and served under it.
- 藤姓塩谷氏は、約260年~300年間に渡り続くが、応永30年(1423年)8月9日、塩谷教綱の時、鎌倉公方足利持氏と結び、宇都宮氏に謀反。
- The SHIONOYA family of the FUJIWARA family lasted for approximately 260 to 300 years, but on September 22, 1423, during the period of Noritsuna SHIONOYA, the family collaborated with Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, Kamakura Kubo, and raised a rebellion against the UTSUNOMIYA clan.
- 平安時代、朝廷の地方支配が筆頭国司である受領に権力を集中する体制に移行すると、受領の収奪に対する富豪百姓層の武装襲撃が頻発するようになった。
- During the Heian period, with the move to the system where the reins of power were concentrated on the zuryo who were hitto-kokushi (the head of the provincial governors) in the Imperial Court's governance of the local regions, the class of rich farmers' attacks against the deprivation by zuryo happened frequently.
- 当時の百姓・班田農民や古来の郡司一族、土着国司子弟の中には、出挙や営田活動により富を蓄積する富豪層が現れており、田堵(たと)と呼ばれていた。
- Some peasants, handen (allotted farmland) farmers, old gunji (a district officer) families, and local kokushi (a provincial governor) scions of that time started to form a wealthy class called tato, and they gained riches by suiko (rice loans in ancient Japan that had to be repaid after the autumn harvest at a substantial rate of interest) and farming activities.
- 百姓、あるいはその身分すら持たない一般の農業などの零細な産業従事者らはそれぞれの領主、名主(みょうしゅ)に家人、下人などとして従属していた。
- Peasants, or other workers engaged in a small industry such as general agriculture who didn't even have peasant status were subordinate to a lord or a myoshu, respectively, as retainers or people of low rank.
- これにより、物部弓削(もののべゆげ)、阿倍布勢(あべのふせ)、蘇我石川(そがのいしかわ)などの複姓は、これ以後原則として消滅することとなる。
- As a result, in principle, the compound surnames such as Mononobe Yuge, Abe no Fuse, and Soga no Ishikawa were to disappear after this edict.
- なお、蘆名家の一門であった針生氏は蘆名家滅亡後に伊達氏に仕え、この系統は延宝4年(1676年)に仙台藩主・伊達綱村の命により蘆名に改姓した。
- Incidentally, after the extinction of the Ashina clan, the Hariu family which was a branch of the Ashina family served the Date clan, and in 1676, had their family name changed to Ashina under orders of Tsunamura DATE, the lord of Sendai Domain.
- 秀吉の刀狩は、百姓等のみならず寺社勢力の武器没収も意味しており、この結果として約五百年間続いた寺社勢力は日本の権力構造から消えることとなった。
- Hideyoshi's Katanagari (sword hunt) meant that not only from the farmers but also weapons owned by jisha seiryoku were collected and this led to the disappearance of jisha seiryoku from the power structure of Japan after 500 years of existence.
- 自主規制が盛んになる前ではヤクザものや不良抗争ものの漫画・映画などでのフィクションでもケンカ相手に対して '百姓' と呼ぶシーンが散見された。
- Before self-restraints became popular, there were many scenes in fiction such as cartoons and films about mafia and conflicts between juvenile delinquents where the term 'hyakusho' is used to refer to someone whom he or she is fighting with.
- このような百姓内の階層分離が進んでいく中で、政府による律令制的支配は徐々に弛緩していき、戸籍・計帳の作成や班田などが実施されなくなっていった。
- As such a class division furthered among the population of peasants, the governmental control based upon the ritsuryo system gradually relaxed, and the bureaucratic procedures such as the household registers (koseki), the yearly tax registers (handen), and allotting of cultivation fields (handen) were no longer carried out.
- 直後に信長は小姓たちを呼び、鎌のような武器(薙刀術)を振り回しながら明智の兵達に対して応戦していたが、明智の鉄砲隊が放った弾が左肩に命中した。
- Immediately after that, Nobunaga called his pages and counterattacked warriors of the Akechi clan brandishing a sickle-like weapon (naginata (Japanese halberd) art), but he was shot his left shoulder by a bullet shot by the musket troops of the Akechi clan.
- 1つは、土地や百姓らから産み出される収益(年貢・公事など)の上分(じょうぶん)であり、もう1つは、支配する土地そのものの下地(したじ)である。
- One was called jobun, which was the profit (from nengu (land tax) and kuji (public duties)) generated from land or by farmers, and the other was called shitaji, which was the land under control.
- また、百姓、町人などは表向きは苗字を持たないことになっていたが、実際には江戸時代以前から伝えられた名字を私称していたケースも多々見受けられる。
- Although persons like merchants or farmers were not allowed officially to possess their family names, there were many examples where family names handed down from the era before the Edo period were used privately.
- ただし、養子縁組とは違い、契約関係によって成立し、子供の姓は変わらないなど親子関係の結びつきが弱く擬制的な側面(その子の後見人となる)が強い。
- Unlike adoption, however, Yushi was based on a contract and had a weak connection, and a child's surname was not changed, so it was rather a fictitious parent-child relationship (in which a parent became guardian in many cases).
- そのなかで「朕、漢人の言に聞くに、『人の家、国を取るには百姓土地を得んと欲す。もし尽く百姓を殺さば徒に地を得るも何に用いん』」とも述べている。
- He then said, 'I have heard that people of Han say, 'to seize home and country of others, you need to obtain peasants and land. If you kill all the peasants, for what use is the land that is obtained?''
- 家庭内での豆まきで、「鬼」の付く姓(比較的少数だが「鬼塚」、「鬼頭」など)の家庭もしくは鬼が付く地名の地域では「鬼は内」の掛け声が多いという。
- If a family name contains a kanji character (a Chinese character) of 'Oni' (such as 'Onizuka,' 'Kito,' and so on, though they are comparatively few), or if any region has a kanji character of 'Oni' in its name, most of the bean throwers are reported to yell 'Oni wa uchi (In with ogres!).'
- 続いて寛元元年(1243年)頃に55代厳海までの師資・称号・俗姓・仁限・忌日などを記した選者不明の『東寺長者并高野検校等次第』1巻が著された。
- There is also 'To-ji choja Narabini Koya Kengyo To Shidai' (records of the To-ji Choja (the chief abbot of To-ji Temple), Koya Kengyo and Others), by an unknown author and compiled in or around 1243, describing the masters, disciples, titles, secular surnames, Jingen and kinichi (death anniversaries) of past Choja up to Gonkai, the fifty-fifth Choja.
- これに対し個々の農民に対して '百姓' と呼び捨てることは、スティグマをそのまま負の意味で受容させることになり、強い蔑称の意味を含むことになる。
- On the contrary, use of the term 'hyakusho' to address an individual peasant would be considered as a strong derogatory term, because that causes the peasant to accept the stigma as a negative meaning.
- つまり、百姓身分の者が一揆を結成して政権に異議申し立てをする物理的実力たる惣村を武装解除し、一揆の結成そのものを抑止しようとしたというのである。
- In other words, with katanagari policy, the government sought to directly deter the peasants from forming ikki by disarming the soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) which would otherwise have the physical power to have peasants form an ikki league and revolt against the government.
- 現存する『新撰姓氏録』は、目録だけの抄記(抜き書き)であって本文は残っていないが、所々にその残滓が認められるとともに、若干の逸文が知られている。
- The existing 'Shinsen Shojiroku' has only a list of excerpts but no body text; however, some remnants can be seen in several places and a few itsubun (compositions that previously existed but no longer do) are known.
- しかし、田堵は、名田経営を通じて、土地および他の隷属する百姓との関係を緊密なものとしていき、中には周辺の他の田堵の名田を集積する者も現れていた。
- Nevertheless they strengthened relationships with land and subordinate peasants through myoden management, and some tato even started to accumulate neighboring myoden fields managed by other tato.
- 百姓らの生活・経済活動はモザイク状の名を中心としていたため、彼らの住居はまばらに散在しており、住居が密集する村落という形態は出現していなかった。
- Because the peasants' livelihoods and economic activities depended on the myo, which were located in a mosaic-like manner, their residences spread thin and there was no community in the form of a village where residences were densely packed.
- それまで分散して居住し特に連帯してこなかった百姓らが、新たに集住して村落をつくり、強い自治意識と連帯意識に支えられた惣村を形成するようになった。
- The peasants who had lived individually, started to live in a new village and form a soson community with strong autonomous concerns and sense of common bonds.
- しかしなかには能力と功績が認められると正規の幕臣として取り立てられ、武家として称氏(氏姓、苗字を名乗ること)・帯刀・世襲が許される場合もあった。
- Some of these hirees, however, did earn recognition for their abilities and achievements, and were promoted to the status of full retainers and granted family names, allowed to carry swords, and given hereditary rights to their status.
- 朝廷はそれまでの氏姓制度を改め、公地公民制や統一的税制(租庸調制など)を施行し、地方行政機構を改組して中央集権化するなど、律令制の導入を図った。
- The Imperial Court made efforts to introduce a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes by reforming the system of clans and hereditary titles, enforcing the ownership of all lands and serfs by the emperor, and introducing a uniform tax system (taxes in kind or service).
- 姓(カバネ)とは、古代日本のヤマト王権において、大王 (ヤマト王権)(おおきみ)から有力な氏族に与えられた、王権との関係・地位を示す称号である。
- Kabane refers to the titles given by Okimi (great king) (Yamato sovereignty) to powerful clans which showed ones' relationships to the sovereignty as well as ones' ranks in the Yamato sovereignty of ancient Japan.
- 良民は、高級官僚である貴族を初め、下級官人、一般の百姓(公民と呼ばれることもあった)、雑色人(品部・雑戸という工芸技術を持つ半自由民)があった。
- The ryomin included the nobles, who were high-ranking officials; low-ranking officials; general peasants, who were sometimes called 'public people'; and lower level functionaries, including semi-free skilled craftsmen known as 'shinabe' and 'zakko.'
- 8世紀から本格的に開始した日本の律令制は、戸籍・計帳によって人民百姓を把握し、口分田を班給する代わりに租庸調を租税として収取する支配体制であった。
- The Ritsuryo system of Japan, which was officially inaugurated in the eighth century, was an administrative system based on the control over people and farmers by koseki (the household registers) and keicho (the yearly tax registers) and the collection of land tax by Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), which was imposed in exchange for hankyu (allotment) of kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).
- 伊勢国・近江国・美濃国・越前国の4か国において郡司の子弟と百姓の中から、20歳以上40歳以下で弓馬の訓練を受けた者を選んで健児とすることとされた。
- In the four provinces of Ise, Omi, Mino and Echizen, kondei were formed with people who were between 20 years old and 40 years old and were trained in archery and horseback riding, and they were selected from young members of gunji (local magistrate) families and peasants.
- 8~9世紀において改賜姓がさかんに行われているのは、八色の姓において、上級の氏姓にもれた下級の身分の者や、これらの農民を主な対象としたものである。
- During the period between the eighth century and the ninth century there were many changes made in the hereditary titles; this change was geared to the people with the lower social position who were excluded from the rank of higher hereditary position in the Yakusa no Kabane Reform as well as these peasants.
- 吉良上野介が浅野内匠頭に美しい小姓を譲ってくれるよう懇望したが、断られたため恨みをいだいたという男色(衆道)遺恨説も、幾つかの文献に記されている。
- There is also a theory called gay revenge theory which explains that when Kirano Kozuke no Suke implored Asano Takumi no Kami to send some handsome pageboys, he was rejected and thus held a grudge against Asano.
- 均田制の根幹となる百姓への耕作地の支給は、次第に実施されなくなり、それに伴って租庸調制が立ち行かなくなったため780年に税制は両税制へと移行した。
- Allotment of cultivated lands to the peasants which had been the basis of the equal-field system, was gradually neglected, leading to the zuyongdiao system becoming neglected and, in 780, being replaced with the liangshui system.
- また、武家台頭による下級貴族の没落もあり、朝臣は、序列付けの為の姓(かばね)としての意味を失ってしまい、公式文書で使う形式的なものになっていった。
- Also, with the fall of lower-ranked nobles due to the rise of the warrior class to power, Asomi lost its meaning in the sense of kabane used to rank status, and it became a formality which was used for official documents.
- 6. 役者の姓一座のほぼ全員が同じ屋号をもつ場合、上記 3 で役者の住所が不明な場合、前進座の役者で歌舞伎の名跡を得ていない場合などにこれが出る。
- 6. Surnames of actors: Used when almost all the co-starring actors share the same yago, and when the address of the actors as the above example No. 3 is unknown, and when the actors belong to Zenshin-za and don't have myoseki (successive names) of kabuki, and so on.
- 単に「大道具!」と掛かることもあるが、江戸の芝居の大道具は代々「長谷川勘兵衛」が受け持っていたので、その姓をとって「長谷川!」と掛けることが多い。
- Simple kakegoe 'O-dogu' (sceneshifters) is allowed, however, another kakegoe 'Hasegawa' is often heard since the sceneshifters' names had been 'Kanbei HASEGAWA' for generations during the Edo period.
- 監督部の久保為義はJ.Oスタヂオへ、松田定次、広瀬五郎、姓丸浩、宮城文夫は永田雅一所長率いる新興キネマ京都撮影所へ、技術部も新興キネマへ移籍した。
- Tameyoshi KUBO of directors' department was transferred to J.O Studio, Sadatsugu MATSUDA, Goro HIROSE, Hiroshi SEIMARU and Fumio MIYAGI were transferred to Shinko Kinema Kyoto Studio led by Masaichi NAGATA, and the members of technical department were also transferred to Shinko Kinema.
- また、国家権力や領主権力が把握対象として関心を示す範囲の階層こそが百姓であるという事態は、以後の歴史においても基本線となっていくことに注目してよい。
- It should be noted that the scheme where hyakusho were the people of the class regarded by national and lord authorities as subjects of their control became the baseline in history thereafter.
- ただ、現実には百姓層の階層分化が著しく進んでおり律令制的な人別支配はもはや不可能な段階に至っていたため、延喜の治は必ずしも成功したとは言えなかった。
- However, in reality, Engi no chi was not necessarily successful as the rank differentiation of the farmer class was significantly accelerated so, the rule over people based on the Ritsuryo system had reached the stage no longer being possible.
- 『保暦間記』によると、頼綱は泰盛の子安達宗景が源頼朝の落胤であると称して源氏に改姓し、謀反を起こして将軍になろうとしている、と貞時に讒言したという。
- According to 'Horyakukanki' (A History Book of the 14 century in Japan), Yoritsuna gave Sadatoki a slanderous account of Mumekage Adachi, a son of Yasumori, saying that he was claiming himself as an illegitimate child of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and changed his family name to the Minamoto clan to become shogun by raising a rebellion.
- また、桓武天皇より平朝臣、清和天皇などから源朝臣の氏姓(ウヂ・カバネ)が生まれたように、諸皇子に氏姓をあたえる臣籍降下が盛んに行われるようになった。
- In addition, giving clan names and hereditary titles to princes by demoting them from the nobility to subject came to be executed quite often; examples include TAIRA no Ason from Emperor Kammu and MINAMOTO no Ason from Emperor Seiwa.
- これらの真偽はともかくとして、天皇および朝廷に仕えるために必要不可欠とされた氏(ウヂ)・姓(カバネ)が復古的に用意されただけ、という意味合いが強い。
- Whether those names were true or not, it is said that uji and kabane were only used since it was necessary when serving the emperor and the Imperial Court.
- 代わって、天皇への忠誠心がある有能な人材には新たに作られた真人(まひと)・朝臣(あそん)・宿禰(すくね)・忌寸(いみき)の姓(カバネ)が与えられた。
- Instead, those competent individuals who showed their loyalty to the emperor were given new kabane such as mahito, ason, sukune and imiki.
- 現在、歌舞伎の竹本を専門に業とする太夫には豊竹姓がおらず、今後も竹本姓だけを用いることがとりきめられているために、このような名称を定めるにいたった。
- The reason why the name Takemoto was given to Kabuki Gidayu is because there is no Tayu specialized in Kabuki Takemoto who currently use the TOYOTAKE surname, and Takemoto Tayu are required to use only the TAKEMOTO surname in the future.
- やがて、那須宗久は本領へと引き上げたが、このとき、平家の残党は自分たちへの追討をとりやめ命を救ってくれた宗久への感謝の気持ちから那須姓に改めたという。
- When Nasu no Munehisa returned to his homeland, the remnants of the Taira family changed their surname from Taira to Nasu out of gratitude for Munehisa, who saved their lives by stopping his hunt.
- この闘争は正にそうして発生した富をめぐって朝廷から地方統治と租税徴収を任された受領と、富を集積していた富豪百姓層が、激しく衝突したものだったのである。
- These conflicts were brought about by severe competition for wealth between Zuryo who took responsibility in the local governance and tax collection and the wealthy farmer class who were gathering wealth.
- また、名主は、畿内周辺では農業経営に携わる有力百姓としての性格が強かったが、その他の地域では豪族的な者もおり、特に関東では武士の郎党的な者も多かった。
- In Kinai (areas around Kyoto and Osaka), myoshu were mostly influential farmers who were themselves engaged in farming, but in other areas, especially in Kanto regions (region including Tokyo), retainers of warrior class were often included among myoshu.
- 時代が経過すると名による支配体制が崩れて、多くの一般百姓(地下人じげにん)が経済的に自立していったため、これらの地下人も惣村の構成員に加わっていった。
- With the change of the times, since the governing system by myo collapsed and many general peasants (jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility)) attained economic self-sufficiency, such jigenin came to be recognized as members of soson.
- 「及川・笈川」(おひかは)に似た姓としては、追川氏・生川氏があり、これらは当て字の違いにすぎず同系なのか、あるいはまったく別の姓なのか詳細不明である。
- As the names that are similar to '及川 and 笈川' (OHIKAWA), there are 追川氏 and 生川氏, but it is not well known whether they are just phonetic equivalents, related or totally different names.
- 王が自らの支配する土地を、自らが支配する人民(百姓)へ直接(中間支配者である豪族を介さずに)班給するというものであり、儒教的な理想を多分に含んでいた。
- The system was designed such that the sovereign would directly allot land to his people (peasants) without any intervention by powerful regional clans, the intermediate rulers between the sovereign and the people; in this, the system came very close to the Confucian ideal.
- 朝臣(あそみ、あそん)は、684年(天武13)に制定された八色の姓(やくさのかばね)の制度で新たに作られたカバネ(かばね)で、上から二番目に相当する。
- Asomi (or Ason) (written as 朝臣) was the second rank of kabane (hereditary title) which was created in a system of Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) established in 684.
- 給田の経営は、はじめ自らの下人・所従らを駆使して行なわれていたが、時代が下るにつれ、荘園内の名主・百姓らへ請作に出して行なわれていったと考えられている。
- The management of shoen was first done using their own servants and followers, but as the ages went on, leasing out to the village headman and farmers within the shoen became the practice.
- 荘園と公領は前代に引き続き名田に分割編成され、百姓はこの名田の名主に補任(ぶにん)されて年貢(ねんぐ)、公事(くじ)、夫役(ぶやく)の納入責任を負った。
- Shoen and koryo were divided and organized into myoden as in the previous period, and hyakusho were appointed to nanushi (village headman) of the rice field lots to be responsible for payment of nengu (land tax), kuji (public duties), and buyaku (compulsory services).
- 大臣は臣のカバネ(かばね)から、大連は連の姓から出されることに成っていたが、左大臣・右大臣(後に付け加わる太政大臣)などでは、臣・連の制約が無くなった。
- Oomi and Omuraji were to be selected from the hereditary title holders of Omi and Muraji, respectively, but with Sadaijin and Udaijin (and Dajo-daijin (the Grand Minister) which was added later), etc., there disappeared restrictions of Omi and Muraji.
- このことから、狭々城山君の姓は陵戸とは無関係に存在していたと考えられ、実際には仁徳天皇の名代である雀部(ささきべ/ささべ)を祖先とする一族だと思われる。
- Consequently, it is thought that the family name of Sasakiyama gimi would have nothing to do with Misasagi no He but would instead be a family descended from Sasakibe (or Sasabe) owned by Emperor Nintoku.
- 姓名判断や血液型性格分類(ないし血液型占い)、占星術は言うに及ばずラブテスターのような玩具に至るまで枚挙に暇が無く、こういった行為や関連する物品は多い。
- Not to mention the character diagnosis, character grouping by blood types (or fortune-telling by blood types) and horoscope, there is even toys such as a 'love-tester'; there are many activities and commercial products related to predicting aisho.
- こうした篤農家には歴史的百姓層が自らさまざまな生業を兼ね、またモノカルチャー化を避けて多様な農作物を栽培したことの復権にアイデンティティーをおく者もいる。
- Some of these practical farmers find their identity in revival of the fact that people of the historical hyakusho class engaged in various vocations and grew various crops to avoid monoculture.
- しかし、公出挙であれば、繁雑な事務を行わなくとも多額の収入を確保することができたので、地方機関の多くは百姓に対する強制的な公出挙を行い財源としたのである。
- On the other hand, Ku-Suiko enabled local administrative organizations to secure a large sum of income without troublesome clerical work; therefore, many of those organizations implemented forcible Ku-Suiko, exploiting peasants for acquiring financial resources.
- 中世前期(平安時代~鎌倉時代)までは、民衆(百姓など)を規制する法令は、律令・公家法・本所法・武家法など支配者により定められたものしか存在していなかった。
- Before the early medieval period (from the Heian to Kamakura periods), the general public (peasants etc.) were regulated only by the laws established by rulers, such as the Ritsuryo codes, court noble law, honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) law, and samurai law.
- この判決後、同姓同本の事実婚の夫婦が表に出、法律上の夫婦の便宜を受けることが出来るようになった(現在韓国では、八親等内の親戚の結婚は法的に認められない)。
- After this ruling, de facto marriage couples with the same family names and hongan surfaced, and had come to be provided with the benefit of lawful marriage (Today marriage within eighth degree relatives is not legally permitted in South Korea).
- 中小姓…左右田源八郎(7両)・斎藤清右衛門(6両)・笠原長太郎(5両)・伊藤喜左衛門(4両)・鈴木杢右衛門(4両)・岩瀬喜大夫(7両)・宮石島之助(5両)
- Chugosho (lowest rank of samurai) - Genpachiro SODA (7 ryo), Seiemon SAITO (6 ryo), Chotaro KASAHARA (5 ryo), Kizaemon ITO (4 ryo), Mokuemon SUZUKI (4 ryo), Kidaibu IWASE (7 ryo), Shimanosuke MIYAISHI (5 ryo)
- ②宮本氏が直江より身分的に上位とした承兌は、直江とは連歌をともにしており、また豊臣姓を賜っている直江は陪臣ではないため、二人の身分の上下を測るのは難しい。
- (2) Jotai, who was placed in a status higher than Naoe by Mr. Miyamoto, created linked verses with Naoe, and Naoe to whom the Toyotomi surname was given was not a vavasor, therefore, it is difficult to measure whose status would be higher or lower between the two.
- さらに平和な江戸時代においては武術として、武士の教養と化した「砲術」と百姓の害獣駆除のため猟銃として量産された火縄銃はより洗練された形で命中にこだわった。
- Furthermore, in the pacific Edo period, matchlocks were mass-produced for 'gunnery,' a part of martial arts that became an education for samurai warriors and for hunting to exterminate mammalian pests, therefore the accuracy rate was valued in a sophisticated way.
- 創作作品では武梨えりの原作コミック「かんなぎ (漫画)」や我孫子武丸の原作コミック「探偵になるための893の方法」に御厨仁(偶然にも同姓同名)が登場する。
- In fiction, Jin MIKURIYA appears in 'Kannagi,' manga created by Eri TAKENASHI, and (although not being intentional) also in '893 ways of becoming a detective,' a comic book by Takemaru ABIKO.
- この制度上、その支配する収益権のある土地自体を、土地や百姓らから産み出される収益(年貢・公事など)を指す上分(じょうぶん)に対して、下地(したじ)と呼んだ。
- Under this system, lands from which proceeds (nengu (tribute) and kuji (public service) etc) were gained were called shitaji while the proceeds which were gained from lands/peasants were called jobun.
- しかし、初期・前期の村落内では前代を引き継ぐ階層差が大きく、(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)のどれかを欠く家(小百姓あるいは多様な隷属民)も多数存在していた。
- In the early villages, the hierarchy which was inherited from the previous period was significant, and there were a large number of families who lacked any of (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) (peasants who owned little plow land or various subordinate people).
- 天正14年(1586年)には関白・太政大臣に任ぜられ豊臣姓を賜り、天正18年(1590年)に日本を統一し全国で検地と刀狩りを実施させ政権の安定に力を注いだ。
- Hideyoshi was in 1586 appointed as grand minister of state and chief adviser to the Emperor, and was given the surname Toyotomi by the Emperor; in 1590 he unified Japan and endeavored to stabilize his government by conducting land surveys and sword hunts throughout the country.
- 在地領主は、平安中期~後期を通じて、名田経営により富を蓄積し、周辺田地や開発墾田を集積するとともに、それらの田地内の一般百姓を支配下に置こうと指向していた。
- During the middle and late of the Heian period, the local landlords accumulated fortunes by the management of myoden, amassed neighboring or cultivated rice fields, and aimed to govern ordinary farmers in these rice fields.
- 更に9世紀後半には、地域の富豪・有力百姓らの私倉を正倉と認め(里倉)、彼らに公出挙運用を請け負わせることで、地方機関の出挙収入の確保が図られるようになった。
- In addition, in the latter half of the ninth century, local administrative organizations attempted to secure income through Suiko by allowing rich people and influential farmers in local areas to undertake the management of Ku-Suiko after admitting the private warehouse possessed by those people to be Shoso (Riso).
- それ以降の天皇・皇子の子孫についても、奈良時代にたびたび賜姓が行われ、『新撰姓氏録』の載せる真人姓は48氏に昇る(六国史にのみ所見のものも含むと更に増加)。
- After the Emperor Yomei era, descendants of emperors and princes were often given kabane in the Nara period and the number of Mahito amounted to more than 48 clans which are recorded in the 'Shinsen Shojiroku' (Newly Compiled Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility) (If it includes those which appeared in 'Rikkokushi' [the Six National Histories], the number of Mahito clans increases).
- 律令制では、王土王民および一君万民の理念のもと、人民(百姓)に対し一律平等に耕作地を支給し、その代償として、税・労役・兵役が同じく一律平等に課せられていた。
- Under the Ritsuryo system, based on the ideas of odo omin and ikkun banmin, cultivated land was granted equally to the people (peasants) who, in return, had to provide taxes, labor, and military service.
- 一揆の際には農村側に立って先導するような百姓側の代表としての意識の強いものと、支配機構の末端をになう下級官吏の面が強く一揆などの際に標的となる場合もあった。
- Some headmen (nanushi or shoya) had a strong sense of being a representative of the peasants, who led riots on farmers' side, while others became a target in uprisings because of their being the rank and file of the government in direct contact with the public.
- 奈良時代から平安時代に至って、源氏・平氏・藤原氏・橘氏の四姓が隆盛になると、その末裔の姓はほとんどが朝臣になってしまい、姓そのものの意味がなくなっていった。
- When four major family titles which were Minamoto clan, Taira clan, Fujiwara clan, Tachibana clan had gradually prospered from the Nara period to Heian period, most of the titles of their descendants became Asomi/Ason, and the title itself became meaningless.
- 中でも著名なのが988年(永延2)11月8日付けの「尾張国郡司百姓等解」であり、尾張の郡司・百姓層が国守藤原元命による非法・濫行横法31条を訴えた事例である。
- One of the most famous appeals was 'Owari no kuni (Owari Province) Gunji (a local government official) Hyakusho (farmers) ra no Gebumi (letter)' of November 8, 988, in which the Gunji and farmers in Owari complained their Kokushu, FUJIWARA no Motonaga's illegal behaviors as a breach of thirty-one articles of misconduct and violence.
- 軍事貴族は、承平天慶期より継続的に在地の郡司・富豪百姓・田堵負名層との関係を構築していたため、国内軍事力の編成に関しては、通常の受領よりも格段に有利であった。
- Since military aristocrats started to establish relationships with local gunji, wealthy farmers, and tato fumyo in the Johei Tengyo period, they had a much greater advantage than regular zuryo in terms of raising provincial troops.
- 古くから土師氏ゆかりの土地であったと言われており、延暦元年(782年)に土師安人の姓が宿禰から朝臣に改められた際に「居住地にちなんで」秋篠安人と改名している。
- It is said that Akishino was a place noted in connection with the Haji clan since older times and, when kabane (hereditary title) of Yasuhito HAJI was changed from Sukune (third highest of the eight hereditary titles) to Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles) in 782, he changed his name to Yasuhito AKISHINO 'in connection with the name of the place of residence.'
- 江戸時代の百姓身分とは、主たる生業が農業・手工業・商業のいずれかであるかを問わず、村に石高を持ち、領主に年貢を納める形で権利義務を承認された身分階層を指した。
- During the Edo period, a farming rank was one of social status in which a farmer had 'kokudaka' (crop yield) in his village and his duties and rights were approved by paying his nengu' (land tax) to the landlord, whichever his regular vocation was agriculture, labor industry, or commerce.
- こうした地侍たちは、安土桃山期の兵農分離(刀狩など)によって郷士や再度、百姓身分に戻り、庄屋・名主・肝煎・番頭など村の指導者としての地位に就くことが多かった。
- In most cases, these Ji-zamurai returned to the position of farmers due to the separation policy of samurai and farmers such as the sword hunt during the Azuchi Momoyama period and took the leaders' position of the villages such as Shoya, Nanushi, Kimoiri, and Banto.
- 氏の名において春日より大春日、中臣より大中臣への変更、また宿禰から大宿禰への変更が行われるなどしたため、氏姓の制は、全般的に、より緻密に浸透することになった。
- Under the clan name the changes of Kasuga to Okasuga and Nakatomi to Onakatomi were made; also Sukune was changed to Osukune; accordingly the system of clans and hereditary titles came to penetrate more pervasively in general.
- 源義親の子である塩谷頼純が大治 (日本)5年(1130年)頃、下野国塩谷郡に下り塩谷荘司として塩谷姓を創始したのがはじまりで、塩谷荘三十三郷三万八千町を支配。
- In or around 1130, Yorizumi SHIONOYA, a son of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, went down Shioya County, Shimotsuke Province, adopted the name SHIONOYA and governed SHIONOYA manor, with its thirty-three go thirty-eight thousand cho.
- 684年(天武13)10月、守山公・路公・高橋公・三国公・当麻公・茨城公・丹比公・猪名公・坂田公・息長公・羽田公・酒人公・山道公など13氏に真人の姓を授ける。
- October, 684: The title of 'Mahito' was given to 13 clans, such as Moriyama no kimi, Michi no kimi, Takahashi no kimi, Mikuni no kimi, Tagima no kimi, Ubaraki no kimi, Tajihi no kimi, Ina no kimi, Sakata no kimi, Okinaga no kimi, Hata no kimi, Sakahito no kimi, and Yamaji no kimi.
- 貨幣経済の浸透や百姓階層の分化とそれに伴う村落社会の形成といった13世紀半ばから進行していた日本社会の変動は、元寇の影響によってますます加速の度合いを強めた。
- Changes in Japanese society having been progressing since the middle thirteenth century, such as the development of the monetary economy, hierarchization of the peasant class and formation of rural communities, were further accelerated by the influence of Genko.
- そして、この場合もやはり、撰者は孔子に擬せられ、各経書に対する注釈という形式をとって、易姓革命や自然災害などを孔子が予言していたものとして、当時、受容された。
- In the 'Isho,' which was written in the form of notes to each Chinese classics of Confucianism, the author/compiler was asserted to be Confucius, and the Isho was accepted in those days as the medium through which Confucius supposedly predicted the Ekisei revolution (an ancient Chinese political concept), various natural disasters and more.
- ニコライの元に届けられた見舞い電報は1万通を超え、山形県金山村(現・金山町 (山形県))では「津田」の姓及び「三蔵」の命名を禁じる条例を決議する村まであった。
- More than 10,000 telegrams wishing his speedy recovery were sent to Nicholas, and in Kanayama Village, Yamagata Prefecture, its local government enforced a regulation of forbidding the use of the family name 'Tsuda' and the given name 'Sanzo'.
- 時代設定を特に定めない、あるいは庶民にも名字を名乗ることが許された明治以降に置いた演出では、演者にゆかりのある噺家の本名に因みかつ一般的な姓が出る場合がある。
- In productions where the period is unspecified or set from the Meiji period onwards when common people were allowed to have surnames, the performers occasionally introduce characters whose surnames relate back to the real names of the storytellers to whom they are related, and whose family names are common.
- ある土地からの収穫物またはその土地自体に対して、百姓・名主・荘官・地頭・領家・本家などといった多様な権利が重層的に存在していたのである(これを職の体系という)。
- Farmers, myoshu (owner of rice fields), shokan (an officer governing shoen or manor), jito (manager and lord of manor), ryoke (a lord of a manor) and head family had their ownership to harvests generated from a certain piece of land or to a certain piece of land itself and these various ownerships were multilayered (this is called 'shiki no taikei (定訳不明, framework of tasks or authorities in specific functions of administration.)'
- 奈良時代和気広虫(出家して法均尼と号する)と弟の和気清麻呂が僧道鏡に対する宇佐八幡宮神託事件で功があって朝廷に進出し、藤野別真人から和気朝臣の氏姓が与えられた。
- In the Nara period, WAKE no Hiromushi (who adopted the name Hokin-ni after entering the priesthood) and his younger brother WAKE no Kiyomaro, who had made achievements in a plot by the Usa Hachiman-gu oracle against the Buddhist monk Dokyo, advanced to the Imperial court and were given the surname Wake Ason by Fujinowake no Mahito.
- 田堵負名層とは決して零細な農民などではなく、隷属民を多数抱え、莫大な富を蓄積して農業など諸産業を大規模に経営し、多数の私兵すら擁していた富豪百姓だったのである。
- Far from being poor, the tato fumyo were indeed wealthy peasants who kept many servants, managed large scale businesses such as agriculture, and owned even many private warriors while accumulating immense wealth.
- 一方、各地方では国司・郡司・有力百姓などを出自とする「富豪の輩」と呼ばれる階層が登場しており、国衙から名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負って、経済力をつけ始めていた。
- On the other hand, the class called 'fugo-no-yakara' (rich guy) originated from kokushi, gunshi (local government administrator sent from the central government, working under kokushi), leading people, appeared, managed myoden (rice fields as the basic unit for levying taxes) and the duty of tax collection from kokuga and began to be economically stronger.
- 他方大名に囲米を義務づけ、江戸へ流入した百姓を出身地へ強制的に帰還させ(旧里帰農令)、また棄捐令を発して旗本・御家人らの救済を図るなど、保守的な傾向が強かった。
- On the other hand, he implemented various conservative policies, such as compelling 'daimyo' to take 'kakoimai' (rice storage system in case of emergency), issuing 'Kyurikino-rei' (the decree that forced peasants flowing into Edo to return to their hometowns) and 'Kien-rei' (the decree to relieve 'hatamoto' and 'gokenin' [an immediate vassal of the shogunate] from their economic difficulties).
- 時代が下がり江戸時代になると皇位継承又は世襲親王家(伏見宮家・桂宮家・有栖川宮家・閑院宮家)相続と無関係の皇族は皆出家する慣例となり、賜姓皇族は現れなくなった。
- By the Edo period, it had become a custom for all the Imperial Families to enter into the priesthood who were not related according to Imperial succession or who were not one of the heredity Imperial Family members (the Fushiminomiya family, the Katsuranomiya family, the Arisugawanomiya family, the Kan innomiya family), there was no Shisei Imperial Family existing.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に比較的流動性があった侍と百姓が固定化されるのが天正9年(1582年)頃から始まった太閤検地や天正16年(1588年)の刀狩などによってである。
- The classes of samurai and peasants which had social mobility to some extent in the Warring States period (Japan) were fixed by taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi) which started around 1582 and katanagari (sword hunt) which was carried out in 1588.
- このほか、狩野興以(? - 1636)は狩野家の血族ではないが、探幽ら3兄弟の師匠筋にあたる人物で、その功績によって狩野姓を与えられ、後に紀州徳川家に仕えている。
- Besides them, Koi KANO (date of birth unknown - 1636) was not related by blood to the Kano family but, along with his brothers, was a master of Tanyu; he was allowed to use the surname of Kano due to his achievements, and he worked for the Kishu Tokugawa family.
- 『古事記』には応神天皇(『新撰姓氏録』によれば仁徳天皇)の御世に来朝した百済人の須須許里(すすこり)が大御酒(おおみき)を醸造して天皇に献上したという記述がある。
- In 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), there is a description that Susukori, a man coming from Baekje in the era of the Emperor Ojin (according to 'Shinsen Shojiroku' [Newly Compiled Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility], the Emperor Nintoku), brewed omiki (sacred sake) and presented it to the Emperor.
- 特に下克上が一般化する以前においてこの認識が強く、戦国時代 (日本)の豊臣秀吉のように、百姓その他武士身分以外出身の人物は当然、武士として認められるはずがなかった。
- Especially before gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) became common, such a point of view dominated and thus, like Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), a person originating from farmers or from a status not of samurai status could not admitted as bushi by definition.
- またこの地区は「茨木」姓が多く、茨木姓の家では節分に豆をまかない習わしがあり、また家の屋根に破風を作るとその家では不良が出るので作らないという言い伝えがあるという。
- Moreover, there were many people in this region whose family name was 'Ibaraki,' and tradition among Ibaraki families of the area holds that they not throw soy beans at Setsubun (a demon-exorcising holiday elsewhere known throughout Japan for the custom of throwing beans), and that gables not be built on houses, since the building of gables on houses was thought to bring misfortune on the family.
- 盛子は夫・藤原基実の死後、摂関家領の大部分を相続していて、九条兼実は「異姓の身で藤原氏の所領を押領したので春日大明神の神罰が下った」(『玉葉』)と日記に記している。
- Moriko inherited most of the estate of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) after the death of her husband, FUJIWARA no Motozane, and Kanezane KUJO mentioned in his diary, 'Gyokuyo,' 'Since she forcefully took away the estate of Fujiwara clan despite being someone of an opposite gender, there was a divine punishment from Kasuga Daimyojin (the Shinto deity).'
- 平安中期ごろ、特に東国の発祥当初の武士層の間で、朝廷との関係において名乗る姓名とは別に、自らの所領(名:みょう)に通称名(字:あざな)を並べる通称が広まっていった。
- In the mid-Heian period, besides a full name used at the Imperial Court, the use of a pseudonym containing a domain name (myo) followed by a nickname (azana) became popular especially among early samurai warriors who were originally from the eastern provinces.
- これらは、当時としてはきわめて先進的な内容を含む現実的、合理的な政策であったが、賄賂政治を批判され、天明の大飢饉とも重なって百姓一揆や打ちこわしが激発して失脚した。
- Although these were realistic and rational policies including very advanced contents in those days, the criticism for prevalence of bribery and the frequent peasant revolts and destructive urban riots as well as the Tenmei Famine brought his downfall.
- 吉田重綱・業茂の弟子、吉田重氏(源八郎、旧姓:葛巻、号:一水、法名:印西、一水軒印西)(永禄 5年(1562年) - 寛永15年(1638年)3月4日)を祖とする。
- Shigetsuna YOSHIDA (Narishige's student), Shigeuji YOSHIDA (Genpachiro, former surname: Kuzumaki, his title was Issui/Isumi, his Buddhist name was Insai, Issui/Isumi ken Insai) (1562 - April 17, 1638) are regarded as the originators.
- 『新撰姓氏録』によれば、この献上を行なったのは兄曽曽保利と妹曽曽保利の二人ということになっており、この二人を酒の神として祀る神社もある(参照:日本酒に関する施設)。
- According to 'Shinsen Shojiroku,' the brother and sister of Sosohori presented this and some shrines enshrine these two people as gods of liquor (see the section of institutions related with sake).
- 一度臣籍降下し、源氏の姓を賜って源定省を称したが、後に実力者の関白藤原基経の後押しで887年(仁和3年)8月25日に皇族に復帰し、翌8月26日に皇太子に立てられる。
- Although he once left the Imperial Family and was granted the surname of Genji and called MINAMOTO no Sadami, he returned to the Imperial Family on August 29, 887 with the help of Kampaku, chief adviser to the Emperor, FUJIWARA no Mototsune, and became a prince on August 30, 888.
- その利害対立は、京の都の近国においては藤原元命に対する「尾張国郡司百姓等解文」で有名な国司苛政上訴として現れるが、多くは武力による衝突までにはならずに調整が図られる。
- Among such conflicts in interest seen in neighboring provinces of Kyoto was the famous 'Owari no kuni Gunji Hyakusho ra no Gebumi' (Letter from a local government official of Owari Province to farmers) sent against FUJIWARA no Motonaga for Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against kokushi - provincial governor taken by farmers), but many did not develop into military conflict, but were rather settled with negotiations.
- 8世紀初頭に成立した律令制のもとでは、公田のうち口分田を班給した後に余った乗田を国衙が百姓らに貸し付けて、収穫物の2割を納入させる賃租の規定があった(「田令公田条)。
- Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) established at the beginning of the 8th century, there was a provision of chinso (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) that, after hankyu (allotment) of kubunden (the field given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system), kokuga (provincial government offices) lent peasants joden (rest of the field after kubunden was given) from the remaining koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) and charged 20 percent of their harvest as jishi (according to 'Denryo-koden-jo).
- 渡来人の豪族秦氏がヤマト王権に税を納める際、用いた絹が「うずたかくつもられた」ことから、朝廷から「うずまさ」の姓を与えられ、これに「太秦」の漢字表記を当てたという説。
- One theory is that the imperial court gave the surname of 'Uzumasa' with kanji characters meaning silk cloth, to the powerful Hata clan, who were immigrants, due to the silk clothes they used to pay as taxes to the Yamato Dynasty piling up in great heap.
- このように、氏姓制度とは、連―伴造―伴(百八十部)という、王のもとでヤマト王権を構成し、職務を分掌し世襲する、いわゆる「負名氏」(なおいのうじ)を主体として生まれた。
- As descried above, the system of clans and hereditary titles was born by making the 'Naoi no Uji' (naming of the title revealing what the person does); people with these titles constituted the Yamato sovereign and took responsibility by working in the various functions which are hereditary and these hereditary titles included Muraji, Tomo no Miyatsuko, Momo Amari Yaso no Tomo in that order in the rank.
- この連の姓を名乗る氏族の中で最も有力な者を大連 (古代日本)(おおむらじ)と呼び、臣の姓の氏族の中の有力者である大臣 (古代日本)(おおおみ)と共に国政を預けられた。
- The most influential people among the clans with the kabane of Muraji were called Omuraji (ancient Japan), who were put in charge of the affairs of state along with people called Oomi (ancient Japan), who were the influential people among the clans with the kabane of Omi.
- この年(和銅元年)、遷都を主導した藤原不比等は正二位、右大臣に進み、不比等の後妻、県犬養三千代は女帝の大嘗祭において杯に浮かぶタチバナとともに「橘宿禰」の姓を賜った。
- In this year (708), FUJIWARA no Fuhito, who led the transfer of the capital, was promoted to Shonii Udaijin (Senior Second Rank, Chief of the Imperial Japanese Council of State) and his second wife, Agata no INUKAI no Michiyo, was given the family name of 'Tachibana no Sukune' together with a tachibana (mandarin orange) floating in a cup on the occasion of Daijosai (first ceremonial offering of rice by newly enthroned Empress).
- また、唐中期には「江南地方が裕福になったのは、この地方の百姓が府兵の負担を免除されているからだ」とする記録もあり、府兵制の実施が徹底していなかったことが判明している。
- Moreover, records from the mid-Tang Dynasty state that 'the people have become wealthy in the Jiangnan region because the peasants in this region are exempted from military service,' proving that the fubing system was not strictly enforced throughout the country.
- 地位・格式・立場を示す姓(カバネ)としては、公(きみ)、臣(おみ)、連(むらじ)、造(みやつこ)、直(あたい)、首(おびと)、史(ふひと)、村主(すぐり)などがある。
- Kabane which denoted ranks, social statuses and positions included kimi, omi, muraji, miyatsuko, atai, obito, fuhito and suguri.
- 領家は、開発領主を現地管理者として荘官に任命し、荘官を通じて、荘園からの収穫を地子として徴収したり、荘園内の百姓(荘民)に労役を課したり(公事)して、自らの収入とした。
- Ryoke appointed kaihatsu ryoshu to shokan to manage the lands, and through them, ryoke obtained income for themselves by collecting harvests from shoen as jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) and required peasants (shomin) who worked within shoen to provide labor for kuji (public duties).
- これらの農地はもともと領主が百姓を使役して荒地を開墾したものであり、古代末期・中世当時、荒地を開墾した者には該当地の収穫をすべて収取する権利が認められる場合が多かった。
- Such farmland was originally cultivated by the feudal lord using peasants as a labor force, and those who cultivated wasteland were usually permitted the right to collect all the crops of the applicable ground in the end of ancient times and medieval times.
- しかし、時あたかも藤原氏による権勢拡大の最中で、真人=高貴という原義すら崩れ始めていたことも否めず、氷上塩焼 ・不破内親王のように一種の懲罰として賜姓される例も現れた。
- However, since it was the in the middle of expansion of power by Fujiwara clan, the definition that 'Mahito = noble' was beginning to collapse, and there also appeared a case when Mahito was bestowed as a punishment such as HIKAMI no Shioyaki and Imperial Princess Fuwa.
- 中央の有力豪族が中心である臣に対して連の姓を名乗る氏族は、朝廷の役職と直結しており、大伴氏も物部氏も古来からヤマト王権の軍事を束ねる役割をしていた氏族だと言われている。
- Unlike the kabane of Omi that were mostly the influential ruling clans in the capital, the clans with the kabane of Muraji were directly connected to the posts of the Imperial Court and it is said that the Otomo and the Mononobe clans were those who were in charge of the military affairs for the Yamato sovereignty from ancient times.
- 6日夜、伊達の国見山本陣に、上杉景勝家臣藤田能登家士斉藤兵部が、伊達・信夫の百姓等4千人を伴い内通してきた他、直江山城守鉄砲頭極楽寺内匠が伊達成実に協力を申し出てきた。
- On October 6 at night, Hyobe SAITO (斉藤兵部), a retainer of Noto FUJITA who was a vassal of Kagekatsu UESUGI visited the Date's headquarters in Mt. Kunimi with about 4,000 peasants and others from Date and Shinobu Districts to hold secret communication, and Takumi Gokurakuji (極楽寺内匠), the head of the artillery for Yamashiro no kami (governor of Yamashiro Province) NAOE offered Shigesane DATE his cooperation.
- たとえば、越前国の敦賀氏、熱田大宮司家らが藤原氏から養子を迎えて「藤原朝臣」を名乗ったり、それらの氏の女子をめとり母系によって「藤原朝臣」その他の氏姓を称した例もある。
- For example, the Tsuruga clan of Echizen Province, the Atsuta-Daiguji family adopted a son from the Fujiwara clan and called themselves Fujiwara Ason; also they took the daughter of the Fujiwara clan in marriage and named 'Fujiwara Ason' by the maternal line; examples of other clan names and hereditary titles also exist.
- このことから、「律令制=奴隷制」、「律令制=独裁制に基づく搾取制」という考えが否定されていき、代わって百姓を隷属農民として見る隷農制という概念が提示されるようになった。
- Accordingly, the idea of 'the Ritsuryo system equals slavery' or 'the Ritsuryo system equals a system of exploitation based on a dictatorship' was refuted and, instead, the concept of villeinage that views the peasants as serfs, has been suggested.
- 興良親王は『新葉和歌集』でその夭折が詠まれたが、尹良親王は南朝方として父の後を継いで各地を転戦、源氏姓を賜る(後醍醐源氏の祖)と共に征夷大将軍に任じられたと伝えられる。
- Imperial Prince Okiyoshi/Okinaga's premature death was written about in a poem in 'Shinyo Wakashu,' and it is said that Imperial Prince Tadayoshi/Tadanaga succeeded to his father's position in the Northern Court and moved from one battle field to another; after that; he was given the surname 'GENJI' (founder of the Minamoto clan, he was a descendent of the Emperor Godaigo) and appointed as Seii Taishogun.
- 前者は荘園住民のうちの上級層にあたり、年貢納入の義務を負う代わりに作人・小百姓らを動員して荘園内の円滑な耕作を行い、更に有力者には荘官の職の体系に補任されることもあった。
- The former group belonged to the upper class which was in charge of the smooth operation of cultivation in shoen by recruiting sakunin and kobyakusho, and some of the influential figures in the group also became a shokan as a part of the managerial side of shoen.
- だが、中世以降次第に百姓の本分を農とすべきとする、実態とは必ずしも符合しない農本主義的理念が浸透・普及し、明治時代以降は、一般的に農民の事を指すと理解されるようになった。
- However, a principle of agricultural fundamentalism stating that the sphere of hyakusho should be agriculture, which did not always match the reality, was gradually passed through and spread since the medieval period, and the term was begun to be understood generally as a person engaged in agriculture.
- 負名を通して、田堵と他の百姓との間に債務関係が発生するようになり、これによって田堵は他の百姓への私的支配を強めるようになるとともに、名田経営者として専門性を高めていった。
- The fumyo caused debtor-creditor relations between tato farmers and other peasants, and this allowed the tato to become powerful enough for unofficial governance over other peasants and to increase their special skills of myoden management.
- 特に身分の高い武家や公家の姫君の側近くに仕える、五、六歳から十二歳ぐらいの「お小姓」(大名などに仕える武家の少年使用人である小姓とは別)と呼ばれる少女によく結われた髪型。
- This hairstyle was worn by the girls called 'Okosho' (it is different from child servants of samurai family called 'Kosho,' who paged to daimyo [Japanese feudal lord] and so on), who was aged between five or six and 12 years old and attended on a daughter of a high-ranking samurai or a court noble.
- 周代から春秋時代には、特に古来の '姫' や '姜' といった族集団名でもある '姓' を持つ卿士大夫層(宋代の科挙試験エリートではなく、古代の族長層)を指す用語であった。
- From the Zhou period to the Chunqiu period, the term indicated the Keishitaifu class (not the Kakyo [Imperial examination] elite in the Song period but the patriarch class in the ancient times) having a 'surname,' which was also a clan name of ancient times such as 'Ji' and 'Jiang.'
- 百姓に属する民の主体であった公民は、平安時代初期までは古来の地方首長層の末裔である郡司層によって編成され、国衙における国司の各国統治、徴税事務もこの郡司層を通じて成された。
- The citizens, who were main constituents of people belonging to the hyakusho class, were organized by the gunji class, the descendants of classes of ancient local governments' heads up to the early Heian period, and the ruling and tax collection by kokushi (provincial governors) at kokuga (provincial government offices) were conducted through the gunji class.
- 「天神」に分類された姓氏は藤原氏、大中臣氏など246氏、「天孫」は尾張氏、出雲氏など128氏(隼人系の氏族は天孫に分類される。)、「地祇」は安曇氏、弓削氏など30氏がある。
- The clans classified as 'Tenjin' include 246 clans including the Fujiwara and Onakatomi clans; those classified as 'Tenson' include 128 clans, among which are the Owari and Izumo clans (clans of the Hayato family are classified as Tenson); and those classified as 'Chigi' include 30 clans including the Azumi and Yuge clans.
- 彼らは、蓄積した富をもって、墾田開発・田地経営などの営田活動を進めたり、他の百姓への出挙を行ったりして、より一層、富を集積し、一般の零細な百姓層を隷属化して成長していった。
- With amassed wealth in hand, they further accumulated wealth by developing and managing additional land or subjected other petty farmers by lending rice seeds to them.
- これらの全般的な特徴として、まず首位の昇叙があり、ついでそれに連なる直系親族のみに対し氏姓の変更が行われるといった順序により同族の中から有力な者が抽出されるという点にある。
- The general characteristic of these lies in the point that at the beginning the top rank is raised and then for the direct line that connected with the raised rank changes of clan name and hereditary title is made; because of this procedural order, an influential person is extracted.
- 国司苛政上訴(こくしかせいじょうそ)は、日本の平安時代に郡司・田堵・負名・百姓階層が地方官である国司(受領)の苛政・非法を中央政府(太政官)へ訴えた行為、現象または闘争形態。
- Kokushi kasei joso refers to acts and phenomena of appeals and armed struggles by Gunji (local magistrates), Tato (cultivators), Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and the farmer class in order to complain to the central government Daijokan (Grand Council of State) about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi (or Zuryo) (provincial governors), Chihokan (local officials) during the Heian period in Japan.
- 俘囚と公民百姓の差異に対応するため、812年(弘仁3)、朝廷は国司に対し、俘囚の中から優れた者を夷俘長に専任し、俘囚社会における刑罰権を夷俘長に与える旨の命令を発出している。
- To erase the differences between the Fushu and the public peasants, in 812 the Imperial Court issued an order to the kokushi to select competent persons from the Fushu as full-time Ifucho (leaders of Ifu) who would exercise their punitive authority for crimes in Fushu society.
- 秀吉が豊臣氏の姓を授かるのは、この一件の翌年の天正14年9月9日_(旧暦)(1586年10月21日)であるため、当時の表記にあわせて賜姓以前については「羽柴秀吉」表記とする。
- Because he was awarded the clan name of Toyotomi on October 21, 1586, the following year of the dispute, Hideyoshi before the award is described as 'Hideyoshi HASHIBA' in this section according to the name at that time.
- 家名の中でも特に知行の名前に由来し領主階級であることを示す名字を公称し(ということは苗字私称とは異なり本姓を有し)、打刀(大刀)と脇差(小刀)の2本の日本刀を腰に帯びること。
- If a person was provided with a myojitaito right, he was permitted to officially use a family name that originated in a territorial name, indicating that the family belonged to the territorial lord class (this means using an original name, not a privately given name), and was also permitted to wear two Japanese swords, a uchigatana (a sword worn inside the 'obi ' belt) (a long sword) and a wakizashi (a short sword).
- 大化の改新ののち、律令国家の形成におよぶと、古代の戸籍制度によって、氏姓はかつての部民(べみん)、つまり一般民衆にまで拡大され、すべての階層の国家身分を表示するものとなった。
- When Japan formed a nation under the ritsuryo codes after the Taika Reforms, the clan names and the hereditary titles became given to Bemin (people who belonged to the Yamato Dynasty); in other words, the system of clans and hereditary system was expanded to the general public and Uji and Kabane came to a way to reveal one's social position in the hierarchy of the state.
- 地方知行(じがたちぎょう)とは、江戸時代に征夷大将軍あるいは藩主が家臣に対して禄として与える知行を所領(地方と呼ばれる土地)及びそこの付随する百姓の形で与え、支配させること。
- Jigatachigyo was the administrative form during Edo period that Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') or a lord of domain gave chigyo (enfeoffment, or the right to direct control of a certain asset) in the form of shoryo (territory) including the peasants living there to their vassals as a stipend and made them control it.
- 根来寺の主だった行人は、泉識坊が土橋氏、杉之坊が津田氏伊予橘姓津田氏(楠木氏系)、また成真院が泉南の地侍中氏など、紀伊のみならず和泉国・河内国・大和国の地侍で構成されていた。
- The major Gyonin of the Negoro-ji Temple were constituted by not only jizamurai of Kii Province but also that of Izumi, Kawachi and Yamato Provinces, for example, the Gyonin of Senshiki-bo Temple was the Dobashi clan, the one of Sugino-bo Temple was the Iyotachibana-Tsuda clan (the Kusunoki clan linage) and the one of Joshin-in Temple (成真院) was the Naka clan, jizamurai of Sennan Province.
- また、二毛作の普及などを通じた経済力の伸張を受け、これまでより百姓の一箇所定住の傾向が強まり、百姓たちが連携して地頭や預所への年貢を未進しだしたことが原因とする説も有力である。
- There also is a weighty view asserting that the cause was the fact that the cases where peasants, who strengthened their economic power thanks to the spread of a two-crop system etc. and began to settle at one place, jointly refused to pay nengu to jito or azukedokoro (a deputy of the lord of shoen) increased.
- 職業の世襲という概念は氏姓制度の時代から存在しており、律令制度に入ってからも何世代にもわたって技能・学術を継承してきた「世習」の家柄を優先して技術系の官職に就ける事例があった。
- The concept of hereditary occupations existed from the time of the Shisei system, and even in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based upon the ritsuryo code), there were cases where families that had passed on techniques and knowledge down the generations had priority in obtaining technical official positions.
- 以上のように、守護職の固定化および権能の大幅な拡大を背景として、室町期守護は、領国内の在地領主(国人)、土地、人民(百姓など)に対する一円支配(一元的な支配)を強化していった。
- Thus, taking advantage of the monopolization of the shugo-shiki as well as the drastically expanded authority, the shugo in the Muromachi period strengthened the comprehensive (unified) control over the resident landholders (called 'kokujin' [local lord]), lands, people (including peasants) and so on.
- 官人登用の法、甲子の宣の廃止、貴族・社寺の山・島・浦・林・池などの返還、畿外の豪族と才能のある百姓の任官への道を開き、官人の位階昇進の制度などを新設したりといった諸政を行った。
- Emperor Tenmu enforced a range of measures, such as a law relating to the appointment of government officials, the reversal of the Koshi pronouncement, and the ordering of the return to the court of mountains, islands, beaches, woods, ponds and other assets owned by aristocrats or shrines and temples; he also opened the way to government positions for members of powerful remote regional clans as well as those near the capital and talented farmers, and established a new court rank and promotion system.
- また、現存している記録に残された冠位とその人物が属している姓の水準が一致している例が多い(臣・連以外の姓より大徳が輩出された例は無く、村主・首以下の姓で小徳を輩出した例は無い)。
- There are many examples of courtly rank coinciding with the hereditary title level to which the person belonged (there are no examples of people with titles other than Omi and Muraji being awarded the rank of Daitoku, or of people below Suguri and Kashira being awarded the rank of Shotoku).
- 百姓、すなわち田堵負名層は公領に属する者と荘園に属する者に分かれ、荘園公領間の武力抗争の当事者となった結果、前期王朝国家に見られたような一国単位に結集する闘争形態は急速に消滅した。
- Hyakusho, i.e., the tato and fumyo class, was separated into hyakusho belonging to koryo and hyakusho belonging to shoen, and became parties of armed conflicts between shoen and koryo and as a result, the conflict forms observed in the early dynastic nation-state in which people gathered country by country disappeared rapidly.
- また、百姓身分の活動の場であった在地の村社会から人材を引き抜く形で近代的第二次産業、第三次産業が成立し、近代的生業との対比としての古来の生業の従事者が百姓であるとする観念も生じた。
- The modern secondary and tertiary industries were established by recruiting people from the local village societies, which were places of the hyakusho rank's activities, and a concept emerged that people who were engaged in conventional vocations in comparison with modern vocations were hyakusho.
- 七分積金や人足寄場の設置など、今日でいう社会福祉政策を行ってもいるが、思想や文芸を統制し、全体として町人・百姓に厳しく、旗本・御家人を過剰に保護する政策を採り、民衆の離反を招いた。
- Although Sadanobu also implemented present social welfare policies such as the accumulation of relief fund for the poor (seventy-percent reserve fund) and the establishment of independence support facilities for minor offenders and the homeless (ninsokuyoseba), the support of the people was lost due to the strict control over thought, art and literature, in short townspeople and peasants as a whole, and the excessive protection of his retainers on the other hand.
- 九州の役(きゅうしゅうのえき)は、天正14年(1586年)7月から同15年(1587年)4月にかけて行われた、豊臣秀吉(1586年9月9日、豊臣賜姓)と島津氏との戦いの総称である。
- The Battle of Kyushu was a general name for battles between Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (surname 'Toyotomi' was bestowed on September 9, 1586) and the Shimazu clan from August and September 1586 to May and June 1587.
- 6、7月ころ、書院番、御小姓番、大番、ならびに鶴見、曲木、諏訪部、浦部4箇所の厩付の諸士および田安、一橋、清水の三卿付の諸士らが、数名ないし十数名出動し、隅田川すじでおこなわれた。
- Suiba was held around June or July at the Sumida-gawa river with the participation of several dozens of samurai; namely, the shoinban (castle guard), the okoshoban (official guard in the Tokugawa Shogunate), the oban (a group of guards in the Edo shogunate), samurai working at one of four stables (in Tsurumi, Magaki, Suwabe or Urabe), and samurai working for one of the three families related to the shogun (the Tayasu, the Hitotsubashi or the Shimizu).
- 荘園公領制では、本家-領家-荘官・地頭らの関係に見られるように、土地や百姓に対する支配関係、また土地からの収益に関する権利関係が重層的に絡み合っており、著しく複雑な様相を呈していた。
- Under the stratified land ruling structure of shoen koryo sei, the right to rule lands/peasants and the right to the proceeds of lands were very complicated because these were entangled in a multi-layered way, as seen in the structure of honke (official/nominal owner of shoen (manor)) - ryoke (lord of shoen) - shokan/jito (officer of governing shoen/manager of shoen).
- 一方、作人や小百姓は一色田や散田など年貢の一部のみの納入で許されたが、1年ごとの更新制が普通で百姓名主や在家住人よりも土地その他に対する権利保障が無く、職が与えられることも無かった。
- Those who belonged to the latter group, such as sakunin and kobyakusho, on the other hand, were given much less rights and security over the land they worked in comparison to hyakusho-myoshu and zaike-junin, as they were usually given a one-year contract and never had a possibility to attain a managerial post, in exchange for the partial payment of nengu for fields such as isshikiden and sanden.
- これは、天武朝において氏上に相当する氏が八色の姓に改姓する前段階として、まず連への改姓が行われ、この連=小錦位以上を基点として、忌寸以上の四つの姓へ改められたことと同様の対応である。
- This is the same treatment with the changes made in the Imperial Court of Emperor Tenmu in which the Kabane of the clan corresponding to the head of clan was changed into Muraji as the preliminary step before to get to Yakusa no Kabane (eight official titles conferred upon nobles by Emperor Tenmu in 684); Emperor Tenmu made this Muraji (above the rank of Shokini) a base point and changed into four hereditary titles of above Imiki.
- 姓(カバネ)の制度は、壬申の乱(672年)の後、天武天皇が制定した八色の姓によって有名無実化されていき、臣、連ですら序列の6、7番目に位置づけられ、その地位は、実質上、無意味化した。
- After the Jinshin War (occurred in 672), the kabane system existed in name only when Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) system was installed by the Emperor Tenmu, which put omi and muraji in sixth and seventh from the top, and thus those titles no longer held any values.
- 真ん中の三代目時蔵はどうした訳か母の実家に愛着があり、自ら母方の姓・小川を名乗ったばかりか、父方の「播磨屋」から独立して新たに一家を起したいと考えていたが、生前それは実現しなかった。
- The middle child Tokizo (III) for some reason favored his mother's side of the family and identified himself as OGAWA, and wished to create a new family independent of his father's 'Harimaya', however this was not to be realized during his lifetime.
- こうした闘争をどう評価するにせよ、地域統治と収税の効率化のためにこうした富豪百姓層の成長を助け、彼らが莫大な利権を獲得する契機を与えたのはまぎれもなく受領を筆頭とする国衙機構であった。
- No matter what evaluations are given to these conflicts, it is clear that the mechanism of Kokuga (provincial government offices) headed by Zuryo helped such a wealthy farmer class grow to control the region and collect taxes more efficiently and gave them opportunities of acquiring huge vested interests.
- 貧困層は偽籍・逃亡によって租税負担から逃れ、富豪層は墾田活動を通じて得分収取しうる田地を獲得し、逃亡したり私出挙によって負債を負わせた貧困百姓らを保護民、隷属民として囲い込んでいった。
- While peasants in poverty evaded tax by false registration or escape, wealthy peasants acquired additional farmland through reclamation, which they were allowed to own privately, and made poor peasants, especially those who escaped or were debt-burned due to private suiko, their subordinate people.
- 次第に本百姓の分家や隷属民の '自立' 化が進み、17世紀の半ば以降には、村請制村落が確立していき、(1)田畑や(2)家屋敷地を所持する高持百姓が本百姓であると観念されるようになった。
- Gradually, hon-byakusho was branched and subordinate people became 'independent,' and in the middle of the 17th century and thereafter, villages of the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) were established and a farmer called takamochi-byakusho (a person managing a farm by employing farm workers) who possessed (1) a field and (2) a house and land came to be recognized, as hon-byakusho.
- 藤原秀郷、平高望、源経基らがこの第一世代の武士と考えられ、彼らは在地において従来の富豪百姓層(田堵負名)と同様に大規模な公田請作を国衙と契約することで武人としての経済基盤を与えられた。
- FUJIWARA no Hidesato, TAIRA no Takamochi, MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto and so on are considered as the first generation of bushi; in the local lands they signed contracts for farming the koden (field administered directly by a ruler) with kokuga in the similar way as wealthy farmer class (tato fumyo [cultivator/tax manager]) did and got an economic base as warriors.
- また国衙の側も経営の不安定な小規模経営の多数の百姓から収取するより、多くの動産資本と隷属民を蓄積し、安定した経営が見込める大規模経営者たる少数の田堵から収取することに効率性を見出した。
- In addition, the kokuga side found it more efficient to collect the tax through a small number of tato farmers, who owned a great amount of movable assets as well as many subordinate people and managed a large-sized farm which was expected to bring stable management, than to collect the tax from many peasants who only had small-sized unstable farm management.
- 一般の公民については、670年(天智9)の古代の戸籍制度、690年(持統4)の古代の戸籍制度によって、すべて戸籍に登載されることとなり、部姓を主とする氏姓制度が完成されることとなった。
- With the general public, every one was to be registered in the family register by the ancient family registration system of 670 and the ancient family registration system of 690; thus, with the system of clans and hereditary titles of which the hereditary title of Be was predominant was completed.
- しかし宝暦3年(1753年)末、杉浦や吉田らが行なった年貢増徴政策に対して預かり地における百姓一揆が頻発して発生し、遂には百姓たちが芝村藩を批判して預かり地の所替えを要求するに至った。
- However, in 1753, the tax increase measure imposed by SUGIURA, YOSHIDA and others triggered frequent peasant's revolts, eventually leading farmers to criticize Shibamura Domain and demanding the relocation of the land in custody.
- しかし、称徳女帝が崩御して光仁天皇となり、道鏡が失脚すると、宝亀3年10月14日 (旧暦)(772年)に、墾田私有を許可する(が百姓は苦しませないように)と言う旨の太政官符が発布された。
- On November 17, 772 however, when Emperor Konin ascended the throne after the demise of Empress Shotoku, and Dokyo fell from power, a Daijokanpu which permitted the ownership of cultivated lands (on condition that farmers not be tormented) was promulgated.
- その中の一人イザベリナと呼ばれたゆり(後に杉本姓)という当時52歳の女性がプティジャン神父に近づき、「ワレラノムネアナタノムネトオナジ」(私たちはキリスト教を信じています)とささやいた。
- Among them was then 52-year-old Yuri (later using Sugimoto as the surname), or Isabelina in the baptismal name, who came close and whispered in Father Petitjean's ear, 'we believe in the same religion as you' (we are Christians).
- 外事・戸籍(姓名関係)・儀礼全般を管轄し姓氏に関する訴訟や、結婚、戸籍関係の管理および訴訟、僧尼、仏事に対する監督、雅楽の監督、山陵の監督、および外国からの使節の接待などを職掌としていた。
- With having authority over foreign affairs, family registers (related to the family names), and the whole field of ceremonies, Jibu-sho also managed lawsuits over troubles related to the family names, engaged in several affairs and lawsuits relating to marriage and family registers, supervised monks and nuns and Buddhist rites, administered Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music), watched imperial mausoleums, and entertained overseas envoys.
- しかし天文現象をもって災祥を説く行為や国家・天皇を論難して百姓を妖惑する行為、禁書(兵法書など)の習読や殺人・姦盗などの行為に対しては強制的な還俗の上で改めて律令法による処分が加えられた。
- However, those who interpreted astronomical events as good or bad omens, who deceived farmers by criticizing the state or emperor, who studied forbidden books (like strategy books), or who committed murder, rape or theft were punished according to the ritsuryo code after they were forcefully laicized.
- 姓をもって家の継承と見なすならば国民においても男系継承が一般的であるといえるが、婿養子あるいは娘の子が跡を継ぐことも少ないながら存在し、かつての女系継承の残滓ともいえるものも見受けられる。
- Supposing that the succession of the surname represents the succession of the household, it can be said that male-line succession is common in the nation, however, a few son-in-laws or daughters take over the family; a remaining convention from the past female-line succession.
- しかしながら、現存する702年の大宝2年籍に、氏姓を記入されていない者、国造族、県主族などと記された者がかなり存在するため、このとき、まだ無姓の者、族姓の者が多数いたことが伺(うかが)える。
- However, the existing register of Taiho 2 (the year 702) contains the parts in which family name and hereditary title were not written down; also there were considerable number of cases in which the name of a group such as Kuni no Miyatsuko group, Agatanushi group was written down; therefore, we can assume that there were many who did not have their own individual title and people who used the group name, to which they identified themselves as his hereditary title.
- 680年(天武10)飛鳥浄御原令の選定を開始したことに見られるように、また、八色の姓の詔にも見られるように、旧来の氏族制度を改革し、新しい国家体制に即応出来る官僚制創造の政策の一環であった。
- As seen in the beginning of the selection of Asuka Kiyomihara Code (the legal code of Japanese ancient state) in 680 as well as in the edict of Yakusa no Kabane, it was one of the policies to reform the old clan system and to create the bureaucracy which was able to promptly respond to a new national regime.
- しかし、郡司・百姓層の要求が多分に自利的であることに藤原道長を首班とする太政官も次第に気付き始め、1110年代後期~1120年代にかけて国司解任に至る事例は約5割から約2割へと激減していった。
- However Daijokan headed by FUJIWARA no Michinaga became aware that some claims of Gunji and farmers are rather selfish and thus claims that won dismissal of the Kokushu dramatically dropped from about 50% to 20% during the period between the latter half of the 1110's and the 1120's.
- ところが、室町時代になると、自立した百姓らによる自治村落(惣村)の形成が進み、こうした惣村では、惣内部や時には対立する他の惣との紛争解決の検断沙汰についてすら自ら検断権を行使するようになった。
- However, during the Muromachi period, self-governing communities (sosons) by independent peasants were formed and these communities started to exercise the right themselves against Kendan-sata to settle conflicts within the communities and sometimes even between communities.
- しかし、石山合戦終結後1年もたたない天正8年(1580年)11月17日に柴田勝家に諸将を討ち取られ、天正10年(1582年)3月には吉野谷の一揆が鎮圧されて「百姓の持ちたる国」の終焉を迎えた。
- However, on December 23, 1580, less than a year after the end of the Ishiyama War, the warlords of the ikki were killed by Katsuie SHIBATA and then in April 1582, the Ikki in Yoshinodani was put down, resulting in the end of 'the country owned by peasants.'
- 孝綱は藤姓塩谷氏と同族の宇都宮氏嫡流の出身なので、藤姓であることには変わりないが(ただし孝綱の父の正綱は芳賀氏(清原氏)からの養子)、それ以前と区別して重興塩谷氏(再興塩谷氏)などと呼ばれる。
- Because Takatsuna was from a direct descendant of the UTSUNOMIYA clan, the same family as the SHIONOYA family of the FUJIWARA family, his name remained Fujiwara, but to distinguish it from that of the former time he was called Juko SHIONOYA clan (revived SHIONOYA clan) and so on (however, Masatsuna, the father of Takatsuna, was an adopted person from the HAGA clan (KIYOHARA clan)).
- 「開皇二十年 俀王姓阿毎 字多利思北孤 號阿輩雞彌 遣使詣闕 上令所司訪其風俗 使者言俀王以天爲兄 以日爲弟 天未明時出聽政 跏趺坐 日出便停理務 云委我弟 高祖曰 此太無義理 於是訓令改之」
- There came a king of Wa whose last name was Ame, azana (nickname) was Tarashihiko, and go (pseudonym) was Okimi in 600. He sent an envoy to the Imperial palace. The emperor asked the envoy about the culture of Wa through his servant. The envoy said that the king of Wa regarded the heaven as his elder brother and the sun as his younger brother. He got up before daybreak and attended to government affairs, sitting with his legs crossed on the floor. Once the sun came high, he stopped his work and told his younger brother to take over him. The emperor said that it totally lacked justice. The emperor tried to dissuade the king from doing this.'
- 俀王(通説では俀は倭の誤りとする)姓の阿毎はアメ、多利思北孤(通説では北は比の誤り多利思比孤とする)はタラシヒコ、つまりアメタラシヒコで、天より垂下した彦(天に出自をもつ尊い男)の意とされる。
- The name of the king of Wa (written as 俀 in Japanese, but it is generally said that the Chinese character of 俀 should actually be 倭), whose last name was Ame, was Tarashihiko (written as 多利思北孤 in Japanese, but it is generally thought that the character 北 had been originally 比 and his name should be written as 多利思比孤), and it is thought that his full name, Ametarashibiko, meant a noble man who was originally from heaven.
- 公出挙によって、百姓が疲弊し始めたことを知った律令政府は、720年(養老4)3月、公出挙の利子率の低減(年利50%→30%)、そして養老2年以前に生じた全ての債務の免除を決定し、諸国へ通知した。
- Knowing that peasants gradually became impoverished due to Ku-Suiko, the ancient Japanese government of centralized governance decided in April 720 to reduce the annual interest rate of Ku-Suiko from 50% to 30%, and to forgive all debts born before 718, notifying various districts.
- 4月になって、膽津は詔に述べられているとおりによく丁(よほろ)を調査して籍を定め、田戸を編成したので、その功をほめて白猪史(しらいのふひと)の姓を賜い、田令(たづかい)に任じた(『日本書紀』)。
- As Itsu followed the edict in April by conducting an exhaustive investigation into the yohoro (people liable to be in corvee service in early times) where he established registers and organized farmland registers, the emperor granted him the family name Shirai no Fuhito as a reward for his achievement and appointed him as tazukai (a superintendent of the miyake) ('Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]).
- 同類身分として「下人」があり、「下人・所従」と総称されることが多いが、下人は「百姓下人」などと上層農民に付属する隷属民を指すのに対し、所従は「地頭所従」などと主に武家の隷属民を指すことが多かった。
- There existed 'Genin' (underlings) as a close parallel to Shoju and two of them were often used in pair as 'Genin - Shoju'; generally, Genin meant the slaves of upper class farmers and were called 'Hyakusho Genin' (Genin of farmers), while Shoju meant the slaves of a military family and was called 'Jito Genin' (Genin of jito - manager and lord of manor.)
- 地侍たちは、侍身分となることで、中央の守護や、在地の国人のような領国支配者の下で小領主となることを指向していたが、支配者から見れば、地侍は在地百姓の有力者に過ぎず、被支配者と見なされがちであった。
- Ji-zamurai intended to become small lords under the rule of central and provincial governors, but they were regarded as subjects since they were just powerful farmers from the perspective of governors.
- 一方、律令的戸籍制度も次第に行われなくなり、 10世紀には、地方豪族で実力を蓄えた者は、有力な貴族の家人となり、その氏姓を侵すようにさえなり、いわゆる冒名仮蔭(ぼうめいかいん)の現象が一般化した。
- On the other hand, family registration system based on the ritsuryo system was gradually phased out; in the tenth century, people who became strong among powerful local clans became the retainers of the influential nobles and invaded clan names and hereditary titles; in essence, the phenomenon of so-called Bomei Kain (misrepresentation of one's clan name and hereditary title) became quite commonplace.
- 幕府財政は一部で健全化し、には江戸時代を通じて最高の税収となったが、年貢税率の固定化やゆきすぎた倹約により百姓・町民からの不満を招き、折からの享保の大飢饉もあって、百姓一揆や打ちこわしが頻発した。
- The government finance got balanced partially, and in 1744 the tax revenues were the highest of the Edo period, but the fixation of rice tax rate and the forced frugality of everyday life negatively affected peasants and citizens, resulting in frequent peasant revolts and destructive urban riots, which were also results of the Great Famine of Kyoho.
- 平 高望(たいら の たかもち、高望王(たかもちおう/たかもちのおおきみ)、承和6年9月7日(839年10月21日)? - 延喜11年5月24日(911年6月28日)?)は平安時代中期の賜姓皇族。
- TAIRA no Takamochi (Prince Takamochi) (October 21, 839 - June 28, 911) was the Seishi Imperial family (Imperial family given surname by the Emperor) during the Middle Heian Period.
- 中世の荘園公領制では、本家-領家-開発領主-荘官-地頭らの関係に見られるように、土地や百姓に対する支配関係、また土地からの収益に関する権利関係が重層的に絡み合っており、著しく複雑な様相を呈していた。
- As seen in relationships among honke (head family), ryoke (lord of the manor), kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notable who developed the land), shokan (officer governing shoen), and jito (manager and lord of manor), dominance relationships involving lands and farmers and also relationships involving rights such as land and profit were related to each other in multiple ways; therefore, the Shoen Koryo system of the Middle Ages was extremely complicated.
- これは、公出挙の貸付先として利払いが滞りがちな小規模広範囲の百姓ではなく、大規模で少数の有力百姓等を指定し、彼らが公出挙により受け取った本稲(元本の稲)を私出挙の財源とすることを認めたものであった。
- Under this system, local administrative organizations designated a small number of influential farmers as debtors, instead of small-scaled and extensive peasants with a tendency of stagnant interest payment, allowing those designated debtors to use the 'Honto' (rice plant as capital), which they had received through Ku-Suiko, for the financial resources of Shi-Suiko.
- この35年後の長禄2年(1458年)5月8日、今度は教綱が、和睦を口実に宇都宮城に招かれたところを殺害され、藤姓塩谷氏は衰退する(5月13日に宇都宮城からの帰りの氏家町で討たれたと記す文献もあり)。
- Thirty-five years later, on June 27, 1458, when Noritsuna was invited to Utsunomiya-jo Castle under the pretense of reconciliation, he was killed, whereupon the SHIONOYA family of the FUJIWARA family entered a decline (there is also a document asserting that he was killed on July 2 in Ujiie-machi, on his way back from Utsunomiya-jo Castle).
- 神別姓氏は、さらに、ニニギが天孫降臨した際に付き随った神々の子孫を「天神」とし、瓊瓊杵尊から3代の間に分かれた子孫を「天孫」とし、天孫降臨以前から土着していた神々の子孫を「地祇」として3分類している。
- The clans of Shinbetsu are further divided into three types: 'Tenjin,' descendants of gods that had come with Ninigi for tensonkorin (the descent to earth of the grandson of the sun goddess); 'Tenson' (the grandson of the sun goddess); descendants who branched out in three generations from Ninigi-no Mikoto; and 'Chigi,' descendants of gods that had been on earth since before tensonkorin.
- つまり、官位の改定によって、大錦位(大氏)・小錦位(小氏)、つまり律令の四、五位以上に位置づけられる氏上をもつ氏を定めたものであり、これによって朝廷内の官位制度と全国の氏姓制度とを連動させようとした。
- In other words, in this edict Daikini (Ouji) and Shokini (Kouji) namely clans who had the clan head whose rank can be positioned more than the fourth rank and the fifth rank in the ritsuryo system were established; by this prescription the Emperor tried to interlock the official rank system in the Imperial Court and the system of clans and hereditary titles.
- このことから、清正や正則らと違って所領は播磨国内などに1万石ほどしかなかったが、秀吉側近として重用され、羽柴姓を下賜された上、前田利家亡き後は豊臣氏の家老として豊臣秀頼の後見人を任されることとなった。
- For this reason, he became a close confidante to Hideyoshi, despite the small size of his domain, which was roughly only 10,000 koku (an unit of assessed crop yields of the land [1 koku: about 180 liter], which was also used to express the size of the land) in Harima Province and others, compared to those of Kiyomasa and Masanori, and was granted the use of the Hashiba name and was appointed as a Karo (chief retainer) of Toyotomi clan and custodian of Hideyori TOYOTOMI after the death of Toshiie MAEDA.
- 『日蓮註画讃巻第五「蒙古來」篇』に「二島百姓等男はあるいは殺あるいは虜、女は一所に集め、手を徹、舷に結付虜の者は一人も害さざるなし。肥前国松浦党数百人伐虜さる。この国の百姓男女等、壱岐・対馬の如し。」
- Volume 5 'Mongol Invasion' of 'Nichiren Chugasan' (Illustrated Biography of Nichiren) reads 'in Futajima, men were killed or captured. Women were gathered at one place and hung on the ships' sides with their hands laced through, and all captives suffered harm. In Hizen Province, several hundred people of the Matsuura Party were killed or captured. The people of this province, whether men or women, suffered the same fate as the people in Iki and Tsushima.'
- その内容は、侍(さむらい)、中間(ちゅうげん)、小者(こもの)ら武家奉公人が百姓・町人になること、百姓が耕地を放棄して商いや日雇いに従事すること、逃亡した奉公人をほかの武家が召抱えることなどを禁じたもの。
- It banned the following things: Servants for samurai families such as samurai, chugen (warriors who took their orders from samurai) and komono (lowest-ranking warriors) settling as peasants or townspeople, peasants abandoning their farmland and engaging in business or working as day laborers, and samurai families employing servants who had fled from other samurai families.
- 藩士である武士を城下町に集めて軍人・官吏とし、彼らの支配のもとで城下町周辺の一円支配領域にある村に石高を登録された百姓から年貢を現物徴収して、藩と藩主の財源や藩士の給与として分配する形態が藩の典型である。
- The typical pattern of Han was to have samurai, Hanshi, in the castle town as military men or government officials who collected land taxes in rice from peasants whose yields were registered in villages located in the whole ruling region in the vicinity of the castle town, and divided the taxes into the financial resources for the Han and Hanshu as well as the salaries for the Hanshi.
- 一方このときの福知山藩の財政状態は朽木家二代目朽木稙元を始めとして苦しいもので、その建て直しをはかってたびたび財政改革を行おうとするものの、たびたび百姓による強訴が起きるなど失敗に終わってしまうのであった。
- On the other hand, the financial situation of the Fukuchiyama clan at the time was dire ever since the rule of the second domain head of Tanemoto KUTSUKI in the Kutsuki family, and while the domain head repeatedly carried out fiscal reforms in order to improve the situation, these reforms resulted in failure due to frequent riots by farmers.
- だが、一定の年齢に達すれば上の階層に上がる事ができる制度などもあり、穢れなどを理由に武士、百姓、町人などと隔絶した一種の身分外身分と言える扱いを受けた江戸時代の被差別民の身分ほど固定されたものではなかった。
- However there was a system in place which allowed them to rise to a higher status once they reached a certain age; therefore, their status was not as tightly fixed as those who were discriminated in the Edo period who were treated as a kind of outcast segregated from samurai, farmers, and townsmen for their filth.
- しかし平安時代になるころから地域社会での階層分化が激しく進み、資本となる動産を蓄積し、安定経営を成し遂げた少数の富豪百姓が、経営が破綻して口分田を失った零細百姓層を隷属下に収めていく動きが激しくなっていった。
- However, starting from about the Heian period, the rank differentiation was developed dramatically in regional society, and actions by a small number of rich peasants, who had accumulated movable assets and achieved stable business to enslave poor peasants who had lost their kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system) due to failed management became more popular.
- 670年(天智9)の古代の戸籍制度庚午(こうご)の年籍(こうごのねんじゃく)以後、すべての人民が戸籍に登録されるようになると、部称は個人の姓として残され、以後は代々父系によって継承されることになったのである。
- After the enforcement of Koko no Nenjaku, which was the ancient family registration system in 670, every citizen registered their name on the family register, and the name of the be was left as an individual's surname and afterwards it was succeeded for generations by the paternal line.
- 近代になり西洋近代歴史学が導入されるとマルクス主義史観に代表される発展段階史観の概念に基づいた過去の日本の歴史の分析が行われるようになり、歴史的百姓身分を封建制段階における農奴身分と規定することが通説となった。
- In the modern times when western modern history was introduced, analysis of Japanese history based on the idea of the evolution phase concept of history, exemplified by Marxist history, was carried out, and it became a common theory that the historical hyakusho rank was defined as a serfdom in the feudalism phase.
- 上杉景勝(120万石)の家老、直江兼続(直轄6万石 寄騎領24万石 計30万石)の養子となった本多政重(5,000石)が、関ヶ原の戦い後に大減封を受けた上杉家を退去して、加賀藩前田氏に仕官して、本多姓に復した。
- Masashige HONDA (with a 5,000 koku rice crop), who became an adopted son of Kanetsugu NAOE with 300,000 koku, a Karo officer of Kagekatsu UESUGI with 1.2 million koku, left the Uesugi family when his salary was drastically cut after the Battle of Sekigahara, and began to work for the Maeda family in the Kaga domain, restoring his original family name.
- とはいえ、歴史としての正確性や検証性はともかくとしても、平家の落人伝説にちなんだ姓も日本国各地で存在していることも事実であり、またそうした謎の多き、闇に包まれた伝承がいわゆる歴史のロマンを想起させる要因でもある。
- Setting aside the question of correctness or historical verification, it is true that there exist surnames associated with Heike no Ochudo legends throughout Japan, and such oral traditions filled with mystery and darkness stir people's imagination for history.
- こうして与えられた支配権・管理権は一様ではなく、名田の規模・態様によってさまざまな形態をとっていたが、いずれにせよ田堵負名は、国司・領主に認められた権限を背景に、現地において百姓らへの支配を強めていったのである。
- Although these rights to rule and manage land varied greatly depending on the size and arrangement of myoden land, tato fumyo farmers succeeded in strengthening their control over peasants in many villages by using the authority recognized by their own rulers.
- 旧来の臣・連・伴造(とものみやつこ)・国造(くにのみやつこ)という身分秩序にたいして、臣・連の中から天皇一族と関係の深いものだけを抽出し、真人・朝臣・宿禰の姓を与え、新しい身分秩序を作り出し、皇族の地位を高めた。
- While the old order of the social status was Omi, Muraji, Tomonomiyatsuko, and Kuninomiyatsuko, the Emperor Tenmu selected only the ones who had a close connection with imperial family from among Omi and Muraji, gave a new titles of Mahito, Asomi/Ason, and Sukune to them, created a new order of the social status, and raised the status of imperial family.
- 五代目川井長左衞門正冬のとき大坂夏の陣の功により元和七年(1621年)5月郡山城主松平下総守忠明(徳川家康の外孫)より今井の西口にあることから今西姓を名乗るようにすすめられ、その時に薙刀 銘来国俊を拝領している。
- In late June or July 1621 during the time of the fifth family head Nagazaemon Masafuyu, in recognition of his achievement in Osaka Natsu no Jin (Summer Siege of Osaka), Masafuyu was given recommendation by the lord of Koriyama-jo Castle Shimousanokami Tadaaki MATSUDAIRA (a grandson of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA) to assume the new surname of Imanishi deriving from his house being located at the west (nishi in Japanese) entrance of the town of Imai and, in addition, received a gift of naginata (Japanese halberd) made by the grand master swordsmith Kunitoshi on that occasion.
- それは、国衙が支配する土地(公田)を名田(みょうでん)という単位に再編し、当時、経済力をつけていた田堵と呼ばれる富豪層(有力百姓層)に名田経営を請け負わせることで、租税収入を確保する体制(名体制という。)であった。
- The government established the system of rule (known as myo taisei) aimed at ensuring the collection of tax revenues by reorganizing government land (public farmland) into units called myoden and by hiring influential farmers called tato, who had accumulated considerable wealth during the period, to manage the myoden.
- 氏姓制度(しせいせいど)とは、古代日本において、中央貴族、ついで地方豪族が、国家(ヤマト王権)に対する貢献度、朝廷政治上に占める地位に応じて、朝廷よりウヂの名とカバネの名とを授与され、その特権的地位を世襲した制度。
- Shisei Seido (the system of clans and hereditary titles) is a system made in ancient Japan in which the Imperial Court gave the nobles living in the capital and the powerful local clans a clan name and a hereditary title according to each person's degree of contribution to the state (Yamato Sovereignty) and the position the person occupies in the Government of the Imperial Court and let them kept the special privilege by the hereditary system.
- 農村向けのものとしては農事暦の要素を織り込んだ『田舎往来』・『農業往来』・『百姓往来』などが、都市の商人向けのものとしては『商売往来』・『問屋往来』・『呉服往来』・『万祥廻船往来』などが代表的な往来物としてあげられる。
- For farming villages, elements of the farming calendar were included in 'Inaka Orai' (A Letter on Farming Village) (also called 'Densha Orai'), 'Nogyo Orai' and 'Hyakusho Orai' (A Guide to Farming), etc. while 'A Guide to Commerce,' 'Toiya Orai' (also called 'Tonya Orai'), 'Gofuku Orai' and 'Banshokaisen Orai' and so on were the typical oraimono for merchants living in cities.
- 古代においては律令制のもとで戸籍に '良' と分類された有姓階層全体、すなわち貴族、官人、公民、雑色人が百姓であり、天皇、及び '賎' とされた無姓の奴婢などの賎民、及び化外の民とされた蝦夷などを除外した概念であった。
- In the ancient times, the concept of hyakusho was all classes with surnames that were classified as 'Ryo' (law-abiding people) in a family register under the Ritsuryo system, i.e., nobles, government officials, citizens, and zoshikinin (lower-level functionaries in the provincial government), excluding emperors, humble or lowly people without a surname who were classified as 'Sen' such as slaves, and Emishi (northerners) who were classified as social outcasts.
- 近年、歴史学者の網野善彦が中世社会、近世社会における百姓身分に属する者たちが農民、山民、漁民、職人、商人などの広範な生業の従事者であったことを明らかにし、 '百姓=農民' と一概にまとめた従来の歴史観に対し批判を行った。
- In recent years, historian Yoshihiko AMINO revealed that people who belonged to the hyakusho rank in the medieval and modern societies engaged in a wide range of vocations including peasants, mountain people, fishing people, craftsmen, and merchants, and criticized the conventional historical view of 'hyakusho = peasants' to collectively refer to them.
- しかし殺到する兵から槍傷を受けたため、それ以上の防戦を断念、女衆に逃げるよう指示して、奥に篭り、信長の小姓・森成利に火を放たせ、自刃したと言われる(信長の家臣太田牛一の著作『信長公記』による、この女衆に取材したとある)。
- As he got hurt with the spear by rushing enemies, however, he gave up to defend any further and instructed women to run away and, then, he shut himself up in the interior and let his page, Naritoshi MORI, set fire and he himself committed suicide (Writings of Nobunaga's vassal Gyuichi OTA 'Shinchoko-ki' (Biography of Nobunaga ODA); it is written that this story based on hearing from such women.).
- 同族のなかの特定の者が、臣(おみ)、 連(むらじ)、伴造(とものみやつこ)、国造(くにのみやつこ)、百八十部(ももあまりやそのとも)、県主(あがたぬし)などの地位をあたえられ、それに応ずる氏姓を賜ったところに特色がある。
- The characteristic of this system of clans and hereditary titles is that a specific person within the same extended family was given a position which included Omi, Muraji, Tomo no miyatsuko, Kuni no miyatsuko, Momo amari yaso no tomo and Agata-nushi, and the Imperial Court granted the clan name and the hereditary title that corresponded each position.
- また、弘仁3年(812年)に紀伝博士在任のまま大学助に任命された勇山文継は、その半年前に初めて連の姓を受けていることから、白丁(庶民あるいはそれに近い身分)のまま大学寮に入ってその教官の地位に就いていたものと考えられている。
- Meanwhile, ISAYAMA no Fumitsugu was appointed as daigaku no suke (Assistant Director of the Bureau of Education) in 812 during his service as kiden hakase, but he was granted for the first time the kabane (hereditary title) of muraji (one of the ancient Japanese hereditary titles denoting rank and political standing) six months before that, and from this we can assume that he had entered the daigakuryo as hakucho (ordinary people or something similar) and had the position of a professor there.
- その他、『隋書』「卷八十一 列傳第四十六 東夷 俀國」に記述される開皇20年(600年)第1回遣隋使の上奏文に「俀王姓阿毎字多利思北孤 號阿輩雞彌」とあり、俀王多利思比孤の号 「阿輩雞彌」が「おおきみ」を表すと考えられている。
- In addition, in the johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) of the first Japanese envoy to Sui Dynasty China in 600 described in 'Volume 80 chapter 46 Dongyi Wakoku' in 'Suishu' (the Book of Sui Dynasty), it says 'in the year 600, the king of Wa, the surname Ame, the popular name Tarishihoko, calling himself Okimi' and it is thought that the title of the king of Wa, Tarishihiko, represents 'okimi.'
- 9月29日、「広嗣は凶悪な逆賊である。狂った反乱を起こして人民を苦しめている。不孝不忠のきわみで神罰が下るであろう。これに従っている者は直ちに帰順せよ。広嗣を殺せば5位以上を授ける」との勅が九州諸国の官人、百姓にあてて発せられた。
- On October 28, the emperor issued an imperial decree to the government officials and farmers in Kyushu provinces, stating 'Hirotsugu was a gyakuzoku (rebel). He was making people suffer by raising unjustifiable rebellions. He would incur divine punishment due to extreme disloyalty. Those who followed him should return to their former allegiance immediately. If you killed Hirotsugu, you would receive goi (Fifth Rank) or higher.'
- 八色の姓(やくさのかばね)とは、天武天皇が684年(天武13)に新たに制定した真人(まひと) 朝臣(あそみ・あそん) 宿禰(すくね) 忌寸(いみき)道師(みちのし) 臣(おみ) 連(むらじ) 稲置(いなぎ)の八つの姓の制度のこと。
- Yakusa no Kabane refers to the system of eight titles newly established by the Emperor Tenmu in 684; the eight titles were Mahito, Asomi/Ason, Sukune, Imiki, Michinoshi, Omi, Muraji, and Inagi.
- 武蔵七党の一角を占める児玉党の本宗家3代目児玉家行(有道姓)の次男、児玉二郎家遠(後の塩谷家遠)が、武蔵国児玉郡大寄郷若泉庄の塩谷(現在の埼玉県本庄市児玉町塩谷)の地を父から与えられ、子孫が土着して名乗った事から始まる児玉党を構成する氏族。
- KODAMA Jiro Ieto (later, Ieto SHIONOYA), the second son of Ieyuki KODAMA (Arimichi name) of the third generation of the head family of the KODAMA Party, which occupied a part of the head family of the Musashi-shichito parties (seven parties of samurai in Musashi Province), was given SHIONOYA's land of Wakaizumi-sho, Oyose-go, Kodama County, Musashi Province (currently Shioya, Kodama-cho, Honjo City, Saitama Prefecture) by his father and the offspring were localized and identified themselves as KODAMA and made up the KODAMA Party as a clan.
- ヤマト王権から明治維新までかろうじて命脈を保った姓(カバネ)は、藤原氏永敏(大村益次郎)・藤原朝臣利通(大久保利通)・菅原氏重信(大隈重信)・源氏有朋(山縣有朋)などに代表される朝臣、「越智氏博文」(伊藤博文)などに代表される宿禰である。
- The only kabane that remained from the Yamato sovereignty till the Meiji Restoration were ason and sukune; Nagatoshi from Fujiwara clan (Masujiro OMURA), FUJIWARA no Ason Toshimichi (Toshimichi OKUBO), Shigenobu from Sugawara clan (Shigenobu OKUMA) and Aritomo from Minamoto clan (Aritomo YAMAGATA) being the examples of ason, and 'Hirobumi from Ochi clan' (Hirobumi ITO) being the example of sukune.
- 特に、古くからの地域における首長層を再編した郡司層の首長権への精神面での服従構造と、経営の安定性を欠く零細百姓層の経営維持を保証する出挙は、本来古代日本とは異質な社会である唐代中国社会を成立背景とした律令制が、日本で成立する上で重要であった。
- In particular, the structure of mental obedience to the chieftaincy of Gunji (local magistrates), who used to be the chiefs of village community since ancient times, as well as suiko (a kind of official loan system), which was supposed to guarantee the sustainable management of small-hold peasants, were quite important for maintaining the Ritsuryo system in Japan since this system was originally created in the context of Chinese society of the Tang Dynasty, a quite different society from that of Japan.
- 代わって在地社会の民衆を直接把握して支配下に置いたのは、元郡司層や土着国司子弟などから成長し、田堵や負名の資格で大規模な農地経営を行うようになっていった富豪の輩、有力百姓階層であり、彼らを現地赴任国司の筆頭者たる受領が支配するようになっていく。
- People who directly took hold and control of people in the local society instead, were those in the wealthy class and the powerful farmer class who grew from the younger people of class of former Gunji and native Kokushi and so on, and came to conduct a large-scale farmland management in the qualifications of Tato (a field manager) or Fumyo (a local tax manager), and they came to be controlled by Zuryo who was a head of Kokushi transferred to the locale.
- 都市を洗練、田舎を野卑とする古くからの観念とあいまって、戦後社会では百姓を農業に従事する者に対する差別的な呼称であると捉える傾向が生じ、このため農業従事者が '百姓' と自称する場合を除き、マスコミなどでは '百姓' という表現を控える事が多い。
- Combined with the conventional concept that cities were sophisticated whereas the countryside was vulgar, there was a tendency in the postwar society to recognize that the term 'hyakusho' was a discriminatory term with respect to agriculture workers and, thus, except for cases in which an agriculture worker calls himself or herself 'hyakusho,' use of the expression 'hyakusho' is often refrained in mass media and the like.
- やがて異母弟の実悟(後に加賀を「百姓の持ちたる国」と呼んだ事で知られる)を養子に迎えるが、永正2年(1505年)に実悟の同母兄実賢を法主の擁立しようとする陰謀(「大坂一乱」)が発覚し、更に同5年(1508年)実子の実教が生まれるとこれを疎んじた。
- Later, Rengo adopted his younger paternal brother Jitsugo (who was known to call Kaga Province 'country governed by peasants'), but Rengo disfavored Jitsugo when a conspiracy that Jikken, Jitsugo's older maternal brother, was put up to be the head of the sect ('Osaka Ichiran' [Osaka-ichi War]) was discovered in 1505 and furthermore when Jitsugo had his biological child Sanenori in 1508.
- ところが、時代が下ると、名田を経営する百姓身分に属する一般の田堵負名の中からも、自らが経営請負をする名田の属する荘園公領を所領とする武士に、軍役を申し出て武士身分の一角に食い込み、名田の支配権を確固としたものにして所領としていこうとする動きが生じた。
- However, in later periods, some ordinary farmers called tato and fumyo who managed myoden began to attempt to make inroads into the samurai class by offering military service for samurai who governed manors or Imperial demesnes containing the myoden managed by the tato or fumyo, so that they could consolidate their hold over their myoden to own it as their territories.
- 天保の改革最中の天保13年(1842年)9月の御触書には「百姓の余技として、町人の商売を始めてはならない」という文があり、併せて農村出身の奉公人の給金に制限を設けているが、これはこうした風潮が農業の衰退に繋がる事を危惧した幕府の対応策であったと考えられる。
- An official announcement issued in October and November 1842 in the midst of the Tempo Reforms contained the following sentence: 'peasants must not start business of the townsman as a sideline' and set a ceiling on wages paid for employees who came from farming villages, all of which must have been countermeasures taken by the bakufu for fear that such tendencies would lead to a decline in agriculture.
- 小野篁の後裔といわれているが、安田元久は諸系図の精査や世代間の年数の計算、当時の国司の任命状況から見て後世の作為で、実際は在地の開発領主の末裔であろうと推測し、太田亮の『姓氏家系辞典』での所見である武蔵国造の末裔ではないかという見解を消極的に支持している。
- It is generally believed that the party were descendants of ONO no Takamura; however, Motohisa YASUDA carefully examined family trees, and calculated the number of years among generations, and studied appointments of kokushi (provincial governors) at that time, and consequently thought that this was contrived by later generations, and the party were actually descendants of kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land), and passively supported a view that the party may have been descendants of Musashinokuni-no-MIYATSUKO, which is a view found in the 'Seishi Kakei Jiten' (Dictionary of Family Names and Lineages in Japan) by Akira OTA.
- 『新撰姓氏録』は、平安京および畿内に住む1182氏を、その出自により「皇別」・「神別」・「諸蕃」に分類してその祖先を明らかにし、氏名(うじな)の由来、分岐の様子などを記述するものであるが、主として氏族の改賜姓が正確かどうかを判別するために編まれたものである。
- For the 1182 clans that lived in Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in the current Kyoto) and the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), 'Shinsen Shojiroku' describes the origin of their family names, how the pedigrees branched and other information by classifying the clans, based on the place of origin, into 'Kobetsu' (clans that branched out from the Imperial Family), 'Shinbetsu' (clans the branched out of the family of god) and 'Shoban' (clans coming from foreign lands) to clarify their ancestors; however, it was compiled mainly to determine whether the changed family names of the clans were accurate.
- 実際、長門国守と紛争を起こした在庁官人が意趣返し的に苛政上訴を行う事例や、丹波国守を苛政上訴していた百姓らがその直後に当該国守を称揚する書状を提出した事例、上訴百姓が京にある国守宅に焼き打ちした事例など、むしろ郡司・百姓層に私欲的な姿勢を見いだすこともできる。
- In fact, rather selfish desires of Gunji and farmers can be seen in some cases: for example, Kokushi kasei joso was a revenge by zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) who had an argument with Nagato no kuni no kami (governor of Nagato Province); farmers submitted a letter to praise their Tanba no kuni no kami immediately after Kokushi kasei joso; and appealing farmers set fire to the kokushi's residence in Kyoto.
- 武田氏は後に甲斐源氏の中心氏族となるが、武田姓の名乗りに関しては父の義清は常陸国において既に名乗っていたと言われ(志田諄一『勝田市史』、検討の余地も指摘される)、甲斐武田氏の祖となる清光の子信義が武田八幡宮(山梨県韮崎市)において元服した際に称したと言われる。
- The Takeda family, which is later to become the central force in the Kai-Genji clan, reportedly had the name first claimed by his father Yoshikiyo in Hitachi Province (according to 'The History of Katsuta City' by Junichi SHIDA, although there is room for further study) and was used by Kiyomitsu's son Nobuyoshi, the founder of Kai-Takeda clan, to mark his genpuku, the attainment of manhood ceremony, which was held at Takeda Hachimangu Shrine (Nirasaki City, Yamanashi Prefecture).
- すなわち上記のマルクス史観的に捉えれば、 '百姓' というのは本来差別的な意味を内包する用法にもかかわらず、自分達の階級に対する対自的な把握手法として認識された場合、それは転換されたスティグマとして、他者に対するアイデンティティの示威としての意味を持つことになる。
- Specifically, in view of the Marxist history described above, although the term 'hyakusho' originally had a discriminatory meaning, when the term is recognized as self identification of his or her rank, it comes to have a meaning of demonstrating his or her identity to other people as a converted stigma.
- ただし、内戦状態が解消して安定状態がもたらされた江戸時代には、表向き禁止された百姓の一揆が結成され、それによる権益要求の示威活動(強訴)が行われても、一揆側で真に戦闘時に威力を発揮する鉄砲や弓矢といった飛び道具の持ち出しは自粛されるなど、一定の妥協が成立していた。
- In the Edo period after civil wars had ended and the nation was stabilized, although the peasants formed ikki in spite of the ostensible prohibition and held demonstrations (goso) to demand their rights, a certain compromise had been reached, and those on the side of the ikki refrained from using such long range weapons as muskets and bows which were most effective in battle.
- 「首を水にて能く洗ひ、血又は土などを洗ひ落し、髪を引きさき、もとゆひに髻を高くゆひ上ぐべし。もし、かねつけおしろいべになどつけたる首ならば、其の如くにこしらへ(原文のまま)べし、顔に疵付きたらば米の粉をふりかけて、疵をまぎらかす也、紙札に首の姓名を書いて付くる也」
- 'A severed head must: be well washed with water, blood and grime washed off, have the hair combed, and arranged as before in a topknot; if you are applying face powder or lip rouge to the head at the same time, you must apply it as if to yourself (as per original text), if there are wounds on the face sprinkle rice flour on the damage to conceal the wound and write the full name of the head (i.e.. deceased) on a slip of paper and affix to the head.'
- 鹿ヶ谷南瓜は、昔から京都では、「おかぼ」と呼ばれていて、 文化 (元号)年間(1804~1818)の頃、東山 (京都府)の百姓が、津軽に旅をした時、南瓜を持ち帰り、鹿ケ谷に住む他の百姓にその南瓜をやった所、百姓達は早速、自分の畑に植えて、栽培したのが始まりと云われる。
- Shishigatani pumpkin has long been called 'okabo' in Kyoto; during the Bunka era (1804 - 1818), a farmer in Higashiyama (in Kyoto Prefecture) made a trip to Tsugaru (name of a region in eastern Aomori Prefecture) and brought back pumpkins with him and gave them to other farmers in Shishigatani; the farmers planted the pumpkins in their fields right away and this is said to be the start of their cultivation.
- バテレン追放令は、既に豊臣秀吉が発令していたが、鎖国の直接的契機となったのは島原の乱で、キリスト教と一揆(中世の国人一揆と近世の百姓一揆の中間的な性格を持つもの)が結び付いたことにより、その鎮圧が困難であったため、キリスト教の危険性が強く認識されたためであると言われる。
- Although Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI promulgated the edict expelling the European missionaries before, the Shimabara Uprising is said to be the direct trigger for the national isolation policy for the reason that the combination of Christianity and the riot (the intermediate nature between an uprising of powerful local samurai in the medieval period and a peasant's revolt during the early-modern period) turned out to be so difficult to suppress that Christianity was strongly recognized as danderous.
- 中世初期(平安時代後期~鎌倉時代中期)までの荘園公領制においては、郡司、郷司、保司などの資格を持つ公領領主、公領領主ともしばしば重複する荘官、一部の有力な名主百姓(むしろ初期においては彼らこそが正式な百姓身分保持者)が管理する「名田」(みょう)がモザイク状に混在していた。
- Under shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) in the early medieval period (from the late Heian period to the mid-Kamakura period), the 'myo' (rice-field lot under the charge of a nominal holder), which was managed by a lord of public land qualified as Gunji (a local government official), Goji (a local government official under the Ritsuryo system) or Hoji (an officer governing public land), shokan (an officer governing a shoen (manor)) often overlapped that of a lord of public land or some powerful myoshu (owner of rice fields) who was concurrently a peasant (they instead officially held peasant status in the early age) was mixed in a mosaic-like manner.
- 内容は大きく分けて、天部、歳時部、地部、神祇部、帝王部、官位部、封禄部、政治部、法律部、泉貨部、称量部、外交部、兵事部、武技部、方技部、宗教部、文学部、礼式部、楽舞部、人部、姓名部、産業部、服飾部、飲食部、居処部、器用部、遊戯部、動物部、植物部、金石部の30部門からなる。
- The contents are classified into 30 sections, including sections of Ten (gods of the heavens), Saiji (events throughout the year), Chi (earthy section), Jingi (gods of heaven and earth), Teio (emperors), Kani (official ranks), Horoku (stipend), Seiji (politics), Horitsu (law), Senka (currency), Syoryo (measurement), Gaiko (diplomacy), Heiji (military), Bugi (martial arts), Hougi (technology), Shukyo (religion), Bungaku (literary), Reishiki (code of etiquette), Gaku (dance and music), Jin (personnel), Seimei (surname), Sangyo (industry), Fukushoku (garment), Inshoku (eat and drink), Kyosho (living home), Kiyo (art), Yugi (amusement), Dobutsu (animal), Shokubutsu (plant), and Kanaishi (metal).
- 刀狩(かたながり、刀狩り)とは、百姓身分の者の帯刀権を剥奪する兵農分離政策で、特に安土桃山時代の1588年8月29日(天正16年7月8日 (旧暦))に豊臣秀吉が刀狩令(同時に海上賊船禁止令)を出して大規模に推進した政策を指す(ただし、刀狩を最初に行なったのは柴田勝家である。
- Katanagari (written as 刀狩 or 刀狩り) was a policy of heinobunri (separating warriors and peasants) which deprived those in the peasant class of their privilege of wearing swords, which highlighted the policy enacted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI through the katanagari edict (at the same time, pirate ship interdiction) issued on August 29, 1588 in the Azuchi-Momoyama period (The first person who executed katanagari was Katsuie SHIBATA.
- 儒教では、放伐を認めるかどうかが難題とされてきたが、徳川幕府は朱子学について孟子的理解に立ち、湯武放伐、易姓革命論を認めていたが、それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
- In Confucianism, whether to allow the expulsion of a disqualified monarch had been a difficult problem to deal with, but the Tokugawa Shogunate adopted a position taken from the standpoint of Mencius (a Chinese thinker in the fourth century BC) concerning the teachings of Zhu Xi, and approved of the Tang-Wu revolution (the expulsions of disqualified monarchs by King Tang and King Wu) and the revolution (change of dynasty) decreed by Heaven (when the incumbent emperor is found lacking in moral virtue).
- 教綱の死で藤姓塩谷氏が断絶し、宇都宮正綱の四男塩谷孝綱が名跡を継いで宇都宮氏の影響下に入ったとする説(『下野国誌』所収「塩谷系図」)と、教綱の子に塩谷隆綱があって文明 (日本)10年(1478年)正月18日に塩谷弥五郎を養子に迎え家督を継がせたという説(「秋田塩谷系譜」)である。
- One theory states that with the death of Noritsuna the SHIONOYA family of the FUJIWARA family ended and Takatsuna SHIONOYA, the fourth son of Masatsuna UTSUNOMIYA, succeeded to the family name and came under the influence of the UTSUNOMIYA clan ('Family Tree of the Shionoya Family' printed in 'Shimotsuke-kokushi' (the record of Shimotsuke Province)); the other states that Noritsuna had a son called Takatsuna SHIONOYA and that he adopted Yagoro SHIONOYA on March 1, 1478 and had Yagoro succeed to the family ('Family Tree of the Akita Shionoya Family').
- その性格ゆえか、韓国に多い本貫は、新羅王族系、伽耶王族系(中始祖が統一新羅に貢献した功臣)、新羅豪族・貴族系、高麗の功臣及び中国の著名な学者や武将などの渡来系(ただし、中国渡来系の中で王姓・孫姓などは、渡来系を祖先とする本貫が皆無か由来が不明な小さな本貫のみである)が大半を占める。
- Due to this attribute, the common hongan in South Korea consist mostly of the royal families of Silla, the royal families of Gaya (their Chushiso were the meritorious retainers who contributed to Tongilsilla), local ruling families and nobles of Silla, meritorious retainers of Goryeo, and immigrants such as famous Chinese scholars and military commanders (However, Wang families or Son families among Chinese immigrants have no hongan with the ancestry of the immigrants or small hongan with unclear origin.)
- 釈迦如来(しゃかにょらい、しきゃじらい)または釈迦牟尼仏は、仏教の開祖釈迦〔姓名:瞿曇悉達多(クドンシッタルタ)梵語:Gautama siddhaartha(ガウタマ・シッダールタ)パーリ語:Gotama Siddhattha(ゴータマ・シッダッタ)〕を仏(仏陀)として敬う呼び方。
- Shakanyorai (Shikyajirai or Shakamuni-butsu) is a title of respect for Shaka (Kudonshittaruta, Gautama Siddhaartha in Sanskrit, Gotama Siddhatthaa in Pali), a founder of Buddhism, as Buddha.
- 上総介広常の父・常澄の所領である印東庄において、「預所」菅原定隆との、年貢をめぐった相論に関する文書数通が、『醍醐雑事記』の紙背文書(しはいもんじょ)に見つかり、それによって、印東庄を構成する「村郷」には、「藤原」「中臣」「文屋」「平」「刈田」などの本姓をもつ郷司、村司が居たことが知られる。
- There were several letters discussing nengu (land tax) exchanged between Intonosho manor owned by the father of Hirotsune of Kazusa no suke (vice minister of Kazusa Province), Tsunezumi, SUGAWARA no Sadataka, who was the 'azukaridokoro' (a deputy of 'Shoen' manor lord), in shihai monjo (an old document which was written on the other side of a piece of used paper) of 'Daigo-zojiki' (records of the history of Daigo-ji temple) that clarified that 'villages' that formed Intonosho manor had Goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and Sonshi (村司) with surnames of 'Fujiwara', 'Nakatomi,' 'Funya,' 'Taira,' and 'Katta.'
- 教科書としては、『庭訓往来』『商売往来』『百姓往来』など往来物のほか、文字を学ぶ『千字文』、人名が列挙された『名頭』『苗字尽』、地名・地理を学ぶ『国尽』『町村尽』、『四書五経』『六諭衍義』などの儒学書、『国史略』『十八史略』などの歴史書、『唐詩選』『百人一首』『徒然草』などの古典が用いられた。
- Text books included Oraimono such as 'Teikin Orai' (collection of letters used for family education), 'Shobai Orai' (a Guide to Commerce), 'Hakusho Orai' (a Guide to Farming), 'Senjimon' (a poem consisting of one thousand Chinese characters) for learning characters, 'Nagashira,' 'Myojizukushi' for learning names of people, 'Kunizukushi,' 'Chosonzukushi,' for learning place names and geography, 'Shishogokyo,' 'Rikuyuengi' for Confucianism, and history books such as 'Kokushiryaku,' 'Juhasshiryaku' and classics such as 'Toshisen,' 'Hyakuninisshu' and 'Tsurezuregusa.'
- むろん、皇族を強制的に臣籍に下すことを原則とするこのような規定には異論もあり(とはいえ、親王、王に姓を賜り強制的に臣籍に下げることは王朝時代から存在した)、裁定にあたって準則の諮詢を受けた枢密院での審議でも、政府側からは、一律・機械的に適用するのではなく個別の事情に応じて判断する旨の答弁がなされている。
- Of course there was an argument against having Imperial Family members demotion from nobility to subject, (however, there were some examples of people receiving surnames from the Imperial Prince or the Emperor and were forced to be demoted to subjects since the Dynasty period), at the discussion of the Privy Council that was consulted about the regulation to make a decision, the government decided to apply the regulation based on individual situations instead of applying the rule evenly or automatically across the board.
- 重臣のなかで脱盟したのは、奥野定良(組頭1000石)、進藤俊式(足軽頭400石)、小山良師(足軽頭300石)、河村伝兵衛(足軽頭400石)、佐々小左衛門(足軽頭200石)、多川九左衛門(持筒頭・足軽頭400石)、月岡治右衛門(歩行小姓頭300石)、岡本重之(大阪留守居400石)、糟谷秀信(用人250石)など。
- People who left the alliance among chief retainers included Sadayoshi OKUNO (head of a group, 1000 koku), Toshimoto SHINDO (head of foot soldiers, 400 koku), Yoshikazu KOYAMA (head of foot soldiers, 300 koku), Denbei KAWAMURA (head of foot soldiers, 400 koku), Kozaemon SASA (head of foot soldiers, 200 koku), Kuzaemon TAGAWA (head of mochidutsu as well as foot soldiers, 400 koku), Jiemon TSUKIOKA (head of hoko kobito, 300 koku), Shigeyuki OKAMOTO (keeper of Osaka, 400 koku) and Hidenobu KASUYA (lord chamberlain, 250 koku).
- そもそも、これらの歴史的事件を評価するときに念頭に置いておかなければならないのは、受領層に対して闘争を行った百姓層とは決して受領の収奪にあえぐ零細な農民などではなく、隷属民や私兵を多数擁して地域支配や産業において莫大な利権を持ち、国衙と負名契約を結んでいた、農業など諸産業の大規模経営者であったということである。
- In evaluating these historical events, we should keep in mind that the farmer class refers not to poor farmers suffering from heavy taxes Zuryo collected but to large-scale managers of agriculture and other industries who had vested rights in the local community and industries with many subordinate people and private solders and had a contract with kokuga over fumyo.
- 《去文永十一年(太歳甲戊)十月ニ、蒙古国ヨリ筑紫ニ寄セテ有シニ、対馬ノ者カタメテ有シ、総馬尉(そうまじょう)等逃ケレハ、百姓等ハ男ヲハ或八殺シ、或ハ生取(いけどり)ニシ、女ヲハ或ハ取集(とりあつめ)テ、手ヲトヲシテ船ニ結付(むすびつけ)或ハ生取ニス、一人モ助カル者ナシ、壱岐ニヨセテモ又如是(またかくのごとし)、》
- 'In November 1274, the Mongol Empire attacked Tsukushi Province. People on Tsushima Island put up a defense, but Sukekuni SO and others escaped. As for the peasants, men were killed or captured. Women were gathered and hung on the ships' sides with their hands laced through, or captured. No one was spared. They also did the same at Iki Province.'
- 隠元隆琦(いんげん りゅうき、特諡として大光普照国師、仏慈広鑑国師、径山首出国師、覚性円明国師、勅賜として真空大師、華光大師、万暦20年・文禄元年11月4日 (旧暦)(1592年12月7日) - 寛文13年4月3日 (旧暦)(1673年5月19日))は、中国明末清初の禅宗の僧で、福建省福州福清の生まれで俗姓は林である。
- INGEN Ryuki (December 7, 1592 – May 19, 1673) was a Chinese Zen Buddhist priest in the periods of the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, who was born in Fuqing, Fuzhou of Fujian Province, China; his secular family name was Hayashi (林), and his imperially bestowed titles in Japan were Shinku daishi (daishi: a great teacher monk) and Kako daishi; and he was given special posthumous Buddhist names, Daiko-fusho kokushi (kokushi: a posthumous Buddhist title given by the Emperor), Butsuji-kokan kokushi, Kinzan-shushutsu kokushi, and Kakusho-enmyo kokushi.
- 時代劇等では、大名行列が往来を通り過ぎるときには必ず先導の旗持ちの「下にー、下にー」との声にあわせ百姓、商人などは脇により平伏しているシーンが登場するが、実際にはこの掛け声を使えるのは徳川御三家(なお水戸藩は例外で参勤交代はなかった)だけで、ほかの大名家は「よけろ~、よけろ~」という掛け声を用い、脇に避けるだけでよかった。
- In jidaigeki (historical play), there sometimes is a scene that a standard-bearer calls out 'Shitani, Shitani (Down on your knees, down on your knees) ' when daimyo-gyoretsu goes through a street, letting peasants and merchants prostrate at the side of the street, but actually this call-out could have been used by only Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family) (Mito domain was exceptionally having no Sankinkotai), and other daimyo families instead used 'Yokero, Yokero (Step aside, step aside) ', just letting people step aside.
- しかし、魏(220年~265年)以降「3日を用いて上巳を用いず」としており、顕宗の記が依然として上巳を用いているほか、顕宗の記2年の条では喜び集まったの記載にある公卿以下といった冠職姓は7世紀ごろの呼称であり、公式の記録も8世紀まで飛んでいるため、この記事については日本書紀の編者が挿入したとみられ、史料としての信憑性は低い。
- However, this article is not reliable as a historical source, and seems to have been inserted by an editor of Nihon Shoki later; since the period of Wei (220 - 265), Chinese people decided 'not to use joshi any more,' while Kenzo no ki (records of the era of the Emperor Kenzo) still used joshi, and moreover, in the ninen no jo (article of the second year of the Emperor Kenzo's reign) of Kenzo no ki, the family names based on the ranks of headdresses appeared, though these were the names used around the seventh century, and there was a gap in the official record until the eighth century.
- しかし、仮にそうであった場合でも、律令的氏姓制度が形骸化するに連れて、氏(ウヂ)と姓(カバネ)とが世襲化により一体化され、その構成員もいたずらに増え過ぎてしまったため、のちにヤマト王権(天武天皇)自身が八色の姓(やくさのかばね)によって全く新たな官位制度と連動させつつ氏姓の制(うじかばねのせい)を実質的に無意味化せざるを得なかった。
- However, even if it was the case, Emperor Tenmu (Yamato sovereignty) had to create the Yakusa no Kabane system which resulted in the dysfunction of the original kabane system since the kabane were given to too many people, and uji and kabane became integrated through heredity as the system of clans and hereditary titles based on a ritsuryo legal code remained simply as a form.
- 発生期の武士の家組織の内部奉公人の中においても武士と同様に戦場では騎馬戦士として活動した郎党や、徒歩で戦った従卒がいたが、室町・戦国期になると武士身分の拡散が大きくなり、狭義の武士同士の主従関係のほかに、本来は百姓身分でありながら狭義の武士の支配する所領の名主層から軍役を通じて主従関係を持つようになった広義の武士としての地侍などが登場する。
- Also among the servants who belonged to the family organization of bushi during the early period, there were the roto who fought as cavalry warriors in the battlefield like bushi or jusotsu (officer's servants) who fought on foot, but in the Muromachi and Sengoku period the samurai status spread increasingly and jizamurai (local samurai), originally coming from the class of farmers, as bushi in a broad sense appeared by having a relationship between lord and vassal through the military service for the class of myoshu (owner of rice fields) of shoryo governed by the bushi in a narrow sense, as well as the master-subordinate relationship of the bushi in a narrow sense.
- こうした自検断権の裏づけとなる軍事警察力の保証としての武器の保有も、建前上は刀狩以降放棄した形式をとり、百姓身分の者は身分表象としての帯刀を放棄することでそれを示していたが、実際は個々の村には膨大な数の刀槍、鉄砲が神仏への献納物、あるいは害獣駆除の名目で備蓄されており、明治維新以降も国家権力はあからさまにこれに手をつけられない状態であった。
- After the Sword Hunt, keeping arms that supported the right to judge criminal cases as a safeguard military police power had the form of waiving the right and people in a farming rank showed their waiver by not wearing a sword, their rank symbol, but actually an individual community had big stockpiles of swords, spears, and guns under the pretext of dedicating things to Shinto and Buddhist deities or the extermination of harmful animals and the governmental powers could not openly touch them even after the Meiji Restoration.
- 『日本書紀』の天武天皇十三年十月の条に、「守山公・路公(みちのきみ)・高橋公・三国氏・当麻氏・茨城公(うまらきのきみ)・多治比氏(たぢひのきみ)・猪名公(ゐなのきみ)・坂田公・羽田公・息長氏(おきながのきみ) ・酒人公(さかひとのきみ)・山道公、十三氏に、姓を賜ひて真人と曰ふ」とあって、これら公(きみ)姓氏族はおよそ応神天皇 ・継体~用明天皇の皇子の子孫である。
- According to an article appeared in November 684 in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), 'Following 13 clans should be given the kabane of Mahito; Moriyama no Kimi, Michi no Kimi, Takahashi no Kimi, the Mikuni clan, Taima clan, Umara no Kimi, Tajihi no Kimi, Ina no Kimi, Sakata no Kimi, Hata no Kimi, Okinaga no Kimi, Sakahito no Kimi, Yamaji no Kimi' and these Kimi kabane clans are probably the descendants of Emperor Ojin and those from Emperor Keitai to Emperor Yomei.
- 元来、半済とは「年貢の半分を納付する」という意味より百姓の年貢の半分を免除することを意味していたが、南北朝時代 (日本)頃から、守護が軍費・兵糧を現地調達するために、荘園・公領の年貢の半分を軍勢に預け置くことが、半済として行われ始め、1352年に最初の半済令が幕府から出された(なお、南北朝・室町時代においても年貢の半分免除の意味で「半済」という言葉が用いられる場合も存在しており注意を要する)。
- 'Hanzei' originally meant 'paying half of the tax' and thus meant, at that time, absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes; however, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Hanzei' was used to mean that half of the customs or taxes on the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government were submitted to the troops in order for provincial constables to cover military expenditure and provisions locally, and the first hanzei law was enforced by the feudal government in 1352 (Note that 'Hanzei' was also used to mean absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes in the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period).
- 祖先は陵戸(みささぎのへ)で沙沙貴(ささき)の名前も陵戸が変化した物と言う説があるが、日本書紀には「狭々城山君韓袋宿裲」(ささきやまぎみからふくろのすくね)が雄略天皇による押磐皇子謀殺に荷担したために罰せられ、死刑とする代わりに身分を落とし賤民である陵戸とされ全ての官籍を剥奪の上で山部連の下に置かれたが、同族の「置目老嫗」(おきめのおみな)が押磐皇子の遺骨の所在を知らせた功により置目老嫗の兄である「倭袋宿裲」が韓袋宿裲に代わり狭々城山君の姓を賜ったとある。
- There is a theory that the name Sasaki was changed from the ancestor's name, Misasagi no He, but in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) it was written that 'Sasakiyama gimi Karafukuro no Sukune' helped the Emperor Yuryaku to murder Prince Oshiha and was therefore demoted to the humble rank of Ryoko instead of receiving the death penalty and was transferred under Yamabe no muraji after being deprived of any title; however, because 'Okime no Omina' from his family confessed to where the remains of the Prince Oshiha were placed, 'Yamato Fukuro no Sukune', who was the brother of Okime no Omina, was given the name Sasakiyama gimi in place of Karafukuro no Sukune.
- その理由として、江戸時代に入って徳川綱吉によって諸国鉄砲改めによる百姓の狩猟及び銃の原則所持禁止、銃器の移動制限がなされたことや、鎖国の影響による技術進歩の停滞という通説、フリントロック式は火縄式に比べ強力なバネが装着されており、撃鉄作動時の衝撃が大きく、引金を引いてから一瞬遅れて装薬に着火する機構のため銃身がぶれ、火縄銃に比べ命中率が悪く「一発必中」を好む日本人から嫌われたらしいことのほかに、日本では良質の火打石が産出せず大量生産ができなかったこと、またおそらくはすべての武術と同じく鉄炮術も一種の競技的な要素を含んで流派形式で継承されたため、その結果必然的に器具類の改変は避けられた、という要素も大きかった。
- The reasons for this follow; in the Edo period Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA prohibited hunting and the possession of a gun by farmers in principle; that the transfer of a gun was limited; that, commonly believed, the technological advance of guns stagnated from the influence of the exclusion of foreigners (national isolation); that a flintlock gun (flintlock system) had a stronger spring than a hinawaju and when the gunlock operating the impact was big and after trigger was pulled, the ignition mechanism for the explosive charge momentarily wavered and the accuracy of fire was bad and thus Japanese who liked to 'ippatsu hicchu' (hit with one shot), disliked the flintlock gun; that good quality flints could not be found in Japan and could not be mass-produced; and that, as a big factor, the art of gun was inherited probably in the form of a school-style gun for competitions like all the martial arts and as a result, the improvement of the weapon was necessarily avoided.