始: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 東征の開始
- Start of Tosei (Eastern Expedition)
- 新政の開始
- The era of direct Imperial rule begins
- 宮中歌会始
- Utakai Hajime in the Imperial Court
- 天皇号の創始
- Creation of the Title of Tenno (emperor)
- 住友家の始祖
- Earliest ancestor of the Sumitomo Family
- 京焼の始まり
- The origin of Kyo-yaki
- けちのつき始め
- the first sign of bad luck
- the first bad omen
- 市電運転開始。
- The operation of the city trams commenced.
- 時代祭始まる。
- The annual Jidai-matsuri festival (in which a procession of people clad in costumes in various old ages is a major attraction) started.
- 鎌倉時代の始まり
- Beginning of Kamakura period
- 始祖・襲津彦の伝承
- The folklore of the earliest ancestor, Sotsuhiko
- 元始祭(1月3日)
- Genshisai (the Festival of Origins) (January 3)
- 寺院における評定始
- Hyojohajime of Buddhist temples
- 幕府における評定始
- Hyojohajime of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)
- 院政における評定始
- Hyojohajime in the period of Insei (the cloister government)
- 開始の合図である。
- It may also refer to a starting sign of shouting 'tozai.'
- これが始まりである。
- This envoy from Korea was the first Chosen Tsushinshi.
- 日蓮、辻説法を始める。
- Nichiren started street preaching.
- 徳川家康に始まる徳川氏
- The Tokugawa clan commenced by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA
- 壬申の乱の開始である。
- It was the start of the Jinshin War.
- 「万世一系」論の始まり
- Beginnings of the theory of 'unbroken Imperial line'
- 将門追討が開始される。
- The court ordered that a force be sent to punish Masakado.
- 伊勢の遷宮の制定・開始
- Establishment and beginning of Sengu (transfer of a deity to a new shrine building) at Ise-jingu Shrine
- 1995年に始まった。
- The 'Kanji of the Year' began in 1995.
- 兄弟継承はここに始まる。
- Here began succession of the throne between brothers.
- 均田制は北魏で始まった。
- The equal-field system started in Northern Wei.
- 正午頃、戦いが始まった。
- The battle began around noon.
- 1984年から始まった。
- It has started in 1984.
- 東京低地の開発が始まった。
- Development of the Tokyo lowland was initiated.
- 東大寺二月堂修二会始まる。
- Shuni-e (Omizu-tori or Sacred Water-drawing Festival) began at Nigatsu-do Hall of Todai-ji Temple.
- これが樂家の始まりである。
- This was the origin of the Raku family.
- 皇太子は読書始に着用した。
- A crown prince put on the Kikujin no ho at Odokusho hajime (the first reading performed when the son of a high-ranking family reached to the age of seven or eight).
- - 長野県須坂市にて始まる
- It started in Suzaka City, Nagano Prefecture.
- - 徳島県勝浦町にて始まる
- It started in Katsuura-cho, Tokushima Prefecture.
- - 千葉県勝浦市にて始まる
- It started in Katsuura City, Chiba Prefecture.
- 2005年4月1日放送開始。
- Began broadcasting on April 1, 2005.
- 翌年の2月より操業開始する。
- In February, the following year, operation of the factory commenced.
- 飛鳥の岡本に宮を造り始める。
- Began to build a palace in Okamoto, Asuka.
- 一般における『お食い始め』。
- It corresponds to 'Okuizome' (a weaning ceremony) amongst the general public.
- 当時は御講釈始とも呼ばれた。
- At that time it was also called Go-Koshaku-Hajime (start of the narration of a story).
- 具体的な開始年には諸説ある。
- Various theories exist regarding the actual year in which they started.
- これは関西から始まったもの。
- This started in Kansai.
- 1月3日 元始祭(げんしさい)
- January 3: Genshisai (shinto festival of origins)
- 住友家の起源-始祖・家祖・業祖
- Origin of the Sumitomo Family: Earliest ancestor, progenitor, and business founder
- 惣国は崩壊の兆しを見せ始めた。
- As such, the sokoku was starting to show signs of collapse.
- これが知行国制の始まりである。
- This was the origin of the chigo-koku system.
- これが奥州藤原氏の始まりである。
- This is how the Oshu Fujiwara clan began.
- 1932年 巨椋池干拓事業開始。
- 1932: Reclamation work started on Ogura-ike Pond.
- 湯沐邑は周の制度として始まった。
- Tomokuyu began as a system in Zhou.
- 1月4日 奏事始(そうじはじめ)
- January 4: Sojihajime (a ceremony in which the chief ritualist reports on rituals at Ise-jingu Shrine and the Court rituals to the Emperor)
- 戦国時代の始期には複数説がある。
- With respect to the date of the commencement of the Sengoku Period, there are several different views.
- 近代書壇史の始まりと現代書の出現
- The history of the modern calligraphic society started and modern-style calligraphy appeared.
- 日本の書道は漢字の伝来に始まる。
- Calligraphy in Japan started when Chinese characters were brought to Japan.
- 足利泰氏の六男、上野義弁に始まる。
- The family lineage started with 上野義弁, the sixth son of Yasuuji ASHIKAGA.
- 徳川氏は、徳川家康が創始した名字。
- Tokugawa' is the family name used by the clan commenced by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 1996年(平成8年):建設開始。
- 1996: Started construction
- 『日本書紀』編纂の始まりとされる。
- It is viewed as the beginning of the compilations of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- ここから得宗と執権の乖離が始まる。
- This made the dissociation of Tokuso and the regency.
- 成立は戦国時代 (日本)に始まる。
- Their establishment started in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan).
- 2003年 京都学生祭典を開始する
- 2003: Kyoto Intercollegiate Festa started.
- 次にあまった後紐を結んで始末する。
- Then knot the loose ends of the back straps.
- 一列談判破裂して、日露戦争始まった
- Ichiretsu danpan haretsushite, nichirosenso hajimatta (With the failure of Ichiretsu danpan, the Russo-Japanese War began)
- 西園寺公相の子西園寺実俊から始まる。
- The family originated with Sanetoshi SAIONJI who was the son of Kinsuke SAIONJI.
- これがのが家号の始まりとされている。
- This is considered to be the start of this family name.
- 開発者は国衙に申請して開発を始める。
- Developers would start their development by applying for it to kokuga.
- 使節遵行の制度は鎌倉時代に始まった。
- The system of shisetsu jungyo began in the Kamakura period.
- 現地工場にて缶コーヒーの生産を開始。
- It started manufacturing canned coffee in a local plant.
- これにより大内氏は急速に衰退し始めた。
- This revolt brought the Ouchi clan on the way to a rapid decline.
- 秦の始皇帝の末裔を称するが明確でない。
- The Hata clan claimed to be a descendant of the first Qin Emperor, but it is not clear if this was true.
- 最初は、荘官らが必要上始めたとされる。
- It is said that the administrators of manors originally began organizing the Toimaru for reasons of expediency.
- 同年11月 - 市ガスの供給を開始する。
- November 1955: The supply of city gas started.
- 1892年 綾部市で大本教が創始された。
- 1892: Omoto-kyo (a new religion) started in Ayabe City.
- 1980年から暫定2車線で供用開始した。
- It provisionally started service in 1980 with two lanes.
- これにより早くも律令制は崩れ始めていく。
- Accordingly, the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) started to lose its ruling power that had lasted only for a short period.
- 神道では、吉田兼倶が吉田神道を創始する。
- Regarding Shinto, Kanetomo YOSHIDA created a fusion of religions known as Yoshida Shinto.
- そのため緩やかな保守化と衰退が始まった。
- As a result, enka music began gradually to get conservative and decline.
- 篆書体…始皇七刻石泰山刻石、石鼓文 など
- Tensho-tai (seal-engraving style writing): Taizankokuseki of Shiko shichikokuseki (seven inscriptions made by Shiko Emperor), Sekkobun (stone-drum Inscriptions), and others
- そのため、正確な始まりはわかっていない。
- so the exact origins are unknown.
- 1988年6月、木津川台住宅地が入居開始。
- June, 1988: People started moving into houses built in the Kizugawadai housing area.
- これは、院政の開始へつながる画期となった。
- This became the landmark which led to the start of cloister government.
- 隣国との和睦も達成して信濃侵攻を開始する。
- He also succeeded to make peace with neighboring countries and began invading into Shinano.
- 京都学生映画祭、芸術系大学作品展を開始する
- The Kyoto Student Festival and ART UNIV. started.
- 油煙墨の製造が始まったのは鎌倉時代である。
- Production of inksticks made with lamp soot began during the Kamakura period.
- 和様の完成と墨跡の勃興に始まる書の二極分化
- The Japanese style became established, and calligraphy in Japan became divided into the Chinese and the Japanese styles, starting with bokuseki (the Chinese style brought by Zen priests from China) that rapidly became popular.
- 和歌に優れ、宮中歌会始に3回撰歌したという。
- Ms. Naruko YANAGIHARA had an excellent talent in the practice of waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) poem creation; her poems were selected for the Utakaihajime (annual New Year's poetry reading) at the Imperial court on three occasions.
- これが衣文道の高倉流・山科流の始まりである。
- This was the beginning of the Takakura and the Yamashina schools of Emondo.
- これが後代の口分田の始源だったと考えられる。
- It is considered that this constituted the origin of kubunden in later eras.
- 中国の租庸調は、北周に始まり、唐で完成した。
- In China, So-Yo-Cho was first introduced in Northern Zhou, which became the perfect system in the Tang Dynasty.
- 島津氏の戦国時代は一族内部の争いで始まった。
- The Sengoku Period of the Shimazu clan began with an internal conflict in the family.
- また、荘園が拡大し始めたのもこの時期である。
- At that time shoen began expanding.
- 「小袖」は、まず公家が使い始めた言葉だった。
- Kosode' was first used by the court nobles.
- 日本の書道は百済よりの六朝書道から始まった。
- Calligraphy in Japan started with six-dynasty calligraphy brought from Baekje.
- 建長4年(1252年)鎌倉大仏鋳造開始される。
- In 1252 casting of Kamakura Great Buddha started.
- 1136年(保延2) 春日若宮おん祭が始まる。
- 1136: The Kasuga Wakamiya Onmatsuri Festival began.
- 坊城俊周、坊城俊成も歌会始の講師を務めている。
- Toshichika BOJO and Toshinaru BOJO also served as koji of the ceremony of the Utakai Hajime..
- 戸籍作成の翌年から班田収授の手続きが開始する。
- The procedure for Handen Shuju started from the next year after the family register was made.
- 一般的にはこれが院政の始まりであるとされている。
- This is generally regarded as the start of insei.
- 念願であった天皇親政である建武の新政を開始する。
- Godaigo launched the Kenmu Restoration, which was the direct imperial rule that Godaigo had long envisioned.
- 1928年3月5日:大阪控訴院で第2審公判開始。
- March 5, 1928: The second public trial started at Osaka koso-in.
- 旧幕府軍と新政府軍は激突し戊辰戦争が開始された。
- The battle between the former Shogunate and the new government's forces marked the beginning of the Boshin War.
- そのため、掛軸は仏教の仏画用にまず普及を始めた。
- Therefore, first of all, kakejiku started to spread for Buddhist images.
- カラオケ向けの楽曲作りとマーケティングが始まる。
- Writing and marketing of songs for karaoke started.
- 時に注文を受けてから御飯を炊き始める鰻屋も有る。
- Some broiled eel restaurants begin to cook the rice after an order has been placed.
- これが歌会始の直接的起源であると考えられている。
- This is thought to be a direct origin of Utakai Hajime.
- 四条派は、松村呉春を祖とする画家集団から始まる。
- The Shijo school started as a painter group founded by Goshun MATSUMURA.
- 1594年(文禄3年)に利根川東遷事業が始まった。
- In 1594, improvement work on the Tone River was started.
- 1910年:仁丹が京都市内に街区表示板を設置開始。
- 1910: Jintan began to place boards showing the name of each town in Kyoto City.
- 5月上旬には南西諸島も梅雨前線の影響を受け始める。
- At the beginning of May, the baiu front begins to influence Nansei Islands.
- この栗尾バイパスは平成26年度供用開始予定である。
- Kurio Bypass is scheduled to open in 2014.
- 元々、兵農分離は戦国大名の必要性から始まっている。
- Originally, heinobunri started by the necessity of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
- 午前6時頃、平氏軍からの攻撃により戦いは始まった。
- Around 6 a.m., the battle started with an attack by the Taira clan forces.
- 安土桃山時代の始期と終期には複数の見解が存在する。
- There are several opinions regarding the start and end of the Azuchi Momoyama period.
- 武士の起源に関する学術的研究は明治以降に始まった。
- The academic study on the origin of bushi began after the Meiji period.
- 文永3年(1263年)に最古の評定始の記録がある。
- The oldest hyojohajime in record was in 1263.
- 金森重近 - 金森可重の長男である金森宗和の創始。
- Founded by Sowa KANAMORI (the second name of Shigechika KANAMORI), the first son of Arishige KANAMORI.
- 前年に鉄道が開通した長浜駅との間で鉄道連絡船を開始。
- Operation of railway ferry to Nagahama Station, to which railway went into service in the preceding year, was commenced.
- 原文(遣紀角宿禰於百濟、始分國郡疆場、具録郷土所出)
- Original text (abbreviated).
- 葛城氏を始め、蘇我氏・紀氏・巨勢氏・平群氏などの祖。
- He was the ancestor of the Katsuragi clan, as well as, the Soga clan, Ki clan, Kose clan, Heguri clan, and others.
- 親王は始め妙法院を相続したのち孝明天皇の養子となる。
- Imperial Prince (Fushiminomiya Sadanaru) first became the successor of the Myoho-in Temple, and then later, he was adopted by the Emperor Komei.
- 摂政藤原師実の五男である大納言藤原忠教を始祖とする。
- The founder of the family was Dainagon (chief councilor of state), FUJIWARA no Tadanori, who was the fifth son of the Regent, FUJIWARA no Morozane.
- これは、継体朝が終わり欽明朝が始まった時期に当たる。
- This was the period at the end of Emperor Keitai's reign and the beginning of Emperor Kinmei's reign.
- そして、大内義弘の300騎と激突して合戦が始まった。
- They collided with 300 cavalrymen of Yoshihiro OUCHI, and the battle began.
- 軍勢の中からは脱落して幕府方に降参する者も出始める。
- Some men from his army began to drop out and surrender to the bakufu.
- 平将門が叔父らと抗争を始める僅か2年前のことである。
- It was just two years before TAIRA no Masakado started to battle against his uncles.
- 院政の開始をもって中世の開始とする見解が有力である。
- It is usually interpreted that the initiation of the cloister government signaled the start of the Medieval Age.
- すると、揚子江気団と熱帯モンスーン気団が衝突し始める。
- Then, collision between the Yangzi jiang air mass and the tropical monsoon air mass begins.
- これを端緒に「日本三景」という括りが始まったとされる。
- This is deemed as the origin of the grouping 'Nihon Sankei.'
- 祭の7日前から大嘗宮を造り始め、5日以内に造り終える。
- They started building the Daijo-gu (temporary shrine prepared at the palace for the Onie no matsuri Festival) seven days before the festival and completed within five days.
- 平成20年(2008年)からは単独公務も開始している。
- In 2008 she started her solo public services by herself.
- 始祖とする桓武天皇の皇子によって大きく四流に分かれる。
- They can be broadly classified into four lineages according to the founders who were sons of the Emperor Kanmu.
- 上総武田氏は武田信満の子・武田信長に始まる家系である。
- The founder of the Kazusa-Takeda clan was Nobunaga TAKEDA, a son of Nobumitsu TAKEDA.
- 幕府権力の発露の末端である御家人も武家と呼ばれ始めた。
- Furthermore, the term also came to encompass gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogun in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods) who were regarded as the rank and file of the bakufu that enforced the influence of the bakufu.
- しかし、宣旨発布の前後から寿永年号を使用し始めている。
- However, he started to use the Juei era from about the time of the proclamation of the decree.
- 中国の雑徭(ざつよう)は、北魏に始まり、唐で完成した。
- The zatsuyo in China was established in the Northern Wei dynasty and was completed during the Tang dynasty.
- (豊臣秀吉は「針売り」が出世の始めという伝説がある。)
- (There is a legend that the starting point of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's success was a 'needle seller.')
- 現在の神道の源流である古神道は、原始宗教とも呼ばれる。
- Ancient Shintoism, which is the origin of current Shintoism, is also called a primitive religion.
- 19世紀の中頃に笠間焼の影響を受けて始まったとされる。
- Influenced by Kasama ware, the manufacture of Mashiko ware started in the middle of the nineteenth century.
- 2004年(平成16年) 関西電力舞鶴発電所が運転開始。
- 2004: The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. Maizuru Power Plant starts operations.
- 舞鶴の地に人が住み始めたのは約1万年前だと言われている。
- It is said that humans first settled in Maizuru roughly 10,000 years ago.
- 羽柴氏(はしばうじ)は、豊臣秀吉によって創始された一族。
- The Hashiba clan was a clan founded by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- フレッツADSLの提供開始についても同様の問題が生じた。
- A similar problem occurred when the provision of FLET'S ADSL started.
- これにより物部氏と蘇我氏の間の確執が始まる。(仏教公伝)
- This was the start of feud between the Mononobe Clan and the Soga clan, according to the book, 'Official Introduction of Buddhism'.
- また、五節の舞を始めとする宮廷儀礼の定式化も進められた。
- The formulation of court etiquette including the Gosechi no mai Dance was also brought forward.
- 藤原基頼(頼宗の孫)を始祖として平安時代末期に成立した。
- This family was founded in the end of the Heian period with FUJIWARA no Motoyori (Yorimune's grandson) as the originator.
- (三好長慶から始まる三好政権について、「堺公方」を参照)
- (For information on the government by the Miyoshi clan commenced from Nagayoshi MIYOSHIA, refer to 'Sakaikubo' (the municipal government based in Sakai City).
- これが院政の開始であり、院政を行う上皇を治天の君という。
- This is the beginning of the cloister government, and a retired emperor who organized policy is called 'chiten no kimi.'
- 1994年 京都・大学センターが発足、単位互換を開始する
- 1994: University Center Kyoto was established and started the credit transfer system.
- 元始祭(げんしさい)は、戦前の祝祭日の中の大祭日の一つ。
- Genshi-sai Festival (the Shinto festival of origins) is one of taisaijitsu (the days when grand festivals are held) in the prewar public holiday system.
- 京都には実方の訃報が届くと同時に、奇妙な噂が流れ始めた。
- As soon as the news of Sanekata's death reached Kyoto, a strange rumor started to circulate.
- 年中無休のマキノトーキーはようやく年末年始休暇をとった。
- People of Makino Talkie took New Year holidays at last after working without holidays for long.
- 江戸千家 (えどせんけ)は、川上不白に始まる茶道の流派。
- Edosenke is a school of tea ceremony that was originated by Fuhaku KAWAKAMI.
- 宗徧流(そうへんりゅう)は、山田宗偏に始まる茶道の一派。
- The Sohenryu school is a branch of tea ceremony founded by Sohen YAMADA.
- 明治時代中期ごろから書道会の結成と会報の発刊が始まった。
- From around the middle era of the Meiji period, an association for calligraphy was established and a bulletin was published.
- 最初の闘茶も本茶と非茶を飲み分ける遊びとして始められた。
- The first tocha was held as a game to differentiate between honcha and hicha.
- 阿波細川氏は14世紀中頃、細川頼之の弟・細川詮春に始まる。
- The Awa Hosokawa family started with Akiharu HOSOKAWA, a younger brother of Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, around the middle of 14th century.
- 斯波高経の5男斯波義種が越前大野郡を領したことに始まる家。
- It was a family established when Yoshitane SHIBA, the fifth son of Takatsune SHIBA, obtained Ono-gun County in Echizen Province as his territory.
- 桂宮家:始祖は第106代正親町天皇の皇孫、八条宮智仁親王。
- The Katsuranomiya family, founded by Imperial Prince Toshihito HACHIJONOMIYA, the grandson of the hundred-sixth Emperor Ogimachi
- 閑院宮家:始祖は第113代東山天皇の皇子、閑院宮直仁親王。
- The Kaninnomiya family, founded by Imperial Prince Naohito KANINNOMIYA, the son of the hundred and thirteenth Emperor Higashiyama.
- 中世には木綿の本格的栽培はまだ日本では始まっていなかった。
- In Medieval Japan, full-fledged cultivation of cotton had not yet begun.
- こうした商人は預かった財産を元手に金融業を始める者もいた。
- Some of those merchants started moneylending businesses using the fortunes they were asked to keep.
- 10世紀後期から現れ始め、藤原道長執政期を中心に頻発した。
- It started to appear in the second half of the 10th century and often occurred particularly when FUJIWARA no Michinaga was an administrator.
- ここに、後白河院政派と二条親政派の対立が始まることになる。
- It was at this point that animosity was born between the faction supporting Goshirakawa's insei (cloister government) and the faction for direct Imperial rule by Emperor Nijo.
- そのため、1960年代後半頃からその限界が指摘され始めた。
- Therefore, their limitations have begun to be pointed out since the latter half of 1960s.
- 正確にはこれは室町時代の終焉、安土桃山時代の始まりである。
- To be precise, however, this is the end of the Muromachi Period and the beginning of the Azuchi-Momoyama Period.
- 1620年に元和卯月本と呼ばれる謡本百番の刊行を開始した。
- In 1620 he started publishing one hundred books of Noh chants called Genna Uduki Bon (a copy of a Noh miracle score).
- (禅竹は河勝を「翁」の化身とし、また始皇帝の転生と見た)。
- (Zenchiku regarded Kawakatsu as the incarnation of 'Okina' (old man), and also considered him to be the First Emperor, Shi Huangdi, reborn.)
- この風習は明代の沈周に始まりその後呉派によって広められた。
- The custom was started by Shen ZHOU in Ming Dynasty, and later was spread by Go school.
- 江戸時代、おそらく貞享、元禄年間に始まるのであろうという。
- It is said to have probably begun in the Jokyo or Genroku era in the Edo Period.
- 京阪宇治バス(2007年11月10日より市内東部で運行開始。
- Keihan Uji Bus (Began operating in the eastern part of the city on November 10, 2007.
- 中長距離バス (交通機関)路線は殆どが京都駅前始終着である。
- Most of the medium- to long-distance bus (transportation) routes start and end in front of Kyoto Station.
- 日本人が歴史が始まって以来知っている唯一の王朝だからである。
- Because the current Imperial family is the only one that Japanese people can find its name in the history of Japan.
- 藤原忠平の長男の摂政太政大臣藤原実頼(清慎公)を始祖とする。
- The family was founded by Sessho Daijo-daijin (Regent and Grand Minister) FUJIWARA no Saneyori (aka. 'Seishinko'), the first son of FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- 鎌倉幕府が滅亡した後、天皇親政である建武の新政が開始された。
- After the fall of the Kamakura bakufu, the Kenmu Restoration, which was a direct rule by the emperor, started.
- 近藤好和はそれが変化し始めたのは南北朝時代 (日本)とする。
- Yoshikazu KONDO stated that it began to change from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 1930年代から日本中世史での学術用語として使用され始めた。
- It was used as an academic term for studies on medieval Japanese History from the 1930's.
- 13世紀中期ごろになると、農村社会に大きな変動が生じ始めた。
- Toward the middle of the 13th century, a far-reaching change started to occur within rural society in Japan.
- 本格的な武家政権は、源頼朝が鎌倉幕府を開いた事により始まる。
- The full-scale military government started when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established the Kamakura bakufu.
- 11月29日、幕府軍が一斉に鬨の声をあげて総攻撃を開始した。
- On January 3, 1400, the shogunal army all simultaneously let out a battle cry and began a general frontal assault.
- 近世は、太閤検地前後に始まり、明治維新前後に終わるとされる。
- It is said that the early-modern times started in around the era when the taiko kenchi was conducted and ended around the start of Meiji Restoration
- 歌会始(うたかいはじめ)は年頭に行われるその年初めての歌会。
- Utakai Hajime is a poetry reading which is held at the beginning of the New Year.
- 準職分から始まって40歳を越えた後に審査を受け、職分となる。
- He is supposed to begin with a jun shokubun, and when he exceeds the age of 40, he is examined to become a shokubun.
- 室町時代末期から現れ始め、江戸時代初期には見られなくなった。
- It appeared in the end of Muromachi period and disappeared in the early Edo period.
- 笠懸は平安時代から盛んになり始め、鎌倉時代に最盛期を迎える。
- The 'Kasagake' form of horseback archery began to be popular from the Heian period and reached its peak of popularity in the Kamakura period.
- 尾張国織田家も故郷の地名を自らの姓としたことが始まりとされる。
- The Oda clan in Owari Province was named after the name of the birthplace.
- 本願寺蓮如の大布教が始まると、大津付近は一向宗色が強くなった。
- When Rennyo in Hongan-ji Temple started large propagation, the Ikko sect became influention around Otsu.
- 尾張徳川家(尾張家・尾張藩)…始祖は徳川義直(徳川家康の9男)
- Owari-Tokugawa family (the Owari family and the Owari domain) founded by Yoshinao TOKUGAWA, the ninth son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA
- 公務及び宮中祭祀を軽減する等、生活全般についての検討を始めた。
- Then, examining whether the number of official duties and court rituals can be reduced, as well as trying to find other effective measures, the agency started reviewing the lifestyle of the emperor as a whole.
- 徳川氏(德川氏、とくがわし)は、徳川家康が創始した日本の名字。
- The Tokugawa clan name was created by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 平安時代末期、藤原公教(三条公教)の二男滋野井実国から始まる。
- The family line began with Sanekuni SHIGENOI, who was the second son of FUJIWARA no Kinnori (Kinnori SANJO), during the last days of the Heian Period.
- 大和絵の創始者にて、その家系は古代の名族巨勢氏の家系に連なう。
- KOSE no Kanaoka created Yamato-e (a traditional painting style of the late Heian and Kamakura periods dealing with Japanese themes), and could trace his lineage back to a distinguished family of the Kose clan in ancient times.
- なお、玄綱は明智光秀御霊法会を許可している(御霊祭りの開始)。
- Note that Totsuna permitted Goreihokai (the religious service for the spirit of the dead) for Mitsuhide AKECHI (start of the Goryo Festival).
- 有栖川宮家:始祖は第107代後陽成天皇の皇子、高松宮好仁親王。
- The Arisugawanomiya family, founded by Imperial Prince Yoshihito TAKAMATSUNOMIYA, the son of the hundred-seventh Emperor Goyozei.
- そのため、白河による院政開始をもって中世の起点とする事もある。
- Therefore, in some cases the commencement of Insei by Shirakawa is considered to be the start of the medieval age.
- ついで大哥が后町廊の辺に座し、大哥、小哥が発声し、舞が始まる。
- The outa would sit down at the edge of the kisakimachi no ro and the dancing started at the call of outa and kouta.
- 1969年 『暮しの手帖』「吉兆つれづればなし」の連載始まる。
- 1969: A series of 'stories about Kitcho' started in 'Kurashi no Techo.'
- ちなみに上記で書いた中陪をはさむ調製はこの小袿から始められた。
- The practice of wearing nakabe as described above started with kouchigi.
- 現代美術のプロデュースを始め、広く美術の企画・編集に従事する。
- He is broadly involved in art planning and editing, including contemporary art producing.
- また、香港からの観光客に対しては短期滞在査証の免除を開始した。
- The policy to exempt tourists from Hong Kong from the need for a short term stay visa was also introduced.
- 後世、源頼朝により始められたとする説が流布したが、誤りである。
- In later periods, a misleading view circulated that the practice first started with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 中国の唐代に始まって宋 (王朝)代に発展したと考えられている。
- It is believed that tocha originated in theTang dynasty period in China, which was developed in the Sung dynast period.
- その子有常は松田を称して松田次郎と名乗り、松田氏の始祖となった。
- His son Aritsune took the name of Matsuda and called himself Jiro MATSUDA, and became the founder of the Matsuda clan.
- 1694年(元禄7年) - 御香宮神社例祭の芝居・見世物が始まる
- 1694: A drama or show first played in the annual festival of Gokonomiya Jinja Shrine.
- 水戸徳川家(水戸家・水戸藩)…始祖は徳川頼房(徳川家康の11男)
- Mito-Tokugawa family (the Mito family and the Mito domain) founded by Yorifusa TOKUGAWA, the eleventh son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA
- 紀州徳川家(紀州家・紀州藩)…始祖は徳川頼宣(徳川家康の10男)
- Kishu-Tokugawa family (the Kishu family and the Kishu domain) founded by Yorinobu TOKUGAWA, the tenth son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA
- 2002年度から事業が始まり、2010年度に完了する予定である。
- It is planned that the work will be started in the fiscal 2002 and will be completed in fiscal 2010.
- しかし本格的な園部の開発は1619年の小出氏園部入封から始まる。
- However, full-fledged development of Sonobe started when the Koide clan was transferred to Sonobe in 1619.
- 平成20年(2008年)の講書始は、1月10日に皇居で行われた。
- The 2008's Koshohajime took place in the Imperial Palace on January 10.
- その後手白香皇女が皇后に立ち、継体天皇の統治が始まることになる。
- Afterwards, Tashiraka no himemiko became his empress, and the reign by Emperor Keitai began.
- 信長は義昭の名で四方大名へ命令を発布、天下人への道を歩み始める。
- Nobunaga, under the name of Yoshiaki, issued orders to various daimyo beginning to walk through his road to tenkabito (the ruler of the country).
- つまり騎馬武者が弓箭でなく打物をメインの武器としても使い始めた。
- In other words, the Calvary started to shift from having swords as main weapons, instead of Kyusen.
- 任命は位の低い官から始まり日を追って高官に進むのが順序であった。
- The appointment started from officials in lower ranks, and proceeded to higher ranks by the day.
- 日本では諸外国が通商を求める出来事や、摩擦・紛争が起こり始めた。
- In Japan, meanwhile, ships from various countries were arriving at its ports seeking to establish trade relations, as a result of which friction and disputes started to occur.
- (さらに正確には、安土桃山時代の始期も複数の説が並立している)。
- (To be more precise, there are multiples views on the time of the beginning of the Azuchi-Momoyama Period.)
- 出来物は次第に弱り始め、10日ほど経つと肛門から怪虫が出てきた。
- The boil gradually became weak and 10 days later, a grotesque worm came out of the anus of the patient.
- 小辺路には始点と終点のそれぞれにちなんだ呼称がいくつも付けられた。
- People called Kohechi by various names after the starting point and the ending point of the road.
- 「所謂(いはゆる)御鎮魂祭は此よりして始(おこ)れり」としている。
- It also states 'so-called mitamafuri no matsuri (mass or ceremony for the repose of a soul) originates from this.'
- 小野宮流(おののみやりゅう)は、平安時代に始まった有職故実の流派。
- The Ononomiya school was a school of Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past), which dated back to the Heian period.
- 内大臣・清閑寺共房の三男清閑寺定矩が「梅小路」を称したのに始まる。
- The family started when Sadanori SEIKANJI, the third son of the Minister of the Center, Tomofusa SEIKANJI called himself 'Umegakoji.'
- 伏見宮家:始祖は北朝 (日本)3代崇光天皇の皇子、伏見宮栄仁親王。
- The Fushiminomiya family, founded by Imperial Prince Yoshihito FUSHIMINOMIYA, the son of the Emperor Suko of the third Northern Court
- 12世紀に入る頃から、国衙は本格的に荘園拡大対策に取り組み始めた。
- From the beginning of the twelfth century, kokuga began to put in serious efforts to tackle the expansion of shoen.
- 大降りでゆがみのある茶碗、「香炉釉」と呼ばれる白釉の使用を始める。
- He began to make tea bowls of large and distorted shape, and to use white glaze called koro-yu (glaze of incense burner).
- 庵点は近代になって『「』(始め鉤括弧)の元になったといわれている。
- It is said that an opening single quotation mark in Japanese (''') was derived from ioriten in modern times.
- 瀟湘八景が書画から始まった事もあり、好んで絵画の題材とされてきた。
- Partly because Eight Views of Xiaoxiang originated from calligraphic works and paintings, Eight Views have been the favorable subject matter of paintings.
- 煙が少し立ち始め、和紙が茶色く焦げるまで加熱すれば焼き合わせ完了。
- Burning together is completed by heating up until smoke starts rising slightly and the Japanese paper is burnt brown.
- 1898年(明治31年) - 旧陸軍歩兵第20連隊が駐屯開始をする。
- 1898: The twentieth Infantry Regiment of the Imperial Japanese Army is stationed.
- 江戸初期に八坂神社の門前で営業された水茶屋がこの花街の始まりである。
- Gion Kobu started with the opening of a teahouse in front of the gate of the Yasaka-jinja Shrine at the beginning of the Edo period.
- It started with the opening of a tea house in front of the gate of the Yasaka-jinja Shrine in the beginning of the Edo period.
- 町長職務執行者:津田雅司(旧上中町長)※町長の任期開始とともに失職。
- Executor of mayoral duties: Masashi TSUDA (former Kaminaka-cho town mayor) * Out of work as of the start of the mayoral term.
- 化野念仏寺 - 空海が野ざらしとなっていた遺骸を埋葬したのに始まる。
- Adashino Nenbutsu-ji Temple - founded by a Buddhist monk Kukai, to bury remains of the dead which had been left unattended
- また、藤原京の建造を開始したのも天武天皇のときであるとする説もある。
- According to one estimate, building of Fujiwara-kyo was also started in the era of the Emperor Tenmu.
- 公実三男左大臣徳大寺実能(1096年 - 1157年)を始祖とする。
- The originator was Kimizane's third son, Minister of the Left Saneyoshi TOKUDAIJI (1096 to 1157).
- また学校への宿直も、この御真影の保護を目的として始められた面もある。
- Moreover, one of the reasons for setting the system of night duty at schools was to protect the goshin-ei portrait.
- こうした権利の広がりによって、土地や民衆の私的支配が開始されていく。
- By the spread of these rights, the private governance of the land and people started.
- 『四課三伝法第一』を巻頭に、占うにあたっての手続きから解説が始まる。
- With 'Shikasandenho Daiich' being at the beginning of the book, the explanation starts with the procedures of divination.
- 後白河は保元3年(1158年)に二条天皇へ譲位すると院政を開始した。
- Goshirakawa, after abdicating in favor of Emperor Nijo in 1158, established insei.
- 羽二重は日本では近世から始められたと伝わっている伝統的な織物である。
- Habutae is a traditional Japanese woven cloth, which is said to have originated in the early-modern times.
- (b)(c)を蝶結びにしたあと、輪と垂れを(a)にはさんで始末する。
- Tie [b] and [c] in a chomusubi and put the ring and hangings under [a].
- 現在では、皇室の古くからの伝統行事である宮中歌会始(後述)が代表的。
- Now it mainly refers to Utakai Hajime in the Imperial Court, which is an age-old traditional event of the Imperial Family (mentioned later).
- そして、「津島祭りで見たチドリ科を取る話をしよう」と仕形話を始める。
- Tarokaja decides to tell him 'a story of catching Charadriidae seen in Tsushima Matsuri (Tsushima Festival, a religious festival of Tsushima-jinja Shrine),' and starts shikatabanashi (talking with gestures).
- 「文禄甲午の年、聚楽紫竹村にて宗厳公の剣術始て神君(徳川家康)上覧。」
- 'In the Kogo year of the Bunroku era (in 1594), at Juraku Shitiku-mura, Jinkun (Ieyasu TOKUGAWA) saw Munetoshi-ko (Munetoshi)'s swordsmanship for the first time.'
- 居館(大富館、一日市場館など)を構えて土岐氏を称したのが始まりである。
- They built several residences (such as Otomi yakata and Hitoichiba yakata) there and referred to themselves as the Toki clan.
- 9日、上洛し朝廷工作を開始するが、秀吉の大返しの報を受けて山崎に出陣。
- On July 12, he went up to Kyoto and commenced political maneuvering toward the Imperial Court, but having received a report on Hideyoshi's ogaeshi (long distance return in short time) took the field to Yamazaki.
- 室町時代に「九条の里」という傾城局が設置されたのが始まりだといわれる。
- Shimabara is believed to have started with the opening of the 'keisei no tsubone' (courtesan house) called 'Kujo no Sato.'
- 神武天皇に始まる皇統譜によれば、後水尾天皇はまさしく108代目である。
- According to the Kotofu recorded since Emperor Jinmu, Emperor Gomizunoo was actually the 108th emperor.
- ふたりの成婚の様子を見るために、当時高価であったテレビも普及し始めた。
- To watch their wedding ceremony, lots of people bought television that had been still expensive in those days.
- 村上源氏中院流の庶家で、太政大臣久我通光の5男・六条通有を始祖とする。
- They were a branch of the Nakanoin family of the Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan), founded by Michiari ROKUJO, the fifth son of Dajodaijin (grand minister of the state) Michiteru KOGA.
- 太政大臣西園寺公経の孫で、太政大臣洞院公守の二男正親町実明から始まる。
- This family began from Saneakira OGIMACHI, who was the grandson of Kintsune SAIONJI, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), and the second son of Kimimori TOIN, Daijo-daijin.
- また、高詮の弟である尼子高久は近江の尼子郷を継ぎ、尼子氏の始祖となる。
- Takaakira's younger brother Takahisa AMAKO inherited the Amako region in Omi Province and became the original forefather of the Amako clan.
- 始祖は後二条天皇の皇子である皇太子邦良親王、初代はその嫡男の康仁親王。
- The original forefather is the Emperor Gonijo's prince, Imperial Prince Kuninaga, and the first generation is his son and heir Imperial Prince Yasuhito.
- 国衙は、国内の公田を名田に再編成し、名田経営を田堵へ請け負わせ始めた。
- The kokuga reorganized the public fields into myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), and placed the tato in charge of managing the myoden.
- 11世紀ごろから、中央政府の有力者へ田地を寄進する動きが見られ始める。
- From around the eleventh century, the rice-field donation to the powerful men in the central government started.
- 百姓の中から出挙・私営田活動を通じて富を蓄積した富豪層が成長し始めた。
- Some farmers accumulated wealth through suiko (government loans made to peasants) and operation of private land, constituting the rich and powerful class and growing.
- このころになると、信長の動きに関連して各地方も統一への道を歩み始める。
- Around this time, in relation to Nobunaga's movements, each region started to move toward unification.
- 背びれは鰓蓋の直後、尻びれは体の中央付近から始まって尾びれと連続する。
- The back fin begins right after the operculum and the anal fin is positioned near the center of the body, and connects with the tail fin.
- 墨跡の中国書法は北島雪山に伝授され、雪山は唐様の創始者として活躍した。
- The Chinese calligraphic style for bokuseki was initiated into Setsuzan KITAJIMA, and Setsuzan acted actively as the founder of the Chinese calligraphic style.
- 唐代の溌墨山水、粗放な型の画風の創始者の一人王黙に源を持つといわれる。
- It is said to deviate from Wang Mo, one of the founders of Sansui (landscape, hills and rivers) with hatsuboku (splashed-ink technique) of a native style during the period of Tang Dynasty.
- また年始に限らず、天皇や治天の君の執政開始後に開催される場合もあった。
- Sometimes gokaihajime was held after the inauguration of an emperor or Chiten no kimi (a retired emperor in power), other than at the beginning of the New Year.
- 不昧流(ふまいりゅう)は、松平不昧に始まり松江藩で伝わった茶道の一派。
- Fumai-ryu school is one of tea ceremony schools which was founded by Fumai MATSUDAIRA and was handed down within the Matsue Domain.
- 弘治2年(1556年)毛利元就は陶晴賢亡き後の大内領への侵攻を開始した。
- In 1556, Motonari MORI started to invade into the territory of Ouchi family.
- 儀式は皇室の祖神である天照大神と歴代の天皇へ期日を奉告することに始まる。
- The ceremony starts with announcing the date to Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess), Imperial Family's soshin (ancestor honored as god) and successive Emperors.
- マスコミ関連では、1925年から開始されたラジオ放送で中継が実施された。
- In the mass media relevance, the ceremony was covered live on radio broadcasting, which started in 1925.
- なお、村上源氏の源通具から始まる堀川家(室町時代に断絶)との関係は無い。
- They were not related to the Horikawa family founded by MINAMOTO no Michitomo of the Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan) (that ended during the Muromachi period).
- 慶長15年(1610年)、西国大名を総動員して、亀山城の築城が始まった。
- In 1610, the construction of Kameyama Castle began with the combined efforts of all the daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) of western provinces.
- その後は、朝廷は国衙軍制に代わる軍事制度として追討使方式を多用し始めた。
- After that, the Imperial Court frequently started employing the tsuitoshi-using system as the military system replacing the kokuga forces system.
- このような一元的支配を一円知行といい、東国を中心に地頭請が行われ始めた。
- Such centralized ruling of lands refers to ichien chigyo (monistic ruling), and establishment of the jitouke system (the contract system where the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) started in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region).
- 始めは下級武士の普段着であったが、室町時代末期には大紋に次ぐ礼装となる。
- Although it was lower ranked samurai's casual wear in the beginning, it became the second most formal dress after daimon (crested formal robe) in the end of the Muromachi period.
- 一族相克の物語は戦国時代 (日本)に多いが、この時代に既に始まっている。
- Stories about conflict within clans are common in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), but it had already started in this period.
- 清盛は高倉院政の開始に当たって、高倉とともに安芸国厳島への社参を行った。
- Upon the start of Takakura's cloistered government, Kiyomori attended Takakura to give offerings at Itsukushima in Aki Province.
- 以後、政元の養子である細川澄元と細川高国が後継管領を巡って争いを始めた。
- Thereafter, the two candidates seeking to inherit the position of Kanrei, Masamoto's adopted sons Sumimoto and Takakuni HOSOKAWA, began to fight over who would be chosen.
- 春画の始まりは中国の医学書とともに伝えられた房中術の解説図だと思われる。
- It was considered that the shunga has its origin in Bocchujutsu (sexual art) that was introduced with Chinese medical books.
- 現在の真珠養殖が始まる以前、この鮑玉が日本の真珠産業であったと見られる。
- Abalone pearls are believed to have been the only pearls produced in Japan before pearls started to be cultivated using modern methods.
- 平安時代末期は院政の開始と武家の台頭による貴族社会の混乱衰頽をまねいた。
- Towards the end of the Heian period, Insei (rule by the retired Emperor) started and samurai started to gain power, causing disorder in aristocratic society and making it decline as well.
- 1887年、高橋順太郎教授と助教授の猪子吉人と共にフグ毒の研究を始めた。
- In 1887, Professor Juntaro TAKAHASHI together with Associate Professor Yoshito INOKO started research on pufferfish poison.
- 「しかし、空襲が始まると、すべての女性はズボンまたはモンペを着用した。」
- When air raids were launched, all women wore slacks and Monpe.'
- また、四国伊予国の伊予宇都宮氏は伊予守に任じられた宇都宮豊房が始祖である。
- Furthermore, the founder of Iyo-Utsunomiya clan in Iyo Province, Shikoku was Toyofusa UTSUNOMIYA who was appointed to Iyo no kami (Governor of Iyo Province).
- 次に梅雨前線は華北・東北部に北上し、8月中旬・下旬を境に再び南下を始める。
- Then, the baiu front moves up to the north to North China and the north-eastern district and, with the middle and end of August as the border, it begins to move down to the south.
- 気象情報として発表を始めたのは1986年(昭和61年)になってからである。
- Declaration as weather information was begun in 1986.
- 代わって中国大陸には暖かく乾燥した揚子江気団ができ始め、勢力を強めていく。
- Instead of it, warm and dry Yangzi jiang air mass begins to be spawned and increases its strength.
- 養老元年(717年)から藤原不比等らが中心と成って養老律令の編纂を始める。
- In 717, the compilation of Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro period) started, which was led by FUJIWARA no Fuhito as the main editor.
- また、欠史八代の葛城王朝から崇神天皇に始まる三輪王朝への王朝交替説もある。
- There is also the theory of the rise and fall of successive dynasties from the Katsuragi Dynasty of the Kesshi-Hachidai to the Miwa Dynasty beginning with Emperor Sujin.
- 葛原親王の三男、高見王の子高望王が賜姓を受けて平高望となったのに始まる家。
- This lineage originated with Prince Takamochi, a son of Prince Takami (the third son of Imperial Prince Kazurawara) who, having been given an honorary surname, was named TAIRA no Takamochi.
- これが皇位継承資格者を確保するという目的をもった世襲親王家の始まりである。
- This was the beginning of the Seshu-Shinno-ke which could offer a pool of potential successors to the Imperial Throne.
- これに伴い、受領の勢力下にある公領は、受領の私有財産のように扱われ始めた。
- Accordingly, koryo under the control of Zuryo began to be treated like their private assets.
- 教育は第一に数字の習得から始まり、次いで文字の習得が為される事が多かった。
- Education first started with learning numbers and then went on to writing.
- 更にこれが10世紀には諸国の掾への任官を対象とした「道年挙」も開始された。
- Furthermore, in the 10th century, a similar system called 'Donenkyo,' in which the target appointment position was Jo (a provincial governor) was introduced.
- 鎌倉時代には、守護・地頭による荘園支配権の簒奪(さんだつ)が目立ち始めた。
- During the Kamakura period, the dominion of shoens began to be usurped frequently by shugo (provincial constable) or jito (manager and lord of manor).
- このため、中国科学院によって数値予報システムが開発され、運用が開始された。
- Therefore, a numerical forecasting system has been developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and its operation has started.
- 半済令に伴う影響としては、荘園が解体への第一歩を踏み始めた点が挙げられる。
- The most noticeable influence of the practice of the hanzei law was that it triggered the first step to demise of manors.
- このため、10世紀前期に始まった王朝国家体制はより中世的な形態へ移行した。
- The dynasty state, which started in the early 10th century, changed into a more-medieval form.
- また、平仮名は漢字の草書体を元にしたもので(安→あ)主に女性が用い始めた。
- Hiragana was designed from the sosho (cursive) style writing of kanji characters (for example あ from 安) and it was mainly women who started to use Hiragana.
- 桓武天皇は新王朝の創始を強く意識し、自らの主導による諸改革を進めていった。
- Emperor Kanmu was strongly aware of the start of the new dynasty and promoted various reformations.
- 十二単(じゅうにひとえ)は、平安時代の10世紀から始まる女性貴族用の正装。
- Juni-hitoe is a formal attire of a Japanese noblewomen who emerged around the tenth century in the Heian period.
- 本格志向へと流行が移行し始めた頃に生まれ、その雰囲気作りに一役買っている。
- They were created around the time when the trend started changing to authentically-oriented coffee and played a part in creating the atmosphere.
- 本格的に模刻の始まった『淳化閣帖』からして既に大量の偽物が紛れ込んでいた。
- Many fraudulent works were already seen even for 'the Chunhua ge Tie' with which mokoku began to be used in earnest.
- 寛保3年の雑書『諸国里人談』の刊行から片輪車が女性として描かれ始めている。
- Katawa-Guruma was depicted as a female following the publication of a book covering a wide range of topics entitled 'Shokoku Rijin Dan' (literally, 'tales of villagers from various provinces) in 1743.
- オリンピックに沸きあがるベルリンで起きた弟の不審な死に方から物語は始まる。
- The story starts with his younger brother dying under questionable circumstances in Berlin, where the city is boiling with excitement over the Olympics.
- 昭和26年(1951年)の進駐軍撤退後、ようやく日本酒の消費は伸び始める。
- After the withdrawal of occupation forces in 1951, the amount of consumption of sake finally began to grow.
- また、ローソンを始めとする24時間営業のコンビニエンスストアも出店している。
- 24-hour-operated convenience stores such as Lawson also moved in.
- 侍従も華族出身者が多く、歌会始などの皇室の行事では華族が役割の多くを担った。
- Many of the chamberlains in the Imperial Court were from kazoku, and kazoku also played many roles in events in the Imperial Court, including the ceremony of Utakai Hajime (the Imperial poet-reading party in the New Year).
- 5月下旬から6月上旬ごろになると、九州や四国が梅雨前線の影響下に入り始める。
- Around the end of May or beginning of June, Kyushu and Shikoku regions begin to be influenced by the baiu front.
- 更に義満が日明貿易を始めると貿易そのものや抽分銭による収益も幕府収入となる。
- Furthermore, when Yoshimitsu initiated trade between Japan and Ming, profit by Chubunsen (抽分銭) also became the income of Bakufu.
- 残すは筑前・豊前のみというところで豊臣秀吉の中央軍の介入が始まり、降伏した。
- In the stage in which only Chikuzen and Buzen were remaining, intervention of the central troops of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI commenced and the Shimazu clan surrendered.
- 嫡流は「イエ」の財産が領地として固定化され、それを継承するところから始まる。
- The main family line started as the inheritance of a 'house' became fixed to an estate and was passed down generations.
- 酒屋(さかや)とは、鎌倉時代に始まった、日本酒を醸造し、販売する業者を指す。
- Sakaya indicates an operator of the sake-producing/selling business that started in the Kamakura period.
- 原則、身分の移動は行えなくなったが、江戸中期以降、この体制は再び崩れ始める。
- In principal, the citizens were not allowed to change their social status, but in the mid Edo period and later this system began to collapse again.
- これにより安土桃山時代は完全に終わりを告げ未曾有の太平、江戸時代が始まった。
- With this the Azuchi Momoyama period ended completely, and an unprecedented age of peace--the Edo period--was born.
- 倭国内の諸勢力は国制整備を進めることで一致し、権力集中化が急速に進み始めた。
- Various powers in Wa consented to the reformation of national systems, accelerating the speed of centralizing power.
- 書画に捺すようになってから自由に場所を選んで捺せるという意味で使われ始めた。
- Yuin came to mean the seals in the sense that it could be impressed anywhere on the documents when it began to be used on the calligraphy and pictures.
- 火落ち菌についての研究は、1906年に東京大学の高橋偵造によって開始された。
- The study on hiochi bacteria was launched by Teizo TAKAHASHI of Tokyo University in 1906.
- 昭和12年(1937年)、日中戦争が始まると日本酒を取り巻く状況は暗転した。
- When the China-Japan War began in 1937, the circumstances for sake got worse.
- そのため幕府は寛文6年(1666年)を始めとして何回か酒株改めをおこなった。
- Therefore, bakufu implemented revisions of the sakekabu system several times since 1666.
- 醸造業の近代化とはすなわち、「酒を工業的に生産する」ことの始まりでもあった。
- The modernization of the brewing industry was the beginning of the 'industrial production of sake.'
- 平安時代に教清の子の蒲生舜清が大隅国の荘園である蒲生院を拠点としたのが始まり。
- In fact, Shunsei GAMO, a son of FUJIWARA no Norikiyo, began to call himself the Gamo clan when he established his base in the Gamo-in Manor in Osumi Province.
- 豊臣秀吉は天正13年の関白就任時頃より、諸大名らに豊臣・羽柴の姓を与え始めた。
- Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI started to give the family names of TOYOTOMI and HASHIBA to territorial lords around the time he became Kanpaku in 1585.
- 同35年9月、河内国に派遣され、高石池や茅渟(ちぬ)池を始め多くの池溝を開く。
- In the ninth month of the 35th year of the same reign, Inishikiiribiko no mikoto was dispatched to Kawachi Province and he developed many irrigation ponds and ditches, including Takashi no ike Pond and Chinu no ike Pond.
- 吉備津彦命の家来である犬飼健は犬養氏の始祖で犬養毅の祖先であると言われている。
- Kibitsuhiko no Mikoto's retainer, Inukai Takeru, is said to be the progenitor of the Inukai clan and an ancestor of Tsuyoshi INUKAI.
- 天武が、生前に皇后の病気平癒を祈願して造営を始めた大和国の薬師寺を完成させた。
- She accomplished the construction of Yakushi-ji Temple in Yamato Province, which the Emperor Tenmu had started construction of with a prayer to God for healing the sickness of the empress during his life.
- 家系は清和源氏の一流・河内源氏の一門、源義光を始祖とする甲斐源氏の宗家である。
- It was the head family of Kai Genji, belonging to Kawachi Genji, one of Seiwa Genji lines, and was founded by MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu.
- 庶流は大臣家の正親町三条家・三条西家を始め、羽林家の滋野井家・姉小路家等多数。
- The numerous branch families included the Ogimachi-Sanjo Family and Sanjonishi Family of Daijinke, as well as the Shigenoi Family and Anegakoji Family of the Urin Family.
- 女優を引退した英子が1959年に東京・銀座でバーを始めた3年後のことであった。
- This was three years after she had stopped being an actress and opened a bar in Ginza, Tokyo.
- この倭館があった場所は倭館洞としてソウルの地名となり、20世紀始めまで続いた。
- The name of the place where this wakan was located later became Waegwan-dong (倭館洞) in Seoul, which remained until the early 20th century.
- 大内氏が滅亡した後の第二次では毛利元就がこの戦いを開始し、尼子氏を滅亡させた。
- After the fall of the Ouchi clan, Motonari MORI started the second battle and destroyed the Amago clan.
- 治承4年(1180年)2月、3歳の安徳天皇が践祚し、高倉上皇は院政を開始した。
- In February 1180, the three-year-old Emperor Antoku ascended the throne and the Retired Emperor Takakura started his cloistered government.
- すなわち、茶道の始まりと共に室内で用いる茶釜「茶炉」又は「風炉」があらわれた。
- The tea pot called 'charo' or 'furo,' which was used indoor, came to be in use when the tea ceremony started at that time.
- 1927年(昭和2年)1月、牧野は超大作『忠魂義烈 実録忠臣蔵』の製作を開始。
- In January 1927, Makino started to produce a blockbuster movie, 'Chukon Giretsu Jitsuroku Chushingura' (The treasury of Loyal Retainers).
- 禅竹は、自家に伝わる伝承を基に『明宿集』を物し、猿楽の創始について述べている。
- Zenchiku wrote/composed 'Meishuku shu' based on the stories that had been handed down in his family, and described the origins of sarugaku in it.
- 歌会始の儀では、まず、天皇皇后の御前で東宮以下の詠進歌が以下の順で披講される。
- At the ceremony of Utakai Hajime, firstly, poems of the crown prince and subsequent people are recited in front of the emperor and empress:
- ファミリーマートが先駆けであり、1983年に大阪府と兵庫県で販売が開始された。
- As a pioneer, Family Mart started selling ehomaki in Osaka prefecture and Hyogo Prefecture in 1983.
- 末吉氏…平野氏の末裔で、平野隼人正利吉の弟の平野利方(末吉勘兵衛利方)に始まる。
- The Sueyoshi clan - the descendant of Hirano clan originated from 平野利方(末吉勘兵衛利方), the younger brother of Rikichi Hirano, who was Hayato no Kami (the chief of the Imperial Guards) of Hirano Sho.
- 『越州軍記』によると開化天皇、『朝倉始末記』によると孝徳天皇の後裔とされている。
- According to an epic 'Esshu gunki' (an epic of the Asakura clan in Echizen Province), the clan was the Emperor Kaika's descendent, while 'Asakura Shimatsuki' (History of the Asakura family) states that, the clan was the Emperor Kotoku's descendent.
- 1940年(昭和15)年3月になってルッペ製錬に成功し、本格的な製造を開始した。
- In March 1940, Nihon Kako succeeded in smelting luppe and started full-scale manufacture.
- 御真影に染みを作ってしまい学校が始末書を提出する羽目に陥ることもしばしばあった。
- Schools were often forced to submit a letter of apology after they carelessly made a stain on the goshin-ei portrait.
- 白河天皇による院政が始まると、平忠盛は院近臣の郎党となって白河院に接近してゆく。
- When Emperor Shirakawa started the cloister government, TAIRA no Tadamori became roto (retainer) of in no kinshin (retired Emperor's courtier) to approach Shirakawa-in.
- 嘉智子は中納言藤原良房を通じてこれを仁明に伝え、関係者の逮捕と処罰が開始された。
- Kachiko informed Ninmyo via Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa and the arrest and punishment of associated people began.
- 水口藩公用方が会津藩邸にて会津藩公用方に新選組の所業の悪さを訴えたことに始まる。
- The incident began when koyokata (a section of a local domain which was in charge of dealing with all works related to the central bakufu government and the Imperial seat) of the Minakuchi domain complained about the acts by the Shinsengumi to koyokata of the Aizu domain at the Aizu domain residence.
- 行成を初代とする世尊寺家の書風は後に世尊寺流と称され、日本の書流の始まりとなる。
- The calligraphic style of the Sesonji family, with Yukinari as the first head, was called 'Sesonji School' later, which was the origin of the Japanese calligraphic style.
- 日本を代表する絹織物であり『絹のよさは羽二重に始まり羽二重に終わる』といわれる。
- Habutae represents all Japanese silk fabrics, as being said 'the taste of silk fabric begins with habutae and ends with it.'
- しかし別の流れが加わったり、磯波となって質量移送が存在すると、山は移動し始める。
- The ridges start moving, however, when different currents come in and waves lapping against the rocky shore cause mass transfer.
- 明治13年(1880年)に来朝した楊守敬により日本における六朝派の書風が始まる。
- Yang Shoujing who came to Japan in 1880 started calligraphy in the six dynasties, in Japan.
- 科学的な解明は、国立醸造試験所などにおける1920年代の清酒酵母の研究に始まる。
- The scientific clarification began from the study of seishu yeast in the 1920's at the National Research Institute of Brewing and so on.
- 土岐光衡が戦争で桔梗花を兜に挟んで戦ったのを記念して、家紋としたのが始まりである。
- The Kikyo-mon was first used as their family crest to commemorate Mitsuhira TOKI, who fought in battles with Kikyo (chinese bellflower) attached to his helmet.
- 開化天皇の皇子である彦坐王の孫にあたり、伊勢の品遅部、伊勢の佐那造の始祖とされる。
- He was a grandson of Hikoimasu no miko, who was the Imperial Prince of Emperor Kaika, and he was also the ancestor of such local families in Ise Province as Honjibe (a unit of people in charge of the affaires related to Emperor Suinin's son, Homutsuwake no mikoto) and Sana no miyatsuko (local lord of Sana).
- 戦後は国民の祝日からは外されたが、宮中では現在でも従来通りの元始祭が行われている。
- After World War II, it was excluded from public holidays, but its ceremony is still performed at the Imperial Court as it was in the past.
- 天皇の称号は天武天皇が始めたとする説が広く支持されており、非常に有力となっている。
- The theory which argues that the Emperor Tenmu started using the title, 'Tenno' (emperor), is widely accepted.
- この慣習がいつ始まったかは定かではないが、江戸時代には既に定着していたようである。
- It is unknown when this custom was started, but it seems that it had already been fixed in the Edo period.
- このため、農民層にも経済力がつき始め、領主・地頭への権利意識が高まることとなった。
- For this reason, the class of farmers began to get economic power and the awareness of their rights against local lords and jitos heightened.
- また、地頭と荘園領主との間で作合を巡る争いの解決方策として下地中分が行われ始めた。
- In addition, as a solution to dissolve disputes over sakuai (share that each shiki had for taxes) between jito and shoenryoshu, Shitaji chubun (physical division of the land) was started.
- Also, shitaji chubun (physical division of land) started to take place as a solution to a conflict between jito and shoen ryoshu over sakuai.
- このような状況のなか、慶応4年(1868年)1月3日に鳥羽・伏見の戦いが始まった。
- It was in the midst of these developments, on January 27, 1868, that countrywide tensions broke out into open conflict in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi.
- 武家の新年の弓射儀礼である的始などで使用され、現在でも小笠原流の儀式で用いられる。
- This was used for mato-hajime, which is the New Year's ceremony of shooting at a samurai family, and this is still used in ceremonies of the Ogasawara school.
- 室町時代の頃から軽工業の発達により、都市部を中心に、消費社会の傾向が出始めていた。
- Around the Muromachi period, with development of light manufacturing, consumer society started to become a trend in and around major cities.
- 島津氏関与説 - 信長が毛利氏を滅ぼした後、九州征伐を開始するのは時間の問題である。
- View that the Shimazu clan was involved - It was a matter of time when Nobunaga commence conquering Kyushu after he overthrew the Mori clan.
- 1978年(昭和53年)に京都府から計画がなされ、1980年から工事の起工が始まる。
- 1978: The plan for the Kyoto Prefectural Yamashiro Comprehensive Sports Park was created by Kyoto Prefecture, and construction started in 1980.
- 発掘が始まった当初、国府は平城京や平安京のような中央の都城の縮小版と考えられていた。
- When the excavation was started, Kokufu was thought to be a miniature of a capital in the central government such as Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) and Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto).
- 雲上明鑑に、「始祖は烏丸豊光六代正二位権大納言光広の末男正三位参議資忠なり」とある。
- Unjo meikan (the books giving a detailed view of the Imperial family and its offshoots) state that 'the founder was Suketada, Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) Councilor, who was the youngest son of Mitsuhiro, Shonii (Senior Second Rank) Gondainagon (Junior Chief of the Councilor of State) and six generations away from Toyomitsu KARASUMARU.'
- 江戸時代前期の寛永年間に、右大臣三条西実条の次男武者小路公種を始祖として創立された。
- This family was founded during the Kanei era during the first half of the Edo period with Kimitane MUSHANOKOJI as the originator, who is the second son of Saneeda SANJONISHI, the Minister of the Right.
- 摂政太政大臣藤原師実の次子右大臣花山院家忠(1062年 - 1136年)より始まる。
- The originator was Minister of the Right Ietada KAZANIN (1062 to 1136), who was the second child of the regent, Grand Minister of State FUJIWARA no Morozane.
- それも併せて、京の物資・食料は欠乏の一途をたどり朝廷政治の機能不全が生じ始めていた。
- It also made the shortage of materials and foods in the capital go from bad to worse and led to dysfunction in the Imperial Court government.
- 鎌倉時代を経て室町時代になり、その式目は変化し、「代始和抄」には、以下の記述がある。
- These arrangements changed during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, and the following description is seen in 'Daihajime-washo.'
- こうした租税収取体制を負名体制といい、この時期に始まった王朝国家体制の基礎となった。
- This kind of tax collection system was called the fumyo system and formed the basis of the system of the dynasty state which had its origin during this period.
- また、秀吉自身は京を活動の拠点とし茶の湯を始めとする文化活動を自らも積極的に行った。
- Hideyoshi based his activities in Kyoto and directly and aggressively engaged in cultural activities such as tea ceremony, etc.
- 1526年 細川晴元(澄元の子)・足利義維を奉ずる柳本賢治と細川高国の戦いが始まる。
- In 1526, a battle started between Kataharu YANAGIMOTO, who was accompanied by Harumoto HOSOKAWA (a son of Sumimoto), Yoshitsuna ASHIKAGA, and Takakuni HOSOKAWA.
- 元々は保存食であり、日本海でとれた鯖を都に運ぶために塩漬けにしたのが始まりとされる。
- The kizushi is said to have originally been a preserved food and originated in that, the mackerel caught in the Japan Sea was cured in order to take it to the imperial capital.
- 中国の古典によると、始皇帝は殺害されかけたときに咸陽宮の屏風を飛び越えたといわれる。
- According to Chinese classical literature, Shi Huangdi (meaning the first emperor) jumped over a byobu in the Xianyang Palace when he was about to be assassinated.
- 1月4日が土曜日、日曜日に当たるときは、それぞれ1月6日、1月5日が御用始めとなる。
- When January 4 falls on Saturday or Sunday, goyo-hajime will be January 6 and 5 respectively.
- 南隣にある春日山原始林のことであり、春日山は御蓋山と書いて「みかさやま」の別名がある。
- The mountain referred in ABE no Nakamaro's waka is Kasugayama Primeval Forest is on the south side of Mt. Wakakusa (Mikasa-yama, 三笠山 in Chinese characters), and Mt. Kasuga has another name, 'Mikasa-yama' using different Chinese characters as 御蓋山.
- 1995年4月 けいはんな記念公園(京都府立関西文化学術研究都市記念公園)の供用開始。
- April, 1995: Use of Keihanna Commemorative Park (the Kyoto-prefectural park commemorating the establishment of Kansai Science City) started.
- そのため、11世紀中期頃から中央政府は財政収入の確保を図って現実的な政策を採り始めた。
- Therefore, since around the middle of eleventh century, the central government began to adopt realistic policies in order to secure its financial revenue.
- 8世紀初年に本格的に始まった日本の律令制は、戸籍・計帳を元にして百姓・人民を把握した。
- The Ritsuryo system, which officially started at the beginning of the 8th century, controlled farmers and citizens based on family registers and the yearly tax registers.
- 政界から引退して福原の山荘へ移り、日宋貿易および瀬戸内海交易に積極的に取り組み始めた。
- He retired from the political scene and moved to his mountain retreat in Fukuhara to start actively participating in Japan-Song trade and Seto Inland Sea trade.
- このため、今日では政変の発生した1493年を戦国時代の始期とする説が有力となっている。
- Therefore, at present, the view that the Sengoku Period commenced in 1493 with the Coup of Meio is prevailing.
- また、近代に創始された拳法を名乗る流派では和道流和道流柔術拳法や神道天心流などがある。
- There are are also schools established in modern times that call themselves kenpo such as Wadoryu Jujutsu Kenpo, Shinto Tenshin Ryu, etc.
- 近年の研究では、慶長初頭の1590年代末には京焼の生産が始まっていたと考えられている。
- Recent research insists that Kyo-yaki had already began being produce during the early Keicho era at the end of the 1590s.
- 宝永・正徳 (日本)頃には大柄・大胆だった模様が次第に細く小さくなる傾向が現れ始めた。
- The Hoei and Shotoku eras witnessed a gradual change in the pattern from large and bold to finer and smaller.
- 東亜キネマ従業員、東活等持院の残党、正映マキノ御室の残党を吸収して映画製作を開始した。
- This company began producing films using Toa Kinema employees, the remnants of Tokatsu Tojiin and Shoei Makino Omuro.
- 「明宿集」によれば、日本における猿楽の創始者は聖徳太子の寵臣・秦河勝であったとされる。
- According to 'Meishuku shu', the founder of sarugaku (the prototype of the Noh play and kyogen farce) in Japan is said to have been HATA no Kawakatsu, a court favorite of Prince Shotoku.
- 1891年11月:琵琶湖疏水の水を用いて、日本初の水力発電所となる蹴上発電所が稼動開始。
- November 1891: The Keage Power Plant, the first hydroelectric facility in Japan using water from Lake Biwa Canal, became operational.
- 現在の「ドッコイセ花火大会」は、もともとはその祭りの行事の一つとして始まったものである。
- The present-day 'Dokkoise Fukuchiyama Hanabi Taikai' (fireworks event) originally started as one of the events in the Festival.
- 永享元年(1429年)に播磨の土一揆が発生するなど、その支配力に次第に翳りが見え始める。
- Including the occurrence of the peasant uprising in 1429 in Harima Province, the dominance of the clan started to fade gradually.
- 文治5年(1189年)頼朝、永福寺跡(ようふくじ、廃絶)造営を始める(1191年とも)。
- In 1189 (or 1191), Yoritomo founded a memorial service for Eifuku-ji Temple ruins (extinct).
- 結婚のパレードは民間放送開始から五年目でまだ高嶺の花だったテレビの普及に大いに貢献した。
- The parade of the wedding highly contributed to the spread of the television that had still been an unattainable object in those days, when only five years had passed since commercial broadcasting was launched.
- 神武天皇が創始した王朝は、「神の代」の祖先たちの系譜を引き継いでいるとも信じられていた。
- It was also believed that the Imperial family tree, which started from Emperor Jimnu, actually succeeded the family tree from Japanese gods.
- 神武天皇に始まる皇統譜によれば、円融天皇はまさしく64代目であり、楊億の記述と合致する。
- According to the Kotofu (Imperial family record) recorded since Emperor Jinmu, Emperor Enyu was indeed the 64th emperor, and this fact matched Youoku's information.
- 天正5年(1577年)に丹波亀山城を築いて入部したのが、亀岡の近世的な始まりといわれる。
- In 1577, Mitsuhide entered the domain and built Tanba-Kameyama-jo Castle, marking the beginning of the early-modern times of Kameoka.
- 砂漠化や乾燥化の多くは、旱魃などによる軽度の水不足によって植物が枯死することから始まる。
- Desertification and advancing the dry state of land mostly starts when plants are blighted due to a slight shortage of water, for example, caused by dry weather.
- 5月、上野へ帰った新田義貞は生品神社において挙兵し、東山道を西進して鎌倉進撃を開始した。
- In May, Yoshisada NITTA, who had already returned to Kozuke Province, raised his army in Ikushina-jinja Shrine, and his forces started to advance on Kamakura heading westward on Tosan-do Road.
- なお、近年の日本史学界においては戦国時代_(日本)の始期をこの事件に求める有力説がある。
- In recent years, in the field of Japanese history there is an influential theory that regards this incident as the beginning of the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- しかしこれを契機に諸国の反平氏勢力が兵を挙げ、全国的な動乱である治承・寿永の乱が始まる。
- However, the uprising provided an opportunity for forces throughout the provinces that opposed the Taira clan to mobilize, leading to the breakout of the Genpei War (the war between the Minamoto and the Taira; in Japanese it is called the Jisho-Juei War, so named for the two eras in which it occurred), an uprising that was truly countrywide in scale.
- 大正時代、山を登る参拝客に精をつけてもらおうと麓の店が提供したのが始まりといわれている。
- It is said that tororo soba originated during the Taisho period, when a restaurant at the foot of Mt. Takao served buckwheat noodles with the grated yam topping to boost energy of worshippers who were on their way up to the temple on the mountain-top.
- 鰻料理は注文を受けてから調理を始めることが多く、鰻重も同様であり急ぎの食事には適さない。
- Since broiled eel is often cooked after an order has been placed, it is not a meal to be consumed when one is in a hurry.
- 遠州流(えんしゅうりゅう)は小堀政一(政一)に始まる小堀氏に伝わる武家茶道の一派である。
- Enshu school is a style of tea ceremony initiated by Masakazu KOBORI and passed on in the Kobori family.
- これが多々良氏の初見であり、この頃すでに在庁官人として大きな勢力を持ち始めたと推定される。
- This was the first appearance of the Tatara clan, and it is supposed that it had already started to have a great power as a Zaichokanjin around those days.
- 目安として、台湾や華南では、5月中旬ごろに梅雨前線による長雨が始まり6月下旬ごろに終わる。
- As rough indication, in Taiwan and South China, a long rain by the baiu front begins aroung the middle of May and ends around the end of June.
- しかし、『鴨氏始祖伝』では鴨氏には複数あり、葛城と葛野の賀茂氏は別の氏族であるとしている。
- However, 'Kamoshi shisoden' (a book about the roots of the Kamo clan) states that there were several Kamo clans, and the Kamo clans in Katsuragi and Kadono were different.
- 藤原為家(藤原定家の子)の子である冷泉為相(母は『十六夜日記』で有名な阿仏尼)から始まる。
- The family originated with Tamesuke REIZEI (whose mother was Abutsuni, priestess Abutsu and the author of 'Izayoi Nikki'), who was the son of FUJIWARA no Tameie (the son of FUJIWARA no Sadaie).
- 7世紀末から8世紀初頭に始まった律令制では、人民一人ひとりを租税収取の基礎単位としていた。
- In the ritsuryo system (system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes), which started around the end of the seventh century or the beginning of the eighth century, the basic unit for tax collection was every single person.
- 9世紀中葉ごろから、郡司・富豪層が運搬する進納物資を略奪する群盗海賊の横行が目立ち始めた。
- Starting around the middle of the ninth century, robbers and pirates who plundered goods conveyed by the gunji or rich and powerful persons became rampant.
- 反面、一般の間の歴史像と近年の研究成果との乖離が広がっていることも近年指摘され始めている。
- On the other hand, it has begun to be pointed out recently that the images of history possessed by the general public have become increasingly diversified from recent research results.
- 家康に死守を命じられていた元忠はこれを拒絶し、西軍は大挙して伏見城を包囲、攻撃を開始した。
- Mototada, who had been told to defend the castle to the death by Ieyasu, refused this order, and the western army surrounded Fushimi-jo Castle and started attacking.
- 11世紀後期からは太上天皇が治天の君(事実上の君主)となって政務に当たる院政が開始された。
- In the latter half of the 11th century, the Cloister Government started, whereby Daijo Tenno (retired Emperor) became the Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) and influenced political affairs.
- 幕府においては、年始及び征夷大将軍就任時に初めて評定衆を集めて開く評定の際に行われていた。
- Hyojohajime of the bakufu was conducted at the New Year and at the first consultation that convened hyojoshu (the members of the Council of State) after a seii taishogun (lieterally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') assumed the post.
- 観光ボランティアガイドは、1990年代の前半に注目され始め、1995年以降各地で急増した。
- Tourism volunteer guides began to come to attention in the first half of 1990s and their numbers rapidly increased throughout the country from 1995.
- あるいは、名古屋女学校(現在の名古屋女子大学)の創始者越原春子が考案したともいわれている。
- However, some say it was designed by Haruko KOSHIHARA, the founder of Nagoya Girls' School (currently, Nagoya Women's University).
- しかしこのころから神戸・西宮あたりの灘目三郷が新興の醸造地域としてすでに注目を集め始める。
- However, Nadame sango (three sake-brewing districts in Nada) around Kobe and Nishinomiya had already begun to gather attention as new brewing districts since around this time.
- 「鎌倉時代」あるいは「鎌倉幕府」の始まりをどこに置くかは、研究者によって見解が分かれている。
- Opinions on when the 'Kamakura period' or 'Kamakura bakufu' started are divided.
- 平安京の造営は、まず宮城(大内裏)から始められ、続いて京(市街)の造営を進めたと考えられる。
- The building of Heian-kyo is presumed to have started from the greater imperial palace (Daidairi), and then continued to the Kyo (urban district).
- 農作物として甘藷の栽培や山菜加工が開始される一方、キャンプ場などのアウトドア施設が作られた。
- Growing of sweet potatoes and the processing of wild vegetables has been initiated, with outdoor facilities including camp sites having been constructed.
- 現在では新暦1月1日(元日)に宮中三殿(賢所・皇霊殿・神殿)で行われる年始を祝う祭祀である。
- At present, it is a religious service to celebrate the beginning of New Year, which is held at the Three Shrines in the Imperial Court (Kashikodokoro (Palace Sanctuary), Korei-den (Imperial Ancestor's Shrine), Shin-den (Shrine) on the first day of the first month of the year (New Year's Day) in New calendar (solar calendar).
- 一説によると天皇号の使用も天武天皇が始めたとされる(天皇号の始まりは推古天皇説などもある)。
- According to one estimate the Emperor Tenmu (Tenmu Tenno) started using the Title of Emperor (Tenno). (some say the Emperor Suiko started using the title.)
- 1333年(元弘3年 / 正慶2年)に鎌倉幕府が滅亡し、父の後醍醐天皇が建武の新政を始めた。
- When Kamakura bakufu fell in 1333, his father Emperor Godaigo started the Kenmu Restoration.
- 守護が荘園領主から年貢徴収を請け負う守護請も活発に行われ始め、守護による荘園支配が強まった。
- Shugouke, where shugos undertook the collection of nengu from lords of shoen, started to be done actively and shugos' governance of shoens was strengthened.
- 1985年、それまでの男子学部学生のみという入寮資格を拡大し、女子学生の受け入れを開始した。
- Although it used to permit only male undergraduates to enter the dormitory, it started to accept female students from 1985.
- この頃になると、直接の耕作者である作人の耕作権が作職として確立し、惣村の形成が見られ始めた。
- By this period, the right to cultivate by sakunin (local cultivators) was established as saku-shiki (the right of the cultivator), and the formation of soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) began to appear.
- 鎌倉幕府の成立をもって新たな時代区分が開始したとされ、この時点が平安時代の終期とされている。
- This new period of history is considered to have started with the establishment of Kamakura bakufu and this point is regarded as the end of the Heian period.
- 第一次遣唐使は、630年(舒明2)の犬上御田鍬(いぬかみのみたすき)の派遣によって始まった。
- The first Japanese mission to Tang China was made by INUKAMI no Mitasuki in 630.
- 講道館創始者嘉納治五郎も修行時代に柳生心眼流の棒術やその他の棒を学び、その効用を認めている。
- Jigoro KANO, the founder of the Kodokan Judo Institute, learned Bojutsu from the Yagyushingan school and other Bojutsu during his training period, and admitted its utility.
- 起源は諸説があるが、天保時代に吉野川の船頭が、家族の自給用や副業として始めた説が有力である。
- There are many opinions about its origin, and the dominant theory is that a boatman in the Yoshino-gawa River started producing it to feed his own family and as a side business in Tenpo era.
- (b)(c)をこま結びにした後、残った紐を(a)に重ね、適当なところで紐にはさんで始末する。
- Tie [b] and [c] in a leaf knot, overlap the remaining strap on [a] and put it behind the strap at the appropriate place.
- 室町時代から桃山時代にかけて壺、甕、皿、徳利などの日用品を多く産出したのが始まりといわれる。
- This area manufactured lots of ware for daily use such as jars, pots, plates and sake bottles in the Muromachi and Momoyama periods.
- 各旅館とも団体客向けから女性客や家族客などを対象とした改装が相次ぎ、その成果が見え始めている。
- The inns were successively renovated to attract tourists who are females and families but large parties of tourists, and it is coming to fruition.
- 梅雨の時季が始まることを梅雨入り(入梅)、梅雨が終わって夏になることを梅雨明け(出梅)と言う。
- If the season of baiu begins, it is called 'tsuyuiri (or 'nyubai')' and if it ends and the summer begins it is called 'tsuyuake (or 'shutsubai').'
- ただし、これらの伝説は江戸時代の史書に始めて現れるもので、同時代史料とは合わず、史実ではない。
- However, the above legends appear in historical materials of the Edo period for the first time; since they do not conform to the materials of the time during which he lived, these legends are not ture to facts.
- 1978年埼玉県稲荷山古墳から出土した金錯銘鉄剣に、大彦命から始まる8代の系譜が刻まれている。
- The pedigree of the eight generations of emperors starting from Obiko no Mikoto is inscribed on the blade of a gold-inlaid sword excavated from the Inariyama-kofun tumulus in Saitama Prefecture in 1978.
- 1951年(昭和26年)以来、宮中で行われる歌会始の講師(こうじ)を務め、披講会会長を務めた。
- Since 1951, he served as a koji (presenter of poems) of the ceremony of the Utakai Hajime (Imperial New Year's Poetry Reading) held in the Imperial court and the chairman of hikokai (a group of descendants of the former nobility who serve the New Year Imperial Poetry Reading Party).
- 元来は九条家の諸大夫だった富小路俊通が二条家の庶家を自称する形で従三位に昇ったことから始まる。
- This family originated from the fact that Toshimichi TOMINOKOJI who was originally a shodaibu (aristocrat lower than Kugyo) of the Kujo family, and was promoted to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) by insisting that his family was a branch family of the Nijo family.
- そして平家は京の内裏警護の為に、おそらくは国衙を通じて、諸国の武士の在京勤務、大番役を始める。
- Furthermore, the Taira family performed duties in Kyoto and Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) of bushi of various provinces perhaps through kokuga in order to guard dairi (Imperial Palace) of Kyoto.
- 武士階級が天皇・貴族階級と分離し新たな支配体制を求めて幕府を開き、封建政治を始めた時代である。
- As the warrior class separated from the Emperor and the aristocratic class and became a distinct entity in itself, it created the bakufu out of its search for a new method of government; this ushered in the age of feudal government in Japan.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)、後醍醐天皇らが鎌倉幕府を滅ぼして建武の新政を開始し、武家政権は中断する。
- In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Emperor Godaigo and his people destroyed the Kamakura bakufu and started the Kenmu Restoration, and thus the military government was discontinued.
- 残存していた荘園制度等の旧制度が急速に崩壊し始めると、新しい価値観を身につけた勢力が登場した。
- As remaining outdated systems, including the manorial system, began to collapse quickly, social powers having new values came to the fore.
- 議定の始まる前に宗盛・時忠・藤原隆季・藤原邦綱が集まり、高倉上皇の御前で「内議」を行っている。
- But before the public meeting started, Munemori, Tokitada, FUJIWARA no Takasue, and FUJIWARA no Kunitsuna had gathered and met for a private conference with retired emperor Takakura.
- 日本六古窯のひとつであり、中世より窖窯によって壺、甕、擂鉢、硯などの焼き物づくりが始められた。
- One of the 'Six Old Kilns of Japan,' where pottery including jars, pots and mortars (suribachi) have been produced using Anagama since around the end of the Middle Ages.
- 漢字の伝来により、漢字を使って日本の言葉を記す努力が始まり、この表記法は時代とともに変化した。
- With Chinese characters having been brought to Japan, efforts to record Japanese language with Chinese characters started, and the orthography changed with the times.
- 領内では毛利次郎の乱をはじめとする国人による反乱が相次ぎ、家督をめぐる一族内部での争いが始まる。
- In their territories, several rebellions by kokujin, such as the War of Jiro MORI, occurred repeatedly.
- 政季が築城を開始して忠季が1495年(明応4年)頃に修築を完了したのが、檜山安東氏城館跡である。
- The site of the Hiyama Ando clan's castle, is which Masasue began constructing and Tadasue completed the restoration in 1495.
- 比良招福温泉は2007年2月に掘削が開始され、同年11月に掘削が成功した比較的新しい温泉である。
- Hira-shofuku onsen is a comparatively new hot spring for which drilling was begun in February 2007 and succeeded in November of the same year.
- 日本の歴史の飛鳥時代の始まりはいつなのか諸説あるが、推古天皇の即位を基準にするのが一般的である。
- Although there are various theories as to when the Asuka period in the history of Japan began but it is general to regard enthronement of Emperor Suiko as the beginning.
- 室町将軍に仕えた「始祖」・住友忠重の子・頼定は、足利義晴に仕え、頼定の子・定信は刑部承と称した。
- The 'earliest ancestor,' Tadashige SUMITOMO, who served Shogun Muromachi, had a son called Yorisada who served Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, and Yorisada's son Sadanobu called himself Osakabe-sho.
- 講書始(こうしょはじめ)とは毎年1月に天皇の学問始の一環として学者による進講を行う皇室年中行事。
- Koshohajime (New Year lecture in the court) is an annual event of the Imperial court in which Shinko (Scholars give a lecture or explain achievements to the Emperor, the Empress, and the nobility) is given by scholars as a part of the Emperor's start of learning in January every year.
- 家名の由来は冷泉家の始祖である冷泉為相が鎌倉幕府と親しく、鎌倉の藤ヶ谷に長らく住したことによる。
- The family name originated with Tamesuke REIZEI, the founding member of the REIZEI family, who was close to the Kamakura bakufu and lived a long life at Fujigayatsu in Kamakura.
- 時代が下ると、荘官の武士化が始まり、鎌倉時代には荘官が鎌倉幕府から地頭に任じられる例も見られた。
- In later eras, shokan began to work like samurai, and in some cases in the Kamakura period, some shokan were even appointed as jito (manager and lord of manor) by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- また、宗親・両班の生活の拠点が都市から在地の荘園に移り、積極的な経営に乗り出す姿勢を見せ始めた。
- And the living bases of Soshin and Yangban moved from cities to local manors and they started to show aggressive management.
- 日本の荘園は、奈良時代に律令制下で農地増加を図るために墾田私有を認めたことに始まる(初期荘園)。
- Japanese shoens started when the private ownership of newly cultivated land was allowed to increase the farmland under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) during Nara period (shoki shoen (early shoen)).
- これらの権限を根拠として、守護は守護使を荘園・公領へ派遣し、段銭・兵糧・人夫などを徴発し始めた。
- Based on these authorities, Shugo sent Shugotsukai (messenger from Shugo) to shoen and koryo, starting to requisition tansen, army provisions and laborers.
- 十世紀始めの「延喜式」には全国の牧が定められているが、牧は信濃国、上野国、武蔵国に集中している。
- The 'Engishiki' (an ancient book of codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) during the early tenth century designated maki around Japan, but maki was concentrated around Shinano, Kozuke, and Musashi provinces.
- そこで10世紀前期頃から中央政府は、軍事警察権を国司に委任するという現実的な政策を採用し始めた。
- In order to cope with such situations, the central government started to adopt from the early 10th century a realistic policy, meaning the delegation of military and police authorities to kokushi.
- この他に、一般の和歌教室で、講師や生徒が年始に歌を披露しあう集いを「歌会始」と呼ぶところもある。
- Another 'Utakai Hajime' is a New Year's meeting at ordinary waka schools where teachers and students present waka.
- 日本六古窯のひとつであり、中世末期頃より窖窯によって壺、甕、擂鉢などの焼き物づくりが始められた。
- One of the 'Six Old Kilns of Japan,' where pottery including jars, pots and mortars (suribachi) have been produced using Anagama since around the end of the Middle Ages.
- 彼らを主役に、そしてまだ10歳そこそこの息子たちを出演させて、「教育映画」を製作、発表し始めた。
- He put them in leading roles, had his sons who were around 10 years old take parts, and began to produce and release 'educational films.'
- 会名を「日本書道作振会」としたこの団体は豊道春海の尽力により結成し、ここに近代書壇史が始まった。
- This body named 'Nihon Shodo Sakushin Kai' (literally, an association for promoting calligraphy in Japan) was organized through efforts of Shunkai BUNDO, starting the history of the modern calligraphic society in Japan.
- 丹羽長秀や柴田勝家を始め、中国軍団の豊臣秀吉を除く織田軍団の各軍を総動員する大規模なものだった。
- Beginning with Nagahide NIWA and Katsuie SHIBATA, it was a great parade that mobilized every armies of the Oda army, with the exception of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI who headed the Chugoku army.
- 講師が「年の始めに、同じく、(お題)ということを仰せ事に依りて、詠める歌」と言い、披講が始まる。
- Koji (a presenter of poems) says 'at the beginning of the New Year, as usual, poems on the theme of - are presented on the orders of the Emperor,' and this starts the recitation of poems.
- キャンペーンが開始される前年度(2003年度)には、日本人海外旅行者数が1,652万人であった。
- In the year before the campaign was launched (2003), the number of Japanese tourists travelling abroad was 16,520,000.
- 定刻になると、馬場殿から継上下着用の役人が来て、毬奉行に打毬を開始するようにという君命を伝える。
- When the time comes, an official wearing Tsugi kamishimo (a ceremonial dress of the warrior class) appears from Umaba dono (a palace in the middle of a horse-riding ground) to tell Maribugyo the order of the lord to start a game of Dakyu.
- 「縁者が摂津で酒造りを始めたところ良い出来であったので、その子孫が池田郷に住んで酒造家になった」
- Then, since their relatives began brewing liquor in Settsu Province and it was good, their descendants moved to Ikeda district and became brewers.'
- 江戸時代初期に八坂神社の門前で水茶屋を営業したのが始まりで以後、花街として発展し正式に許可された。
- Gion Kobu started with the opening of a tea house in front of the gate of the Yasaka-jinja Shrine in the beginning of the Edo period; thereafter, Gion Kobu flourished as a hanamachi and received official approval.
- 足利義氏の四男・義継が、兄長氏と同じく三河国吉良荘を本拠とし、「吉良」を名乗りとしたことに始まる。
- it originated from when, the fourth son of the Ashikaga clan Yoshitugu settled his home base at Kiranosho in Mikawa Province, the same as his older brother Osauji, and then he commenced calling himself, 'Kira.'
- 峰山町丹波は8世紀始めには丹波国丹波郡丹波里といわれたところで、丹波国の中心地であったと見られる。
- Tanba, Mineyama-cho was called Tanba-sato, Tanba County, Tanba Province in the beginning of the eighth century, and is thought to have been the center of Tanba Province.
- このため近年2004年(平成16年)、地域活性化の一環として源泉を再ボーリングをしたことに始まる。
- It has become popular since the re-boring of the fountainhead in 2004 which was conducted as a part of a local revitalization campaign.
- この説によれば、いわゆる万世一系は否定され、出自不明の第26代・継体天皇から新たな大王家が始まる。
- This theory denies so-called unbroken imperial line and says that a new great king's family was founded by the twenty-sixth Japanese Emperor Keitai whose origin is unknown.
- その後冷泉天皇にもついに世継ぎができなかったため、彼女の死が摂関家の斜陽の始まりであったといえる。
- As Emperor Goreizei had no heirs after all, we might say that her death was the beginning of the decline of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor).
- 幕府滅亡後に後醍醐天皇により開始された建武の新政で、護良は征夷大将軍、兵部省に任じられて上洛した。
- In the Kenmu Restoration started by Emperor Godaigo after the bakufu was overthrown, Morinaga was assigned to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and Hyobusho (ministry of military) and went to Kyoto.
- 1911年から第一次拡張事業が始まり、橿原神宮は創建時の2万159坪から3万600坪に拡張される。
- The first enlargement project started in 1911, and Kashihara Jingu Shrine was enlarged from 20,159 tsubo (a unit of land measurement; 3.95 square yards; 3.31 square meters) at the time of establishment to 30,600 tsubo.
- 慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いでは始め西軍に属するが、途中から東軍へと寝返り大津城に篭もる。
- In the battle of Sekigahara in 1600, he first belonged to the Western Alliance, but in the middle of the battle he switched to join the Eastern alliance and entrenched himself at Otsu-jo Catsle.
- 江戸時代に入ると幕府は寛永通宝の流通を始め貨幣政策を強化したため、私鋳銭は徐々に姿を消していった。
- In the Edo period, however, as the bakufu enforced its policy on currency by starting to circulate Kanei Tsuho coins, shichusen gradually disappeared.
- 時代が下ると荘官の武士化が始まり、鎌倉時代以降は、荘官が鎌倉幕府から地頭に任じられる例も見られた。
- As time passed, shokan started to become samurai, and from the Kamakura period and on, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed shokan to jito (managers and lords of a manor).
- なお、使節遵行が始まった鎌倉後期以降、使節遵行に係る費用は相論当事者である荘園領主の負担とされた。
- Since the late Kamakura period when the system of shisetsu jungyo began, the expenses associated with the shisetsu jungyo was at the lord of the manor's.
- 鎌倉時代の歴史書『愚管抄』は、この乱が「武者ノ世」の始まりであり、歴史の転換点だったと論じている。
- 'Gukansho,' a history book in the Kamakura period, describes this disturbance as the beginning of the 'warrior's world' and a turning point in history.
- 摂関政治による諸課題への取り組みに成果が見られ始めたのが、11世紀前期~中期にかけての時期である。
- In the early to middle of the 11th century, the regency's approaches of the various problems began to pay off.
- 1863年(文久3年)に地元旧家の小松清治が、寺内焼の陶工を招き窯を作らせたのが始まりといわれる。
- The birth of Naraoka ware dates back to 1863, when Seiji KOMATSU, a member of an old local family, invited a potter of the Terauchi ware style to construct a kiln.
- 古田重然の創始による流儀で、侘茶法と式正茶法の両伝があると織部流十七世を称した浅野牧仙が提唱した。
- It was founded by Shigenari FURUTA, and the seventeenth Master of the Oribe School, Bokusen ASANO, proposed that there were two traditions, Wabi-cha and Shikisei Oribe.
- 前作完結後に「外伝」として「花よりも花の如く」「天の響」の2編が描かれた後、正式に連載が始まった。
- After the completion of 'NATURAL,' 'Hanayorimo Hananogotoku' and 'Tenno Hibiki' (Hear in Heaven) were drawn as side stories, and then the 'Hanayorimo Hananogotoku' series was officially started.
- CVSが定着し始めた1980年代中頃、おにぎりの開封方法は各社で規格が異なり統一されていなかった。
- In the mid-1980's when CVS has begun to take root in Japan, each company had own method to open a package of onigiri and the standard was not unified.
- 『升色紙』においては、右から左へ行が進行した後、最後の行が書き始めの行より右に戻って書かれている。
- In the 'Masu-shikishi,' the lines go from right to left and then the last line is written to the right of the first line.
- 掘削を行ったホリデーアフタヌーンにより宿泊および日帰りの入浴が開始されたのが2008年11月である。
- Overnight and one-day bath service was begun in November 2008 by Holiday Afternoon which conducted drilling.
- 1967年9月10日に着工、1971年4月16日に貫通し、湖西線開業の1974年から使用開始された。
- Construction started on September 10, 1967, completed on April 16, 1971, and the tunnel opened in 1974, when the Kosei Line was inaugurated.
- 「食用魚として期待が大きく養殖が開始されましたが、今このような結果になったことに心を痛めています。」
- Cultivation of bluegill was started with large expectation that the fish is useful as edible fish, but I regret that the bluegill has inflicted serious damage on the ecosystem of Japan.'
- 親藩(しんぱん)は、江戸時代の藩の分類の一つで、徳川家康の男系男子・子孫が始祖となっている藩を指す。
- Shinpan is one of the classifications of clans during the Edo period, that distinguished the clans forefathers as male descendants through a line of males from Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 幕府軍は火攻めを計画して左義長(爆竹)を用意し、道を整えた上で、12月21日早朝に総攻撃を開始した。
- The shogunal forces resolved to attack the city with fire, and having prepared sagicho rockets (a kind of firecracker), they got the road ready before launching another general attack in the early morning of January 25, 1400.
- 忠平執政期ごろに、有力百姓層(富豪層)へ土地経営と納税を請け負わせる名田もしくは負名が開始していた。
- Around the time of Tadahira's administration, Myoden (rice field lots under the control of nominal holders) or Fumyo (tillers of public rice fields) were started; under either system, powerful farmers (the rich class) undertook management of rice fields and tax payments.
- もともとは、皇族・貴族が集い和歌(短歌)を披露しあう「歌会」のうち、その年の始めに行なうものを指す。
- It originally refers to 'Utakai' in which the Imperial Family and the nobility read waka (traditional Japanese poems of thirty-one syllables) at the beginning of the New Year.
- 若者もカラオケに夢中になる様になり、日本のポップスもカラオケ向けの楽曲作りとマーケティングが始まる。
- Young people also became fascinated with karaoke and writing and marketing of Japanese pop songs for karaoke started too.
- 欽明天皇13年(552年)、漢字と同様に朝鮮半島を経て仏教(大乗仏教)が伝来し、仏典の書写が始まる。
- In 552, the era of Emperor Kinmei, Buddhism (Mahayana Buddhism) was brought to Japan via the Korean peninsula as Chinese characters were, and Buddhist scriptures came to be copied.
- 歌会始の模様は日本放送協会のNHK総合テレビジョン・NHK衛星第2テレビジョンで全国に生放送される。
- Utakai Hajime is broadcast live throughout Japan on NHK Sogo television (NHK General TV) and NHK Satellite 2nd Television of Japan Broadcasting Corporation.
- しかし始めは三斎の家臣の佐藤将監に茶を学び、のちに三斎についたとされ、許しを得て一派を興したという。
- It is said that he at first learned the tea ceremony from Shogen SATO, a vassal of Sansai, and then he became the disciple of Sansai himself, and eventually started his own school upon receiving the permission from his master.
- 日本では江戸時代初期に翻刻された『飛鴻堂印譜』に感化を受けた書家や文人によって遊印が作成され始めた。
- In Japan, yuin came to be made by the calligraphers and men of literature influenced by 'Hikodo inpu' reprinted in early Edo period.
- 起源は慶長18年(1613年)、江戸幕府が宇治茶の献上を命じる宇治採茶師を派遣したのが始まりである。
- It started in 1613 when the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) dispatched Uji saicha shi to order the presentation of Uji tea leaves to the bakufu.
- 斯波氏は、足利家氏が陸奥国の斯波郡(岩手県紫波郡)を所領としたことから斯波氏と称するのを始まりとする。
- The Shiba clan originally took its name from the area called Shiba-gun County (Shiba-gun, Iwate Prefecture) of Mutsu Province where Ieuji ASHIKAGA became a ruler.
- 三輪山は、おそらく縄文時代、あるいは弥生時代から、自然物崇拝をする原始信仰の対象であったとされている。
- It is said that Mt. Miwa has been worshipped as a god, perhaps, since Jomon period or Yayoi period, as an object of primitive belief in natural objects.
- 敷地内に建設が予定されている新庁舎は、2008年春頃に完成し、同年7月に新庁舎での業務を開始する予定。
- A new government office is scheduled to be constructed around the spring of 2008 in the same premises and will be used as the government office starting in July of 2008.
- 太平洋戦争が迫りくるなかで、日本政府と軍部は各種の鉱産物の不足に直面し、国産化を促進する努力を始めた。
- As the Pacific War loomed, the Japanese government and the military faced shortages of various mineral products and launched efforts to boost their domestic production.
- 延暦23年(804年)、父の小倉王の上表により清原真人姓を賜り臣籍降下、後世に続く清原氏の始祖となる。
- Following the instructions of his father, Prince Ogura, he received the name KIYOHARA no Mahito in 804 and demoted from nobility to subject, becoming the founder of the Kiyohara clan, which continued for generations.
- ただし、在地レベルでは公家側の経済的支配権が、現地の武士(地頭)らに侵食されるケースが現れ始めていた。
- In local areas, however, some cases where the rights of the kuge side to financial control were encroached by local samurai (jito) (manager and lord of manor) began to appear.
- この間に藤原北家の藤原良房が嵯峨上皇と皇太后橘嘉智子(檀林皇太后)の信任を得て急速に台頭し始めていた。
- Meanwhile, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa belonging to the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan began to gain power rapidly by winning the confidence of the Retired Emperor Saga and the Empress Dowager TACHIBANA no Kachiko (Empress Dowager Danrin).
- 彼らの多くは、似たような状況下に置かれた農民達に同情的な者も多く、一揆側に寝返る者が現れる始末だった。
- Many of such samurai were sympathetic to peasants who lived in the similar conditions, and eventually, some of them even went over to the side of ikki.
- 3月になって攻防戦が開始され、戦端が開かれたが、糧道にて尼子軍のゲリラ戦術を受け兵站の補給に苦しんだ。
- In April battle commenced, but they encountered guerrilla attacks from the Amago army and suffered from a shortage of military supplies.
- 駿府に進軍した新政府の東海道軍は、3月6日の軍議において江戸城総攻撃を3月15日と定め、準備を始めた。
- The Tosando-gun army of the new government, which had advanced to Sumpu, decided at a council of war on March 29 to launch a full-scale attack on Edo Castle on April 7 and began preparing for it.
- 中央政権としての幕府権力を支えていた幕府-守護体制に大きな動揺が見られ始めたのは1490年前後である。
- Major scale commotions in the bakufu-shugo system that supported the power of the bakufu as the central government is observed as commencing in the period around 1490.
- 万作を始め6世野村万蔵の五男・野村万之介や長男・野村萬斎、弟子の石田幸雄を中心に幅広い活動を展開する。
- This group includes Mansaku, his first son Mansai NOMURA, Mannosuke NOMURA who is the fifth son of Manzo NOMURA the sixth, and their follower Yukio ISHIDA, and with all of them leading the group, it has been active in a variety of fields.
- 安永9年(1780年)に売れっ子作家・朋誠堂喜三二の黄表紙を出版したのを手始めに本格的に出版業を拡大。
- In 1780, he published a kibyoshi by a popular writer, Kisanji HOSEIDO as a start, and then fully expanded his publishing business.
- 同年に松竹蒲田撮影所を退社した勝見庸太郎が設立した「勝見庸太郎プロダクション」と、提携製作を開始する。
- In the same year, the company began to cooperate with 'Katsumi Yotaro Production' that was established by Yotaro KATSUMI after he resigned from Shochiku Kamata Studio.
- 持広は弓場始(的始め)の式に伺候するとともに、小的、草鹿、賭弓、円物、百手的などを上覧に入れるなどした。
- Mochihiro waited upon at ceremonies of yuba hajime (Mato-hajime [first shoot in beginning of year]) and showed Komato (the target board which is used for shooting an arrow and whose diameter is under 36.4 centimeters), Kusajishi (the target board which has a shape of a deer for shooting an arrow), Nori-yumi (betting on a shooting), Marumono (the round target board for shooting an arrow), Momotemato (to shoot 2 arrows 100 time) to the Emperor.
- 大内教弘の子・大内政弘は、応仁元年(1467年)から始まる応仁の乱で西軍の山名宗全に属して勇名を馳せた。
- Norihiro OUCHI's son, Masahiro OUCHI belonged to Sozen YAMANA in the western camp at the Onin War starting from 1467, and won his name as a warrior.
- 小早川茂平の三男・ 小早川雅平が沼田本荘などを与えられ、高山城 (安芸国)を本拠としたのが始まりである。
- The clan started when Masahira KOBAYAKAWA, the third son of Shigehira KOBAYAKAWA, settled in the Takayama-jo Castle (Aki Province) after receiving the estate of Nuta Honjo, etc.
- 1979年4月 国土庁(現・国土交通省)が、京阪奈丘陵における学術研究都市の基本構想のために調査を開始。
- April, 1979: National Land Agency (present Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) started an investigation for compiling a basic concept for constructing a science city on the Keihanna hill.
- 安芸武田氏は5代武田信光の時代に承久の乱の戦功によって鎌倉幕府より安芸国守護に任じられたことから始まる。
- The history of the Aki-Takeda clan dates back to the time when the fifth head Nobumitsu TAKEDA was appointed to shugo of Aki Province thanks to his distinguished war service during the Jokyu War.
- 後には、様々な展開を見せ始め、一般の商品も取り扱うようになって室町時代には問屋へと展開するものもあった。
- As a result of expansion of their business, Toimaru began handling other general goods, and by the Muromachi period, some of them had also started the wholesale business.
- 惣村による一揆を土一揆(つちいっき)というが、土一揆は15世紀前期に始まり15世紀中期~後期に多発した。
- The uprising of a soson was called a Tsuchi uprising (peasants' uprising); such uprisings began to occur in the early fifteenth century but became more frequent in the middle and late portions of the century.
- 平安時代から「知行」の語が使用され始め、以降、各時代ごとに「知行」の意味する範囲は微妙に変化していった。
- Use of the term, chigyo, started during the Heian period, and the range of control indicated by 'chigyo' varied depending on each era.
- 更に20世紀末期頃から、かつて荘園だった史実がその地方のアイデンティティを形成する事例が増え始めている。
- Moreover, from the late twentieth century, the local areas increasingly form the identities by the historical fact that they were formerly shoens.
- 2009年4月25日、産経新聞紙上で松本紘総長が「寮自治会と建て替えに向けた話し合いを開始した」と公表。
- On April 25, 2009, the president of Kyoto University Hiroshi MATSUMOTO announced in the Sankei Shimbun saying 'the university started a consultation with the dormitory council concerning the reconstruction of Yoshida dormitory.'
- こういった現象は滅多に目にすることができない珍しい現象であるが、中国北部を始め日本などでも観測例がある。
- Although rarely seen, such phenomena were actually observed in Japan as well as in the northern part of China.
- しかし、9世紀前期までには、百姓の逃亡・浮浪が著しく増大し、律令制の人別支配は根幹から動揺し始めていた。
- However, by the first half of the ninth century, the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system began to crumble from the ground up because a significant increase in the number of farmers escaping or going missing.
- 後醍醐天皇は父である後宇多天皇に代り1324年から親政を開始し、記録荘園券契所の再興などの政治を始める。
- Emperor Godaigo started direct governance in 1324 in the stead of his father, Emperor Gouda, and started policies such as re-establishing the Office for the Investigation of Estate Documents (Kiroku Shoen Kenkeijo).
- また大内氏の直奏による大宰大弐の獲得に始まる戦国大名の勢力拡大の実利目的の官職任免もされるようになった。
- Moreover, appointment and dismissal of the government post for utilitarian purposes to expand the power of the daimyo in the Sengoku period, starting from acquisition of Dazai no daini (the next seat position of Dazaifu) by directly reporting to the throne of the Ouchi clan, also began.
- 古代の始期については古代国家の形成時期をめぐって見解が分かれており、3世紀説、5世紀説、7世紀説がある。
- Concerning the start of the ancient times, there are the following opinions about the era when an ancient state was formed: the 3rd century, the 5th century, and the 7th century
- 昭和50年代後半になると、足の衰えが顕著になり始め、「一世一代」と銘打たれた興行も見られるようになった。
- In the years from 1975 to 1980, it became noticeable that his legs were weakened, so a performance labeled as 'once in a lifetime' started to be played.
- 米法山水(べいほうさんすい)は、中国、宋代の文人画家、米芾・米友仁父子が始めたと伝えられる水墨山水画法。
- the Mifa shanshui is a style of Sansui-ga (Chinese-style landscape painting) with ink that Futsu BEI and his son Mi Youren, literati painters during Sung dynasty in China, are reported to have started
- 川上家浜町派は不白の高弟の川上宗什が浜町に居を構えたのに始まり、代々久留米藩有馬家の茶道役を務めていた。
- The Kawakami Hamacho school was originated by Soju KAWAKAMI, a leading student of Fuhaku who established himself in Hamacho, and successive generations served as tea masters to the Arima family in the Kurume clan.
- 杜氏になるには、飯焚(かしき / ままたき / めしたき)から始め、全工程に習熟するまで数十年を要した。
- When a person wanted to become a toji, he had to start his career from a position called kashiki (also called mamataki or meshitaki), which literally means a servant who cooks rice, and it took a few decades for him to learn all steps of brewing.
- のちに天明3年(1783年)に書かれた『柴田家文書酒造り始之由来』によればと次のような主旨の記述がある。
- According to 'the Shibata family document: The origin of sake brewing' which was written later in 1783, there are descriptions as follows.
- 4日に堀尾吉晴・蜂須賀正勝を立会人にして宗治の自刃の検分を行い、後始末の後に5日から6日にかけて撤兵した。
- On June 4, Muneharu's jijin was confirmed by Yoshiharu HORIO and Masakatsu HACHISUKA as eye witnesses, and Hideyoshi withdrew his forces from June 5 to 6 after settling the aftermath.
- このため事態は一刻を争うと見た局長の近藤勇は単独行動に踏み切り、近藤隊と土方隊の二手に分け捜索を開始する。
- That is why the boss, Isami KONDO, knowing that every moment counted, acted alone by splitting their members into two squads under KONDO and HIJIKATA and began the search.
- その後、皇室の儀式としての奠饌幣や天皇の拝礼と「御誄」の奏上、皇后を始めとする皇族や親族の拝礼が行われた。
- After that, the Imperial Family performed some private ceremonies such as Tensenpei (a Shinto rite to present Shinto offerings such as cloth, paper, and rope), the present Emperor's prayer, a speech called 'Onrui' (a condolence message by the Emperor), and prayer by the Empress, other Imperial Family members, and their relatives.
- 35年(6年)、河内国の高石池や茅渟(ちぬ)池を始め、諸国に多くの池溝を開いて、農業を盛んにしたと伝える。
- On February 15 in the year 6, he is reported to have built ponds and canals in many provinces, including Takaishi-ike Pond and Chinu-ike Pond in Kawachi Province, in order to promote agriculture.
- 貞敬親王は子宝に恵まれ、第一王子で伏見宮を継いだ伏見宮邦家親王を始め梨本宮守脩親王ら多くの王子女を儲けた。
- Imperial Prince Sadayuki had many children including Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Kuniie, who was his first son and the heir to the Fushiminomiya family, and Imperial Prince Nashimotonomiya Moriosa and others.
- しかし同家は次第に本家(足利義詮系統の京都将軍家)の足利氏と将軍位などをめぐって対立する姿勢を見せ始める。
- The family, however, began to show its opposition to the Ashikaga head family (the Kyoto shogunate family whose forefather was Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA) over the shogunate's succession and so on.
- それが修整され始めたのは比較的最近のことであるが、しかし研究者の間では40年近く昔から見直しが進んでいる。
- This argument was corrected recently, but researchers have been reexamining it among themselves from nearly forty years ago.
- しかし、早くも8世紀後期頃から百姓の偽籍・浮浪・逃亡が見られ始め、個別人身支配体制にほころびが生じていた。
- However, as early as from late 8th century, the regime of people-based governance started to fray at the edges as the case of peasants' false registration, vagrancy and escape increased.
- 逆に「西軍」は山名氏始めとしてこうした細川氏とその同盟勢力の台頭に警戒感を強める地方の勢力が参加していた。
- Conversely, the Western camp comprised the Yamana family and local forces were increasingly alarmed by the growing presence of the Hosokawa family and its allies,
- 大山綱良らは新七に藩邸に同行するように求めたが新七はこれを拒否し、“同士討ち”の激しい斬りあいが始まった。
- Tsunayoshi OYAMA and some other members asked Shinshichi to come along with them, but Shinshichi refused, and an intense sword fight broke out between the comrades.
- 8世紀に本格的に始まった律令制の根幹は、戸籍・計帳によって人民を把握し、課税の対象とする人別支配であった。
- The foundation of the Ritsuryo system, which officially started in the 8th century, was an individual-controlling system: rulers determined the number of people, according to family register and the yearly tax registers, and taxed those people.
- 約1万2千年前頃、最終氷期が終わり急激な温暖化による海面上昇が始まると、日本列島はアジア大陸から分離した。
- Around 12,000 years ago, the ice age ended and the sea level began rising corresponding to rises in the atmospheric temperature, separating the Japanese islands from the Asian continent.
- 治承4年(1180年)2月、高倉天皇は言仁親王に譲位(安徳天皇)、平氏の傀儡としての高倉院政が開始された。
- Emperor Takakura passed his position over to Imperial Prince Tokihito (Emperor Antoku) in March (February in old lunar calendar) 1180, and the government by the Cloistered Emperor Takakura started as a puppet of the Taira clan.
- 瀬戸焼では、15世紀前半から中葉ころ(古瀬戸様式後期様式)の窯で擂り目6本1単位のすり鉢が生産され始める。
- In the Seto-yaki (Seto ware), Suribachi with six ridged patterns in a single unit began to be produced in a kiln from the early to the middle of the fifteenth century (the kiln in the latter style of old Seto style).
- 現在で言う素麺の生産は江戸時代後期から始まったもので、播州から手練れの職人を招いて技術を学んだものである。
- Production of the presently-called somen started during the late Edo period by inviting veteran workmen from Banshu to learn their techniques.
- 元は仕上げの工程を行う仕上専門会社であったが、1986年に作画部門を設立し他社の動画の下請けを始めている。
- The company originally specialized in the finishing process but it established a drawing department in 1986 and began to undertake production of animation for other companies.
- 宇佐神宮の御神能は、安元年間(1175年 - 1177年)に猿楽として始まったものであると伝えられている。
- It is believed that Goshin Noh of Usa jingu started around 1175-1177, as a sarugaku (comical mimicry and speech performance in Heian period).
- 豊後水道に面する臼杵藩では、既に大友義鑑の治世に水練が始められたと伝えられ、古くから水練術が盛んであった。
- Swimming practice has been popular since old days in the Usuki Domain, facing Bungo Suido (the channel between Kyushu and Shikoku Islands), and it is believed that swimming practice has already started during the reign of Yoshiaki OTOMO.
- 元々、武士が家紋を大きく染め抜いた法被を着用したのに始まり、それを職人や町火消なども着用するようになった。
- Originally samurai wore a happi coat with large family crest undyed, and craft man and fire brigade also started to wear.
- 杞柳(こりやなぎ)製品から始まった豊岡市の鞄、綾部市の紡績業といった地場産業には、この時期に興った物もある。
- Some local industries in this region began during this period; for example bags produced within Toyooka City, which started with the product Salix koriyanagi, and the spinning industry in Ayabe City.
- ただし、後述するように現在架橋を始めとする整備計画があり、鞆の町並みは近い将来大きく姿を変える可能性もある。
- Note that, as explained later, Tomonoura is today confronted with an issue of the bridge formation and other development plans which may largely change the appearance of the townscape of Tomo in the near future.
- 「残念なことは、愛子は幼稚園生活を始めたばかりで、風邪をひくことも多く、私どもと会う機会が少ないことです。」
- Unfortunately, we have few chance to see our grandchild Imperial Princess Aiko who has just become a kindergarten child, because she often catch cold.'
- 平成19年(2007年)の佐賀県行幸の際、到着した天皇を出迎えた市民の一部が自然発生的に君が代を歌い始めた。
- During the Imperial visit to Saga Prefecture in 2007, there was an episode that some citizens welcomed the Emperor spontaneously started singing Japan's national anthem.
- この流派は他の流派のように統一した画風を表わすものではなく、あくまで巨勢金岡に始まる家系・一門の画系を指す。
- This school does not represent a single style of painting like other schools, but the various painting styles created by KOSE no Kanaoka and his descendants and pupils.
- 新政府の鎮撫使(世良修蔵)を殺害し、白石口で既に本格的な攻防戦が開始されていたことから軍事同盟へと変化した。
- After the alliance killed Shuzo SERA, the chinbushi (temporary provincial superintendent), and began to engage in full-scale battles in Shiraishi-guchi, the nature of the alliance was changed to a military one.
- そのため、時代を区分する対象ではなく移行するものとして捉える「時代移行論」を提唱する研究者も現れ始めている。
- Therefore, some researchers have begun to propose 'period change theory' in which periods should not be classified, but changed.
- 評定始(ひょうじょうはじめ)とは、中世日本の権門において、年始にその年最初の評定を行う際に行った儀式のこと。
- Hyojohajime was a ceremony held by an influential house of medieval Japan conducted at the first consultation in the New Year.
- 逆に関東地方を始め、浜名湖以東の地域では酢に加えてケチャップを使うことが多く、この場合、あんの色は赤である。
- On the other hand, starting with the Kanto region and in the areas to the east of the Lake Hamana, in addition to vinegar, ketchup is often used so that the color of the gelee is red.
- 京都小笠原氏の一族は将軍側近の有力武将として重きをなすとともに、幕府初期から的始めなどの幕府儀礼参加している。
- The Kyoto-Ogasawara clan played an important role as powerful military commander close to shogun and participated in ceremonies of bakufu such as Mato-hajime (first shoot in beginning of year), since the beginning of bakufu.
- 木津駅は交通の要衝であり、2007年(平成19年)春の橋上駅供用開始と合わせて、駅東口の設置が進められている。
- Kizu Station is a transportation hub, with the eastern entrance of the station under construction in schedule with the start of operations on the second floor of the station building in spring of 2007.
- 皇族の称呼は、内閣告示・宮内庁告示や官報の皇室事項欄では、歌会始などの特別な場合を除き、次のようになっている。
- Members of the Imperial family are addressed in the Cabinet notification bulletins, the Imperial Household Agency notification bulletins or on the column for Imperial affairs in official gazettes (except for special cases such the first poetry-reading party of the New Year at the Imperial Palace) in the following way:
- まず、公田を支配していた国衙が、当時台頭しつつあった田堵と連携して、土地を収取単位とする支配体制を築き始めた。
- First, the kokuga (provincial government office) that governed public fields, together with the 'tato' who were rapidly gaining power, established a control system of imposing and collecting taxes based on land units.
- 厳密に言えば270年ほど前に日本には火薬は中国から輸入され原始的な鉄砲と呼ばれる銃は日本国内に存在はしていた。
- Strictly speaking, from around 270 years before that, Japan imported gunpowder from China and primitive guns called teppo (literally, an iron barrel) existed in Japan.
- 元慶の乱が始まる直前に、秋田城の対北海道蝦夷の饗給の増大は、出羽国の財政を圧迫するまでに問題化していたという。
- Immediately before the Gangyo War, the increase in the cost of Akita-jo Castle to appease the Emishi in Hokkaido had become a problem, to the extent that the finances of Dewa Province were put under pressure.
- このような一元的支配を一円知行といい、一円内の年貢を地頭が荘園領主や国司に対して請け負う地頭請が行われ始めた。
- Such a monistical land ruling was called Ichien chigyo (monistical ruling), and the Jitouke that jito undertook to collect nengu in place of shoenryoshu (lord of manor) or kokushi began.
- また10世紀初頭に始まる前期王朝国家と11世紀40年代を画期とする後期王朝国家の登場が唱えられるようになった。
- Further, the division of the early Dynastic polity period, which started in early 10th century, and the late Dynastic polity period, which started in the 1140's, was also proposed by him.
- 政元は、義材に不満を抱き始めた富子や赤松政則を抱き込み、清晃を還俗させて11代将軍に擁立してクーデターを決行。
- Masamoto gained the cooperation of Tomiko and Masanori AKAMATSU, who had begun to feel dissatisfied with Yoshiki, and then pulled off a coup d'etat by making Seiko return to secular life and helping him become the eleventh shogun.
- ながらく続いた後白河と清盛の良好な関係は、安元2年(1176年)の建春門院の死によって大きな変化が生じ始めた。
- The good relationship between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori that had lasted for a while began to change greatly after Kenshunmonin's death in 1176.
- 事実、家康は7月18日の時点ではまだ江戸城にあり、7月21日になってようやく会津に向かって進軍を開始していた。
- In fact, Ieyasu was actually in Edo-jo Castle on July 18 and finally left for Aizu Domain with his army on July 21.
- ところで、9世紀ごろから関東地方を中心として、富豪層による運京途中の税の強奪など、群盗行為が横行し始めていた。
- From the 9th century onwards especially in the Kanto region, millionaires who brought taxes to Kyoto were assaulted and robbed.
- 2003年 大友直人(第11代常任指揮者)と共に西日本初の子供向け定期演奏会「こどものためのコンサート」を開始
- In 2003, together with Naoto OTOMO, the eleventh regular conductor, Kyoto Symphony Orchestra launched the first regular concert for children in the western Japan, 'Concert for Children'.
- 麴塵袍(きくじんのほう)は、天皇が、臨時祭の庭座、賭弓、弓場始など小儀の際に着用する束帯装束の袍のことである。
- The 'Kikujin no ho' is a kind of Sokutai (a traditional ceremonial court dress) that was worn by the emperor at small ceremonies, including special festivals such as Teiza (a festival in which the emperor would be seated in a garden), Noriyumi (betting on archery), and Yuba Hajime (imperial ceremony held to celebrate the first arrow to be shot at the Noriyumi).
- また同年、日活撮影所を退社して国際活映(国活)に移ったものの、経営不振のため、国活を出て連鎖劇の巡業を始めた。
- In the same year, though he quit Nikkatsu Studio and moved to Kokusai Katsuei (Kokkatsu), he quit Kokkatsu due to slumping business and took to the road for rensa geki (combined performance of film and theatrical staging).
- やがて、酒部の子孫を自称する人々や、その遠縁にあたる者などが、朝廷や寺院とは関係のないところで酒を造り始めた。
- Subsequently, people who claimed descent from sakabe or their distant relatives began to brew sake independently of the Imperial Court and temples.
- 平安時代の末(11世紀)に秩父重綱の四男江戸重継が武蔵国江戸郷を相続し、「江戸四郎」を称したのが始まりとされる。
- The clan started when, in the 11th century, Shigetsugu EDO, the fourth son of Shigetsuna CHICHIBU, inherited Edo-go, Musashi Province and called himself 'Shiro EDO.'
- 戦国時代 (日本)に入って伊達氏内部に天文の乱が起こると、最上義守は伊達氏から独立して戦国大名の道を歩み始める。
- When Tenbun no ran (Tenbun Rebellion) occurred in the Date clan in the Sengoku period (Japan), Yoshimori MOGAMI became independent of the Date clan and began to become daimyo (Japanese territorial lord).
- 左京区側の麓にある川床で有名な貴船はこの芹生峠を越えた人が休憩を取り、服装を正した茶屋のようなものから始まった。
- Kibune, famous for its Kawayuka (Riverside Summer Terrace), located at the foot on the side of Sakyo Ward, started as something like a chaya (a rest house) where people who came over the Seryo-toge Pass took a break and got fixed.
- 一方、徳川光圀が『大日本史』の編纂を始めた頃幕府も天皇陵を立派にすることで、幕府の権威をより一層高めようとした。
- On the other hand, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) tried to enhance their authority by improving mausoleums, around the time when Mitukuni TOKUGAWA started compilation of 'Dainihonshi' (Great history of Japan).
- 11世紀末になると天皇家の家督者たる太上天皇が実質的な国王(治天の君)として君臨し、政務に当たる院政が始まった。
- At the end of the 11th century the government by a retired emperor in which a retired emperor who is the reign of the Imperial Family reigns as the real king (Chiten no kimi [the retired emperor in power]) began.
- 平安時代後期の藤原師実の次男花山院家忠に始まり、家名は家忠が父師実から譲り受けた邸宅花山院(東一条院)にちなむ。
- Established in the late Heian period by Ietada KAZANIN, the second son of FUJIWARA no Morozane, the family was named after the Kazanin palace (Higashi ichijo in) which Ietada inherited from his father, Morozane.
- 口分田の祖型は、7世紀中葉の大化の改新頃に始まり、7世紀終盤の律令形成期に口分田制度が確立したと考えられている。
- It is considered that the original kubunden system began to be formed around the Taika Reforms, or in the middle era of the seventh century, and was established towards the end of seventh century when the ritsuryo system was formed.
- 編纂作業は911年(延喜11年)に始まり、921年(延喜21年)に『内外官交替式』(延喜交替式)として完成した。
- Compilation started in 911 and was completed in 921 as 'Naigekan kotaishiki' (Engi kotaishiki) (literally, kotaishiki in the Jokan era).
- そして兵糧が底をつき始めたところで降伏を認めると、尼子方の籠城兵が数十人ずつの一団となって投降するようになった。
- Seeing their provisions begin to run out, the Mori side accepted the offer of surrender, and dozens of the besieged soldiers formed a group and surrendered.
- 逃走を開始した土佐藩士たちに、遅れて駆けつけた新井忠雄隊が追い討ちをかける形となり、新選組は有利に戦いを進めた。
- The group of Tadao ARAI arrived later and further attacked the Tosa retainers who started to run away, giving the advantage to Shinsengumi.
- 近代の始期は一般に幕末期〜明治維新期とされるが、18世紀前半の家内制手工業の勃興を近代の始まりとする考えもある。
- It is generally said that modern times started around the end of the Edo period to Meiji Restoration, but there is another opinion that the modern times started in the first half of 18th century when the household-based handcraft industry started.
- 富豪層は院宮王臣家(皇族、有力貴族)と墾田開発などを通じて関係を結び、一般百姓層を自らの影響下へ置き始めていた。
- The millionaires became related with Ingu oshinke (imperial families and nobles) through the reclaimed land development, and began to put common peasants under their influence.
- 以後、院政を展開しようとする霊元上皇とこれを阻もうとする近衛基熙や江戸幕府との長い確執が始まる事になるのである。
- There ensued a prolonged feud between the Retired Emperor Reigen, attempting to exercising virtual ruling authority as retired emperor, on one hand and Motohiro KONOE and the Bakufu in Edo trying to obstruct the retired Emperor's intention on the other.
- 玄恵は戦争の打ち続く不安定な時代において、立派な人格の養成と人としての生きる道を説くために狂言を創始したという。
- It is believed that Gene created Kyogen with the aim to form a fine personality as well as to preach the path of humanity in the times of uncertainty filled with relentless conflicts.
- しかし三倍増醸酒は昭和30年代以降も根強く残り、ひいては昭和時代後期に始まる日本酒の消費低迷期を招くこととなる。
- However, sanbaizojo-shu had persistently remained after 1955, which led to a continuing consumer slump of sake which began in the latter part of the Showa period.
- 17世紀頃から、時計などに使われていた歯車などの技術を、人形の動作装置として応用し、からくり人形が作られ始めた。
- From around the 17th century, craftsmen began to produce karakuri ningyo by applying some techniques, including gears used in a watch and other things, to the devices for the movements of the doll.
- 1974年(昭和49年)に長田野工業団地の整備が始まるようになると、福知山の産業は工業化の兆しを見せるようになる。
- With the start of development of Osadano Industrial Park in 1974, signs of industrialization were seen in the industries of Fukuchiyama.
- しかし、吉宗が徳川将軍家の後嗣に入り新たに御三卿(田安徳川家と一橋徳川家、のちに清水徳川家が加わる。)を創始した。
- However, after Yoshimune succeeded to the Tokugawa Shogun family, he founded Gosankyo (Three Lord: three junior collateral houses of the Tokugawa family) (originally the Tayasu Tokugawa family and the Hitotsubashi Tokugawa family; later the Shimizu Tokugawa family was added); as a result, the lineage of the Kishu family greatly prospered.
- 果無峠が使われなくなり始めるのは、1921年(大正10年)に新宮と折立を結ぶプロペラ船が就航してからのことである。
- Hatenashi Pass was disused when air propeller boats were introduced between Shingu and Oritachi in 1921.
- 愛着のある道に何か残したいと思った彼は、桜の並木があれば景色が華やかになると考え、まったくの自力で桜を植え始めた。
- He wanted to leave something for roads to which he was strongly attached and commenced to plant cherry trees by himself believing that sakura-namiki would make the scenery brilliant.
- これを受け、京都府が火災延焼を防ぐため御所周辺の空家となった公家屋敷を撤去して整備したのが京都御苑の始まりである。
- In response to this order, Kyoto Prefecture removed empty residences of the nobility around the Imperial Palace as a precaution against fires which could spread due to the close proximity of the buildings, and developed Kyoto Gyoen National Garden.
- このようにして、平安中期ごろには、富豪層による地域支配が徐々に拡がり始めていき、これが中世の萌芽へつながっていく。
- Thus, the regional rule by the rich stratum gradually extended in around the mid Heian period, which led to their prosperity in medieval Japan.
- 郡の制度は701年(大宝元)施行の大宝令に始まるが、それ以前の地方行政組織は「評」と書かれ、「コオリ」と称された。
- The district system began with the enacting of the Taiho Code in 701 but regional administration organization before this time also consisted of 'kori' which was written using a different character (評).
- 「楽市楽座は信長が安土城で始めた」という認識があるが、上記のように実際は中世の門前町や六角氏により開始されている。
- It is recognized that 'rakuichi-rakuza were begun in Azuchi by Nobunaga' but, as described above, they were actually first established by temple towns and the Rokkaku clan during the middle ages.
- 物部氏は饒速日命を始祖とする一族であるから、この四天王寺の地は本来、物部発祥の聖地であったと考えてよさそうである。
- Considering the fact that the Mononobe clan consider their founding father as Nigihaya no mikoto, the land where Shitenno-ji Temple is located seems to be originally the holy place where the Mononobe clan started.
- 820年代から多数設定され始めた勅旨田や同時期に大宰府管内で施行された公営田も、冬嗣路線に則ったものとされている。
- It is thought that Chokushiden (proprietorships and imperial land) started in the 820's on a large scale and Kueiden (lands directly managed by the government to secure revenues) was implemented inside Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region) around the same time according to Fuyutsugu's policy.
- 元始祭は、明治3年(1870年)1月3日 (旧暦)、神祇官八神殿に八神・天神地祇・歴代の皇霊を鎮祭したのに始まる。
- Genshisai originated from chinsai (religious ceremony to appease the gods) which was performed at Hasshinden (eight shrines) of the governor of Jingikan (department of worship) on February 3, 1870 for appeasing Hasshin (the god), Tenjin chigi (the gods of heaven and earth), and imperial ancestors.
- 「ポチ」には「小さな」(これっぽち)という意味があり、「少ないですが」という謙虚な気持ちで与えたのが始まりである。
- The word 'pochi' means 'a little bit' and originally showed an attitude of humbleness.
- ただし、天正以前の16世紀中頃には三彩や交趾焼などの技術を持った中国人陶工およびその後継者達が製陶を開始していた。
- Before the Tensho era, however, Chinese potters and their successors, who had techniques such as sansai (a three-color glazed pottery technique) and the Cochin ware technique, had already started manufacturing pottery during the middle of the 16th century.
- しかしこれは誤って逆向きにしたわけではなく、「建物は完成と同時に崩壊が始まる」という伝承を逆手にとったものである。
- However, it was erected in this way not by mistake but on purpose, following an oral tradition, 'When a construction is completed, it begins to collapse'.
- 江戸時代後期に色街(いろまち)の芸者がお客や恋人の脇差の金具(鍔=つば)を帯紐に通したのがその始まりとされている。
- It is said that obidome was invented by geisha in iromachi (a district where geisha is operating) who happened to pass a metal piece called 'tsuba' (a round or squarish guard at the end of the grip of a Japanese sword) of their customers or lovers through 'obihimo' (a string tied around the waist) in the latter part of the Edo period.
- 唐時代に喫茶の風習が始まった中国では、熱湯を入れた茶碗を直接持たなくてもいいように茶托にあたる物があったとされる。
- In China, a custom of tea drinking started in the Tang period and is believed that there was a utensil equivalent to chataku, so drinker do not need to hold tea bowl containing boiling water.
- 伝統的な杜氏は、夏場は自分の村で農業を営んで、夏のあいだに蔵元が杜氏を村に訪ね、その秋から始まる醸造の計画を練る。
- During the summer, a traditional toji is in farming in his village, and the brewery that he works for visits him to make a plan of brewing which starts in the autumn of that year.
- また、二年前(1971年)にはウィスキーの貿易自由化が発表され、前年(1972年)にはワインブームが始まっている。
- In addition, two years before (1971), trade liberalization of whisky was announced and in the previous year (1972) a wine boom began.
- 小田原の役が始まると、頼純は里見氏の支援を受けて千葉氏を破って小弓城を取り戻して数ヶ月間ながら小弓公方を復活させた。
- After the Siege of Odawara (the war waged by Hideyoshi against the Hojo clan) broke out, Yorizumi defeated the Chiba clan and recovered the Oyumi-jo Castle under the support of the Satomi clan, which led to the resurgence of Oyumi-kubo even only for a few months.
- 家系は豊臣秀吉の猶子となった八条宮智仁親王から始まる八条宮家の流れをくむ正親町源氏(おおぎまちげんじ)の家系である。
- The family belonged to the Ogimachi-Genji line, which was descended from the Hachijonomiya family founded by Imperial Prince Hachijonomiya Toshihito, an adopted child of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 鎌倉幕府滅亡後に建武の新政が開始された後も、北条氏の残党は津軽地方や日向国、伊予国など各地で散発的に反乱を起こした。
- Even after the fall of the Kamakura bakufu was followed by the Kenmu restoration, the remnants of the Hojo clan occasionally revolted in places such as the Tsugaru region, Hyuga Province and Iyo Province.
- 1572年、15代将軍足利義昭の要請に応じて上洛を開始したが、その途上、信玄が病死したため武田軍は甲斐国に撤退した。
- Although Shingen started going up to Kyoto in 1572 in accordance with the request by the fifteenth shogun Yoshiaki ASIKAGA, the Takeda army withdrew to Kai Province because Shingen died on the way to Kyoto.
- 松永氏は祖先の武内宿禰から16世の孫真済が若狭国国司となり、同国遠敷郡松永荘より紀松永と称したことに始まるとされる。
- It is believed that the Matsunaga clan originated from Shinzei, the sixteenth generation from the ancestor TAKENOUCHI no Sukune, who had become a Kokushi official of Wakasa-no-kuni and therefore called himself Matsunaga KI, after Matsunaga no sho, the domain of Onyu, in Wakasa-no-kuni.
- 物資の確保を狙う朝廷側(後白河上皇)と、義仲に優越する必要に迫られていた頼朝側との間で、9月ごろから交渉が開始した。
- A negotiation began around September between the Imperial Court (the retired Emperor Goshirakawa) aiming at maintaining the supply of goods and Yoritomo under the necessity of predominating over Yoshinaka.
- 当初は淳和天皇の治世だけに限定して始められたが、結局この制度はその後も存続し、平安時代を通じて定着することとなった。
- Although this system initially started as one which was valid only during the era of the Emperor Junna, it continued to exist and took root throughout the Heian period.
- 1331年(元弘元年、元徳3年)から開始された後醍醐天皇の倒幕運動である元弘の乱の最後の戦いで、鎌倉幕府は滅亡した。
- The war was the last phase of the Genko War which was started by Emperor Godaigo as the anti-shogunate movement in 1331, and the Tosho-ji War put an end to the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- さらに、天正4年(1576年)に安土城の築城が始まり天下布武への流れが現実のものになりつつあることを世に知らしめる。
- Furthermore, the start of construction of Azuchi-jo Castle in 1576 announced to the world that the trend toward Tenka Fubu (天下布武) was gradually becoming a fact.
- 同時期には太上天皇が治天の君として政務に当たる院政が開始しており、この時期が古代から中世への画期であるとされている。
- In the same era, insei in which Daijo tenno (a retired emperor) administered the affairs of state as Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) started, and it is said that in this era, ancient times ended and the medieval period started.
- 1970年代からは、戦後歴史学に対する反省と見直しが始まり、1980年代からは特に精力的な取り組みが加速していった。
- In 1979 and later, reviews of history in the era after the war started, and in particular, the vigorous activities concerned have been accelerating.
- 清の中国支配が始まり、清国との貿易で長崎には多くの清国商人が渡来し、彼らが清国の戯曲や民謡といった民間音楽を伝えた。
- After the Qing dynasty began in China, many Qing merchants came to Nagasaki for trade and they introduced the people's music, such as Qing plays and minyo.
- 上記「京小紋」の影響を受けて石川県で作られ始めたのが「加賀小紋」であり、色使いに加賀友禅の技法が取り入れられている。
- Being influenced by 'Kyo-Komon,' mentioned above, 'Kaga-komon' started to be manufactured in Ishikawa Prefecture by using the technique of Kaga Yuzen for coloring.
- 古い町並みの残る須坂の町には古くから大切に受け継がれてきたお雛様があり、それらを多くの方に見ていただこうと始まった。
- The town of Suzaka City still has the scenery reminiscent of the old days, and it has hina dolls that have been treasured and passed down through the ages; the festival began with the intent to show the hina dolls to many people.
- 祈りとは別に食事を始める時の挨拶「いただきます」と、食事を終えた時の挨拶「ごちそうさま」という日本独特の習慣がある。
- Apart from prayers, Japanese people have a habit to greet each other at the beginning and the end of dining, saying 'Itadakimasu' (literally, 'let me start eating') and 'Gochisosama' (literally, 'I have enjoyed delicious dishes,') which custom is typical in Japan.
- 9世紀になり、日本が次第に中国と距離を置き、自国の表現方法を生み出し始めると、今度は非宗教的な美術に重点が置かれた。
- While Japan kept some distance from China in the ninth century, Japanese people started to create their own means of expression in the ninth century and then an emphasis was placed on nonreligious art.
- 安倍貞任第2子の高星丸を始祖とする系譜を伝え、津軽地方を中心に西は出羽国秋田郡から東は下北半島までを領した豪族である。
- It was a local ruling family, which handed down the genealogy in which Takaakimaru, the second son of Sadato ABE, was figured as its ancestor, and dominated Tsugaru region and an extensive surroundings from the westward of Akita Country of Dewa Province to the eastward of Shimokita Peninsula.
- 明治30年(1897年)に白川村内に京都帝国大学理学部が設置されると、北白川もまた学生街としての要素を帯び始めていく。
- In 1897, the Faculty of Science, Kyoto Imperial University was established in Shirakawa-mura, which started to make Kita Shirakawa also the student quarter.
- 承保2年(1075年)に着袴、承暦2年(1078年)に読書始の儀式、永保2年(1081年)に元服の儀式が行われている。
- Chakko (ceremony of first-time wearing of a hakama) in 1075, the ceremony of dokushohajime (ceremony of first-time learning) in 1078, and the ceremony of attaining manhood in 1081 were held.
- 8世紀初頭に本格運用され始めた律令制においては、国家の軍事組織として全国各地に軍団 (古代日本)を置くこととしていた。
- Cohorts were deployed throughout the country as the national military organization under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes), which began to take full effect at the beginning of the eighth century.
- 9世紀中葉における朝廷・国司は、群盗海賊の制圧のために養老律令の捕亡令追捕罪人条にある臨時発兵規定により対応し始めた。
- In the middle of the ninth century, the Imperial Court and kokushi started taking measures based on specifications of rinji-hatsuhei (the special dispatch of troops) in Tsuibu-zainin no Jo (the article related to catching criminals who had fled) in bumo-ryo code (Penalties on escaping soldiers, Sakimori [soldiers garrisoned at strategic posts in Kyushu in ancient times], slave, and so on) in the Yoro ritsuryo code, to combat these robberies and acts of piracy.
- そして、白河天皇は1086年に上皇となったが、それは引退などではなく、上皇としての政治、いわゆる院政の開始を意味した。
- Although Emperor Shirakawa became the Retired Emperor in 1086, it was not a retirement, but rather the start of government by the retired emperor, the so-called cloistered government.
- また、圧倒的に不利な状況であっても終始積極的な戦法を取り、一度南朝方に付いた者の寝返りを誘った尊氏の戦略も見逃せない。
- Additionally, Takauji's constant, proactive tactics even in a devastating situation played a major role in bringing about the betrayal of those who once sided with the Southern Court side.
- しかし、8世紀後半に入ると、百姓階層の分化が始まり、百姓の逃亡が増加するなど、律令支配の転換を迫る状況が生じていった。
- However, entering the latter half of the eighth century, farmers became hierarchical, and situations to force the change in control based upon the Ritsuryo system, for example, an increase in the farmers to replace those who fled, were created.
- おでん博物館館長でもある作家の新井由己が原付バイクで日本一周おでん食べ歩きを始めるきっかけとなったおでんの種でもある。
- This is the Oden ingredient that motivated Yoshimi ARAI, a writer and curator of the ODEN Museum, to go on a tour of Oden shops/restaurants around Japan.
- この時は5月1日の時刻日本(午後6時)から始め、翌日正午、残り約6時間となったところで余力を残して打ち切ったと伝わる。
- According to legend, Shigenori began shooting at 6 o'clock in the evening on May 30 and finished at noon the next day, with about six hours remaining and with his energy still left.
- こうした大地主が始めた酒蔵のなかには、そのまま発展して今日の日本酒業界でいわゆる「大メーカー」となっている会社も多い。
- Among such sake breweries which were started by large landowners, many sake breweries continuously developed into 'large breweries' in today's sake brewing industry.
- もともとは生利節を製造する際に大量に出る内臓を、漁師や加工業者が塩辛にして食べていたものが始まりであると言われている。
- It is believed that Shuto originally came from salted fish guts, made and eaten by fishermen and processors who made it from the large amount of guts removed when they made namaribushi (boiled and half-dried bonito).
- 俗箏(ぞくそうまたはぞくごと)とは、雅楽の楽箏に対し、近世、八橋検校によって始められた箏曲以降の箏、および箏曲を指す。
- Zokuso (zokugoto) is the koto or the koto music from the time Yatsuhashi Kengyo reformed the koto music in the early modern ages of Japan, and his koto contrasts with gakuso (the koto used in gagaku [ancient Japanese court music and dance]).
- 嶋原の歴史は古く、日本で最初の公許された花街であり室町時代に「九条の里」という傾城局が設置されたのが始まりだといわれる。
- Shimabara has a long history, and is believed to have been the first officially acknowledged hanamachi and have started with the opening of the 'Keisei no tsubone' (a courtesan house) called 'Kujo no Sato.'
- 宇都宮庶流としては藤原宗円の次子である中原宗房が豊前国仲津郡城井郷に地頭職として赴任したことが城井氏の始まりといわれる。
- Munefusa Nakahara, the second son of FUJIWARA no Soen left for Kiigo, Nakatsu District, Buzen Province as Jitoshiki (manager and lord of a private estate) and this is said to be the origin of the Kii clan as a branch family of the Utsunomiya clan.
- さらに以前から燻っていた陶隆房ら武断派と相良武任を筆頭とする文治派の対立が激しくなり、大内氏の勢力にも陰りが見え始める。
- Further, a long smoldering confrontation between the Budan-ha (a political faction that is willing to resort to military means to achieve its aims), including Takafusa SUE, etc. and the Bunchi-ha (a civilian government faction) with Taketo SAGARA at its head became intensified, and the power of the Ouchi clan started to show signs of decline.
- 逆に秦は権力を持った外戚らを追放することにより、権力を王中心に持たせる変革を行い、後に始皇帝による中国統一へと繋がった。
- On the contrary, the Qin Dynasty performed a reformation of gathering the powers to the king by expelling the maternal relatives who held positions of power, this consequently led to the unification of China by the First Emperor, Shi Huangdi.
- 対明交渉を開始するが、1380年には明で胡惟庸の獄が起り、胡惟庸が通牒している疑惑などがあり、日明関係は成立しなかった。
- Then, he started negotiations with the Ming Dynasty, however the diplomatic relationship between Japan and Ming was not established at that time due to 'the Koiyo no goku' (the incident in which Koiyo was executed on the suspicion of espionage) broke out in the Ming in 1380.
- 10世紀前期、律令官制の再構築を図る醍醐天皇が、延喜格式の編纂事業を開始すると、その一環として交替式の再編纂も行われた。
- In the first half of the tenth century when Emperor Daigo tried to reconstruct the organization of government according to the ritsuryo codes and started the work to compile Engi no kyakushiki (regulations and laws of the Engi era), kotaishiki was recompiled in the work as well.
- 免税特権を獲得した荘園は領域が統合される一円化の措置などを通じて拡大する傾向を示し、国衙が支配する国衙領を蚕食し始めた。
- The manors, acquired tax exemption privilege, started enlarging their territories through the unification of their territorial control and encroaching on the kokugaryo territories controlled by kokuga.
- 負名(ふみょう)とは、日本の平安時代ごろから始まる王朝国家体制のもとでの租税収取形態または租税収取を請け負った者をいう。
- Fumyo means a form of collecting tax or a contractor for collecting tax under the system of the dynasty state which began sometime around the Heian period of Japan.
- 清盛は攻撃に消極的だったが後白河に押し切られる形となり、近江国・美濃国・越前国の武士も動員されて攻撃開始は目前に迫った。
- Kiyomori was not in favor of attacking, but was pressured by Goshirakawa, and so samurai from Omi Province (present Shiga Prefecture), Mino Province (present southern Gifu Prefecture) and Echizen Province (present northern part of Fukui Prefecture) were readied in preparation for an attack.
- 始期は11世紀後半〜12世紀の荘園公領制形成期に、終期は荘園公領制が消滅した16世紀後半の太閤検地にそれぞれ求められる。
- Based on the index, it is considered that the medieval period started in the latter half of the 11th century to the 12th century, when the shoen koryo sei was started and established, and ended in the latter half of the 16th century when the taiko kenchi, which made the shoen koryo sei extinct, was conducted.
- 関西地方を始め、東海道沿いで言えば静岡県の浜名湖以西の地域では、あんの味付けには醤油を使うため、薄茶色の仕上がりになる。
- Starting with the Kansai region and in areas to the west of the Lake Hamana along the Tokaido highway, soy sauce is used for seasoning so that the color of finished gelee is light brown.
- 鉄板を用いた調理が一般化するのは、戦後の闇市や屋台において廃品の鉄板の上で調理した料理を販売したことに始まると言われる。
- It is said that the cocking with an iron plate has been getting popular since foods cocked with a junk iron plate were served at the black market or at a food stall right after the war.
- 千利休の弟子であった大名茶人、古田織部の指導で創始され、織部好みの奇抜で斬新な形や文様の茶器などを多く産したことによる。
- It was named after Oribe FURUTA, who was a daimyo (feudal lord) and master of the tea ceremony and had been a disciple of SEN no Rikyu, because Oribe ware was born under his direction and many chaki (tea utensils) of eccentric, novel shapes and patterns according to Oribe's taste (Oribe-Gonomi) were produced.
- 木村が当初屋台で始めたラーメンは、京都では珍しくない鶏ガラ白湯ラーメン(京都で言うところのこってり系ラーメン)であった。
- When Kimura first opened his ramen stall, he sold Torigara Baitan Ramen (ramen with a whitish chicken-bone soup) common in Kyoto (what Kyoto people call kotteri, or thick type, ramen).
- 歌舞伎に限らず、近代劇の創始者のひとりである小山内薫の影響を受けて、1932年(昭和7年)には劇団新劇場を設立している。
- He founded the Shingekijo Theater Company in 1932, being influenced not only by kabuki, but also by Kaoru OSANAI, who was one of the founders of the modern theater.
- 京都は、桓武天皇が784年(延暦3年)の長岡京に続いて、794年(延暦13年)平安京に遷都したことに始まる千年の都である。
- Kyoto has a history going back over 1000 years to the year 794 when the capital was relocated to the city of Heian-kyo by Emperor Kanmu following the establishment of the capital in Nagaoka-kyo City in 784.
- この風流な保津川下りは夏目漱石の『虞美人草』を始め、水上勉、薄田泣菫、大町桂月、三島由紀夫など幾つもの文学作品に登場した。
- Elegant trips down the Hozu-gawa River appeared in the literary works of Tsutomu MINAKAMI, Kyukin SUSUKIDA, Keigetsu OMACHI and Yukio MISHIMA, let alone 'Gubijinso (The Poppy) ' written by Soseki NATSUME.
- 7世紀末~8世紀初頭に始まった律令制における租税は、租庸調制と呼ばれ、人民一人ひとりを対象に課税・徴税する性格が強かった。
- The taxation system under the ritsuryo system, which was started during the late 7th century to the early 8th century, was called 'the soyocho (tax paid by rice, labor, or textile) system', and it was imposed on and collected from each member of the community.
- これで、従来の荘園に見られた重層的な土地所有関係がすべて解消され、奈良時代に始まった荘園はここで終焉を迎えることとなった。
- Thus, the multilayered land ownership relationships as seen in the traditional shoens were all dissolved and the shoen, which had began during the Nara period, finally ended.
- 尊氏軍の東上に遭い、撤退を始めた新田軍に赤松勢が追撃を仕掛け、新田軍は大量の寝返りや足利軍への投降者を出しながら敗走した。
- Nitta's army which was met by Takauji's army on the return eastward began a retreat but Akamatsu's forces commenced pursuit and Nitta's army fled among mass betrayal and surrender to the Ashikaga army.
- 1990年代に始まる陰陽師ブーム・晴明ブームにより、晴明の編著による『占事略决』の存在自体も広く知られるようになってきた。
- Thanks to the boom of Onmyoji/Seimei which began in 1990's, the existence of Seimei's 'Senji ryakketsu' also came to be known widely.
- この点を踏まえて占術研究家の松岡秀達は、六壬神課の解説から始めて『占事略决』の解説に至る著述を松岡2007として上梓した。
- In view of the above, divination researcher Hidetatsu MATSUOKA published his book as 'Abe no Seimei 'Senji ryakketsu' Shokai,' in which he explained Rikujinshinka as well as 'Senji ryakketsu.'
- 1333年、反幕勢力の結集により鎌倉幕府が滅亡すると後醍醐天皇は京へ戻り、光厳天皇と正慶年号を廃して建武の新政を開始する。
- When the Kamakura shogunate collapsed due to the united actions of anti-bakufu forces in 1333, Emperor Godaigo returned to Kyoto, abolished Emperor Kogon and the era name of Shokyo, and started the Kenmu Restoration.
- 茶の湯は、南北朝時代に行われていた闘茶や茶寄合が、東山時代に村田珠光により侘び茶が開始され、戦国時代に千利休が完成させる。
- Regarding the tea ceremony, the tocho (tea leaf contests) and cha yoriai (tea parties) held in the Northern and Southern Court period developed, thanks to Shuko MURATA, into wabicha (a tea ceremony characterized by an affecting rusticity and simplicity) in the Higashiyama period, which was perfected by Sen no Rikyu in the Sengoku period.
- この頃までは義満と義弘の関係は良好だったが、応永4年(1397年)、義満は金閣寺の造営を始め、諸大名に人数の供出を求めた。
- Up until this point, the relationship between Yoshimitsu and Yoshihiro had been very cordial, but in 1397, Yoshimitsu began construction of Kinkaku-ji Temple, and consequently wanted the various daimyo to contribute people towards this project.
- 当時多く築造された弥生時代の墓制墳丘墓は大型地域集団の首長墓と見られ、身分差が生じ始めていたことの現れだと考えられている。
- It is considered that many mound-type graves built during the period, a style was one of the grave styles characteristic of the Mayor period, and were for chiefs of these large-sized communities, and it is considered that society started becoming hierarchical.
- 語源は中国語にまでさかのぼることが可能であるが、直接には朝鮮語でスケトウダラのことを「ミョンテ」と言ったのが始まりである。
- It is possible to trace the derivation of the name to the Chinese language, however, its actual origins come from Korean, in which walleye pollack is known as 'myonte.'
- 明治時代の書生はこま結びにした残りのたれを始末せず、前にたらす穿きかたを好んだので、だらしないと顰蹙を買うことが多かった。
- Since shosei (students who are given room and board in exchange for performing domestic duties) in the Meiji period did not fix the hanging parts of the straps from the leaf knot and suspended them in front, it was mostly frowned at because it was slovenly.
- 戦国期において水野氏が勢力を伸ばすのは、15世紀中頃、水野貞守が尾張知多郡小河(知多郡東浦町緒川)に拠点を置いたのに始まる。
- It was from the middle of the 15th century when Sadamori MIZUNO set his base in Ogawa, Chita County, Owari Province (Ogawa, Higashiura-cho, Chita County) that the Mizuno clan began expanding their power.
- 織田信長の没後、秀吉は中央政権を掌握し、単に「秀吉」と記した書状を発給し始め「羽柴」と記した書状を発給することはなくなった。
- Hideyoshi, who seized power in the central government after the death of Nobunaga ODA, started to issue the letters simply signed by the name of 'Hideyoshi,' instead of the name of 'Hashiba.'
- 気象庁が梅雨入り・梅雨明けの情報提供を始めたのは1955年(昭和30年)頃とされ、「お知らせ」として報道機関に連絡していた。
- It is said that the Japan Meteorological Agency began to provide information of tsuyuiri and tsuyuake around 1955 and it was communicated to information mediums as 'oshirase' (notice).
- 秀吉は、この信長の弔い合戦に勝利した結果、清洲会議などを経て信長の後継者筆頭としての名乗りを挙げ、天下人への道を歩み始める。
- As a result of winning this battle to avenge Nobunaga's death, Hideyoshi claimed his position as the leading candidate for the succession of Nobunaga's position through the meeting at Kiyosu-jo Castle and on other occasions, and began to proceed his way toward assuming political leadership of the whole nation.
- 明仁の即位の礼・大嘗祭を巡る儀式は平成2年(1990年)1月23日の期日奉告の儀から始まり、1年間に渉り関連行事が行われた。
- The ceremonies that concerned Akihito's Sokui no rei and Daijo-sai festival started with the ceremony of announcing the dates on January 23, 1990 (Heisei 2), and the related events were held for one year.
- 江戸時代前期に権大納言持明院基定の次男高野保春(1650年‐1712年)が持明院家から分家して高野家を創設したことに始まる。
- The Takano family started during the first half of the Edo period when Yasuharu (1650-1712, the second son of Gon Dainagon (provisional chief councilor of state) Motosada JIMYOIN) branched off from the Jimyoin family.
- 10世紀に入ると古代の戸籍制度・班田収授法による租税制度がほぼ崩壊し、国司へ租税納入を請け負わせる国司請負へと移行し始めた。
- In the tenth century, the tax system consisting of koseki system and handen shuju sei in ancient times collapsed and started to transfer to kokushi ukeoi (a system to make local government officials cope with all local taxes in their provinces) which made kokushi (provincial governors) undertake the land tax payment.
- 更に管領を輩出する畠山氏・斯波氏でも家督相続を巡る争いが発生して将軍後継者争いと連動を始めたことから問題は複雑化していった。
- The conflict deepened still more after disputes arose within both the Hatakeyama and the Shiba clans, both families that had produced many Kanrei, over who should succeed to the headship of the clan, these new struggles combining with and further exacerbating the ongoing fight over the shogunal succession.
- 以前は1467年に始まった応仁の乱を戦国時代の始期とする見解が有力とされていたが、その後も幕府は中央政権として機能していた。
- In the past the view that the Sengoku Period started at the time of Onin War, which commenced in 1467, was prevailing, but the bakufu functioned as the central government even after that.
- これは創始者の湯木貞一が茶道に造詣が深かったことに理由があり、貞一は後に自らの茶道具コレクションを基に湯木美術館を設立した。
- This was because the founder Teiichi YUKI had a profound knowledge of tea ceremony, and Teiichi established the Yuki Museum of Art later based on his collection of tea utensils.
- 漆工芸の一種・一閑張の日本における創始者であり、また歴代千家に一閑張による棗や香合などの道具を納めてきた細工師の家系である。
- Ikkan HIKI is the family of an artisan who started one of the lacquer craftworks, Ikkanbari (workmanship which is made of bamboo basket covered with Japanese paper painted persimmon juice) in Japan and also have delivered tea utensils such as Ikkanbari natsume (a container for powdered tea) and kogo (an incense container) to successive Senke families.
- が、北朝 (日本)方の豊前宇都宮氏に対して、南朝 (日本)方で肥後国八代に移った宇都宮貞泰の次男の宇都宮貞久が始まりとされる。
- Whereas the Utsunomiya clan on the Northern Court side moved to Chikuzen Province, Sadahisa UTSUNOMIYA on the Southern Court side, the second son of Sadayasu UTSUNOMIYA moved to Yatsushiro, Higo Province and is believed to be the founder of the Chikugo-Utsunomiya clan.
- 藤原氏のような上流貴族の宅地が左京北部へ密集する一方、貧しい人々は平安京の東限を越えて鴨川 (淀川水系)の川べりに住み始めた。
- While residents from the upper nobles, such as the Fujiwara clan, gathered in northern Sakyo, the poor went over to the eastern limit of Heian-kyo and started living next to the Kamo-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa river system).
- しかし第2代藩主・九鬼隆常の代から大洪水や暴風雨による天災が起こって3,729人もの死者を出すなど、早くも藩政の衰退が始まる。
- However, in the period of Takatsune KUKI, the second lord, the domain administration had already started to decline after various natural disasters, such as heavy flooding and rain storms which killed 3,729 people.
- 現在では新暦1月3日、天皇が宮中三殿(賢所・皇霊殿・神殿)においてみずから主宰する「親祭」であり、皇位の元始を祝ぐ儀式である。
- Nowadays it is a 'shinsai' (a festival presided over by the emperor himself) held at the Three Shrines in the Imperial Court (Kensho, which is also called Kashikodokoro [the Imperial Sanctuary], Korei-den [the Imperial Ancestors' Shrine], and Shinden [Shrine]) on January 3 in the Gregorian calendar to celebrate the origin of the Imperial throne.
- 日本の室町幕府と中国の明朝との間で行われた日明貿易(勘合貿易)は、室町初期の幕府3代将軍足利義満、明の建文帝の頃に開始された。
- The Japan-Ming trade (tally trade) between the Muromachi bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) in Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China began around the time when the third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA of the early Muromachi bakufu governed Japan and Emperor Jianwen ruled China.
- 若狭雅信(1972年卒・言語) 在学中に同人誌で創作活動を始め、1977年に高城修三の筆名による「榧の木祭り」で芥川賞を受賞。
- Masanobu WAKASA (class of 1972, linguistics): He started to write novels for dojinshi (publications aimed at a particular hobby group) when he was a student, and his novel 'Kayanokimatsuri,' which was written under his pen name Shuzo TAKI, won the Akutagawa Award in 1977.
- また11世紀末期から瘰癧の治癒能力がフランス王権の特権として主張され始め、ノルマン朝のイングランドでも同様の思想が形成された。
- By the end of the eleventh century they had started to claim that the ability to heal the king's evil (scrofula) was the privilege of the French Crown; a similar idea was formed in England under the Norman dynasty.
- 席上、証文は問題なく返却されたが、宴もたけなわとなった席上で、酒がまわると酒乱となる芹沢が店の対応に腹を立て、遂に暴れ始めた。
- The deed was returned without incident at the party, but, at its height, SERIZAWA, a violent drunk, was angered at the service of the restaurant and went on a wild rampage.
- 室町幕府によって保証されていた古い権威が否定され始め、新興の実力者が新しい権力階級にのし上がり領国を統治していくこととなった。
- Old authorities that had been backed up by the Muromachi bakufu began to be negated and emerging powerful persons rose to new establishment and governed territories.
- 小堀家は豊前において小姓に召し抱えられた小堀長左衛門を祖とし、その子長斎が慶安4年(1651年)に茶道役となったことに始まる。
- The founder of the Kobori family was Chozaemon KOBORI, who was hired as a kosho (a servant) in Buzen Province and the school originated that Chosai, a child of Chozaemon, became the sadoyaku in 1651.
- それまで峻別されていた「酒を飲む場・時・人」と「酒を飲まない場・時・人」が境界線を溶かされることで共存し始めたといってもよい。
- It can be said that the conventional border between 'the place, time and person for drinking' and 'the place, time and person for no drinking' began to melt and coexist.
- 鑑評会や品評会が始まった当時、上位に入賞するのはこれら灘・伏見のような古くから知られた銘醸地であることは誰しもが予想していた。
- When the Kanpyokai and competitions began, everyone predicted that the sake made in old famous brewing districts like Nada and Fushimi would get a high prize.
- 小早川茂平が、四男・小早川政景に、承久の乱に得た都宇・竹原荘、沼田荘梨子羽郷の一部を分与し、木村城を本拠としたのが始まりである。
- The clan started when Shigehira KOBAYAKAWA gave his fourth son Masakage KOBAYAKAWA a part of the estates of the Tsuunosho and Takeharanosho which he received after the Jokyu War and Nutanosho Nashi-go village, and Masakage settled in the Kimura-jo Castle.
- 辛酉の歳(神武天皇元年・紀元前660年)の正月、磐余彦は橿原宮で践祚され、始馭天下之天皇(はつくにしらすすめらみこと)と称した。
- On New Year's Day, 660 B.C., the year of kanototori, Iwarehikono mikoto ascended the throne at Kashiwara no Miya and was called Hatsukuni shirasu sumera mikoto.
- はじめは十市氏首 (姓)であったが、971年に十市有象・十市以忠が中原宿禰姓に改め、974年に中原朝臣姓を賜ったことに始まった。
- At first, they called themselves Tochi no obito (with 'obito' being 'kabane,' or hereditary title), but the Nakahara clan was established when Usho TOCHI (十市有象) and Ichu TOCHI (十市以忠) changed their name to Nakahara no sukune (with 'sukune' being newly introduced kabane) in 971 and was bestowed with 'asomi' (higher kabane than sukune) in 974, thus becoming Nakahara no asomi.
- 15世紀、朝鮮半島南部に三浦と呼ばれる日本人居留地が存在し、宗氏を始めとする西日本諸勢力は三浦を拠点に朝鮮王朝に通交をしていた。
- In the fifteenth century, there existed a Japanese settlement called Sanpo in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, and major forces in the western part of Japan such as the So clan maintained amicable relations with the Korean Dynasty using Sanpo as their base.
- しかしながら、中国が情報提供を開始したことなどを受けて2008年春から、東アジアの広範囲で多くのデータを共有できるようになった。
- However, because China started providing information concerned, lots of data in a wide eastern Asia area has been able to be shared since the spring of 2008.
- 戦国大名の中で織田信長の勢力が次第に強大になり、足利義昭を奉じて京都に上洛したことで、信長による政権の運営が始まることになった。
- Among the daimyos of the age of civil war, Nobunaga ODA's powers gradually became extremely strong, and by obeying Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA and arriving in Kyoto, government by Nobunaga began.
- 鎌倉時代を通じて、武家の統治機構である守護・地頭に属する武士が、地頭請や下地中分という形で国衙領や荘園を蚕食し始めるようになる。
- But as the Kamakura period progressed, the samurai-based administrative system, warriors serving as shugo (Protectors) and jito (estate stewards) began to take over kokuga (public) territories and shoen through such means as jitouke (in which an estate steward was contracted by the rightful owner of an estate to guard it) and shitaji chubun (whereby lands were divided between steward and owner).
- 信長は包囲網に苦しめられ、元亀3年(1572年)10月には武田信玄が西上作戦を開始して東美濃国に侵攻するなど危機的状況に陥った。
- Nobunaga had difficulty because of the coalition and was hit with a serious crisis when Shingen TAKEDA started his westward strategy and invaded Higashi Mino Province.
- 国歌君が代制定の経緯を初めて研究し、遺作として『国歌君が代の由来』を残した小山作之助も、まずは歌詞についての考察から始めている。
- Sakunosuke KOYAMA, who was the first person to have studied the details of establishing Kimigayo as the national anthem and wrote 'Kokka Kimigayo no Yurai (literally, Origin of Kimigayo, Japan's National Anthem)' as his posthumous work started his study from consideration on words.
- 寺院内部においても大衆_(寺院)が寺院内外の重要決定をする際に評定が召集され、寺院の年始の行事の一環として評定始が開かれていた。
- Daishu (a group of monks) were convened to hold hyojo to decide important matters in and around a temple, and hyojohajime was one of the ceremonies of the temple in the New Year.
- 政治の中枢を藤原氏と源氏が占有し始めたこの時期、栄達の望みがない中下流貴族らは地方官(受領)や特定官庁への補任をきそって求めた。
- During this period, when the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan started to occupy the political nucleus, the middle and lower class nobles who had no hope for fame, competed for assignments in the local official (Zuryo, the head of the provincial governors) or specific bureaucrats.
- 1989年には広島県のセブン-イレブンも販売を開始し、その後販売エリアを拡大し、1998年に全国展開をしたことで急速に普及した。
- In 1989, 7-Eleven, Inc. in Hiroshima Prefecture started selling ehomaki, and later expanded its sales area; as the result of sales expansion to throughout Japan, ehomaki rapidly became popular.
- 安土桃山時代に入ると身分制が崩壊した混乱期に乗じて有力な町人が活躍し始め、織豊期の前後には市井の女性たちが自由に化粧を楽しんだ。
- In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, some influential merchants took advantage of the confusion in the collapse of the class system and they began to increase their power, and ordinary women enjoyed makeup in their favorite styles around the Shokuho period (also known as the Azuchi-Momoyama period).
- 滅亡の危機に瀕した奥州吉良氏であるが、初代鎌倉公方の足利基氏から招かれた治家が上野国飽間郷に移住すると、徐々に勢力を回復し始める。
- Oshu Kira clan was on the verge of the extinction, but Haruie restored power gradually after Motouji ASHIKAGA of the first Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) invited him to relocate into Akima-go, Kozuke Province.
- 第二次世界大戦が始まると白川沿いの北側は建物疎開で破壊された(その中に磯田多佳が経営していた『大友』(だいとも)が含まれていた)。
- When World War II started, the riverside to the north of the Shira-kawa River was destroyed during building evacuation; among the destroyed buildings was the teahouse called 'Daitomo,' run by Taka ISODA.
- 古代の宇智郡の地であり、宇智神社を始め、大和に移住させられた阿田隼人が祭った阿陀比売神社(旧・阿陀郷)などの延喜式内社が鎮座する。
- It used to be Uchi County in ancient times, and there are shrines based on the Engishiki (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), including Uchi-jinja Shrine and Adahime-jinja Shrine (former Ada-go) dedicated by Hayato ADA who was forced to move to Yamato Province.
- 例年、華南や南西諸島南方沖付近で5月上旬に梅雨前線のでき始めとなる雲の帯(専門的には準定常的な雲帯と呼ぶことがある。)が発生する。
- Every year, a belt of cloud that is the forerunner of formation of baiu front (technically, it is sometimes called as 'quasi-steady cloud belt') is spawned.
- また、筒井順慶は参戦に応じ配下を山城に派兵していたが、極秘裏に秀吉側に寝返り、9日に郡山城 (大和国)で籠城支度を始めてしまった。
- On the other hand Junkei TSUTSUI, who had agreed to join Mitsuhide's camp and sent troops to Yamashiro, turned his coat to Hideyoshi side in strict secrecy, and on June 9 began preparations for holing up in Koriyama-jo Castle (in Yamato Province).
- ようやく肥後国の菊池武光や阿蘇惟直を味方につけ、正平 (日本)3年(1348年)に隈府城に入って征西府を開き、九州経略を開始した。
- Finally, he won Takemitsu KIKUCHI or Korenao ASO in Higo Province over to his side, and entered Waifu-jo Castle to open Seiseifu fortress in 1348, which was his start-up of Kyushu-keiryaku (governing the Kyushu region).
- 大和国葛城(現 奈良県御所市)を本拠地とする賀茂君、後の賀茂朝臣(かものあそみ)は大物主の子の大田田根子の孫の大鴨積を始祖とする。
- KAMO no kimi, later known as KAMO no asomi and based in Katsuragi in Yamato Province (present-day Gose City, Nara Prefecture), were reputedly descended from Okamotsumi, the grandson of Taneko OTA who was himself a child of omono nushi (an ancient Japanese god).
- 戦後の中世研究史を振り返ると、石母田正の『中世的世界の形成』に始まる第一世代での武士・武士団論は在地領主に主眼を置いたものだった。
- Looking back at the medieval history studies conducted after World War II, we can see that the theories of bushi and bushidan shared by the first post-war generation, which started off with 'Chuseiteki Sekai no Keise' (The Formation of the Medieval World) by Tadashi (also pronounced Sho) ISHIMODA, focused greatly on the lord of the manor.
- また、ヨーロッパとの交易(南蛮貿易)が開始し、火縄銃やキリスト教などが伝来し、それまでの戦術や日本の宗教観念に大きな影響を与えた。
- Trade with European countries (trade with Spain and Portugal) started, and matchlock guns and Christianity were brought to Japan, significantly affecting fighting techniques and religious concepts that Japanese had until then.
- 四国では三好康長が信長に属し、丹羽長秀の補佐を受けた織田信孝が長曾我部氏との戦争準備を始めており、すでに織田家が有利な情勢であった。
- In Shikoku, Yasunaga MIYOSHI was subject to Nobunaga and, supported by Nagahide NIWA, Nobutaka ODA who had the advantage, had been preparing for war with the Chosokabe clan.
- 川越城将を勤め18万石を治めた大道寺政繁の次男大道寺重直が、北条氏滅亡後に加賀国前田氏を経て松平忠吉に2000石で仕えたのに始まる。
- After the fall of the Hojo clan, Shigenao DAIDOJI, the second son of Masashige DAIDOJI who worked as the top at Kawagoe-jo Castle and governed 180 thousand koku crop yields, served the Maeda clan of Kaga Province and then began to serve Tadayoshi MATSUDAIRA with two thousand Goku crop yields.
- 山城国葛野を本拠とし代々賀茂神社に奉斎した賀茂県主(かものあがたぬし)は、八咫烏に化身して神武天皇を導いた賀茂建角身命を始祖とする。
- KAMO no agatanushi, the territorial rulers of Kamo, who were based in Kadono in Yamashiro Province and dedicated themselves to Kamo-jinja Shrine for generations are reputed to be descended from KAMO taketsunumi no mikoto (a Japanese mythological god) who transformed into Yatagarasu (a mythological giant crow) and guided the Emperor Jinmu.
- 平安時代後期に院政が始まると、治天の君(院政を行う上皇)は、院宣や院庁下文を発給することで、自らの政治意思を明示・具現化していった。
- As the system of Insei (rule by the Retired Emperor) was enforced in the late Heian period, Chiten no kimi (the Retired Emperor in power) used inzen and innocho kudashibumi to strongly express and achieve his political intentions.
- 問注所は当初、訴訟・裁判事務全般を所管したが、訴訟事案の増加に伴い、次第に事案が滞り始め、事務処理の迅速化が求められるようになった。
- As the Monchujo, which at first was responsible for lawsuits and judicial affairs in general, could no longer cope with the increasing number of lawsuits, much faster handling of the cases was called for.
- 1592年に始まる文禄・慶長の役によって日朝の国交は断絶し、戦争直後対馬藩が送った貿易再開を求める使者が帰ってこないことが多かった。
- The Bunroku-Keicho War beginning in 1592 severed the diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea, and just after the war, there were many envoys who were dispatched to Korea by the Tsushima clan to ask for trade resumption but they never returned to Japan.
- 班田収授は、奈良時代最末期になると、浮浪・逃亡する百姓の増加や、そうした百姓を荘園が受け入れたことを背景として、次第に弛緩し始めた。
- Handen Shuju was gradually relaxed in the late Nara period due to an increasing number of peasant wandering around or escaping, and the existence of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) accepted those peasants.
- 1331年(元弘元年、元徳3年)8月、後醍醐天皇が笠置山 (京都府)で挙兵、これに応じて楠木正成も河内で挙兵して、元弘の乱が始まる。
- In August 1331, Emperor Godaigo raised an army on Mt. Kasagi (in the present Kyoto Prefecture), and Masashige KUSUNOKI collaterally raised his army in Kawachi Province, which was the start of the Genko War.
- 13世紀中期頃から、貨幣経済の浸透と商品流通の活発化、村落の形成、地頭ら武士による荘園公領への侵出など、大きな社会変動が生じ始めた。
- Starting around the middle of the 13th century, the social system started changing drastically: For example, money had become used in the economy, goods were circulated actively, and samurai, such as jito (managers and lords of manors), had advanced into shoen koryo (public lands and private estates).
- やがて戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、戦国大名らによる大名領国制のもと楽市・楽座などの経済政策が執られ始めると、供御人は急速に減少した。
- When the Sengoku Period (period of warring states) started later on (in Japan), economic measures like Rakuichi-Rakuza (free markets and open guilds) were taken under the daimyo-ryogoku system (the system where daimyos controlled feudal domains) by those including daimyos (Japanese territorial lords) and, as a result, the number of Kugonin rapidly decreased.
- 同神事は、かつて吉備津彦命に討たれた温羅が人々に託宣を下す神となり、釜の音で吉凶が告げられるようになったことが始まりという説がある。
- According to one legend, the ritual was started when an ogre named Ura or Onra, which had been killed by Kibitsuhiko no mikoto and become a deity to give divine messages to people through sounds of steam from an iron pot.
- 侘び茶の創始者とされる村田珠光を祖と仰ぎ古式を伝えるが、日本統治時代ソウル特別市の妙心寺京城別院にて行われるという独特の来歴を持つ。
- The Juko school counts Juko MURATA, who was a founder of wabi-cha, as its founder and passes on the ancient style of the tea ceremony, with a unique history that the practices of the tea ceremony were held at Myoshin-ji Temple Keijo Branch Temple in Seoul Special City during the period of Japan's rule.
- 近世には小直衣が狩衣よりも略装であることが忘れられ、後西・霊元上皇以後布衣始で上皇等が使用しており、指貫を下括にすることも行われた。
- The role of konoshi as a more informal garment than kariginu was forgotten in the early modern period when, since the time of the retired emperors Gosai and Reigen, it came to be worn by retired emperors following abdication, but the sashinuki was also worn in the shokukuri style.
- 寛永の始めから寛文頃までがその全盛期で、僧形の芸人が門付け(門説経)や、街角に傘を立ててささら・鉦鼓・羯鼓を伴奏として興行を行った。
- It was at its height from the beginning of the Kanei era to the Kanbun era, and the performers in priestly attire showed the performances of kadotsuke (also called as kadozekkyo, which represents a performance in front of the gate of a house) or the performances with an umbrella stood on a street accompanied by sasara (a percussion instrument made of finely split bamboo and played by rubbing against a ridged rod), shoko (a small gong), and kakko (a small drum used in the Court music of Japan and hit with sticks at each end).
- もう少し下の世代は下級ウィスキー(その時々の級別制度によって「三級ウィスキー」から「二級ウィスキー」になっていった)から飲み始めた。
- Even younger generations began to drink low-grade whisky (it was 'third grade whisky' or 'second grade whisky' depending on the grading system at that time).
- こうした表記法は、第二次世界大戦後、一部の出版物で昭和天皇を「今上天皇」と表現せず、既に「昭和天皇」と表記していた事が始まりとされる。
- It is said that such notation came from the fact that Emperor Showa was already expressed as 'Showa Tenno' (the Emperor Showa) instead of 'Kinjo Tenno' (the present Emperor) in some publications after World War II.
- その後、明仁と皇后美智子が葬場殿前に進み正午から1分間の黙祷が行われ、竹下登内閣総理大臣を始めとした三権の長が拝礼の上で弔辞を述べた。
- Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko walked to the front of the funeral hall to offer a one-minute silent prayer at noon, and the heads of the three powers (legislative, executive and judicial) such as the Prime Minister Noboru TAKESHITA expressed their condolences after prayer.
- これら2つに加えて、カロリング朝の君主たちは、第3のシステムとして、荘園制に封建制を融合させたアプリシオ(aprisio)を創始した。
- In addition to these two, the monarchs of the Carolingians created the aprisio which fused the shoen system with the feudalism as a third system.
- また、現在黄砂の発生源となっている黄土高原は、250万年前から始まり200万年前から増えた、風送ダストによってできたと考えられている。
- It is considered that the Loess Plateau, which is a kosa producing place, was formed by wind-sent dust that started falling there 2.5 million years ago and whose amount increased starting 2 million years ago.
- ここに至り、田堵負名層らによる対受領闘争(「凶党」行為)はほとんど見られなくなり、代わって荘園と公領間の相論・武力紛争が頻発し始めた。
- Then the conflicts in which persons of the Tato fumyo class fought against zuryo ('gangster'-like acts) almost ceased, and instead, disputes and armed conflicts between manors and Koryo (an Imperial demesne) began occurring frequently.
- 当然このような劣悪な状況では途中で飢餓や病により倒れたり、死亡したりして行旅死亡人となる者も多く、初期の頃から社会問題化し始めていた。
- As a matter of course, the severe conditions caused many people to collapse from starvation and illnesses or even die en route, causing the issue to be recognized as a social problem.
- 院政においても鎌倉幕府の影響を受けて後嵯峨上皇の院政下である寛元4年(1246年)より院評定が開催されたが、ここでも評定始が開かれた。
- In the period of Insei, the Retired Emperor Gosaga began inhyojo (consultation under the cloister government) in 1246 adopting the Kamakura bakufu's practice, and also held hyojohajime.
- 貞一には茶懐石に関する著述が多いが、1969年には『暮しの手帖』に花森安治のインタビューによる「吉兆つれづればなし」の連載が始まった。
- Teiichi wrote many books about Chakaiseki (dishes served before the tea ceremony), and began a serialization concerning the 'Kitcho Tsurezurebanashi' in a magazine 'Kurashi no Techo' (Notes on Daily Life) in the form of interviews with Yasuji HANAMORI in 1969.
- 初版は1823年(文政6年)頃より作成が始まり、1831年(天保2年)頃から1835年(同4年)頃にかけて刊行されたと考えられている。
- It is said that the creation of the first edition was begun in 1823, and published from 1831 to 1835.
- 1973年に大迫ダムが完成した際に温泉はダムに沈んだが、その後ボーリングによって源泉を掘り当て、山鳩湯旅館が営業を始めて温泉は復活した。
- The hot spring sank under water when the construction of Osako dam was completed in 1973, but the hot spring revived later in Yamabatoyu Ryokan Inn when the source was struck by boring.
- 勅勘をこうむり、丹後に配流となった公家の権中納言中院通勝卿の心をなぐさめるため、親しい友人が京都より苗木を送つたことに始まるといわれる。
- It began when a close friend sent a plant from Kyoto to console the heart of Michikatsu NAKANOIN, who was the kuge (court noble) and Gon Chunagon (Provisional Middle Counselor) that defied the order of the emperor and was exiled to Tango.
- しかしながら、保津峡の優れた景観を惜しむ声も多かったため、それを活用するためにJR西日本の完全子会社の手により1991年から営業を開始。
- However, as there were many calls from those who valued the superb scenery of the Hozukyo Gorge, a wholly-owned subsidiary of West Japan Railway Company (JR West) has run the line to make the best use of it since 1991.
- また、宮廷歌人柿本人麻呂の歌にも「大君は神にしませば」で始まる歌があるように天皇自身の存在もそれまでとは違う神格的な存在となっていった。
- People started to think of the emperor as a more god-like figure than before, and for this reason the court poet KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro wrote a poem saying 'Okimi (the emperor) is a god.'
- 彼らは領国の阿波国を始め、讃岐国、淡路国、摂津国、和泉国、河内国、山城国、丹波国、大和国などを実力で支配し、それぞれ腹心をして支配した。
- They controlled, in addition to their territory, the Awa Province, the Sanuki Province, the Awaji Province, the Settsu Province, the Izumi Province, the Kawachi Province, the Yamashiro Province, the Tanba Province and the Yamato Province with raw power through their trusted retainers.
- 木崎原の戦い以後は伊東氏を平らげ、大友宗麟との耳川の戦いで大勝利を収め、薩摩・大隅・日向三州統一を完全なものにし、九州統一戦を開始した。
- After the Battle of Kizakibaru, the Shimazu clan defeated the Ito clan, won a sweeping victory in the Battle of Mimi-kawa against Sorin OTOMO and completed unification of three countries, Satsuma, Osumi and Hyuga, and began battles to unify the whole of Kyushu.
- それら私営田経営者、そして弱体化し始めたとはいえ、いまだ一定の勢力を保つ郡司と、強化された国守・国衙の権力との利害対立が顕在化していく。
- The conflict of interests amongst those managers of shieiden (lands directly governed by powerful families), gunji started to weaken, but still held constant power, and kokushu (head of provincial governors) and kokuga (provincial government offices) powers that became stronger was more apparent.
- そして右近衛大将に任じられるがすぐに辞任し鎌倉に戻り翌建久2年(1191年)正月に前右大将として「政所吉書始」を行い家政機関を設置する。
- He was appointed Ukoneno-daisho (a position in the Ritsuryo system) but soon resigned the position, went back to Kamakura, and executed Mandokoro-kissho-hajime (the ceremony announcing the start of new official works) to establish domestic economy organizations as a Sakino-udaisho in February and March 1191.
- 原始宗教やシャーマニズム・アニミズムなどと呼ばれ、その信仰の対象は森羅万象に及ぶため、その行為でもある祭りを定義付けることは困難である。
- Since it was called a primitive religion, shamanism, animism and so on, and the target of its belief extended to shinrabansho (all things in nature), it is difficult to define matsuri which is also the action.
- 安倍氏は頼義に対し終始優勢のうちに戦いを続けたが秋田仙北の俘囚主清原氏が度重なる頼義の要請に応えて参戦すると、これを支えきれず貞任は敗北。
- The Abe clan continued to predominate over Yoriyoshi throughout all battles, but after the Kiyohara clan, the master of Fushu in Senboku of Akita, participated in the war after accepting Yoriyoshi's repeated requests, Sadato was unable to continue fighting, and was defeated.
- 時宗の死後、御家人層の支持を持つ泰盛が幕政を主導して弘安徳政を開始するが、御内人の代表である内管領の平頼綱と対立し、霜月騒動で滅ぼされる。
- After Tokimune's death, Yasumori, who had the support of the gokenin, led the shogunate administration and initiated the Koan-tokusei (political reforms instituted in the Koan era); however, a dispute with Yoritsuna TAIRA (a head of the Tokuso family who was a representative of the miuchibito) led to him being overthrown in the Shimotsuki incident.
- これより門主の座をめぐって本願寺は分裂の道を歩み始め、1602年に徳川家康が教如に准如の本願寺教団と別の寺地を与えて東本願寺を分立させた。
- This incident was the starting point of the path of schism over the position of the monshu (chief priest) of Hongan-ji Temple, and in 1602 Ieyasu TOKUGAWA split Hongan-ji Temple by giving Kyonyo a temple and land for Higashi Hongan-ji Temple, which was thus separated from Junnyo's Honganji Buddhist Sect.
- この「諸国」は近畿でのことと思われるが、世相として自力救済的な様相を帯び始めたということは当時頻発した強訴の中にも見てとれるかもしれない。
- These 'various districts' were probably those of the Kinki region, but social conditions of self-help that began around that time could be seen within direct petitions that occurred frequently.
- しかしながら、一応のところ、(原始・)古代・中世・近世・近代(・現代 (時代区分))とする時代区分法が歴史研究では広く受け入れられている。
- However, roughly it can be said that classifying the periods into (the primitive period), ancient times, the medieval period, the early-modern times, modern times, and the contemporary period is widely accepted in the researching of history.
- 明治時代に名古屋市内で始まったとされており、発祥となった店は熱田区の「あつた蓬莱軒」とも、中区 (名古屋市)の「いば昇」とも言われている。
- Hitsumamushi is said to have started within Nagoya City during the Meiji Period, and the restaurant that originally began serving this dish is said to be either 'Atsuta Horaiken' in Atsuta Ward or 'Ibasho' in Naka Ward (Nagoya City).
- 戦国時代 (日本)が始まる1498年には守護の一色義秀が地元豪族に攻められて自殺していることから、強力な施政はできなかったようにも思われる。
- Based on the fact that the Shugo Yoshihide ISSHIKI was assaulted and driven to suicide by a powerful local family in 1498 around the onset of the Sengoku (Warring States) period, apparently the Isshiki clan did not have strong control over the province.
- 福知山駅は福知山線の始点となり、また舞鶴線は東舞鶴駅に始まり綾部駅が終点となっているが、多数の列車が乗り入れるため福知山駅が実質終点である。
- The Fukuchiyama Line starts from Fukuchiyama Station, while the Maizuru Line starts from Higashi-Maizuru Station and ends at Ayabe Station, but, Fukuchiyama Station is essentially a terminal due to its status as an end-of-line for most trains.
- 光秀はたびたび大氾濫を起こしていた由良川の治水に成功し、現在もなお行われている築堤工事は彼に始まる治水事業の歴史を連綿と受け継ぐものである。
- Mitsuhide was successful in executing flood prevention for the Yura-gawa River, which often caused heavy flood damage; today, similar work continues uninterrupted, continuing the history of his flood prevention works.
- 法として機能し始めたのは「新選組」と名を改め近藤・土方を中心とする組織が整ってからで、伊東甲子太郎ら一派の粛清の際にも適用されたといわれる。
- The rules started to function as law when Roshi-gumi changed its name to 'Shinsen-gumi,' and the organization lead by KONDO/HIJIKATA had been well-established, and are said to have been applied when Kinetaro ITO and his group were purged.
- この説によれば日本では聖徳太子が政治を始めた601年(厳密には6世紀末とされているが、表立った活動の記録はない。)が辛酉の大革命の年である。
- According to this legend, 601 A.D., when Prince Shotoku took office (although he is believed to have taken office at the end of the 5th century, there is no record of his activities before 601), was the year of the great Shinyu revolution.
- 『富士野往来』に始まる歴史物語を織り込んだものは「武家往来」とも呼ばれ、十返舎一九が伝記型の往来物を確立し、更に史詩型の往来物へと発展した。
- Oraimono with historical episodes which started with 'Fujino Orai' are called 'buke orai' (literally, samurai orai) and later developed into the historical poetry style oraimono, after Ikku JUPPENSHA established the biography style oraimono.
- その和田義盛の乱において、三浦氏の惣領三浦義村は和田義盛に同心すると見せかけ、起請文まで書いたが、実際に乱が始まると、北条義時の側に立った。
- During that Rebellion of Yoshimori WADA, Yoshimura MIURA, who was the Soryo of the Miura clan, made it seem as if he agreed with Yoshimori WADA by writing even kishomon (sworn oath), but stood on the side of Yoshitoki HOJO when the real war began.
- 朝鮮通信使・・・足利義満からの使者と国書に対する返礼で1375年に足利義満に対して信(よしみ)を通わす使者として派遣されたのが始まりである。
- Embassies from Korea: after an envoy and royal missive was sent to Korea by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, a reply was dispatched to Yoshimitsu via an emissary from Shin (Yoshimi) in 1375, thereby opening official communications.
- かくして、12月21日 (旧暦)に三人衆の軍が大和に侵攻を開始し、筒井順慶とともに久秀の居城のある多聞山城(現在の奈良市法蓮町)を包囲した。
- Thus on December 21 (old calendar), the three men's troops began to invade Yamato and, together with Junkei TSUTSUI, sieged Tamonyama-jo Castle (in today's Horen-cho, Nara City), where Hisahide had his headquarters.
- 封建社会を経て近代化してもなお、このような原始宗教ともいわれる世界観を持ち合わせる国は少なく、日本独特に育まれてきた観念からの祭礼でもある。
- Among modernized countries having undergone feudal perods, only a few countries retain such an interpretation of the world which can be called a primitive faith; it is also a festival originated from the concept that has specifically been nurtured in Japan.
- ときに1980年代、すでに日本酒は長い低迷からの脱却を求めて、酒米、清酒酵母の開発や、純米酒の改良など、地道な研究を始めて数年が経っていた。
- It was in the 1980s, when several years passed since the patient studies such as the developments of rice for sake brewing and seishu yeasts and the improvement of junmaishu (sake made without added alcohol or sugar) in order to escape from the long-term slump.
- 希義の次男希望が、頼朝より土佐国吉良荘(高知県高知市春野町)を賜り、「吉良八郎」を称したことに始まる(一説には希義の長男隆盛の系統ともいう)。
- Maremochi, the second son of Mareyoshi, was given Kiranosho, Tosa Province (Haruno-cho, Kochi City, Kochi Prefecture) by Yoritomo, and then commenced calling himself, 'Hachiro KIRA,' this is the origin of their family establishment (In another study, the family was descended from Takamori, the first son of Mareyoshi.)
- 出雲阿国の歌舞伎踊りの時代から始まり、最初は若衆歌舞伎の小屋と茶屋が立ち並び10代の少年が接待をしていたので「陰間」と呼ばれていた花街だった。
- The hanamachi originated in the time of IZUMO no Okuni's Kabuki dance, and it was initially called 'Kagema' (male prostitute), for the area was lined with kabuki and tea houses for the 'wakashu' (a teenage kabuki apprentice and also male prostitute), and those boys entertained patrons.
- Miyagawa-cho started during the Kabuki Odori Dance era (these performances were the real start of kabuki and were comprised of vivacious dancing and joyous songs combined with amusing stories) of IZUMO no Okuni, and was first a red-light district called 'kagema' (male geisha) because playhouses for Wakashu Kabuki (young men's Kabuki) and chaya (literally 'teahouse' which refers to places where geisha entertain their guests) stood side by side, where male teenagers entertained guests.
- 後醍醐との不和は、討幕戦争の際に討幕の綸旨を出した後醍醐を差し置いて令旨を発したことに始まると言われ、皇位簒奪は濡れ衣であると考えられている。
- The dispute with Godaigo was said to have been originated from the order issued by Morinaga ignoring Godaigo who also had issued a rinji (the Emperor's command) to topple the bakufu in the anti-shogunate war, therefore, the plot to deprive the imperial throne was not true.
- 『日本三代実録』の序文によれば、本書の編纂は宇多天皇が、源能有、藤原時平、菅原道真、大蔵善行、三統理平に詔して編纂を命じたことにより始まった。
- According to the preface of 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku,' Emperor Uda ordered MINAMOTO no Yoshiari, FUJIWARA no Tokihira, SUGAWARA no Michizane, OKURA no Yoshiyuki, and MIMUNE no Masahira to compile the text.
- 8世紀後期頃から始まった古代の戸籍制度の崩壊は、平安時代に入っても止まらず、平安時代中期には、国家による直接の人民支配はもはや不可能になった。
- The collapse of the ancient family registration that had begun in the end 8th century did not stop in the early Heian period and the direct control of people by the central government became impossible in the mid Heian period.
- しかしこれは、代替わりに石清水八幡宮・賀茂神社へ社参するという慣例に反するものであり、園城寺・興福寺などは一斉に清盛へ反抗の姿勢を見せ始めた。
- But this was against tradition, which was to visit Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine and Kamo-jinja Shrine upon a change in emperor, leading to the Onjo-ji Temple and the Kofuku-ji Temple simultaneously starting to oppose Kiyomori.
- 籤引きによって選ばれた6代将軍の足利義教が専制政治をしき、1441年に赤松満祐に誘殺されると(嘉吉の乱)、政権内の情勢にほころびが見え始める。
- When Sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who had been selected for his office by lottery, but turned out to be a despotic ruler, was lured out and slain by Mitsusuke AKAMATSU (the Kakitsu Incident), the ruling power began to disintegrate.
- 2000年 京都駅前に大学のまち交流センター(通称キャンパスプラザ京都)完成、財団事務局を移転する 京都学生映画祭、芸術系大学作品展を開始する
- 2000: College-Town Exchange Center (Campus Plaza Kyoto) was built in front of Kyoto Station, and the head office of the foundation was moved there.
- 各大学の応援団旗が一斉に掲げられるオープニングに始まり、大学校歌・応援歌の合唱や、吹奏楽部、チアリーダー部による合同ステージなどで盛り上がる。
- With the opening of displaying flags of each university cheerleading club, the event warms up with chorus of school songs or cheerleading club's songs, and joint performances of brass band clubs or cheerleaders.
- しかし鎌倉時代中期には、『外記日記』に亀山天皇期の文永4年(1267年)1月15日に宮中で「内裏御会始」という歌会が行われたと記録されている。
- In 'The Diary of Geki' written in the mid Kamakura period, it is recorded that the poetry reading 'dairi gokaihajime' was held in the Imperial Court on January 15, 1267 during the era of Emperor Kameyama.
- ただし、当時は作文始・御遊始(管弦)と合わせた一連の行事として捉えられて御会始と呼ばれており、1日のうちに3つを行うのが通例と考えられていた。
- But because gokaihajime was considered to consist of a poetry reading, 作文始 and gyoyuhajime (ancient Japanese court music playing), it was thought to be a customary practice that these three events were held in one day.
- しかし、一部自治体で独自の原産地呼称管理制度が始まっており、長野県の長野県原産地呼称管理制度や、山梨県甲州市のワイン原産地認証条例などがある。
- However, some local governments have begun their own control system of appellation of origin, such as Nagano Appellation Control of Nagano Prefecture and Wine Domain of Origin Certification Regulation of Koshu City, Yamanashi Prefecture.
- 一方で守護の権力が強大化し、守護領国制の成立を目指して、在庁官人を含む鎌倉期の地頭、国人を被官化し、国衙や彼らの所持していた領地を掌握し始めた。
- In the meantime, with the strengthened authority of Shugo (provincial constable), aiming for the establishment of the Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor), Shugo lowered the social position of jito and kokujin (local samurai) of Kamakura period to hikan (low-level bureaucrat) and began to take over kokuga (provincial government offices) and their territory.
- このような繋がりの増強は、後の倒幕運動にも生かされるようになり、薩摩藩は終始佐幕派を装いつつ、結果として秘密裏に薩長同盟を締結する事に成功した。
- The power thus strengthened was utilized in the Tobaku movement that followed, and while the Satsuma clan pretended to be pro-Bakufu at all times it ended up secretly concluding the Saccho Coalition.
- 日本人が海水浴(水泳)を始めるようになったのは明治に陸軍軍医の松本良順が健康に良いと海水浴を推奨したことから始まり、上流階級の一部から始まった。
- It was when Meiji period army surgeon Ryojun MATSUMOTO recommended that bathing in the sea was good for the health that Japanese people started to bathe in the sea, beginning with some members of the upper class.
- 3世長順常春は多才な人で、文筆に長け『茗理正伝』など多くを著し、また実父村岡伊太夫の立てた水術を受け継いで水練師範として小堀流踏水術を創始した。
- Chojun Tsuneharu, the third head of the school, was versatile and excellent in literature: He wrote many books including 'Meirin Seiden' (authentic biography), and succeeded to the art of swimming created by his biological father, Idayu MURAOKA, to establish the Kobori school of treading water as a swimming instructor.
- 中国では、7世紀末~8世紀始めの、唐における武則天即位、建国(武則天)の前後において、中宗 (唐)・睿宗 (唐)が即位後に武則天により退けられた。
- In China, Busokuten enthroned in Tang and a nation was founded (Busokuten) in the end of the 7th century to the beginning of the 8th century, and Jungjong (Tang) and Yejong (Tang) were dethroned by Busokuten.
- 阿野という名字は、元々源義朝の子で、源義経の同母兄である阿野全成が駿河国駿東郡阿野荘を根拠とし、その地名を取って阿野と号したものが始まりとされる。
- The name Ano originated with Zenjo ANO, the son of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo and the older half-brother (with the same mother) of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, when he adopted the name Ano from Ano-sho, Sunto County in Suruga Province, where he was based.
- その10世紀初頭の地方社会経済に目を転じると、旧来の郡司の勢力が弱体化しはじめると同時に、王臣子孫も含めた新興勢力・有力農業経営者が台頭を始める。
- When looking at the social situation in districts of the early tenth century, the former gunji (district managers) force weakened simultaneously with the rise of the new power consisting of the posterity of vassals and wealthy farmers.
- 南蛮貿易が始まるとヨーロッパからガレオン船と呼ばれる竜骨 (船)を使った現在我々が普通に見る船底が尖った波の揺れに強い船が入港されるようになった。
- When nanbanboeki started, ships with a keeled bottom, called galleon ships, with a now ordinary V-shaped bottom resistant to waves, began to enter ports in Japan.
- 8世紀から本格的に開始した日本の律令制は、戸籍・計帳によって人民百姓を把握し、口分田を班給する代わりに租庸調を租税として収取する支配体制であった。
- The Ritsuryo system of Japan, which was officially inaugurated in the eighth century, was an administrative system based on the control over people and farmers by koseki (the household registers) and keicho (the yearly tax registers) and the collection of land tax by Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), which was imposed in exchange for hankyu (allotment) of kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).
- そして当時の日本人は山を神格化し、その神の力を授かるために米を山型(神の形)をかたどって食べたものがいわゆる「おむすび」の始まりだと言われている。
- And the Japanese people of that time divinized mountains and ate mountain-shaped rice (the shape of the god) to receive divine power, and this is the beginning of 'omusubi.'
- 孝謙上皇は代始改元を拒み、舎人親王(淳仁の父)への尊号献上にも抵抗する(最終的には光明皇太后の強い要請により実現)など淳仁天皇との軋轢を繰り返した。
- Retired Empress Koken repeatedly conflicted with Emperor Junnin, for example, she rejected to change the name of the era and resisted to give an honorary title to Imperial Prince Toneri (father of Emperor Junnin) which was eventually realized by the strong request from Empress Dowager Komyo.
- ここで高尾は、王朝国家を田堵農民から生産物地代を収取する貴族たちの連合政権であり、生産物地代を収取する点において封建的な要素を持ち始めているとした。
- In this book, Takao asserted that the Dynastic polity was the coalition government of aristocrats who collected products from tato nomin (cultivating farmers) as land rent and in view of collecting products as land rent, the Dynastic polity had an element similar to that of a feudal nation.
- ところが、1910年(同43年)の教師用教科書改訂にあたって問題化し始め、同年に幸徳秋水ら社会主義者が起こしたとされた幸徳事件がこれに拍車をかけた。
- However, this became problematic around 1910 when the textbooks for teachers was revised, and this movement was further fueled by the 'Kotoku Incident,' which is said to have been caused by socialists such as Shusui KOTOKU and others.
- 日本全国でも9月に作品を供給できたのは松竹蒲田撮影所と帝国キネマ(帝キネ)だけの5本きり、松竹は蒲田から松竹京都撮影所へと移転すべく建設を開始した。
- Only five movies were supplied throughout Japan in September of that year, which were produced by Shochiku Kamata Studio of Shochiku Co., Ltd. and Imperial Cinema Entertainment Co., Ltd. (Tei-kine), and then Shochiku started construction of a new film studio in Kyoto to replace its film studio in Kamata.
- 昭和16年(1941年)、太平洋戦争が始まり米不足に拍車がかかった内地では、昭和17年(1942年)食糧管理制度が制定され、酒造米も配給制となった。
- After the Pacific War began in 1941, since the shortage of rice became more serious in the inland of Japan, the food-control system was established in 1942, under which rice for sake brewing was rationed.
- 「イリ」が後世の創作とは考えにくいことから、これらの大王・王族は実在の可能性が高まり、崇神を始祖とする「イリ王朝」「三輪王朝」説なども提唱されている。
- As it is difficult to believe that 'iri' was a later creation, this increases the likelihood that these kings and royals really existed and advocates the theory that Emperor Sujin was the progenitor of the Iri and Miwa Dynasties.
- 『今より以後、卯の始めに朝りて、巳の後に退でむ。因りて鐘を以て節とせよ』(官人たちの出士・退出時間があいまいなので、鐘で勤務時間をはっきりとさせよう)
- 'From now on, work should start before 6:00 am and finish after 10:00 am, and a bell should be rung at the start and end of work' (since the working hours of government officials were unclear, the sound of a bell let them know the start and finish time)
- 安政の大獄によって吉田が処刑されると、これを機に長州藩は終始幕府への敵対心をむき出しにし、その結果禁門の変を起こし、二度に渡る幕府からの征討を受けた。
- When YOSHIDA was executed as a result of the Ansei Purge (安政の大獄), the Choshu clan started to clearly indicate its attitude of opposition to Bakufu at all times, which resulted in the Kinmon Rebellion (禁門の変), and twice they were punitively expedited by Bakufu.
- 三瓶山の山麓はソバ栽培に適した土壌で、三瓶山麓で薬用人参の栽培が安永2年(1773年)から始まると共にソバ栽培も盛んになって節目で食されるようになる。
- The soil around the base on Mt. Sanbe is suitable for growing buckwheat which became active when ginseng farming began in that area in 1773 and the area residents started to eat soba on from time to time.
- その一方、室町時代中期以後には高利・日歩による利息で小規模資本で営業を行った日銭屋(ひぜにや)と呼ばれる金融業者が登場して土倉の営業分野を侵食し始めた。
- On the other hand, after the mid-Muromachi period, money brokers called hizeniya, who loaned money at a high daily interest on a small scale, began to encroach on doso's business.
- これにより織田政権内での主導権を掌握した秀吉は清洲会議や賤ヶ岳の戦いを経て信長の後継者として地位を固め、天正11年1583年には大坂城の築城を開始する。
- Consequently, Hideyoshi seized leadership within the Oda government and strengthened his position as Nobunaga's successor through the Kiyosu Meeting and the Battle of Shizugatake; then, in 1583, he started the construction of Osaka-jo Castle.
- 少林寺拳法は宗が戦前から戦中にかけて中国で特務機関の活動をしている際に学んだ各種の中国拳法に幼少のころ学んだ日本の柔術を加味し創始した日本の武道である。
- Shorinji kenpo is a Japanese martial art developed and established by SO based on various Chinese martial arts which he learned when he stayed in China to work for the secret military agency before and during the war, adding Japanese Jujutsu, which he had learned when he was a child.
- 九十九神に代表される古典的な妖怪は、自然が身近にあって始めて現実的なものとして捉えることのできる狸(たぬき)や狐(きつね)や鼬(いたち)であったりする。
- Traditional yokai represented by Tsukumogami can be conceptualized as something that's realistic only by having nature nearby, such as tanuki (raccoon), fox and Japanese mink.
- 貞享3年(1686年)4月27日の京都三十三間堂での通し矢種目の際、前日暮れ六つ(午後6時)から開始したが、翌朝ごろ調子が悪くなり通し矢が少なくなった。
- He started the Toshiya event at Sanjusangendo Temple in Kyoto from six in the evening of the day before June 17, 1686, but the next morning he became out of condition and made fewer hit.
- 余裕ができファッションに関心が向き始めた日本人に対して、「お米は太る。パンでスタイルを良くしましょう」といった、科学的根拠に乏しい宣伝も盛んになされた。
- An advertisement stating that 'rice is fattening, but bread brings you a nice figure,' which lacked any scientific basis, was often released, targeting Japanese who had become affluent and interested in fashion.
- しかも、配給量は日中戦争開始以前、まだ小作農が農業人口の大半を占めていた昭和11酒造年度(1936年-1937年)の米の生産高に基づいて算出されていた。
- In addition, the amount of the ration was calculated based on the production amount of the Showa 11 brewing year (1936 to 1937) when half of the farmers were tenant farmers before the outbreak of the China-Japan War.
- 白河天皇は翌年には父の遺言を無視して実子である善仁親王を皇太子に立ててその日のうちに皇太子への譲位を宣言して堀河天皇を即位させて院政を開始する事になった。
- In the following year, Emperor Shirakawa disregarded his father's will, making his biological son Imperial Prince Taruhito (who later became Emperor Horikawa) an Imperial Prince; the same day, he abdicated the throne in favor of Imperial Prince Taruhito accordingly and Emperor Horikawa ascended to the throne, thus initiating the government by the Retired Emperor Shirakawa.
- 鎌倉時代は江北六郡の地頭であり、始祖の佐々木氏信は鎌倉幕府の評定衆を務め、後を継いだ佐々木宗綱は、幕府が朝廷に対し天皇の譲位を促した際の使者を務めている。
- In the Kamakura period the clan was an estate steward of six counties in Gohoku, and the original forefather Ujinobu SASAKI became The High Court of Justice of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and Munetsuna SASAKI who inherited Ujinobu, worked as an envoy at the time when the bakufu prompted the Imperial Court to pass the throne to the successor.
- これに並行して鎮守府諸施設の工事が始まり、1901年(明治34年)10月1日に舞鶴鎮守府が開庁、初代司令長官は当時海軍中将であった東郷平八郎が任命された。
- At the same time construction of the facilities for Chinjufu began, and on October 1, 1901, Maizuru Chinjufu started operations under first Admiral Heihachiro TOGO who had been a vice admiral till then.
- 豊臣秀吉の死後、次の天下人の座を狙う徳川家康は、慶長5年、度重なる上洛命令を無視した上杉景勝を公儀に反抗する逆臣として征伐すると称し、会津攻めを開始した。
- After the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was seeking the post of tenkabito (the ruler of the kingdom), began invading the Aizu Domain to attack Kagekatsu UESUGI's army in 1600, claiming that Uesugi was a treacherous retainer who rebelled against the administrative authority because he had often ignored the order to go to the capital.
- 豊臣秀吉の死後、次の天下人の座を狙う徳川家康は慶長5年(1600年)、度重なる上洛命令に応じない会津の上杉景勝を逆臣として討伐すべく、会津攻めを開始した。
- After the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was seeking the post of tenkabito (the ruler of the kingdom), began invading the Aizu Domain to attack Kagekatsu UESUGI's army in 1600, claiming that UESUGI was a treacherous retainer who rebelled against the administrative authority because he had often ignored the order to go to the capital.
- さらにここの見学者は希望により大正琴の演奏を体験でき、これをきっかけに本格的に大正琴を習い始めたい場合はスタッフが全国各地の琴伝流講師陣を紹介してくれる。
- Visitors to this place, if they wish, will have an opportunity to perform taishogoto, and if visitors want to start learning taishogoto, the staff will introduce instructors of Kinden school from various places nationwide.
- そのため闇酒、粗悪な焼酎、ビール、ウィスキーから飲み始め、日本酒といえば「頭が痛くなる」「気持ち悪くなる」三増酒のことだと思うようになっていったのだった。
- Therefore, they drank starting with bad quality shochu, beer, and whisky, and thought that sake meant sanzoshu which caused 'headaches' and 'nausea.'
- 鎌倉幕府滅亡から南北朝分立に至る動乱と西園寺本家断絶の混乱の中で、西園寺家庶家の西園寺公良が宇和郡に入り、在地の土豪を支配下に組み入れて領国支配を開始する。
- Amid the agitated situation from the fall of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to the separation of the Northern and Southern Courts and the chaos caused by the discontinuance of the Saionji family, Kimiyoshi SAIONJI, of a branch family of the Saionji family entered Uwa Country, and put the local clans under his control then began to rule over the territory.
- しかし、鎌倉後期ごろになると、地頭が荘園・公領支配へ進出していったことにより、名を中心とした生活経済は急速に姿を消していき、従来の荘園公領制が変質し始めた。
- However, in the late Kamakura period, since Jito (a manager and lord of the manor) moved into the governance of the manor and public land, the livelihood and economy that had been dependent on the myo rapidly disappeared, and the conventional shoen koryo sei began to change.
- 通説的には惣領制が崩壊し、庶子家が独自の動きを取り始めると一族一揆を結ぶことで庶子家との繋がりを維持したが、やがて地縁による国人一揆へと発展したと言われる。
- It is commonly accepted that when the Soryo system (a system in which the eldest son would succeed as head of the family) collapsed, the branch families began to act independently from the main line of the house, which led to them maintaining relationships with other branch families by forming ichizoku ikki (family ikki) with them, and this is said to have developed into the forming of kokujin ikki based on territorial connections.
- 室町時代になると、守護の権力が強大化し、守護領国制の成立を目指して、在庁官人を含む鎌倉期の地頭、国人を被官化し、国衙や彼らの所持していた領地を掌握し始めた。
- In the Muromachi period, shugo (provincial constables) became powerful and lowered official positions of jito and kokujin (local samurai) from the Kamakura period including zaichokanjin (local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods) and started to control the lands owned by kokuga, jito, or kokujin with the goal to establish the shugo-ryogoku system (the system where a shugo dominates a manor).
- 11世紀40年代ごろから太政官によって制定され始めた公田官物率法は、一国内の税率を固定化する内容を持っており国司に付与された租税収取権に大きな制限を加えた。
- Koden kanmotsu rippo, which was established by Dajokan around 1140, restricted kokushi's right to collect tax since it included the provision which fixed the tax rate in a province.
- この頃には新令により発生した所領問題、訴訟や恩賞請求の殺到、記録所などの新設された機関における権限の衝突などの混乱が起こり始め、新政の問題が早くも露呈する。
- It was right around this time that due to these new decrees, the Court started receiving a flood of land-related problems as well as court cases and requests for rewards, and chaos caused by conflicts of authority between the mechanisms of the newly established Records office and so forth began to arise; the fact that the new government was beset with problems had come to light very quickly.
- 奈良時代から漸次的に進んでいた文化の日本化が国風文化として結実し、平仮名・片仮名の使用が開始し、『源氏物語』・『枕草子』に代表される物語文学などが花開いた。
- The Japanization of culture that had gradually advanced from the Nara period produced a Japanese-style culture, using hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (another set of Japanese syllabary characters) started and narrative literature, typical examples being 'The Tale of Genji' and 'Makura no soshi' (the Pillow Book), flourished.
- ほかに織部流を称す流派に扶桑派があり、明治時代に日種譲山とともに京都興聖寺を復興させた表千家の見中斎米山により創始されたもので、やはり式正茶法を伝えている。
- Elsewhere are schools of tea ceremony using the Oribe name, including the Fusoha school, which was established by Kenchusai Beisan of Omotesenke (the house of Omotesen), who refurbished Kosho-ji Temple in Kyoto together with Nishugosan in the Meiji Era, and which continues in the Shikisei way of tea.
- 後三条は、宇多天皇以来藤原北家(後三条天皇)を外戚に持たない170年ぶりの天皇であり、外戚の地位を権力の源泉としていた摂関政治がここに揺らぎ始めることとなる。
- Gosanjo was the first Emperor in 170 years whose cognates were not from the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan (Sekkan-ke (摂関家)), and this was another sign that Sekkan seiji, the authority of which was based on the position as being conducted by cognates of the Emperor, was beginning to waver.
- すなわち、天皇に権力が集中するよう規定されていたのであるが、摂政・関白という天皇の代理者・補佐者の登場は、摂関家が天皇の統治権を請け負い始めたことを意味する。
- In other words, in the ritsuryo system it was stipulated that power be concentrated in the hands of the emperor, but with the appearance of the regent and chancellor, the emperor's deputy and adviser, the regent's house began to take over the emperor's right to exercise sovereignty.
- そこで宮中深くまで出入りを許されていた歯科医の兼安備後(妹の命婦讃岐も宮中に仕えていた)に仲介を頼んで文通を始め、それをきっかけとして二人で逢瀬を重ねていた。
- Then he asked dentist Bingo KANEYASU (whose younger sister Sanuki was serving in the court as a myobu (high-ranking court lady)), who had been allowed admission to the inner quarters of the Court, to go between in the exchange of letters between the lovers, who then began direct meetings with each other.
- 幽斎は頑強に抵抗したものの、やはり援軍の見込みのない籠城戦の上、兵力の差がありすぎたため、7月19日から始まった攻城戦は、7月末には落城寸前となったのである。
- Despite the intense resistance of Yusai, it was unlikely that Yusai and his soldiers would have been able to fight equally against ISHIDA's army due to the lack of hope of support and the visible difference in force size, and accordingly, the battle to capture the castle started on July 19, and the castle was nearly captured by the end of July.
- その状態は18歳を迎える永和 (日本)元年(天授 (日本)/1375年)まで継続される(もっとも、名実ともに義満親政が始まるのは康暦の政変以後のことである)。
- These conditions lasted until Yoshimitsu reached the age of 18 years old in 1375 (although it was not until the Koryaku Coup that direct administration of Yoshimitsu was instituted both nominally and virtually).
- 日本の祭事に六尺褌が多いのは、南方伝来の六尺褌が根底文化にあり、大陸文化との折衷が始まり、時代を経て簡略化された越中褌が生まれたとの説が一部で唱えられている。
- It is partly claimed that roku-shaku fundoshi (a long rectangular loincloth of about 2.4 meter length) is now largely worn on the festive occasions in Japan because the roku-shaku fundoshi imported from the south had been incorporated into the basic culture of Japan, and then the Continental culture began fusing into the Japanese culture, while fundoshi itself became simplified through the ages to the present form of Etchu fundoshi (a simple rectangular loincloth with strings).
- 柔帽子・控え無しの三ツガケは、弦を掛ける感触が掴み易く且つ手首が自由な事から、初心者が弓を引き始める頃、または未経験者が体験的に弓を引く際に使わせる事もある。
- Mitsugake without yawaraka boshi and hikae is sometimes used when a beginner starts to draw a bow or when an amateur experimentally does so because the feel of setting a string is easy and the wrist can move freely.
- 残る日本通運舞鶴海運支店も北朝鮮によるミサイル発射後、北朝鮮との取引を停止していたが、2006年7月28日より舞鶴港に北朝鮮からの貨物船が荷降ろしを始めている。
- The rest, International Transport Department, Maizuru Marine Transport Office, Nippon Express Co., Ltd. stopped dealings with North Korean vessels after missile launches by North Korea; however, North Korean freights started to be seen unloading goods in Maizuru Port on July 28, 2006.
- 子母沢寛の著書『新撰組始末記』で紹介されて以来、有名となり、以下の5ヶ条として知られるが、同時代史料にはこれを全て記録した物は現在までのところ発見されていない。
- The rules became famous after Kan SHIMOZAWA introduced them in his book 'Shinsengumi Shimatsuki,' and are known by the following 5 Articles, although no historical materials describing all 5 Articles have been found as of now.
- 江戸時代になると備後国を領有した福島正則によって鞆要害を中心に市街地を取り囲む大規模な城郭「鞆城」の築城が始まるが、これが徳川家康の逆鱗に触れ工事は中止された。
- In the Edo period, Masanori FUKUSHIMA who ruled Bingo Province inaugurated a large scale construction of 'the Tomo-jo Castle' by enclosing with the walls the whole town of Tomo with the Tomo-yogai Fortress as the center, but the construction incurred Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's wrath and was thereby cancelled.
- 日本に仏教が伝来したのは、6世紀中期の欽明天皇のときとされているが、本格的に寺院が建立され、仏教が興隆し始めたのは、6世紀末~7世紀前期の推古天皇の頃であった。
- It is said that Buddhism was brought to Japan in the era of Emperor Kinmei, or in the middle era of the sixth century, and it is in the era of Empress Suiko, or the era from around the end of the sixth century to the first half of the seventh century, that temples were built in earnest and Buddhism started flourishing.
- 一方、各地方では国司・郡司・有力百姓などを出自とする「富豪の輩」と呼ばれる階層が登場しており、国衙から名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負って、経済力をつけ始めていた。
- On the other hand, the class called 'fugo-no-yakara' (rich guy) originated from kokushi, gunshi (local government administrator sent from the central government, working under kokushi), leading people, appeared, managed myoden (rice fields as the basic unit for levying taxes) and the duty of tax collection from kokuga and began to be economically stronger.
- しかも、白河に対抗する勢力として、異母弟・輔仁親王や摂関家を始めとする伝統的貴族が存在し、田堵農民層を神人・寄人に組織して巨大化した寺社勢力の圧力も熾烈だった。
- However, the forces against Shirakawa were strong, beginning with the traditional aristocracy such as his half-brother, Imperial Prince Sukehito, and the line of regents and advisers, along with the pressure from the growing religious groups that had organized the Tato farmer class into Jinin (temple followers) and Yoriudo (villains).
- 旧虫プロダクションで色彩設定仕上げ経験のある八田陽子が、1981年に近所の主婦らと、竜の子プロダクションやサンライズ (アニメ制作会社)の仕上げの仕事を始めた。
- In 1981, Yoko HATTA, who had experience of color setting at the former Mushi Production studio, began to undertake finishing work at the Tatsunoko Production and Sunrise animation studios with local housewives.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に悪党の活動が活発化し下克上の風潮が流行すると、伝統的な戦闘形態は個人戦から集団戦へと変化し始め、足軽の活躍の場は土一揆・国一揆にも広まった。
- As the activity of villains increased and the trend of vassals revolting against their lords became more commonplace during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the traditional way in which warfare was conducted began to make the transition from a one-to-one combat to a group battle strategy, and the utilization of ashigaru even spread to the suppression of local and provincial uprisings.
- 王朝国家体制期における中央政治機構や軍制・荘園政策・負名体制に関する研究は著しい進展を見せ、さらには王朝国家に代わる新たな古代-中世移行論が唱えられ始めてはいる。
- The study of central government organization, military systems, shoen policy, and local tax management systems during the Dynastic polity period has marked significant progress and another theory concerning the transition from the ancient times to the medieval age was proposed in lieu of the theory of Dynastic polity.
- また、院政開始後最初の評定始は特に文殿始(ふどのはじめ)とも呼ばれ、両統迭立によって院政の継続が不安定な時代になると、院政開始を印象付ける行事として重んじられた。
- The first hyojohajime after the start of the new government of a retired emperor was called 'Fudonohajime' (文殿始) in particular, which is of special note because it marked the start of Insei in the era of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) when it was not easy to keep Insei.
- やがて、戦国時代に入ると、織田信長に代表される武将たちが、上記に挙げたような大寺院が持つ数々の力や利権を対抗勢力として恐れ始め、徹底的な弾圧を加えるようになった。
- In the course of time, major temples began to be harshly suppressed by busho (Japanese military commanders) in the Sengoku period as typified by Nobunaga ODA, because such military commanders feared above-stated powers and interests held by the temples, regarding them as rival forces.
- 県別の生産高では茨城県(ひたちなか市、東海村)が全国第一位となっているほか、冬のからっ風が強い群馬県、明治時代に産業化が始められた静岡県、長崎県などで生産が多い。
- Besides Ibaraki Prefecture (Tokai-mura, Hitachinaka City), which boasts the largest output among all prefectures in Japan, Gunma Prefecture, blessed with downdraft blown down from the top of mountains in winter, and Shizuoka Prefecture and Nagasaki Prefecture, where the manufacture of the hoshi-imo was industrialized in the Meiji period, produce lots of hoshi-imo.
- 撓競技法(昭和25年(1950年)3月)(中略)3審判(中略)(ロ)審判法(中略)(5)鍔競合5秒以内に及ぶ場合は試合を中止させ、出發線まで戻して再び開始させる。
- Kendo game rules (established in March 1950) --- Article 3. Referee --- B. Refereeing Method --- Section 5. In the event that tsubazeriai continues for five seconds, the referee shall stop the match, make the fencers return to the mark, and restart the match.
- 13世紀の頃、足利義氏 (足利家3代目当主)の長男・長氏が三河国碧海郡吉良荘(現・愛知県西尾市・幡豆郡)を本拠としたのを契機に、「吉良」を名乗りとしたことに始まる。
- It originated from around the13th century, the first son of Yoshiuji ASHIKAGA (the third family head of the Ashikaga family), Osauji established his home base in Kiranosho, Aomi County, Mikawa Province (present Nishio City and Hazu County, Aichi Prefecture), then commenced calling himself, 'Kira.'
- だが成氏も享徳の乱を起こして、古河城に逃れて古河公方を名乗り、更に上杉氏は山内上杉家と扇谷上杉家に分裂したため、応仁の乱が始まるよりも前に関東地方は騒乱状態となる。
- However, Shigeuji also raised the Kyotoku Rebellion and escaped to Koga-jo Castle, where he named himself Koga-kubo (古河公方), and as the Uesugi clan split into the Yamanouchi Uesugi and Ogigayatsu Uesugi families, the Kanto region was in a state of turbulence before the Onin War started.
- ただし、宮内庁ホームページのように「一般国民へのわかりやすさ」を重視する場面、あるいは植樹や供花などでは「皇太子妃」が、歌会始では「東宮妃」などの表記も用いられる。
- However, 'crown princess' is used on the website of the Imperial Household Agency which emphasizes the 'intelligibility to the general public' and in tree-planting ceremonies and floral tributes, and 'Princess Togu' is also used in New Year Imperial Poetry Reading.
- 実際、この前後から現代日本人が俗に戦国大名と呼んで親しんでいる武田信玄、上杉謙信、北条氏康、大友義鎮、島津貴久などの華々しい活躍が始まり全国の戦国騒乱が本格化する。
- In fact, at around this time, Shingen TAKEDA, Kenshin UESUGI, Ujiyasu HOJO, Yoshishige OTOMO, Takahisa SHIMAZU and so on, who were commonly referred to as sengoku daimyo by people in contemporary Japan, started their energetic activities, and disturbances gained momentum all over Japan.
- 「青い着物を着、青い股引(ももひき)をはき、青い褌(ふんどし)をしめ、青い帯をしめ、ワラ草履(ぞうり)をはき、――生れて始めて、俺は「編笠(あみがさ)」をかぶった。
- 'I wore a blue kimono, blue momohiki (long underpants), blue fundoshi loincloth, blue belt, and straw sandals---and I wore 'amigasa' (a braided hat) for the first time in my life.
- 料理人が鉄板でステーキなどを調理し、カウンター越しに座る客に提供するスタイルは1945年に寿司店から着想を得て神戸発祥のステーキ専門店「みその」が始めたものである。
- The serving manner, in which a culinarian cooks steak and others on the teppan and serves them to the customer across the counter, was originated in 1945, getting idea from sushi restaurants by a stake restaurant Misono founded in Kobe.
- 東南アジア各地には、煮た穀物を口で唾液と共に噛みつぶし、空気中から野生酵母を取り込んで発酵させて酒を造る、いわゆる日本酒口噛み酒という原始的な醸造法が広く存在した。
- In various regions of Southeast Asia, there was a widespread primitive alcohol brewing method called 'kuchikami no sake' (which literally means 'chewed alcohol'), in which people made alcohol by chewing boiled grains with saliva in their mouths in order to take in wild yeast from the air to ferment the grains and make alcohol.
- しかし、平安後期に太上天皇が治天の君(事実上の国王)として君臨し、政務を取り仕切る院政が開始すると、詔勅や太政官符に代わる、政治意思の表示方式を確立する必要が生じた。
- However, in the later Heian period, when the Insei political system started, where the retired emperor took power and administered all affairs of state as a de facto emperor, it was required to establish a way to express its own political will instead of Daijokanpu.
- しかしこの方法はNTT西日本の定額通信サービスフレッツISDN提供開始について、0774-4xが対象エリアとなった際、「0774-4xかつ宇治市内」という区分となった。
- However, because of this solution, the area using 0774-4x in Kumiyama-cho was included in the category of 'areas of 0774-4x and within Uji City,' when all areas using 0774-4x came to be covered by the flat-rate communication service, FLET'S ISDN, started by NTT West.
- 1431年に丹波守護代である香西元資が罷免されると、細川氏の被官である内藤信承が守護代に就任、入国した内藤氏は船井郡八木に根拠を構えたことから内藤氏の丹波支配が始まる。
- When Motosuke KOZAI, the shugodai of Tanba, was dismissed in 1431, Nobusuke NAITO, a direct vassal of the Hosokawa clan, became the shugodai, and the Naito clan then set up a base in the Funai district Yagi and began to rule Tanba
- 10世紀頃から、律令制で規定していた古代の戸籍制度・班田収授による租税制度がほぼ崩壊し、現地派遣の筆頭国司である受領へ租税納入を請け負わせる国司請負制へと移行し始めた。
- Since around the 10th century, the tax system consisting of the ancient family registration system and handen shuju sei (a system of periodic reallocations of rice land) stipulated by the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) had almost collapsed, gradually shifting into the kokushi ukeoi system, which made Zuryo (the head of Kokushi [provincial governors] who was sent to local provinces to administer) undertake tax collection in their provinces.
- 寛政年間(1690年代)頃から農村や漁村へも広がりを見せ始め、江戸時代中期(18世紀)以降に益々増加し、特に江戸時代後期の天保年間(1830年代)前後に著しく増加した。
- From the 1690s, it spread to agricultural and fishing villages, and became even more widespread after the middle of the Edo period (eighteenth century), especially around the Tenpo era (1830s) during the late Edo period.
- そのうちの1人である源頼朝は、6月末頃から河内源氏累代の家人とされる相模・伊豆・武蔵の武士団への呼びかけを始めて、8月17日には、伊豆在住の山木兼隆を襲撃して殺害する。
- One of them, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, from near the end of June started to call to bushi groups in Sagami, Izu and Musashi that were traditionally vassals of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), and attacked and killed Kanetaka YAMAKI, who lived in Izu, on August 17.
- 少林寺拳法は宗道臣(みちおみ・後のどうしん)が香川県を拠点に、日本拳法は澤山宗海(さわやまむねおみ・本名 澤山勝)が大阪府を中心に活動を始め発展した全く別の拳法である。
- Shorinji kenpo, which was started by Michiomi (the future Doshin) SO and has developed based in Kagawa Prefecture, and Nihon Kenpo, which was started by Nuneomi SAWAYAMA (born Masaru SAWAYAMA) and has developed centered in Osaka Prefecture, are totally different Kenpo.
- 白川伯王家(しらかわはくおうけ)、又は白川家(しらかわけ)とは花山天皇の皇孫の延信王(清仁親王の王子)から始まり、古代からの神祇官に伝えられた伝統を受け継いだ公家である。
- The Shirakawa-hakuo family, or the Shirakawa family was the court noble that had been originated from 'Prince Nobuzane' (the prince of Imperial Prince Kiyohito), who was the imperial grandson of Emperor Kazan, and the family inherited the ancient tradition handed over through Jingikan (officer of the institution for dedicating to religious ceremony).
- 鎌倉時代後期から、名門武家・公家を始めとする旧来の支配勢力は、生産力向上に伴い力をつけてきた国人・商人・農民などによって、その既得権益を侵食され没落の一途をたどっていた。
- Since the late Kamakura period, old-established ruling powers including celebrated samurai families and court nobles suffered gradual deprivation of their vested interest by kokujin, merchants, and farmers, who had been gaining power along with the enhancement of productivity, and were in a consistent process of downfall.
- 4世紀後半からヤマト王権は、武器・農具の原料である鉄資源を求めて朝鮮半島への進出を開始したが、これを契機として朝鮮半島や中国の技術・文物が倭国へ多く流入することとなった。
- Starting in the latter half of the fourth century, the Yamato sovereignty began to advance into the Korean peninsula, seeking iron that was needed for making weapons and farm tools, causing many technologies and cultural products in the Korean peninsular and China to be introduced to Wa.
- そして最後には信輔が摂関家筆頭としての近衛家の立場を強調すれば、昭実も正平の一統後の混乱下での二条家による後光厳天皇擁立の功績をあげるなど議論は泥沼化の様相を見せ始めた。
- In the end, Nobusuke emphasized the position of the Konoe family as the head of the sekkanke (family lines of regents and chief advisors) while Akizane pointed out the Nijo family's success in supporting Emperor Gokogon amid the turmoil after the Shohei no Itto (temporal unification of the Northern and Southern Courts by the Southern Court); their arguments were getting more and more chaotic.
- また、1993年に発売開始となったチルド飲料チルドカップコーヒーはスターバックスなどに代表されるシアトル系コーヒーブームの影響で、缶コーヒーよりも店舗の味わいに近かった。
- Furthermore, chilled-cup coffee put on the market in 1993 was closer to coffee-shop flavors than canned coffee was, through the influence of the Seattle-type coffee boom, represented by Starbucks Coffee.
- 失意のどん底に墜ちた牧野はしかし、同年11月、ハリウッドで世界初のトーキー映画『ジャズ・シンガー』(1927年)の全米公開からわずか1年ではやくもトーキーの研究を始める。
- Although Makino was in the depth of despair, he started the study on talkie films as early as in November of the same year, only one year after the world's first talkie film 'Jazz Singer' was produced in Hollywood and released across the U.S.
- 室町時代の初期の文献によると、上皇は小直衣も狩衣も随時着用することができたが、摂家以下はそれぞれ任大臣・任大将後小直衣を着用し始めると、原則として狩衣は着ない例であった。
- According to writings dating from the early Muromachi period, retired emperors were able to wear konoshi and kariginu at will, but it was generally the case that those ranking below sekke would no longer wear kariginu after they began wearing konoshi following their appointment to the status of daijin or taisho.
- 葛城氏の始祖である葛城襲津彦(そつひこ)は、『古事記』には武内宿禰(孝元天皇の曾孫)の子の1人で、玉手氏(臣)(たまてのおみ)・的氏(臣)(いくはのおみ)などの祖とされる。
- According to 'Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters),' KATSURAGI no Sotsuhiko, original forefather of Kazuraki clan, was one of the children of TAKEUCHI no Sukune and forefather of Tamaktenoomi and Ikuhanoomi.
- また、摂津国福原の一ノ谷の戦いに向かう途中に通過した源義経や那須与一などのほかに文覚、一遍、蓮如、明智光秀、小早川秀秋、角倉了以を始めとして亀岡にゆかりのある著名人は多い。
- Additionally, there are many prominent figures associated with Kameoka: MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and NASU no Yoichi who passed through the area to engage in the Battle of Ichinotani in Fukuhara, Settsu Province, as well as Mongaku, Ippen, Rennyo, Mitsuhide AKECHI, Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA, and Ryoi SUMINOKURA.
- この結果、平氏軍は関東政権軍へ瀬戸内海の制海権を明け渡すこととなり、熊野別当湛増が率いる熊野水軍や,河野通信らの水軍を始めとする中国・四国の武士が続々と鎌倉政権へ味方した。
- As a result, the Taira clan forces gave the command of the Seto Inland Sea to the Kanto government forces and Chugoku, Shikoku region bushi such as the Kumano Navy led by Kumano Betto Tanzo and Michinobu KONO's navy started to take the Kamakura government's side.
- 伏見は引き続き政務を執ったが政権は安定せず、正安3年(1301年)、幕府は治天・天皇の交替を要求し、皇太子邦治(17歳、後二条天皇)が践祚して後宇多による院政が開始された。
- Fushimi continued to attend to government affairs, but the government did not stabilize and the bakufu ordered a change in Chiten and Emperor in 1301, with the Crown Prince Kuniharu (aged 17, Emperor Gonijo) ascending the throne and Gouda starting a cloistered government.
- また民間放送のニッポン放送でも以前は毎日演奏(ジャンクション (放送))を放送していたが、1998年4月より毎週月曜日の放送開始時と土曜日の午前5時前に限って放送している。
- Nippon Broadcasting System, Inc., which is a commercial broadcaster, broadcasts previously performance every day (junction - broadcasting), but, since April 1998, it broadcasts only before staring broadcasting on Monday, every week, and before 5:00 in the morning of Saturday.
- 第二次大戦後、他の武道と同様にそれらは禁止されたが、戦後復興と共に行事が復活し、東京五輪の「射撃競技」の開始式典で大戦前から伝統の米沢市の「砲術隊」等による演武が行われた。
- After the World War II, the gunnery was prohibited like other martial arts; however, many events were restored in the process of Japan's postwar rehabilitation; in the opening ceremony for 'target shooting' in the Tokyo Olympics, the traditional demonstration of gunfire by the 'musket troops' in Yonezawa City, which dated back before the war.
- 彼の築堤の名残として「明智藪」と呼ばれる堤防保護のための藪を今もなお見ることができ、現在もなお行われている堤防築造や国土交通省などによる水位の監視などは彼に始まるものである。
- To this day, there still exists a yabu (bushes in English) known as 'Akechi-yabu' to protect the embankments; today, the monitoring of water levels by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism all stem from his works.
- 福知山市を含む周辺地域では縄文時代の始め頃から人が住んでいたといわれ、広範囲において数多くの古墳やその住居跡が出土したことから、かつては多数の有力豪族が居たと考えられている。
- It is said that people lived in the surrounding area including Fukuchiyama City from the beginning of the Jomon period; many influential powerful families are thought to have lived here because many ancient tombs and dwellings were found across a wide area.
- 原因は心身のストレスであり、宮内庁は「将来にわたる皇統の問題を始め、皇室にかかわるもろもろの問題を憂慮されている」と述べ、ストレスの中心に皇位継承問題があるとの考えを示した。
- The Imperial Household Agency expressed its view that mental and physical stress is the root of these disorders, mainly coming from the anxiety over the issue related to the succession to the Imperial Throne, saying 'The Emperor is concerned about various problems related to the Imperial household including the issue over the succession to the Imperial Throne.'
- 江戸時代前期正親町天皇の皇孫で、陽光院太上天皇誠仁親王の第6王子 八条宮智仁親王の三男広幡忠幸が寛文4年(1664年)に源氏の姓を賜り一家を創立し、広幡を称したことに始まる。
- Tadayuki HIROHATA, the third son of Imperial Prince Hachijonomiya Toshihito who was the sixth son of Imperial Prince Sanehito (the Retired Emperor Yoko), and also an imperial descendant of Emperor Ogimachi in the early Edo period, was given the hereditary title of Minamoto and established the family in 1664 by using the surname of Hirohata.
- その時期は関東においては平忠常の乱が終わり、そこでの「亡国」といわれるほどの焦土戦による荒廃から、復興・再開発が始められた段階、つまり11世紀後半から12世紀初頭に相当する。
- That period ranged from late eleventh to the early twelfth century when the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune ended in the Kanto region, and when reconstruction and reestablishment started from the ruins of what was called almost a 'dead province.'
- 11月14日清盛は福原から上京すると、関白・基房、権中納言・師家を手始めに、藤原師長以下39名(貴族8名、殿上人・受領・検非違使など31名)を解官、後白河も鳥羽殿へ幽閉した。
- On November 14, Kiyomori arrived in Kyoto from Fukuhara and fired, beginning with Regent Motofusa, Gonchunagon Moroie (head of the Left Division of the Outer Palace Guards), FUJIWARA no Moronaga and 39 other people (8 aristocrats, 31 court officers, province officers, Kenbiishi, etc.) and locked Goshirakawa up at the Toba residence.
- だが、院政が始まると朝廷の実質的頂点である太上天皇に荘園が集中するようになり、白河天皇や鳥羽天皇も規制に乗り出すものの、この矛盾によって荘園整理政策は破綻してしまうのである。
- However, when insei (rule by a retired emperor) began, manors concentrated around the retired emperor, who was virtually at the top of the Imperial court; for example, despite efforts at regulation by Emperor Shirakawa and Emperor Toba, such a contradiction caused the manor consolidation agenda to fail.
- 当時の島津氏は上方の情勢に疎かったがために西軍に付かざるを得ない状況となり、この反省から、以後薩摩藩は独立王国の様相を呈し始め、各地に密偵を配置し、情報収集力の増強に努めた。
- The Shimazu clan at that time lacked sufficient knowledge regarding the situation in the Kyoto-Osaka district, so it had no choice but to join the Western Army; it was their regret over this decision that resulted in the Satsuma clan starting to show signs of becoming an independent realm, placing spies in various regions and trying to strengthen its ability to collect information.
- また、昭和15年の木下謙次郎「続々美味求真」に2升で200個握るとされていること、2個づけが戦後始まっていることを考えても、大きかったので2つに分けたと言う説には無理がある。
- From the viewpoint in 'Zoku Zoku Bimigushin' (Delicacy Quest, third series) written by Kenjiro KINOSHITA in 1940, he said 200 pieces of Nigiri-zushi were made from two sho of rice, and that serving of Nigiri-zushi in pairs started after the war, a theory that Nigiri-zushi was cut into two pieces because it was too big is also unreasonable.
- 美貌であったといい天皇の寵愛も篤く、敦明親王(小一条院)を始め、敦儀親王、敦平親王、師明親王(性信入道親王)、当子内親王(斎宮)、禔子内親王(藤原教通室)ら四男二女をもうけた。
- She was said to be beautiful and had a deep love for the Emperor, and gave birth to 4 sons and 2 daughters, starting with Imperial Prince Atsuakira (Koichijoin), Imperial Prince Atsunori, Imperial Prince Atsuhira, Imperial Prince Moroakira (priestly Imperial Prince Shoshin), Imperial Princess Toshi (Saigu - Imperial Princess appointed to serve the deities of the Ise-jingu Shrine), and Imperial Princess Teishi (wife of FUJIWARA no Norimichi).
- 『日本書紀』の神武紀には「始馭天下之天皇(はつくにしらすすめらみこと)を、号けたてまつりて神日本磐余彦火火出見天皇(かむやまといはれびこほほでみのすめらみこと)と曰す」とある。
- In Jimmu-ki of Nihonshoki, it is recorded that 'Hatsukuni shirasu sumera mikoto was entitled as Kanyamato Iwarebiko hoho demi no sumeramikoto.'
- ようやく文政6年(1823年)、大関・柏戸利助と玉垣額之助 (4代)への横綱免許交付をきっかけに立て続けに吉田司家に先んじて横綱免許を発給するなどして吉田司家への逆襲を始める。
- Finally, in 1823, using the issuing of yokozuna licenses to Ozeki (a sumo wrestler of the second highest rank) Risuke KASHIWADO and Gakunosuke TAMAGAKI (the fourth) as a trigger, the family began to launch a counterattack against the Yoshida Tsukasa family by issuing yokozuna licenses before the Yoshida Tsukasa family did.
- 宏学達識で涅槃宗の後継者と見られていたが、寛永年間に涅槃宗が天台宗に吸収されたのを機に還俗し、洛中に、書籍と医薬品を商う「富士屋」を開き、号を嘉休と称し修道三昧の生活を始めた。
- Masatomo, who was considered the omniscient successor of the Nehan-shu sect, returned to secular life after the Nehan-shu sect was absorbed into the Tendai-shu sect during the Kanei era and opened 'Fujiya,' a business dealing with books and pharmaceuticals in Rakuchu (called himself Kakyu), and started a hardworking life.
- 摂関政治が確立し始めた9世紀後期から10世紀初頭にかけては、国外へは鎖国主義を採り、国内でも蝦夷侵略がほぼ終結するなど、国内外に大きな脅威がなくなり、国政も安定期に入っていた。
- In the period from the late ninth century to the beginning of the tenth century, when the regency became established, there were no particular threats either at home or abroad because the country took an isolationist policy toward foreign countries, and domestically, the subjugation of the Emishi (Japanese northerners) was almost completed, and the administration had entered a period of stability.
- 『高遠記集成』(『木曽福島町史』)によると、信濃国木曾谷の木曾家領主・木曾家村(木曾義仲七世孫と称する)の甥・木曾家佐(木曾家定の子)が木曽郡上野に土着したことから始まるという。
- According to 'Koenkishusei' (A History of Kisofukushima Town), the clan started when 木曾家佐 (Iesada KISO's son), a nephew of Iemura KISO (claimed to be the seventh descendent of Yoshinaka KISO), the lord of the Kiso family in Kiso-dani Valley, Shinano Province, settled in Ueno, Kiso County.
- そのルーツは明らかでなく、『平泉雑記』が伝える安倍氏自身の家伝によれば、神武天皇に殺された畿内の王長脛彦の兄安日彦をその始祖とし、安日彦の津軽亡命をもって安倍氏の発祥としている。
- The roots of the Abe clan have not been clarified, but according to the family tradition that the Abe clan passed down in the 'Hiraizumi Zakki' (Miscellaneous notes on Hiraizumi), their earliest ancestor was Abihiko, the older brother of Nagasunehiko, the king of the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) who had been killed by Emperor Jinmu, and the Abe clan originated when Abihiko fled to Tsugaru.
- 日本の気象庁の観測では、1967年の観測開始以降、2002年に黄砂観測の日数・延べ日数が共に最多を記録したが、年ごとの変化が大きいため長期的な変化傾向ははっきりと判明していない。
- The Japan Meteorological Agency has observed kosa since 1967, and the data obtained there shows the following: Both the number of kosa occurrences and the total number of days when kosa was observed were maximum in 2002, but the long-term trend is not clear because the data changed considerably depending on the year.
- 「開発領主」が生まれる過程は、その地の有力者が一族子弟のみならず、近隣の農民や諸国から流入した浮浪人などを組織して荒地の開拓を行い、その従事者を新しい村落に編成することに始まる。
- The creation of the 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' started with the cultivation of the wild land not only by children and brothers of the powerful clan, but neighboring peasants and people who escaped and travelled from their registered domiciles of various provinces to organize into a new village as followers.
- もともとは造り酒屋から始まった酒屋であっても、酒で財を成したとはいえ、原業の醸造業は衰滅してしまい、残った財を資本として他の業種に乗り出していき、さらに成長していった酒屋もある。
- When a tsukuri-zakaya accumulated wealth through sake business, it could happen that the sakaya started other types of business and became more wealthy, although the original sake business declined.
- 1391年(元中8年/明徳2年)の明徳の乱で有力守護の山名氏を弱体化させ、武家勢力を統率した義満は、和泉国・紀伊国の守護で南朝と領地を接する大内義弘の仲介で本格的交渉を開始する。
- The Meitoku Rebellion in 1391 weakened the prominent provincial constable Yamana's clan, and with the samurai families united under Yoshimitsu, he had Yoshihiro OUCHI, who was the provincial constable of Isumi and Kii Provinces and whose property lay next to the Southern Court, to intervene and start serious negotiations.
- しかし、江戸時代中期以降、小麦粉をつなぎとして使用し始めたことにより、二八蕎麦が一般大衆化したため、高級店が品質の良さを強調するキャッチコピーとして「生蕎麦」を使うようになった。
- Subsequent to the middle of the Edo period, however, since nihachi soba became common, with wheat flour being introduced as a binding agent, upscale soba restaurants started to imitate using the term 'kisoba' to emphasize the good quality of their noodles.
- これに伴い、戦国大名にとっては、戦国時代から始まるとして世界遺産にも指定された石見銀山に代表されるように、領内にある金山・銀山の運営が、軍資金の調達のために戦略的な重要性を増した。
- As a result, for sengoku daimyo, operation of gold and silver mines in the territory increased their strategic importance as a means to raise war funds as represented by Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine which was designated a World Heritage as commenced in the Sengoku Period.
- 庶民の間では、芸事や趣味の道が次第に洗練されたものになり始め、『風姿花伝』のように芸の道を人間の道と重ね合わせて修行のありようを考えるという視点も、この武家階級の時代の産物である。
- Among ordinary people, their accomplishments and hobbies began to be refined, and the following perspective was also a product of the era of the bushi class arms: they had the insight into practice by superposing their accomplishments on their lives as expressed in 'Fushikaden.'
- これらの動きは、中世を通じて社会体制であり続けた荘園公領制の出現を意味するものであり、これと相前後して開始した院政と併せて、11世紀後期には既に中世に入っていたと見ることもできる。
- These movements implies the arrival of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), which was the social structure throughout the medieval age, and based on this fact together with the advent of cloister government, we can consider that the medieval age already arrived in late 11th century.
- 1988年(昭和63年)頃、昔からあった在来種を栽培していた農家と、水田の裏作として栽培していた個々の農家が集まり協議会活動を開始、本格的な蕎麦栽培が広がり始めたが収穫量は少ない。
- Around 1988, farmers who had been growing the local variety of buckwheat and those who had been growing buckwheat in paddy fields during the off-season got together to begin consultation activities and a full-scale buckwheat farming consequently started to spread but the crop yields have been small.
- しかし、始曲部分や終曲部分は収まりのよいように仕舞独自の型が付され、そのほかの部分でもあて振り的な要素のつよい型はこれを改めて全体的に象徴性をより高くする方向で型付が行われている。
- However, a form specific to Shimai is originally choreographed so that the beginning and ending parts are settled, and in other parts, forms are also choreographed toward raising the symbolic nature of the whole by revising the choreography that has a strong nature of Ateburi (expressing the meaning of verses by dancing).
- 文明開化に始まる日本の近代化の過程では洋食はハイカラな存在であり、また、洋食に適した食材を供給する諸産業も成熟していなかったことから戦前・戦中の庶民にとっては高価なご馳走であった。
- From the process of modernization, which began in the civilization and enlightenment age in the Meiji period, until after the war, Yoshoku was considered rakish and expensive for common people due to the fact that the industries which supplied food materials for Yoshoku had not been developed yet.
- 1982年 台湾の食品会社zh金車公司(King Car Food Industrial Co.)、台湾市場において缶コーヒー『enMr. Brown Coffee』の販売を開始。
- In 1982, a food company in Taiwan, King Car Food Industrial Co. started selling canned coffee, 'Mr. Brown Coffee' in the Taiwan market.
- 応募された詠進歌の中から選者によって選出された「選歌」の詠進者は皇居に招聘され、宮殿松の間における歌会始の儀にて詠進歌が披講(=読み上げること。披講は綾小路流で行われる。)される。
- Writers of 'selected poems' are invited to the Imperial Palace and their poems are recited (in the manner of the Ayanokojiryu School) in Matsu no Ma (State Room) at the ceremony of Utakai Hajime.
- これを受けてワイナリーと称する専業生産者も本腰をいれるようになり、欧州本場に倣った垣根式の栽培法を取り入れ、害虫に強いヨーロッパ系新種のワイン用に特化したブドウ栽培を展開し始めた。
- As a result, specialist manufacturers called wineries became serious about winemaking, and introduced cultivation method emulating European hedging styles, and began to develop specially cultivated insect resistant grape varieties from European strains.
- 3月24日、攻め寄せる義経軍水軍に対して、知盛率いる平氏軍が彦島を出撃して、午の刻(12時ごろ)(『玉葉』による、『吾妻鏡』では午前)に関門海峡壇ノ浦で両軍は衝突して合戦が始まった。
- On May 2, the Taira navy under the command of Tomomori sallied forth from Hikoshima in response to Yoshitsune's attacking navy, and at the hour of the horse (about noon - according to the 'Gyokuyo chronicle'; the 'Azuma kagami' claims it was during the morning) the two navies clashed at Dannoura in the Kanmon straits, and the battle was joined.
- 平氏家人打倒を共通の目的として頼朝麾下に集結した関東武士団連合も、本来的には所領をめぐり潜在的な対立関係にあったのであり、敵対勢力の排除や淘汰にともなって徐々に結合が弱まり始めていた。
- Even the association of the Kanto Samurai Group, the gathered troops under Yoritomo's command with the common purpose of defeating Heishi Iebito (server of Taira clan), originally had an adversarial relationship with Yoritomo over shoryo (territory), and their solidarity began to erode as the opposing forces were eliminated or dismissed.
- その由来は唐の玄宗 (唐)の初年(712年)に、唐都長安西北郊の西内苑内で、芸人達がナシが植えられている梨園と称される庭園に集められ、音楽教習府と呼ばれる施設で芸を磨いたことに始まる。
- The origin of rien is when in 712, the first year of Emperor Xuan Zong's reign in the Tang Dynasty, the performers and musicians were gathered together in a garden with pear trees called Rien (pear orchard) at the imperial garden called Seinaien in the north-western suburb of Changan, the capital of Tang, for the purpose of practicing their arts at facilities called Ongaku kyoshu-fu (Music School).
- 相模国を本拠地とする平氏土肥氏の分枝で、鎌倉時代初期、源頼朝に仕えた土肥実平の子・小早川遠平が土肥郷の北部・小早川(神奈川県小田原市付近)に拠って小早川の名字を称したのが始まりと伝わる。
- The clan branched off from the Heishi-Dohi clan and it is said to have started when Tohira KOBAYAKAWA, the son of Sanehira DOI, who was serving Yoritomo MINAMOTO, named himself as Kobayakawa from Kobayakawa of the north of the Dohi-go village (around Odawara City, Kanagawa Prefecture).
- また、直後に始まった鴨川 (淀川水系)の堤防設置工事にの完成(1670年)によって鴨川の河原が消えて水路化し、逆に五条以北の水路が消えたために洛中と洛外を区切る自然条件が大きく変化した。
- Owing to the completion (in 1670) an embankment along the Kamo-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa River System) on which construction began immediately afterwards, the natural conditions dividing Rakuchu from Rakugai changed significantly when the river beach of the Kamo-gawa River was eliminated and the river transformed into a channel while channels to the north of Gojo disappeared.
- なお始めの名称は「冷然院」であったが、たびたび火災による焼失と再建を繰り返したことから「然」の字が「燃」に通じ不吉であるとされて、天暦8年(954年)頃の再建の際に「冷泉院」に改称した。
- The original name was 'Reizenin' (冷然院), and it was renamed 'Reizeiin' (冷泉院) when it was restored around 954, because 'Reizenin' (冷然院) was considered unlucky for the reason that the character of '然' was similar to '燃' which means 'burn'; in fact, it had burned out and been restored a few times.
- 文保2年(1318年)に践祚して親政を開始した大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇は倒幕計画を企て、1331年に三種の神器を持って笠置山へ入り挙兵すると、幕府の奏請により持明院統の光厳天皇が践祚される。
- In 1318, Emperor Godaigo of the Daikakuji line, who had ascended the throne and started a direct imperial rule, plotted to overthrow the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and when he carried away the Three Sacred Treasures to Kasagi-yama Mountain to raise forces in 1331, the bakufu petitioned for the ascension of Emperor Kogon of the Jimyoin line.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると災害や戦乱などの社会的混乱が貴族社会にも及び始め、遂に承久の乱では朝廷軍が敗北して太上天皇の流罪が行われるなど、貴族社会が存続の危機に差し掛かっていることが明白となった。
- From the beginning of the Kamakura period, social turmoil such as natural disasters and war began to affect the aristocracy, and it was clearly apparent that the existence of the aristocracy itself was threatened when the Imperial Court forces were defeated and the retired emperor was exiled in Jokyu Disturbance.
- From the early Kamakura period onward, social disturbances including natural disasters and civil wars came to affect the nobility as well, culminating in the Jokyu Disturbance in which the Imperial forces were defeated and even Emperor Daijo was condemned to exile; this resulted in clear recognition that the nobility was in a crisis of life or death.
- ただし徳川家としての武家権力は残るが、やがて鳥羽・伏見の戦いに始まる徳川家を中心とする勢力と改革により復興した西日本の薩長土肥雄藩との内戦は朝廷による官軍となった薩長土肥側の勝利となる。
- The samurai authority remained in the form of the Tokugawa family; however, some civil wars, starting from the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, were held between forces mainly consisting of the Tokugawa family and the Sacchodohi yuhan (the domains of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Higo), a force of the western Japan which was restored by the reform, as a result, the Sacchodohi yuhan, which became a government army formed by the Imperial Court, defeated the forces of the Tokugawa family.
- 1987年(昭和62年)に地域おこしの一環として当時の豊平町長や農協を中心に町役場(当時)職員や農家や町民達によって、新たに江戸流の更科系を取り入れた白いそばによる町おこし活動が始まる。
- In 1987, as part of the regional development, the town hall staff of the time, farming families and town people, with the then mayor of Toyohira-cho and agricultural cooperative taking the lead, started activities related to the Edo style white buckwheat noodles by newly bringing in the Sarashina variety as a flagship item for the economic development projects in the area.
- 撮影部は1930年(昭和5年)にマキノ・プロダクションを大道具の河合広始とともに退社、太秦の双ヶ丘に撮影所を建設し「日本キネマ撮影所」を設立した田中十三とその一派の岸雅夫が主力となった。
- Key members of the filming department were Masao KISHI and his colleague Juzo TANAKA, who resigned from Makino Productions in 1930 along with the stage carpenter Hiroshi KAWAI and established 'Nihon Kinema Studio' at Uzumasa Narabigaoka.
- それに伴い社会基盤は自前で行う範囲が発生した資金を町人(現在の地方議員と金持ちを兼ねた様な存在)を始めとする大店(おおだな)などが負担し、おもに大工、鳶、木材商などに従事する者が行った。
- Thus, the public infrastructure was supported financially by chonin (similar to present day rich local legislators) as well as odana (rich merchants), and was constructed by carpenters, scaffolding men, and timber merchants.
- 昭和25年(1950年)6月朝鮮戦争が勃発し、日本に特需景気をもたらし始めると、密造酒の撲滅のためにその機会を狙っていた政府は、同年12月、明治時代前期はじめて全酒類の減税に踏み切った。
- When the Korean War began in June, 1950 and brought a special procurement boom to Japan, the government, who aimed to have a chance to eliminate illegal liquors, decreased the tax of all liquors for the first time since the early Meiji period in December of the same year, 1950.
- 宇都宮氏第8代(宇都宮朝綱を初代とすれば第6代)当主宇都宮貞綱(元寇の時に討伐軍総大将)とともに九州に同行し、筑後国山門郡大木を拠点とした貞綱の弟である宇都宮泰宗の子孫が直接の始祖である。
- Its direct founder was a descendant of a younger brother of Sadatsuna UTSUNOMIYA, Yasumune UTSUNOMIYA who accompanied Sadatsuna (supreme commander of the bakufu forces when Mongol invaded Japan), the eighth head of the Utsunomiya clan (the sixth head if Tomotsuna UTSUNOMIYA was the first head) to the Kyushu region and was based in Oki, Yamato District, Chikugo Province.
- これは、1959年に近畿地方を襲った伊勢湾台風がそれまで覆っていた森林を破壊し、その木々が流出したことによりそれまで地面に自生していたコケ類が衰退、代わって、ササ類が繁茂し始めたためである。
- Behind these, forests were destroyed and trees were washed away by Isewan Typhoon which hit the Kinki region in 1959, and bamboo started to grow thickly instead of moss which had been growing naturally on the ground.
- しかし戦後に、歴史とりわけ天皇に関する自由な研究が認められることになったことから、継体は従来の大王家とは血縁のない「新王朝の始祖(初代大王)」とする説(水野祐「三王朝交代説」)が提唱された。
- But after the World War II, it was allowed to conduct the study of history, especially study of emperor more freely, which gave rise to a theory claiming that Keitai was the 'founder of a new dynasty (the first king)' ('Changes of Dynasties Theory' by Yu MIZUNO).
- 前者の例として、昭和41年(1966年)の歌会始において三笠宮崇仁親王の子である近衛やす子(1944年生)が、彼女よりも出生順では後の寬仁親王(1946年生)の後の席次となっている例がある。
- As an example of the former, at the first poetry reading party of the New Year at the Imperial Palace in 1966, the seating order of the daughter of Mikasanomiya Imperial Prince Takahito, Yasuko KONOE (born 1944), came after Imperial Prince Tomohito's (born 1946).
- 1553年三好長慶が八木城を奪回し、松永長頼を内藤氏の婚姻者とし八木城主として丹波経略を開始するが、彼は三好政権の傀儡に過ぎず、長慶死後の1565年8月に赤井直正の猛攻にあって戦死している。
- Nagayoshi MIYOSHI took over Yakami-jo Castle in 1553 and arranged a marriage between Nagayori MATSUNAGA and the Naito clan, whereupon Nagayori became lord of the castle and pursued the conquest of Tanba, but Nagoyori was really no more than a puppet of the Miyoshi administration, and, after the death of Nagayoshi, was killed in a fierce attack by Naomasa AKAI in August 1565.
- 日本拳法は、柔道家であった澤山が、当身技が柔道形にあるにもかかわらず練習されていないことから練習体系を確立するために、空手道などを参考にして大日本拳法として創始し、戦後に日本拳法と改称した。
- SAWAYAMA, who was a Judo expert at that time, found that striking and kicking techniques included in the judo forms were not practiced; therefore, to establish the training system he originated dainihon kenpo based on karatedo and others and renamed it nihon kenpo after the war.
- 小堀遠州流を伝える分家は遠州が家督を継ぐ時に弟小堀正行に分知したのが始まりで、6代政郷までは遠州傍系であったが、7代政報・8代政展は本家から迎えた養子であり、以来血脈としては遠州直系となる。
- The branch of the family that passed on the Kobori Enshu school of tea ceremony originated with Enshu's younger brother Masayuki KOBORI when Masayuki succeeded to the family estate, and while the generations up to the sixth master, Masasato KOBORI, were a collateral line of descent, the seventh master, Masatsugu KOBORI, and the eighth master, Masayasu KOBORI, were adopted from the original family; thereafter, the line of descent has continued directly from Enshu.
- 1333年(元弘3)に後醍醐天皇の討幕運動から元弘の乱が起こり、足利尊氏らが鎌倉幕府を滅亡させるが、毛利時親は幕府から離反しており、後醍醐天皇により開始された建武の新政からも距離を置いている。
- Caused by the Emperor Godaiko's anti-shogunate movement, the Genko War started in 1333 which Takauji ASHIKAGA destroyed the Kamakura bakufu; by this time, however, Tokichika MORI had already defected from the bakufu and did not participate in the Kenmu no Shinsei (The new government of the Emperor Godaigo).
- しかし、郡司・百姓層の要求が多分に自利的であることに藤原道長を首班とする太政官も次第に気付き始め、1110年代後期~1120年代にかけて国司解任に至る事例は約5割から約2割へと激減していった。
- However Daijokan headed by FUJIWARA no Michinaga became aware that some claims of Gunji and farmers are rather selfish and thus claims that won dismissal of the Kokushu dramatically dropped from about 50% to 20% during the period between the latter half of the 1110's and the 1120's.
- この頃、朝鮮半島や中国の沿岸などで倭寇(前期倭寇と呼ばれる)と呼ばれる海上集団が活動し始めており、懐良親王は倭寇の取り締まりを条件に明朝から冊封を受け、「日本国王」としての権威で勢力を強める。
- Around this time, maritime groups of pirates called Wako (meaning Japanese pirates) began to raid the coasts of the Korean peninsula and China (these are labeled the 'early period Wako' to distinguish them from later pirate groups of the same name), and a request, called a Sakuho, from the Ming court that the pirates be brought under control was sent to Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, addressed to the 'King of Japan'; Kaneyoshi thereby received a boost to his authority.
- これら以外だと藤原利仁を始祖とする「利仁流」や、藤原道兼の後裔とする宇都宮氏が多く、他に嵯峨源氏の渡辺氏や大江広元が有名な大江氏などがあり、有力な武士団はこれらの家系のどれかを起源としていた。
- Except for these, many bushi were from the 'Toshihito school' whose originator was FUJIWARA no Toshihito and from the Utsunomiya clan who were the descendants of FUJIWARA no Michikane; additionally there was the Watanabe clan from Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan) and the Oe clan where OE no Hiromoto was famous; the famous samurai groups originated from one of these family lines.
- この説に基づくと弓月君が秦の(初代の)皇帝から五世の孫とする記述に反せず、「秦」つながりで渡来した人々が勝手に「秦」を名乗り始めたと考えてもさほど矛盾はないが、根拠は少なく今後検証の必要がある。
- While this theory is not inconsistent with the record stating that Yuzuki no kimi was the grandchild of the fifth generation of the first Qin Emperor, nor with the belief that those who were associated with Qin (秦) began using the name 'Hata' (秦)of their own accord on coming to Japan, there is little supporting evidence and further investigation is needed.
- 公出挙によって、百姓が疲弊し始めたことを知った律令政府は、720年(養老4)3月、公出挙の利子率の低減(年利50%→30%)、そして養老2年以前に生じた全ての債務の免除を決定し、諸国へ通知した。
- Knowing that peasants gradually became impoverished due to Ku-Suiko, the ancient Japanese government of centralized governance decided in April 720 to reduce the annual interest rate of Ku-Suiko from 50% to 30%, and to forgive all debts born before 718, notifying various districts.
- 次々と院近臣の逮捕・所領の没収が始まり、院に伺候していた検非違使・大江康業は自邸に火を放ち自害、白河殿倉預の藤原兼盛は手首を切られ、備後前司・為行、上総前司・為保は殺害されて海へ突き落とされた。
- The dismissal of close vassals of the cloistered emperor, the arrest and confiscation of estates started, and close vassals of cloistered emperor, Yasunari OE, who had the title of Kebiishi, lit his own palace on fire and committed suicide, FUJIWARA no Kanemori, who was the Shirakawa-dono kuraazukari, had his wrists cut off, and Tameyuki, who was the former governor of Bingo Province, and Tameyasu, who was the former governor of Kazusa Province, were assassinated and pushed into the ocean.
- 丹田を始めとする腰や股間の各種ツボを刺激するため、健康下着として注目される一方、着脱に難があり、かさばることから、和服には適しても、洋装中心の現代では実用下着として普及しにくいという側面もある。
- While rokushaku fundoshi attracts attention as healthy underwear because it presses acupressure points on the waist and between legs including tanden (the inner part of the lower abdomen just beneath the navel), it is not likely to be widely used as underwear in this world of Western-style clothing due to its bulkiness as well as the difficulty of putting it on and taking it off, although it is suitable for Japanese-style clothing.
- また、日本の後高倉法皇のように帝位には即かなかったものの、没後若しくは存命中に子が皇帝となり王朝を開いたが故に、太上皇の称号を贈られた例として、秦の始皇帝の父・荘襄王、漢の劉邦の父・劉太公がいる。
- Also, examples of taijoko who did not ascend to the throne himself but was granted the title posthumously or in life because his child became an emperor and founded a dynasty, as in the case of the Japanese Cloistered Emperor Gotakakura, are the King Zhangxiang, who was the father of the first Qin Emperor, and Liu Taigong, who was the father of Liu Bang of Han.
- 住友家と精銅とは、切っても切り離せないものがあるが、その端緒となったのは、理右衛門が、天正19年、泉州堺浦に来た明人の白水から「南蛮吹き」と称される粗銅から銀を分離する精錬法を学んだことに始まる。
- The Sumitomo Family is closely connected with copper refining, which began in the year 19 of Tensho when Riemon learned the refining method used to separate silver from crude copper, which was called the 'Nanban-fuki copper refining method' by Hakusui of Minjin (from Min), who had come to Senshu-Sakaiura.
- 始期は織田信長が足利義昭を奉じて京都に上洛した永禄11年(1568年)が有力であるが、義昭が京都から放逐された元亀4年(1573年)、安土城の築城が始まった天正4年(1576年)とする考えもある。
- As for the start, a strong view is that the period started in 1568 when Nobunaga ODA obeyed Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA and arrived in Kyoto, but others assert that it was in 1573, when Yoshiaki was banished from Kyoto, or 1576, when the construction of Azuchi-jo Castle started.
- 円融も独自の皇統を創始する意欲を強く持っており、また、最初に皇后とした媓子の死後、皇子懐仁を産んだ詮子をさしおいて、皇子のいない遵子を皇后に立てるなど、貴族たちを手玉に取るような行動にも出ている。
- Enyu also wanted to establish his own imperial line and after the death of the first Empress Koshi, skipping Senshi who was the mother of the prince Yasuhito, he made the childless Junshi Empress and acted as if he was leading the aristocrats around.
- 1951年9月に日本国との平和条約(サンフランシスコ講和条約)が成立し、正式に日本が独立国に復帰した際以来、日本放送協会のラジオ放送で連日放送終了後にオーケストラによる『君が代』の演奏が始まった。
- Since the Peace Treaty with Japan (Peace Treaty signed in San Francisco) was concluded in September 1951 and Japan came back officially as an independent country, 'Kimigayo' was performed by an orchestra every day at the end of radio broadcasting by Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK).
- 平安時代中期に昇殿の制が始まったことと、公卿となることが出来る家柄が院政期から固定されるようになったことに伴い、公家の中で昇殿を許される家柄である堂上家と許されない地下家(じげけ)の区分が成立した。
- As, in the middle of the Heian Period, the system of shoden (to enter the court) commenced and the family lineage that can become kugyo (court nobility) were fixed since the insei period (during the period of the government by a retired Emperor), discrimination among kuge (court nobles) between toshoke for which shoden was allowed and jigeke for which shoden was not allowed was established.
- 建武の新政(けんむのしんせい)は、鎌倉幕府滅亡後の1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)6月に後醍醐天皇が「親政」(天皇がみずから行う政治)を開始した事により成立した政権及びその新政策(「新政」)である。
- The Kenmu Restoration (kenmu no shinsei) refers to the period of direct Imperial rule (where the Emperor personally controls the government) initiated by Emperor Godaigo in the sixth month of 1333, as the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) collapsed; it can also refer to the administrative unit of Imperial rule.
- そのうち、天皇のミウチである藤原氏と源氏が議政官(公卿)をほぼ独占し始め、特に藤原北家嫡流は9世紀後半に天皇の政治決定権を受任・代行しうる摂政・関白の地位を獲得し、その地位を世襲することに成功した。
- Then, the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan, the relatives of the Emperor, almost created a monopoly of the Giseikan (a legislative organ), and it is worthy to note that the direct descent of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan achieved the position of Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor) in the late ninth century, which made them receive and deal with the political discretion of the Emperor; and they were also successful in making the position hereditary.
- 20世紀後半になって漫画雑誌『月刊アフタヌーン』に連載されていた『ヨコハマ買い出し紀行』で長棹型月琴が紹介され主人公の初瀬野アルファが弾いていたことで青年層に知られ始め、ひそかなブームを生んでいる。
- In the latter half of the twentieth century, as gekkin with a long neck was introduced in 'Yokohama Kaidashi Kiko' (published serially in the comic magazine 'Gekkan Afternoon'), the hero of which Alpha HATSUSENO played it, it began to be known by younger generation and it enjoyed a quiet boom.
- 機械製麺の発祥地で、真崎照郷が1874年(明治7年)素麺の製麺を手延べから機械化する事を思い立ち鉄工場を始め、1883年(明治16年)に製麺機を発明(1880年(明治13年)発明との話もある)した。
- This is the birthplace of machine production, where Terusato MASAKI established an iron shop in 1874 conceiving the mechanization of noodles from the hand-stretching method and invented a noodle making machine in 1883 (another theory says 1880).
- 昭和45年(1970年)、古米や古々米などの在庫が増加の一途をたどったため、政府は、新規の開田禁止、政府米買入限度の設定と自主流通米制度の導入、一定の転作面積の配分を柱とした米の生産調整を開始した。
- Since the stock of such as old rice harvested one or two years before had continuously increased, the government introduced adjustment of production of rice in 1970 which mainly included a ban for developing new rice fields, setting up a limitation of purchase by the government, introduction of the voluntary marketed rice system and allocation of a certain area of crop diversification.
- 公宗は北条氏の残党である北条泰家(時興)を匿い、建武の新政を開始した後醍醐天皇を暗殺し、持明院統の後伏見上皇を擁立する謀叛を計画し、弟の西園寺公重の密告で計画が露見した事により公宗は逮捕、処刑される。
- Kinmune harbored Yasuie HOJO, who was a remnant of the Hojo clan, the assassinated Emperor Godaigo, who had started Kenmu-no-shinsei; plotted a rebellion to back the ex-emperor Gofushimi of Jimyoin-to genealogy; and was arrested and executed, the plot having been exposed by the betrayal of Kinmune's younger brother, Kinshige SAIONJI.
- このように、明応の政変は中央だけのクーデター事件ではなく、全国、特に東国で戦乱と下克上の動きを恒常化させる契機となる、重大な分岐点であり、戦国時代の始期とする説が近年の日本史学界では有力となっている。
- Similarly, in recent years there is an influential theory among Japanese historians, that the Meio Incident was not only a coup d'etat in the central government but also a critical turning point, which led to social upheaval and rebellions against the ruling classes, especially in the eastern provinces, and was the initial stage of the Warring States period.
- 亀山が倒幕を考えている、という噂が立つなどの政情不安のなか、結局、弘安10年(1287年)になって幕府は治天・天皇の交替を要求し、皇太子煕仁(23歳、伏見天皇)が践祚して後深草による院政が開始された。
- In the midst of political unrest, when Kameyama was rumored to be thinking of overthrowing the Shogunate, the bakufu ordered a change in Chiten and Emperor in 1287, with the Crown Prince Hirohito (aged 23, Emperor Fushimi) ascending the throne and Gofukakusa starting a cloistered government.
- 合戦が行われた時間については『吾妻鏡』は午の刻(12時ごろ)に終わった記しており、一方、関白九条兼実の日記である『玉葉』には午の刻(12時ごろ)に始まり、申の刻(16時ごろ)に終わったと記されている。
- Regarding the time the battle is thought to have taken place, the 'Azuma kagami' has it as ending by the hour of the Horse (around noon), while the 'Gyokuyo,' the diary of the Kampaku (Chief Advisor) Kanemitsu KUJO, records it as beginning at noon and ending by the hour of the Monkey (around 4 PM).
- しかし、小辺路の起源は、もともと紀伊山地山中の住人の生活道路として大和国・高野・熊野を結ぶ山岳交通路が開かれていたものが畿内近国と高野山・熊野を結ぶ参詣道として利用され始めたことにあると考えられている。
- However, it is considered that Kohechi was originally a local road connecting Yamato Province, Koya and Kumano for residents in the Kii Mountain Range, and it gradually became a pilgrimage route connecting the provinces in the Kinai region and Koyasan or Kumano.
- その後、1952年(昭和27)年になり、大江山製錬所の事業再開が計画され、大江山鉱山の鉱石よりはるかに良質な鉱石を南太平洋のフランス領ニューカレドニアから輸入することが始まって、以後、今日に至っている。
- Later, in 1952, the business of Oeyama Smeltery was planned to be resumed; subsequently, it has continued its business to this day since ore far better than one from Oeyama Mine started to be imported from New Caledonia of the French possessions in the South Pacific Ocean.
- 安田元久などの旧来の学説では、源義家の後三年の役の頃から、「武士の棟梁」たる清和源氏と、在地武士団との主従関係が生まれ始めたとするが、『奥州後三年記』に見える義家の郎党の主力は京武者コネクションである。
- According to the former academic theories by Motohisa YASUDA, the master and servant relationship between the local bushidan and toryo of bushi of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) began from the time of the Gosannen War (the Later Three Years' War) of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, but the power of Yoshiie to be master over his retainers seen in 'Oshu-gosannen-ki' (A Chronicle of Later Three Year's War in Oshu) was connected with samurai in Kyoto.
- 嘉禄元年(1225年)、鎌倉幕府に評定衆が設置されて以来、重要な政務は評定によって決定されたが、13世紀後期に年始の行事の一環として毎年1月中旬の1日に執権・連署以下を召集して評定始を行うようになった。
- Important policies had been decided by the council since 1225 when the hyojoshu was set up in the Kamakura bakufu, and in the late thirteenth century, hyojohajime began as a New Year ceremony convened with a regent, rensho (assistant to regents), and other subordinates on a day of mid-January every year.
- したがって上皇が退位後はじめて狩衣を着用する「布衣始」には(在位中の天皇は狩衣・小直衣等を着ない)狩衣を使用、狩衣のかわりに小直衣を着なければならない大臣は小直衣をあえて着ずに烏帽子直衣を着用している。
- Therefore at 'hoihajime' ceremony in which an emperor began wearing kariginu for the first time after he abdicated (an emperor wouldn't wear kariginu or konoshi during his reign), a minister who had to wear konoshi instead of kariginu wouldn't wear konoshi but instead wore noshi with an eboshi.
- 秀吉の死後、徳川家康(東軍)と石田三成(西軍)らの争いが始まると、東軍につき、ガラシャは西軍の人質になることを拒んで自害、幽斎は田辺城_(丹後国)で2ヶ月に及ぶ籠城戦を戦い、忠興は関ヶ原の戦いで活躍した。
- When the battle between Ieyasu TOKUGAWA (the eastern army) and Mitsunari ISHIDA (the western army) started after the death of Hideyoshi, the family sided with the eastern army, there, Garasha committed suicide refusing to be a hostage of the eastern army, Yusai fought in a siege of Tanabe-jo Castle (Tango Province) for two month and Tadaoki did distinguished service in the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 繁華街としては茶屋、旅籠などが置かれたのが始まりですでに芸妓、娼妓が居住するようになり何度も取り締られていたが川端二条にあった『二条新地』(にじょうしんち)の出稼ぎ地として認められ、明治初期に独立をした。
- Ponto-cho as an entertainment district started from the establishment of Chaya (Teahouse) and inns, and was already controlled repeatedly because geisha and shogi (prostitutes) came to reside here, but Ponto-cho was recognized as a place for migrant workers working at 'Nijo Shinchi' in Kawabata Nijo, and became independent during the early Meiji period.
- 『隋書』卷81 列傳第46 東夷にある俀王「姓阿毎 字多利思比孤 號阿輩雞彌」は、『新唐書』東夷伝日本伝に「用明 亦曰目多利思比孤 直隋開皇末 始與中國通」とあり用明天皇が多利思比孤であると記述している。
- 'Zuisho' (the Book of the Sui Dynasty) vol.81, which is Retsuden (literally, a series of biographies) No.46, describes the ruler of Wa (supposedly, Japan) in the world of Dong Yi (eastern barbarians) (i.e. to the east of China), 'whose surname was Ama, courtesy name Tarishihiko, and title okimi,' which was later quoted in an article on Japan in the section of Dong Yi of 'Shin To-jo' (New book of Tang) as 'Yomei, who was Me-tarishihiko, first established diplomatic relations [between China and Japan (N.B. this Japan was allegedly distinguished from the kingdom of Wa)] in the sixth century' (N.B. the meaning of Me in Me-tarishihiko is controversial and some researchers insist that it refers to a navy or army secretary), thus suggesting that Tarishihiko should be identified as Emperor Yomei.
- 後者の例としては、昭和52、53年(1977年、1978年)の歌会始において、同じく三笠宮崇仁親王の子である千容子(1951年生)が、出生順どおり高円宮憲仁親王 (1954年生)の前となっている例がある。
- As an example of the latter, at the first poetry reading party of the New Year at the Imperial Palace in 1977 and 1978, another daughter of Mikasanomiya Imperial Prince Takahito, Masako SEN (born 1951), was seated before Takamadonomiya Imperial Prince Norihito (born 1954) in accordance to the order of their birth.
- 四隅の燈火は終夜、消えないように注意し、蔵人が非蔵人に注油(あぶらそそぎ)をもたせ、たたき戸をあけ、非蔵人を戸の下に立たせ、巽角から始め、艮角で終わるように注し、帳の東、すなわち枕許を通らなかったという。
- Lamps on the four corners were kept all night through and Kurodo (Chamberlain) have Hikurodo (trainee in the Kurodo dokoro, or the Imperial Secretariat) hold Abura-sosogi (oil pot) and stand by Tataki-do (door) as he opened the door; they poured the oil from the southeast corner finishing it in the northeast corner so that they did not pass the east side of Tobari where Emperor's pillow was placed.
- 室町時代にも荘園は存続したが、中央貴族・寺社・武士・在地領主などの権利・義務が重層的かつ複雑にからむ状況が生まれる一方、自立的に発生した村落=惣村による自治が出現し、荘園は緩やかに解体への道を歩み始めた。
- Also during the Muromachi period shoens continued, but while the rights and duties of central aristocrats, temples and shrines, samurais, local lords and so on began to be complicated in a multi-layered way, the autonomous control by the independently emerging village = soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) started and shoens began to disappear slowly.
- 源満仲は、安和の変などの印象から、藤原氏本流に臣従していたイメージが強いが、天皇を始めとして臣、公卿などに必要に応じて起用されていた、つまり支配階級全体に奉仕する傭兵部隊としての色彩がここから感じられる。
- There was an impression that MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka served under the main branch of the Fujiwara clan since the Anna Incident, but it could be interpreted from this that mercenary army that served all ranked ruling people was mobilized as needed by the emperor, minister, and kugyo (court noble).
- 一方このときの福知山藩の財政状態は朽木家二代目朽木稙元を始めとして苦しいもので、その建て直しをはかってたびたび財政改革を行おうとするものの、たびたび百姓による強訴が起きるなど失敗に終わってしまうのであった。
- On the other hand, the financial situation of the Fukuchiyama clan at the time was dire ever since the rule of the second domain head of Tanemoto KUTSUKI in the Kutsuki family, and while the domain head repeatedly carried out fiscal reforms in order to improve the situation, these reforms resulted in failure due to frequent riots by farmers.
- 彼らは確かに、佃、手作(てづくり)、門田(かどた)などという直接耕作農地も持ってはいたが、大きな特徴は基本的には農業経営から離れ、農民から「加地子(かぢし)」を取る本格的な「領主」へと転化し始めることである。
- While they definitely directly held cultivation land such as tsukuda (directly-managed rice fields by a lord or an officer of shoen), tezukuri (handmade), or kadota, their biggest characteristic was leaving the farm management to a genuine 'manor lord' that collected 'kajishi' (land rent) from peasants.
- 後醍醐天皇は元亨2年(1322年)以後、壷役の直轄化と通常課税化を図り、建武新政の開始を機に五条頼元を造酒正に任命して押小路家の権限を取り上げようとしたが、政権の崩壊とともに失敗に終わり、押小路家が復権した。
- From 1322 and onward, Emperor Godaigo executed direct control over tsubo-yaku and had the tax imposed regularly; taking opportunity of the commencement of Kenmu Restoration, the emperor appointed Yorimoto GOJO as miki no kami and tried to deprive the Oshikoji family of the title, but failed to do so due to the collapse of the administration, and the Oshikoji family restored the right.
- 1767年(明和4年)には『世話料理鱸包丁』(『今織蝦夷錦』)、1789年(寛政元年)には『漢人韓文手管始』、1792年(寛政4年)には『世話仕立唐縫針』など、いずれもこの一件を土台に作成された文芸作品である。
- The following literary works were generated based on this incident: 'Sewaryori Suzuki Bocho' ('Imaori Ezonishiki' [Ezo Brocade in modern fashion]) in 1767, 'Kanjin Kanmon Tekudano Hajimari' (The Han Chinese and Korean letters, the beginningof their tricks) in 1789, and 'Sewajitate Kara no Nuibari' in 1792.
- 後醍醐天皇が建武の新政の開始すると、この問題を解消するために家門管領の権限を持つ家督の移動の際に、本来は関連性のない家領を家門の経営上必要不可欠なものと位置づけて、家領全体の安堵も合わせて行う方針を打ち出した。
- When Emperor Godaigo started the Kemmu Restoration, in order to solve such problems he made the following policy to stabilize the family estate as well: in transferring the family reign, which had the authority to control the family, the family estate was included as an inevitable factor for keeping the family, although originally the estate wasn't associated with the reign.
- しかし、次第に蝦夷島が安東氏の統制から離れ始め、特に蝦夷において被官であった蠣崎氏が上国守護職に加えて松前守護職を名乗ったことを追認せざるを得なくなるなど、戦国時代 (日本)前期には実質上北出羽の一豪族となった。
- However, Ezogashima began to leave from the Ando clan's control, and as a result, in the earlier Sengoku Period the clan degraded practically to a mere local ruling lord in the northern Dewa Province, as particularly the clan had to echo the fact that the Kakizaki clan, who had been the hikan in Ezo, proclaimed its position of Matsumae shugo (military governor of Matsumae) as well as Kaminokuni shugo.
- ハツクニシラススメラミコトとの称は、神武天皇(『日本書紀』では始馭天下之天皇はつくにしらすすめらみこと)にも贈られており、初めて天下を治めた天皇という意味であるが、初めて国を治める天皇がふたり存在することになる。
- The name Hatsukunishirasu Sumera Mikoto was also conferred upon Emperor Jinmu (whose name is given as Hatsukunishirasu Sumera Mikoto in the Nihon Shoki but written using different characters); it originally had the meaning of an emperor who governed the entire country, however, this indicates that there were two emperors who first ruled the country.
- 住友の姓は、戦国の末、もともと先祖に順美平内友定という人物がおり、桓武天皇の曾孫・高望王の二十二代目にその子・小太郎(忠重)が父の姓と名をとって「住友」の姓を称して室町将軍に仕えて、備中守に任じられたのに始まる。
- The surname of Sumitomo originates from Kotaro (Tadashige), the twenty-second-generation descendant of Takamochi-oh, a great grandson of Emperor Kanmu, who took the surname 'Sumitomo' after the surname and given name of his father, Masami Hirauchi Tomosada, who lived at the end of the Sengoku period; and Kotaro served Shogun Muromachi and was appointed as the Bichumori guard.
- 当初、後白河上皇以下、貴族から庶民まで義仲の入京を歓迎したが、前年の養和の大飢饉の影響により義仲軍を養う食糧が不足して義仲軍は市中で略奪や狼藉を始めたために義仲の評判は落ちて、源頼朝の上洛を願う声が高まっていく。
- Initially, everyone from the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, aristocrats, to the local people welcomed the entry of Yoshinaka into Kyoto but the great famine of Yowa the previous year led to insufficient food for Yoshinaka's troops, who then started stealing and became violent, leading to a drop in Yoshinaka's popularity and eventually MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's entry became a common hope.
- だが、戦国時代_(日本)に入り、幕府の権威は低下して下剋上によって幕府の力に依存せずに自力で領国を形成した戦国大名達はこの特権を否定し始めるとともに、自らの権限としてこれを付与あるいは剥奪を行うようになっていった。
- After the Sengoku Period, however, the authority of the bakufu declined and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who formed their own territories by winning gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) without dependence on the bakufu's power not only began to deny the privilege but also came to grant or despoil it as their own rights.
- 春日山原始林(かすがやまげんしりん)、春日山原生林(かすがやまげんせいりん)とは、春日大社の山として神聖視され、樹木伐採が長らく(千年以上に渡り)禁じられてきたため、森林が極相に達した原生林が広がっている地域である。
- Kasugayama Primeval Forest (kasugayama genshirin, or kasugayama genseirin) is the area where the primitive forest has reached a climax, because the primitive forest as a mountain of Kasuga-Taisha Shrine was regarded to be divine and cutting the trees in the area has been long prohibited for more than 1000 years.
- 若狭武田氏は安芸武田氏4代武田信繁 (室町時代)の長男である武田信栄が、室町幕府6代将軍足利義教の命を受けて1440年(永享12年)に若狭守護職・一色義貫を誅殺した功績により若狭守護職を任命されたことによって始まる。
- The history of the Wakasa-Takeda clan dates back to the time when Nobuhide TAKEDA, the eldest son of the fourth head of the Aki-Takeda clan Nobushige TAKEDA (Muromachi period), was appointed to shugo of Wakasa Province after he killed in 1440 the shugo of Wakasa Province Yoshitsura ISSHIKI at the behest of the sixth shogun of Muromachi bakufu Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- 元寇を画期として、上述する天人相関思想に基づき、地上の戦争に勝利したのは「神の戦争」において勝利したからだとの思想が広まり、神仏の加護に報いるため、祈祷等の諸儀式の興行、社領の拡張と寺社造営とが全国的に叫ばれ始めた。
- With Genko (Mongolian invasion attempts against Japan) marking a new epoch, there spread the idea that the victory in the secular war was due to the victory in the 'divine war' based on the aforementioned tenjin sokan shiso, and a nationwide call arose for the performance of praying and various other rituals, expansion of shrine estates and construction of temples and shrines as expressions of gratitude for the divine protection.
- 若いときに父を始め、松本幸四郎 (7代目)、七代目市川中車、市村羽左衛門 (15代目)、實川延若 (2代目)ら名優に歌舞伎狂言の型を教えられたが、これは、十三代目仁左衛門のみならず歌舞伎界にとって貴重な財産であった。
- When he was young, he learned the forms of kabuki and kyogen from excellent actors such as Koshiro MATSUMOTO VII, Chusha ICHIKAWA VII, Hazaemon ICHIMURA XV and Enjaku MINOKAWA II in addition to his father; this was an important asset not only for Nizaemon (XIII) but also for kabuki society as a whole.
- だが、貞享4年(1687年)中院通茂が先年の暴言の事実と皇太子への悪意の疑いで追放され(ただし、後年許されて霊元上皇と東山天皇の推挙で幕府から加増を受けている)、直後に朝仁親王(東山天皇)への譲位と院政開始を宣言する。
- However, in 1687, Michishige NAKANOIN was expelled for his abusive remark earlier in the year and was suspected of ill intentions toward the Crown Prince (although he was remitted afterwards and his salaries from the Bakufu were increased at the recommendation of the Retired Emperor Reigen and Emperor Higashiyama), and immediately after that the incumbent emperor declared the abdication of his throne in favor or Imperial Prince Asahito (now Emperor Higashiyama) and the start of his assumption of the virtual reins of the court as retired emperor.
- 概して土地が乏しく夏場の耕作だけでは貧しかった地方の農民が、農閑期である冬に年間副収入を得るべく、配下に村の若者などを従えて、良い水が取れ酒造りを行なっている地域、いわゆる酒どころへ集団出稼ぎに行ったのが始まりである。
- Its origin is that peasants in a region where farming during only a summer period could not produce enough money due to poor lands formed a group involving young people in their villages, and they went to another region called sake-dokoro (a place famous for sake brewing) where people brewed sake using the local good water, in order to make some additional incomes during a winter period, which was an agricultural off-season.
- ヨーロッパ(おもにオランダ)から届けられるワインに対して日本酒はアルコール度数が若干高いがために、バタヴィアを始めとした東南アジアにおいては、日本酒は食前酒、ワインを食中酒として飲むという独自の食文化の伝統が生まれた。
- Since sake had a little higher alcohol content than wine from Europe (mainly from Holland), a unique food tradition where sake was drunk as an aperitif and wine was drunk during meals in Southeastern Asia including Batavia was established.
- 先の襲津彦伝承に見たような対朝鮮外交を通して、葛城地方に定住することになった多くの渡来系集団が、葛城氏の配下で鍛冶生産(武器・武具などの金属器)を始めとする様々な手工業に従事し、葛城氏の経済力の強化に貢献したとみられる。
- Through the diplomacy that Sotsuhiko had with Korea as described above, it is likely that number of immigrant groups that have been settled in the Katsuraki region contributed in stregthening Katsuraki clan's economic power by being engaged in handycrafts such as smithery (arms and weapons) under the control of the Katsuraki clan.
- これを、南部氏が政季を傀儡とし北方海域の各地に広く分布していた安藤氏の同族を掌握したため、北方海域の安定化と幕府権威の浸透につながったとし、このとき下国家は断絶し潮潟安藤政季から新たに檜山安東氏が始まるとしている説がある。
- According to one theory, the Nanbu clan used Masasue as a puppet player, to control the Ando line families settled in a wide range of the northern maritime area, and this policy contributed to the stabilization of the northern maritime area and the penetration of the bakufu's influence into this area, and from this point, the Shimonokuni family was discontinued and the Hiyama Ando clan emerged from Masasue ANDO of Shiokata, in return.
- その一方で景勝地としては、明治時代より天皇・皇后を始めとする皇族が好んで訪問してきた仙酔島や弁天島を含む東岸の景観が、沼隈半島の西部に隣接する磐台寺観音堂(阿伏兎観音)と並んで高い評価を受け、いち早く国立公園に指定された。
- On the contrary, as the place of extraordinary scenic beauty, the landscape of its east coast, consisting of Sensuishima and Bentenshima islands which had attracted a number of imperial families visits since the Meiji period, had been as highly esteemed as the Kannon-do of Bandai-ji Temple (Abuto Kannon [Buddhist goddess of Mercy]) located adjacent to the western Numakuma peninsula, thereby being chosen uppermost as a national park.
- 近親者を殺されてその復讐をする例は、南イタリアを始めとして、世界各地で見られるが、江戸時代の敵討は、喧嘩両成敗を補完する方法として法制化されていたことと、主眼は復讐ではなく武士の意地・面目であるとされていた点に特徴がある。
- Cases of revenge after the killing of a close relative are found in various parts of the world, including southern Italy; however, the characteristic of Katakiuchi in the Edo period is that it was legitimized as a method to supplement Kenka Ryoseibai (in a quarrel both parties are to blame) and that the aim was not the revenge but the pride or honor of a samurai.
- 主要都市の公共事業としては幕府が行った海運荷役や人口増加の為の埋め立てや治水や河川荷役の為の護岸工事を始めとし、埋立地や護岸の締め固めを目的とした桜の植樹や花火の打ち上げの奨励や遊郭の設置なども広義では普請と言えるだろう。
- In a broader sense, fushin may include establishing public utilities in major towns such as oceanic cargo shipping executed by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), reclaiming land for population growth, constructing levees and dikes to improve river embankments for unloading cargo; it may also include such projects as promoting planting cherry trees to help maintain reclaimed land and embankments, encouraging fireworks display, establishing yukaku (red-light district), and so on.
- このため、領主側は、地頭に管理させる一円内の年貢を毎年一定額と定め、地頭がその納入を荘園領主や国司に対して請け負う代わりに地頭を荘官に任命する地頭請が、主に地頭自身が開発領主であることが多かった東国を中心として行われ始めた。
- As a measure to counter such situations, the Jito-uke system, under which the lord of shoen decided a fixed amount of nengu for shoen under jito's management and appointed jito to shokan (manager of shoen) in return for their obligation to pay nengu to the lords of shoen or kokushi (provincial governor), came into use in the eastern part of Japan where jito themselves were often kaihatsu-ryoshu (the local lord who actually developed the land).
- さらに、以仁王の令旨を受けて、東国の源頼朝、源義仲、源信義(甲斐源氏)らが相次いで反平氏の兵を挙げ、さらに多田源氏、美濃源氏、近江源氏、河内の石川源氏、九州の菊池氏・紀伊熊野の湛増・土佐の源希義らも反平氏の行動を始めていた。
- Furthermore, answering the call by Prince Mochihito, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, MINAMOTO no Nobuyoshi (Kai Genji (Minamoto clan)) of the east raised anti-Taira clan forces and also Tada-Genji (Minamoto clan), Mino-Genji (Minamoto clan), Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan), Ishikawa-Genji (Minamoto clan) of Kawachi, the Kikuchi clan of Kyushu, Tanzo of Kumano in Kii Province and MINAMOTO no Mareyoshi in Tosa started to rebel against the Taira clan.
- また、同年に宮内大輔の吉井友実が以前に社長を務めていた日本鉄道の上野駅-高崎駅間開通式典に出席した際に、明治天皇は出席に乗り気ではなく天気も一日中雨であったが、皇后は終始笑顔で応対し吉井を感激させた(吉井の宮島誠一郎宛書簡)。
- Also in the same year, when Empress Dowager Shoken attended the opening ceremony of Nippon Railway Ueno Station – Takasaki Station, which Tomozane YOSHII who was the Kunai-taifu (post of Imperial Household Ministry) used to be president of, the empress handled the event with a smile throughout the whole time even though Emperor Meiji did not show much enthusiasm to attend and it was raining all day; YOSHII was greatly touched because of this (a letter written by YOSHII to Seiichi MIYAJIMA).
- また、軍国主義的だという点から見ても、古い軍歌であるラ・マルセイエーズを国歌としているフランスを始めとして、過激な軍歌調或いは軍歌そのものの国歌を持っている国は多く、君が代が特別軍国主義を象徴するものではないとする意見もある。
- With respect to the point that Kimigayo is militaristic, there is an opinion that, starting with France of which national anthem is old martial music, La Marseillaise, there are many countries that have national anthems that are extremely militaristic or a martial song itself and Kimigayo does not particularly symbolize militarism.
- 諸説があるが、関西地方では兵庫県神戸市兵庫区にある純神戸肉三ッ輪屋精肉店(明治34年創業、現三ツ輪屋総本店)が、東京の洋食店の「メンチボール」をヒントに昭和初期に、二代目水野三次氏が命名考案した「ミンチカツ」が始まりとされる。
- There are various theories; in the Kansai region, it is said to have begun at Genuine Kobe Beef Mitsuwaya Butcher Shop (present-day Mitsuwaya Sohonten (main store), established in 1901) during the early Showa period, using 'menchi boru' (meatballs) from a western-style restaurant in Tokyo as a hint, and the second owner, Mitsuji MIZUNO invented and named it 'menchi katsu.'
- 佐竹氏と、千葉氏、上総氏一族との対立はここに始まり、それが解消するのは、1180年の源頼朝の旗揚げに、千葉介、上総介一族が合流し、「富士川の戦い」に平家を破ったあと、転じて常陸に佐竹氏を攻めて敗走させるまで待たなければならなかった。
- The conflict between Satake, Chiba, and Kazusa clans started here and was solved with the mobilization of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in 1180 where Chiba no suke (assistant governor of Chiba Province) and Kazusa no suke clans gathered, defeated Taira clan in 'the Battle of Fujikawa River,' attacked the Satake clan of Hitachi, and made them flee after losing the battle.
- 江戸初期、鴨川 (淀川水系)の周辺を開発しそこに茶屋、旅籠などが置かれたのが始まりですでに芸妓、娼妓が居住するようになり何度も取り締れていたが川端二条にあった『二条新地』(にじょうしんち)の出稼ぎ地として認められ、明治初期に独立をした。
- Ponto-cho started with the development of the areas along the Kamo-gawa River, building tea houses and hatago (inn with meals); geisha and shogi had settled in and been cracked down repeatedly, but the area was recognized as a work place for those in 'Nijo-shinchi' (Nijo new development area) in Kawabatanijo and was separated from Nijo-shinchi in the early Meiji period.
- 始めは政経が高清を近江から追放し、出雲、隠岐、飛騨の守護職を得るが、政経はその後の六角氏との戦いに敗れ、さらには徴税の命令に従わなかった出雲、隠岐の守護代である尼子経久を追放するも、逆に出雲の拠点である月山富田城を奪い返されたと伝わる。
- At the beginning, Masatsune expelled Takakiyo from Omi Province thereby gaining the position of Shugo (military governor) of Izumo, Oki and Hida Provinces, but Masatsune lost the battle against the Rokkaku clan after that, and moreover although he expelled deputy Shugo of Izumo and Oki Tsunehisa AMAKO who did not obey the order of tax collection and he was deprived, in return, of Gassan Tomita-jo Castle that was a foothold in Izumo.
- そこで旧来の法令に欠けている分野を補完する目的で江戸幕府や諸藩の中で明王朝で使われた明律の研究が始められた(中国では既に清の時代に入っていたが、明の法律文献が多く日本に伝来していたことや清律も明律をほぼ踏襲していた事が影響している。)。
- Therefore, in order to supplement the areas lacking in traditional law, research on the Ming code, used in the Ming dynasty, began within the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and various clans (China was already in the Qing period, but many Ming legal documents were introduced in Japan and the Qing code mostly succeeded the Ming code).
- 1901年(明治34年)に舞鶴鎮守府が創設され、日本海側唯一の軍港として発展した歴史を持つ舞鶴市であるが、鎮守府創設にあわせる形で1898年(明治31年)に軍事水道の建設が開始され、1900年(明治33年)に与保呂川上流に桂貯水池が完成。
- Maizuru City has a history of being developed as the only military port along the Japan Sea after Maizuru Chinjufu (Maizuru Naval District) was established in 1901; however, in order to complete its construction before the establishment of Chinjufu, the construction of the military water system started in 1898, and the Katsura reservoir was completed upstream of Yohoro-gawa River.
- 「此所勝母の里」と書いた紙を呪符として家の戸に貼ると、輪入道が近づくことができないといい、これは中国の儒家の始祖・孔子の門人である曾子が「母に勝つ」の名を嫌って勝母の里に足を踏み入れなかったという『史記』「鄒陽列伝」での逸話が由来とされている。
- It is said that when one places a piece of paper indicating 'Koko-wa Shobo-no Sato' on the door as a talisman, Wanyudo cannot go near the house; this derives from the anecdote in Shuyo Retsuden (a series of biographies of Shuyo) of Shiki (the Chinese Historical Records), according to which So-shi, a disciple of Koshi, the founder of Confucianist in China, disliked Shobo-no Sato and did not set his foot in the place because of the name suggesting 'to win against mother'.
- マキノは東京府豊多摩郡淀橋町角筈成子坂下(現在の新宿区西新宿8丁目)の「成子不二館」をトップに公開するようコンバート、年内をしのぎ、さらに同年11月には「マキノキネマ株式会社」を設立、西陣に直営館マキノキネマをオープン、独自のチェーンを組み始めた。
- Makino hung on for the rest of the year by switching the main theater for first showing his films to Narukofuji-kan located in Narukozakashita, Tsunohazu, Yodobashi-cho, Toyotama-gun, Tokyo Prefecture (currently, Nishi-Shinjuku 8-chome, Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo) and he established a new company called 'Makino Kinema Kabushiki Kaisha' in November of that year, together with its directly-managed theater 'Makino Kinema' in Nishijin, Kyoto City, to start organizing his own business chain.
- 応神の和風諡号である「ホムダ」は飾りの多い8代以前の天皇と著しく違っている事から実在とみなす説、三王朝交代説における征服王朝の創始者とする説、邪馬台国東遷説にまつわり皇室の先祖として祭られている神(宇佐八幡)とする説、河内王朝の始祖と見なす説などである。
- They include a theory which regards Ojin to be actual because his Japanese-style posthumous name, 'Homuda,' is extremely different from the embellished ones of the Emperors before the eighth, a theory which postulates that he is the founder of the conquering dynasty in the rotation theory of three dynasties, a theory to regard him as the god (Usa Hachiman) enshrined as an ancestor of the Imperial Family in relation to relocation of the Yamatai-Koku Kingdom to the east, a theory to regard him as the founder of the Kawachi dynasty, etc.
- また、懐良親王が「良懐」として明と冊封関係を結んでしまったため、義満が日明貿易(勘合貿易)を開始する際に新たに建文帝から冊封をうけ「日本国王」となるまでは、北朝や薩摩の島津氏なども明に使節を送る場合は「良懐」の名義を用いねばならないという事態も発生した。
- Because Imperial Prince Kanenaga was in Sakuho relationship (vassal relationship) with Ming as '良懐,' to commence Japan-Ming trade (the tally trade), the Northern Court or the Shimazu clan in Satsuma Province had to use the name of '良懐' to send an ambassador to Ming until Yoshimitsu was granted the title of 'King of Japan' under sakuho by Kenbun-tei (Jianwen Emperor).
- 日本書紀において 巻九に神功皇后摂政「66年 是年 晋武帝泰初二年晉起居注云 武帝泰初(泰始)二年十月 倭女王遣重貢獻」と中国と倭の女王の記述が引用されており、収録するにあたってヤマト王権と「卑弥呼」を関連づけさせる為に伝承が作り上げられたという説がある。
- In volume 9 of Nihonshoki, the description on Princess of China and Princess of Wa (Japan) 'According to a record keeper of Jjin Dynasty of China, the Empress of Japan paid a tribute to the Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty on October, 266' was quoted; and there is a theory that the tradition was made up in order to link 'Himiko' (first known ruler of Japan) with Yamato dynasty/Yamato (Imperial) Court, in editing the document.
- 帰京した後醍醐は富小路坂の里内裏に入り、光厳天皇の皇位を否定し親政を開始(自らの重祚<復位>は否定し、文保2年から継続しての在位を主張)するが、京都では護良親王とともに六波羅攻撃を主導した足利高氏が諸国へ軍勢を催促し、上洛した武士を収めて京都支配を指揮していた。
- After returning to the capital, Godaigo entered the throne room on Tomikoji hill and repudiated Kogon's imperial rank, ushering in a new era of direct Imperial rule (and of his own second ascension, he insisted that he was not 'returning to the throne' but rather had continuously been ruling since 1318); in Kyoto, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who with Imperial Prince Morinaga had directed the attack on Rokuhara, requested more troops from all the various provinces, and by paying and supplying the samurai that came to the capital, Takauji assumed military command over the government of Kyoto.
- 足利義氏 (足利家3代目当主)の庶長子として吉良家を興した吉良長氏の2男である今川国氏が、吉良氏の所領から三河国碧海郡今川荘(いまがわのしょう、現在の愛知県西尾市今川町周辺)を分与され、今川四郎を称したのに始まる(あるいは国氏は長氏の甥で、養子になったとも言う)。
- Kuniuji IMAGAWA, the second son of Osauji KIRA who founded the Kira family as the first illegitimate child of Yoshiuji ASHIKAGA (the third head of ASHIKAGA family), was given Imagawa no sho (the current Imagawacho, Nishio City, Aichi Prefecture), Aomi County, Mikawa Province) and called himself Shiro IMAGAWA (or it is said that Kuniuji was a nephew of Osauji and became an adopted son).
- この争乱が以仁王の「平氏追討」の令旨に始まること、平氏政権から頼朝政権(鎌倉幕府)に交代したこと、民間レベルでは『平家物語』や『源平盛衰記』などの影響から清盛・宗盛ら平氏一門と頼朝・義経・義仲ら源氏一門の争いと受け取られてきたことなどが、この呼称を生んだといえる。
- This term started because the war was considered as a fight between Kiyomori and Munemori of the Taira family and Yoritomo, Yoshitsune, Yoshinaka of the Minamoto clan due to the fact that the war started with Prince Mochihito's call for 'destroying the Taira clan,' the transition from the Taira clan government to Yoritomo government (Kamkura bakufu), and the effect of stories such as 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tales of the Heike) and 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Fall of the Genji and the Heike) had on the people.
- これにより東国の巡礼者が増え、この上方の観音巡礼が「西国三十三箇所」と言われるようになり、熊野詣から巡礼を始める人が多かったので第一番が紀伊国熊野の青岸渡寺に、東国への帰路に着きやすいということで第三十三番が美濃国の華厳寺という現在の巡礼順になったと考えられている。
- Consequently, the number of the pilgrims from the eastern provinces increased, and this Kannon pilgrimage in the Kamigata area (area centering around Kyoto) came to be called the 'Saigoku Sanjusankasho;' it is believed that the Seiganto-ji Temple in the Kumano area of Kii Province became the first temple because many people made the pilgrimage to the three grand shrines (including the Seiganto-ji Temple) of Kumano first, that the Kegon-ji Temple in Mino Province became the thirty-third temple because of the easy access to the eastern provinces when returning home, and that the current route of the pilgrimage was decided in this way.
- (藤原良房の権力掌握開始が家父長的権力を有した嵯峨上皇の崩御に始まり、宇多法皇が家父長として背後にあった醍醐天皇の時代に一時摂関政治が停滞し、久しく絶えていた家父長的な上皇の復活である白河上皇が摂関政治に代わる院政を開始した事は偶然では決して片付けられないものである)。
- (It was far from a coincidence that the death of the Retired Emperor Saga, who had patriarchal authority, was the start of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa's taking over power, and that the regency stagnated for a while in the reign of Emperor Daigo, when the Cloistered Emperor Uda was supporting him as a patriarch, and also that the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, in a revival of the patriarchal retired emperor that had disappeared for a long time, started cloistered government in place of the regency.)
- 戦国時代(せんごくじだい、1493年(1467年)頃-1573年頃)は、1493年の明応の政変頃あるいは1467年の応仁の乱頃をその始期とし、1573年に15代室町将軍足利義昭が織田信長によって追放されて室町幕府が事実上消滅するまでの時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
- The Sengoku Period in Japan (from around 1493 (or 1467) to around 1573) is a chronological period in the history of Japan that commenced from the Coup of Meio in 1493 or the Onin Disturbance in 1467 and ended by the disappearance of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with the purge of Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA by Nobunaga ODA, the fifteenth shogun, of the Muromachi bakufu, in 1573.
- ここに至って近衛基熙や江戸幕府は、霊元天皇による四宮擁立の真意が皇子可愛さだけではなく、院政を開始して摂家や幕府の干渉を排して思いのままの政治を行うための長期計画の一環であり、すぐに成人を迎えてしまう年長の一宮に皇位を譲る事が不都合であったからであった事に気付くのである。
- This development made Motohiro KONOE and the Bakufu in Edo realize that the true motive underlying Emperor Reigen's insistence on succession by Shinomiya had not only been love of his own son but part of his long-cherished scheme to assume the virtual reins of the court as retired emperor and exercising ruling authority without allowing interference by the Sekkanke or the Bakufu, to whom handing over the imperial throne to the older Ichinomiya, who would soon become of age, would have been a disadvantage.
- 『古事記』では神倭伊波礼琵古命(かんやまといわれひこのみこと)と称され、『日本書紀』では神日本磐余彦尊(かんやまといわれひこのみこと)、始馭天下之天皇(はつくにしらすすめらみこと)、若御毛沼命(わかみけぬのみこと)、狹野尊(さののみこと)、彦火火出見(ひこほほでみ)と称される。
- In 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) he is called Kanyamato Iwarehiko no Mikoto, while in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) he is called Kanyamato Iwarehiko no Mikoto, Hatsukuni shirasu sumera mikoto, Wakamikenu no Mikoto, Sano no Mikoto and Hiko hoho demi.
- 刈田・刈畠行為をめぐる紛争は当初、所務沙汰(不動産に係る民事事件)として扱われていたが、時代が下るにつれ、刈田・刈畠行為が増加していくと、13世紀後期ごろには違法行為のニュアンスを含む「狼藉」、すなわち刈田狼藉と呼ばれるようになり、通常の所務沙汰とは別個の取扱いがなされ始めた。
- Initially, karita or karihata related disputes were handled as shomu-sata (civil trials dealing with land-related issues), but the number of karita and karihata acts increased with the times, and around the late thirteenth century, such karita or karihata related disputes began to be called 'rozeki' with the implication of illegal acts, that is, karita-rozeki, and the handling of such disputes was separated from ordinary shomu-sata.
- 明治時代初期までは恵方詣りの風習が残っていたようだが、京阪神において鉄道事業者が沿線の神社仏閣をてんでんばらばらに「今年の恵方は○○だ」と宣伝し始めたために、本来の恵方ではない神社仏閣にも詣でるようになり、恵方の意味が薄れ、有名な神社仏閣にお参りするようになったといわれている。
- It is said that, up until the early Meiji period, some still practiced the custom of ehomairi; however, as each railway company in the Keihanshin region (namely, Osaka, Kyoto, and Kobe) started to advertise the shrines and temples of their choice along their own railway lines, by saying that 'the eho for the year is XX,' people became to visit those in other than the actual eho direction which leads the meaning of eho fade away and people visit well-known shrines and temples.
- 以上が従来の通説であるが、異説としては、六角氏綱(高頼の嫡男で定頼の兄)の子孫が信長に庇護され存続し、六角義郷が、(父あるいは兄にあたる六角義秀の旧臣であり、片諱を与えた)豊臣秀吉に仕えて12万石の大名となり、豊臣姓と侍従の称号を授かり始終優遇されたとされ、近年有力視されている。
- The above is the conventionally accepted theory, but there is another theory which holds that the descendant of Ujitsuna ROKKAKU (the heir of Takayori and elder brother of Sadayori) survived under the aegis of Nobunaga, and that Yoshisato ROKKAKU (the old vassal of Yoshihide ROKKAKU, who was the father or elder brother, and the Kataimina (a name for a dead person)) served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI to become a feudal lord of 120,000 koku, was given the Toyotomi cognomen and the title of palace staff and was consistently well treated, all of which has been the prevailing theory in modern times.
- 宇多上皇(程なく宇多法皇になる)は醍醐天皇に譲位した後も、『寛平御遺誡』という君主の心構えを新帝に説くばかりでなく、道真を始め源善・中納言源希・蔵人頭平季長・侍従藤原忠平といったいわゆる「寛平の治」の推進役だった一種の側近集団を新帝の周囲に配置して新帝の政策を主導しようと図った。
- Even after Retired Emperor Uda (who soon after became Cloistered Emperor Uta) abdicated the throne to Emperor Daigo, he went far beyond merely his written injunction, the Kanpyo goyuikai--which advised the new emperor on how to prepare himself to rule--and actively planned to continue his leadership role in the new emperor's government by surrounding Emperor Daigo with the group of his closest aides and ministers who had been the driving force behind the administration of the Kanpyo era, notably Michizane but also including MINAMOTO no Yoshi, the Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) MINAMOTO no Mare, the Kuroudo no kami (Majordomo of the palace) TAIRA no Suenaga, and the Jiju (Chamberlain) FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- また、同年八月の条に、犬養部の設置記事がみられるが、現存する屯倉の地名と犬養という地名との近接例も多いことから、屯倉の守衛に番犬が用いられた(番犬を飼養していたのが犬養氏)だということが明らかになっており、屯倉や犬養部の設置時期も安閑天皇の頃(6世紀前半頃)に始まったと推察される。
- In an entry for September of the same year, there is an article pertaining to the establishment of inukaibe (corporations of dog keepers) but it is clear from the numerous examples in which surviving miyake place names are located next to inube place names that watchdogs were used to guard miyake (watchdogs were reared by the Inukai clan), and it is surmised that the establishment of miyake and inukaibe also began during the reign of Emperor Ankan (first half of the sixth century).
- 裏づけとする史書の記述として、フロイスの「日本史」が続いて、光秀の京都への反転に際して 「兵士たちはかような(本能寺を攻める)動きがいったい何のためであるか訝り始め おそらく明智は信長の命に基づいて、その義弟である三河の国主(家康)を 殺すつもりであろうと考えた。」という部分がある。
- As descriptions in historical books that support this view, it is well-known that a section of 'Historia de Iapan' by Frois continued as, when Mitsuhide reversed the course to Kyoto, 'Soldiers began to wonder about the purpose of such action (to attack the Honno-ji Temple and thought that Mitsuhide intended to kill the lord of Mikawa Province (Ieyasu), who was a younger brother-in-law of Nobunaga, according to Nobunaga's order, and a section of 'Rojinzatsuwa' by Munetomo EMURA.'
- 『日本書紀』の説の問題点は、飯豊青皇女が執政を始めた時は億計尊・弘計尊の兄弟はもう宮中にいて、この兄弟の代理で一時的に政務を預かったにすぎないばかりか、ちょうど都合よくなぜか1年に満たない執政10ヶ月で死去して顕宗天皇が即位したため清寧天皇と顕宗天皇の間には空位年がないことになっていることである。
- The problem of the theory of 'Nihonshoki' is that Oke no mikoto's brothers had already been in Imperial Palace when Iitoyo no himemiko began her administration and on behalf of the brothers she just temporarily did administration and conveniently after her 10 months' administration, which was short for one year, she passed away and Emperor Kenzo was enthroned and thus there was no blank year between Emperor Seinei and Emperor Kenzo.
- 仁治3年(1242年)に即位した後嵯峨は、寛元4年(1246年)に皇太子久仁(後深草、4歳)に譲位して院政を開始したあと、後深草に皇子が生まれるのを待たず、正嘉2年(1258年)に後深草(16歳)の同母弟恒仁(亀山、10歳)を皇太子とし、さらに翌正元 (日本)元年(1259年)には後深草から恒仁に譲位させた。
- In 1242, Gosaga became Emperor, abdicated the throne to Crown Prince Hisahito (Gofukakusa, aged 4) and started a cloister government in 1246, and then in 1258, without waiting for Gofukakusa to have a prince, installed Gofukakusa (aged 16)'s younger half brother, Tsunehito (Kameyama, aged 10), as Crown Prince and in 1259, he made Gofukakusa abdicate so Tsunehito could become Emperor.
- ただし、御会始そのものは室町時代に中絶しており、『晴和歌御会作法故実』(著者不明であるが、霊元上皇書写の国立歴史民俗博物館所蔵本がある)という書物によれば、後円融天皇の永和 (日本)年間の和歌御会始を模範として後柏原天皇が明応10年(文亀元年/1501年)正月の月次歌会を独立した儀式として執り行ったことが記されている。
- Although Gokaihajime itself ceased to be held in the Muromachi period, Emperor Gokashiwabara held a monthly poetry reading as an independent ceremony on New Year's Day in 1501 on the model of waka gokaihajime during the Eiwa era of the Emperor Goenyu's reign, according to 'seiwa utagokai saho kojitsu' (Ancient Practices of New Year Imperial Poetry Reading Party Manner.) (Its author is unknown, but a copy of the book hand written by the Retired Emperor Reigen is possessed by National Museum of Japanese History.)
- 後醍醐の新政権が足利尊氏の離反により建武 (日本)3年(1336年)に崩壊すると、尊氏の奏請により光厳の院政が開始され(後伏見はこの年49歳で死去している)、光厳の同母弟豊仁(16歳、光明天皇)が践祚したが、皇太子に立てられたのは、廃太子康仁でも、光厳の第1皇子興仁(3歳)でもなく、後醍醐の皇子成良親王(12歳)であった。
- The new Godaigo government collapsed in 1336 due to Takauji ASHIKAGA's defection and the cloistered government by Kogon was initiated by Takauji's request (Gofushimi died in the same year at 49), and Kogon's brother Toyohito (aged 16, Emperor Komei) ascended the throne and the Crown Prince was not the deposed prince Yasuhito or Kogon's first son Prince Okihito (aged 3), but Godaigo's son Imperial Prince Nariyoshi (aged 12).
- 応仁の乱後の文明11年(1479年)に室町殿や内裏の造営が開始されたものの、都市の荒廃による環境悪化によって疫病や火災、盗賊、一揆などの発生が頻発したこと、加えて在京していた守護大名やその家臣達(都市消費者として一定の役割を果たしていた)が領国の政情不安のために帰国したまま帰ってこなかったこともあり、京都の再建は順調とは言えなかった。
- In 1479, after the Onin War, the reconstruction of Muromachi-dono (the Shogun's residence) and the Imperial Palace was started, but the absence of shugo daimyos and their vassals (who had played a more or less substantial role as urban consumers) who had previously lived in Kyoto, but later returned to their politically unstable territories, on top of the frequent occurrence of epidemics, fires, burglaries and uprisings in the deteriorated environment of the devastated city, prevented the reconstruction of Kyoto from steady progress.
- 当初は、琵琶湖から日本海と瀬戸内海を結ぶ阪敦運河構想を北栄造福井県知事が調整し始めたが、当時の平田佐矩四日市市長が熱心だったこともあり、福井県・滋賀県・岐阜県・愛知県・三重県、名古屋市・敦賀市・四日市市の間で、自民党副総裁の大野伴睦を会長に、総工費2500億円~3500億円に及ぶ若狭湾~琵琶湖~伊勢湾を結ぶ運河の建設期成同盟が結成された。
- Initially, the governor of Fukui Prefecture, Eizo KITA, accommodated the plan 'Framework on Hanko Canal' (阪敦運河構想) to connect the Sea of Japan and the Seto Inland Sea via Lake Biwa, but because Sukenori HIRATA, who was then the mayor of Yokkaichi City, was keen on the plan, the alliance for the construction of the canal to connect Wakasa Bay and Ise Bay via Lake Biwa (at a total cost of 250 to 350 billion yen) was formed with Banboku ONO, the Vice President of the Liberal Democratic Party, as chairman, among Fukui Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Aichi Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Nagoya City, Tsuruga City and Yokkaichi City.
- なお、近年まで「幻の都」とされていたが、1954年(昭和29年)より、高校教員であった中山修一を中心として発掘が開始され、翌1955年(昭和30年)、大内裏朝堂院の門跡が発見されたのを皮切りとして、今日までにかなり発掘調査が進み(当該地域で急速な宅地化、工業地化が進み、緊急調査を強いられ続けた側面もあるのだが)、1964年に国の史跡に指定された。
- Nagaoka-kyo had been called the 'phantom capital' until recently, but members led by Shuichi NAKAYAMA, a high school teacher, began to excavate the area in 1954, and the following year, they found the site of the gate of the Daidairi Chodoin (a large hall at the front in the palace); more excavation and research have been done to date (partly because research on the land has been required to meet the increased demand of land for industrial use and housing), and the site has been designated as a National Historical Site since 1964.
- 『日本三代実録』元慶8年7月8日条によれば、同年6月7日に光孝天皇から政務の要請された(通常、これを関白の開始とするが、「関白」という言葉自体は宇多天皇が出した仁和3年の詔が初出であって、太政大臣あるいは摂政としての継続の意味であった可能性もある)際に一旦これを辞退した際の基経の返答に「如何、責阿衡、以忍労力疾、役冢宰以侵暑冒寒乎。」という語句を含めている。
- According to the description of July 8, 884 in 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku,' when Mototsune was requested on June 7 of the same year by the Emperor Koko to assume state affairs (although this request is generally believed to have been the beginning of his tenure of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), it could have been the request to continue to serve as Dajodaijin (grand minister) or Sessho (regent) since the word 'Kanpaku' was used for the first time in the shochoku issued by Emperor Uda in 887), he once declined and used in his reply the phrase of 'I wonder whether I can fulfill Ako's responsibilities even though I work hard regardless of heat and cold.'
- 武家源氏として名を馳せた清和源氏においては畿内に始まり各地に土着しており、源満仲の子から摂津源氏、大和源氏、河内源氏とに分かれ、河内国を本拠地とした河内源氏の源義家(八幡太郎義家)はその主流で、その子孫は鎌倉幕府を開いた源頼朝に代表される武士として栄え、さらに河内源氏からは石川源氏、甲斐源氏、常陸源氏、下野源氏(足利氏)、上野源氏(新田氏)などが分派している。
- Seiwa-Genji, who enjoyed its fame as military Genji, originated in Kinai, or current Kansai region, spread to various regions, and then split up into Settu-Genji, Yamato-Genji and Kawachi-Genji after MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, and MINAMOTO no Yoshiie (Taro Yoshiie HACHIMAN) of the Kawachi-Genji, who were based in Kawachi Province, was the mainstream of them, whose descendants flourished as samurai represented by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who established the Kamakura bakufu, and other clans such as Ishikawa-Genji, Kai-Genji, Hitachi-Genji, Shimotsuke-Genji (Ashikaga clan) and Kozuke-Genji (Nitta clan) were descended from Kawachi-Genji as well.
- その目的や意義は、豊作の「五穀豊穣」を始め、「大漁追福」、「商売繁盛」、「疫病退散」、「無病息災」、「家内安全」、「安寧長寿」、「夫婦円満」、「子孫繁栄」、「祖先崇拝」、「豊楽万民」、「天下泰平」などを招福祈願、厄除祈念として行われるもの、またはそれらの成就に感謝して行われるもの、節句などの年中行事が発展して行われているもの、偉人の霊を慰めるために行われるものなど様々である。
- The purpose and meaning are diversified because some feasts are held for 'the productiveness of grain' for good harvests, and a prayer for good luck charm and prayer for warding off evil such as 'good catch and memorial service,' 'prosperous trade,' 'an attempt to secure protection from a plague,' 'state of perfect health,' 'safety of one's family,' 'peace and longevity,' 'harmonious marriage,' 'fertility and family prosperity,' 'ancestor worship,' 'abundance and joy to all people,' 'universal peace' and so on, some are held in appreciation for accomplishments of such prayers, some are held as a result of development of annual events such as Sekku and so on, or some are held to console spirits of great people.
- このとき、後三条天皇は院政を開始する意図を持っていたとする見解が慈円により主張されて(『愚管抄』)以来、北畠親房(『神皇正統記』)、新井白石(『読史余論』)、黒板勝美、三浦周行などにより主張されていたが、和田英松が、災害異変、後三条の病気、実仁親王 (平安時代)の立東宮の3点が譲位の理由であり院政開始は企図されていなかったと主張し、平泉澄が病気のみに限定するなど異論が出された。
- Because Jien asserted that Emperor Gosanjo at that time was intent upon initiating insei ('Gukansho'), Chikafusa KITABATAKE ('Jinno-Shoto-ki'), Hakuseki ARAI ('Tokushiyoron'), Katsumi KUROITA, Hiroyuki MIURA, etc., also supported such an assumption; however, there were different views, such as that of Hidematsu WADA, who asserted that the initiation of insei was not intended due to three reasons--disasters/accidents, Gosanjo's illness and Imperial Prince Sanehito's assumption of the position as the Crown Prince--which reasons were limited only to illness by Kiyoshi HIRAIZUMI.
- 元来、半済とは「年貢の半分を納付する」という意味より百姓の年貢の半分を免除することを意味していたが、南北朝時代 (日本)頃から、守護が軍費・兵糧を現地調達するために、荘園・公領の年貢の半分を軍勢に預け置くことが、半済として行われ始め、1352年に最初の半済令が幕府から出された(なお、南北朝・室町時代においても年貢の半分免除の意味で「半済」という言葉が用いられる場合も存在しており注意を要する)。
- 'Hanzei' originally meant 'paying half of the tax' and thus meant, at that time, absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes; however, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Hanzei' was used to mean that half of the customs or taxes on the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government were submitted to the troops in order for provincial constables to cover military expenditure and provisions locally, and the first hanzei law was enforced by the feudal government in 1352 (Note that 'Hanzei' was also used to mean absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes in the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period).
- 実際の柳生氏の事項が明らかになるのは、南北朝時代 (日本)の柳生永珍(別名:宗珍、大膳亮柳生永家の子とされる)の頃からで、柳生家の家譜である『玉栄拾遺』によると、元弘3年(1331年)に、南朝 (日本)として、六波羅探題の北条仲時・北条時益の軍勢と戦った永珍は戦功によって、後醍醐天皇から賜った大和国小楊生(大楊生とも)庄の領主となり、柳生氏と名乗った事から始まるとされる(ただし、『玉栄拾遺』の記述自体も伝承の域を出ないという)。
- The first record that mentions the Yagyu clan is about Nagayoshi YAGYU (Muneyoshi YAGYU) who was believed to be a child of Daizen no suke (person who was in charge of meals in the Imperial Court) Nagaie YAGYU in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); and according to a genealogy of the Yagyu clan 'Gyokuei Shui,' Nagayoshi supported the Southern Court and fought against the forces of Nagatoki HOJO and Tokimasu HOJO who had their base at Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto), and for the achievement in the battles, Emperor Godaigo gave him the possession and status of the lord of Koyagyusho district (or Oyagyusho district) in Yamato Province, ever since then, he called himself the Yagyu clan; however, it is said that the articles in 'Gyokuei Shui' are nothing but folklore.
- 始期については、従来源頼朝が将軍(征夷大将軍)に任じられた1192年とするのが一般的であるが、頼朝が平家打倒のために挙兵し御家人を統率する侍所を設置した1180年説、寿永二年十月宣旨で東国(東海道および東山道)の支配権を朝廷に公認された1183年説、対立する弟・源義経追討の名目で惣追捕使(後の守護)・地頭の設置権を獲得した1185年説、頼朝が上洛し権大納言・右近衛大将に任命された1190年説、また一部では1196年説など様々な考え方がある。
- There are many theories about in what year the Kamakura period truly began, of which the 1192 theory, the year MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was made Shogun (Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians')), is the orthodox view, but in addition, theories include: the 1180 theory, focusing on Yoritomo raising his army and leading his gokenin (lower-ranking warrior vassals) into battle to destroy the Taira clan, and also establishing the Samurai Dokoro (Board of Retainers, which oversaw rewards for service); the 1183 theory, in which the key moment is the official recognition of the shogunate's right to control Eastern Japan (everything along the Tokaido and Tosando highways) proclaimed by the imperial court in the tenth month; the 1185 theory, which focuses on Yoritomo's use of his struggle to destroy his younger brother MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune as a pretext to usurp the right to appoint and control the offices of shugo (provincial governor) and jito (estate steward); the 1190 theory, in which it was Yoritomo's visit to the capital and subsequent court appointments to Gon Dainagon (Deputy Major Counselor) and Ukone Taisho (Commander of the Guardsmen of the Right) that is considered the decisive moment; and a handful even believe it wasn't until 1196 that the Kamakura period truly began.