外交: 887 Terms and Phrases

• 外交
• diplomacy
• selling (e.g. door-to-door)
• canvassing
• Foreigners employed in foreign diplomacy

• 外交の
• diplomatic

• 外交史
• history of diplomacy
• history of foreign policy

• 外交術
• diplomacy
• state-craft

• 外交団
• diplomatic corps
• corps diplomatique

• 外交的
• diplomatic

• 外交配
• outcrossing
• outbreeding

• 外交員
• canvasser
• door-to-door salesman
• bagman
• insurance agent
• insurance man
• traveler

• 外交官
• diplomat
• Diplomats

• 外交家
• diplomat
• diplomatic person

• 外交で
• with diplomacy

• ドル外交
• dollar diplomacy

• 往復外交
• shuttle
• shuttle diplomacy

• 外交上の
• diplomatic

• 皇室外交
• Imperial diplomacy

• 外交儀礼
• protocol

• 外交辞令
• diplomatic turn of phrase
• diplomatic language
• tactful way of expressing something

• 外交使節
• diplomat
• envoy

• 外交手腕
• diplomatic finesse
• skill(s) in diplomacy

• 外交弱勢
• outbreeding depression

• 外交機関
• diplomatic institution
• a foreign office

• 外交体制
• diplomatic structure

• 外交政策
• foreign policy
• Foreign policy doctrines

• 外交交渉
• diplomatic negotiations
• negotiations through diplomatic channels

• 外交関係
• diplomatic relations
• Diplomacy

• 外交の才
• diplomatic talent

• 外交官補
• probationary diplomat
• Attache

• 外交活動
• diplomatic activity

• 外交特権
• diplomatic immunity

• 外交販売
• traveling sales

• 外交会議
• diplomatic conference

• 軟弱外交
• weak foreign policy
• weak-kneed diplomacy

• 二重外交
• dual diplomacy

• 追従外交
• sycophantic diplomacy
• servile diplomacy

• 砲艦外交
• gunboat diplomacy

• 武力外交
• armed diplomacy
• gunboat diplomacy

• 力の外交
• power diplomacy

• 善隣外交
• good-neighbor diplomacy
• a good-neighbor policy

• 域外交通
• external trip

• 外交問題
• diplomatic issue
• foreign affairs

• 経済外交
• economic diplomacy

• 外交文書
• diplomatic papers or documents

• 広報外交
• public diplomacy

• 公開外交
• open diplomacy

• 婚外交渉
• extramarital sex

• 弱腰外交
• weak foreign policy
• weak-kneed diplomacy

• 資源外交
• resources diplomacy

• 陸奥外交
• Mutsu diplomacy

• 外交戦争
• diplomatic warfare

• 棍棒外交
• Big Stick ideology

• 外交革命
• Diplomatic Revolution

• 予防外交
• Preventive diplomacy

• 東方外交
• Ostpolitik

• 外交官。
• He was a diplomat.

• 準外交的な
• quasi-diplomatic

• 外交委員長
• head of the Foreign Relations Committee

• 外交ルート
• diplomatic channel
• official diplomatic channel

• 市外交換機
• TS toll switch

• 全方位外交
• omnidirectional foreign policy

• 瀬戸際外交
• brinkmanship diplomacy

• 外交販売員
• traveling salesman
• field salesperson
• trade salesperson

• 小切手外交
• checkbook diplomacy
• chequebook diplomacy

• 主席外交官
• doyen of the diplomatic corps

• 外交・経済
• Diplomacy and Economy

• 勾玉と外交
• Magatama and diplomacy

• シャトル外交
• shuttle diplomacy

• サミット外交
• summitry

• 基本外交政策
• doctrine

• 強硬外交論者
• jingoist

• 外交資料館長
• Director, Diplomatic Record Office

• 韓国の外交官
• South Korean diplomats

• 日本の外交官
• Japanese diplomats

• 各国の外交官
• Diplomats by nationality

• 中国の外交官
• Chinese diplomats

• 外交的保護権
• Diplomatic protection

• ピンポン外交
• Ping Pong Diplomacy

• 外交の大詰め
• the diplomatic endgame

• 外交について
• Diplomacy

• 外交儀礼の問題
• Issues regarding diplomatic ceremony

• フリーの外交官
• free-lance diplomat

• 外交官の回顧録
• memoirs of a diplomat

• 上院外交委員会
• Foreign Relations Committee

• 外交チャンネル
• diplomatic channel

• 自民党外交部会
• LDP's (Liberal Democratic Party's) Foreign Affairs Division

• 外交官となる。
• He became a diplomat.

• 外交的な態度の
• in a diplomatic manner

• 中華民国外交部
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)

• 外交政策調整官
• Senior Foreign Policy Coordinator

• 戦後日本の外交
• Foreign relations of Postwar Japan

• 戦前日本の外交
• Foreign relations of the Empire of Japan

• 外交問題評議会
• Council on Foreign Relations

• リビアの外交官
• Libyan diplomats

• イラクの外交官
• Iraqi diplomats

• カナダの外交官
• Canadian diplomats

• 活発な外交政策
• a vigorous foreign policy

• 最高位の外交官
• a diplomat of the highest rank

• 通常の外交関係
• normal diplomatic relations

• ガーナの外交官
• Ghanaian diplomats

• 魏・晋との外交
• Diplomacy with Wei and Chin Dynasty

• 外交と西南戦争
• Diplomacy and the Seinan War

• 欧州連合の外交
• Foreign relations of the European Union

• 北朝鮮の外交官
• North Korean diplomats

• ドイツの外交官
• German diplomats

• 米上院外交委員会
• Foreign Relations Committee

• 外交官たちの集団
• the body of diplomatic personnel

• 外交アドバイザー
• Foreign Affairs Advisor

• 外交のメッセージ
• Foreign diplomacy messages

• 外交記録審査室長
• Director, Diplomatic Record Declassification Review Division

• 総合外交政策局長
• Deputy Vice-Minister for Foreign Policy/Director-General, Foreign Policy Bureau

• オランダの外交官
• Dutch diplomats

• イギリスの外交官
• British diplomats

• キルギスの外交官
• Kyrgyzstani diplomats

• イタリアの外交官
• Italian diplomats

• フランスの外交官
• French diplomats

• ベトナムの外交官
• Vietnamese diplomats

• スペインの外交官
• Spanish diplomats

• 外交官 黒田康作
• Diplomat Kosaku Kuroda

• 外交の関係か特性
• relating to or characteristic of diplomacy

• 中華民国の外交官
• Diplomats of the Republic of China

• 無干渉の外交政策
• a hands-off foreign policy

• 積極的な外交政策
• an enterprising foreign policy

• 全権を持つ外交官
• a diplomat with plenary powers

• 外交政策の大転換
• an about-face on foreign policy

• 悪化した外交関係
• the worsened diplomatic relations

• エジプトの外交官
• Egyptian diplomats

• 外交使節の天皇謁見
• The Emperor giving an audience to diplomatic envoys

• ～と外交関係がある
• have democratic ties with ~

• それは外交辞令だ。
• Those words are mere diplomatic niceties.

• ポーランドの外交官
• Polish diplomats

• ポルトガルの外交官
• Portuguese diplomats

• 主任外交政策調整官
• Principal Senior Foreign Policy Coordinator

• エストニアの外交官
• Estonian diplomats

• ノルウェーの外交官
• Norwegian diplomats

• 大韓民国外交通商部
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (South Korea)

• デンマークの外交官
• Danish diplomats

• 外交交渉から侵攻まで
• From Diplomatic Negotiations to Invasion

• 外交のための政府高官
• a government minister for foreign relations

• カザフスタンの外交官
• Kazakhstani diplomats

• フィンランドの外交官
• Finnish diplomats

• インドネシアの外交官
• Indonesian diplomats

• スウェーデンの外交官
• Swedish diplomats

• 中華民国の政治#外交
• Foreign relations of the Republic of China

• 中華人民共和国外交部
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China

• 変わりやすい外交政策
• a mutable foreign policy

• 外交官の間の予備協議
• exploratory talks between diplomats

• オーストリアの外交官
• Austrian diplomats

• 長州藩の外交担当者。
• He was in charge of foreign affairs in the Choshu government.

• 来栖三郎 (外交官)
• Saburō Kurusu

• 共通外交・安全保障政策
• Common Foreign and Security Policy

• 外交官関連のスタブ項目
• Diplomat stubs

• ソビエト連邦の外交関係
• Foreign relations of the Soviet Union

• 中華人民共和国の外交官
• Diplomats of the People's Republic of China

• ペルーの外交ミッション
• List of diplomatic missions of Peru

• オーストラリアの外交官
• Australian diplomats

• アメリカ合衆国の外交官
• American diplomats

• 彼は詩人で外交官だった。
• He was a poet and diplomat.

• 外交を担当する政府の部門
• the government department in charge of foreign relations

• ニュージーランドの外交官
• New Zealand diplomats

• 海外交渉に従事する公務員
• an official engaged in international negotiations

• 彼は非常に外交的に答えた
• he answered very diplomatically

• 次男 松方正作（外交官）
• Second son : Shosaku MATSUKATA (diplomat)

• 外交關係を處理すること。
• Manage foreign affairs.

• 砲艦外交の展開：江華島事件
• Development of gunboat diplomacy: the Ganghwa Island incident

• 外交上の目的を果たす使節団
• a mission serving diplomatic ends

• 外交使節団に選ばれた専門家
• a specialist assigned to the staff of a diplomatic mission

• その両国は外交関係がない。
• The two countries do not have diplomatic relations.

• 企画官（外交記録公開担当）
• Senior Coordinator for Declassification Review of Diplomatic Record

• 大使より権限の少ない外交官
• a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador

• 進取の気性に富む保険外交員
• a pushful insurance agent

• 青年外交官として日朝交渉へ
• Off to Japan-Joseon Negotiation as a Young Diplomat

• 外交上の経路を通じてする方法
• Methods carried out through diplomatic channels;

• 二　外交関係を処理すること。
• Manage foreign affairs.

• アメリカ合衆国上院外交委員会
• United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

• アメリカ合衆国下院外交委員会
• United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs

• 日本は中国と外交関係がある。
• Japan has diplomatic relations with China.

• ロシア・ソビエト連邦の外交官
• Russian diplomats

• 外交関係に関するウィーン条約
• Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

• 公使を長とする常設外交使節団
• a permanent diplomatic mission headed by a minister

• また、外交にも多く携わった。
• He often took part in diplomacy as well.

• 明治政府初の外交問題となった。
• That incident became the first diplomatic problem for the Meiji government.

• 九州支配と外交の役目を果たす。
• This office was effectively utilized for ruling the Kyushu area as well as for diplomacy.

• 大使の地位を持つ法王の外交代表
• a diplomatic representative of the Pope having ambassadorial status

• マルティン・ルター (外交官)
• Martin Luther (diplomat)

• 経済的な配慮に基づいた外交政策
• diplomacy influenced by economic considerations

• 日本は先週外交面が活発であった
• the Japanese were active last week on the diplomatic front

• 外交官、外務大臣などを務めた。
• He filled posts such as diplomat and the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

• 外交官・評論家・ジャーナリスト
• Diplomats, Critics, and Journalists

• 『万国公法』がもたらした外交概念
• Diplomatic concepts brought by 'Bankoku Koho'

• 大日本帝国憲法第13条 外交大権
• Article 13. Prerogative to control diplomatic affairs

• 外交を担当するフランスの政府部門
• the French department in charge of foreign affairs

• 外交官が住むか働いている政府建物
• government building in which diplomats live or work

• 中東でのキッシンジャーの往復外交
• Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East

• ニコライ・ノヴィコフ (外交官)
• Nikolai Vasilevich Novikov

• 彼は彼の国の外交政策に通じていた
• He kept up on his country's foreign policies

• ウィリアム・ショート (外交官)
• William Short (American ambassador)

• 明治外交史上の第一級史料である。
• This is ikkyu-shiryo (historical materials of the first grade) in the history of foreign diplomacy during the Meiji period.

• 江戸幕府の外交顧問としても働いた。
• He also worked as a diplomatic adviser to the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 外交メッセージを表示するのかどうか
• Determines whether to display foreign diplomacy messages.

• 顔にも外交的な明るさがうかがえた。
• his face seemed to open and brighten,

• 彼はビジネスマンではなく外交官だ。
• He is not a businessman but a diplomat.

• 彼はアメリカ大使館の外交官である。
• He is a diplomat at the American Embassy.

• 英語は外交や観光事業に有効である。
• English is useful in diplomacy and tourism.

• ヘンリー・モーゲンソウ (外交官)
• Henry Morgenthau, Sr.

• 中華人民共和国　外交部長　黄　　華
• People's Republic of China: Minister of Foreign Affairs Huang Hua

• チャールズ・エリオット (外交官)
• Charles Eliot (diplomat)

• 外交文書などを発行する奏者を勤めた。
• He held the position of sosha (an official) in charge of issuing diplomatic documents and so on.

• 彼外交官として長年人生を送ってきた。
• He has spent most of his working life as a diplomat.

• キムは将来外交官になるつもりである。
• Kim means to be a diplomat in the future.

• その会議には１５０人の外交官がきた。
• The conference drew 150 diplomats.

• その国は米国との外交関係を断絶した。
• That country broke off diplomatic relations with the United States.

• 巧みな外交は戦争を避ける助けとなる。
• Skillful diplomacy helps to avert war.

• 赴任した政府に受け入れられない外交官
• a diplomat who is unacceptable to the government to which he is sent

• 外交ルートを使った特別便で配達される
• send by special mail that goes through diplomatic channels

• 派遣先の政府にとって容認できる外交官
• a diplomat who is acceptable to the government to which he is sent

• 可能な限り、我々は外交交渉を継続した
• We sustained the diplomatic negotiations as long as possible

• 日露戦争における戦時外交を担当した。
• He took charge of wartime diplomacy in Russo-Japanese War.

• 彼は外交官として長年人生を送ってきた。
• He has spent most of his working life as a diplomat.

• あの国は近隣諸国との外交関係を絶った。
• That country broke off diplomatic relations with the neighboring countries.

• 外交官には様々な特権が与えられている。
• Diplomats are allowed various privileges.

• アメリカ外交公電ウィキリークス流出事件
• United States diplomatic cables leak

• しかし日本側の砲艦外交によって頓挫した。
• However it was frustrated by gunboat diplomacy by Japan.

• 他国に対して、1国の政府を代表する外交官
• a diplomat representing one government to another

• 日本は外交政策の変更を迫られてきている。
• Japan has been urged to alter her diplomatic policies.

• 政府は外交政策を変更せざるをえなかった。
• The government had to alter its foreign policy.

• 彼は外交問題のポートフォリオを持っている
• he holds the portfolio for foreign affairs

• 彼は外交官たちの欺きを見抜くことができた
• he could see through the indirections of diplomats

• この事件は外交的に大きな影響をもたらした。
• This incident had a great diplomatic influence.

• 清末外交における『万国公法』 ―活用事例―
• 'Bankoku Koho' in diplomacy at the end of Qin dynasty - Example of utilization -

• ここに彼の外交手腕を見て取ることもできる。
• In this, he demonstrated his diplomatic skill.

• 接受国･政府にとって容認できない人･外交官
• persona non grata

• ―たとえば、外交関係の使者だったりとか。」
• - perhaps a diplomatic mission?'

• 米国の連邦部門で、外交政策を設定し維持する
• the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies

• 日朝間にはまだ外交関係が樹立されていない。
• Diplomatic relations have not yet been established between Japan and North Korea.

• 外交の駆け引きでは、とても彼には及ばない。
• I am no match for him in diplomatic shrewdness.

• 我々の外交と戦略はあきらかに矛盾していた。
• Our diplomacy and strategy ran in clear contradiction to each other.

• ソビエト連邦の諸外国との外交関係樹立の日付
• Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union

• 小村が最も信頼する外交官であったとされる。
• He was the most trusted diplomat by KOMURA.

• 当初、日本は外交努力で衝突を避けようとした。
• At the beginning, Japan tried to avoid conflict through diplomatic efforts.

• さらに上杉家や北条家との外交の失敗もあった。
• It also failed in the diplomatic negotiations with the families of Uesugi and Hojo.

• 米国外交官･駐日総領事･日米通商条約を結んだ
• Harris, Townsend

• 当時日本は、数多くの外交問題に直面していた。
• At the time, Japan was faced with a host of diplomatic problems.

• 新しい外務大臣は彼の国の外交方針を作り直した
• The new foreign minister reshaped the foreign policy of his country

• 英国の外交官で作家（1886年−1968年）
• English diplomat and author (1886-1968)

• 斉明天皇から天智天皇にかけての豪族・外交官。
• He was a member of Gozoku (local ruling family) and a diplomat from Empress Saimei to Emperor Tenchi.

• 犬上御田鍬　......　飛鳥時代の外交官。
• One of the descendants was INUGAMI no Mitasuki (INUKAMI no Mitasuki), a diplomat in the Asuka Period.

• 徳川氏きっての政治家・外交官としても名高い。
• He was renowned as the best statesman and diplomat in the Tokugawa Clan.

• そのため外交における信用がほとんどなかった。
• Therefore, he was rarely trusted in diplomatic affairs.

• 明治初期の日朝外交を担当したことで知られる。
• He is known for his involvement in Japan's diplomatic negotiations with Korea in the early Meiji period.

• 事件は外交問題となり、宋素卿は投獄されて獄死。
• The incident became a diplomatic issue, and Sokei SO was imprisoned and died in prison.

• 米国の政治家で外交官（1900年−1968年）
• United States politician and diplomat (1900-1968)

• 教皇庁と公式な外交関係のない国へ派遣される代表
• a representative of the Holy See in a country that has no formal diplomatic relations with it

• 有名なその外交官は快く委員会に参加してくれた。
• The noted diplomat readily participated in the committee.

• ローマ法王の外交官で教皇使節の下の位に位置する
• a diplomatic representative of the Pope ranking below a nuncio

• この外交方針は次の遣唐使の派遣にも引き継がれた。
• These diplomatic policies remained in place when the next envoy system, called kentoshi, began.

• 脱亜論までの宮廷権力闘争と事大主義外交の歴史背景
• Historical Background of Strife over Authority at the Imperial Court and Sadaejuui (Loving and admiring the great and powerful) Diplomacy in Korea before the 'Datsu-A Ron'

• ただし公的な外交儀礼では天皇と言う称号を用いる。
• However, the title Tenno is used in official diplomatic ceremonies.

• 大使がない時一時的に外交使節団の責任者となる役人
• the official temporarily in charge of a diplomatic mission in the absence of the ambassador

• 自国政府の代理として全ての権限を付与された外交官
• a diplomat who is fully authorized to represent his or her government

• 他の国々の論争にかかわりをもたないでいる外交政策
• a foreign policy of staying out of other countries' disputes

• 記者会見の際、大統領は外交関係にちょっと触れた。
• During the press conference, the President touched on foreign relations.

• 外交官と国家元首によって守られる式典の形体と儀礼
• forms of ceremony and etiquette observed by diplomats and heads of state

• ホステスは、対象者の外交的な変化との対立を避けた
• the hostess averted a confrontation with a diplomatic chenage of subject

• 外交と外征 / 稲垣満次郎著 民友社, 1896
• Gaiko to Gaisei (Diplomacy and Foreign Campaigns)/Written by Manjiro INAGAKI Minyu-sha, 1896

• これにより今川氏は外交的にも不利な立場に陥った。
• Because of this, Imagawa clan was put in a diplomatically disadvantaged position.

• これは明治日本の外交攻勢が大きな要因となっている。
• As the background, there was diplomatic offensive by Japan in the Meiji period.

• 以酊庵を開創して日本国王使として朝鮮外交を行った。
• He founded Itei-an Temple and conducted diplomacy with Korea as a Japanese envoy.

• 政治、または外交上の職務での措置、手段、または策略
• a move or step or maneuver in political or diplomatic affairs

• 領事の住居または仕事場として用いられる外交的な建築
• diplomatic building that serves as the residence or workplace of a consul

• メッセージは外交ルートを通じて伝えられるべきである
• Messages must go through diplomatic channels

• 米国の外交官で国連当局者（1904年−1971年）
• United States diplomat and United Nations official (1904-1971)

• 私たちの外交政策をイデオロギーから切り離して下さい
• decouple our foreign policy from ideology

• 外交行為によって彼は誰かの反感を買わないようにした
• by diplomatic conduct he avoided antagonizing anyone

• 外交上または軍隊内の敬称としては閣下が用いられる。
• In diplomatic situations and inside the armed forces, the commander is addressed as 'Kakka' (Your Excellency).

• 大使その他の外交使節及び領事に関するすべての事件。
• —to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public ministers and Consuls;

• そのことが三日、複数の外交筋の証言で明らかになった。
• It became clear in the testimony of several diplomats on the 3rd.

• 「日本国皇帝」の使用例は外交文書で最も多く見られる。
• Examples of the usage of 'Nihonkoku Kotei' title can mostly be seen in diplomatic documents.

• それゆえ筑紫帥の役割は軍事・外交ともに重要であった。
• Therefore, the Tsukushi no Sotsu played a significant role in military affairs and diplomacy.

• ある国から他国へ派遣され、大使の地位に相当する外交官
• a senior diplomat from one country to another who is assigned ambassadorial rank

• 彼は高名な詩人であるとともに有能な外交官でもあった。
• He was a famous poet and a competent diplomat.

• 彼は生え抜きの外交官として一生の大部分を送ってきた。
• He has spent most of his time as a career diplomat.

• 外交対話のおかげでその紛争に終止符を打つ事が出来た。
• Diplomatic dialogue helped put an end to the conflict.

• 政治家たちは込み入った外交問題に何とか対処している。
• The statesmen are barely coping with the intricate foreign affairs.

• 外交官の最初の課題は、国際緊張を和らげることであった
• the diplomats' first concern was to reduce international tensions

• 明治維新後、遣欧使節での経験を生かして外交官となる。
• Drawing on his experience in the Ken-o Shisetsu, he became a diplomat after the Meiji Restoration.

• 幕末になると黒船来航を初めとする外交問題が発生した。
• Starting with the arrival of the Black Ships, the end of the Edo period encountered diplomatic issues.

• また、そこから生まれた外交関係における孤立状態を指す。
• National isolation also refers to the isolated condition in diplomatic relations resulting from the policy.

• イからハまでに掲げる者のほか、外交上の免除を享有する者
• In addition to those persons listed in (a) through (c), persons enjoying diplomatic immunity.

• 室町幕府8代征夷大将軍足利義政の側近、外交・文芸顧問。
• He was a close aid of the eighth shogun, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), as the adviser for foreign affairs and literature.

• 外交官の保証と海外の大使館に対して責任がある国務省の局
• the bureau in the State Department that is responsible for the security of diplomats and embassies overseas

• 国際問題は戦争ではなく外交で解決されなければならない。
• International problems must be solved by diplomacy, not war.

• 世界中の米国大使館と領事館に外交官を供給する国務省の部
• the part of the State Department that supplies diplomats for the United States embassies and consulates around the world

• 批准書及び法律の定めるその他の外交文書を認證すること。
• Attestation of instruments of ratification and other diplomatic documents as provided for by law.

• この頃まだ俀國は、外交儀礼に疎く、国書も持たず遣使した。
• At that time, Wakoku was not familiar with diplomatic etiquette, and the envoy went to Sui without the sovereign's message.

• 日本が困難な外交的取引を通じて辛うじて勝利を勝ち取った。
• Japan gained the victory barely through difficult diplomatic dealings.

• 外交上の配慮を要する者として外務大臣が身元保証を行うもの
• A person who is endorsed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs as a person who requires consideration in terms of diplomacy.

• 井上の鹿鳴館外交への風当たりは次第に厳しいものとなった。
• Inoue's Rokumeikan Gaiko increasingly came under intense pressure from the public.

• 壬辰倭乱をきっかけに朝鮮と日本の外交関係は断絶していた。
• Due to Jinshin waran (the Bunroku War in Korean), Japan and Korea broke their diplomatic relations.

• イタリアの労働政策と外交政策に反対する極左の秘密グループ
• a clandestine group of leftist extremists who oppose Italy's labor policies and foreign policy

• 目的を達成するために軍事力をちらつかせながら行う国家外交
• diplomacy in which the nations threaten to use force in order to obtain their objectives

• アメリカの外交は和平会談に向かって続く足掛かりを提供した
• American diplomacy provided a toehold on which to proceed toward peace talks

• 外交関係に関するウィーン条約第一条（ｅ）に規定する外交官
• A diplomat as provided in Article 1 (e) of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations;

• 治部省 - 諸氏の族姓や葬事・仏寺・雅楽・外交事務を掌る。
• Jibusho (Ministry of Civil Administration): in charge of hereditary titles of a clan, funeral rites, Buddhist temple, Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music), and diplomatic affairs.

• 商売を禁止されている外交官でさえこの取引を行ったとされる。
• It was thought that even diplomats--who were forbidden from engaging in commerce--traded in this way.

• 伽耶諸国と対等の関係にあり、協同で外交交渉を進めていること
• It stood on an equal footing with Gaya countries and pursued diplomatic negotiations in corperation with them.

• 『万国公法』の翻訳がもたらしたものは外交概念に留まらない。
• Translation of 'Bankoku Koho' brought not only diplomatic ideas.

• が、華北との外交や交易などについての史料は知られていない。
• Yet, there are no supporting historical materials to confirm diplomacy and trading relationships with Northern China.

• 八　批准書及び法律の定めるその他の外交文書を認証すること。
• Attestation of instruments of ratification and other diplomatic documents as provided for by law.

• 外交的な対話によって、その紛争に終止符を打つことができた。
• Diplomatic dialogue helped put an end to the conflict.

• 外部の強国からの西半球への干渉に反対するアメリカの外交政策
• an American foreign policy opposing interference in the western hemisphere from outside powers

• 外交官としての青木の半生は条約改正交渉に長く深く関わった。
• Aoki was deeply involved for a long time in the negotiations of revision of treaties, as a diplomat during half his life.

• 日本と百済・高句麗との私的外交記録である日本世記を著した。
• Doken authored Nihon Seiki, private notes of diplomacy between Japan and Baekje/Goguryeo.

• また、対外的には外国事務総裁を兼ねて外交交渉をも担当した。
• In addition, to foreign affairs, he was responsible for diplomatic negotiations as Gaikoku Jimu Sosai (official in charge of foreign affairs).

• また、鹿鳴館を中心にした外交政策を「鹿鳴館外交」とも呼ぶ。
• In addition, a foreign policy centering on the Rokumei-kan Pavilion is called 'Rokumeikan Gaiko' (the Rokumei-kan Pavilion Diplomacy).

• 日中間の正式の外交貿易は行われず、一般人の渡航は禁止された。
• The official trade between Japan and China stopped, and ordinary people's overseas travel was prohibited.

• 外交使節の交換および双方に領事を駐在させる（第4条、第8条）
• Exchange of diplomatic envoys and stationing consuls in the both countries (Article 4 and 8).

• 第一次世界大戦終了時までの間、日本の外交政策の基盤となった。
• It had been the basis of Japan's diplomatic policy until the end of World War I.

• 日本側の砲艦外交に対し、戦端を開く覚悟までは至らなかったこと
• Korea could not prepare for the outbreak of war against the gunboat diplomacy of Japan.

• むしろ概ね中国側は周辺諸国の内政・外交に干渉することはない。
• Rather, Chinese side did not interfere in domestic administration and diplomacy of neighboring countries.

• 具体的には国境線画定や外交儀礼、藩属国の地位が争点となった。
• Specifically, border demarcation, diplomatic ceremony or position of hanzokukoku became a point in dispute.

• 戦国時代、毛利家の外交僧として活躍した安国寺恵瓊はこの宗派。
• Ekei ANKOKUJI, who was a monk and also acted as a diplomat for the Mori clan in the Warring States period, belonged to this school.

• 「鴻臚」という言葉は外交使節の来訪を告げる声を意味していた。
• Accordingly, the word '鴻臚' (pronounced 'Koro') meant a call for announcing a visit from a diplomatic mission.

• 特定の地理上の地域に関して、国の国際的関心を定義する外交政策
• a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas

• 上手い外交官は、人に秘密を漏らさせる手をいつも使う人である。
• A good diplomat is a person who practices the technique of letting someone else let the cat out of the bag.

• 外国の外交関係者に適応される課税免除あるいは通常の法プロセス
• exemption from taxation or normal processes of law that is offered to diplomatic personnel in a foreign country

• 手荷物に関し、外交官に与えられる通関の便益と同一の通関の便益
• the same customs facilities as regards their personal luggage as are accorded to diplomatic agents.

• 都が飛鳥京、藤原京にあった時代には多くの外交使節も利用した。
• When the capital was located at Asuka-kyo and Fujiwara-kyo, many envoys used this road.

• 同内閣下では臨時外交調査委員会委員、臨時教育会議総裁となる。
• In this administration, he was a member of the extraordinary Foreign Diplomacy Investigation Committee and the chairman of the extraordinary Congress on Education.

• しかし単にそれだけでなく朝鮮側の取った外交戦略も一因であった。
• However, it was not the only reason and another factor was related to diplomatic strategy of Korea.

• ノルウェー人外交官が、歴史的文書を生んだ秘密交渉を取り持った。
• The Norwegian diplomat mediated the secret negotiations that produced the historic document.

• 近衛篤麿の外交政策は、中国（当時は清）を重視したものであった。
• About his diplomatic strategy, Atsumaro KONOE weighed heavily on China (Qing at that time).

• つまり外交だけでなく貿易の権限を幕府が制限・管理した体制である。
• In other words, Japan's national isolation indicated a regime in which the Bakufu restricted and controlled not only authority of diplomacy, but also controlled trade.

• 対馬藩の宗氏は中世から対朝鮮の外交、貿易の中継ぎをになってきた。
• The So clan in the Tsushima Domain had assumed the role of coordinating the diplomatic exchanges and trade between Japan and Korea since the Medieval period.

• たとえば清は日朝間の外交関係すらよく把握していなかったのである。
• For example, the Qing dynasty did not understand even diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea.

• それで貴殿はイタリアの武勇によって外交勢力から守られるのです。
• Therefore it is necessary to be prepared with such arms, so that you can be defended against foreigners by Italian valour.

• 外交官は国のためにうそを言うため外国へ派遣された正直な人である。
• An ambassador is an honest man sent to lie abroad for the good of his country.

• うまい外交官とは、人に秘密をもらさせる手をいつもつかう人である。
• A good diplomat is a person who practises the technique of letting someone else let the cat out of the bag.

• その後も、藩閥政府を批判し普通選挙運動と対露強硬外交を主張した。
• After that, he criticized the domains-dominated government, and claimed popular election and hard-line diplomacy toward Russia.

• 久政は六角氏との外交に力をいれ、かろうじて北近江を維持していた。
• His father Hisamasa focused on diplomacy with the Rokkaku clan and was successful in retaining Kitaomi.

• 外交政略としては早くから強硬な討露主義と朝鮮半島進出を主張した。
• As for diplomatic measures he strongly insisted on beating Russia and advancement to Korean Peninsular from the beginning.

• しかし、近代初期の日本外交において独特な活躍をみせた人物である。
• However, he played a unique role in Japanese diplomacy in the early modern times.

• そのため従来の百済一辺倒の外交を改め各国と協調外交を考えていた。
• Therefore, they considered shifting the policy which was focused on Baekje to another that would build cooperative diplomatic relations with each country.

• この後、海外交易の抑制政策は明と次の清によって基本的に維持された。
• After this, the policy to restrict trading on the sea was maintained by the Ming dynasty and the following Qing dynasty.

• その名称は北斉からあった九寺のうちの外交施設「鴻臚寺」に由来する。
• The name 'Korokan' was derived from the diplomatic facility 'Koroji Temple,' one of nine offices belonging to the executive organ of old China administration, which had existed since Northern Song Dynasty.

• 合意の項目をまとめている覚書（外交的な通信において特に使用される）
• a memorandum summarizing the items of an agreement (used especially in diplomatic communications)

• ある調査によると、今日では５人中３人が外交問題には無関心のようだ。
• According to a survey, three in five people today are indifferent to foreign affairs.

• 海外貿易による経済力と優れた武将陣、巧みな外交により版図を拡げた。
• He expanded his territory with the economic power gained through overseas trade, strong busho and clever diplomacy.

• 日本の外交文書における正式名称は、北清事変に関する最終議定書である。
• The formal name in diplomatic documents of Japan is the final protocol concerning the North China Incident.

• 中国や周辺諸国は、それまでなかった外交概念を『万国公法』から学んだ。
• China and neighboring countries learned diplomatic concepts, which had not existed before that, from 'Bankoku Koho.'

• 」との降伏文書を出させたとし、政治・外交的には成功したと結論付けた。
• As such, the analysis concludes that the expedition was a success politically and diplomatically.

• ノルウェーの外交官で、国連の最初の事務総長（1896年−1968年）
• Norwegian diplomat who was the first Secretary General of the United Nations (1896-1968)

• 大統領に外交、軍事で国家保安についての助言をする政府の行政府の委員会
• a committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security

• 政府から任命されて、外国で自国の通商利益を守り、自国民を助ける外交官
• a diplomat appointed by a government to protect its commercial interests and help its citizens in a foreign country

• 属国に対し、特に外交問題において、ある程度の支配力を行使している国家
• a state exercising a degree of dominion over a dependent state especially in its foreign affairs

• 外交呼称として対外的に「日本国王」「日本国大君」を称した場合もある。
• As a diplomatic title, there are cases of the ruler being called the King of Japan or Tycoon of Japan.

• 神戸事件は大政奉還を経て明治新政府政権となって初めての外交事件である。
• Kobe Incident was the first diplomat incident since the Meiji government was established through Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor).

• 砲艦外交を最大限推し進めながら、実際には戦争をできるだけ回避すること。
• They pushed forward with gunboat diplomacy as much as possible, while actually avoiding war as much as possible.

• また多くの弟子を育て、彼らは日明貿易を行う際に幕府の外交顧問となった。
• In addition, he fostered many disciples, who played roles as diplomatic counselors in the trade between the Ming Dynasty and Japan.

• このことから、国衙支配の回復が重要な外交カードになっていたと指摘する。
• Therefore, the recovery of the ruling on kokuga played an important role as a diplomatic card.

• 国家間の外交儀礼では勲章・爵位の有無や等級等により席順が変わっていた。
• At a diplomatic ceremony between nations, the seat arrangement was determined depending on whether the person has a decoration or a peerage, and what grade he/she was at.

• 私は３人兄弟がいる。１人はパイロット、１人は外交官、もう一人は大工だ。
• I have three brothers; one is pilot, another a diplomat and the other a carpenter.

• 1972年から1981年まで国連の事務総長出会ったオーストリアの外交官
• Austrian diplomat who was Secretary General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981

• しかし不合格になったため、軍人となることを諦め、外交官となる決意する。
• However, due to being rejected, he gave up becoming an army officer and was determined to become a diplomat.

• 明治6年6月森山帰国後の閣議であらためて対朝鮮外交問題が取り上げられた。
• In June 1873, the problem of diplomacy with Korea was highlighted at the cabinet meeting again after Shigeru MORIYAMA was back to Japan.

• 交渉の停滞に業を煮やした日本側は砲艦外交を行うことを日本政府に上申した。
• The Japanese got angry about the stagnation of negotiations, and they asked the Japanese government to resort to the gunboat diplomacy.

• 西海道は大陸との外交・防衛上の重要性から大宰府が置かれて諸国を管轄した。
• The Saikaido was so important to diplomacy with and security against the continent that Dazaifu was located there to control provinces.

• 五山は幕府の保護を受け、日明貿易を行う足利義満の外交的顧問役でもあった。
• The Gozan temples enjoyed the patronage of the bakufu, and in fact served as advisors and diplomats for Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in the trade between Japan and Ming China.

• このような久政の弱腰な外交姿勢に家臣たちの間に不満が募っていくのだった。
• Such a week-kneed diplomacy of Hisamasa fermented dissatisfaction among his retainers.

• これが事実であれば倭国の外交文書上、はじめて天皇号を用いられたことになる。
• If this transcription is authentic, this is the first instance that the word 'Emperor' was used in diplomatic documents of Wakoku (Japan).

• ホイートンは アメリカ合衆国国際法学草創期を代表する法律家・外交官である。
• Wheaton was a jurist and diplomat who represents pioneer era of international jurisprudence in the United States of America.

• 7月末に頼朝が勲功第一と評定されたことはその外交方針による成果だといえる。
• It could be regarded as an outcome of such a diplomatic policy that he was evaluated as the greatest deed of valor at the end of July.

• 筑紫（現在の福岡県西部）の外交施設の原型は魏志倭人伝の時代に遡るとされる。
• The model of this diplomatic facility in Tsukushi (now the west of Fukuoka Prefecture) is assumed to originate in the period that the first written record of Japan's commerce was written.

• しかし、遣唐使廃止後も対外交流は盛んで中国の文物は多く日本に流入していた。
• But, in reality, even after the demise of its missions to Tang China, Japan had active relations with other countries and many aspects of Chinese learning and culture were introduced.

• フランス人の外交官で、スエズ運河の建設を監督した（1805年−1894年）
• French diplomat who supervised the construction of the Suez Canal (1805-1894)

• 国家は外交問題を、他の国の助言や干渉なしに、独自に処理するべきだという主義
• the doctrine that nations should conduct their foreign affairs individualistically without the advice or involvement of other nations

• その後、外交官を辞職し、元老院議官、枢密院副議長、枢密顧問官などを務める。
• Afterwards, he resigned from his diplomatic position and served as Genroin gikan (Councilor of Chamber of Elders or Senate), Vice President of the Privy Council, and Privy Councilor.

• 倭（日本） が政治・軍事・外交面で朝鮮半島に関わった年次は81回にも及ぶ。
• It was eighty-one times that Wa (Japan) interfered with the Korean Peninsula in the affairs of politics, military, and diplomacy.

• 遅くとも親綱の祖父・神余昌綱の代から京都雑掌・外交官として重用されていた。
• They had been such given important posts as Kyoto zassho and as a diplomat from the time of Masatsuna KANAMARI, Chikatsuna's grandfather, at the latest.

• 広津 弘信（ひろつ ひろのぶ、1819年 - 1883年）は日本の外交官。
• Hironobu HIROTSU (1819 - 1883) was a Japanese diplomat.

• 鴻臚館（こうろかん）は平安時代に設置された外交および海外交易の施設である。
• Korokan was a facility established in the Heian period for diplomacy and overseas trade.

• 蘇我氏打倒後、保守派は百済重視外交を推し進め、白村江の戦いでそれが破綻する。
• After the fall of the Soga clan, the conservatives moved ahead with the Baekje focused policy, which failed when the Battle of Hakusukinoe (the battle of Baekgan) broke out.

• 統監は外交を管理するために京城に駐在し韓国皇帝と親しく内謁することができる。
• He shall reside at Seoul, primarily for the purpose of taking charge of and directing matters relating to diplomatic affairs, and have the right of private and personal audience of His Majesty the Emperor of Korea.

• 著作に日記の『本光国師日記』『本光国師語録』、外交関係の記録に『異国日記』。
• He left behind the following literary works: 'Honko Kokushi Nikki' (journal; the term 'Honko Kokushi' is a portion of his posthumous title); 'Honko Kokushi Goroku' (collection of sayings); 'Ikoku Nikki' (journal concerning diplomatic affairs).

• 牙符制（がふせい）とは、外交使節の審査・認証を行なう制度（査証制度）の一つ。
• Gafusei was one of the systems of examining and certificating an envoy (endorsement).

• 米国の外交官、作家で、オールドサウスについて書いた（1853年−1922年）
• United States diplomat and writer about the Old South (1853-1922 )

• このことからすると、久政は優れた外交能力を持っていたのではないかと思われる。
• Taking this into account, Hisamasa seems to have had superior ability in diplomacy.

• 同時に、かつての信玄や謙信に対したのと同じ平和外交に徹し、同盟関係を保った。
• At the same time, he remained thoroughly committed to peace diplomacy in the same way he was against Shingen and Kenshin, and kept the alliance.

• 展示された地域からの激しい抗議により、博覧会は外交問題化していくことになった。
• Because people from the regions where introduced in those pavilions strongly opposed to the exhibition and this became a diplomatic issue.

• また、蒙古襲来以降、内政・外交の両面で京都の朝廷から主導権を握ることとなった。
• Meanwhile, he assumed control of both internal and external affairs from the Imperial Court in Kyoto following the Mongolian invasions.

• 古代豪族で帰化人の末裔で外交官などを輩出している葛井氏の一族ではないかと主張。
• They argued that he was a family member of Fujii clan, a descendant of a naturalized local ruling family in ancient times which produced officials such as a diplomat.

• ある高官（松方正義ともいわれる）によって外交官に推されそうになったが謝絶した。
• One high official (it is said to have been Masayoshi MATSUKATA) almost recommended him as a diplomat, but he declined the offer.

• 恭親王たちは元々対外戦争に反対し、現実路線の外交を展開しようとした穏健派である。
• Grand Prince Yixin and others were originally moderates who had been against war with foreign countries and tried to carry out realistic diplomacy.

• 「請不廃失鴻臚館懐遠人励文士事」（外交の再建と文芸の振興の観点からの鴻臚館復活）
• 請不廃失鴻臚館懐遠人励文士事' (restoration of Korokan from the viewpoint of the restoration of diplomacy and the promotion of literature)

• これにより、朝廷の旧習を一新して外交を進め、海軍や陸軍を整えることを図るとする。
• Because of this the Imperial court decided to part with conventional ways and move ahead with diplomatic ties, while improving the navy and army.

• 米国の外交官で、国連を創設するのに主要な役割を果たした（1871年−1955年）
• United States diplomat who did the groundwork for creating the United Nations (1871-1955)

• はじめ宇喜多直家の家臣として仕え、主に外交担当の使者を務めていたと言われている。
• It is said that he was a vassal of Naoie UKITA at first and served mainly as an envoy in charge of diplomacy.

• しかし、これらはいずれも外交的儀礼の意味合いでの一字贈与であると考えられている。
• However, it is thought that a character used in Nobunaga's name was given in the meaning of diplomatic courtesy in these cases.

• 天正18年（1590年）、小田原の役、奥州仕置に従軍し、外交折衝などで活躍した。
• In 1590, Nagatoshi joined the army in the Siege of Odawara and Oshu-shioki (repression of the Oshu District), in which he played a great role in negotiation and other activities.

• 外交史書の『善隣国宝記』を編集し、足利義満の明との朝貢形式の外交を非難している。
• Zuikei Shuho compiled a book on diplomatic history 'Zenrin Kokuhoki,' criticizing the diplomatic style practiced by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA with Ming in which Yoshimitsu sent gifts to Ming.

• 当然、信長もそれを牽制するために、朝廷外交や上杉謙信への友好工作などを行っている。
• As a matter of course, Nobunaga made diplomatic efforts with the Imperial Court and made peace moves with Kenshin UESUGI to check Hongan-ji Temple.

• 国の安全、外交上の秘密その他の国の重大な利益に関する事項を記録する個人情報ファイル
• Personal Information File that contains matters concerning the security, diplomatic secrets, and other important interests of the State

• 江戸時代には釜山広域市に限定され、日本側は対馬府中藩が朝鮮との外交、通商を行った。
• In the Edo period, Wakan was restricted to only Busan Metropolitan City, where the Tsushima-fuchu Domain of Japan conducted diplomacy and commerce with Korean side.

• 国際情勢が、きわめて緊迫してきたので、慎重に扱うには熟練した外交官が必要になろう。
• The international situation had become so tense, it would require proficient diplomats to handle it with kid gloves.

• 米国の外交官で、ニクソン大統領とフォード大統領のもとで在任した（1923年生まれ）
• United States diplomat who served under President Nixon and President Ford (born in 1923)

• そういうことから考えて、少なくとも外交能力には長けていたであろうことが想像される。
• Considering that, he is thought to have had at least high ability to conduct diplomacy.

• 幕末から明治にかけて英語の通訳および翻訳方として外交交渉に尽くすところが多かった。
• He did a lot for diplomatic negotiations as an interpreter and translator of English from the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate to the Meiji era.

• マカートニーは主権平等主義に立つヨーロッパ外交に基づいて清と条約を結ぶことを望んだ。
• Macartney requested the Qing dynasty to conclude a treaty based on the principle of European diplomacy, namely the principle of sovereign equality.

• 法曹界に身を置きながら、外交官でもあった経験が結実したのが、『国際法原理』であった。
• His experiences as a diplomat while belonging to the judicial circle evolved into the work, 'Elements of International Law.'

• 本邦において別表第一の一の表の外交の項又は公用の項の下欄に掲げる活動を行おうとする者
• A person who seeks to engage in Japan in an activity listed in the right-hand column under "Diplomat" or "Official" of (1) of Appended Table I.

• 当時の日本外交の課題は不平等条約改正交渉、特に外国人に対する治外法権の撤廃であった。
• The topic of the Japanese foreign policy of the time concerned negotiations to revise unequal treaties, especially to remove the extraterritorial rights of foreigners.

• それに対し宗氏は、それまでは外交交渉のため使用していた特送船を使って銅の輸出を図る。
• Against this movement, the So clan tried to export copper by shipping it over by tokusosen which had been used only for diplomatic negotiations until then.

• 律令制においては西海道の9令制国2島を管して九州における外交・防衛の責任者となった。
• Under the Ritsuryo legal system, Dazai no sochi was the position responsible for diplomacy and defense in Kyushu, ruling nine ryoseikoku provinces and two islands in Saikaido in Kyushu.

• 岳父である伊藤博文の知遇を得て、外交官としてロンドンに赴任、ケンブリッジ大学で学ぶ。
• Kencho moved to London as a diplomat and studied at University of Cambridge after receiving help from Hirobumi ITO, Kencho's father-in-law.

• 博覧会開催前に清国の皇族や高官を招待していたため、すぐに外交問題となったためであった。
• This was because it quickly became a diplomatic issue as the Imperial family and high officials had been invited from Qing before the opening of the Exhibition.

• さらにボアソナードのいう軍事行動も含む強硬な外交姿勢も、日本は忠実に実行に移している。
• Besides, Japan faithfully practiced the hard diplomatic attitude including military action as recommended by Boissonade.

• 国際法の何たるかを東アジア諸国に伝え、各地域の国内政治改革や外交に大きな影響を与えた。
• The translation taught countries in East Asia what was international law and gave significant influences to domestic political reform and foreign diplomacy in various regions.

• しかし朝鮮の立場は建国以来、明の属国であり、その外交方針をここで変える意思はなかった。
• However, the Joseon Dynasty had been a tributary nation to Ming since its establishment, and it would not change its diplomatic policies.

• 吉師とは大和朝廷にて外交や水軍などに関係した氏族を指し、渡来系のものが多かったという。
• 'Kishi' indicates the clans who involved in foreign affairs and navy in Yamato Dynasty, and many of them were said to had been immigrants.

• 諸侯や宮廷の秘密も、外交屋や政治屋の陰謀も、株屋の詐欺も、トラストや法人の企画だって。
• the machinations of diplomats and politicians, the play of stock-gamblers, the plans of trusts and corporations.

• 米国の外交官で、日本の外国との交易を開港させることに役立った（1804年−1878年）
• United States diplomat who was instrumental in opening Japan to foreign trade (1804-1878)

• この時代の日本人がローマ教皇に謁見した史実は、日本の外交史の中で特筆される実績である。
• This historical fact, that a single Japanese person was allowed to meet with the Pope in this period of time, is an achievement worth mentioning among other events in the diplomatic history of Japan.

• 鎖国（さこく）は、江戸幕府が日本人の海外交通を禁止し、外交・貿易を制限した政策のこと。
• National Isolation ('Sakoku' in Japanese) refers to the policy of seclusion by which the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) prohibited Japanese citizens from going abroad, while imposing restrictions on diplomatic exchanges and trade with foreign countries.

• 琉球は清との関係存続を嘆願、清が琉球の朝貢禁止に抗議するなど外交上の決着はつかなかった。
• This issue was not diplomatically resolved, because Ryukyu wanted to maintain ties with Quing and Quing protested a ban on tributes of Ryukyu to Qing.

• これにより大韓帝国の外交権はほぼ大日本帝国に接収されることとなり、事実上保護国となった。
• This treaty allowed the Empire of Japan to deprive the Korean Empire of its diplomatic right, making Korea in effect Japan's protect state.

• 外交概念を共有しない国家は近代国際法が適用されない、もしくは制限を受けるものと解された。
• It was understood that modern international law was not applicable or it was restricted in application to any nation which did not share same diplomatic concepts.

• 詔勅や外交文書の冒頭では、このように「天皇」に対する修飾語として用いられることもあった。
• The phrase 'the unbroken Imperial line' was sometimes used as a modifier of 'the Emperor' in Imperial Rescripts and diplomatic documents.

• 織田家では主に財務などを担当したが外交能力にも長け、本願寺との和睦工作にも奔走している。
• Mainly in charge of financial affairs in the Oda family, he was also a talented diplomat, seeking to make peace with Hongan-ji Temple.

• また、外交上は日英同盟を締結し、列強の一員たるべく、軍事的・経済的な国力の増強を図った。
• The Emperor concluded an Anglo-Japanese Alliance in diplomatic relations and tried to strengthen the military and the financial power as the member of the Great Powers.

• 氏康からの信任は厚く、氏康の名代として外交や軍事の全権を与えられることもあったとされる。
• Tsunashige had a strong trust from Ujiyasu; it is said he was given the plenary power of diplomacy and military as a representative of Ujiyasu.

• 佐竹義重 (十八代当主)と佐竹義宣 (右京大夫)の父子に仕え、父同様に外交面で活躍した。
• He served for Yoshishige SATAKE (the 18th family head) and Yoshinobu SATAKE (Ukyo no daibu (Master of the Western Capital Offices)) and was flourished in diplomacy as well as his father.

• 大韓帝国（李氏朝鮮）は、第二次日韓協約によって日本の保護国となりすでに外交権を失っていた。
• The Korean Empire had become a protectorate of Japan under the terms of the earlier Eulsa Treaty, and had thus lost the right to conduct diplomatic exchanges with other countries.

• 永井は外交経験も豊富であり、彼の態度は、英仏領事のみならず、英仏艦艦長にも好印象を与えた。
• NAGAI had a lot of experience of diplomacy, and his attitude gave a good impression to not only the British and French consuls but also the captains of the British and French warships.

• ――実際の外交において国際法が最初に活用されたのは、1864年の対プロシア交渉だとされる。
• The first diplomatic negotiation based on international laws was a negotiation with Prussia in 1864.

• 井上自らが鹿鳴館の主人役を務め、華族・政府高官・外交団を集めて夜会などの行事を日夜開いた。
• INOUE himself acted as host to Rokumeikan and held rites and festivals such as an evening party gathering the peerages, high officials of the government, and the diplomacy corps.

• したがって通信使は外交使節としてだけでなく、朝鮮の先進文化を日本に伝播する役割も果たした。
• Therefore, Tsushinshi played the role of introducing advanced culture in Korea to Japan, in addition to the mission as a diplomatic envoy.

• これに対して朝鮮側は強硬に退去を要求し、日朝間の外交問題に発展、日本では征韓論が台頭した。
• In response, the Korean government adamantly demanded Japanese withdrawal, which subsequently escalated into a diplomatic problem between Japan and Korea, leading to the rise of Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) in Japan.

• 外交術とは、この上ない美しいやり方で、最も汚らしいことを行ったり、言ったりすることである。
• Diplomacy is to do and say the nastiest thing in the nicest way.

• 1869年（明治2年）に外国官知事から外務卿になり、外交に携わるが38歳の若さで病死した。
• He was promoted to Gaimukyo (chief of Foreign Ministry) from Gaikokan chiji (governor of foreign affairs) in 1869, but died of disease at the tender age of 38.

• しかし、外交方針を転換して、妹の菊姫を景勝に輿入れさせ、景勝の支持にまわった（甲越同盟）。
• But he changed his diplomatic policies and shifted to support Kagekatsu (the Koetsu Alliance (an alliance between the Takeda clan in Kai Province and the Uesugi clan in Echigo Province)) by marrying his daughter Kikuhime off to Kagekatsu.

• また外交面でも活躍し、1863年（文久3年）の薩英戦争の際には幕府側通訳として和平に尽力。
• He also engaged in the field of foreign diplomacy, as he participated in the peace talks after the Anglo-Satsuma War in 1863 as an interpreter of Edo bakufu.

• 同年12月に日朝事情の調査のため従来の日朝外交を所管していた対馬藩と釜山広域市に出張した。
• In January 1870, he travelled to Tsushima Domain, which was in charge of the Japan-Korea diplomacy at that time, and Busan Metropolitan City, to investigate affairs between Japan and Korea.

• しかしこのことは中国との外交に大きな影響を生じさせたため、その後再び倭を称するようになった。
• However, this had a great impact on relations with China, and they again called themselves Wa thereafter.

• 兪吉濬はその国際法に関する詳しいことを買われて、朝鮮の外交政策に対し意見を求められてもいる。
• Kil-chun YU was asked his opinion on diplomatic policies of Korea for his wide variety of knowledge on international law.

• そして、平等条約の締結か外交関係の断絶のいずれかを迫るべきであるとした「条約励行」を唱えた。
• They advocated that Japan should urge the western powers that either those countries accept new equal treaties or Japan would break off diplomatic relations.

• しかし、その後の状況は、義仲に優越しようとする頼朝外交があえなく失敗したことを物語っている。
• However, the subsequent conditions indicated that Yoritomo's diplomacy aimed at superiority over Yoshinaka failed in vain.

• 糸島半島にあった伊都国には「郡使の往来、常に駐まる所なり」と記された外交施設が存在していた。
• There was a diplomatic facility in Ito Province of Itoshima Peninsula, which was recorded in a poem envoy from county always stop at this facility.'

• 共産主義の拡大の封じ込めは、1947年から1975年までの米国の外交政策の中心的原則であった
• containment of communist expansion was a central principle of United States' foreign policy from 1947 to the 1975

• 兄の北条氏照や北条氏邦は統治能力と武勇で知られていたが、氏規は秀でた外交手腕で世に聞こえた。
• Ujinori had a reputation for preeminent ability of diplomacy, whereas his older brother Ujiteru HOJO and Ujikuni HOJO were known for their ability of governance and military prowess.

• 代わって旧幕臣との付き合いが濃密となり、特に外交分野などでは榎本武揚を重用するようになった。
• Instead, he established close relationships with the former bakufu retainers, especially with Takeaki ENOMOTO whom he highly valued in the areas such as diplomacy.

• 崇伝は徳川家康の側近として外交や寺社政策に携わり、「黒衣の宰相」と呼ばれた政治家でもあった。
• As a close associate of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Suden was also a politician known as 'Kokui-no-Saisho' who was involved in diplomacy and the administration of Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples.

• またこれらが満たされない場合、軍事行動も含む強硬な外交姿勢を取ることをも合わせて意見している。
• Also he advised that if these requirements were not accepted, Japan should demonstrate a hard diplomatic position which includes the use of military action.

• 清朝は最後の朝貢国朝鮮を失うことのないよう次第に朝鮮の内政外交に積極的に介入するようになった。
• The Qing dynasty gradually started to interfere in domestic administration of Korea in order to keep Korea, the last chokokoku.

• 米国の外交官で、ソビエトの攻撃性に対処する際に封じ込め政策を推薦した（1904年−2005年）
• United States diplomat who recommended a policy of containment in dealing with Soviet aggression (1904-2005)

• 元春が軍事面を担当したのに対し、隆景は水軍の情報収集力を活かし主に政務・外交面を担当している。
• While Motoharu managed military affairs, Takakage mainly managed government and diplomacy affairs, taking advantage of the information gathering expertise of the Suigun.

• この協定の解釈及び実施に関する両締約国の紛争は、まず、外交上の経路を通じて解決するものとする。
• Any dispute between the High Contracting Parties concerning the interpretation or the implementation of this Agreement shall be settled primarily through diplomatic channels.

• 仏教そのものに関する活動よりも、式占を用い、主に外交を中心とした政策ブレーンとして用いられた。
• Rather than performing Buddhist-related activities, Doken worked as a policy maker focusing on diplomacy by using shikisen (divination).

• なお、この時の大島は既に征韓論者ではなく、交渉による外交関係の樹立を主張するようになっている。
• Since OSHIMA at this time was no longer an advocate for the Seikanron, he maintained establishment of diplomatic relations without military action.

• 陸奥外交（むつがいこう）とは、明治中期第2次伊藤内閣における陸奥宗光外務大臣の外交政策を指す。
• Mutsu diplomacy means a foreign policy of a Minister of Foreign Affairs Munemitsu MUTSU under the Second Ito cabinet in the Middle Meiji Period.

• 毛利氏の外交僧（武家の対外交渉の任を務めた禅僧）から、最終的には僧侶の身分のまま大名となった。
• He was a diplomat priest of the Mori clan (a Zen priest who was in charge of negotiations for the warrior caste) and finally became a Japanese feudal lord while retaining his status as a priest.

• しかし、琉球は清との関係存続を嘆願、清が琉球の朝貢禁止に抗議するなど外交上の決着はつかなかった。
• However, the diplomatic solution was not realized because Ryukyu pleaded for the continuation of the relationship with Qing, and also because Qing protested against the ban on choko in Ryukyu.

• 戦後の日本の政治家の発言や日朝平壌宣言のような外交文書でも朝鮮が植民地であったとする表現がある。
• An expression that Korea was a colony is seen in Japanese statesmen's comments after the war, and in some diplomatic documents, such as the Japan-North Korea Pyongyang Declaration.

• 6代将軍足利義教、8代将軍足利義政に重用され、文筆の才により室町幕府の外交文書の作成にあたった。
• He was given important posts by the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA and the eighth shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA and, by using his talent in writing, was assigned to develop diplomatic correspondence for the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• これは後の明清交代期に於いて、清朝と明との間での朝鮮外交の針路に多大な影響を与えることとなった。
• During the later period in the shift from Ming to Quin, this made an important impact on the track of foreign diplomacy between the Quin Dynasty and Ming.

• スウェーデンの外交官で、平和維持問題において、国連の影響を大幅に広げた（1905年−1961年）
• Swedish diplomat who greatly extended the influence of the United Nations in peacekeeping matters (1905-1961)

• オランダの法律専門家で外交官で、その文集が現代の国際法の基礎を確立した（1583年−1645年）
• Dutch jurist and diplomat whose writings established the basis of modern international law (1583-1645)

• また、学習院で学んだ華族の子弟の進路として、日本を支える外交官や陸海軍人になることを考えていた。
• He considered that the young people from the peerage family should be diplomats or enter the navy after their graduation.

• 外交官の時には朝鮮との外交交渉に携わり、退官後は元老院議官、富山県知事、貴族院議員などを務めた。
• As a diplomat, he was engaged in diplomatic negotiations with Korea, and after retiring from the work, he served as a councilor of the Chamber of Elders, governor of Toyama Prefecture, a member of the House of Peers and so on.

• その際、対外交渉を統括する大宰府が、これを越権行為として批判したが、忠盛は院宣によりこれを抑えた。
• Then, Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), which controlled foreign relations, criticized these as unauthorized activities, but Tadamori suppressed the criticism through inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor).

• 蛮書和解御用は、外交文書の翻訳にも当たるようになり、洋学所、1858年設置の蕃書調所と改編される。
• Bansho-wage Goyo started to translate diplomatic documents and was renamed Yogakusho (Institute of Foreign Study), and in 1858, it was reorganized as Bansho shirabesho.

• また外交面ではポーツマス条約・第2次日韓協約・日清満州善後条約の締結によって一応の役割を果たした。
• The cabinet fulfilled its role to some extent; it concluded the Treaty of Portsmouth, the second Eulsa Treaty and Japan-China-Manchuria Treaty.

• これにより韓国政府は、日本政府の推薦者を韓国政府の財政・外交の顧問に任命しなければならなくなった。
• With this, the Korean government had to appoint recommendees of the Empire of Japan as their governmental officials in finance and diplomacy.

• 関ヶ原の戦い前の徳川氏との折衝にかかわる一方、中国の明や琉球との外交文書の作成を行ったりしている。
• While he was involved in negotiations with the Tokugawa clan before the Battle of Sekigahara, he prepared diplomatic documents addressed to the Ming Dynasty in China or Ryukyu.

• 古墳時代から畿内の港として往来のあった難波津には外交施設として難波館（なにわのむろつみ）があった。
• There was a diplomatic facility named Naniwa-no-murotsumi in Naniwa-no-tsu, a port in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) at which foreign vessels had entered since the Kofun period.

• 弱腰と見られがちな従属という形も領国を守る手であり、外交の分野では成功を収めたのではないだろうか。
• Subordination, often regarded as a sign of weakness, may have been a means to protect his territory, and Hisamasa seems to have succeeded in the field of diplomacy.

• 外交官を目指し明治14年（1881年）、東京外国語学校 (旧制)（現東京外国語大学）露語科に進学。
• Seeking a diplomatic career, he went on to the Department of Russian language at Tokyo Gaikokugo Gakko (the Tokyo School of Foreign language under the old system, the present-day Tokyo University of Foreign Studies) in 1881.

• 中国の隋との対等外交を行った「俀王姓阿毎 字多利思北孤 號阿輩雞彌」は、九州王朝の倭国王であった。
• The man who conducted an equal diplomacy with Sui Dynasty China was the king of wa (Japan) from Kyushu dynasty in which he was described as 'a king of wa (Japan) whose family name was Ame and his adult nickname was tarishihoko and he called himself as a king'.

• 伯耆国久米郡亀谷村（現・北栄町）の曹洞宗系寺院・知足院の住持で、南条氏に仕え、外交僧の役を務めた。
• Chisokuin Sosho was a chief priest of Chisoku-in Temple, a temple of the Soto sect of Zen Buddhism in Kamedani Village, Kume County, Hoki Province (Hokuei-cho, as of now), and worked for the Nanjo clan to serve as a negotiating monk.

• しかし日本政府はこれを口実として砲艦外交を押し出し、1876年江華島条約（日朝修好条規）が結ばれる。
• The Japanese government, using the incident as a pretext for gunboat diplomacy, concluded the Treaty of Ganghwa (Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity) in 1876.

• 江戸時代に入っても、対馬藩にはその権限が引き続き認められ、幕府の対朝鮮外交を中継ぎする役割を担った。
• The Tsushima Domain was allowed to carry authority even during the Edo period, having the honor of coordinating the diplomatic exchanges between the Bakufu and Korea.

• 清朝側が外交交渉を西欧列強のスタイルに合わせるのであれば、彼らの価値観・行動原理を知らねばならない。
• In order to follow the lead of the style of western counties in diplomatic negotiation, the Qing dynasty had to know their sense of value and principle of behavior.

• このとき羽柴秀吉はその事実を隠して毛利氏に和睦案を提示し、外交僧である恵瓊はその和睦を取りまとめた。
• At this time, Hideyoshi HASHIBA brought up the peace plan with respect to the Mori clan, but hid the fact, and Ekei, a diplomat priest, made up the peace plan.

• 徳川政権になってからも、1609年〈慶長14年）に己酉条約を成立させるなど、朝鮮外交の任に当たった。
• Even after the formation of the Tokugawa government, he was in charge of diplomacy with Korea, such as concluding the Kiyu Treaty in 1609.

• 1871年日本で廃藩置県が実施されると、江戸時代以来対馬藩に委ねられていた朝鮮外交権を外務省が接収。
• When the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) was carried out in Japan in 1871, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs took over the right of trade with Korea, a right that had long been consigned to the Tsushima clan since the Edo period.

• いずれにせよこの制度改定は、後述の正徳 (日本)度来日の際のような深刻な外交問題には発展しなかった。
• Anyway, this system change did not develop into a serious diplomatic problem as when Tsushinshi came to Japan in the Shotoku era (1711 - 1716), as described later.

• 西征日記（せいせいにっき）は、文禄・慶長の役の際、小西行長軍に従軍した妙心寺の外交僧天荊の陣中日記。
• Seisei Nikki was a camp diary written by Tenkei, a diplomat priest of Myoshin-ji Temple, who accompanied Yukinaga KONISHI's army during the Bunroku-Keicho War.

• ソビエト政治家で、その外交政策で冷戦を終わらせ、国内の方針に大きな改革を導入した（1931年生まれ）
• Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

• 英国の労働組合幹部、政治家で、第二次世界大戦後に外交で重要な役割を果たした（1884年−1951年）
• British labor leader and statesman who played an important role in diplomacy after World War II (1884-1951)

• 敵対した武田勝頼も織田家との和睦・同盟を画策したため、先手を打って同盟を成立した高度な外交と言える。
• As Katsuyori TAKEDA, his opposition also aimed at making peace and an alliance with the Oda clan, the move by Ujimasa to forestall his enemy and formed an alliance before Katsuyori was a sophisticated diplomacy.

• 日本国政府及び中華人民共和国政府は、千九百七十二年九月二十九日から外交関係を樹立することを決定した。
• The Government of Japan and the Government of People's Republic of China have decided to establish diplomatic relations as from September 29, 1972.

• 安曇 比羅夫（あずみ の ひらふ、生年不詳- ？663年（天智2年））は、7世紀中頃の外交官・武将。
• AZUMI no Hirafu (year of birth unknown - 663) was a diplomat and busho (Japanese military commander) in the mid seventh century.

• 当初、日本は外交努力で衝突を避けようとしたが、ロシアは強大な軍事力を背景に日本への圧力を増していった。
• At first, Japan sought to avoid a conflict through diplomatic efforts; however, Russia backed by its massive military force continued to increase its pressure toward Japan.

• 砲艦外交や米価騰貴、領事裁判権などいくつもの要因が重複して、朝鮮側の日本への悪感情を蓄積させていった。
• By the gunboat diplomacy, the soaring price of rice, consular jurisdiction, and other factors overlapping, the bad feelings against Japan had been accumulated in Korea.

• しかし明治日本の最終目標は、個別の外交案件において他国よりも優位に立つことで事足りるものではなかった。
• However the ultimate target of Japan during the Meiji period was not only to have an advantage on each diplomatic negotiation.

• 外交面では韓国併合を実現し、関税自主権の回復による条約改正の終了などが日本の国際的地位向上に尽くした。
• On the diplomatic front, it realized the annexation of Korea and completed treaty realizing the recovery of the tariff autonomy, which greatly contributed to the improvement in Japan's status in the international community.

• このころに朝鮮通信使に関する国書の起草に関与しているが、以降朝鮮外交に関して幕府顧問となって活躍した。
• At that time he drafted a manuscript for a diplomatic document concerning the Buddhist missionary to Korea, and later he participated as the advisor to the bakufu concerning diplomatic relations with Korea.

• 対馬藩は江戸幕府から朝鮮外交担当を命じられ、釜山に新設された倭館における朝鮮交易の独占権も付与された。
• The Tsushima clan was appointed in charge of diplomacy with Korea by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and was also bestowed the exclusive right for commerce with Korea at the newly-established wakan in Busan.

• プロシアの将軍、軍事の理論家で、外交の拡張として総力戦と戦争の教義を提唱した（1780年−1831年）
• Prussian general and military theorist who proposed a doctrine of total war and war as an extension of diplomacy (1780-1831)

• 坦の弟は外交官出身の政治家・幣原喜重郎で、喜重郎の妻・雅子は三菱財閥の創始者・岩崎弥太郎の四女である。
• Tan's younger brother was Kijuro SHIDEHARA, a politician who was a diplomatic, and Kijuro's wife, Masako, was the fourth daughter of Yataro IWASAKI, the founder of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu (a financial clique or group, or company syndicate).

• 外交手腕に優れ、時の将軍・足利義晴と細川晴元の和睦を仲介したりなど、多くの功績を立てたと言われている。
• Sadaharu had excellent diplomatic skills and, among other successes, is said to have brokered peace between the shoguns of the day, Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA and Harumoto HOSOKAWA.

• しかし、フランス人であったため、日本外交の代表権を持つ公使就任をフランス政府に拒まれ、実現しなかった。
• However, because he was French, the French Government did not allow Montblanc to take up the post of ambassador with a right to represent Japanese diplomacy so he was not able to become involved.

• また、日露戦争においては、アメリカ合衆国に渡り日本の戦争遂行を有利にすべく外交交渉・外交工作を行った。
• Moreover, during the Russo-Japanese War, he went to the United States of America to conduct diplomatic negotiations and enact strategies to bring an end to the war that would favor Japan.

• 1868年11月、英仏軍艦艦長に随行し、榎本と会見したイギリス公使館外交官外交官の種類アダムズである。
• It was Adams, a diplomat of the British Legation, who accompanied the Captain of Anglo-French warship and met ENOMOTO in Nonvember 1868.

• この事件により一時アメリカ上院には条約改正は時期尚早という声が大きくなり、重要な外交懸案が危殆に瀕した。
• After this incident, there were growing opinions that it was still too soon to revise the treaty in the US upper House for a while, bringing Japan to a crisis over important diplomatic issues.

• アヘン戦争後も清朝の外交姿勢が変化しないことを不満としたイギリスはフランスとともにアロー戦争をおこした。
• Britain was discontented with the diplomacy of the Qing dynasty that did not change even after the Opium War and invoked the Arrow War in alliance with France.

• 諸外国公使からの抗議が行われている現状を考慮するよう外交担当の小松帯刀が主張し「信徒の流罪」が決定した。
• Tatewaki KOMATSU, who was responsible for diplomacy, called for the consideration of protests by foreign ministers that the government was currently facing, and the conference adopted 'deportation of Christians.'

• 鹿鳴館（ろくめいかん）とは外国からの賓客や外交官を接待するために明治政府によって建てられた社交場である。
• Rokumei-kan Pavilion is a place of social interaction built by the Meiji Government in order to receive diplomats and international guests of honor.

• 彼らの弟子僧が3代将軍の足利義満時代に中国の明朝と日明貿易（勘合貿易）を開始する際には外交顧問にもなる。
• When the third Shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, opened trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China, their disciples worked as advisers on diplomacy.

• しかしながら、これは従来の饗応、待遇を全面的に変更するものであり、結果として日朝間の外交摩擦に発展する。
• However, the former ways of treating and entertaining the envoy were totally changed in the new system, resultantly leading to diplomatic conflicts between Japan and Korea.

• 国歌は、近代西洋において生まれ、幕末、日本が開国した時点において、外交儀礼上欠かせないものとなっていた。
• The national anthem was born in the modern Occident and, when Japan opened the country to foreigners in the last days of the Edo Period, it had become indispensable for diplomatic ceremonies.

• ベテラン宣教師はインディアンの入植地と外交関係を持つことができ、インディアンを改宗させることができます。
• The Jesuit Missionary is able to establish a mission in an Indian settlement and is especially skilled at converting Indians.

• 南北朝合一を達成して将軍権力を確立した義満が、了俊の九州における勢力拡大や独自の外交権を危険視していた。
• Yoshimitsu accomplished the unification of the Northern and Southern Courts and gained power of the shogun, but he considered Ryoshun's force and diplomatic right dangerous.

• また慶喜も諸外国の公使に対して外交権の継続を宣言するなど、次第に列侯会議派の巻き返しが顕著となってきた。
• Additionally, Yoshinobu himself declared his continuation of diplomatic rights to the ministers of foreign countries, so gradually and then noticeably, the party of council by feudal lords recovered from this set back.

• 陸奥外交の現実主義・帝国主義外交によって日本は朝鮮・満洲などの東アジアへの進出の道を切り開く事になった。
• Japan paved the way for expansion into East Asia such as Korea, Manchuria and others through the realism and imperialism diplomacy of Mutsu diplomacy.

• その理由は分からないが、白村江での敗戦などの外戦の失敗で外交に国土防衛にいとまがなかったことが思慮される。
• Although the reason of such a ruling style is unknown, it can be understood that he had been caught up in handling foreign affairs and homeland security because of the defeats in foreign wars including that of the Battle of Hakusukinoe.

• 韓国はこれに感謝もせず、あちこちの国にすがり、外交権が奪われ、保護条約に至ったのは、我々が招いたのである。
• Nevertheless, Korea didn't appreciate it and begged different countries, so it was our fault that our diplomatic right has been taken away and the protection treaty was concluded.

• 明治政府は12月に黒田清隆を特命全権大使に任命し軍艦3隻などの艦隊をともなって朝鮮に派遣した(砲艦外交)。
• The Meiji Government appointed Kiyotaka KURODA as a plenipotentiary in December and dispatched him to Korea with a fleet including three warships (gunboat diplomacy).

• 同時期に甲斐国の武田信玄は信濃を平定して領国を拡大し、信玄後期には外交方針が転換し駿河侵攻が行われていた。
• At the same time, Shingen TAKEDA of Kai Province conquered Shinano and expanded his territory; in his latter years, Shingen changed his diplomatic policies and started invading Suruga.

• 外務大臣井上馨は条約改正のため鹿鳴館外交と呼ばれる欧化政策を採り、その一環として壮大な首都建設を構想した。
• Minister of Foreign Affairs, Kaoru INOUE employed the policy of Europeanization which was called the Rokumeikan (Rokumeikan guest house) diplomacy to aim at revising the European treaties and the grand capital construction was an integral part of the policy.

• 現在日本や中国などのアジア諸国において用いられている外交概念は、この翻訳書とともにもたらされたものである。
• Diplomatic concepts used today in Asian countries including Japan and China was brought with this translation.

• ベトナムの外交官で、ヘンリー・キッシンジャーと交渉し、ベトナムに戦争を終わらせた（1911年−1990年）
• Vietnamese diplomat who negotiated with Henry Kissinger to end the war in Vietnam (1911-1990)

• 外交に関しては、巨大な経済力をバックに平氏と友好的な関係を維持しながらも源氏の御曹司である源義経を匿った。
• In the field of diplomatic relationships, he kept a friendly relationship with the Taira clan based on its huge economic power and on the other hand he harbored MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, an Onzoshi (son of a distinguished family) of the Minamoto clan.

• 平泉は京都と坂東の情勢を洞察した秀衡の外交的手腕によって、戦禍に巻き込まれる事なく平和と独立を保ち続けた。
• The peace and independence were maintained in Hiraizumi without getting involved in war thanks to the diplomatic capability of Hidehira who discerned the situations in Kyoto and Bando (old Kanto region).

• 伊都国は外交の中心地で、魏や韓の国々の使節や通訳は、ここに停泊して文書や贈物の点検を受け女王に送っていた。
• The Ito state was the centre of diplomacy, where envoys and translators from Wei and Han stayed and had their written materials and gifts checked to send to the queen.

• 織田・徳川に加え、北条さえも敵に回した外交方針は結果的には致命的な失策であると評されている（柴辻俊六ら）。
• The diplomatic policies that antagonized Hojo as well as Oda and Tokugawa is described to be a fatal misstep in terms of results (Shunroku SHIBATSUJI and others).

• 為和はこの時期を契機に甲斐への出向が非常に多くなり、今川氏の外交使節的立場の人間であったと考えられている。
• Because of this situation, Tamekazu was often sent to Kai around that time, supposedly serving as a diplomatic agent for the Imagawa clan.

• 1917年（大正6年）に臨時外交調査委員となり重要な対外政策の決定に関与し、常に積極的な対外策を主張した。
• In 1917, he became an interim investigation commissioner on foreign affairs and he was involved in the decision of important foreign policy, then he always insisted the aggressive one.

• これに伴い大島は、外国官判事・小松清廉らと会見、外交刷新について協議するとともに、対馬藩への援助を求めた。
• Having an interview with Kiyokado KOMATSU the officer of Foreign Affairs Council, OSHIMA discussed diplomacy reforms and requested monetary support for Tsushima Domain.

• 宋は圧迫されて北方の帝国と国家同士の擬制的な血縁関係（たとえば宋を兄、遼を弟とするような外交関係）を結んだ。
• Under the pressure of these dynasties, the Sung dynasty made a fictitious blood relationship (for example, diplomatic relations assuming Sun as the older brother and Liao as the younger brother) with them.

• その後、第二次日韓協約が締結され、大韓帝国の外交権はほぼ日本に接収されることとなり、事実上、保護国となった。
• After that, the Eulsa Treaty was made, and Japan took over the diplomatic right of the Korean Empire, which practically made Korea the protectorate of Japan.

• こうした清朝の外交方針の大転換は、アロー戦争後の清朝の政局を主導した恭親王奕訢や文祥たちによって進められた。
• Such big switch of diplomatic policies of the Qing dynasty was carried out by Grand Prince Yixin and Wenxiang who played leading role in political situations of the Qing dynasty after the Arrow War.

• 渤海の成立後に唐との関係が好転した新羅は、やがて対等外交を主張するようになったが、日本はこれを認めなかった。
• After the formation of Balhae, relations between Silla and Tang developed favorably and Silla began insisting on equal diplomatic relations, but Japan did not consent.

• 日本国皇帝（にほんこくこうてい）は昭和前期まで用いられていた天皇の称号の一つ、主として外交分野で使用された。
• Nihonkoku Kotei is one of the titles of the Emperor of Japan that had been used up to early Showa period and was mainly used in diplomatic domain.

• 大宰府： 古代から律令制日本の律令制の時代にかけて、九州・壱岐・対馬を所轄し日本の外交・防衛にあたった機関。
• Dazaifu: Authority for defense and diplomacy of Japan with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima from ancient times to the period of the Ritsuryo system's (criminal, administrative and civil codes) Japan.

• この間、倭寇の取締りを期待する明との間で親密な外交関係を構築し、懐良親王を日本国王と認めさせるに至っている。
• During this time, he built close diplomatic relations with Ming, which expected a crackdown of wako (Japanese pirates) and finally made them acknowledge Imperial Prince Kanenaga as the King of Japan.

• 陸奥宛書簡は伊藤博文、三条実美、山縣有朋等の主要政治家60人以上にのぼり、書類は外交関係がほとんどを占める。
• Letters addressed to Mutsu were written by over sixty major statesmen including Hirobumi ITO, Sanetomi SANJO, and Aritomo YAMAGATA, and most of the documents concerned foreign diplomacy.

• 山座が外務省政務局長であったとき、枢密院議長であった伊藤博文は山座の起草した全ての外交文書に目を通していた。
• Hirobumi ITO who was Chairman of the Privy Council when YAMAZA was the director of government affairs of Ministry of Foreign Affairs looked through all diplomatic documents drafted by YAMAZA.

• そのため、畿内を地盤とするヤマト王権が外交や朝鮮半島への軍事行動の要衝として、出先機関を設置することになった。
• Therefore, Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) which had its regional base in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) established a regional office as a strategic point for foreign affairs and military operation against the Korean peninsula.

• また外国における公使は、容易に逮捕されないなど外交特権をもつことを相互承認し、公使の身分保障を約束されていた。
• It was acknowledged with each other that ministers in foreign countries have diplomatic privileges such as one for not easily arrested and guarantee of status for ministers were promised.

• 天皇の国事行為の「外国の外交官の接受」の一環である「信任状奉呈式」に際しては、皇室の馬車での送迎を認めている。
• On the occasion of the 'Ceremony of Presentation of Credentials' as part of the 'Reception of Foreign Diplomats,' which is counted among the state affairs, a newly-appointed ambassador is offered the service of a horse-drawn carriage for transportation.

• 米国の外交官、法律専門家で、英国と平和条約を交渉し、連邦最高裁判所の初代長官を勤めた（1745年−1829年）
• United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

• 牛場と高橋は厳しい情勢に見切りをつけて帰国したが、井上だけは朝鮮に留まり、やがて外衙門顧問（外交顧問）に就任。
• Ushiba and Takahashi gave up their intent and left Korea due to the stringent circumstance and returned to Japan, but Inoue stayed in Korea and in due time he came to assume the position of diplomatic advisor.

• また中央権門や有力寺社への贈答、織田信長や上杉謙信に敵対する勢力への支援など、外交面でも大いに威力を発揮した。
• In diplomatic affairs, the gold which was yielded was used as gifts to the central and powerful family, powerful temples and shrines, as well as donations to support the force that fought against Nobunga ODA and Kenshin UESUGI

• 越後と同盟し外交方針を転換するが、織田・徳川両氏と相模の後北条氏との両面作戦を余儀なくされ、領国の動揺を招く。
• Although he formed an alliance with Echigo and changed his diplomatic policies, he had no choice but to hedge his bets on Oda-Tokugawa camp and Gohojo clan in Sagami Province, which sparked unrest in his territory.

• 両締約国間に外交及び領事関係が開設される。両締約国は、大使の資格を有する外交使節を遅滞なく交換するものとする。
• Diplomatic and consular relations shall be established between the High Contracting Parties. The High Contracting Parties shall exchange diplomatic envoys with the Ambassadorial rank without delay.

• 具体的には不平等条約を砲艦外交（軍艦や大砲といった軍事力を背景に行われる恫喝的な外交交渉）によって強制された。
• To be more precise, such countries were forced to accept unequal treaties through gunboat diplomacy (threatening diplomatic negotiation backed with military force such as battleships and cannons).

• 中国を国際法下に位置づけようとする外交的努力は、やがて西欧諸国の中に夷狄とは異なる「文明」的な要素を見出させた。
• While making diplomatic effort to place China under international law system, 'civilization' factors in Western nations, which were different from that of iteki were discovered.

• 稲垣 満次郎（いながき まんじろう、1861年9月26日 - 1908年11月25日）は明治時代の日本の外交官。
• Manjiro INAGAKI (September 26, 1861-November 25, 1908) was a Japanese diplomat who lived during Meiji period.

• 8月には第一次日韓協約を締結し、財政顧問に目賀田種太郎、外交顧問にアメリカ人のドーハム・スティーブンスを推薦した。
• In August, the first Japan-Korea Treaty was concluded, recommending Tanetaro MEGATA for the financial advisor, and Durham Stevens for the foreign affairs advisor.

• ただし外交官として海外に派遣される官僚が増加してくると、そうした人々の間では『万国公法』への関心が高まっていった。
• However, the number of officials who were dispatched to overseas countries as diplomats increased and interest in 'Bankoku Koho' among such people was increased.

• 660年に百済が唐軍の侵攻によって滅亡すると、耽羅は独自の外交を展開し、同年には唐へ使いを派遣した（『唐会要』）。
• Upon the fall of Baekje in 660 due to the invasion by the Tang army, Tamna developed its own diplomacy starting with the dispatch of an envoy to Tang in the same year ('Tang Huiyao' [Institutional History of Tang]).

• 信長と義昭の関係は当初は良好であったがしだいに険悪化し、元亀元年(1570年）に義昭は独自の外交を志向しはじめる。
• The relationship between Nobunaga and Yoshiaki was good at first but gradually became worse and in 1570, Yoshiaki started his own diplomacy.

• 春屋妙葩や義堂周信らの五山僧は中国文化に通じ、また義満が日明貿易(勘合貿易)を行う際には外交顧問的役割も果たした。
• The priests of Five Mountain, such as Myoha SHUNOKU and Shushin GIDO, were familiar with Chinese culture and played roles as diplomatic counselors when Yoshimitsu carried out trade between the Ming Dynasty and Japan (licensed trade).

• 698年に大祚栄により建国された渤海 (国)であるが、大武芸の時代になると唐や新羅と外交的に対立するようになった。
• Bokkai was founded as a nation by Dae Joyeong in 698, as it became the Dai Bugei (King Mu) period, the kingdom began having conflicts with the Tang Dynasty and Shiragi (Silla, an ancient Korean kingdom).

• フランスの外交官で、1793年にフランスとイングランド間の戦争に、米国を引き込もうとした（1763年−1834年）
• French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)

• 1856年（安政3）、堀田正睦が老中首座・外国事務取扱となると、貿易取調御用掛に任じられ、外交上の機密文書を担当。
• In 1856, when Masayoshi HOTTA became the head of Roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shognate) and came to be in charge of foreign affairs, Nishimura was appointed to Boeki Torishirabe Goyogakari (general affairs official of the Imperial Household in charge of trade) to handle classified diplomatic documents.

• 一 韓国政府ハ日本政府ノ推薦スル外国人一名ヲ外交顧問トシテ外部ニ傭聘シ外交ニ関スル要務ハ総テ其意見ヲ詢ヒ施行スヘシ
• The Korean government shall appoint a foreigner whom the Japanese government recommends as the diplomacy adviser of the Korean government and all the diplomatic matters shall be consulted with this person before implementation.

• 条約改正（じょうやくかいせい）とは、安政年間に日本と諸外国との間で結ばれた不平等条約を改正するための外交交渉をさす。
• Revision of treaties means diplomatic negotiations to revise the unequal treaties which were concluded between other foreign countries and Japan in Ansei era.

• 青松葉事件の発生も、尾張藩の拙劣な政治・外交の結果であり、その犠牲者数の割には、歴史に与えた影響度合いが小さかった。
• The Aomatsuba Incident was a result of poor politics and diplomacy of the Owari Domain and for the number of victims it had little influence on history.

• 続いて、同様の手続を経た版籍奉還も外交問題よりは紆余曲折があったものの、6月17日に実施されることとなったのである。
• In the following, return of lands and people to the emperor which had passed through the same process, was also decided to be implemented on June 17, although it was more complicated than diplomatic issues.

• 江戸幕府は最初外国との友好的な外交を目指したが、危機は拭えず、やがてキリシタン弾圧、そして鎖国の道を選ぶことになる。
• The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) which firstly aimed at friendly diplomacy could not remove the crisis, and decided to choose a policy of crackdown on Christianity and a road to national isolation.

• このため、既述のような仏教伝達による百済の対梁外交上の意義が失われることからも、書紀の552年説は難があるとされる。
• This means that there was no more diplomatic meaning of the transition of Buddhism against Liang by Baekje as mentioned above, so that the theory of 552 by Shoki seems to have a problem.

• この報告は国王の外交官やスパイの派遣に基づいており、自分自身のユニットや斥候の報告よりも遅れている可能性があります。
• This report is based on the dispatches of the Crown's diplomats and spies and may well be more up to date than the reports of our own units and scouts.

• 協定が内密に行われなければならない場合に（特に外交または政府で）、使われるコミュニケーションの通常の経路に代わるもの
• an alternative to the regular channels of communication that is used when agreements must be made secretly (especially in diplomacy or government)

• イギリス生まれで外交官としていくつかの国・文化と接した著者が、いくつかの国と日本との体感する違いを把握しようとした。
• The author, who was born in England and encountered several countries and cultures as a diplomat, tries to grasp differences between other countries and Japan that he actually experienced.

• それに対して義信は、今川家との同盟を強化して飛騨攻めを画策するなど信玄の外交路線と一線を画した方針を取るようになる。
• Yoshinobu, on the other hand, disagreed with his father's diplomatic methods, strengthening the alliance with the Imagawa clan and planning the Assault on Hida (Hida-zeme).

• この婚姻により晴信と本願寺顕如が義兄弟（顕如の妻は三条氏の妹）の間柄となり、後の武田家の外交政策にも影響を及ぼした。
• This marriage made Harunobu and Kennyo HONGANJI brothers-in-law (Kennyo's wife was the younger sister of Sanjo), which later affected the diplomatic policy of the Takeda clan.

• 日本政府が白羽の矢を立てたのは、意外にも鎖国以前にスペイン領フィリピン総督を介して日本と外交実績のあるメキシコだった。
• Unexpectedly, Japan chose Mexico with which Japan had had a diplomatic relation before its national isolation with the aid of a governor-general of the Spanish-owned Philippines.

• そのため、西欧諸国の外交官もうわべでは連夜の舞踏会を楽しみながら、書面や日記などには「滑稽」などと記して嘲笑していた。
• Thus, the diplomats of Western countries were scoffing at the balls that were being held night after night describing them as 'ludicrous' and so on in their letters, diaries, and so forth, while they outwardly enjoyed the events.

• 遣明船として遠洋航海用に艤装品を充実させ、外交使節や有力商人などの居室用の屋形を増設するなど大規模改修を行って用いた。
• These rented ships were used for Kenminsen after conducting major renovation such as the installation of hull fittings suitable for ocean navigation and the expansion of cabins for diplomatic envoys or influential merchants.

• しかし8世紀後葉、対新羅外交政策を転換したことに伴い、対外防衛・侵攻のための軍団兵士制も大幅に縮小されることとなった。
• However, the government changed its diplomatic policy against Silla in the latter half of the eighth century, and therefore, the scale of the gundan-soldier system for defense and invasion was reduced drastically.

• 宣教師はインディアン入植地と外交関係を持つことができ、原住民を改宗させることができます。ベテラン宣教師よりは劣ります。
• The Missionary is able to establish a mission in an Indian settlement in order to convert the natives. He is less skilled than the Jesuit Missionary, however.

• 江戸で諸藩の留守居役は御城使とも言われ、幕府公認の留守居組合をつくって情報交換をしており、いわば諸藩の外交官であった。
• Rusui officers of domains were also called Oshirozukai (literally, an officer at the castle) in Edo, established a Rusui association approved by the bakufu to exchange information, and therefore, they were so-called diplomats of domains.

• 公海上での日本の漁船の拿捕と人質外交の上に李承晩体制下では、常に日本の領土とされてきている竹島を力ずくで占拠している。
• In addition to seizing Japanese boats on high seas and practicing hostage diplomacy, Rhee regime also seized by force and is holding illegally Takeshima Island which has always been considered as Japanese territory.

• しかし、甲申政変の批判記事を載せたところ、李鴻章から朝鮮政府に対する抗議があり、井上はその責任をとって外交顧問を辞任。
• When the newspaper published a negative article on the Gapsin Coup, Hung Chang LI (a Chinese leading politician who directed the Chinese policy in Korea) complained to the Korean government over its content, and Inoue resigned as a diplomatic advisor to take responsibility.

• ラザフォード・オールコックら英米外交団は条約の規定と違うと強硬に抗議したが、幕府は横浜も神奈川の一部であると押し通した。
• Rutherford Alcock and other members of the diplomatic corps in England and the United States protested strongly that this change violated the treaty provisions, but Bakufu pressed its case by insisting that Yokohama was also a part of Kanagawa.

• それに対し、従来の「百済重視」の外交路線をとる中臣鎌足や中大兄皇子ら保守派が「開明派」の蘇我氏を倒したと言うものである。
• On the other hand, the conservatives like NAKATOMI no Kamako and Prince Naka no Oe were in favor of their original 'Baekje focused' policy, and therefore destroyed the Soga clan who were 'liberals.'

• 彼らは講和交渉を担った満洲族系の大官であり、講和後新設された総理衙門の中枢に陣取り、外交および近代化政策を取り仕切った。
• They were high officials from Manchus who conducted peace talk and there occupied the nerve center of newly established Zongli Yamen and had a complete control of diplomacy and modernization policy.

• 清朝が国際法を学び遵守するのであれば、再度大規模な砲艦外交に頼らずに交渉のスムーズ化と安定化を図れると考えたためである。
• This was because they thought that if the Qing dynasty would learn and abide by international law, it would be possible to make negotiation smooth and stabilized without using large-scale gunboat diplomacy again.

• また朝鮮半島からの遣日本使を迎え入れ、逆に遣新羅使、遣渤海 (国)使を派遣するなど外交的・貿易的なつながりを持っていた。
• Japan had a diplomatic and commercial relationship by accepting envoys to Japan from the Korean Peninsula, and sending Kenshiragi-shi (Japanese envoy to Shilla) and Ken-Bokkaishi (Japanese envoy to Balhae).

• 毛利家中では、守護代という格上の家から迎えた正室として厚遇されるに留まらず、大内氏との外交の窓口としての役割も果たした。
• While she was treated well within the Mori family as the legal wife and a daughter of a high class acting Military Governor, she played her role as a diplomat to negotiate with the OUCHI Clan.

• また、外交的な意味が薄れて半ば商用と化し、通過先の住民を煩わせるだけとなった渤海 (国)からの使者の制限を提案している。
• Otsugu also proposed to limit the messengers from Bo Hai (a country) whose diplomatic mission became weaker and became almost commercial and who only troubled the residents of the areas where the messengers passed through.

• また両国の外交文書は日本語と朝鮮真文（漢文）で書くこととし、日本側の文書には、先10年間は日本語に漢文を併記する事とした。
• Also they decided that the diplomatic documents of both countries should be written in Japanese and the legitimate language of Korea (namely Chinese), and the documents of Japan should be written in both Japanese and Chinese for the next 10 years.

• そして国防方針は外交で国家の発展を確保し、その上で有事においては先制主義と短期決戦を軍事ドクトリンとすることが定められた。
• And the policy for national defense stated to ensure national development in diplomacy and to set first-strike principal and short-term operation in a military contingency as the military doctrine.

• 内閣総理大臣は、内閣を代表して議案を国会に提出し、一般国務及び外交関係について国会に報告し、並びに行政各部を指揮監督する。
• The Prime Minister, representing the Cabinet, submits bills, reports on general national affairs and foreign relations to the Diet and exercises control and supervision over various administrative branches.

• 1608年には豊臣政権に代わり江戸幕府を開いた徳川家康に招かれて駿府へ赴き、没した西笑承兌に代わり外交関係の書記を務めた。
• In 1608, Suden was invited to Sunpu by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who located the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in Edo by superseding the Toyotomi government, and served as a diplomatic secretary in place of last Jotai SAISHO.

• 義満とその子である4代将軍足利義持・6代将軍足利義教の信任が厚く、内政･外交などの幕政に深く関与し、黒衣の宰相と称された。
• Having the confidence of Yoshimitsu and his sons, the fourth shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA and the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, Mansai was deeply involved in the internal politics and diplomacy of the shogunate government and was nicknamed Kokui no saisho (a priest who has influence in politics).

• 昭和天皇の戦争責任についても追及すべきとの意見が強くあったが、アメリカの外交的策略により、占領当局は追及しないこととした。
• There were strong opinions to pursue the responsibility of the war for Emperor Showa, but because of America's diplomatic stratagem, the occupation authorities decided not to do so.

• 内閣總理大臣は、内閣を代表して議案を國會に提出し、一般國務及び外交關係について國會に報告し、竝びに行政各部を指揮監督する。
• The Prime Minister, representing the Cabinet, submits bills, reports on general national affairs and foreign relations to the Diet and exercises control and supervision over various administrative branches.

• 聚楽第の伊達屋敷に住むようになってからも、いわば女性外交官的役割で政宗に京の情勢を知らせ「天下はいまだ定まっておりませぬ。
• Even after she lived in the Date residence in Jurakudai (government office/residence), she might have played a role like, what is called, a woman diplomat to inform Masamune of the Kyoto situation, saying, 'the world has not been stabilized yet.

• 大使その他の外交使節及び領事に関する事件、並びに州が当事者であるすべての事件については、最高裁判所が第一審管轄権を有する。
• In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction.

• 內閣總理大臣は、內閣を代表して議案を國會に提出し、一般國務及び外交關係について國會に報告し、竝びに行政各部を指揮監督する。
• The Prime Minister, representing the Cabinet, submits bills, reports on general national affairs and foreign relations to the Diet and exercises control and supervision over various administrative branches.

• 吉岡は20代前半の若さで対馬府中藩・宗氏から外務省に引き継がれた日朝外交の最初の担当者として国交樹立交渉に臨んだのである。
• Although still in his early twenties, Yoshioka was the first diplomat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs after the So clan of the Tsushima Fuchu domain to be in charge of Japan's diplomatic relationship with Joseon and to negotiate with Joseon over the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries.

• これを見た煬帝は立腹し、外交担当官である鴻臚卿（こうろけい）に「蕃夷の書に無礼あらば、また以て聞するなかれ」と命じたという。
• This message made Yang Guang angry, and it is said that he told a foreign service officer whose position was called korokei (the chief of the office which was in charge of the entertainment of foreign envoys or ambassadors) not to talk about this country because the message was rude.

• 一方、高宗は日本の影響力をあくまでも排除しようと試み、日露戦争中においてもロシアに密書を送るなどの密使外交を展開していった。
• Meanwhile, Gojong tried to thoroughly eliminate Japan's clout, and conducted diplomacy with secret envoys, such as sending secret letters to Russia during the Russo-Japanese War.

• 朱印状を携帯する日本船は当時日本と外交関係があったポルトガル、オランダ船や東南アジア諸国の支配者の保護を受けることができた。
• Japanese ships that carried Shuinjo (shogunate trade license) were protected by Portugal and Dutch ships and the rulers of Southeast Asian countries that had diplomatic relations with Japan at the time.

• しかし興宣大院君政権下で極端な攘夷政策をとり、従来どおり対馬藩を通じた外交関係の維持を要求する朝鮮側との交渉は難航を極めた。
• However it was extremely difficult for Yoshioka to negotiate with Joseon that requested Japan to maintain the former diplomatic relationship through the Tsushima clan under the reign of Heungseon Daewongun who adopted a very nationalistic policy.

• 1927年成立の田中内閣は田中外交と呼ばれる中国での積極政策を推進し左翼運動を弾圧するが、張作霖爆殺事件の処理を巡り退陣する。
• The Tanaka Cabinet, which was established in 1927, adopted the aggressive policy in China so-called Tanaka diplomacy and oppressed leftist movement, but the cabinet was forced to resign en masse concerning the management of Assassination of Sakurin CHO.

• これを見た煬帝は、立腹し、外交担当官である鴻臚卿（こうろけい）に「蕃夷の書に無礼あらば、また以て聞するなかれ」と命じたという。
• The letter angered Emperor Yodai and the Emperor said to Korokei, a diplomat, that 'if another rude letter comes from the barbarian, do not bring it to me'.

• 東亜同文会（とうあどうぶんかい、1898年（明治31年） - 1946年（昭和21年））は、かつて日本に存在した民間外交団体。
• Toa-dobunkai (1898-1946) was a private diplomatic group which used to be in Japan.

• この路線を奉じる安部井磐根・佐々友房・神鞭知常らは1893年に大日本協会を結成して、「条約励行・自主外交・対清強硬」を掲げた。
• Iwane ABEI, Tomofusa SASSA, Tomotsune KOMUCHI who advocated this line organized a Dainihon (Japan) Association in 1893, and set 'treaty enforcement, autarkic foreign policy, and stern approach toward Qing (China) '.

• 一 韓国政府ハ外国トノ条約締結其他重要ナル外交案件即外国人ニ対スル特権、譲与若ハ契約等ノ処理ニ関シテハ予メ日本政府ト協議スヘシ
• In the event that the Korean government is to decide on signing an agreement with another country or to decide how to deal with any diplomatic matters such as giving privileges, disposition and signing contracts with foreigners, they shall consult the Japanese government beforehand.

• 九州探題や守護・国人のような大勢力に対しては外交と公貿易を兼ねた通交が許可され、それら通交使節を派遣する船は使送船と呼ばれた。
• Such powers as Kyushu tandai (the Military Governor of Kyushu), shugo (provincial governor appointed by the shogun), and kokujin (native chieftains, certain local powers) were authorized to have traffic for both diplomatic and commercial purposes, and the ships which brought those envoys were called Shisosen (envoy sending ship).

• 王朝政権の接収・大々的な外交の展開といった清盛の構想が実現したのは、平氏が滅亡してからおよそ200年後、足利義満の時代だった。
• Kiyomori's plan to create the court government and develop major trade and diplomacy was finally realized about 200 years after the Taira clan died out, during the period of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.

• 1931年には中国で起こった水害のために、中華民国水災同情会会長を務め義援金を募るなどし、民間外交の先駆者としての側面もある。
• For the flood disaster that occurred in China in 1931, he served as Chairman of the compassion association for flood disaster in China and raised money for victims, and therefore, he also had an aspect as a pioneer who promoted popular diplomacy.

• 西 徳二郎（にし とくじろう 1847年9月4日（弘化4年7月25日 (旧暦)） - 1912年3月13日）は、日本の外交官。
• Tokujiro NISHI (September 4, 1847-March 13, 1912) was a Japanese diplomat.

• 翌明治24年（1891年）7月より全3巻の予定で明治維新史を政治・外交・経済・宗教の側面より分析した『新日本史』を刊行を開始。
• From July of the following year, 1891, he began publishing 'Shin Nihon-shi' (New History of Japan), a book that was scheduled to be published in three volumes to analyze the history of the Meiji Restoration from the aspects of politics, diplomacy, economy and religion.

• 森山 茂（もりやま しげる、天保13年（1842年）9月 - 大正8年（1919年）2月26日）は、明治時代の外交官、政治家。
• Shigeru MORIYAMA (October, 1842 - February 26, 1919) was a diplomat and politician of the Meiji period.

• 首都である京域を管轄する左右京職、首都の外交窓口である難波を管轄する摂津職、国家の外交窓口である西海道を管轄する大宰府である。
• These were the Left and Right Capital Offices, responsible for the capital, the Kyoto area; the Settsu Office, responsible for Naniwa, the capital's gateway for foreign diplomacy; and the government's Kyushu Offices, responsible for the Saikaido Road, the state's gateway for foreign diplomacy.

• 留学や海外軍事視察の経験から国際関係に精通していた威仁親王は、即座にこの事件を自分のレベルでは解決できない重大な外交問題と判断。
• Imperial Prince Takehito, who was well-versed in foreign affairs because of his experiences of studying abroad and military inspections, judged that this incident was such a serious diplomatic issue that he could not handle by himself.

• 結局、尾張藩は御三家筆頭という立場に安住しすぎ、幕末において政治・外交力を発揮する機会をことごとく逃し、常に事後処理に追われた。
• That is, the Owari Domain felt too safe in its position as leader of the gosanke to lose any opportunity to exert its political and diplomatic power toward the end of the Edo period, and was constantly being forced to resolve matters thereafter.

• 他にも度を過ぎて交流を絶ったために外交手段が分からず、黒船来航の際に対応を誤り、不平等条約を結ばされたとする批判的な意見もある。
• From another critical viewpoint, it is suggested that the Bakufu failed to take adequate measures upon the arrival of the Black Ships due to a lack of knowledge involving diplomatic procedures resulting from excessively severing exchanges with foreign countries, and this resulted in the Bakufu being forced to sign an unequal treaty.

• 嫡男・晴信（信玄）に公家の三条公頼の娘を迎え、婚姻政策を展開して今川氏などの近隣勢力と同盟を結ぶなど、積極的な外交政策をとった。
• Nobutora took an aggressive diplomatic policy; he welcomed the daughter of a court noble Kinyori SANJO as the wife of his heir Harunobu (Shingen), and promoted a marriage policy and made alliance with the Imagawa clan who had power over the neighboring district.

• たとえば『万国公法』の翻訳認可を上奏した恭親王奕訢は、西欧列強側の外交要求を論破する根拠として『万国公法』を求めていたにすぎない。
• For example, Grand Prince Yixin, who asked permission from the throne to translate 'Bankoku Koho,' needed 'Bankoku Koho' only to enable him to refute the arguments made by powerful western countries in their diplomatic requests.

• 近年の研究には、公使館の人々を人質として生かし、列強との外交交渉を有利に運ぶ材料として清朝が考えていたという主張をするものもある。
• Some modern studies state that the Qing dynasty was planning to keep people of the legation alive as hostages and use them to make profitable diplomatic deals.

• 朱印船（しゅいんせん）は、16世紀末から17世紀初頭にかけて日本の支配者の朱印状（海外渡航許可証）を得て海外交易を行った船を言う。
• The Shuinsen was a ship that carried out foreign trade by receiving the Shuinjo (the permit to travel to foreign countries) of the Japanese ruler between the end of the sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century.

• また、日本に派遣された朝鮮の回礼使の宋希璟は「日本国王が喜ぶと思ってやったこと」と釈明しており、外交的にも失敗だったと考えられる。
• Furthermore, Hui Gyeong SONG, the special envoy dispatched to Japan from Korea, tried to vindicate Korea's invasion of Tsushima by saying 'We believed our actions would please the King of Japan,' which resulted in the incident being considered a diplomatic failure as well.

• ただし現在でも皇居での公式行事における政府関係者や外交団などの席次を見ると、大要でこの宮中席次の規定が踏襲されていることがわかる。
• However, looking at the order of precedence of the government officials and diplomats at official functions in the Imperial Palace today, it is clear that the rule of the order of precedence in the Imperial Court is still used on the whole.

• さらに8月には第一次日韓協約が締結され、韓国政府に財政と外交の日本人の顧問を受け入れ、条約締結に日本政府との協議をすることとした。
• Furthermore, the First Japan-Korea Agreement was concluded in August, which brought the Korean government to receive Japanese financial and diplomatic advisors as well as to sit at the negotiating table for the conclusion of a treaty.

• 果たして倒幕派の勢力はまだ弱く、10月21日朝廷は討幕の密勅の中止を指示、23日には外交権がまだ幕府にあることを認める通知を出す。
• Certainly, the power of tobakuha was still weak, so the Imperial court commanded to cancel the secret Imperial command to attack the shogunate on October 21 and issued the notification to recognize that the diplomatic right still belonged to the shogunate on 23.

• これは韓国の新しい体制から人質外交をやめさせるだけではなく本当の意味での実りのある日本との外交関係の基盤作りが何よりも重要である。
• This would not only rid new ROK regime of liability of practicing hostage diplomacy but also more than anything else would lay foundation in Japan for really fruitful negotiations.

• 後の鎖国政策につながるような閉鎖的外交方針を諸外国との外交基本政策にしたことから、幕末まで海外諸国からの侵略を防げたと評価できる。
• It can be evaluated that his employment of closed diplomatic policies leading to later national isolation enabled the nation to prevent invasion from various foreign nations towards the end of the bakufu era.

• 実際に朝廷は外交に関しては全く為す術が無く、10月23日に外交については引き続き幕府が中心となって行なうことを認める通知を出した。
• As expected, the Imperial Court had no ability for diplomacy and served a notice to admit that the bakufu would keep on dealing with diplomatic matters on November 18.

• こうなると外交交渉の経験が少なく、国際慣習を知らない明治政府はどうしようもなく、事件はその後3年間も放置されることとなってしまった。
• That floored the Meiji Government, which had little experience of diplomatic negotiations and no knowledge of international customs, and the case was left untouched for the subsequent three years.

• この年の3月7日に東京の姫路藩邸に各藩の公議人227名を集めて公議所が設置されると、外交政策が急遽課題として取り上げられたのである。
• On March 7 of that year, the lower house was established in the residence of Himeji domain in Tokyo gathering 227 lower house members from each domain and the foreign policy was picked up as an urgent matter.

• しかし、明治政府は「この書面の幕府側の署名は、京都の新政府発足後のもので、外交的権限を有しないもの」である旨をもって、却下している。
• However, the Meiji government dismissed it for 'the bakufu signed the document after the inauguration of the new government in Kyoto; therefore it does not have diplomatic authority.'

• 日本の外交史において陸奥の名前が登場するのは、1891年に駐米公使であった陸奥がメキシコとの間で日墨修好通商条約を締結した時である。
• In the Japanese history of diplomacy, the name Mutsu appeared for the first time when he signed the Japan-Mexico Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation with Mexico as a minister to the United States of America, in 1891.

• この原因を航海技術が未熟であったためとする見方が主流であるが、佐伯有清は遣唐使船の大型化、東野治之は遣唐使の外交的条件を挙げている。
• While a mainstream view for these disappearances is that they were due to poor sailing, Arikiyo SAEKI says that it was due to the fact the boats got larger and Haruyuki TONO argues that it was due to the diplomatic conditions of the missions to Tang China.

• 運転手・オペラ歌手・賭元・金持ちの子息・青年・老人・マルセイユの外交官・ロシアの医者・スペインの闘牛士と、なんにでも変装できるんだ！
• by turns chauffeur, opera-singer, book-maker, gilded youth, young man, old man, Marseillese bagman, Russian doctor, Spanish bull-fighter!

• 外務省に入省し、取調局長、政務局長、駐米公使、駐伊公使、駐仏公使を経て、20世紀初頭、駐露公使として日露戦争直前まで外交交渉に尽力。
• He entered Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and after he held successively the posts such as Leader of Investigation Bureau, Leader of Government Affairs Bureau, the Minister to the U.S.A., the Minister to Italy, and the Minister to France, in the beginning of the twentieth century, he had been making every effort at diplomatic negotiations as Minister to Russia just before the Russo-Japanese War began.

• 主な対外政策としては、アジアに対してはアジア全域の革新運動の盟主に日本が立つことを主張して、欧米列強に対しては強硬な外交政策を掲げた。
• As its major foreign policies, the Toyo Jiyuto declared to Asian nations that Japan would become a leader of the reform movement throughout Asia, while it declared its hard-line foreign policy toward the allied Western powers.

• 大名行列とは異なり、朝鮮通信使は正使や副使などの外交官の他に随行員には美しく着飾った小童や楽隊、文化人、医師、通訳などが加わっていた。
• Unlike daimyo processions, Chosen Tsushinshi included, in addition to diplomatic officers, such as the head or deputy head of the envoy, children and a marching band wearing beautiful dresses, men of culture, doctors and interpreters.

• 戦国時代末期から安土桃山時代にかけて毛利氏の外交僧として活躍した安国寺恵瓊は、信実の従兄弟である武田信重 (安芸武田氏)の子にあたる。
• Ekei ANKOKUJI, a monk who played the role of diplomat for the Mori clan during the period from the end of the Sengoku period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period, was the son of Nobushige Takeda (Aki-Takeda clan), a cousin of Nobuzane.

• 米国の外交官で、（国務長官として）援助をアメリカの同盟国に提供することによってソ連に対する反対の政策を進めた（1888年−1959年）
• United States diplomat who (as Secretary of State) pursued a policy of opposition to the USSR by providing aid to American allies (1888-1959 )

• 外交使節を迎える費用、膠や漆のような細々とした物品、戦車と武具の維持費を含む本陣と前線の軍事費は、総額で一日に銀千オンスにのぼります。
• the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armor, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day.

• この開戦外交はイギリスとの協調を維持しつつ、対清強硬路線をすすめる川上操六参謀次長の戦略と気脈を通じたもので「陸奥外交」の名を生んだ。
• This diplomacy of starting a war reflected the strategy and a tacit understanding of Soroku KAWAKAMI, the vice-chief of the general staff, who promoted taking a hard-line against China; it came to be known as 'Mutsu diplomacy.'

• 朝鮮は、対西欧外交では宗主国清朝を前面に立てることで直接列強と対峙しないですむようなスタンスを可能な限り取り続ける外交戦略を選択した。
• Korea chose a diplomatic strategy to avoid direct contact with the powerful countries by being behind the Qing dynasty, the suzerain of Korea.

• そして国際法を担う主体は主権国家とされた（近代的な主権国家については後述「4.4.1 『万国公法』がもたらした外交概念」を参照のこと）。
• It was defined that the subjects that should operate international laws were sovereign states (For more information on modern sovereign states, refer to 'Diplomatic concept brought by 'Bankoku Koho.'

• この近代国際法は、19世紀に入ると掲げられた理念とは裏腹な砲艦外交によって中近東、アフリカ、東アジア等世界全体に適用範囲を広げていった。
• From the beginning of the nineteenth century, the range of application of this modern international law was expanded to whole world including, the Middle and Near East, Africa and East Asia through gunboat diplomacy that was contradictorily to the heralded idealistic principle.

• その足利義満も、当初は明国から、「良懐と日本の国王位を争っている持明の臣下」と看做されて、外交関係を結ぶ相手と認識されず、苦労している。
• At first, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was regarded by Ming as 'a vassal of Jimyo who competed for the rank of Japanese King with 良懐', and had difficulty with having Ming approve Yoshimitsu as a partner for diplomatic relations.

• このうち西海道には大宰府（だざいふ）が筑前の国に置かれ、国境の防衛や外交事務に当たるとともに、管内諸国島を国、郡、里の三段階で統轄した。
• Among these, Saikaido contained Dazai-fu (the local government office in Kyushu region) which was located in Chikuzen Province and, in addition to protecting national borders and conducting external affairs, served to govern all islands under its jurisdiction according to the koku-gun-ri system (province-district-village system).

• 伝統のある貴族的な高い教養を持った外交官はひそかにその試みをむしばみました。･･･西洋の民主主義とドイツを結ぶために。−C.G.バワーズ
• oldline aristocratic diplomats underhandedly undermined the attempt...to align Germany with the Western democracies- C.G.Bowers

• 先に上洛を促していることといい、秀吉への奏者を務めていることといい、利家は伊達氏との外交についても担当していた様子である（伊達家文書）。
• Considering that Toshiie once urged Masamune to come to the capital (Kyoto), and that he served as a soja (person in charge of informing a shogun or daimyo of the name of visitors to the residence before the meeting) to Hideyoshi, Toshiie seemed to be in charge of diplomacy with the date clan (the documents of the Date family).

• 外交はその国民の代表との長い信頼関係の構築の結果として醸成されてくるものであるから、国内での影響力と同じ尺度で評価する事は適切ではない。
• Since diplomacy is a result of constructing a long trusted relationships between representatives of citizens of the states, it is not appropriate to make an evaluation based upon his clout in Japan.

• また、有力な武将や公家との交際も広く、三条西実隆や細川高国、大内義興、上杉房能とも交流を持ち、今川氏の外交顧問であったとも言われている。
• Also, he had many influential warlords and court nobles as his associates, such as Sanetaka SANJONISHI, Takakuni HOSOKAWA, Yoshioki OUCHI and Fusayoshi UESUGI, and is said to have been a diplomatic adviser to the Imagawa clan.

• 陸軍はアメリカの回答をもって日米交渉も事実上終わりと判断し、参謀本部（陸軍管轄）は政府に対し、外交期限を10月15日とするよう要求した。
• The Army viewed this response as the effective end to negotiations between Japan and the United States, and the Staff Headquarters (under the army's jurisdiction) demanded that the deadline for foreign diplomacy be set to October 15.

• 現実の外交関係においては日清戦争での敗戦によって朝鮮が冊封関係から離脱し、そのことにより冊封と朝貢に基づく清朝の外交秩序は終焉を迎えた。
• In the real diplomacy, Korea seceded from the relation of sakuho after Qing's defeat in Japanese-Sino War, and the Qing dynasty's diplomacy based on sakuho and choko ended at that time.

• 日本は1876年に江華島事件を起こし、砲艦外交によって朝鮮に開国を迫り、翌年日朝修好条規を締結して日本外交使節のソウル駐在を認めさせた。
• Causing the Ganghwa Island Incident in 1876, Japan demanded Korea to open the country by gunboat diplomacy, and compelled it to allow Japanese diplomatic envoys to stay in Seoul by concluding the Treaty of Ganghwa in the next year.

• 大国の圧力に直接さらされるようになったボグド・ハーン政権は、少しでも外交交渉を有利に進めるために『万国公法』をモンゴル語訳したと思われる。
• Bogd Khaan regime, which was forced to deal with pressure from powerful countries conducted the translation into Mongolian language of 'Bankoku Koho' because they wished to move diplomatic negotiations forward with advantages.

• 吉田は一時期否定された4世紀の日本府について金官加羅の主導性を認めつつ倭国の軍事的外交機関として認めており、他の研究者と一線を画している。
• Yoshida acknowledges that Mimana Nihon-fu in the fourth century was a military diplomatic institution though the leadership was held by Geumgwan Gaya, and by admitting this theory once denied, he draws a sharp contrast with other researchers.

• モンゴル帝国の時代には歴代大ハーンの外交文書のなかで、テングリの名の下に地上の支配を託された者として大ハーンを位置づける声明が確認される。
• In the diplomatic documents issued by successive great khans during the era of the Mongolian Empire, a great khan is defined as the person who was entrusted the rule of the earth by Tenguri.

• 井上外交の中でも有名な1887年（明治20年）4月20日の仮装舞踏会（ファンシー・ボール）は鹿鳴館ではなく、首相官邸で行われたものである。
• One of the most famous events of Inoue's Diplomacy, a masquerade (a fancy ball) of April 20, 1887, was not held in the Rokumei-kan Pavilion but in his official residence.

• さらに天正9年（1581年）には当時の天下人・織田信長と誼を通じ、それを後ろ盾にして一時的に義久と和睦するなど外交手腕には特に秀でていた。
• Particularly, he had a remarkable skill in diplomacy, such as temporarily reconciling with Yoshihisa with the backing of the friendship with Nobunaga ODA who was tenkabito at that time in 1581.

• このため、深刻な外交摩擦に発展し、将軍の名分をめぐって林信篤や対馬藩藩儒雨森芳洲も巻き込んで日朝双方を果てしない議論にまき起む結果となった。
• Therefore, this problem developed into a serious diplomatic conflict, plunging both Japan and Korea sides into endless arguments concerning the positioning of shogun, including Nobuatsu HAYASHI and Hoshu AMENOMORI, Hanju of the Tsushima Domain (a Confucian scholar who worked for the Tsushima Domain).

• 阿部は、幕政を従来の譜代大名中心から雄藩（徳川斉昭、松平慶永ら）との連携方式に移行させ、斉昭を海防掛顧問（外交顧問）として幕政に参与させた。
• Abe reformed the shogunate from one that had traditionally been based on fudai daimyo (the daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) to one that operated in cooperation with powerful domains, including those of Nariaki TOKUGAWA and Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA and he also made Nariaki take an active role in the shogunate as an adviser for the coastal defense department.

• 上野 景範（うえの かげのり、天保15年12月1日 (旧暦)（1845年1月8日） - 明治21年（1888年）4月11日）は日本の外交官。
• Kagenori UENO (January 8, 1845 - April 11, 1888) was a Japanese diplomat.

• 明治政府の外交を柔弱と非難して、「条約励行・自主外交・対清強硬」を掲げて対等条約締結以外の一切の条約改正の拒否、内地雑居反対論などを掲げた。
• The Dai Nihon Kyokai condemned the Meiji government's diplomacy as weak-kneed, and under the slogans of 'the rigorous enforcement of the treaties,' 'an autonomous foreign policy,' and 'a hard-line stance against Qing,' it primarily advocated the refusal of all treaty revisions except for the conclusion of treaties on equal terms and opposition to mixed residence of foreigners and Japanese in Japan.

• しかしアロー戦争の結果締結された天津条約や北京条約によって、清朝は少なくとも外交制度上は西欧諸国を自国と対等な存在として認めざるを得なくなる。
• Because of the Treaty of Tianjin and the Treaty of Beijing resulted from the Arrow War, the Qing dynastic was obliged at least from diplomatic point of view to recognize western countries as equal existence to own country.

• とりわけ鎌倉幕府成立以後は武家の棟梁の一族が代々世襲で征夷大将軍に就任し、少なくとも基本的に内政や外交では日本の最高権力者として君臨してきた。
• Particularly after the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established, the head family of the samurai families inheritably succeeded the position of Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), and at least in basic domestic affairs and diplomatic affairs, they reigned as the highest authority.

• 上杉謙信や武田勝頼との折衝や、織田信長没後の徳川家康、奥州の伊達氏、蘆名氏との同盟の成立には、その外交手腕が発揮されたと読み取ることができる。
• His negotiation with Kenshin UESUGI and Katsuyori TAKEDA in addition to the enactment of alliance with Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the Date clan from Oshu (Mutsu Province) and the Ashina clan after the death of Nobunaga ODA implies an exertion of his ability of diplomacy.

• 第1条：日本国政府は今後外務省により韓国の外交を監理指揮するため、日本の外交代表者と領事は外国にいる韓国人とその利益を保護しなくてはならない。
• ARTICLE I: The Government of Japan, through the Department of Foreign Affairs, will hereafter have control and direction of the external relations and affairs of Korea, and the diplomatic and consular representatives of Japan will have the charge of the subjects and interests of Korea in foreign countries.

• この事件の後、幕府は国書に記す将軍の称号を「日本国王」から「日本国大君」に改め、京都五山の僧に外交文書作成や使節の応接、貿易の監視などを命じた。
• After this incident, the Edo bakufu changed the shogun's title which should be stated in any diplomatic letters from 'King of Japan' to 'Tycoon of Japan,' and told Buddhist priests in Five Great Zen Temples of Kyoto to prepare diplomatic papers and receptions for envoys, and to observe trades.

• 外交官として活躍した薛福成は、『万国公法』を全国の地方官に広く配布することを提言し、「中国の公法の外に在るの害を論ず」という論説を発表している。
• Fucheng XUE, who worked actively as a diplomat proposed to hand out 'Bankoku Koho' to local officials at large insisting that local laws of China was outside of the international law system and this would make disadvantages.

• 上横手は、頼朝の対朝廷外交の主眼は、頼朝が源氏の嫡宗であること、そして唯一の武家棟梁であることの2点を朝廷に公認させることだったと指摘している。
• UWAYOKOTE points out that the main purpose of Yoritomo's diplomacy towards the Imperial Court was to have it approve that Yoritomo had the official family lineage to succeed the Minamoto clan and that he was the only head of the samurai (warrior) families.

• 青木 周藏（あおき しゅうぞう、1844年3月3日（天保15年1月15日 (旧暦)） - 1914年2月16日）は明治、大正期の外交官、政治家。
• Shuzo AOKI (March 3, 1844-February 16, 1914) was a diplomat and a statesman during the Meiji and Taisho era.

• その後、外交官、大臣秘書、銀行取締役、兵庫県立商業学校（現：兵庫県立神戸商業高等学校）校長を経て、1901年（明治34年）に神戸市長に就任した。
• Later, after having served as a diplomat, secretary of a minister, director of a bank, and headmaster of Hyogo Prefectural Commercial School (present-day Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Higher Commercial School), he assumed the post of the mayor of Kobe City in 1901.

• そして、540年には新羅が任那地方を併合するという事件があり、物部尾輿などから外交政策の失敗（先の任那4県割譲など）を糾弾され失脚して隠居する。
• Because of the occupation of Mimana by Silla in 540, he was accused of the foreign policy failure (the ceding of Mimana and so on) by MONONOBE no Okoshi and fell from his position and retired.

• なお、制度変更後の第一回国費留学生には政治家となった鳩山和夫、外交官となった小村寿太郎などの人材がおり、結果的に九鬼の目標は達成されたと言える。
• The first government-sponsored overseas students after the revision of the system included Kazuo HATOYAMA who became a statesman and Jutaro KOMURA who became a diplomat, which shows that Kuki eventually achieved his goal.

• 一方、高宗や両班などの旧李朝支配者層は日本の影響力をあくまでも排除しようと試み、日露戦争中においてもロシアに密書を送るなどの外交を展開していった。
• On the other hand, Emperor Gojong and the yangban elite of the former Yi Dynasty insisted on the removal of Japanese influence, and carried out diplomatic maneuvers such as sending secret letters to Russia during the Russo-Japanese War.

• 朝鮮最初の条約が不平等条約であったのは、日本側の砲艦外交の結果でもあるが、国際法や条約体制に関し、朝鮮側が関心を払っていなかったことも要因である。
• The first treaty, which Korea concluded was an unequal treaty due to the gunboat diplomacy of Japan but it is also pointed out that Korea did not pay attention to it.

• 花房 義質（はなぶさ よしもと、天保13年1月1日 (旧暦)（1842年2月10日） - 大正6年（1917年）7月9日）は明治、大正期の外交官。
• Yoshimoto HANABUSA (February 10, 1842 - July 9, 1917) was a diplomat in the Meiji and Taisho periods.

• 直政は石川数正と並んで徳川氏の家臣の中でも数少ない外交官として、大いに力を発揮し、また、家康から見て本多正信と並んで天下取りの知恵袋とされていた。
• Along with Kazumasa ISHIKAWA, Naomasa made a significant contribution as a diplomat, of which there were few among the vassals of the Tokugawa clan, and, along with Masanobu HONDA, was regarded by Ieyasu as a man of wisdom needed to take the reins of government.

• 善通寺合戦や金倉合戦、長宗我部家の讃州平定戦など香川氏の関わる戦には常に参戦し、また、香川之景が織田信長に通じる際には外交官としても活躍している。
• Motoharu always joined the battles in which the Kagawa clan was involved, such as the Battle of Zentsuji, the Battle of Kanakura and Sanshu Heitei-sen (the battle to suppress Sanuki Province) of the Chosokabe clan, and played a lively part as a diplomat when Yukikage KAGAWA secretly communicated with Nobunaga ODA.

• このため、翌1871年春になって吉岡らは、厳原藩から外交事務の特権を取り上げた上で旧藩主（厳原藩知事）宗義達を外務省の役職（外務大丞）に任命した。
• Accordingly, in the Spring of 1871 Yoshioka abolished the Izuhara clan's diplomatic privileges and instead appointed Yoshiakira SO, the former lord (governor of Izuhara Domain) to a high-ranking post (Gaimu-taijo) in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

• この結果、清朝は従来の華夷秩序に基づいてヨーロッパ諸国と外交することが不可能となり、新たに総理衙門を設けて対ヨーロッパ外交をおこなうこととなった。
• As a result, it became impossible for China to maintain the diplomatic relations with European countries based on the traditional order of kai (the Chinese vs. barbarians), and it established Sorigamon (the government body in charge of foreign affairs) in order to deal with the diplomacy with European countries.

• これに先立ち、一進会は1905年11月5日に「外交権を日本政府に委任し日本の指導保護を受け、朝鮮の独立、安定を維持せよ」という宣言書を発表している。
• On November 5, 1905 before that, Isshinkai had announced their declaration that they transferred their diplomatic right to Japanese Government to go under the Japanese instruction and protection, for the purpose of maintaining Korea's independence and stability.

• ただし、この「開国和親」表明は外交団に対するものであり、新政府内にも未だ攘夷を支持する者もいることから、国内に対してはその事実を明確にはしなかった。
• However, the announcement of 'opening of a country to the world and amity' was made only to the foreign diplomats, and still there were some supporters of Joi within the new government, so that the fact was not disclosed domestically.

• そこで彼は、広く各大名から旗本、さらには庶民に至るまで、幕政に加わらない人々にも、外交についての意見を聞こうとしたが、これは開幕以来初めてであった。
• Therefore, he began to receive outside opinions on Japan's diplomatic policy from the daimyo (feudal lords), hatamoto (direct retainers of the Shogunate), and even the common people, who had never before participated in the Shogunate government.

• さらに、首脳外交など実務を目的として訪日する外国の元首・首相その他に対しては「公式実務訪問賓客」として宿泊を伴わない招宴その他の接遇も行われている。
• Also, banquets or other official receptions where guests do not stay overnight are often held for heads of state, prime ministers, and other dignitaries who visit Japan for summit diplomacy, as 'Distinguished Official Guests Visiting on Business.'

• 外交面においては新羅の朝鮮半島統一（676年）により新羅使の来朝を受け遣新羅使を派遣、新羅との国交保持のため新羅と対立していた唐との国交を断絶した。
• On the diplomatic front, they started accepting Shiragi-shi (envoy of Silla) and sending Kenshiragi-shi (Japanese envoy to Silla) because Shiragi unified the Korean Peninsula as one country in 676, and to secure the diplomatic relations with Shiragi they broke off diplomatic relations with Tang.

• 大韓航空機爆破事件の際の金賢姫は、派遣された日本の外交官が差し入れた熱い缶コーヒーを、息で「ふーふー」吹いてから飲もうとしたために正体を見破られた。
• At the time of the Korean Air Lines bombing incident, Kim Hyun-Hee's identity was discovered when, before drinking, she blew on her hot canned coffee received from a dispatched Japanese diplomat.

• また、武家のうち対馬藩主宗家は李氏朝鮮外交の担当者であることが考慮され、平戸藩主松浦氏は本来は算入されない分家の所領も計算に入れた上で伯爵とされた。
• Among buke, the So family, the lord family of the Tsushima Domain was ranked as Hakushaku because the family had been in charge of diplomacy with Joseon Dynasty (Korea); the Matsuura family, the lord family of the Hirado Domain was also ranked as Hakushaku for the additional amount of rice crops of its branch families, which should not have been included originally.

• まあ言ってみれば、同じ原理が当然ながら外交政策にもあってだね、指導的国家が権威の行使にどんなに節度を保とうが、その敵対勢力がたちまち立ち上がるんだ。
• the same principle, I say, naturally discovered itself in foreign politics, and soon raised enemies to the leading state, however moderate in the exercise of its authority.

• 豊臣秀吉や徳川家康の知恵袋の一人として知られ、特に諸法度や外交文書の起草、学問奨励策や寺社行政の立案や、法要などの仏事の運営に重要な役割を果たした。
• He is known as one of the intellects of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's governments, playing an important role in drafting Shohatto laws and diplomatic documents, planning education promotion and temple administration, and conducting Buddhist rites such as Buddhist memorial services.

• 陸奥 亮子（むつ りょうこ、1856年（安政3年）11月 - 1900年（明治33年）8月）は、明治時代の政治家で外交官であった伯爵陸奥宗光の夫人。
• Ryoko MUTSU (November, 1856 - August, 1900) was a wife of Count Munemitsu MUTSU who was a statesman and diplomat in the Meiji era.

• 長崎の出島のごとき釜山の倭館に限定した国交を望む朝鮮側と、対馬宗氏から外交権を取り上げて外交を一元化し、開国を迫る日本との間に齟齬が生じたのである。
• There was a contradiction between Korea, which wanted to maintain diplomatic relations just in the Japanese consular office in Busan like Dejima in Nagasaki, and Japan, which attempted to unify the diplomatic route by depriving the So clan in Tsushima of their diplomatic rights and urged Korea to open the country to the world.

• 清盛は勢力基盤であった伊勢国で産出する銀などを輸出し、安芸国の音戸瀬戸を開削するなど瀬戸内海航路を確保し、さらに大宰府の対外交渉権の接収をおこなった。
• Kiyomori exported silver produced in Ise Province which was his power base and opened and cut Ondo no seto in Aki Province and so on to secure the channel in Seto Inland Sea and further he took over the right of foreign relations of Dazai-fu.

• そして以下に挙げる外交概念は単なる書物に書かれた知識というだけでなく、近代国際法が認める「文明国」かどうかを見定める具体的な要件・目安ともなっている。
• The following diplomatic concepts function not only as mere knowledge written in books but also concrete requirements or guideline to determine whether a nation is 'civilized country' accepted by the modern international law.

• しかし、それ以外の外交とは関係の無い国内向けの公文書(例えば日本人向けの勲記、辞令等)においても「日本国皇帝」を発令者とするものが多数確認されている。
• However, many official documents for domestic communication that have nothing to do with diplomacy (e.g. certificates for decoration for the Japanese, appointment letters, etc.) with the title 'Nihonkoku Kotei' as issuer are identified.

• 天皇家の代わりに、中国の明朝皇帝から「日本国王」として冊封を受け独自の外交を行っているが、これを国内的な君主号としての天皇の権威に対抗するためである。
• On behalf of the Imperial Family, a unique diplomacy was in place which was done by receiving a sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as the 'King of Japan' from the Ming Dynasty in China which was to oppose the Emperor's power, the monarch in Japan.

• 陸奥 宗光（むつ むねみつ、1844年8月20日（天保15年7月7日 (旧暦)） - 1897年8月24日）は、日本の武士・紀州藩士、政治家、外交官。
• Munemitsu MUTSU (August 20, 1844-August 24, 1897) was a Japanese warrior/feudal retainer of the Kishu Domain, a statesman, and a diplomat.

• 第一條 日本國政府ハ在東京外務省ニ由リ今後韓國ノ外國ニ對スル關係及事務ヲ監理指揮スヘク日本國ノ外交代表者及領事ハ外國ニ於ケル韓國ノ臣民及利益ヲ保護スヘシ
• ARTICLE I. The Government of Japan, through the Department of Foreign Affairs at Tokyo, will hereafter have control and direction of the external relations and affairs of Corea, and the diplomatic and consular representatives of Japan will have the charge of the subjects and interests of Corea in foreign countries.

• 前号に掲げる場合のほか、当該個人が、当該外国等の安全、外交上の秘密その他の当該外国等の重大な利益に関する事項に係る任務を遂行するために雇用されている場合
• In addition to the cases listed in the preceding item, cases where said individual has been employed in order to perform duties pertaining to the security, diplomatic secrets, or other important interests of said Foreign State, etc.;

• 雪斎は駿府臨済寺 (静岡市)の住持として宗教的な影響力を持ちながら、今川氏の「執政」・「軍師」とも呼ばれ、政治・軍事・外交に秀でた手腕で義元を補佐した。
• While Sessai had religious influence as a chief priest of Sunpu Rinzai-ji Temple (Shizuoka City), he was also called 'administrative ruler' or 'general' of the Imagawa clan and supported Yoshimoto with impressive ability in politics, military affairs and foreign policy.

• 1269年と1271年にもモンゴルから国書が届き、朝廷は返書送付を提案したが、幕府は当初の方針どおり黙殺を選んだ（外交権も幕府が握っていたことを表す）。
• Sovereign messages from Mongol arrived in 1269 and 1271 and Imperial Court suggested replying, but the bakufu chose to ignore them following the original policy (indicating that diplomatic powers were also held by the bakufu).

• アテネ人はギリシアでもっとも騒々しい、陰謀好きで好戦的な国民だったが、あらゆる紛争に介入するという自分たちのへまに気づくと、外交へのあらゆる関心を失い、
• The ATHENIANS, from the most bustling, intriguing, warlike people of GREECE, finding their error in thrusting themselves into every quarrel, abandoned all attention to foreign affairs;

• 領主は領地を得て、其処からの産品で財を成したが、この中には交易の整備や外交、また領内の住民（領民）に対する生活保護に絡んだ様々な問題解決が仕事となった。
• Feudal lords acquired territory and made their fortune from products on their properties, because of this, trade circumstances, diplomacy, and a variety of problems related to public assistance for residents in the territory (people of the domain) were improved.

• 明治維新後に対馬府中藩を介して朝鮮に対して新政府発足の通告と国交を望む交渉を行うが、日本の外交文書が江戸時代の形式と異なることを理由に朝鮮側に拒否された。
• After the Meiji Restoration, the Meiji government noticed Korea to establish a new government and negotiated to have diplomatic relations, but Korea rejected them because the format of diplomatic papers was different from the one of Edo period.

• さらにいえば、日本の砲艦外交的姿勢は無論朝鮮の屈服を促すものであったが、同時に日本国内の「征韓論」を唱える不平士族の溜飲を下げることも狙ったものであった。
• Moreover, the gunboat diplomatic attitude of Japan was of course an attempt at urging Korea to submit, but at the same time it aimed to appease the complaints of the former samurai class who advocated the policy of conquering Korea by military force.

• すなわち「東道西器」という中国の「中体西用」に似たスローガンを掲げ、新式軍隊や外交顧問を設置し、高宗は「公法」に依拠して国際社会に参加することを宣言した。
• Namely, Korea created a slogan '東道西器,' which was close in meaning with a slogan in China '中体西用' (to learn technology and culture of Western countries while centering on traditional studies and systems) and set up the new model army and advisers for diplomatic issues, and Gojong announced that Korea joined in the international society and abide by the 'Koho.'

• また中国同様、朝鮮でも列強の砲艦外交とほぼ同時に「万国公法」がもたらされたため、それへの不信の念がなかなか払拭されず、受容の遅れにつながったためでもある。
• Secondly, 'Bankoku Koho' was brought to Korea at the same time with gunboat diplomacy as was the case in China and deep distrust resulted in the late acceptance.

• 一方、毛利氏が恵心に帰依していた関係から、早くに毛利家に仕える外交僧となり、元亀元年（1570年）には豊後国の大友氏との和睦を取りまとめることに成功する。
• On the other hand, he became a diplomat priest of the Mori clan relatively early in life because the Mori clan had embraced Eshin, and succeeded in making peace with the Otomo clan in Bungo Province in 1570.

• このニコライ皇太子訪日の日程中、滋賀県大津市においていわゆる大津事件が発生、外国皇族に日本の官憲が危害を加えるという日本外交史始まって以来の大事件となる。
• During Prince Nicholas's stay in Japan, the Otsu Incident occurred in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, this was the first major incident in Japanese history of Japanese authorities harming the Imperial family from overseas.

• このことから、襲津彦は特定の実在人物ではなく、4・5世紀に対朝鮮外交や軍事に携わった葛城地方の豪族たちの姿が象徴・伝説化された英雄であったと見る説もある。
• For these reasons, some theories view that he was a fictious hero figure that was symbolized and turned into a legend by the Gozoku (local ruling family) in the Kazuraki region, who were invloved in diplomacy with Korea, and military affiars during the 4th and 5th century.

• 欧州視察後､明治元年（1868年）に明治新政府の参与職外国事務掛となり、外国官権判事、大阪府権判事兼任として大阪に赴任し、堺事件などの外交処理にあたった。
• After visiting Europe, he became a Sanyo (junior councilor) of foreign affairs office under the new Meiji government in 1868, and he worked at Osaka to serve as Assistant Judicial Officer of foreign affairs office and Osaka prefectural judge and handled diplomatic issues including Sakai incident.

• 明治7年（1874年）の台湾出兵に際してもロシアの脅威をあげて不可の立場をとり、出兵後には清国との全面戦争を避けるため速やかに外交交渉に入ることを唱えた。
• He also opposed the dispatch of troops to Taiwan because Japan was facing a threat from Russia, and after the dispatch was done in 1874, he argued that it should promptly have diplomatic negotiations with Qing in order to avoid a full-scale war.

• 釜山の倭館は朝鮮側が日本、特に対馬藩の使節や商人を饗応するために設けた施設であったが、明治政府は対馬藩から外交権を取り上げ、朝鮮との交渉に乗り出そうとした。
• The Japanese consular office in Busan was established by Korea to entertain Japanese envoys and merchants especially from the Tsushima domain, but the Meiji government tried to deprive the Tsushima domain of the diplomatic rights and start direct negotiations with Korea.

• 結果的に、李氏朝鮮外交に翻弄された日本政府は、遂に痺れを切らし、小艦を釜山に派遣し東莱府館員を艦上に招待し発砲演習を見せつけることにより、局面打開を図った。
• The Japanese government was at the mercy of the Joseon Dynasty's diplomacy and they lost their patience at last, so they made a breakthrough; dispatched a small warship to Pusan and invited the members of Toraifu on board to show the shooting exercises.

• 1601年以降、安南、スペイン領マニラ、カンボジア、タイ王国、パタニなどの東南アジア諸国に使者を派遣して外交関係を樹立し、1604年に朱印船制度を実施した。
• He sent messengers to Annam, Manila in the Spanish Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand and Pattani to establish diplomatic relations and implemented the Shuinsen system in 1604.

• 秘密の活動は彼らが民主主義の主要部分である厄介な討論と開かれた決定なしで外交政策目標を達成できるという魅惑的ではあるがしばしば非現実的な約束を社長に提供する
• Secret activities offer presidents the alluring but often illusory promise that they can achieve foreign policy goals without the bothersome debate and open decision that are staples of democracy

• 慶長元年（1596年）9月に日明和平交渉は大詰めを迎え、秀吉による明使謁見で双方の外交担当者による欺瞞が発覚して交渉が破綻すると秀吉は諸将に再出兵を命じた。
• In October and November of 1596, peace talks between Ming Dynasty and Japan were in the final stages, but when fraud by diplomats on both sides was revealed during the Minshi ekken (audience with an envoy from the Ming Dynasty) by Hideyoshi, and the negotiations failed, Hideyoshi once again ordered the warlords to dispatch troops.

• 平安時代初期には完全に変質したものとなり、824年には右大臣藤原緒嗣が「渤海使は商人であるので、今後は外交使節として扱わないように」と言うほどのものとなった。
• In the beginning of the Heian period, the Balhae envoys had completely transformed to the extent in 824, FUJIWARA no Otsugu, who was udaijin (minister of the right) commented 'These men are merchants, so do not treat them as diplomatic envoys.'

• 真田氏はその後豊臣政権に臣従しており、上田合戦に至るまでの諸勢力との外交や数カ郡を支配する勢力拡大は、真田氏が小領主から大名化していく過程であると指摘される。
• The Sanada clan later served the Toyotomi government, and it is indicated that diplomatic relations with various influences and expansion of power to control several districts was the process of the Sanada clan growing from a small feudal lord to daimyo (major territorial lord).

• 現存する書状だけでも1000通を越えており、家臣団の統率や中央政権との繋がり、果ては諸外国との通信など義鎮が非常に外交に長けた人物であったことを裏づけている。
• There are more than 1000 existing documents which proved that Yoshishige was excellent in diplomacy, such as in the leadership of vassals, connection with the central government and communication with foreign countries.

• 駐露公使就任にあたって、榎本は海軍中将に任命されたが、これは当時の外交慣例で武官公使の方が交渉上有利と判断されたためで、伊藤博文らの建言で実現したものである。
• When he became ambassador to Russia, he was appointed chujo (vice-admiral) in the navy; this came to be because according to diplomatic customs of the time, it was judged that a military officer would have more advantage in negotiation, and Hirobumi ITO proposed it to the government.

• 父シーボルトは、長崎・鳴滝に住居を構え昔の門人や娘・イネと交流し日本研究を続け、1861年幕府に招かれ外交顧問に就き江戸でヨーロッパの学問なども講義している。
• Her father Siebold, who settled in a residence located in Narutaki, Nagasaki and returned to associate himself with his former disciples and his daughter Ine, continued his Japanese studies, and in 1861 he was invited by the bakufu (Japanese government headed by a shogun) to hold the post of diplomatic adviser in Edo (present Tokyo), where he also gave lectures on the European studies.

• モンゴルは露蒙協定締結以後も、ロシアや中国と外交交渉を重ねていくことになるが、国際法の知識はモンゴルの外交使節にとって早急に身につけねばならないものであった。
• After the conclusion of the Russo-Mongolian Agreement, Mongolian diplomatic agents had to urgently gain knowledge of international law for further diplomatic negotiations with Russia and China.

• 一方でアロー戦争後まで中国は中華思想に基づいた唯我独尊的外交姿勢を守り続け、国際法や条約といった近代的国際関係に不可欠な概念を積極的に取り込もうとはしなかった。
• On the other hand, China had maintained until the Arrow War its solipsistic diplomatic attitude based on Sinocentrism and would not adopt vital notions indispensable for modern international relation such as international law and treaty.

• ただし、外交文書などではその後も「日本国皇帝」が多く用いられ、国内向けの公文書類でも同様の表記が何点か確認されている（用例については別項「日本国皇帝」を参照）。
• However, in diplomatic documents and so on, 'Nihonkoku Kotei' (Emperor of Japan) was used afterwards, too, and several similar expressions can be found in official domestic documents, also (look at 'Nihonkoku Kotei' for the usage of the expression).

• 翌年にはさらに、井上馨による欧化主義を基本とした外交政策に対し、外交策の転換・言論集会の自由・地租軽減を要求した三大事件建白運動が起り民権運動は激しさを増した。
• The movement further intensified as the 1887 political movement broke out, calling for the switch of the foreign policy, freedom of speech and assembly, the land-tax reduction, in responses to Kaoru INOUE's foreign policy that placed importance on Westernization.

• 桂はこの事態を乗り切るために外交では日英同盟を締結してロシア帝国との対決姿勢を強め、内政では伊藤博文を枢密院議長に祭り上げて政友会総裁を辞めさせることに成功した。
• In order to weather that crisis, Katsura took a more clearly adversarial stand against the Russian Empire by concluding the Anglo-Japanese Alliance; he also succeeded in having Hirobumi ITO resigning his position as the president of the (Rikken) Seiyu party by kicking him up to chairman of the Privy Council.

• 内容は第1次桂内閣の外交を軟弱であると糾弾して「バイカル湖まで侵攻しろ」と主戦論を唱え、対ロシア帝国武力強硬路線の選択を迫ったものであり、世論の反響も大きかった。
• It condemned the foreign policy of the First Katsura Cabinet as wimpy and pressed the Cabinet to take a hard line on the Russian Empire advocating war and saying 'Invade as far as lake Baikal,' to which the public reaction was huge.

• また法律キャリアを重ねる一方で、アメリカの駐コペンハーゲン代理公使、駐プロシア代理公使（後に特命全権公使）に任命され、外交官としても活躍している（松隈1992）。
• While building his carrier in the legal world on one hand, he was appointed to U.S. charge d'affaires to Copenhagen and U.S. charge d'affaires to Prussia (later, a minister extraordinary and plenipotentiary) and played active roles as a diplomat on the other (Matsukuma 1992).

• やがて、西アジアからのイスラム勢力のインド北部から侵攻してきたイスラム教徒政権（デリー・スルタン朝）とインド南部のヒンドゥー教徒政権との政治・外交上の挟撃に遭う。
• Soon, it was attacked politically and diplomatically from two sides: one, by the Islamic government (Delhi sultanate) that had invaded from northern India, which was ruled by Muslims from Western Asia; and secondly, by the Hindu government of southern India.

• 白村江の戦いの翌年（664年）に行政機能は内陸の大宰府（現在の太宰府市）に移転、那津のほとりには大宰府の機関のひとつとして海外交流および国防の拠点施設が残された。
• After the transfer of the administrative function to the inland office 'Dazaifu' (Government Headquarters in Kyushu located at the present Dazaifu City) in 664, one year after the Battle of Hakusukinoe, a facility functioning as a base for overseas exchanges as well as national defense was left near Nanotsu as one of the organizations belonging to the Dazaifu.

• 大正12年（1923年）、東京市長時代に国民外交の旗手として後藤アドリフ・ヨッフェ会談を伊豆の熱海で行い、成立せんとするソビエト連邦との国交正常化の契機を作った。
• In 1923, when he was the Tokyo City Mayer, as the standard-bearer of people's diplomacy, he held a meeting with Adolph JOFFE in Atami of Izu to initiate eagerly-hoped normalization of the diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.

• 野蛮な人質外交の実行は共産主義シナに対する我々の由々しき非難の一つで、そして、韓国によって継続されるならば、それは新しい韓国の民主主義体制の大きな責任となり得る。
• The uncivilized practice of hostage diplomacy is one of our serious charges against Communist China and if continued by ROK it will be a great liability to a new democratic ROK regime

• 山座 円次郎（やまざ えんじろう、慶応2年10月26日 (旧暦)（1866年12月2日） - 大正3年（1914年）5月28日）は、明治、大正期の日本国の外交官。
• Enjiro YAMAZA (December 2, 1866-May 28,1914) was the Japanese diplomat in the Meiji and Taisyo period.

• 室町幕府3代将軍足利義満が、明皇帝から「日本国王源道義（にほんこくおうげんどうぎ）」の封号を与えられ、日本国王に冊封されて以降、室町将軍の外交称号として使用された。
• It had come to be used as the diplomatic title of the Muromachi shogun since Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third shogun of Muromachi shogunate government, was appointed king of Japan under a seal of investiture of a title of 'Nihon-kokuo Gen Dogi' by the emperor of the Ming dynasty.

• 外交期限の迫った10月12日、戦争の決断を迫られた近衛は豊田貞次郎外相、及川古志郎海相、東條英機陸相、鈴木貞一企画院総裁を荻外荘に呼び、対米戦争への対応を協議した。
• On October 12, just before the deadline for foreign diplomacy, Konoe, who was being pressed for a decision on the war, invited Foreign Minister Teijiro TOYODA, Minister of the Navy Koshiro OIKAWA, Minister of the Army Hideki TOJO and the Director of the Planning Board, Teiichi SUZUKI to Tekigaiso, and he conferred on how to deal with war against the United States.

• 武田氏研究においても単独のテーマとしては扱わることが少なかったが、近年では新府城の発掘調査を契機とした勝頼政権の外交政策や内政、人物像など多様な研究が行われている。
• In the research for the Takeda clan, Katsuyori was hardly ever an independent research object, but in recent years, researches into various objects including the diplomatic policies and the domestic affairs of Katsuyori's government, his biography are under way, as the result of the excavation and research of Shinpu-jo Castle.

• しかし薩摩藩要路の大久保利通は新政権の諸外国への承認獲得と外交の継続宣言をすべく、モンブランと松木弘安（寺島宗則）に、新政権から諸外国への通達詔書を作成させている。
• However Toshimichi OKUBO, acting with the authority of the Satsuma clan, got Montblanc and Hiroyasu MATSUKI (a.k.a Munenori TERASHIMA) to write a declaration from the new regime to foreign countries to gain the approval of the new regime and declare the continuation of diplomacy.

• しかしながら、有力な支配下豪族や他国の領主との外交においては、有力家臣を「取り次ぎ役」することは当時としては一般的であり、単なる伝令とするのは事実誤認との指摘もある。
• However, at that time, it was ordinary to have a powerful retainer play the role of the 'messenger,' in negotiations with powerful local clans under control or with lords of other provinces, and therefore, it is pointed out as well that it would not be correct to consider him simply as an orderly officer.

• 698年に大祚栄により建国された渤海 (国)であるが、大武芸の時代になると唐や新羅と外交的に対立するようになり、これらの勢力を牽制する目的で日本への遣使が計画された。
• Bo Hai was founded by Jo-yeong DAE in 698, but it became opposed to the Tang Dynasty and Silla in the period of Muye DAE, and it was planned to dispatch an envoy to Japan in order to warn against the power.

• 栗野 慎一郎（くりの しんいちろう、嘉永4年11月7日 (旧暦)（1851年11月29日） - 昭和12年（1937年）11月15日）は明治、大正期の日本国の外交官。
• Shinichiro KURINO (November 29, 1851 - November 15, 1937) was a Japanese diplomat in the Meiji and Taisho eras.

• 大島 友之允（おおしま とものじょう、文政9年6月23日 (旧暦)（1826年7月27日） - 明治15年（1882年）8月9日）は日本の武士・対馬府中藩士・外交官。
• Tomonojo OSHIMA (July 27, 1826-August 9, 1882) was a samurai warrior, a feudal retainer and a diplomat of the Tsushimafuchu clan.

• 外交用語では、「局外中立」の場合だけ「厳正中立」と言い、「国内問題」の場合は「内政不干渉」と言う（つまり、「国内問題」に対して「厳正中立」などと言う事自体がおかしい）。
• In the diplomatic terms, 'strict neutrarity' can be used only in case of 'outside neutrarity', and in case of 'domestic issue', it means 'nonintervention of domestic affairs' (that means, it is strange to say 'strict neutrarity' for 'domestic affairs').

• さらに巨大な帝国だった中国諸王朝が中華思想、華夷秩序に基づいて周辺諸国を冊封して朝貢関係を築き、それが経済交流と外交秩序の一定の安定を東アジアにもたらしたことにもよる。
• Another reason is the sovereign-vassal relationship with tributes between Chinese dynasties, great empires, and surrounding countries based on Sinocentrism and Suzerainty, that brought economic exchanges and a certain stability of diplomatic orders to East Asia.

• 下級武士や知識人階級を中心に、「鎖国は日本開闢以来の祖法」であるという説に反したとされた、その外交政策に猛烈に反発する世論が沸き起こり、「攘夷」運動として朝野を圧した。
• The public opinion of foreign exclusionism among low-ranking samurai and intellectuals in particular overwhelmed all over Japan, insisting furiously that the national seclusion had been the fundamental law since the dawn of Japanese history and the opening up of the country was against it.

• 鎌倉五山や京都五山（京五山）では、幕府の外交文書を起草するという必要性も伴い、四六文を用いた法語や漢詩を作る才が重視されたことも関係して、五山文学が栄えることとなった。
• Accordingly, and in addition to the necessity of drafting the shogunate's diplomatic documents, it was considered important to compose hogo (Zen instructional literature) and Chinese poems written in shirokubun (a style of alternating four- and six-character lines), whereby the Literature of the Five Mountains flourished in Kamakura Gozan and Kyoto Gozan (the five great Zen temples of Kamakura and Kyoto).

• ガルトネル開墾条約事件（がるとねるかいこんじょうやくじけん）あるいはガルトネル事件（がるとねるじけん）とは、明治初年に、七飯町の開墾地をめぐって発生した外交事件である。
• Gaertner Cultivation Treaty Incident or Gaertner Incident is a diplomatic incident that occurred over the cultivated land in Nanae Town in the first year of Meiji period.

• 義満は生前から義持と折り合いが悪かったとされ、対朝廷・公家政策、守護大名統制政策、明との勘合貿易などの外交政策をはじめとする義満の諸政策は義持によって一旦は否定された。
• It is said that during his life Yoshimitsu did not get along well with his son Yoshimochi, and the policies that Yoshimitsu introduced, such as the Imperial Court policy, control of the aristocracy and Shugo Daimyo, and foreign policy including trade with Ming, were denounced by Yshimochi.

• 秘書として信長そば近くに仕え、内政面だけではなく、外交面でも武田信玄、特に毛利家との友好関係のため小早川隆景、吉川元春らとの折衝にあたるなど、信長に重用され、活躍した。
• As a private secretary he worked closely with Nobunaga not only on administrative matters but also on external issues with Shingen TAKEDA and due to a particularly amicable relationship with the Mouri family, TAKEI was appointed by Nobunaga and actively involved in negotiations between Takakage KOBAYAKAWA and Motoharu KIKKAWA etc.

• 吉岡 弘毅（よしおか ひろたけ、1847年7月8日（弘化4年5月26日 (旧暦)） - 1932年（昭和7年）9月12日）は日本の外交官・キリスト者（長老派教会牧師）。
• Hirotake YOSHIOKA (July 8, 1847 - September 12, 1932) was a Japanese diplomat and a Christian (minister of the Presbyterian Church).

• つまり国歌の必要性は、まずなによりも、外交儀礼の場において軍楽隊が演奏するために生じるのであり、現在でも例えばスペイン国歌・国王行進曲のように、歌詞のない国歌も存在する。
• In other words, the necessity of a national anthem is generated by a military band on the occasion of extending diplomatic courtesy and, even today, there are national anthems that have no words like Spanish National Anthem, Marcha Real.

• 国際的な危機の場合に外交官に与えられる帰国の便益と同一の帰国の便益（この便益は、イーター機構の職員の家族の構成員であって当該職員の世帯に属するものに対しても与えられる。）
• in time of international crisis, the same facilities as to repatriation as diplomatic agents, and the members of their families forming part of their households shall enjoy the same facilities;
• in time of international crisis, the same facilities as to repatriation as diplomatic agents, and the members of their families forming part of their households shall enjoy the same facilities and,

• 大隈の外交手腕を評価する伊藤は、不平等条約改正のため、政敵である大隈を外務大臣 (日本)として選び、明治21年（1888年）2月より、大隈は外務大臣 (日本)に就任した。
• Appreciative of Okuma's ability for diplomacy, Ito chose his political enemy Okuma as the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) for the revision of an unequal treaty, and he assumed the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) in February 1888.

• しかしこの策の実行は廃藩置県による厳原藩廃止（これにより同藩の朝鮮通交事務は罷免され、対朝鮮外交は外務省に完全移管された）や岩倉使節団派遣などによる混乱によって停滞した。
• However, this strategy was put on hold, partly because 'Haihan-chiken' (the abolition of the feudal domains and establishment of the prefectures) led to the abolishment of the Izuhara domain (on account of which the domain's ambassador was dismissed and its Joseon-related diplomacy was completely transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), and partly because the Iwakura Mission was dispatched to further complicate the situation.

• なお「自主の邦」と規定したとはいえ、清は冊封関係において従来から「属国自主」として内政・外交については関与しない立場をとっており、清の宗主権を否定しつくすものでもなかった。
• In addition, the treaty provided for an 'independent state,' but did not completely deny suzerainty of China, because Qing had the conventional stance of 'independence as a subject state'and was not involved in domestic and diplomatic affairs.

• また徐々に南京条約をはじめとする諸条約は天朝が夷狄に与える恩寵であるというよりも、むしろ不平等条約であるということも意識されるようになり、その改正が外交目標となっていった。
• Against the thought that unequal treaties, starting Treaty of Nanking were grace given by the Qing dynasty, unequal sides of treaties were gradually recognized, and revision of those treaties was set as diplomatic objectives.

• この頃にはロシアの進出などの国際的状況においてイギリスの外交姿勢は軟化を示していたが、1891年（明治24年）の大津事件で青木が辞任に追い込まれた結果、中断を余儀なくされた。
• This time the diplomatic attitude of England was softened under the international circumstances such as the advance of Russia, but AOKI was forced to resign due to the Otsu Incident in 1891 and the negotiation was interrupted.

• （司馬遼太郎『坂の上の雲』より）この返答は、国際法上の解釈から言えば違法と言えるものではないが、この状態ではどの外交ルートもあるわけではなく、実質的には戦争開始の通告である。
• (From 'Saka no ue no Kumo' [Clouds Above the Hill] by Ryotaro SHIBA) While this reply is not unlawful from the perspective of international law, in this particular situation where there were no other diplomatic routes available, it was in effect, a declaration of war.

• さらに民衆向けに掲げられた五榜の掲示（第4札）にも「万国の公法」という字句が登場し、外交は朝廷が担い、条約を遵守するので、庶民は外国人に不法なことをしないようにと命じている。
• Furthermore, there was the word 'bankoku no koho' (same as bankoku koho) on Gobo no keiji (five edict boards) (the fourth board), and the government announced that the Imperial Court would handle foreign diplomacy and told common people not to do something impolite to foreigners.

• マーティンは『万国公法』刊行後、1865年に設立された同文館という外交における通訳者養成を目的とする公立語学校の英語・国際法・政治学の教師の職に就き、後日校長に昇進している。
• After publication of 'Bankoku Koho,' Martin assumed the job of teacher for English language, international law and politics in Tongwen Guan, which was a public language school established in 1865 with a purpose to bring up interpreters in the field of diplomacy, and, later, he was promoted to the school master.

• しかし、明治以降の日本とスペインは、スペイン内戦～第二次世界大戦にかけての一時期を除き、政治・外交上の懸案も少ない代わりに関係や関心も希薄という状況が続き、現在に至っている。
• Since then, there have been few political or diplomatic concerns between Japan and Spain and the two countries have had little interest in each other (except during the period of the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War) to date.

• 江戸幕府が日米和親条約や日米修好通商条約で長崎、下田、箱館、横浜などの開港や在留外国人の治外法権を認めるなどの不平等条約を結ばされ、明治初期には条約改正が外交課題となっていた。
• The Edo Shogunate was forced to conclude unequal treaties, namely, the Treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States and Japan and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan, which prescribed the opening of ports including Nagasaki, Shimoda, Hakodate and Yokohama, and approval of extraterritoriality of foreign residents, and therefore the revisions of the treaties were a diplomatic issue in the early Meiji period.

• そのためこうした国際法受容を「夷の長技を師とし以て夷を制す」（夷狄の得意技を学び、それにより逆に夷狄を制覇する。魏源著『海国図志』の一節）の外交バージョンと評されることもある。
• Therefore, such acceptance of international law has been commented as a diplomatic version of 'Learn the strong points of iteki and use them to defeat them.' (a part of 'Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms' by Wei Yuan).

• 他方、外交が重視される時期や、奈良盆地の既存勢力と距離を置きたい場合には、日本海-若狭湾-琵琶湖-淀川-大阪湾-瀬戸内海の内陸水系物流ルート沿いの琵琶湖南岸以南に都が置かれた。
• On the other hand, in time periods focusing on diplomacy, or if an emperor wanted to establish themselves at a distance from the existing powers in the Nara Basin, their capitals were placed to the south of the southern coast of Lake Biwa along the inland water system logistics route from the Japan Sea, via Wakasa Bay, Lake Biwa, the Yodo River, Osaka Bay and to the Seto Inland Sea.

• 皮肉にも幕府の正統性を守ろうとした直義は、それ故に当の幕府将軍である尊氏との外交戦争に敗れることになり、諸国の武士からは勿論、大高重成のような側近からも離反される結果を招いた。
• It is ironic that Tadayoshi who attempted to preserve the legitimacy of the bakufu was defeated in a diplomatic battle with Takauji, the Muromachi shogun, for this very reason and ended up being alienated from not only the samurai of the provinces but also from close associates such as Shigenari Otaka.

• 正応6年（1293年）1月、探題職を辞して鎌倉に帰還したが、前年の外交使節到来で再び元寇の危機が高まったため、同年3月、執権北条貞時の命を受け、軍勢を引き連れて九州に下向した。
• Although he went back to Kamakura after resigning from the Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency) position in February, 1293, he was ordered by the regent Sadatoki HOJO in April the same year to go to Kyushu with his army as the risk of a Mongol invasion increased with the foreign mission's visit the year before.

• その後、小村外相のもとで、日英同盟締結、日露交渉、日露戦争開戦外交に関わり、日露戦争宣戦布告文を起草、日露ポーツマス条約に随員として出席するなど、小村外交の中心的役割を担った。
• Later, he was involved in conclusion of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, the negotiation with Russia and the diplomacy in the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War under KOMURA, Minister of Foreign Affairs and played a leading role in Komura's diplomacy by drawing up the sentence of proclamation of the Russo-Japanese War and accompanying to Treaty of Portsmouth between Japan and Russia.

• 関ヶ原の戦いに勝利して覇権を確立した徳川家康は海外交易に熱心な人物で、1600年豊後の海岸に漂着したオランダ船の航海士ウィリアム・アダムスらを外交顧問として採用したほどである。
• Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who won the Battle of Sekigahara and established hegemony, had great passion for foreign trade and even employed William Adams, who was the navigator of the Dutch ship that drifted ashore to Bungo in 1600, as his foreign advisor.

• 伊藤の建議どおり当時欧米では金本位制が主流になりつつあったとはいえ、清をはじめアジア諸国は依然として銀主体の経済圏であり、また対外交易でも洋銀（メキシコドル銀貨）が通用していた。
• As ITO's proposal, though the gold standard system was becoming a mainstream in Europe and the United States at that time, Asian countries including Qing were still a silver-oriented economic area and nickel silver (Mexican dollar silver coin) was used for foreign trade.

• 地租の軽減は自由民権運動の主力が地主・農民に移った1880年代以後盛んになっており、1887年の三大事件建白書においても「外交の刷新」「言論・集会の自由」と並んで掲げられていた。
• Reduction of the land tax was increasingly asserted after 1880 when the principal members of Democratic-Rights Movement shifted to landowners and peasants, and it was aimed along with 'Gaikou no Satsushin' (revamping of foreign diplomacy) and 'Genron and Syukai no Jiyuu' (freedom of speech and assembly) also in Sandai Jiken Kenpakusyo (the petition of three major matters) in 1887.

• その範囲は、中央官制・法制・宮廷・身分制・地方行政・金融・流通・産業・経済・教育・外交・宗教政策など多岐に及び、日本をアジアで最初の西洋的国家体制を有する近代国家へと変貌させた。
• The restoration affected all areas of life, such as the organization of the central government, legislation, the Imperial court, the class system, the local administration, the distribution system, industry, education, diplomacy, and religious policy, and effectively converted Japan into the first Western-style modern state in Asia.

• 翌明治5年（1872年）1月、廃藩置県により対馬藩主から外務大丞となった宗義達名で、外交権限が対馬藩から外務省に移管された旨の文書を携えて再び朝鮮国と交渉したが、不調に終わった。
• In February, 1872, he had negotiations with Korea again with a letter under the name of Yoshiakira SO, who had been governor of Tsushima Domain and became Gaimu taijo (a post of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the fourth rank) after Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), which stated that the diplomatic right had been transferred from Tsushima Domain to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; however, the negotiation was unsuccessful.

• 更に条約勅許問題を巡る開国派と攘夷派の対立も加わって事態は複雑となった（一橋派では島津斉彬は開国派、徳川斉昭は攘夷派に属し、互いに自己の外交路線実現のために一橋慶喜擁立を目指した。
• The conflict between kaikoku-ha (the open country wing) and Joi-ha (the expulsionist wing) about the issue of imperial sanction of the treaty worsened the situation (In the Hitotsubashi group, Nariakira SHIMAZU belonged to the kaikoku-ha, Nariaki TOKUGAWA belonged to the Joi-ha and they backed up Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI to realize their own foreign policies.

• 極東地域、日本近海にも欧米の船が出没する回数が多くなったが、幕府は日本との外交ルートを模索する外国使節や外国船の接触に対し、には外国船打払令を実行するなど、鎖国政策の継続を行った。
• In spite of the frequent visits of western vessels in the far east area, or the sea of Japan, the shogunate government continued the seclusion policy by strong measures such as the enforcement of the edict to repel foreign vessels in 1825 to prevent contacts with foreign envoys and vessels asking for a diplomatic channel with Japan.

• 後に源氏の分家である足利家は室町幕府を開き、武士の勢力の伸張と天皇家の権威・権力の衰退にも助けられ、15代240年にわたり征夷大将軍として日本に君臨し、外交、内政、軍事を差配した。
• Later the Ashikaga family, a branch family of the Minamoto clan established Muromachi bakufu, and partly because of the expansion of the power of bushi (warriors) and the decline of the authority and power of the Emperor, reigned over Japan as Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and conducted foreign affairs, domestic administration, and military affairs over 15 generations for 240 years.

• 政宗は家康の承認を得ると、ルイス・ソテロを外交使節に任命し、家臣・支倉常長ら一行180余人をヌエバ・エスパーニャ（メキシコ）、エスパーニャ、およびローマへ派遣した（慶長遣欧使節）。
• Once Masamune obtained an approval of Ieyasu, he appointed Luis Sotelo as the ambassador of the delegation, and dispatched over 180 people including his retainer Tsunenaga HASEKURA to Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico), Spain and Rome (Keicho era mission to Europe).

• 外様大名は一般に老中などの幕閣の要職には就けないとされていたが、対馬国の宗氏は伝統的に朝鮮との外交に重きを成し、また江戸後期になると真田氏、松前氏のように要職へ就く外様大名も現れた。
• Tozama daimyo were generally not appointed to key positions among the cabinet officials of the shogunate such as roju, apart from some exceptions including the SO clan of Tsushima Province, who had traditionally played a significant role in diplomatic relations with Korea, and the SANADA and MATSUMAE clans, who were appointed key positions in the late Edo period.

• 明治になってからアメリカ側はこの免許を根拠に建設要請を行ったが、明治政府は「この書面の幕府側の署名は、京都の新政府発足後のもので外交的権限を有しないもの」である旨をもって却下している。
• At the start of the Meiji Period, America requested the construction based on the license, but the Meiji Government declined the request on the grounds that the license was signed by Bakufu after the new government in Kyoto went into effect and it lacked a diplomatic authority.

• アロー戦争以後清朝の外交を担ってきた総理衙門が清朝官庁内で次第に地位低下したことに不満を覚えた諸外国が、清朝が外交を重視するよう求めた結果、総理衙門を廃止し外務部をつくらせるに至った。
• After the Arrow War, various foreign nations felt frustrated with the falling social status of Zongli Yamen, which had become burdened with the diplomacy that the Qing dynasty placed great importance on, and as a result Zongli Yamen was abolished and replaced with the Foreign Office.

• いわゆる日本主義者が、『日本 (新聞)』を舞台に政府の外交方針と自由民権運動の民力休養路線の双方を批判して、強硬的な外交政策による不平等条約解消とその裏付けとなる軍事力の拡張を主張した。
• So-called 'Japanese nationalist' criticized the line of reducing the national burden which were the government diplomatic policies and the Freedom and People's Rights Movement in 'Japan (newspaper)' and advocated dissolution of unequal treaty with the forceful diplomacy and to expand the military force.

• 政治制度の改革が進められる一方で、外交面では高向玄理を新羅へ派遣して人質を取る代わりに形骸化していた任那の調を廃止して朝鮮三国（高句麗、百済、新羅）との外交問題を整理して緊張を和らげた。
• While reforms of the political system were carried out, on the diplomatic front, TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro was sent to Silla and, in exchange for a hostage, the tax payment in kind by Minama, which had lost its substance, was abolished to straighten up diplomatic problems with three Korean countries (Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla) and ease the tension.

• しかし承久の乱（1221年）以降の天皇の権威の失墜は著しく、元寇に当たっての外交的処理や唐船派遣などの外国貿易など、いずれも鎌倉幕府の主導の下に行われており、武家一元化の動向を示していた。
• However, the loss of the Emperor's authority after the Jokyu War (1221) was remarkable, and like diplomatic efforts against Genko (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) and foreign trade, sending ships to Tang, they were both lead by the Kamakura Bakufu, and showed the unity of power amongst Buke.

• 策彦周良（さくげんしゅうりょう、文亀元年4月2日 (旧暦)（1501年4月19日） - 天正7年6月30日 (旧暦)（1579年7月23日））は、戦国時代 (日本)の臨済宗の禅僧、外交官。
• Shuryo SAKUGEN (April 29, 1501-August 2, 1579) was a Zen monk of the Rinzai sect and a diplomat who lived in the Sengoku period (period of warring states).

• 江戸幕府を倒した薩摩藩・長州藩などの攘夷派を中心とした明治政府も、明治2年（1869年）に政府として改めて開国を決定して、以後は不平等条約の撤廃（条約改正）が外交課題となっていくことになる。
• The Meiji government, lead by the Satsuma and Choshu clans, which had defeated the Edo bakufu, decided to open the country in 1869 and abolish the unequal treaties..

• 皇帝を中心とする華夷秩序に理念づけられ、朝貢と冊封によって外国との関係を維持していた「天下」概念が変容するのは、1793年イギリスの外交使節ジョージ・マカートニーが派遣されたころからである。
• The notion of 'Tenka,' which had been formed based on the order of kai (the Chinese and barbarians) and maintained the diplomatic relations by the sakuho and choko (bringing tribute) system, started to change when George Macartney, a British diplomat, was dispatched in 1793.

• とりわけ幕府財政の危機は、諸国の幕府直轄金山・銀山の枯渇傾向、長崎における海外交易赤字による金銀の流出、明暦の大火・大地震・富士山の噴火などの災害復興事業による出費などから、いち早く訪れた。
• Particularly, the financial crisis came early for various causes, such as depletion of gold and silver mines under direct control of the Edo bakufu, outflow of gold and silver from Nagasaki that resulted from a deficit in trade with foreign countries, and expense for reconstruction projects after disasters, including the Great Fire of Meireki, some big earthquakes, and eruption of Mt. Fuji.

• 列強間で通用している国際法を逆手に取ることで外交交渉を有利に運ぼうという意図からなされたもので、多分に理念よりも道具、華夷秩序を保持するためのツール、としての受容というニュアンスが強かった。
• It was conducted with the aim to carry out diplomatic negotiations advantageously by using in underhanded way international law which was valid among western countries and it had a nuance of acceptance as a tool for maintaining kaichitsujo rather than idealistic principle.

• これに対して、「自由主義史観」では、歴史解釈は「類似」し、「平行」する現象の存在により成立するので、幕府が外交権・貿易権を有した江戸時代がすでに絶対主義体制であったと考えられる、としている。
• On the other hand, in the 'liberalism view of history', interpretation of history is determined with the existence of 'similar' and 'parallel' phenomenon; therefore, it says that in the Edo period when the Bakufu (shogunate) who had the diplomatic rights and the trading rights, it was thought to have already been under a system of absolutism.

• 死後300年以上経た1915年11月に朝廷の財政と対外交渉にあたって朝廷の存続に尽くした功績をもって従一位という破格の贈位が行われたのも、まさに彼の財政手腕と人格の為せる業であったと言える。
• It was his financial skill and personality that allowed him to be granted the incredible rank of Juichii (Junior First Rank) in November, 1915, more than 300 years after his death, for his work dedicated towards continuing the Imperial Court and taking charge of finance and external negotiation.

• 諸陵は天皇陵をはじめとする陵墓を管轄する業務で、古代の官制では、継嗣、婚姻、祥瑞、喪葬、外交などを司る治部省の諸陵司が担ったものだったが、明治になり神祇官の下の諸陵寮が管轄することとなった。
• Shoryo, managing the tombs of the emperors and imperial family members was handled by the government in ancient times by Jibusho who managed imperial heirs, imperial marriages, auspicious signs, mouring and burial rites, and diplomacy, but during the Meiji period, the tombs were managed by Shoryoryo (literally, a hall for managing imperial tombs) placed under jingikan.

• この高宗の密使外交を排するために日本政府は日露戦争終結後の1905年11月に第二次日韓協約（韓国側では乙巳保護条約と呼ぶ）を締結し、12月には韓国統監府を設置して外交権をその支配下に置いた。
• The Japanese government concluded the second Japan-Korea Treaty (called Eulsa Protectorate Treaty in south Korea) in November, 1905 after the Russo-Japanese War to eliminate Gojong's diplomacy by secret envoys and established the Korea Protection Agency in December to hold diplomatic authority under its control.

• 井上と伊藤博文らは日本人がこうした扱いから免れるようになるためには、欧米と同じ文化水準である事を海外に示さない限りはまともな外交交渉の相手としても認められないという事実に気づいていたのである。
• INOUE and Hirobumi ITO found the truth that Japanese could not be recognized as a respectable partner of diplomatic negotiations until they showed the people abroad that they kept the same level of culture as Europe and America to avoid such treatment.

• 前条に規定する特権及び免除のほか、イーター機構の事務局長及び事務局長の職が空席の場合には事務局長に代わって行動するように命じられた者は、同等の地位にある外交官に与えられる特権及び免除を享受する。
• In addition to the privileges and immunities provided for in Article 14, the Director-General of the ITER Organization and, when the office is vacant, the person appointed to act in his place, shall enjoy the privileges and immunities to which diplomatic agents of comparable rank are entitled.

• 外交使節団、領事機関、特別使節団、国際機関に派遣されている使節団又は国際機関の内部機関若しくは国際会議に派遣されている代表団の任務の遂行に当たって使用され、又は使用されることが予定されている財産
• Property which is used or intended for use in the performance of the functions of the diplomatic mission, consular posts, special missions, missions to international organizations or delegations to organs of international organizations or to international conferences;

• 外交面では、北九州が古来中国の王朝や朝鮮半島などとの交流の玄関的機能を果たしていたという背景もあり、海外使節を接待するための迎賓館である鴻臚館（こうろかん）が那津（現在の福岡市中心部）に置かれた。
• Due to the fact that Kitakyushu had played a role as a front gate to interact with dynasties in China and Korean Peninsula since ancient times, Korokan, a State Guest House to entertain foreign emissaries, was placed in Natsu (present central Fukuoka City).

• 具体的には、それまで清朝は諸外国を中華思想的価値観から「夷狄」とみなしていたが、清朝の公文書に西欧諸国を指して「夷」と表記することを禁じ、同時に総理衙門という近代的国際関係を担う外交機関を設けた。
• In more details, the Qing dynasty that had deemed foreign countries as 'iteki' from its sense of value based on Sinocentrism, but it prohibited to denote western countries as 'i (夷, a character means other ethnic groups)' in its official documents and, at the same time, established Zongli Yamen which was a diplomatic organization in charge of modern international relations.

• 天下統一を達成した豊臣秀吉は日本人の海外交易を統制し、倭寇を禁圧する必要から、1592年に初めて朱印状を発行してマニラ、アユタヤ、パタニになどに派遣したとされるが、この時のことはあまり資料がない。
• Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who achieved the unification of the whole country, regulated Japanese foreign trading by printing Shuinjo in 1592 in order to suppress wako and dispatched people to Manila, Ayutthaya, and Pattani but few documents exist concerning this period.

• また摂家筆頭という血筋や、貴公子然とした端正な風貌（当時の日本人にあっては長身であった）に加えて、対英米協調外交に反対する現状打破主義的主張で、大衆的な人気も獲得し、早くから首相待望論が聞かれた。
• Furthermore, in addition to his noble and handsome appearance (he was quite tall for a Japanese of the time) and the fact that he was from the top-ranking Sekke family, he advocated overturning the diplomatic status quo and was popular with the public and was soon being mentioned as a Prime Minister-in-waiting.

• 国際機関に派遣されている常駐の使節団若しくは特別使節団の外交職員又は国際会議において当該外国等（国以外のものにあっては、それらが所属する国。以下この項において同じ。）を代表するために雇用されている者
• A diplomatic staff of a permanent missions or a special mission to an international organizations or a persons employed to represent said Foreign State, etc., (for those other than a State, the State to which they belong; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) at international conferences;

• ただし、外交において有事が発生した際、その権力者たちも朝廷に相談を持ちかけているため、幕府などの武家政権が内外とも全面的に統治権を行使する認識があったかどうかは考慮が必要である（元寇や黒船来航等）。
• However, whether the samurai governments like the bakufu recognized their right to be used fully in domestic affairs and in diplomatic affairs must be considered, because those men in power consulted the Imperial Court in diplomatic emergencies (the Mongolian Invasions, the Western ship coming to Japan at the end of the Edo period, etc).

• 国造には、東国の国造のように部民や屯倉の管理なども行っていたり、出雲の国造のように神祇を祀り、祭祀により領内を統治することなども行っていたり、紀国造などのように外交に従事したりしたことなどが分かる。
• It is known that kuni no miyatsuko were involved in various affairs: the kuni no miyatsuko in Togoku took charge of managing Bemin (the people controlled by the authority through various classifications) and Miyake (lands directly held by the Yamato Kingdom); the one in Izumo conducted religious ceremonies to govern the territory by religion; and the one in Ki got involved in foreign affairs.

• また、1891年（明治24年）には、経営が傾いた東京日日新聞（現在の毎日新聞）を買収、在官のまま第3代社長を勤め、日清戦争から日露戦争にいたるまでの日本の政治・外交において、政府擁護の論陣を張った。
• In 1891, he took over Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun (present Mainichi Shinbun) which was having management difficulties, and of which he became the third president while still being in politics; and he argued in defense of the government on the Japanese political and diplomatic fronts from the Sino-Japanese War through the Russo-Japanese war.

• ヨーロッパ諸国が主導して形成した近代外交体制は基本的に主権平等主義に基づき、対等国同士の外交という形式を取っていたため、この外交体制の拡大とともに華夷秩序も徐々に変容あるいは解体されることとなった。
• Since the modern system of foreign relations that had been forged by European countries was based on the principle of sovereign equality, in other words, the diplomacy between independent nations, the order of kai was forced to change or dissolve according to the development of such system of foreign relations.

• 使いを遣わして貢物を献じた目的として、中国大陸の文明・文化を摂取すると共に、南朝の威光を借りることによって、当時の日本列島中西部の他の諸勢力、朝鮮半島諸国との政治外交を進めるものがあったと考えられる。
• The purpose of dispatching envoys and presenting tribute seems to have been to develop a political diplomacy with the other powers in the mid-western part of Japanese archipelago and Korean peninsula with the help of the prestige of the Southern Dynasty, as well as absorbing the civilization and caulture of the Chinese continent.

• つまり、その罪を問われて左遷させられた、とでもいいたいのであろうが、日向臣という無名の冠位もない人間が、太宰帥という外交上のおいても重要な地位をしめる要職についたというのは、むしろ異例の栄転であった。
• While they wanted to pretend Himuka was charged of the incident and relegated to Tsukushi, it was nothing but an extraordinary promotion that somebody with obscurity and no rank was assigned to Dazai no Sochi which had an important role in diplomacy.

• 織田信長の同母妹（諸説あり）お市の方と浅井長政の婚礼成立に周旋する（周旋したのは豊臣秀吉という説もある）など、外交を駆使し織田・浅井・朝倉ほかの支持勢力を糾合して義輝を暗殺した松永・三好氏に対抗した。
• He used diplomacy arranging marriage between Oichi no kata, Nobunaga ODA's younger sister by the same mother (there are various different theories about it), and Nagamasa ASAI (there is a theory that it was Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI who arranged the marriage), and gathered supportive power such as Oda, Asai, and Asakura in order to oppose Matsunaga and Miyoshi clans who assassinated Yoshiteru.

• 欧米諸国とは条約を基礎とした関係（外交を担う役所総理衙門の設置や公使の相互派遣）を結ぶ一方で、清朝は朝鮮やベトナム、琉球といった周辺のアジア諸国とは旧来の華夷秩序を温存し、それを恒久的に維持しようとした。
• The Qing dynasty built relationships based on treaties between European countries and American; on the other hand, the Qing dynasty maintained relationships based on Kaichitsujo with Asian countries around China such as Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu and tried to keep the relations on a permanent basis.

• 法務大臣は、外国から外交機関を経由して当該外国の官憲が他の外国から引渡しを受けた者を日本国内を通過して護送することの承認の請求があつたときは、次の各号の一に該当する場合を除き、これを承認することができる。
• The Minister of Justice may, upon a request made by a foreign state through diplomatic channels, give approval for a person surrendered to that state by another foreign state to be transported through the territory of Japan, except in any of the following circumstances.

• そこで一計を案じた山座は、伊藤に提出する外交文書には伊藤であれば必ず修正するであろう部分を一箇所だけ故意に作っておき、伊藤がそこに修正を入れることによって初めて完璧なものが出来上がるようにしていたという。
• Therefore, YAMAZA made the plan to purposely put only one part to be revised by ITO in the document submitted to him and then to make it perfect by his revision.

• 第十三条及び前条に規定する特権及び免除のほか、イーター機構の事務局長及び首席事務局長は、千九百六十一年四月十八日の外交関係に関するウィーン条約の規定に基づき、外交団の長に与えられる特権及び免除を享受する。
• In addition to the privileges and immunities provided for in Articles 13 and 14 above, the Director-General of the ITER Organization and the Principal Deputy Director General shall enjoy the privileges and immunities to which the head of a diplomatic mission is entitled under the provisions of the Vienna Convention on diplomatic relations of the 18 April 1961.

• 1544年に発生した蛇梁倭変により、1512年に宗氏と朝鮮王朝の間で締結された壬申約条は破棄され、日本国王使（室町幕府使節）および大内氏・少弐氏の使節を除き、日本からの通交（外交を兼ねた貿易）は禁じられた。
• In the saryan wahen (Coup of Shinryo IWAYA) which occurred in 1544, the Jinshin Yakujo concluded between the So clan and the Yi-Dynasty in 1512 was denounced; thereafter, trading (trade concurrent with a diplomacy visit) from Japan was inhibited except for the King of Japan envoy (the Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] envoy) and the envoys from the Ouchi clan and the Shoni clan.

• 河野は先例を破って、奉答文中に「今ヤ国運ノ興隆洵々ニ千載ノ一遇ナルニ当リテ、閣臣ノ施設之ニ伴ハス内政ハ弥縫ヲ事トシ、外交ハ機宜ヲ失シ」その他を綴って内閣を弾劾し、国民の意思を明治天皇の耳にいれようと謀った。
• KONO broke with the precedent and added words such as, 'Now the national prosperity meets a chance in a million, but the Cabinet doesn't follow this and the internal administration takes a stopgap policy so that we lose the chance in diplomacy' into Hotobun and impeached the Cabinet, so that he could let the Meiji emperor know of people's voice.

• 江戸幕府はスペイン・ポルトガル勢力をアジアから追放しようとするイギリスとオランダの商人によってこの情報を得て、家康の積極外交から鎖国に方針転換したと考えられている（家光が単に外国嫌いであったという説もある）。
• It is believed that the Edo Bakufu changed its policy to seclusionism after obtaining this information from merchants of Britain and the Netherlands who were aiming to oust Spanish and Portuguese power from Asia, even though the Edo Bakufu during the era of the Ieyasu TOKUGAWA shogunate had positive relations with foreign countries (another theory suggests that Iemitsu was simply a xenophobia.)

• 何如璋らはアメリカと条約を締結することを、近代外交で主流だった「勢力均衡」 (Balance of Power) の側面から説得したが、その出所は『万国公法』第一巻の「均勢の法」に拠るとされる（徐2001）。
• Ruzhang HE and others insisted to conclude treaties with the United States based on the point of view of 'Balance of Power,' which was main-stream of modern diplomacy at that time and the point of view was from 'law of proportionality' in the first volume of 'Bankoku Koho.'

• 百済が倭国へ仏教を伝えたのも、倭へ先進文化を伝えることで交流を深めること、また東方伝播の実績をもって仏教に心酔していた梁武帝の歓心を買うことなど、外交を有利にするためのツールとして利用したという側面があった。
• Baekje's transmission of Buddhism to Wakoku (Japan) had an aspect that he utilized it as a tool to take an advantage in diplomacy with deepening the relationship by introducing the latest culture to Japan and gaining the favor of Han Wudi of Liang, who was fascinated with Buddhism, with a result of propagation to the eastern country.

• しかしこの時期の鎌倉政権の行政事務、及び朝廷との外交関係実務はこの二階堂行光を中心に動いていたともみられ、『吾妻鏡』のこの時期の記録の多くはこの二階堂行光の筆録、あるいは所持した資料によっていると見られている。
• However, the practical works of public administration of the Kamakura Government and diplomacy with the imperial court were mainly managed by Yukimitsu NIKAIDO, and most of the records of 'Azuma Kagami' were based on the records written or owned by Yukimitsu.

• 加藤内閣は陸軍4個師団の廃止や予算一億円の削減、有爵議員のうち、伯・子・男の数を150名に減らすなどの貴族院改革、幣原喜重郎の幣原外交によるソビエト連邦との国交樹立、普通選挙法の制定など、多くの改革が行なわれた。
• The KATO cabinet embarked on a wide range of reforms that included; the elimination of four army divisions and thereby the cut in the military budget by 100 million yen, the House of Peers reform involving the reduction of the count, viscount and baron members, among titled members, to 150, the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union based on the so-called Shidehara diplomacy by Kijuro SHIDEHARA, the enactment of the Universal Manhood Suffrage Law.

• その上で、甲申政変における清軍の市民への乱暴狼藉を暗に挙げ、このままでは西洋人は清・朝鮮両国と日本を同一視してしまうだろう、間接的ではあるが外交に支障が少なからず出ている事は「我日本国の一大不幸」であると危惧する。
• Implying the rampageous behavior to citizens by the Chinese Amy at the Gapsin Coup, he says that the Westerners might see Japan as the same type of country as China and Korea, which might indirectly become an obstacle in foreign diplomacy and that will be 'a great misfortune for my Japan.'

• 明治2年（1869年）、モンブランは鹿児島で島津忠義（茂久）に謁見した後、今度は東京において、樺太の領有権問題や宗教問題（浦上四番崩れにより日本が諸外国から抗議されたのを受けたもの）など、新政府の外交に助言をよせた。
• In 1869 Montblanc had an audience with Tadayoshi (a.k.a Mochihisa) SHIMAZU in Kagoshima, moved to Tokyo and advised the new government about diplomatic issues, such as the territorial rights issue of Sakhalin, and religious matters (resulting from the criticism by foreign countries of the four crackdowns on Christians in Nagasaki - 'Urakami Yoban Kuzure' in Japanese).

• エルトゥールル号遭難事件は、オスマン帝国末期の外交政策と海軍の弱体化がもたらした悲劇であったが、この事件で被害者に対して示された日本人の友誼は、その後も長く日土友好関係の起点として両国の関係者に記憶されることになった。
• The distress of the Ertuğrul was a tragedy caused by a foreign policy of the late Ottoman Empire and the weakened Navy; however, Japan's amity to the victims of the disaster has been long remembered by persons concerned in both countries as a starting point of friendly relations between Japan and Turkey.

• 厩戸皇子は当時最大の豪族である蘇我馬子と協調して政治を行ない、隋の進んだ文化をとりいれて天皇の中央集権を強化し、新羅遠征計画を通じて天皇の軍事力を強化し、遣隋使を派遣して外交を推し進めて隋の進んだ文化、制度を輸入した。
• Umayado no Miko administered the state affairs in cooperation with SOGA no Umako, who was the head of the most powerful regional clan in those days, enhanced centralization of the Imperial government by emulating the advanced Chinese model, built up the Imperial military forces through the project for the expedition to Silla, and imported the advanced cultures and systems of the Sui Dynasty by dispatching envoys to establish and maintain diplomatic relations with the Sui Dynasty.

• 瀬戸内航路の確保、大宰府の対外交渉権の接収、摂津国大輪田泊の修築・宋船入港許可などによって日宋貿易を拡大した平清盛は、治承3年（1179年）に太平御覧を購入して書写させ、写本は手元において、摺本を高倉天皇に献上している。
• TAIRA no Kiyomori expanded trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China through securing a route through the Inland Sea, acquiring the right to publicly negotiate with Sung from Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), restoring Owada no tomari (Owada port) in Settsu Province as well as acquiring port entry permission for vessels from Sung at Owada no tomari; in 1179, he purchased Taihei Gyoran and had it copied, dedicating surihon (printed book) to Emperor Takakura with the copied version at hand.

• 先の襲津彦伝承に見たような対朝鮮外交を通して、葛城地方に定住することになった多くの渡来系集団が、葛城氏の配下で鍛冶生産（武器・武具などの金属器）を始めとする様々な手工業に従事し、葛城氏の経済力の強化に貢献したとみられる。
• Through the diplomacy that Sotsuhiko had with Korea as described above, it is likely that number of immigrant groups that have been settled in the Katsuraki region contributed in stregthening Katsuraki clan's economic power by being engaged in handycrafts such as smithery (arms and weapons) under the control of the Katsuraki clan.

• アジア諸国との外交関係樹立のため、日本を訪れたオーストリアのアントン・ペッツ（Anton von Petz）と日本の外務卿澤宣嘉の間で締結され、1872年1月12日（明治4年12月3日 (旧暦)）に批准書の交換が行われた。
• It was concluded by and between Japan's Foreign Minister, Nobuyoshi SAWA, and Austria's Anton von Petz who visited Japan while on a mission to establish diplomatic relations between various districts of Asia and they exchanged instruments of ratification on January 12, 1872.

• 特にペリーの来航について幕府は直に朝廷に奏聞し、以後、幕府は外交問題について朝廷の判断を仰ぐようになったことから朝廷の権威にふたたび日が差すようになり、尊王攘夷思想・討幕運動と相まって王政復古 (日本)の実現へと繋がった。
• In particular, the bakufu reported the arrival of Perry to the Emperor immediately, and thereafter came to seek Imperial Court's decisions concerning diplomatic issues, which revived the Imperial Court's authority and, together with the Sonno Joi (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) and anti-shogunate movements, led to the realization of the restoration of imperial rule.

• 神戸事件（1月11日）や堺事件（2月15日）においては、モンブランは新政府の外交顧問格として、外国事務局判事の五代友厚を支え、パークスやレオン・ロッシュ（フランス公使）との交渉を担うなど、京都において新政府の外交を助けた。
• In the Kobe incident (January 11) and the Sakai incident (February 15), Montblanc, with the rank of diplomacy advisor to the new government, supported Tomoatsu GODAI, an officer of the Department of Foreign Affairs, and also took charge of negotiating with Parks and Léon Roches (the French envoy) and helped the new government in diplomatic matters.

• 対外硬（たいがいこう）とは、国際社会における日本国家の現状を対外的に危機的状況と考え、国際協調を否定して、国家の自主・独立を重んじて軍事力をも視野においた強硬的な外交でのみによってこの危機を打開できるとする思想・主張のこと。
• Taigaiko was the idea or concept that considered the situation of Japan in the international community as the critical externally, and only the forceful diplomacy including the military force which denies the international cooperation, and values national independence can defuse a crisis.

• 1904年2月23日、開戦前に「局外中立宣言」をした大韓帝国における軍事行動を可能にするために日韓議定書を締結し、開戦後8月には第一次日韓協約を締結、大韓帝国の財政、外交に顧問を置き条約締結に日本政府との協議をすることとした。
• On February 23rd, 1904, Japan concluded the Japan-Korean Protocol enabling Japan to take military action in the Korea in spite of the fact that the Korean Empire had announced a 'Declaration of neutrality' prior to the outbreak of the war; This made the way for the conclusion of the Japan-Korea Treaty in August 1904 in which Japan assigned advisers to Korean financial and foreign affairs departments to ensure that they consulted the Japanese government prior to concluding treaties with foreign powers.

• 自営業でなくても、親と同じ職種につくことは人脈や職務上必要とされる知識といった無形の財産をひきつぐ上で有利であるため、政治家、外交官、大学教員、芸能人など、社会的に突出した職業や地位の多くに、事実上の世襲が多くなる傾向がある。
• Even though it is not an independent enterprise, to take the same occupation as the parent is advantageous in terms of the succession of intangible assets such as goodwill, personal networks and the knowledge required in the course of their work; therefore, many of those occupations or positions that are regarded as socially outstanding such as politicians, diplomatic officials, academics, and entertainers tend to be passed on through the generations.

• 一方、新政府側でも19日大久保と寺島宗則が、新政権の諸外国への承認獲得と外交の継続宣言をすべく、アーネスト・サトウ（英国公使館付通訳）やシャルル・ド・モンブラン（フランス貴族）と協議し、新政権から諸外国への通達詔書を作成する。
• The new administration, in the meantime, issued an imperial edict to foreign countries which was written by Okubo and Munenori TERASHIMA upon consultation with Ernest Mason Satow (interpreter of the British legation) and Charles de Montblanc (French nobleman) in order to win recognition for the new administration from foreign countries and to declare the continuation of diplomacy.

• 江戸時代初期からヤン・ヨーステンやウィリアム・アダムスなどの例があり、幕府の外交顧問や技術顧問を務め徳川家康の評価を得て厚遇されたほか、後にはフィリップ・フランツ・フォン・シーボルトなども一時期幕府顧問になったという経緯もある。
• From the early days of the Edo period, there had been foreigners hired for this purpose in Japan, notably Jan JOOSTEN and William ADAMS, both highly esteemed and well treated by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who valued them as advisers to the bakufu on foreign diplomacy or technology; there was also the example of Philipp Franz Balthasar von SIEBOLD, who was employed briefly as an adviser for the bakufu.

• 日本とオスマン帝国の外交当局による国交交渉は何度も行われたのであるが、日本側が欧米列強と同等の待遇の条約を望み、治外法権を認めるよう要求したのに対し、オスマン帝国は不平等条約の拡大を嫌い、両者の交渉が暗礁に乗り上げたためである。
• The reason for this was that negotiations over the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the Ottoman Empire remained deadlocked despite both sides engaging in frequent rounds of negotiations; the Ottoman Empire did not wish to enter into another unequal treaty, but Japan was demanding the same level of treaty as the Ottoman Empire had agreed to with the great powers of Europe and America, insisting on Japan's extraterritorial rights.

• 例えば、『記紀』の記述によると、広開土王碑が伝える朝鮮半島奥深くに侵入しての高句麗との戦闘は一切伝えられていないし、倭の五王の遣使も伝わらない（倭王武の上表文によると5世紀の最も重大な外交問題は対高句麗問題であるにも関わらず）。
• For example, the Kiki does not say anything about the battle against Koguryo in the depths of the Korean Peninsula (mentioned in the Gwanggaeto Stele), or about envoys of the Five Kings of Wa (despite the most important diplomatic issue in the fifth century being a relationship with Koguryo as Waobu's johyobun).

• 最後に、我々は新しい体制に対して、外交使節団、ビジネスマンとジャーナリストによる訪問、商業的な取引のような事において、相互主義の条件に関して日本との関係を調節する準備をしなければならない事を、特に明らかに知らせなければならない。
• Finally, we should inform new regime very clearly that it must be prepared to adjust its relations with Japan on terms of reciprocity, in such mattersas diplomatic missions, visits by businessmen and journalists, commercial trade.

• 石原は「神武会」に政財界や軍部の大物を参加させることで会を発展させようとし、中川のほか菊池武夫陸軍中将・男爵、南郷次郎海軍少将、千坂智次郎海軍中将、田中国重陸軍大将、原道太海軍大佐、外交官の本田熊多郎らにも参加を持ちかけていた。
• ISHIHARA intended to expand the society by incorporating prominent figures in the political and economic circles as well as the military, and besides NAKAGAWA, he also invited the lieutenant general (army) and baron Takeo KIKUCHI, major general (navy) Jiro NANGO, lieutenant general (navy) Tomojiro Chisaka, general (army) Kunishige TANAKA, general (navy) Michita HARA, and the diplomat Kumataro HONDA among others, to participate in the society.

• これらの行動を受けて、日本政府は大韓帝国が外交案件について日本政府と協議のうえ決定・処理しなければならないとしていた同条約を遵守する意志がないと考え、日本が韓国の外交権を完全に掌握できる第二次日韓協約の締結を要求するようになる。
• In response to these actions, the Japanese government decided that the Korean Empire had no intension of abiding by the agreement which ruled that the Korean Empire was to discuss any diplomatic matters with the Japanese government; the Japanese government began asking for the Second Korea-Japan Agreement so that they could totally control the diplomatic rights of Korea.

• 他に70年代から80年代の主な説に、倭国からの単なる使者とした説（請田正幸）、伽耶地方の首長連合による対倭国外交機関とする説（奥田尚）、百済による伽耶地方統治のための機関で倭系百済官人・倭系傭兵がいたとする説（金鉉球）などがある。
• Other major theories in the 1970s and 80s regarded Mimana Nihon-fu as just an envoy from Wakoku (Masayuki UKEDA), or as a diplomatic institution for Wakoku established by the combination of chiefs of Gaya region (Hisashi OKUDA), or as a governing institution for Gaya region set up by Baekje, which employed Japanese officials and troops there (Kim Hyun-koo).

• また、会計官では不換紙幣としての太政官札の企画を推進してきた副知事の由利公正が従来の財政問題を巡る路線対立に加えて、外交問題から太政官札の位置付け変更に踏み込んだ通貨改革の流れに発展してきたことに対する不満から辞意を表明していた。
• Furthermore, Kosei YURI, the vice prefectural governor who promoted the the plan of the Dajokan-satsu as the inconvertible paper currency at the finance office, expressed his will to resign because of his dissatisfaction with the confrontation on the existing financial issues along with his dissatisfaction with the circumstances that the diplomatic issue had grown into a monetary reform which even involved the change of position of Dajokan-satsu.

• このような、久政の弱腰外交に家臣たちの多くが不満をもつようになり、1560年に久政の嫡男・浅井長政が野良田の戦いで六角義賢に大勝し六角氏から独立すると、家臣たちから家督を長政に譲ることを強要され、強制的に隠居させられることとなった。
• Dissatisfied with Hisamasa's weak-kneed diplomacy, many of his vassals forced Hisamasa to retire for transferring his position as head of the family to Nagamasa AZAI, the heir to Hisamasa in 1560, when Nagamasa won a landslide victory over Yoshikata ROKKAKU at the Battle of Norada and became independent from the Rokkaku clan.

• 徳川将軍家を絶対君主制とする、全国の諸大名をはじめ寺社勢力、朝廷そして天皇家までも実質支配下に置き、さらには外交面でも閉鎖的な徹底した中央集権的封建支配体制を築き上げたことは日本の近代化を遅れさせる一因となったという非難の声もある。
• There is the accusation as well that his establishment of a completely centralized feudal control system, in which, with the Tokugawa shogun family placed as the absolute monarch, even the emperor family in addition to the Imperial court as well as daimyo, temples and shrines throughout the nation were placed under its control virtually and closed diplomatic policies were taken, was a factor that delayed modernization of Japan.

• たとえば北京籠城を余儀なくされた外交官は「わたしが中国人だったら、わたしも義和団になっただろう」（オーストリー・ハンガリー帝国人A.E.ロストホーン）とのべているし、R.ハートは義和団の発生を国家的意識が目覚める前触れだといっている。
• For example, the Austro-Hungarian ambassador Arthur von Rosthorn, who had to undergo the siege of Beijing stated, 'if I were Chinese, I would have become a member of Boxers,' and R. Hart stated that the appearance of the Boxers heralded the dawn of nationalism.

• 「機務六条」が定められて以後、天皇は閣僚と直接謁見して政策について下問したりするようになり、また以前は「外国人」に対する恐怖から渋りがちだった外交団との謁見にも応じるなど、天皇自らが立憲君主としての振る舞いを積極的に行うようになった。
• After 'Kimu rokujo' came into practice, the Emperor proactively engaged himself in behaving as a constitutional monarch, for example, he started to meet directly with bureaucrats to ask about policies and also to accept the audiences with diplomatic corps which he would have been reluctant for fear of 'foreigners'.

• 室町幕府3代征夷大将軍足利義満が明との勘合貿易を目論んだ際は、臣下であるとして拒否されたため、准三宮宣下を受けて日本国准后の外交称号で遣明使を派遣、日本国王の封号と朝貢貿易の許しを得て巨万の富を得るなど政治的に利用されるようになった。
• When the third Seii taishogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) tried to do trade with the Ming Dynasty, he was rejected because he was the emperor's vassal; therefore, he was given the title of Jusangu and with the diplomatic title of Japan Jugo, he sent a Japanese envoy to China during the Ming Dynasty; thus, Jugo were politicized for the purpose trading, by receiving the title of Japanese king and approval for tribute trade.

• 協調外交を進める憲政会・立憲民政党内閣、幣原外交に批判的で、1927年（昭和2年）枢密院で台湾銀行救済緊急勅令案を否決させ第1次若槻内閣を総辞職に追い込み、1930年（昭和5年）のロンドン海軍軍縮会議締結時には濱口雄幸内閣を苦しめた。
• Since he was critical of the Cabinet of the Kenseikai and Rikken Minseito, along with minister of foreign affairs Kijuro SHIDEHARA, which took a cooperative diplomatic stance, he rejected an emergency imperial bail-out bill for the Bank of Taiwan and forced the First Wakatsuki Cabinet to resign in 1927; and he acted against the Osachi Hamaguchi Cabinet in the 1930 conclusion of the London Naval Conference.

• 明治政府の外交政策にとって、この是正は重要な課題のひとつとなるが、逆に一部の国粋主義者からは居留地の存在が外国の思想や宗教から日本の伝統・文化を守る防壁になっているという見地からの存続論も登場して複雑な論争を招くことになった（内地雑居）。
• While this change was an important policy issue for the Meiji government, complicated disputes arose among some nationalists as to whether the settlements acted as a bulwark protecting Japanese tradition and culture from foreign ideas and religion.

• 現在では社会経済史的視点からの研究や戦国大名武田氏の権力構造の解明、家臣団の個別研究のほか、財政や治水事業、軍事や外交、交通や都市問題、商職人支配や郷村支配、宗教など各分野における実証的研究や民俗学的アプローチなど研究の地平が広っている。
• At present, empirical as well as ethnological studies are being conducted on various themes, including socio-economic history, power structure of the Sengoku daimyo Takeda clan, individual study of vassals, finance, flood prevention projects, military and foreign affairs, urban problem, ruling of merchants/craftsmen, ruling of villages and religion etc.

• 明治4年（1871年）11月12日、三条・西郷らに留守内閣（留守政府）をまかせ、特命全権大使岩倉具視、副使木戸孝允・大久保利通・伊藤博文・山口尚芳ら外交使節団が条約改正のために横浜から欧米各国へ出発した（随員中に宮内大丞村田新八もいた）。
• On November 12, 1871, Sanjo and Saigo were entrusted with the duty of Rusu-naikaku (the acting cabinet while the heads of government are away), because a group of ambassadors, namely the ambassador who is the ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary Tomomi IWAKURA, vice ambassadors Takayoshi KIDO, Toshimichi OKUBO, Hirobumi ITO and Naoyoshi YAMAGUCHI went to Europe and the North America for revision of a treaty (Kunai-taijo (a post in the Imperial Household Ministry), and Shinpachi MURATA was one of the attendant).

• ところが、台湾出兵の発生と大院君の失脚によって征韓を視野に入れた朝鮮遣使論は下火となり、代わりに純粋な外交による国交回復のための特使として外務省の担当官であった森山茂（後に外務少丞）が倭館に派遣され、朝鮮政府代表との交渉が行われることとなった。
• However, the debate to dispatch an envoy to Korea with a view of subjugation of the Korea died down due to the occurrence of the Taiwan expedition and the downfall of Daewongun, instead, an official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Shigeru MORIYAMA (Later became Gaimu shojo who's post at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) was dispatched to Wakan (consular office) as a special envoy for restoring relations by pure diplomacy, and started to negotiate with the representatives of Korean government.

• 江戸時代末期・明治時代の開国による外交関係の樹立から大陸情勢への関係が不回避となると、当時の武将達が三韓征伐を想起したように、秀吉の朝鮮出兵もクローズ・アップされるようになり、大陸への進出は豊臣秀吉公の遺志を継ぐ行いだと考えるものも多くなった。
• When involvement in situations in the continent became inevitable as a result of the establishment of diplomatic relationships by opening Japan in the last days of the Edo and the Meiji periods, same as commanders at the time of war were reminded of sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), dispatch of troops by Hideyoshi came to be closed up and many came to consider advancing into the continent was conduct following Hideyoshi's wishes.

• いっぽう、13日に大阪城に戻っていた慶喜は、16日にはイギリス・フランス第二帝政・オランダ王国・アメリカ合衆国・イタリア王国・プロイセン王国6国の公使を引見し、王政復古後も外交権が自らにあることをアピールするなど、強気の姿勢を崩していなかった。
• Meanwhile, after returning to Osaka Castle on 13, Yoshinobu had audiences with ministers of six countries; Britain, Second French Empire, the Netherlands, the United States of America, Italy, and Prussia to appeal that he still held the diplomatic right even after the Restoration of Imperial Rule, showing no sign of softening his stance.

• 日本国政府が所有し、且つ、外交目的又は領事目的に使用されたすべての不動産、家具及び備品並びに日本国の外交職員又は領事職員が所有したすべての個人の家具及び用具類その他の投資的性質をもたない私有財産で外交機能又は領事機能の遂行に通常必要であつたもの
• all real property, furniture and fixtures owned by the Government of Japan and used for diplomatic or consular purposes, and all personal furniture and furnishings and other private property not of an investment nature which was normally necessary for the carrying out of diplomatic and consular functions, owned by Japanese diplomatic and consular personnel;

• 結局、2月2日 (旧暦)（2月24日）、備前藩は諸外国側の要求を受け入れ、2月9日 (旧暦)（3月2日）、永福寺において列強外交官列席のもとで滝を切腹させるのと同時に備前藩部隊を率いた日置について謹慎を課すということで、一応の決着を見たのである。
• At last on February 24, the domain of Bizen accepted the demand of the foreign countries, and on March 2 it made TAKI commit suicide by disembowelment in the presence of the diplomats of the powerful countries at Eifukuji Temple and at the same tiime put HEKI, who was a chief of the troops of the domain of Bizen, under house arrest, which tentatively settled the Incident.

• 合意は、アメリカ外交史家だったタイラー・デネットがセオドア・ルーズベルト文書を渉猟する中でこれを発見して、雑誌『Current History』にタフトが時の国務長官エリフ・ルートに宛てて送った合意の電文を掲載した1924年まで公表されなかった。
• This agreement was not made public until Tyler DENNETT, a historian of American diplomacy, discovered it when searching the papers of Theodore Roosevelt and published the contents of the telegram about this agreement sent to Elihu ROOT, the Secretary of States at the time, by Taft in a magazine 'Current History' in 1924.

• 陸奥は政権参画を目指して現実的な政策転換を進める彼らと連携することによって、三国干渉に屈して関税自主権を回復できなかった陸奥外交を「軟弱」と糾弾する硬六派の圧力を斥けて、パワー・ポリティックスに基づいた冷静な分析に基づいた外交政策を追及・推進した。
• By collaborating with them who were pushing for realistic changes in government policy, aiming at participation in the administration, Mutsu dismissed the pressure by the hard-line six parties who condemned Mutsu diplomacy 'weak-kneed' because he yielded to the Triple Intervention and couldn't recover the tariff autonomy, then pursued and promoted the foreign policy with level-headed analysis based on the power politics.

• そもそも「国王」称号や「干支」の使用は中華秩序における冊封体制の残滓であり、中華帝国を頂点として周辺諸国を従属国視する、伝統的東アジア外交秩序そのものであり、いまこそ、その体制から離脱を図り、かつ朝鮮側にもそれを認知させようとしたのだ、という論である。
• One opinion is as follows: Use of the title of 'King' and the 'Oriental zodiac' was a residue of the China-centered sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system, indicating the traditional eastern Asian diplomatic order with China placed at the top and nations around it considered dependent on China, and it was time to try separating from such a system and to make such a situation acknowledged by the Korean side as well.

• こうした形態は結城氏や佐竹氏、宇都宮氏、小田氏などに見られ、これらの大名間の外交交渉の文書・書簡を見ても「当洞」・「○○洞中」などの表現が見られる（なお、西国でも似たような構造を有した毛利氏の文書中にも「洞」の語が登場するが、特異な例と考えられている）。
• This sort of organization was established by such clans as the Satake clan, Utsunomiya clan and Oda clan, and the words '当洞' (todo) or 'OO 洞中' (OO dochu) were used in the documents and letters of diplomatic negotiations exchanged between daimyo (Although the daimyo of the Mori clan, who was the daimyo of the western region of Japan, had a similar organization and also used the character '洞' in their documents, it is considered to be an exceptional case).

• 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
• Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.

• 政府は当初、伝統宗教の権威と地盤を以ってキリスト教防御と維新後の新体制を国民に教導する考えであったが、近代国家の樹立の為には政教分離と信教の自由を国家の基本方針として盛り込むことは避けられず、また西洋諸国との外交関係に於いてキリスト教の禁制解除は不可欠となった。
• At first, the Meiji government intended to keep citizens away from the influence of Christianity and to educate them on the new systems made by the new government renewed after the Meiji Restoration with authority and foundations of the Japanese traditional religion; however, the separation of religion and politics and the freedom of religion were essential policies in order to establish a modernized nation, and the cancellation of a ban on Christianity was indispensable to maintain the diplomatic relationships with Western countries.

• 壬午事変（じんごじへん）とは、1882年7月23日に、大院君らの煽動を受けて、李氏朝鮮のソウル特別市（後のソウル特別市）で大規模な兵士の反乱が起こり、政権を担当していた閔妃の政府高官や、日本人軍事顧問、日本外交官らが殺害され、日本公使館が襲撃を受けた事件である。
• The Imo incident, (also known as the Jingo incident) was a massive soldiers' revolt that occurred under the incitement of Daewongun on July 23, 1882, in Seoul special city during the Joseon Dynasty (same as the later Seoul Special City), during which many people such as high-ranking government officials of Queen Min's, a Japanese military advisor, and Japanese diplomat were killed, and the Japanese legation was attacked.

• 外交と防衛を主任務とすると共に、西海道9国（筑前国、筑後国、豊前国、豊後国、肥前国、肥後国、日向国、薩摩国、大隅国）と三島（壱岐国、対馬国、多禰国（現在の大隅諸島。824年に大隅に編入））については、掾（じょう）以下の人事や四度使の監査などの行政・司法を所管した。
• Its major roles were foreign diplomacy and defense, and for the nine provinces in Saikaido (Chikuzen, Chikugo, Buzen, Bungo, Hizen, Higo, Hyuga, Satsuma, and Osumi Provinces) and three islands (Iki, Tsushima, and Tane (present Osumi Islands, absorbed into Osumi in 824) Provinces), it held jurisdiction over an administrative branch and a judiciary branch including personnel affairs of jo (secretary of provincial offices) and lower ranks as well as auditing shidoshi (envoys who bring four major official documents sent by kokushi (provincial governors)).

• このような中で片岡健吉を代表とする高知県の民権派が、今回の混乱は国辱的な欧化政策と言論弾圧による世論の抑圧にあると唱えて、①言論の自由の確立②地租軽減による民心の安定③外交の回復（対等な立場による条約改正実現）を柱とした「三大事件建白」と呼ばれる建白書を提出した。
• Amidst these situations, the Civil-Right group in Kochi Prefecture submitted a petition called 'the three biggest petitions' focusing on 1) establishment of free speech, 2) restoring mental balance of civilians by reducing a land tax, and 3) recovery of diplomacy (realization of revision of a treaty on an equal footing), saying these unrests were because of a policy of Europeanization as national disgrace and oppression of public opinions.

• 田中総理大臣及び大平外務大臣と周恩来総理及び姫鵬飛外交部長は、日中両国間の国交正常化問題をはじめとする両国間の諸問題及び双方が関心を有するその他の諸問題について、終始、友好的な雰囲気のなかで真剣かつ率直に意見を交換し、次の両政府の共同声明を発出することに合意した。
• Prime Minister Tanaka and Minister for Foreign Affairs Ohira had an earnest and frank exchange of views with Premier Chou En-lai and Minister for Foreign Affairs Chi Peng-fei in a friendly atmosphere throughout on the question of the normalization of relations between Japan and China and other problems between the two countries as well as on other matters of interest to both sides, and agreed to issue the following Joint Communique of the two Governments:

• 法務大臣は、外国から外交機関を経由して、当該外国の官憲が、当該外国又は他の外国において外国刑の確定裁判を受けた者を、その執行の共助のために、日本国内を通過して護送することの承認の要請があったときは、次の各号のいずれかに該当する場合を除き、これを承認することができる。
• The Minister of Justice, upon a request made by a foreign state through diplomatic channels, may give approval for transit through the territory of Japan, of a person to whom a final and binding decision of foreign punishment has been rendered in the foreign state or another foreign state, for assistance in its enforcement except in either of the following circumstances:

• 検断とは、統治すること・裁判することを意味する用語であり、中世日本では治安行政と刑事司法、さらに軍事までもが未分化だったため、領地・村落内の内政、外交を行い、統治することが裁判を行うことと密接につながっていた（日葡辞書によると、検断は統治・裁判を行う役職、とある）。
• The kendan is the term to mean to rule and to hold a trial, and addressing domestic policies, diplomacies, and governing territories and rural communities were closely connected to holding a trial because security, government, and criminal justice, even the military, were not separated in medieval Japan (according to 'Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam:' Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, published 1603 - 1604), kendan was described as a post to rule and hold a trial).

• 内容は大きく分けて、天部、歳時部、地部、神祇部、帝王部、官位部、封禄部、政治部、法律部、泉貨部、称量部、外交部、兵事部、武技部、方技部、宗教部、文学部、礼式部、楽舞部、人部、姓名部、産業部、服飾部、飲食部、居処部、器用部、遊戯部、動物部、植物部、金石部の30部門からなる。
• The contents are classified into 30 sections, including sections of Ten (gods of the heavens), Saiji (events throughout the year), Chi (earthy section), Jingi (gods of heaven and earth), Teio (emperors), Kani (official ranks), Horoku (stipend), Seiji (politics), Horitsu (law), Senka (currency), Syoryo (measurement), Gaiko (diplomacy), Heiji (military), Bugi (martial arts), Hougi (technology), Shukyo (religion), Bungaku (literary), Reishiki (code of etiquette), Gaku (dance and music), Jin (personnel), Seimei (surname), Sangyo (industry), Fukushoku (garment), Inshoku (eat and drink), Kyosho (living home), Kiyo (art), Yugi (amusement), Dobutsu (animal), Shokubutsu (plant), and Kanaishi (metal).

• 「そもそも西洋諸国に行わるる国会の起源またはその沿革を尋ぬるに、政府と人民相対し、人民の知力ようやく増進して君上の圧制を厭い、またこれに抵抗すべき実力を生じ、いやしくも政府をして民心を得さる限りは内治外交ともに意のごとくならざるより、やむを得ずして次第次第に政権を分与したる.
• In western countries, people confronted their government, and were enlightened, and rebelled against oppression, and built up arms, and a government which loses public favor could not control domestic and diplomatic affairs, and was gradually compelled to distribute ruling powers, and finally a national diet was established.

• また、倭は長い交流を通じて中国の社会制度・文化や外交儀礼に詳しいはずなのに、初期の遣隋使派遣では、ヤマト王権は外交儀礼に疎く、国書も持たず遣使したとされる（第1回遣隋使派遣は『日本書紀』に記載がなく『隋書』にあるのみ、また『日本書紀』では遣隋使のことが「遣唐使」となっている）。
• Furthermore, it is said that the ken-suishi in the early period were not familiar with diplomatic courtesy and they visited China without the sovereign's message, which is questionable because Wa should have been very familiar with the social system, culture, or diplomatic courtesies in China from the longtime cultural exchange (the first ken-suishi was not described in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), was described only in Suishu (the Book of the Sui Dynasty), while ken-suishi was described as `kento-shi' (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).

• それ自身の利益において、新しい体制は通常の国際行為規範に準拠した行いから始めなければならず、最も有効な始動は、 (日本や他の自由主義の世界世論に照らし) 韓国大使館がここ(日本)で運営するのと同じ条件で、日本外交使節団を受け入れ韓国で機能することを承諾させる事から始める事である。
• In its own interests, new regime should start with conformity with normal international standards of conduct, and could most usefully begin (in terms of Japanese and other free world opinion) by permitting Japanese diplomatic mission to enter and function in ROK on same terms ROK Embassy operates here.

• 元来、外国官（後の外務省）にいた肥前藩出身の大隈が財政を扱うようになったのは、江戸幕府及び明治政府及び諸藩による大量の悪金（贋金）発行の事実が発覚し、諸外国より抗議が殺到したことにより、明治政府の貨幣改革に一転して外交交渉が付随することになった特殊事情によるものである（高輪談判）。
• Okuma, who was from Hizen Province and used to work for Office of Foreign Affairs (later Ministry of Foreign Affairs), started to handle financial matters, as a revelation of a mass issuance of bad money (false currency) by the Edo Shogunate, the Meiji government and various domains triggered a flood of protests from foreign countries, and thus diplomatic negotiation suddenly became necessary for the currency reform of the Meiji government (Takanawa negotiation).

• これによって辞官納地も有名無実化される寸前になり、16日には慶喜がアメリカ合衆国・イギリス・フランス・オランダ・イタリア・プロシアの6ヶ国公使と大坂城で会談を行ない、内政不干渉と外交権の幕府の保持を承認させ、更に19日には朝廷に対して王政復古の大号令の撤回を公然と要求するまでになった。
• Through this Jikan-nochi became merely nominal, and Yoshimune met minister-counselors of six countries - USA, UK, France, the Netherlands, Italy and Prussia - at the Osaka Castle on the 16th and talked them into admitting noninterference in internal affairs and approving the Shogunate's rights to diplomacy, going so far as to publicly request the Imperial Court to withdraw the Decree of the Restoration of Imperial Rule on the 19th.

• ただ「宗主国」と「藩属国」との関係は、近代における「宗主国」と「属国」(Subject State) のような関係とは大きく異なり、内政外交全般に中国の支配が及んでいたわけではなく、たとえば中国は、「藩属国」どうし、あるいは「藩属国」と中国王朝に臣従しない諸国との関係について特に関知しない。
• However, relation between 'soshukoku' and 'hanzokukoku' was considerably different from that between 'soshukoku' and 'zokkoku (subject state)' in modern era and control by China did not influence domestic politics and diplomatic affairs in general, and China was not involved in relation between 'hanzokukoku' and other countries that did not serve Chinese dynasty.

• 蝦夷島政府樹立の際には、国際法の知識を駆使して自分たちのことを「事実上の政権」であるという覚書を現地にいた列強の関係者から入手する（交戦団体という認定は受けていない。また、この覚書は本国や大使の了解なく作られたものである）という、当時の日本としては画期的な手法を採るなど、外交知識と手腕を発揮した。
• In the establishment of the Ezo government, ENOMOTO gave a full display of his diplomatic knowledge and capacity to obtain oboegaki (informal diplomatic documents) from the persons concerned of powerful countries, which was an epoch-making technique for the Japan of that time (they were not recognized as a belligerent group [their right of belligerency] and this oboegaki was obtained without the recognition of the parent state or the ambassador).

• 貴族や官人の官職及び官位を改廃する権限、令外官（りょうげのかん）の設置権、官人の叙位および任用権限、五衛府（ごえふ）や軍団兵士に対するすべての指揮命令権、罪刑法定主義を原則とする律の刑罰に対して勅断権と大赦権、外国の使者や外国へ派遣する使者に対する詔勅の使用などの外交権、皇位継承の決定権などである。
• The authority to establish and abolish government posts and official court ranks for nobles and officials, the right to appoint Ryoge no kan (a new governmental post), the authority to bestow court rank and to appoint officials, all rights of leadership and command towards army corps, soldiers and goefu (Palace guards), the right to make imperial judgment and right to grant general amnesty with respect to punishments under ritsu codes - these were based on the principle of legality, diplomatic rights such as right to use shochoku (the Imperial edict) on envoys to and from foreign countries and right to decide on succession to the Imperial Throne.

• やがて、1924年に成立した清浦内閣は研究会を中心とした総理大臣（前枢密院議長）と外務大臣（外交官）・陸海軍大臣（共に現役武官）以外を全て貴族院議員が占めるという文字通りの超然内閣を樹立させた（ただし、この内閣が間近に控えた総選挙の実施のための選挙管理内閣としての側面があった事に留意する必要がある）。
• Then, the Kiyoura administration established in 1924, formed a transcendentalist administration in which the Kizokuin members occupied the government except for the Prime Minister (former chairman of the Privy Council), the Minister of Foreign Affairs (diplomat), the Minister of the Army, and the Minister of the Navy (military officers at that time) (It should be noted that the lower-house general election was close and the government was therefore also acting as an election administrator).

• 『万国公法』で扱われる内容は、国際法の主体及び客体、法の淵源、国際法と各国内の法との関係、条約・外交と領事の関係、主権の及ぶ範囲としての領土や領海の説明、国際紛争が発生した際のルール及び和平交渉のルール、戦時における第三国の中立のあり方など多岐にわたり、国際法をまさに体系的に解説したものといって良い。
• Items treated in 'Bankoku Koho' covers a wide range of subjects such as subjects and objects of international law, source of law, relation between international law and domestic law, relation between treaties, diplomacy and consular, explanation of territory and waters as a scope to which sovereignty of a nation covers, rules for treating international conflict and rules for peace talk, and neutrality of third party countries during war and, therefore, it can be called a book of systematic commentaries for international law.

• 第一項の外国人が在留することのできる期間（以下「在留期間」という。）は、各在留資格について、法務省令で定める。この場合において、外交、公用及び永住者の在留資格以外の在留資格に伴う在留期間は、三年（特定活動（別表第一の五の表の下欄ニに係るものを除く。）の在留資格にあつては、五年）を超えることができない。
• The period during which a foreign national may reside as set forth in paragraph (1) (hereinafter referred to as "period of stay") shall be determined for each status of residence by Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice; and when the status of residence is one other than that of diplomat, official or permanent resident, the period of stay shall not exceed 3 years (5 years in the case of the status of residence of "Designated Activities" (except for those activities related to d. in the right-hand column of (5) of Appended Table I)).

• ここでの「悪友」とは、福澤諭吉らの「平等」や「義」や「独立心」を重んずる思想と違って、福澤らから見れば、閨閥、門閥政治、小中華思想（日本蔑視思想）などの旧弊に固執し血なまぐさい権力闘争を繰り返し、事大主義で外交において信義がなく、外交方針がころころ変わる清国や李氏朝鮮という認識で用いられた言葉である。
• Unlike the thought which put a high value on 'Equality,' 'Righteousness' and 'Independence' by Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others, 'Bad friends' in the 'Datsu-A Ron' was the word used meaning the Qing and Joseon Dynasty Korea where, adhering to their old customs of Keibatsu (network by blood connection), lineage government and petit Sinocentrism (idea of disrespect for Japan), bloody strifes over authority were repeated, being Sadaejuui (Loving and admiring the great and powerful) and faithless in diplomacy and diplomatic policies changed so often.

• だが、その一方で西南戦争以後民権派に反政府運動・民党の主導権を握られてきた国粋主義者を中心とした外交問題を軸とした政界再編構想の一環とも言え、本来親政府の吏党である筈の国民協会から普通選挙を掲げる急進民権派である東洋自由党までを巻き込んで、ゆくゆくは国粋主義を軸とした統一政党化も視野に入れた動きでもあった。
• Meanwhile, however, the movement was also, in a sense, part of the plan to create a national political realignment focusing on foreign affairs among nationalists in particular, who allowed popular rights groups to take the initiative in the anti-government movement Minto (political parties including the Liberal Party and the Progressive Party) since the Seinan War (a local war by Satsuma ex-samurai against the Meiji government); In other words, it also represented a political trend to unify all political parties with nationalism at the core in the future by involving the parties from the Kokumin Kyokai, a Rito which was fundamentally a pro-government political party, to the Toyo Jiyuto, a radical popular rights party which advocated universal suffrage.

• これらの外国語学校は外交・貿易・布教など海外活動実務者の養成機関として位置づけられ、旧制高等学校 - 帝国大学進学者にとって必須の教養であった英語・フランス語・ドイツ語のみならず、中国語・ロシア語・スペイン語・ポルトガル語・マレー語・印度諸言語など、よりマイナーな語学の教育を重視していたという点に特徴がある。
• Those schools of foreign languages were positioned as institutes for training of people who would conduct some activities in foreign countries such as diplomatic activities, trading or missionary work, and what characterized those schools was that they emphasized education of minor languages such as Chinese, Russian, Spanish, Portuguese, Malay and Indian languages other than English, French, and German, the essential academic subjects for those who intend to enter Imperial universities from senior high schools (old education system).

• 当初は巨済島または鬱陵島の割譲を要求していたが、軍艦4隻と寺内正毅大隊長が率いる兵1500人が到着する6日前に、既に清国が反乱を鎮圧し、主導権を握っていたことと、アメリカ合衆国が軍艦を派遣し威圧をかけてきた事から交渉担当の花房義質李氏朝鮮公使は方針を変更させ、馬建忠（在朝清軍の隊長李鴻章の外交秘書）の仲介を経て上記の内容に落ち着いた。
• At first, Japan was demanding the cession of Geoje Island or Utsuryo Island, however, six days before the arrival of four warships and 1,500 soldiers led by Daitaicho (Battalion Chief) Masatake TERAUCHI, Qing had already subdued the rebellion and taken the initiative, and the United States of America had dispatched warships to put pressure on Japan, both of which led Yoshimoto HANABUSA, the Japanese Minister to Yi Dynasty Korea who was in charge of the negotiation, to change the original demands to the ones stipulated in the treaty, mediated by Jianzhong MA (a diplomatic secretary to Hung Chang LI, the captain of the army of Qing).

• 金融商品取引業者等は、勧誘員、販売員、外交員その他いかなる名称を有する者であるかを問わず、その役員又は使用人のうち、その金融商品取引業者等のために次に掲げる行為を行う者（以下「外務員」という。）の氏名、生年月日その他内閣府令で定める事項につき、内閣府令で定める場所に備える外務員登録原簿（以下「登録原簿」という。）に登録を受けなければならない。
• A Financial Instruments Business Operator, etc. shall have persons who conduct the following acts on his/her behalf among his/her Officers and employees (hereinafter referred to as a 'Sales Representative') registered in the Registry of Sales Representatives to be equipped in a place specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance (hereinafter referred to as the 'Registry'), with their names, birth dates, and other matters specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance, irrespective of their titles such as solicitor, sales person, agent or others:

• 江戸幕府が王政復古 (日本)により倒れると、薩摩藩・長州藩を中心に成立した明治政府は幕府から外交権を引き継いだが、戊辰戦争の終結によって明治政府が日本の正統な政府であることが諸外国に認められると、1869年2月4日（明治元年12月23日_(旧暦)）に明治政府は江戸幕府が勅許を得ずに締結した条約には問題がある点を指摘し、将来的な条約改正の必要性を通知した。
• When the Edo bakufu was overthrown in the Restoration of Imperial Rule (Japan), the Meiji government, mainly established by the domains of Satsuma and Choshu, took over the control over the diplomacy from the bakufu, and when the Meiji government was accepted by foreign countries as a legitimate government of Japan after the end of the Boshin War, it announced on February 4, 1869 that the it was necessary to revise the treaties in the future, pointing out that treaties concluded by the Edo bakufu without the admission of the Emperor had some problems.

• 政治面においては選挙や言論・集会・結社の自由に関しての運動、外交面においては生活に困窮した国民への負担が大きい海外派兵の停止を求めた運動、社会面においては男女平等、部落差別解放運動、団結権、ストライキ権などの獲得運動、文化面においては自由教育の獲得、大学の自治権獲得運動、美術団体の文部省支配からの独立など、様々な方面から様々な自主的集団による運動が展開された。
• There was a wide range of movements organized by a variety of groups organized voluntarily in various areas of society, such as political movements calling for elections and for freedom of speech, assembly and association, the drive in the area of foreign policy opposing dispatch of troops to other countries that imposed a huge burden on citizens in poverty, movement in society demanding gender equality, liberation and non-discrimination of 'buraku' people, and winning rights of association and labor strikes, and in the cultural sphere movements calling for free education, self-autonomy of universities and independence of art associations from the rule of the Ministry of Education.

• 吉田孝によると、「任那」とは、高句麗・新羅に対抗するために百済・倭国と結んだ任那加羅（金官加羅）を盟主とする小国連合であり、いわゆる地名である伽耶地域とは必ずしも一致しない政治上の概念であり、任那が倭国の軍事力を勢力拡大に利用するために倭国に設置させた軍事を主とする外交機関を後世「任那日本府」と呼んだと主張し、百済に割譲した四県は倭人が移住した地域であったという。
• Takashi YOSHIDA claims that 'Mimana' was a combination of small countries led by Mimana Gaya (Geumgwan Gaya) which cooperated with Baekje and Wa to counter Goguryeo and Silla, and thus a political concept which does not necessarily corresponds to Gaya region, and Mimana, trying to use Wakoku's military power to expand its territory, led Wakoku into establishing a diplomatic institution mainly in charge of military affairs, which was later called 'Mimana Nihon-fu'; the four prefectures of Mimana that Wakoku ceded to Baekje were the area where Wajin had immigrated.

• そのように明治政府の朝鮮政府に対する内政改革の要望にもとづいた外交施策がされていた中、福澤諭吉らもそれに反対するようなことはなかったが、その2年後、以下記述するような朝鮮政府の内政改革派（開化派）に対する弾圧を見て、福澤諭吉らは「猶予ある可らず」とか「正に西洋人が之に接するの風に從て處分す可きのみ。」とか「謝絶」というそれまでの姿勢とは全く逆の結論に至ることになる。
• While diplomatic measures were conducted based upon the request of the domestic administration reform toward the Korean government by the Meiji government, Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others were not against it but two years after that, after watching suppression of the pro-domestic administration reform group (Progressive group 'the Kaehwadang') by the Korean government as below, they reached a totally opposite conclusion to their former attitude saying 'we do not have the luxury of time to wait,' 'Simply adapting the ways of the Westerners is sufficient' and 'the refusal.'

• また、川路聖謨、江川英龍などの幕府要人、渡辺崋山、桂川甫周などの蘭学者、箕作省吾などの地理学者、司馬江漢、谷文晁ら画家、砲術家　高島秋帆、海外渡航者の大黒屋光太夫、足立左内、潁川君平、中山作三郎ら和蘭通詞、オランダ商館長（カピタン）のスチュルレ（Johan Willem de Sturler）など、当時の政治、文化、外交の中枢にある人々と広く交流を持って洋学界にも大きく寄与した。
• He also greatly contributed to the development of western studies by his wide-ranging exchanges with the central people of that time in politics, culture, diplomacy such as Toshiakira KAWAJI and Hidetatsu EGAWA (key Edo shogunate figures), Kazan WATANABE and Hoshu KATSURAGAWA (Dutch scholars), Shogo MITSUKURI (geographer), Kokan SHIBA and Buncho TANI (painters), Shuhan TAKASHIMA (ballistic specialist), Kodayu DAIKOKUYA (returnee from Russia), Sanai ADACHI, Kunpei EGAWA, Sakusaburo NAKAYAMA (Japanese-Dutch translator), Johan Willem de Sturler (curator of Dutch trading house).

• つまり、門閥、閨閥政治や中華思想また小中華思想など民族（人種）差別、日本蔑視思想で、「平等」の精神に真っ向から反する思想、親子（姑、嫁）が血みどろの権力闘争を繰り広げ、そのために事大主義に走り独立心がなく外交の一貫性がないこと、と福澤諭吉らから見れば、そう見える朝鮮王朝政府に対し、「天は人の上に人をつくらず...」（『学問のすゝめ』)とする思想を重んじる立場から「脱亜論」に至ったのだ、という解釈がある。
• For Fukuzawa, the government of the Korean Dynasties appeared to be totally against 'Equality' by discrimination by putting too much value on lineage and Keibatsu blood connection, Sinocentrism or petit Sinocentrism and disrespect for Japan as well as families repeating bloody strife over authority, no intention to be independent with their Sadaejuui policy and no consistency in their diplomacy; these things led him to write 'Datsu-A Ron' with his standpoint of 'ten wa hito no ue ni hito o tsukurazu...' (The heavens do not create Man above his station...) ('Gakumon no Susume' [An Encouragement of Learning]).

• シャルル・フェルディナン・カミーユ・ヒスラン・デカントン・ド・モンブラン、モンブラン伯爵にして、インゲルムンステル男爵（Count Charles Ferdinand Camille Ghislain Descantons de Montblanc, Baron dIngelmunster、1833年5月11日 - 1894年1月22日）は、フランス/ベルギーの貴族、実業家、外交官、日本のお雇い外国人。
• Count Charles Ferdinand Camille Ghislain Descantons de Montblanc (May 11, 1833 - January 22, 1894), the Baron of Ingelmunster, was a French/Belgium peer, businessman, diplomat and oyatoi gaikokujin (a foreign advisor with specialized knowledge hired by the Japanese government at the end of the Edo period to the Meiji era to assist in the modernization of Japan).

• 大統領は、連邦議会に対し、随時連邦の状況に関する情報を提供し、また自ら必要かつ適切と考える施策について議会に審議を勧告する。大統領は、非常の場合には、両議院又はその一院を招集することができる。また閉会の時期に関して両議院の間に意見の一致を欠く場合には、自ら適当と考える時期まで休会させることができる。大統領は、大使その他の外交使節を接受する。大統領は、法律が忠実に施行されるよう配慮し、また合衆国のすべての公務員を任命する。
• He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information on the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.

• 第三條 日本國政府ハ其代表者トシテ韓國皇帝陛下ノ闕下ニ一名ノ韓国統監府(レヂデントゼネラル)ヲ置ク統監ハ專ラ外交ニ關スル事項ヲ管理スル爲京城ニ駐在シ親シク韓國皇帝陛下ニ内謁スルノ權利ヲ有ス日本國政府ハ又韓國ノ各開港場及其他日本國政府ノ必要ト認ムル地ニ理事官(レヂデント)ヲ置クノ權利ヲ有ス理事官ハ統監ノ指揮ノ下ニ從來在韓國日本領事ニ屬シタル一切ノ職權ヲ執行シ並ニ本協約ノ條款ヲ完全ニ實行スル爲必要トスヘキ一切ノ事務ヲ掌理スヘシ
• ARTICLE III. The government of Japan shall be represented at the Court of His Majesty the Emperor of Corea by a Resident General, who shall reside at Seoul, primarily for the purpose of taking charge of and directing matters relating to diplomatic affairs; He shall have the right of private and personal audience of His Majesty the Emperor of Corea; The Japanese Government shall also have the right to station Residents at the several open ports and such other places in Corea as they may deem necessary; Such Residents shall, under the direction of the Resident General, exercise the powers and functions hitherto appertaining to Japanese Consuls in Corea and shall perform such duties as may be necessary in order to carry into full effect the provisions of this Agreement.

• 日本は日露戦争中である1904年の第一次日韓協約締結により韓国の財政・外交に対し関与する立場となっていたが、日露戦争の講和条約であるポーツマス条約（1905年9月5日）により韓国に対する優越権をロシアから承認され、また高宗 (朝鮮王)が他の国に第一次日韓協約への不満を表す密使を送っていたことが問題となったこともあり、日本からの信頼を無くしていた大韓帝国に対し、より信頼できる行動をとることを求めるため、この協約を結ぶこととなった。
• Although Japan was in the position to take part in Korean finance and diplomacy due to the conclusion of the First Japan-Korea Treaty in 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War, she decided to conclude this treaty in order to required the Korean Empire, who had lost trust from Japan, to take more reliable actions, because Japan had been approved of the priority rights over Korea by Russia due to the Treaty of Portsmouth (September 5, 1905), the peace treaty of the Russo-Japanese War, and also because it became a problem that Gao Zong (King of Korea) had sent a secret agent to other countries to show his discontent with the First Japan-Korea Treaty.

• 「我朝之覚」とは神功皇后の三韓征伐の際の三韓服従の誓約あるいは天平勝宝2年（752年）に孝謙天皇が新羅の使者に伝えた新羅国王の入朝命令と考えられ、この例に倣って高麗（李氏朝鮮）国王は諸大名と同じように朝廷（秀吉）への出仕義務があると考えて、直後に李氏朝鮮に対してその旨の使者を送っている清水紘一「博多基地化構想をめぐって －天正禁教令との関連を中心として－」（藤野保先生還暦記念会編『近世日本の政治と外交』（1993年、雄山閣） ISBN 9784639011954）。
• An ancient example of Imperial Court' is regarded as either the pledge of obligation by three Korean countries at the conquest by Jinguu Empress or the order which Koken Emperor told an emissary of Silla that the King should come to see him in 752; Hideyoshi thought Korean King should serve Japanese Emperor and sent an emissary to Joseon Dynasty to tell this idea (Kouichi SHIMIZU ' About the idea to build a base at Hakata - relate to the forbiddance of Christianity - (Tamotsu Fujino Sexagenarian Memorial Association 'Governance and foreign diplomacy of modern Japan' 1993, Yuhikaku Press, ISBN 9784639011954).

• 大統領は、上院の助言と同意を得て、条約を締結する権限を有する。ただし、この場合には、上院の出席議員の3分の2の賛同が必要である。また大統領は、大使、その他の外交使節及び領事、最高裁判所判事、並びに本憲法にその任命に関する特別の規定がなく、また法律によって設置される他のすべての合衆国公務員を指名し、上院の助言と同意を得て、これを任命する。ただし、連邦議会は、その適当と認める下級公務員の任命権を、法律によって、大統領のみに、司法裁判所に、又は各省の長官に与えることができる。
• He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

• 法別表第一の二の表の教育の項の下欄に掲げる活動|一　申請人が各種学校若しくは設備及び編制に関してこれに準ずる教育機関において教育をする活動に従事する場合又はこれら以外の教育機関において教員以外の職について教育をする活動に従事する場合は、次のいずれにも該当していること。ただし、申請人が各種学校又は設備及び編制に関してこれに準ずる教育機関であって、法別表第一の一の表の外交若しくは公用の在留資格又は四の表の家族滞在の在留資格をもって在留する子女に対して、初等教育又は中等教育を外国語により施すことを目的として設立された教育機関において教育をする活動に従事する場合は、イに該当すること。
• Instructor|(i) In cases where the applicant is to engage in instruction at a miscellaneous educational institution (kakushu gakko) or an educational institution equivalent thereto in facilities and curriculum, or in cases where the applicant is to engage in instruction at a school other than these in a capacity other than that of a teacher, the applicant must fulfill all of the following requirements. In cases where the applicant is to engage in instruction at a miscellaneous educational institution or an educational institution equivalent thereto in facilities and curriculum which has been established to provide primary or secondary education in a foreign language to children who attend such schools and who have the status of residence of Diplomat" or "Official" as listed in Appended Table I (1) of the Immigration Control Act or "Dependent" as listed in Appended Table I (4) of the Immigration Control Act

• 大久保は、説得に大院君が耳を貸すとは思えず西郷が朝鮮に行った場合必ず殺される（殺されずとも大院君が使節を拒否した場合は開戦の大義名分になってしまう）、そうなった場合結果的に朝鮮と開戦してしまうのではないかという危機感、当時の日本には朝鮮や清、ひいてはロシアとの関係が険悪になる（その帰結として戦争を遂行する）だけの国力が備わっていないという戦略的判断、外遊組との約束を無視し、危険な外交的博打に手を染めようとしている残留組に対する感情的反発、朝鮮半島問題よりも先に片付けるべき外交案件が存在するという日本の国際的立場（清との琉球帰属問題（台湾出兵参照）、ロシアとの樺太、千島列島の領有権問題、イギリスとの小笠原諸島領有権問題、不平等条約改正）などから猛烈に反対、費用の問題なども絡めて征韓の不利を説き延期を訴えた。
• OKUBO didn't think Daewongun lend an ear to persuasion, and thought SAIGO will be killed (even if he won't be killed, if Daewongun rejected the envoy, it can be a legitimate reason for outbreak of war) inevitably when he went to Korea, and he felt a sense of danger that they will start the war with Korea as a result, and his strategic decision that Japan doesn't have national strength at that time to strain the relationship (as a result, wage a war) with Korea, Qing, and eventually Russia, an emotional backlash to the remaining group that ignored agreement and about to dabble in diplomatic gambling, he strongly opposed because of the presence of a diplomatic matters (Ryukyu attribution issue with Qing [see the Taiwan expedition], territorial right problem on Sakhalin and Kurile Islands with Russia, territorial right problem on Ogasawara Islands [Bonin Islands] with England, revision of the unequal treaty) that must be dealt with before Korean Peninsula problem on Japanese international standing, and he correlated it with expenses etc and appealed postponement by telling disadvantage of subjugation of Korea.