塵: 382 Terms and Phrases

• 塵
• rubbish
• trash
• garbage
• refuse
• defilement
• impurity
• affliction
• object (perceived with the mind or the senses)
• one billionth
• dust
• dirt

• 塵嵐
• dust storm

• 塵輪
• Jinrin (the demon)

• 塵屋
• ragman
• garbage man
• garbage collector

• 塵界
• this drab world

• 春塵
• spring dust
• frost and snow that's blown like dust in the air by the spring wind

• 除塵
• dust removal
• dust supression
• racking

• 塵灰
• dust and ash

• 塵芥
• rubbish
• trash
• garbage
• refuse

• 集塵
• collecting dust
• dust collection

• 塵袋
• garbage bag

• 塵屑
• trash
• garbage
• junk

• 塵紙
• tissue
• toilet paper

• 市塵
• city dust
• city confusion

• 吸塵
• dust vacuuming

• 灰塵
• ashes and dust

• 後塵
• second fiddle
• tracked powder
• second class

• 煙塵
• dust
• smokestack smoke
• battle scene

• 黄塵
• dust (in air)

• 紅塵
• cloud of dust
• mundane world
• Red Dust

• 砂塵
• cloud of sand (dust, etc.)

• 麹塵
• yellow-green tinged with grey
• emperor's informal robes

• 塵入
• trashcan
• rubbish bin
• dustbin

• 塵肺
• pneumoconiosis (lung disease caused by dust inhalation)
• pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

• 宇塵
• Ujin

• 塵岡
• Chirioka

• 余塵
• trailing dust
• aftereffects

• 大塵
• Oochiri

• 塵浜
• Chirihama

• 塵濱
• Chirihama

• 塵箱
• garbage can
• garbage box
• rubbish bin
• trash can
• dust bin
• dustbin

• 俗塵
• the world
• earthly affairs

• 戦塵
• battle dust
• the tumult of war

• 塵埃
• dust
• dirt
• this drab world

• 炭塵
• coal dust

• 煤塵
• dust and soot
• particulate matter
• smoke dust
• soot and dust

• 防塵
• protection against dust
• dust-proof
• dust-tight
• dustproof

• 粉塵
• dust

• 風塵
• dust
• worldly affairs
• windblown sand or dust
• blowing dust
• dust storm

• 微塵
• particle
• atom
• little piece
• tiny amount

• 酸性塵
• acid dust

• 除塵機
• dust collector
• dust extractor
• dust scraper
• rubbish remover
• screen cleaning machine
• screening equipment
• scummer
• trash screen

• 集塵袋
• vacuum cleaner bag

• 塵浄水
• ceremonious clapping and rubbing of the palms

• 塵取り
• dustpan

• 塵手水
• ritual gestures (squatting, clapping, etc.) indicating that a fight will be clean

• 塵芥虫
• ground beetle
• carabid (esp. of superfamily Caraboidea, but excluding subfamily Carabinae)
• Anisodactylus signatus (species of ground beetle)

• 集塵機
• dust collector

• 含塵率
• dust content

• 火山塵
• volcanic dust

• 砂塵嵐
• dust storm
• sand storm

• 麹塵袍
• emperor's informal robes
• The Kikujin no Ho (Surrey green round-necked robe)

• 流星塵
• micrometeorite
• Micrometeoroid

• 塵悟楼
• Jingorou

• 防塵着
• dustproof clothing one would use in a cleanroom

• 塵肺症
• pneumoconiosis
• pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

• 集塵器
• dust collector

• 塵劫記
• Jinkouki (Japanese mathematics text by Yoshida Kouyuu, 1627)
• Jinkoki (a mathematical book written by Mitsuyoshi YOSHIDA)

• 防塵室
• cleanroom

• 粗大塵
• oversize garbage
• bulky rubbish
• husband
• useless man about the house

• 星間塵
• interstellar dust

• 塵払い
• duster

• 塵分別
• separating rubbish (for recycling, etc.)

• 塵溜め
• dump
• rubbish dump

• 粉微塵
• in very small pieces

• 浮塵子
• plant hopper (any insect of family Delphacidae)
• leafhopper
• Unka

• 微塵粉
• rice granules
• coarse glutinous rice flour (often used in candy production)

• 微塵子
• water flea (Daphnia spp.)
• Mijinko

• 大砂塵
• Johnny Guitar

• 塵旋風
• Dust devil

• 無塵布
• dust-free cloth

• 防塵性
• dust resistance
• dust-proofness

• 宇宙塵
• space dust
• Cosmic dust

• 塵除け網
• screen

• 浮遊粉塵
• suspended dust
• suspended particulates

• 防塵手袋
• dust-proof gloves
• dustproof gloves

• 浮遊塵埃
• airborne dust

• 塵塚怪王
• Chirizuka-kaio (ghost king of waste)

• 集塵電極
• cottrell
• dust collecting electrode

• 塵バケツ
• garbage can
• rubbish bucket

• 塵捨て場
• garbage dump
• dump site

• 塵紙交換
• collecting waste paper (old newspapers etc.) and exchanging them for tissues

• 黄塵万丈
• rising cloud of (yellowish) dust

• 剣微塵子
• cyclops (any minute crustacean of genus Cyclops)

• 砂塵濛濛
• big clouds of dust
• haze of dust

• 砂塵朦朦
• big clouds of dust
• haze of dust

• 砂塵濛々
• big clouds of dust
• haze of dust

• 砂塵朦々
• big clouds of dust
• haze of dust

• 麹塵の袍
• emperor's informal robes

• 集塵装置
• dust collector
• precipitator
• baghouse

• 和光同塵
• mingling with the world by hiding one's true talent or knowledge
• living a quiet life by effacing oneself

• 防塵処理
• dust laying
• dust prevention

• 木端微塵
• broken into small fragments
• smashed to atoms
• fragments and splinters
• smithereens

• 木葉微塵
• broken into small fragments
• smashed to atoms
• fragments and splinters
• smithereens

• 塵芥処理
• refuse disposal

• 炭塵爆発
• explosion of coal dust

• 微塵切り
• finely chopped (cooking)

• 塵骸魔京
• Jingai Makyō

• 粉塵爆発
• Dust explosion

• 惑星間塵
• Interplanetary dust cloud

• 恋恋風塵
• Dust in the Wind (film)

• 浮遊塵挨
• suspended particles of dust

• 塵保護形
• dust-protection type

• 西安蒙塵
• Leaving the capital of Xi'an City

• 梁塵秘抄
• Ryojin Hisho

• こっぱ微塵
• broken into small fragments
• smashed to atoms
• fragments and splinters
• smithereens

• 五百塵点劫
• Gohyaku-Jintengo

• 電気集塵機
• electrostatic precipitator

• 塵埃防止剤
• dust inhibitor

• 砂塵あらし
• dust storms

• 防塵マスク
• dust mask

• 炭坑夫塵肺
• coal workers' pneumoconiosis

• 塵よけ格子
• trashrack

• 珪性肺塵症
• pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
• pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis

• 塵芥焼却場
• Jinkaishoukyakujou

• 塵芥処理場
• Jinkaishorijou

• 木っ端微塵
• broken into small fragments
• smashed to atoms
• fragments and splinters
• smithereens

• 塵に咲く花
• Blossoms in the Dust

• 放射性細塵
• radioactive debris

• 電気集塵装置
• electrostatic precipitator

• 音波集塵装置
• sonic precipitator

• 遠心集塵装置
• centrifugal dust collector

• 後塵を拝する
• be outdone by someone

• 都塵を避ける
• escape the dirt and noise of the city

• 濛々たる砂塵
• clouds of dust

• 塵入れ塵出し
• garbage in, garbage out

• 塵埃カウンタ
• dust counter

• 『梁塵秘抄』
• 'Ryojin hisho'

• 家塵アレルギー
• house dust allergy

• 粉微塵に砕ける
• be broken to pieces

• 砂塵 (映画)
• Destry Rides Again

• 職業性粉塵曝露
• occupational exposure to dust

• 職業性粉塵暴露
• occupational exposure to dust

• 塵芥塵芥収集車
• garbage collector

• 粉塵･煙監視装置
• dust and fume monitor

• 除塵用スクリーン
• trash screens
• debris screens

• 粉または塵になる
• become powder or dust

• 砂塵暴予報、警報
• Sandstorm forecasts and warning

• 空中に漂っている塵
• dust particles suspended in the air

• 空気中に浮遊する塵
• airborne dust

• 粉塵で汚染する行為
• the act of contaminating with dust particles

• 電力集塵 電気集塵
• electric precipitation

• [大きさ微塵の如し」
• 'Such a grain is no bigger in size than a speck of dust.'

• 「大きさ微塵の如し」
• The size of the dot is similar to a piece of dust.'

• 塵も積もれば山となる
• Many a little makes a mickle.

• 塵も積もれば山と成る
• Many a little makes a mickle

• 「船は木っ端微塵だ」
• 'the ship will be blown to pieces.'

• 粉か塵へ粉砕する行為
• the act of grinding to a powder or dust

• 塵も積もれば山となる。
• Many a mickle makes a muckle.

• たかが舞い立つ塵にすぎず
• Are but dust which rises up

• 後に『梁塵秘抄』を撰する。
• Later on he edited 'Ryojin Hisho' (Songs to make the Dust Dance).

• 「天才と栄光は塵にまみれど
• ''In the dust lies genius and glory,

• メタルサーガ 〜砂塵の鎖〜
• Metal Saga

• 遅れるまたは後塵に甘んじる
• to lag or linger behind

• 正しくは五百億塵点劫である。
• More precisely, it should be referred to as 'Gohyakuoku-Jintengo' (literally, fifty billion is like a piece of dust in the infinite timeframe).

• 源とは和光同塵の神化を明す。
• 'Gen' defines god as a form of wako dojin (mingling with the world by hiding one's true talent or knowledge).'

• また随筆に『風塵随筆』がある。
• He wrote 'Fujin Zuihitsu' (Literally, wind dust essay), an essay.

• 一本鎖にねじ付けられる物の集塵
• a collection of objects threaded on a single strand

• 横道面の宇宙塵からの太陽の反射
• a reflection of sunlight from cosmic dust in the plane of the ecliptic

• 炭塵の吸入により発症する肺疾患
• lung disease caused by inhaling coal dust

• 流星塵の、または、流星塵に関する
• of or relating to micrometeorites

• 塵の吸入によって生じる肺胞の炎症
• inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs caused by inhaling dust

• 「麹塵」とはコウジカビの色である。
• Kikujin' is the color of Aspergillus oryzae.

• １年が過ぎ、彼の死体は塵と化した。
• A year had passed by and his body turned to dust.

• 通常、アスベスト粉塵が関連している
• usually associated with exposure to asbestos dust

• 鉄塵によって引き起こされた肺線維症
• fibrosis of the lung caused by iron dust

• 1536年には分国法の塵芥集を制定。
• In 1536, Tanemune enacted Jinkaishu, one of bunkokuho (a law established by a sengoku-daimyo in its own domain).

• 木材粉塵はシロアリの確かな兆候である
• wood dust is a sure sign of termites

• 気体と塵の複雑な雲の中での星の集まり
• a cluster of stars within an intricate cloud of gas and dust

• 水源地の集水槽内に自動除塵設備を整備。
• Automatic dust filtration facility was installed in the water collection tank at the water source.

• 穂井田忠友『埋塵発香』印部 1840年
• Tadatomo HOIDA 'Maijinhakko' Inbu 1840

• ヘクトールは塵のなかに倒れ、アキレウスは
• He fell in the dust

• もはや塵にとらわれることがないと解釈する。
• It is generally thought that the person does not bother about dust any more.

• あのとまどいはもう微塵も残っていなかった。
• and every vestige of embarrassment was gone.

• 環境試験方法−電気・電子−砂じん（塵）試験
• Environmental testing-Electrotechnical products-Dust and sand test

• この時、下市の願行寺も共に灰塵に帰している。
• At that moment, Gangyo-ji Temple in Shimoichi was also burned down.

• 恒星間の空間のガスと塵の長大な雲（主に水素）
• an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space

• 『塵劫記』（じんこうき）は江戸時代の数学書。
• 'Jinkoki' is a book of mathematics from the Edo period.

• 『梁塵秘抄』と言えば、下記の歌が有名である。
• Speaking of 'Ryojin hisho,' the following song is well known.

• 麦、塵、麦塵、三麦塵、合わせて麦塵、六麦塵。
• Mugi (wheat), gomi (dust), mugi gomi, mi mugi gomi, awasete mugi gomi, mu mugi gomi.

• この化城喩品のたとえ話を三千塵点劫と称される。
• This anecdote in the Kejobon is called Sanzen-Jintengo (literally, thirty thousand (in actual sense, 1,000 exponent 3) is like a piece of dust in the infinite timeframe).

• 布を塵を払うのに使われる、柄の短い小型のほうき
• a small short-handled broom used to brush clothes

• 『梁塵秘抄』の名は『徒然草』第十四段に見える。
• 'Ryojin hisho' was seen in the Chapter 14 of 'Tsurezure gusa' (Essays in Idleness).

• 電気集塵によって、気体から塵の粒子を取り除くこと
• removes dust particles from gases by electrostatic precipitation

• 砂塵嵐（沙塵暴）は時に猛烈に発達することがある。
• A sandstorm (shachenbao) may sometimes grow quite strong.

• ちりのもうもうたる砂塵は、ライダーの息を詰まらせた
• blown clouds of dust choked the riders

• 塵や葉やゴミを空中に巻き上げるほどの強い小型の旋風
• a miniature whirlwind strong enough to whip dust and leaves and litter into the air

• - 空が混濁し、黄色い塵が物体表面に少し積もる状態。
• The sky looks dirty and yellow dust accumulates on the surface of materials slightly.

• しかし狂言方としての序列は2位と、鷺流の後塵を拝した。
• However, being ranked second among official Kyogen schools, the Okura school was subordinate to the Sagi school.

• 珪石粉や石英、スレートの塵の吸入によって発症する肺疾患
• a lung disease caused by inhaling particles of silica or quartz or slate

• 崩すことでまたは塵のようになるようにすることで粉を作る
• make into a powder by breaking up or cause to become dust

• その中には「何処有塵埃」（何処に塵埃有らん）とあった。
• The poem contains the phrase '何処有塵埃' (where is the dust?).

• 塵塚怪王（ちりづかかいおう）は、日本に伝わる妖怪の一種。
• Chirizuka-kaio (ghost king of waste) is a type of Japanese yokai (specter).

• 『黄塵跡をとどめざる』 （作詞者不詳、弘田龍太郎 作曲）
• The title of the school song is 'Kojin ato todomezaru' (Once sandstorms are blown into the sky by strong winds, they leave no traces of their existence on the ground) (The songwriter was unknown and the composer was Ryutaro HIROTA).

• 今をときめく男も女も、みんな/塵払い人のごとく、塵に帰る
• golden lads and girls all must / like chimney sweepers come to dust

• 以上のとおり同様の記述があり、これは三千塵点劫と称される。
• As described above, this chapter contains a similar story; this story is called sanzen-jin-tengo (an immensely long period of time).

• 塵が雲のごとく舞い上がり、戦う男たちからは霧が立ち上った。
• and the dust rose like a cloud, and a mist went up from the fighting men,

• 太陽風の陽子は、原子の表面の塵を跳ね飛ばさなければならない
• The solar wind protons must sputter away the surface atoms of the dust

• このため、気圧配置によって砂塵は東以外の方向にも流される。
• Therefore, dust can be moved in directions other than east, depending on the pressure pattern.

• 尤も、江戸時代の上方では、摂津国の灘素麺に後塵を拝していた。
• In Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area) during the Edo period, in fact, Banshu somen had fallen behind Nada somen from Settsu Province.

• また、法皇が編纂した『梁塵秘抄』の一部が現代に伝わっている。
• 'Ryojin hisho' (Songs to Make the Dust Dance), a compilation of imayo by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, is partially handed down to us today.

• これにより砂塵は発生地の東側の地域への到達が多い傾向にある。
• Therefore, it is likely that kosa reaches areas to the east of the place where it has originated.

• 『塵塚物語』は経久のことを「天性無欲正直の人」と評している。
• In 'Chirizuka Monogatari', he is described as born unselfish and honest.

• 『梁塵秘抄』はもと本編十巻、口伝集十巻だったとみられている。
• It is considered that 'Ryojin Hisho' originally had 10 Books of main parts and 10 Books of Kuden shu.

• 塵裏偸間 塵裏に閑（ひま）をぬすむ - 忙しいときも和ませる
• Jinri-chukan: Jinri ni Hima wo nusumu. - To make one's mind calm even during a busy time

• すると、その勢いでテーブルは壊れ、皿は木っ端微塵に砕け散った。
• but he broke the table and smashed all the dishes upon it to atoms.

• バガス（サトウキビの粉塵）を吸い込むことで引き起こされる肺胞炎
• alveolitis caused by inhaling bagasse (sugarcane dust)

• これにより最澄以来600年の歴史を誇る根本中堂は灰塵に帰した。
• As a result, the Konpon-chudo Main Hall, built 600 years previously by Saicho, was burned to ashes.

• 梁塵秘抄（りょうじんひしょう）は平安時代末期に編まれた歌謡集。
• Ryojin hisho was a folk song collection compiled in the end of Heian period.

• 「東方五百千万億那由他阿僧祇の国を過ぎて、すなわち一塵を下す。」
• 'Then, moving eastward, each time he passes five hundred, a thousand, ten thousand, a million nayuta asamkhya worlds he drops a particle of dust. '

• 字を千秋または君寿、号 (称号)は墨山・魯台・風塵道人等がある。
• He was also called Senshu, and used Bokuzan, Rodai, or Hujindojin as the title for his profession.

• あつからぬ ほどとぞいそぐ のる駒の あゆみの塵も 雨のしめりも
• When I hurried to reach the destination in the morning, dust kicked-up by the hooves of my horse was cleaned off by rain.

• 幼少時から吉田光由の『塵劫記』を独学し、さらに高度な数学を学ぶ。
• Starting in his childhood, he taught himself mathematics by studying Mitsuyoshi YOSHIDA's 'Jinkoki,' continuing his studies into even more advanced mathematics.

• 炭塵肺病を病む十万人の鉱山労働者のうち、四千人が毎年死亡している。
• like the 100,000 miners who have black lung disease, of whom 4,000 die every year,

• しかしながら、昇殿が許される殿上人となり、麹塵袍の着用が許される。
• However, persons at his post became tenjobito, who were permitted to enter the imperial court, and were also allowed to wear kikujin no ho (loose-legged pleated trousers used for formal wear in kikujin color).

• また化城喩品の三千塵点劫も、たとえ話として持ち出された話に過ぎない。
• The Sanzen-Jintengo in the Kejoyu-bon is also nothing but a metaphor.

• また、『塵劫記』にはそろばんの使用法が絵入りで丁寧に解説されている。
• 'Jinkoki' also contains an explanation of how to use the abacus with detailed illustrations.

• - 空が黄褐色になって日光も弱まり,黄色い塵が物体表面に積もる状態。
• The sky looks yellowish brown, the strength of the sunlight is lessened, and yellow dust accumulates on the surface of materials slightly.

• 稙宗が定めた分国法『塵芥集』においても洞の概念を強く打ち出している。
• 'Jinkaishu,' a bunkokuho (a law individual Sengoku daimyo enforced in their own domains) established by Tanemune, stressed the notion of Utsuro.

• これを「捨て水」といい、この操作によって塵やそのたの不純物が除かれる。
• This process is called 'throwing the water away,' by which the impurities including dust are removed.

• 『梁塵秘抄』や匡房の『遊女記』に遊女が祀る神として百太夫の名が見える。
• In 'Ryojin Hisho' (folk song collection) and 'Yujo Ki' (a document about prostitutes), Momodayu is described as a god worshipped by yujo.

• 「かくの如く、この微塵が尽きんが如き（無くなるまで）、東に行くとする。」
• 'He continues eastward in this way until he has finished dropping all the particles.'

• また、本書を模倣したり、書名を『○○塵劫記』としたものも多く出版された。
• Many books that imitated 'Jinkoki,' as well as books including 'jinhoki' in their titles, were published.

• その代わりに（黄砂による）砂嵐のみを表す「沙塵暴」などが用いられている。
• Instead, 'shachenbao' indicating only a sandstorm (due to kosa) alone is used.

• 中国では、紀元前1150年頃に「塵雨」と呼ばれていたことがわかっている。
• It is known that, in China, present kosa was called 'chenyu' (dust rain) in around 1150 BC.

• しかし、慧能の考えでは、それではまだ心の中に塵を認識するものが残っている。
• But Eno thought that a person in this situation would still have a consciousness of dust in their mind.

• 釜山では、粉塵中の濃度が通常の2.5倍、という2001年の調査結果がある。
• In Busan, an investigation in 2001 showed that the density of such components in dust was 2.5 times that in the ordinary condition.

• 躍動運動をする砂は一時的に舞い上がって移動し、沙塵暴のほとんどを構成する。
• The jumping sand is flung up for a short period of time and constitutes most of shachenbao sandstorm.

• したがって『梁塵秘抄』の中の歌が一般に知られたのは比較的新しいことである。
• Therefore, it was relatively new that the songs in 'Ryojin hisho' became known to society.

• 首を傾けて地に俯すれば、亦紅塵面に満ちて忽ち昏く、天下誰か之を歔欷せざらん。
• When we look down at the ground, we feel our sorrow deepen by the dust of ash glowing red in the sun, causing everyone to cry over what we have lost.

• 「続耳塵集」にある、若立役の出端を女形がほめる言葉を引けば、次のようになる。
• Quoting from 'Zoku-Jijinshu' (a sequel of collection of commentary discourses), an actor of female roles praises the first appearance of a young leading player as follows:

• 沙塵暴はさらに3級（弱）、2級（中）、1級（強）、0級（特強）に分類される。
• Shachenbao is further classified into class 3 (weak), class 2 (medium), class 1 (strong) and class 0 (especially strong).

• 参考として、発生地側の新疆ウイグル自治区での砂塵嵐の日数を調べた統計がある。
• For a reference, on a kosa producing site, there is statistical data about the number of days when a sandstorm was generated in the Sinkiang Uigur Autonomous Region.

• 句集に「園塵」、連歌論書に「心敬僧都庭訓」「梅薫抄」「兼載雑談」などがある。
• He compiled 'Enjin' which is his personal collection of renga, and 'Shinkei sozu teikun,' 'Baikunsho,' and 'Kensaizotan' which were his theory books on renga.

• 書名の「梁塵」は、名人の歌で梁の塵も動いたという故事より、すぐれた歌のこと。
• The book title 'Ryojin'(梁塵 in kanji) was named after the historical event where the dust (塵 in kanji) on the rafters (梁 in kanji) was moved, written by a master, meaning excellent song.

• 発生地付近では、砂塵の濃度や粒子の大きさがバラバラで非常に複雑な分布である。
• Around the area where a kosa originates, the distribution of dust density and that of sand gain sizes are quite complicated.

• 次男でありながら末弟の忠平に比べ二十年も大臣昇進が遅れ、終生彼の後塵を拝した。
• Although he was the second son, he was promoted to minister 20 years later than the youngest brother, Tadahira, and therefore throughout his life he was always behind his youngest brother.

• 『言塵集』という歌集や、九州探題としての赴任途中の紀行文『道ゆきぶり』を残す。
• He left a collection of poetry 'Gonjinshu' (Ryoshun's Collection of Verbal Dust) and writings dealing with travel to Kyushu 'Michiyukiburi.'

• 鎌倉時代の辞書『塵袋』に残る記述では、兎は元々高草郡の竹林に住む老兎であった。
• According to what is noted in 'Chiribukuro,' a dictionary from the Kamakura period, the hare was originally an old hare that used to live in the bamboo grove of Takakusa County.

• このほかに「洲粉塵」、「黄塵」、「黄河風」、「中國沙塵暴」といった別名がある。
• In addition, it is also provided with the expressions of '洲粉塵,' '黄塵,' '黄河風,' or '中國沙塵暴' (shachenbao in China).

• 弓で射殺し、塵輪鬼は頭、胴、尾に分かれてそれぞれ牛窓の黄島、前島、青島となった。
• The monster was shot by arrows to death, and the body was separated into the head, body, and tail, which became Ki-jima Island, Mae-jima Island, and Ao-shima Island, respectively.

• つまり、一般的には心を清めて悟りに達すれば、塵など気にかからなくなると考えがちだ。
• government led people to deprive the Buddhist force, which had significantly affected them until that time,

• 『梁塵秘抄口伝集』に十余歳の時から、人を大勢集めて今様を歌ったことが記されている。
• According to 'Ryojin Hisho Kuden shu' (collection of Japanese poetry that has thirty volumes of poetry and ten volumes of orally transmitted tales), it is said the Emperor gathered some people to sing his songs to an audience when he was around ten years old.

• しかし戦争の激化により一部は閉鎖され、残った寄席も大阪大空襲によって灰塵に帰した。
• Yet, some were shut down as the War became more intense and the rest were burned down by the Osaka Air Raid.

• 発生地に近いほど、砂塵の濃度は濃く、大きな粒が多く、飛来する頻度も高い傾向にある。
• It is likely that, when an area is located closer to kosa occurrence areas, dust with larger grains falls on the area more frequently.

• 沙塵暴によって砂が巻き上げられる高さは、最大で上空7-8kmという観測結果がある。
• Reportedly, it was observed that sand was flung up to a height of seven to eight kilometers by shachenbao sandstorm.

• 『塵塚物語』の「恵林院殿様御事」項に、義材が流浪時代を回顧したという逸話が見える。
• There is an anecdote about Yoshiki's period of wandering in the 'Story of Lord Keirinin' in the 'Chirizuka Monogatari (Tales of Chirizuka).'

• なお、天皇・上皇が麹塵袍を着用している時は、蔵人は遠慮して麹塵袍を着用しなかった。
• When an emperor or retired emperor put on the Kikujin no ho, Kurodo did not wear it with respect for them.

• このきっかけになったのが1627年、京都の吉田光由によって書かれた『塵劫記』である。
• The beginning of the great development was triggered by 'Jinkoki,' written by Mitsuyoshi YOSHIDA in Kyoto during 1627.

• それでギリシア軍はパトロクロスの死体を塵と矢のなかから引っ張りだし、棺によこたえた。
• Then the Greeks drew the body of Patroclus out of the dust and the arrows, and laid him on a bier,

• 金子吉左衛門著の芸談集『耳塵集』によれば、藤十郎の芸はリアルさを追及したものである。
• According to the 'Jijinshu,' an essay on kabuki by Kichizaemon KANEKO, Tojuro pursued realism.

• 朽ちもせぬ空しき名のみ留め置いて、骸は越路の末の塵となるこそ哀れなれ」と評している。
• What a pity that his body has turned to dust in Koshiji, leaving only the vainglorious name which will not perish!'

• 発生頻度の変化とは別に、激しい砂塵嵐や濃度の高い黄砂の増加が見られるとの研究もある。
• Concerning data other than changes in the occurrence frequency of kosa, research shows that the occurrence frequency of dust storms and that of high-density kosa have been increasing.

• また『徒然草』第72段に「多くて見苦しからぬは、文車の文、塵塚の塵」という一文がある。
• In addition, the 72nd chapter of 'Tsurezuregusa' (Essays in Idleness) says: 'The things that are not unsightly even if there are too many are books on fuguruma (a small cart with shafts, used for carrying books) and waste in chirizuka (dust heap).'

• 当時の銀山では、坑内に立ちこめる鉱塵（こうじん）による粉塵公害「けだえ」が問題であった。
• In the silver mines of the time, 'kedae' (a respiratory disease), caused by the mine dust filling the pit, was a problem.

• 『塵劫記』はベストセラーとなり、初等数学の標準的教科書として江戸時代を通じて用いられた。
• 'Jinkoki' became a bestseller, and was used as a classic textbook for elementary mathematics throughout the Edo period.

• 「たとえば、五百千万億那由他阿僧祇の三千大千世界を、仮に人ありて抹（す）りて微塵となす。」
• 'Suppose a person were to take five hundred, a thousand, ten thousand, a million nayuta asamkhya thousand-million-fold worlds and grind them to dust.'

• 釈尊は法華経に説かれるように五百塵点劫（ごひゃくじんてんごう）に始まる有始有終の仏である。
• As written in Hokke-kyo Sutra, Shakyamuni had been Buddha for a definite period which began gohyaku-jintengo (unmeasurable long time) ago.

• 敦煌市から河西回廊での砂塵嵐の日数を調べた統計では、春の3ヶ月間に年間の5割弱が集中する。
• According to statistical data about the number of days when a sandstorm was generated in the area from Dunhuang City to Hexi Corridor, slightly less than 50 percent of the occurrences were concentrated in the three months of spring.

• 単に砂塵が舞い上がると言っても、砂塵の粒の大きさによってその動きはまったく違うものになる。
• How dust is flung up depends totally on the size of sand grains.

• 仏舎利（ぶっしゃり）とは、入滅した釈迦が荼毘に付された際の遺骨及び棺、荼毘祭壇の灰塵を指す。
• Buddha's sariras refer to the cremated ashes of Buddha's bones as well as the remains of the coffin and altar that were used for the cremation of Buddha when he passed away.

• 一方で、黄砂による砂塵の運搬が、自然環境の中で重要な役割を果たしていることも指摘されている。
• On the other hand, it is also pointed out that the movement of dust due to kosa plays an important role in the natural environment.

• 沙塵暴の条件として、ゴビで10m/s、タクラマカン・黄土高原で6m/sという研究結果がある。
• An investigation found that shachenbao sandstorm occurred at a wind speed of 10 m/s in the Gobi Desert and at 6 m/s in the Takla Makan Desert and the Loess Plateau.

• 当時、民衆の間に今様という歌謡が流行し、後白河上皇により今様を集成した『梁塵秘抄』が編まれた。
• Songs and ballads called imayo were popular among ordinary people and 'Ryojin hisho' (folk song collection) was compiled under the order of retired Emperor Goshirakawa.

• 平安時代以来、『源氏物語』、『枕草子』、『更級日記』、『梁塵秘抄』などの古典文学に言及された。
• Kiyomizu-dera Temple has appeared in various classical literatures such as 'Genji Monogatari,' 'Makura no soshi,' 'Sarashina Nikki' (Diary written by a daughter of Takasue SUGAWARA), and 'Ryojin hisho' (anthology of songs) since the Heian period.

• 小品ながら、文人の理想とする俗塵を離れた生活を軽妙な筆遣いと上品で控えめな色彩で活写している。
• They are small scale pieces that depict secluded life, a lifestyle considered to be ideal for artists, in light brushwork and a refined use of discreet colors.

• また三惑（見思惑・塵沙惑・無明惑）を説き、これを断ずるために、菩薩の五十二位の修行の段階を説く。
• Further, it advocates the three delusions (illusions from imperfect perception, illusion and temptation through the immense variety of duties in saving men, illusions and temptations that arise from failure philosophically to understand things in their reality) and, to renounce them, it advocates the 52 steps of ascetic practices for Bodhisattva.

• 五百塵点劫（ごひゃくじんてんごう）とは、法華経如来寿量品で、釈迦の成道の久遠をたとえた語である。
• Gohyaku-Jintengo (literally, five hundred is like a piece of dust in the infinite time frame) is a word that represents admiration for Siddhartha Gautama spending limitless time in the process of Jodo (completing the path to becoming a Buddha by attaining enlightenment), which is cited in the Nyorai Juryo-bon (the Infinite Life of Buddha Chapter) of Hokekyo (the Lotus Sutra).

• 続けて「たとえば、五百千万億那由他阿僧祇の三千大千世界を、仮に人ありて抹（す）りて微塵となす。」
• The speaker continues, 'for example, suppose that the Sanzen Daisen Sekai (the universe consisting of 1,000 exponent 3 (=1 billion) Buddhism-style galaxies), with each galaxy measuring gohyaku-senman-oku nayuta asogi (five hundred, a thousand, ten thousand, a million nayuta asamkhya) was fallen apart to pieces of dust.'

• 「建替と申すのは、神界、幽界、顕界にある今までの事をきれいに塵一つ残らぬ様に洗濯することざぞ。」
• Reconstruction means to wash everything in the spirit world, the astral world and this world immaculately.'

• もしこれが『梁塵秘抄』に加わるとすれば、総数は二十巻以上となり『本朝書籍目録』の記述に矛盾する。
• If it is to add to 'Ryojin hisho,' the total would be more than 20 Books and contradict the descriptions in 'Honchoshojaku mokuroku.'

• 後白河法皇は、みずから今様や催馬楽を集めて分類し、治承3年（1179年）、『梁塵秘抄』を編纂した。
• The Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa collected and categorized imayo and saibara, and compiled 'Ryojin hisho' in 1179.

• なお、『塵劫記』という書名は天竜寺の長老玄光がつけたものであり、蓋し塵劫来事糸毫不隔の句に基づく。
• The title 'Jinkoki' was given by Genko, a patriarch of Tenryu-ji Temple, based on a phrase '蓋し塵劫来事糸毫不隔.'

• 風に倒された高いポプラの木のように、美しいペンテシレイアは塵の中に倒れ、その兜はころがり落ちていた。
• There lay fair Penthesilea in the dust, like a tall poplar tree that the wind has overthrown, and her helmet fell,

• 日本の数学が「和算」の姿にて再び学問として復活するのは、近世初期の『塵劫記』の時代以後のことになる。
• Only after the days of 'Jinkoki' (a mathematical book) in the early modern period were Japanese mathematics again resurrected as learning in the shape of 'Wasan' (Japanese mathematics).

• 左千夫は茶道にも通じており、子規から「茶博士」と呼ばれたほどで、左千夫の自宅を「無一塵庵」と名付けた。
• Sachio also obtained a mastery of Japanese tea ceremony and Shiki called him 'Doctor of Tea', and Sachio's home was named 'Muichijin-an Hermitage'.

• そこで物外が自分の茶碗を指3本で3度回し、指先で茶碗を微塵に砕いて見せたところ、武士は降参して帰った。
• So Motsugai turned his tea bowl three times with his three fingers, and broke it into small pieces with the tip of his finger, then the samurai surrendered to him, going back home.

• 禁裏の御用絵師とはいえ、永岳が家督を継いだ頃の京狩野派は、土佐派や鶴沢派の後塵を拝し不遇な立場にあった。
• When Eigaku took over as the family head, Kyo Kano, serving as the official painter at the Imperial Palace, was playing second fiddle to the Tosa school and the Tsurusawa school.

• 高電圧の静電荷を粒子に印加し、荷電した板の上でそれらを集めることによってガスから浮遊煤塵粒子を取り除く過程
• a process that removes suspended dust particles from a gas by applying a high voltage electrostatic charge to the particles and collecting them on charged plates

• 法華経の化城喩品に説く三千塵点劫という過去世における大通智勝仏がその第16番目の王子であった釈迦へ下種した。
• The seed of Daitsuchisho-butsu, a Buddha in the past life of sanzen-jin-tengo who was mentioned in Kejoyubon of the Lotus Sutra, was sown in the field of the mind of his sixteenth son, Shaka.

• 広々とした台所もほとんど使われないで、その塵は湿って苔蒸していた、窓も毀れていた、門も立ち腐れになっていた。
• for the spacious offices were little used, their walls were damp and mossy, their windows broken, and their gates decayed.

• こう云っているうちに、彼等は壁［＃「壁」は底本では「塵」］を突き抜けて、左右に畠の広々とした田舎道に立った。
• As the words were spoken, they passed through the wall, and stood upon an open country road, with fields on either hand.

• その後の緒嗣の出世は冬嗣の後塵を拝することになり、失意と病気のために度々引退を申し出たものの許されなかった。
• After that, the promotion of Otsugu was left behind that of Fuyutsugu and Otsugu often offered his resignation due to his discouragement and sickness, however, his resignation was not permitted.

• 麴塵袍（きくじんのほう）は、天皇が、臨時祭の庭座、賭弓、弓場始など小儀の際に着用する束帯装束の袍のことである。
• The 'Kikujin no ho' is a kind of Sokutai (a traditional ceremonial court dress) that was worn by the emperor at small ceremonies, including special festivals such as Teiza (a festival in which the emperor would be seated in a garden), Noriyumi (betting on archery), and Yuba Hajime (imperial ceremony held to celebrate the first arrow to be shot at the Noriyumi).

• 皇后の新羅からの帰途、成仏できなかった塵輪鬼が牛鬼に化けて再度襲い掛かり、住吉三神が角をつかんで投げ飛ばした。
• On the Empress's way back from Silla, Jinrinki that failed in becoming a Buddha transformed itself into Ushioni and attacked her again, but Sumiyoshi Sanjin (Sumiyoshi three deities) held its hones and threw it away.

• また、少し後の時代に属する『梁塵秘抄』にある「鈴はさや振る藤太巫女」にも鈴を持ちながら舞い踊る巫女が登場する。
• An anthology of then-current popular songs titled 'Ryojin-hisho' (literally, 'Songs to Make the Dust Dance on the Beams'), which belongs to a period slightly later than the 'Shin-sarugoki,' contains a scene of a shrine maiden named Tota who danced a dance swinging a bell in her hand in its phrase, 'Is it the manner to swing the bell, Tota miko?'

• 『梁塵秘抄』は、「梁 (建築)の塵（ちり）が舞うほどの美しい歌い方の秘伝・秘密を語った抄本」という意味をもつ。
• 'Ryojin hisho' means 'the abridged transcript describing the secret teachings to sing beautifully to such an extent that dusts of beams (architecture) would fly and dance.'

• それも捨て去っていったところで、始めてどこに塵があるのか、あるのはだたそのものだけじゃないかという境涯に達する。
• Nanpozen (Southern Zen) which preaches tongozen (zen of sudden enlightenment) is based on the doctrine of the 'Rokusodankyo'.

• 数年を経て応保年間には帰洛が許され、その後かつての敵である後白河院の近習となっていたことが『梁塵秘抄』に見える。
• Several years after, he was allowed to return to Kyoto during the Oho era, and according to 'Ryojin-hisho' (Songs to make the dust dance on the beams), he later became kinshu (attendant) to Goshirakawa-in (Retired Emperor Goshirakawa), who once was his enemy.

• 朝鮮半島とタクラマカン砂漠は5,000km以上離れており、長距離運搬される条件が整った時にしか砂塵は到達しない。
• The Korean peninsula is far apart more than 5,000 km from the Takla Makan Desert, and the kosa originated in the desert can reach the peninsula only when a condition enabling the carriage of it for a long distance is met.

• 『塵劫記』は初等的な教科書だったが、ある版には巻末に他の数学者への挑戦として、答えをつけない問題（遺題）を出した。
• Although 'Jinkoki' was an elementary textbook, some mathematical problems (idai) were presented at the end of certain editions without answers as a challenge to other mathematicians.

• 速度規制や交通の混乱、健康被害などの諸被害によるものや、砂や塵の処理にかかる費用も含め、大きな経済的損失も生じる。
• Serious economic losses, such as those due to speed restriction or traffic disruption and to various kinds of damage, including damage to health, and the cost of dealing with the sand and dust, are generated.

• これは、杜甫が七言律詩『鄭駙馬宅宴洞中』の中で、雲の端から砂塵交じりの風が吹いてくる様を表したものだとされている。
• It is said that, in '鄭駙馬宅宴洞中,' a Qi-yan-shi (a Chinese poem of eight lines, with seven characters in each line) made by Du Fu, this line expressed the state that wind containing dust was blowing from the edges of clouds.

• 現在、黄砂の砂塵の大部分は、発生地である乾燥地帯を襲う砂嵐（砂塵嵐）により大気中に巻き上げられると考えられている。
• Today, it is considered that most of kosa dust is flung up into the air by sandstorms (dust storms) striking the dry areas where kosa can originate.

• 経文の記述に素直に従うならば、この五百塵点劫はあくまでもたとえ話として出されただけであって、釈迦が成道した時ではない。
• If the descriptions in the Lotus Sutra can be taken for granted, the Gohyaku-Jintengo is nothing but a metaphor and is not the time when Siddhartha became Buddha.

• 砂塵が舞い上がる条件として、タクラマカン・ゴビ・黄土高原において上空10ｍの平均風速が5m/s以上、という研究結果がある。
• An investigation found that, in the Takla Makan Desert, the Gobi Desert, and the Loess Plateau, dust was flung up into the air when the average wind speed at the height of 10 m above the ground was 5 m/s or more.

• 青色（麹塵・緑系の色）や赤色（赤紫）の「織物」（高級な紋織物をさす語）とよばれる地は、特に許された女性しか着用できなかった。
• Only certain women were allowed to wear the texture called 'orimono' (a term referring to high-grade figured textile) with blue (kikujin or greenish color) and red (reddish purple).

• ヘクトールの足を踵から踝まで細く切り、皮紐を差し込んで、ヘクトールを皮紐で彼の戦車に縛り付け、死体を塵のなかで引きまわした。
• he slit the feet of dead Hector from heel to ankle, and thrust thongs through, and bound him by the thongs to his chariot and trailed the body in the dust.

• ――塵労（じんろう）に疲れた彼の前には今でもやはりその時のように、薄暗い藪や坂のある路が、細細と一すじ断続している。…………
• Tired as he is with the daily chores of life, even now just as back then, a long thin path through dark thickets and over hills stretches ever outward before him.

• 寒冷期に黄砂が増加した原因として、大気の流れの変化により寒気が南下する回数が増え、砂塵嵐の頻度が増えたことが挙げられている。
• As a factor that increased kosa in the cool periods, it is said that, in these periods, cool air advanced southward more frequently due to changes in the air flow, increasing the frequency of dust storm occurrences.

• この為孝謙天皇～称徳天皇朝にかけて、藤原南家（藤原豊成・藤原仲麻呂）や藤原北家（藤原永手）の後塵を許す時期がしばらく続いた。
• Due to these situations, Fujiwara Shikike had been subordinate to the so-called Fujiwara Nanke (Southern House of the Fujiwara clan) led by FUJIWARA no Toyonari and FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, as well as the Fujiwara Hokke (Northern House of the Fujiwara clan) led by FUJIWARA no Nagate, during the eras of Emperor Koken and Emperor Shotoku.

• 『吾妻鏡』では、静の舞の場面を「誠にこれ社壇の壮観、梁塵（りょうじん）ほとんど動くべし、上下みな興感を催す。」と絶賛している。
• According to 'Azuma Kagami,' a history book of the Kamakura period, the scene of Shizuka's dancing is extolled: 'It was a splendid scene in a shrine; her performance moved everybody there.'

• のち一族の角倉素庵のもとで中国の数学書『算法統宗』の研究を行い、それをもとに1628年(寛永5年)、著書『塵劫記』を出版した。
• Later on, he studied a Chinese mathematics book, 'Sanpo Toso' under his relative, Soan SUMINOKURA, and published his book, 'Jinkoki' (a mathematical book covering almost all important mathematics useful for daily professional life in the Edo period) in 1628.

• さらに、後白河法皇による『梁塵秘抄』の編纂や、芸能化され貴賤問わず大流行した田楽のように、貴族と庶民の文化交流も広汎にみられた。
• In addition, cultural interests including 'Ryojin hisho' (folk song collection) compiled by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, or dengaku (a style of dancing and music performed in association with rice planting) that was very popular regardless of one's rank, were widely exchanged between court nobles and common people.

• おお神よ、草葉の上の虫けらのような奴が、塵芥の中に蠢いている饑餓に迫った兄弟どもの間に生命が多過ぎるなぞとほざくのを聞こうとは！」
• Oh God, to hear the Insect on the leaf pronouncing on the too much life among his hungry brothers in the dust.'

• また、昼に発生して大気境界層を浮遊している砂塵は、夜になって大気境界層と自由大気の境界が下がってきてもそのまま同じ高度にとどまる。
• Furthermore, the dust that is generated in daytime and floats in the atmospheric boundary layer remains at the same height, even when, entering the night, the boundary between the atmospheric boundary layer and the free atmosphere descends.

• 庶（こいねがわ）くば、同志を以て入る者は空有に滞ることなく、兼ねて物我を忘れ、異代来たらん者は塵労を超出して覚地に帰せんことを―」
• If at all, let those who share the faith abandon thoughts of the futile and of oneself, rising above worldly woes and opening the path toward revelation.

• 1993年（平成5年）～1994年（平成6年） 養魚用水路に自動除塵設備を整備し、稚魚池、親魚飼育池および餌付池に自動給餌機を設置。
• 1993-1994: Automatic dust filtration facility was installed in the fish farming water conduit, and automatic feeding devices were installed in the juvenile fish pond, adult fish pond and feeding pond.

• 『梁塵秘抄』に「関より東の軍神、鹿島神宮、香取神宮、諏訪の宮」とあるように軍神として知られ、また農耕神、狩猟神として信仰されている。
• He is known as a god of war, as written in the 'Ryojin hisho' (folk song collection) of 'Kashima-jingu Shrine, Katori-jingu Shrine and Suwa no miya Shrine (Suwa-Taisha Shrine) and moreover, he is also considered to be an agricultural god and a hunting god.

• 彼女は急いで走り、胸壁付きの屋根に着いて、そこから愛しい夫の死体が、アキレウスの戦車の後ろに、塵の中を船の方へと疾走してくのを見た。
• She ran swiftly, and reached the battlements, and thence she saw her dear husband's body being whirled through the dust towards the ships, behind the chariot of Achilles.

• 五祖弘忍の弟子たちへの問いかけに応じて、新しい白壁に筆頭弟子の神秀が書いた詩に「莫使染塵埃」（塵埃に染さしむること莫かれ）とあった。
• Responding to the question posed to Goso Konin (fifth leader Konin)'s apprentices, the leading apprentice Shenxiu wrote a poem on a new white wall including the phrase 'Bakushisenjinai' (do not let it be in the dust).

• かくてそこより力をこめて引きたれば、扉は破れ、割れ、微塵（みじん）に砕けて、乾きたる空洞（うつろ）に響く音は、森もとどろにこだませり」
• and now pulling therewith sturdily, he so cracked, and ripped, and tore all asunder, that the noise of the dry and hollow-sounding wood alarummed and reverberated throughout the forest.'

• また、さらに強い風によって、中国語で沙塵暴（簡体字で「沙暴」、読みは「シャチェンバオ」）と呼ばれるような激しい砂塵嵐になる場合がある。
• Furthermore, when the wind strength is greater, a violent sandstorm called shachenbao in Chinese (沙塵暴 or 沙暴 in simplified Chinese characters) may be developed.

• なお、田沼の没後松平定信によって私財のほとんどを没収されたが、そのときには「塵一つでない」といわれるほど財産がなかったとの逸話もある。
• Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA confiscated Tanuma's private property after his death, but it is said that Tanuma had so little property that 'there wasn't so much as a dust mote'.

• 『吹塵録』によれば享保21年（1736年）4月までの累計で、丁銀および豆板銀の合計で331,420貫余（約1,242トン）としている。
• Suijiroku (collection of documents focusing on finance in Edo period) says that the total amount of cho-gin and mameita-gin up to April 1736 was a little more than 331,420 kan (about 1,242 ton).

• 『百器徒然袋』には『百鬼夜行絵巻』や『徒然草』をもとにしたものが多いことから、この塵塚怪王もそれらをもとに石燕が創作したものといわれる。
• Since much content of the 'Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro' is based on the 'Hyakki yagyo emaki' and 'Tsurezuregusa,' the Chirizuka-kaio is also allegedly a Sekien's creation based on these books.

• シロッコは砂塵の混じった赤い雨を降らせたり、地中海に広く分布する赤土テラロッサの起源になっていると考えられており、黄砂との類似性がある。
• Scirocco resembles kosa in the following sense: It brings the falling of red rain that includes dust, and is considered contributing to the generation of terra rossa, the red clay distributed widely in the Mediterranean region.

• 岡山県牛窓町（現・瀬戸内市）に伝わる話では、神功皇后が三韓征伐の途中、同地にて塵輪鬼（じんりんき）という頭が八つの大牛姿の怪物に襲われた。
• A folktale handed down in Ushimado-cho in Okayama Prefecture (present-day Setouchi City) tells us that Empress Jingu was attacked during sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea) by a large eight-headed cow-shaped monster named Jinrinki (gigantic cow goblin).

• 彼女は清原元輔と親交を結び、肥後守の任期が終わって帰京する彼を送別する際、「白川の底の水ひて塵立たむ　時にぞ君を思い忘れん」と詠んだという。
• She formed a friendship with KIYOHARA no Motosuke, and when she gave him a send-off upon his return to Kyoto after completion of his term as a Higo no kami (governor of Higo Province), she composed a poem which reads, 'I will not forget you even if the water of Shirakawa River dries up.'

• 千宗旦の頃の史料（『茶湯聞塵』など）によると、当時の千家流（宗旦流）には基本的には書院の台子と数寄屋（四畳半）の台子という区別があったらしい。
• According to historical material (such as 'Chanoyu Monjin') which was written when SEN no Sotan was alive, the Senke School (Sotan School) in those days fundamentally distinguished between the daisu in shoin tea room and the daisu in Sukiya (a four-and-a-half-mat tea room).

• 気象現象としての黄砂は、砂塵（砂ぼこり）の元になる土壌の状態、砂嵐とともに砂塵を運ぶ気流など、地や大気の条件が整うと発生すると考えられている。
• It is considered that the kosa as a weather phenomenon occurs when the states of the earth and atmosphere, for example, the state of soil, from which dust is generated, and that of the airflow that carries dust together with sandstorms, meets certain conditions.

• 特に、瞬間風速25m/s以上で視程が50m以下の0級（特強）沙塵暴は、「黒風」や「黒風暴」（カラブラン, Kara Bran）と呼ばれている。
• In particular, class 0 (especially strong) Shachenbao with an instantaneous wind speed of 25 m/s or more and with a visibility of less than 50 m is called 'black wind' or Kara Bran.

• バックグラウンド黄砂の特徴として、発生地付近で砂嵐の発生が無く、砂塵を巻き上げて運ぶ低気圧さえ無い状態にも関わらず、発生することが挙げられる。
• A feature of background kosa is that it originates even in the following conditions: No sandstorm is generated in its vicinity and not even low pressure that will fling up dust into the air.

• だがしばらく目を凝らしてみれば、その灰色の土地とそこに終わりなく立ちこめる荒涼とした塵の上にT.J.エクルバーグ博士の瞳が見えてくることだろう。
• But above the gray land and the spasms of bleak dust which drift endlessly over it, you perceive, after a moment, the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg.

• また近年、地上では視程も低下しないため黄砂として観測されない時に、自由大気（自由対流圏）と呼ばれる高層で薄い砂塵が観測されることがわかってきた。
• Recently, it has also become known that, even when no kosa is observed on the ground level because no visibility is affected there, thin dust is observed in the high-altitude atmospheric layer called the free atmosphere (also known as free troposphere).

• 智顗は『法華玄義』1上で、すなわち三種の教相（法華経にある3つの特徴的な教説）を立てる中の2つ目に三千塵点劫にわたる「化道始終不始終相」を述べた。
• In Zhiyi's explanation of the Three Teachings (the Three Characteristic Teachings in the Lotus Sutra) in 'Hokke Gengi' (Essentials of the Lotus Sutra), his second point mentioned the procedure of guiding sentient beings to the other shore of liberation through the Three Stages of Benefit, i.e., geshu yaku, chojuku yaku and gedatsu yaku, spanning sanzen-jin-tengo (an immensely long period of time).

• 近世の早い時期において、後述の蔵人の麹塵袍と同様の牡丹唐草に尾長鳥文浮織の生地の袍に共裂の帯を、天皇・東宮が着用していることが遺品から判っている。
• In the early-modern times, it was found from their relics that an emperor and a crown prince wore the Kikujin no ho made from the Ukiorimono with the design of long-tailed cock and arabesque with peony flowers and leaves similar to that of Kurodo (Chamberlain, to be described later) and a belt made from the same cloths.

• 確かにあの人は、あの黴臭い古事務所や、塵埃だらけの部屋の中に自分一人で考え込んでいたんじゃ、とても見附けられないような愉快な相手を失っていますね。
• I am sure he loses pleasanter companions than he can find in his own thoughts, either in his mouldy old office, or his dusty chambers.

• が、自分の手にはつかむことができず、曲げることすらできなくなっているのを知り、また感覚が微塵もなくなっているのを知って、正真正銘の驚きを体験した。
• and he experienced genuine surprise when he discovered that his hands could not clutch, that there was neither bend nor feeling in the lingers.

• 釈迦牟尼仏は今生で初めて悟りを得たのではなく、実は久遠の五百塵点劫の過去世において既に成仏していた存在である、という主張）の宣言が中心テーマとなる。
• It mainly states that Shakamunibutsu was not awakened in this world for the first time but had already become Buddha in an immeasurable past time.

• 仲哀天皇（ちゅうあいてんのう）が、神である天若日子の霊力を持つ弓矢を使い、「塵輪」という黒雲に乗って天かける翼をもつ鬼を、退治した事に由来する神楽。
• This is a Kagura that the Emperor Chuai employed to get rid of the ogre named 'Jinrin' who had wings to fly in the sky by using Yumiya which had the spiritual power of the god, Amenowakahiko.

• 路地や拱門路からは、それだけの数の下肥溜めがあると同じように、疎らに家の立っている街上へ、胸の悪くなるような臭気と、塵埃と、生物とを吐き出していた。
• Alleys and archways, like so many cesspools, disgorged their offences of smell, and dirt, and life, upon the straggling streets;

• また、多少内容を変えたような異本が多数出版されたことでも知られており、明治時代に至るまで、実に3～400種類の「塵劫記」が出版されたといわれている。
• It is also known that numerous books with slightly altered contents were published: Up to the Meiji period, 300 to 400 books named after 'Jinkoki' were published.

• また、黄砂のような砂塵の大規模な発生地帯には、中央アジア（黄砂など）、アフリカ（ギブリ・シロッコなど）のほかに、北アメリカ、オーストラリアなどがある。
• The areas where large-scale dust like kosa is produced include northern America and Australia, in addition to central Asia (where kosa and others are generated) and Africa (ghibli, scirocco and others are generated).

• さらに、私家集『拾塵和歌集』を編纂、自作の歌1100余首を残すとともに、准勅撰連歌集『新撰菟玖波集』も後援し、そのなかには自らの歌も多く撰ばれている。
• Furthermore, he edited a private waka collection, the 'Shujin Waka-shu', and not only left 1100 of his own poems but also supported 'Shinsen Tsukuba-shu', a quasi imperial anthology of waka poetry, for which many of his own poems were selected.

• 2千年紀（過去1000年）間の中国での塵の降下頻度の記録から、塵の降下頻度の増加が気温の上昇と逆相関関係にあるという研究があり、この説を裏付けている。
• Research based on dust-falling frequencies in the last 1,000 years (between 1000 to 1999, roughly the last 1,000 years) showed that an increase in the dust-falling frequency was inversely proportional to an increase in the temperature, supporting this theory.

• 健寿御前は、塵が積もった御所の中で、女房がちぐはぐな衣装を着ても気に留めなかった八条院の様子を見て、華美好きで整然とした建春門院御所との違いに感嘆した。
• Kenjugozen was surprised to see the difference of the Hachijoin's palace, which was covered with dust and the ladies in waiting were wearing unfashionable costumes, compared to those in Kenshumonin's palace with luxurious furnishing and everything well in order.

• 夜が明けたとき、トロイアは灰塵に帰しており、女たちは槍の柄で船へと追いたてられ、男たちは犬やありとあらゆる鳥どもの餌食となるよう、葬られずに捨て置かれた。
• When dawn came Troy lay in ashes, and the women were being driven with spear shafts to the ships, and the men were left unburied, a prey to dogs and all manner of birds.

• 周囲を山脈に囲まれたタクラマカン砂漠などの高低差が大きい発生地では、ほぼ毎日同じ時間帯に山谷風と呼ばれる強風が吹き、これが砂塵を舞い上げているとの指摘もある。
• It is also pointed out that, in areas where kosa can originate that are surrounded by mountain ranges, for example, the Takla Makan Desert, a strong wind called yamatanikaze (mountain-valley wind) blows at the same time every day, making dust fly up.

• 杉田玄白の記述には、「木の枝を断ちたるあと、フルヘッヘンドをなし、庭を掃除すれば、その塵土聚（あつま）りて、フルヘッヘンドをなす」という訳注を見出したとある。
• Genpaku Sugita described that he found a translation note stating 'when branches of a tree are cut, the branches form 'verheffen'; when the garden is cleaned, the dirt is gathered to form 'verheffen'.'

• 参考として、通常の黄砂の場合、舞い上げられた砂塵の3割が発生地に、2割が発生地の周辺地域に、5割が日韓や太平洋などの遠方に運ばれて落下・沈着すると言われている。
• As a reference, it is said that, in an ordinary kosa, 30 percent of the dust flung up into the air falls and stays in the place where the kosa originates, 20 percent in its vicinity, and 50 percent is moved to, falls in and stays in far places like Japan, Korea and the Pacific Ocean.

• 日本の高度経済成長とともに茶道人口も爆発的に増加したが、真っ先に大衆化路線を推し進めた裏千家が増加した茶道人口の大部分を占め、表千家はその後塵を拝する形となった。
• Along with Japan's high economic growth, the number of people who learned tea ceremony increased at an explosive rate but Ura-senke promoting popularization captured vast majority of the market share of the tea ceremony followers and Omote-senke consequently found themselves playing second fiddle to Ura-senke.

• これに対し、寿量品（本門）の「五百千万億那由他阿僧祇」を、五百（億）塵点劫と称して、化城喩品（迹門）の三千塵点劫よりもはるかに長遠であるかが示されるようになった。
• In response, the 'five hundred, a thousand, ten thousand, a million nayuta asamkhya worlds' according to Juryo-hon (Honmon, or the last fourteen chapters of the Lotus Sutra) came to be called 'gohyaku (oku) jin-tengo' (fifty billion Dust Particle Kalpas) to suggest that it was infinitely farther than the 'sanzen jin-tengo' (three thousand Dust Particle Kalpas) according to Kejoyuhon (Shakumon, or the first fourteen chapters of the Lotus Sutra).
• Meanwhile, the phrase 'gohyaku-senman-oku nayuta asogi' of the Juryo-bon ((one of) 'honmon,' or primordial later 14 chapters of the Lotus Sutra) is called Gohyaku (oku)-Jintengo (literally, fifty billion is like a piece of dust in the infinite timeframe), suggesting (the process of Siddhartha's becoming Buddha is far more prolonged process than Sanzen-Jintengo in the Kejoyu-bon ((one of) 'shukumon,' or the first 14 chapters of the Lotus Sutra).

• 『徒然草』第72段に「多くて見苦しからぬは、文車の文、塵塚の塵」という一文があり、この「文車の文」から文車妖妃、「塵塚の塵」から塵塚怪王が創作されたとの説もある。
• As a sentence 'fuguruma no fumi (books on a book cart) and chirizuka no chiri (the rubbish at dust heap) are not unsightly even though there are many or there is much' is seen in the chapter 72 of 'Tsurezuregusa,' some people say that fuguruma-yobi and chirizuka-kaio (the ghost king of the waste) were created based on the above-mentioned 'fuguruma no fumi' and 'chirizuka no chiri' respectively.

• 江戸時代の古老が太閤検地のころは算木を使った、と回想しており、また『塵劫記』の開平計算が算木による方法に近いことから、江戸時代直前まで算木が優勢であったと思われる。
• For there is a story about an old man who lived during the Edo period remembering using sangi (arithmetic blocks) around the time of the Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's nationwide land survey), and also for the fact that the method for calculating square roots recorded in 'Jinkoki' is similar to calculations using sangi, it is thought that sangi was used as a primary tool for calculation up until just before the Edo period.

• 将軍就任後、河川氾濫による被災者の救出や、江戸湾へ流出した河川荷役、塵芥の回収に、鯨舟（古式捕鯨の和船）を使い、「鯨舟鞘廻御用」という役職を設けて海上保安に務めた。
• After becoming shogun, he strived to ensure maritime safety by creating a position called 'Kujirabune Sayamawashi Goyo' to use kujirabune (traditional Japanese ship used for whaling) when a river flooded, to save victims and retrieve cargoes and rubbishes flushed into the gulf of Edo.

• しかし日蓮は『釈迦御所領御書』などで、「過去五百塵点劫より、このかた、この娑婆世界は釈迦菩薩の御進退の国土なり」などと、五百塵点劫の言葉に開近顕遠の意味を持たせた。
• Nichiren, however, added the connotation of Kaigon Kennon (Siddhartha is not only a real person who became Buddha but also a true Buddha who has been saving the public since the infinite time of Gohyaku-Jintengo) to Gohyaku-Jintengo, stating in his books such as 'Book of the Realm of Siddhartha' that 'this Shaba (one of galaxies in the Sanzen Daisen Sekai, where our humans live) world has been the realm of Siddhartha Bodhisattva for past Gohyaku-Jintengo years.'

• 仏舎利は、釈迦の遺骨・灰塵である真性の仏舎利のほか、宝石等による代替仏舎利が、時を経るごとに混乱して真・代いずれが何処の寺院に奉納されているのかが不明瞭になっている。
• There are genuine Buddha's sariras that are the remains of Buddha's bones and ashes, as well as substitutes such as gems, etc; over the years it has become confusing and unclear which of Buddha's sariras, whether genuine or substitutes, were dedicated in which temple.

• 最終氷期の初期にあたる7万年前 - 6万年前ごろの風送ダスト（風によって運ばれ、堆積した砂や塵のこと、黄砂もこれに含まれる）の堆積量は10cm²あたり12gであった。
• The amount of dust sent by wind in the period from 70 to 60 thousand years ago (the sand and dust carried over to and accumulated in Japan, including kosa) was 12 g per 10 square centimeters.

• というのは、私が、あなたを見たと言い、そのことは微塵も疑わしくはないと言うとき、その応答は、私がほんとうに意識しているものは、私の網膜の作用だということになるからです。
• For when I say I see you, and that I have not the least doubt about it, the reply is, that what I am really conscious of is an affection of my own retina.

• 中国の新聞の報道によれば、砂塵の飛散時には肺の感染症・心臓血管の疾病・心筋梗塞・高血圧・脳卒中などの増加が見られるという（『新生網』2002年5月28日付記事による）。
• According to a newspaper report in China, it was found that, when dust is scattered, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cardiac infarction, hypertension, and cerebral strokes increased (according to an article on May 28, 2002 of 'Xin Sheng net').

• 備後国の医師宮太柱は数々の「けだえ」防止の装置を発明したが、鉄の枠に梅肉を挟み薄絹を張った防毒マスク「福面（ふくめん）」は、酸の効果で鉱塵を寄せつけず効果が絶大だったという。
• Tachu MIYA, a doctor of Bingo no kuni (Bingo Province), invented many devices to prevent 'kedae,' but the gas mask, 'fukumen' (literally, a fortune mask), which had bainiku (the pulp of umeboshi) between an iron frame and a fine piece of silk, is reported to have had a great effect because it prevented the infiltration of mine dust thanks to the acid content.

• また『吹塵録』の「江戸人口小記」は町方並寺社門前の人口として子午年改の人口をまとめているが、『重宝録』では享保六年十一月の人口を町奉行支配場のみの町人人口として記載している。
• Although, the 'Edo Jinko Shoki' of 'Suijinroku' compile the figures from the hexannual census, whereas the 'Chohoroku' compiles the figures of November 1721 under the name of 'townspeople.'

• 中国の気象当局は、瞬間風速25m/s以上で視程が50m以下の砂塵嵐を「黒風暴」（カラブラン, Kara Bran）または「黒風」と規定しており、俗に「黒い嵐」などと呼ばれている。
• The meteorological authorities in China specify a sandstorm with an instantaneous wind speed of 25 m/s or more and a visible distance of 50 m or less as Kara Bran or 'black wind,' which is called 'black storm' popularly.

• 出典のうち『江戸会雑誌』や勝海舟の『吹塵録』、『江戸旧事考』、『統計学雑誌』などは明治時代中ごろにまとめられた二次的史料であり、元となる江戸時代の史料が現在では不明となっている。
• Sources such as 'Edo-kai zasshi', 'Suijinroku' of Kaishu KATSU, 'Edo Kyujiko' and 'Tokeigaku zasshi' are secondary materials materials compiled in the mid-Meiji Period, and the primary documents on which these secondary sources are are based have not been accounted for.

• 後白河法皇が編纂した『梁塵秘抄』巻第二にある「鷲の棲む深山には、概ての鳥は棲むものか、同じき源氏と申せども、八幡太郎は恐ろしや」は、そのような言い伝えを反映しているものと思われる。
• It seems that a description that 'Most of the birds do not live in deep mountains where eagles live. Among the Minamoto clan, Hachiman Taro is awful' in the second volume of 'Ryojin Hisho' (folk song collection) edited by the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, reflected such tradition.

• 同書はまた江戸時代の多くの学者に影響を与えたことでも知られており、後に和算の大家となった関孝和や儒学者の貝原益軒なども若いころ『塵劫記』を用いて数学を独習していたことがわかっている。
• This book was further famous for its impact on many scholars of the Edo period, including Takakazu SEKI, who later became an authority of Wasan (Japanese mathematics), and Ekiken KAIBARA, a Confucian scholar; both of them self-studied mathematics using 'Jinkoki' when they were young.

• 後に浪士の助命を願わなかった理由を問われた公辨法親王は「本懐を遂げた浪士を生き永らえさせて世俗の塵に汚すよりも、切腹させることによって尽忠の志を後世に残すべきである」と答えたといわれる。
• When asked the reason why he didn't appeal for mercy, Cloistered Imperial Prince Koben said 'Since they achieved their aim, it is better for them to bequeath the lesson of their honor by committing seppuku rather than to live on polluted by the dirt of vulgarity.'

• だが、1861年に教恩寺の壁に七言絶句「本是神州清潔民　謬為仏奴説同塵　如今棄仏仏休咎　本是神州清潔民」を書き残して出奔、大和国法隆寺村東福寺の駒塚の茅屋に住み、勤王志士として活動した。
• But in 1861, he ran away, leaving behind shichigon zekku (a Chinese poem of four lines, each of seven characters) scripted on the wall of Kyoon-ji Temple that read 'Although I essentially value the purity of Japan, which is a divine land/I made an error and became a priest to preach Buddhism/Now I am going to abandon ascetic practices, but do not accuse me Buddha,/For I essentially value the purity of Japan, which is a divine land,' and lived in a thatched-roof hut in Komazuka, Tofuku-ji, Horyu-ji Village in Yamato Province and involved in activities as a loyal supporter of the Emperor.

• 今様狂いの後白河天皇が編纂した『梁塵秘抄』巻第二にある「鷲の棲む深山には、概ての鳥は棲むものか、同じき源氏と申せども、八幡太郎は恐ろしや」はそのような言い伝えを反映しているものと思われる。
• Chapter 2 of 'Ryojinhi-sho' (Songs to Make the Dust Dance on the Beams) edited by Emperor Goshirakawa, who loved the Imayo style of poems, reflected on such a tale, 'Should all birds live on the deep mountain where the eagle lives? Even if it's the same Minamoto clan, Hachimantaro is somebody to be feared.'

• 五重相対や文底秘沈を説く興門派などは、この五百塵点劫と、同じく寿量品の「我れ本の菩薩道を行じて成せし所の寿命は、今も猶（なお）未だ尽きず」を組み合わせて、釈迦が覚った有始有終の時を示す経文と捉えた。
• For example, Komon school, which preached goju sotai (five successive levels of comparison set forth by Nichiren) and montei hichin (literally, 'hidden in the depths of the text'), combined the term 'gohyaku jin-tengo' with the words,' I have followed Bodhisattva's Path and attained a life which has not ended yet,' also from Juryo-hon, and treated the same as referring to the time of 'yushiyushu' (literally, 'every beginning has an end') as realized by Buddha.

• 全国8個所に奉納されていた仏舎利のうち7か所の仏舎利を発掘し、遺骨は細かく粉砕しひと粒ひと粒に分け、灰塵は微量づつに小分けする作業を行って、最終的に周辺国も含めて8万余の膨大な寺院に再配布を実施した。
• He excavated seven out of eight places around the country where the Buddha's sariras had been dedicated, and pulverized the bones and divided them grain by grain, and subdivided the ashes into minute quantities; then he redistributed them to an enormous number of temples inside and outside the country; these were said to number some 80,000 temples, including the ones in surrounding countries.

• あなたの生気なき水素原子、生気なき酸素原子、生気なき炭素原子、生気なき窒素原子、生気なき燐原子、その他微塵にほども生気のないありとあらゆる原子をもってきて、それから頭脳を形成するという問題なのですが。
• Take your dead hydrogen atoms, your dead oxygen atoms, your dead carbon atoms, your dead nitrogen atoms, your dead phosphorus atoms, and all the other atoms, dead as grains of shot, of which the brain is formed.

• 発生地付近では黄砂の元となる「砂嵐」（砂塵嵐）、大気中を浮遊する黄砂は「大気エアロゾル粒子」であり、風の有無にかかわらず黄砂が空中に大量に浮遊・降下している状態は「風塵」や「煙霧」・「ちり煙霧」である。
• In the area where kosa is being generated, kosa indicates 'a sandstorm' that causes kosa, the kosa floating in the air are 'ambient aerosol particles,' and the state in which lots of kosa is floating and falling is called 'drifting dust,' 'haze' or 'dust haze.'

• 塵芥集や六角氏式目では姦婦の殺害を定め（ただし、寝所で姦夫を討ち取った場合には姦婦の殺害は必要としない）、長宗我部元親百箇条に至っては本夫が姦婦を殺害しない場合には、姦夫・姦妻・本夫全て死刑と定めている。
• Jinkaishu (bunkokuho enforced by Tanemune DATE) and Rokkakushi shikimoku (bunkokuho of the Rokkaku clan) prescribed murder of the adulteress (however, if the adulterer was murdered in the bedroom, it was not required to murder the adulteress), and in an extreme case of Chosokabe Motochika Hyakkajo (bunkokuho by the Chosokabe clan) prescribed that if the husband didn't murder the adulteress, the adulterer, the adulteress and the husband would all be sentenced to death.

• 「東方五百千万億那由他阿僧祇の国を過ぎて、すなわち一塵を下し、かくの如く、この微塵が尽きんが如き（無くなるまで）、東に行くとしたら、この諸々の世界の数を知ることを得べしや、不（いな）や」と弥勒菩薩に質問している。
• If a person passes an Eastern (Buddhism-style) galaxy measuring gohyaku-senman-oku nayuta asougi go--in other words, if a person collect one piece of dust--and continues to go eastwards until collecting all the pieces of dust, is he able to know the number of (Buddhism-style) galaxies in the universe or not?'

• 涼をとる（あおぐ、ひやす）、子どもに風をおくる（自然の風、愛情の風）、乾かす（濡れたもの、傷などの乾燥）、飛ばす（風を送りものを飛ばす）、炊事・起火（風をおくる）、料理など冷ます（あおぐ、さます）、塵を掃う（防塵）
• Using Uchiwa fan, people can cool themselves by fanning it, send a wind to their children (wind includes natural wind and spiritual wind), dry something wet (including damp wound and others), drive away something, make a fire, cool dishes and dust off.

• 黄砂（こうさ）とは、特に中華人民共和国を中心とした東アジア内陸部の砂漠または乾燥帯の砂塵が、風を伴う砂嵐（砂じんあらし）などによって空に巻き上げられ、春を中心に東アジアなどの広範囲に飛来し、地上に降り注ぐ気象現象。
• Kosa indicates the following weather phenomenon: Dust in inland deserts or dry zones in eastern Asia centered around People's Republic of China, is flung up into the air, for example, by a sandstorm, and is carried and falls over a wide area of eastern Asia centered around spring.

• 中華人民共和国では、気象観測において黄砂は「砂塵天気」に含まれ、視程（水平視程）10km以内で風が弱い場合「浮塵」、風が強く視程10km - 1kmの場合「揚沙」、風が強く視程1km以下の場合「沙塵暴」とされている。
• In weather observations in the People's Republic of China, kosa is included in 'dust weather,' the air state in which the visibility (horizontal one) is within 10 km and the wind is weak is called 'floating dust,' the air state in which the wind is strong and the visibility is in the range of 10 to 1 km is called 'floating sand,' and the air state in which the wind is strong and the visibility is within 1 km is called 'shachenbao.'

• ギャツビーを喰い物にした連中、ギャツビーの夢が描いた航跡に浮かんでいた薄汚い塵、そういったものが一時的にぼくの目を晦まし、人が胸に抱えこんだ、とりかえしのつかない悲しみやはかない思い入れへの関心を持てなくしていたのだ。
• it is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men.

• また、乾燥地帯が発生地ということは分かっているものの、飛来する砂塵の分析結果から、発生地は砂漠のみであるとする説、砂漠以外の乾燥した地域であるとする説、その両方であるとする説の3つが唱えられている（黄砂の成分・形状参照）。
• Although it is known that kosa originates in dry zones, there are the following three theories about the area where kosa actually originates: One of them limits the area to deserts alone, based on analysis of the dust that comes flying, another attributes the area to dry areas other than deserts, and the last one says that kosa originates in both deserts and dry areas (see the section of Components and shapes of kosa).

• なお、法華経では、釈迦如来はインドの菩提樹下で始めて覚ったのではなく五百塵点劫の遠い過去に成仏していたと説かれるが、涅槃経ではさらに未来について強く言及し、如来は常住不変であると説き、末法も最終的には方便説として否定されている。
• Moreover, in the Hoke-kyo Sutra it is stated that Shakanyorai did not become Buddha under the line tree for the first time but had already awakened in an immeasurable past time; in Nehan-gyo sutra there are more descriptions about the future, which states that Nyorai exists forever without any change and ultimately denies Mappo (Age of the Final Dharma) as an expediency.

• 経久の人柄を偲ばせる逸話として、『塵塚物語』は、経久は家臣が経久の持ち物を褒めると、たいそう喜んでどんな高価なものでも、すぐにその家臣に与えてしまうため、家臣たちは気を使って、経久の持ち物を褒めず眺めているだけにしたと伝えている。
• As one anecdote to tell how kind Tsunehisa was, 'Chirizuka Monogatari' (Tales of Chirizuka) describes that whenever his vassals praised his valuable belongings, Tsunehisa was so pleased that he give it to them, and therefore, his vassals stopped giving praise but just enjoyed viewing them.

• 法華経の「塵点劫」（この世の土を細かく砕いて粉にしたものを千の国を通るたびに一粒ずつ落としていき、その砂がなくなるまでに通る国の数のことで、数えきれないくらい大きな数のたとえ。法華経の「化城喩品」などにその記述がある）に由来している。
• It is derived from 'jindengo' in Hokke-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra), meaning a innumerably large number that can be counted if a person grinds the earth of this world into granules and drops one granule for every thousand countries the person passes by until all the granules are gone; it is described in chapters such as 'Kejoyubon' in the Lotus Sutra.

• 家康は大坂方の諸将の中で最も活躍した信繁に脅威を覚え、大坂冬の陣の後には信繁の兄真田信之に命じて信濃一国40万石で彼を調略しようとしているが、この破格の条件に興味を微塵も見せず豊臣家への忠誠を最期まで貫き通している（一説には叔父真田信尹に命じて上田10万石とも）。
• Ieyasu felt that Nobushige, who was most active among warlords on the Osaka side, was dangerous and ordered Nobushige's older brother Nobuyuki SANADA to persuade Nobushige to switch sides for 400,000 koku of Shinano Province, but he wasn't interested in this preferential condition at all and persisted in his loyalty to the Toyotomi family (according to one theory, Ieyasu ordered Nobushige's uncle Nobutada SANADA and offered 100,000 koku of Ueda).

• 「春霞」や、黄砂の古名である「霾」（つちふる）のほかに、「霾曇」（よなぐもり）、「霾晦」（よなぐもり）、「霾風」（ばいふう）、「霾天」（ばいてん）、「黄塵万丈」、「蒙古風」、「つちかぜ」、「つちぐもり」、「よなぼこり」、「胡沙」（こさ）など、黄砂に関する言葉は多数ある。
• In addition to 'harugasumi' and 'tsuchifuru' (being cloudy due to flung-up dust) that is an old term for kosa, there are many other terms indicating kosa, such as 'yonagumori' (霾曇 or 霾晦, cloudy with kosa), 'baifu' (kosa wind), 'baiten' (kosa sky), 'kojinbanjo' (with 'kojin' meaning 'yellow dust'), 'mokokaze' (Mongolian wind), 'tsuchikaze' (dust wind), 'tsuchigumori' (cloudy due to dust), 'yonabokori' (kosa dust), and 'kosa' (with 'sa' meaning 'sand').

• 骨縛りは引きの強い反故紙を用い、中期工程には湊紙（和泉の湊村で漉かれた漉き返しの紙で、薄墨または鼠色の紙）や茶塵（ちゃちり）紙（楮の黒皮のくずから漉いた紙や、故紙を再生したもので単に塵紙ともいう）を用い、清貼の工程には粘りの強い生漉きの美濃紙・細川紙・石州半紙などが用いられた。
• For hone-shibari, wastepaper that has strength was used, for intermediate processes Minato-gami (Minato paper, a paper made of used paper in Minato-mura village, Izumi Province with thin black or gray color) or chachiri-shi (a paper made from the wastes of the black bark of paper mulberry trees) was used, and for the process of kiyo-bari, the highly sticky kizuki such as Mino-gami, Hosokawa-gami and Sesshu-hanshi (standard-size Japanese writing paper made in Iwami Province) were used.

• 彼はその兄弟たちおよびサマリヤの兵隊の前で語って言った、「この弱々しいユダヤ人は何をしているのか。自分で再興しようとするのか。犠牲をささげようとするのか。一日で事を終えようとするのか。塵塚の中の石はすでに焼けているのに、これを取りだして生かそうとするのか」。 (ネヘミヤ書 4:2)
• He spoke before his brothers and the army of Samaria, and said, 'What are these feeble Jews doing? Will they fortify themselves? Will they sacrifice? Will they finish in a day? Will they revive the stones out of the heaps of rubbish, since they are burned?' (Nehemiah 4:2)

• この五百塵点劫は、法華経の経文を読む限りでは、たとえ話として引用しているだけであるが、日蓮は釈迦御所領御書などで、「過去五百塵点劫より、このかた、この娑婆世界は釈迦菩薩の御進退の国土なり」などと、五百塵点劫の言葉に開近顕遠の意味を持たせたことから、釈尊が本当に覚った時と解釈されるようになった。
• It seems that the 'gohyaku jin-tengo' was quoted only as a metaphor in the Lotus Sutra; however, Nichiren (founder of the Nichiren sect) gave the meaning of kaigon-ken-non (discarding the assumption that Shakyamuni attained enlightenment for the first time in India and revealing that he originally gained enlightenment in the immensely distant past) to the word 'gohyaku jin-tengo' by saying things like 'for as long as gohyaku jin-tengo, this land has been ruled by Buddha;' thus it came to be interpreted as the time of actual enlightenment of Buddha.

• 物見高い連中があたりに一日中うろうろしていて、子どもたちといっしょに塵の中の暗点を探し、どこかのおしゃべりな男があれやこれやとその出来事について語っていたけれど、やがてその話もどんどん現実から乖離、終いにはもはや語ることすらなくなってしまい、そしてマートル・ウィルソンを襲った悲劇も忘れ去れていくのだろう、と。
• there'd be a curious crowd around there all day with little boys searching for dark spots in the dust, and some garrulous man telling over and over what had happened, until it became less and less real even to him and he could tell it no longer, and Myrtle Wilson's tragic achievement was forgotten.

• 一方で、永長元年（1096年）には貴族・官人から庶民までが風流な格好を纏って田楽を演じながら行進した永長大田楽や久寿元年（1154年）の今宮神社 (京都市)御霊会において傘の上に風流な飾りの花を掲げて唄い囃した「風流のあそび」が行われ（『梁塵秘抄』巻14）、後世における音曲や歌で囃す「風流」の原型が記録されている。
• On the other hand, the original form of the 'Furyu' which was remembered by future generations as 'to keep rhythm with music and songs' is recorded in events such as the 1096 Eicho Daidengaku, in which people from the aristocrats and government bureaucrats down to the common people wore Furyu-style costumes and marched while playing Dengaku (a Japanese traditional performing art), and a festival of souls at Imamiya-jinja Shrine (in Kyoto City) in 1154, where a 'Pleasure of Furyu' was held ('Rojinhisho' (poetry book) Vol. 14), in which people held umbrellas decorated with Furyu-style flowers and sang songs.

• （大田南畝 「寛政十年戊午江戸人別」 『一話一言』 巻26 (1820年) 山下重民 「江戸市街統計一班」 『江戸会雑誌』 1冊（2号） pp. 18–26（1889年） 勝海舟 「江戸人口小記」「正徳ヨリ弘化迄江戸町数人口戸数」 『吹塵録』（1890年） 小宮山綏介 「府内の人口」 『江戸旧事考』 2巻 pp. 19–23（1891年） 『日本財政経済史料』 9巻 pp. 1210–1243（1922年） 柚木重三、堀江保蔵 「本邦人口表」 『経済史研究』 7号 pp. 188–210（1930年） 幸田成友 「江戸の町人の人口」 『社会経済学会誌』 8巻（1号） pp. 1–23（1938年） 鷹見安二郎 江戸の人口の研究」 『全国都市問題会議』 第7回1（本邦都市発達の動向と其の諸問題上） pp. 59–83（1940年） 高橋梵仙 『日本人口史之研究』 三友社（1941年） 関山直太郎 『近世日本の人口構造』 吉川弘文館（1958年） 南和男『幕末江戸社会の研究』 吉川弘文館（1978年）より作成。
• Sources: Nanbo OTA, 'Kansei 10 nen, Bogo, Edonin betsu' from vol. 26 of 'Ichiwa Ichigen' (1820); Shigetami YAMASHITA, 'Edo shigai Tokei Ippan' from vol.1 (pp. 18-26) of 'Edokai zasshi' (1889); Kaishu KATSU, 'Edo Jinko Shoki' from 'Suijinroku' (1890); Yasusuke KOMIYAMA, 'Funai no Jinko' from vol. 2 (pp. 19–23) of 'Edo kyujiko' (1891) and vol. 9 (pp. 1210–1243) of 'Nihon Zaise Keizai Shiryo' (1922); Juzo YUZUKI and Yasuzo HORIE, 'Honpo jinko hyo' from vol. 7 (pp. 188–210) of 'Keizaishi Kenkyu' (1930); Shigetomo KODA, 'Edo no Chonin no Jinko' from vol. 8 (pp. 1–23) of 'Shakai Keizai gakkaishi' (1938); Yasujiro TAKAMI, 'Edo no Jinko no Kenkyu' from the 7th conference (pp. 59–83) of 'Zenkoku Toshi Mondai kaigi' (1940); Bonsen TAKAHASHI, 'Nihon Jinkoshi no Kenkyu' from Sanyusha publishing (1941), Naotaro SEKIYAMA, 'Kinsei Nihon no Jinko Kozo' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1958); Kazuo MINAMI, 'Bakumatsu Edo Shakai no Kenkyu' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1978).